apichit เสาเข็ม

2548
ISBN 974-533-477-4
APICHIT KUMPALA : PREDICTION OF JACKED PILE CAPACITY FOR

UNDERPINNING ON THE SURANAREE UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLOGY CAMPUS. THESIS ADVISOR : ASST. PROF. SUKSUN
HORPIBULSUK, Ph.D. 142 PP. ISBN 974-533-477-4
PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM/ STEEL CHANNEL SECTION

TRANSVERSE POINT LOAD
The present research investigates laboratory engineering properties of silty

clay on the campus of Suranaree University of Technology which are consolidation
and shear behavior under undrained and drained conditions based on laboratory and
field tests. Equations for estimating undrained shear strength in terms of
overconsolidation ratio and standard penetration number are developed. The
geotechnical parameters for numerical analysis are determined. These findings are
used to check the settlement of building Dormitory Suranivet 9 and to design
underpinning jacked piles to restore the building.
Silty clay on the campus of Suranaree University of Technology is classified
as overconsolidated uncemented clay. The relationship between normalized shear
strength
and
overconsolidated
ratio
based
on
SHANSEP
method
is
Su / vc = 0.278OCR 0.8 . The undrained shear strength linearly relates to standard

penetration number as Su = N /1.1 . Shear behavior is consistent with State Boundary
Surface Concept and the yield surface can be represented by the yield function of
Modified Cam Clay model.

.

.

. .
.
. , . ,

, ,

SIGMA/W
PLAXIS

() ...................................................................................................
( ) ...............................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................
1 ....................................................................................................................................1
1.1 .....................................................................1
1.2 ...........................................................................................1
1.3 .........................................................................................................3
1.4 ....................................................................................3
2 ...............................................................................4
2.1 ...........................................4
2.2 ........................................................5
2.3 .................................................12
2.3.1 ...........................................................................12
2.3.2 .......................................................................15
2.3.3 ............................................................................................19
2.3.4
........................................................23
2.4 .............................................25
2.5 .......................................................................................33
2.6 .................................................................35
()
2.6.1 .............................................................................35
2.6.2 ..........................................................................................36
2.7 ...................................37
2.7.1 .................................................................38
2.7.2 .........................................................40
2.7.3 .........................................................................................41
2.7.4 ..............................................43
2.7.5 .................................44
3 .........................................................................................................46
3.1 .......................................................................................................................46
3.2 ......................................................................................47
3.3 ....................................................................................49
3.4 .............................................................50
3.5 ............................................................................52
3.6 .....................................................................................53
3.7 .....................................................................56
3.7.1 ........................................................56
3.7.2 ................................56
3.7.3 ............................................56
3.8 .............................57
3.8.1 ......................................................................................57
3.8.2 ......................................................................................58
3.8.3 .........................................59
4 ................................................................................................61
4.1 .......................................................................................................................61
4.2
............................................................................61
()
4.3 .......................................................................................................64
4.4 ..........................................................................66
4.4.1 SHANSEP............................66
4.4.2 ..................................................................................69
4.5 .....69
4.6 ......................................................................................................71
4.6.1 ..........................................71
4.6.2 ..............................76
4.6.3 .............................................................77
4.6.4 .............................................................78
4.7 ....................................................................80
4.7.1 ...................................................80
4.7.2 ....................................................83
4.8 .............................................90
4.8.1
......................................................................................90
4.8.2
.............................................................................91
4.9 .................................................................95
5 .............................................................................................................................109
5.1 ......................................................................................................109
5.1.1 .........................109
5.1.2 .......................................................................................109
5.1.3 .....................110
5.1.4 ..........................................................................................110
5.1.5 9 ......................................111
5.1.6 ...............................................................111
()
5.2 ..........................................................................................................112
5.2.1 .................................................................112
5.2.2 ..........................................................................112
.................................................................................................................................113
9 ........................................................................119
.........................................127
.............................133
................................................................................................................................142
2.1 ..... 5
2.2 Cam Clay Modified Cam clay ........................... 21
2.3 N
........................................................................................... 25
2.4 ( c , q , ) Terzaghi ....................................... 27
2.5 Meyerhor .......................................................... 27
2.6 (Meyerhof, 1953; 1963) ...... 28
2.7 (Stas and Kulhawy, 1984) ......................... 39
2.8 (Stas and Kulhawy, 1984) ................................ 40
2.9 (API 1984).................. 40
2.10 (U.S. Army., 1992) .................................................. 45
2.11 (Skempton and MacDonald, 1956) ...... 45
2.12 (Cudoto, 2001) ...... 45
3.1 .......................................................................... 47
4.1 C
....................................................................................................... 71
4.2 ....................................................................... 78
4.3 -1.5 .......................... 80
4.4 ...................................................................................... 80
4.5 ..................................................................................... 81
4.6 ...................................................................................... 81
4.7
.. 2522 .................................................................... 81
4.8 ......................................................................... 83
4.9 ........................... 87
()
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
5.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
Linear elastic Modified Cam Clay............ 92

......................................................................... 96
.......................................................... 97
50 ................... 98
...........................................101
Elastic Plastic Modified Cam Clay..........111
..................................................................................125
.....................................................................................................126
..................................................128
..............................................131

1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
9 ....................................................... 2
6/1......................... 2
.................................... 5
e log v ......................................... 7
Casagrande (1936)...................... 7
Sridraran (1991) ......................... 8
......................................... 9

.................................................................. 11
2.7(a) ............................................................ 11
2.7(b) ........................................................... 12
2.8 -......................... 13
2.9 - ............... 13
2.10 .......................... 14
2.11 SHANSEP ................................................................................ 15
2.12 Normalization .............................................. 15
2.13 ............................... 16
2.14 .. 17
2.15 ..................................... 18
2.16
........................................................................................ 18
2.17 (soil model) ........................................................ 20
2.18 Normalized Cam Clay, Modified Cam Clay
Soft-Soil Model ( ) .................................................................... 23
2.19 Modified von Mises Mohr-Coulomb failure......... 23
()

2.20 N
.............................................................................................................. 24
2.21 ................... 25
2.22 .................................... 30
2.23 Ks ( 2 N (2) ) /( 1 N (1) ) ................................................ 31
2.24 Ks ......................................................................... 32
2.25 , N cn .................................. 33
2.26 .......................................................................... 34
2.27 ......................................................................... 35
2.28 ...................................... 38
2.29 N q ....................................... 39
2.30 Su .......................................................................... 42
2.31 .............................................................. 42
2.32 (soil plug) ................................... 44
3.1 ................................................................................... 46
3.2 ......................................... 48
3.3 ............................ 49
3.4 (consolidometer oedometer)................. 50
3.5 (direct shear test)................................................ 51
3.6 ....................................................................... 52
3.7 ........................................... 53
3.8 (triaxial compression test) ............................... 54
3.9
SIGMA/W........................................................................................................ 55
3.10 (unconfined compression test)............................... 55
3.11 ................................................... 57
3.12 ....................... 57
()

3.13
3.14
3.15
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
................. 58
.... 59
........... 60
BH-1 BH-4 ..................................................... 62
.............................................................. 63
.............................................................................. 64
5.0 10.0
Oedometer test ......................................................................... 65
.......................... 65
5.0 ............................ 66
Shear stress Horizontal displacement OCR vc
................................................................................................................ 67
Normalized shear stress CU Direct shear test ............................ 68
.............. 69
(stress paths)
........................................ 73
Normalized CIDC ..... 74
Normalized CIUC ..... 75
Normalized (stress paths) ...... 76
(stress paths)
........................ 77

........................................................................... 78
... 79
STAAD. Pro 2004 ................... 82
(BH-3 BH-2) ....................................................... 83
(BH-3 BH-4) ..................................................... 84
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
()

4.20 ............................................................ 85
4.21 (line A J) ............................................................ 86
4.22
................................................................................ 88
4.23 S9 (14/06/2004) .. 89
4.24
1 2......................... 90
4.25
3 4......................... 91
4.26 1 ............ 93
4.27 2 ............ 93
4.28 3 ............ 94
4.29 4 ............ 94
4.30 ......................................................... 96
4.31 (inverse distortion angle)
(14/06/2004) .................................................................................................... 99
4.32 ...................100
4.33
10.0 .........................................................102
4.34
12.5 .........................................................102
4.35
15.0 .........................................................103
4.36 S9 ......................104
4.37 (30/06/2004)........................................105
4.38 S9 1 (24/08/2005) .........106
4.39 1 (24/08/2005) .....................................107
()

4.40
5.1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
S9 1 (24/08/2005) ..................................108
.............110
...........................................................................................120
............................................................................................121
............................................................................................122
............................................................................................123
B-B .......................................................................................................124
A-A.......................................................................................................124
.........................................................................133
...............................................................................134
....................................................................................134
..........................................................135
.........................................................................135
........................................................136
............................................................137
.................................................................................137
......................................................................................................138
...........................................................................138
..................................................................................................139
............................................................................139
...................................................140
...............................................................140
..................................................................................141
...................................................................................141
28 .............................142
.................................................142

...
AISC
ASTM
B
BH
c
Cc
Cs
CH
CSL
Df
E
e
eL
eR
FS
fc
f c
fs
fy
ISL
K
Ks
Ko
LL
Mc
N
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
American Institute of Steel Construction

American Society for Testing and Materials
(Borehole)
(effective cohesion)
(compression index of e log v )
(swelling index of e log v )
Silty clay
Critical state line
(void ratio)
(factor of safety)
(intrinsic State Line)
(liquid limit)
slope of critical state line
(standard penetration number)
()
NC clay
NCL
N c ,N q ,N
OC clay
OCR
PL
PBT
PLT
PI
p
Pbu
pc
pe
Psu
Pu
Q
q
qu
R
SC
SHANSEP
Su
T
USCS
Zone A
Zone S
Zone T
wn
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
normally consolidated line

(bearing capacity factor)
overconsolidation ratio
(plastic limit)
Plate bearing test
Pile load test
(plasticity index)
Mean equivalent pressure
(deviator stress)
Sandy clay
Stress History and Normalized Soil Engineering Properties)
(undrained shear strength)
Unified Soil Classification
(adhesion factor)
()
1
3
s
*
c
q
p
v
y
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(shear strength)
(effective angle of inter friction)
(recompression index of e ln p )
Modified swelling index
(compression index of e ln p )
Modified compression index
(correction factor)
(correction factor)
(correction factor)
Poissons ratio
(maximum past pressure)
(overburden pressure)
(yield pressure)
(shear stress)
soil specific volume
specific volume at theoretical state when the pressure p' = 1
1.1

9 1.1 7-8 6/1
1.2
9 7-8

6/1

3
(steel micro-pile) (hydraulic jack) (Horpibulsuk et al., 2004)

(pushing force)

2.5

1.2
1.2.1) (consolidation)
- - (stress-strain-shear
2
strength characteristics)
(undrained shear strength, Su )
(overconsolidation ratio, OCR ) (standard
penetration number, N )
1.2.2) 9

1.1 9
1.2 6/1
1.3
(shear
strength) (shear stress) (shear strain)
(consolidation test)
(direct shear test) (triaxial test)
(undrained) (drained) 5.0-6.0
(pile load test)

(boring log)

1.4

1.4.1)
1.4.2)

2.1
4.0-10.0
(residual soil) (claystone)
(
, 2546-2548) 3 2.1 S :
59,388 6 A :
51,868 3
T : 66,908 2

2.1
0.0-2.5
(0.0-2.5)

(shallow foundation)

2.1
2.1
Depth
0.0-2.5 m
2.5-12.0 m
Specific gravity
Water content
Liquid limit , LL
Plastic limit, PL
Plasticity index , PI
SPT N-values
Soil classification (USCS)
2.60-2.65
20.0-24.0%
30.0-36.0%
15.0-20.0%
15.0-20.0%
5-8
SC
2.65-2.70
24.0-25.0%
55.0-60.0%
20.0-25.0%
30.0-37.0%
> 30
CH
2.2

(permeability) ()

(excess pore pressure)
6
(primary consolidation)

Terzaghi (1925)
(consolidometer oedometer)
63.5 25.4
(lever arm) (dial gauge)

24

e (log) v 2.2 e
v
(Roscoe and Poorooshash, 1963; Henkel and Sowa, 1963; Wroth
and Loudon, 1967; Roscoe and Burland, 1968; Balasubramaniam, 1973 and 1975; Parry and
Nadardjah, 1973; Yudhbir and Naradarajah, 1974; Pender, 1977; Mitachi and Kitago, 1979;
Mayne and Swanson, 1981; and Atkinson et al., 1990) 2
(state of stress)
1) (normally consolidated clay)
(overburden pressure) (maximum
past pressure)
2) (overconsolidated clay)
e log v 2.3 (Casagrande, 1936) Sridraran et al. (1991)

log (1 + e)
log v
2.4
7
0.8
Void ratio, e
0.6
0.4
0.2
10
100
1000
1000
Vertical stress, 'v (kPa)
2.2 e log v
0.8
'p
Void ratio, e
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
10
100
1000
1000
2.3 Casagrande (1936)
8
1.8
' p
log (1+e)
1.6
1.4
1.2
10
100
1000
1000
2.4 Sridraran et al. (1991)

Nagaraj and Srinivasa Murthy (1986) Nagaraj et al. (1994)
(remolded clays)
1-1.5
(void
ratio)

(2.1)
11 Nagaraj et al. (1994) a b 1.23 0.276
2.5
eR
= a b log v
eL
(2.1)
eR ( v )
eL ( mGs )
9
1.2
Normalized Void ratio, eR/eL
eR/eL=1.230-0.276 log v'

Nagaraj et al. (1998)
1.0
eR/eL=1.291-0.320 log v'

Bangkok clay
(Horpibulsuk and Rachan, 2005)
0.8
Band for 11 soil (+5% of eR/eL line)

Intrinic State Line, ISL
0.6
(-5% of eR/eL line)
0.4
0.2
10
100
Effective vertical pressure,
1000
1000
'v (kPa)
2.5
(Nagaraj et al., 1994; Rachan and Horpibulsuk, 2005)
(Intrinsic State Line, ISL )

