Quantitative

ICET
Quantitative Aptitude
INDEX
ARITHMETIC
1. Real Number System --------------------------------------- 03-12
2. *Ratio & Proportion --------------------------------------- 13-19
3. **Percentages --------------------------------------- 20-24
4. *!erages & "i#tures --------------------------------------- 2$-33
$. **Pro%it & &oss --------------------------------------- 34-3'
(. **Simple & )ompoun* +nterests --------------------------------------- 39-43
,. *-ime & .or/ --------------------------------------- 44-49
'. *-ime & 0istance --------------------------------------- $0-$(
9. *ge Problems --------------------------------------- $,-(1
GEOMETRY
10. Plane 1eometry --------------------------------------- (2-'0
11. **"ensuration --------------------------------------- '1-91
COUNTING METHODS & PROBABILITY
12. Set -2oery --------------------------------------- 91-9,
13. *Permutations & )ombinations --------------------------------------- 9'-103
14. *Probability --------------------------------------- 104-110
1$. Progressions --------------------------------------- 111-11,
1(. Statistics --------------------------------------- 11'-124
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-The Academy for Aptitude & Reasoning Mehdipatnam, Hyderabad.9394!!"",
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ALGEBRA
1,. Progressions -------------------------- 12(-132
1'. "atrices -------------------------- 133-142
19. Statements -------------------------- 143-14'
20. Sets -------------------------- 149-1$4
21. Real Numbers4 Rational Numbers & &a5 o% +n*ices -------------------------- 1$$-1(0
22. Sur*s -------------------------- 1(1-1('
23. &inear 67uations4 +ne7uations & "o*ulus -------------------------- 1(9-1,4
24. Polynomials4 Remain*er & S7uare Roots -------------------------- 1,$-1,,
2$. 8ua*ratic 67uations & 6#pressions -------------------------- 1,'-1'0
2(. Relations & 9unctions -------------------------- 1'1-1'3
2,. 0eri!ati!es & &imits -------------------------- 1'4-1',
2'. &ogarit2ms -------------------------- 1''-190
29. :inomial -2eorem -------------------------- 191-193
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NUMBER SYSTEMS
+n ;in*u rabic System4 5e use ten symbols 04 14 24 34 44 $4 (4 ,4 '4 9 calle* *igits to represent any number. -2is is
t2e *ecimal system 52ere 5e use t2e numbers 0 to 9. 0 is calle* insigni%icant *igit.
group o% %igures4 *enoting a number is calle* a numeral. 9or a gi!en numeral4 5e start %rom e#treme rig2t
as <nit=s place4 -en=s place4 ;un*re*=s place an* so on.
Iu!t"ati#n $ .e represent t2e number 309',2$4( as s2o5n belo5>
-
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n

)
r
o
r
e

1
0
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1
0
,
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&
a
c
s

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m
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1
0
(
&
a
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1
0
$
-
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-
2
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s
a
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*

1
0
4
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2
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1
0
3
;
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n
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r
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1
0
2
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n
=
s

1
0
1
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n
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t
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1
0
0
3 0 9 ' , 2 $ 4 (
.e rea* it as
A-2irty crores4 ninety- eig2t lacs4 se!enty-t5o t2ousan*s %i!e 2un*re* an* %orty-si#.B
+n t2is numeral>
-2e place !alue o% ( is ( C1 D (
-2e place !alue o% 4 is 4 C10 D 40
-2e place !alue o% $ is $ C100 D $00
-2e place !alue o% 2 is2 C1000 D 2000 an* so on.
-2e %ace !alue o% a *igit in a numbers is t2e !alue itsel% 52ere!er it may be.
-2us4 t2e %ace !alue o% , in t2e abo!e numeral is ,. -2e %ace !alue o% ( in t2e abo!e numeral is ( an* in t2e abo!e
numeral is ( an* so on.
NUMBER SYSTEM
Natu"a nu%&e"!
)ounting numbers 14 24 34 44 $4... are /no5 as natural numbers.
-2e set o% all natural numbers4 can be represente* by
ND E14 24 34 44 $4F.G
'(#e nu%&e"!
+% 5e inclu*e 0 among t2e natural numbers4 t2en t2e numbers 04 14 24 34 44 $4 F are calle* 52ole numbers.
-2e set o% 52ole number can be represente* by
.D E04 14 24 34 44 $FG
)learly4 e!ery natural number is a 52ole number but 0 is a 52ole number 52ic2 is not a natural number.
INTEGERS
ll counting numbers an* t2eir negati!es inclu*ing Hero are /no5 as integers.
-2e set o% integers can be represente* by
I or + D EF-44 -34 -24 -14 04 14 24 34 44 FG
P#!itive Inte)e"!
-2e set +
J
DE14 24 34 44FG is t2e set o% all positi!e integers. )learly4 positi!e integers an* natural numbers are
synonyms.
Ne)ative Inte)e"!
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-2e set +
-
D E-14 -24 -3FG is t2e set o% all negati!e integers. 0 is neit2er positi!e nor negati!e.
N#n*ne)ative Inte)e"!
-2e set E04 14 24 34FG is t2e set all non-negati!e integers.
Rati#na Nu%&e"!
-2e numbers o% t2e %orm pK74 52ere p an* 7 are integers an* 7 L 04 are /no5n as rational numbers4 e.g. 4K,4 3K24 -$
K'4 0K14 -2K34 etc.
-2e set o% all rational numbers is *enote* by 8. i.e. 8 DE#># DpK7M p47 belong to +4 7L0G.
Since e!ery natural number Na= can be 5ritten as aK14 e!ery natural number is a rational number. Since 0 can
be 5ritten as 0K1 an* e!ery non-Hero integer Na= can be 5ritten as aK14 e!ery integer is a rational number.
6!ery rational number 2as a peculiar c2aracteristic t2at 52en e#presse* in *ecimal %orm is e#pressible
rat2er in terminating *ecimals or in non-terminating repeating *ecimals.
9or e#ample4 1K$ D0.24 1K3 D 0.333F22K, D 3.142',042',4 'K44 D 0.1'1'1'F.4 etc.
-2e recurring *ecimals 2a!e been gi!en a s2ort notation as
0.333F. D 0.3
4.1$$$F D 4.0$
0.323232FD 0.32.
I""ati#na Nu%&e"!
-2ose numbers 52ic2 52en e#presse* in *ecimal %rom are neit2er terminating nor repeating *ecimals are /no5n as
irrational number4 e.g. O24 O34 O$4 P4 etc.
Note t2at t2e e#act !alue o% is not 22K,. 22K, is rational 52ile P irrational number. 22K, is appro#imate !alue o% P.
Similarly4 3.14 is not an e#act !alue o% it.
Rea Nu%&e"!
-2e rational an* irrational numbers combine* toget2er are calle* real numbers4 e.g.13K214 2K$4 -3K,4 34 4 J 24 etc.
are real numbers.
-2e set o% all real numbers is *enote by R.
Note t2at t2e sum4 *i%%erence or pro*uct o% a rational an* irrational number is irrational4 e.g. 3J O24 4-O34
2K3-O$4 4O34 -,O$ are all irrational.
Even Nu%&e"!
ll t2ose numbers 52ic2 are e#actly *i!isible by 2 are calle* e!en numbers4 e.g.24 (4 '4 104 etc.4 are e!en numbers.
Odd Nu%&e"!
ll t2ose numbers 52ic2 are not e#actly *i!isible by 2 are calle* o** numbers4 e.g. 14 34 $4 , etc.4 are o** numbers.
P"i%e Nu%&e"!
natural number ot2er t2an 1 is a prime number i% it is *i!isible by 1 an* itsel% only.
9or e#ample4 eac2 o% t2e numbers 24 34 $4 , etc.4 are prime numbers.
C#%p#!ite Nu%&e"!
Natural numbers greater t2an 152ic2 are not prime4 are /no5n as composite numbers.
9or e#ample4 eac2 o% t2e numbers 44 (4 '4 94 124 etc.4 are composite numbers.
Note:
1. -2e number 1 is neit2er a prime number nor composite number.
2. 2 is t2e only e!en number 52ic2 is prime
3. Prime numbers up to 100 are>
24 34 $4 ,4 114 134 1,4 194234 294 314 3,4 414434 4,4 $34 $94 (14 (,4 ,14 ,34 ,94 '34 '94 9,4 i.e. 2$ prime
numbers bet5een 1 an* 100.
4. t5o numbers 52ic2 2a!e only 1 as t2e common %actor are calle* co-primes or relati!ely prime to eac2
ot2er4 e.g. 3 an* $ are co-primes.
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Note t2at t2e numbers 52ic2 are relati!ely prime nee* not necessarily be prime numbers4 e.g. 1( an* 1, are
relati!ely prime alt2oug2 1( is not a prime number.
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ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION +SHORT*CUT METHODS,
-2e met2o* is best illustrate* 5it2 t2e 2elp o% %ollo5ing e#ample>
Iu!t"ati#n - $4321 Q ?9',(J'9,(J,('9@ D R
Step $ ** 1
st
column> $4321
9',(
'9(,
,('9
2,,'9
(J,J9 D 22
-o obtain 1 at unit=s place a** 9 to ma/e 31. +n t2e ans5er4 5rite 9 at unit=s place an* carry o!er 3.
Step - ** 2
n*
column>
3J,J(J'D24
-o obtain 2 at tens place a** ' to ma/e 32. +n t2e ans5er4 5rite ' at ten=s place an* carry o!er 3.
Step . ** 3
r*
column>
3 J ' J 9 J ( D 2(
-o obtain 3 at 2un*re*=s place4 a** , to ma/e 33. +n t2e ans5er4 5rite , at 2un*re*=s place an* carry o!er 3.
Step / ** 4
t2
column>
3 J 9 J ' J , D 2,
-o obtain 4 at t2ousan*=s place a** , to ma/e 34. +n t2e ans5er4 5rite , at t2ousan*=s place an* o!er 3.
Step 0 $
t2
column>
-o obtain $ at ten-t2ousan*=s place a** 2 to it to ma/e $. +n t2e ans5er4 5rite 2 at t2e ten-t2ousan*=s place.
$4321 Q ?9',( J '9(, J ,('9@ D 2,,'9.
C#%%#n 1a2t#"
common %actor o% t5o or more numbers is a number 52ic2 *i!i*es eac2 o% t2em e#actly.
9or e#ample4 4 is a common %actor o% ' an* 12.
Hi)(e!t 2#%%#n 3a2t#"
;ig2est common %actor o% t5o or more numbers is t2e greatest number t2at *i!i*es eac2 one o% t2em e#actly. 9or
e#ample4 ( is t2e 2ig2est common %actor o% 124 1' an* 24. ;ig2est )ommon 9actor is also calle* 1reatest )ommon
0i!isor or 1reatest )ommon "easure.
Symbolically4 t2ese can be 5ritten as ;.).9. or 1.).0. or 1.).".4 respecti!ely.
Met(#d! #3 1indin) H4C414
I4 Met(#d #3 P"i%e 1a2t#"!
Step $ 6#press eac2 one o% t2e gi!en numbers as t2e pro*uct o% prime %actors.
S number is sai* to be a prime number i% it is e#actly *i!isible by 1 an* itsel% but not by any ot2er number4 e.g. 24 34
$4 ,4 etc. are prime numbersT
Step - )2oose )ommon 9actors.
Step . 9in* t2e pro*uct o% lo5est po5ers o% t2e common %actors. -2is is t2e re7uire* ;.).9. o% gi!en numbers.
Iu!t"ati#n $ 9in* t2e ;.).9. o% ,0 an* 90.
Solution ,0 D 2 $ ,
90 D 2 $ 9
)ommon %actors are 2 an* $.
;.).9. D 2 $ D 10.
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Iu!t"ati#n - 9in* t2e ;.).9. o% 33324 3,24 an* 4$0'
Solution 3332 D 2 2 , , 1,
3,24 D 2 2 , , 19
4$0' D 2 2 , , 23
;.).9. D 2 2 , , D 19(.
Iu!t"ati#n . 9in* t2e ;.).9. o% 3(0 an* 132.
S#uti#n 3(0 D 2
3
3
2
$
132 D 2
2
3
1
11
;.).9. D 2
2
3
1
D 12.
Iu!t"ati#n / +% # D 2
3
3
$
$
9
an* y D 2
$
3
,
$
11
4 %in* ;.).9. o% x an* y.
S#uti#n -2e %actors common to bot2 x an* y are 2
3
4 3
$
an* $
9
.
;.).9. D 2
3
3
$
$
9
.
II4 Met(#d #3 Divi!i#n
A4 1#" t5# nu%&e"!6
Step $ 1reater number is *i!i*e* by t2e smaller one.
Step 2 0i!isor o% ?1@ is *i!i*e* by its remain*er.
Step 3 0i!isor o% ?2@ is *i!i*e* by its remain*er. -2is is continue* until no remain*er is le%t.
;.).9. is t2e *i!isor o% last step.
Iu!t"ati#n 0 9in* t2e ;.).9. o% 3$$( an* 3444.
3444 @3$$( ?1
3444
112 @ 3444 ? 30
33(0
'4 @ 112 ? 1
'4
2' @ '4 ? 3
'4

B4 1#" %#"e t(an t5# nu%&e"!6
Step $ ny t5o numbers are c2osen an* t2eir ;.).9. is obtaine*.
Step - ;.).9. o% ;.).9. ?o%?1@@ an* any ot2er number is obtaine*.
Step . ;.).9. o% ;.).9. ?o% ?2@@ an* any ot2er number ?not c2osen earlier@ is obtaine*.
-2is process is continue* until all numbers 2a!e been c2osen. ;.).9. o% last step is t2e re7uire* ;.).9.
Iu!t"ati#n 7 9in* t2e greatest possible lengt2 52ic2 can be use* to measure e#actly t2e lengt2s
, m4 3 m '$ cm4 12 m 9$ cm.
S#uti#n Re7uire* lengt2
D ?;.).9. o% ,004 3'$4 129$@ cm D 3$ cm.
C#%%#n Mutipe
common multiple o% t5o or more numbers is a number 52ic2 is e#actly *i!isible by eac2 one o% t2em.
9or 6#ample4 32 is a common multiple o% ' an* 1(.
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' 4 D 32
1( 2 D 32.
Lea!t C#%%#n Mutipe
-2e least common multiple o% t5o or more gi!en numbers is t2e least or lo5est number 52ic2 is e#actly *i!isible by
eac2 o% t2em.
9or e#ample4 consi*er t2e t5o numbers 12 an* 1'.
"ultiples o% 12 are 124 244 3(4 4'4 ,24 F
"ultiple o% 1' are 1'4 3(4 $44 ,24 F
)ommon multiples are 3(4 ,24 F
&east common multiple4 i.e. &.).". o% 12 an* 1' is 3(.
Met(#d! #3 1indin) L4C4M4
A4 Met(#d #3 P"i%e 1a2t#"!
Step $ Resol!e eac2 gi!en number into prime %actors.
Step - -a/e out all %actors 5it2 2ig2est po5ers t2at occur in gi!en numbers.
Step . 9in* t2e pro*uct o% t2ese %actors. -2is pro*uct 5ill be t2e &.).".
Iu!t"ati#n 8 9in* t2e &.).". o% 324 4'4 (0 an* 320.
Solution 32 D 2$ 1
4' D 24 3
(0 D 22 3 $
320 D 2( (
&.).". D 2( 3 $ D 97:.
B4 Met(#d #3 Divi!i#n
Step $ -2e gi!en numbers are 5ritten in a line separate* by common.
Step - 0i!i*e by any one o% t2e prime numbers 24 34 $4 ,4 114 F 52ic2 5ill *i!i*e at least any t5o o% t2e gi!en
nu'mbers e#actly. -2e 7uotients an* t2e un*i!i*e* numbers are 5ritten in a line belo5 t2e %irst.
Step . Step 2 is repeate* until a line o% numbers ?prime to eac2 ot2er@ appears.
$ 9in* t2e pro*uct o% all *i!isors an* numbers in t2e last line 52ic2 is t2e re7uire* &.).".
+llustration ' 9in* t2e &.).". o% 124 1$4 20 an* $4.
S#uti#n2 124 1$4 204 $4
2 (4 1$4 104 2,
3 34 1$4 $4 2,
$ 14 $4 $4 9
14 14 14 9
&.).". D 2 2 3 $ 1 1 1 9 D $40.
Note: :e%ore %in*ing t2e &.).". or ;.).9.4 5e must ensure t2at all 7uantities are e#presse* in t2e same unit.
S#%e U!e3u S(#"t*Cut Met(#d!
$4 H4C414 and L4C4M4 #3 De2i%a!
Step $ "a/e t2e same number o% *ecimal places in all t2e gi!en numbers by su%%i#ing Hero?s@ i% necessary.
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Step - 9in* t2e ;.).9.K&.).". o% t2ese numbers 5it2out *ecimal.
Step . Put t2e *ecimal point ?in t2e ;.).9.K&.).". o% step 2@ lea!ing as many *igits on its rig2t as t2ere are in eac2
o% t2e numbers.
-4 L4C4M4 and H4C414 #3 1"a2ti#n!
&.)." D &.).". o% t2e numbers in numerators
;.).9. o% t2e numbers in *enominators
;.).9. D ;.).9. o% t2e numbers in numerators
&.).". o% t2e numbers in *enominators
.4 P"#du2t #3 t5# nu%&e"!
D &.).". o% t2e numbers ;.).9. o% t2e numbers
4. -o %in* t2e greatest number t2at 5ill e#actly *i!i*e x, y an* z.
Re7uire* number D ;.).9. o% x, y an* z.
$. -o %in* t2e greatest number t2at 5ill *i!i*e x, y an* z lea!ing remain*ers a, b an* c4 respecti!ely.
Re7uire* number D ;.).9. o% ?x a@4 ?y b@ an* ?z c@.
(. -o %in* t2e least number 52ic2 is e#actly *i!isible by x, y an* z.
Re7uire* number D &.).". o% x, y an* z.
,. -o %in* t2e least number 52ic2 52en *i!i*e* by #4 y an* H lea!es t2e remain*ers a4 b an* c4 respecti!ely. +t is
al5ays obser!e* t2at ?# Q a@ D ?y Q b@ D ?H Q c@ D / ?say@
Re7uire* number D ?&.).". o% x, y an* z@ Q k.
'. -o %in* t2e least number 52ic2 52en *i!i*e* by x, y an* z lea!es t2e same remain*er r in eac2 case.
Re7uire* number D ?&.).". o% x, y an* z@ J r.
9. -o %in* t2e greatest number t2at 5ill *i!i*e x, y an* z lea!ing t2e same remain*er in eac2 case.
?a@ .2en t2e !alue o% remain*er r is gi!en>
Re7uire* number D ;.).9. o% ?x r@4 ?y r@ an* ?z r@.
?b@ .2en t2e !alue o% remain*er is not gi!en>
Re7uire* number D ;.).9. o% ?# Q y@4 ?y Q H@ an* ?H Q #@
10. -o %in* t2e n-*igit greatest number 52ic24 52en *i!i*e* by x, y an* z.
?a@ lea!es no remain*er ?i.e. e#actly *i!isible@
Step $ &.).". o% x, y an* z D L
& @ n Q *igit greatest number ?
Step - remain*er D R
Step . Re7uire* number
D n-*igit greatest number Q R
?b@ lea!es remain*er U in eac2 case Re7uire* number
D ?n-*igit greatest number Q R@ J U.
11. -o %in* t2e n-*igit smallest number 52ic2 52en *i!i*e* by x, y an* z
?a@ lea!es no remain*er ?i.e. e#actly *i!isible@
Step $ &.).". o% #4 y an* H D &
& @n-*igit smallest number?
Step - remain*er D R
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Step . Re7uire* number
D n-*igit smallest number J ?L R@.
?b@ lea!es remain*er K in eac2 case.
Re7uire* number
D n-*igit smallest number J ?L R@ J k.
EXERCISE
1. -2e pro*uct o% 4 consecuti!e positi!e integers greater t2an 1 is al5ays *i!isible by
?1@ 24
?2@ 4'
?3@ ,2
?4@ 120
2. .2ic2 o% t2e %ollo5ing sets o% numbers are relati!e primesR
?1@ $14 '$
?2@ 2(4 ($
?3@ $,4 ,(
?4@ 294 ,$
?1@ Vnly ?2@
?2@ Vnly ?4@
?3@ :ot2 ?1@ an* ?3@
?4@ ll t2e abo!e
3. .2at is t2e cube root o% 2
'
3
2,
$4R
?1@ 2
2
3
2
3
?2@ 2
4
3
1$
?3@ 2
3
3
10
?4@ (
30

4. .2at is t2e cube root o% 2
2
3
2
4
2
(
2
'
2
9
2
(R
?1@ 2
9
(
3
?2@ 2
11
3
2
?3@ 2
$
3
3
?4@ 2
9
3
3
$. ;o5 many o% t2e %ollo5ing numbers 21
2
42$
3
43(
2
41'
2
are *i!isible by 3
3
R
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?1@ 1
?2@ 2
?3@ 3
?4@ 4
(. 1
3
J2
3
J3
3
J4
3
J$
3
D
?1@ 20
2
?2@ 1$
2
?3@ 2$
2
?4@ 12
2
,. ;o5 many *igits are re7uire* %or numbering t2e pages o% a boo/ containing 1000 pagesR
?1@ 1000
?2@ 2'92
?3@ 3000
?4@ 312(
'. .2at is t2e total number o% *i!isors o% 1200R
?1@ 1$
?2@ 14
?3@ 30
?4@ (0
9. .2at is t2e total number o% *i!isors o% $0404 inclu*ing one an* itsel%R
?1@ $4
?2@ (0
?3@ 2,
?4@ 2$
10. number 52en *i!i*e* by 391 gi!es a remain*er o% 49. 9in* t2e remain*er 52en it is *i!i*e* by 13.
?1@ 10
?2@ 9
?3@ '
?4@ )annot be *etermine*
11. -2e least number t2at s2oul* be a**e* or subtracte* %rom 1321' to ma/e it a per%ect s7uare is
?1@ , s2oul* be a**e*.
?2@ 4 s2oul* be subtracte*
?3@ ' s2oul* be a**e*
?4@ 3 s2oul* be subtracte*
12. 9in* t2e !alue o% U4 i% t2e number 1233U$ is *i!isible by 12$.
?1@ ,
?2@ 2
?3@ 3
?4@ $
13. +% t2e number 24P'90 is *i!isible by 94 %in* t2e !alue o% P.
?1@ 1
?2@ 4
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?3@ 3
?4@ 2
14. 6!aluate > ?,
$
-,
4
@K14
?1@ ( ,
3
?2@ 3 ,
4
?3@ 3 ,
3
?4@ 3 ,
4
1$. 9in* t2e sum o% *i!isors o% 4'0.
?1@ 1$1(
?2@ 1$12
?3@ 1$2(
?4@ 1412
1(. .2at is t2e units *igit o% ($3
$1
R
?1@ 1
?2@ 3
?3@ ,
?4@ 9
1,. .2at is t2e *igit in t2e units place o% t2e pro*uct 23
49
$1
3(
R
?1@ 1
?2@ 3
?3@ ,
?4@ 4.9
1'. ;o5 many number bet5een 100 an* 300 are *i!isible by 11
?1@ 11
?2@ 10
?3@ 12
?4@ 1'
19. -2e units *igit in t2e sum 3(4
102
J 3(4
101
is
?1@ 4
?2@ (
?3@ 0
?4@ '
20. .2ic2 o% t2e %ollo5ing is a multiple o% 'R
?1@ 4('210
?2@ 4(9'2'
?3@ 4(92304
?4@ 4(9$02'
21. -2e sum o% %irst Nr= e!en numbers is
?1@ r
2
?2@ r ?rJ1@
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?3@ r
2
J 2r
?4@ r?r-1@
22. -2e number 2'3,393449 is *i!isible by
?1@ $
?2@ ,
?3@ 9
?4@ 11
23. .2ic2 o% t2e %ollo5ing numbers is e#actly *i!isible by 11R
?1@ 2,1'4
?2@ ('039
?3@ $',24,
?4@ 92939
24. -2e least number 52ic2 52en *i!i*e* by 24 34 44 $ or ( lea!es a remain*er o% 1 in eac2 case is
?1@ 1(2
?2@ 121
?3@ 221
?4@ (1
2$. 9in* t2e least natural number 52ic2 52en *i!i*e* by 1'424 an* 30 lea!es remain*ers 144 204 an* 2(
respecti!ely.
?1@ 2$(
?2@ 3$(
?3@ 4$(
?4@ 32(
2(. .2ic2 o% t2e %ollo5ing numbers4 52en *i!i*e* by 10 lea!es a remain*er o% $4 52en *i!i*e* by 20 lea!es a
remain*er o% 1$4 an* 52en *i!i*e* by 30 lea!es a remain*er o% 2$R
?1@ 13$
?2@ 1($
?3@ 11$
?4@ ($
2,. 9in* t2e greatest number t2at 5ill *i!i*e $$4 12, an* 1,$ lea!ing t2e same remain*er in eac2 case.
?1@ 24
?2@ 1(
?3@ 1'
?4@ 1$
2'. 9in* t2e greatest possible lengt2 52ic2 can be use* to measure e#actly t2e lengt2s , m4 3.'$ m4 an* 12.9$ m.
?1@ 30 cm
?2@ 3$ cm
?3@ 4$ cm
?4@ 3' cm
29. 9in* t2e greatest number o% 4 *igits an* t2e least number o% $ *igits4 suc2 t2at t2ey 2a!e 144 as t2eir ;)9.
?1@ 99994 10000
?2@ 993(4 100'0
?3@ 994(4 100,0
?4@ 99$(4 10090
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30. 9in* t2e least positi!e 52ole number t2at s2oul* be a**e* to 1$1$ to ma/e it a per%ect s7uare.
?1@ 3 ?2@ 4 ?3@ ( ?4@ $
31. ;o5 many numbers are t2ere in bet5een 1 an* $0 t2at are *i!isible by 3 or 4R
?1@ 2'
?2@ 24
?3@ 30
?4@ 32
32. person *istributes c2ocolates to some c2il*ren. +% t2e gi!es 3 c2ocolates to eac2 c2il*4 2e is le%t 5it2 1
c2ocolate. +% 2e gi!e 4 c2ocolates to eac2 c2il*4 still 2e is le%t 5it2 1 c2ocolate. :ut i% 2e gi!es $ c2ocolates to
eac2 c2il*4 2e is le%t 5it2 none. 9in* t2e least possible number o% c2ocolates.
?1@ 13
?2@ 2(
?3@ 2$
?4@ 11
33. 199( 7uestion papers are to be pac/e* in bun*les so t2at t2e number o% 7uestion papers in eac2 bun*le s2oul*
be e7ual to t2e total number o% bun*le. +% t2e obWecti!e is to pac/ a ma#imum possible number o% 7uestion
papers in a bun*le4 2o5 many 7uestion papers 2a!e to be le%t out %rom pac/ingR
?1@ (0
?2@ 90
?3@ ,0
?4@ '0
34. -2ree men start toget2er to 5al/ along a roa* at t2e same rate. -2e lengt2 o% t2eir stri*es are respecti!ely ('
cms4 $1 cms an* '$cms. ;o5 %ar 5ill t2ey go be%ore t2ey are Ain-stepB againR
?1@ 102 m
?2@ 1020 m
?3@ 10.2m
?4@ 1$0 m
3$. super!isor 5as employe* on t2e con*ition t2at 2e 5ill pai* 2ig2est 5ages per *ay. -2e money to be pai* 5as
Rs.11'4 as per contract. :ut 5as %inally pai* Rs.10,3. 9or 2o5 many *ays *i* 2e actually 5or/R
?1@ 29
?2@ 3$
?3@ 3,
?4@ 31
RATIOS; PROPORTIONS AND <ARIATION
ratio is a comparison o% t5o 7uantities by *i!ision. +t is a relation t2at one 7uantity bears to anot2er 5it2 respect to
magnitu*e. +n ot2er 5or*s4 ratio means 52at part one 7uantity is o% anot2er. -2e 7uantities may be o% same /in* or
*i%%erent /in*s. 9or e#ample4 52en 5e consi*er t2e ratio o% t2e 5eig2t 4$ /g o% a bag o% rice to t2e 5eig2t 29/g o% a
bag o% sugar 5e are consi*ering t2e 7uantities o% same /in* but 52en 5e tal/ o% allotting 2 cric/et bats to $
sportsmen4 5e are consi*ering 7uantities o% *i%%erent /in*s. Normally4 5e consi*er t2e ratio bet5een 7uantities o%
t2e same /in*.
+% a an* b are t5o numbers4 t2e ratio o% a to b is aKb or a Jb an* is *enote* by a > b. -2e t5o 7uantities t2at
are being compare* are calle* terms. -2e %irst is calle* antece*ent an* t2e secon* term is calle* conse7uent.
9or e#ample4 t2e ratio 3 > $ represents 3K$ 5it2 antece*ent 3 an* conse7uent $.
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
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Note:
1. ratio is a number4 so to %in* t2e ratio o% t5o 7uantities4 t2ey must be e#presse* in t2e same units.
2. ratio *oes not c2ange i% bot2 o% is terms are multiplie* or *i!i*e* by t2e same number. -2us4 2K3D 4K( D (K9
etc.
TYPES O1 RATIOS
1. Dupi2ate Rati# -2e ratio o% t2e s7uares o% t5o numbers is calle* t2e *uplicate ratio o% t2e t5o numbers.
9or e#ample4 3
2
K4
2
or 9K1( is calle* t2e *uplicate ratio o% X.
2. T"ipi2ate Rati# -2e ratio o% t2e cubes o% t5o numbers is calle* t2e triplicate ratio o% t2e t5o numbers.
9or e#ample4 3
3
K4
3
or 2,K(4 is triplicate ratio o% X.
3. Su&*dupi2ate Rati# -2e ratio o% t2e s7uare roots o% t5o numbers is calle* t2e sub-*uplicate ratio o% t5o
numbers.
9or e#ample4 3K4 is t2e sub- *uplicate ratio o% 9K1(.
4. Su&*dupi2ate Rati# -2e ratio o% t2e cube roots o% t5o numbers is calle* t2e sub-triplicate ratio o% t5o
numbers.
9or e#ample4 2K3 is t2e sub-triplicate ratio o% 'K2,.
$. Inve"!e Rati# #" Re2ip"#2a Rati# +% t2e antece*ent an* conse7uent o% a ratio interc2ange t2eir places4 t2e ne5
ratio is calle* t2e in!erse ratio o% t2e %irst.
-2us4 i% a > b be t2e gi!en ratio4 t2en 1Ka > 1Kb or b > a is its in!erse ratio.
9or e#ample4 3K$ is t2e in!erse ratio o% $K3.
(. C#%p#und Rati# -2e ratio o% t2e pro*uct o% t2e antece*ents to t2at o% t2e conse7uents o% t5o or more gi!en
ratios is calle* t2e compoun* ratio. -2us4 i% a >b an* c>* are t5o gi!en rations4 t2en ac > b* is t2e compoun*
ratio o% t2e gi!en ratios4
9or e#ample4 i% X4 4K$ an* $K, be t2e gi!en ratios4 t2en t2eir compoun* ratios is 34$K 4$,4 t2at is4 3K,.
PROPORTION
-2e e7uality o% t5o ratios is calle* proportion.
+% aKb D cK*4 t2en a4 b4 c an* * are sai* to be in proportion an* 5e 5rite a > b> > c> *. -2is is rea* as Aa is to b as c
is to *B.
9or e#ample4 since X D (K'4 5e 5rite 3M 4> > (> ' an* say 34 44 ( an* ' are in proportion.
6ac2 term o% t2e ratio aKb an* cK* is calle* a proportional. a4 b4 c4 an* * are respecti!ely t2e %irst4 secon*4 t2ir*
an* %ourt2 proportionals
;ere4 a4 * are /no5n as e#tremes an* b4 c are /no5n as means.
SOME BASIC 1ORMULAE
1. +% %our 7uantities are in proportion4 t2en pro*uct o% "eans D pro*uct o% 6#tremes 9or e#ample4 in t2e
proportion a > b> > c> *4 5e 2a!e bc D a*.
9rom t2is relation 5e see t2at i% any t2ree o% t2e %our 7uantities are gi!en4 t2e %ourt2 can be *etermine*.
2. 1#u"t( p"#p#"ti#na +% a> b> >c >#4 # is calle* t2e %ourt2 proportional o% a4 b4 c.
.e 2a!e4 aKb D cK# or4 # D bCcKa
-2us4 %ourt2 proportional o% a4 b4 c is b C c K a.
Iu!t"ati#na $ 9in* a %ourt2 proportional to t2e numbers 24 $4 4.
S#uti#n &et # be t2e %ourt2 proportional4 t2en
2 > $ > > 4 > # or 2K$ D 4K#.
# D $ C 4 K2 D 10.
3. T(i"d p"#p#"ti#na +% a> b> > c> #4 # is calle* t2e t2ir* proportional o% a4 b.
.e 2a!e4 aKbD bK# or #D b
2
Ka.
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-2us4 t2ir* proportional o% a. b is b
2
Ka
Iu!t"ati#n - 9in* a t2ir* proportional to t2e numbers 2.$4 1.$
S#uti#n &et # be t2e t2ir* proportional4 t2en
2.$ > 1.$ > >1.$ > # or 2.$K1.$D 1.$K#.
# D 1.$ C 1.$K2.$ D :49
4. Mean P"#p#"ti#na +% a> #> > #> b4 # is calle* t2e mean or secon* proportional o% a4 b.
.e 2a!e4 aK# D#Kb or #
2
D ab or # D ab
"ean proportional o% a an* b is ab.
.e also say t2at a4 #4 b are in continue* proportion
Iu!t"ati#n . 9in* t2e mean proportional bet5een 4' an* 12.
S#uti#n &et # be t2e mean proportional. -2en4 4' > # > > # > 12 or4 4'K# D #K12 or4 #
2
D $,( or4 #D24.
$. +% aKb D cK*4 t2en
?i@ ?a J b@Kb D ?c J*@K* ?)omponen*o@
?ii@ ?a Q b@Kb D ?c-*@K* ?0i!i*en*o@
?iii@ ?a J b@Ka-b D c J*Kc-* D ?)omponen*o an* 0i!i*en*o@
?i!@ aKb D a J cKbJ* D ?a Qc@Kb-*
Iu!t"ati#n / -2e sum o% t5o umber is c an* t2eir 7uotient is pK7. 9in* t2e numbers.
S#uti#n &et t2e numbers be #4 y.
1i!en> # J y D c F?1@
an*4 #Ky D pK7 F?2@
#K #Jy D pKpJ7 #Kc D pKpJ7 S<sing ?1@T
# D pcKp J7.
SOME USE1UL SHORT*CUT METHODS
1. ?a@ +% t5o numbers are in t2e ratio o% a> b an* t2e sum o% t2ese numbers is #4 t2en t2ese numbers 5ill be a#K
a J b an* b#K aJb4 respecti!ely. or
+% in a mi#ture o% # liters o%4 t5o li7ui*s an* : in t2e ratio o% a> b4 t2en t2e 7uantities o% li7ui*s an* : in t2e
mi#ture 5ill be a# K a J b litres an* b#K a J b litres4 respecti!ely.
?b@ +% t2ree numbers are in t2e ratio a > b> c an* t2e sum o% t2ese numbers is #4 t2en t2ese numbers 5ill be
a# K a J b J c 4 b# K a J b J c an* c# K a J b J c4 respecti!ely.
E=panati#n
&en t2e t2ree numbers in t2e ratio a> b> c be 4 : an* ). -2en4
D /a4 : D /b4 ) D/c an*4 J : J ) D /a J /b J /c D #
/?aJbJc@ D # / D # K a J bJ c.
D /a D a# K a J bJ c.
: D /b D b# K a J bJ c.
) D /c D c# K a J bJ c.
Iu!t"ati#n 0 -5o numbers are in t2e ratio o% 4 > $ an* t2e sum o% t2ese numbers is 2,. 9in* t2e t5o numbers.
S#uti#n ;ere4 a D 44 b D $4 an* # D 2,.
-2e %irst number D a# K a J b D 4 2, K 4J$ D 124
an*4 t2e secon* number D b# K a J b D $ 2, K 4J$ D $04
Iu!t"ati#n 7 -2ree numbers are in t2e ratio o% 3> 4 > '> an* t2e sum o% t2ese numbers is 9,$. 9in* t2e t2ree
numbers.
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S#uti#n ;ere4 a D 34 b D 44 c D ' an* # D 9,$
-2e %irst number D a# K a J bJ c D ?3 9,$@K 3 J 4 J ' D 19$.
-2e secon* number D b# K a J bJ c D ?4 9,$@K 3 J 4 J ' D 2(0.
an*4 t2e t2ir* number D c# K a J bJ c D ?' 9,$@K 3 J 4 J ' D $20.
2. +% t5o numbers are in t2e ratio o% a > b an* *i%%erence bet5een t2ese is #4 t2en t2ese numbers 5ill be
a@ a#K a-b an* b#K a-b4 respecti!ely ?52ere a Y b@.
b@ a#K a-b an* b#K a-b4 respecti!ely ?52ere a Z b@.
E=panati#n
&et t2e t5o numbers be a/ an* b/.
&et a Y b.
1i!en > a/ Q b/ D #
?a Q b@/ D # or / D # K ?a-b@.
-2ere%ore4 t2e t5o numbers are a# K a-b an* b#K a-b.
Iu!t"ati#n 8 -5o numbers are in t2e ratio o% 4 > $. +% t2e *i%%erence bet5een t2ese numbers is 244 t2en %in* t2e
numbers.
S#uti#n ;ere4 a D 44 b D $ an* # D 24.
-2e %irst number D a#K b-a D 4 24K$- 4 D 9( an*4 t2e secon* number D b#K b-a D $ 24 K $-4 D $-:4
3. ?a@. +% a > b D n1 > *1 an* b > c D n2 > *24 t2en
a > b > c D ?n1n2@ > ?*1 n2@ > ?*1 *2@.
?b@. +% a > b D n1 > *14 b > c D n2 > *24 an* c > * D n3 > *3 t2en
a > b > c > *D ?n1 n2 n3@ > ?*1 n2 n3 @ > ?*1 *2 n3 @ > ?*1 *2 *3 @.
Iu!t"ati#n > +% > : D 3 > 4 an* : > ) D ' > 94 %in* > : > ).
S#uti#n ;ere4 n1 D 34 n2 D'4 *1 D4 an* *2 D 9.
a > b > c D ?n1n2@ > ?*1n2@ > ?*1*2@
D ?3'@ > ?4'@ > ?49@
D 24 > 32 > 3( or4 (> ' > 9.
Iu!t"ati#n 9 +% > : D 2 > 34 :>) D 4 > $ an* ) > 0 D ( > ,4 %in* >0.
S#uti#n ;ere; n1 D 24 n2 D 44 n3 D (4 *1 D 34 *2 D $ an* *3 D ,.
> : > ) > 0 D ?n1n2n3@ > ?*1n2n3@ > ?*1 *2 n3@ > ?*1 *2 *3@
D ?2 4 (@ > ?3 4 (@ > ?3 $ (@ > ?3 $ ,@
D 4' > ,2 > 90> 10$> or4 1(> 24 > 30 M 3$. -2us4 > 0 D 1( > 3$.
4. ?a@ -2e ratio bet5een t5o numbers is a > b. +% # is a**e* to eac2 o% t2ese numbers4 t2e ratio becomes c > *. -2e
t5o numbers are gi!en as>
a#?c Q *@ K a* Q bc an* b#?c- *@ K a* Qbc.
E=panati#n
&et t5o number be a/ an* b/.
1i!en > a/ J# K b/J# D cK* a/* J*#D cb/ J c#
/?a* Qbc@ D #?c Q*@
/ D#?c-*@K a* Q bc.
-2ere%ore4 t2e t5o numbers are a#?c-*@ K a*-bc an* b#?c-*@ K a*- bc
+&, -2e ratio bet5een t5o numbers is a > b. i% # is subtracte* %rom eac2 o% t2ese numbers4 t2e ratio becomes c > *.
-2e t5o numbers are gi!en as>
a#?*-c@ K a*-bc an* b#?*-c@ K a*- bc
E=panati#n
&et t2e t5o numbers be a/ an* b/.
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1i!en > a/-#Kb/-# D cK* a/*-#* D bc/-#c
/?a*-bc@ D #?*-c@
/ D #?*-c@Ka*-bc.
-2ere%ore4 t2e t5o numbers are a#?*-c@Ka*-bc an* b#?*-c@Ka*-bc
Iu!t"ati#n $: 1i!en t5o numbers 52ic2 are in t2e ratio o% 3 > 44 +% ' is a**e* to eac2 o% t2em4 t2eir ratio is
c2ange* to $ > (. 9in* t5o numbers.
S#uti#n .e 2a!e4
a > b D 3 > 44 c > * D $ > ( an* # D '.
-2e %irst number D a#?c Q *@K a* Qbc D 3 '?$-(@ K ?3 (- 4 $@ D 12.
an*4 t2e secon* number D b#?c Q *@K a* Qbc
D 4 '?$-(@ K ?3 (- 4 $@ D 1(.
Iu!t"ati#n $$ -2e ratio o% t5o numbers is $ > 9. +% eac2 number is *ecrease* by $4 t2e ratio becomes $> 11.
9in* t2e numbers.
S#uti#n .e 2a!e4
a > b D $> 94 c> * D $> 11 an* # D$.
-2e %irst number D a# ?* Q c@K a* Qbc
D $ $?11-$@K ?$11- 9 $@ D 1$.
an*4 t2e secon* numberD b#?*-c@Ka*-bc
9$?11-$@K?$11-9$@D 2,.
$. ?a@ +% t2e ratio o% t5o numbers is a> b4 t2en t2e numbers t2at s2oul* be a**e* to eac2 o% t2e numbers in
or*er to ma/e t2is ratio c > * is gi!en by a*-bcK c-*.
E=panati#n
&et t2e re7uire* number be #.
1i!en> aJ#K bJ# D cK* a*J #* D bc J #c
#?*-c@ Dbc Qa* or4 # Da*-bcKc-*.
?b@+% t2e ratio o% t5o numbers is a > b4 t2en t2e number t2at s2oul* be subtracte* %rom eac2 o% t2e numbers in or*er
to ma/e t2is ratio c > * is gi!en by bc-a*Kc-*.
E=panati#n
&et t2e re7uire* number be #.
1i!en> a-#K b-# D cK* a*- #* D bc - #c
#?c-*@ Dbc Qa* or4 # D bc-a*Kc-*.
Iu!t"ati#n $- 9in* t2e number t2at must be subtracte* %rom t2e terms o% t2e ratio $ > ( to ma/e it e7ual to 2 > 3.
S#uti#n .e 2a!e a > bD $ > ( an* c> * D2 > 3.
-2e re7uire* number D bc-a*K c-*
D ( 2-$3K 2-3 D3.
Iu!t"ati#n $. 9in* t2e number t2at must be a**e* to t2e terms o% t2e ratio 11 > 29 to ma/e it e7ual to 11 > 20.
S#uti#n .e 2a!e4 a > bD 11 > 29 an* c> * D11> 20.
-2e re7uire* number D a*-bcK c-*
D 11 20-2911K 11-20 D 11.
EXERCISE
1. 0i!i*e Rs.1',0 into t2ree parts in suc2 a 5ay t2at 2al% o% t2e %irst part4 one-t2ir* o% t2e secon* part an*
one-si#t2 o% t2e t2ir* part are e7ual.
1. 2414 3434 24$ 2. 4004 '004 (,0 3. 4,04 (404 11(0 4. None
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2. 0i!i*e Rs.$00 among 4 :4 ) an* 0 so t2at an* : toget2er get t2rice as muc2 as ) an* 0 toget2er4 :
gets %our times o% 52at ) gets an* ) gets 1.$ times as muc2 as 0. No5 t2e amount c getsR
1. 300 2. ,$ 3. 12$ 4. None
3. +% 4 e#aminers can e#amine a certain number o% ans5er boo/s in ' *ays by 5or/ing $ 2ours a *ay4 %or 2o5
many 2ours a *ay 5oul* 2 e#aminers 2a!e to 5or/ in or*er to e#amine t5ice t2e number o% ans5er boo/s
in 20 *ays.
1. ( 2. 1K2 3. ' 4. 9
4. +n a mi#ture o% 40 liters4 t2e ratio o% mil/ an* 5ater is 4>1. ;o5 muc2 5ater muc2 be a**e* to t2is mi#ture
so t2at t2e ratio o% mil/ an* 5ater becomes 2>3
1. 20 litres 2. 32 litres 3. 40 litres 4. 30 litres
$. +% t2ree numbers are in t2e ratio o% 1>2>3 an* 2al% t2e sum is 1'4 t2en t2e ratio o% s7uares o% t2e numbers is>
1. (>12>13 2. 1>2>4 3. 3(>144>324 4. None
(. -2e ratio bet5een t5o numbers is 3>4 an* t2eir &)" is 1'0. t2e %irst number is>
1. (0 2. 4$ 3. 1$ 4. 20
,. an* : are to5 alloys o% argentums an* brass prepare* by mi#ing metals in proportions ,>2 an* ,>11
respecti!ely. +% e7ual 7uantities o% t2e t5o alloys are melte* to %orm a t2ir* alloy )4 t2e proportion o%
argentums an* brass in ) 5ill be>
1. $>9 2. $>, 3. ,>$ 4. 9>$
'. +% 30 men 5or/ing , 2ours a *ay can *o a piece o% 5or/ in 1' *ays4 in 2o5 many *ays 5ill 21 men 5or/ing
' 2ours a *ay *o t2e same 5or/R
1. 24 *ays 2. 22.$ *ays 3. 30 *ays 4. 4$ *ays
9. -2e incomes o% an* : are in t2e ratio 3>2 an* t2eir e#pen*iture are in t2e ratio $>3. +% eac2 sa!es Rs.10004
t2en4 =s income is
1. 3000K- 2. 4000K- 3. (000K- 4. 9000K-
10. +% t2e ratio o% sines o% angles o% a triangle is 1>1>24 t2en t2e ratio o% s7uare o% t2e greatest si*e to sum o%
t2e s7uares o% ot2er t5o si*es is
1. 3>4 2. 2>1 3. 1>1 4. )annot be *etermine*
11. 0i!i*e Rs.('0 among 4 : an* ) suc2 t2at gets 2K3 o% 52at : gets an* : gets 1K4
t2
o% 52at ) gets. No5
t2e s2are o% ) isR
1. 4'0K- 2. 300K- 3. 420K- 4. None
12. 4 :4 ) enter into a partners2ip. contributes one-t2ir* o% t2e 52ole capital 52ile : contributes as muc2 as
an* ) toget2er contribute. +% t2e pro%it at t2e en* o% t2e year is Rs.'44 0004 2o5 muc2 5oul* eac2
recei!e*R
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
- 19 -
Simhas
9394!#!39$

