:

:
: :
.
.

.
SCR .
SCR .
SCR .

SCR

.
.

.
SCS .
SCS .
.
UJT .
UJT .
UJT .
UJT .
SCR UJT

.
SCR

SCR .
SCR .
SCR .
LASCR .
LASCR .
SCR
.
.
.

)(
) (thyristor
.
202
202

.
PUT .
PUT .

PUT .
UJT PUT .

 .

.


.
:
FLD
)(Four Layer Diode
SCR

)(Silicon Controlled Rectifier
SCR LASCR
)(Light Activated SCR

)(Triac-Triode Alternating Current

)(Diac -Diod Alternating Current
UJT
)(Uni junction Transistor

)(Put- Programable uni junction transistor
LASCR SCS SCR FLD
UJT PUT
.

(Four Layer Diode) FLD

) (Shockley Diode )SuS (Silicon universal Switch
.
PNPN .

P
N
P
N

)(

)(

FLD

:FLD
FLD PN

PN
.
D2
K

P N P N
D3

D1

PN .

FLD
.

D3

D2

D1

FLD

:
.
23
20
203

(


) D (D ) (D
.
.
K

D3

D2

D1

(


) D (D ) (D
.
.
K

D3

D2

D1

D .

.

:

.

P
N N
P
N

P
N
P

N
P
N

PNP
NPN .
PNP NPN .
.
) (Latch .

PN
TR1

PN Junction2

TR2

PN

204
204

FLD

)(

TR1

IA = IE1
IC2= IB1

IB IC IB IC

TR TR TR TR .

.


.

.

)( .

)(

IC1= IB2

TR2
IK = IE2

:
) ( TR TR

TR
TR
TR TR
. TR
.
.

.

IB IC IB IC


TR
TR TR
. TR
TR
.
.

IA = IE1

A
TR1

IC2= IB1
IC1= IB2

TR2
IK = IE2

) (VAK

) (off State .
) (Forward Blocking Region .

. ) (VAK
) (IA . VAK


25
20
205

 VBRF .
)(VBRF=Forward Breakover Voltage

) (Switching Current = IS .
VBRF

.

IS
.
) (VAK

.
)(Forward Conduction Region

.
IA

On

)(Relaxation oscillator

.
R

VO
A
C

) (SW

.
VAK
.
R
.

IH
IS

)VBR(F

) (Holding Current) (IH
. ) (off switch
.

IS IH .

SW

C
K

206
206

Off
VAK

SW

) (VBRF

.

 SCR

)(Silicon Controlled Rectifier

VO
A

SW

C
V
K

) (IH

)( .
.
R C .

.
.
SCR

.
SCR
.

SCR :SCR

PNPN
.

SCR .

)VBR(F

A
VS > 0V

:



.

P
N
P
N

A
G

)(

)(
SCR

:
: R

.

) (Typical package

SCR .

27
20
207

 SCR
NPN
PNP
.
Anode

TR1

P
N
P
N

Gate

TR2

Cathode

K
SCR

SCR

SCR
) :(SCR Equivalent Circuit
SCR


.

A
+
P
N
P

A
+
P
N
IGT

)(

IGT

P
N

)(

SCR

208
208

:SCR



. SCR
.
:
TR IC
ICO . ICO
TR .

.
.
+V

+V

RA

RA

IA 0

TR1

A
OFF

VG = 0

TR2
OFF

IG = 0

SCR

VG
VG

. TR
.
( VG TR
IB .
( IB IC .
( IC=IB IC IB
.
( IB IC .
( IC=IB IC IB
.

:
IC2

IB1 = IC2

VG

IG

IB2

IB1

IC1

)( :VG
)( VG SCR

.
+V
RA

+V
IA

RA

IA

TR1

IB1

ON

ON

TR2

IB2

IG = 0

IK

SCR

: SCR
.

IC1 = IB2

IB2
:SCR
SCR SCR

TR SCR
TR . TR TR
.

.
+V
+V

IA R
IA
RA
A
SCR
) (IH . SCR
TR1
IB1
A

ON
ON
IB2
VG
K
SCR .
TR2
IG
( VG
IK
)(
)(
.
( SCR
SCR

29
20
209


). VG (

+V

+V

I
SW
G

IA = 0
RA

RK

SCR
.

( VG K
SCR .
SCR IA
. SCRIA .
+V

SCR
) SW (
C R ) (+V .
SW C SCR
SCR
.
+V

RA
I

IA< IH

C
K

G
SW
G
K

K VA IA .
RK

: K

( SCR
SCR .
) (IA
) (IH .
.
210
210

SW

) (IA
(IH) SCR SCR .
: SCR SCR
.

 SCR :SCR
) (FLD
.
SCR
) (VBRF

SCR

.
.