(physico-chemical)
(2.1)
beL
Horpibulsuk and Rachan (2005) a b 1.230 0.276
2.5
(2548)
(state of stress) 3
1) (normally consolidated uncemented clay
(
e
, vo )
eL
(normally consolidated uncemented clay)

(
)
10
2) (overconsolidated uncemented
clay) (overconsolidated
cemented clay) (
e
, vo )
eL

( e log v )
(yield stress)

( e ,log v )
( e ,log v )
2.6
3) Meta-stable (Meta-stable cemented clay)
(
e
, vo )
eL
Meta-stable

(stress history)
2.7 (a)
Horpibulsuk and Rachan (2005)

Meta-stable ( 3)
( 2)

( e ,log v )
2.7 (b)
11
vo
eo
Overconsolidated
cemented clay
Void ratio, e
Remolded sample
vo
y
Overconsolidated
uncemented clay
Effective vertical pressure , v (log scale)
2.6
1.8
Soft clay
Medium stiff to stiff clay
Very stiff clay
Generalized state parameter, e/eL
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
Intrinsic State Line

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
10
50
100
500
1000
Effective overburden pressure, 'v0 (kPa)
2.7 (a) (Horpibulsuk and Rachan, 2005)
12
'v0
2.4
Void raito, e
2.0
'y
AIT
3 m depth
1.6
'v0
Remolded state
Undisturbed state
'y
1.2
0.8
Bang-Pee
20 m depth
0.4
0
10 0
10 1
10 2
10 3
10 4
10 5
Effective vertical stress, 'v (kPa)
2.7 (b) (Horpibulsuk and Rachan, 2005)

Nagaraj and Srinivasa Murthy (1986) Nagaraj et al. (1994)
(2548)
2.3

(direct shear test) (triaxial test)
(unconfined compression test)
(shear stress) (shear strain)
(failure envelope)
2.3.1
(shear
displacement) 2.8
()
13
2.9

2.10

c
Peak shear strength

OC clay
Shear stress
Ultimate shear strength
NC clay
Shear displacement
Expansion
OC clay
Shear displacement
Comperession
Change in height
of specimen
2.8
NC clay
2.9 -
14
NC clay
Shear strength
Effective stress strength

envelope
OC clay
c'
Normal stress
2.10
SHANSEP (Stress History and Normalized Soil Engineering Properties)

(Ladd and Foott, 1974) Su / vc = ( s)OCR m (Jamiolkowski
et al., 1985) SHANSEP
Normalized Schmertmann (1955) Ladd and Foott (1974)
Normalized
(yield
pressure, y ) 2.11
SHANSEP OCR Ko
(maximum past pressure, p )
( y ) Schmertmann (1955) Ladd and Foott (1974) p (1.5-2) y
vc OCR
OCR p / vc Normalized
OCR
Su / vo
(Ladd and Foott, 1974) Su / vc OCR
2.12
15
0.8
'vo
Void ratio, e
0.6
0.4
'y
'vc
Reconsolidation
0.2
'p
Undisturbed sample
Remoulded sample
100
1000
1000
2.11 SHANSEP (Ladd and Foott, 1974)
Normalized shear strength, Su/'vc
5.0
4.0
Normalized Su vs OCR
(m)
Su/'vc = (s)OCR
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
1
10
100
OCR = 'p/'vc
2.12 Normalization
2.3.2
16
1) (isotropically
consolidated drained triaxial, CIDC test)
(deviator stress) (volumetric strain)
2.13 2.14

( c )
1400
300
Deviator stress (kPa)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
10 15
20
Axial strain (%)
25
Failure
3
2
5
10 15
20
Axial strain (%)
(a)
250
200
150
100
5
1
0
0
Failure
50
0
0
Volumetric strain (%)
1200
Volumetric strain (%)
350
Failure
25
10 15
20
Axial strain (%)
25
1
Failure
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
10 15
20
Axial strain (%)
25
(b)
2.13 (a)
(b)
17
Over - consolidated
Normally consolidated
2.14
2)
(isotropically consolidated undrained traixial, CIUC Test)

(excess pore pressure)
(effective and total stress envelopes) 2.15 2.16 2.16

(dismembering of cluster)
18
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
700
10 15
20
Axial strain (%)
25
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10 15
20
Axial strain(%)
600
500
Failure
400
300
200
100
0
0
10 15
20
Axial strain (%)
25
30
100
Failure
Excess pore pressure (kPa)
700
Failure
700
25
0
-100
Failure
-200
-300
10 15
20
Axial strain(%)
(a)
25
30
(b)
2.15
(a) (b)
Over - consolidated
Normally consolidated
cu
u f1 (+ve)
u f2 (-ve)
2.16
19
2.3.3

Cambridge stress path (Roscoe et
al., 1958) (deviator stress, q) (mean effective stress,
p) (shear strain, s ) (volumetric
strain, v )
q = 1 3
(2.2)
1
p = ( 1 + 2 3 )
3
(2.3)
s = (1 3 )
2
3
(2.4)
v = 1 + 2 3
(2.5)
1 2 1
3
Bishop and Henkel (1964)

V
Vo
L
1
Lo
1
Ac = Ao
(2.6)
Ac Ao V , L
V , L

Cam Clay Modified Cam Clay Schofield and Wroth
(1986) Britto and Gunn (1987) Elastic-plastic
20
Strain-hardening Yield surface (ellipse) (2.7)
(2.8) Cam Clay Modified Cam Clay
2.17 2.2
(2.7)
q Mp ln( pc / p) = 0
p2 +
q2
ppc = 0
M2
(2.8)
pc Yield surface
2.17
Failure line
or
Critical state line
Normal consolidated line
Mc
Modified Cam Clay model

u lo
Co
hrMo
Critical state line
mb
e
l ur
fai
e
li n
Soft-soil model
Cam Clay model
Overconsolidated line
ln p'
p'x
p'c
p'
2.17 (soil model)

Soft Soil Stolle et al. (1997)
Modified Cam Clay (volumetric strain, v )
(mean effective stress, p) (2.9)
(2.10) (virgin compression) (unloading reloading)
p
0
p
v v 0 = * ln
(2.9)
21
p
0
p
(2.10)
v e v e 0 = * ln
* * Modified compression index Modified swelling index

* Burland (1965)
* =
* =
(2.11)
1 + e0
(2.12)
1 + e0
2.2 Cam Clay Modified Cam Clay

Symbol
Parameters
Relationship
OCR
Overconsolidation ratio
pc
po
Mc
The slope of critical state line
qf
pf
The specific volume at theoretical state when

the pressure p' = 1
The slope of over-consolidated line
(OC line)
The slope of normally consolidated
(NC line)
The soil specific volume
eo + ( ) ln
pc
+ ln po
2
e
(ln p)
e
(ln p)
1+ e
(yield function) (yield surface)

Soft Soil
pc p q 2 / M 2 ( p + c cot ) = 0
(2.13)
22

2.17 Normalize
Stress parameters, pe pe Mean equivalent pressure (Roscoe
and Burland, 1968) (2.14) (q/pe, p/pe)
2.18
e e
pe = po exp o
(2.14)
Cam Clay Modified Cam Clay

Modified von Mises M (compression failure)
(extension failure) Soft Soil
Mohr-Coulomb failure
2.19
Modified von Mises Mohr-Coulomb failure
( 1, 2 3) (effective strength parameter, c, cs ) MohrCoulomb Failure Criterion (Mohr, 1900) ( q, p)
q ( q intersects, qo ) M c (2.15) (2.16)
sin cs =
c =
3M c
6 + Mc
3 sin cs
qo
6 cos
(2.15)
(2.16)
( ) ( )
Oedometer (2.17) (2.18)
Cc = ln(10)
(2.17)
Cs = ln(10)
(2.18)
23
Normalized deviator stress, q/p'e
1.0
0.8
0.6
Silty clay
Mc = 1.13
= 0.10
= 0.015
Elliptical curve (MCC and SS Model)

Logarithmic curve (CC Model)
Critical state line
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Normalized mean normal stress, p'/p'e
2.18 Normalized Cam Clay, Modified Cam Clay

Soft-Soil Model
1 = 2 = 3
1
Mohr-Coulomb failure
Modified
von Mises failure
Failure surface
1
1
2.19 Modified von Mises Mohr-Coulomb failure

2.3.4
24
2.20
2.3
2.20
( Su ) ( N 60 )
Terzaghi and Peck, (1967) U.S. Navy, (1972)

20
Cla
ys
of
hig
hp
las
tic
ity
Undrained shear strength, Su (ton/m )
20
15
m
iu
ed
m
f
so
ay
l
C
10
ity
tic
as
l
p
Su
m
n/
(to
)=
5
1.
N/
T erzaghi & Peck (1967)

s
silt
ey
lay
c
and
ity
stic
a
l
p
low
of
s
y
Cla
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
Standard penetration number, N (Blow/ft)
2.20 N
(U.S. Navy, 1972)
25
2.3 N
(Terzaghi and Peck, 1967)
, S u
, N
(blows/ft)
()
0-2
0 - 1.2
2-5
1.2 - 2.5
5 - 10
2.4 - 5.0
10 - 20
5.0 - 10.0
20 - 30
10.0 - 20.0
> 30
> 20.0
2.4
Terzaghi
(1943) 2.21 General shear ( D f )
I (ABJ) II (AJE) (BJD)
III (GEA BDF) Rankin JD JE
DF EG AE, BD, EG DF
45 / 2 Terzaghi ( D f )
Meyerhof (1963)
2.21
B
F
qu
q = D f
A
G
III
E
II
Terzaghi and Hansen
I
J
Df
B
Pp
III
II
Meyerhof
Soil
( ,c , )
For Meyerhof ,Hansen : = 45 + / 2

Terzaghi : =
2.21 (Bowles, 1988)
26
2.21 Terzaghi (1943)
Prandtl (1921)
(plastic failure theory)
Terzaghi (1943) (strip footing) 5
( D f ) ( B )

1
qu = cN c c + qN q q + BN
2
(2.19)
N c ,N q ,N (bearing capacity factor)

(2.20-2.22)
N c = (N q 1)cot
270
(2.20)
) tan
e 180
Nq =
2 cos 2 ( 45 + / 2 )
(2.21)
+ 33
3 tan 2 45 +

tan
2
1
N =
2
cos 2
(2.22)
B
L c
(cohesion) q
c ,q ,
(correction factor)
2.4
27
2.4 ( c ,q , ) Terzaghi
(U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1992)

1.0
1.3
1 + 0.3
L
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.8
1 0.2
L
0.6
(2.19)
(undrained condition)
(drained condition) ( c, )
Local shear Punching shear
Terzaghi, (1943)
cL =
2
c
3
(2.23)
2
3
(2.24)
L = tan 1 tan
Meyerhof (1963)
Passive ( Pp ) 2.5
2.5 Meyerhof (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1992)
N q = e tan tan 2 45 + ; = 0
2
Meyerhof (1963)
N c = (N q 1)cot ; = 0
N = (N q 1) tan (1.4 ) ; = 0
N q = 1.0
N c = 5.14
N = 0.0
28
Terzaghi (1943) Meyerhof
(1963)

2.6
(Terzaghi, 1943; Meyerhof, 1963)

2.6 (Meyerhof, 1963)
= 0
> 10
0 < 10
cs
qs
B
1 + 0.2 N
L
1.0
> 10
1 90
90
> 10
0 < 10
c = cs ci cd ,
1+ 0.2 N
1 + 0.1N
B
L
1 90
90
Ml
el
eb
B
Q
qd
1.0
D
D
1+ 0.1 N
1+ 0.1 N
B
B
= s i d
0.0
d
D
B
Mb
qi
1.0
cd
= 0
B
L
Linear Interpolation Between = 0 and = 10
>
M
eb = b
Q
Ml
el =
Q
1.0
1 + 0.1N
ci
= 0
Diagram
1.0
Linear Interpolation Between = 0 and = 10
q
B
q = qs qi qd
B B 2eb , L L 2el ,
Q T R
(Q 2 + T 2 )1/ 2 cos 1 (Q / R)
( = 0 )

= 0 N = 0
29

( u = 0 )

3
1 D D f q
q = (D f D ) + D
(2.25)

2 q D f

3 d q D f
av
av =
1
[d + (B d )]
B
av =
d B
(2.26a)
d > B
(2.26b)
3
1 Meyerhof
and Hanna (1978) Meyerhof (1974)
( H > B ) 2.21

( H < B )
Punching shear

30
2D f
qu = qu (b ) + 1 H 2 1 +
H
tan
K s
1H qu (t )
B
(2.27)
2 D f
tan
K s
qu = qu (b ) + 2 1 H 2 1 +
s 1 H qu (t )
H
B
(2.28)
2D f
B
qu = qu (b ) + 1 + 1 H 2 1 +
L
H
(2.29)
tan
K s
s 1 H qu (t )
B
qu (b ) qu (t ) K s
s 1.0
1,2 ,N (1) N (2 ) 2.23
1,N (1) 2 ,N (2 )
1
1
c 1 = 0
Thinner top
layer
Df
Strong sand
Strong sand 1
c 1 = 0
H
H
Weaker sand
2
c = 0
2
Thicker top
layer
Weaker sand 2
c = 0
2
2.22
31
40
= 50
Punching shear coefficent, Ks
35
30
25
45
20
42
15
40
10
37
35
30
20
0
0
0.2
0.4
2.23
Ks
0.6
)(
N (2) / 1 N (1)
0.8
1.0
(2 N (2 ) )/ (1 N (1) ) (Meyerhof and Hanna, 1978)
2 Meyerhof and
Hanna (1978) ( H < B )
2D f
qu = S u N c + H 2 1 +
H
tan
K s
+ D f
B
2D f
B
B
qu = 1 + 0.2 S u N c + 1 + H 2 1 +
L
H
(2.30)
tan
K s
+ D f
B
(2.31)
K s
K s 2.24
( H > B )
32
40
(S N ) / (0.5BN ) =
(5.14S ) / (0.5BN ) = 1
u
Ks
30
20
10
0
20
30
40
50
(Degrees)
2.24
Ks
(Meyerhof and Hanna, 1978)
3

