1

I. GII THIU

Thnh ph Cn Th l thnh ph duy nht ca vng ng bng sng MKng, mt trong cc tnh
trng im, ni ting vi sn lng la hn 1000 tn/nm.

Trong nhng nm tr li y, cng vi s a dng ha v h thng t canh tc ang din ra
ng bng sng Mkng, ngi nng dn trng la Cn Th cng ang dn chuyn i th c
canh cy la sang trng mt s loi cy rau mu v hoa qu nhm to u th cnh tranh v nng
cao nng sut cho sn phm nng nghip, ci thin i sng kinh t h gia nh.

Tuy nhin, khng nh mt s tnh khc ng bng sng Cu Long ni ting vi mt lai cy tri
(nh ng Thp, Tin Giang ni ting vi xoi, Vnh Long vi bi, hoc Bn Tre vi cam snh..)
cho n nay Cn Th vn cha c mt loi tri cy no thc s ni ting, gn lin vi tn tui
thnh ph mc d gn y c s gia tng ng k v din tch v sn lng cc loi cy n qu
ti Cn Th. B li, thnh ph Cn Th li c tim nng trong lnh vc rau c, rau u, c th pht
trin thnh sn phm cnh tranh ca tnh.

Chnh v vy, chng trnh pht trin k thut c GTZ, Metro Vit Nam v B Thng mi mun
gip Cn Th trong vic tm ra mt hoc mt s loi rau c tim nng nhm tp trung pht trin
trong tng lai. Nghin cu v hin trng rau c qu ca tnh Cn Th v c bit phn tch chui
gi tr rau c qu cho thnh ph l mc ch nghin cu tip theo ca Axis Research (phn 2) sau
khi nghin cu chui gi tr Bi Vnh Long, c nu phn 1.

Tng t phn 1, phn 2 cng bao gm 3 phn chnh 1) Phn tch tnh hnh kinh t v nng nghip
thnh ph Cn Th trong vic trng trt rau c qu; 2) Phn tch chui gi tr rau c qu ca thnh
ph Cn Th; 3) Kt lun v hng h tr cho chui gi tr ny.

Sau y l ni dung chi tit.


2
II. THNG TIN CHUNG V THNH PH CN TH V RAU C CN TH

1. Din tch, dn s, lao ng (nm 2004)
BN THNH PH CN TH
TP Cn Th nm trung tm ng bng
sng Cu Long, gia mt mng li sng
ngi knh rch. Pha Bc gip An Giang,
pha Nam gip Hu Giang, pha Ty gip
Kin Giang, pha ng gip Vnh Long v
ng Thp (xem bn ).

Theo nin gim thng k tnh Cn Th 2004,
trong tng s din tch t t nhin l
138,959.99 ha, din tch t dnh cho nng
nghip kh cao (116,867.96 ha) chim gn
85%. iu ny l u th trong vic m rng
din tch t gieo trng cho cc loi hoa mu
v cy n qu.

Bn cnh iu kin giao thng c v ng b ln ng thy tip gip vi cc tnh ln cn v
quc gia khc trong khu vc cng l nhng iu kin thun li cho Cn Th trong vic m rng
giao thng y mnh s tiu th hng ha, nht l cc sn phm nng nghip.

Dn s tnh Cn Th nm 2004 l 1,127,765 ngi, trong nng thn v thnh th xp x nhau:
thnh th chim 49.8% v nng thn 50.2%. Thnh phn dn tc ngi Kinh vn chim a s
(96%). Ngoi ra cn c ngi Hoa chim t l nh (1.5%), ngi Khme (2%) v cc dn tc khc.
Mt dn s trung bnh 811 ngi/km
2
.Trong tng s lao ng kinh t hin nay tnh Cn Th, lao
ng trong nng- lm nghip l 255,896 ngi, chim hn 50%. (ngun: s 1, Ph lc 1)

2. Kinh t
Tc tng GDP ca Cn Th kh cao trong nhng nm gn y:
Nu trong giai on 1976 - 1985 l 4.99%; giai on 1986 - 2000 l 9.42%, th giai on 2001 -
2003 l 11.67%. c bit, sau mt nm Cn Th tr thnh TP trc thuc Trung ng, tc tng
trng kinh t t 14.93% (2004). Nm 2005 tc tng trng GDP t mc k lc: 15.79% , c
bit trong cng nghip v dch v vi c cu kinh t chuyn dch theo hng Cng nghip ha,
hin i ha tng dn t trng thng mi, dch v. (xem bng 1).
Thu nhp bnh qun u ngi ca Cn Th nm 2005 t khong 720 USD, tng 15.9% so vi
2004.

Ring sn xut nng nghip hin ang chuyn dn sang hnh thi nng nghip th. Nhiu h
nng dn t gi tr sn xut trn 50 triu ng/ha/nm, c bit c h t trn 100 triu
ng/ha/nm. (ngun: s 7, ph lc 1). Tuy nhin, tc tng GDP ca nng nghip khng cao
(3.26%), thp hn rt nhiu so vi dch v (16.7%) v cng nghip (22.2%)
Bng 1: T trng GDP ca cc ngnh kinh t thnh ph Cn Th (2003-2005)
% 2003 2004 2005 Tc tng trng
GDP 2005
Nng lm thy sn 29.4 21.23 17.76 3,26
Cng nghip xy dng 34.69 35.05 38.76 22,2
Dch v 35.91 43.72 44.08 16,7
(Ngun: s 7+8, ph lc 1)


3

Xut nhp khu
Cc khu cng nghip- khu ch xut trn a bn thnh ph nm 2005 thu ht c 27 d n mi,
vi tng vn ng k 113,15 triu USD. Tnh chung ti y c 135 d n cn hiu lc vi tng
vn ng k hn 461 triu USD (ngun: s 10, ph lc 1)

Kim ngch xut khu hng ha v dch v thu ngoi t nm 2005 t gn 348,5 triu USD tng
15.34%, trong , xut khu go v thy sn chim n 2/3 (xem th 1). Trong nm 2005, thnh
ph xut khu 562 ngn tn go cc loi (tng 64% so vi cng k nm 2004), vi tng gi tr kim
ngch xp x 140 triu USD v hn 35,000 tn thy sn, t kim ngch hn 108 triu USD (tng 11%
so vi 2004).

Th 1: C cu kim ngch xut khu Tp.Cn Th nm 2005
(ngun: s 10, ph lc 1)
Go
36%
Thy sn
28%
Hng ha
v dch v
khc
32%
Da v th
cng m
ngh
4%
Rau qu
ng lnh
0.5%

Thc t cho thy, mc d Cn Th chuyn dn sang hng cng nghip, thng mi v dch v,
nhng v xut khu, mt hng nng nghip (go v thy sn) vn chim a s, da v th cng m
ngh tuy gi tr kim ngch xut khu cn khim tn, trn 13 triu USD (chim 4%) nhng c tc
tng trng cao. y l hai mt hng c nh gi l c nhiu tim nng pht trin cho hot ng
ngoi thng ca thnh ph.

Ring rau qu ng lnh xut khu so vi tng kim ngch cc mt hng xut khu cn rt nh, ch
t 2,000 tn, tng ng 1,7 triu USD, nhng so vi cng k nm ngoi cng tng gp i
(ngun:s 8, ph lc 1). y thc s l kt qu ng khch l ca ngnh rau c qu thnh ph trong
nm qua.

3. Nng Nghip
3.1. Tnh hnh chung
Nhn chung, tc tng trng gi tr sn xut nng nghip Cn Th (ni chung) trong nhng nm
qua c s gia tng khng ng k (trung bnh khong 1 -2%/nm). (Ngun: s 1, ph lc 1). Trong
, trng trt vn chim gi tr cao nht so vi chn nui v dch v, nh c gi tr xut khu go (l
chnh) (xem th 2). Tuy nhin, tc tng trng ca ngnh ny cng c nhiu bin ng t
2001-2005 (xem thm bng 3): tc tng trng nm cao, nm thp, cao nht t tc tng
23% nm 2004.



4
th 2: Gi tr sn xut nng nghip Thnh ph Cn Th t 2001-2004
(ngun : s 1, ph lc 1)
2
3
2
6
2
3
6
2
8
6
7
1
5
2
3
6
9
3
6
8
3
5
9
9
5
3
3
3
0
1
1
1
1
1
7
0
5
2
1
3
6
8
0
1
3
3
0
1
1
1
1
5
4
5
4
0
1
7
3
3
3
2
0
2
3
6
6
6
5
5
2
1
7
5
3
8
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
2001 2002 2003 2004
Trng trt Chn nui Dch v
Triu ng
Nm


Tnh hnh rau c qu
3.2.1 Din tch trng trt
Theo nin gim thng k 2004, din tch t gieo trng cc loi cy trong nhng nm gn y
khng c s gia tng ng k, ch khong 1%, tp trung vo mt s cy lng thc (la, mu
lng thc..), cy cng nghip hng nm (u nnh, m..), v mt s cy lu nm (cy n
qu). Bng s 2 s cho ta thy s liu thng k n 2004 v din tch trng trt. Ring th s
2 s ch r hn tc tng trng ca din tch cy trng cho ring rau u v cy n tri ti Cn
Th t 2002-2004

Bng 2: Din tch gieo trng cc loi cy Thnh ph Cn Th 2002-2004
Ha
Nm 2002 2003 2004
Tng s 255,725 255,097 264,015
I. Cy hng nm 229,188 226,965 230,671
1 Cy lng thc 229, 188 226,965 230,671
2. Cc cht bt c c 73 90 77
3. Cy rau u (bao gm da
hu v cc lai u) 6,109 5,296 5,691
4. Cy cng nghip hng nm 2,234 3,148 8,069
5. Cy hng nm khc - 3 10
II. Cy lu nm 18,121 19,595 19,497
1. Cy cng nghip 3,812 3,405 3,137
2. Cy n qu 14,309 16,190 16,360
(Ngun: Nin gim thng k Cn Th 2004, s 1, ph lc 1)









5

th 3: Tc tng trng din tch rau c qu Tp.Cn Th 2000-2004
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Nm
Ha
Cy rau, u
Cy n qu

Da vo bng v th trn, din tch gieo trng cy n tri ln gp 3 ln rau u, nhng tc
tng trng thp (2004 ch t 1,05%). Trong khi tc tng trng ca rau u t 7.5%
trong 2004 mc d tng din tch trng trt rau u ch t 5,691 ha, bng khang 1/3 cy n qu
v c trng nhiu Mn, Phong in. Trong cy n qu, din tch cy c mi chim hn
7,000 ha (gn din tch), ch yu l cam, qut, bi, chanh, tp trung trng nhiu nht huyn
Phong in.

Bn phn b din tch rau qu cc qun huyn Tp.Cn Th 2004
(ngun: Tng hp Nin gim thng k Tp. Cn Th 2004 & Axis)



6

3.2 Gi tr sn xut
Theo tnh hnh thng k t 2000-2005, gi tr sn xut ca ngnh trng trt Tp.Cn Th nhn
chung c s gia tng trung bnh khong 12%, cao nht l 2004 (t 23%). (xem bng 3)

Bng 3: Gi tr sn xut nng nghip Tp.Cn Th
n v: Triu ng
Nm 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 c 2005
Tng s 1,778,472 1,733,320 2,366,655 2,326,236 2,867,152 3,265,292
Cy lng thc 1,350,280 1,292,533 1,928,304 1,871,825 2,283,949 2,649,379
Cy n qu 250,052 259,601 221,795 253,488 303,399 321,022
Cy thc phm 101,098 102,520 115,849 100,608 110,983 114,192
Sn phm ph
trng trt
47,114 45,092 67,237 56,244 79,660 93,621
Cy cng nghip 27,337 31,620 31,670 32,993 87,133 127,236
Cy c c 2,106 1,463 1,309 1,587 1,358 1,242
Cc cy khc 485 491 491 491 671 735
(Ngun : Nin gim thng k Tp.Cn Th 2004, s 1, ph lc 1)

Nhn vo bng trn, gi tr sn xut ca cy n qu so vi tng gi tr sn xut ca cc cy trng
khc chim 11%, ng th hai nhng cch rt xa cy lng thc (80%) .S liu thng k cha
a ra con s c th v gi tr sn xut ca cy rau u, nhng theo bo co ca S nng nghip
TP.Cn Th 2004, gi tr sn xut rau u Cn Th nm 2004 ch t 83,446 triu ng, chim t
l thp (3%).

3.3 Sn lng
3.3.1 Cy n qu
Theo bo co s nng nghip Tp.Cn Th, c din tch v sn lng cy n qu Tp.Cn Th c
s gia tng u t 2002-2004 (xem th 4,5), c bit l cy c mi. ng u l cam, chanh
qut vi sn lng 60,930 tn, chim 49%, k n chui 16,910 tn chim 14%, xoi 5% v da
hu 5%.

Bng 4: Cc loi cy n qu chnh Tp.Cn Th 2004:
Sn phm Din tch (ha) Sn lng (tn)
Qu cc loi 17,612 123,315
- Cam, chanh , qut
6,358 60,930
- Chui
1,646 16,910
- Xoi
2,475 6,042
- Nhn
1,644 5,661
- Chm chm
201 497
- Bi
669 4,730
- Da hu
1,252 14,995
- Cy n qu khc
3,367 13,550
(Ngun: s 2, ph lc 1)



7

th 4: Th phn (sn lng) cc loi cy n qu chnhTp.Cn Th nm 2004

Cc cy
khc
12%
Da hu
13%
Bi
4%
Chm chm
1%
Chui
10%
Nhn
10%
Cam,chanh,
qut
50%


th 5: Tc tng trng (v sn lng) cc cy n qu chnh Tp.Cn Th t 2000-2004
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
Ha
Cam, chanh, qut
Chui
Xoi
Nhn
Chm chm
Bi
Cy n qu khc

th 5 cho thy, ngoi tr cam chanh qut t 2002-2004, c s gia tng ng k v sn lng
(t 42,968 tn ln 60,930 tn) tng 19%, tc tng trng sn lng ca cc cy n tri khc
Cn Th ch khong 2-3 %/nm. iu ny cng han tan khng ngc nhin khi din tch trng
trt ca cc cy c mi ti y chim n din tch cy n tri. (ngun Nin Gim thng k tnh
Cn Th 2004)

3.3.2 Rau u
Nh phn tch trn tnh hnh rau u ti Cn Th so vi tri cy cn cha bng v din tch
v gi tr sn lng. Nu tch da hu v cc lai u/ (ly ht) ra khi danh sch rau u th
din tch thc t ca rau c, rau u ca Cn Th ch t 3,791 ha (chim 1,43% tng din tch
gieo trng). (xem bng 2).


