11 Moringa, Paguia

UTILIZATION AND EVALUATION OF
MORINGA OLEIFERA AS POULTRY FEEDS

Monograph No. 11
ISBN 978-971-9956-09-9
Hermogenes M. Paguia, Rina Q. Paguia, Rudy C. Flores, Christian M. Balba
Published and Printed by
THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OFFICE
Bataan Peninsula State University
City of Balanga, 2100 Bataan
PHILIPPINES
DECEMBER, 2012
ISBN 978-971-9956-09-9
HERMOGENES M. PAGUIA, RINA Q. PAGUIA
RUDY C. FLORES, CHRISTIAN M. BALBA
Monograph No. 11
drfsdret
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT 1
INTRODUCTION 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS 4
Parameters 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 11
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 21
REFERENCES 23
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ABSTRACT

To evaluate the potentials and economic advantages of Moringa as poultry feeds,
three (3) research studies were conducted to determine the effect of Moringa leaf powder
on two (2) different age groups of chicken layer and broiler chicken, to wit;
Study 1. Effect of diet supplemented with varying levels of Moringa leaf and twig
powder on the laying performance of chicken layer (Gallus domesticus L). A total of 240
Lohmann hens, 27 weeks of age were used and randomly distributed in fve dietary
treatments with six replicates per treatment with eight layers per replicate. The treatments
were: T1- Basal diets/control; T2- 0.2% MLP; T3- 0.4% MLP ;T4-0.6% MLP ; T5- 0.8%
MLP.
Study 2. Effect of diet supplemented with varying levels of Moringa leaf powder on
post-molting performance of chicken layer (Gallus domesticus L). A total of 240 heads (89
week old) Lohmann strain with average egg production of 82 percent were used in the
study. They were randomly distributed in fve (5) dietary treatments following a Complete
Randomize Design (CRD). Each treatment is replicated six (6) times with eight (8) layers
per replicate. The treatments were: T1-basal diets; T2-0.5% MLP; 0.75% MLP; T3-1.0%
MLP, T5-1.25% MLP. Signifcant differences among the means were determined using
one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and DMRT at 5% .
Study 3. Growth performance of broilers (Gallus domesticus L) fed with diet
supplement of Moringa leaf meal. One hundred ffty day-old Cobbs broiler chicks were
used in the experiment. They were randomly distributed in fve (5) dietary treatments
following a Complete Randomize Design (CRD) consisted of three replicate per treatment
with 10 birds per replicate. The treatments include: T1- Basal diets; T2-0.20% MLM; T3-
0.30% MLM; T4-0.40% MLM; T5-0.50% MLM.
Based on the three feeding trials, results showed no signifcant differences among
the treatments on all performance parameters measured except for study 2 that has
signifcant increased on feed cost per kg. Egg weight were signifcantly (P<0.05) heavier
from the treated diets. The other parameters measured such as; average cumulative
feed effciency, laying percentage, feed consumption and income over feed cost of the
chicken layers fed diets containing varying amounts of MLP were statistically comparable
to those fed with the basal diets. The results however were constantly higher than the
values obtained from the control groups.
Meanwhile, similar fndings with broilers fed with Moringa leaf meal were recorded.
Hermogenes M. Paguia
1
, Rina Q. Paguia
2
, Rudy C. Flores
3
, Christian Balba
4
1Chairman, Extension Services
2Faculty, Bataan Peninsula State University, Abucay Campus
3Campus Director, Bataan Peninsula State University, Orani Campus
4Laboratory Technician, Tissue Culture Laboratory, Bataan Peninsula State University
2
Although, no signifcant differences were obtained, the results showed that production
performance of broilers fed with MLM such as ADG, gain in weight, fnal weight and
income over feed cost were relatively better over the control.
Generally, with the statistically comparable results between the formulated rations using
the varying levels of Moringa leaf powder as feed ingredient in the feed mixture and the
customized feeds, its extensive utilization could be explored and adopted by the animal
sectors particularly in the small scale operation to economize the production operations
by addressing the demand for organic poultry products since utilization of synthetic
supplements are partially reduced when Moringa is incorporated in the diets.
Finally, for optimum production performance, follow-up studies on utilization of
enzyme enriched moringa leaf and twig meal shall be conducted for egg and meat
production. The study using more parameters to evaluate egg quality, digestibility rate
and populations of pathogenic bacteria in the GIT shall also be conducted.
Key words: Moringa leaf meal, performance, feeds, MLTP
3
INTRODUCTION
Moringa oleifera is an indigenous plant found growing wild in northern India and
Pakistan. It was introduced into South-East Asia during the early eras, and now cultivated
throughout the tropics. In many places, it is also found more or less naturalized (Prosea,
1994.). The tree ranges in height with an average of 5-12m, an open, umbrella shaped
crown, and with a straight trunk (10-30cm thick) with corky, whitish bark. It produces
a tuberous tap root which helps explain its tolerance to drought conditions. Originally
considered a tree of the tropics, it easily adapts to hot, humid, wet conditions with annual
rainfall in excess of 3000mm but it yields much less foliage where it is continuously
under water stress. Moringa can be grown easily by seeds and cuttings. It needs little
care, although pruning is advisable to prevent the tree from becoming lanky and it will
be easy to harvest. The tree starts fowering and fruiting one year after planting. Moringa
compared with other plants is not affected by any serious diseases or insect pests.
Despite the plants multiple uses and as a source of highly nutritious food from its
leaves and young fruits, the industrial uses of the extracted oil from its seeds is useful
for making illumination, cosmetics and lubrication and also as a raw material for the
production of a-cellulose pulps for cellophane and textile from the stems. Almost all parts
of the tree can be utilized in traditional medicine practices particularly the leaves and
root bark for diureticum, rubefacient and disinfectant applications and yet the plants
economic potential is certainly unexplored and unrecognized at present.
With continuing increase in demand of raw feed materials that will suffce the
needs of animal growers, a call for extensive search on utilization of the cheap and
quality alternative feed sources from indigenous plant species was formulated. The
development of the potential indigenous plants as sources of animal feedstuffs might not
only decrease dependency of the feed industry on expensive imported feed ingredients