1. 2440004 2040004 404000 2. 2'40004 4240004 144000
3. 2'40004 4240004 104000 4. 2'40004 1440004 424000
13. -2e stu*ents in t2ree batc2es at "S )areers are in t2e ratio 2>3>$. +% 20 stu*ents are increase* in eac2
batc24 t2e ratio c2anges to 4>$>,. t2e total number o% stu*ents in t2e t2ree batc2es be%ore t2e increases 5ere
1. 10 2. 90 3. 100 4. 1$0
14. -2e spee*s o% t2ree cars are in t2e ratio 2>3>4. -2e ratio bet5een t2e times ta/en by t2ese cars to tra!el t2e
same *istance is
1. 2>3>4 2. 4>3>2 3. 4>3>( 4. (>4>3
1$. Rs.22$0 is *i!i*e* among t2ree %rien*s mar4 :iWoy an* )2an*ra in suc2 a 5ay t2at 1K(
t2
o% mar=s s2are4
1K4
t2
o% :iWoy=s s2are an* 2K$
t2
o% c2an*ra=s s2are are e7ual. 9in* mar=s s2are.
1. ,20K- 2.10'0K- 3. 4$0K- 4. 1240K-
1(. %ter an increment o% , in bot2 t2e numerator an* *enominator4 a %raction c2anges to X. 9in* t2e original
%raction.
1. $K12 2. ,K9 3. 2K$ 4. 3K'
1,. -2e *i%%erence bet5een t5o positi!e numbers is 10 an* t2e ratio bet5een t2em is $>3. 9in* t2e pro*uct o%
t2e t5o numbers.
1. 3,$ 2. 1,$ 3. 2,$ 4. 12$
1'. +% 30 o#en can ploug2 1K,
t2
o% a %iel* in 2 *ays4 2o5 many *ays 1' o#en 5ill ta/e to *o t2e remaining
5or/R
1. 30 *ays 2. 20 *ays 3. 1$ *ays 4. 1' *ays
19. cat ta/es $ leaps %or e!ery 4 leaps o% a *og4 but 3 leaps o% t2e *og are e7ual to 4 leaps o% t2e cat. .2at is
t2e ratio o% t2e spee* o% t2e cat to t2at o% t2e *ogR
1. 11>1$ 2. 1$>11 3. 1(>1$ 4. 1$>1(
20. -2e present ratio o% ages o% an* : is 4>$. 1' years ago4 t2is ratio 5as 11>1(. 9in* t2e sum total o% t2eir
present ages.
1. 90 years 2. 10$ years 3. 110 years 4. '0 years
21. -2ree men rent a %arm %or Rs.,000 per annum. puts 110 co5s in t2e %arm %or 3 mont2s4 : puts 110 co5s
%or ( mont2s an* ) puts 440 co5s %or 3 mont2s. .2at percentage o% t2e total e#pen*iture s2oul* payR
1. 20[ 2. 14.2'[ 3. 1(.(([ 4. 11.01[
22. 10 stu*ents can *o a Wob in ' *ays4 but on t2e starting *ay4 t5o o% t2em in%orme* t2at t2ey are not coming.
:y 52at %raction 5ill t2e number o% *ay re7uire* %or *oing t2e 52ole 5or/ get increase*R
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
- 20 -
Simhas
9394!#!39$

1. 4K$ 2. 3K' 3. 3K4 4. 1K4
23. *is2onest mil/man mi#e* 1 liter o% 5ater %or e!ery 3 liters o% mil/ an* t2us ma/e up 3( liters o% mil/. +%
2e no5 a**s 1$ liters o% mil/ to t2e mi#ture4 %in* t2e ratio o% mil/ an* 5ater in t2e ne5 mi#ture.
1. 12>$ 2. 14>3 3. ,>2 4. 9>4
24. Rs.3000 is *istribute* among 4 : an* ) suc2 t2at gets 2K3
r*
o% 52at : an* ) toget2er get an* ) gets \
o% 52at an* : toget2er get. 9in* )=s s2are
1. ,$0K- 2. 1000K- 3. '00K- 4. 1200K-
2$. +% t2e ratio o% t2e ages o% "aya an* )22aya is (>$ at present4 an* %i%teen years %rom no54 t2e ratio 5ill get
c2ange* to 9>'4 t2en %in* "aya=s present age.
1. 24 years 2. 30 years 3. 1' years 4. 33 years
2(. +% Rs.$' is *i!i*e* among 1$0 c2il*ren suc2 t2at eac2 girl an* eac2 boy gets 2$ p an* $0 p respecti!ely.
-2en 2o5 many girls are t2ereR
1. $2 2. $4 3. (' 4. (2
2,. +% 391 bananas 5ere *istribute* among t2ree mon/eys in t2e ratio \>2K3>3K44 2o5 many bananas *i* t2e
%irst mon/ey getR
1. 102 2. 10' 3. 112 4. 104
2'. mi#ture contains mil/ an* 5ater in t2e ratio $>1. Vn a**ing $ liters o% 5ater4 t2e ratio o% mil/ to 5ater
becomes $>2. t2e 7uantity o% mil/ in t2e mi#ture is>
1. 1( litres 2. 2$ litres 3. 32.$ litres 4. 22.,$ litres
29. beggar 2a* ten paise4 t5enty paise an* one rupee coins in t2e ratio 10>1,>, respecti!ely at t2e en* o% *ay.
+% t2at *ay 2e earne* a total o% Rs.$,4 2o5 many t5enty paise coins *i* 2e 2a!eR
1. 114 2. 1,1 3. 9$ 4. '$
30. ]iWay 2as coins o% 2e *enomination o% Re.14 $0 p an* 2$ p in t2e ratio o% 12>10>,. -2e total 5ort2 o% t2e
coins 2e 2as is Rs.,$. 9in* t2e number o% 2$ p coins t2at ]iWay 2as
1. 4' 2. ,2 3. (0 4. None
31. +% t5o numbers are in t2e ratio o% $>' an* i% 9 be a**e* to eac24 t2e ratio becomes '>11. No5 %in* t2e lo5er
number.
1. $ 2. 10 3. 1$ 4. None
32. cas/ contains a mi#ture o% 49 liters o% 5ine an* 5ater in t2e proportion $>2. ;o5 muc2 5ater must be
a**e* to it so t2at t2e ratio o% 5ine to 5ater may be ,>4R
1. 34 $ 2. ( 3. , 4. None
33. cas/ contains 12 gallons o% mi#ture o% 5ine an* 5ater in t2e ratio 3>1. ;o5 muc2 o% t2e mi#ture must be
*ra5n o%% an* 5ater substitute*4 so t2at 5ine an* 5ater in t2e cas/ may become 2al% an* 2al%.
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
- 21 -
Simhas
9394!#!39$

$
1. 3 litres 2. $ litres 3. ( litres 4. None o% t2ese
34. -2e total number o% pupils in t2ree classes o% a sc2ool is 333. t2e number o% pupils in classes + an* ++ are in
t2e ratio 3>$ an* t2ose in classes ++ an* +++ are in t2e ratio ,>11. 9in* t2e number o% pupils in t2e class t2at
2a* t2e 2ig2est number o% pupils.
1. (3 2. 10$ 3. 1($ 4. 1'0
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
- 22 -
Simhas
9394!#!39$

PERCENTAGES
Int"#du2ti#n
-2e term per cent means per 2un*re*s or %or e!ery 2un*re*. +t is t2e abbre!iation o% t2e &atin p2rase per centum.
Scoring (0 per cent mar/s means out o% e!ery 100 mar/s t2e can*i*ate score* (0 mar/s.
-2e term per cent is sometimes abbre!iate* as p.c. -2e symbol [ is o%ten use* %or t2e term per cent.
-2us4 40 per cent 5ill be 5ritten as 40[.
%raction 52ose *enominator is 100 is calle* a percentage an* t2e numerator o% t2e %raction is calle* rate per cent4
e.g. $K100 an* $ per cent means t2e same t2ing4 i.e. $ parts out o% e!ery 2un*re* parts.
1. -o )on!ert a %raction into a per cent>
to con!ert any %raction l/m to rate per cent4 multiply it by 100 an* put [ sign4 i.e. l/m 100[
2. -o )on!ert a Percent into a 9raction>
-o con!ert a per cent into a %raction 4 *rop t2e per cent sign an* *i!i*e t2e number by 100.
3. -o %in* a percentage o% a gi!en number> # [ o% gi!en number ?N@ D #K100 N.
S#%e u!e3u !(#"t2ut %et(#d!
1. ?a@ i% is #[ more t2an t2at o% :4 t2en : is less t2an t2at o% by
[ 100
100
1
]
1
+ x
x
?b@ +% a is #[ less t2an t2at o% :4 t2en : is more t2an t2at o% by
[ 100
100
1
]
1
x
x
2. +% a is #[ o% ) an* : is y[ o% )4 t2en D #Ky 100[ o% :.
3. ?a@ +% t5o numbers are respecti!ely #[ an* y[ more t2an a t2ir* number4 t2en t2e %irst number is
[ 100
100
100
,
_
+
+
y
x
o% t2e secon* an* t2e secon* is [ 100
100
100
,
_
+
+
x
y
o% t2e %irst.
?b@ +% t5o numbers are respecti!ely #[ an* y[ less t2an a t2ir* number4 t2en t2e %irst number is
[ 100
100
100
,
_
y
x
o% t2e %irst.
4. ?a@ +% t2e price o% a commo*ity increases by P[4 t2en t2e re*uction in consumption so as not to increase t2e
e#pen*iture is [ 100
100

,
_
+ P
P
.
?b@ +% t2e price o% a commo*ity *ecreases by p[4 t2en t2e increase in consumption so as not to *ecrease t2e
e#pen*iture is [ 100
100

