Báo Cáo Môn Cơ Sở Lý Thuyết Truyền Tin

C s l thuyt truyn tin
1
Sinh Vin: V Th nh Linh Trnh Hu Minh

rng i hc S phm H Ni 2
Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

BI BO CO: M khi tuyn tnh
Mn: C s l thuyt truyn tin

Lp: K38 Cng ngh thng tin
Sinh vin: V Th nh Linh Trnh Hu Minh

H Ni , 4/2014
2
MC LC

Gii thiu ................................................................................................................ 3
1. Cch khi nim v nguyn l hot ng ............................................................ 3
1.1. Cch biu din m Ma trn sinh ............................................................... 3
1.2. Cch m ha ............................................................................................... 4
1.3. Cch gii m (tt) ......................................................................................... 4
1.4. M tuyn tnh h thng, ma trn sinh h thng ............................................ 5
2. Vn pht hin sai v sa sai .......................................................................... 7
2.1. Khng gian b trc giao .............................................................................. 8
2.2. Cch pht hin sai ....................................................................................... 8
2.3. Syndrome vecto sa sai (corrector) .......................................................... 8
2.4. Ma trn kim tra .......................................................................................... 9
2.5. Cch sa sai .............................................................................................. 12
3. Mt s gii hn ............................................................................................... 17
3.1. Gii hn trn Hamming v s lng t m ............................................... 17
3.2. Gii hn v s lng bit kim tra .............................................................. 17

3
Gii thiu
M khi tuyn tnh c xy dng da trn cc kt qu ca i s tuyn tnh
l mt lp m c dng rt ph bin trong vic chng nhiu.
nh ngha: Mt m khi c chiu di n gm 2
k
t m c gi l m tuyn tnh
C(k, n) nu v ch nu 2
k
t m hnh thnh mt khng gian vect con k chiu ca
khng gian vect n chiu gm tt c cc vecto n thnh phn trn trng GF(2).
Trng GF(2) (Galois Field (2)) l trng nh phn ng thi php cng l php
cng modul 2 (k hiu l ), cn php nhn l php v (AND). C th:
0 0 = 0 0 1 = 1 1 0 = 0 1 1 = 0
0 . 0 =0 0 . 1 = 0 1 . 0 = 0 1 . 1 = 1

M tuyn tnh C(n, k) c mc ch m ha nhng khi tin (hay thng bo) k bit
thnh nhng t m n bit. Hay ni cch khc trong n bit ca t m c cha k bit
thng tin. Cc phn tip thao sau s trnh by cch biu din m, cch m ha cc
thng bo thnh t m, cch gii m t t thnh thng bo, cch pht hin sai v
sa sai.
Quy c: Vit du + thay cho du v du + s c hiu theo ng cnh.
1. Cc khi nim v nguyn l hot ng
1.1. Cch biu din m Ma trn sinh
M tuyn tnh C(n, k) l mt khng gian con k chiu ca mt khng
gian vecto n thnh phn. Do vy c th tm c k t m c lp tuyn tnh trong
C, chng hn (g
0
, g
1
, ..., g
k-1
) sao cho mi t m trong C l mt t hp tuyn tnh
ca k t m ny:
v = a
0
g
0
a
1
g
1
... a
k-1
g
k-1

vi a
i
e {0, 1} vi mi i = 0, 1, ..., k-1.
k t m ny to thnh mt ma trn cp k n nh sau:

( ) ( )( )
00 01 0( 1)
0
10 11 1( 1)
1
( 1)0 1 1 1 1 1
g
n
n
k n
k k k n k
g g g
g
g g g
g
G
g g
g