(weathered soil)
Brown and Meyerhof (1969)

H / B
S u (upper ) / S u ( lower ) 2.25a 2.26b
S u (upper ) / S u (lower ) 1.0 (2.32)
qu = Su(upper) N cm
(2.32)
Su(upper) N cm
33
(2.32)
H / B S u (upper ) / S u (lower )
2.25a 2.25b S u (upper ) / S u (lower )
1.0 Brown and Meyerhof (1969) (total
stress)
(2.32) Ideal rigid plastic
material
10
q u = S u ( upper ) N ms
=
H/B
S u (upper )
H
0.1
H/B =
su (lower )
H/B = 0.2
H/B = 0.3
6
5.14
H/B = 0.7
4
H /B
.5
=2
.0
=2
H/B
.5
=1
H /B
.0
=1
H/B
.5
=0
B
/
H
=0
/B
H
(a) Strip footing
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Lower layer shear strength Su ( upper )

,
Upper layer shear strength Su (lower )
1.8
2.0
10
H/
2R
=0
H/2R = 0.1
H/2R = 0.2
H/2R = 0.3
6
6.05
R=
H/2
H/2R 0.4
1 .5
H/
2R
=1
.0
/2 R
H
=0
.5
R
H/2
. 25
=0
R
H/2
=0
(b) Circular footing

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Lower layer shear strength Su ( upper)

,
Upper layer shear strength Su ( lower )
1.6
2.25 ,
1.8
2.0
N cm
2.5

34

Horpibulsuk et al. (2004)

2
1 2.26
2
2.27

(Horpibulsuk et al., 2004)

(flexural shear)
(punching shear)
(Horpibulsuk et al., 2004)
Ground level
RC. pier
Filled with expansive cement
RC. Foundation
Lean concrete
Compacted sand
Steel pipe pile

Fill with motar
2.26 (Horpibulsuk et al., 2004)
35
Ground level
RC. pier
Channel connected
to existing pier
Steel plate
Concrete
Dowel bar
RC. Foundation
Lean concrete
Compacted sand
Steel pipe pile
Filled with motar
2.27 (Horpibulsuk et al., 2004)
2.6
2
(pile material failure) (soil failure)
2.6.1

(
)
2.33 2.34
(concrete-filled steel pile) (Bowles, 1988 and Das, 2004)
Pa ( steel ) = f s Ap
(2.33)
Pa ( com ) = f s Ap + f c Ac
(2.34)
Pa ( steel ) Pa ( com )
Ap Ac
36

(working stress)
1)
2) (composite material)
3)
4) (lateral buckling)
5)

... 1007-34
(, 2545) 0.05 (Camitz, 1994) f s
0.6 f y ... 1015-40 (, 2541)
f y f c
0.25 fc ... 1007-34 (, 2545) fc
2.6.2

3
1)
2) (static formula)
3) (dynamic formula)
37
2.7
(static method) (U.S. Army,
1992)
(skin friction) (end bearing)

Pu = Psu + Pbu
(2.35)
Pu Psu
Pbu
(stiffness)
Psu Pbu
0.5

15 20 2.28

1.5 3.0 Psu Pbu (Burland, 1973)
Pall =
Psu Pbs
+
1.5 3
(2.36)
Pall

(Burland, 1973)
Pall =
Pu
2
(2.37)
38
Total
Shaft
Base
Load
Load
Total
Shaft
Base
Settlement
(a) Friction Pile
Settlement
(b) Bearing Pile
2.28 (Burland and Cooke, 1974)

(2.36) (2.37)
(adhesion)

2.7.1

Pu = Psu + Pbu
(2.38)
Pu = K v( ave ) pL tan + Ab vb N q
(2.39)
Pu Psu
Pub p
L K 'v ( ave)
39
' Ab
'vb N q (
2.29)
2.29 N q
' K 2.7 2.8 (Stas and Kulhawy, 1984)
API 1984
2.9
1000
500
100
50
10
25
30
35
40
Internal friction angle (Degree)
45
2.29 N q (Berezantezev et al., 1961)

2.7 (Stas and Kulhawy, 1984)
/
/
/
/
/
1.0
0.8-1.0
0.7-0.9
0.5-0.7
0.8-0.9
40
2.8 (Stas and Kulhawy, 1984)
K / Ko
0.50-0.67
0.67-1.00
0.75-1.25
1.0-2.0
2.9 (API 1984)

/
/
/

f sl (ton/m 2 )
qbl (ton/m 2 )
4.8
6.7
8.0
9.6
11.5
190
290
480
960
1200
2.7.2

Psu = Su pL
(2.40)
Pbu = N c Su A
(2.41)
S u p L
(adhesion factor) A
N c (bearing capacity factor)
N c
Skempton (1951) 6.14 N c 9 4
41
Skempton (1951) N c = 9
Sowers et al (1961) 5 N c 8
Mohan & Jain (1961) 5.7 N c 8.2
Ladanyi (1963)
7.4 N c 9.3
4
E
1 + ln
3
3c u
Bishop et al (1945)
Nc = 1+
Bowles (1986)
Tomlinson (1986)
N c = 5.74
Nc = 9
London Clay
(Expansive Clays)
(Insensitive Clays)
(2.40)
(2.41) N c 9

30

2.7.3

Tomlinson (1957)
2.30
2.30 Holmberg (1970)
(static pile load test)
Vesic (1977) 2.31
(stiff to very stiff clay)

0.4
8 20 20

2.29 2.30 Skempton (1966)
0.45
42
1.2
Tomlison (1957)
Adhesion factor,
1.0
Holmberg (1957)
For Bangkok clay
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
10
15
20
Undrained shear strength (ton/m )
2.30 Su (Tomlinson, 1957; Holmberg, 1970)

1.4
50
100
S u (kPa)
A,D
M
Adhesion factor,
200
A = American Petroleum Institute(API, 1974)

D = Dennis and Olson(1983)
K = Kerisel (1965)
M = McCarthy (1988)
P = Peck (1958)
T = Tomlinson (1957)
W = Woodward and Boitano1961)
1.2
1.0
150
0.8
0.6
A
D
0.4
T
D
0.2
0.0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3500
4000
3000
4500
5000
Undrained Shear Strength, S u (lb/ft )
2.31 ( Vesic, 1977)
43
2.7.4

(closed-section pile)

(H-pile) (openend pipe pile)
(open-section pile)

(soil plug)

(Paikowsky and
Whitman, 1990; Miller and Lutenegger, 1997)
Paikowsky and Whitman (1990)
10 20 25 35

Ab As 2.32
Ab As
44
Open- Ended
Steel-Pipe Pile
Steel H-Pile
Soil Plug
Soil Plug
Fully Plugged
Half Plugged
2.32 (soil plug)

2.7.5

1) 2.10
Engineer Manual 1110-1-1905 (U.S. Army., 1992)

2.10 (U.S. Army, 1992)
3.0
3.0
4.0
3.5
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.5
3.0
45
2.10 (U.S. Army, 1992) ()
3.0

2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
3.0
2) (differential settlement)

(maximum total settlement)
(distortion)

2.11
2.12
2.11 (Skempton and MacDonald, 1956)
()

L
L/300
L/150
2.12 (Cudoto, 2001)
()
()
0.5 - 2.0 (1.0 ) 12 - 50 (25 )
1.0 - 3.0
25 - 75
2.0
50
3.1

3.1 3.1
SHANSEP
3.1
47
3.1
(trial pit)
1.0
5.0 10.0
5.0 10.0
4
5.0 10.0
6
( 3 )
SHANSEP
18 ( 3 )

5.0 10.0
2 ( 4 )
2 ( 4 )
3
4
3.2
7000
3 S :
59,388 6 A :
51,868 3 T :
48
66,908 2

9 S (
2546) (undisturbed sample)
(disturbed sample) 5.0-6.0
(test pit) 1
4 3
4 3.2
1
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
10
8.00
A
BH-3
8.00
B
BH-1
8.00
C
PLT-1
8.00
D
Trial pit
PLT-2
BH Bore Hole
8.00
PLT-3
PBT Plate Bearing Test
8.00
PLT Pile Load Test
8.00
PLT-1 : 15.0 cm diameter

-10.0 m. depth
BH-2

-7.5 m. depth
PLT-4
8.00

-8.0 m. depth
PBT-1
8.00

-7.0 m. depth
Trial pit (5.0-6.0 m. depth)
Plan of in-situ test
3.2
BH-4
PBT-2
49

ASTM D-1587 (thin wall
tube) 75 3 30
15-20
3.3

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
3.3
3.3
ASTM D 2435-96
(consolidometer oedometer) 3.4
63.5 25.4
(lever arm) (dial gauge)
24

e log v e
v
50
3.4 (consolidometer oedometer)
3.4
ASTM D 3080-98 3.5
1, 2, 4, 8 16 32
400, 800 1600
63.0 1
Su / vc OCR SHANSEP
51

(adhesion factor)

3.5 (direct shear test)
52
3.5
ASTM D 1586-99 3.6

3.7
(split spoon) 50.8 34.9
63.5
30 45
Derrick
63.5 kg Weight
(Donut)
Rope
Rod
Engine
Split spoon
3.6
53
3.7
3.6
ASTM D 4767-95 3.8
50 10.0
800
540

190
/ (effective confining
pressure/mean effective stress, p0) 50, 100, 200 400
0.075 0.0025
(isotropically consolidated drained
triaxial, CIUC Test) (isotropically
consolidated undrained triaxial CIDC Test)

(Cam
54
Clay, Modified Cam Clay Soft soil models)
SIGMA/W Cam Clay,
Modified Cam Clay (Soft Soil Model Modified Cam Clay Yield function )

(axisymmetric)
(plane strain)
8 (quadrilateral 8 nodes)
3.9
3.8 (triaxial compression test)

ASTM-D 2166-98 3.10
3.0
BH-3 50
55
10.0 1
(a) Initial stress conditions
(b) Applying the specified deformation
3.9 SIGMA/W
3.10 (unconfined compression test)
56
3.7
9 2

3.7.1
(column load)

STAAD. Pro 2004 3

(hinge)
(dead load) (live load) (load
factor)
3.7.2
(
2548)

3.7.3
ASTM D-1194 300
25 3.11
(size effect) 1.5
0.5 3.2
1.5 ( D f ) PBT-1 PBT-2
3.0 2.0
57
Reaction beam
Hydraulic jack
Dial grges
Reference beam
Bearing plate
3.11
3.8
2

3.8.1 (static formula)

2
SHANSEP

3.12
Su SHANSEP
Su = f(OCR)
= f(Su )
Su N-Value
Su = f(N)
= f(Su)
3.12
58
3.8.2
10.0, 12.5 15.0
BH-2 BH-4
3.13

8 3.14
Strrength
parameter
, , , Mc etc.
Select Soil model
FEM
Problem dimension
Unit
Soil model
Element shape
Mesh generation
Boundary condition
CC, MCC, SS Model

Solve problem
FEM
Ultimate load capacity
3.13
59
BH-1 BH-3
BH-2 BH-4
3.14
3.8.3
ASTM D 1143 3.15
4
10.0 12.5 1
15.0 2

(lateral buckling)
BH-2 BH-4
3.2 (hydraulic jack)
1.0
60 ()
60

Tangent Butler and Hoy (1977)
(back analysis)

Reaction beam
Hydraulic jack
Dial grges
Reference beam
Test plate
Steel micro -pile
3.15
4.1
4.2
9 BH-1 BH-4
4.1
1.0-2.5 BH-1 BH-3 1.0 ( N
5-8 ) BH-2 BH-4 2.5
( N 19-30 )
7.0 ( N 30
)
(SC) (USCS)
15-18 48-60 8-10
16-23 18.5-19.8
14-20 29-30 10-11

37 4.2
(CH) 4-7
16-18 34-37 40-44
30-32 55-56 1617 4.3
62
Soil Description
Water
Content (%)
Wn
PL
25
LL
50
Total Unit
Weight
(t , t/m 3)
1.5 2.0
0 Clayey Sand, (SC)
25
50
(22)
(GWL -1.0 m)
1.85
PL
Wn
25
LL
50
SPT-N
Value
(Blows/ft)
25
50
(17)
(19)
1.85
(29)
(31)
Total Unit
Weight
(t , t/m3 )
1.5 2.0
Clayey Sand, (SC)
(26)
Silty Clay , (CH)

(Very Stiff)
Soil Description
Water
Content (%)
(19)
SPT-N
Value
(Blows/ft)
Depth,m
Depth,m
3.0
7
Silty Clay , (CH)

(Very Stiff)
(51)
(50)
(47)
(GWL -5.0 m)
2.10
(50)
2.10
(63)
(63)
8
(86)
Silty Clay , (CH)
(Hard)
2.10
(80)
(85)
10
(63)
Silty Clay , (CH)

(Hard)
(65)
END OF BORING
12.0 m
(GWL 0.0 m)
BH-2
Water
Content (%)
PL
25
LL
Wn
50
Total Unit
Weight
(t , t/m 3)
1.5 2.0
SPT-N
Value
(Blows/ft)
25
PL
25
Wn
LL
50
Total Unit
Weight
(t , t/m 3)
1.5 2.0
(42)
1.85
Silty Clay , (CH)
(Very Stiff)
50
(14)
(29)
2.05
(30)
(GWL -5.0 m)
2.10
25
(11)
Clayey Sand, (SC)
(29)
SPT-N
Value
(Blows/ft)
(15)
(29)
Silty Clay , (CH)

(Very Stiff)
Water
Content (%)
(19)
1.90
Soil Description
50
(22)
Clayey Sand, (SC)
Depth,m
Depth,m
BH-1
Soil Description
(68)
2.10
10
END OF BORING
12.0 m
(46)
(53)
2.10
(32)
(45)
(51)
2.08
8
(46)
Silty Clay , (CH)
(Hard)
2.10
(60)
(60)
10
END OF BORING
12.0 m
Silty Clay , (CH)