,
_
P
P
.
$. +% a number is c2ange* ?increase*K*ecrease*@ successi!ely by #[ an* y[4 t2en net[ c2ange is gi!en by
?#JyJ?#yK100@@[ 52ic2 represents increase or *ecrease in !alue accor*ing as t2e sign is J!e or Q!e.
+% # or y in*icates *ecrease in percentage4 t2en put Q!e sign be%ore # or y4 ot2er5ise J!e sign.
(. +% t5o parameters an* : are multiplie* to get a pro*uct an* i% is c2ange* ?increase*K*ecrease*@ by #[ an*
anot2er parameter : is c2ange* ?increase*K*ecrease*@ by y[4 t2en t2e net[ c2ange in t2e pro*uct ? :@ is gi!en
?#JyJ?#yK100@@[ 52ic2 represents increase or *ecrease in !alue accor*ing as t2e sign in J!e or Q!e.
+% # or y in*icates *ecrease in percentage4 t2en put Q!e sign be%ore # or y4 ot2er5ise J!e sign.
,. +% t2e present population o% a to5n ?or !alue o% an item@ be P an* t2e population ?or !alue o% item@ c2anges at r[
per annum4 t2en
?a@ Population ?or !alue o% item@ a%ter n years D
n
r
P
,
_
+
100
1
?b@ Population ?or !alue o% item@ n years ago D
n
r
P
,
_
+
100
1
52ere r is J!e or Q!e accor*ing as t2e population ?or !alue o% item@ increase or *ecreases.
'. +% a number is increase* successi!ely by #[ %ollo5e* by y[ an* t2en by H[4 t2en t2e %inal !alue o% 5ill be
,
_
+
,
_
+
,
_
+
100
1
100
1
100
1
z y x
A
+n case a gi!en !alue *ecreases by any percentage4 5e 5ill use a negati!e sign be%ore t2at.
9. +n an e#amination4 t2e minimum pass percentage is #[. +% a stu*ent secures y mar/s an* %ails by H mar/s4 t2en t2e
ma#imum mar/s in t2e e#amination is
x
z y @ ? 100 +
.
10. +n an e#amination #[ an* y[ stu*ents respecti!ely %ail in t5o *i%%erent subWects 52ile H[ stu*ents %ail in bot2
t2e subWects4 t2en t2e percentage o% stu*ents 52o pass in bot2 t2e subWects 5ill be ?100-?#Jy-H@@[.
EXERCISE
1. .2at is 20[ o% $0[ o% ,$[ o% ,0R
1. $.2$ 2. (.,$ 3. ,.2$ 4. $.$0
2. Ram sells 2is goo*s 2$[ c2eaper t2an S2yam an* 2$[ *earer t2an :ram. ;o5 muc2 percentage is :ram=s
goo*s c2eaper t2an S2yam=sR
1. 33.33[ . $0[ 3. ((.(([ 4. 40[
3. +n an election bet5een 2 can*i*ates4 :2i/u gets ($[ o% t2e total !ali* !otes. +% t2e total !otes 5ere (000. .2at
is t2e number o% !ali* !otes t2at t2e ot2er can*i*ate "2atre gets i% 2$[ o% t2e total !otes 5ere *eclare* in!ali*R
1. 1(2$ 2. 1$,$ 3. 1(,$ 4. 1$2$
4. +n a me*ical certi%icate4 by mista/e a can*i*ate ga!e 2is 2eig2t as 2$[ more t2an normal. +n t2e inter!ie5
panel4 2e clari%ie* t2at 2is 2eig2t 5as $ %eet $ inc2es. 9in* t2e percentage correction ma*e by t2e can*i*ate
%rom 2is state* 2eig2t to 2is actual 2eig2t.
1. 20 2. 2'.$( . 2$ 4. None
$.
(. rWit S2arma generally 5ears 2is %at2er=s coat. <n%ortunately4 2is cousin S2aurya po/e* 2im one *ay t2at 2e
5as 5earing a coat o% lengt2 more t2an 2is 2eig2t by 1$[. +% t2e lengt2 o% rWit=s %at2er=s coat is 120 cm t2en
%in* t2e actual lengt2 o% 2is coat.
1. 10$ 2. 10' 3. 104.34 4. 102.,2
,. ***+n a mi#ture o% '0 liters o% mil/ an* 5ater4 2$[ o% t2e mi#ture is mil/. ;o5 muc2 5ater s2oul* be a**e* to
t2e mi#ture so t2at mil/ becomes 20[ o% t2e mi#tureR
1. 20 liters 2. 1$ liters 3. 2$ liters 4. None
'. $0[ o% a[ o% b is ,$[ o% b[ o% c. .2ic2 o% t2e %ollo5ing is cR
1. 1.$a 2. 0.((,a 3. 0.$a 4. 1.2$a
9. *** lan*o5ner increase* t2e lengt2 an* t2e brea*t2 o% a rectangular plot by 10[ an* 20[ respecti!ely. 9in*
t2e percentage c2ange in t2e cost o% t2e plot assuming lan* prices are uni%orm t2roug2out 2is plot.
1. 33[ 2. 3$[ 3. 22.22[ 4. None
10. -2e 2eig2t o% a triangle is increase* by 40[. .2at can be t2e ma#imum percentage increase in lengt2 o% t2e
base so t2at t2e increase in area is restricte* to a ma#imum o% (0[R
1. $0[ 2. 20[ 3. 14.2'[ 4. 2$[
11. -2e lengt24 brea*t2 an* 2eig2t o% a room in t2e s2ape o% a cuboi* are increase* by 10[4 20[ an* $0[
respecti!ely. 9in* t2e percentage c2ange in t2e !olume o% t2e cuboi*s.
1. ,,[ 2. ,$[ 3. ''[ 4. 9'[
12. -2e salary o% mit is 30[ more t2an t2at o% ]arun. 9in* by 52at percentage is t2e salary o% ]arun less t2an t2at
o% mitR
1. 2(.12[ 2. 23.0,[ 3. 21.23[ 4. None
13. ***-2e price o% sugar is re*uce* by 2$[ but in spite o% t2e *ecrease4 ayus2 en*s up increasing 2is e#pen*iture
on sugar by 20[. .2at is t2e percentage c2ange in 2is mont2ly consumption o% sugarR
1. J(0[ 2. Q10[ 3. J33.33[ 4. $0[
14. -2e price o% rice %alls by 20[. ;o5 muc2 rice can be boug2t no5 5it2 t2e money t2at 5as su%%icient to buy 20
/g o% rice pre!iouslyR
1. $/g 2. 1$ /g 3. 2$ /g 4. 30 /g
1$. 30[ o% a number 52en subtracte* %rom 914 gi!es t2e number itsel%. 9in* t2e number.
1. (0 2. ($ 3. ,0 4. None
1(. ***t an election4 t2e can*i*ate 52o got $([ o% t2e !otes cast 5on by 144 !otes. 9in* t2e total number o%
!oters on t2e !oting list i% '0[ people cast t2eir !ote an* t2ere 5ere no in!ali* !otes.
1. 3(0 2. ,20 3. 1'00 4. 1$00
1,. -2e population o% a !illage is 14004000. -2e rate o% increase is 10[ per annum. 9in* t2e population at t2e start
o% t2e t2ir* yearR
1. 14 334100 2. 14 214 000 3. 14 204 000 4. None
1'. t2e population o% t2e !illage o% 1a!as +s 104 000 at t2is moment. +t increases by 10[ in t2e %irst year. ;o5e!er4
in t2e secon* year4 *ue to immigration4 t2e population *rops by $[. 9in* t2e population at t2e en* o% t2e t2ir*
year i% in t2e t2ir* year t2e population increases by 20[.
1. 124 340 2. 124 $40 3. 14 2,4 $40 4. 124 340
19. man in!ests Rs.104000 in some s2ares in t2e ratio 2>3>$ 52ic2 pay *i!i*en*s o% 10[4 2$[ an* 20[ ?on 2is
in!estment@ %or t2at year respecti!ely. 9in* 2is *i!i*en* income.
1. 1900 2. 2000 3. 20$0 4. 19$0
20. *+n an e#amination4 "o2it obtaine* 20[ more t2an Sus2ant but 10[ less t2an RaWes2. +% t2e mar/s obtaine* by
Sus2ant is 10'04 %in* t2e percentage mar/s obtaine* by RaWes2 i% t2e %ull mar/s is 2000.
1. '(.(([ 2. ,2[ 3. ,'.33[ 4. None
21. +n a class4 2$[ o% t2e stu*ents 5ere absent %or an e#am. 30[ %aile* by 20 mar/s an* 10[ Wust passe* because
o% grace mar/s o% $. 9in* t2e a!erage score o% t2e class i% t2e remaining stu*ents score* an a!erage o% (0 mar/s
an* t2e pass mar/s are 33 ?counting t2e %inal scores o% t2e can*i*ates@.
1. 3,.2(( 2. 3,.( 3. 3,.' 4. 3(.93
22. Ram spen*s 20[ o% 2is mont2ly income on 2is 2ouse2ol* e#pen*iture. 1$[ o% t2e rest on boo/s4 30[ o% t2e
rest on clot2es an* sa!es t2e rest. Vn counting4 2e comes to /no5 t2at 2e 2as %inally sa!e* Rs.9$20. 9in* 2is
mont2ly income.
1. 10000 2. 1$000 3. 20000 4. None
23. ;ans an* :2as/ar 2a!e salaries t2at Wointly amount o% Rs.104000 per mont2. -2ey spen* t2e same amount
mont2ly an* t2en it is %oun* t2at t2e ratio o% t2eir sa!ings is (>1. .2ic2 o% t2e %ollo5ing is ;ans=s salaryR
1. (000K- 2. $000K- 3. 4000K- 4. 3000K-
24. -2e population o% a !illage is $$00. +% t2e number o% males increases by 11[ an* t2e number o% %emales
increases by 20[4 t2en t2e population becomes (330. 9in* t2e population o% %emales in t2e to5n.
1. 2$00 2. 3000 3. 2000 4. 3$00
2$. ]ic/y=s salary is ,$[ more t2an s2u=s. ]ic/y got a raise o% 40[ on 2is salary 52ile s2u got a raise o% 2$[
on 2is salary. :y 52at percent is ]ic/y=s salary more t2an s2u=sR
1. 9([ 2. $1.1[ 3. 90[ 4. $1.1[
2(. Vn a s2el%4 t2e %irst ro5 contains 2$[ more boo/s t2an t2e secon* ro5 an* t2e t2ir* ro5 contains 2$[ less
boo/s t2en t2e secon* ro5. +% t2e total number o% boo/s containe* in all t2e ro5s is (004 t2en %in* t2e number o%
boo/s in t2e %irst ro5.
1. 2$0 2. 22$ 3. 300 4. None
2,. n ore contains 2$[ o% an alloy t2at 2as 90[ iron. Vt2er t2an t2is4 in t2e remaining ,$[ o% t2e ore4 t2ere is no
iron. ;o5 many /ilograms o% t2e ore are nee*e* to obtain (0 /g o% pure ironR
1. 2$0/g 2. 2,$ /g 3. 300 /g 4. 2((.(( /g
2'. &ast year4 t2e +n*ian cric/et team playe* 40 one-*ay cric/et matc2es out o% 52ic2 t2ey manage* to 5in only
40[. -2is year4 so %ar it 2as playe* some matc2es4 52ic2 2as ma*e it man*atory %or it to 5in '0[ o% t2e
remaining matc2es to maintain its e#isting 5inning percentage. 9in* t2e number o% matc2es playe* by +n*ia so
%ar t2is yearR
1. 30 2. 2$ 3. 2' 4. +nsu%%icient in%ormation
29. +n t2e recent4 climate con%erence in Ne5 ôr/4 out o% ,00 men4 $00 5omen4 '00 c2il*ren present insi*e t2e
buil*ing premises4 20[ o% t2e men4 40[ o% t2e 5omen an* 10[ o% t2e c2il*ren 5ere +n*ians. 9in* t2e
percentage o% people 52o 5ere not +n*ianR
1. ,3[ 2. ,,[ 3. ,9[ 4. '3[
30. Ram sells 2is goo*s 20[ c2eaper t2an :obby an* 20[ *earer t2an )2an*ilya. ;o5 muc2 percentage is
)2an*ilya=s goo*s c2eaperK*earer t2an :obby=s
1. 33.33[ 2. $0[ 3. 42.'$[ 4. None
31. Vut o% t2e total pro*uction o% iron %rom 2ematite4 an ore o% iron4 20[ o% t2e ore gets 5aste*4 an* out o% t2e
remaining iron4 only 2$[ is pure iron. +% t2e pure iron obtaine* in a year %rom a mine o% 2ematite 5as '04 000
/g4 t2en t2e 7uantity o% 2ematite mine* %rom t2at mine in t2e year is
1. $4 004 000 /g 2. 44 004 000 /g 3. 44 $04 000 /g 4. None
32. Recently4 52ile s2opping in Patna "ar/et in :i2ar4 + came across t5o ne5 s2irts selling at a *iscount. + *eci*e*
to buy one o% t2em %or my little boy S2erry. -2e s2op/eeper o%%ere* me t2e %irst s2irt %or Rs.42 an* sai* t2at it
usually sol* %or 'K, o% t2at price. ;e t2en o%%ere* me t2e ot2er s2irt %or Rs.3( an* sai* t2at it usually sol* %or
,K(
t2
o% t2at price. V% t2e t5o s2irts 52ic2 one *o you t2in/ is a better bargain an* 52at is t2e percentage
*iscount on itR
1. 9irst s2irt4 12.$[ 2. secon* s2irt4 14.2'[ 3. :ot2 are same 4. None
33. 4K$
t2
o% t2e !oters in :ellary promise* to !ote %or Sonia 1an*2i an* t2e rest promise* to !ote %or Sus2ma
S5araW. V% t2ese !oters4 10[ o% t2e !oters 52o 2a* promise* to !ote %or Sonia 1an*2i *i* not !ote on t2e
6lection 0ay4 52ile 20[ o% t2e !oters 52o 2a* promise* to !ote %or Sus2ma S5araW *i* not !ote on t2e
6lection 0ay. .2at is t2e total no. o% !otes polle* i% Sonia 1an*2i got 21( !otesR
1. 200 2. 300 3. 2(4 4. 100
34. Ra!ana spen*s 30[ o% 2is salary on 2ouse rent4 30[ o% t2e rest 2e spen*s on 2is c2il*ren=s e*ucation an* 24[
o% t2e total salary 2e spen*s on clot2es. %ter 2is e#pen*iture4 2e is le%t 5it2 Rs.2$00. .2at is Ra!ana=s salaryR
1. 114 4944 2$K- 2. 204 000K- 3. 104 000K- 4. 1$4 000K-
3$. -2e entrance tic/et at t2e "iner!a t2eatre in "umbai is 5ort2 Rs.2$0. .2en t2e price o% t2e tic/et 5as
lo5ere*4 t2e sale o% tic/ets increase* by $0[ 52ile t2e collections recor*e* a *ecrease o% 1,.$[. 9in* t2e
*e*uction in t2e tic/et price.
1. 1$0K- 2. 112.$K- 3. 10$K- 4. 120K-
3(. +n t2e year 20004 t2e lu#ury car in*ustry 2a* t5o car manu%acturers_"aruti an* ;on*a 5it2 mar/et s2ares o%
2$[ an* ,$[ respecti!ely. +n 20014 t2e o!erall mar/et %or t2e pro*uct increase* by $0[ an* a ne5 player
:". also entere* t2e mar/et an* capture* 1$[ o% t2e mar/et s2are. +% 5e /no5 t2at t2e mar/et s2are "aruti
increase* to $0[ in t2e secon* year4 t2e s2are o% ;on*a in t2at year 5as>
1. $0[ 2. 4$[ 3. 40[ 4. 3$[
Ave"a)e! & Mi=tu"e!
.2ene!er 5e are as/e* t2e mar/s score* by us in any e#amination4 5e usually tell t2e mar/s in percentage4 ta/ing
t2e percentage o% total mar/s o% all subWects. -2is percentage is calle* a!erage percentage. lso4 in a class4 +% t2ere
are 100 stu*ents4 instea* o% /no5ing t2e age o% in*i!i*ual stu*ent4 5e usually tal/ about a!erage age.
-2e a!erage or mean or arit2metic o% a number o% 7uantities o% t2e same /in* is e7ual to t2eir sum *i!i*e* by t2e
number o% t2ose 7uantities. 9or e#ample4 t2e a!erage o% 34 114 1$4 1'4194 an* 23 is
3 J 9 J11J 1$J 1'J 19J 23J K, D 9'K, D 14.
SOME BASIC 1ORMULAE
1. !erage D sum o% 7uantitiesK Number o% 7uantities
2. Sum o% 7uantities D !erage Number o% 7uantities
3. Number o% 7uantities D Sum o% 7uantitiesK !erage
Iu!t"ati#n $ man purc2ase* $ toys at t2e rate o% Rs 200eac24 ( toys at t2e rate o% Rs 2$0eac2 an* 9 toys at t2e
rate o% Rs 300 eac2. )alculate t2e a!erage cost o% one toy.
S#uti#n Price o% $ toys D 200 $ D Rs 1000
Price o% ( toys D 2$0 ( D Rs 1$00
Price o% 9 toys D 300 9 D Rs 2,00
!erage price o% 1 toy D 1000 J 1$00 J 2,00K 20
D $200K20 D R! -7:4
Iu!t"ati#n - -2e a!erage mar/s obtaine* by 200 stu*ents in a certain e#amination are 4$. 9in* t2e total mar/s.
S#uti#n -otal mar/s
D !erage mar/s Number o% stu*ents
D 200 4$ D 900.
Iu!t"ati#n . -otal temperatures %or t2e mont2 o% September is '40
0
)4 +% t2e a!erage temperature o% t2at mont2 is
2'
0
)4 %in* o% 2o5 many *ays is t2e mont2 o% September.
S#uti#n Number o% *ays in t2e mont2 o% September
D -otal temperatureK !erage temperature D '40K2'
D .:da?!4
SOME USE1UL SHORT@CUT METHODS
1. !erage o% t5o or more groups ta/en toget2er
a@ +% t2e number o% 7uantities in t5o groups be n1 an* n2 an* t2eir a!erage is x an* y4 respecti!ely4 t2e
combine* a!erage ?a!erage o% all o% t2en put toget2er@ is
n1x +n2y / n1 + n2
E=panati#n
No. o% 7uantities in %ist group D n1
-2eir a!erage D #
Sum D n1 x
No. o% 7uantities in secon* group D n2
-2eir a!erage D y
Sum D n2 y
No. o% 7uantities in t2e combine* group D n1Jn2
-otal sum ?sum o% 7uantities o% %irst group an* secon* group@ D n1#Jn2y
)ombine* !erage D n1#Jn2y.K n1 Jn2.
b@. +% t2e a!erage o% n1 7uantities is # an* t2e a!erage o% n2 7uantities out o% t2em is y4 t2e a!erage o%
remaining group ?rest o% t2e 7uantities@ is
n2# Q n2yK n1- n2.
E=panati#n
No. o% 7uantities D n1
-2eir a!erage D #
Sum D n1#
No o% 7uantities ta/en out Q n2
-2eir a!erage D y
Sum D n2y
Sum o% remaining 7uantities D n1# Q n2y
No. o% remaining 7uantities D n1 Q n2
!erage o% remaining group D n1# Q n2yK n1 Q n2
Iu!t"ati#n / -2e a!erage 5eig2t o% 24 stu*ents o% section o% a class is $' /g 52ereas t2e a!erage 5eig2t o% 2(
stu*ents o% section : o% t2e same class is (0. $ /g. 9in* t2e a!erage 5eig2t o% all t2e $0 stu*ents o% t2e class.
S#uti#n ;ere4 n1 D 244 n2 D 2(4 # D $' an* y D (0.$.
!erage 5eig2t o% all t2e $0 stu*ents
D n1#Jn2yK n1 Jn2
D 24 C$' J 2(C(0.$ K 24J2(
D 1392 J1$,3K $0 D 29($K $0 D094.A)4
Iu!t"ati#n 0 !erage salary o% all t2e $0 employees inclu*ing $ o%%icers o% a company is Rs '$0. +% t2e a!erage
salary o% t2e o%%icers is Rs 2$004 %in* o% t2e class.
S#uti#n ;ere4 n1 D $04 n2 D$4 # D '$0an* y D 2$00.
!erage salary o% t2e remaining sta%%
D n1#-n2yK n1-n2 D $0'$0 -$2$00 K $0-$
D 42$00-12$00K 4$ D 30000K 4$
D R! 778+app"#=,
2. +% # is t2e a!erage o% #14 #24 F4 #n4 t2en
a@ -2e a!erage o% #1 J a4 #2 J a4 F.4 #n J a is # Ja.
b@ -2e a!erage o% #1 - a4 #2 - a4 F.4 #n - a is # -a.
c@ -2e a!erage o% a#14 a#24F.4a#n is a#4 pro!i*e* a L 0.
*@ -2e a!erage o% #1 K a4 #2 K a4 F.4 #n K a is# Ka4 pro!i*e* a L 0.
Iu!t"ati#n 7 -2e a!erage !alue o% si# numbers ,4 124 1,4 244 2( an* 2' is 19. +% ' is a**e* to eac2 number4 52at
5ill be t2e ne5 a!erageR
S#uti#n -2e ne5 a!erage D # Ja.
B 19J' D -84
Iu!t"ati#n 8 -2e a!erage !alue o% # numbers is $#. +% # Q 2 is subtracte* %rom eac2 gi!en number4 52at 5ill be t2e
ne5 a!erageR
S#uti#n -2e ne5 a!erage D# -a.
D $#- ?#-2@ D /= C-4
Iu!t"ati#n > -2e a!erage o% ' numbers is 21.+% eac2 o% t2e numbers multiplie* by '4 %in* t2e a!erage o% a ne5 set
o% numbers.
S#uti#n -2e a!erage o% a ne5 set o% numbers
D a# D ' 21 B $7>4
3. -2e a!erage o% n 7uantities is e7ual to #. +% one o% t2e gi!en 7uantities 52ose !alue is p4 is replace* by a ne5
7uantity 2a!ing !alue 74 t2e a!erage becomes y4 t2en 7 D pJn?y-#@
Iu!t"ati#n 9 -2e a!erage 5eig2t o% 2$ persons is increase* by 2 /g 52en one o% t2em 52ose 5eig2t is (0/g4 is
replace* by a ne5 person. .2at is t2e 5eig2t o% t2e ne5 personR
S#uti#n -2e 5eig2t o% t2e ne5 person
D p J n?y-#@
D (0 J 2$?2@D 110/g
4. a@. -2e a!erage o% n 7uantities is e7ual to #. .2en a 7uantity is remo!e*4 t2e a!erage becomes y. -2e !alue
o% t2e remo!e* 7uantity is n?#- y@Jy.
b@ -2e a!erage o% n 7uantities is e7ual to #. .2en a 7uantity is a**e*4 t2e a!erage becomes y. -2e !alue
o% t2e ne5 7uantity is n?y-#@Jy
Iu!t"ati#n$: -2e a!erage are o% 24 stu*ents an* class teac2er is1( years4 +% t2e class teac2er=s age is e#clu*e*4 t2e
a!erage age re*uces by 1 year. .2at is t2e age o% t2e class teac2erR
S#uti#n -2e age o% class teac2er
D n?#- y@ J y
D 2$?1( Q 1$@ J 1$ D /: ?ea"!4
Iu!t"ati#n $$ -2e a!erage age o% 30 c2il*ren in a class is 9 years. +% t2e teac2er=s age be inclu*e*4 t2e a!erage age
becomes 10years. 9in* t2e teac2er=s age.
S#uti#n -2e teac2er=s age
D n?y- #@ J y
D 30?10 Q 9@ J100 D /: ?ea"!4
$. a@.-2e a!erage o% %irst n natural numbers is ?n J1@ K2
b@. -2e a!erage o% s7uare o% natural numbers till n is ?n J1@?2nJ1@K(.
c@. -2e a!erage o% cubes o% natural numbers till n is n?n J1@
2
K4
*@. -2e a!erage o% o** numbers %rom 1 to n is ?last o** number J1@ K 2
e@. -2e a!erage o% e!en numbers %rom 1 to n is ?last e!en number J 2@ K 2.
Iu!t"ati#n $- 9in* t2e a!erage o% %irst '1natural number.
S#uti#n -2e re7uire* a!erage
D n J 1K 2 D '1 J 1 K2 D /$4
Iu!t"ati#n $. .2at is t2e a!erage o% s7uares o% t2e natural numbers %rom 1 to 41R
D ?nJ1@?2nJ1@K ( D ?41J1@?241J1@K (
D 42 '3K ( D 34'(K ( D 0>$
Iu!t"ati#n $/ 9in* t2e a!erage o% cubes o% natural numbers %rom 1 to 2,.
D n?n J1@
2
K 4 D 2,?2,J1@
2
K 4
2, 2' 2' K 4 D 211(' K 4 D 0-9-4
Iu!t"ati#n $0 .2at is t2e a!erage o% o** numbers %rom 1 to 40R
D last o** number J 1K 2 D 39 J1K 4 D-:4
Iu!t"ati#n $7 .2at is t2e a!erage o% e!en numbers %rom 1 to '1R
B last e!en number J 2K 2 D '0J2 D /$4
(. a@.+% n is o**> -2e a!erage o% n consecuti!e numbers4 consecuti!e e!en numbers or
consecuti!e o** numbers is al5ays t2e mi**le number.
b@. +% n is e!en> -2e a!erage o% n consecuti!e numbers4 consecuti!e e!en numbers or consecuti!e o**
numbers is al5ays t2e a!erage o% t2e mi**le t5o numbers.
c@. -2e a!erage o% %irst n consecuti!e numbers is ?nJ1@.
*@. -2e a!erage o% %irst n consecuti!e o** numbers is n.
e@. -2e a!erage o% s7uares o% %irst n consecuti!e e!en number is2 ?nJ1@?2nJ1@ K 3.
%@. -2e a!erage o% s7uares o% consecuti!e e!en number till n is ?nJ@?nJ2@ K 3.
g@. -2e a!erage o% s7uares o% s7uares o% consecuti!e o** numbers till n is n?nJ2@K 3.
2@. +% t2e a!erage o% n consecuti!e numbers is m4 t2en t2e *i%%erence bet5een t2e smallest an* t2e largest
number is 2?n-1@.
Iu!t"ati#n $8 9in* t2e a!erage o% , consecuti!e numbers 34 44 $4 (4 ,4 '4 9.
S#uti#n -2e re7uire* a!erageD mi**le numberD(.
Iu!t"ati#n $> 9in* t2e a!erage o% consecuti!e o** numbers 214 234 2$4 2,4 294 314 334 3$.
D a!erage o% mi**le t5o numbers
D a!erage o% 2, an* 29
D 2,J29 K 2 D ->4
Iu!t"ati#n $9 9in* t2e a!erage o% %irst 31 consecuti!e e!en numbers.
S#uti#n -2e re7uire* a!erage D ?nJ1@ D 31J 1D .-4
Iu!t"ati#n -: 9in* t2e a!erage o% %irst $0 consecuti!e o** numbers.
S#uti#n -2e re7uire* a!erage D n D 0:4
EXERCISE
1. -2e a!erage o% 13 papers is 40. -2e a!erage o% t2e %irst , papers is 42 an* o% t2e last se!en papers is 3$. 9in*
t2e mar/s obtaine* in t2e ,
t2
paperR
?@ 23
?:@ 3'
?)@ 19
?0@ None o% t2ese
2. -2e a!erage age o% t2e +n*ian cric/et team playing t2e Nagpur test is 30. -2e a!erage age o% $ o% t2e players is
2, an* t2at o% anot2er set o% $ players4 totally *i%%erent %rom t2e %irst %i!e4 is 29. +% it is t2e captain 52o 5as not
inclu*e* in eit2er o% t2ese t5o groups4 t2en %in* t2e age o% t2e captain.
?@ ,$
?:@ $$
?)@ $0
3. bus goes to Ranc2i %rom Patna at t2e rate o% (0 /m per 2our. not2er bus lea!es Ranc2i %or Patna at t2e same
times as t2e %irst bus at t2e rate o% ,0 /m per 2our. 9in* t2e a!erage spee* %or t2e Wourneys o% t2e t5o buses
combine* i% it is /no5n t2at t2e *istance %rom Ranc2i to Patna is 420 /ilometers.
?@ (4.(1$ /mp2
?:@ (4.$ /mp2
?)@ (3.'23 /mp2
?0@ (4.'2 /mp2
4. train tra!els ' /m in t2e %irst 7uarter o% an 2our4 ( /m in t2e secon* 7uarter an* 40 /m in t2e t2ir* 7uarter.
9in* t2e a!erage spee* o% t2e train per 2our o!er t2e entire Wourney.
?@ ,2 /mK2
?:@ 1' /mK2
?)@ ,,.33 /mK2
?0@ ,'.$ /mK2
$. -2e a!erage 5eig2t o% ( men is ('.$ /g. +% + is /no5n t2at Ram an* -ram 5eig2 (0 /g eac24 %in* t2e a!erage
5eig2t o% t2e ot2ers.
?@ ,2.,$ /g
?:@ ,$ /g
?)@ ,' /g
?0@ None o% t2ese
(. -2e a!erage score o% a class o% 40 stu*ents is $2. .2at 5ill be t2e a!erage score o% t2e rest o% t2e stu*ents i% t2e
a!erage score o% 10 o% t2e stu*ents is (1.
?@ $0
?:@ 4,
?)@ 4'
?0@ 49
,. -2e a!erage age o% '0 stu*ents o% ++"4 :angalore o% t2e 199$ batc2 is 22 years. .2at 5ill be t2e ne5 a!erage i%
5e inclu*e t2e 20 %aculty members 52ose a!erage age is 3, yearsR
?@ 32 years
?:@ 24 years
?)@ 2$ years
?0@ None o% t2ese
'. Vut o% t2e t2ree numbers4 t2e %irst is t5ice t2e secon* an* t2ree times t2e t2ir*. -2e a!erage o% t2e t2ree
numbers is ''. -2e smallest number is
?@ ,2
?:@ 3(
?)@ 42
?0@ 4'
9. -2e sum o% t2ree numbers is 9'. +% t2e ratio bet5een t2e %irst an* secon* is 2 > 3 an* t2at bet5een t2e secon*
an* t2e t2ir* is $ > '4 t2en t2e secon* number is
?@ 30
?:@ 20
?)@ $'
?0@ 4'
10. -2e a!erage 2eig2t o% 30 girls out o% a class o% 40 is 1(0 cm an* t2at o% t2e remaining girls is 1$( cm. -2e
a!erage 2eig2t o% t2e 52ole class is
?@ 1$' cm
?:@ 1$'.$ cm
?)@ 1$9 cm
?0@ 1$, cm
11. -2e a!erage 5eig2t o% ( persons is increase* by 2.$ /g 52en one o% t2em 52ose 5eig2t is $0 /g is replace* by
a ne5 man. -2e 5eig2t o% t2e ne5 man is
?@
i
($ /g
?:@ ,$ /g
?)@ ,( /g
?0@ (0 /g
12. -2e a!erage age o% 4 : ) an* 0 %i!e years ago 5as 4$ years. :y inclu*ing `4 t2e present a!erage age o% all t2e
%i!e is 49 years. -2e present age o% ` is
?@ (4 years
?:@ 4' years
?)@ 4$ years
?0@ 40 years
13. -2e a!erage salary o% 20 5or/ers in an o%%ice is Rs. 1900 per mont2. +% t2e manager=s salary is a**e*4 t2e
a!erage salary becomes Rs. 2000 per mont2. .2at is t2e manager=s annual salaryR
?@ Rs. 244 000
?:@ Rs. 2$4200
?)@ Rs. 4$4(00
?0@ None o% t2ese
14. -2e a!erage 5eig2t o% a class o% 40 stu*ents is 40 /g. +% t2e 5eig2t o% t2e teac2er be inclu*e*4 t2e a!erage
5eig2t increases by $00 gm. -2e 5eig2t o% t2e teac2er is
?@ 40.$ /g
?:@ (0 /g
?)@ (2 /g
?0@ (0.$ /g
1$. +n a +n%osys test4 a stu*ent scores 2 mar/s %or e!ery correct ans5er an* loses 0.$ mar/s %or e!ery 5rong ans5er.
stu*ent attempts all t2e 100 7uestions an* scores 120 mar/s. -2e number o% 7uestions 2e ans5ere* correctly
5as
?@ $0
?:@ 4$
?)@ (0
?0@ ('
1(. -2e a!erage o% t2e %irst ten natural numbers is
?@ $
?:@ $.$
?)@ (.$
?0@ (
1,. -2e a!erage o% t2e %irst ten 52ole numbers is
?@ ****4.$
?:@ $
?)@ $.$
?0@ 4
1'. -2e a!erage o% t2e %irst ten e!en numbers is
?@ 1'
?:@ 22
?)@ 9
?0@ 11
19. -2e a!erage 5eig2t o% a class o% 30 stu*ents is 40 /g. +%4 2o5e!er4 t2e 5eig2t o% t2e teac2er is inclu*e*4 t2e
a!erage become 41 /g. -2e 5eig2t o% t2e teac2er is
11
?@ 31 /g
?:@ (2 /g
?)@ ,1 /g
?0@ ,0 /g
20. 30 oranges an* ,$ apples 5ere purc2ase* %or Rs. $10. +% t2e price per apple 5as Rs. 24 t2en t2e a!erage price o%
oranges 5as
?@ Rs. 12
?:@ Rs. 14
?)@ Rs. 10
?0@ Rs. 1$
21. batsman ma*e an a!erage o% 40 runs in 4 innings4 but in t2e %i%t2 inning4 2e 5as out on Hero. .2at is t2e
a!erage a%ter %i%t2 inningsR
?@ 32
?:@ 22
?)@ 3'
?0@ 49
22. -2e a!erage 5eig2t o% a sc2ool o% 40 teac2ers is '0 /g. +%4 2o5e!er4 t2e 5eig2t o% t2e principle be inclu*e*4 t2e
a!erage *ecreases by 1 /g. .2at is t2e 5eig2t o% t2e principalR
?@ 109 /g
?:@ 29 /g
?)@ 39 /g
?0@ None o% t2ese
23. -2e a!erage age o% Ram an* S2yam is 20 years. -2eir a!erage age $ years 2ence 5ill be
?@ 2$ years
?:@ 22 years
?)@ 21 years
?0@ 20 years
24. -2e a!erage o% 20 results is 30 an* t2at o% 30 more results is 20. 9or all t2e results ta/en toget2er4 t2e a!erage is
?@ 2$
?:@ $0
?)@ 12
?0@ 24
2$. -2e a!erage o% $ consecuti!e numbers is 1'. -2e 2ig2est o% t2ese numbers 5ill be
?@ 24
?:@ 1'
?)@ 20
?0@ 22
2(. -2ree years ago4 t2e a!erage age o% a %amily o% $ members 5as 1, years. baby 2a!ing been born4 t2e a!erage
o% t2e %amily is t2e same to*ay. .2at is t2e age o% t2e babyR
?@ 1 years
?:@ 2 years
?)@ ( mont2s
?0@ 9 mont2s
2,. ]arun a!erage *aily e#pen*iture is Rs. 10 *uring "ay4 Rs. 14 *uring aune an* Rs. 1$ *uring auly. ;is
appro#imate *aily e#pen*iture %or t2e 3 mont2s is
?@ Rs. 13 appro#imately
?:@ Rs. 12
?)@ Rs. 12 appro#imately
?0@ Rs. 10
2'. s2ip sails out to a mar/ at t2e rate o% 1$ /m per 2our an* sails bac/ at t2e rate o% 20 /mK2. .2at is its a!erage
rate o% sailingR
?@ 1(.'$ /m
?:@ 1,.14 /m
?)@ 1,.'$ /m
?0@ 1' /m
29. -2e a!erage temperature on "on*ay4 -ues*ay an* .e*nes*ay 5as 41
0
) an* on -ues*ay4 .e*nes*ay an*
-2urs*ay it 5as 40
0
). +% on -2urs*ay it 5as e#actly 39
0
)4 t2en on "on*ay4 t2e temperature 5as
?@ 42
0
)
?:@ 4(
0
)
?)@ 23
0
)
?0@ 2(
0
)
30. -2e a!erage o% 20 results is 30 out o% 52ic2 t2e %irst 10 results are 2a!ing an a!erage o% 10. -2e a!erage o% t2e
rest 10 results is
?@ $0
?:@ 40
?)@ 20
?0@ 2$
31. man 2a* se!en c2il*ren. .2en t2eir a!erage age 5as 12 years a c2il* age* ( years *ie*. -2e a!erage age o%
t2e remaining ( c2il*ren is
?@ ( years
?:@ 13 years
?)@ 1, years
?0@ 1$ years
32. -2e a!erage 5eig2t o% 3$ stu*ents is 3$ /g. +% t2e teac2er is also inclu*e*4 t2e a!erage 5eig2t increases to 3(
/g. -2e 5eig2t o% t2e teac2er is
?@ 3( /g
?:@ ,1 /g
?)@ ,0 /g
?0@ 4$ /g
33. -2e a!erage o% x4 y an* z is 4$. x is as muc2 more t2an t2e a!erage as y is less t2an t2e a!erage. 9in* t2e !alue
o% z.
?@ 4$
?:@ 2$
?)@ 3$
?0@ 1$
34. -2e a!erage salary per 2ea* o% all t2e 5or/ers in a company is Rs. 9$. -2e a!erage salary o% 1$ o%%icers is Rs.
$2$ an* t2e a!erage salary per 2ea* o% t2e rest is Rs. '$. 9in* t2e total number o% 5or/ers in t2e 5or/s2op.
?@ ((0
?:@ $'0
?)@ ($0
?0@ 4(
PRO1IT AND LOSS
:usiness transactions 2a!e no5-a-*ays become common %eature o% li%e. .2en a person *eals in t2e purc2ase an*
sale o% any item4 2e eit2er gains or loses some amount generally. -2e aim o% any business is to earn pro%it. -2e
commonly use* terms in *ealing 5it2 7uestions in!ol!ing sale an* purc2ase are>
C#!t P"i2e -2e cost price o% an article is t2e price at 52ic2 an article 2as been purc2ase*. +t is t2e abbre!iate* as
).P.
Sein) P"i2e -2e selling price o% an article is t2e price at 52ic2 an article 2as been sol*. +t is abbre!iate* as S.P.
P"#3it #" Gain +% t2e selling price o% an article is more t2at t2e cost price4 t2ere is a gain or pro%it.
-2us4 Pro%it or 1ain D S.P- ).P.
L#!! +% t2e cost price o% an article is greater t2an t2e selling price4 t2e su%%ers a loss.
-2us4 &oss D ).P- S.P.
Note t2at pro%it an* loss are al5ays calculate* 5it2 respect to t2e cost price o% t2e item.
Iu!t"ati#n $4 ?i@+% ).P. D Rs. 23$4 S.P. D Rs. 2404 t2en pro%it D R
?ii@ +% ).P. D Rs. 11(4 S.P. D Rs. 10,4 t2en loss D R
S#uti#n ?i@ Pro%it D S.P.- ).P. DRs. 240- 23$ DR!404
?ii@ &oss D ).P.- S.P. D Rs. 11(- 10, DR!494
SOME BASIC 1ORMULAE
1. 1ain on Rs. 100 is 1ain per cent
1ain[ D ?1ain 100@K).P
&oss on Rs. 100 is &oss per cent
&oss[ D ?&oss 100@K).P
Iu!t"ati#n - -2e cost price o% a s2irt is Rs. 200 an* selling price is Rs. 2$0. )alculate t2e [ pro%it.
S#uti#n .e 2a!e4 ).P. D Rs. 2004 S.P D Rs. 2$0.
Pro%it D S.P.- ).P. D 2$0- 200 DRs.$0.
Pro%it[ D pro%it 100K ).P D $0 100K 2$0 D -0D
Iu!t"ati#n . nu boug2t a nec/lace %or Rs. ,$0 an* sol* it %or Rs. (,$. 9in* 2er percentage loss.
S#uti#n ;ere4 ).P. D ,$04 S.P. D Rs. (,$.
&ossD ).P- S.P. D ,$0-(,$ D Rs. ,$.
&oss[ D &oss 100K ).P D ,$ 100K ,$0 D $:D
2. .2en t2e selling price an* gain[ are gi!en>
).P D 100S.P K ?100J1ain[@
3. .2en t2e cost an* gain per cent are gi!enM
S.P D ?100J1ain[@).PK 100
4. .2en t2e cost an* loss per cent are gi!en>
S.P D ?100-&oss[@).P K 100
$. .2en t2e selling price an* loss per cent are gi!en>
).P D?100@S.P K ?100-&oss[@
Iu!t"ati#n / "r. S2arma buys a cooler %or Rs. 4$00. 9or 2o5 muc2 s2oul* 2e so t2at t2ere is a gain o% '[R
S#uti#n .e 2a!e4 ).P. D Rs. 4$004 gain[ D '[
S.P D ?100J1ain[K100@).P.
D ?100J 'K 100@ 4$00
10'K100 4$00 D Rs. 4'(0
Iu!t"ati#n 0 :y selling a %ri*ge Rs. ,2004 Pan/aW loses 10[. 9in* t2e cost price o% t2e %ri*ge.
S#uti#n .e 2a!e4 S.P. D Rs. ,2004 loss[ D 10[.
).P D?100K100-&oss[@S.P.
D ?100K100-10@ ,200
100K90 ,200D Rs. '000.
Iu!t"ati#n 7 :y selling a pen %or Rs. 994 "o2an gains 12 \ [. 9in* t2e cost price o% t2e pen.
S#uti#n ;ere4 S.P. D Rs. 994 gain[ D 12 \[ or 2$K2[.
).P D?100K100J1ain[@S.P.
D ?100K100J2$K2@ 99
D ?1002K 22$@ 99 DRs. ''
1. +% a man buys # items %or Rs. y an* sells H items %or Rs. 54 t2en t2e gain or loss per cent ma*e by 2im is
?#5KHy -1@ 100[.
E=panati#n
S.P. o% H items D Rs. 5
S.P. o% # items D Rs. 5KH #
Net pro%it D5KH #-y.
[ pro%it D 5KH #-yKy 100[
i.e.?#5KHy -1@ 1004
52ic2 represent loss4 i% t2e result is negati!e.
Note> +n t2e case o% gain per cent t2e result obtaine* bears positi!e sign 52ereas in t2e case o% loss per cent t2e
result obtaine* bears negati!e sign.
;o5 to remember>
1. )ross-multiply t2e numbers connecte* by t2e arro5s ?#5 an* Hy@
2. "ar/ t2e *irecton o% t2e arro5s %or crossmultiplicaton. -2e arro5 going *o5n %orms t2e numerator 52ile
t2e arro5 going up %orms t2e *enominator ?#5K Hy@.
Iu!t"ati#n 8 +% 11 oranges are boug2t %or Rs. 10 an* sol* at 10 %or Rs. 11 52at is t2e gain loss[R
S#uti#n
[ pro%itD ?#5KHy -1@ 100[
D ?1111K1010-1@ 100[
D 21K100 100[ D 21[
Iu!t"ati#n > %ruit seller buys apples at t2e rate o% Rs 12 per *oHen an* sells t2em at t2e rate o% 1$ %or Rs.12.
9in* 2is percentage gain or loss.
S#uti#n
[ gain or loss D ?#5K Hy -1@ 100[
D ?12 12K1$ 12 -1@ 100[
D -3(K144 100[ D -2$[
Since t2e sign is Q!e4 t2ere is a loss o% 2$[.
2. +% t2e cost price o% m articles is e7ual to t2e selling price o% n articles4 t2en
[ gain or loss D ? m-nKn@ 100
S+% m Y n4 it is gain an* i% mZn4 it is lossT
E=panati#n
&et t2e ).P. o% one article be Re.1
).P. o% m articles D Rs. m1DRs. m
S.P. o% n articles D Rs. m
S.P. o% 1 articles D Rs. mKn
Pro%it on 1 article D Rs.?mKn-1@
i.e. Rs. ?m-nKn@
[pro%it D m-nKn 100K1 i.e.?m-nKn@ 100.
Iu!t"ati#n s2op/eeper pro%esses to sell 2is goo*s on cost price but uses '00 gm4 instea* o% 1/g. .2at is 2is
gain [R
S#uti#n ;ere4 cost price o% 1000 is e7ual to selling price o% '00 gm.
[ gain D ?m-nKn@ 100
D ?1000-'00K'00@ 100
D 200K'00100 D2$[
Iu!t"ati#n $: +% t2e selling price o% 12 articles is e7ual to t2e cost price o% 1' articles4 52at is t2e pro%it [R
S#uti#n ;ere4 m D 104 n D12
Pro%it [D ?m-nKn@ 100
?1'-12K12@ 100
D (K12 100D $0[
EXERCISE
1. :y selling a 5atc2 %or Rs.49$4 a s2op/eeper incurs a loss o% 10[. 9in* t2e cost price o% t2e 5atc2 %or t2e
s2op/eeper.
1. $4$K- 2. $$0K- 3. $$$K- 4. None
2. cellular p2one 52en sol* %or Rs.4(00 %etc2es a pro%it o% 1$[. 9in* t2e cost price o% t2e cellular p2one.
1. 4300K- 2. 41$0K- 3. 4000K- 4. 4$00K-
3. mac2ine costs Rs.3,$. +% it is sol* at a loss o% 20[4 52at 5ill be its cost price as a percentage o% its selling
priceR
1. '0[ 2. 120[ 3. 110[ 4. 12$[
4. s2op/eeper sol* goo*s %or Rs.2400 an* ma*e a pro%it o% 2$[ in t2e process. 9in* 2is pro%it per cent i% 2e 2a*
sol* 2is goo*s %or Rs.2040.
1. (.2$[2. ,[ 3. (.20[ 4. (.$[
$. :y selling bou7uets %or Rs.(34 a %lorist gains $[. t 52at price s2oul* 2e sell t2e bou7uets to gain 10[ on t2e
cost priceR
1. ((K- 2. (9K- 3. ,2K- 4. ,2.$0K-
(. -2e cost price o% a s2irt an* a pair o% trousers is Rs.3,1. +% t2e s2irt costs 12[ more t2an t2e trousers4 %in* t2e cost
price o% t2e trouser.
1. 12$K- 2. 1$0K- 3. 1,$K- 4. 200K-
,. ****** pet s2op o5ner sells t5o puppies at t2e same price. Vn one 2e ma/es a pro%it o% 20[ an* on t2e ot2er 2e
su%%ers a loss o% 20[. 9in* 2is loss or gain per cent on t2e 52ole transaction.
1. 1ain o% 4[ 2. No pro%it no loss 3. &oss o% 10[ 4. &oss o% 4[
'. -2e mar/e* price o% a table is Rs.12004 52ic2 is 20[ abo!e t2e cost price. +t is sol* at a *iscount o% 10[ on t2e
mar/e* price. 9in* t2e pro%it per cent.
1. 10[ 2. '[ 3. ,.$[ 4. ([
9. ***** s2op/eeper mar/s t2e price o% an articles at Rs.'0. 9in* t2e cost price i% a%ter allo5ing a *iscount o% 10[ 2e
still gains 20[ on t2e cost price.
1. $3.33K- 2. ,0K- 3. ,$K- 4. (0K-
10. ****-2e cost price o% 20 articles is t2e same as t2e selling price o% # articles. +% t2e pro%it is 2$[ t2en t2e !alue o% A#B
is.
1. 2$ 2. 1' 3. 1( 4. 1$
11. *oHen pairs o% glo!es 7uote* at Rs.'0 are a!ailable at a *iscount o% 10[. 9in* 2o5 many pairs o% glo!es can
be boug2t %or Rs.24.
1. 4 2. $ 3. ( 4. '
12. ******9in* a single *iscount e7ui!alent to t2e *iscount series o% 20[4 10[4 $[.
1. 30[ 2. 31.([ 3. ('.4[ 4. 3$[
13. *****;o5 muc2 percent more t2an t2e cost price s2oul* a s2op/eeper mar/ 2is goo*s4 so t2at a%ter allo5ing a
*iscount o% 12.$[ 2e s2oul* 2a!e a gain o% $[ on 2is outlayR
1. 9.3,$ 2. 1(.(([ 3. 20[ 4. 2$[
14. ****+n or*er to maintain t2e price line4 a tra*er allo5s a *iscount o% 10[ on t2e mar/e* price o% goo*s in 2is
s2op. ;o5e!er4 2e still ma/es a gross pro%it o% 1,[ on t2e cost price. 9in* t2e pro%it percent 2e 5oul* 2a!e
ma/e on t2e selling price 2a* 2e sol* at 2e mar/e* price.
1. 23.0, 2. 30[ 3. 21.21[ 4. 2$[
1$. *****77 52ole-seller allo5s a *iscount o% 20[ on t2e list price to a retailer. -2e retailer
sells at $[ *iscount on t2e list price. +% t2e customer pai* Rs.3' %or an article4 52at pro%it is ma*e by t2e
retailerR
1. 10K- 2. 'K- 3. (K- 4. None
1(. *****-2e cost o% pro*uction o% a cor*less p2one set in 2002 is Rs.9004 *i!i*e* bet5een material4 labor an*
o!er2ea*s in t2e ratio 3>4>2. +% t2e cor*less p2one set is mar/e* at a price t2at gi!es a 20[ pro%it on t2e
component o% price accounte* %or by labor4 52at is t2e mar/e* price o% 2e setR
1. 9'0K- 2. 10'0K- 3. 9(0K- 4. None
1,. ***** s2op/eeper sells an article at a pro%it o% 10[ an* uses 5eig2ts 52ic2 are 20[ less t2an t2e arri!al
5eig2t t2e total gain earne* by 2im 5ill be
1. 30[ 2. ''[ 3. 3,.$[ 4. None o% t2ese
1'. man sells $ articles %orRs.1$ an* ma/es a pro%it o% 20[. 9in* 2is gain or loss percent i% 2e sells ' suc2 articles
%or Rs.1'.40.
1.2.22[ pro%it 2. 2.22[ loss 3. '[ loss 4. '[ pro%it
19. -2e cost price o% $0 mangoes is e7ual to t2e selling price o% 40 mangoes. 9in* t2e percentage pro%itR
1. 20[ 2. 2$[ 3. 30[ 4. None
20. ma/es an article %or Rs.120 an* sells it to : at a pro%it o% 2$[. : sells it to ) 52o sells it %or Rs.19'4 ma/ing
a pro%it o% 10[. .2at pro%it percent *i* : ma/eR
1. 2$[ 2. 20[ 3. 1(.(([ 4. 1$[
21. ***** re*uction o% 10[ in t2e price o% sugar enables a 2ouse5i%e to buy (.2/g more %or Rs.2,9. 9in* t2e
re*uce* price per /ilogram.
1. $K- 2. 4.$[ 3. 4.0$[ 4. None
22. man buys $0 /g o% oil at Rs.10 per /ilogram an* anot2er 40 /g o% oil at Rs.12 /ilogram an* mi#es t2em. ;e
sells t2e mi#ture at t2e rate o% Rs.11 per /ilogram. .2at 5ill be 2is gain percent i% 2e is able to sell t2e 52ole
lotR
1. 100K9'[ 2. 100?10K49@[ 3. 10?1K49@[ 4. None
23. * s2op/eeper sells sugar in suc2 a 5ay t2at t2e selling price o% 9$0 gm is t2e same as t2e cost price o% one
/ilogram. 9in* 2is gain percent.
1. 100K1,[ 2. 1$0K1,[ 3. $?$K19@[ 4. 1K19[
24. * sol* a table to : at a pro%it o% 1$[. &ater on4 : sol* it bac/ to at a pro%it o% 20[4 t2ereby gaining Rs.(9.
;o5 muc2 *i* pay %or t2e table originallyR
1. 300K- 2. 320K- 3. 34$K- 4. 3$0K-
2$. color -] an* a ])P 5ere sol* %or Rs.124 000 eac2. -2e -] 5as sol* at a loss o% 20[ 52ereas t2e ])P 5as
sol* at a gain o% 20[. 9in* gain or loss in t2e 52ole transaction.
1. 1200K- loss 2. 1000K- loss 3. 9(0K- loss 4. 1040K- loss
2(. * man sells a -] set %or Rs.34$0 an* ma/es a pro%it o% 1$[. ;e sells anot2er -] at a loss o% 10[. +% on t2e
52ole4 2e neit2er gains nor loses4 %in* t2e selling price o% t2e secon* -] set.
1. 4000K- 2. 4400K- 3. 40$0K- 4. 4$00K-
2,. man sells an article at $[ abo!e its cost price. i% 2e 2a* boug2t it at $[ less t2an 52at 2e pai* %or it an* sol*
it %or Rs.2 less4 2e 5oul* 2a!e gaine* 10[. 9in* t2e cost price o% t2e article.
1. $00K- 2. 3(0K- 3. 42$K- 4. 400K-
2'. brie%case 5as sol* at a pro%it o% 10[. +% its cost price 5as $[ less an* it 5as sol* %or Rs., more4 t2e gain
5oul* 2a!e been 20[. 9in* t2e cost price o% t2e brie%case.
1. 1,$K- 2. 200K- 3. 22$K- 4. 1(0K-
29. * man buys t5o cycles %or a total cost o% Rs.900. :y selling one %or 4K$ o% its cost an* ot2er %or $K4 o% its cost4
2e ma/es a pro%it o% Rs.90 on t2e 52ole transaction. 9in* t2e cost price o% lo5er price* cycleR
1. 3(0K- 2. 2$0K- 3. 300K- 4. 420K-
30. merc2ant boug2t t5o transistors4 52ic2 toget2er cost 2im Rs.4'0. ;e sol* one o% t2em at a loss o% 1$[ an*
ot2er at a gain o% 19[. +% t2e selling price o% bot2 t2e transistors are e7ual4 %in* t2e cost o% t2e lo5er price*
transistor.
1. 300K- 2. 1'0K- 3. 200K- 4. 2'0K-
31. -5o *ealers ` an* ^ selling t2e same mo*el o% re%rigerator mar/ t2em un*er t2e same selling prices. ` gi!es
successi!e *iscounts o% 2$[ an* $[ an* ^ gi!es successi!e *iscounts o% 1([ an* 12[. 9rom 52om is it more
pro%itable to purc2ase t2e re%rigeratorR
1. 9rom ^ 2. 9rom ` 3. +n*i%%erent bet5een t2e t5o 4. cannot be
*etermine*
32. %irm *ealing in %urniture allo5s 4[ *iscount on t2e mar/e* price o% eac2 item. .2at price must be mar/e* on
a *ining table t2at cost Rs.400 to assemble4 so as to ma/e a pro%it o% 20[.
1. 4,$K- 2. 4'0K- 3. $00K- 4. $20K-
33. s2op/eeper allo5s a *iscount o% 12.$[ on t2e mar/e* price o% a certain article an* ma/es a pro%it o% 20[. +%
t2e article cost t2e s2op/eeper Rs.2104 52at price must be mar/e* on t2e articleR
1. 2'0K- 2. 2''K- 3. 300K- 4. None
34. b 5atc2 *ealer pays 10[ custom *uty on a 5atc2 t2at costs Rs.2$0 abroa*. 9or 2o5 muc2 s2oul* 2e mar/ it4 i%
2e *esires to ma/e a pro%it o% 20[ a%ter gi!ing a *iscount o% 2$[ to t2e buyerR
1. 400K- 2. 440K- 3. 2,$K- 4. 330K-
3$. * *is2onest *ealer pro%esses to sell at cost price but uses a 900 gram 5eig2t instea* o% 1 /g. .eig2t. 9in* t2e
percent pro%it to t2e *ealer.
1. 10[ 2. 11.11[ 3. 12.$[ 4. None
SIMPLE AND COMPOUND INTEREST
+% P stan*s %or Principal4 R t2e rate per cent per annum4 - t2e number o% years4 + t2e simple interest an* t2e
amount4 t2en
1. Simple +nterest D Principal Rate -ime
100
or4 + D P R -
100
Principal D 100 Simple +nterest
Rate -ime
or4 P D 100 +
R -
3. Rate D 100 Simple +nterest
Principal -ime
or4 R D 100 +
P -
4. -ime D 100 Simple +nterest
Rate Principal
or4 - D 100 +
R P
$. mount D Principal J Simple +nterest
D Principal J Principal Rate -ime
100
S#%e U!e3u S(#"t*Cut Met(#d!
1. +% a certain sum in - years at R[ per annum amounts to Rs. 4 t2en t2e sum 5ill be
P D 100
100JR-
D Principal ?1J?Rate -ime@K100@
or4 D P ?1 J ?R -@K100@
2. -2e annual payment t2at 5ill *isc2arge a *ebt o% Rs. *ue in - years at R[ per annum is
nnual payment D Rs. ?100K?100- J R-?- Q 1@K2@@
3. +% a certain sum is in!este* in n types o% in!estments in suc2 a manner t2at e7ual amount is obtaine* on eac2
in!estment 52ere interest rates are R14 R24 R34 F4 Rn respecti!ely an* time perio*s are -14 -24 -34 F4 -n respecti!ely4
t2en t2e ratio in 52ic2 t2e amounts are in!este* is
1K100JR1-1 > 1K100JR2-2
1K100JR3-3 > F 1K100JRn-n
4. +% a certain sum o% money becomes n times itsel% in - years at simple interest4 t2en t2e rate o% interest per annum
is R D 100?n Q 1@K- [
$. +% a certain sum o% money becomes n times itsel% at R[ per annum simple interest in - years4 t2en
- D ?n-1@KR@ 100 years.
(. +% a certain sum o% money becomes n times itsel% in - years at a simple interest4 t2en t2e time - in 52ic2 it 5ill
become m times itsel% is gi!en by
- D ?m Q 1Kn Q 1@ - years.
,. 6%%ect o% c2ange o% P4 R an* - on simple interest is gi!en by t2e %ollo5ing %ormula>
D Pro*uct o% %i#e* parameterK100 S*i%%erence o% pro*uct o% !ariable parametersT
%or e#ample4 i% rate c c2anges %rom R1 to R2
an* P4 - are %i#e* t2en )2ange in S+ D P-K100 ?R1 Q R2@
Similarly4 i% principal ?P@ c2anges %rom P1 to P2 an* R4 - are %i#e*4 t2en c2ange in S+ D R-K100 ?P1 Q P2@
lso4 i% rate c c2anges %rom R1 to R2 an* time ?-@ c2anges %rom -1 to -2 but principal ?P@ is %i#e*4 t2en
c2ange in S+ D PK100 ?R1-1 Q R2-2@.
'. +% a *ebt o% Rs. I is pai* in Nn= number o% instalments an* i% t2e !alue o% eac2 instalment is Rs. a4 t2en t2e
borro5e* ?*ebt@ amount is gi!en by
I D na J ?RaK100 b@ n?n Q 1@K2
.2ere4 R D rate o% interest per annum
b D no. o% instalmentsKyear
b D 14 52en eac2 instalment is pai* yearly
b D 24 52en eac2 instalment is pai* 2al%-yearly
b D 44 52en eac2 instalment is pai* 7uarterly
b D 124 52en eac2 instalment is pai* mont2ly.
9. +% a certain sum o% money P lent out at S+ amounts to 1 in -1 years an* to 2 in -2 years4 t2en
P D 1-2 Q 2-1
-2 Q -1
an*4 R D 1 Q 2K1-2 - 2-1 100[
10. +% a certain sum o% money P lent out %or a certain time - amounts to 1 at R1[ per annum an* to 2 at R2[ per
annum4 t2en
P D 2R1 Q 1R2KR1 Q R2
an*4 - D 1 Q 2 100 years.
2R1-1R2
11. +% an amount P1 lent at simple interest rate o% R1[ per annum an* anot2er amount P2 at simple interest rate o%
R2[ per annum4 t2en t2e rate o% interest %or t2e 52ole sum is R D ?P1R1JP2R2KP1JP2@.
12. +% a certain sum o% money is lent out in n parts in suc2 a manner t2at e7ual sum o% money is obtaine* as simple
interest on eac2 part 52ere interest rates are R14 R24 F4 Rn respecti!ely an* time perio*s are -14 -24 F4 -n
respecti!ely4 t2en t2e ratio in 52ic2 t2e sum 5ill be *i!i*e* in n parts is gi!en by
1KR1-1 > 1KR2-2 > F1KRn-n
13. .2en t2ere is a c2ange in principal ?P@4 Rate ?R@ an* -ime ?-@4 t2en t2e !alue o% simple interest + also c2anges
an* is gi!en by
+1K+2 D P1 R1 -1KP2 R2 -2
1 Q P1K2 Q P2 D P1 R1 -1KP2 R2 -2
as +1 D 1 Q P1 an* +2 D 2 Q P2.
14. Vut o% a certain sum P4 1Ka part is in!este* at R1[4 1Kb part at R2[ an* t2e remain*er ?1-1Ka-1Kb@ say 1Kc part at
R3[. +% t2e annual income %rom all t2ese in!estments is Rs. 4 t2en t2e original sum is gi!en by
P D ?? 100@KR1KJR2K:JR3K)@
EXERCISE
1. +nterest obtaine* on a sum o% Rs.$000 %or 3 years is Rs.1$00. 9in* t2e rate percent.
1. '[ 2. 9[ 3. 10[ 4. 11[
2. Rs.2100 is lent at compoun* interest o% $[ per annum %or 2 years. 9in* t2e amount a%ter t5o years.
1. 2300K- 2. 231$.2$K- 3. 2310K- 4. 2320K-
3. 9in* t2e *i%%erence bet5een t2e simple an* 2e compoun* interest at $[ per annum %or 2 years on a principal o%
Rs.2000.
1. $ 2. 10$ 3. 4.$ 4. None
4. %ter 2o5 many years 5ill a sum o% Rs.124$00 become Rs.1,4 $00 at t2e rate o% 10[ per annumR
1. 2 years 2. 3 years 3. 4 years 4. $ years
$. .2at is t2e *i%%erence bet5een t2e simple interest on a principal o% Rs.$00 being calculate* at $[ per annum
%or 3 years an* 4[ per annum %or 4 yearsR
1. $K- 2. 10K- 3. 20K- 4. 40K-
(. .2at is t2e *i%%erence bet5een compoun* interest an* simple interest %or t2e sum o% Rs.2000 o!er a 2 year
perio* i% t2e compoun* interest is calculate* at 20[ an* simple interest is calculate* at 23[
1. 40K- 2. 4(K- 3. 44K- 4. None
,. 9in* t2e compoun* interest on Rs.1000 at t2e rate o% 20[ per annum %or 1' mont2s 52en interest is
compoun*e* 2al%-yearlyR
1. 331K- 2. 1331K- 3. 320K- 4. None
'. 9in* t2e principal i% compoun* interest is c2arge* on t2e principal at t2e rate o% 1( 2K3[ per annum %or t5o
years an* t2e sum becomes Rs.19(.
1. 140K- 2. 1$4K- 3. 1$0K- 4. None
9. -2e S:+ lent Rs.1331 to t2e -ata group at a compoun* interest an* got Rs.1,2' a%ter t2ree years. .2at is t2e
rate o% interest c2arge* i% t2e interest is compoun*e* annuallyR
1. 11[ 2. 9.09[ 3. 12[ 4. '.33[
10. ]arun purc2ase* a "aruti !an %or Rs.14 9(4000 an* t2e rate o% *epreciation is 14 2K,[ per annum. 9in* t2e
!alue o% 2e !an a%ter t5o years.
1. 14 404 000K- 2. 14 444 000K- 3. 14 $04 000K- 4. None
11. ]arun *eposite* Rs.'000 in +)+)+ :an/4 52ic2 pays 2im 12[ interest per annum compoun*e* 7uarterly. .2at
is t2e amount t2at 2e recei!es a%ter 1$ mont2sR
1. 92,4.2K- 2. 922'.'K- 3. 9314.3K- 4. 933'.'K-
12. .2at is 2e rate o% simple interest %or t2e %irst 4 years i% t2e sum o% Rs.3(0 becomes Rs.$40 in 9 years an* t2e
rate o% interest %or t2e last $ years is ([R
1. 4[ 2. $[ 3. 3[ 4. ([
13. ;a!is2ma ma/es a %i#e* *eposit o% Rs.204000 5it2 t2e :an/ o% +n*ia %or a perio* o% 3 years. +% t2e rate o%
interest be 13[ S+ per annum c2arge* 2al%-yearly4 52at amount 5ill 2e get a%ter 42 mont2sR
1. 2,4 '00K- 2. 2'4 100K- 3. 294 100K- 4. None
14. ]arun ma/es a *eposit o% Rs.$04000 in t2e PunWab National :an/ %or a perio* o% 2 \ years. +% t2e rate o% interest
is 12[ per annum compoun*e* 2al%-yearly4 %in* t2e maturity !alue o% t2e money *eposite* by 2im.
1. ((4 911.2, 2. ((4 123.34 3. (,4 92$.9$ 4. ($4 $$0.'
1$. ]arun borro5s Rs.1$00 %rom t5o money len*ers. ;e pays interest at t2e rate o% 12[ per annum %or one loan
an* at 2e rate o% 14[ per annum %or t2e ot2er. -2e total interest 2e pays %or t2e entire year is Rs.1'(.;o5 muc2
*oes 2e borro5 at 2e rate o% 12[R
1. 1200K- 2. 1300K- 3. 1400K- 4. 300K-
1(. -5o e7ual sums 5ere borro5e* at '[ simple interest per annum %or 2 years an* 3 years respecti!ely. -2e
*i%%erence in t2e interest 5as Rs.$(. t2e sum borro5e* 5ere
1. (90K- 2. ,00K- 3. ,40K- 4. ,'0K-
1,. +n 52at time 5ill Rs.$00 gi!e Rs.$0 as interest at t2e rate o% $[ per annum simple interestR
1. 2 years 2. $ years 3. 3 years 4. 4 years
1'. S2as2i/ant *eri!es an annual income o% Rs.(''.2$ %rom Rs.104000 in!este* partly at '[ p.a. an* partly at $[
p.a. simple interest. ;o5 muc2 o% 2is money is in!este* at $[R
1. $4 000K- 2. 422$K- 3. 44 '000K- 4. 34 ,2$K-
19. +% t2e *i%%erence bet5een t2e simple interest an* compoun* interest on some principal amount at 20[ per
annum %or 3 years is Rs.4'4 t2en t2e principal amount must be
1. $$0K- 2. $00K- 3. 3,$K- 4. 400K-
20. RaWu lent Rs.400 to Way %or 2 years4 an* Rs.100 to "anoW %or 4 years an* recei!e* toget2er %rom bot2 Rs.(0 as
interest. 9in* t2e rate o% interest4 simple interest being calculate*.
1. $[ 2. ([ 3. '[ 4. 9[
21. +n 52at time 5ill Rs.'000 amount to 404000 at 4[ per annumR ?simple interest being rec/one*@
1. 100 years 2. $0 years 3. 110 years 4. 1(0 years
22. .2at annual payment 5ill *isc2arge a *ebt o% Rs.'0' *ue in 2 years at 2[ per annumR
1. 200K- 2. 300K- 3. 400K- 4. 3$0K-
23. sum o% money *oubles itsel% in $ years. +n 2o5 many years 5ill it become %our %ol* ?+% interest is
compoun*e*@R
1.1$ 2. 10 3. 20 4. 12
24. 0i!i*e Rs.(000 into t5o parts so t2at simple interest on t2e %irst part %or 2 years at ([ p.a. may be e7ual to t2e
simple interest on t2e secon* part %or 3 years at '[ p.a.
1. 4000K-4 2000K- 2. $000K-4 1000K- 3. 3000K-4 3000K- 4. None
2$. sum o% money becomes ,K4 o% itsel% in ( years at a certain rate o% simple interest. 9in* t2e rate o% interest
1. 12[ 2. 12?1K2@[ 3. '[ 4. 14[
2(. SamWay borro5e* Rs.900 at 4[ p.a. an* Rs.1100 at $[ p.a. %or t2e same *uration. ;e 2a* to pay Rs.3(4 in all
as interest. .2at is t2e time perio* in yearsR
1. $ years 2. 3years 3. 2 years 4. 4 years
2,. +% t2e *i%%erence bet5een compoun* an* simple interest on a certain sum o% money %or 3 years at 2[ p.a. is
Rs.(044 52at is t2e sumR
1. $004 000 2. 4$04 000 3. $104 000 4. None
2'. +% a certain sum o% money becomes *ouble at simple interest in 12 years4 52at 5oul* be t2e rate o% interest per
annumR
1. '?1K3@ 2. 10 3. 12 4. 14
29. -2ree persons mar4 /bar an* nt2ony in!este* *i%%erent amounts in a %i#e* *eposit sc2eme %or one year at
t2e rate o% 12[ per annum an* earne* a total interest o% Rs.34 240 at t2e en* o% t2e year. +% t2e amount in!este*
by /bar is Rs.$000 more t2an t2e amount in!este* by mar is Rs.$000 more t2an t2e amount in!este* by
mar an* t2e amount in!este* by nt2ony is Rs.2000 more t2an t2e amount in!este* by /bar4 52at is t2e
amount in!este* by /barR
1. 124 000K- 2. 104 000K- 3. ,4 000K- 4. $000K-
30. sum o% Rs.(00 amounts to Rs.,20 in 4 years at Simple +nterest. .2at 5ill it amount to i% t2e rate o% interest is
increase* by 2[
1. (4'K- 2. ,('K- 3. ,2(K- 4. ,92K-
TIME 'ORE
+n our *aily li%e4 5e come across situations 52ere 5e nee* to complete a particular Wob in a reasonable time. .e
2a!e to complete t2e proWect earlier or later *epen*ing upon t2e nee*s. ccor*ingly4 t2e men on *uty 2a!e to be
increase* or *ecrease*4 i.e. t2e time allo5e* an* t2e men engage* %or a proWect are in!ersely proportional to eac2
ot2er4 i.e. t2e more t2e number o% men in!ol!e*4 t2e lesser is t2e time re7uire* to %inis2 a Wob. .e also come across
situations 52ere time an* 5or/ or men an* 5or/ are in *irect proportion to eac2 ot2er.
9or sol!ing problems on time an* 5or/4 5e %ollo5 t2e %ollo5ing general rules>
1. +% N= can *o a piece o% 5or/ing N= 5ill %inis2 1Knt2 5or/ in one *ay.
2. +% 1Kn o% a 5or/ is *one by N= in one *ay4 t2en N= 5ill ta/e n *ays to complete t2e %ull 5or/.
3. +% N = *oes 1Knt2 o% a 5or/ in one 2our t2en to complete t2e %ull 5or/4 N= 5ill ta/e nKm 2ours.
4. +% N = *oes t2ree times %aster 5or/ t2an N:= t2en ratio o% 5or/ *one by an* : is 3>1 an* ratio o% time
ta/en by an* : is1> 3.
$. 4 : an* ) can *o a piece o% 5or/ in -14 -2 an* -34 *ays4 respecti!ely. +% t2ey 2a!e 5or/e* %or 014 02 an*
03 *ays respecti!ely4 t2en
mount o% 5or/ *ine by D 01K-1
mount o% 5or/ *ine by :D 02K-2
n*4 "ount o% 5or/ *one by )D03K-3
lso4 t2e amount o% 5or/ *one by 4 : an* ) toget2er
D 01K-1J02K-2J03K-3
.2ic2 5ill be e7ual to 14 i% t2e 5or/ is completeR
1. +% can *o a piece *o a piece o% 5or/ in ` *ays an* : can *o t2e same 5or/ in ^ *ays4 t2en bot2 o% t2em
5or/ing toget2er 5ill *o t2e same 5or/ in `^K `J^ *ays.
E=panati#n
=s 1 *ay=s 5or/ D 1K`
:=s 1 *ay=s 5or/ D 1K^
-2en4?J:@=s 1 *ay=s 5or/ D 1K`J1K^D `J^K`^
an* : toget2er can complete t2e 5or/ on
D `^K `J^ *ays.
Iu!t"ati#n $ can %inis2 a piece o% 5or/ by 5or/ing alone in ( *ays an* :4 52ile 5or/s alone4 can %inis2 t2e
same 5or/ in 12*ays. +% bot2 o% t2em 5or/ toget2er4 t2en in 2o5 many *ays4 t2e 5or/ 5ill be %inis2e*R
S#uti#n ;ere4 `D ( an* y D 12.
.or/ing toget2er4 an* : 5ill complete t2e 5or/
in D `^K `J^ *ays D (12K(J12 *ays4 i.e. 4*ays.
2. +% 4 : an* )4 52ile 5or/ing alone4 can complete a 5or/ in `4 ^ an* I *ays respecti!ely4 t2en t2ey 5ill
toget2er complete t2e 5or/ in `ÎK`^JÎJI` *ays.
E=panati#n
=s 1 *ay=s 5or/ D 1K`
:=s 1 *ay=s 5or/ D 1K^
)=s 1 *ay=s 5or/ D 1KI
?J:J)@=s 1 *ays 5or/
D1K`J1K^J1KI D ?`^JÎJI`@K`Î.
So4 4 : an* ) toget2er can complete t2e 5or/ in D ?`ÎK `^JÎJI`@ *ays.
Iu!t"ati#n - 4: an* ) can complete a piece o% 5or/ in 104 1$ an* 1' *ays4 respecti!ely. +n 2o5 many *ays 5oul*
all o% t2em complete t2e same 5or/ 5or/ing toget2erR
S#uti#n ;ere4 `D104 ^D1$ an* ID 1'.
-2ere%ore4 t2e 5or/ 5ill be complete* in
D `ÎK `^JÎJI` *ays.
D 101$1'K10 1$ J1$ 1'J1' 10 *ays4
i.e. 2,00K(00 or4 4 \ *ays.
3. -5o persons an* :4 5or/ing toget2er 4 can complete a piece o% 5or/ in ` *ays. +% 4 5or/ing alone4 can
complete t2e 5or/ in `^K^-` *ays.
E=panati#n
an* : toget2er can complete t2e 5or/ in ` *ays.
?J:@=s 1 *ay=s 5or/ D 1K`
Similarly4 =s 1*ay=s 5or/D 1K^
-2ere %ore4 :=s 1 *ay=s 5or/ D1K`-1K^D ^-`K`^
: alone can complete t2e 5or/ in ?`^K^-`@*ays
: alone 5ill complete t2e 5or/ in
Iu!t"ati#n . an* : 5or/ing toget2er ta/e 1$ *ays to complete a piece o% 5or/. +% alone can *o t2is 5or/ in 20
*ays4 2o5 long 5oul* : ta/e to complete t2e same 5or/R
S#uti#n ;ere4 ` D 1$4 an* ^D20.
D `^K^-` *ays D1$20K20-1$4 i.e. (0 *ays
4. +% an* :4 5or/ing toget2er4 can %inis2 a piece o% 5or/ in ` *ays4 : an* ) in ^ *ays4 t2en
a@ 4 : an* ) 5or/ing toget2er4 5ill %inis2 t2e Wob in ?2`ÎK`^JÎ- I`@ *ays.
b@ alone 5ill %inis2 t2e Wob in ?2`ÎK`^JÎ- I`@ *ays.
c@ : alone 5ill %inis2 t2e Wob in ?2`ÎKI`J`^- Î@ *ays.
E=panati#n
?J:@=s 1 *ay=s 5or/ D 1K`
?:J)@=s 1 *ay=s 5or/ D 1K^
?)J@=s 1 *ay=s 5or/ D 1KI
So4 S?J:@ J ?:J)@J ?)J@T=s 1 *ay=s 5or/ D 1K`J1K^J1KI
or4 2?J:J)@=s 1*ay=s 5or/ D ?1K`J1K^J1KI@
or4 ?J:J)@=s 1*ay=s 5or/ D \ ?1K`J1K^J1KI@
i.e ?`^JÎ-ÌK2`Î@
4 : an* ) 5or/ing toget2er4 5ill complete t2e 5or/ in ?2`ÎK`^JI`-`^@ *ays.
lso4 =s 1 *ays 5or/ Q ?J:J)@=s 1*ay=s 5or/ Q?:J)@=s 1 *ays 5or/
D \ ?1K`J1K^J1KI@- 1K^
D \ ?1K`-1K^J1KI@
D `^JÎ-ÌK2`Î
So. alone can *o t2e 5or/ in ?2`ÎK`^JÎJÌ@ *ays
Similarly4 : alone can *o t2e 5or/ in ?2`ÎKÎJ`^J`^@ *ays an* ) alone can *o t2e 5or/
in?2`ÎKI`J`^JÎ@ *ays.
Iu!t"ati#n / an* : can *o a piece o% 5or/ in 12 *ays4 : an* ) 1$ *ays4 ) an* in 20 *ays. ;o5 long 5oul*
eac2 ta/e separately to *o t2e same 5or/R
S#uti#n ;ere4 ` D 124 ^D1$ an* ID20.
alone can *o t2e 5or/ in D 2`ÎK`^JÎ-I`
D 2121$20K121$J1$20-2012 *ays. or4 ,200K2404 i.e. 30 *ays.
: alone can *o t2e 5or/ in D 2`ÎKI^JI`-`^ *ays
D 2121$20K1$20J2012-121$ *ays or4 ,200K3(04 i.e. 20 *ays.
) alone can *o t2e 5or/ in D 2`ÎKI`J`^-Î
D 2121$20K2012J121$-1$20 or4 ,200K1204 i.e. (0 *ays.
$. ?a@ +% can %inis2 a 5or/ in ` *ays an* : is / times e%%icient t2an 4 t2en t2e time ta/en by bot2 an* :
5or/ing toget2er to complete t2e 5or/ is #K1J/.
?b@ +% an* : 5or/ing toget2er can %inis2 a 5or/ in ` *ays an* : is / times e%%icient t2an 4 t2en t2e time
ta/en by
?i@ 4 5or/ing alone4 to complete t2e 5or/ is ?/J1@`.
?ii@ :4 5or/ing alone4 to complete t2e 5or/ is ?/J1K/@`.
Iu!t"ati#n 0 ;arbans &al can *o a piece o% 5or/ in 24 *ays. +% :ansi &al 5or/s t5ice as %ast as ;arbans &al4 2o5
long 5oul* t2ey ta/e to %ins2 t2e 5or/ 5or/ing toget2erR
S#uti#n ;ere4 ` D24 an* /D2.
-ime ta/en by ;arbans &al an* :ansi &al4 5o/ing toget2er4 to complete t2e 5or/
D ?`K1J/@*ays.
D ?24K1J2@ *ays4 i4e4 > da?!
Iu!t"ati#n 7 an* : toget2er can *o a piece o% 5or/ in 3 *ays. +% *oes t2rice as muc2 5or/ as : in a gi!en
time4 %in* 2o5 long lone 5oul* ta/e to *o t2e 5or/R
S#uti#n ;ere4 ` D 3 an* / D 3.
-ime ta/en by 4 5or/ing alone4 to complete t2e 5or/
D ?/J1K/@ ` D ?3J1K3@3 D 4*ays
(. +% 5or/ing alone ta/es a *ays more t2an an* : 5or/ing alone ta/es b *ays more t2an an* : toget2er4
t2en t2e number o% *ays ta/en by an* :4 5or/ing toget2er4 to %inis2 a Wob is gi!en by ab.
Iu!t"ati#n 8 alone 5oul* ta/e ' 2ours more to complete t2e Wob t2an i% bot2 an* : 5or/e* toget2er. +% :
5or/e* alone4 2e too/ 4 \ 2ours more to complete t2e Wob t2an an* : 5or/e* toget2er. .2at time 5oul* t2ey
ta/e i% bot2 an* : 5or/e* toget2erR
S#uti#n ;ere4 a D ' an* b D 9K2.
-ime ta/en by an* :4 5or/ing toget2er4 to complete t2e Wob
D ab *ays
D 'C9K2 or4 (*ays.
EXERCISE
1. Nis2u an* rc2ana can *o a piece o% 5or/ in 10 *ays an* Nis2u alone can *o it in 12 *ays. +n 2o5 many *ays
can rc2ana *o it aloneR
1. (0 *ays 2. 30 *ays 3. $0 *ays 4. 4$ *ays
2. :aba alone can *o a piece o% 5or/ in 10 *ays. ns2u alone can *o it in 1$ *ays. +% t2e total 5ages %or t2e 5or/
is Rs.$0. ;o5 muc2 s2oul* :aba be pai* i% t2ey 5or/ toget2er %or t2e entire *uration o% 2is 5or/R
1. 30K- 2. 20K- 3. $0K- 4. None
3. 4 men an* 3 5omen %inis2 a Wob in( *ays4 an* $ men an* , 5omen can *o t2e same Wob in 4 *ays. ;o5 long
5ill 1 man an* 1 5oman ta/e to *o t2e 5or/R
1. 22?2K,@ *ays 2. 2$?1K2@ *ays 3. $?1K,@ *ays 4. 12?,K22@ *ays
4. can *o a piece o% 5or/ in 10 *ays an* : can *o t2e same 5or/ in 20 *ays. .it2 t2e 2elp o% )4 t2ey %inis2 t2e
5or/ in $ *ays. ;o5 long 5ill it ta/e %or ) alone to %inis2 t2e 5or/R
1. 20 *ays 2. 10 *ays 3. 3$ *ays 4. 1$ *ays
$. can *o a piece o% 5or/ in 20 *ays. ;e 5or/s at it %or $ *ays an* t2en : %inis2es it in 10 more *ays. +n 2o5
many *ays 5ill an* : toget2er %inis2 t2e 5or/R
1. ' *ays 2. 10 *ays 3. 12 *ays 4. ( *ays
(. an* : un*erta/e to *o a piece o% 5or/ %or Rs.100. can *o it in $ *ays an* : can *o it in 10 *ays. .it2 t2e
2elp o% )4 t2ey %inis2 it in 2 *ays. ;o5 muc2 s2oul* ) be pai* %or 2is contributionR
1. 40K- 2. 20K- 3. (0K- 4. 30K-
,. *-5enty 5or/ers can %inis2 a piece o% 5or/ in 30 *ays. %ter 2o5 many *ays s2oul* $ 5or/ers lea!e t2e Wob so
t2at t2e 5or/ is complete* in 3$ *aysR
1. $ *ays 2. 10 *ays 3. 1$ *ays 4. 20 *ays
'. run an* ]inay toget2er can *o a piece o% 5or/ in , *ays. +% run *oes t5ice as muc2 5or/ as ]inay in a gi!en
time4 2o5 long 5ill runa alone ta/e to *o t2e 5or/R
1. (.33 *ays 2. 10.$ *ays 3. 11 *ays 4. ,2 *ays
9. ` number o% men can %inis2 a piece o% 5or/ in 30 *ays. +% t2ere 5ere ( men more4 t2e 5or/ coul* be %inis2e* in
10 *ays less. .2at is t2e original number o% menR
1. 10 2. 11 3. 12 4. 1$
10. Sas2i can *o a piece o% 5or/ in 2$ *ays an* Ris2i can *o it in 20 *ays. -2ey 5or/ %or $ *ays an* t2en Sas2i
goes a5ay. +n 2o5 many more *ays 5ill Ris2i %inis2 t2e 5or/R ?11 *ays@
1. 10 *ays 2. 12 *ays 3. 14 *ays 4. None
11. RaWu can *o a piece o% 5or/ in 10 *ays4 ]ic/y in 12 *ays an* -in/u in 1$ *ays. -2ey all start t2e 5or/ toget2er4
but RaWu lea!es a%ter 2 *ays an* ]ic/y lea!es 3 *ays be%ore t2e 5or/ is complete*. +n 2o5 many *ays is t2e
5or/ complete*R
1. $ *ays 2. ( *ays 3. , *ays 4. ' *ays
12. "anoW ta/es t5ice as muc2 time as nWay an* t2rice as muc2 as ]iWWay to %inis2 a piece o!er5or/. -oget2er t2ey
%inis2 t2e 5or/ in 1 *ay. .2at is t2e time ta/es by "anoW to %inis2 t2e 5or/R
1. ( *ays 2. 3 *ays 3. 2 *ays 4. None
13. +n a company `Î &t*. certain number o% engineers can *e!elop a *esign in 40 *ays. +% t2ere 5ere $ more
engineers4 it coul* be %inis2e* in 10 *ays less. ;o5 many engineers 5ere t2ere in t2e beginningR
1. 1' 2. 20 3. 2$ 4. 1$
14. +% 12 men an* 1( boys can *o a piece o% 5or/ in $ *ays an* 13 men an*24 boys can *o it in 4 *ays4 compare t2e
*aily 5or/ *one by a man 5it2 t2at *one by a boyR
1. 1>2 2. 1>3 3. 2>1 4. 3>1
1$. can *o a 5or/ in 10 *ays an* : can *o t2e same 5or/ in 20 *ays. -2ey 5or/ toget2er %or $ *ays an* t2en a
goes a5ay. +n 2o5 many more *ays 5ill : %inis2 t2e 5or/R
1. $ *ays 2. (.$ *ays 3. 10 *ays 4. ' 1K3 *ays
1(. 30 men 5or/ing $2 a *ay can *o a 5or/ in 1( *ays. +n 2o5 many *ays 5ill 20 men 5or/ing (2 a *ay *o t2e
same 5or/R
1. 22 1K2 *ays 2. 20 *ays 3. 21 *ays 4. None
1,. aWay an* ]iWay un*erta/e to *o a piece o% 5or/ %or Rs. 200. aWay alone can *o it in 24 *ays 52ile ]iWay alone can
*o it in 30 *ays. .it2 t2e 2elp o% pra*eep t2ey %inis2 t2e 5or/ in 12 *ays. ;o5 muc2 s2oul* pra*eep get %or 2is
5or/
1. 20K- 2. 100K- 3. 1'0K- 4. $0K-
1'. *1$ men coul* %inis2 a piece o% 5or/ in 210 *ays. :ut at t2e en* o% 100 *ays4 1$ a**itional men are employe*.
+n 2o5 many more *ays 5ill t2e 5or/ be complete*R
1. '0 *ays 2. (0 *ays 3. $$ *ays 4. $0 *ays
19. Way4 !iWay an* SanWay are employe* to *o a piece o% 5or/ %or Rs. $29. Way an* ]iWay toget2er are suppose* to
*o 19K23 o% t2e 5or/. ]iWay & SanWay toget2er 'K23 o% t2e 5or/ 2o5 muc2 s2oul* Way be pai*R
1. 24$K- 2. 29$K- 3. 300K- 4. 34$K-
20. *+n a %ort t2ere 5as su%%icient %oo* %or 200 sol*iers %or 31 *ays. %ter 2, *ays 120 sol*iers le%t t2e %ort. 9or 2o5
many e#tra *ays 5ill t2e rest o% t2e %oo* last %or t2e remaining sol*iersR
1. 12 *ays 2. 10 *ays 3. ' *ays4. ( *ays
21. Way an* ]iWay cam *o a piece o% 5or/ in 2' *ays. .it2 t2e 2elp o% "anoW4 t2ey can %inis2 it in 21*ays. ;o5
long 5ill "anoW ta/e to %inis2 t2e 5or/ alone.
1. '4 *ays 2. '0 *ays 3. ,$ *ays 4. ,0 *ays
22. Way an* ]iWay toget2er can *o a piece o% 5or/ in ( *ays. Way alone *oes it in 10 *ays. .2at time *oes ]iWay
re7uire to *o it aloneR
1. 20 *ays 2. 1$ *ays 3. 2$ *ays 4. 30 *ays
23. cistern is normally %ille* in $ 2ours. ;o5e!er4 it ta/es ( 2ours 52en t2ere is lea/ in its bottom. +% t2e cistern is
%ull4 in 52at time s2all t2e lea/ empty itR
1. (2 2. $2 3. 302 4. 1$2
24. *Pipe an* : running toget2er can %ill a cistern in ( minutes. +% : ta/es $ minutes more t2an to %ill t2e
cistern4 t2en t2e time in 52ic2 an* : 5ill %ill t2e cistern separately 5ill be respecti!elyR
1. 1$ min4 20 min 2. 1$ min4 10 min 3. 10 min4 1$ min 4. 2$ min4 20 min
2$. can *o a 5or/ in 1' *ays4 : in 9 *ays an* ) in ( *ays. an* : start 5or/ing toget2er an* a%ter 2 *ays ) Woins
t2em. +n 2o5 many *ays 5ill t2e Wob be complete*R
1. 4.33 *ays 2. 4 *ays 3. 4.(( *ays 4. $ *ays
2(. 24 men 5or/ing ' 2 a *ay can %inis2 a 5or/ in 10 *ays. .or/ing at a rate o% 10 2 a *ay4 t2e number o% men
re7uire* to %inis2 t2e 5or/ in ( *ays is
1. 30 2. 32 3. 34 4. 3(
2,. certain Wob 5as assigne* to a group o% men to *o it in 20 *ays. :ut 12 men *i* not turn up %or t2e Wob an* t2e
remaining men *i* t2e Wob in 32 *ays. -2e original number o% men in group 5as
1. 32 2. 34 3. 3( 4. 40
2'. *12 men complete a 5or/ in 1' *ays. ( *ays a%ter t2ey 2a* starte* 5or/ing4 4 men Woin t2em. ;o5 many more
*ays 5ill all o% t2em to complete t2e remaining 5or/R
1. 10 *ays 2. 12 *ays 3. 1$ *ays 4. 9 *ays
29. cistern is normally %ille* in ( 2 but ta/es 4; longer to %ill because o% a lea/ in its :ottom. +% t2e cistern is %ull4
t2e lea/ 5ill empty it in 2o5 muc2 timeR
1. 1$ 2 2. 1( 2 3. 20 2 4. None
30. -2ere are t5o pipes in a tan/. Pipe is %or %illing t2e tan/ an* Pipe : is %or emptying t2e tan/. +% can %ill t2e
tan/ in 10 2ours an* : can empty t2e tan/ in 1$ 2ours 2en %in* 2o5 many 2ours 5ill nit ta/e to completely %ill a
2al% empty tan/R
1. 30 2ours 2. 1$ 2ours 3. 20 2ours 4. 33.33 2ours
31. bbot can *o some 5or/ in 10 *ays4 :ill can *o it in 20 *ays an* )linton can *o it in 40 *ays. -2ey start
5or/ing in turn 5it2 bbot starting to 5or/ on t2e %irst *ay %ollo5e* by :ill on t2e secon* *ay an* by )linton
on t2e t2ir* *ay an* again by bbot on t2e %ourt2 *ay an* so on till t2e 5or/ is complete* %ully. 9in* t2e time
ta/en to complete t2e 5or/ %ullyR
1. 1( *ays 2. 1$ *ays 3. 1, *ays 4. 1(.$ *ays
32. 4 : an* ) can *o some 5or/ in 3( *ays. an* : toget2er *o t5ice as muc2 5or/ as ) alone an* an* )
toget2er can *o t2rice as muc2 5or/ as : alone. 9in* t2e time ta/en by ) to *o t2e 52ole 5or/R
1. ,2 *ays 2. 9( *ays 3. 10' *ays 4. 120 *ays
33. *-2ere are t2ree -aps 4 : an* ) in a tan/. -2ey can %ill t2e tan/ in 10 2rs4 20 2rs an* 2$ 2rs respecti!ely. t
%irst4 all o% t2em are opene* simultaneously. -2en a%ter 2 2ours4 tap ) is close* an* an* : are /ept running
a%ter t2e 4
t2
2our4 tap : is also close*. -2e remaining 5or/ is *one by -ap alone. 9in* t2e percentage o% t2e
5or/ *one by -ap by itsel%.
1. 32[ 2. $2[ 3. ,$[ 4. None
34. -5o taps are running continuously to %ill a tan/. -2e 1
st
tap coul* 2a!e %ille* it in $ 2ours by itsel% an* t2e
secon* one by itsel% coul* 2a!e %ille* it in 20 2ours. :ut t2e operator %aile* to realiHe t2at t2ere 5as a lea/ in t2e
24
tan/ %rom t2e beginning 52ic2 cause* a *elay o% one 2our in t2e %illing o% t2e tan/. 9in* t2e time in 52ic2 t2e
lea/ 5oul* empty a %ille* tan/R
1. 1$ 2ours 2. 20 2ours 3. 2$ 2ours 4. 40 2ours
3$. can *o some 5or/ in 24 *ays4 : can *o it in 32 *ays an* ) can *o it in (0 *ays. -2ey start 5or/ing toget2er.
le%t a%ter ( *ays an* : le%t a%ter 5or/ing %or ' *ays. ;o5 many more *ays are re7uire* to complete t2e 52ole
5or/R
1. 30 2. 2$ 3. 22 4. 20
Ti%e and Di!tan2e
-2e terms N-ime= an* N0istance= are relate* to t2e spee* o% a mo!ing obWect.
Speed6 .e *e%ine t2e spee* o% an obWect as t2e *istance co!ere* by it in a unit time inter!al. +t is obtaine* by
*i!i*ing t2e *istance co!ere* by t2e obWect4 by t2e time it ta/es to co!er t2at *istance.
-2us4 Spee* D 0istance tra!ele*K -ime ta/en
Notes:
1. +% t2e time ta/en is constant4 t2e *istance tra!ele* is proportional to t2e spee*4 t2at is4 more t2e spee*M more
t2e *istance tra!ele* in t2e same time.
2. +% t2e spee* is constant4 t2e *istance tra!ele* is proportional to t2e time ta/en4 t2at is4 more t2e *istance
tra!ele*M more t2e time ta/en at t2e same spee*.
3. +% t2e *istance tra!ele* is constant4 t2e spee* is in!ersely proportional to t2e time ta/en4 t2at is4 more t2e
spee*M less t2e time ta/en %or t2e same *istance tra!ele*.
SOME BASIC 1ORMULAE
1. Spee* D 0istanceK-ime
2. 0istance Q Spee* C -ime
3. -ime D 0istanceKspee*
Unit! #3 Mea!u"e%ent
1enerally i% t2e *istance is measure* in /ilometre4 5e measure time in 2ours an* spee* in /ilometre per 2our an* is
5ritten as /mK2r an* i% t2e *istance is measure* in metre t2en time is ta/en in secon* an* spee* in metre per secon*
an* is 5ritten as mKsec.
C#nve"!i#n #3 Unit!
Vne /ilometreK2our D 1000metreK(0C(0 secon*s D $K1' mKsec.
Vne metreKsecon* D 1'K$/mK2r.
-2us4 # /mK2r D?# C$K1'@ mKsec.
an*4 # mKsec. D?# C1'K$@ /mK2r.
Iu!t"ati#n $ )alculate t2e spee* o% a train 52ic2 co!ers a *istance o% 1$0 /m in 3 2ours.
S#uti#n Spee* D0istance co!ere*K-ime ta/enD 1$0K3
D $0/mK2r
Iu!t"ati#n - ;o5 long *oes a train 100 metres long running at t2e rate o% 40 /mK2r ta/e to cross a telegrap2ic
poleR
S#uti#n +n crossing t2e pole. t2e train must tra!el its o5n lengt2.
0istance tra!ele* is 100 metres.
Spee* D 40 /mK2r. D 40C1000K (0C(0 D 100K9mKsec.
-ime ta/en to cross t2e pole D 100K?100K9@
B 9!e2#nd!4
Iu!t"ati#n . train running at a spee* o% 90 /mK2r passes a pole on t2e plat%orm in 20 secon*s. 9in* t2e lengt2 o%
t2e train in metres.
S#uti#n Spee* o% t2e train D 90/mK2r
D90C$K1' D 1$ mKsec.
&engt2 o% t2e train D Spee* o% t2e train C time ta/en in crossing t2e pole
D2$C 20D$00m.
1. ?a@ +% co!ers a *istance *1 /m at s1 /mK2r an* t2en *2 /m at s2 /mK2r4 t2en t2e a!erage spee* *uring t2e
52ole Wourney is gi!en by
F+$, Ave"a)e !peed D s1s2?*1 J *2@Ks1*2 J s2*1 /mK2r.
?b@ i% goes %rom ` to ^ at s1 /mK2r. an* comes bac/ %rom ^ to ` at s2 /mK2r.4 t2en t2e a!erage spee*
*uring t2e 52ole Wourney is gi!en by
!erage spee* 2s1s2Ks1Js2
E=panati#n
a@ -ime ta/en to tra!el *1 /m at s1/mK2r is t1 D *1Ks1 2r.
-ime ta/en to tra!el *2 /m at s2 /mK2r is t2 D *2Ks2 2r.
-otal time ta/en D t1 J t2 D ?*1Ks1J*2Ks2@2r
D ?s1*2 J s2*2Ks1*1Ks1s2@2r
-otal *istance co!ere* D ?*1 J*2@/m. -2ere%ore4
!erage spee* D-otal *istance co!ere* K -otal time ta/en
D s1s2?*1J*2@K?s1*2Js2*1@/mK2r F?i@
b@ &et t2e *istance %rom ` to ^ be * /m.
-a/e *1 D *2 D* in ?i@4 5e get
!erage spee* D 2*s1s2K*?s1Js2@ D 2s1s2Ks1s2.
F+-, Iu!t"ati#n / s2ip sails to a certain city at t2e spee* o% 1$ /notsK2r an* sails bac/ to t2e same point at t2e rate
o% 30 /notsK2r. .2at is t2e a!erage spee* %or t2e 52ole WourneyR
S#uti#n ;ere4 s1 D 1$ an* s2 D 30.
!erage spee* D 2s1s2Ks1Js2 D 2C1$C30K 1$J30
B-:An#t!G("4
2. person goes certain *istance? to :@ at a spee* o% s1 /mK2r. an* returns bac/ ?:
to @ at a spee* o% s2 /mK2r. +% t2e ta/es - 2ours in all4 t2e *istance bet5een an* : is
-?s1s2Ks1Js2@
E=panati#n
&et t2e *istance bet5een an* : be * /m
-ime ta/en *uring on5ar* Wourney D t1D *Ks1 2rs
-ime ta/en *uring return Wourney D t2D *Ks2 2rs
-otal time ta/en *uring t2e entire Wourney is - D t1Jt2 D *Ks1J*Ks2D *?s1Js2@Ks1s2
* D -?s1s2Ks1Js2@
-2us4 t2e *istance bet5een an* : is D -?s1s2Ks1Js2@
D -otal time ta/en C Pro*uct o% t5o spee*sKSum o% t5o spee*s
F+., Iu!t"ati#n 0 boy goes to sc2ool 5it2 t2e spee* o% 3 /m an 2our an* returns 5it2 a spee* o% 2 /mK2r. i% 2e
ta/es $ 2ours in all4 %in* t2e *istance in /m bet5een t2e !illage an* t2e sc2ool.
S#uti#n ;ere4 s1 D34 s2 D 2 an* - D $.
-2e *istance bet5een t2e !illage an* t2e sc2oolD - ?s1s2Ks1Js2@ D$?3C2K3J2@ D 7A%4
3. +% t5o persons an* : start at t2e same time %rom t5o points P an* 8 to5ar*s eac2
ot2er an* a%ter crossing t2ey ta/e -1 an* -2 2ours in reac2ing 8 an* P reacti!ely4 t2en
F+/, AH! !peedGBH! !peed BT-G T$4
E=panati#n
&et t2e total *istance bet5een P an* 8 be * /m.
&et t2e spee* o% be s1 /mK2r an* t2at o% : be s2 /mK2r.
Since t2ey are mo!ing in opposite *irections4 t2eir relati!e spee* is ?s1 Js2@/mK2r.
EXERCISE
1. *-2e Sin2aga* 6#press le%t Pune at noon s2arp. -5o 2ours later4 t2e 0eccan 8ueen starte* %rom Pune in t2e
same *irection. -2e 0eccan 8ueen o!ertoo/ t2e Sin2aga* 6#press at ' p.m. 9in* t2e a!erage spee* o% t2e t5o
trains o!er t2is Wourney i% t2e sum o% t2eir a!erage spee*s is ,0 /mK2.
?@ 34.2' /mK2
?:@ 3$ /mK2
?)@ $0 /mK2
?0@ 12 /mK2
2. .al/ing at X o% 2is normal spee*4 b2is2e/ is 1( minutes late in reac2ing 2is o%%ice. -2e usual time ta/en by
2im to co!er t2e *istance bet5een 2is 2ome an* 2is o%%ice is
?@ 4' minutes
?:@ (0 minutes
?)@ 42 minutes
?0@ (2 minutes
3. *-5o trains %or :ombay lea!e 0el2i at ( a.m. an* ( > 4$ am an* tra!el at 100 /mp2 an* 13( /mp2 respecti!ely.
;o5 many /ilometers %rom 0el2i 5ill t2e t5o trains be toget2er
?@ 2(2.4 /m
?:@ 2(0 /m
?)@ 2'3.33 /m
?0@ None o% t2ese
4. -5o trains. )alcutta "ail an* :ombay "ail4 start at t2e same time %rom stations )alcutta an* :ombay
respecti!ely to5ar*s eac2 ot2er. %ter passing eac2 ot2er4 t2ey ta/e 12 2ours an* 3 2ours to reac2 :ombay an*
)alcutta respecti!ely. +% t2e )alcutta "ail is mo!ing at t2e spee* o% 4' /mK24 t2e spee* o% t2e :ombay "ails is
?@ 24 /mK2
?:@ 22 /mK2
?)@ 21 /mK2
?0@ 9( /mK2
$. .it2out stoppage4 a train tra!els a certain *istance 5it2 an a!erage spee* o% (0 /mK24 an* 5it2 stoppage4 it
co!ers t2e same *istance 5it2 an a!erage spee* o% 40 /mK2. Vn an a!erage4 2o5 many minutes per 2our *oes
t2e train stop *uring t2e WourneyR
?@ 20 minK2
?:@ 1$ minK2
?)@ 10 minK2
?0@ $ minK2
(. *Ris2i/ant4 *uring 2is Wourney4 tra!els %or 20 minutes at a spee* o% 30 /mK24 anot2er 30 minutes at a spee* o% $0
/mK24 an* 1 2our at a spee* o% $0 /mK2 an* 1 2our at a spee* o% (0 /mK2. .2at is t2e a!erage !elocityR
?@ $1.1' /mK2
?:@ (3 /mK2
?)@ 39 /mK2
?0@ 4' /mK2
,. Narayan "urt2y 5al/ing at a spee* o% 20 /mK2 reac2es 2is college 10 minutes late. Ne#t time 2e increases 2is
spee* by $ /mK24 but %in*s t2at 2e is still late by 4 minutes. .2at is t2e *istance o% 2is college %rom 2is 2ouse.
?@ 20 /m
?:@ ( /m
?)@ 12 /m
?0@ None o% t2ese
'. "anis2 tra!els a certain *istance by car at t2e rate o% 12 /mK2 an* 5al/s bac/ at t2e rate o% 3 /mK2. -2e 52ole
Wourney too/ $ 2ours. .2at is t2e *istance 2e co!ere* on t2e carR
?@ 12 /m
?:@ 30 /m
?)@ 1$ /m
?0@ ( /m
9. rail5ay passenger counts t2e telegrap2 poles on t2e rail roa* as 2e passes t2em. -2e telegrap2 poles are at a
*istance o% $0 metres. .2at 5ill be 2is count in 4 2ours4 i% t2e spee* o% t2e train is 4$ /m per 2our.
?@ (00
?:@ 2$00
?)@ 3(00
?0@ $000
10. -5o trains an* : start simultaneously in t2e opposite *irection %rom t5o points an* : an* arri!e at t2eir
*estinations 9 an* 4 2ours respecti!ely a%ter t2eir meeting eac2 ot2er. t 52at rate *oes t2e secon* train : tra!el
i% t2e %irst train tra!els at '0 /m per 2our.
?@ (0 /mK2
?:@ 100 /mK2
?)@ 120 /mK2
?0@ None o% t2ese
11. ***]inay %ires t5o bullets %rom t2e same place at an inter!al o% 12 minutes but RaWu sitting in a train
approac2ing t2e place 2ears t2e secon* report 11 minutes 30 secon*s a%ter t2e %irst. .2at is t2e appro#imate
spee* o% train ?i% soun* tra!els at t2e spee* o% 330 metre per secon*@R
?@ ((0K23 mKs
?:@ 220K, mKs
?)@ 330K23 mKs
?0@ 110K23 m
12. car *ri!er4 *ri!ing in a %og4 passes a pe*estrian 52o 5as 5al/ing at t2e rate o% 2 /mK2 in t2e same *irections.
-2e pe*estrian coul* see t2e car %or ( minutes an* it 5as !isible to 2im up to a *istance o% 0.( /m. .2at 5as
t2e spee* o% t2e carR
?@ 30 /mK2
?:@ 1$ /mK2
?)@ 20 /mK2
?0@ ' /mK2
13. *;ars2 an* ]iWay mo!e to5ar*s ;osur starting %rom ++"4 :angalore4 at a spee* o% 40 /mK2 an* (0 /mK2
respecti!ely. +% ]iWay reac2es ;osur 200 minutes earlier t2en ;ars24 52at is t2e *istance bet5een ++".
:angalore4 an* ;osurR
?@ (00 /m
?:@ 400 /m
?)@ 900 /m
?0@ 200 /m
14. cyclist mo!ing on a circular trac/ o% ra*ius 100 metres completes one re!olution in 2 minutes. .2at is t2e
a!erage spee* o% cyclist ?appro#imately@R
?@ 314 mKminute
?:@ 200 mKminute
?)@ 300 mKminute
?0@ 900 mKminute
1$. person tra!ele* a *istance* o% 200 /ilometre bet5een t5o cities by a car co!ering t2e %irst 7uarter o% t2e
Wourney at a constant spee* o% 40 /mK2 an* t2e remaining t2ree 7uarters at a constant spee* o% x /mK2. +% t2e
a!erage spee* o% t2e person %or t2e entire Wourney 5as $3.33 /mK2 52at is t2e !alue o% x.
?@ $$ /mK2
?:@ (0 /mK2
?)@ ,0 /mK2
?0@ '0 /mK2
1(. car tra!els 1K3 o% t2e *istance on a straig2t roa* 5it2 a !elocity o% 10 /mK24 t2e ne#t 1K3 5it2 a !elocity o% 20
/mK2 an* t2e last 1K3 5it2 a !elocity o% (0 /mK2. 52at is t2e a!erage !elocity o% t2e car %or t2e 52ole WourneyR
?@ 1' /mK2
?:@ 10 /mK2
?)@ 20 /mK2
?0@ 1$ /mK2
1,. -5o cars starte* simultaneously to5ar* eac2 ot2er %rom to5n A an* B4 t2at are 4'0 /m apart. +t too/ t2e %irst
car tra!eling %rom A to B ' 2ours to co!er t2e *istance an* t2e secon* car tra!eling %rom B to A 12 2ours.
0etermine at 52at *istance %rom A t2e t5o cars meet.
?@ 2'' /m
?:@ 200 /m
?)@ 300 /m
?0@ 19( /m
1'. .al/ing at X o% 2is usual spee*4 a man is 1( minutes late %or 2is o%%ice. -2e usual time ta/en by 2im to co!er
t2at *istance is
?@ 4' minutes
?:@ (0 minutes
?)@ 42 minutes
?0@ (2 minutes
19. *-5o trains %or Patna lea!e 0el2i at ( a.m. an* (>4$ a.m. an* tra!el at 9' /mp2 an* 13( /mp2 respecti!ely.
;o5 many /ilometres %rom 0el2i 5ill t2e t5o trains meetR
?@ 2(2.4 /m
?:@ 2(0 /m
?)@ 200 /m
?0@ None o% t2ese
20. -5o trains A an* B start %rom station to !4 ! to respecti!ely. %ter passing eac2 ot2er4 t2ey ta/e 12 2ours
an* 3 2ours to reac2 ! an* # respecti!ely. +% train A is mo!ing at t2e spee* o% 4' /mK24 t2e spee* o% train B is
?@ 24 /mK2
?:@ 22 /mK2
?)@ 21 /mK2
?0@ 20 /mK2
21. an* ! are t5o stations (00 /m apart. A train starts %rom an* mo!es to5ar*s ! at t2e rate o% 2$ /mK2.
not2er train starts %rom ! at t2e rate o% 3$ /mK2. ;o5 %ar %rom t2ey 5ill cross eac2 ot2er
?@ 2$0 /m
?:@ 300 /m
?)@ 4$0 /m
?0@ 4,$ /m
22. *** motorboat 5ent *o5nstream %or 2' /m an* imme*iately returne*. +t too/ t2e boat t5ice as long to ma/e
t2e return trip. +% t2e spee* o% t2e ri!er %lo5 5ere t5ice as 2ig24 t2e trip *o5nstream an* bac/ 5oul* ta/e (,2
minutes. 9in* t2e spee* o% t2e boat in still 5ater an* t2e spee* o% t2e ri!er %lo5.
?@ 9 /mK24 3 /mK2
?:@ 9 /mK24 ( /mK2
?)@ ' /mK24 2 /mK2
?0@ 12 /mK24 3 /mK2
23. train re7uires , secon*s to pass a pole 52ile it re7uires 2$ secon*s to cross a stationary train 52ic2 is 3,'
metres long. 9in* t2e spee* o% t2e train.
?@ ,$.( /mK2
?:@ ,$.4 /mK2
?)@ ,(.2 /mK2
?0@ 21 /mK2
24. boat sails *o5nstream %rom point to point :4 52ic2 is 10 /m a5ay %rom 4 an* t2en returns to . +% 2e
actual spee* o% t2e boat ?in still 5ater@ is 3 /mK24 t2e trip %rom to : ta/es ' 2ours less t2an t2at %rom : to .
.2at must t2e actual spee* o% t2e boat %or t2e trip %rom to : to ta/e e#actly 100 minutesR
?@ 1 /mK2
?:@ 2 /mK2
?)@ 3 /mK2
?0@ 4 /mK2
2$. boat goes 40 /m upstream in ' 2 an* a *istance o% 49 /m *o5nstream in , 2. -2e spee* o% t2e boat in still
5ater is
?@ $ /mK2
?:@ $.$ /mK2
?)@ ( /mK2
?0@ (.$ /mK2
2(. * -5o trains are running on parallel line in t2e same *irection at spee*s o% 40 /mp2 an* 20 /mp2 respecti!ely.
-2e %aster train crosses a man in t2e secon* train in 3( secon*s. -2e lengt2 o% t2e %aster train is
?@ 200 metres
?:@ 1'$ metres
?)@ 22$ metres
?0@ 210 metres
2,. *-5o trains pass eac2 ot2er on parallel lines. 6ac2 train is 100 metres long. .2en t2ey are going in t2e same
*irection4 t2e %aster one ta/es (0 secon*s to pass t2e ot2er completely. +% t2ey are going in opposite *irections
t2ey pass eac2 ot2er completely in 10 secon*s. 9in* t2e spee* o% t2e slo5er train in /mK2.
?@ 30 /mK2
?:@ 42 /mK2
?)@ 4' /mK2
?0@ (0 /mK2
2'. -5o trains are tra!eling in t2e same *irection at $0 /mK2 an* 30 /mK2 respecti!ely. -2e %aster train crosses a
man in t2e slo5er train in 1' secon*s. 9in* t2e lengt2 o% t2e %aster train.
?@ 0.1 /m
?:@ 1 /m
?)@ 1.$ /m
?0@ 1.4 /m
29. -5o trains %or ;o5ra2 lea!e "uHa%%arpur at '>30 a.m. an* 9>00 a.m. respecti!ely an* tra!el at (0 /mK2 an* ,0
/mK2 respecti!ely. ;o5 many /ilometres %rom "uHa%%arpur 5ill t2e t5o trains meetR
?@ 210 /m
?:@ 1'0 /m
?)@ 1$0 /m
?0@ 120 /m
30. .it2out stoppage4 a train tra!els at an a!erage spee* o% ,$ /mK2 an* 5it2 stoppages it co!ers t2e same *istance
at an a!erage spee* o% (0 /mK2. ;o5 many minutes per 2our *oes t2e train stopR
?@ 10 minutes
?:@ 12 minutes
?)@ 14 minutes
?0@ 1' minutes
31. ]iWay can ro5 a certain *istance *o5nstream in ( 2 an* return t2e same *istance in 9 2. +% t2e stream %lo5s at
t2e rate o% 3 /mK24 %in* t2e spee* o% ]iWay in still 5ater.
?@ 12 /mK2
?:@ 13 /mK2
?)@ 14 /mK2
?0@ 1$ /mK2
32. ****+n a stream t2at is running at 2 /mK24 a man goes 10 /m upstream an* comes bac/ to t2e starting point in
$$ minutes. 9in* t2e spee* o% t2e man in still 5ater.
?@ 20 /mK2
?:@ 22 /mK2
?)@ 24 /mK2
?0@ 2' /mK2
33. **** motorboat 5ent *o5n t2e ri!er %or 14 /m an* t2en up t2e ri!er %or 9 /m. +t too/ a total o% $ 2ours %or t2e
entire Wourney. 9in* t2e spee* o% t2e ri!er %lo5 i% t2e spee* o% t2e boat in still 5ater is $ /mK2.
?@ 1 /mp2
?:@ 1.$ /mp2
?)@ 2 /mp2
?0@ 3 /mp2
34. motorboat 52ose spee* in still 5ater is 10 /mK2 5ent 91 /m *o5nstream an* t2en returne* to its starting
point. )alculate t2e spee* o% t2e ri!er %lo5 i% t2e roun* trip too/ a total o% 20 2ours.
?@ 3 /mK2
?:@ 4 /mK2
?)@ ( /mK2
?0@ ' /mK2
3$. motorboat 52ose spee* in still 5ater is 1$ /mp2 goes 30 /m *o5nstream an* comes bac/ in a total 4 2ours
30 min. 0etermine t2e spee* o% t2e stream.
?@ 2 /mp2
?:@ 3 /mp2
?)@ 4 /mp2
?0@ $ /mp2
AGE PROBLEMS
Problems base* on ages are generally as/e* in most o% t2e company e#aminations4 -o sol!e t2ese problems4 t2e
/no5le*ge o% linear e7uations is essential. +n suc2 problems4 t2ere may be t2ree situations>
i. ge some years ago
ii. Present age
iii. ge some years 2ence
-5o o% t2ese situations are gi!en an* it is re7uire* to %in* t2e t2ir*. -2e relation bet5een t2e age o% t5o persons
may also be gi!en. Simple linear e7uations are %rame* an* t2eir solutions are obtaine*. Sometimes4 s2ortcut
met2o*s gi!en belo5 are also 2elp%ul in sol!ing suc2 problems.
1. +% t2e age o% 4 t years ago4 5as n times t2e age o% : an* at present =s age is n2 times t2at o% :4 t2en
=s present age D ?n1-1Kn1-n2@ n2 t years
an*4 :=s present age D?n1-1Kn1-n2@t years
E=panati#n
&et t2e present age o% : be # years.
-2en4 t2e present age o% Dn2 # years 1i!en4 t years ago4
n1?#-t@Dn2#-t or4 ?n1-n2@# D ?n1-1@ t or4 #D?n1-1Kn1-n2@ t years.
-2ere%ore4 :=s present age D ?n1-1Kn1-n2@ t years.
n*4 =s present age D?n1-1Kn1-n2@n2 t years
Iu!t"ati#n $ -2e age o% %at2er is 4 times t2e age o% 2is son. +% $ years age %at2er=s age 5as , times t2e age o% 2is
son at t2at time4 52at is %at2er=s present ageR
S#uti#n -2e %at2er=s present age D ?n1-1Kn1-n2@n2t S;ere4 n1 D,4 n2D4 an* tD$T
D?,-1K,-4@ 4C$ D (C4C$K3 D 40years.
2. -2e present age o% is n1 times t2e present age o% :. +% t years 2ence4 t2e age o% 5oul* be n2 time t2at o%
:4 t2en
=s present age D ?n1-1Kn1-n2@n2 t years an* :=s present age D ?n1-1Kn1-n2@t years
E=panati#n
&et t2e present age o% : be # years. -2en4 t2e present age o% D n1# 1i!en4 t years 2ence4 ?n1# Jt@Dn2 ?#Jt@
or ?n1-n2@# D ?n2-1@t or4 #D?n2-1Kn1-n2@t
-2ere%ore4 :=s present age D?n2-1Kn1-n2@n1t years
an*4 =s present age D?n2-1Kn1-n2@n1t years
Iu!t"ati#n - -2e age o% "r. 1upta is %our times t2e age o% 2is son. %ter ten years4 t2e age o% "r. 1upta 5ill be
only t5ice t2e age o% 2is son. 9in* t2e present age o% "r. 1upta=s son.
S#uti#n -2e present age o% "r. 1upta=s son D ?n2-1Kn1-n2@t
D?2-1K4-2@10
S;ere4 n1 D 44 n2 D 2 an* tD10TD 0?ea"!4
3. -2e age o% 4 t1 years ago4 5as n1 times t2e age o% :. +% t2 years 2ence =s age 5oul* be n2 times t2at o% :4
t2en4
=s present age Dn1?t1Jt2@?n2-1@Kn1-n2 Jt1 years
an*4 :=s present age Dt2?n2-1@t1?n1-1@Kn1-n2 years.
E=panati#n
&et =s present ageD# years an* :=s present ageDy years.
1i!en>#-t1 D n1?y-t1@ an* #Jt2 Dn2?yJt2@
i.e. #-n1yD?1-n1@t1 ....?1@
an* #-n2yD?-1Jn1@t2...?2@
Sol!ing ?1@ an* ?2@4 5e get #Dn1?t1Jt2@?n2-1@Kn1-n2 Jt1
an*4 yD t2?n2-1@Jt2?n2-1@Kn1-n2.
Iu!t"ati#n . 10 years ago nu=s mot2er 5as 4 times ol*er t2an 2er *aug2ter. %ter 10 years4 t2e mot2er 5ill be
t5ice ol*er t2an t2e *aug2ter. 9in* t2e present age o% nu.
S#uti#n Present age o% nu D t1?n2-1@Jt1?n1-1@Kn1-n2
S;ere4 n1 D44 n2D 24 t1D 10 an* t2 D10T
D10?2-1@ J10?4-1@K4-2 D 10-30K2 D20years.
4. -2e sum o% present ages o% an* : is S year. +%4 t years ago o% 5as n times t2e age o% :4 t2en
Present age o% DSn-t?n-1@Kn-1 years4 an* Present age o% :D SJt?n-1@KnJ1 years.
E=panati#n
&et t2e present ages o% an* : be # an* y years respecti!ely.
1i!en> #Jy D S F?1@
an*4 #-t Dn?y-t@
or #-ny D ?1-n@t
Sol!ing ?1@ an* ?2@4 5e get #DSn-t?n-1@KnJ1.
yD SJt?n-1@KnJ1.
Iu!t"ati#n / -2e sum o% t2e ages o% an* : is 42 years 3 years bac/4 t2e age o% 5as $ times t2e age o% :. 9in*
t2e *i%%erence bet5een t2e present ages o% an* :.
S#uti#n ;ere4 SD424 nD$ an* t D3
Present age o%
D Sn-t?n-1@KnJ1D 42C$-3?$-1@K$J1
D 19'K(D33 years
an*4 present age o% :
$Jt?nJ1@KnJ1 D 42J3?$-1K$J1
D$4K(D9?ea"!4
0i%%erence bet5een t2e present ages o% an* : D33-9D24 years.
Note: +%4 instea* o% sum?S@4 *i%%erence ?0@ o% t2eir ages is gi!en4 replace S by 0 an* in t2e age *enominator
?nJ1@ by ?n-1@ in t2e abo!e %ormula.
$. -2e sum o% present ages o% an* : is S years. +%4 t years 2ence4 t2e age o% 5oul* be n times t2e age o% :4
t2en
Present age o% DSnJt?n-1@KnJ1 years
an*4 present age o% : D S-t?n-1@KnJ1 years.
E=panati#n
&et t2e present ages o% an* be # an* y years4 respecti!ely
1i!en> #JyDS F.?1@
an*4 #JtDn?yJt@
or4 #-nyDt?n-1@ F.?2@
Sol!ing?1@ an* ?2@4 5e get
#D SnJt?n-1@KnJ1
an*4 yD S-t?n-1@KnJ1
Iu!t"ati#n 0 -2e sum o% t2e ages o% a son an* %at2er is $( years. %ter %our years4 t2e age o% t2e %at2er 5ill be t2ree
times t2at o% t2e son. 9in* t2eir respecti!e ages.
S#uti#n -2e age o% %at2er
D SnJt?n-1@KnJ1D $(C3J4?3-1@K3J1
S;ere4 SD$(4 tD4 an* nD3T
D 1,(K4D 44years.
-2e age o% son D Sn-t?n-1@KnJ1
D $(-4?3-1@K3J1
D 4'K4 D 12 years.
(. +% t2e ratio o% t2e present ages o% an* : is a> b an* t years 2ence4 it 5ill be c> *4 t2en
=s present age D at?c-*@Ka*-bc
an*4 :=s present ageD bt?c-*@K a*-bc
Iu!t"ati#n 7 -2e ratio o% t2e age o% %at2er an* son at present is ( > 1. %ter $ years4 t2e ratio 5ill become ,>2. 9in*
t2e present age o% t2e son.
S#uti#n -2e present age o% t2e son D bt?c-*@K a* Qbc
S;ere4 a D(4 bD14 cD,4 *D2 an* tD$T
D1C$?,-2@K(C2-1C, D $years.
N#te6
+%4 5it2 t2e ratio o% present ages4 t2e ratio o% ages t years age is gi!en4 t2en replace t by?-t@ in t2e abo!e %ormula.
Iu!t"ati#n 8 ( years ago "a2es2 5as t5ice as ol* as Sures2. +% t2e ratio o% t2eir present ages is 9 > $ respecti!ely4
52at is t2e *i%%erence bet5een t2eir present agesR
Solution Present age "a2es2
D--at?c-*@Ka*-bc
D-9C(?2-1@K1C9-$C2
S;ere4 aD94 bD$4 cD24 *D1 an* t D(T
D$4 years
Present age o% Sures2
-bt?c-*@Ka*-bc
D -$C(?2-1@K1C9-$C2 D30 years.
0i%%erence o% t2eir ages D$4-30D24 years.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUSTIONS
+n eac2 o% t2e %ollo5ing 7uestions a number o% possible ans5ers are gi!en4 out o% 52ic2 one ans5er is correct. 9in*
out t2e correct ans5er.
EXERCISE
1. ten years ago4 "o2an 5as t2rice as ol* as Ram 5as but 10 years 2ence4 2e 5ill be only t5ice as ol*. 9in*
"o2an=s present age.
a@ (0 years
b@ '0 years
c@ ,0 years
*@ ,( years
2. -2e ages o% Ram an* S2yam *i%%er by 1( years. Si# years ago4 "o2an=s age 5as t2rice as t2at o% Ram=s4 %in* t2eir
present ages.
a@ 14 years4 30 years
b@ 12 years4 2' years
c@ 1( years4 34 years
*@ 1' years4 3' years
3. 1$ years 2ence4 Ro2it 5ill be Wust %our times as ol* as 2e 5as 1$ years ago. ;o5 ol* is Ro2it at presentR
a@ 20
b@ 2$
c@ 30
*@ 3$
4. man=s age is 12$[ o% 52at it 5as 10 years ago4 but '3 1K3 [ o% 52at it 5ill be a%ter ten 10 years. .2at is 2is
present ageR
a@ 4$ years
b@ $0 years
c@ $$ years
*@ (0 years
$. +% t5ice t2e son=s age in years be a**e* to t2e %at2er=s age4 t2e sum is ,0 an* i% t5ice t2e %at2er=s age is a**e* to
t2e son=s age4 t2e sum is 9$. 9at2er=s age is
a@ 40 years
b@ 3$ years
c@ 42 years
*@ 4$years
(. -2ree years ago4 t2e a!erage age o% a %amily o% $ members 5as 1,. baby 2a!ing been born t2e a!erage age o%
t2e %amily is t2e same to*ayR .2at is t2e age o% t2e c2il*R
a@ 3 years
b@ $ years
c@ 2years
*@ 1 year
,. -2e ratio o% =s an* :=s ages is 4>$ +% t2e *i%%erence bet5een t2e present age o% an* t2e age o% : $ years
2ence is 34 t2en 52at is t2e total o% present ages o% an* :R
a@ (' years
b@ ,2 years
c@ ,( years
*@ (4 years
'. -2e ages o% an* : are in t2e ratio o% (>$ an* sum o% t2eir ages is 44 years. -2e ratio o% t2eir ages a%ter ' years
5ill be
a@ 4 > $
b@ 3 > 4
c@ 3 > ,
*@ ' > ,
9. $ years ago4 t2e combine* age o% my mot2er an* mine 5as 40 years. No54 t2e ratio o% our age is 4>1. ;o5 ol* is
my mot2erR
?@ 10
?:@ 40
?)@ (0
?0@ 20
?6@ $0
10. ;oney 5as t5ice as ol* as ]ani 10 years ago. ;o5 ol* is ]ani to*ay i% ;oney 5ill be 40 years ol* 10 years
2enceR
a@ 20
b@ 2$
c@ 1$
*@ 3$
e@ 30
11. Vne year ago4 a mot2er 5as 4 times ol*er to 2er son. %ter ( years4 2er age become more t2an *ouble 2er son=s
age by $ years. -2e present ratio o% t2eir age 5ill beR
a@ 13 > 12
b@ 11 > 13
c@ 3 > 1
*@ 2$ > ,
e@ 4 > 3
12. ]an*ana=s mot2er is t5ice as ol* as 2er brot2er. S2e is $ years younger to 2er brot2er but 3 years ol*er to 2er
sister. +% 2er sister is 12 years o% age4 2o5 ol* is 2er mot2erR
a@ 30
b@ 3$
c@ 4$
*@ 40
e@ $0
13. Sonu is 4 years younger "anu 52ile 0olly is %our years younger to Sumit but 1K$ times as ol* as Sonu. +% Sumit
is eig2t years ol*4 2o5 many times as ol* is "anu as 0ollyR
a@ 3
b@ \
c@ 2
*@ 1
e@ d
14. Vur mot2er is 3 times as ol* as my brot2er an* + am 1K3
r*
times ol*er t2an my brot2er. +% 4 years ago + 5as as
ol* as my brot2er to*ay4 52at is t2e age o% my mot2er.
a@ 40
b@ 3(
c@ 44
*@ 42
e@ 4'
1$. Ruc2i=s age 5as *ouble t2at o% Niti 2 years ago. +% Ruc2i 5as 2 years ol*er to Niti t2en4 try to guess 2o5 ol* s2e
is to*ay.
a@ (
b@ 4
c@ '
*@ 2
e@ 20
1(. +% 5e a** t2e age o% t2ree brot2ers Sunil4 SanWay an* Sonu4 t2en it becomes (0 years to*ay. +% ( years ago t2e
Sonu 5as o% 2al% t2e age o% SanWay an* 1K3
r*
to t2e age o% Sunil4 t2en %in* out t2e present age o% SanWay.
a@ 14
b@ 1$
c@ 1(
*@ 1'
e@ 24
1,. Sonu=s age is 2K3
r*
o% "anu=s. %ter $ years Sonu 5ill be 4$ years ol*. "anu=s present age is
a@ $$
b@ $(
c@ $'
*@ (0
e@ (4
1'. Ratio o% Sonu=s age to "anu=s is e7ual to 4>3. +% Sonu 5ill be 2( years ol* a%ter ( years4 t2e present age o% "anu
is
a@ 11
b@ 1$
c@ 14
*@ 1,
e@ 13
19. :inny is born on 1
st
Vctober. ;e is younger to Sunny by one 5ee/ an* t5o *ays. +% on 1
st
Vctober it 5as a
Satur*ay4 t2en Sunny=s birt2*ay 5ill come on 52ic2 *ay t2is yearR
?@ .e*nes*ay ?:@ -2urs*ay ?)@ "on*ay
?0@ Satur*ay ?6@ Sun*ay
20. :inny is 2al% as ol* as Sunny. )2in/y is t5ice ol* as Sunny. ;o5 many times is )2in/y as ol* as :innyR
?@ ( ?:@ 4 ?)@ '
?0@ 3 ?6@ 2
21. "y age becomes 2al% t2at o% my brot2er=s i% 5e simply a** 2 years to 2is present age. +% + am 2$ years ol*
to*ay4 my brot2er 5ill be
a@ 4(
b@ 4'
c@ 44
*@ 3(
e@ 3'
22. "y age is 2 years less t2an t5ice t2at o% my brot2er. +% + am si#teen years ol*4 2o5 ol* is my brot2erR
a@ 3
b@ 1'
c@ 9
*@ 2,
e@ (
PLANE GEOMETRY
Line! And An)e!
ny t5o straig2t lines 52ic2 meet at a point ma/e an angle. -2e angle ma*e by t2e t5o straig2t lines coul* be any
o% t2e %ollo5ing.
Some basic properties o% angles.
ny straig2t line ma/es an angle o% 1'00. +n t2e %igure 1 an* 2 are calle* a*Wacent angles. -2e sum o% t2ese angles is
e7ual to 1'00. -2ey are calle* supplementary angles to eac2 ot2er.
-2e sum o% t2e angles ma*e at a point is e7ual to 3(0
0
. So4 ?1J2J3J4J$@ D 3(0
0
.
.2e
n t5o lines intersect as in t2e a*Wacent %igure t2ey %orm a pair o% !ertically opposite angle ?14 4@ an* ?24 3@. pair o%
!ertically opposite angles are e7ual.
So4 1 D 4 an* 2 D 3.
Parallel lines : an* )0 are lines t2at are separate* by a constant *istance. -2ey *o not 2a!e any point o%
intersection. ny line t2at cuts a pair o% parallel lines is calle* a trans!ersal.
-2e angles %orme* by t2e trans!ersal 5it2 t2e parallel lines 2a!e t2e %ollo5ing properties.
?a@ -2e correcpon*ing angles are e7ual i.e. 1 D $4 2 D (4 3 D ,4 an* 4 D '.
?b@ -2e alternate angles are e7ual 4 D $4 3 D (.
?c@ -2e interior angles a** up to 1'0
0
4 i.e. 4 J ( D 1'0
0
an* 3 J $ D 1'0
0
)on!ersely4 52ene!er t2e correspon*ing angles are e7ual or t2e alternate angles are e7ual or t2e interior angles are
supplementary4 52en a straig2t line cuts t5o ot2er lines4 t2en 5e can conclu*e t2at t2e t5o lines are parallel.
+% t2e sum o% t5o angles is 90
0
4 t2en t2ey are complementary to eac2 ot2er. +% t2ey a** up to 1'0
0
4 t2en t2ey are sai*
to be supplementary to eac2 ot2er.
+% more t2an t5o straig2t lines intersect at one an* t2e same point t2ey are calle* concurrent lines. +% t2ere are t2ree
lines4 i% no t5o o% t2em are parallel an* t2ey are not concurrent4 t2en t2ey %orm a close* %igure. Suc2 close* %igures
%orme* by t2ree lines are calle* triangles.
De3initi#n and Ba!i2 P"#pe"tie!
triangle is a plane %igure boun*e* by t2ree straig2t lines.
+n a triangle4 t2e si*e 52ic2 is opposite to ?or %acing@ t2e largest angle is t2e longest si*e an* t2e si*e 52ic2
is %acing t2e smallest angle is t2e s2ortest si*e.
-2e sum o% t2e lengt2s o% t5o si*es o% a triangle is al5ays greater t2an t2e lengt2 o% t2e t2ir* si*e.
-2e sum o% t2e internal angles in a triangle is e7ual to 1'0
0
.
N#%en2atu"e A!!#2iated
-2e corners o% t2e triangle are calle* its !ertices. 1enerally4 t2e si*e opposite a !erte# is represente* by t2e same
nomenclature but in a *i%%erent case. 9or e#ample4 t2e si*e opposite AB 5oul* be name* AaB. -2e si*e opposite
A:B an* A)B 5oul* be name* as AbB an* AcB respecti!ely.
-2e angles associate* 5it2 t2ese !ertices are calle* t2e interior angles. 6ac2 interior 2as an associate* e#terior angle
52ic2 can be obtaine* by e#ten*ing any one si*e o% t2e angle. -2e interior an* t2e e#terior angels are
supplementary.
Atitude #" Hei)(t
-2e perpen*icular *roppe* to t2e si*e o% a triangle %rom t2e !erte# opposite t2at si*e.
-2e perimeter o% any triangle is t2e sum o% t2e lengt2s o% its si*es.
Perimeter D a J b J c
Semi Q perimeter ?s@ D ?a J b J c@K2
rea D ?base 2eig2t@K2 ?VR@ @ @? @? ? c s b s a s s
T?pe! #3 T"ian)e!
Scalene4 52en its si*es ?an* angles@ are une7ual
rea D @ @? @? ? c s b s a s s
67uilateral4 52en all its si*es ?an* angles@ are e7ual.
:D)D:) aDbDc. D:D)D(0
0
.
Perimeter D 3a
rea D
2
4
3
a
;eig2t D
a
4
3
I!#!2ee!4 52en t5o o% its si*es ?an* t5o angles opposite t2e t5o e7ual si*es@ are e7ual. : D ) an* : D ).
Perimeter D 2a J b
rea D
2 2
4
2
1
b a b
;eig2t D
2 2
4
2
1
b a
Rig2t ngle*4 52en one o% its angles is a rig2t angle. : D 90
0
an* J) D 90
0
rea D ac
2
1
P?t(a)#"a! T(e#"e%
-2e si*e opposite t2e rig2t angle is calle* t2e 2ypotenuse. -2en4 %rom Pyt2agoras t2eorem4
a
2
Jc
2
D b
2
triplet is a set o% numbers 52ic2 5ill satis%y t2e Pyt2agoras t2eorem. -2e %re7uently use* triplets are ?34 44 $@ ?$4
124 13@ ?,4 244 2$@ ?'4 1$4 1,@ ?94 404 41@ ?114 (04 (1@ ?124 3$4 3,@ ?1(4 (34 ($@ ?204 214 29@. -2e multiples o% triplets
are also triplets. 6#ample > (4 '4 10.
Rig2t ngle* +sosceles4 52en one o% its angles is a rig2t angle4 an* t2e si*es containing t2e rig2t angle are e7ual. :
D :) an* D ) D 4$
0
Perimeter D 2a J b
rea D
2
2
1
a D
2
4
1
b
Si%pe T"i)#n#%et"i2 Rati#!
)onsi*er a rig2t triangle > .it2 re%erence to angle 4 t2e %ollo5ing trigonometric ratios are *e%ine*>
Sine o% t2e angle > sin ?@ or sin D ?Vpposite si*eK;ypotenuse@
C#!ine o% t2e angle > cos?@ or cos D ?*Wacent si*eK;ypotenuse@
Tan)ent o% t2e angle > tan?@ or tan D ?Vpposite si*eK*Wacent si*e@
7ua*rilateral is a polygon 5it2 %our si*es. 7ua*rilateral 2as %our si*es an* %our internal angles. -2e sum o% t2e
internal angles4 i.e. J : J ) J 0 D 3(0
0
4 since t2e 7ua*rilateral can be split into t5o triangles.
8ua*rilaterals can be classi%ie* base* on relations2ips 5it2in its si*es.
Pa"ae#)"a%
7ua*rilateral in 52ic2 t2e opposite si*es are parallel is calle* a parallelogram.
Ba!i2 P"#pe"tie!
-2e opposite si*es are parallel an* o% e7ual lengt2. :D0) an* 0 D :).
-2e sum o% any t5o a*Wacent interior angles is e7ual to t5o rig2t angles or 1'0
0
.
J:DJ:J)D)J0D0JD1'0
0
.
-2e VPPVS+-6 ngles are e7ual in magnitu*e. D) an* :D0.
-2e *iagonals o% a parallelogram are not e7ual in magnitu*e4 but t2ey bisect eac2 ot2er4 an* %rom t5o pairs
o% congruent triangles.
Perimeter D ?-5ice t2e sum o% non parallel si*es@ D 2?: J :)@
rea D ?base 2eig2t@ D ?b 2@ 52ere t2e 2eig2t 2 is t2e perpen*icular *istance bet5een t2e base an* t2e
si*e parallel to it.
+% 0 is one o% t2e *iagonals4 an* i% a4 b are t5o a*Wacent si*es o% parallelogram4 t2en
rea [ ]
2
4 @ @? @? ? 2
c b a
s "#ere $ s b s a s s
+ +