(
(
(
(
(
(
= =
(
(
(
(
(

4
Vi g
i
= (g
i0
, g
i1
, ..., g
i(n-1)
), vi i = 0, 1, ..., k 1.
1.2. Cch m ha
Nu u = (a
0
, a
1
, ..., a
k-1
) l thng tin cn c m ha th t m v tng ng
vi u c tnh bng cch ly u nhn vi G.
v = u G = (a
0
, a
1
, ..., a
k-1
)
Hay
v = a
0
g
0
a
1
g
1
... a
k-1
g
k-1

v cc t m tng ng vi c thng bo c sinh ra bi G theo cch trn nn G
c gi l ma trn sinh ca b m.
V d 1:
Cho ma trn sinh ca mt m tuyn tnh G(7, 4) sau:

0
1
4 7
2
3
1 1 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 1
g
g
G
g
g
( (
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (

Nu u = (1101) l thng tin cn m ha th t m tng ng l:
v = 1.g
0
1g
1
0g
2
1g
3
= (1100101)
Ch : Bt k k t m c lp tuyn tnh no cng c th c dng lm
ma trn sinh cho b m.
Mt b m tuyn tnh (hay cn gi l khng gian m) c th c nhiu ma trn sinh
khc nhau cng biu din.
Tng ng vi mi ma trn sinh chng ta c mt php m ha. C ngha l ng vi
hai ma trn khc nhau chng ta c hai php m ha khc nhau. V vy vi cng
mt b m tuyn tnh vic chn ma trn sinh no l rt quan trng v n quyt nh
vic nh x thng bo no thnh t m no.
1.3. Cch gii m (tt)
Cch gii m t t m v thng tin ban u: Ly ma trn sinh nh v d 1.
Chng ta gi thng bo l u=(a
0
, a
1
, a
2
, a
3
) v t m tng ng l v = (b
0
, b
1
, b
2
, b
3
,
b
4
, b
5
, b
6
). Chng ta c h phng trnh sau lin h gia u v v.
v = u G

suy ra:
5
b
0
= a
0
a
1
a
3

b
1
= a
0
a
2
(2)
b
2
= a
1
a
3
(3)
b
3
= a
0
a
1
(4)
b
4
= a
1
(5)
b
5
= a
2
(6)
b
6
= a
2
a
3
(7)

Chn bn phng trnh n gin nht gii cc a
i
theo cc b
j
. Chng hn
cc phng trnh (4), (5), (6), (7) chng ta gii c:

0
1
4 7
2
3
1 1 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 1
g
g
G
g
g
( (
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (

a
0
= b
3
b
4

a
1
= b
4

a
2
= b
5
a
3
= b
5
b
6
H phng trnh trn c gi l h phng trnh gii m.
C th c nhiu h phng trnh gii m khc nhau nhng s cho kt qu nh nhau.
1.4. M tuyn tnh h thng, ma trn sinh h thng
Mt m tuyn tnh C(n, k) c gi l m tuyn tnh h thng nu m t m c mt
trong hai dng sau:
Dng 1: T m bao gm phn thng tin k bit i trc v phn cn li (gm n k
bit) i sau (phn ny cn c gi l phn d tha hay phn kim tra).

k bit thng tin n k bit kim tra
Dng 2: Ngc ca dng 1, t m bao gm phn kim tra i trc v phn thng
tin i sau.
n k bit kim tra k bit thng tin
6
T iu kin v dng t m ca m tuyn tnh h thng chng ta cn xc
nh dng ca ma trn sinh tng ng. i vi m tuyn tnh h thng dng 1
p ng iu kin ca n ma trn sinh phi c dng nh sau:

00 01 0( 1
10 11 1( 1)
( 1)0 ( 1)1 ( 1)( 1)
( )
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
n k
n k
k n
k k k n k
k k k n k
P P P
P P P
G
P P P

(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

Trong k ct u ca ma trn to thnh mt ma trn n v cn n k ct
sau ty vi P
ij
= 0 hoc 1. Vi dng ny chng ta thy khi thng bo u c m
ha thnh t m v bng cng thc v = u G th k bit thng bo ca u s tr thnh k
bit u ca t m v p ng yu cu ca m tuyn tnh h thng. Ma trn c dng
trn ca m tuyn tnh h thng c gi l ma trn sinh h thng v c th biu
din n gin nh sau:

( )
|
k n KK k n k
G I P

( =

Trong I
kk
l ma trn n b kch thc k k.
Tng t i vi m truyn tnh h thng c hai dng th ma trn sinh h
thng phi c dng:

( )
|
k n k n k kk
G P I

( =

V d 2: Ma trn sinh h thng cho m tuyn tnh h thng tng ng vi m tuyn
tnh trong v d 1 l:

1 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 0 1
ht
G
(
(
(
=
(
(

Nu u = (1101) l thng tin cn m ha th t m tng ng l v = u G
ht
=
(1101000).
Tng t nu u = (0110) th v = 0110100
M tuyn tnh h thng c li l gip cng vic gii m t t m thnh thng
bo nhanh chng bng cch ly k bit u hay k bit cui ca t m theo m thuc
dng 1 hay 2 m khng phi h phng trnh nh i vi ma trn sinh bnh thng.
7
Chng hn i vi cc m trong v d 2, nu chng ta nhn c t m v =
(0101110) th d dng xc nh c thng bo tng ng l u = 0101.
Ch : T mt ma trn sinh kch thc k n chng ta c th dng cc php
bin i s cp trn hng (nhn mt hng vi m h s khc 0, thay mt hng bng
cch cng hng vi mt hng khc) chng ta c th bin i thnh mt ma trn
c k ct to thnh mt ma trn n v.
V d 3: Cho ma trn sinh sau:

0
1
4 7
2
3
1 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1
g
g
G
g
g
( (
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (

Bng cch thc hin cc php bin i thnh hng nh bn di:

0 1 2 3
2
4 7
1 2
3
1 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1
g g g g
g
G
g g
g
+ ( (
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (

Ch : Ta c ma trn mi G c cc ct 1, ct 4, ct 6 v ct 3 to thnh mt
ma trn n v (cc ct c nh s t tri sang phi v bt u bng 1).
2. Vn pht hin sai v sa sai
nh l 10.2: Mt b m nh phn c khong cch Hamming d th c
th:
- Pht hin sai c t bit nu d t + 1
- Sa sai c t bit nu d 2t + 1
nh l 10.2 cho chng ta thy kh nng pht hin sai v sa sai ca mt b
m. y chng ta ch trnh by cch pht hin sai v sa sai cho nhng b m
tha mn iu kin pht hin sai v sa sai nh trong nh l 10.2. Tc l khong
cch Hamming d ca b m v s bit sai t tha mn nh l 10.2.
T nh l 10.2 chng ta rt ra nguyn l pht hin sai rt n gin nh sau:
Kim tra xem t hp nhn c phi l t m hay khng, nu khng th t hp nhn
l sai.
8
Vic kim tra ny c th c thc hin bng cch so snh trng t hp nhn
c vi cc t m. Nh vy vic kim tra ny s tn mt s bc bng vi s
lng cc t m.
Tng t i vi sa sai chng ta c nguyn l sau: Kim tra xem t hp
nhn c khong cch Hamminh gn vi t m no nht, nu gn vi t m no nht
th t m chnh l m ng c pht i. Nguyn l ny c gi l nguyn
l khong cch Hamming ti thiu. Vic kim tra ny tn mt s bc bng vi s
lng cc t m.
Tuy nhin i vi m tuyn tnh, da vo cc tnh cht ca m chng ta s c
cch pht hin sai v sa sai hiu qu hn. y chng ta s trnh by mt s kin
thc ton hc cn thit cho vic chng minh mt s kt qu trong loi m ny.
2.1. Khng gian b trc giao
Cho S l mt khng gian con k chiu ca khng gian n chiu V, S
d
l
tp tt c cc vecto trong V sao cho u S e ,
d
v S e th u v = 0 (php nhn y l
php nhn v hng ca 2 vecto) th S
d
l mt khng gian con ca V v c s chiu
l n k. S
d
c gi l khng gian b trc giao ca S v ngc li.
Da trn kt qu ny chng ta suy ra rng vi ma trn G bt k kch thc
k n vi k hng c lp tuyn tnh lun tn ti ma trn H kch thc (n k) n vi
(n k) hng c lp tuyn tnh sao cho G H
T
= 0, trong H
T
l ma trn chuyn
v ca ma trn H. Hay ni cch khc cc vecto hng ca H u trc giao vi vecto
hng ca G.
2.2. Cch pht hin sai
ng dng kt qu trn vo vn pht hin sai chng ta thy rng: Nu v l
mt m c sinh ra t ma trn sinh G c ma trn trc giao tng ng l H th do v
l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vecto hng ca G nn:
v H
T
= 0
V ngc li nu v H
T
= 0 th v phi l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vecto
hng ca G do v l mt t m.
2.3. Syndrome vecto sa sai (corrector)
v H
T
thng c gi l syndrome hay vecto sa sai ca v v k hiu l s(v).
Vy chng ta c v l t m khi v ch khi s(v) = 0
9
Vi tnh cht ny chng ta thy H c th c s dng kim tra mt t
hp c phi l t m hay khng hay ni cch khc H c th c dng pht hin
sai. V l do ny m ma trn H cn c gi l ma trn kim tra.
2.4. Ma trn kim tra
Ma trn kim tra ca mt b m c ma trn sinh
k n
G