(Hard)
(50)
2.10
(62)
(61)
10
END OF BORING
12.0 m
4.1 BH-1 BH-4
63
400
'vc = 50 kPa
'vc = 100 kPa
'vc = 200 kPa
'vc = 400 kPa
Clayey Sand at 2.5 m depth
Shear stress (kPa)
300
200
100
Horizontal displacement (mm)

400
Clayey Sand at 2.5 m depth
Shear stress (kPa)
300
' = 37o, c' = 0
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
Normal stress (kPa)
4.2
600
64
100
SC : 1.5 m depth
SC : 2.5 m depth
CH : 5.0 m depth
CH : 10.0 m depth
Percent finer
80
60
40
20
0
10
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000
Particle diameter (mm)
4.3
4.3

5.0 10.0 4.4
(pre-yield state)

1600 3000 5.0
10.0 (compression index of e log v , Cc )
(swelling index of e log v , Cs ) 0.230 0.035
4.5
11 (Nagaraj et al., 1994)
(eR/eL , v ) (4.0-10.0 )
( 2546-2548) (eR/eL , v )

( 2548)
65
0.9
Remolded sample
0.8
5.0 m depth
10.0 m depth
0.7
Void ratio, e
Silty clay
Cc = 0.230, Cs = 0.035
Undisturbed Sample
0.6
'y = 1600 kPa

'y = 3000 kPa
0.5
0.4
0.3
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Vertical Stress, 'v (kPa)
4.4 5.0 10.0

Oedometer test
1.0
Normalized Void ratio, eR/eL
eR/eL=1.230-0.276 log 'v

0.8
0.6
Silty clay
eR/eL=1.109-0.096 log 'v
Zone T : LL=55.6%
Zone S : LL=59.3%
Zone A : LL=58.5%
'vo= 50-172 kPa
Band for 11 soil
(+5 % of e/eL)
(-5 % of e/eL)
0.4
Intrinic State Line, ISL
0.2
10
100
Initial effective vertical pressure,
1000
1000
'vo (kPa)
4.5
4.6
50, 100, 200
66
400 (compression index of e ln p , )
(recompression index of e ln p , )
(normally consolidation line) (overconsolidation line)
0.10 0.015 Void ratio at unit mean stress critical state line ( ln p = 1 ), e
1.55 ( = 2.55)
1.3
Normally consolidation
line : NCL
void ratio, e
1.2
1.1
1.0
Critical state
line : CSL
Silty clay
= 0.10
= 0.015
p'c = 554 kPa
Overconsolidation line
0.9
10
50
100
500
1000
Mean effective stress, p'o (kPa)
4.6 5.0
4.4
4.4.1 SHANSEP
4.7

(OCR)
( vc )
vc OCR
4.7 Normalized
Ladd and Foott, (1974) Jamiolkowski et al., (1985)
4.8 (a)
67
/ vc OCR
Su / vc OCR 4.8
Su / vc OCR 4.8(b)
SHANSEP
(4.1)
Su / vc = 0.278OCR 0.8
OCR 1.0 32.0

300
300
200
OCR = 32
OCR = 16
100
'vc= 100 kPa
Shear Stress, (kPa)
Shear Stress, (kPa)
'vc= 50 kPa
OCR = 16
200
OCR = 8
100
OCR = 4
OCR = 8
4
6
8
10
12
400
4
6
8
10
400
'vc= 200 kPa
'vc= 400 kPa
OCR = 8
200
OCR = 4
100
OCR = 4
300
Shear Stress, (kPa)
Shear Stress, (kPa)
300
12
4
6
8
10
OCR = 2
OCR = 1
100
OCR = 2
200
12
10
12
4.7 Shear stress Horizontal displacement OCR vc
68
6.0
Remolded clay : 'p= 400 kPa
Remolded clay : 'p= 800 kPa
Undisturbed clay : 'p= 1600 kPa
Normalized shear stress, /'vc
5.0
4.0
OCR = 32
3.0
OCR = 16
2.0
OCR = 8
1.0
OCR = 4
OCR = 2
OCR = 1
0
10
12
(a) Normalized
Normalized shear strength, Su/'vc
5.0
4.0
Normalized Su vs OCR
'vc = 25 to 1600 kPa
Su/'vc = 0.278OCR0.8
3.0
2.0
1.0
10
100
OCR = 'p/'vc
(b) Su / vc log OCR

4.8 Normalized shear stress CU Direct shear test
69
4.4.2
(Su) ( )

(Tomlinson, 1957; Holmberg, 1970; API, 1974; Vesic, 1977; etc.)
4.9

75

Tomlinson, (1957) Holmberg, (1970)
1.2
Tomlison (1957 )
1.0
Bangkok clay (Holmberg, 1970)
Adhesion factor,
Korat clay
Undisturbed Sample
0.8
Normally Consolidated Soil

Overcosolidated : ' p = 400 kPa
0.6
0.4
'vc = 50 - 800 kPa
0.2
0
10
15
20
Undrained shear strength, S u (ton/m 2)
4.9
4.5

, (Su)
, (N)
70
(Navy,
1982) N < 30

4 Su N
(4.2)
Su = N / C
C
(skin friction, Psu ) (end
bearing, Pbu ) (4.3) (4.6) (Poulos, 1980 and 2001; Whitaker,
1970)
Psu = K v( ave ) pL tan
(4.3)
Psu = Su pL
(4.4)
Pbu = v N q A
(4.5)
Pbu = N c Su A
(4.6)
K ( 1 sin ) (Jaky, 1944)

0.398 0.7 = 25.9 (Stas,
1984) 4.9 p L
A Nq N 140
c
71
(Berezantev et al., 1961) 9.0 (Skempton, 1951) Su
(4.2)
C
1.1 1.3 4.1 1.1
4.1 C
Test No. Pile diameter
Length
Ultimate load
C
(cm)
(m)
(ton)
1
15.0
10.0
60.0
1.3
2
10.0
7.5
35.0
1.2
3
15.0
8.0
55.0
1.1
4
12.5
7.0
40.0
1.1

Su = N /1.1
(4.7)
N 0-80 /
4.6

4.6.1
(stress paths)
(mean effective stress, p )
4.10
4.10 (undrained stress paths)

(elastoplastic behavior) (critical state)
72

()
(drained stress paths)
3:1
( e, log p )
(elastoplastic behavior) ( e, log p ) ( q, p )
(critical state line)

(normal consolidation line)
(critical state model)

State boundary surface (Roscoe and
Burland, 1968) Modified Cam Clay
Normalized Stress parameters p pe pe Mean equivalent
pressure
e e
pe = po exp o
(4.8)
4.11 4.12 ( q / p, s ) ( q / pe , s )
Modified cam clay 4.13

( q / pe , q / pe ) Modified Cam
Clay (Balasubrmaniam 1969; Balasubrmaniam and Chaudhry,
1978) 4.10 (stress paths)
Normalization Roscoe (Roscoe surface)
4.13 Roscoe

Roscoe

State boundary surface (
73
Plastic potential function) (
Modified Cam Clay Soft Soil)
800
700
Normally consolidated clay

CIUC test CIDC test
p'o = 50 kPa
p'o = 100 kPa
p'o = 200 kPa
p'o = 400 kPa
Predicted
Deviator stress, q
600
500
CSL
400
300
200
Mc = 1.13
100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Mean effective pressure, p' (kPa)

1.3
p'o = 50 kPa
Normal consolidation
line : NCL
1.2
p'o = 100 kPa
Void ratio, e
CSL
p'o = 200 kPa
1.1
p'o = 400 kPa
1.0
e = 1.55
= 0.10
= 0.015
0.9
0.8
10
50
100
500
1000
log p' (kPa)
4.10 (stress paths)
74
Normalized deviator stress, q/p'
1.2
0.8
CIDC test
p'o = 50 kPa
p'o = 100 kPa
p'o = 200 kPa
p'o = 400 kPa
Predicted by MCC
0.4
0
0
12
16
20
24
Shear strain, s (%)
0.8
0.6

CIDC test
0.4
p'o = 50 kPa
p'o = 100 kPa
p'o = 200 kPa
p'o = 400 kPa
Predicted by MCC
0.2
12
16
20
24
Shear strain, s (%)
4.11 Normalized CIDC
75
Normalized deviator stress, q/p'o
0.8
0.6
CIUC test
0.4
p'o = 50 kPa
p'o = 100 kPa
p'o = 200 kPa
p'o = 400 kPa
Predicted
0.2
10
15
20
25
Normalized pore pressure, u/p'o
0.8
0.6

CIUC test
0.4
p'o = 50 kPa
p'o = 100 kPa
p'o = 200 kPa
p'o = 400 kPa
Predicted
0.2
10
15
Shear strain, s (%)
20
25
4.12 Normalized CIUC
76
1.2
1.0
0.8
Silty clay (CD test) : Po' = 50-400 kPa

Silty clay (CU test) : Po' = 50-400 kPa
Predicted by CC model
Predicted by MCC and SS model
Kaolin Clay : Balasubramaniam, 1969
Bangkok Clay : Balasubramaniam and Chaudhry, 1978
0.6
CSL
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Normalized mean normal stress, p'/p'e
1.0
1.2
4.13 Normalized (stress paths)

4.6.2
4.14 4.14
() OCR
OCR

OCR
( p )

OCR (yield
surface) ( p )
4.10
4.14

77
800
700
Overconsolidated clay
CIUC test CIDC test
Deviator stress, q
CSL
OCR = 11.1
OCR = 5.5
OCR = 2.8
OCR = 1.4
Predicted
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Mean effective pressure, p' (kPa)

1.2
Normal consolidation
line : ICL
CSL
Void ratio, e
1.1
1.0
p'o = 50 kPa
p'o = 400 kPa

p'o = 100 kPa
Drained
p'o = 200 kPa
0.9
e = 1.55
= 0.10
= 0.015
0.8
10
50
100
500
1000
log p' (kPa)
4.14 (stress paths)

4.6.3

4.2
78
4.2
Symbol
Parameters
Mc The slope of critical state line
The specific volume at theoretical state when
the pressure p' = 1

The slope of over-consolidated line
(OC line)
The slope of normally consolidated
(NC line)
Value
1.13
2.55
0.10
0.015
4.6.4
4.15 (qmax )
CIUC CIDC
Deviator stress at peak, qmax (kPa)
600
Normally and Over consolidated clay
NC clay : CIUC test
clay : CIUC test
500 p' =OC
50, 100, 200 and 400 kPa
o
OCR > 1.0
OCR = 1.0
400
qmax (OC clay) =0.25p'o+240
300
200
qmax (NC clay) =0.622p'o
100
0
200
400
600
800
Mean effective pressure, p'o (kPa)
4.15
79
4.15
(4.9) (4.10)

(4.9)
qmax = 0.622 po
(4.10)
qmax = 0.25 po + 240
4.16
CIUC CIDC

(CSL) 0.74 1.13
(angle of
internal friction, ) 19.3 27.8
Deviator stress at failure, qf (kPa)
800
Normally and Over consolidated clay

NC clay : CIUC test
NC clay : CIDC test
OC clay : CIUC test
OC clay : CIDC test
600p'o = 50, 100, 200 and 400 kPa
Critical state line : CSL
400
Failure envelope line
200
200
400
600
800
Mean effective pressure at failure, p'f (kPa)
4.16
80
4.7
9

4.7.1

9 2 74 x 74
3.5 4.0 8.0

4.3-4.6
( ())
(code) .. 2522
4.7
4.3 -1.5
Footing
Size (m2)
F1
1.70 x 1.70
F2
1.80 x 1.80
F3
2.10 x 2.10
F4
2.30 x 2.30
F5
2.80 x 2.80
4.4
Column
Size (m2)
C1, C2, C3
CX
C4, C5
0.35 x 0.35
0.20 x 0.20
0.40 x 0.40
81
4.5
Beam
B1, B1A
B2,B4
B3, B3A, B3X, B3Y
B2B,B8
B5
B6
B7
B8A
4.6
Slab
Size (m2)
S1
4.0 x 8.0
S2
2.0 x 4.0
Precast (1)
2.0 x 4.0
Precast (2)
4.0 x 8.0
Precast (3)
4.0 x 6.0
Precast (4)
2.0 x 2.0
RS1, RS3
2.0 x 4.0
RS2 (1)
2.0 x 2.0
RS2 (2)
4.0 x 4.0
Size (m2)
0.15 x 0.40
0.20 x 0.40
0.25 x 0.65
0.25 x 0.70
0.15 x 0.65
0.20 x 0.50
0.20 x 0.65
0.15 x 0.60
Thickness (m)
0.10
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
Remark
one-way
one-way
one-way
one-way
one-way
one-way
two-way
one-way
one-way
4.7 .. 2522
Building
Live load (kg/m2)
300
150
50
100
82
9 STAAD. Pro
2004 (load factor)
4.17
() 4.8
12
(designed bearing capacity)

(actual allowable bearing capacity)

4.17 STAAD. Pro 2004
83
4.8
1.7 x 1.7
Maximum column
load (ton)
35
Maximum bearing load

(ton/m2)
12.11
F2
1.8 x 1.8
40
12.34
F3
2.1 x 2.1
55
12.47
F4
2.3 x 2.3
65
12.28
F5
2.8 x 2.8
95
12.11
Footing
Size (m2)
F1
4.7.2
9
BH-3 BH-4 BH-3 BH-2 4.18 4.19
9
1.0-2.5
4.0-5.0
BH 3
BH 2
40.0 m
0.0 m
0.0 m
1.0 m
Clayey Sand (Fill)
N = 5 8 blows/ft
= 1.85 ton/m3
2.5 m
Silty Clay (Very stiff)
N = 19 30 blows/ft
= 2.1 ton/m3
6.5 m
6.5 m
Silty Clay (Hard)
N > 50 blows/ft
= 2.1 ton/m 3
12.0 m
12.0 m
End of boring
4.18 (BH-3 BH-2)
84
BH 3
BH 1
40.0 m
20.0 m
BH 4
0.0 m
0.0 m
1.0 m
Clayey Sand (Fill)
N = 5 8 blows/ft
= 1.85 ton/m3
2.5 m
Silty Clay (Very stiff)
N = 19 30 blows/ft
= 2.1 ton/m3
6.5 m
6.5 m
Silty Clay (Hard)
N > 50 blows/ft
= 2.1 ton/m 3
12.0 m
12.0 m
End of boring
4.19 (BH-3 BH-4)

