Bi vit gii thiu nhng vn c bn lin quan n acquy, t tp trung vo mt s cng ngh

np acquy cng nh lm r nhng u khuyt im ca chng.

1. Qu trnh np acquy

C rt nhiu loi acquy khc nhau nhng trn cc loi tu, thuyn v trong dn dng th ph bin l
acquy axit-ch.

Mt acquy nh th c to bi mt s lng nht nh cc ngn (gi l CELL).

Mt ngn acquy axit-ch to ra mt in p khong 2V. Mt acquy nh s gm 6 ngn u ni tip
c c in p ra l 12V. Cc ngn cng to th cng nng nhng in p mi ngn vn l 2V, ch c
dung lng l ln hn. Nhng ngn ring r khi u ni tip s to ra cc acquy 12V (6 ngn) hoc 24V
(12 ngn).

Mc d acquy c gi l bnh 12V nhng in p ca n s bin thin t 12.6V xung 10V khi x v
tng ln n 15 hoc 16V khi np. Tuy nhin acquy c an ton, ta phi gii hn in p cc i khi
np sao cho khng c vt qu 13.8V trong di hn v 14.4V trong ngn hn (ti a l 8h).

2. Phng php np 3 giai on

np acquy thng thng c 2 cch: cch th nht tm gi l np ni (float) v cch th hai l
np 3 giai on. Np ni cng c 2 kiu: tt v khng tt.

Np ni tt l cch np acquy vi dng in np khng i cho n khi t n in p ni (13,8V
hoc 27,6V), sau s gim dn dng in np gi in p ny. Cch ny c th nhanh chng phc
hi khong 75% dung lng acquy nhng 25% cn li s cn mt khong thi gian kh lu.

Cch np ni khng tt bt u vi dng in nh mc nhng khi acquy bt u np th in p ca
n s tng v dng in s gim trc khi t n c in p ni. V vy thm ch khi phc 75%
dung lng bnh cng i hi mt thi gian rt lu, cn vic np y acquy th khng bao gi thnh hin
thc.

Cch np tt nht chnh l np 3 giai on. u tin cng np vi dng khng i cho n khi t n
in p 14,4V hoc 28,8V (giai on 1). Sau gi nguyn gi tr in p ny, v do dng in gim
dn cho n gi tr bng gi tr cc i (giai on 2). Lc ny acquy s c np khong 90% dung
lng. in p np li t ng gim xung v gi in p ni l 13,8V hoc 27,6V (giai on 3). Khi
bnh s t t c khi phc 10% dung lng cn li. Nh vy ton b dung lng acquy s c khi
phc nhanh chng v an ton.

3. Cc loi b np

Trn th trng c rt nhiu kiu s mch in np. Di y l ba nguyn l{ c bn:

3.1. CNG HNG ST T

Vic s dng mch iu khin tn s thp khin cho cc mch np loi ny c khi lng ln, cng
knh v ch p ng c cc c tnh np ni cht lng thp nn thi gian np ko di. Khng nhng
th, cc mch np loi ny to ra mt trng in t ln c th gy nhiu cho cc thit b in t khc
trong h thng. Tt nhin, cc mch loi ny c u im l r v n gin bi s lng t cc phn t
trong mch. Vic ng dng mch np loi ny hng vo cc i tng mun gim gi thnh sn phm
v mc thp nht.

3.2. MCH NP TUYN TNH

Mch np loi ny cng s dng bin p tn s thp gim in p u vo v mc thp hn, nhng
li s dng cc tranzito iu khin dng v in p t ln acquy. K thut ny c th s dng cho c
phng php np ni ln phng php np 3 giai on nhng khng hiu qu bi 3 l do: NNG, NNG
V CNG KNH. Kh khn ln nht ca mch np loi ny l phi hn ch di bin thin ca in p u
vo.

3.3. MCH NP CNG NGH XUNG (SWITCHING)

Mch np loi ny phc tp hn 2 loi trn. Ngun vo xoay chiu AC u tin c chnh lu thnh
in mt chiu DC in p cao. Sau li c bin i thnh xoay chiu AC tn s cao s dng cc
tranzito v bin p cao tn (bin p cao tn c khi lng nh hn bin p thp tn cng cng sut)
t c mc in p cn thit cho np acquy. Mt mch iu khin s m bo mt thit k tng th
p ng c cc tiu ch NH GN, KINH T v HIU SUT CAO. Mch np cng ngh xung c th thc
hin theo phng php np ni hoc np 3 giai on.


4. Cc chc nng bo v

Mch np acquy phi c thit k c th vt qua hng lot cc s c c th xy ra trong hoc
sau khi lp t.

4.1. Bo v khi ngn mch u ra

4.2. Bo v khi u ngc cc acquy. Phng php n gin nht l dng cu ch. Hoc c th dng
rle khi dng in mch ngoi thp nhng n li khng kh thi khi dng in cao. Cc phng php s
dng mch in t c p dng cho cc mch c dng in ln, nhng chi ph kh cao.