:0
2
J)
2
D 2?:)
2
J )0
2
@
-2e line Woining t2e mi*points o% t5o a*Wacent si*es o% a parallelogram is parallel an* 2al% t2e lengt2 o% t2e
correspon*ing *iagonal o% t2e parallelogram. -2is line cuts t2e ot2er *iagonal in t2e ratio o% 1>3.
-2e line Woining t2e mi*point o% a si*e o% a parallelogram 5it2 one o% t2e opposite !ertices cuts one o% t2e
*iagonals in t2e ratio o% 1>2.
R(#%&u!
r2ombus is a special case o% a parallelogram 52ere all t2e si*es are o% e7ual lengt2.
Ba!i2 P"#pe"tie!
-2e opposite si*es are parallel an* all si*es are o% e7ual lengt2. : D :) D )0 D 0.
-2e sum o% any t5o a*Wacent interior angles is e7ual to t5o rig2t angles or 1'0
0
.
J:D:J)D)J0D0JD1'0
0
.
-2e opposite angles are e7ual. D) an* :D0.
-2e *iagonals bisect eac2 ot2er at rig2t angles an* %orm %our rig2t angle* triangles.
-2us :6D06D:0K2 an* 6D)6D)K2 an* 6:D:6)D)60D06D90
0
.
Perimeter D ?4si*e@ D 4: D 4:) D 4)0 D 40
-2e area o% a r2ombus D 2al% t2e pro*uct o% its *iagonals D \ m ) :0.
reas o% t2e %our rig2t triangles4 6:4 :6)4 )604 06 are e7ual an* eac2 e7uals 1K4
t2
t2e area o%
t2e R2ombus.
2 2
2
2 2
@ ?
,
_
+
,
_
B$ A%
si&e
Re2tan)e
rectangle is a special case o% a parallelogram 52ere t2e a*Wacent si*es are perpen*icular to eac2 ot2er.
Ba!i2 P"#pe"tie!
1. -2e opposite si*es are parallel an* o% e7ual lengt2. :D)0 an* 0D:). -2e longer si*e is calle* t2e lengt2 ?&@
an* t2e s2orter si*e t2e :rea*t2 ?:@.
2. -2e a*Wacent si*es are perpen*icular. D:D)D0D90
0
3. -2e *iagonals o% a rectangle are o% e7ual lengt2 an* bisect eac2 ot2er. )D:0M 6D:6D)6D06.
4. Perimeter D 2?& J :@ rea D ?&engt2 :rea*t2@ D & :
$. +% & is t2e lengt2 an* 0 t2e *iagonal4 %rom Pyt2agoras t2eorem4 :rea*t2
2 2
L $ B
)on!ersely4 i% : is t2e brea*t2 an* 0 t2e *iagonal4 %rom Pyt2agoras t2eorem4 &engt2
2 2
B $ L