1.5

(effective internal friction

angle, )
Peck et al (1974)
(empirical) 10-60
(5-8 )

(back analysis)
30
(size effect) 1.5 3.0
85
4.20 PBT-1 PBT-2
1.5 0.25 (3.0 1.5 )
Local shear failure (ultimate bearing capacity) PBT-1
PBT-2 25.7 10
General shear failure
Meyerhof (1963)
1
qu ( net ) = c c ' N c + q(q N q 1) + BN
2
(4.11)
qu ( net ) (net ultimate bearing capacity) c , q

1.3, 1 0.3 c'
Nc , Nq , N (bearing capacity factor)
q D f
18.15 (
PBT-1) D f B
0.3
2
Soil pressure (ton/m )

0
10
15
qu(net) = 10.0 ton/m
20
25
Settlement (mm)
5
10
qu(net) = 25.7 ton/m 2
15
20
PBT-1
PBT-2
25
30
35
4.20
30
86
17
PBT-1 PBT-1
(overburden pressure)

(4.11) Nc , Nq , N Nq N 4.77
1.66 (Meyerhof, 1963) Nc 5.14 (Meyerhof ,1963) Su

3.0 7 cs , cd , qs
qd Meyerhof (1963) (
1.7 x 1.7 ) 1.37, 1.24, 1.18 1.16

(Line A J) 4.21
BH-3

7-8
Distance (m)
0
16
24
32
40
48
56
64
Ground water level (m)
BH-3
November 15, 2002
2
BH-1
BH-4
BH-2
4.21 (Line A J)
72
87
50
4.22

12 () 0.7
BH-4 BH-2 ()
5.0 1.5
(
BH-1 BH-3) 4.2
4.21 0.7 4.2
4.23 4.9
A4 - A10 D1 - D10
0 22.6 D1 - D4 J1 - J4
15.0-19.0
A4 - A10 D1 - D10

4.9
Boring log
Line
Average factor of safety Average settlement (cm)
A1-A5'
4.0
7.3
BH-3
D4-D5'
4.0
5.8
A6-A8
2.9
10.7
BH-1
D6-D8
4.2
1.0
A8'-A10
1.1
18.5
BH-4
D8'-D10
1.1
17.3
D1-D4
1.1
13.8
BH-2
J1-J4
1.1
18.7
88
60
48
BH-3
BH-2, BH-4
36
F1 : 1.7 x 1.7
F2 : 1.8 x 1.8
F3 : 2.1 x 2.1
F4 : 2.3 x 2.3
F5 : 2.8 x 2.8
1.5 m
4.0 m.
2.5 m
Clayey Sand (SC)
1.0 m
Net ultimate bearing pressure (ton/m2 )
Upper boundary (Footing on hard clay)
Silty clay (Very stiff)
24
Silty clay (Hard)
Allowable bearing capacity
12
Lower boundary (Footing on sand)
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
5.0
Allowable bearing capacity= 12 ton/m2
Factor of safety, FS
4.0
F1 : 1.7 x 1.7
F2 : 1.8 x 1.8
F3 : 2.1 x 2.1
F4 : 2.3 x 2.3
F5 : 2.8 x 2.8
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.22
4 .0
I'
)
9. 0
(- 1
4 .0
7 .5
(-1
4 .0
'
)
8. 7
(- 1
)
7. 4
(- 1
4. 0
1)
9.
(-1
9)
6.
(-1
4.0
'
G
)
8. 9
(-1
)
7. 6
( -1
)
8. 7
( -1
4 .0
)
7 .5
(-1
)
7.7
(-1
)
0.8
(-2
4.0
F'
)
8. 0
(-1
)
7. 5
(- 1
)
8. 3
(- 1
)
7. 1
(- 1
4 .0
)
7. 6
( -1
6 .9
(-1
)
8. 8
( -1
9)
6.
( -1
4.0
E'
)
7. 0
(-1
(-1
)
7. 8
)
8. 5
(- 1
)
4. 8
(-1
4 .0
E
)
)
6. 6
( -1
)
7. 7
( -1
)
7. 1
( -1
4 .6
(-1
4. 0
D'
)
7.6
(-1
(-1
)
8.0
)
7. 3
(-1
(-1
)
5. 6
4 .0
5)
7.
(- 1
)
5 .1
(-1
)
6 .6
(-1
)
5 .5
(-1
)
7 .3
(-1
)
4 .4
(-1
(-1
6.
6 .3
(-1
8 .0
3)
7.
(- 1
3 .8
(-1
( -1
5.
4)
(-1
)
6.5
(-1
1.8
)
)
4. 3
(- 1
(- 1
2. 1
)
(- 1
6.
3)
(-8
.8
)
(-1
1.
5)
(-7
.7
)
(- 6
.3
)
(-4
.4
)
(-7
.3
)
8. 0
Unit : Centimeter
4)
7.
(- 1
)
5. 4
(- 1
(-1
3. 3
)
8. 0
1
2
(-2
1. 0
)
(-2
. 8)
(- 1
2.
5)
4.
0
4. 0
2'
(-0
.4
( -1
. 1)
(10.
0)
(Before raising column 14/06/2004)
)
4. 2
(- 1
3)
5.
(- 1
)
7. 2
( -1
8)
8. 0
(-0
.3
(- 2
1. 0
)
( -5
. 7)
4 .0
7)
(0.
0)
(- 0
. 1)
(-4
.2
(- 6
.
3'
4. 0
4)
(-3
. 8)
(- 1
. 5)
(-2
1.0
)
(- 6
.
4.0
4'
(-7
. 4)
(- 2
.4 )
(-6
.3
(- 6
.8
)
4.
0
(-1
0. 8
)
(-4
. 0)
(-6
. 7)
( -9
. 4)
4.0
5'
(-1
5. 6
)
(7 .0
(-6
. 8)
(-1
1 .6
4. 0
(-2
0.
2)
(-1
2.6
)
(-8
.3
(-9
.1 )
4 .0
( -2
2.
6)
( -1
5. 5
)
(9 .4
(-1
0 .8
)
4. 0
6'
(-1
8 .9
(-1
3 .4
(-1
1 .2
4.
0
(- 2
0. 5
)
(- 1
8. 2
)
(- 1
2.
5)
4.0
7'
8
(-1
9 .4
(-1
5 .5
4. 0
8'
(- 1
9. 7
)
(- 1
8.
6)
4.0
(- 1
9
.0 )
4. 0
9
9'
(-2
1 .0
4.
0
10
89
4.23 S9 (14/06/2004)
90
4.8
2
4.8.1

SHANSEP
(4.1) (4.7)

BH-4 1 BH-2 2, 3 4
4.24 4.25
Ultimate Load (ton)
0
20
40
60
Ultimate Load (ton)

80
Test 1 : 15.0 cm. diameter pile

2
20
40
60
Clayey sand (Fill)
Clayey sand (Fill)
Very stiff silty clay

6
8
Hard silty clay
60 ton
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
4
6
10
12
14
35 ton
Hard silty clay

Pushing force
Predicted by SPT
Predicted by SHANSEP
Predicted by Finite element
Actual ultimate load
10
Pushing force
Predicted by SPT
12
4.24
1 2
91
Ultimate Load (ton)
0
20
40
60
Ultimate Load (ton)

80

2
Clayey sand (Fill)
55 ton
8
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
60
Clayey sand (Fill)
4

6
40 ton
8
Hard silty clay
12
40
10
20
Pushing force
Predicted by SPT
Hard silty clay

10
Pushing force
Predicted by SPT
12
4.25
3 4
4.24 4.25
(pushing load) ()
() ()

(
60 )

( 1.2 1.3 )

(4.1) (4.7)
4.8.2

Modified Cam Clay Soft Soil
4.10 4.26 4.29 PLT-1 PLT-4
92

Soft Soil Modified Cam Clay
Modified Cam Clay
Soft Soil
Failure Criteria Modified Cam Clay
Modified Cam Clay

4.10 Linear elastic Modified Cam Clay

Parameter
Steel Pile
Sandy clay
silty clay
silty clay
(Fill)
(very stiff)
(hard)
Model
Linear elastic Linear elastic
MCC
MCC
Depth (m)
0.0-12.0
0-2.5
2.5-6.5
6.5-12.0
206 x109
250x103
Eref (kN/m2)
0.33
0.35
0.35
0.35
3
78.57
18.15
20.06
20.06
wet (kN/m )
37
27.83
27.83
'
0.10
0.10
0.015
0.015
2.55
2.55
OCR
28
33
Rigid
0.67
0.75
0.75
Rinter
PLT-1 PLT-2 PLT-4 BH-4 BH-2

93
10
20
Vertical force (ton)

30
40
50
60
70
80
0
Qu= 60 ton
Settlement (mm)
5
10
15
20
25
PLT 1 : 15.0 cm. diameter

Prediction by MCC
Prediction by SS
30
4.26 1
10

20
30
40
50
60
Qu= 35 ton
Settlement (mm)
5
10
15
20
25
PLT 2 : 10.0 cm. diameter

Prediction by MCC
Prediction by SS
30
4.27 2
94
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Settlement (mm)
Qu= 55 ton
10
PLT 3 : 15.0 cm. daimeter
Prediction by MCC
Prediction by SS
15
4.28 3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Qu= 40 ton
Settlement (mm)
12
PLT 4 : 12.5 cm. daimeter

Prediction by MCC
Prediction by SS
16
4.29 4
95
SHANSEP

(OCR)

4.9

9
9
10.0, 12.5 15.0

4.30
1)
STAAD. Pro 2004 4.7.1
4.11
96
Dead load and
Live load
Column load
Safe load
Ap, fs, fc , and

Ac
Safe load < Allowable capacity of pile
Allowable capacity of pile
Number of pile
No
Yes
N c , Su , Ab , , P and L
Size, Length
Factor of safety
4.30
4.11
Maximun column load
Footings
Zize
Column load (ton)
F1
1.7 x 1.7
35.0
35.0
F1'
1.7 x 1.7
35.0
35.0
F2
1.8 x 1.8
36.0
40.0
F2'
1.8 x 1.8
36.0
40.0
F3
2.1 x 2.1
54.0
54.0
F3'
2.1 x 2.1
54.0
54.0
F4
2.3 x 2.3
61.0
64.0
F5
2.8 x 2.8
95.0
95.0
for design pil capacity (ton)
97
2)
3
(inverse
distortion angle) 150
(Skempton and MacDonald, 1956)
4.20
4.31 4.32
4.31
D-7

3)
(2.33)
(2.34) 2.6.1 f y fc
2400 150
0.05 (Camitz, 1994)

4.12 4.13
4.12
Size
Initial thickness
Initial area
Allowable load
(cm)
(cm)
(cm2)
(ton)
10.0
0.5
16.49
23.8
12.5
0.5
20.42
29.4
15.0
0.6
29.41
42.3
98
4.13 50
Size
Thickness after 50
Area after 50 years
Allowable load
(cm)
years (cm)
(cm2)
(ton)
10.0
0.4
12.22
20.5
12.5
0.4
15.17
26.4
15.0
0.5
21.84
38.1
4.12 4.13
20.5, 26.4 38.1
10, 12.5 15
4) (safe load)

4.14
5)

Su = N /1.1 BH-3 BH-2

1.0 2.5 (BH-3
BH-1 BH-2 BH-4)

1.0 2.5
2, 2.5 3 4.33, 4.34 4.35
6)

4.33, 4.34 4.35 ( 2)
10.0, 12.5 15.0
4.14
Inverse distortion angle < 150
Settlement (cm)
99
4.31 (inverse distortion angle) (14/06/2004)
100
1
10
F1
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3'
F3'
F3'
F3'
F1'
F2
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F2
F2
F2
F2
F4
F5
F5
F5
F5
F5
F3'
F4
F5
F5
F5
F4
F4
F2
F2'
F2
F2
F4
F5
F5
F5
F5
F5
F3'
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F3'
F3'
F3'
F3'
F3
F3
F3'
F3'
F3'
F3'
F3'
F1'
F1
F3
F4
F4
F3
F3
F2
F2
F3
F3
F2
F2
F3
F3
F2
F2
F3
F3
F2
F2
F3
F3
F4
F4
F3
F3
F5
F5
F3
F3
F5
F5
F3
F1
Column load = 35 ton

2 piles : Dia. 12.5 cm, Safe load = 17.5 ton
F1'
F2


F2'

F3
F5
F5
F3
F3
F5
F5
F3
F3
F5
F5
F3
J
F1
F3
F3
F1
F3

F3'

F4

F5

Column required rasing
4.32
4.14
Load column
Pile diameter
Footings
Size (m)
(ton)
(cm)
Number of
pile
Safe load
(ton)
Punching force
(ton)
Length (m)
(FS = 2)
F1
1.7 x 1.7
35.0
12.5
17.5 < 26.4
35.0
7.0-8.0
F1'
1.7 x 1.7
35.0
10.0
11.7 < 20.5
23.4
6.0-7.0
F2
1.8 x 1.8
40.0
12.5
20.0 < 26.4
40.0
8.0-9.0
F2'
1.8 x 1.8
40.0
10.0
13.3 < 20.5
26.6
8.0-9.0
F3
2.2 x 2.2
54.0
15.0
27.0 < 38.1
54.0
8.5-9.5
F3'
2.2 x 2.2
54.0
12.5
18.0 < 26.4
36.0
7.5-8.5
F4
2.3 x 2.3
64.0
15.0
21.3 < 38.1
42.6
7.0-8.0
F5
2.8 x 2.8
95.0
15.0
23.8 < 38.1
47.6
8.0-9.0
Safe load
102
Allowable load (ton)

10
20
30

10
20
30
Clayey Sand (Fill)

Clayey Sand (Fill)
2
Silty Clay (Very Stiff)
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
Silty Clay (Hard)
8
Silty Clay (Hard)
10
10
12
FS = 3.0
2.5
FS = 3.0
12
2.0
2.5
2.0
Predited by SPT
Predited by SPT
14
14
4.33
10.0
10