4.3. Bo v qu nhit cn thit trong trng hp nhit t n mc nguy him

4.4. Bo v qu p mch ngoi phi c thc hin trong trng hp c li mch iu khin b
np. D mch thit k tt nhng bn thn cc linh kin i khi vn c xc sut hng. Nu iu xy ra,
mch phi bo v acquy khi tnh trng qu np lin tc.

5. Cm bin

5.1. Cm bin nhit

in p ni 13,8V hoc 27,6V ni trn l in p l{ tng ca acquy nhit 25
o
C. Khi nhit
tng, in p ny s gim mt lng nh. Lng nh ny c th khng ng k khi h thng lm vic
nhit phng, nhng trong cc iu kin nng m nh nc ta, v d trong cc xng my v ma h,
nhit c th t ti 40-45
o
C, lc ny b np cn phi c trang b mt thit b cm bin nhit t xa.
Thit b ny gm mt khi cm bin nhit gn vo acquy v dy cp ni ti b np iu chnh li in
p np cho ph hp.

5.2. Cm bin in p

Dy cp ni gia b np v acquy phi ph hp gim ti a in p ri trn dy. Bi bt kz in p
ri no trn dy cng lm tng thm thi gian np. c hiu sut cao nht, b np phi iu khin
in p trn acquy ch khng phi trn b np. iu ny c c bng cch ly mt si dy nh ni t
cc dng ca acquy n khi cm bin in p trn b np. Khng phi b np no cng c trang b
loi cm bin ny bi nh hng n gi thnh sn xut. Nhng tm quan trng ca khi cm bin s
tng ln rt nhiu khi np vi dng in ln.

6. Cc thng s c trng ca acquy

Thng s u tin khi la chn acquy l in p (V). in p ca cc thit b s dng phi tng thch
vi in p acquy (hoc 12V hoc 24V).

Dng in ch dng nng lng t acquy n thit b tiu th v c o bng ampe (A). Khi acquy
khng x th dng bng 0. Dng tiu th cng cao th acquy cng nhanh b x ht.

Dung lng acquy c nh gi bng i lng Ampe-gi (Ah). V d, vi mt acquy 12V 100Ah, ta
c th s dng trong 100 gi nu dng tiu th l 1A, 50 gi l 2A v 10 gi l10A. l mt v d,
nhng thc ra dung lng s gim khi dng x tng ln.

Vic np acquy cng theo nguyn l{ tng t. Tuy nhin qu trnh bin i ngc t in nng thnh
ha nng c hao tn. V vy np y acquy 100Ah ta cn nng lng l 120Ah ngha l np 10 gi vi
dng 12A, 15 gi - vi 8A, 24h vi 5A vv.

Dng in bng cng sut chia cho in p. V vy nu u mt bng n c cng sut 36W vo acquy
c in p 12V th dng in tiu th ca bng n l 36W/12V=3A.

7. Tnh ton chn la b np acquy

Di y l cch tnh ton la chn b np ph hp :
- Xc nh in p acquy : 12V hay 24V ;
- Xc nh s lng acquy phi np : 1, 2, 3 hay 4 ;
- Dung lng tng ca cc bnh l bao nhiu ?
V d : C 2 bnh 60Ah, 1 bnh 100Ah ngha l tng dung lng 220Ah.
- Thi gian np yu cu ?
(Ngn nht l 6 gi, thng cao nht l 24 gi, nu khng r c th t 10 gi)
- Chia tng dung lng cho thi gian np c dng np, ngha l: 220Ah/10 gi = 22A
- Thm vo 20% b cho hao tn trn acquy, ngha l: 22A +20% = 26.4A
- Nu trong qu trnh np cn cung cp b sung dng cho ti no th phi cng vo dng np yu
cu. Gi s cn thp sng mt bng n 24W, ngha l cn thm vo 2A, nh vy dng np yu cu l
26.4A+2A = 28.4A
- Chn b np cung cp dng np ln hn gi tr tng tnh trn
Lu {: B np c dng ln qu c th ph hng acquy, dng nh qu th ko di thi gian np.

8. Mt s lu khi lp t b np acquy

- Ngun vo ca b np l ngun xoay chiu v c th gy nguy him cho ngi. Gia b np v
ngun phi c thit b ng ct.

- Acquy cha mt nng lng gy chy n nu b chm chp cc u cc. V vy cn ht sc
cn thn khi u ni b np vi acquy. Dy ni phi c ng knh thch hp nhm t dng np nh
mc, c di ngn nht c th v phi c gim gi c nh.

- B np phi c gi c nh, phi c trnh nc v hi nc.

- m bo khong khng gian lu thng gia b np v cc phn t khc ca h thng thot nhit
trong khi hot ng. Cc l thong tn nhit khng c bt kn.

SEMITECH R & D