l ma trn H c kch thc
(n k) n sao cho:
0
T
G H =
V d 4: Tm ma trn tng ng vi ma trn sinh trong v d 1.

1 1 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 1
G
(
(
(
=
(
(

Chng ta thy ma trn kim tra cn tm phi c kch thc 3 7. Gi h = (a
0
,
a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
, a
6
) l mt hng bt k ca H. V h trc giao vi mi vecto hng ca
G nn chng ta c h bn phng trnh sau tng ng vi bn hng ca G:

0 1 3
0 1 3 4
1 5 6
0 2 6
0
0
0
0
a a a
a a a a
a a a
a a a
=
=
=
=

Vn l by gi chng ta lm sao tm c 3 vecto hng c lp tuyn tnh
l nghim ca h phng trnh trn. H phng trnh trn c th cho php chng ta
gii bn bin theo ba bin cn li. Chng hn chng ta gii a
3
, a
4
, a
5
, a
6
theo a
0
, a
1
,
a
2
nh sau:

3 0 1
4 1 2
5 0 1 2
6 0 2
a a a
a a a
a a a a
a a a
=
=
=
=

By gi chng ta cho ( a
0
, a
1
, a
2
) ln lt cc gi tr (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0,
1) th chng ta s xc nh c (a
3
, a
4
, a
5
, a
6
) ln lt nh sau (1, 0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1,
0), (0, 1, 1, 1). Vy chng ta c ma trn H nh sau:
10

3 7
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 1
H

(
(
=
(
(

Ch : Cc ma trn kim tra khc nhau ca cng mt b m u c kh
nng kim tra nh nhau tc l u c th gip chng ta pht hin mt t hp c
phi l t m hay khng.
i vi ma trn sinh h thng th vic xc nh ma trn kim tra d hn
nhiu, da trn b sau:
B : Nu ma trn sinh h thng ca mt m tuyn tnh h thng c dng:

( )
|
k n kk k n k
G I P

( =

Th

( ) ( ) ( )( )
|
T
n k n k n k n k n k
H P I

( =

Tng t nu ma trn sinh c dng:

( )
|
k n k n k kk
G P I

( =

Th ma trn kim tra c dng:

( )
( ) ( )( )
|
k n k
n k n n k n k
H I P

(
=

Trong
( )( ) n k n k
I

l ma trn n v kch thc (n k) (n k), cn
( )
T
k n k
P

l ma trn chuyn v ca ma trn
( ) k n k
P

.
Chng minh:
Xt ma trn sinh h thng c dng 1:

00 01 0( 1)
10 11 1( 1)
( )
( 1)0 ( 1)1 ( 1)( 1)
( )
1 0 0
0 1 0
|
0 0 1
n k
n k
k n kk k n k
k k k n k
k k k n k
P P P
P P P
G I P
P P P

(
(
(
(
( = =
(
(
(
(

Xt ma trn H sau:
11

00 10 ( 1)0
01 11 ( 1)1
( ) ( ) ( )( )
0( 1) ( 1) ( 1)( 1)
( )
1 0 0
0 1 0
|
0 0 1
k
k
T
n k n k n k n k n k
n k n k k n k
n k k
P P P
P P P
H P I
P P P

= = = = = = =

(
(
(
(
( = =
(
(
(
(

Ta chng minh 0
T
G H =
chng minh iu ny ta chng minh 0 0,..., 1, 0,... 1
i j
g h i k j n k = = =
trong
0 ( 1)
( ,..., )
i i i n
g g g

= l hng i ca G cn
0 ( 1)
( ,...,
j j j n
h h h

= l hng j ca ma trn
H. Th vy ta c:

1 1 1
( ) ij ij
0 0
0
n k n k
is js is js is js ji i k j
s s s k
g h g h g h g h h g P P

+
= = =
= = + = + = + =

Chng minh tng t cho dng cn li ca G.
Kh nng chng nhiu tng ng.
Chng ta bit rng kh nng pht hin sai v sa sai ca mt m tuyn
tnh ph thuc vo khong cch Humming ca b m. V vy chng ta nh ngha
rng: Hai m tuyn tnh C(n, k) c gi l c kh nng chng nhiu tng ng
nu chng c cng khong cch Hamming. T ta c b sau.
B : Nu hon v ct ca mt ma trn sinh s to ra mt b m mi c kh
nng chng nhiu tng ng vi b m c. Ni cch khc vic hon v hai ct
ca ma trn sinh khng lm thay i kh nng chng nhiu.
p dng iu ny nn ngi ta thng dng php hon v ny cng vi cc
php bin i s cp trn hng to ra nhng ma trn sinh hiu qu hn trong
vic m ha v gii m nhng kh nng chng nhiu vn khng thay i.
Cch tnh khong cch Hamming ca b m: Chng ta bit rng cch
Hamming ca hai t m bng trng s ca tng hai t m . M do i vi m
tuyn tnh tng hai t m l mt t m nn t y chng ta suy ra khong cch
Hamming ca hai t m bng trng s ca mt t m no . Khi qut ln chng
ta c b sau:
B : Khong cch Hamming ca m tuyn tinh bng trng s nh nht
khc 0 ca b m.
12
V vy tnh khong cch Hamming ca mt m tuyn tnh th chng ta s
tm t m no khc khng m trng s nh nht.
Ngoi ra tnh khong cch Hamming ca mt m tuyn tinh chng ta cn
c mt cch c pht biu thng qua b sau:
B : Gi H l ma trn kim tra ca mt m tuyn tnh nu mt t m c
trng s d th tn ti d ct ca H c tng bng 0.
H qu: Nu trong ma trn kim tra H ca mt m tuyn tnh s ct ph
thuc tuyn tnh nh nht l d th khong cch Hamming ca b m bng d.
V d 5: Xt ma trn H trong v d 4:

3 7
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 1
H

(
(
=
(
(

Chng ta thy s ct ph thuc tuyn tnh ca H l 3, c th l cc ct s 3, 4
v 6 (ch s c tnh bt u t 1). V vy b m tng ng c khong cch
Hamming d = 3, do m c th pht hin sai 2 bit v sa sai c 1 bit.
2.5. Cch sa sai
Trc ht chng ta s nh ngha khi nim vecto li (error pattern vector) v
khi nim tp gii m (decoding set) hay i lc cn gi l tp coset l nhng khi
nim lm nn tng cho vic sa sai.
Vecto li: L vecto biu din cc v tr li gia t m truyn v t hp nhn,
mi v tr li c biu din bng bit 1, cn cc v tr cn li s c gi tr 0.
Nu t m nhn c truyn i l w, vecto li l e v vecto nhn l c th
chng ta c:

v w e
e v w
=
=

V d nu t m w = 1011011, vecto li l e = 0010100 c ngha l sai v
tr s 3 v 5 (tnh t tri, bt u bng 1) vecto nhn s l 1001111 v w e = = . Ngc
li nu t m w = 0110010 cn vecto nhn l v = 0010011 th vecto li l e=v w
= 0100001 c ngha l c sai xy ra cc v tr s 2 v s 7.
Chng ta thy trng s ca vecto li biu din khong cch Hamming gia
t m pht v t hp nhn. Khi nim trn gi cho chng ta mt iu nh sau:
Nu vecto nhn l v th chng ta c th tnh c vecto li tng ng vi mi t
13
m bng cch cng v vi ln lt cc t m v ri da vo nguyn l khong cch
Hamming ti thiu chng ta thy rng vecto li no c trng s nh nht th m
tng ng chnh l t m c pht i. Chng ta s hnh thc ha iu ny bng
khi nim sau:
Tp gii m coset: Cho S l mt khng gian con cc t m ca khng gian
V, coset ca mt phn t ze V i ci S c k hiu l z S v c nh ngha
nh sau:

{ } : z S z w w S = e
B : Tp coset z c cc tnh cht sau:
(1) z z S e . L do ny v t m 0 ... 0 e S nn z = z 0 ... 0 e S
(2) Nu z e S th z S = S. L do ny l tng quan ca hai t l mt t m.
Hn na
i j
z w z w = vi
i j
w w = nn khng c hai phn t no ca z S
ging nhau.
(3) Nu z z S e th v S z S = . Tht vy v
i
v z w = vi mi w
i
no e S.
V vy
i
v S z w S = . M
i
w S S = nn v S z S =
(4) Nu v z S e v v S v z S ri nhau. Tht vy nu v S v z S
khng ri nhau. Suy ra tn ti u v S e v u z S e . M u v S e suy ra
u S v S = . Tng t u z S e suy ra u S z S = . V vy v S v z S
phi xa ri nhau.
Ch : Mi coset c s phn t ng bng s phn t ca tp S v tt c cc
phn t z v ( w e S) l khc nhau. V vy, vi b trn chng ta suy ra
cc coset ca V bng s phn t ca V chia cho s phn t ca S. C th vi
V l mt khng gian 2
n
vecto, cn S c 2
k
vecto th tp s coset s l 2
n-k
.
Vi cc khi nim trn chng ta a ra s gii m theo nguyn l
khong cch Hamming ti thiu nh sau:
(1) Vi mi vecto nhn v chng ta s c mt tp coset tng ng l
v S .
(2) Trong tp ny chn phn t c trn s nh nht, chng hn l z.
Phn t ny thng c gi l coset leader.
(3) Thng bo t m c truyn chnh l w v z = . R rng coset
leader chnh l vecto li m b gii m theo nguyn l khong cch
ti thiu gn cho v. Ch rng tt c cc thnh vin ca tp coset
v S c cng tp coset nh v (theo tnh cht 3). Nh vy, tt c cc
thnh vin ca mt tp coset c cng vecto li chnh l coset leader
14
ca tp. V vy nu chng ta nhn bit c mt vecto nhn thuc
tp coset no th cng n vi coset leader ca tp s c t m
ng c pht i tng ng. l l do ti sao tp coset cn
c gi l tp gii m.
Vn by gi l lm sao xc nh mt cch nhanh nht mt vecto nhn
tng ng vi vecto li no hay chnh l vi coset leader.
B : Cc phn t ca mt tp coset c cng mt syndrome nh nhau. Cc
tp coset khc nhau c syndrome khc nhau.
Chng minh:
Tht vy chng ta c vi
i
w S e th:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) ( )
T T T T T
i i i
s v w v w H v H w H v H v H s v = = + = = =
V vy cc phn t ca tp coset v S c cng syndrome nh nhau v d
nhin c cng syndrome ca coset leader ca tp.
Mt khc nu u v S = . Gi s s(u) = s(v) th:

T T
u H v H =
T y suy ra:
( ) 0
T
u v H =
Suy ra
i
u v w = vi w
i
l mt t no . iu ny suy a u = v

+ w
i
c ngha
l u v S e (mu thun). iu ny hon tt chng minh ca chng ta.
Vy mi coset c c trng bng mt syndrome hay mt vecto sa sai duy
nht. Cc vecto sa sai ny c kch thc l n k. Vy c mt s tng ng mt
mt gia 2
n-k
cp vecto sa sai vi 2
n-k
vecto c chiu di n k.
ng dng iu ny chng ta thy bn nhn s ch cn gi mt bng bao gm
2
n-k
dy c chiu di n k mi dy tng ng vi mt vecto li chnh l coset
leader ca cc tp coset. Vi mi vecto nhn v, b gii m s tnh ( )
T
s v v H = ri
tm trong bng c xc nh vecto li e tng ng vi s(v). Cui cng b gii
m s thng bo t m ng c pht i l w v e = .
t e = (a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
), v gi ct ca H ln lt bng h
1
, h
2
, ..., h
n
th chng
ta c:
15

1 0
( )
i
n
T
i i i i
i a
s e e H a h a h
= =
= = =

C ngha l s(e) s bng tng nhng ct nhng v tr tng ng vi nhng
v tr bng 1 ca e. Chng hn nu v tr li sai trong khi truyn l 3 th syndrome
ca vecto nhn tng ng s bng s ct 3 ca ma trn kim tra H. Chi tit hn
chng ta xt v d:
V d 6: Xt mt m tuyn tnh C(7, 4) c ma trn sinh h thng nh sau:

4 7
1 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1
G

(
(
(
=
(
(

T y chng ta c mt ma trn kim tra ca b m trn nh sau:

3 7
0 1 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
H

(
(
=
(
(

B m trn c khong cch Hamming d = 3. V vy c th pht hin 2 bit v
sa sai c 1 bit.
Gi s ng truyn sai ti a 1 bit v vecto nhn l v = 1010110, hy tm
m ng c pht i. Ta tnh:

1 3 5 6
0
( ) 1
1
T
s v v H h h h h
(
(
= = =
(
(

Trong h
i
l s ct th i ca H(tnh t trai v bt u bng 1).
Chng ta thy s(v) = h
i
nn suy ra li sai v tr s 1, v vy t m ng
c pht i l:
1010110 1000000 0010110 w v e = = =
T tng ny gi cho chng ta mt loi m cho php pht hin sai 1 bit
nhanh nht. M ny c tn gi l m tuyn tnh Hamming.
M truyn tuyn tnh Hamming: M tuyn tnh Hamming l ma trn H c
tnh cht gi tr ca ct h
i
bng i(i = 1, 2, ...)
V d ma trn sau biu din m tuyn tnh Hamming C(4, 7):
16