but relatively reduces the production cost leading to the animal growers economic
effciency. The numerous uses of Moringa oleifera as medicine, low cost water purifer
(focculant), human food and animal feed, hedge, seed oil, fber, its easy propagation and
pan tropical cultivation justify more intensive research into its biological and economic
possibilities particularly as useful feed ingredients and medicines.
The limited studies on the effects and usage of the plant leaves as feed ingredient
are breakthroughs towards extensive investigation of its possibilities and viability as a
feed source. The essential nutrient contents of moringa leaves/twigs such as Vitamin
A & B-vitamins, calcium, iron, copper, sulfur and protein and its ability to absorb and
neutralize toxic elements in food could justify its signifcance in developing the plant as
one of the major local feed stuffs. With the application of proper processing techniques,
high value Moringa leaf meals can be comparably produced with the existing ones in the
industry today.
The Moringa seed oil on the other hand is said to have unique properties since
it is able to resist becoming rancid. Over the years, numbers of different studies have
been carried out to determine the composition and characteristics of the oil (http: //www.
deutcsh-aethiopischer-verein.de). The oil produced is pale yellow in color, non-drying
with a mild, nutty favor. The seed kernel contains an average of 40% oil (73% oleic acid,
4
similar to olive oil). With these promising characteristics of the plant, the seed oil could
be utilized as substitute to vegetable oil and used oil being mixed in the ration as source
of fatty acids in the feeds. The moringa seed oil could more than satisfy the need of the
chicken layer diets of 1-1.25 percent. Since the Moringa seed has a fairly soft kernel, the
oil extraction can be made by hand using a screw press. The method has produced 2.6
liters of oil from 11 kg kernels. However, once the best processing conditions would be
worked out, an extraction effciency of 65% could be possible.
Through resource utilization and funding support, the project could make an impact
with small and large animal holders who will directly beneft from the research output.
The economic contributions of the plant as feed ingredient on the other hand will pave
the way for commercial production of the tree, thus increasing productivity of the farms
and the socio-economic conditions of the marginal farmers. The extensive promotion of
the plants economic benefts would possibly catch the attention of different sectors in
the government and private agencies to support the commercialization of the commodity.
This may not only help the animal sectors, feed industry and growers but entirely the
agriculture industry by addressing suffciency of local feedstuffs requirements, thus
reducing dependency on imported raw materials. Thus, effect of Moringa oleifera leaf
and twig powder inclusion on layer diet was evaluated on laying performance, economic
gains and egg quality of chicken (Gallus domesticus L.).
Study 1. Effect of Diet Supplemented With Varying Levels of Moringa Leaf and
Twig Powder on Chicken Laying Performance and Effciency.
Objectives:
1. To determine the laying performance of Lohmann white layers fed with Moringa
Leaf Powder (MLP).
2. To evaluate the economic advantages of the formulated diets on egg production
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental design and lay-out
Four hundred eighty Lohmann LSL-Classic at 27 weeks of age were used in the
study. The experimental birds were randomly distributed in fve (5) dietary treatments in
complete randomized design (CRD) with six (6) replicates per treatment group at eight
(16) layers per replicate. Signifcance of differences among the means was determined
using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and DMRT at 5% level of signifcance. To
facilitate mathematical calculations the computer software SAS Version 6.2 was used.
The experimental treatments are as follows:
T1- Basal diets/control
T2- 0.2% Moringa leaf powder of the layer diet
5
Preparation of experimental supplement
The plant leaves and stalks were oven dried for three hours in a temperature of
55C, until crisp and brittle. The powder form of leaves was produced using the portable
heavy duty blender. Representative samples were subjected to laboratory analysis to
determine the nutrient contents of the treated diets.
House and cage layout
The birds were house in open-sided gable layer house provided with welded wire
laying cages in stair-step arrangement. Flappers or canvas were fxed around the
house to protect birds from draft.
Experimental ration and Feeding
The rations were formulated by incorporating these materials as part of the mixture.
Diets were made to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous, following the nutrient requirements
of layers from 27- 44 weeks of age as recommended by Philsan (2003). Representative
samples of feed mixture were subjected to proximate analysis of crude protein, fber,
moisture, ash, salt and calcium following the standard methods of analysis described by
the Association of Offcial Analytical Chemists (AOAC,1993).
Layers were fed with pre-weighed ration at 120g per head /day and were
administered every 6:00 in the morning and 5:00 in the afternoon. The feeds left were
measured at a weekly interval to calculate actual feed consumption of birds. Incorporating
of supplements was done at 10 kg mixture. This was to ensure that supplements are
equally mixed in the diets.
Parameters
Hen-day egg production, daily feed consumption, % hen-day egg production and
mortality were measured on a weekly basis. Egg weight and sizes were recorded daily
while feed effciency and egg quality were measured bimonthly basis. Monthly sensory
evaluation of eggs was undertaken using 90 hardboiled egg samples. Eighteen tasters
were invited to evaluate taste quality of eggs based on favor, off-favor and general
acceptability. Three tasters were asked to evaluate each replicate of fve (5) treatment
groups.
Sensory evaluation. Measured based on the following parameters (Bueno and
Espiritu, 2005).
6
Flavor: 6= rich full favor; 5= full favor ; 4= slightly full favor ; 3 =neither full or
weak favor; 2 = slightly weak favor; 1= moderately weak favor.
Off-favor: 6= very strong off-favor; 5=strong off-favor; 4= slightly off-favor; 3=
highly perceptible; 2= moderately perceptible; 1= slightly perceptible.
General acceptability: 6=very desirable; 5=desirable; 4= slightly desirable; 3=
neither desirable nor undesirable; 2= slightly undesirable; 1= moderately undesirable.
Ingredients Basal Diet Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4 Treatment 5
Yellow Corn 50.50 50.33 50.15 49.98 49.80
US Soya 21.60 21.60 21.60 21.60 21.60
Rice Bran D1 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