20
30
40
10

20
30
40
Clayey Sand (Fill)

Clayey Sand (Fill)
2
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
Silty Clay (Hard)
8
Silty Clay (Hard)
10
12
10
FS = 3.0
2.5
2.0
2.0
Predited by SPT
Predited by SPT
14
FS = 3.0 2.5
12
14
4.34
12.5
103
10

20
30
40
10

20
30
40
50
Clayey Sand (Fill)

Clayey Sand (Fill)
2
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
Silty Clay (Hard)
8
Silty Clay (Hard)
10
10
12
FS = 3.0 2.5
2.0
2.0
Predited by SPT
Predited by SPT
14
FS = 3.0 2.5
12
14
4.35
15.0
7) (punching force)
Safe load
Punching force 2.0 4.13
2.0 (

1.2-1.3 )

1 4.36 4.39
1 0.5-4.0
4.40
4 .0
I'
9
(-1
4 .0
.0 )
'
)
7.5
(-1
4 .0
)
8. 7
( -1
4)
7.
(-1
4. 0
)
9.1
(-1
)
6. 9
(- 1
4.0
'
G
)
8. 9
( -1
7
(-1
.6 )
)
8 .7
(-1
4 .0
)
7. 5
(-1
)
7.7
(- 1
)
0. 8
(- 2
4. 0
F'
)
)
8.0
(-1
5)
7.
(-1
3)
8.
(-1
7 .1
(-1
4 .0
7 .6
(-1
)
6. 9
(-1
)
8 .8
(-1
9)
6.
(-1
4.0
E'
0)
7.
(- 1
)
7.8
(- 1
)
8. 5
( -1
8)
4.
(- 1
4 .0
6 .6
(-1
7 .7
(-1
7 .1
(-1
)
4. 5
(-1
4.0
D'
)
7.6
(- 1
)
8.0
(- 1
)
7.3
( -1
)
5.6
( -1
4 .0
7 .5
(-1
(-1
)
5.1
)
6.6
(-1
5)
5.
(-1
8 .0
)
7.3
(-1
4)
4.
(-1
8. 0
)
4 .2
(-1
3)
5.
(-1
7 .3
(-1
( -1
5.
3)
)
6. 3
(-1
(-1
3 .3
)
(-
. 5)
16
(- 9
.5
)
(- 1
1.8
)
)
4 .3
(-1
(-1
1. 2
)
( -1
1.8
)
( -8
. 8)
(-7
.3
)
(-1
0.
0)
(- 7
. 7)
(-7
. 4)
(-8
.5
)
(- 6
.
1)
(-7
.2
( -6
. 6)
8. 0
Unit : Centimeter
)
7. 4
( -1
)
5. 4
( -1
( -1
1. 5
)
8.0
1
2
( -4
.9)
(-4
.8
(- 7
.8
)
4.
0
4. 0
2'
( -2
.3)
(-2
.1
)
(- 7
.0 )
(After raising column 30/06/2004)
2)
7.
( -1
)
3.8
(-1
( -0
.6)
(-2
.0
(-4
.6)
4 .0
3'
(0
.0)
(-0
. 7)
( -3
. 1)
(-4
.1
)
4.0
(-0
. 5)
(0.3
)
(-4
. 7)
(-3
.8
)
4.
0
4'
(-1
.1 )
(-1
.9
)
(- 4
. 8)
(-5
.0
)
4.
0
( -2
.4
)
(-3
.6
(-5
.5
(-7
.6)
4.0
5'
(3 .2
)
( -3
. 8)
(-5
.0)
(-7
. 0)
4. 0
(-7
.1
)
(-5
.8)
( -5
. 5)
( -9
.3
)
4 .0
(- 7
.
2)
(- 5
.5)
(- 6
. 0)
(-8
. 3)
4. 0
6'
7
(-6
. 7)
(-6
. 3)
(-7
.3
)
4.
0
(- 7
. 1)
(- 8
. 3)
(- 6
.6)
4.0
7'
8
(-8
. 1)
(8.1
)
4. 0
8'
(-7
.5 )
(-8
.5
4.0
(-10
.2)
4. 0
9
9'
(-9
.0)
4 .0
10
104
4.36 S9 (30/06/2004)
Settlement (cm)
105
4.37 (inverse distortion angle) (30/06/2004)
4 .0
I'
)
9 .0
(-1
4 .0
7.
(-1
4 .0
'
5)
)
8. 7
( -1
)
7. 5
( -1
4. 0
1)
9.
(-1
)
6. 9
(- 1
4. 0
'
G
)
8. 9
( -1
)
8 .8
(-1
)
8 .7
(-1
4 .0
)
7. 5
(-1
)
8. 2
(- 1
)
0. 8
(- 2
4.0
F'
)
)
8. 0
( -1
)
7 .5
(-1
)
8 .3
(-1
7 .1
(-1
4 .0
)
7 .6
(-1
)
6. 9
(-1
8)
8.
(-1
)
6 .9
(-1
4.0
E'
)
7. 0
(- 1
)
7. 8
(- 1
)
9. 1
( -1
)
4. 8
(- 1
4 .0
6 .6
(-1
7 .7
(-1
)
8 .5
(-1
)
4. 5
(-1
4.0
D'
)
7. 6
(- 1
)
8. 0
(- 1
)
7. 3
( -1
)
5. 6
( -1
4 .0
5)
7.
(-1
)
5.1
(-1
)
6.6
(-1
5)
5.
(-1
8 .0
(-1
)
7.3
(-1
)
4. 4
)
6. 8
)
4 .2
(-1
)
5 .3
(-1
7 .3
(-1
( -1
5.
3)
(-1
8. 0
. 2)
-17
)
6. 5
(- 1
(- 1
1. 8
)
(-1
2. 6
)
)
4 .3
(-1
(-1
3. 7
)
( -1
2. 5
)
0)
(-1
1 .1
)
(-8
.8
)
(-1
0.
(- 9
.
7)
(-7
. 4)
(-8
. 5)
(- 6
.
1)
(-7
.2
( -6
. 6)
8. 0
Unit : Centimeter
)
7. 4
( -1
)
5. 4
( -1
( -1
4. 6
)
8. 0
(After service for 1 years)

24/08/2005
(-1
5 .5
)
)
3. 8
(-1
A
2
8)
( -5
. 4)
(-9
.0
(- 7
.
4. 0
( -5
. 5)
(-2
.1
)
(- 7
.0 )
4. 0
2'
3
( -0
. 6)
(-2
.5
(-4
. 9)
4 .0
3'
(0.
0)
(-0
. 7)
( -3
. 8)
(-4
.1
)
4. 0
(-0
. 5)
(0. 3
)
(-4
. 8)
(-3
.8
)
4.0
4'
8)
(-1
.8
(-1
. 9)
(- 4
.
(-5
. 0)
4. 0
( -2
. 4)
(-3
.6
(-5
.5
(-7
. 6)
4.0
5'
(-3
.2)
( -3
. 8)
(-5
.0)
(-7
. 0)
4. 0
(-7
.1)
(-5
. 8)
(5. 5
)
( -9
.3
)
4 .0
6'
(- 7
.
(- 5
.
2)
5)
(- 6
. 0)
(-8
. 3)
4. 0
(-6
. 7)
(-6
. 3)
(-7
. 3)
4. 0
7'
(- 7
.
1)
(- 8
. 3)
(- 6
. 6)
4.0
(-8
. 1)
(8. 1
)
4. 0
8'
(-7
.5
(-8
.5
4.0
( -1
0 .2
)
4. 0
9
9'
(-9
. 9)
4 .0
10
106
4.38 S9 1 (24/08/2005)
Settlement (cm)
107
4.39 (inverse distortion angle) 1 (24/08/2005)
. 0)
( -0
. 0)
(-1
)
.5
(-0
.
(- 1
0)
. 5)
(-0
.0 )
(-1
.0
(0
. 0)
( -1
. 5)
( -0
. 0)
(0
)
.0
(-1
.5
(-0
. 0)
(0
. 5)
( -0
)
.5
( -0
)
.0
(-1
.5 )
(-0
.5 )
(-0
)
.5
( -0
)
.5
( -0
.5
(-0
. 5)
(- 0
)
.5
(- 0
. 5)
( -0
0)
(0.
.5 )
(-0
.5)
(-0
. 5)
( -0
(2 .0
)
(1 .0
Unit : millimeter
. 5)
(-0
(- 2
.0
)
(-4
.0
)
(- 1
.0 )
(After service for 1 years)

24/08/2005
.5)
(-0
.5 )
(-0
(-1
. 5)
(-1
.0
(0
. 0)
(-0
.6 )
(-0
.5)
(-0
. 5)
(0
. 0)
( -1
. 0)
(- 0
.5 )
(0
.0
)
(0
.0
)
(-0
. 5)
(0
. 0)
(0 .
0)
(0 .5
(0
.0)
(0.
0)
(-0
. 5)
(-0
. 5)
( -0
. 5)
(0
.0)
(-0
. 5)
(-0
.5
)
4. 0
( -0
. 5)
( -0
. 5)
(-0
.5
(- 0
.5 )
4.
0
(-0
. 5)
(-1
.0
)
(-0
.5
( -0
.5
)
4.
0
(-1
.0)
( -0
.5
)
(-0
. 5)
4. 0
(-0
. 5)
(-0
.5
)
(-0
.5 )
4.
0
(- 0
.5
)
( -0
.5
)
4.
0
(-0
.5
)
(-0
. 5)
4 .0
(-0
. 5)
4. 0
.5 )
(-0
4.0
. 5)
(-0
.5 )
(-0
(-0
.5)
4.0
.5 )
(-0
.0 )
(- 1
.5
(-1
(-3
.0
)
( -0
.5
)
4.0
)
.5
(-0
)
.5
(-0
.5 )
(-0
(-3
. 0)
( -0
.5
)
4.
0
8'
4. 0
'
4 .0
(-
(0 .5
(-0
.5
)
7'
4 .0
'
)
.0
( -1
. 0)
(-1
(-1
. 0)
(- 0
.5
)
)
.5
(- 0
. 5)
(-0
(- 2
.0 )
6'
4.0
4.0
)
1.0
(-1
.0
4.0
5'
4. 0
(-0
.5
)
4.
0
. 5)
(-0
.5
(-0
( -1
. 0)
3
4 .0
4. 0
(-1
.0 )
4. 0
4'
4 .0
(-0
.5 )
1
(-1
.0
)
2
4. 0
2'
. 5)
( -0
(-1
. 0)
8. 0
3'
4 .0
8 .0
8. 0
8. 0
( -0
. 5)
4. 0
9'
4.0
I'
F'
E'
D'
108
10
4.40 S9 1 (24/08/2005)
5.1

(N)
( Su ) ( )
( Su )

5.1.1

2.5-12.0
1600 3000
5.0 10.0 ( Cc )
( Cs ) 0.230 0.035

( eR ) ( v )
eR / eL = 1.109 0.096 log v eL
(Nagaraj et al., 1994)
5.1.2 (Adhesion factor)

75
Tomlinson (1957) Holmberg (1970) 5.1
110
1.2
Tomlison (1957 )
1.0
Bangkok clay (Holmberg, 1970)
Adhesion factor,
Korat clay
Undisturbed Sample
0.8
Normally Consolidated Soil

0.6
0.4
'vc = 50 - 800 kPa
0.2
0
10
15
20
Undrained shear strength, S u (ton/m )
5.1
5.1.3
( Su )
SHANSEP (Ladd and Foott, 1974)
Normalized shear
strength,( Su / vc ) SHANSEP
Su / vc = 0.278OCR 0.8
Su = N /1.1
5.1.4 (Soil model)

State boundary surface
(Ellipse) Modified Cam Clay (MCC)

5.1
111
5.1 Elastic Plastic Modified Cam Clay
Parameter
Model
Depth (m)
Eref (kN/m2)
wet
(kN/m3)
'
OCR
Rinter
Steel Pile
Sandy clay
silty clay
silty clay
Linear elastic
0.0-12.0
206 x109
0.33
78.57
Rigid
(Fill)
Linear elastic
0-2.5
250x103
0.35
18.15
37
0.67
(very stiff)
MCC
2.5-6.5
0.35
20.06
27.83
0.10
0.015
2.55
28
0.75
(hard)
MCC
6.5-12.0
0.35
20.06
27.83
0.10
0.015
2.55
33
0.75
PLT-1 PLT-2 PLT-4 BH-4 BH-2

5.1.5 9

(
BH-1 BH-3) 50 ( 4.2)

12 ()

5.1.6

112
SHANSEP

1.2 1.3
5.2
5.2.1

0-80 /

4
(Poulos and Davis, 1980; Bowlse, 1988)
5.2.2

(reaction beam)