Pa"ae Pat( +S(aded P#"ti#n,
:)0 is a rectangle. S< an* -] are t5o pat2s *ra5n parallel to t2e . is t2e 5i*t2 o% eac2 parallel pat2.
rea o% t5o parallel pat2s ?s2a*e* portion@ D .?lJb-.@
SIua"e
s7uare is a special case o% a parallelogram 52ere all t2e si*es are o% e7ual lengt2 an* perpen*icular to eac2 ot2er.
-2us it is a r2ombus an* a rectangle also.
Ba!i2 P"#pe"tie!
ll t2e si*es o% t2e s7uare are e7ual. Vpposite si*es are parallel an* a*Wacent si*es are perpen*icular.
:D:)D)0D0. D:D)D0D90
0
.
-2e *iagonals o% a s7uare are o% e7ual lengt2 an* bisect eac2 ot2er at rig2t angles4 )D:0 an*
6D:6D)6D06.
Perimeter D 4a rea D a
2
0iagonal o% t2e s7uare4 %rom Pyt2agoras t2eorem D ( ) 2 a -2us area o% s7uare D ?0iagonal@
2
K2
V% all 7ua*rilateral 5it2 a gi!en area4 t2e s7uare is t2e one 52ic2 2as t2e least perimeter.
V% all 7ua*rilaterals 5it2 a gi!en perimeter4 t2e s7uare is t2e one 52ic2 2as t2e greatest area.
T"apeJiu%
trapeHium is a 7ua*rilateral 52ere only one pair o% opposite si*es are parallel. ll parallelograms are t2us
trapeHiums ?con!erse is not true@.
-2e rea o% a trapeHium D 2al% t2e sum o% t2e lengt2s o% t2e parallel si*es multiplie* by t2e perpen*icular *istance
bet5een t2em.
rea D # B% A$ @ ?
2
1
+
Ci"2e!
circle is a set o% points 52ic2 are e7ui*istant %rom a gi!en point. -2e gi!en point is /no5n as t2e center o% t2at
circle. -2e angle in a circle is 3(0
0
.
Ba!i2 C#n!t"u2t!
-2e *istance %rom t2e centre o% t2e circle to any point on it is /no5n as t2e ra*ius ?R@. circle is completely *e%ine*
by its ra*ius an* its position can be %i#e* i% its centre=s position is gi!en. -5ice t2e ra*ius is /no5n as t2e *iameter
?0@.
-2us 0 D 2R.
Ci"2u%3e"en2e
ll t2e points 52ic2 lie on t2e circle constitute t2e circum%erence. -2e ratio o% t2e circum%erence to t2e *iameter is a
constant %or any circle an* is gi!en by 0D2R.
Se2ant
ny line 52ic2 passes t2roug2 t2e circle is calle* a secant. secant cuts t2e circum%erence o% t2e circle at t5o
points.
C(#"d
ny line segment 52ose en*s lie on t2e circum%erence o% t2e circ le is calle* a c2or* o% t2at circle. c2or* 52ic2
passes t2roug2 t2e centre o% t2e circle is t2e *iameter.
Tan)ent
line 52ic2 touc2es t2e circle at one point is calle* a tangent to t2at circle. -2e point common to t2e tangent an*
t2e circum%erence o% t2e circle is calle* t2e point o% contact. -2e ra*ius o% t2e circle an* t2e tangent to t2e circle are
perpen*icular at t2e point o% contact.
A"ea
-2e rea containe* t2e circle is *etermine* by R
2
4 52ere R is t2e ra*ius o% t2e circle.
A"2
part o% t2e circum%erence o% a circle is calle* an arc. 6ac2 arc 2as an angle associate* 5it2 it 52ic2 it subten*s at
t2e centre o% t2e circle. -2is central angle is relate* to t2e lengt2 o% t2e arc t2roug2 t2e metric o% ra*ian.
:y *e%inition4 t2e ra*ian is t2at angle 52ic2 is subten*e* at t2e centre o% a circle by an arc o% lengt2 e7ual to t2e
ra*ius o% t2at circle. )onse7uently4 since t2e %ull circle is 2r ?circum%erence o% circle@4 a %ull circle 5oul*
correspon* to 2 ra*ians.
-2ere is a *irect relations2ip bet5een *egrees an* ra*ians i.e. 3(0
0
is 2 ra*ians. Similarly4 1'0
0
5oul* be ra*ians
an* so on.
Se2t#"
sector is part cut %rom t2e circle boun*e* by an arc an* t2e ra*ii *ra5n %rom t2e centre o% t2e circle to t2e arc=s
en*s. -2e ra*ii %orm t2e centrally subten*e* angle bet5een t2em. -2e area o% a sector is *irectly proportional to t2is
angle an* it is e7ual to t2at o% a %ull circle i% t2is angle is 3(0
0
.
A"2! and Se2t#"!
9or a circle o% ra*ius R4 i% t2e central angle subten*e* by an arc is
0
4 t2en
&engt2 o% rc
,
_
0
0
3(0
2