8
Sau y l thng tin chi tit mt s rau u chnh ca tnh trong 2004.

Bng 5. Cc loi sn phm rau u chnh ca Tp. Cn Th 2004
Loi sn phm Din tch trng
(ha)
Nng sut
(t/ha)
Sn lng
(tn/nm)
Tng
3,791 774.44 43,893
1. Da leo
252 107.43 2,556
2. Rau mung 174 107.41 1,869
3. Ci bp 71 120.14 853
4. Hnh ti 85 122.71 1,043
5. C chua 59 48.98 289
6. Bu b mp 254 152.40 3,871
7. Cc loi rau khc (x
lch, tn , ci xanh)
2,896 115.37 33,412
(Ngun: bo co tnh hnh rau qu 2004,s 5, Ph lc 1)

Khc vi Lt, ti Cn Th cc lai c chim mt t l thp, ch yul cc lai rau, kh a dng
v chng lai, bao gm rau ly qu (bu b mp, da leo, c chua, ), rau n l (rau mung, x
lch, tn , ci b xanh, ci da xanh) v rau gia v (ng r, hng cy, hnh ti v.v). Trong cc loi
rau ly qu, bu b mp chim sn lng cao nht (9%), tip n l da leo (5,82%), rau mung
(4,3%).

Ti Cn Th, cc loi rau u c th trng quanh nm, thch hp nht l v ng xun t cui
thng 10 n thng 2 dng lch.

Nm 2004, ton thnh ph gieo trng 6,490 ha rau (ni chung) tng gn 1,200 ha so vi cng
k nm trc, sn lng c t 68,000 tn (tng 27.3%). Trong s ny, c 10- 15% din tch
sn xut rau c nng dn ng dng theo quy trnh sn xut rau an ton t 2003 (ngun s 10,
ph lc 1). Cho n nay, bn cnh nhng kt qu t c t chng trnh ny nh nng cao
nhn thc cho nng dn v ging, k thut trng rau an ton, nng cao nng sut cy trng th
vn cn nhiu kh khn xut pht t nhiu nguyn nhn khch quan ln ch quan nh trnh
nng dn cn thp, h thng thy li cha han chnh, qui trnh x l sn phm sau thu hoch
cha c v.v (xem thm phn phn tch chui gi tr rau qu pha sau). Tuy nhin, y v l hng
pht trin m cc cp ngnh Cn Th ang quan tm, tm ra gii php thch hp m rng quy
m vng sn xut rau an ton vi sn lng v cht lng n nh (Ngun: s 14, ph lc 1)

3.4 Tnh hnh tiu th ni a v xut khu

Vic tiu th ni a rau qu Cn Th ch yu l tiu th trc tip (rau tri ti). Nm 2005, Nng
Trng Sng Hu bao tiu khang 5,000 tn rau qu cc loi. Ngoi ra siu th Metro cng
bao tiu mt s rau an ton trn a bn qun Bnh Thy (ngun s 10, ph luc 1)

Gi tr xut khu ngnh cng nghip ch bin Nng sn ca Cn Th nm 2004 t 93,08 triu
USD.
- Xut khu dng chnh ngch i vi rau (ch yu l nm rm dng ng hp 90% v nm rm
mui 10%) sang th trng i Loan, , Ty Ban Nha, Chu u) v tri cy ti (chm chm,
nhn, xoi) sang th trng Trung Quc, xoi ng hp sang th trng EU. Ngoi ra, Nng
trng Sng Hu cn xut khu u bp sang Nht Bn. (Ngun: s 9, ph lc 1)



9
- Xut khu dng tiu ngch: ch yu l tri cy ti sang th trng Campuchia (Ngun: s 9,
ph lc 1)

Trong nm 2005, ring bn n v doanh nghip: Nng trng Sng Hu, X nghip Ch bin
thc phm Meko, Cng ty Vt t K thut nng nghip v Cng ty vn tri Cu Long xut
khu gn 2, 000 tn rau qu ng lnh, t kim ngch 1,7 triu USD. Cc n v cn tn dng li
th ngun nguyn liu di do ti khu vc BSCL, i mi thit b, m rng tiu th, ch bin
nhiu mt hng mi nh: nc ct cam, chanh, da khng ng xut sang th trng
Singapore. (ngun s 9, ph lc 1)

n thng 7 nm 2005, cc doanh nghip ca TP Cn Th tiu th c gn 4,500 tn
rau qu ng hp, nhiu nht l nm rm, ng non, da v chm chm, tng 67% so cng
k nm trc, t gi tr 57 t ng (ngun s 9, ph lc 1).


III- CHUI GI TR RAU C QU CN TH

S 1: Chui gi tr rau c qu Cn Th


c im chung

Trong chui gi tr rau qu CnTh, Nng dn l i tng c lng phn phi rau qu cho hu
ht cc i tng khc, ng mt vai tr ht sc quan trng. Mt s h nng dn tham gia vo
Hp tc x trng rau an ton ca a phng, cn phn ln nng dn u t trng rau qu v
bn ra bn ngoi. Khi bn cho thng li nng dn ch yu bn mo v nhng c im tin li
ca loi hnh ny so vi vic bn l (xem chi tit pha di).

Thng li Cn Th ch yu c qui m va v nh, a s l thng li ti Tp. Cn Th thu mua
v em bn sn phm ti a phng, ti cc tnh ln cn v ln thnh ph HCM. HTX thu mua
rau an ton thnh ph Cn Th cng ng vai tr nh mt thng li trong vic thu mua v phn
phi rau an tan ca nng dn Cn Th cho siu th Metro v mt s ni khc. Tuy nhin HTX
vn cha pht huy ht vai tr ca mnh khi cha qui hoch v phn b c th cho cc h nng
dn trng cc loi rau.



Nng dn
Bn s
Bn l/ Siu
th
Ngi tiu
dng
Nh hng/
KS/ Qun n
Thng li
Xut khu
Doanh nghip
Ch bin
75%
5%
15% 5%
5%
10% 80%
5%
5%
95% 95%
5%
5%


10
So vi mt s tnh/thnh ph ng bng Sng Cu Long, cc doanh nghip t nhn ch bin rau
qu Tp.Cn Th kinh doanh kh hiu qu vi s gia tng lng hng xut khu rau qu ng
hp. Khng nhng th, cc n v ny cn tn dng li th ngun nguyn liu di do ti khu vc
ng bng sng Cu Long a dng ha sn phm xut khu c ngun thu t cc tnh ln cn.

Ngi bn s, ngi bn l Cn Th c nhng c im kh ging nhng ni khc (trong cc
chui phn tch trc).

Sau y l chi tit.

1. Nng Dn

S 2: Nng dn v cc quan h trc tip


Tri cy. Theo kt qu tho lun nhm do Axis thc hin ti Tp.Cn Th thng 12/2005, nhng
loi tri cy thng trng nht l l Cam, Xoi ct, Bi, Nhn, Su ring, V sa y l
nhng cy t khi trng n thu hoch khang 2- 5 nm. Theo h, vic la chn cy tri trng
ph thuc nhiu vo nhu cu th trng ang cn, hoc da vo kinh nghim, t ch ng
chn loi tri cy ang c tim nng trn th trng trng (ngun: tho lun nhm nng dn,
Axis 2005). Tuy nhin, theo nh gi ca chng ti, vic nh gi nhu cu th trng ca ngi
nng dn ti y cha cao, hu nh vic trng trt ch yu vn da vo kinh nghim nhiu hn
cha theo st c nhu cu th trng (s phn tch thm pha di).

Ngun ging ca cc loi tri cy cng rt a dng. Thng thng, ngi nng dn ly ging t
tri ging ca vin nghin cu cy trng min Nam, t cng ty trang tri, trng i hc Cn
Th, Hp tc x hoc mua t nhng ch vn c cht lng ging tng i tt. Tuy nhin
cn mt s lng ging kh ln c mua t nhng ngun ging tri ni trn th trng. Gi t
tr ging thng mc nht khong 10-15,000/cy, cn r nht l ngun tri ni (khong 3,000-
5,000/cy).
Rau u. Nh phn tch trn phn ln hin nay mt s ni ti Cn Th nng dn ang trin
khai trng rau an ton, tuy nhin din tch trng rau cn rt nh so vi tri cy (xem phn 1), cha
qui hoch thnh khu vc rng. Theo kt qu phng vn chuyn su, din tch trung bnh ca mt
h trng rau t 200-500m
2
. Bn cnh , theo bo co ca s NN & i Hc Cn Th, th t l
nng dn c nhiu kinh nghim trong canh tc rau cn thp, ch yu tp trung nhm c t 1-5
nm kinh nghim, hu nh cha h nng dn no t tiu chun rau an tan cho n thi
im cui 2004 (S 15, ngun 1)
Theo ngun tho lun nhm nng dn Cn Th do Axis thc hin th khi nim v rau an ton
ca ngi nng dn c ghi nhn nh sau:
o Hnh thc mu m u, p
o c trng trong nh li
o S dng thuc vi liu lng nht nh
Nng dn
Bn s
Bn l/ Siu
th
Ngi tiu
dng
Thng li
75% 15% 5% 5%


11
o Khng c vi khun/hm lng nitrat nh
o Khng s dng phn ha hc, s dng phn hu c
o Ngun nc sch
o Mc ti lu hn rau bnh thng
o i hi qui trnh trng rau kht khe hn rau thng (3 ngy phi thu hoch)

Nh vy, cng ging nh mt s thnh ph khc (nh H Ch Minh, Lt..) ngi nng dn
Cn Th nm kh vng yu cu, quy nh v trng rau an tan. Tuy nhin thc hin nghim
ngt cc quy nh ny, h phi thc s an tm v u ra v chi ph cho rau an tan cao, u t
nhiu (nh li, phn bn v.v.) li t c ni thu mua, cng nh cha c cc ca hng chuyn bit
bn rau an ton tiu th c sn phm (nh ti tp HCM) hoc xut khu s lng ln (
Lt) khin rau an tan vn cn c sn xut vi sn lng thp, ch yu phc v cc siu th
trn a bn thnh ph (Metro, Coopmart, Citimart).
Nh phn 1 trnh by, hin nay cc h nng dn Cn Th ang trng nhiu cc loi rau n l,
rau gia v (rau thm, ng r, ci b xanh, hng cy, x lch, tn v.v) v rau n qu (mp, b,
da leo, chanh, c chua v.v). Ngai tr mt s lai rau qu nh c chua, u cve v.v
thng c dnh ring t cho vic trng, cc lai khc c trng ch yu xen canh vi cy
la (2 la 1 mu). Mi nm, cc h nng dn trng trung bnh lun phin trn cng din tch t 2
n 5 loi rau, mi loi cch nhau khong 1 thng (rau l), c khi 2-3 thng (rau c, qu) (ngun:
phng vn chuyn su-Axis thc hin)
Vic thu hoch rau trong mt nm ca nng dn Cn Th trung bnh t 3 n 6 ln/nm (ty loi
rau trng), tp trung vo thng 3-4 v thng 8-9 m lch. Li nhun t trung bnh t 2-3 triu
ng/1,000m
2
.
Quy trnh trng rau, qu
Thc s, mi loi rau, qu c qui trnh trng khng ging nhau v cch thc, chm sc, thi gian
thu hoch v.vTuy nhin, trong khun kh ca nghin cu ny, chng ti c gng a ra mt
quy trnh chung nht cho cc lai qu, v cc lai rau, nh sau:

S 3 : Quy trnh trng qu (hnh 1,2,3, ph lc 4)









Ghi ch: Qui trnh trng cc loi qu t lc ln lip n thu hoch ko di trung bnh khong 2-3
nm (ty loi qu).

S 3 : Quy trnh trng rau (hnh 1 - 6, ph lc 3)






Bn phn
p m Chm sc
Ln lip
(o b)
Trng cy
(1-3 ngy)
Thu hoch
kh, h phn Cc khu: Bn phn
(2 ln/thng)-> Ti
nc -> Tr su bnh
-> Ta cnh
X ht
Bn lt
Phun
thuc
Lm lip
(ln gin)
Ti
phn
Thu hoch
Lm
c


12
Ghi ch: Thi gian 1 quy trnh trng rau thng khong 30 ngy.
Trong giai on trng, hu ht nng dn cho rng kh khn nht l t khu ln lip n trng cy
v lm th cng mt nhiu thi gian, ch da vo kinh nghim l chnh yu. Nhiu khi cc cng
an cng b rt ngn, thay i, hoc b qua (v d nh mt s cy ging mua t tri ging v c
khi dm cnh trc khi p m trnh h hng tht that) (ngun: phng vn chuyn su-Axis
thc hin)

Nhn s: Cc h nng dn bn cnh vic huy ng ngi trong gia nh cng trng trt, thng
cng thu ngi lm mt s cng on nh ln lip, bn phn, trng cy, thu hoch (ch yu
vi h c qui m ln). Cc cng an ny c lm th cng, rt t s dng my mc.

1.2 Quy trnh thu hoch
Nh trn trnh by, mi mt lai tri cy, hoc rau u, c qui trnh thu hoch ring. Tuy nhin,
nhn chung quy trnh ny Cn Th cng kh n gin, v ph thuc rt nhiu vo phng thc
tiu th (bn kg hay bn mo), v ngi tiu th (nng dn hay thng li).

Nu nng dn t thu hoch th thng thng h lm theo trnh t sau:

Hi/nh S ch (ch yu rau) Phn loi ng gi Tn tr/bo qun Vn chuyn

Sau y l quy trnh chung cho cc lai rau v cc lai tri cy (ni chung) ti Cn Th :

Rau Qu
H

i
/
n
h

,

s

c
h

- Rau c nh, b vo st ri em i
s ch.
- Cng on s ch gm: lm ti
rung, ct gc, lt l non, sp xp li
(ty theo lai rau), ra sch, b li
tng m. i vi c chua, da leo th
hi vo st ri chn li v cho vo bao
b. (hnh 6,7 ph lc 3)
- Rau khi s ch, rau l c hao ht kh
cao khong 20% (do b gc, lt l
gi..); i vi loi rau ly qu (da leo,
u) hao ht khang 5%
- Qu c hi b vo cn x c lt l chui,
sau em i phn loi.
- Cng on s ch (ch s ch khi bn l v
c lm bi nng dn) nh sau: sau khi hi
xung, qu c lt l chui cho rt nc
(hay em ra nng cho kh i vi xoi), sau
cho vo bao hoc thng giy. (hnh 4,5,
ph lc 4)
- Qu t lc bt u trng n chm sc
trc thu hoch hao ht 10-15%, sn phm
sau khi thu hoch qua m hao ht
khong 4%


13
P
h

n

l
o

i
,

n
g

g

i
,

d

n

n
h

n
,

t
h

n
g

h
i

u
- Vic phn loi v ng gi rau so vi
qu phc tp hn v rau rt d dp nt
v h hng. Sau khi c s ch, rau
c xp vo cn x vung 50kg/gi
trc khi c vn chuyn i (hnh 5,
ph lc 3)
- Cho n nay, tuy phn ln nng
dn Cn Th cng lm quen vi qui
trnh trng v sn xut rau an ton, v
rau c bn cho Metro. Tuy nhin,
ngay rau bn cho Metro hin cng
cha c bao b hoc thng hiu
(ngoi tr mt vi HTX).