. (2521). .
... 1001-21. 1. .
. (2544).
. . 1. .
. (2541). (ASD, PD, LRFD).
. 2.
.
. (2534).
. ... 1007-34 8.
.
. (2540).
. ... 1015-40. 2. .
. (2546).
7-8. .
.
. (2546).
9. ..
. (2546).
9. 46 ( 203 214).
. .
. (2547).
. 9 ( GTE 34-GTE 36).
. .
. (2547).
6/1. .
.
114
. (2548). . : Mc
Graw-Hill. 298 .
. (2548).
. .
.
American Society for Testing and Materials. (1985). Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Section
4, Construction, Volume 04.08, Soil and Rock. PA: USA. Building Stones, Philadelphia.
American Institute of Steel Construction. (1989). Manual of Steel Construction-Allowable
Stress Design. 9th Ed.
API (1984). Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed
Offshore Platforms. 14th Ed. APIRP2A, American Petroleum Institute, Dallas, TX.
Atkinson, J.H., Richardson, D., and Stallebrass, S.E. (1990). Effect of recent history on the
stiffness of overconsolidated soil . Geotechnique. Vol. 40 No.4: pp. 531-540.
Balasubramaniam, A. S. (1969). Some Factors Influencing the Stress-Strain Behaviour of
Clay. thesis presented to Cambridge University, at Cambridge: England.
Balasubramaniam, A. S. and Chaudhry A.R. (1978). Deformation and Strength Characteristics of
Soft Bangkok Clay. Journal of The Geotechnical Engineering Division. GT9, pp.
1153-1167.
Berezantezev, V.G., Khristoforov, V. and Golubkov, V. (1961). Load bearing capacity and
deformation of pile foundation, Proceeding of the 5th International Conference on Soil
Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Paris, Vol. 2: pp. 11-15.
Bishop, A.W. et al., (1945). The Theory of Indentation and Hardness Test. Procedings of Physics
Society. No. 57: pp. 147-159.
Bishop, A.W. and Henkel, D.J. (1964). The Menasurement of Soil Properties in the Triaxial
Test. London. Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.
Brown, J.D., and Meyerhof, G.G. (1969). Experimental study of bearing capacity in layered clays.
Proceeding of the 7th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Engineering. 2: 45 51.
Bowles, J.W. (1988). Foundation Analysis and Design. New York: McGraw-Hill.
115
Britto, A.M. and Gunn, M.J. (1987). Critical State Soil Meechanics via Finite Element. John
Wiley & Sons.
Burland, J. B. (1965) Correspondence on The Yielding and Dilation of Clay. Geotechnique,
Vol. 15: pp. 211-214.
Burland, J.B. (1973). Shaft friction of pile in clays-a simple fundamental approach. Ground
Engineering. Vol. 6 No. 3: pp. 30-42.
Burland, J.B. and Cooke, R.W. (1974). The Design of Bored Pile in Stiff Clays. Ground
Engineering. Vol.7 No. 4: pp. 28-35.
Butler, H.D., and Hoy, H.E. (1977). User manual for the taxis quick-load method for
foundation load testing. Report No. FHWA RD-IR 77 78.
Casagrande, A. (1936). Determination of preconsolidation load and its practical significance.
Proceedings of 1st International Conferrnce on Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Engineering. Cambirdge, Mass, Vol.3: pp. 60-64.
Camitz, G. (1994). Corrosion and Protection of Steel Piles and Sheet Piles in Soil and Water.
Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences - Commission of Pile Research.
Report No. 93. Linkoping: Sweden, 113p.
Cudoto, D.P. (2001) Foundation Design: Principle and Practice. New Jersey. Prentice Hill.
Henkel, D.J. and Sowa, V.A. (1963), The influence of stress history on stress path in undrained
traixial testa on clay. Laboratory Shear Testing of Soil. ASTM, STP361: 280-291.
Hansen, J.B. (1970). A revised and extended formula for bearing capacity. Danish Geotechnical
Institute Bulletin. Copenhagen.
Holmberg, S. (1970). Load testing in Bangkok region of piles embedded in clay. Journal of
Geotectnical Engineering. Southeast Asian Society of Soil Engineering. Vol. 1: pp. 6178.
Horpibulsuk, S. and Rachan, R. (2005). On the classification of Bangkok clay deposits and their
compressibility. Proceeding International Symposium on Fronter and Offshore
Geotechnics. Perth: Australia.
Horpibulsuk, S., Katkan, W., Rachan, R. and Nagaraj, T.S. (2004). Underpinning Technique for
Repairing Cracked Building in Northeast Thailand. Proceeding International
Symposium on Lowland Technology.
116
Jaky. J. (1944). The coefficient of earth pressure at rest. J. Soc Hungarian Architects Eng. 7,
355-358.
Jamiolkowski, M., Ladd C.C., Germaine J.T., and Lancellotta, R. (1985). New developments in
field and laboratory testing of soil. Proceeding of the 11th Internationl Conf. On soil
mechanics and foundation engineering. San Francisco: USA.
Ladd, C. C., and Foott, R., (1974). New design procedure for stability of soft clay. Journal of
Geotectnical Engineering. ASCE. Vol. 100 (GT-7): 763-786.
Ladanyi, B. (1963). Evaluation of pressurementer tests in granular soil. 2nd Panamerican
Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Sao Paulo: Brazil, Vol. 1
pp. 3-20.
Mayne, P.W., and Swanson, P.G. (1981). The critical state pore pressure parameter for
consolidated shear test. Laboratory Shear Strength of the Soil. ASTM, STP 740: 410430.
Meyerhof, G.G. (1963). Some recent research on the bearing capacity of foundation on layered
soil under inclined load. Canadian Geotechnical Journal. Vol. 1, No.1: pp. 16-26.
Meyerhof, G.G., and Hanna, A.M. (1978). Ultimate bearing capacity of foundation on layered soil
under inclined load. Canadian Geotechnical Journal. Vol. 15, No.4: pp. 565-572.
Mitachi, T., and Kitago, S. (1979). The influence of stress history and stress system on the stressstrain-strength properties of saturated clay. Soil and Foundation. Vol. 19, No.2: pp. 4561.
Mohan, D. and Jain, G.S. (1961). Bearing Capacity of Pile in Expansive Clay. 5th ICSMFE. Vol.
2.
Mohr, O. (1900). Welche Umstande Bedingen die Elastizitatsgrenze und den Bruch eines
Material?. Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure. Vol. 44, pp.1524-1530.
Nagaraj, T.S. and Srinivasa Murthy, B.R. (1986). A critical reappraisal of compression index
equation. Geotechnique. Vol.36, No.1, pp. 27-32.
Nagaraj, T.S., Srinivasa Murthy, B.R. and Vatsala, A. (1994). Analysis and Prediction of Soil
Behavior. New Delhi: India. Willey Eastern.
Parry, R.H.G., and Nadarajah, V. (1973), Observations on laboratory prepared lightly
overconsolidated specimens of Kaolin. Geotechnique. Vol. 28, No.1: pp. 1-25.
117
Peck, R.B., Hansen, W.E. and Thornburn, T.H. (1974). Foundation Engineering. New York:
USA. John Wiley.
Pender, M.J. (1977). A mdel for behavior of overconsolidated soil. Geotechinque. Vol. 28, No.1:
pp.1-25.
Prandtl, L. (1921). ber die Eindringungsfestigkeit (Harte) plasticher baustoffe und die festigkeit
von schneiden. Zeitschrchrift fur Angewandte Mathemtik und Mechnik. Vol. 1, No.
1: pp. 15 -20.
Poulos, H.G. and Davis, E.H. (1980). Pile Foundation Analysis and Design. New York: USA.
John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Poulos, H.G. (2001). Pile Foundation-Geotechnical and Geoenvironment Handbook. Kluwer
Academic Publisher.
Roscoe, K.H., and Poorooshasb, H.B. (1963), A theoretical and experimental study of strain in
triaxial tests on normally consolidated clay. Geotechnique. Vol. 13, No. 1: pp. 12-38.
Roscoe, K.H., and Burland, J.B. (1968). On the generalized stress-strain behaviour of wet clay
Engineering Plastic. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. pp .535-609.
Sridharan, A., Abraham, B.M., and Jose, B.T. (1991), Improved technique for estimation of
preconsolidation pressure. Geotechnique. Vol.41, No.2: pp. 263-268.
Schmertmann , J.H. (1955). The undisturbed consolidation behavior of clay. Transaction. ASCE.
120. pp. 1201.
Schofield, A.N. and Wroth, C.P. (1968). Critical State Soil Mechanics. London: England.
McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Stolle D.F.E., P.G. Bonnier & P.A. Vermeer. (1977). A Soft Soil model and experiences with two
integration schemes. Numerical Model in Geomechanics. Numog, pp. 123-128.
Skempton, A.W., and MacDonald, D.H. (1956). The allowable settlement of building.
Proceeding Institute for Civil Engineering. Part III, 5. pp. 727-768.
Skempton, A.W. (1951). The bearing capacity of clay. Building Research Congress. England.
Skempton, A.W. (1966). Summing-up proceeding symposium on large bored piles. I.C.E.
London: England. pp. 155 - 157.
Sowers, G.F. et al. (1961). The Bearing Capacity of Friction Pile Groups in a Homogeneous Clay
from Model Studies. 5th ICSMFE. Vol. 2 pp 155-159.
118
Stas, C.V. and Kulhawy, F.H. (1984). Critical evalution of design methods for foundation under
axial uplift and compression loading. EPRI Report EL-3771. Cornell Univeristy.
Terzaghi, K. (1943). Theoretical Soil Mechanics. New York: USA. John Wiley.
Terzaghi, K. and Peck, R.B. (1967). Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, 2nd Ed. New York:
USA. John Wiley.
Tomlinson, M.J. (1957). The adhesion factor of pile driven in clay soils. Proceeding of the 4th
International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Vol. 2:
pp. 66 - 71.
Tomlinson, M.J. (1986). Foundation Design and Construction. 5th Ed. London: England. Pitman
Publishing Ltd.
Vesic, A.S. (1973). Analysis of ultimate loads on shallow foundation. Journal of Soil Mechanics
and Foundation Division, ASCE. 99 (SM1): pp. 45 - 73.
Vesic, A.S. (1975). Bearing capacity of shallow foundations. Foundation Engineering
Handbook. pp. 121 147.
Vesic, A.S. (1977). Design of Pile Foundations. National Cooperative Highway Research
Program, Synthesis of Highway Practice 42. Washington. DC: Transportation Research
Board, National Research Council.
U.S. Navy (1982). Soil Mechanics Design Manual 7.1, Department of the Navy, Naval Facility
Engineering Command (NAVFAC).
U.S. Army Corps of Engineering (1992). Engineering and design bearing capacity of soil.
Engineering manual 1110-1-1905.
Whitaker, T. (1970). The Design of Piled Foundations. London: England. Pergamon Press.
Wroth, C.P., and Loudon , P.A. (1967). The correlation of strain within a family of triaxial test
on overconsolidated sample of Kaolin., Proceedings of Geotechnical Conference.
Olso, 1: pp. 159-163.
Yudhbir, and Nagarajah, N. (1974). Undrained Behaviour of overconsolidted saturated clay
during shear. Soils and Foundation. Vol. 14 No. 4: pp. 1-12.
120
1
2
8.00
3
8.00
4
8.00
5
8.00
C1
F1
C3
F3
6
8.00
C3
F3
C3
F3
8.00
C3
F3
C3
F3
8.00
C3
F3
C3
F3
8.00
C3
F3
C3
F3
8.00
C3
F3
C3
F3
10
C1
F1
8.00
A
C2
F2
C4
F4
C4
F4
C4
F4
C4
F4
C4
F4
C2
F2
C2
F2
C2
F2
C2
F2
C4
F4
C5
F5
C5
F5
C5
F5
C5
F5
C5
F5
C1
F1
8.00
B
C4
F4
C5
F5
C5
F5
C5
F5
C5
F5
C4
F4
C2
F2
C2
F2
C2
F2
C2
F2
C4
F4
C5
F5
C5
F5
C5
F5
C5
F5
C5
F5
C1
F1
C4
F4
C4
F4
C4
F4
C4
F4
C4
F4
C3
F3
C3
F3
C3
F3
C3
F3
C3
F3
C3
F3
C3
F3
C3
F3
C3
F3
C3
F3
C3
F3
C1
F1
C3
F3
C3
F3
C3
F3
C3
F3
C3
F3
C3
F3
C1
F1
C3
F3
C3
F3
C5
F5
C5
F5
C3
F3
C5
F5
C5
F5
C3
F3
C3
F3
C3
F3
C4
F4
C2
F2
C2
F2
C2
F2
C2
F2
C4
F4
C2
F2
C2
F2
C2
F2
C2
F2
C4
F4
C5
F5
C5
F5
C5
F5
C5
F5
C5
F5
C3
F3
C3
F3
C3
F3
C3
F3
8.00
C1
F1
C3
F3
8.00
C3
F3
8.00
C3
F3
C3
F3
8.00
C3
F3
C3
F3
8.00
C3
F3
C3
F3
8.00
C4
F4
C1
F1
C5
F5
8.00
.1
121
B4
B4
B2
B2
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B4
B3
B3A
B3A
B3
B5
B4
B5
B4
B5
B4
B5
B1
B6
B1
B4
B3
B4
B3A
B3
B3
B7
B1
B1
B4
B4
B4
B4
B4
B4
B4
B4
B3X
B5
B3X
B5
B3X
B5
B3X
B5
B3X
B5
B3X
B5
B3X
B5
B5
B4
B3A
B10
B4
B6
B6
B4
B3
B6
B1
B1
B1
B3
B4
B3X
B5
B3
B4
B4
B4
B4
B5
B4
8.00
B4
B5
8.00
B3B
B7
B4
B10
B3B
B4
B3X
B5
B5
B4
B4
B3
B7
B4
B5
B1
B2
B1
B2
B8
B8
B1
B2
B1
B2
B4
B4
B5
B5
8.00
B3B
B3
B1
B3X
B5
B5
B4
.2
A
B3A
B1
B5
B4
B4
B1
B5
B4
B3
B6
B5
B3
B4
B3
B1
B4
B6
B6
B8
B3
B1
B3
B4
B5
B3
B4
B1
B4
B4
B1
B1
B4
B1
B4
B4
B4
B3
B4
B1
B4
B6
B4
B4
B1
B1
B4
B4
B1
B1
B4
B3
B4
B8
B3
B4
B8
B3
B1
B6
B3A
B1
B3
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B4
B6
B11
B11
B8A
B1
B4
B2
B4
B1
B3
B4
B3
B1
B4
B1
B2
B4
B4
B4
B4
B4
B3
B1
B4
B1A
B1
B4
B4
B5
B5
B5
B5
B5
B5
B3
B1
B4
B3
B1
B4
B8
B2
B1
B4
B3
B2
B5
B2
B3
B4
B3
B5
B4
B3
B5
B4
B3
B5
B4
B3
B5
B4
B3
B5
B4
B3
B5
B4
B3
B5
B4
8.00
B5
B4
B3
B6
B3
8.00
B5
B4
B3
B2
B6
B11
8.00
8.00
B5
B5
B1
10
8.00
B5
B3A
B2
B1A
9
8.00
B4
B11
B8
8
8.00
B6
B11
B11
B6
8.00
B2
B11
B2
7
8.00
B4
B3
8.00
6
8.00
B5
B3
5
8.00
B3X
4
8.00
B3
3
8.00
B3
2
8.00
B3
122
B1
B2
B2
B4
B4
B4
B2
B2
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B3
B4
B3A
B3A
B3
B4
B4
B4
B4
B4
B4
B3X
B5
B3X
B5
B3X
B5
B3X
B5
B3X
B5
B3X
B5
B5
B5
B4
B3
B4
B5
B4
B1
B3X
B5
B5
B4
B5
B5
B1
B4
B5
B4
B4
B4
B4
B5
B1
B1
B6
B4
B3
B4
B3A
B3
B7
B3X
B5
B5
B4
B3A
B10
B4
B6
B1
B4
B3
B6
B6
B1
B1
B4
B4
B3
B4
B5
B5
B4
B4
B4
B4
8.00
B4
8.00
B3
B3B
B7
B3X
B5
B10
B3B
B4
B4
B5
B3
B4
B1
B1
B8
B2
B2
B8
B1
B2
B1
B3B
B2
B5
B4
B4
B5
8.00
B3
B7
B3X
B5
B8
B3
B1
B1
B4
B5
B4
B3
B4
B3
B1
B5
B3
B4
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B3
B6
B1
B4
B3
B11
B11
B4
B4
B3
B6
B8
B4
B6
B4
B4
B4
B1
B4
B3A
B4
B1
B1
B4
B6
B3
B4
B4
B1
B6
B3
B4
B8
B3
B1
B1
.3
A
B3A
B1
B4
B3
B1
B4
B3
B1
B4
B6
B4
B3
B1
B4
B2
B4
B1
B3
B1
B3
B1
B4
B6
B4
B8A
B11
B2
B4
B3
B1
B4
B1A
B1
B5
B4
B4
B5
B5
B4
B4
B5
B3
B1
B3
B2
B5
B4
B8
B6
B2
B5
B3
B4
B3
B5
B4
B3
B5
B4
B3
B5
B4
B3
B5
B4
B3
B5
B4
B3
B5
B4
B3
B5
B4
B3
B5
B4
B3
B6
B4
B5
B4
B4
B5
8.00
8.00
F
8.00
B5
B4
B3
B1A
B3
B5
B4
B2
B1
10
8.00
B5
B3
B2
9
8.00
B5
B8
8
8.00
B3A
B2
B11
B11
B6
8.00
8.00
B2
B11
B2
7
8.00
B4
B11
8.00
6
8.00
B5
B3
5
8.00
B3X
4
8.00
B3
3
8.00
B3
2
8.00
B3
123
RB2
RB2
RB2
RB5
RB5
RB4
RB5
RB5
RB5
RB5
RB2
RB2
RB2
RB2
RB2
RB2
RB2
RB5
RB5
RB5
RB5
RB5
RB2
RB5
RB2
RB5
RB2
RB2
.4
RB5
RB5
RB5
RB2
RB2
RB2
RB2
RB5
RB5
RB5
RB5
RB2
RB4
RB5
RB2
RB3
RB5
10
RB2
RB3
RB5
RB6
RB4
RB5
RB2
RB5
RB5
RB4
RB4
RB4
RB4
RB2
RB5
RB5
RB5
RB5
RB5
RB5
RB5
RB5
RB6
RB5
RB5
RB2
RB6
RB5
RB5
RB2
RB6
RB3
RB2
RB6
RB3
RB2
RB7
RB3
RB2
RB5
RB2
RB4
RB2
RB4
RB2
RB3
RB2
RB6
RB5
RB4
8.00
RB2
RB5
RB2
RB3
RB5
RB6
RB3
RB5
RB2
RB3
RB4
RB2
RB3
RB3
RB5
RB5
RB6
RB3
RB3
RB5
RB2
RB3
RB2
RB3
RB5
9
8.00
RB4
RB6
RB3
RB5
RB5
RB2
RB3
RB4
RB5
RB2
RB3
8
8.00
RB2
RB3
RB3
RB5
RB2
RB3
RB3
RB5
RB2
RB4
RB5
RB5
RB2
RB4
7
8.00
RB2
RB3
RB2
RB3
RB5
RB5
RB2
RB3
RB5
RB2
RB4
RB3
RB2
6
8.00
RB5
RB4
RB5
RB3
RB5
RB3
RB3
RB1
RB5
RB5
RB5
RB5
RB5
RB5
RB4
RB5
RB1
RB3
RB5
8.00
RB1
RB4
RB5
8.00
RB5
8.00
RB5
8.00
RB5
8.00
RB5
8.00
RB3
RB1
8.00
RB1
RB4
RB5
RB1
RB1
8.00
RB1 RB1
RB5
RB1
8.00
RB2
RB5
5
8.00
RB2
4
8.00
RB2
3
8.00
RB6
2
8.00
RB2
124
4.00
3.50
3.50
0.80
8.00
4.00
4.00
2'
4. 00
4.00
3'
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
5
5
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
9
10
A-A
.5 A-A
4.00
3.50
3.50
0.80
8.00
8.00
8.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
D
A
4.00
4.00
E
E
B-B
.6 B-B
4.00
4.00
F
F
4.00
4.00
G
G
4.00
4.00
H
H
4.00
J
125
.1
C1
C2
C3
C4
0.25
0.30
0.30
8-DB20mm.
2-RB6mm.@0.20m.
0.30
0.30
8-DB16mm.
2-RB6mm.@0.20m.
0.40
8-DB16mm.
2-RB6mm.@0.20m.
8-DB16mm.
2-RB6mm.@0.20m.
0.30
0.40
8-DB16mm.
2-RB6mm.@0.20m.
0.40
8-DB16mm.
2-RB6mm.@0.20m.
0.40
8-DB16mm.
2-RB6mm.@0.20m.
0.35
8-DB12mm.
2-RB6mm.@0.20m.
0.30
8-DB12mm.
2-RB6mm.@0.20m.
0.30
8-DB16mm.
2-RB6mm.@0.20m.
0.30
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.30
8-DB12mm.
2-RB6mm.@0.20m.
0.30
8-DB12mm.
2-RB6mm.@0.20m.
0.30
0.30
0.30
8-DB12mm.
2-RB6mm.@0.20m.
0.35
0.30
0.30
0.30
8-DB12mm.
2-RB6mm.@0.20m.
0.30
0.30
8-DB12mm.
2-RB6mm.@0.20m.
0.30
0.30
0.25
8-DB12mm.
2-RB6mm.@0.20m.
0.25
0.25
C5
12-DB20mm.
4-RB6mm.@0.20m.
126
.2
Beam
Section
Beam
Section
0.15
B2, B4
Beam
0.40
0.40
B1, B1A
0.20
Section
Beam
Section
B2B, B8
0.65
B3, B3A, B3X, B3Y
Beam
0.25
Section
0.70
0.25
Beam
Section
0.15
Beam
Section
0.50
B6
0.65
B5
0.20
Beam
Section
0.15
B8A
0.60
B7
0.65
0.20
128
.1
Grid line
Type
Fy
(ton)
A-4
C1
33.0
A-4'
C3
52.0
A-5
C3
55.1
A-5'
C3
55.2
A-6
C3
55.2
A-6'
C3
55.0
A-7
C3
51.4
A-7'
C3
50.7
A-8
C3
50.7
A-8'
C3
50.6
A-9
C3
50.9
A-9'
C3
52.5
A-10
C1
30.3
B-2
C2
45.0
B-2'
C4
52.9
B-3
C4
63.8
B-3'
C4
69.5
B-4
C4
71.2
B-4'
C4
65.6
B-5
C2
36.4
B-5'
C2
36.2
B-7
C4
74.3
B-7'
C5
85.9
B-8
C5
82.7
B-8'
C5
79.0
B-9
C5
75.1
Mz
(ton.m)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Mx
(ton.m)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
129
.1 ()
Grid Line
Type
Fy
Mz
(ton)
(ton.m)
B-9'
C5
72.6
0.0
B-10
C3
48.5
0.0
C-2
C4
108.0
0.0
C-2'
C5
119.0
0.0
C-3
C5
102.0
0.0
C-3'
C5
101.0
0.0
C-4
C5
90.3
0.0
C-4'
C4
64.3
0.0
C-5
C2
36.2
0.0
C-5'
C2
36.1
0.0
C-6
C2
36.1
0.0
C-6'
C2
37.9
0.0
C-7
C4
74.3
0.0
C-7'
C5
85.9
0.0
C-8
C5
82.7
0.0
C-8'
C5
79.0
0.0
C-9
C5
75.2
0.0
C-9'
C5
72.7
0.0
C-10
C3
48.4
0.0
D-1
C1
38.0
0.0
D-2
C4
78.6
0.0
D-2'
C4
51.0
0.0
D-3
C4
60.5
0.0
D-3'
C4
61.6
0.0
D-4
C4
62.3
0.0
D-4'
C3
55.0
0.0
Mx
(ton.m)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
130
.1 ()
Grid Line
Type
Fy
Mz
(ton)
(ton.m)
D-5
C3
58.5
0.0
D-5'
C3
55.0
0.0
D-6
C3
55.1
0.0
D-6'
C3
55.0
0.0
D-7
C3
51.3
0.0
D-7'
C3
50.7
0.0
D-8
C3
50.7
0.0
D-8'
C3
50.7
0.0
D-9
C3
50.9
0.0
D-9'
C3
52.6
0.0
D-10
C1
33.0
0.0
D'-1
C3
56.3
0.0
D'-2
C4
58.4
0.0
D'-3
C4
58.1
0.0
D'-4
C3
53.9
0.0
E-1
C3
60.9
0.0
E-2
C2
36.1
0.0
E-3
C2
36.6
0.0
E-4
C3
58.1
0.0
E'-1
C3
60.9
0.0
E'-2
C2
35.5
0.0
I-1
C3
58.3
0.0
I-2
C5
72.4
0.0
I-3
C5
73.6
0.0
I-4
C3
56.5
0.0
I'-1
C3
60.5
0.0
Mx
(ton.m)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
131
.1 ()
Grid Line
Type
Fy
Mz
(ton)
(ton.m)
I'-2
C5
69.1
0.0
I'-3
C5
71.2
0.0
I'-4
C3
57.5
0.0
J-1
C1
37.4
0.0
J-2
C3
45.4
0.0
J-3
C3
46.7
0.0
J-4
C1
34.1
0.0
B-6
C2
36.1
0.0
Mx
(ton.m)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.2
Maximums column load
Column load
Footings
(ton)
for design pile capacity (ton)
F1
35.0
35.0
F1'
35.0
35.0
F2
36.0
40.0
F2'
36.0
40.0
F3
54.0
54.0
F3'
54.0
54.0
F4
61.0
64.0
F5
95.0
95.0
133