IA

IG0= 0

VF

IG1>IG0

IH0
IH1
IH2

IG2>IG1

VR

)VBR(F2) VBR(F1) VBR(F0

IR

SCR IG

IF

SCR

For IG= 0

IH
VF

)VBR(F

VR

IR

SCR

SCR DC AC .
.

:(ON-Off Control of current) SCR
SCR
SW
SW
.
+V

SCR

IG .
IG VBRF
SCR .
IG
IH .

IG SCR

.
SCR

SCR

) (VBRR
:

RL

IA

SW2
RG
SW1

SCR .
SW
SCR SCR .
SCR RL .
.
SCR SW
211
211

 : SW
SCR
.
SW

SCR .
+V

: SW

V
VGK
IG = TRIG
RG

3 0 / 7 2 / 3
=
= 410A
5 / 6K 5 / 6

= IG

SCR
VA VAK 15 0 / 2
=
= 448 mA
33
RA

= IA

: SCR

.

RL

SW2
RG
SW1

:
.

SW
RL

SCR
) (IH SCR .
SW
.
VAK=/
VGK=/ IH mA.
SW
SCR
.
VA = +15V

33

RA
A

SW2
2N5060

RG

G
K

SW1

VTRIG

5.6K
+3V

212
212

R1

Vin

A
D1

t
K

SW

SW
SCR
. R .
SCR ) (VF
SCR .
SCR
. D
.



)( .

.

.

R C .
C R
R SCR
.
K C
.
K1

R1
IL VRL

C1
RL

R1

Vin

+
VF

D1

VS

SW

:

SCR
) SCR :(SawtoothGenerator
RC .
.
R1

K1

VO

R2
C1
R3

SCR

VS

SCR SCR
. SCR
SCR
.
A

C1

( IA) SCR
. IA )(IH
SCR .
.

SCR
.
.
213
213

VO

): (Load protector

.

SCR .
SCR .
.

. SCR .
) (Vi
VZ .


) ( SCR . SCR
.

SCR

SCR
.
:
) (Over Voltage protection Circuit

.
Fuse

R2

SW

R1

VO

RL

Vi

D1

DC
POWER
SUPPLY

220V

D1

R1
VTRIG

VZ

D R
VZ .
P R
. P
.
VZ SCR
. SCR


VZ .
)(Vi+-VZ

214
214

220VAC
50Hz

R2

D2

R3

R
D

R

.
.

.


R R D .

R SCR

 . SCR
.

.
SCR
) :(Half Wave power Control
SCR )
( .

.

IL

RL

R1

I
180

Trigger
R2

SCR

SCR
) (

. SCR
.

RL

R1

R2

Trigger
Point
IL

RL

R1

I
90

90

R2

SCR

SCR

A B .


. R
. SCR R
.
SCR R
.

SCR


) (
.

R

SCR
.
)


SCR (
. .

RL
I

IL
A

R1

135

Trigger
Point

45

R2

215
215

 R R

SCR R

SCR .

SCR SCR
.
.

D SCR
SCR RL
. SCR
.

R1

RL

G
K

R2

SCR

360

Vi

180
90 135

45

SCR
SCR

SCR
VRL

360

90 135 180

SCR

45

SCR

):(Dimmer

.

. R
. .
.
.
RL

SCR .
A

D2

500K

G
K

)
( SCR

SCR .
SCR SCR
SCR
.

.

.
216
216

220V
D1

0.1F

C
R RL . /
D
SCR . SCR
.

 /
) (R ) (C .
SCR
.
SCR .

SCR .
D C
R

. D SCR.

.

:

SCR
.

:
.
SCR .
DC L .

C R
.
C
.

. C

R .
SCR SCR
.
R D . R
.
D .
dc
.
C R D R
SCR .
.
R R .
SCR SCR .
SCR SCR

.
.
D3

+6V
D3

+6V

D4

D1

ON

R1
D4

R1

R3

0V

C
VG

D2

D1

OFF

6.3V

6V

R2

C
R3

6V

VG

>6V

D2

6.3V

R2

D D

C
SCR

.
217
217

 SCR LASCR
)(Light Activated SCR

.
.

SCR ) (LASCR
)( SCR
LASCR .


. LASCR
. LASCR
.
A

LASCR

SCR
.

:
SCR

LASCR ) (

)(SCS
. LASCR
Silicon controlled Switch

.
:LASCR
LASCR .

SCS
SCS .
. SCS
.
.

)Anode(A

SW
+VDC

+VDC
RG

LASCR

SW L .
LASCR
IA LASCR .

218
218

Anode
)Gate(GA

Cathode
)Gate(GK

)Cathode(K

SCS

SCS
: SCS
.

