7.9.

2014 Endemism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism 3/6
Ball, G.E. 1997,
[17]
McCoy, E.D. and Mushinsky, H.R. 1999,
[18]
Bossart, J.L. and Carlton, C.E. 2002,
[19]
Majka, C.G. and Sikes, D.S. 2009,
[20]
and Hughes, M.A., Shin, K., Eickwort, J. and Smith, J.A. 2012.
[21]
Precinctivity vs. precinction
Precinctivity (a noun) is the condition of being restricted to a specified geographical area. Apparently first used
by MacCaughey in 1917. It is the equivalent of the word endemism, which was based on the misappropriated
word endemic in its biogeographical sense.
[22]
Precinction (a noun) is the condition of being restricted to a geographical area. Perhaps first used by Frank and
McCoy (based on a word that had been used in English in 1730 meaning girdled about) who apparently failed
to notice the earlier use of precinctivity by MacCaughey 1917 in the botanical literature.
[23][24]
Ecoregions with high endemism/precinctivity
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the following ecoregions have the highest percentage of endemic plants:
Fynbos (South Africa)
[25]
Hawaiian tropical dry forests (United States)
[26]
Hawaiian tropical rainforests (United States)
[27]
Kwongan heathlands (Australia)
[28]
Madagascar dry deciduous forests (Madagascar)
[29]
Madagascar lowland forests (Madagascar)
[30]
New Caledonia dry forests (New Caledonia)
[31]
New Caledonia rain forests (New Caledonia)
[32]
Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine-oak forests (Mexico)
[33]
Sierra Madre del Sur pine-oak forests (Mexico)
[34]
Luzon montane rainforests (Philippines)
[35]
Luzon rainforests (Philippines)
[36]
Luzon tropical pine forests (Philippines)
[37]
Mindanao montane rain forests (Philippines)
[38]
Mindanao-Eastern Visayas rain forests (Philippines)
[39]
Palawan rain forests (Philippines)
[40]
Threats to highly endemistic regions
Some of the principal causes of habitat degradation and loss in these ecosystems are:
Agriculture
Urban growth
Surface mining