Copra Meal 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Fish Meal 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Coco Oil 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Molasses 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
Limestone 5.18 5.18 5.18 5.18 5.18
Table 1. Composition of experimental ration and proximate nutrient analysis
Oyster Shell 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
Biofos 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
Salt 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40
DL-Methionine 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Vit-Min Premix 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.10
Choline Chloride 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Tox free 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Natuphos 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
M.oleifera powder 0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
100.00 100 100 100 100
Proximate analysis of experimental diets
ME/kcal/kg 3317 3147 3254 3069 3375
CP,% 16.90 17.15 17.90 17.60 17.95
Fiber,% 3.63 2.91 3.25 6.72 3.22
Moisture,% 10.34 9.64 9.80 10.39 10.40
Ash,% 11.18 16.80 13.62 13.79 13.65
Crude fat, % 3.69 3.75 3.66 3.47 6.49
Salt,% 5.43 5.15 5.01 4.17 5.28
Calcium,% 3.37 3.10 2.98 3.80 3.53
*Proximate analysis done by Feed Testing Center, DA-RFU-3, San Fernando City, Pampanga
7
Study 2. Effect Of Diet Supplemented With Varying Levels Of Moringa Oleifera
Leaf And Twig Powder On Laying Performance And
Egg Quality Of Force Molted Hens.
General Objective /s:
1. To evaluate the overall performance of old hens as affected by varying levels of
Moringa oleifera in the ration.
Specifcally, it aimed to;
1 Determine the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MLP) on the production
performance of the force molted hens.
2. Evaluate egg sensory traits.
Experimental Design
A total of 240 heads (89 weeks old) Lohmann LSL Classic strain of chicken layer
with average egg production of 82 percent was used in the study. They were randomly
distributed in fve (5) dietary treatments following a Complete Randomized Design (CRD).
Each treatment is replicated six (6) times with eight (8) layers per replicate. Signifcant
differences among means were determined using one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and DMRT at 5% level of signifcance. To facilitate mathematical calculations
the computer software SAS Version 6.2 was used. The experimental treatments are as
follows:
T1- Control, 0% Moringa leaf powder
T2- 0.5% Moringa leaf powder
T5- 1.250kg of 100kg mixture
The experimental material was oven-dried for 3 hours in 55C until crisp. The
Moringa oleifera leaves and stalks were collected from the backyards and roadsides.
The feeding trial was conducted in a open-sided gable layer house provided with welded
wire laying cages in stair-step arrangement of the BPSU Abucay Campus. Plastic net
(0.50 inch mesh) was ftted around the house to prevent entry of wild birds. Waterers
were placed outside the cage with continuous water fow along the cage units. Feeders
for each replicate were separated with metal sheet dividers. Feeds were given in mash
form and were fed with a pre-weighed ration.
Birds were fed usually at 6:30 in the morning and 5:00 in the afternoon. Feeds
leftover were collected and weighed every week to calculate the amount of feed consumed
as well as feed refused. Manual egg collection was done at 10:00 in the morning and
3:00 in the afternoon of each day. Eggs were graded and weighed using the digital
8
weighing scale everyday at 6:00 in the afternoon.
Waterers were cleaned with soap and Clorox every morning each day before
giving the fresh drinking water.
Ingredients Basal Diet
Treatment
2
Treatment
3
Treatment
4
Treatment
5
Yellow Corn 50.50 50.33 50.00 49.95 49.80
US Soya 21.60 21.50 21.60 21.60 21.60
Rice Bran D1 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 9.80
Copra Meal 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.90
Fish Meal 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Coco Oil 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Molasses 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
Limestone 5.18 5.18 5.13 5.10 5.13
Oyster Shell 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
Biofos 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
Salt 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40
DL-Methionine 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Vit-Min Premix 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.10
Choline Chloride 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Tox free 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Natuphos 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
M.oleifera powder 0 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25
100.00 100 100 100 100
Proximate analysis of experimental diets
ME/kcal/kg 2765 2712 2705 2702 2993
CP,% 17.70 16.65 16.90 18.40 17.05
Fiber,% 1.43 1.56 7.99 3.11 3.64
Moisture,% 9.48 10.34 10.66 11.00 11.01
Ash,% 20.60 14.14 11.69 11.93 11.45
Crude fat, % 5.77 6.95 5.19 6.04 6.76
Salt,% 5.84 5.84 4.45 3.15 4.45
Calcium,% 4.19 4.19 4.55 3.53 4.04
*Proximate analysis done by Feed Testing Center, DA-RFU-3, San Fernando City, Pampanga
Table 2. Composition of experimental ration and proximate analysis
9
Study 3. Growth Performance Of Broiler (Gallus Domesticus L.) Fed Diets
Supplemented With Moringa Leaf Meal
General Objective:
1. Evaluate the biological performance and productivity of broilers as affected by
Moringa leaf meal in the ration.
Specifc Objectives:
1. To determine the effect of Moringa supplemented diets on feed consumption, ADG,
feed effciency, weight gain and fnal weight of broilers.
2. To evaluate the economic benefts of the supplemented rations on broiler production.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Experimental Design
A total of 150 day-old Cobbs broiler chicks were used in the experiment. They
were randomly distributed in fve (5) dietary treatments following a Complete Randomize
Design (CRD) consisted of three replicate per treatment with 10 birds per replicate.
The data was subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the
signifcant differences among means using DMRT at 5% level of signifcance. To facilitate
mathematical calculations the computer software SAS Version 6.2 was used. The
experimental treatments are as follows:
Treatments Description
T1 Basal Diets/ Control
T2 0.1% of Moringa leaf meal (1.0g MLM/1.0kg of the feed)
T3 0.3% of Moringa leaf meal (3.0g MLM/ 1.0kg of the feed)
Parameters
The parameters used to determine the production performance and economic
benefts of broilers fed with MLM were: fnal weight, gain in weight, ADG, feed consumption,
feed, effciency, dressing percentage, feed cost per kg of broiler and income over feed
cost.
Management procedure
10