R L Perimeter o% sector D
1
]
1
,
_
+
0
0
3(0
2 2

R R
rea o% t2e sector D
,
_
0
0
3(0
2

R
9rom t2e abo!e t5o relations4 it is ob!ious t2at
,
_
,
_
R 'ector o( Area
Arc t#e o( Len)t# 2
+n case t2e central angle is gi!en in ra*ians ?say ra*ians@4 t2en
&engt2 o% arc D R Perimeter o% t2e sector D ?2R@ J ?R@
rea o% t2e sector D \ ?R
2
@
Ci"2ua" Pat(5a?
V) is a circle o% ra*ius D r4 t2ere is pat25ay4 outsi*e t2e circle o% 5i*t2 D .
rea o% circular pat25ay D .?2r J .@
.2en4 t2e pat25ay is insi*e t2e circle4 rea o% circular pat25ay D .?2r Q .@
P"#pe"tie! #3 Ci"2e!
-2e properties o% circles can be categoriHe* in t2e %ollo5ing classes>
> rcs4 )2or*s an* )entral angles
:> ngles in a circle
)> )2or*s in a circle
0> -angents to a circle
6> Pair o% circles
9> )yclic 7ua*rilaterals
A4 ARCS; C(#"d! And Cent"a An)e!
+n e7ual circles ?or in t2e same circle@4 i% t5o arcs are e7ual4 t2e c2or*s associate* 5it2 t2e arcs are e7ual.
+n e7ual circles ?or in t2e same circle@4 i% t5o arcs subten* e7ual angles at t2e centres or at t2e circum%erences o%
t2e circles4 t2en t2ey are e7ual.
+n e7ual circles ?or in t2e same circle@4 i% t5o c2or*s are e7ual4 t2en t2e arcs 52ic2 t2ey cut o%% are e7ual.
B4 An)e in a 2i"2e
-2e angle 52ic2 an arc o% a circle subten*s at t2e centre is *ouble t2at 52ic2 it subten*s at any point on t2e
remaining part o% t2e circum%erence.
ngles in t2e same segment o% a circle are e7ual.
-2e angle in a semicircle is a rig2t angle.
C4 C(#"d! in a 2i"2e
straig2t line *ra5n %rom t2e centre o% a circle to bisect a c2or*4 52ic2 is not a *iameter4 is at rig2t angles to
t2e c2or*4 i.e. i% VP bisects : t2en VP :. )on!ersely4 t2e perpen*icular to c2or* %rom t2e centre bisects
t2e c2or*4 i.e. i% VP: t2en P D P:.
67ual c2or*s o% a circle are e7ui*istant %rom t2e centre. )on!ersely4 -2e c2or*s t2at are e7ui*istant %rom t2e
centre are e7ual.
+% t5o c2or*s o% a circle4 : & )04 intersect internally at V4 t2en V V: D )V V0.
D4 Tan)ent! t# a 2i"2e
-2e tangent at any pint o% a circle an* t2e ra*ius t2roug2 t2at point o% contact are perpen*icular to eac2 ot2er.
V- is perpen*icular to P-.
+% t5o tangents are *ra5n to a circle %rom an outsi*e point4 t2e lengt2 o% t2e tangents %rom t2e e#ternal point to
t2eir respecti!e points o% contact are e7ual4 i.e. P D P:.
-2e angle 52ic2 a c2or* ma/es 5it2 a tangent at its point o% contact is e7ual to any angle in t2e alternate
segment4 i.e. P- D -:.
+% P- is a tangent ?5it2 P being an e#ternal point an* - being t2e point o% contact@ an* P: is a secant to circle
?5it2 an* : as t2e points 52ere t2e secant cuts t2e circle@4 t2en P-2 D P P:
E4 Pai" #3 Ci"2e!
+% t5o circles touc2 eac2 ot2er4 t2e point o% contact o% 2e t5o circles lies on t2e straig2t line t2roug2 t2e centres
o% t2e circles4 i.e. t2e points 4 )4 : are collinear.
+n a gi!en pair o% circles4 t2ere are t5o types o% tangents Q t2e *irect tangents an* t2e cross ?or trans!erse@
tangents. +n t2e %igure gi!en alongsi*e4 t2e *irect tangents are : an* )0 52ile 69 an* 1; are t2e trans!erse
tangents.
.2en t5o circles o% ra*ii R1 an* R2 2a!e t2eir centres at a *istance o% *4
-2e lengt2 o% *irect common tangent D
2 2
r &
4 52ere r D R1 Q R2
-2e lengt2 o% t2e trans!erse tangent is
2
2 1
2
@ ? R R & +
Note t2at i% t2e t5o circles touc2 * D R1 J R2
14 C?2i2 Quad"iate"a
7ua*rilateral 52ose !ertices lie on t2e circum%erence o% a circle calle* cyclic 7ua*rilateral.
-2e opposite angles o% a cyclic 7ua*rilateral are supplementary.
+n t2e gi!en %igure 0) J :) D J D 1'0
0
.
-2e area o% a cyclic 7ua*rilateral 5it2 si*es a4 b4 c4 * is
@ @? @? @? ? & s c s b s a s 4 52ere s D
2
& c b a + + +
Ge#%et"i2a "eati#n!(ip!
V% all sur%ace 5it2 a gi!en area4 t2e circle is t2e one 52ic2 2as t2e least perimeter.
V% all sur%aces 5it2 a gi!en perimeter4 t2e circle is t2e one 52ic2 2as t2e greatest area.
+% a circle is inscribe* in a s7uare4 t2e *iameter o% t2e circle is e7ual to t2e si*e o% t2e s7uare. -2e area o% t2e
largest circle t2at can be inscribe* in a s7uare o% si*e Na= is
2
4
a
,
_

+% a s7uareKrectangle is inscribe* in a circle4 t2en t2e *iagonal o% t2e s7uareKrectangle is e7ual to t2e *iameter o%
t2e circle. rea o% a s7uare inscribe* in a circle o% ra*ius r is 2 r
2
.
+% a circle is inscribe* in a rectangle4 t2e *iameter o% t2e circle is e7ual to t2e smaller si*e o% t2e rectangle.
-2e area o% a circle circumscribing an e7uilateral triangle o% si*e Na= is
.
3
2
a
,
_

-2e area o% a circle inscribe*
in an e7uilateral triangle o% si*e Na= is
2
12
a
,
_