- Khi bn mo cho thng li th thng li t
thu hoch, phn loi ti vn. Cn bn l
th nng dn thu hoch ri phn loi trong
nh.
- Nng dn thng phn loi tri cy thnh
cc loi 1, loi 2, lai dt (xem thm phn
bi Vnh Long). C nhng loi dt c
tnh ghp li cho thng li, cn khng
bn l.
- Theo tho lun nhm nng dn Cn Th,
cho n hin ti, cha c loi qu no ca
Cn Th c chng nhn thng hiu
trong nng dn. Ch c mt s loi tri cy
c nhiu ngi bit n vi cht lng
tt m tn gi gn lin vi a danh nh
Cam Phong in, Su ring Phong in,
Du H Chu, V sa C Na v.v

T

n

t
r

o

q
u

n

- Hu nh sau thu hoch, rau khng
c tn tr hay bo qun lu v
lu trong mi trng t nhin rau s
mt nc, khng ti, nn thng
c tiu th trong ngy.
- Tuy vy, thi gian qua c mt s
loi rau c bo qun trnh dp
nt khi giao n tay khch hng nh
rau mung (sp ng v khng ra);
Ng r,Tn , x lch (khi ra xong phi
nc vo) ; C chua, Da leo
(cho vo cn x c lt l ti hoc vo
bc 10kg).. (Hnh 10, 11, ph lc 3)
- V s lng thu hoch qu kh ln nn
thng nng dn khng c ch ring bo
qun ngai nh ca chnh h.
- Phng php thng thng bo qun qu
bng cch lt l chui. Tuy nhin cch ny
cng khng lu v nu qua ngy qu
s b ng h do hm hi.
- i vi nng dn, neo tri trn cy cha thu
hoch vn l cch thng c s dng.
(xem thm phn 1 bi Vnh Long) V vy,
h rt cn ni tn tr bo qun tt hn.


Tm li, qu trnh thu hoch rau qu ca nng dn Cn Th ph thuc vo hnh thc bn hng
(bn mo/m hay bn l theo kg xem thm pha di). Trong giai on ny kh khn chnh l
lng hao ht sn phm kh ln nht l cho rau (trung bnh 20-25%), gi c rau qu li khng n
nh, thng xuyn b thng li p gi nht l khi vo ma ng ch v thi tit tht thng=>
l nhng nguyn nhn gy kh khn cho thu hoch rau qu ca nng dn ti y.

1.3. Tiu th
Cng nh cc ni khc, hnh thc bn mo chim ph bin (90%) trong phng thc giao dch
ca nng dn Cn Th vi khch hng. Xem Bn mo trang 10.

Bn theo kg: Khc tri cy (xem phn 1, trang 10), ngi nng dn bn rau thng n nh
thng li thng bo s lng rau c th thu hoch ngy hm . Nu thng li ng th
ngi nng dn thu hoch sn xp vo cc bi (loi cn x st c hnh vung). Trung bnh mt
bi ng khong 50-60kg. (hnh 11, ph lc 3)

i vi nng dn Cn Th, vic bn mo vn l hnh thc c nng dn a chung v lng
sn phm bn ra thng c tiu th ht bt k cht lng sn phm ng u hay khng
(ngun: tho lun nhm nng dn Axis 2005)




14
1.4 Khch hng v giao dch
Theo s trong chui gi tr (s 1), khch hng chnh ca nng dn vn l thng li, ch
yu l thng li quen lu nm, chuyn nghip, c uy tn mua hng bt k xu p, hng no gi
ph hp, c th tha thun gi c, bao tiu sn phm v giao tin ng thi gian (Ngun:
Tho lun nhm nng dn trng tau Cn Th- Axis, 2005). Bn canh , nng dn cng c bn
cho cc thng li l, nhng thng yu cu t cc trc. im m nng dn khng hi lng
nht v thng li l hay b p gi khi gi th trng bin ng, ngay c khi c tha thun
trc (bng ming).

Ngoi thng li cn c hp tc x ca a phng bao tiu sn phm cho nng dn * ch yu
bn rau cho siu th Metro. Do s lng t hng ca Metro t, trong khi h nng dn trng nhiu,
dn n nhiu khi cung vt qu cu (vi d: trng 100 tn rau mung ch giao c 30kg). Do
vy, mt lng ln rau ny nng dn phi tiu th l bn ngoi vi gi thp hn**.

Mt lng nh sn phm rau qu c nng dn Cn Th c bn cho cc i l bn l
a phng v thng nng dn t giao hng.

Ngai ra, nng dn cn bn l rau ch cho ngi tiu dng nhng vi s lng t do gi bn
khng c cao.

1.5 Thng hiu, nhn hiu

Theo tho lun nhm nng dn do Axis thc hin, cui 2005, nhn hiu sn phm bn cho Metro
ti thi im hin ti vn cha c. Cc sn phm rau ca nng dn vn mang nhn hng ca
Metro. y cng l kh khn i vi nhng h nng dn trng rau an ton Cn Th. H rt
mong mun c chng nhn nhn hiu ring cho mnh c th kim sot gi c sn phm,
qung b rng ri hn v c ngi tiu dng tin tng hn (ngun: tho lun nhm nng dn,
Axis thc hin)

i vi tri cy th c 2 nhn hiu c chng nhn bi Cc S Hu Tr Tu l Du H Chu-
Phong in v Xoi Ct Ho Lc-Sng Hu. Vic lm thng hiu v nhn hiu xut khu u
do cc doanh nghip (nh Nng Trng Sng Hu, Sng Hu, X nghip Ch bin thc phm
Meko, Cng ty Vt t K thut nng nghip v Cng ty vn tri Cu Long hoc ang ang
tin hnh xem thm phn ch bin pha di). Cn ngi nng dn, HTX hu nh n thi
im hin ti ti Cn Th cha c chng nhn cng nh thng hiu no v rau u.

V xut khu, cho n hin nay nng dn khng trc tip xut rau qu. Ch mt lng nh theo
ng tiu ngch u thng qua thng li n cc nc xung quanh nh Campuchia, Trung
Quc.

1.6 Hp ng v thanh ton
V hp ng v phng thc thanh tan ca nng dn cng khng khc so vi cc nghin cu
trc y ca chng ti cho cc lai rau tri cc tnh thnh khc, tuy nhin mc thc thi c mt
cht khc bit, c tm tt sau y:



* tham gia vo HTX Nng dn phi mua c phn tr gi t nht l 500.000

/ngi v phi lm theo s

phn phi ca HTX
** Khi tham gia vo hp tc x giao cho Metro, cc h nng dn b rng buc bi hp ng phi giao nhiu
loi khc nhau nhng ty vo ma v mt s loi trng c, mt s trng khng c, nn gy kh khn
khng t cho nng dn.


15
Rau u Qu
Hp ng
Hp ng ming vi thng li
Hp ng giy vi Hp Tc X
Hp ng ming vi thng li
quen (tha thun da trn uy tn) v
hp ng giy vi thng li l (k
kt c cng chng hoc t tin
cc)
Thanh ton
- Thng li thanh ton ng thi gian
tha thun vi Nng dn (thng l tr
ngay sau khi thu hach xong)
- HTX thanh ton cho Nng dn sau
na thng n 1 thng, tr chm
nhng c HTX tm ng ty theo
nhu cu ca mi Nng dn.
Thng li tr tin cho Nng dn t
5 6 ngy sau khi bn.

1.7 Chi ph v li nhun
Rau u Qu
Chi Ph
- Chi ph thu nhn cng lm bng tay trong qu
trnh trng l rt ln (v nng dn kh dng my
mc ph hp vi a hnh ti rung)
- Chi ph u t t nht cho mt v tnh trung
bnh trn 1000m2/1v (2thng) l 1,5 triu, trong
lm lip (200,000) + Bn lt (100,000) + X
ht (100,000) + Ti phn (300,000) + lm c
(200,000) + phun thuc (150,000) + Thu hoch
(300,000)
Tng chi ph u t vo
quy trnh trng trung bnh
khong 5-6 triu/1000m
2

bao gm t ln lip n
p m, n trng cy v
chm sc cy (phn, thuc
tr su..)
Li nhun
Li nhun trung bnh cho cc lai rau vo
khong 3 triu/1000m
2
.

Li nhun thu c (trung
bnh cho cc loi qu) l
khong t 3 triu 5
triu/1000m
2
.


1.8 Kh khn v Hng h tr
Hu ht cc kh khn ca nng dn trng rau qu BSCL kh ging nhau, bao gm cc nguyn
nhn khch quan (ging, t canh tc, thi tit, ma v, k thut, th trng) v ch quan (thi
quen, nhn thc, thc, trch nhim..). Trong , nguyn nhn ch quan l rt quan trng, cn
c s quan tm su sc v tc ng tch cc t cc c s, t chc v cn c thi gian. (Xem
thm phn 1, trang 12 cho cc vn ca tri cy). Ring i vi rau, cc kh khn v hng h
tr c tm tt sau y:

Kh khn H tr
- Cy ging: hin nay nng dn Cn Th
cha c ngun ging han tan n nh,
mua t nhiu ngun tri ni khc nhau.
Ging tt th gi cao, cha ph hp vi ti
tin ca nhiu h trng.
- Trng rau sch: mc d c trin khai
hn 3 nm, nhng n nay kt qu vn ch
t nhng ch tiu c bn, ngai l do din
tch trng cn manh mn, ngi nng dn
vn cha nm bt ht nhng qui trnh, k
thut, do hn ch v kin thc, k nng, chi
->Vn cy ging ca vin cy trng min
Nam, trng H Cn Th nn xem xt c
chng trnh qung b hiu qu hn trong
vic s dng cy ging tt, cht lng v hiu
sut trng cao cho ngi dn
-> M rng v qui hoch vng phn b tp
trung trng rau sch, khuyn khch trng din
rng song song vi vic gy m hnh hc tp
hiu qu c bit gip u ra cho HTX,
nng dn (nh lin kt vi cc siu th, doanh
nghip xut khu )


16
ph u t cao (xy dng nh li, chm
sc), mt khc do u ra cha tht s n
nh cho rau an tan ti Cn Th khin
ngi dn cha mn m lm vi trng rau
sch.
- Bn cnh , tham gia vo HTX c nhng
rng buc v hp ng, cha qui hoch c
th sn lng cng nh loi cy trng cho
tng h nng dn, cng dn n cung vt
qu cu khin ngi dn lo lng
- Quy trnh sn xut cn th s, th cng, t
s dng my mc v cng cha s dng
hiu qu ti a my mc (ngay c khi thu
s dng)
- Cha c ni tn tr v phng php bo
qun sn phm rau qu tt, trong khi rau
khng bn trong ngy thng b b i





- Hp ng v thanh ton: d b ph v do
ch yu hp ng ming v s p gi t
thng li

- Thiu vn u t, th tc vay vn cn kh
khn.

->o to ngun nhn lc, nht l cc cn b
chuyn trch v nng nghip ngai kin thc,
cn cch qun l, x l cc vn nhanh
chng h tr nng dn nhiu mt Ring
i vi nng dn nn m cc lp tp hun v
vn bo m VSATTP cho ngi tiu dng
sn phm ca h, v vai tr cng nh li ch
ca vic trng sn phm sch

-> V c gii ha sn xut, bn s Nng
nghip nn xem xt gip nhng HTX,
c nhn c chng trnh trng theo ng
y/c ca khuyn nng, SNN, d dng thu
mn my mc, dng c cn thit
-> Vic bo qun v tn tr rau lun l vn
nan gii, khng phi ngay lp tc c th
gii quyt. Phn Vin Sau Thu Hach nn
gip thm kin thc v cc sn phm ch
bin, gim thiu hao ht ln do khng kp
bo qun rau qu (v d c chua/da leo
mui, lm kim chi v.v.) bn cnh vic gip
b con cc cch bo qun ph hp trong
iu kin t nhin
-> Cn tp hun cho nng dn v vic giao
dch cn da trn k kt hp ng bng vn
bn, rng buc trch nhim hai bn
trnh tnh trng ph v hp ng.
-> H tr gip nng dn tip cn vi ngun
vn d dng hn thng qua cc Ngn hng,
Hp tc x, qu tn dng.. Cc c quan chc
nng nn gip h vay vn (thi gian di 5-10
nm), bao tiu sn phm, cung cp cy ging
an ton cho nng dn n nh u ra.


Ngai cc hng h tr trn y, Metro nn gip u ra cho cc sn phm rau qu ngay ti Cn
Th( Metro Bnh Ph, Cn Th). Mt s rau tri ca Cn Th c th chuyn n cc c s khc
ti tp HCM v xut khu thng qua knh Metro.
Nhm thc y vic xy dng thng hiu c tt, Metro nn yu cu cc n v cung cp lm
nhn hng (xut x sn phm), cng nh gip cc nhn hng ny c trng by trong h
thng siu th ca Metro.
Cui cng, cc ban ngnh nn gip ngi nng dn c thng tin phn hi t ngi tiu dng v
sn phm hin ti (v sn phm mong mun), cng nh cc tc dng to ln ca rau an tan trong
vic duy tr sc khe cng ng, lnh mnh mi trng sng, trong c chnh bn thn ngi
nng dn v gia nh.



17

2. Thng Li

S 5: Thng li v cc quan h trc tip



2.1 c im chung

Thng li Cn Th so vi cc thng li tnh khc kh ng nht v quy m hot ng: nh,
gin n, ch yu thu mua t nng dn bn cho ngi bn s ti a phng hoc cc tnh xa.
Bn cnh , Hp Tc X Cn Th cng ng vai tr l thng li trong vic thu mua rau an
ton cho ngi nng dn. y l m hnh ang c cc cp Cn Th y mnh hot ng.
Thng li Cn Th thng thu mua sn phm rau qu t nng dn, mua mo l ch yu. Thi
im thu hoch thng vo bui sng t 6-7h tin cho vic chuyn ch ln cc tnh xa (phn
ln). Mt phn nh c thng li bn cho cc i l nh ti a phng hoc c xut khu
theo ng tiu ngch sang Campuchia, Lo, Trung Quc.
Vn kinh doanh thng li thng khong t 1- 4 triu/ngy. Mt thng li trung bnh c th t
nng sut tiu th vo ma thun khong 1 tn/ 1 ngy cho cc loi qu, v khong t 500-
700kg/ngy cho rau cc loi.
Nhn chung thng li ti Cn Th thng s dng sc lao ng ca chnh bn thn v nhng
ngi trong gia nh, nu c s dng thm nhn cng lm vic thng ch 1-2 ngi v theo ma
v. C s vt cht vn cn yu km. Mt s thng li sng trn ghe thuyn v cng chnh l
ni giao dch chnh va l ni s ch sn phm rau qu. Rt t thng li c iu kin v thc
hin y qui trnh sau thu hoch mt cch bi bn, m bo cht lng an ton cho rau qu.