The 20ft x 25ft gable roof broiler house with slatted bamboo foors was used
in the study. The birds were randomly distributed to the experimental treatments after
brooding period at 14 days of age. Starter feed was given from day 14 to 27 while the
fnisher feed was offered from 27 days to market age of 40 days . Birds assigned to all
treatments were subjected to the same management procedures including all vaccination
and medication programs recommended for broilers and provision for ad libitum feeds
and water. Pre-weighed feeds were given to all treatments. The feed leftovers were
measured and deducted from the total amount of feeds offered during each growth
period to determine the actual feed consumption of the birds during the starter and fnisher
stage. The experimental feed was incorporated in the rations following the inclusion
rates per treatments. Digital weighing scale (1.0g-1000g cap) was used to measure the
supplement.
Experimental diets
Starter and fnisher diets were formulated to contain 20% and 18.79 % crude
protein, respectively. Both diets had a metabolizable energy of 3200 kcal/kg and 3100
kcal/kg , respectively and supplemented with required vitamins, minerals and amino
acids (Table3).
Inredients Booster Grower Finisher
Corn yellow 55.17 64.10 68.00
US soya hi pro 33.76 24.30 24.66
Propak tuna 0.00 5.00 3.00
Coconut oil 4.05 3.20 1.00
BioCP 3.00 1.00 0.86
Limestone 1.75 0.80 1.00
Biofos 1.26 0.80 1.00
Salt 0.50 0.20 0.20
D1-methionine 0.19 0.10 0.01
Mineral concentrate 0.13 0.20 0.10
Choline chloride 0.10 0.05 0.01
Coccidiosat 0.05 0.04 0.04
Vitamin concentrate 0.02 0.01 0.01
Ronozyme P (Broiler I) 0.02 0.10 0.01
Anti-oxidant 0.01 0.10 0.10
TOTAL 100.01 100.00 100.00
Table 3. Composition and calculated analysis of the basal broiler diets
11
Inredients Booster Grower Finisher
Crude protein 23 20.00 18.79
Fat 7 7.00 7.00
Fiber 3.56 3.80 4.40
Calcium 1.1 0.93 0.80
Total phosphorus 0.76 0.80 0.79
Available phosphorus 0.52 0.47 0.43
Linoleic acid 0.73 1.00 1.00
Lysine 1.35 1.13 0.93
Methionine 0.59 0.41 0.36
Meth+Cys 0.9 0.71 0.67
Threonine 0.9 0.78 0.69
Tryptophan 0.3 0.25 0.21
Arginine 1.52 1.32 1.24
ME poultry 3,260.74 kcal/kg 3,200.00 kcal/kg 3,100.00 kcal/kg
Calculated analysis %
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Study 1. Effect of Diet Supplemented with Varying Levels of Moringa Leaf
Powder on Chicken Laying Performance and Egg Quality
Test
Parameter
Method T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
Crude Fat
TM-202
With reference to AOAC
Methods of Analysis
16th ed., Offcial Method
925.32. Acid Hydrolysis
Method and Velp Fat
Extractor Manual, using
Petroleum ether
0.11 % 0.14% 0.8% 0.05% 0.23%
Crude Protein
TM-204
Methods of Analysis 16th
ed., and Velp Scientica
Distillation Apparatus
Operation Manual,
factor for % nitrogen
content conversion to
protein=6.25
11.73 % 11.11% 11.82% 11.91% 12.25%
Calcium
TM-231
Methods of Analysis
16th ed., Offcial
Method 931.06. Flame
Photometric Method
3
.
9
8