+V

+V

RA
I

GA

RA
A

A
GA

TR1

TR1

ON

TR2

OFF

GK

I =0

TR2

ON

GK

OFF

SCS

SCS

SCS
SCR .
TR TR
SCS .
) (GK TR
TR TR .
TR TR
SCS .
) (GA SCS
)(GA
TR TR TR

.
:SCS
SCS )(GA
. TR
TR . TR
TR SCS .
)(GK
TR SCS .
SCS

SCS .

SCS .
+V

+V

ON

RA

TR1
OFF

IC

RA

TR2

ON

IA

IA
OFF

SCS

IA TR
SCS SCS .
TR
SCS SCS .
:SCS SCS SCR
. SCS
.
SCS
.
219
219

FLD

.

SCR
.

SCR
SCR
)( .

SCS
.

A
P
N
P
N

SCR

SCS
LASCR

+20V

1K

VO
VBO=10V

220
220

1F

VO
20V

R .

+50V

50K
VO
10V

1K

VOUT

VBO=10V

0.1F

VO

10V

K
R
+12V
VO
10V

R1

5K

100

R2

.
.

R SCR
IH = mA SCR VAK = / .
+30V
I

+50V
1K

R
A

R1 10K

VOUT
VBO=10V

0.1F

K
R2=4.7K

R2

221
221


RL

SCS
.
SCS
.

.
.

D1

D2

220V
R1

1K

D4
500K

R2

0.1F

D3

SCR

A
VIN

VZ
K RL

VB

:
Vin
Vin LASCR
t

t .

VIN

+V

VA
VG VR
.

+VCC

RA

TR2

+VIN2

+VIN1

TR1

RK

VA

t5

t4

t3

t2

t1

+VIN1
+VIN2

VG

) (SW .
SW

SCR .
.

V2

222
222

V1

 DIAC
)(Diode Alternating Current

.
. AC
.

.

A A

D )( .
A1

D2

D1

A2

N1
P1

A A D

N2
P2
N3

)(

)(

A A
D .

A1

.
) (.
) (

N P .
PNPN
NPNP
.
.
A1

D1

D2

A2
A A D

PNPN

.
A1

TR3

D2

TR1

D1
TR4

A2

TR2

A2

223
223

. .

.


.

IF

A1

A1

N
P
N

IH

)VBR(R
VF

VR
)VBR(F
IH

N
GATE

A2

A2

)(

)(

IR

:
.
.

:
SCR

. SCR .

SCR

TRIAC
)(Triode Alternating current

224
224

SCR
.

+V

A1
+V

TR3

TR1
I

R
G

TR4

A1

TR2

G
A2

:
.

.
.



) (IH .
.

A2
IA

IG0

A

A ) (A
TR TR
.
A A
A
TR TR
. .

VA

IG1

IH0
IH1
IH2

IG2

)VBR(F2) VBR(F1) VBR(F0

)VBR(R0) VBR(R1) VBR(R2

-IH2
-IH1
-IH0

I A

:
.

A1

TR3

TR1

TR1
TR4

TR2

A1
G
A2

225
225

-VA

 )Phase
:(control SCR


.
. AC

.
.

A A .
D D
.
A A .



) (IH
.
R

RL

IL

Triac on

A1

VIN

A2

VG

IH

.
.

)(
:
.
IL

VRL

RL

D1

RL

VI

A1

VIN

R1

IL

D2

A2

D D
D . R
.

226
226

C R

.


.


.
RL . R
.

.
I

V
I

DIAC
.


.

. .
R2

R1

VOUT

.



.

C
R3

A2

A1

40V

227
227


.
S2

6V

47

V1

6V

6V

( S S .

( S
(
V V

.
SCR
.

)
(.
22

)(UJT
Uni Junction Transistor



.

.

UJT
.
) (E (B) (B) .
p-n
B2

V2

S1

B2

IB2

E
IE

VBB

B1

VE

B1

S1

n
)(

)(

75V

82K

UJT
1F

. .
220V , 60W

1K

500K

220VIN

0/1F
100V

228
228

UJT .

(B) (B)

.
) (E .


PN
N . PN
UJT .
) (E

 .
)( .
:UJT UJT
.
.

B2

RB2
Vpn

VBB

E
IE

VEBI=VP

B2
VBB

RB2

RB1
B1

RBB

RB rB
RB rB
.

RB1
B1

UJT

P


N RB .
) (E (B) .
RB ) (IE
.
IE RB

RB .
) (E (B) . )(B, B
RB RB .

) (Inter Base Resistance .

:
RBB = RB + RB
:UJT
VBB VBB
RB RB RB
:

VBB R B1
V R
= BB B1
R B1 + R B2
R BB

= VRB1

UJT

B
. RB
EB . Vpn
.
EB
Vp = VRB + Vpn

Vp EB .
.
(VEB) Vp
PN ) (IE
) ( P N
N.
) (
RB .
UJT
) :(Stand of Ratio UJT

R B1
R
= B1
R B1 + R B2 R BB

) (SR
.
R B1
IE = 0
= =

R B1 + R B2

UJT
.
229
229

 UJT.
/ / . UJT

N / . UJT
:

Vp = VBB + Vpn
:UJT
UJT .