2.2. Qui trnh sau thu hoch rau qu

Nh trnh by phn ngi nng dn, a s thng li n nh vn mua sn phm. V
vy h cng tham gia vo cc qu trnh ct, ta, phn loi, b, ng gi, dn nhn, vn chuyn,
c trnh by sau y:

2.2.1. S ch v phn loi (hnh 8, ph lc 3)

a. Trng hp thng li t thu hach.
Sau khi thu mua rau t nng dn, thng li thng phi s ch li. Hu nh h khng c a
im s ch ring bit, m thng lm ti nh hoc ti ni din ra giao dch (a s l trn ghe
thuyn)
Nng dn
Bn s
Bn l/ Siu
th
Thng li
Xut khu
Doanh
nghip Ch

80%
5%
5%
10%


18
- i vi tri cy, vic s ch n gin hn so vi rau, ch loi b nhng tri h, dp nt v ta
cnh l di. T l hao ht t 2-3% thng do b gip tri.

- i vi cc loi rau n l cn phi loi bt cc l gi a bn ngoi, l su, b dp nt hay ta bt
cy c di khng u. Cn vi rau n c/ qu (nh da leo, khoai ty, c dn, hnh ty, c
chua), thng li cn phi loi b c/ qu h thi, dp nt, sau phn loi theo kch c, trng
lng (theo yu cu ca khch hng). T l hao ht sau khi s ch rau u t 5-10%. Ring cc
loi rau thm v x lch t l hao ht cao nht khong 10%

b. Trng hp nng dn chuyn ch sn phm n thng li
a s rau qu trong trng hp ny c nng dn phn loi (theo cht lng) trc, trong
qu trnh thu hoch (xem phn nng dn).

c. Cch phn lai (hnh 8, ph lc 3; hnh 7 ph lc 4)
Cch phn loi ca thng li thng da theo tiu ch trng lng ca tri cy (nh bi), hay
theo kch c tri (ln/nh, nh cam), hoc theo tt xu (nh xoi..) xc nh gi c ph hp.
Ngi mua (ch yu nh bn s) thng yu cu thng li phn loi li cht lng sn phm
sau khi ly t nng dn, v gi c thng b tng sau khi phn loi li khong 10%

Hu ht rau qu Cn Th rt di do. Nhng thng vo thng nc l nh thng 9-11 th s
lng gim st. T thng 1-7, s lng hng n nh nht.(ngun phng vn thng li Cn
Th, Axis thc hin)

2.2.2 ng gi, dn nhn, chng thc (hnh 10, ph lc 3 )

a. ng gi
Cng ging nh s ch, ty vo hnh thc mua hng (mua mo hoc theo kg) m vic ng gi
s do nng dn hay thng li m nhn. Ngay c khi mua/bn mo ngi nng dn cng tham
gia ng gi (khang 20% sn phm).*

Thng thng, tri cy c trong cn x l chnh (hnh 9, ph lc 4), trung bnh khong t
60- 70kg/cn x/loi. Ngai ra, tri cy cng c ng trong bao ti ny lng ln (t), v cht ng
trn ghe thuyn (nhiu) (hnh 7, ph lc 4)

Rau cng c trong cn x hoc gi st (hnh 10, 11, ph lc 4), b thnh tng b xp chng
ln nhau trnh dp nt. Cng nh tri cy, rau dng c cng c nhiu thng li cht ng
trn ghe thuyn khi i giao dch (hnh 16, 17, ph lc 3)

b. Nhn mc
Thng li thng khng dn nhn/mc cho sn phm bn ra (c rau, qu), ch yu l do thi
quen lu nay, v mt phn khng c nhu cu t ngi mua (s/l). C mt thc t l phn ln tri
cy c trng ti Cn Th nhng ging cy li c ngun gc t cc tnh ln cn nh xoi ct
Ha Lc (Tin Giang), Bi Nm Roi (Vnh Long), Cam snh (Bn Tre).. Vic gy dng thng
hiu ring cho rau qu Cn Th ang rt cn c cc doanh nghip, HTX ch trong
thi gian ti: (V d khi trng rau bn cho siu th Metro Cn Th, cc HTX ti huyn, x
nn yu cu Metro cho c ng gi nhn mc l rau sch Bnh Thy, hay Phong in
v..v, to mt hnh nh mi v chuyn nghip trong vic gy dng thng hiu lu di).


* Vic ny ph gip thm, nng dn khng tnh thm ph. (Ngun: Phng vn chuyn su - Axis 2005)




19


2.2.3 Tn tr, bo qun (hnh 11,12 ph lc 3 )

Rau hu nh c bn ngay trong ngy hoc vo sng ngy hm sau nu khng tiu th kp thi.
V vy, phn ln rau khng c tn tr hay bo qun (nu c ch ra sn/ghe cho thong sang
ngy hm sau tiu th ht hoc b).

Tri cy v c th lu hn rau nn khi mi thu hoch xong cha kp bn (hoc bn khng ht
hoc do cha chn hn) thng c tn tr trong cn x c lt l chui trnh h hng (nh
chui), trong khi 1 s qu c mi (cam, qut) v trnh hm hi nn thng c thnh ng ra
ni thang mt (c y l ln trn), hoc trong khoang ghe (cc lai khc).

2.2.4 Vn chuyn (hnh 16-18, ph lc 3, 11-13 ph lc 4)

Khi thng li t n nh vn ca nng dn cng nh vn chuyn n tn ni cho ngi bn s
v ngi bn l ch yu h dng ghe my ca chnh thng li (y l im c bit ca cc tnh
thuc vng ng Bng Sng Cu Long).

Ngoi ra, thng li cn vn chuyn sn phm bng ng b s dng xe ti nh, xe hon a, ty
thuc vo im n theo yu cu ca ngi bn s.

Vic vn chuyn trn ghe cng l nguyn nhn gy nh hng cho thng li trong giao dch v
thi gian vn chuyn lu hn v gp ma l ln rt d b chm ghe, mt s thng li phi thu
mn phng tin nn chi ph cao, gi ph u vo (nh xng nht) cao.

2.3 Tiu th v hp ng
(Xem thm phn thng li Vnh Long)

2.4 Li nhun

Sn lng tiu th rau qu ca thng li thay i hng ngy ty thuc vo lng t hng t
nh bn s v cc nh bn l. Chnh lch gia gi mua vo t nng dn v gi bn li cho ngi
bn s khong 25%-30%. (v d nh gi thu mua l 2000/kg bn ra l 2500/kg i vi ci xanh;
gi thu mua ca rau mung l 2000/kg gi bn ra 3000/kg).

Li nhun trung bnh ngi bn rau so vi chi ph kinh doanh l 1-2 triu/ngy- khong t 5 -10%
cho cc loi rau. Cn i vi ngi bn tri cy li nhun cao hn rau (khong t 10-20%).

So vi nm 2003 v 2004, nhu cu tiu th rau qu ngy cng tng nn theo nh gi ca
thng li Cn Th, mc li nhun ca nm 2005 tng khong t 10-20%, thm ch 50% (ty
quy m thng li v sn phm rau tri bun bn (ngun phng vn chuyn su, Axis 2005).

2.5 Kh khn chung v ngh h tr
So snh vi ngi nng dn, thng li cng gp nhng kh khn chung nh bo qun v vn
chuyn rau qu, thiu hp ng php l, thiu h tr vn, v c bit thiu h thng thng tin th
trng. Ngai ra, thng li cn gp kh khn v sn lng & cht lng sn phm t nng dn
khng ng u. Trong phn ny chng ti cp n kh khn v rau u l chnh. (Xin xem
thm phn bi Vnh Long (phn 1, trang 20,21) cho nhng kh khn v tri cy ca thng li).




20
Kh khn Hng khc phc
S ch v bo qun:
Thng li Cn Th khng c im s ch
ring m s ch ti ni din ra bun bn
(ti vn, ghe thuyn, sn nh...). Do ,
qui trnh s ch cng nh bo qun rau u
sau thu hoch cn yu, ch yu da vo
kinh nghim
- Metro c th gip xy dng im s ch
tp trung v tp hun cc k thut s ch,
tn tr cng nh bo qun rau qu theo
cht lng yu cu ca Metro, gim thiu
hao ht cho sn phm
Vn chuyn
- V c th min sng nc, thng li
Cn Th ch yu vn chuyn bng cc
phng tin ghe, tu thuyn v.v.. nn
khng trnh khi nhng tc ng ca thi
tit vo ma ma l, v nhng h hng do
ghe thuyn s dng lu nm ( my c, h..)
- Vn chuyn ng b tn km do chi ph
thu mn xe ti cng kh cao so vi cc
phng tin khc.
- Ngai ra cch sp xp thiu khoa hc
cng gy ra 1 lng hao ht ln rau u khi
v n thnh ph HCM, hoc cc tnh khc
- Vn mua phng tin vn chuyn mi
hoc sa cha ghe thuyn c cng l mt
vn ca thng li

- Metro gip ch dn phng php sp xp
khoa hc cho tng phng tin vn chuyn
- Ngai ra, vic h tr vn lm mi cc
phng tn vn chuyn cho thng li
cng cn GTZ cng s Nng, Cng nghip,
cc hip hi gip thm

Tiu th
- Gi c khng n nh, nhiu khi b ngi
bn s ti cc a phng khc p gi, v
ngc li, thng li cng p gi ngi
nng dn.
- Khng nm vng thng tin th trng,
thiu hn vic trao i thng tin th trng
i vi khch hng
- Nn thnh lp lin kt cc hip hi thng
li, nng dn, bn s ...thng qua xc
nh gi c chung cho th trng mt cch
n nh hn -> Vic bt buc tham gia hip
hi (c chng nhn) s gip gim thiu rt
nhiu vic t thay i gi trn th trng
cho cc i tng trong chui gi tr ni
chung v thng li ni ring
- Nu lin kt cc hip hi c thnh lp
v kim sat, qun l tt, cc khu i sau
nh thnh lp trung tm thng tin, hay tp
hun k thut v.v. u c th thc hin d
dng
Hp ng & thanh ton Tng t phn Nng dn (xem trang 16)










21
3. Ngi Bn S

S 6: Ngi bn s v cc quan h trc tip




3.1 c im chung
Cng ging nh thng li, ngi bn s rau thu mua v bn cc loi rau c trng ti Cn Th.
c bit ngoi vic thu mua t thng li (khong 80%), ngi bn s ti y cn thu mua trc tip
t nng dn Qun Ci Rng (khong 20%). (ngun: phng vn chuyn su Axis thc hin).

S lng thu mua trung bnh ca mt ngi bn s rau khong100kg -300kg/ngy (nhiu nht l ci
ngt).
Tng s vn hot ng kinh doanh ca mt ngi bn s rau khong t 3- 4 triu/ngy. Thng
thng ngoi chnh bn thn ngi bn s ra cn thm t 1-2 ngi ph gip lm ton thi gian (l
ngi cng gia nh).
Khch hng ca ngi bn s rau l ngi bn l ti a phng (70%). Bn cnh , trong h
thng phn phi rau an ton Tp.Cn Th, mt s lng ln rau an ton thng qua HTX c phn
phi n siu th ti a phng nh siu th Coopmart Cn Th, Citimart, Metro Metrol mt nh
bn s hin i, mt phn hot ng ging nh cc cng ty rau qu, phn cn li ging nh chc
nng mt siu th. (Tm c phn ngi bn s ca bo co chui rau an ton H Ch Minh, Axis
Research, thng 12/2005). Phn cn li nng dn cn bn cho cc khch sn, nh hng (khang
5%) v trc tip n ngi tiu dng (khang 5%).
Tng t nh ngi bn s rau, ngi bn s tri cy Cn Th thu mua tri cy ch yu t thng
li (70%) v nng dn (30%).Vn kinh doanh ca ngi bn s tri cy khong t 5-7 triu
ng/ngy. Ngoi chnh bn thn ngi bn s ra cn thm t 3-5 ngi ph gip lm ton thi
gian.
S lng thu mua trung bnh ca mt ngi bn s ty theo tng loi tri cy nh cam, nhn, xoi,
cc, i v.v thng thu mua theo kg (t 200kg -300kg/ln). Mt s loi thu mua theo chc (mt chc
14 tri): nh bi khong 280 tri/ln.
Khch hng ca ngi bn s tri cy khng ch l ngi bn ti a phng m cn ngi bn l
cc tnh khc (70%), trong c bit l h thng cc siu th Coopmart, Citimart, Metro.. v ngi
tiu dng.


Nng dn
Bn s
Bn l/ Siu
th
Ngi tiu
dng
Nh hng/
KS/ Qun n
Thng li
70%
30%
90%
5%
5%


22
3.2 S ch
Khi mua rau t thng li v nng dn, ngi bn s rau thng phi s ch nht l i vi mt s
loi rau d b dp nt nh x lch, rau thm... Thng ngi bn s s ch li ngay ti ni bn ca
mnh (ti ch/siu th)*. T l hao ht khong 3%-5% thm ch cao hn i vi siu th. Qu trnh s
ch ca ngi bn s rau cng n gin nh Ra -> Lt b l ng/dp nt -> ct bt r->B li-
>phn loi.

Khi bn cho ngi bn s, thng li hay nng dn phn loi sn, ch yu theo loi rau tt/xu.
Loi rau xu l nhng loi b dp nt nh, bn dt thnh k nn gi s gim i khong 50% so vi
gi bn thng thng. (V d x lch tt gi 6,000 ng/kg x lch xu khong 3,000 ng/kg).

i vi qu, thng khng phi s ch, ch phn loi sn phm phn bit gi c. Cch phn loi
cng tng t nh thng li, ty vo loi tri cy m phn theo tt /xu, hoc theo kch c
Vi khch hng l ngi bn l hay ngi tiu dng cng tng t nh bn rau, nu h c yu cu
ngi bn s phn loi li cht lng sn phm theo, t tha thun gi theo tng loi.

3.3 ng gi, dn nhn, tn tr, bo qun

Do a s ngi bn s li chuyn sn phm n ni bn l (tr siu th) nn ngi bn s ch cn
d v sp xp ph hp theo yu cu khch hng: thng h ng gi trong cn x, thng giy,
bch nylon (hnh 7,8 ph lc 4)**.

Cho n nay, rau qu khi c bn n ngi bn s, v bn i cho ngi bn l/tiu dng u
khng c dn nhn/mc v chng nhn cht lng sn phm bi ngun sn phm ly t
thng li v nng dn cng khng c nhn mc=> iu ny nh cp trn, l im yu
cho vic lu thng rau c qu trn a bn Cn Th ni ring v cho rau qu Cn Th ni
chung, c bit trong vn xut khu .

Cch thc bo qun v tn tr rau qu ca ngi bn s cng khng khc so vi thng li, ch
khc l ngi bn s tn tr ti nh ring khng phi trn ghe thuyn.