x

1
0

%
3
.
9
6
X
1
0
%
3
.
9
6
x
%
3
.
9
2

x
1
0
3
.
9
2
x
1
0
%
Table 4. Egg nutrient profle
12
Phosphorus
TM-222
With reference to
AOAC Methods of
Analysis 16th ed.,
Offcial Method 931.06
Spectrophotometric
Method
0.06% 0.07% 0.07% 0.05 0.06%
Potassium
TM-233
With reference to AOC
Methods of Analysis
16th ed., Offcial
Method 931.06
Flame Photometric
Method
0.13% 0.13% 0.12% 0.11% 0.10%
Iron
TM-244
With reference to
AOAC Methods of
Analysis 16th ed.,
Offcial Method 931.06
Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry
1
.
1
6
x
1
0
4
%
1
.
1
7

x
1
0
4
%
L
e
s
s

t
h
a
n

0
.
5
0

m
g
/
L
L
e
s
s

t
h
a
n

0
.
5
0

m
g
/
L
5
.
4
0
x
1
0
%
Analysis done by DOST Testing Laboratory, San Fernando City, Pampanga
Treatments
% Egg Production
27-31
weeks
32-36
weeks
37-40
weeks
41-44
weeks
T1- Basal diets/control 90.04 94.35 92.57 91.36
T2- 0.2% Moringa leaf powder 94.05 94.05 92.81 92.97
CV,% 4.38 3.21 3.20 3.91
Table 5. Average cumulative percent egg production of 27-40 weeks old Lohmann white
layers as affected by Moringa leaf and twig powder in the mixture.
Column means are not signifcantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Average cumulative laying percentage of 27-31 weeks old layers. The results
indicate that the higher egg laying percentage was found from T4 with a mean of 96.87
compared with T5 (95.38), T3 (94.79), T2 and T1 with a mean values of 94.05 and 90.05,
respectively. With the numeric difference among the mean values, signifcant effect of
the treated diets was not observed from this age bracket of Lohmann LSL Classic white
layers.
Average cumulative laying percentage of 32-36 weeks old layers. As
refected in Table 5, the cumulative laying percentage of 32-36 week old layers showed
no signifcant effect. The results suggest that incorporation of MLP in the mixture was
comparable with the basal ration. Moreover, a consistent trend on laying percentage was
observed with T4 having the better laying effciency (95.86). The egg laying percentage
13
Treatments
Eggs Hen-Housed
27-31 weeks 32-36 weeks 37-40 weeks 41-44 weeks
T1- Basal
diets/control
421.50 468.00 444.33 452.83
T2- 0.2%
Moringa leaf
powder
416.83 469.00 445.50 461.00
T3- 0.4%
Moringa leaf
powder
424.83 471.00 444.67 454.83
T4- 0.6%
Moringa leaf
powder
434.00 475.50 442.67 467.33
T5- 0.8%
Moringa leaf
powder
427.17 471.17 443.83 460.67
CV,% 3.14 3.22 3.20 3.90
Table 6. Average cumulative egg production of 27-40 weeks old Lohmann white
layers as affected by Moringa leaf and twig powder in the mixture.
Average cumulative laying percentage of 41-44 weeks old layers. The result
indicated the consistent trend on laying percentage in which the higher mean value was
obtained from T4 (93.25) followed by T2 & T5 (92.97), T1 (91.36) and T3 (91.73). No
signifcant difference (P>0.05) among treatments were observed except that layers fed
with MLP had comparably better egg production as observed from T3,T4 and T5.
Egg production (hen-housed) at 27-31 weeks of age. The average cumulative
egg production of 27-31 week old Lohmann white layers are shown in Table 6. The
recorded egg production ranged from 416.83 to 427.17. No signifcant differences were
observed among treatments, except that layers fed with 0.8% MLP had the higher egg
produced of 427.17.
egg production of 32-36 week old Lohmann LSL Classic white layers are shown in Table
6. The recorded egg production ranged from 468 to 475.50. Comparable results were
obtained among the treatments. However, the treated diets gave the better outputs
compared with the control having the least mean value of 468. The above results
indicate that used of MLP as ingredient on the chicken ration did not warrant signifcant
improvement on egg production at this laying period. It proved however, that usage of
MLP in the layer diets replacing the synthetic vitamins and partial amount of energy feed
ranged from 94.05 to 95.86.
Average cumulative laying percentage of 37-40 weeks old layers. The
incorporation of MLP in the mixture remained to be comparable with the basal ration.
Thus, laying percentage of the treated and control groups were not signifcantly different
from each other. The egg laying percentage on the other hand ranged from 91.21 to
92.81.
14
would give comparable egg quality.
egg production of 37-40 weeks old Lohmann LSL Classic white layers are shown in Table
6. The egg production ranged from 442.67 to 445.50. No signifcant differences were
observed among treatments, except that layers fed with 0.2% MLP had the higher egg
produced of 445.50.
egg production of 41-44 week old Lohmann LSL Classic white layers are shown in Table
6. The recorded egg production ranged from 452 to 467.33. The fndings reveal that
layer diets using MLTP as source of dietary vitamins did not show signifcant effect on
egg production of 41-44 weeks of age. However, it was observed that treated diets gave
the better outputs compared with the control having the least mean value of 452.83.
The above results indicate that the use of MLP as ingredient on the chicken ration did
not warrant further improvement of egg production during this laying period. It proved
however, that usage of MLP in the layer diets replacing the synthetic vitamins and partial
amount of energy feed would give comparable egg quality.
Treatments
Egg Quality
Shell thickness
Yolk Color (Roche Yolk
Color Fan)
T1- Basal diets/control 0.340 6.167
T2- 0.2% Moringa leaf powder 0.338 6.50
CV,% 4.52 13.90
Table 7. Average shell thickness and yolk color of 27-40 weeks old Lohmann white
layers as affected by Moringa leaf powder in the mixture.
Average shell thickness and yolk color. Table 7 shows the average shell
thickness and yolk color of layer fed with MLP. The fndings show that used of MLP in the
layer ration has no direct infuenced on shell thickness quality of the egg. It shows that
used of varying levels of MLTP in the layer mixture did not affect shell thickness quality.
Yolk color (Roche yolk color fan). As shown in Table 7, the yolk color intensity
of the egg from the treated and control groups were comparable to each other. However,
the egg yolk color of the treatment with 0.6% MLP in the fnal mixture had a better yolk
color intensity while the control had the least mean value of 6.167. Analysis of variance
on the other hand revealed the absence of signifcant differences among treatments.
Egg weight at 27-31 weeks of age. The egg weight ranged from 54.72g to
59.09g. The results showed the absence of signifcant differences (P>0.05) among the
treatments were observed but in respect with the mean values heavier eggs were
mostly observed from treated diets compared with the control having the lighter egg
weight.
15
Treatments
Egg Weight
27-31 week
old layers
32-36 week
old layers
36-40 week
old layers
41-44 week
old layers
T1- Basal diets/control 54.72 62.72 61.4 61.73
CV,% 9.17 3.17 8.37 1.84
Table 8. Average egg weight of 27-40 weeks old Lohmann white layers as affected by
Moringa leaf and twig powder in the mixture.
Egg weight at 32-36 weeks of age. The results (Table 8) showed no signifcant
differences (P>0.05) among the treatments. The mean values ranged: 59.93g to 60.78g.
Egg weights of the treatment groups which of the same size (large) indicate that treated
diets did not somehow infuence egg weight/grades during the laying period in which the
ration was offered.
Egg weight at 37-40 weeks of age .As shown in Table 8, similar fndings were
observed. Egg weight of layers fed with MLP from 37-40 weeks of age was not affected
by the ration. The egg weight ranges from 56.74 to 61.54. The results disclosed that
MLP in the ration fed to 37-40 week old layers produced similar egg weight to that of
the basal ration. It suggests that used of MLP replacing synthetic vitamins and partial
amount of energy feedstuffs gave similar grades or size of eggs of 27-40 week old
Lohmann LSL Classic white layers.
Egg weight at 41-44 weeks of age. As shown in Table 8, similar fndings were
observed. Egg weight of layers fed with MLP from 40-44 weeks of age was not affected
by the ration. The egg weight ranges from 61.31 to 62.07. The results disclosed the
comparable effect and performance of MLP with that of basal ration fed to 37-40 week
old layers on egg weight/grades.
Treatments
PARAMETERS
Flavor Off-favor
General
acceptability
T1- Basal diet/control 4.8 4.4 4.8
T2- 0.2% Moringa leaf powder 4.6 4.2 5
T4- 0.6% Moringa leaf powder 4.8 4.2 4.4
CV,% 7.36 3.41 8.87
Table 9. Sensory evaluation of egg from layers affected by MLTP in the mixture.
16
Sensory evaluation. Table 9 shows the sensory evaluation of egg as affected
by MLP in the ration. The fndings reveal that in-terms of favor, the comparable scores
of full to slightly full favor were obtained among the eggs of the treatments. The results
disclose that effect of MLP as ingredient of the layer feeds was not determined by its
favor through sensory test.
Meanwhile, no signifcant differences were obtained on off-favor in which similar