1)
.1
.1
2) .2 (Coring)
.3
5-10
134
.2
.3
135
3) (hydraulic jack)
.4 .5
.4
.5
136
4) 30

Pile cap .6
Ground level
RC. pier
Channel connected
to existing pier
Steel plate
Concrete
Dowel bar
RC. Foundation
Lean concrete
Compacted sand
Steel pipe pile
Filled with motar
.6
5)
Shear transfer -7
(corrosion)
6) .7 .8
7) .9
28 .10
137
.7
.8
138
.9
.10

1)
.11 .12
139
.11
.12
2)
.13
140
.13
3) .14
.14
141
4) H-beam .15
.15
5) .16
28
.17 .18
.16
142
.17 28
.18

1 2521
.. 2542
.. 2545

.. 2546

2 1

apichit เสาเข็ม

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

apichit เสาเข็ม

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2548

APICHIT KUMPALA : PREDICTION OF JACKED PILE CAPACITY FOR

PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM/ STEEL CHANNEL SECTION

The present research investigates laboratory engineering properties of silty

Su / vc = 0.278OCR 0.8 . The undrained shear strength linearly relates to standard

Linear elastic Modified Cam Clay............ 92

American Institute of Steel Construction

(intrinsic State Line)

normally consolidated line

Mean equivalent pressure

Unified Soil Classification

e log v 2.3 (Casagrande, 1936) Sridraran et al. (1991)

Vertical stress, 'v (kPa)

2.3 Casagrande (1936)

2.4 Sridraran et al. (1991)

Normalized Void ratio, eR/eL

eR/eL=1.230-0.276 log v'

eR/eL=1.291-0.320 log v'

Band for 11 soil (+5% of eR/eL line)

(normally consolidated uncemented clay)

Effective vertical pressure , v (log scale)

Generalized state parameter, e/eL

Intrinsic State Line

Effective overburden pressure, 'v0 (kPa)

2.7 (a) (Horpibulsuk and Rachan, 2005)

Effective vertical stress, 'v (kPa)

2.7 (b) (Horpibulsuk and Rachan, 2005)

Peak shear strength

Ultimate shear strength

Effective stress strength

SHANSEP (Stress History and Normalized Soil Engineering Properties)

Vertical stress, 'v (kPa)

2.11 SHANSEP (Ladd and Foott, 1974)

Normalized shear strength, Su/'vc

Volumetric strain (%)

Deviator stress (kPa)

Volumetric strain (%)

Excess pore pressure (kPa)

Deviator stress (kPa)

Normal consolidated line

Modified Cam Clay model

Critical state line

2.17 (soil model)

* * Modified compression index Modified swelling index

2.2 Cam Clay Modified Cam Clay

The slope of critical state line

The specific volume at theoretical state when

(yield function) (yield surface)

Cam Clay Modified Cam Clay

Normalized deviator stress, q/p'e

Elliptical curve (MCC and SS Model)

Normalized mean normal stress, p'/p'e

2.18 Normalized Cam Clay, Modified Cam Clay

2.19 Modified von Mises Mohr-Coulomb failure

Undrained shear strength, Su (ton/m )

T erzaghi & Peck (1967)

Standard penetration number, N (Blow/ft)

Terzaghi and Hansen

For Meyerhof ,Hansen : = 45 + / 2

2.21 (Bowles, 1988)

N c ,N q ,N (bearing capacity factor)

Linear Interpolation Between = 0 and = 10

Linear Interpolation Between = 0 and = 10