3.4 Vn chuyn v hao ht.
Thng ngi bn l n tn ni bn ca ngi bn s mua hng em v. Ngi bn s ng
gi vo cn x hay thng giy khong 40-50kg (cho ngi bn l), sau ngi bn l t vn
chuyn v ni bn ca mnh bng xe ba gc, xe y tay, xe li hng, xe hon a. Khi lng hng
mua nhiu (siu th, ngi bn l ln), ngi bn s trc tip ch hng n bng xe ti, hoc xe
hon a (Coopmart, Metro..)

Hao ht trong qu trnh vn chuyn qu hu nh rt. Ch c mt s loi rau d b h th hao ht
nhiu hn, thng rau khong 5-10%, qu khang di 5%


*V nng dn khng ra sch t (ch gi), nn ngi bn s phi ra li v nht b l su ng. Nhiu loi phi
ct r do ct st. i khi va bn, ngi bn s va phi s ch cng lc (ngun: phng vn chuyn su-Axis
thc hin)
** Vic ng gi sn phm khi mua do chnh nng dn v thng li thc hin, trong cn x 50 80 kg
(hnh 8, ph lc 4). Nn hu nh khi chuyn tip i, ngi bn s t phi ng gi li, tr khi ngi bn l yu
cu (ngun: phng vn chuyn su-Axis thc hin)







23
3.5 Phng thc thanh ton v hp ng

i vi nh cung cp (thng li, cng nh nng dn) khi mua hng, ngi bn s thng tha
thun ming v cch thc thanh ton (da trn uy tn v s quen bit l chnh). Nu l mi quen c
th tr gi u (ln thu mua sau tr cho ln thu mua trc) hoc trong vi ngy sau, cn mi l tr
tin ngay sau khi giao hng.
i vi khch hng l ngi bn l, vic thanh ton cng din ra nhanh chng, thng l tr tin
ngay khi giao hng v s lng khng nhiu, trung bnh khang t 50-60 kg rau qu/ngi.

3.6 Li nhun
Li nhun ph thuc nhiu vo qui m ngi bn s.

Theo nghin cu chuyn su, li nhun trung bnh ca ngi bn s t khong 7-10 %.
(v d: gi mua vo trung bnh ca rau ci t thng li l 5,000 -6,000 VND /kg, khi bn ra cho
ngi bn l l 5,500 - 7,000 VND/kg v cng thm chi ph vn chuyn, bn bi khong 200 -300
VND/kg . Vy li nhun ngi bn s rau t 300 700 VND/kg).

Sau y l bng chi tit v li nhun ca mt s loi rau qu Cn Th:

Bng 6: Li nhun ca mt s loi rau qu Cn Th:

Tn sn phm SL bn ra
TB/ngy
Gi mua
VND/kg
Gi bn
VND/kg
lch gi
VND/kg
Chi ph
VND/kg
Li Nhun
VND/kg
Ci xanh 250kg 1,800 2,500 700 300 400
Ci ngt 300kg 1,800 2,500 700 300 400
X lch 150kg 4,000 5,000 1,000 300 700
Rau Mung 80kg 1,800 2,500 700 300 400
Ci tha 150kg 3,000 3,500 500 300 200
Rau thm 60kg 3,000 4,000 1,000 300 700
Ng om 30kg 5,00 1,000 500 300 200
Xoi 250kg 8,000 9,500 1,500 200 1,300
Nhn 250kg 2,500 3,500 1,000 200 800
Chm chm 500kg 2,000 4,300 2,300 200 2,100
Bi 280kg 8,000 10,000 2,000 200 1,800
To 200kg 2,500 3,500 1,000 200 800
(ngun: phng vn chuyn su-Axis, 2005)

So vi 2 nm trc li nhun ca ngi bn s tng t 10%-20% v nhu cu tiu dng tri cy v
rau c ca ngi tiu dng cng ngy mt tng thm (theo ngun: phng vn chuyn su-Axis thc hin
2005)

3.7 Kh khn chung v ngh h tr
Tng t nh phn kh khn ni chung ca thng li, c bit v ng gi, bo qun, hp ng
v vn (xem trang 19,20)


24

4 Ngi bn L

S 7: Ngi bn l v cc quan h trc tip



4.1 c im chung
Ngi bn l rau qu Cn Th thng tp trung bn ch Cn Th. H bun bn quanh nm,
mua sn phm t ngi bn s l nhiu nht (70%), cn li t nng dn, thng li ti a
phng (30%). Cng c nhiu ngi t sn xut v t bn l sn phm ca mnh (nng dn), tuy
nhin s lng ny khng nhiu. Ngoi ra cc chui siu th trong thnh ph cng l nhng nh
bn l hin i (Coopmart, Citimart..)

Ngi bn l quanh nm ti ch Tp.Cn Th c quy m hot ng nh, thng t bn thn hoc
c thm 1-2 ngi trong gia nh ph gip. H thng kinh doanh cc loi rau qu khc nhau, v
vy ngun hng ly t nhiu nh bn s, nng dn, thng li khc nhau a dng v chng
loi rau qu. Thng ngi bn l ch ng n cc nh bn s mua sn phm v t vn
chuyn. S lng mua bn trung bnh ca mt ngi bn l cho tng loi rau t 50 -60kg/ngy.

Ngi bn l l cc siu th: Siu th thng ly hng t ngi bn s/cc i l, HTX v nng
dn. Thng thng siu th lin lc trc vi ngi bn v s lng sn phm (gi in thoai),
sau siu th n tn nh ly hng (nng dn) hoc ngi bn (bn s/i l) giao hng tn ni
cho siu th. Tng s vn trung bnh hot ng kinh doanh ca siu th (ln nh) ti Cn Th
Rau: khong 1.5 triu/ngy, tri cy: 3 triu ng/ngy. (ngun phng vn chuyn su- Axis thc
hin)

4.2 S ch
Ngi bn l ti ch/ca hng nh:
i vi rau, khi mua v h phi s ch li, t l hao ht t 3%-10%, nhiu nht l b khng kg
(nh x lch mt b l 2kg nhng khi cn ch cn khong 1.9kg).
Vi tri cy rt t phi s ch li sau khi mua t ngi bn s v chnh bn thn ngi bn l
la chn ti va. (Vic s ch li ty thuc lai tri v d nhn: b nhng tri non, b gip b nc
v.v.). T l hao ht t (di 3%).

Nng dn
Bn s
Bn l/ Siu
th
Ngi tiu
dng
Nh hng/
KS/ Qun n
Thng li
90%
10%
90%
20%
10%


25
Siu th: Hin nay siu th Cn Th c a im s ch l chnh kho hng. Do rau khi ly t nng
dn thng khng c lm sch, cch hng, bo qun cha hp l v vn chuyn giao hng
cha tt nn rau d b ng, gip, d bn nn phi mt nhiu thi gian s ch.

Vi tri cy, hu nh phi khng s ch, ch cn lau s,ng gi (bn ti) hoc phi ch bin
nhanh (gt v, tch mi) nh: bi, cc, mt v.v.

4.3 ng gi, dn nhn, chng thc

Ngi bn l ti ch/ca hng: Khi bn, ngi bn l khng phi ng gi li sn phm, ch yu
ch cn ri b vo ti nylon cho khch.

Siu th: Hng bn trong siu th thng c ng gi theo kg hoc by sn cho ngi tiu
dung chn la.
Hu ht cc sn phm tri cy v rau qu ca ngi bn l ti ch cng nh siu th u khng
c dn nhn/mc v hu ht h cho rng h ch ng vai tr ca mt ngi bn li nn vic
dn nhn thuc trch nhim ca nh cung cp (ngun: phng vn chuyn su-Axis thc hin).
Ring rau an tan bn ti siu th da vo c s nhng tiu chun ca siu th ra trong vic
chn ngun cung cp l chnh. Mt s bn cho cc siu th (Coop-mart, Metro Cn Th) c c
quan Y t d phng chng nhn v d lng thuc tr su cho php, tuy nhin nhn mc vn l
ca siu th.

4.4 Tn tr, bo qun

V tnh cht c bit ca rau l d ho, ng nn ngi bn l hu nh khng tn tr hang: thu
mua v bn ra trong ngy.

i vi ngi bn l (nh), thnh thong bn khng ht s lng ca ngy hm (bn ) buc
phi li qua ngy hm sau. Lc rau ch dng gc xp vo gc tng Thng rau qua
ngy gp kh khn do b ho, ng v phi s ch li, hao ht khong c khi ln ti 20-30%.

Ti siu th, thng ch c tri cy l c cng tc bo qun kh hn v bn chm nn mun hng
lun ti th c mt s cch bo qun nh qut ng ngn mt ca t lnh, bi trnh b ho
lm mt cn th b vo cn x v y giy bo bn trn, thi gian tr hng t 1-5 ngy. Ring
rau nu hng trong ngy bn khng ht th mt thm mt ngy na. Nu rau b km cht
lng i (khang 30%) phi b (Metro). Mt s ni x l bng cch ch bin, hoc nu chn cho
nhn vin s dng. (ngun: Phng vn chuyn su-Axis thc hin)

4.5 Vn chuyn v hao ht

Vi ngi bn l ti ch/ca hng nu mua t nh bn s th h t vn chuyn, phng tin
thng bng ghe, xe my, xe tity khi lng sn phm.

Khi mua hng t ngi nng dn, siu th phi t vn chuyn hng v bng xe ti. Nu t cc i
l hay ngi bn s rau qu, siu th thng c h ch hng n bng xe ti. Thnh thong
siu th cng tr li hng cho ngi bn khng t cht lng, giao hng qu s lng yu cu,
hng b pha trn, hoc c hnh thc xu v.v (ngun: phng vn chuyn su-Axis thc hin)

Khi bn cho nh hng, khch sn ty theo yu cu m siu th ch hng n hay chnh khch
hng ch hng i. Siu th thng dng xe my hoc ti ch n cho khch hng. Hng ngy
khch hng gi in n t hng, tha thun thi gian ch n. Hng ha (rau v tri cy) c


26
b trong bao nylon v sau b vo thng tn c kha ca siu th nn hu nh khng b hao
ht.

4.6 Tiu th v hp ng
Ngi bn l ti ch/ca hng: ch yu vn l trao i ming. Vic giao hng thanh ton tin
thng din ra ngay ti a im nhn v ly hng. Tr mt s trng hp thn quen trong kinh
doanh, ngi bn l cha tr tin ngay c th ngi bn s cho tr gi u.
i vi khch hang l ngi tiu dng, vic thanh ton tin c tr ngay khi mua hng.

Siu th: Khi trao i mua bn vi nng dn, thng li, cc i l/ngi bn s, ty vo lng
hng nhiu hay t m phng thc thanh ton c khc nhau. Nh vi nng dn s lng khng
nhiu, siu th thng thanh ton tin ngay (Coopmart Cn Th), hoc nh vi thng li/ngi
bn s siu th c th tr gi u hoc na thng sau thanh ton (Metro, Maximart Cn Th).

Ngi tiu dng vn l khch hng ch yu ca siu th. Bn cnh , nhm Horeca (khch sn,
nh hng, c ph) cng t hng rau qu ti siu th, chim 10 -30% lng hng (nh Khch sn
Golf v nh hng 38 Ha Bnh ca Coopmart).

Khi mua bn vi nh hng, khch sn th siu th Coopmart thng k hp ng giy trong
tha thun v gi c ty thi im, cht lng sn phm, thi im giao hng, s lng giao
v.vCn siu th Citimart th do lng hng t khng nhiu nn ngi mua ch gi in n t
hng (tha thun ming) v s lng, gi c, thi gian giao hng, xut ha n ti chnh km
theo.

4.7 Li nhun
Sau y l li nhun ca ngi bn l v mt s rau qu ang c bn nhiu ti Cn Th.
Bng 6: Gi c, chi ph v li nhun mt s loi rau qu ti siu th Cn Th
Tn sn phm SL bn ra TB
kg/ngy
Gi mua VND/kg Gi bn VND/kg lch gi
VND/kg
Ci xanh 15 2,500 3,500 1,000
Ci ngt 15 2,500 3,500 1,000
Rau Dn 15 2,500 3,500 1,000
Rau Mung 30 2,500 3,500 1,000
Mng ti 15 2,500 3,500 1,000
Rau thm 17 4,000 5,000 1,000
X lch 5 3,000 4,000 1,000
Cam 40 8,000 10,000 2,000
Xoi 30 18,000 24,000 6,000
Thanh Long 15 8,000 10,000 2,000
Su Ring 30 22,000 26,500 4,500

Chnh lch ca ngi bn l gia gi mua vo vi gi bn ra t 500-3000 ng/kg rau qu, ti
siu th chnh lch khong t 1000 - 6000 ng/kg rau qu (ngun: Axis - phng vn chuyn su
ngi bn l ti ch v siu th Cn Th). Tuy nhin tr ngi bn l nh, cc siu th chi ph
nhiu hn (my lnh, kho bi, nhn cng).





27
4.8 Kh khn v ngh h tr
C th chia kh khn ca ngi bn l ra lm 3 dng:
1. Do khch quan, t pha ngi cung cp
2. Do khch quan, t pha ngi tiu dng
3. Do ch quan, chnh bn thn ngi bn l

Trong 3 nhm kh khn ny, nhng kh khn ch quan thng l do thc ca ngi bn lm
sao bn nhiu, li nhun cao, nn trong khu tip th thng mang tnh mt chiu (bn sn phm
mnh c), t c thc chuyn ti nhn xt, khiu ni n nh cung cp. Ngai ra, i vi rau an
tan v khng an tan, thc v gii thiu ng ngun gc cng l nhng kh khn kh p ng
ca ngi bn l khi c th nh hng trc tip n li nhun ca h.

V pha ngi tiu dng, v c t do la chn nn d lm cho rau hay tri cy b dp, hoc
thng t b i lp l ngoi, khin lng hao ht ca ngi bn b tng.

T pha nh cung cp, cc kh khn l ln nht (bt c d), kh thay i hn c l Cht
lng sn phm: cht lng t ngi bn thng khng n nh, cn b dp, h v khng sch,
lm mt nhiu thi gian s ch => lm tng hao ht (c bit ti siu th). Ngai ra cng v nguyn
nhn ny khin gi c ca ngi bn l b nng ln cao hn (hoc khng n nh), thit thi v
pha ngi tiu dng.

Ngai nhng kh khn trn, kh khn v thiu kin thc th trng lun l kh khn thng trc,
khng phi ch xy ra i vi ngi bn l, m cn vi cc cu phn khc trong chui gi tr rt
cn c khc phc sm (xem thm cc phn Nng Dn, Thng Li..)