values of 4.2 among the treated groups were recorded. Finally, there were no (P>0.05)
on general acceptability scores of eggs from the treated and control diets. The fndings
only indicate that MLP in the feed mixture did not generally infuence the sensory traits
used in this study.
Study 2. Evaluation Of Moringa Oleifera Leaf And Twig Powder (MLTP) On Laying
Performance On Force Molted Hens.
Treatments
Production Performance
Feed
consumption
Feed
effciency
Egg
production
(H.D)
Egg weight
T1- Control/ basal diets 111.00 1.56 26.32 70.20ab
T2- 0.50% Moringa leaf powder 109.00 1.57 25.91 71.33a
T3- 0.75% Moringa leaf powder 111.58 1.59 27.33 65.55b
T4- 1.0% Moringa leaf powder 110.53 1.58 24.89 68.51b
T5- 1.25 Moringa leaf powder 110.57 1.59 24.59 69.01ab
CV,% 1.48 2.31 6.39 2.36
Table 10. Biological performance of Lohmann hens from 89-101 weeks of age
as affected by MLTP in the feed mixture
Feed consumption. Table 10 shows the average cumulative feed consumption
of force-molted hens from 89-101 weeks of age. Feed consumption was not signifcantly
affected by the used of MLP ingredient in the layer diet. Based on the record, layer feed
intake was almost constant during the feeding period with the average consumption of 110
grams. However, it was observed in the results that feed intake was relatively lower from
the usual feed consumption of this age bracket of layers of 115-120 grams. It appeared
that feed consumption was affected by environmental temperatures since this study was
conducted during summer months (February May, 2010).Similar fnding was observed
by (Alejandro, 2009) on feed intake of birds from April to May which was appeared to be
depressed by high temperatures (35-37C.)
Feed effciency. Table 10 presents the feed effciency of layers fed with MLP
in the layer diets. Based on fndings, feed effciency was not affected (P>0.05) by the
treated diets considering the numeric difference of the values obtained. The data range
from 1.56 to 1.59. The results disclose that basal diet and rations with MLP replaced to
synthetic vitamins and partially reduced amount of energy feedstuffs gave similar results
or did not show detrimental effect on hens feed effciency.
17
Egg production(H.D). The average cumulative egg production as affected by
MLP in the layer diets is presented in Table 10. The results reveal that egg production of
experimental birds at post molting was not affected (P>0.05) by the treated diets. It was
observed further that egg production (H.H) was higher in control diets than the treated
rations. Although no signifcant effect was found, it could be said that the use of MLP
as feed ingredient with partially reduced yellow corn and vitamins is a viable alternative
to reduce usage of synthetic supplements without any detrimental effect on production
performance of the birds.
Egg weight. Egg weight is presented in Table 10. The results show that usage of
0.5% MLP produced (P<0.05) the heavier eggs while the ration provided with the large
amount of MLP (1.25%) registered a statistically similar egg weight to that of control
group (69.01 and 70.20). The observations indicate that the use of MLP in excess of 1.0
percent adversely affected the egg weight. The results suggest that in condition where
this study was conducted, the addition of 0.5 percent MLP in the ration will obtain heavier
eggs of the force-molted hens.
Treatments
% Egg Production (H.D)
89-93 wks
of age
94-97 wks
of age
98-101 wks
of age
41-44
weeks
T1- Control/ basal diets 80.15 85.74 86.65 91.36
CV,% 10.66 9.21 9.07 3.91
Table 11. Egg laying percentage (H.D) of Lohmann hens from 89-101 weeks of
age as affected by MLTP in the feed mixture.
Egg production percentage (Hen-Day). Table 11 shows the egg production
percentage of force-molted Lohmann LSL Classic white layers as affected by varying
levels of MLP in the layer feed mixture. The percent egg production from 89-93 weeks
of age was found to be comparable to each other. The mean values were 80.15 (T1),
82.07 (T5), 84.52 (T4), 89.33 (T3), 90.67 (T2). The results indicate that control diet gave
the lower percent egg production while relatively better percent egg production were
obtained from the treated groups.
Egg production percentage of layers from 94-98 weeks of age was presented
in Table 11. The comparable mean values showed that used of MLP at different levels
in the layer mixture gave equally egg laying performance with the high density basal
diets. However, as indicated in the results, egg laying effciency of the treated birds were
comparably better with the control as obtained from the T2 and T3 (92.34 & 90.88) with
a difference of 5.14 and 6.59, respectively. The results discloses that use of 0.5% and
0.75% MLP in the layer mixture based on the condition that this study was conducted is
ideal to obtain optimum post molting performance of Lohmann LSL Classic white layers.
Egg production percentage of layers from 98-101 weeks of age is shown in
18
Table 11. The results however reveal that egg laying effciency was not affected by the
formulated diets. The values obtained were 80.28 (T4), 82.06 (T2), 82.69 (T5), 86.65
(T1) and 90.28 (T3). The fndings indicate that during this laying period, the force molted
hens remained to be viable and could lay comparable with the young hens at the mid of
peak egg production (40-50 weeks). The treated diets on the other hand could be used
since no detrimental effect on laying effciency was observed during the three months
feeding trial.
Treatments
Parameters
Flavor Off-favor
General
acceptability
41-44
weeks
T1- Control, 0% MLP 5.83 5.42 5.63 91.36
CV,% 11.96 13.13 15.79 3.91
Table 12. Sensory evaluation of egg from layers affected by MLTP in the mixture
Sensory evaluation. Table 12 show the sensory evaluation of eggs as measured
by favor, off-favor and general acceptability. Based on the results, egg favor was not
signifcantly (P>0.05) infuenced by the treated diets. The eggs subjected from the taste
test had a uniform favor as refected from the scores of the panel of tasters. It indicates
that varying levels of MLP had no infuenced on egg favor as derived from the evaluation
conducted. The sensory scores were between full favors to rich full favors.
The off-favor scores were not signifcantly different among the treatments. Although
treatment I was rated of strong off- favor, the score however was not signifcant.
Meanwhile, for the general acceptability score as refected in Table 12, no signifcant
difference (P>0.05) was noted. The egg samples subjected to the sensory evaluation test
were found to have uniform acceptability scores similar to the other parameters used in
this sensory test .The fndings only indicate that high levels of MLP in the layer feeds
gave no signifcant effect on egg taste value and acceptability.
Treatments
Parameters
Feed Cost Per Kg of Egg
Produced
Income Over Feed Cost
T1- Control, 0% MLP 61.83b 27.25
T2- 0.5% Moringa leaf powder 67.63a 32.64
CV,% 5.78 29.51
Table 13. Economic benefts of Lohmann white layers as affected by MLTP in the mixture.
19
Feed cost per kg of egg produced and IOFC. Table 13 shows the feed cost
per kg of egg produced as affected by MLTP in the layer feed mixture. Highly signifcant
(P<0.01) differences were observed from the treated diets. The results disclose that the
use of higher amounts of MLTP in the layer mixture increased feed cost per kg of egg
produced. The increase in cost of the treated feeds did not somehow affect the income
over feed cost (Table13). The mean values obtained were P21.50 (T5), P27.25 (T1),
P30.32 (T4), P31.45 (T3) and P32.64 (T2). Except for Treatment 5 with the least income
over feed cost (21.50), the rest of the treated groups obtained a better income compared
with the control. The results indicate that MLTPs signifcant effect on feed cost did not
directly affect the proftability of the layers as obtained from this study.
Study 3. Growth Performance of Broiler (Gallus domesticus L.) Fed Diets
Supplemented with Moringa Leaf Meal
The fndings of the study are presented in Tables below.
Treatments
Parameters
Feed
Consumption
from Day 14-27
Feed
Consumption
from Day 28-40
Feed
Consumption
from Day 14-40
T1- Basal Diets/ Control 1.04 1.61 2.65
T2- 0.1% of Moringa leaf meal
(1.0g MLM/1.0kg of the feed)
1.03 1.64 2.55
1.03 1.7 2.8
(3.0g MLM/ 1.0kg of the feed)
1.1 1.68 2.55
T5- 0.4% of Moringa Leaf Meal
(4.0g MLM/1.0g of the feed)
1.1 1.74 2.7
CV,% 12.97 9.34 7.33
Table 14.Average cumulative feed consumption as affected by MLM supplemented diets.
Average cumulative feed consumption. Table 14 shows the average cumulative
feed consumption of broilers from day 14- 40 as affected by varying levels of MLM in the
diets. The fndings show that feed consumption of birds from day 14 to 27 (starter stage)
were not affected (P>0.05) by the treated diets. Similar result was observed by (Acda,
2009) on pigs fed with Malunggay leaf meal that no (P>0.05) on production performance
specifcally the feed intake was observed.