.
-5o circles are sai* to be concentric i% t2eir centres coinci*e.
S#id!
Soli*s can be classi%ie* into t5o main *i!isions !iH. soli*s 5it2 %lat sur%aces an* soli*s 5it2 cur!e* sur%ace. Soli*s
5it2 %lat sur%aces are *escribe* as poly2e*rons 52ile sur%aces o% re!olution 5oul* %orm t2e important part o% soli*s
5it2 cur!e* sur%aces.
P#?(ed"#n!
poly2e*ron is a close* soli* obWect %orme* using planar sur%aces. +t 2as an o!erall con!e# s2ape4 no cur!e*
sur%aces an* 2as no per%orations.
Cu&#id
rectangular soli* 2a!ing si# %aces Q all o% 52ic2 are rectangles.
Cu&#id %et"i2!
&et t2e cuboi* 2a!e *imensions o% lengt2 &4 brea*t2 :4 an* 2eig2t ;.
]olume D ?cross section area 2eig2t@ D & : ; cubic units.
rea o% %our 5alls ?e#clu*ing top an* bottom %aces@ D 2S?&J:@;T.
-otal sur%ace area D 2?&:J:;J;&@ s7. units. &engt2 o% t2e *iagonals o% a cuboi* D
2 2 2
* B L + +
units
H##5 2u&#id
)onsi*er %or e#ample a carton use* %or pac/ing. +t is not completely soli*. :esi*es4 &4 : an* ;4 t2ere 5ill anot2er
*imension4 52ic2 is t2e t2ic/ness -.
+% &4 : an* ; are t2e e#ternal *imensions4 t2en t2e internal *imensions are S&-2-T4 S:-2-T an* S;-2-T.
]olume o% material use* D ?6#ternal ]olume Q internal ]olume@. -2us
]olume o% material use* D &:; Q S?&-2-@?:-2-@?;-2-@T cubic units.
;o5e!er4 i% it is an open bo#4 t2at is t2e top %ace is missing4 t2en t2e internal *imensions 5ill be S&-2-T4 S:-2-T an*
S;--T.
Cu&e
rectangular (-%ace* soli* 52ose e!ery %ace is a s7uare.
6!ery cube is a cuboi* also4 suc2 t2at & D : D ;.
Cu&e Met"i2!
&et t2e lengt2 o% t2e e*ge o% t2e cube be . ]olume D S?area o% cross section@ ?2eig2t@T D
3
cubic units.
rea o% %our 5alls o% a cube ?e#clu*ing t2e top an* bottom %aces@ D 42.
-otal sur%ace area o% a cube D ?sum o% areas o% all si# %aces@ D (
2
s7. units
&engt2 o% a *iagonals o% a cube D 3 units.
H##5 2u&e
+% t2e t2ic/ness is -4
]olume o% material use* D 6#ternal ]olume Q internal ]olume D
3
-E-2-G
3
4 in t2e case o% close* bo#.
D
3
Q SE-2-G
2
E--GT4 in t2e case o% an open bo#.
P?"a%id
pyrami* is a poly2e*ron 5it2 a polygonal base an* planar angular sur%aces on t2e si*e lea*ing to an ape# point or
a !erte# at t2e top. regular pyrami* 2as a regular polygonal base. rig2t regular pyrami* is a regular pyrami* in
52ic2 all t2e si*e sur%aces ?all sur%aces e#cept t2e base@ are e7ual. -2e a#is o% a pyrami* is an imaginary line Woining
t2e mi*point o% t2e base polygon to t2e top !erte# o% t2e pyrami*. +n a rig2t regular pyrami*4 t2e a#is is per%ectly
!ertical ?i.e. it is perpen*icular to t2e base@. +n case t2e a#is is not perpen*icular4 a tilte* pyrami* is %orme*.
P?"a%id %et"i2! +Ri)(t "e)ua" p?"a%id 5it( &a!e p#?)#n #3 N !ide!,
]olume D 1K3 rea o% t2e base 2eig2t 4 52ere t2e 2eig2t is t2e lengt2 o% t2e a#is.
Sur%ace area D rea o% t2e base J ?N area o% eac2 si*e@
P"i!%
Prism contains similar top an* bottom %ace an* t2e si*e %aces are rectangular s2ape. &et P is t2e perimeter o% base4 ;
is t2e 2eig2t o% t2e prism an* : is t2e base area o% t2e prism t2en !olume D : ;4 &ateral sur%ace are D P ;4 total
sur%ace area D ?P ;@ J 2 :.
S#id! 5it( 2u"ved !u"3a2e!
-2ese are generally obtaine* by re!ol!ing a planar sur%ace about some a#is. Symmetrical cur!e* soli*s o% re!olution
are obtaine* 52en t2e sur%ace being re!ol!e* is symmetrical ?say a regular polygon@ an* t2e a#is o% re!olution is
also properly c2osen.
C?inde"
soli* %orme* 52en a rectangle is re!ol!e* about one o% its si*es is calle* t2e rig2t circular cylin*er.
C?inde" %et"i2!
&et t2e base ra*ius be R an* t2e 2eig2t be ;.
]olume o% t2e cylin*er D area o% cross-section 2eig2t or ] D R
2
; cubic units.
)ur!e* sur%ace rea o% t2e cylin*er ?e#clu*es t2e areas o% t2e top an* bottom circular regions@ D area o% rectangle
52ose si*es are 2R an* ; or )SD2R; s7. units.
-otal sur%ace rea D )ur!e* Sur%ace rea J reas o% t2e top an* bottom circular regions or
-S D 2R; J 2R
2
D2RSRJ;T s7. units.
+% it is a 2ollo5 cylin*er o% t2ic/ness -4 t2en internal base ra*ius D r D R Q -4 ]olume o% material in a 2ollo5
cylin*er D 6#ternal ]olume Q +nternal ]olume or ] D ?R
2
Q r
2
@; cubic units.
C#ne
soli* %orme* by rotating a rig2t angle* triangle about one o% t2e si*es containing t2e rig2t angle.
C#ne Met"i2!
&et t2e :ase Ra*ius D R4 ]ertical ;eig2t D ;4 an* Slant ;eig2t D &.
]olume D 1K3 ?R
2
; cubic units@ Slant ;eig2t & D
2 2
* R +
units
)ur!e* Sur%ace rea D R& s7. units total Sur%ace rea D R?R J &@ s7. units
1"u!t"u%
+% a cone is cut by a plane parallel to t2e base4 t2en t2e lo5er part is calle* t2e %rustrum o% t2e cone4 &et t2e ra*ius o%
t2e top D r an* t2e ra*ius o% t2e base Q R an* 2eig2t D 2.
Slant ;eig2t & D
[ ]
2 2
r R # +
. )ur!e* Sur%ace rea D Sr J RT& s7. units.
-otal sur%ace area D S?r J R@& J r
2
J R
2
Ts7. units. ]olume D [ ] rR R r
#
+ +
,
_
2 2
3
cubic units.
Sp(e"e
soli* %orme* 52en a circle is re!ol!e* about its *iameter.
Sp(e"e Met"i2!
&et t2e Ra*ius o% t2e Sp2ere D R.
]olume D 4K3 ?R
3
cubic units@ Sur%ace rea D 4R
2
s7. units
+% R an* r are t2e e#ternal an* internal ra*ii o% a sp2erical s2ell4 t2en its ]olume D [ ]
3 3
3
4
r R cubic units.
Ge#%et"i2a Reati#n!(ip!
V% all soli*s 5it2 a gi!en !olume4 t2e sp2ere is t2e one 52ic2 2as t2e lest sur%ace area.
V% all soli*s 5it2 a gi!en sur%ace area4 t2e sp2ere is t2e one 52ic2 2as t2e greatest !olume.
He%i!p(e"e
]olume D
3
3
2
R cubic units Sur%ace rea D 3R
2
s7. units
EXERCISE
1. !ertical stic/ 20 m long casts a s2a*o5 10 m long on t2e groun*. t t2e same time4 a to5er casts t2e s2a*o5 $0
m long on t2e groun*. 9in* t2e 2eig2t o% t2e to5er.
?@ 100 m
?:@ 120 m
?)@ 2$ m
?0@ 200 m
2. +n t2e %igure4 AB% is similar to +$%.
+% 5e 2a!e AB D 4 cm4
+$ D 3 cm4 %+ D 4.2 an*
%$ D 4.' cm4 %in* t2e !alue o% %A an* %B
?@ ( cm4 (.4 cm
?:@ 4.' cm4 (.4 cm
?)@ $.4 cm4 (.4 cm
?0@ $.( cm4 (.4 cm
3. -2e area o% similar triangles4 AB% an* $+, are 144 cm
2
an* '1 cm
2
respecti!ely. +% t2e longest si*e o% larger
AB% be 3( cm4 t2en t2e longest si*e o% smaller $+, is
?@ 20 cm
?:@ 2( cm
?)@ 2, cm
?0@ 30 cm
4. -5o isosceles s 2a!e e7ual angles an* t2eir areas are in ratio 1( > 2$. 9in* t2e ratio o% t2eir correspon*ing
2eig2ts.
?@ 4K$
?:@ $K4
?)@ 3K2
?0@ $K,
$. -2e areas o% t5o similar s are respecti!ely 9 cm
2
an* 1( cm
2
. 9in* t2e ratio o% t2eir correspon*ing si*es.
?@ 3 > 4
?:@ 4 > 3
?)@ 2 > 3
?0@ 4 > $
(. -5o poles o% 2eig2t ( m an* 11 m stan* !ertically uprig2t on a plane groun*. +% t2e *istance bet5een t2eir %oot is
12 m4 %in* t2e *istance bet5een t2eir tops.
?@ 12 cm
?:@ 14 cm
?)@ 13 cm
?0@ 11 cm
,. -2e ra*ius o% a circle is 9 cm an* lengt2 o% one o% its c2or*s is 14 cm. 9in* t2e *istance o% t2e c2or* %rom t2e
center.
?@ $.( cm
?:@ (.3 cm
?)@ 4 cm
?0@ , cm
'. 9in* t2e lengt2 o% a c2or* t2at is at a *istance o% 12 cm %rom t2e center o% a circle o% ra*ius 13 cm.
?@ 9 cm
?:@ 10 cm
?)@ 12 cm
?0@ $ cm
9. +% - is t2e center o% circle4 %in* x
?@ 3$
0
?:@ 30
0
?)@ 39
0
?0@ 40
0
10. 9in* t2e !alue o% x in t2e gi!en %igure.
?@ 120
0
?:@ 130
0
?)@ 100
0
?0@ 1$0
0
11. 9in* t2e !alue o% # in t2e %igure4 i% it is gi!en t2at ) an* :0 are *iameters t2e circle.
?@ (0
0
?:@ 4$
0
?)@ 1$
0
?0@ 30
0
?@ 2.2 cm
?:@ 1.( cm
?)@ 3 cm
?0@ 2.( cm
?@ 1( cm
?:@ 9 cm
?)@ 12 cm
?0@ , cm
?@ 13 cm
?:@ 12 cm
?)@ 1( cm
?0@ 1$ cm
1$. AB% is a rig2t angle* triangle 5it2 B% D ( cm an* AB D ' cm. circle 5it2 center - an* ra*ius x 2as been
inscribe* in AB%. .2at is t2e !alue o% x.
?@ 2.4 cm
?:@ 2 cm
?)@ 3.( cm
?0@ 4 cm
1(. +n t2e gi!en %igure AB4 is t2e *iameter o% t2e circle an* PAB D 2$0. 9in* .PA.
?@ $0
0
?:@ ($
0
?)@ ,0
0
?0@ 4$
0
1,. +n t2e gi!en %igure %in* A$B.
?@ 132
0
?:@ 144
0
?)@ 4'
0
?0@ 9(
0
1'. +n t2e gi!en t5o straig2t line4 P/ an* RS intersect eac2 ot2er at -. +% '-. D ,$
0
4 %in* t2e !alue o% a4 b an* c.
?@ a D '4
0
4 b D 21
0
4 c D 4'
0
?:@ a D 4'
0
4 b D 20
0
4 c D $0
0
?)@ a D ,2
0
4 b D 24
0
4 c D $4
0
?0@ a D (4
0
4 b D 2'
0
4 c D 4$
0
19. +n t2e %ollo5ing %igure 4 :4 ) an* 0 are t2e concyclic points. 9in* t2e !alue o% x.
?@ 130
0
?:@ $0
0
?)@ (0
0
?0@ 30
0
20. +n t2e %ollo5ing %igure4 it is gi!en t2at - is t2e center o% t2e circle an* A-% D 140
0
. 9in* AB%.
?@ 110
0
?:@ 120
0
?)@ 11$
0
?0@ 130
0
21. +n t2e %ollo5ing %igure4 - is t2e center o% t2e circle an* AB- D 30
0
4 %in* A%B.
?@ (0
0
?:@ 120
0
?)@ ,$
0
?0@ 90
0
22. +n t2e %ollo5ing %igure4 %in* t2e !alue o% x
?@ 40
0
?:@ 2$
0
?)@ 30
0
?0@ 4$
0
23. +% L1 ||L2 in t2e %igure belo54 52at is t2e !alue o% x.
?@ '0
0
?:@ 100
0
?)@ 40
0
24. 9in* t2e perimeter o% t2e gi!en %igure.
?@ ?32 J 3@ cm
?:@ ?3( J (@ cm
?)@ ?4( J 3@ cm
?0@ ?2( J 3@ cm
2$. +n t2e %igure4 AB is parallel to %$ an* R$ 'L .0 A1 4 an* BR > R' > '. > .A D 3 > $ > 2 > ,. +% it is /no5n
t2at %1 D 1.333 BR. 9in* t2e ratio o% B, > ,2 > 2* > *3 > 3%
?@ 3 > , > 2 > $ > 4
?:@ 3 > $ > 2 > , > 4
?)@ 4 > , > 2 > $ > 3
?0@ 4 > $ > 2 > , > 3
MENSURATION
S#id!
Soli*s can be classi%ie* into t5o main *i!isions !iH. soli*s 5it2 %lat sur%aces an* soli*s 5it2 cur!e* sur%ace. Soli*s
5it2 %lat sur%aces are *escribe* as poly2e*rons 52ile sur%aces o% re!olution 5oul* %orm t2e important part o% soli*s
5it2 cur!e* sur%aces.
P#?(ed"#n!
poly2e*ron is a close* soli* obWect %orme* using planar sur%aces. +t 2as an o!erall con!e# s2ape4 no cur!e*
sur%aces an* 2as no per%orations.
Cu&#id
rectangular soli* 2a!ing si# %aces Q all o% 52ic2 are rectangles.
Cu&#id %et"i2!
&et t2e cuboi* 2a!e *imensions o% lengt2 &4 brea*t2 :4 an* 2eig2t ;.
]olume D ?cross section area 2eig2t@ D & : ; cubic units.
rea o% %our 5alls ?e#clu*ing top an* bottom %aces@ D 2S?&J:@;T.
-otal sur%ace area D 2?&:J:;J;&@ s7. units. &engt2 o% t2e *iagonals o% a cuboi* D
2 2 2
* B L + +
units
H##5 2u&#id
)onsi*er %or e#ample a carton use* %or pac/ing. +t is not completely soli*. :esi*es4 &4 : an* ;4 t2ere 5ill anot2er
*imension4 52ic2 is t2e t2ic/ness -.
+% &4 : an* ; are t2e e#ternal *imensions4 t2en t2e internal *imensions are S&-2-T4 S:-2-T an* S;-2-T.
]olume o% material use* D ?6#ternal ]olume Q internal ]olume@. -2us
]olume o% material use* D &:; Q S?&-2-@?:-2-@?;-2-@T cubic units.
;o5e!er4 i% it is an open bo#4 t2at is t2e top %ace is missing4 t2en t2e internal *imensions 5ill be S&-2-T4 S:-2-T an*
S;--T.
Cu&e
rectangular (-%ace* soli* 52ose e!ery %ace is a s7uare.
6!ery cube is a cuboi* also4 suc2 t2at & D : D ;.
Cu&e Met"i2!
&et t2e lengt2 o% t2e e*ge o% t2e cube be . ]olume D S?area o% cross section@ ?2eig2t@T D
3
cubic units.
rea o% %our 5alls o% a cube ?e#clu*ing t2e top an* bottom %aces@ D 42.
-otal sur%ace area o% a cube D ?sum o% areas o% all si# %aces@ D (
2
s7. units
&engt2 o% a *iagonals o% a cube D 3 units.
H##5 2u&e
+% t2e t2ic/ness is -4
]olume o% material use* D 6#ternal ]olume Q internal ]olume D
3
-E-2-G
3
4 in t2e case o% close* bo#.
D
3
Q SE-2-G
2
E--GT4 in t2e case o% an open bo#.
P?"a%id
pyrami* is a poly2e*ron 5it2 a polygonal base an* planar angular sur%aces on t2e si*e lea*ing to an ape# point or
a !erte# at t2e top. regular pyrami* 2as a regular polygonal base. rig2t regular pyrami* is a regular pyrami* in
52ic2 all t2e si*e sur%aces ?all sur%aces e#cept t2e base@ are e7ual. -2e a#is o% a pyrami* is an imaginary line Woining
t2e mi*point o% t2e base polygon to t2e top !erte# o% t2e pyrami*. +n a rig2t regular pyrami*4 t2e a#is is per%ectly
!ertical ?i.e. it is perpen*icular to t2e base@. +n case t2e a#is is not perpen*icular4 a tilte* pyrami* is %orme*.
P?"a%id %et"i2! +Ri)(t "e)ua" p?"a%id 5it( &a!e p#?)#n #3 N !ide!,
]olume D 1K3 rea o% t2e base 2eig2t 4 52ere t2e 2eig2t is t2e lengt2 o% t2e a#is.
Sur%ace area D rea o% t2e base J ?N area o% eac2 si*e@
P"i!%
Prism contains similar top an* bottom %ace an* t2e si*e %aces are rectangular s2ape. &et P is t2e perimeter o% base4 ;
is t2e 2eig2t o% t2e prism an* : is t2e base area o% t2e prism t2en !olume D : ;4 &ateral sur%ace are D P ;4 total
sur%ace area D ?P ;@ J 2 :.
S#id! 5it( 2u"ved !u"3a2e!
-2ese are generally obtaine* by re!ol!ing a planar sur%ace about some a#is. Symmetrical cur!e* soli*s o% re!olution
are obtaine* 52en t2e sur%ace being re!ol!e* is symmetrical ?say a regular polygon@ an* t2e a#is o% re!olution is
also properly c2osen.
C?inde"
soli* %orme* 52en a rectangle is re!ol!e* about one o% its si*es is calle* t2e rig2t circular cylin*er.
C?inde" %et"i2!
&et t2e base ra*ius be R an* t2e 2eig2t be ;.
]olume o% t2e cylin*er D area o% cross-section 2eig2t or ] D R
2
; cubic units.
)ur!e* sur%ace rea o% t2e cylin*er ?e#clu*es t2e areas o% t2e top an* bottom circular regions@ D area o% rectangle
52ose si*es are 2R an* ; or )SD2R; s7. units.
-otal sur%ace rea D )ur!e* Sur%ace rea J reas o% t2e top an* bottom circular regions or
-S D 2R; J 2R
2
D2RSRJ;T s7. units.
+% it is a 2ollo5 cylin*er o% t2ic/ness -4 t2en internal base ra*ius D r D R Q -4 ]olume o% material in a 2ollo5
cylin*er D 6#ternal ]olume Q +nternal ]olume or ] D ?R
2
Q r
2
@; cubic units.
C#ne
soli* %orme* by rotating a rig2t angle* triangle about one o% t2e si*es containing t2e rig2t angle.
C#ne Met"i2!
&et t2e :ase Ra*ius D R4 ]ertical ;eig2t D ;4 an* Slant ;eig2t D &.
]olume D 1K3 ?R
2
; cubic units@ Slant ;eig2t & D
2 2
* R +
units
)ur!e* Sur%ace rea D R& s7. units total Sur%ace rea D R?R J &@ s7. units
1"u!t"u%
+% a cone is cut by a plane parallel to t2e base4 t2en t2e lo5er part is calle* t2e %rustrum o% t2e cone4 &et t2e ra*ius o%
t2e top D r an* t2e ra*ius o% t2e base Q R an* 2eig2t D 2.
Slant ;eig2t & D
[ ]
2 2
r R # +
. )ur!e* Sur%ace rea D Sr J RT& s7. units.
-otal sur%ace area D S?r J R@& J r
2
J R
2
Ts7. units. ]olume D [ ] rR R r
#
+ +
,
_
2 2
3
cubic units.
Sp(e"e
soli* %orme* 52en a circle is re!ol!e* about its *iameter.
Sp(e"e Met"i2!
&et t2e Ra*ius o% t2e Sp2ere D R.
]olume D 4K3 ?R
3
cubic units@ Sur%ace rea D 4R
2
s7. units
+% R an* r are t2e e#ternal an* internal ra*ii o% a sp2erical s2ell4 t2en its ]olume D [ ]
3 3
3
4
r R cubic units.
Ge#%et"i2a Reati#n!(ip!
V% all soli*s 5it2 a gi!en !olume4 t2e sp2ere is t2e one 52ic2 2as t2e lest sur%ace area.
V% all soli*s 5it2 a gi!en sur%ace area4 t2e sp2ere is t2e one 52ic2 2as t2e greatest !olume.
He%i!p(e"e
]olume D
3
3
2
R cubic units Sur%ace rea D 3R
2
s7. units
EXERCISE
1. +n a rig2t angle* triangle4 %in* t2e 2ypotenuse i% base an* perpen*icular are respecti!ely 3(01$ cm an* 4'020
cm.
?@ (912$ cm
?:@ (002$ cm
?)@ 39102$ cm
?0@ (012$ cm
2. -2e perimeter o% an e7uilateral triangle is ,23 cm. 9in* its 2eig2t.
?@ (3 metres
?:@ 24 metres
?)@ 1' metres
?0@ 3( metres
3. -2e inner circum%erence o% a circular trac/ is 440 cm. -2e rac/ is 14 cm 5i*e. 9in* t2e *iameter o% t2e outer
circle o% t2e trac/.
?@ '4 cm
?:@ 1(' cm
?)@ 33( cm
?0@ ,, cm
4. race trac/ is in t2e %orm o% a ring 52ose inner an* outer circum%erence are 3$2 metre an* 39( metre
respecti!ely. 9in* t2e 5i*t2 o% t2e trac/.
?@ , metres
?:@ 14 metres
?)@ 14 metres
?0@ , metres
$. -2e outer circum%erence o% a circular trac/ is 220 metre. -2e trac/ is , metre 5i*e e!ery52ere. )alculate t2e
cost o% le!eling t2e trac/ at t2e rate o% $0 paise per s7uare metre.
?@ Rs. 1$$(.$
?:@ Rs. 3113
?)@ Rs. (93
?0@ Rs. 13'(
(. 9in* t2e area o% a 7ua*rant o% a circle 52ose circum%erence is 44 cm.
?@ ,, cm
2
?:@ 3'.$ cm
2
?)@ 19.2$ cm
2
?0@ 19.2$ cm
2
,. pit ,.$ metre long4 ( metre 5i*e an* 1.$ metre *eep is *ug in a %iel*. 9in* t2e !olume o% soil remo!e* in
cubic metres.
?@ 13$ m
3
?:@ 101.2$ m
3
?)@ $0.(2$ m
3
?0@ (,.$ m
3
'. 9in* t2e lengt2 o% t2e longest pole t2at can be place* in an in*oor sta*ium 24 metre long4 1' metre 5i*e an* 1(
metre 2ig2.
?@ 30 metres
?:@ 2$ metres
?)@ 34 metres
?0@ $'0 metres
9. -2e lengt24 brea*t2 an* 2eig2t o% a room are in t2e ratio o% 3 > 2> 1. +% its !olume be 129( m
3
4 %in* its brea*t2.
?@ 12 metres
?:@ 1' metres
?)@ 1( metres
?0@ 24 metres
10. -2e !olume o% a cube is 21( cm
3
. Part o% t2is cube is t2en melte* to %orm a cylin*er o% lengt2 ' cm. 9in* t2e
!olume o% t2e cylin*er.
?@ 342 cm
3
?:@ 21( cm
3
?)@ 3( cm
3
?0@ 0ata ina*e7uate
11. -2e 52ole sur%ace o% a rectangular bloc/ is ','' s7uare cm. +% lengt24 brea*t2 an* 2eig2t are in t2e ratio o%
4>3>24 %in* lengt2.
?@ 2( cm
?:@ $2 cm
?)@ 104 cm
?0@ 13 cm
12. -2ree metal cubes 5it2 e*ges ( cm4 ' cm an* 10 cm respecti!ely are melte* toget2er an* %orme* into a single
cube. 9in* t2e si*e o% t2e resulting cube.
?@ 11 cm
?:@ 12 cm
?)@ 13 cm
?0@ 24 cm
13. 9in* cur!e* an* total sur%ace area o% a conical %las/ o% ra*ius ( cm an* 2eig2t ' cm.
?@ (04 9(
?:@ 204 9(
?)@ (04 4'
?0@ 304 4'
14. ]olume o% a rig2t circular cone is 100 cm
3
an* its 2eig2t is 12 cm. 9in* its cur!e* sur%ace area.
?@ 130 cm
2
?:@ ($ cm
2
?)@ 204 cm
2
?0@ ($ cm
2
1$. -2e *iameters o% t5o cones are e7ual. +% t2eir slant 2eig2t be in t2e ratio $ > ,4 %in* t2e ratio o% t2eir cur!e*
sur%ace areas.
?@ 2$ > ,
?:@ 2$ > 49
?)@ $ > 49
?0@ $ > ,
1(. -2e cur!e* sur%ace area o% a cone is 23,( s7uare cm an* its slant 2eig2t is 1' cm. 9in* t2e *iameter.
?@ ( cm
?:@ 1' cm
?)@ '4 cm
?0@ 12 cm
1,. -2e ratio o% ra*ii o% a cylin*er to a t2at o% a cone is 1 > 2. +% t2eir 2eig2ts are e7ual4 %in* t2e ratio o% t2eir
!olumeR
?@ 1 > 3
?:@ 2 > 3
?)@ 3 > 4
?0@ 3 > 2
1'. sil!er 5ire 52en bent in t2e %orm o% a s7uare4 encloses an area o% 4'4 cm
2
. No5 i% t2e same 5ire is bent to
%orm a circle4 t2e area o% enclose* by it 5oul* be
?@ 30' cm
2
?:@ 19( cm
2
?)@ (1( cm
2
?0@ '' cm
2
19. -2e circum%erence o% a circle e#cee*s its *iameter by 1(.' cm. 9in* t2e circum%erence o% t2e circle.
?@ 12.32 cm
?:@ 49.2' cm
?)@ $'.(4 cm
?0@ 24.(4 cm
20. bicycle 52eel ma/es $000 re!olutions in mo!ing 11 /m. .2at is t2e ra*ius o% t2e 52eelR
?@ ,0 cm
?:@ 13$ cm
?)@ 1,.$ cm
?0@ 3$ cm
21. -2e !olume o% a rig2t circular cone is 100 cm
3
an* its 2eig2t is 12 cm. 9in* its slant 2eig2t.
?@ 13 cm
?:@ 1( cm
?)@ 9 cm
?0@ 2( cm
22. -2e s2ort an* t2e long 2an*s o% a cloc/ are 4 cm an* ( cm long respecti!ely. .2at 5ill be sum o% *istances
tra!ele* by t2eir tips in 4 *aysR ?-a/e D 3.14@
?@ 9$4.$( cm
?:@ 3'1'.24 cm
?)@ 2909.12 cm
?0@ None o% t2ese
23. -2e sur%ace areas o% t5o sp2eres are in t2e ratio o% 1 > 4. 9in* t2e ratio o% t2eir !olumes.
?@ 1 > 2
?:@ 1 > '
?)@ 1 > 4
?0@ 1 > 2
24. -2e outer an* inner *iameters o% a sp2erical s2ell are 10 cm an* 9 cm respecti!ely. 9in* t2e !olume o% t2e metal
containe* in t2e s2ell. ?<se D 22K,@
?@ (9$( cm
3
?:@ 141.9$ cm
3
?)@ 2'3.9 cm
3
?0@ 4,'.3 cm
3
2$. -2e ra*ii o% t5o sp2eres are in t2e ratio o% 1 > 2. 9in* t2e ratio o% t2eir sur%ace areas.
?@ 1 > 3
?:@ 2 > 3
?)@ 1 > 4
?0@ 3 > 4
2(. sp2ere o% ra*ius r 2as t2e same !olume as t2at o% a cone 5it2 a circular base o% ra*ius r. 9in* t2e 2eig2t o%
cone.
?:@ 2r
?@ rK3
?:@ 4r
?)@ ?2K3@r
2,. 9in* t2e number o% bric/s4 eac2 measuring 2$ cm # 12.$ cm # ,.$ cm4 re7uire* to construct a 5all 12 m long4 $
m 2ig2 an* 0.2$ m t2ic/4 52ile t2e san* an* cement mi#ture occupies $[ o% t2e total !olume o% 5all.
?@ (0'0
?:@ 3040
?)@ 1$20
?0@ 121(0
2'. roa* t2at is , m 5i*e surroun*s a circular pat2 52ose circum%erence is 3$2 m. .2at 5ill be t2e area o% t2e
roa*R
?@ 2(1' cm
2
?:@ ($4.$ cm
2
?)@ 1309 cm
2
?0@ $23( cm
2
29. +n a s2o5er4 10 cm o% rain %alls. .2at 5ill be t2e !olume o% 5ater t2at %alls on 1 2ectare area o% groun*R
?@ $00 m
3
?:@ ($0 m
3
?)@ 22$0 cm
2
?0@ ,00 cm
2
30. Se!en e7ual cubes eac2 o% si*e $ cm are Woine* en* to en*. 9in* t2e sur%ace area o% t2e resulting cuboi*.
?@ ,$0 cm
2
?:@ 1$00 cm
2
?)@ 22$0 cm
2
?0@ ,00 cm
2
31. +n a s5imming pool measuring 90 m by 40 m4 1$0 men ta/e a *ip. +% t2e a!erage *isplacement o% 5ater by a
man is ' cubic metres4 52at 5ill be rise in 5ater le!elR
?@ 30 cm
?:@ 33.33 cm
?)@ 20 cm
?0@ 2$ cm
32. ;o5 many metres o% clot2 $ m 5i*e 5ill be re7uire* to ma/e a conical tent4 t2e ra*ius o% 52ose base is , m an*
2eig2t is 24 mR
?@ $$ m
?:@ 330 m
?)@ 220 m
?0@ 110 m
33. -5o cones 2a!e t2eir 2eig2ts in t2e ratio 1 > 2 an* t2e *iameters o% t2eir bases are in t2e ratio 2 > 1. .2at 5ill be
t2e ratio o% t2eir !olumesR
?@ 4 > 1
?:@ 2 > 1
?)@ 3 > 2
?0@ 1 > 1
34. conical tent is to accommo*ate 10 persons. 6ac2 person must 2a!e ( m
2
space to sit an* 30 m
3
o% air to breat2.
.2at 5ill be t2e 2eig2t o% t2e coneR
?@ 3,.$ m
?:@ 1$ m
?)@ ,$ m
?0@ None o% t2ese
3$. close* 5oo*en bo# measures e#ternally 10 cm long4 ' cm broa* an* ( cm 2ig2. -2ic/ness o% 5oo* is 0.$ cm.
9in* t2e !olume o% 5oo* use*.
?@ 230 cubic cm
?:@ 1($ cubic on
?)@ 330 cubic on
?0@ None o% t2ese
3(. cuboi* o% *imension 24 cm # 9 cm # ' cm is melte* an* smaller cubes are o% si*e 3 cm is %orme*. 9in* 2o5
many suc2 cubes can be %orme*R
?@ 2,
?:@ (4
?)@ $4
?0@ 32
3,. -2ree cubes eac2 o% !olume o% 21( m
3
are Woine* en* to en*. 9in* t2e sur%ace area o% t2e resulting %igure.
?@ $04 m
2
?:@ 21( m
2
?)@ 432 m
2
?0@ None o% t2ese
3'. 2ollo5 sp2erical s2ell is ma*e o% a metal o% *ensity 4.9 gKcm
3
. +% its internal an* e#ternal ra*ii are 10 cm an*
12 cm respecti!ely4 %in* t2e 5eig2t o% t2e s2ell. ?-a/e D 3.141(@
?@ $01( gm
?:@ 141(.' gm
?)@ 14942.2' gm
?0@ $((,.1 gm
40. -2e largest cone is %orme* at t2e base o% a cube o% si*e measuring , cm. 9in* t2e ratio o% !olume o% cone to
cube.
?@ 20 > 21
?:@ 22 > 21
?)@ 21 > 22
?0@ 11 > 42
41. sp2erical cannon ball4 2' cm in *iameter4 is melte* an* cast into a rig2t circular conical moul* t2e base o%
52ic2 is 3$ cm in *iameter. 9in* t2e 2eig2t o% t2e cone correct up to t5o places o% *ecimals.
?@ '.9( cm
?:@ 3$.'4 cm
?)@ $.9, cm
?0@ 1,.92 cm
42. 9in* t2e area o% t2e circle circumscribe* about a s7uare eac2 si*e o% 52ic2 is 10 cm.
?@ 314.2' cm
3
?:@ 1$,.14 cm
3
?)@ 1$0.3' cm
3
?0@ ,'.$, cm
3
43. 9in* t2e ra*ius o% t2e circle inscribe* in a triangle 52ose si*es are ' cm4 1$ cm an* 1, cm.
?@ 4 cm
?:@ $ cm
?)@ 3 cm
?0@ 22 cm
44. +n t2e gi!en *iagram a rope is 5oun* roun* t2e outsi*e o% a circular *rum 52ose *iameter is ,0 cm an* a buc/et
is tie* to t2e ot2er en* o% t2e rope. 9in* t2e number o% re!olutions ma*e by t2e *rum i% t2e buc/et is raise* by 11 m.
?@ 10
?:@ 2.$
?)@ $
?0@ $.$
4$. cube 52ose e*ge is 20 cm long 2as circle on eac2 o% its %aces painte* blac/. .2at is t2e total area o% t2e
unpainte* sur%ace o% t2e cube i% t2e circles are o% t2e largest area possibleR
?@ '$.,1 cm
2
?:@ 2$,.14 cm
2
?)@ $14.2' cm
2
?0@ 331.33 cm
2
4(. -2e areas o% t2ree a*Wacent %aces o% a cuboi* are x4 y, z. +% t2e !olume is 44 t2en 4
2
5ill be e7ual to
?@ xyKz
?:@ yzKx
2
?)@ x
2
y
2
Kz
2
5$6 xyz
4,. +n t2e a*Wacent %igure4 %in* t2e area o% t2e s2a*e* region. ?<se D 22K,@
?@ 1$.2' cm
2
?:@ (1.14 cm
2
?)@ 30.$, cm
2
?0@ 40.,( cm
2
4'. -2e *iagram represents t2e area s5ept by t2e 5iper o% a car. .it2 t2e *imensions gi!en in t2e %igure4 calculate
t2e s2a*e* area s5ept by t2e 5iper.
?@ 102.(, cm
?:@ 20$.34 cm
?)@ $1.33 cm
49. 9in* t2e area o% t2e 7ua*rilateral AB%$. ?1i!en4 3 D 1.,3@
?@ 4$2 s7 units
?:@ 2(9 s7 units
?)@ 134.$ s7 units
?0@ )annot s7 units
$0. -2e base o% a pyrami* is a rectangle o% si*es 1' m # 2( m an* its slant 2eig2t to t2e s2orter si*e o% t2e base is 24
m. 9in* its !olume.
?@ 1$(40,
?:@ ,'40,
?)@ 31240,
?0@ 0ata insu%%icient
$1. 5ire is loope* in t2e %orm o% a circle o% ra*ius 2' cm. +t is bent again into a s7uare %orm. .2at 5ill be t2e
lengt2 o% t2e *iagonal o% t2e largest s7uare possible t2usR
?@ 44 cm
?:@ 442
?)@ 1,(K22
?0@ ''K22
49
SET THEORY
Set!6 set is a 5ell *e%ine* collection o% obWects. -2ese are calle* elements o% t2e set. -2e sets 5ill be *enote* by
capital letters 4 :4 FFF `4 ^. -2e elements o% t2e set are *enote* by small letters a4 b4 F.. #4 y.
set can be represente* in t5o 5ays. ?i@ Roster %orm ?ii@ Set buil*er %orm.
E=a%pe6 &et S D E14 24 34 44 $4 (4 ,G. ?Roster %orm@
ll t2e elements are 5ritten in a curly brac/et.
S D E# K # N M # Z 'G ?Set buil*er %orm@
.e represent t2e elements o% t2e set as N#= an* a%ter it 5e putB K A?suc2 t2at@ an* t2en gi!e t2e rule
52ic2 e!ery element o% t2e set s2oul* satis%y.
+% all t2e elements in set are in set : t2en 5e say is a subset o% :. ? :@. : is super set o% .
Number o% elements in t2e
set
Number o%
subsets
Number o% proper subsets
2 2
2
2
2
-2
3 2
3
2
3
-2
4 2
4
2
4
-2
N 2
n
2
n
-2
P#5e" !et6 &et be any gi!en set. set 52ic2 contains all t2e subsets o% as elements4 is calle* t2e po5er set o% .
+t is *enote* by P ST.
E=a%pe6 D Ep4 74 rG
PST D SEpG4 E7G4 ErG4 Ep4 7G4 Ep4 rG4 E74 rG Sp4 74 rG T
1inite !et and In3inite !et> +% t2e number o% elements in a set are %inite4 t2en it is calle* a %inite set. set 52ic2 is
not %inite is calle* an in%inite set.
EIua !et!> -5o sets are sai* to be e7ual i% t2ey contain same elements.
E=> D E14 24 34 4G
: D E24 44 14 3G
Since t2e elements in bot2 an* : are e7ual4 t2ey are calle* e7ual sets.
67ui!alent sets> -5o sets are to be e7ui!alent i% t2e number o% elements in t5o sets are same.
6#> D E14 24 3GM : D Ep4 74 rG
Number o% elements in bot2 t2e sets are same. So an* : are e7ui!alent sets.
+% t2ere are not elements in a set4 t2en it is calle* a null set. +t is *enote* by E G or .
Uni#n #3 !et!> -2e set containing t2e elements o% or : or bot2 is calle* as union o% sets.
: D E# K # or # :G
Representing : by ]enn *iagrams.
Inte"!e2ti#n #3 !et!> -2e set containing t2e common elements o% set an* set : is calle* intersection o% an* :.
: D E# K # an* # :G
Representing : by ]enn *iagrams>
-2e *i%%erence o% t5o sets Q :> -2e set consisting o% all t2e elements4 52ic2 belong to an* *o not belong to :4 is
calle* t2e *i%%erence o% an* :. +t is *enote* by -:.
-: D E# K # an* # :G
Similarly :- D E# K # : an* # G
-: :-
S?%%et"i2 di33e"en2e #3 t5# !et!> -2e symmetric *i%%erence o% t5o sets is represente* by :.
: D ?-:@ ?:-@ D ?:@-?:@
Unive"!a !et> -2e union o% sets 52ic2 are to be obser!e* is calle* uni!ersal set an* it is *enote* by .
)omplementary set> -2e set o% elements 52ic2 belong to an* *oes not belong to is calle* complementary o% set
. +t is *enote* by
or
c
.
:asic t2eorem> +% `^ an* ^`M t2en `D^. +n pro!ing e7uality o% t5o sets 5e use t2is basic t2eorem. -2is is
calle* ntisymmetric property.
?=@= D 4 52en is a subset o% some uni!ersal st.
+n t2e %ollo5ing table 4 :4 ) stan* %or setsM t2e empty setM a uni!ersal set an* p4 74 r stan* %or statements.
N= represents logical e7ui!alence o% statements> Nt= to ta/e only t2e !alue o% N-= an* N%= to ta/e t2e only trut2 !alue
o% N9=.
S4N#4 La5
A)e&"a #3
Set! State%ent!
1. +*empotent &a5s : D 4 D p ! p p4 p e p e p
2. ssociati!e &a5s ?:@) D ?:)@
?:@) D ?:)@
?p ! 7@ ! r p ! ?7 ! r@
?p e 7@ e r p e ?7 e r@
3. )ommutati!e &a5s :D:
:D:
p ! 7 7 ! p
p e 7 7 e p
4. 0istributi!e &a5s ?:)@ D ?:@?
)@
?:)@ D ?:@?
)@
p ! ?7 e r@ ?p ! 7@ e ?p ! r@
p e ?7 ! r@ ?p e 7@ ! ?p e r@
$. +*entity &a5s D4 D
D4 D
p ! % p4 p ! t t
p e % %4 p e t p
(. )omplement &a5s D 4 D
?@ D 4 D 4 D
p ! ?fp@ t4 p e ?fP@ %
f ?fp@ p4 ft D %4 f % t
,. 0e "organ=s &a5s ?:@ D :
?:@ D :
f?p ! 7@ ?fp@ e ?f7@4
f?p e 7@ ?fp@ ! ?f7@
+n any la5 o% e7uality o% sets4 i% 5e interc2ange an* M an* an* M t2e resulting la5 5oul* also be true. -2is
principle is /no5n as Principle o% *uality.
E=a%pe6 D D
+% : D M t2en a an* : are calle* *isWoint sets.
: : an* : .
an* : are t5o subsets o% a uni!ersal set . -2en : D - : D : - .
+% : t2en :.
S+% is a subset o% :4 t2en is superset o% :T
- : D : Q
: D D an* : D
+% : M : )M t2en ) ?-ransiti!e property@.
Q ? Q :@ D :.
: D : D :.
+% : t2en ?: Q @ D :.
+% an* : are *isWoint sets4 t2en n ? :@ D n ?@ J n ?:@.
+% an* : are any t5o non-empty sets4 t2en n ? :@ D n ?@ J n ?:@ Q n ? :@.
N ? : )@ D n ?@ J n ?:@ J n ?)@ Q n? :@ Q n?: )@ Q n?) @ J n? : )@
l an* m are t5o coplanar lines. +% l m D M t2en t2e lines l an* m are parallel to eac2 ot2er.
EXERCISE
1. +% : D :4 t2en
@ :
:@ :
)@ :
0@ D : S T
2. E#K# NM 4 Z # Z ,G D
@ E44 $4 (4 ,G
:@ E44 $4 (G
)@ E$4 (G
0@ E$4 (4 ,G S T
3. +% :M t2en Q : D
@
:@ :
)
0@ S T
4. +% :M t2en : D
@
:@ :
)
0@ S T
$. D
@
:@ :
)
0@
1
S T
(.
1
)
:@
)@
1
0@ S T
,. ? :@ ) D ?: )@ t2is is
@ 0istributi!e la5
:@ 0e Q "organ=s la5
)@ ssociati!e la5
0@ )ommutati!e la5S T
'.
1
)
:@
)@
1
0@ S T
9. +% :M t2en : D
@ :
:@
)
0@ : S T
10. +% 4 : are non- empty setsM t2en Q : D
@
:@ : -
)@ :
1
0@ :
1
S T
11. +% :M t2en
1
: D
@
:@ :
)@ :
0@ : S T
12. +% : an* : M t2en
@ D :
:@ :
)@ D : D
0@ : S T
13.
@ E14 24 3G
:@ E44 (G
)@ E34 44 (G
0@ E14 2G S T
14. ? Q :@ ?: Q @ D
)
:@
)
0@ : S T
1$. ? Q :@ ?: Q @ D
)
:@
)@ :
0@ : S T
1(. +% :M n ?@ D 10M n ?:@ D 1$M t2en n ? :@ D
@ $
:@ 2$
)@ 10
0@ 1$ S T
1,. ]enn *iagram t2at represents ? Q :@ is
1'. +% D E34 $4 ,4 9GM : D E34 $4 (GM ) D E14 24 ,G t2e Q ?: )@ D
@ E9G
:@ E14 2G
)@ E14 24 9G
0@ S T
19. +% D Ep4 74 rGM : D E#4 y4 HG t2en an* : are
@ subsets
:@ null sets
)@ e7ual
0@ e7ui!alent sets S T
20. +% t2ere are (4 elements in t2e po5erset o% 4 t2en number o% elements in t2e set are
@ 4
:@ 1(
)@ 32
0@ ( S T
21. +% t2ere are 4 elements in set 4 t2en t2e number o% elements in P ST are
@ '
:@ 1(
)@ 32
0@ 4 S T
22. +% l an* m are t5o straig2t lines an* l m D M t2en l an* m are
@ Perpen*icular
:@ Parallel
)@ +ntersecting lines
0@ one an* t2e same S T
23.
@ Parallelogram
:@ R2ombus
)@ 7ua*rilateral
0@ -rapeHium S T
24. ? - @ D
)
:@
)@
1
0@ S T
2$. ?
1
@ D
)
)
)@
0@
1
S T
2(. Q ?: :
1
@ D
)
)
)@ :
0@ :
1
S T
2,. +% Q : D M t2en
@ D :
:@ : D
)@ :
0@ : S T
2'. +% ?
1
@
1
D M t2en D
)
)
)@
1
0@
1
S T
29. D E44 $4 (GM : D E,4 '4 9GM t2en ? :@
1
@ E44 $4 (4 ,4 '4 9G
)
)
0@ cannot be *eci*e* since is not gi!en
6@
1
S T
30. # ? :@
@ # # :
:@ # # :
)@ # M # :
0@ # M # : S T
31. +% D E14 24 34 44 $4 (4 ,GM D E24 $4 ,GM : D E14 34 4G t2en ? :@
1
@ E14 24 34 44 $4 ,G
:@ E(G
)@ E14 34 44 (4 ,G
0@ S T
32.
1
D is
@ 0e-"organ=s la5
:@ +*empotent la5
)@ )omplement la5
0@ +*entity la5 S T
33. +% n ?@ D 3,M n ? :@ D $2M n ? :@ D ' t2en n ?:@ D
@ 23
:@ 29
)@ 44
0@ 4$ S T
34.
-2e s2a*e* area represents
@ ?: )@
:@ ?: )@
)@ ?: )@
0@ ?: )@ S T
3$.
9rom t2e ]enn *iagram n ?" P )@
@ 2'
:@ 1'
)@ 2(
0@ 20 S T
PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
$4 P"in2ipe #3 C#untin)6 +% some proce*ure can be per%orme* in n1 *i%%erent 5ays an* i%4 %ollo5ing proce*ure4 a
secon* proce*ure can be per%orme* in n2 *i%%erent 5ays4 an* i%4 %ollo5ing t2is secon* proce*ure4 a t2ir* proce*ure
can be per%orme* in n3 *i%%erent 5ays4 an* so %orM t2en t2e number o% 5ays t2e proce*ures can be per%orme* in t2e
or*er in*icate* is t2e pro*uct n14 n24 n3 FFFFF.
-4 -2e number o% permutations o% n *istinct obWects ta/en r ?0rn@ at a time is gi!en by
ngK?n-r@g M n r
52ere
n
Pr D
0 M nZr
.4 -2e number o% permutations o% n obWects ta/en all toget2er4 52en p1 o% t2e obWects are ali/e o% one /in*4 p2 o%
t2em are ali/e an* o% t2e secon* /in*4F.4 pr o% t2em are ali/e an* o% t2e rt2 /in*4 52ere p1 J p2 J F.. pr D n is gi!en
by
ngKp1g P2g.....prg
4. -2e number o% combinations o% n *istinct obWects ta/en r ?0 r n@ at a time is gi!en by
n ngK?n-r@g rg4 n r
D )?n, r@ D
r 0 4 n Z r
04 S#%e Re!ut t# Re%e%&e"
?i@
n
%7 8 1 8
n
%n
?ii@
n
%r D
n
%n9r ?0 r n@
?iii@
n
%r-1 J
n
%r D
nJ1
%
r
?1 r n@
?i!@
n
%r D
n
%s implies r D s or r J s D n.
?!@
n
%r D En9r+1@KrG
n
%r-1
r 8 n/r4 n e!en
?!i@
n
%r is greatest D
r 8 nt1K24 n o**
?!ii@
n
%0 J
n
%1 J
n
%2 J F.J
n
%
n
D 2
n
.
?!iii@
n
%0 J
n
%2 J F. D
n
%1J
n
%3 JFFD2
n-1
.
?i#@ 2
nJ1
%
0
J 2
nJ1
%1 JF.J2
nJ1
%n D2
2n
.
?#@ -2e number o% combinations o% n *istinct obWects ta/en
r? n@ at a time4 52en k?0 k r@ particular obWects al5ays occur4 is
n-k
%r9k.
?#i@ -2e number o% combinations o% n *istinct obWects ta/en r at a time4 52en k?1 k n@ ne!er occur4 is
n+k
%r.
?#ii@ -2e total number o% selections o% one or more obWects %rom n *i%%erent obWects
D 2
n
Q 1 D ?
n
%1 J
n
%2 J
n
%3 JF.J
n
%n@.
?#iii@
r
%r J
rJ1
%r JF.J
n
%r D
nJ1
%rJ1
74 -2e total number o% selection o% any number o% t2ings %rom n i*entical t2ings
n J 1 4 ?52en selection o% 0 t2ings is allo5e*@