Sau y l 1 s kin ngh hng khc phc
1. Ngi bn l cn c cp nht, c ph bin thng tin th trng kp thi, cng nh nng
cao thc v trch nhim ca h trong vic phn hi thng tin t ngi tiu dng n cc c
quan chc nng, nh cung cp
2. Thng tin v ngun rau sch, rau qu c thng hiu cng cch thc nhp hng nhanh
chng l ht sc hu ch cho ngi bn l, trn c s gii thch li ch v uy tn ca ngi bn
l khi bn sn phm cht lng
3. H tr ngi bn l (ngi bn ti ch, ca hng, nhn vin siu th v.v) v kin thc an
ton thc phm, kin thc bn hng, bo qun hng, phn loi tiu chun cht lng hng ha,
v kin thc v thu thp thng tin th trng.
4. Khuyn khch (di nhiu hnh thc nh khen ngi bng hin vt, bng khen, hoc min ph
mt vi kha hc ngn hn v.v.) gip ngi bn l c ng lc gp phn tham gia tch cc vo
chui gi tr rau qu chung.












28
5. Nh Ch bin Xut khu (hnh 25, ph lc 11)
S 8: Nh ch bin-xut khu v cc quan h trc tip


5.1 c im chung

Hin nay ti Cn Th cc sn phm rau qu ch bin hu nh ch yu c xut khu (90%), ch
cn 10% tiu th ni a bao gm a phng v mt s tnh/thnh ph khc nh H Ch Minh.
Tng kim ngch xut khu rau qu ch chim 0.5% tng sn lng xut khu Cn Th ( th 1,
trang 3).
C khong gn 10 doanh nghip ch bin nng sn xut khu rau qu, ch yu l rau qu ng
hp, trong ni ting l Nng trng Sng Hu, X nghip Ch bin thc phm Meko, Cng ty
Vt t K thut nng nghip, Cng ty vn tri Cu Long, DNTN Trn Minh, Hng Pht, Cng ty
C phn ch bin Thc phm Min Ty v.v. (xem Danh sch cc nh ch bin nng sn Cn
Th- ph lc 5).

Trong rau, nm rm l sn phm c ch bin v xut khu nhiu nht. Nm rm c xut
di hai dng l ng hp (90%) v nm mui (10%). Thng thng c khang 100 kg nm rm
nguyn liu to c 50 kg thnh phm. V d nh DNTN Trn Minh l doanh nghip chuyn
xut khu nm rm, hng nm s dng khong 6,000 tn nguyn liu nm th nhng ch to ra
khong 3,000 tn thnh phm (Ngun: phng vn chuyn su-Axis 2005).
Cc sn phm nm rm ng hp v nm mui ch yu xut khu sang mt s th trng nh
i Loan, Hng Kng, Nht, Italia, Ty Ban Nha

i vi tri cy ch bin, hin nay Cn Th, mt s doanh nghip sn xut tri cy ng hp,
ng lnh tiu th trong nc v xut khu nh Nng trng Sng Hu, Cty vn tri Cu Long,
X nghip ch bin thc phm MeKo..Cc lai tri cy ch bin xut khu Cn Th ch yu
l da, chm chm, cam, chanhdi hnh thc ng hp (80%) hoc ng lnh. Mt s doanh
nghip p dng cc qui trnh ch bin kh hin i, c th k n l Nng trng Sng Hu, Cty
vn tri Cu Long, H xut theo ng chnh thc ln tiu ngch, ch yu sang cc nc i
Loan, , Singapore, Ty Ban Nha v mt s nc chu u khc.

5.2 Nguyn liu th v cc sn phm ch bin
Ngun nguyn liu nm ti cng nh tri cy ly t nhiu ngun hng khc nhau, t nng dn
a phng v cc tnh ln cn khc nh Sc Trng, Tin Giang, An Giang, Hu Giang, Kin
Giang, ng Thp v.v thng qua thng li ti a phng.
Hien nay cha c con s thng k c th v sn lng chi tit cc sn phm rau qu ch bin v
xut khu, nhng nh c cp trong phn gi tr xut khu rau qu Cn Th (trang 3) cho
n thi im 7/2005 cc doanh nghip ch bin Cn Th tiu th 4,500 tn rau qu ng hp,
trong ring 4 doanh nghip xut khu 2,000 tn rau qu, t 1,7 triu USD.

5.3 Cht lng sn phm v chng nhn kim nh
Sn phm nm rm c ch bin ng hp hoc lm mui khi c xut khu hu ht cha
c chng nhn cht lng v ch yu l nguyn liu th, ti. Hin ti, mt s cng ty ch bin
khi bn cc sn phm nm rm ng hp trong nc c dn nhn hiu ca mnh. Tuy nhin hu
Thng li
Cng ty ch
bin
Xut khu Nng dn
100% 95%
0,5%
Tiu th
trong nc


29
ht cc cng ty ch bin khi bn thnh phm ra th trng nc ngoi thng chu b dn nhn
hng ha ca cng ty nhp khu nc (ngun: phng vn chuyn su Axis thc hin)

5.4 Vn chuyn v hao ht
Vn chuyn t ni trng trt n cng ty ch bin:
- Thng li thng ly hang t nng dn v vn chuyn ti ni ch bin ch yu bng ghe hoc
tu... Nh nm rm thng c thng li trong nhng can ln (20 lt) c cha nc mui
o bm gi nm rm c ti lu (hnh 19, ph lc 3) . Tri cy ty theo loi m trong
cn x hoc nilng trn ghe thuyn. Hao ht trong khu vn chuyn chim 10-15% i vi tri
cy (dp nt, h), khong 15-20% vi nm rm (ngun:phng vn chuyn su Axis thc hin)
Vn chuyn thnh phm t cng ty ch bin n nc nhp khu:
Sn phm thng c vn chuyn bng ng sng: tu thy (container) v c my bay. Thi
gian vn chuyn trung bnh khong 10 ngy cho cc nc ln cn, hoc lu hn (chu u).
(ngun- phng vn DNTN Trn Minh Axis thc hin)

5.5. Hp ng:

Phng thc thanh ton vi nng dn thng qua thng li vn l hp ng ming, trao i tha
thun da trn quen bit v uy tn ln nhau (Tham kho phn hp ng ca nng dn).
Cn khi giao dch vi cng ty nc ngoi (bn sn phm)c k hp ng.Thi gian giao hng n
lc thanh ton: 30- 60 ngy ty theo tha thun trong hp ng. (ngun: phng vn chuyn su-
Axis thc hin)

5.5 Kh khn v hng h tr
i vi doanh nghip ch bin, mt s kh khn nm khu cht lng sn phm m ch yu
ngi nng dn cha hon tan p ng (nhiu khi c v s lng sn phm t cht lng).
Tuy nhin, kh khn ln hn nm chnh doanh nghip xut khu: mc tng tn v am hiu
v cc tiu chun ca nc xut hng n, quy ch v lut php thu quan cng nh cc vn
thng tho trong hp ng sao cho khng bt li cho mnh (xem thm phn ny trong cc
nghin cu rau c Lt, tp HCM, thanh long (Bnh Thun) v nho (Ninh thun) do Axis thc
hin cho B thng mi, GTZ v Metro 2005.

6. Ngi tiu dng
So vi cc tnh khc rau qu Cn Th kh phong ph*. Ring v rau an ton, ngi thng
xuyn dng rau sch khng nhiu, ch yu thng qua cc knh siu th mi m ti Cn Th c
vi nm tr li y (Coopmart 2003, Metro & Citimart 2004).
T khi TP Cn Th c cc siu th, nhiu ngi cm thy an tm hn khi chn mua v s
dng rau. C th ni, siu th m ra mt knh tiu th cho cc loi rau an ton d gi bn rau
ti cc siu th lun cao hn ti cc ch. Tuy vy, thi quen i siu th mua rau trong ngi dn ti
y vn cha cao nh cc thnh ph khc. Ch vn l knh tiu th ln nht cc sn phm rau
qu do thi quen lu nm, tnh cht gn nh, thun tin, d la chn v tr gi (ngun: Nghin
Cu bn l thnh ph Cn Th, Axis 2004)
______________________________________________________________________________________
*V rau, y l vng sng nc nn ngai cc lai rau quen thuc cn c rt nhiu loi rau c trng nh
rau mung, bng in in, rau ng, rau nht v.vdng ch bin mn n c sn ca ngi min Ty:
lu, canh chuaCn Th li l va tri cy ca ng bng sng Cu Long, tp trung nhiu lai cy tri c
sn t cc tnh ln cn (ngun)


30
Ch Cn Th l ni ngi tiu dng thng xuyn mua nht. Ngoi cc h thng ch truyn
thng, cc ch ni trn sng (Ci Rng, Phong in..) gp mt phn ln cho vic a dng ha
ch v lm nn hnh nh mt Cn Th ring bit, sinh ng, v n tng
a s ngi tiu dng rau qu Cn Th l dn ti a phng. Tuy nhin, v Tp. Cn Th cng l
ni nhiu dn cc tnh khc n cng tc, du lch li c nhiu va tri cy ni ting nh
Phng Hip qun Ci Rng, ch ni Phong in, vn du lch tri cy M Khnh nn cng c
nhiu khch du lch trong v ngoi nc n Cn Th mua v tiu dng cy tri ti y.
Ngi tiu dng rau qu ti Cn Th hu nh khng quan tm n xut x hoc nhn hiu ca
sn phm, (nht l rau xanh). H thng ch quan tm n lai rau, tri cy, nh xoi ct Ha
Lc, bi Da xanh, Nm roi, hay du H Chu, cam qut Phong incng cc c im hnh
thc mu m ch khng quan tm nhiu n nh sn xut (ngun: Nghin Cu bn l thnh ph
Cn Th, Axis 2004)
i vi rau cng nh qu, yu t nh hng ln quyt nh la chn sn phm ngai bn thn
ngi bn hng (vui v, nhit tnh) l chnh sn phm (cht lng mu m p, ti,v gi c
hp l). (ngun: Nghin Cu bn l thnh ph Cn Th, Axis 2004)

Nhng kh khn ca ngi tiu dng & hng gii quyt

Cng nh cc mu cht khc trong chui gi tr, ngi tiu dng c nhng kh khn ring do bn
thn h ng mt vai tr ht sc quan trng: l ngi tiu dng sn phm cui cng, l ngi
nh gi r nht cht lng sn phm thng qua tc ng ca sn phm ln sc khe bn thn
v gia nh.

Kh khn chnh ca ngi tiu dng l thiu thng tin v phn hi thng tin. Th nht, h thiu
thng tin v cht lng sn phm ang thnh hnh trn th trng (ni/ngai nhp), v an tan
ca cc cht bo qun sn phm, cc tc ng ca d lng thuc tr su (di lu) ln sc khe
con ngi v cc bnh nan y lin quan cng nh tc ng ln mi trng xung quanh.

Th hai, h thiu thng tin v vic phn nh cht lng sn phm (bng mt thng, hoc cc
phng php n gin, tin cy), cng nh a ch cc n v/c s/ca hng cung cp uy tn.

Ngai ra, vic phn hi thng tin mc d gn y cng bt u c quan tm, v c trung
tm khiu ni sn phm (VINASTAF thuc t chc bo v ngi tiu dng quc t), ngi tiu
dng Vit nam vn cha c thi quen khiu ni sn phm rau qu do gi tr sn phm khng ln,
v mc nh hng/ tc hi khng thy ngay lp tc hoc nguy cp nh tht c, trng sa v.v.

khc phc cc kh khn nay, c mt cch hiu qu l s tham gia ca cc phng tin
truyn thng i chng c bit cc chng trnh TV. Chnh v vy, chng ti rt mong mun i
truyn hnh s c mt chng trnh dnh ring cho ti ny, khng ch cho ngi tiu dng
c i thai trc tip vi nh cung cp sn phm, m cn vi ngi nng dn trng trt rau tri
tng lai, tng vng...Ngai ra, y cn l mt knh hu hiu ph cp cc kin thc thng thc
v rau, c qu cho mi i tng trong chui gi tr (Xem thm phn kt lun v kin ngh
trang)







31
7. Vai tr cc t chc ln chui gi tr rau qu thnh ph Cn Th
Ti Cn Th, hin c chng trnh qui hoch mt s vng nh Qun Bnh Thy, Qun Ci
Rng, Huyn Phong in chuyn i, a dng ha c cu cy trng t cy la sang trng cy rau
qu kt hp vi du lch sinh thi (ngun phng vn chuyn su, Axis thc hin).Tuy nhin so vi
tri cy, cc chng trnh h tr cho rau u vn cn rt t i.
UBND tp c khu trnh din ging cht lng v tin b k thut cao. Ring S Nng nghip cng
c chng trnh xy dng vng chuyn canh 5000 ha trng rau qu v to vng sn xut xy
dng thng hiu cho Du, Xoi, Cam trn a bn thnh ph l nhng bc chuyn ng
mng (ngun phng vn chuyn su, Axis thc hin). Tuy nhin vic thc thi ra sao, thi gian,
mc hiu qu nh th no cn l c mt cu hi ln, v mt thi gian di chng ta vn ch
trng gii quyt phn ngn (ph bin kin thc trng trt cho nng dn, ri c bnh u cha
y), m cha gii quyt tn gc cc vn (chui gi tr vi cc mu cht ngai nng dn v
quy trnh qun l hiu qu). Cc chng trnh mang tnh t ph nh GAP v.v do vy, cha c
trin khai ng b hoc cha c hng ng tht rng ri.
S Khoa Hc Cng Ngh & Phn Vin Sau Thu Hoch, Trng i Hc Cn Th v ang kt
hp thc hin nhiu ti nghin cu, cung cp ging, tp hun cho nng dn. Cho n thi
im cui nm 2005, S ang thc hin mt s nghin cu nh Bo qun tin thu hoch Xoi
Ct Ha Lc (thc hin ti Nng trng sng Hu 2000-2005); Nghin cu bin php bo qun
ti tin thu hoch Cam snh, Qut ng
S khoa hc d kin s kt hp vi S nng nghip xy dng khu cng ngh cao sn xut rau
an ton vi m hnh sn xut phc v tiu dng (u 2006-2008) (ngun phng vn chuyn su,
Axis thc hin). Tuy vy, y vn l d kin v chng trnh thc hin cn c vn, nh ti tr,
trung tm gim st v kim nh, m nhng vn ny khng th ngy mt ngy hai v nhn
s c nng lc thc hin.
Ring S Thng Mi bao gm 1 s phng ban quan trng (Phng K Hoch Nghip V, trung
tm xc tin thng mi), ngai vic to iu kin tiu th nng sn, c bit l rau qu cn c
nhim v t chc hi ch gii thiu sn phm (thng nin), h tr cho Doanh Nghip v thng
tin, kinh ph nhm xc tin xut khu, xy dng thng hiu Nhng cho n nay vic xy dng
thng hiu vn cn nh l, hu ht do doanh nghip t nhn t b vn, t lm thng hiu l
chnh. Qu h tr Hot ng xc tin thng mi ca TP Cn Th hng nm u c, nhng vic
s dng hiu qu qu ny cng cn ht sc ch v xem xt c th nhiu lai hnh doanh
nghip, HTX v ngi dn c tip cn d dng hn.