Meanwhile, similar fndings on feed consumption of broilers from day 28 to
40 were observed. The treated diets did not show signifcant effect on feed intake of
broilers during the feeding period. The cumulative feed intake on the other hand from
day 14 t to market stage is comparable to each other. The fndings disclose that MLM
supplementation in the ration give no economic gains since same amount of feeds were
consumed by the birds from starter to fnishing stage.
20
Treatments
Parameters
Gain in
weight at
day 27
Gain in
weight at
day 40
ADG, Day
14-28
ADG, Day
29-40
ADG, Day
14-40
T1- Basal Diets/ Control 703 1.63 53.33 73.33 62.66
603 1.69 43.33 93.33 65.00
703 1.75 53.33 86.66 67.00
(3.0g MLM/ 1.0kg of the feed)
660 1.76 50.00 90.00 67.33
T5- 0.4% of Moringa Leaf Meal
(4.0g MLM/1.0g of the feed)
717 1.66 60.00 76.66 67.33
CV,% 11.78 7.29 19.23 11.08 8.58
Table 15.Average cumulative gain in weight of broiler and ADG as affected by MLM
Final weight. As refected in Table 16, the broilers fnal weight fed diets
supplemented with MLM were not signifcantly different from the control. Although, the
results are not statistically different but the values obtained from the treated groups were
better with the broilers fed with basal diets. The control obtained the least fnal weight of
1.88 while the treated groups registered the values between 1.94 to 2.04 kg.
Feed Conversion Ratio. The average cumulative feed conversion ratio of broilers
fed diets supplemented with MLM is presented in Table 16. No signifcant (P>0.05)
difference on FCR were observed since the values obtained had a numeric difference
which ranged from 1.61 to 1.81.
Feed cost per kg of broiler produced. Table 16 shows the feed cost per kg of
broiler produced as affected by diets supplemented with MLM. The results reveal that
addition of MLM did not signifcantly affect the cost feeds per kg. of broiler. Nevertheless,
four percent inclusion of MLM was more costly with mean value of 45.69 followed by two
percent inclusion in the diet with a mean of 44.72. Meanwhile, the Treatments 1 and 4
had the least cost with mean values of 40.67 and 40.76, respectively.
Income over Feed and chick cost. Table 16 presents the income over feed cost
as affected by the MLM supplemented diets. The results however, were not signifcantly
affected by the rations but in-terms of values obtained the treatments 2 and 4 posted
the higher income (P54.56 and P57.07), while the used of 2.0% and 4.0% in the ration
registered the lower income (P40.07 and P43.65).
21
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