3 7
0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1
H

(
(
=
(
(

B : Cc m tuyn tnh Hamming u c khong cch Hamming d = 3. V
vy c th pht hin sai 2 bit v sa sai 1 bit.
Chng minh:
D thy vi cc nh ngha ca ma trn H, chng ta thy s ct ph thuc
tuyn tnh t nht ca H l 3 (chng hn 3 ct u). V vy m Hamming c d = 3.
M tuyn tnh Hamming cho php chng ta sa sai 1 bit mt cch n gin
nh sau:
(1) Tnh syndrome s(v) ca vecto nhn
(2) i chui nh phn tng ng ra gi tr thp phn kt qu i s l v tr
li sai xy ra.
(3) Sa sai v tr li sai tng ng.
Chng hn ly m tuyn tnh Hamming C(7, 4) nh trn nu s(v) = 101
th v tr li sai l 5 (v 101
2
i ra thp phn l 5).
Mt bi ton cn li t ra y i vi m tuyn tnh Hamming l xc
nh ma trn sinh G thc hin vic m ha v gii m. lm c
iu ny ngi ta thng ly k trong n v tr cha cc bit thng tin, cc
bit cn li s lm cc bit kim tra. Chi tit hn chng ta xt v d sau:
V d 7: Xt m tuyn tnh Hamming C(7, 4) cc bit thng tin cc v
tr 3, 5, 6, 7. Hy xc nh ma trn sinh G ca b m.
Gi w=(a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
, a
6
, a
7
) l t m, chng ta c h phng trnh
sau c dn ra t cng thc 0
T
w H =

4 5 6 7
2 3 6 7
1 3 5 7
0
0
0
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
=
=
=

T y chng ta suy ra cng thc tnh cc bit kim tra a
1
, a
2
, a
4
theo
cc bit thng bo a
3
, a
5
, a
6
, a
7
nh sau:

1 3 5 7
2 3 6 7
4 5 6 7
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
=
=
=

Cng thc ny cho php chng ta m ha thng bo u thnh t m w.
17
3. Mt s gii hn
3.1. Gii hn trn Hamming v s lng t m
nh l 1: Nu b m
{ }
1
, ,
M
w w gm cc t m nh phn chiu di n c
th sa sai cc li sai t bit, th s lng t m M phi tha mn bt ng thc sau:

0
2
( )
n
t
n
i
i
M
=
s

Chng minh: i vi mi t m w
i
nh ngha mt tp A
i
bao gm tt c
cc dy v
i
c khong cch Hamming so vi w
i
nh hn hay bng t. Tng s dy A
i

c cho bng:

2
0
1 ( ) ( ) ( )
t
n n n
t i
i
n
=
=

c th sa sai c cc li sai t th tp A
1
, A
2
, ..., A
M
phi ri nhau. M
tng s phn t ca tt c cc tp A
i
phi nh hn hoc bng tng s dy c chiu
di n. V vy:

0
( ) 2
t
n n
i
i
M
=
s

T y suy ra iu phi chng minh.
3.2. Gii hn v s lng bit kim tra
nh l 2: Nu mt m tuyn tnh C(n, k) c th sa sai cc li sai t bit, th
s bit kim tra r = n k phi tha mn bt ng thc sau:

0
2 ( )
t
r n
i
i=
>

Chng minh: i vi mi vecto li e chng ta c mt syndrome (hay vecto
sa sai) tng ng. Vy sa sai tt c cc li sai t th chng ta c
0
( )
t
n
i
i =
vecto
li v vy c
0
( )
t
n
i
i =
vecto sa sai. M tng s vecto sa sai l bng 2

n-k
= 2
r
. Tht
vy v cc vecto thuc dng mt tp coset th c cng mt vecto sa sai. Do s
lng vecto sa sai bng vi s lng tp coset tc l bng 2
n-k
. V vy chng ta
cn phi c:

0
2 ( )
t
r n
i
i=
>

18
iu ny ton tt chng minh.
Ch : nh l ny ch l iu kin cn ch khng . Chng hn vi n =
10, t= 2chungs ta suy ra t nh l trn rng r 6 l cn thit. Tuy nhin, chng ta
c th kim tra li rng sa c li sai 2 bit th cn c t nht r = 7.
Ch , gii hn di v s lng bit kim tra i vi m tuyn tnh ging vi
gii hn trn v s lng t m trong nh l 1. Tht vy i vi m tuyn tnh C(n,
k) theo nh l 1 chng ta c
0
2
2
( )
n
k
t
n
i
i
M
=
= s
. T y suy ra
0
2 2 ( )
t
r n k n
i
i
=
= >

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