32
IV. PHN TCH IM MNH, YU, C HI, THCH THC CHO RAU QU TP. CN TH
Trong cc phn phn tch trn y, sau mi mu cht trong chui gi tr, chng ti u tm tt cc
im kh khn v hng gii quyt. Phn ny l tm tt cc im mnh yu, c hi v thch thc
trong c bao gm mt s kh khn c cp, c tng kt v trnh by li c b sung mt
s vn chung trong bc tranh c chui gi tr rau qu Cn Th.
1. im mnh, im yu
Cc vn
ct
li
im mnh im yu
G
i

n
g

- Vin Sofri, trng H Cn Th
nghin cu nhiu ging cy
trng ph hp vi t ai v kh
hu tng vng, ging cy a dng
phong ph, thm ch kh nng c
th lm thay i mu sc v tri..
(ngun Sofri)
- Thuc tr su bo v thc vt a
dng, phong ph
- thc ngi dn cha cao khi vn cn nhiu
ngi chn mua ging tri ni bn ngoi. Ngoi ra
mt thc t l ngun ging cy tt cng cha p
ng c nhu cu ca ngi dn v s lng v
gi c *
- Cng do th trng c nhiu thuc bo v thc
vt vi xut x khc nhau, cc hng thuc tip th
trn lan, khng kim sot, gy kh khn cho nng
dn trong vic chn sn phm mua trong khi
ngi dn vn ham sn phm gi r, thiu quan
tm n tc hi cho mnh (ngi trng) v ngi
tiu dng sn phm.
- Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh trng trt, 1 s bnh
cy kh cha cng dn n sn phm c cht
lng km, khng an ton

a
i
,

k
h

u

- Kh hu thnh ph Cn Th d
chu, iu ho, t bo, quanh nm
nng m, tng i n nh vi hai
ma r rt, l iu kin ph hp
pht trin cy n qu nhit i v
trng rau theo hng an tan
- Cc chnh sch quy hach trng
trt cy tri, rau qu ca thnh ph
ang to mt bc pht trin mi
trong tng lai
- Tc pht trin chng mt ca ngnh cng
nghip ha ti Tp.Cn Th trong 3 nm tr li t
nhiu nh hng n qu t, gi t nng
nghip v mi trng trng trt ti y
- Phn nhiu cc chng trnh quy hach v pht
trin tp trung vo tri cy, cho rau u vn cn t
i



* Theo Vin Nghin cu cy n qu min Nam, kh nng sn xut ca vin v Trung tm Nghin cu cy n
qu min ng Nam b ch c th cung cp 350.000 cy ging/nm. Cc trung tm ging hoc Trung tm
Khuyn nng cc tnh Tin Giang, ng Thp, Vnh Long, Cn Th... mi ni c th cung ng khong
150.000 200.000 cy/nm., ngun: http://www.vietlinh.com.vn
** Theo bo in t Cn Th 9/2005







33

C
h

t

l

n
g

s

n

p
h

m



L va tri cy cht lng cao
tuyn chn t cc tnh ln cn,
c bn nhiu trn ch ni
Cn Th (Phng Hip, Phong
in) v ch trung tm thnh
ph thu ht nhiu khch du lch
trong v ngoi nc
- Ngnh trng trt rau qu n nay vn cn manh mn,
nh l, thiu tnh tp trung nn kh qun l v kim sot
s lng, sn lng cng nh cht lng
- Rau an ton cha c chng nhn cht lng sn
phm, l im yu cho vic lu thng hng ha vo cc
chui siu th ln, nht l xut khu **.
- Tri cy hin nay rt t thng hiu trn th trng,
ngai tr Du H Chu (Phong in), Xoi Ct Ha Lc
(Nng trng sng Hu) v.v
Q
u
i

t
r

n
h

s
a
u

t
h
u

h
o

c
h


M hnh hp tc x c t
chc tng i tt vi cc im
s ch tp trung, vn chuyn xe
ti, nn gip gim bt mt
phn khu hao ht sau thu
hoch
- Ngoi tr mt s doanh nghip ln, siu th c a
im s ch, tn tr, bo qun ring, hu nh cc
thnh phn tham gia trong chui gi tr cha c hoc
nu c th cc c s vt cht cho cc im s ch,
ng gi, bo qun vn cn cht hp, v sinh km cha
ni n cc cng ngh ny, c bit v cng ngh ch
bin sn phm cn ngho nn v chng loi, yu v k
thut
- Phng tin vn chuyn v cch ng gi cha khoa
hc v phng php tt khin hao ht qua tng khu
chui vn cn cao
- Thiu ngun nhn lc qun l c trnh , c kinh
nghim.
G
i

- i vi mt s mt hng xut
khu, gi t cao, tng li
nhun v gi tr cho rau qu ni
chung
- Gi mua vo ca cc siu th
v rau qu an tan cao hn bn
ngai
- Rau qu xut khu b nh hng nhiu bi gi du
tng, gi vn chuyn tng cao.. khin cho gi thnh ca
mt s mt hang cao hn khu vc (tri cy Thi Lan,
Trung Quc..)
- Gi c th trng ni khng n nh, c bit vo ma
ma l, t pha cc nh thu mua, gy xo ng th
trng
-Hp tc x rau an ton hot ng cha hiu qu, cha
m bo ht u ra cho sn phm, nn mt lng rau
phi bn ra ch l vi mc gi ngang vi rau thng,
gy thit thi cho nng dn


34
Q
u
a
n

h

t
r
o
n
g

c
h
u

i

g
i

t
r

- p dng m hnh lin kt 4
nh. Cc quan h ny ang bt
u c xy dng trn nn
tng php l, c s rng buc
bng tn chp, s theo di (HTX,
nng dn), mt s c hp
ng giy.
- Vai tr cc c quan t chc
lin quan (S NN & PTNT,
Phng Thng mi, Sofri, i
Hc Cn Th ) nhanh nhy
hn mt s tnh thnh khc*
- Nh nc vn tp trung h tr nng dn l chnh,
thng qua khuyn nng: tp hun k thut, h tr kinh
ph lm im trnh din Cc chnh sch u tin kch
thch cc mu cht khc trong chui cn t v cha
mnh
- Thiu s lin kt ca cc khu trong chui, c bit vai
tr ngi tiu dng -mu cht quan trng, quyt nh
cht lng sn phm c chp nhn - cn m nht
- Cc c quan chc nng cha pht huy ht hiu qu,
thiu 1 s qun l ng b, xuyn sut
- Cn thiu s tham gia tch cc ca cc c quan i
bo trong vic tuyn truyn dng rau qu sch v qung
b sn phm, xy dng thng hiu v gip thng
tin phn hi ti cc mu trong chui
(Xem thm cc phn kh khn v hng h tr pha
trn, v tham kho chui rau an ton Tp.HCM)


2. C hi v Thch thc

C Hi Thch Thc
N
h
u

c

u

t
h

t
r

n
g

- Nhu cu th trng v tri cy ngy
cng tng, v s lng v cht lng
sn phm, khng ch ngai nc m
ngay trong th trng ni a
- Ring vi Cn Th, vic tr thnh
thnh ph duy nht ti trung tm
BSCL v s ra i ca cc chui siu
th, vi th mnh du lch v ch ni trn
sng l c hi ln cho th trng rau v
cy tri ti y
- Khi nhu cu tiu th ni a v xut khu tri
cy tng cao th yu cu v cht lng, s ci
tin v nng sut cy trng n nh, nng cao
cht lng rau qu cng ngy mt tng cao

S

n

p
h

m
/
C

n
h

t
r
a
n
h

- Sn phm tri cy ti Cn Th a
dng, c sc ca min Ty, d dng
vn chuyn n t cc tnh xung quanh
- Vin nghin cu cy trng min Nam
nghin cu ra nhiu ging mi, c
th thay i mu sc v tri (thanh long,
cam, quit v.v.) l c hi cho nhiu sn
phm mi trn th trng

- Theo AFTA, thu sut cho tri cy lu chuyn
t nc ny sang nc khc trong ASEAN ch
cn mc t 0-5%. Vi mc thu ny, tri cy
Thi Lan v cc nc khc cng d xm nhp
vo th trng Vit Nam. V Cn Th vi vai
tr l va tri cy ca BSCL, cng b cnh
tranh gay gt bi tri cy nhp ni, nh hng
ti gi c th trng, v li nhun ca ngi
trng trt v kinh doanh trong chui

*Nm 2005, S NN-PTNT t chc c 3 lp tp hun chng trnh p dng IPM trn cy c mi cho nng dn. Mi
lp tp hun c t 30 n 40 hc vin, ging vin tp hun l cn b bo v thc vt S NN-PTNT TP Cn Th, Trung
tm Bo v Thc vt pha Nam, cn b Khoa Nng nghip (Trng i hc Cn Th). ng thi, lp tp hun cng c
trin khai thc hin th nghim trn vn cy n tri ca nng dn ti cc x Long Tuyn (Bnh Thy), Thi An ( Mn),
Nhn i (Phong in,( ngun: Trng H Cn Th )




35
X
u

t

k
h

u

Cn Th l thnh ph trung tm
BSCL, va tri cy ln ca c nc,
ang v s tng cng hn na kh
nng xut khu cc sn phm rau qu
ti v ch bin (ng lnh, ng hp)
vi s gip ca c quan chc nng
ca thnh ph, cc t chc quc t, cc
nh u t trong v ngai nc
- Sn phm rau qu xut khu cha a dng
v chng loi (ch tp trung vo nm rm v
mt vi lai tri cy) c bit cn t cc
chng ch quan trng ca mt s th trng
kh tnh nh Chu u, M, Nht..
- Chi ph ch bin ang ln cao, ch yu do g
xng du tng nhanh, cc dy chuyn ch bin
khng t cng sut khin gi thnh tng
- Thiu vic lm thng hiu sn phm, nn
phn ln sn phm xut khu vn di nhn
hng nc bn - l mt thit thi v thch thc
ln cho rau qu Cn Th ni ring v Vit
Nam ni chung


V. Kin ngh:
Trong cc phn trn y chng ti c cc kin ngh ring cho tng mu cht, phn ny l kin
ngh chung cho c chui gi tr rau qu Cn Th, mt phn no gip nng cao tnh hiu qu cho
chui gi tr ny.

1. T chc

- UBND thnh ph nn c chnh sch nh gi kt qu thng xuyn vic quy hach vng t
trng trt cng nh duy tr v nhn rng m hnh cc HTX ti Cn Th, lin kt Gap Sng Tin,
khuyn khch khen thng cc n v tiu biu bng nhng hnh thc thit thc nh gip xy
dng nh li, my mc nng nghip v..v

- Vic xy dng ch u mi rau qu l rt tt, nhng duy tr v n tr thnh mt trung tm
bun bn ln cn cn cc c quan phng ban Thng nghip gip , h tr kinh ph thu mn
mt bng, khuyn khch cc thnh phn bun bn tham gia. C th xy dng ch s Phong in
trn sng, kt hp vi s du lch & thng mi thnh mt ch u mi a dng ha sn phm,
c t chc c quy m, quy c v kim sat tt

- Nn thnh lp cc hip hi HTX cho rau, qu; t chc hip hi doanh nhn ngnh rau, qu hay
CLB doanh nghip ch bin rau tri xut khu v.v. ti BSCL, c s lin kt v h tr ca S
Nng Nghip, gip gi vng gi c th trng, trnh b mt s c nhn hoc gi tri cy nhp
khu chi phi, gy bin ng th trng

- Metro Cash & Carry nn y mnh hn na vai tr ca mnh ti Cn Th trong vic thnh lp h
thng thu mua sn phm t cht lng an tan cho nng dn & cc HTX ti y, khuyn khch
v gip dn nhn hng ha, xut x tc ng tch cc ln thi quen dn nhn mc hng
ha, ni ring v y mnh thng hiu ni chung cho i tc.

- GTZ, Metro v cc t chc quc T c s gip ca B Thng Mi, nn lm vic vi i
truyn hnh VTV, HTV c 1 chng trnh thng xuyn v an tan thc phm cho ngi tiu
dng, nng dn, v cc tc nhn khc trong chui tham gia rng ri. Chng trnh nn lm theo
dng gameshow (ging nh an tan giao thng do Honda ti tr), c cc cu hi, vui, v khch
mi vi nhng vn cn thit nhng t chc mt cch th v v d hiu




36
-Cc hot ng xc tin thng mi thng qua vic t chc cc hi ngh, tho lun chuyn
nhm qung b gii thiu sn phm rau qu ti, rau qu ch bin Cn Th cn tip tc c
y mnh hn na song song vi vic khuyn khch xy dng thng hiu cho mt s sn phm
rau qu ca thnh ph (Vic ny c th ly Nng Trng Sng Hu hoc mt vi doanh nghip
thnh cng lm m hnh i din v ln chng trnh xy dng cho 10-20 n v ht ging ca
thnh ph nh ang tin hnh vi ITPC tp HCM).

- T chc ku gi u t v xy dng chng trnh u i u t cho cc cng ty ch bin rau
qu trn a bn thnh ph cng l vic cn s Thng Mi v cc ban ngnh lin qua tham gia
tch cc hn na
- GTZ nn phi hp vi UBND tnh, thnh ph, S Nng Nghip, cc c s lut php, ngn hng
v cc t chc lin quan gip cho vic vay vn ngn hng c d dng, nhanh chng, v
nht l gi cc chuyn gia v lut php thng xuyn trao i, i thai vi cc tc nhn nhm
gip cho vic k kt hp ng c y mnh hn na.