To evaluate the potentials and economic advantages of Moringa as poultry feeds,
three (3) research studies were conducted to determine the effect of Moringa leaf powder
and leaf meal on two (2) different age groups of chicken layer and broiler chicken.
The feeding trials on chicken layers which were conducted for three (3) months
were as follows;

Study 1. Effect of diet supplemented with varying levels ofMoringa leaf powder on
laying performance of chicken layer (Gallus domesticus L).
A total of 240 Lohmann LSL Classic white hens of 27 week of age were used and randomly
distributed in fve dietary treatments with six (6) replicates per treatment with eight (8)
layers per replicate. The treatments were: T1- Basal diets/control; T2- 0.2% MLP; T3-
0.4% MLP; T4-0.6% MLP; T5- 0.8% MLP.
Study 1. Effect of diet supplemented with varying levels of Moringa leaf powder on
laying performance of molted chicken layer (Gallus domesticus L).
A total of 240 heads (89 week old) Lohmann strain with average egg production
of 82 percent were used in the study. They were randomly distributed in fve (5) dietary
treatments following a Complete Randomized Design (CRD). Each treatment is replicated
six (6) times with eight (8) layers per replicate. The treatments were: T1-basal diets; T2-
0.5% MLP; 0.75% MLP; T3-1.05% MLP, T5-1.25% MLP. Signifcant differences among
the means were determined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and DMRT at
5% .
Study 3. Growth performance of broilers (Gallus domesticus L) fed diet
supplemented with Moringa leaf meal.
One hundred ffty day-old Cobbs broiler chicks were used in the experiment. They
were randomly distributed in fve (5) dietary treatments following a Complete Randomize
Design (CRD) consisted of three replicate per treatment with 10 birds per replicate. The
treatments include: T1- Basal diets; T2-0.20% MLM; T3-0.30% MLM; T4-0.40% MLM;
T5-0.50% MLM.

Based on the three feeding trials, results showed no signifcant differences among
the treatments on all performance parameters measured except for study 2 that has
a signifcant increase on feed cost per kg of egg produced were obtained from the
treated diets. Signifcant effect on egg weight was also recorded. However, the average
cumulative feed effciency, laying percentage, feed consumption and income over feed
cost of the chicken layers fed diets containing varying amounts of MLP were statistically
comparable to those fed the basal diets. The results however were constantly higher with
the values obtained from the control groups.

Meanwhile, similar fndings with broilers fed with Moringa leaf meal were recorded.
The results showed that production performance of broilers fed with MLM such as ADG,
gain in weight, fnal weight and income over feed cost were made to be better with the
22
control.
Generally, with the statistically comparable results between the formulated
rations using the varying levels of Moringa as feed ingredient in the feed mixture and the
customized feeds, its extensive utilization could be explored and adopted by the animal
sectors particularly in the small scale operations to economize the production operations
by addressing at the same time the demand for organic poultry products since utilization
of synthetic supplements are partially reduced when Moringa is used in the diets.
Finally, for optimum production performance, follow-up studies on utilization
of enzyme enriched moringa leaf and twig meal shall be conducted for egg and meat
production. The study using more parameters to evaluate egg quality, digestibility rate
and populations of pathogenic bacteria in the GIT shall also be conducted.

23
REFERENCES
ACDA SP, MASILUNGAN AGD, MOOG BA. 2009. Partial substitution of commercial swine
feeds with malunggay (Moringa oleifera L) leaf meal under backyard conditions.

Proceedings of the PSAS 4th National and 27th Visayas Chapter Scientifc Seminar and Annual
Convention,Cebu City. 21-23 October 2009.
SARAVILLO KB, HERRERA AA. 2004. Biological activity of Moringa oleifera Lam crude seed
extract. The Philippine Agricultural Scientist 87(1):96-100.
http://savegaia.blogspot.com/2005/06/wondertree-100-facts-moringa-fact-04.html
http://moringanow.blogspot.com/2005/05/wondertree-100-facts-moringa-fact-01.html

11 Moringa, Paguia

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UTILIZATION AND EVALUATION OF

MORINGA OLEIFERA AS POULTRY FEEDS

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