Negative Resistance
) (cut off

) (saturation.

VE

saturation

Cuttoff
VP

Valley point

VV

.
IE IE = IV .

VV V .
)(Valley point
Valley
IE
.

VE .
: VE VP

IP IV .
IP VE
.
UJT
: UJT
.
B2

IE

Iv

Ip

I EO

UJT

R2

BE

V2

TR2
V1

R1

TR1

VE Vp
. IEO .
IEO
) (ICO .
.
VE = VP IE = IP UJT IE
. IE ) (VE
. ) (Negative Resistance
.

RB IE . UJT
230
230

B1

UJT

V R R
. R VR TR
.
.
V2 R1
R 1 + R2

= VR1

V
VR V TR

 TR . V
/ VR TR

.
TR TR .
TR TR
TR TR
. VR
.
: = /
Vi = V
VBB= +10V
400

VE

1K

VE = V UJT
:
.
Vi = V + (mA * )= /V
V /
. V / V
.

UJT
UJT

UJT .
:UJT
UJT .
V=10V

VI

R1 =22 K

R3 = 1.5 K
B2
2N2646
B1

: UJT
.
20V
= 50mA
400

IE

VE = VBB = / * = /V :
VE /
.
: IV = mA

.


:

. mA

R2 =100

E
IA

C= 0.01F

UJT

.
V R C

. ) UJT
( . VE
UJT C EB
R .
R
. RC
(RB + R)C .
RB R C R RB .
231
231

 E B B
. R
.

220V

R1
B2

B1

VE

R2
VP

SCR UJT
VV
t
0

VB1

VB2

PUT
):(Programmable UniJunction Transistor
PUT

.

P N . PUT

UJT
.
PUT .
) ( PUT .
)Anode(A

SCR
: SCR
UJT .
. R
RC UJT
SCR
.

.
232
232

)Gate(G

P
N
P
N

)Cathode(K
)(

)(

PUT

N
PNPN

. SCR

 PUT

.

RB2 =6K

IA

VBB =10V

VAK

RB1 =4K

RB2
A

VBB

RB1

VG

VAK

VG

PUT

PUT
) :(Setting the trigger Voltage VBB RB
RB RB
.
VBB R B1
= VBB
R B1 + R B2

= VG = VRB1

. /
PN
PUT .
:
PUT
VBB R B1
+ VPN
R B1 + R B2

= VP = VA

: VBB RB RB
.
VBB R B1
10 4
=
= 4V
R B1 + R B2 6 + 4

PUT :
VP = VA = VG + VPN = + / = /
:PUT
UJT
PUT

. .
VAK VP PUT
. VAK > VP PUT
) (IA VAK .
VAK > VV IA < IV

.
. PUT IA > IV

VP = VA = VBB + VPN
VPN /
VP

VAK

.
PUT PN
PUT .
RBB
VBB
RB RB
VP
.
: PN
/ VA PUT

= VG

Cuttoff

)(-R

VP

VBB =50V

Valley point
VF
VV

)I A(A

IF

Iv

Ip

PUT

233
233

 :PUT
PUT .
C R
. VP PUT
IP PUT .

VC
VP

( A

VBB

VK
VK =VA-VV
R

RB2
A

( K
RB1

RK

VG

VG = VBB

PUT
t

PUT PUT
RK .
PUT
. R C RB RB
.
:
VP
R B1
VBB
R B1 + R B2

= VP = VBB + 0 / 7 VBB

PUT
.

( G
PUT

UJT
.
UJT
.

UJT

PUT
234
234


UJT

.

UJT

+10V

R B1
R B1 + R B2

R2
VE
R1

/ (

(
R2

R1

(
R2

/ (

/ (
/ (


UJT .
UJT .
RB = / k UJT RB = k
.

R1

= /
. /
V UJT
+20 V
1 K

(
R1

V
R2

R2

PUT

VAK
VP

R1

VE /
UJT . () UJT

VPN = /

VV

IA

IV

IP

235
235

 ) (VA
PUT VD = / .
+18V

R2 10 K

+V=6V

R1 470 K
G

VD = / .
( PUT

10 K

R2

Vin
VK

K
R3 10 K

C
22

0.22F

R4

R3 10 K

R1 4.7K

(

PUT

PUT
UJT .

236
236

Tomas Floyd

Mac grow hill

Prentice - Hall

Cambridge University Press

Robert Boilstad
luis Nashlasky

Marthin H Jones

Electronic Devices and

circuit theory
Apractical introduction to
electronic circuits

237
237