2. o To:

i vi nng dn cn c cc chng trnh

o Ph bin thng tin v ging, thuc bo v thc vt tt nht cho sn phm v mi trng
cng nh cc thng tin v gi c km theo.
o Tp hun k thut trng trt, canh tc, s ch, bo qun, ng gi, vn chuyn sn phm
cho nng dn nhm gim thiu hao ht
o Nng cao kin thc, ph bin thng tin th trng thng xuyn, gii thiu cc phng
tin ly tin hiu qu v gi c, cy ging, dng c, my mc v.v (qua internet, cc trang
web)
o Khuyn khch cc chng trnh o to v i thai vi cc c quan an th khi cn
thit (communication) vic cn thit tham gia HTX, v cc yu cu lin quan
o Ngai ra, nng dn cng cn bit sn phm ca mnh c nh gi ra sao bi ngi
tiu dng cui cng, s gip cho h c thc v trch nhim hn trong trng trt v sn
xt sn phm t cht lng

=> Vai tr cc c quan ch qun nng nghip l ht sc quan trng, vi s tr gip v k thut
ca cc chuyn gia Sofri, trng H Cn Th, kt hp vi GTZ, Metro v cc t chc quc t
khc

T chc cho cc i tng tham gia trong chui rau qu Cn Th t nng dn, thng li,
HTX, doanh nghip, ngi bn s l n ngi tiu dng (Nh hng, khch sn v.v) tham gia
vo:
o Cc kha gii thiu su sc tm quan trng ca vic lin kt cc gi tr trong chui rau qu,
phn tch gi tr tng chui v vai tr ca tng mu cht trong chui. c bit cn ch gii
thiu li ch ca sn phm t cht lng i vi tng mu cht trong chui, v xu hng
th trng cho cc sn phm ny trong tng lai, cc c hi v thch thc => GTZ nn
kt hp vi VCCI t chc chng trnh ny min ph rng ri cho cc i tng tham gia

o Cc kha hc c bn v cng ngh sau thu hach l ht sc cn thit, c bit v cc sn
phm v phng php ch bin rau qu (xem thm phn ny trong chui rau Lt) =>
Cn c s tham gia ca Phn vin sau thu hach, i hc Cn Th, kt hp vi cc
chuyn gia ca Metro hoc cc t chc quc t khc




37

o Cc kha hc v vic k kt hp ng bng vn bn, ni dung c bn (cc iu khon v
iu kin, c s php l), gii quyt s c khi thc hin hp ng, c bit trong xut
khu sn phm => y l s tham gia ca cc t chc doanh nghip lut, cc ngn hng,
c cc i din in hnh . GTZ c th l cu ni hoc l ngi t chc, kt hp vi VCCI
hoc WB ti tr mt phn cc kha hc ny

o Ph bin, cung cp ngun thng tin tin cy v th trng mi nh sn phm, gi c, thu
xut, nhp khu v.v., cc i tng nm bt c nhu cu th trng ni a v cc th
trng xut khu rau qu khc nhau (i tng s dng, nhu cu th trng, thi quen s
dng, nh gi ca ngi s dng v sn phm rau qu VN v cc nc khc, nhn t
nh hng ln vic s dng, nhp khu rau, xu hng th trng v.v.)
=> GTZ c th kt hp vi Vitrade v mt s doanh nghip c kinh nghim trong lnh vc ny
tng th trng vi s gip ca cc phng thng mi, cc i s qun v cc t chc
quc t (v d kt hp vi Metro & Eurocharm trong vic tm hiu th trng Chu u, Jetro
th trng Nht, Amcharm th trng M v.v.)


3. H Tr
Ngai vic o to v ti t chc cng nh thit lp mt h thng qun l hu hiu cho chui gi
tr rau qu, chng ti nhn thy mt s h tr khc cng cn thit cho chui rau qu Cn Th t
hiu qu cao hn (gim thiu mt mt do vn chuyn, thu hach v.v.) nh:

- H tr vn cho nng dn, thng li u t trang thit b vt cht (ghe thuyn, a im s
ch, bo qun, tn tr) ci thin quy trnh trng trt v sau thu hoch => Vic h tr ny nn
tp trung vo mt s HTX ang hoc s k kt trng trt rau qu theo phng php an tan,
lm th im v nhn ging cc in hnh

- Vn ng, khuyn khch cc c quan, t chc, doanh nghip ng ra bao tiu sn phm cho
nng dn (Coopmart, Metro, Citimart, cc doanh nghip xut khu) gip h t cc bc
ban u cho n thu hach v tiu th

- S thng mi h tr thm v thng tin, mt phn kinh ph xc tin xut khu, cng nh kinh
ph cho cc hot ng hi ch, qung b sn phm, xy dng thng hiuNgai ra, cc t
chc quc t (bao gm GTZ, Metro) nn gip vic t chng ch, chng nhn xut khu
sn phm vi chi ph thp nht c th

- - H tr nng dn vay tn dng vi thi hn lu di (5-10 nm) mt cch nhanh chng v d
dng hn cng nh c chnh sch tr gi khi cn thit (ma l, mt ma..)







38
Ph Lc 1: Danh sch cc phng vn chuyn su Tp.Cn Th

STT H TN CHC V A CH/NI CNG TC
1 Phm Vn Qunh Ph Gim c S Nng Nghip &PT Nng Thn
Chi Cc Trng Chi Cc Bo V Thc Vt
2 Hynh Vn Din Gim c Trung Tm Xc Tin u T
3 Dong Ngha Hip T.P K Hoch Nghip V S Thng Mi
4 Nguyn Vn Ngc Ph Trng Phng S Khoa Hc Cng Ngh
5 Ms nh Chuyn vin Trung Tm Khuyn Nng
6 L Thanh Phong Ph Khoa Nng Nghip i Hc Cn Th
7 Trnh nh D Tr l Ph Ch Tch y Ban Nhn Dn
1 ng Th Chm 22/4 Phng Hng Thnh- Ci Rng
2 V Thanh Hin Thng li p Ph Li X Tn Ph
3 Nguyn Th Hng
Thng li
5/5 Phng Hng Thnh - Ci Rng
4 Hynh Thanh in
Thng li
23/3 T 3 X Hng Thnh
5 Dim Kiu Ngi bn s Ch Tn An
6 an Thu Liu Ngi bn s 33/159 Nguyn Th Minh Khai
7 Quch Lm Ngi bn l 71 Hai B Trng
8 Trn Th Tho Ngi bn l 138 Hai B Trng
9 Phan Th Kim Chi Nhn vin Siu Th Coopmart
10 L Vn Dng Nhn vin Siu Th Citimart
11 Trn Vn Minh
Ch Doanh Nghip ( Hu
Giang) Doanh Nghip Xut Khu Trn Minh
1 Trng Vn Sua Nng dn Khu Vc Bt Vng Phng Thi Long
2 Nguyn Vn N
Nng dn
Khu Vc Bt Vng Phng Thi Long
3 Nguyn Cng Khanh
Nng dn
Khu Vc Bt Vng Phng Thi Long
4 Ng Vn Lun
Nng dn
Khu Vc Phng Long Ho
5 Trn Thanh Lim
Nng dn
14/10 Khu Vc 7 Phng Bnh Thy
6 Triu Cng nh
Nng dn
Phng Long Tuyn
7 Phm Vn Thin
Nng dn
Phng Long Ha
8 Trn Vn Phng
Nng dn
Phng Hng Thnh
9 Nguyn Hu c
Nng dn
Phng Hng Thnh
10 Nguyn Vn Be
Nng dn
Phng Hng Thnh
11 Nguyn Thanh Xun
Nng dn
Nhn i - Phong in
12 Trn Vn Li
Nng dn
Nhn i - Phong in
13 ng Vn Su
Nng dn
Trng Long
14 Nguyn Th Hai
Nng dn
X Nhn i
15 Nguyn Hu Phc
Nng dn
Bnh Thy
16 Lm Vn Nhn
Nng dn
An Thi - Bnh Thy
17 Dng Hong Hng
Nng dn
Phng Long Tuyn- BnhThy
18 Trn Vn S
Nng dn
Phng Tn Ph
19 Nguyn Vn Phc
Nng dn
Phng Tn Ph






39
Ph lc 2: Tp.Cn Th - Ti liu tham kho

Stt

Tn bi vit Bo co/Tp ch/Trang web Ngy
1 Nin gim thng k Cn Th Cc thng k Cn Th 2004
2 Bo co uc Din tch, Nng sut, sn
lng cy hng nm 2004, 2005
Cc thng k Cn Th 2004-2005
3 Bo co kim ngch xut khu v dch v thu
ngoi t ca Tp.Cn Th thng 12/2004
S Thng Mi 12/2004
4 Bo co din tch rau mu cc qun huyn
Tp.Cn Th
Cc thng k Tp.Cn Th 5/8/2005
5 Cc doanh nghip ch bin nng sn xut
khu

6 Tng quan v Tp.Cn Th www.vccimekong.com 2005
7 Kinh t Cn Th ngy cng pht trin http://content.cantho.gov.vn 2005
8 Cn Th bc vo thi k mi http://www.vneconomy.com.vn 2006
9 Cn Th: Rau qu ng hp xut khu tng
cao
http://www.agroviet.gov.vn/ 26/07/05
10 Nhiu m hnh sn xut rau an ton, hiu
qu kinh t cao
Bo in t Cn Th 20/12/2004
11 Cn Th: Mi c 13% s h ND thu nhp
trn 50 triu ng/ha/nm
http://www.agroviet.gov.vn/ 03/01/06
12 ng ch Phm Vn Qunh, Ph Gim c
S NN-PTNT TP Cn Th: p dng rng ri
k thut IPM trn cy c mi to ra sn
phm sch bnh, an ton (phn 1)
H qun tr th vin in t
tch hp/Trng H Cn Th
http://203.162.41.162
2005
13 Gii thiu v cc a im Cn Th http://www.vietcombankcantho
.com


14 Tng quan Cn Th http://www.fiditour.com
15 Bo co kt qu trin khai chng trnh sn
xut rau an Tan Tp.Cn Th (2003-2004)
PGs.Ts Trn Vn Hai-i hc
Cn Th
Ths.Phm Vn Qunh S
NN Tp.Cn Th
2005
16 Rau an ton: Nhu cu tng, sn xut kh... Bo in t Cn Th 2005
17 Cn Th: nng trng sng Hu nng
gi tr xoi ct Ha Lc
www.agroviet.gov.vn 2005
18 Nghin cu ngi bn l Tp.Cn Th Bo co d n Boom
Axis thc hin
2004



40

Ph lc 3: Tp.Cn Th Quy trnh trng rau Cn Th

Qui
trinh
trng
rau
1. Ln lip

2. Chm sc

3. Ti nc

Qui
trinh
trng
rau
4. Theo di

5.Thu hoch

6.Vn rau trong nh li

S
ch,
phn
loi
7.S ch phn loi rau qu
ti i m b n l

8.S ch, phn loi rau ti
va

9. S ch phn loi ti siu th

ng
gi,
tn tr
10. ng gi rau trong cn x

11. Tn tr rau ti im bn l

12. Tn tr rau ti nh

Vn
chuy
n
16. Vn chuyn bng tu

17.Vn chuyn bng ghe

18.Vn chuyn bng xe my

Cc
im
bun
bn
rau
19.Vn chuyn nm rm n
ni ch bin

20.im bn l rau ti ch
C.Th

21.im bn l rau ti siu th Cn
Th



41

Ph lc 4:: Tp.Cn Th Quy trnh trng tri cy Cn Th
Trng
qu
1. Ln ging

2. Chm sc

3. Thu hoch


Vn
tri
cy
Cn
Th
4.Vn bi

5.Vn chui

6.Vn Cam

Phn
loi,
ng
gi
7.Phn loi ti ghe

8.ng gi bng thng giy


9.ng gi bng cn x

Vn
chuy
n
10.Vn chuyn bng tu

11.Vn chuyn bng ghe

12.Vn chuyn bng xe y
tay

13.im bn s tri cy trn
ghe


14.im bn l tri cy ti
ch Cn Th

15.im bn l tri cy- siu th



42

Ph lc 5: Danh sch mt s cng ty ch bin nm rm & tr gi xut khu Tp.Cn Th
(Thng 8 thng 2005)

S lng (Tn) Tr gi (USD)
-Nng sn v NSTP ch bin 3,628,886
Trong : Nm rm 2,511 2, 037,010

1/ Cty NSTP Xut khu 6,639,300
- Nng sn ch bin 4,830
Trong : Nm rm 14 4,830
2/ Nng trng sng Hu 1,577,523
Trong : Nm rm 1,197 705,526
3/ Lin hip HTX Thng mi 546,908
Nm rm mui, NSCB khc 414 546,908
4/Cng ty TNHH Hng Pht 102 64,045
Nm rm mui 102 64,045
5/Cng ty C phn ch bin thc
phm Min Ty
445,260
Nng sn ch bin 445,260
Trong : Nm rm 301 325,980
6/X nghip ch bin Thc phm
Meko
990,320
Trong : Nm rm 483 389,721



43
Ph lc 6: Mt s doanh nghip ch bin nng sn in hnh ti Cn Th

1. Nng trng sng hu:
Thnh lp nm 1979, Nng trng Sng Hu l n v sn xut kinh doanh tng hp vi tim
nng nguyn liu ln, cht lng cao. Din tch t nhin 6.981 ha, trn 10.000 lao ng
M hnh a canh, a dng ha sn phm, nng ng hiu qu thch nghi vi kinh t th trng.
Hin nay ang tr thnh mt trong ba khu sn xut nng nghip ng dng cng ngh cao ca c
nc. Sn phm sn xut v kinh doanh cng rt a dng, t sn phm chn nui (g, vt, b),
thy sn, lm sn (g ch bin) n sn phm tri cy ti, ng hp, ng lnh
V ch bin tri cy, Nng trng sng Hu (Cn Th) va thnh lp cu lc b sn xut, dch v
tri cy, qui t 100 nng trng vin sn xut gii tham gia. Cu lc b thc hin h tr k thut
sn xut xoi hng ha, ng dng cng ngh sau thu hoch to ra tri xoi theo qui cch to, p,
gi ti c lu trong thi gian bo qun. y l mt trong nhng bc i ca nng trng
trong qu trnh nng cao nng sut, gi tr xoi ct Ha Lc, tin ti xy dng thng hiu "Xoi
ct Ha Lc sng Hu" phc v xut khu (ngun: s 17, ph lc 1)
Theo cc nh khoa hc ti Trng i hc Cn Th, ti y cn c "cng thc" bo qun cho c
tri thanh long, bi Nm Roi, nhn v cam snh. Thanh long c th bo qun c 6 thng,
bi, nhn v cam snh c th bo qun c hai thng. Vi thi gian nh vy, theo tin s H
Thanh Ton, Gim c Vin Nghin cu v Pht trin sinh hc, Trng i hc Cn Th th hon
ton c th ch ng thi gian xut khu tri cy. (ngun: s 17, ph lc 1)

2. DNTN Trn Minh:
L doanh nghip chuyn xut khu nm rm, di 2 dng chnh: nm rm ng hp (90%) v
nm rm mui (10%). Hng nm s dng khpng 6,000 tn nguyn liu nm th v to ra khang
3,000 tn thnh phm, xut ch yu sang i Loan,, Ty Ban Nha v mt s nc chu u
khc, mt s rt t tiu th trong nc. Ngun sn phm nm rm ti ch yu ly t nhng h
nng dn cc tnh ln cn nh ng Thp, Sc Trng, thng qua thng li ti a phng. Ti
Cn Th rt t v s lng nm ti khng nhiu, c nng dn ch yu bn l ra ch. Ngoi ra
Cng ty cn kinh doanh thm mt s tri cy ng hp nh khm, chm chm ly t Hu Giang,
Kin Giang, nhng s lng khng ng k, ch yu a dng ha sn phm. Sn phm hu
ht cha c chng nhn cht lng v ch yu l nguyn liu th, ti. V bn thn nm ti
khi c ng hp xut sang nc ngoi cng cha c dn nhn m do cng ty t dn
nhn hiu. V vng sng nc, nn phng tin vn chuyn ch yu l ghe tu, container.
Phng thc thanh ton vi nng dn thng qua thng li vn l hp ng ming, trao i tha
thun da trn quen bit v uy tn ln nhau. Cn khi giao dch vi cng ty nc ngoi vn c k
hp ng.Thi gian giao hng n lc thanh ton: 30, 40 hoc 60 ngy ty theo tha thun trong
hp ng. Doanh s trung bnh hng hm ca cng ty khong 28-30 t ng.