n 4 ?52en at least one t2ing is to be selecte*@
84 -2e total number o% selections %rom p li/e t2ings4 : li/e t2ings o% anot2er type an* r *istinct t2ings
D ?p J 1@ ?7 J 1@ 2
r
Q 1 ?i% at least one t2ing is to be selecte*@
?p J 1@ ?7 J 1@ 2r Q 2 ?i% none or all cannot be selecte*@
>4 -2e total number o% selections o% r tings %rom n *i%%erent t2ings 52en eac2 t2ing can be repeate* unlimite*
number o% times D
n+r-1
%r.
94 -2e number o% 5ays to *istribute n *i%%erent t2ings bet5een t5o persons4 one recei!ing p t2ings an* t2e ot2er 7
t2ings4 52ere p + : D n
n
%p
n9p
%:
D n;/p;5n p6; 5n 9 p;/:;5n p :6; 8 n;/p;:; <n 8 p + :=
Similarly %or 3 persons4 t2e number o% 5ays
D n;/p; :; r;4 52ere p + : + r 8 n>
$:4 -2e number o% 5ays to *istribute m n *i%%erent t2ings among n persons e7ually D ?nm@gK?mg@n.
$$4 -2e number o% 5ays to *i!i*e n *i%%erent t2ings into t2ree bun*les o% p4 : an* r t2ings
D ngKpg :g rg . 1K3g.
$-4 -2e number o% 5ays to *i!i*e m n *i%%erent t2ings into n e7ual bun*les
D ?mn@gK?mg@n . 1Kng
$.4 -2e total number o% 5ays to *i!i*e n i*entical t2ings among r persons D
n+r-1
%r-1.
$/4 -2e number o% 5ays in 52ic2 n *i%%erent obWects can be *istribute* into r *i%%erent bo#es4 blan/ bo#es being
a*missible is r
n
.
$04 -2e number o% 5ays in n *i%%erent obWects can be *istribute* into r *i%%erent bo#es are not allo5e*4 is coe%%icient
o%
n
in ng ?e
-1@r.
$74 -2e number o% circular arrangements o% n *i%%erent t2ings ?n Q 1@g
$84 .2en cloc/5ise an* anticloc/5ise arrangements are not *i%%erent4 number o% circular arrangements o% n
*i%%erent t2ings
D \?n Q 1@g
$>4 T?pe! #3 Pe"%utati#n! &a!ed up#n Ge#%et"i2a Appi2ati#n!6
?i@ Vut o% n non-concurrent an* non-parallel straig2t lines points o% intersection are D
n
%2
?ii@ Vut o% Nn= points t2e number o% straig2t lines are ?52en no t2ree are collinear@
D
n
%2
?iii@ +% out o% n points m are collinear4 t2en
Number o% straig2t lines D
n
%2 Q
m
%2 J 1
?i!@ -o %in* number o% *iagonals
Number o% *iagonals D n?n Q 3@K2
?!@ Number o% triangle %orme* %rom n points
?52en no t2ree points are collinear@
?!i@ Number o% triangles out o% n points in 52ic2 m are collinear
D
n
%3 Q
m
%3
?!ii@ Number o% triangles t2at can be %orme* out o% n points ?52en none o% t2e si*e is common to t2e si*es o%
polygon@
D
n
%3 Q
n
%1 Q
n
%1.
n-4
%1
?!iii@ Number o% parallelogram in t5o system o% parallel lines ?52en + set contains m parallel lines an* ++ set
contains n parallel lines@
D
n
%2
m
%2
?i#@ Number o% s7uares m-1
D ?m r@ ?n r@ M ?m ? n@
rD1
EXERCISE
1. -2e number o% arrangements o% letters o% t2e 5or* :NN in 52ic2 t2e t5o N=s *o not appear a*Wointly is>
?a@ 40
?b@ (0
?c@ '0
?*@ 100
2. ;o5 many *i%%erent nine *igit numbers can be %orme* %rom t2e number 2233$$''' by rearranging its *igits so
t2at o** *igits occupy e!en positionsR
?a@ 1(
?b@ 3(
?c@ (0
?*@ 1'0
3. ***-en *i%%erent letters o% an alp2abet are gi!en. .or*s 5it2 $ letters are %orme* %rom t2ese gi!en letters. -2en
t2e number o% 5or*s 52ic2 2a!e atleast one letter repeate* is>
?a@ (9,(0
?b@ 30240
?c@ 99,4'
?*@ None o% t2ese
4. ;o5 many numbers greater t2an 10004 but not greater t2an 4000 can be %orme* 5it2 t2e *igits 04 14 24 34 44
repetition o% *igits being allo5e*R
?a@ 3,4
?b@ 3,$
?c@ 3,(
?*@ None o% t2ese
$. -2e straig2t lines l1, l2, l3 are parallel an* lie in t2e same plane. total number o% m points are ta/en on l14 n
points on l24 k points on l3. t2e ma#imum number o% triangle %orme* 5it2 !ertices o% t2ese points are >
?a@
m+n+k
%3
?b@
m+n+k
%3 Q
m
%3 Q
n
%3 Q
k
%3
?c@
m
%3J
n
%3J
k
%3
?*@ None o% t2ese
(. -2ere are 10 lamps in a 2all. 6ac2 one o% t2em can be s5itc2e* on in*epen*ently. -2e number o% 5ays in 52ic2
t2e 2all can be illuminate* is>
?a@ 10
2
?b@ 1023
?c@ 2
10
?*@ 10g
,. ;o5 many 10 *igit numbers can be 5ritten by using t2e *igits 1 an* 2R
?a@
10
%1J
9
%2
?b@ 2
10
?c@
10
%2
?*@ 10g
'. Number o% *i!isors o% t2e %orm 4n J 2 ?n 0@ o% t2e integer 240 is>
?a@ 4
?b@ '
?c@ 10
?*@ 3
9. %i!e-*igit number *i!isible by 3 is to be %orme* using t2e numerals 04 14 24 34 4 an* $ 5it2out repetition. -2e
total number o% 5ays t2is can be *one is>
?a@ 21(
?b@ 240
?c@ (00
?*@ 312$
10. -2e number o% positi!e integers 52ic2 can be %orme* by using any number o% *igits %rom 04 14 24 34 44 $ by
using eac2 *igit not more t2an once in eac2 number is>
?a@ 1200
?b@ 1$00
?c@ 1(00
?*@ 1(30
11. -2e total number o% 9 *igit numbers 52ic2 2a!e all *i%%erent *igits is>
?a@ 10g
?b@ 9g
?c@ 9.9g
?*@ 10.10g
12. 6ig2t c2airs are numbere* 1 to '. -5o 5omen an* t2ree men 5is2 to occupy one c2air eac2. 9irst t2e 5omen
c2oose t2e c2airs %rom amongst t2e c2airs mar/e* 1 to 44 an* t2en t2e men select t2e c2airs %rom amongst t2e
remaining. -2e number o% possible arrangements is>
?a@
4
%3
4
%2
?b@
4
%2
4
P3
?c@
4
P2
4
P3
?*@ None o% t2ese
13. 9rom 4 o%%icers an* ' aa5ans4 a committee o% ( is to be c2osen to inclu*e e#actly one o%%icer. -2e number o%
suc2 committees is>
?a@ 1(0
?b@ 200
?c@ 224
?*@ 300
14. 1i!en $ *i%%erent green *yes4 4 *i%%erent blue *yes an* 3 *i%%erent re* *yes. -2e number o% combinations o%
*yes 52ic2 can be c2osen ta/ing at least one green an* one blue *ye is>
?a@ 3(00
?b@ 3,20
?c@ 3'00
?*@ None o% t2ese
1$. +% a polygon 2as 44 *iagonals4 t2en t2e number o% its si*es are >
?a@ 11
?b@ ,
?c@ '
?*@ None o% t2ese
1(. n n-*igit number is a positi!e number 5it2 e#actly n *igits. Nine 2un*re* *istinct n-*igit numbers are to be
%orme* using only t2e t2ree *igits 24 $ an* ,. -2e smallest !alue o% n %or 52ic2 t2is is possible is>
?a@ (
?b@ ,
?c@ '
?*@ 9
1,. -2e number o% %i!e-*igit telep2one numbers 2a!ing at least one o% t2eir *igits repeate* is>
?a@ 90000
?b@ 100000
?c@ 30240
?*@ (9,(0
1'. +% n is an integer bet5een 0 an* 214 t2en t2e minimum !alue o% ng ?21-n@g is>
?a@ 9g 21g
?b@ 10g 11g
?c@ 20g
?*@ 21g
19. -2e total number o% si# *igit numbers x1x2x3x4x$x( 2a!ing t2e property x1Zx2x3Zx4Zx$x(4 is e7ual to>
?a@
10
%(
?b@
12
%(
?c@
11
%(
?*@ None o% t2ese
20. -2e total number o% t2ree *igit numbers4 t2en sum o% 52ose *igits is e!en4 is e7ual to>
?a@ 4$0
?b@ 3$0
?c@ 2$0
?*@ 32$
21. +% letters o% t2e 5or/ NU<:6R= are 5ritten in all possible or*ers a* arrange* as in a *ictionary4 t2en ran/ o% t2e
5or* NU<:6R= 5ill be>
?a@ (,
?b@ ('
?c@ ($
?*@ (9
22. +n a c2ess tournament4 all participants 5ere to play one game 5it2 t2e anot2er. -5o players %ell ill a%ter 2a!ing
playe* 3 games eac2. +% total number o% games playe* in t2e tournament is e7ual to '44 t2en total number o%
participants in t2e beginning 5as e7ual to>
?a@ 10
?b@ 1$
?c@ 12
?*@ 14
23. +n a country no t5o persons 2a!e i*entical set o% teet2 an* t2ere is no person 5it2 out a toot24 also no person
2as more t2an 32 teet2. +% s2ape an* siHe o% toot2 is *isregar*e* an* only t2e position o% toot2 is consi*ere*4
t2en ma#imum population o% t2at country can be>
?a@ 2
32
?b@ 2
32
-1
?c@ can=t be obtaine*
?*@ none o% t2ese
24. -2e total number o% %lags 5it2 t2ree 2oriHontal strips4 in or*er4 t2at can be %orme* using 2 i*entical re*4 2
i*entical green an* 2 i*entical 52ite strips4 is e7ual to>
?a@ 4g
?b@ 3.?4g@
?c@ 2.?4g@
?*@ None o% t2ese
2$. -2e si*es :4 :)4 ) o% a triangle :) 2a!e 34 44 $ interior points respecti!ely on t2em. -otal number o%
triangles t2at can be %orme* using t2ese points as !ertices4 is e7ual to>
?a@ 13$
?b@ 14$
?c@ 1,'
?*@ 20$
2(. Nn= *i%%erent toys 2a!e to be *istribute* among Nn= c2il*ren. -otal number o% 5ays in 52ic2 t2ese toys can be
*istribute* so t2at e#actly one c2il* gets no toy4 is e7ual to>
?a@ ng
?b@ ng
n
%2
?c@ ?n-1@g
n
%2
?*@ ng
n-1
%2
2,. -otal number o% non-negati!e integral solutions o% x1Jx2Jx3 D 10 is e7ual to>
?a@
12
%3
?b@
10
%3
?c@
12
%2
?*@
10
%2
2'. class contains 3 girls an* %our boys. 6!ery Satur*ay %i!e stu*ent go on a picnic4 a *i%%erent group o% stu*ents
is being sent eac2 5ee/. 0uring t2e picnic4 eac2 girl in t2e group is gi!en *oll by t2e accompanying teac2er. ll
possible groups o% %i!e 2a!e gone once4 t2e total number o% *olls t2e girls 2a!e got is>
?a@ 21
?b@ 4$
?c@ 2,
?*@ 24
29. total number o% 4 *igit number t2at are greater t2an 30004 t2at can be %orme* using t2e *igits 14 24 34 44 $4 ( ?no
*igit is being repeate* in any number@ is e7ual to>
?a@ 120
?b@ 240
?c@ 4'0
?*@ '0
30. !ariable name in certain computer language must be eit2er a alp2abet or a alp2abet %ollo5e* by a *ecimal
*igit. -otal number o% *i%%erent !ariable names t2at can e#ist in t2at language is e7ual to>
?a@ 2'0
?b@ 290
?c@ 2'(
?*@ 29(
31. -2ere are 10 person among 52om t5o are brot2er. -2e total number o% 5ays in 52ic2 t2ese persons can be
seate* aroun* a roun* table so t2at e#actly one person sit bet5een t2e brot2ers4 is e7ual to>
?a@ ?2g@ ?,g@
?b@ ?2g@ ?'g@
?c@ ?3g@ ?,g@
?*@ ?3g@ ?'g@
PROBABILITY
E=pe"i%ent
n operation 52ic2 results in some 5ell-*e%ine* outcomes is calle* an e#periment.
Ran*om 6#periment
n e#periment 52ose outcome cannot be pre*icte* 5it2 certainty is calle* a ran*om e#periment. +n ot2er 5or*s4 i%
an e#periment is per%orme* many times un*er similar con*itions an* t2e outcome o% eac2 time is not t2e same4 t2en
t2is e#periment is calle* a ran*om e#periment.
E=a%pe6 a@ -ossing o% a %air coin
b@ -2ro5ing o% an unbiase* *ie
c@ 0ra5ing o% a car* %rom a 5ell s2u%%le* pac/ o% $2 playing car*s
Sa%pe Spa2e
-2e set o% all possible outcomes o% a ran*om e#periments is calle* t2e sample space %or t2at e#periment. +t is usually
*enote* by S.
6#ample>
%@ .2en a *ie is t2ro5n4 any one o% t2e numbers 14 24 34 44 $4 ( can come up. -2ere%ore. Sample
space
S D E14 24 34 44 $4 (G
g@ .2en a coin is tosse* eit2er a 2ea* or tail 5ill come up4 t2en t2e sample space 5.r.t. t2e tossing o%
t2e coin is
S D E;4 -G
2@ .2en t5o coins are tosse*4 t2en t2e sample space is
Sa%pe p#int G event p#int
6ac2 element o% t2e sample spaces is calle* a sample point or an e!ent point.
E=a%pe6 .2en a *ie is t2ro5n4 t2e sample space is S D E14 24 34 44 $4 (G 52ere 14 24 34 44 $ an* ( are t2e
sample points.
Di!2"ete Sa%pe Spa2e
sample space S is calle* a *iscrete sample i% S is a %inite set.
Event
subset o% t2e sample space is calle* an e!ent.
P"#&e% #3 Event!
Sample space S plays t2e same role as uni!ersal set %or all problems relate* to t2e particular e#periment.
is also t2e subset o% S an* is an impossible 6!ent.
S is also a subset o% S 52ic2 is calle* a sure e!ent or a certain e!ent.
T?pe! #3 Event!
A4 Si%pe EventGEe%enta"? Event
n e!ent is calle* a simple 6!ent i% it is a singleton subset o% t2e sample space S.
E=a%pe6
a@ .2en a coin is tosse*4 t2en t2e sample space is
S D E;4 -G
-2en D E;G occurrence o% 2ea* an* : D E-G occurrence o% tail are calle* Simple e!ents.
b@ .2en t5o coins are tosse*4 t2en t2e sample space is
S D E?;4;@M ?;4-@M ?-4;@M ?-4-@G
-2en D E?;4-@G is t2e occurrence o% 2ea* on 1
st
an* tail on 2
n*
is calle* a Simple e!ent.
B4 Mi=ed Event #" C#%p#und Event #" C#%p#!ite Event
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
1014 S5et2a partment4 - 110 -
Vpp> "iner!a )o%%ee S2op4
;imayat2 Nagar4 ;y*eraba*.
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
in%ohcoac2ing5orl*.in 555.coac2ing5orl*.in
subset o% t2e sample space S 52ic2 contains more t2an one element is calle* a mi#e* e!ent or 52en t5o or more
e!ents occur toget2er4 t2eir Woint occurrence is calle* a )ompoun* 6!ent.
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
E=a%pe6
.2en a *ice is t2ro5n4 t2en t2e sample space is
S D E14 24 34 44 $4 (G
-2en let D E24 4 (G is t2e e!ent o% occurrence o% e!en an* : D E14 24 4G is t2e e!ent o% occurrence o% e#ponent o% 2
are "i#e* e!ents
)ompoun* e!ents are o% t5o type>
a@ +n*epen*ent 6!ents4 an*
b@ 0epen*ent 6!ents
C4 EIua? iAe? event!
Vutcomes are sai* to be e7ually li/ely 52en 5e 2a!e no reason to belie!e t2at one is more li/ely to occur t2an t2e
ot2er
E=a%pe6 .2en an unbiase* *ie is t2ro5n all t2e si# %aces 14 24 34 44 $4 ( are e7ually li/ely to come up.
D4 E=(au!tive Event!
set o% e!ents is sai* to be e#2austi!e i% one o% t2em must necessarily 2appen e!ery time t2e e#periments is
per%orme*.
E=a%pe6 .2en a *ie is t2ro5n e!ents 14 24 34 44 $4 ( %orm an e#2austi!e set o% e!ents.
I%p#"tant
.e can say t2at t2e total number o% elementary e!ents o% a ran*om e#periment is calle* t2e e#2austi!e number o%
cases.
E4 Mutua? E=2u!ive Event!
-5o or more e!ents are sai* to be mutually e#clusi!e i% one o% t2em occurs4 ot2ers cannot occur. -2us i% t5o or
more e!ents are sai* to be mutually e#clusi!e4 i% not t5o o% t2em can occur toget2er.
;ence4 14 24 34F4 n are mutually e#clusi!e i% an* only i% i@ D i @
E=a%pe6
a@ .2en a coin is tosse* t2e e!ent o% occurrence o% a 2ea* an* t2e e!ent o% occurrence o% a tail are mutually
e#clusi!e e!ents because 5e cannot 2a!e bot2 2ea* an* tail at t2e same time.
b@ .2en a *ie is t2ro5n4 t2e sample space is S D E14 24 34 44 $4 (G
&et is an e!ent o% occurrence o% number greater t2an 4 i.e.4 E$4 (G
: is an e!ent o% occurrence o% an o** number E14 34 $G
) is an e!ent o% occurrence o% an e!en number E24 44 (G
;ere4 e!ents : an* ) are "utually 6#clusi!e but t2e e!ent an* : or an* ) are not "utually 6#clusi!e.
14 Independent Event! #" Mutua? Independent event!
-5o or more e!ent are sai* to be in*epen*ent i% occurrence or non-occurrence o% any o% t2em *oes not a%%ect t2e
probability o% occurrence o% or non-occurrence o% t2eir e!ents.
-2us4 t5o or more e!ents are sai* to be in*epen*ent i% occurrence or non-occurrence o% any o% t2em *oes not
in%luence t2e occurrence or non-occurrence o% t2e ot2er e!ents.
6#ample> &et bag contains 3 Re* an* 2 :lac/ balls. -5o balls are *ra5n one by one 5it( "epa2e%ent.
&et is t2e e!ent o% occurrence o% a re* ball in %irst *ra5.
: is t2e e!ent o% occurrence o% a blac/ ball in secon* *ra5.
t2en probability o% occurrence o% : 2as not been a%%ecte* i% occurs be%ore :. s t2e ball 2as been
replace* in t2e bag an* once again 5e 2a!e to select one ball out o% $?3R J 2:@ gi!en balls %or e!ent :.
G4 Dependent Event!
-5o or more e!ents are sai* to be *epen*ent4 i% occurrence or non-occurrence o% any one o% t2em a%%ects t2e
probability o% occurrence or non-occurrence o% ot2ers.
E=a%pe6 &et a bag contains 3 Re* an* 2 :lac/ balls. -5o balls are *ra5n one by one 5it2out replacement.
&et is t2e e!ent o% occurrence o% a re* ball in %irst *ra5
: is t2e e!ent o% occurrence o% a blac/ ball in secon* *ra5.
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
+n t2is case4 t2e probability o% occurrence o% e!ent : 5ill be a%%ecte*. :ecause a%ter t2e occurrence
o% e!ent i.e. *ra5ing re* ball out o% $?3R J 2:@4 t2e ball is not replace* in bag. No54 %or t2e e!ent :4 5e 5ill 2a!e
to *ra5 1 blac/ ball %rom t2e remaining 4?2R J 2:@ balls 52ic2 gets a%%ecte* *ue to t2e occurrence o% e!ent .
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
H4 C#%pe%enta"? Event!
&et S be t2e sample space %or a ran*om e#periment an* let 6 be t2e e!ent. lso4 )omplement o% e!ent 6 is *enote*
by 6= or 64 52ere 6= means non occurrence o% e!ent 6.
-2us 6= occurs i% an* only i% 6 *oes not occur.
n?6@ J n?6=@ D n?S@
O22u""en2e #3 an Event
9or a ran*om e#periment4 let 6 be an e!ent
&et 6 D Ea4 b4 cG. +% t2e outcome o% t2e e#periment is eit2er a or b or c t2en 5e say t2e e!ent 2as occurre*.
Sa%pe Spa2e > -2e outcomes o% any type
Event > -2e outcomes o% particular type
P"#&a&iit? #3 O22u""en2e #3 an event
&et S be t2e same space4 t2en t2e probability o% occurrence o% an e!ent 6 is *enote* by p?6@ an* is *e%ine* as
P?6@ D n?6@Kn?S@ D number o% elements in 6Knumber o% elements in S
P?6@ D number o% %a!ourableKparticular cases
total number o% cases
E=a%pe6
a@ .2en a coin is tosse*4 t2en t2e sample space is S D E;4 -G
&et 6 is t2e e!ent o% occurrence o% a 2ea*
6 D E;G
b@ .2en a *ie is tosse*4 sample space S D E14 24 34 44 $4 (G
&et is an e!ent o% occurrence o% an o** number
n* : is an e!ent o% occurrence o% a number greater t2an 4
D E14 34 $G an* : D E$4 (G
P?@ D Probability o% occurrence o% an o** number D n?@Kn?S@ D 3K( D \
an* P?:@ D Probability o% occurrence o% a number greater t2an 4 D n?:@Kn?S@ D 2K( D 1K3
EXERCISE
Que!ti#n! $ @ 8
coin is %lippe* t2ree. 9in* t2e probability o% getting
1. 2ea* e#actly once.
1. 1K'
2. 1K 4
3. 3K'
4. 1K 2
2. tails e#actly t5ice.
1. 1 K4
2. 3K'
3. 1K'
4. None o% t2ese
3. 2ea*s all t2ree times.
1. 1K'
2. d
3. 3K'
4. 1K 2
4. a tail at least once.
1. 1 K4
2. ,K'
3. 1K'
4. 3K'
$. a 2ea* at least t5o times. S
1. 3K'
2. 1 K4
3. 1K'
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
4. 1 K2
(. a 2ea* in t2e %irst t2ro54 a tail in t2e secon*4 an* a 2ea* in t2e t2ir*.
1. 1 K'
2. 1K 4
3. 3K'
4. 1 K2
,. a 2ea* in t2e t2ir* toss4 i% in t2e %irst t5o tosses t2e coin lan*e* tails.
1. 1K 2
2. 1K '
3. ,K'
4. 1 K4
Que!ti#n! > @ $$
9rom a pac/ o% $2 car*s4 a car* is c2osen at ran*om. 9in* t2e probability o% it being
'. a /na!e.
1. 1K13
2. 1 K4
3. 1 K2
4. 1K$2
9. a car* o% 2earts.
1. 1 K2
2. 1 K4
3. 1 K2
4. 1K$2
10. a , o% clubs.
1. 1K2(
2. $K$2
3. 1K13
4. 1K$2
11. a /ing o% *iamon*s or 2earts.
1. 1K13
2. 3K2(
3. 1K2(
4. 1 K4
Que!ti#n! $- @ $7
bag contains $ re*4 ( blue an* 9 blac/ balls. 9in* t2e probability t2at a ball *ra5n at ran*om
12. is eit2er re* or blue or blac/.
1. 0
2. 19K20
3. 21K20
4. 20K20
13. is blue.
1. 1 K4
2. ,K10
3. 3K10
4. 9K20
14. is re* or blue.
1. 11K20
2. 1 K4
3. 3 K4
4. ,K10
1$. is blue or blac/.
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
1014 S5et2a partment4 - 11$ -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
1. 11K20
2. 1 K4
3. 3 K4
4. ,K10
1(. is not blue.
1. 1 K4
2. ,K10
3. 3K10
4. 9K20
1,. -5o car*s are *ra5n successi!ely 5it2 replacement %rom a 5ell s2u%%le* *ec/ o% $2 car*s4 t2e probability t2at
bot2 o% t2ese 5ill be aces is>
1. 1K1(9
2. 1K201
3. 1K2($2
4. 4K((3
1'. 9in* t2e probability t2at t2ere are $3 "on*ays in &eap year.
1. 1K,
2. 2K,
3. 3K,
4. 4K,
19. i% P ?@D0.3 P?:@D0.4 an* P?:@D0.(4 t2en %in* P?:@.
1. 0.3
2. 0.4
3. 0.1
4. 0.$
20. +n t2ro5ing a %air *ice4 52at is t2e probability o% getting t2e number N3=R
1. 1K3
2. 1K(
3. 1K9
4. 1K12
21. .2at is t2e number o% t2ro5ing a number greater t2an 4 5it2 an or*inary *ice 52ose %aces are numbers %rom 1
to (.
1. 1 K3
2. 1K(
3. 1K9
4. 1K12
22. -2ree coins are tosse*. .2at is t2e probability o% getting
?i@ 2 -ails an* 1 ;ea*
1. 1 K4
2. 3K'
3. 2K3
4. 1K '
?ii@ 1 -ail an* 2 ;ea*s
1. 3 K'
2. 1
3. 2 K3
4. 3 K4
23. -2ree coins are tosse*. .2at is t2e probability o% getting
?i@ neit2er 3 ;ea*s nor 3 -ails
1. 1 K2
2. 1 K3
3. 2K3
4. 3 K4
?ii@ t2ree 2ea*s
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
1014 S5et2a partment4 - 11( -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
1. 1 K'
2. 1 K4
3. 1 K2
4. 2K 3
24. .2at is t2e probability o% t2ro5ing a number greater t2an 2 5it2 a %air *ice
1. 2 K3
2. 2K$
3. 1
4. 3K$
2$. can 2it t2e target 3 times in ( s2ots4 : 2 times in ( s2ots an* ) 4 times in ( s2ots. -2ey %ire a !olley. .2at is
t2e probability t2at at least 2 s2ots 2itR
1. 1 K2
2. 1K3
3. 2 K3
4. 1K 4
2(. +% 4 52ole numbers are ta/en at ran*om an* multiplie* toget2er4 52at is t2e c2ance t2at t2e last *igit in t2e
pro*uct is 14 34 , or 9 R
1. 1$K($3
2. 12K$42
3. 1(K(2$
4. 13K(2$
2,. li%e insurance company insure* 2$4000 young boys4 144000young girls an* 1(4000young a*ults. -2e
probability o% *eat2 5it2in 10 years o% a young boy4 young girl an* a young a*ult arte 0.024 0.03 an* 0.1$
respecti!ely. Vne o% t2e insure* persons *ices. .2at is t2e probability t2at t2e *ea* person is a young boyR
1. 3(K1($
2. 2$K1((
3. 2(K1($
4. 30K1($
2'. team o% 4 is to be constitute* out o% $ girls an* ( boys. 9in* t2e probability t2at t2e team may 2a!e 3 girls.
1. 4 K11
2. 3K11
3. $K11
4. 2K11
29. 12 persons are seate* aroun* a roun* table. .2at is t2e probability t2at t5o particular persons sit toget2erR
1. 2K11
2. 1K(
3. 3K11
4. 3K1$
30. Si# boys an* si# girls sit in a ro5 ran*omly. 9in* t2e probability t2at all t2e si# girls sit toget2er. S
1. 3K22
2. 1K132
3. 1K1$'4
4. 1K((
31. bag contains $ re*4 4 green an* 3 blac/ balls. +% t2ree balls are *ra5n out o% it at ran*om4 %in* t2e probability
o% *ra5ing e#actly 2 re* balls.
1. ,K22
2. 10K33
3. ,K12
4. ,K11
32. bag contains 100 tic/ets numbere* 14 24 34F.4 100. +% a tic/et is *ra5n out o% it at ran*om4 52at is t2e
probability t2at t2e tic/et *ra5n 2as t2e *igit 2 appearing on it.
1. 19K100
2. 21K100
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
1014 S5et2a partment4 - 11, -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
3. 32K100
4. 23K100
33. %air coin is tosse* repeate*ly. +% tail appears on %irst %our tosses4 t2en t2e probability o% 2ea* appearing on %i%t2
toss e7uals>
1. 1 K2
2. 1K32
3. 31K32
4. 1K$
34. -2ree mangoes an* t2ree apples are /ept in a bo#. +% t5o %ruits are selecte* at ran*om %rom t2e bo#4 t2e
probability t2at t2e selection 5ill contain one mango an* one apple4 is>
1. 3K$
2. $K(
3. 1K3(
4. None o% t2ese
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
1014 S5et2a partment4 - 11' -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
PROGRESSIONS
$4 SeIuen2e
Se7uence is a %unction 52ose *omain is t2e set N o% natural numbers.
Rea SeIuen2e6 se7uence 52ose range is a subset o% R is calle* a real se7uence.
Se"ie!6 +% a1, a2, aA, aB,CC, an4F.. is a se7uence4 t2en t2e e#pression a1 + a2 + aA + aB + aD + C>+ an + F.is a
series.
series is %inite or in%inite accor*ing as t2e number o% terms in t2e correspon*ing se7uence is %inite or in%inite.
Progressions> +t is not necessary t2at t2e terms o% a se7uence al5ays %ollo5 a certain patterns are calle*
progressions.
-4 A"it(%eti2 P"#)"e!!i#n +A4P4,
se7uence is calle* an arit2metic progression i% t2e *i%%erence o% a term an* t2e pre!ious term is al5ays same4 i.e.
an+1 Q an D constant ?D*@ %or all n N
-2e constant *i%%erence4 generally *enote* by & is calle* t2e common *i%%erence.
1#" e=a%pe4 '#o" t#at t#e se:uence ?anE is an A>P> i( its nt# term a linear expression in n an& in suc# a case t#e
common &i((erence is e:ual to t#e coe((icient o( n>
S#uti#n4 &et ZanY be a se7uence suc2 t2at its nt2 term is a linear e#pression in n i>e>
an 8 An + B 52ere A, B are constants.
an+1 8 A5n + 16 + B
an+1 an 8 EA 5n + 16 + BG EAn + BG 8 A,
i>e> coe%%icient o% n.
3. Properties o% an rit2metic Progression
?i@ +% a is t2e %irst term an* & t2e common *i%%erence o% an A>P>4 t2en its nt2 term an is gi!en by
an 8 a + 5n + 16 &
?ii@ se7uence is an .P. i%% its nt2 term is o% t2e %orm n J : i>e> a linear e#pression in n. t2e common *i%%erence in
suc2 a case is i>e> t2e coe%%icient o% n.
?iii@ +% a constant is a**e* to or subtracte* %rom eac2 term o% an .P.4 t2en t2e resulting se7uence is also an .P. 5it2
t2e same common *i%%erence.
?i!@ +% eac2 term o% gi!en .P. is multiplie* or *i!i*e* by a non-Hero constant k4 t2en t2e resulting se7uence is also
an .P. 5it2 common *i%%erence k& or &/k4 52ere * is t2e common *i%%erence o% t2e gi!en .P.
?!@ +n a %inite .P. t2e sum o% t2e terms e7ui*istant %rom t2e beginning an* en* is al5ays same an* is e7ual to t2e
sum o% %irst an* last term i>e>
?!i@ -2ree numbers a, b, c are in .P. i%% b 8 a + c.
?!ii@ +% t2e terms o% an .P. are c2osen at regular inter!als4 t2en t2ey %orm an .P.
?!iii@ +% an, an+1 an* an+2 are t2ree consecuti!e terms o% an .P.4 t2en
2an+1 8 an+an+2
/4 See2ti#n #3 Te"%! in an A4P4
+t s2oul* be note* t2at in case o% an o** number o% terms4 t2e mi**le term is a an* t2e common *i%%erence is & 52ile
in case o% an e!en number o% terms t2e mi**le terms are a &, a + & an* t2e common *i%%erences is 2&> i>e>
?i@ Selecting t5o terms o% .P. are a &, a + &>
?ii@ Selecting %our terms o% .P.> a A&, a &, a + &, a + A& an* so onF..
?iii@ Selecting 3 terms o% .P.> a Q *4 a4 a J *
?i!@ Selecting $ terms o% .P.>
a 2&, a &, a, a + &, a + 2&>
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
04 S#%e U!e3u Re!ut!
74 Su% t# n Te"%! #3 an A4P4
-2e sum Sn o% n terms o% an .P. 5it2 %irst term Na= an* common *i%%erence N&= is gi!en by
Sn D ?nK2@S2a J ?n Q 1@&T
lso4 Sn D ?nK2@Sa J lT4 52ere l D last term D a J ?n Q 1@&.
N#te4 se7uence is an .P. i% an* only i% t2e sum o% its n terms is o% t2e %orm n2 J :n4 52ere 4 : are constants. +n
suc2 a case4 t2e common *i%%erence o% t2e .P. is 2.
84 In!e"ti#n #3 A"it(%eti2 Mean!
+% bet5een t5o gi!en 7uantities a an* b 5e 2a!e to insert n 7uantities 14 24F4 n suc2 t2at a4 14 24Fn4 b %orm
an .P.4 t2en 5e say t2at 14 24F4 n are arit2metic means bet5een a an* b.
In!e"ti#n #3 n A"it(%eti2 Mean! &et5een a and b
&et 14 24F4n be n arit2metic means bet5een t5o 7uantities a an* b. -2en4
a4 14 24F4 n4 b is an .P.
&et & be t2e common *i%%erence o% t2is .P. )learly4 it contains ?n J 2@ terms.
-2ese are t2e re7uire* arit2metic means bet5een a an* b.
>4 Ge#%et"i2 P"#)"e!!i#n
se7uence o% non-Hero numbers is calle* a geometric progression ?or 1.P.@ i% t2e ratio o% a term an* t2e term
procee*ing to it is al5ays a constant 7uantity.
-2e constant ratio is calle* t2e common ratio o% t2e 1.P.
+n ot2er 5or*s4 a se7uence a
1
, a
2
, a
A
,C, an4Fis calle* a geometric progression i%
?anJ1@ K an D constant %or all n N
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
1#" e=a%pe4 '#o" t#at t#e se:uence )iFen by an 8 A 52
n
6> (or all n 1, is a 2>P> Also, (in& its common ratio>
S#uti#n4 .e 2a!e4 an 8 A 52
n
6
anJ1 D 3 ?2
n
J1@
No54 ?anJ1@Kan D 3?2
nJ1
@K3?2
n
@ D2
)learly4 ?anJ1@Kan D 2 ?constant@4 %or all n N. So4 t2e gi!en se7uence is an 1.P. 5it2 common ratio 2.
94 See2ti#n #3 Te"%! in G4P4
Sometimes i% is re7uire* to select a %inite number o% terms in 1.P. +t is al5ays con!enient i% 5e select t2e terms in
t2e %ollo5ing manner>
N#4 #3 te"%! Te"%! C#%%#n "ati#
3 a/r, a, ar R
4 a/r
A
, a/r, ar, ar
A
r
2
$ a/r
2
, a/r, a, ar, ar
2
R
+% t2e pro*uct o% t2e numbers is not gi!en4 t2en t2e numbers are ta/en as a, ar, ar
2
, ar
3
,C>>
$:4 P"#pe"tie! #3 Ge#%et"i2 P"#)"e!!i#n!
?i@ +% all t2e terms o% a 1.P. be multiplie* or *i!i*e* by t2e same non-Hero constant4 t2en it remains a 1.P. 5it2 t2e
same common ratio.
?ii@ -2e reciprocals o% t2e terms o% a gi!en 1.P. %orm a 1.P.
?iii@ +% eac2 term o% a 1.P. be raise* to t2e same po5er4 t2e resulting se7uence also %orms a 1.P.
?i!@ +n a %inite 1.P. t2e pro*uct o% t2e terms e7ui*istant %orm t2e beginning an* t2e en* is al5ays same an* is e7ual
to t2e pro*uct o% t2e %irst an* t2e last term.
?!@ -2ree non-Hero numbers4 a, b, c are in 1.P. i%% b
2
D ac.
?!i@ +% t2e terms o% a gi!en 1.P. are c2osen at regular inter!als4 t2en t2e ne5 se7uence so %orme* also %orms a 1.P.
?!ii@ +% a1, a2, aA4F4 an4Fis a 1.P. o% non-Hero non-negati!e terms4 t2en log a14 log a24F4 log an4F is an .P. an*
!ice-!ersa.
1#" e=a%pe4 -2e t2ir* term o% a 1.P. is 4. 9in* t2e pro*uct o% its %irst gi!e terms.
S#uti#n4 Let a be t#e (irst term an& r t#e common ratio> .#en,
a3 D 4 ar
2
D 4 FFFF ?i@
No54
Pro*uct o% %irst %i!e terms
D a1a2a3a4a$
$$4 Su% #3 Te"%! #3 a G4P4
?i@ -2e sum o% n terms o% a 1.P. 5it2 %irst term Na= an* common ratio Nr= is gi!en by
?ii@ +% l is t2e term o% t2e 1.P.4 t2en l D ar
n-1
?iii@ +% i r i Z 14 t2en lim r
n
D 0. -2ere%ore4 t2e sum S o% an in%inite 1.P. 5it2 common ratio r satis%ying i r i Z 1 is
gi!en by
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
-2us4 t2e sum S o% an in%inite 1.P. 5it2 %irst term a an* common ratio r?-1 Z r Z 1@ is gi!en by
EXERCISE
1. ;o5 many terms are t2ere in t2e P 204 2$4 304F 130.
?a@ 22
?b@ 23
?c@ 21
?*@ 24
2. :obby 5as appointe* to "S )areers in t2e pay scale o% Rs. ,000 Q $00 Q 124$00. %in* 2o5 many years 2e 5ill
ta/e top reac2 t2e ma#imum o% t2e scale.
?a@ 11 years
?b@ 10 years
?c@ 9 years
?*@ ' years
3. 9in* t2e 1
st
term o% an P 52ose '
t2
an* 12
t2
terms are respecti!ely 39 an* $9.
?a@ $
?b@ (
?c@ 4
?*@ 3
4. number o% s7uares are *escribe* 52ose perimeters are in 1P. -2en t2eir si*es 5ill be in
?a@ P
?b@ 1P
?c@ ;P
?*@ Not2ing can be sai*
$. -2ere is an P 14 34 $F .2ic2 term o% t2is P is $$R
?a@ 2,
t2

?b@ 2(
t2

?c@ 2$
t2

?*@ 2'
t2

(. ;o5 many terms are i*entical in t2e t5o Ps 1. 34 $4 F up to 120 terms an* 34 (4 94.. up to '0 termsR
?a@ 3'
?b@ 39
?c@ 40
?*@ 41
,. 9in* t2e lo5est number in an P suc2 t2at t2e sum o% all t2e terms is 10$ an* greatest term is ( times t2e least.
?a@ $
?b@ 10
?c@ 1$
?*@ 20
'. 9in* t2e 1$
t2
term o% t2e se7uence 204 1$4 104 F
?a@ -4$
?b@ -$$
?c@ -$0
?*@ 0
9. number 1$ *i!i*e* into t2ree parts 52ic2 are in P an* t2e sum o% t2eir s7uares is '3. 9in* t2e smallest
number.
?a@ $
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
?b@ 3
?c@ (
?*@ '
10. -2e sum o% t2e %irst 1( terms o% an P 52ose %irst term an* t2ir* term are $ an* 1$ respecti!ely is
?a@ (00
?b@ ,($
?c@ (40
?*@ ('0
11. -2e number o% terms o% series $4 J $1 J 4' J .. suc2 t2at t2e sum is $13 is
?a@ 1'
?b@ 19
?c@ :ot2 a an* b
?*@ None o% t2ese
12. -2e least !alue o% n %or 52ic2 t2e sum o% t2e series $ J 'J 11Fn terms is not less t2an (,0 is
?a@ 20
?b@ 19
?c@ 22
?*@ 21
13. man recei!es Rs. (0 %or t2e %irst 5ee/ an* Rs. 3 more eac2 5ee/ t2an t2e prece*ing 5ee/. ;o5 muc2 *oes
2e earn by t2e 20
t2
5ee/R
?a@ Rs. 1,,0
?b@ Rs. 1(20
?c@ Rs. 1'90
?*@ None o% t2ese
14. ;o5 many terms are t2ere in t2e 1P $4 204 '04 F204 4'0R
?a@ (
?b@ $
?c@ ,
?*@ '
1$. boy agrees to 5or/ at t2e rate o% one rupee on t2e %irst *ay4 t5o rupees on t2e secon* *ay4 %our rupees on t2e
t2ir* *ay4 an* so on. ;o5 muc2 5ill t2e boy get i% 2e starts 5or/i'ng on t2e 1
st
9ebruary an* %inis2es on t2e 20
t2
o% 9ebruaryR
?a@ 2
20

?b@ 2
20
Q 1
?c@ 2
19
Q 1
?*@ 2
19
1(. +% t2e %i%t2 term o% a 1P is '1 an* %irst term is 1(4 52at 5ill be t2e 4
t2
term o% 1PR
?a@ 3(
?b@ 1'
?c@ $4
?*@ 24
1,. -2e se!ent2 term o% a 1P is ' times t2e %ourt2 term. .2at 5ill be t2e %irst term 52en it=s %i%t2 term is 4'R
?a@ 4
?b@ 3
?c@ $
?*@ 2
1'. -2e sum o% t2ree numbers in a 1P is 14 an* t2e sum o% t2eir s7uares is '4. 9in* t2e largest number.
?a@ '
?b@ (
?c@ 4
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
?*@ None o% t2ese
19. -2e %irst term o% an arit2metic progression is unity an* t2e common *i%%erence is 4. 52ic2 o% t2e %ollo5ing 5ill
be a term o% t2is PR
?a@ 4$$1
?b@ 10091
?c@ ,''1
?*@ 13$31
20. ;o5 many natural numbers bet5een 300 to $00 are multiple o% ,R
?a@ 29
?b@ 2'
?c@ 2,
?*@ None o% t2ese
21. -2e sum o% t2e %irst an* t2e t2ir* term o% a geometric progression is 20 an* t2e sum o% its %irst t2ree terms is 2(.
9in* t2e progression.
?a@ 24 (4 1'4..
?b@ 1'4 (4 24..
?c@ :ot2 o% t2ese
?*@ )annot be *etermine*
22. +% a man sa!es Rs. 4 more eac2 year t2an 2e *i* t2e year be%ore an* i% 2e sa!es Rs. 20 in t2e %irst year4 a%ter 2o5
many years 5ill 2is sa!ings be more t2an Rs. 1000 altoget2erR
?a@ 19 years
?b@ 20 years
?c@ 21 years
?*@ 1' years
23. man=s salary is Rs. '00 per mont2 in t2e %irst year. ;e 2as Woine* in t2e scale o% '00 Q 40 Q 1(00. %ter 2o5
many years 5ill 2is sa!ings be Rs. (44'00R
?a@ ' years
?b@ , years
?c@ ( years
?*@ )annot be *etermine*
24. -2e 4
t2
an* 10
t2
term o% an 1P are 1K3 an* 243 respecti!ely. 9in* t2e 2
n*
term.
?a@ 3
?b@ 1
?c@ 1K2,
?*@ 1K9
2$. -2e ,
t2
an* 21
st
terms o% an P are ( an* -22 respecti!ely. 9in* t2e 2(
t2
term.
?a@ -34
?b@ -32
?c@ -12
?*@ -10
2(. -2e sum o% $ numbers in P is 30 an* t2e sum o% t2eir s7uares is 220. .2ic2 o% t2e %ollo5ing is t2e t2ir* termR
?a@ $
?b@ (
?c@ '
?*@ 9
2,. 9in* t2e sum o% all numbers in bet5een 10 Q $0 e#clu*ing all t2ose numbers 52ic2 are *i!isible by '.
?a@ 10,0
?b@ 1220
?c@ 1320
?*@ 11(0
2'. -2e sum o% t2e %irst %our terms o% an P is 2' an* sum o% t2e %irst eig2t terms o% t2e same P is ''. 9in* t2e
sum o% t2e %irst 1( terms o% t2e PR
?a@ 34(
?b@ 340
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
?c@ 304
?*@ 2('
29. 9in* t2e general term o% t2e 1P 5it2 t2e t2ir* term 1 an* t2e se!ent2 term '.
?a@ ?2
3K4
@
n-3

?b@ ?2
3K2
@
n-3
?c@ ?2
3K4
@
3-n
?*@ None o% t2ese

30. 9in* t2e number o% terms o% t2e series 1K'14 -1K2,4 1K94F -,29.
?a@ 11
?b@ 12
?c@ 10
?*@ 13
31. 9our geometric means are inserte* bet5een 1K' an* 12'. %in* t2e t2ir* geometric mean.
?a@ 4
?b@ 1(
?c@ 32
?*@ '
32. an* : are t5o numbers 52ose " is 2$ an* 1" is ,. .2ic2 %o t2e %ollo5ing may be a !alue o% R
?a@ 10
?b@ 20
?c@ 49
?*@ 2$
33. -5o numbers an* : are suc2 t2eir 1" is 20[ lo5er t2an t2eir m. 9in* t2e ratio bet5een t2e numbers.
?a@ 3 > 2
?b@ 4 > 1
?c@ 2 > 1
?*@ 3 > 1
34. man sa!es Rs. 100 in aanuary 2002 an* increases 2is sa!ings by Rs. $0 e!ery mont2 o!er t2e pre!ious mont2.
.2at is t2e annual sa!ings %or t2e man in t2e year 2002R
?b@ Rs. 4200
?c@ Rs. 4$00
?*@ 4000
?e@ None o% t2ese
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
STATISTICS
$4 A"it(%eti2 Mean
+i, Mean #3 un2a!!i3ied data. &et x14 x24 F.4 xn be n obser!ations4 t2en t2eir arit2metic mean is gi!en by
x D #1J#2JF..J#nKn D 1Kn
n
i
xi
1
+ii, Mean #3 )"#uped data. &et x1, x2, xA4F4 xn be n obser!ations an* let (1, (2,C, (n be t2eir correspon*ing
%re7uencies4 t2en t2eir arit2metic mean is gi!en by
+ + +
+ + +
n
i
i
n
i
i i
n
n n
(
x (
( ( (
x ( x ( x (
x
1
1
2 1
2 2 1 1
3
....
...
-4 'ei)(ted A"it(%eti2 Mean
+% "14 "24 "34F4 "n are t2e 5eig2ts assigne* to t2e !alues x14 x24 x34 4F4 xn respecti!ely4 t2en t2e 5eig2te*
a!erage is *e%ine* as>
n
n n
" " "
x " x " x "
0 Gei)#te&A
+ + +
+ +
....
....
. .
2 1
2 2 1 1
.4 C#%&ined Mean
+% 5e are gi!en t2e .". o% t5o *ata sets an* t2eir siHes4 t2en t2e combine* .". o% t5o *ata sets can be
obtaine* by t2e %ormula
2 1
2
3
2
1
3
1
12
3
n n
x n x n
x
+
+
52ere x12 D )ombine* mean o% t2e t5o *ata sets 1 an* 2

x1 D mean o% t2e %irst *ata
#2 D "ean o% t2e secon* *ata
n1 D SiHe o% t2e %irst *ata
n2 D SiHe o% t2e secon* *ata.
/4 Ge#%et"i2 Mean
+% #14 #24 #3 are n obser!ations4 none o% t2em being Hero4 t2en t2eir geometric mean is *e%ine* as
1.". D ?x14 x24 x3F.xn@
1Kn
04 Ha"%#ni2 Mean
-2e 2armonic mean o% n obser!ation x14 x24F..4 xn is *e%ine* as>

,
_
n
i i
i
n
i
i
x
(
(
0 *
1
1
. .
74 Reati#n a%#n) A4M; G4M4 And H4M4
-2e arit2metic mean ?.".@4 geometric mean ?1.".@ an* 2armonic mean ?;.".@ %or a gi!en set o%
obser!ations are relate* as un*er>
.". 1.". ;.".
67uality sign 2ol* only 52en all t2e obser!ations are e7ual.
84 Median
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
+i, Median #3 an individua !e"ie!4 &et n be t2e number o% obser!ations.
+A, rrange t2e *ata in ascen*ing or *escen*ing or*er.
+B, +a, I3 n i! #dd; t(en
"e*ian D !alue o% t2e \ ?nJ1@t2 obser!ation
+&, i3 n i! even; t(en
"e*ian D mean o% t2e ?nK2@t2 an* ?nK2 J 1@t2 obser!ation
+ii, Median #3 a di!2"ete !e"ie!
+A, rrange t2e !alues o% t2e !ariate in ascen*ing or *escen*ing or*er.
+B, Prepare a commulati!e %re7uency table.
+C, +a, +% n is o**4 t2en "e*ian D siHe o% t2e ??nJ1@K2@t2 term
+&, +% n is e!en4 t2en
"e*ian D siHe o% t2e
,
_
,
_
+ +
,
_
2
1
2 2
n n
t# term
?iii@ me*ian o% a )ontinuous Series
?i!@ Prepare t2e commulati!e %re7uency table.
+B, 9in* t2e me*ian class4 i>e. t2e class in 52ic2 t2e ?nK2@t# obser!ation lies.
+C, -2e me*ian !alue is gi!en by t2e %ormula
"e*ian D l J 4
2
#
(
c
n
(
,
_

,
_
52ere
l D lo5er limit o% t2e me*ian class
n D total %re7uency
( D %re7uency o% t2e me*ian class
# D 5i*t2 o% t2e me*ian class
c( D cumulati!e %re7uency o% t2e class
prece*ing t2e me*ian class.
>4 Qua"tie!; De2ie! and pe"2entie!
+a, 1#" un)"#uped data 8uartiles are also a /in* o% positional a!erages 52ic2 *i!i*e t2e complete
%re7uency *istribution into %our e7ual parts.
8r D nrK4 M r D 14 24 3
0ecline *i!i*e t2e %re7uency *istribution into 10 e7ual parts.
$r D nrK10 M r D 14 24 3FF 9
Percentiles *i!i*e it into 100 e7ual parts
Pr D nrK100 M r D 14 24 34FF.99
+&, 9or groupe* *ata rrange *ata is ascen*ing or*er an* prepare cumulati!e %re7uency
3 4 2 4 1 M
4

,
_
+ r
(
i
,
1r
l /
r
9 ..... 3 4 2 4 1 M
10

,
_
+ r
(
i
,
1r
l $
r
99 ..... 3 4 2 4 1 M
100

,
_
+ r
(
i
,
1r
l P
r
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
52ere l is lo5er limit o% t2e re7uire* class4 i is class inter!al4 ( is %re7uency o% t2e class an* , is sum o% all
%re7uencies Wust abo!e t2e class o% 7uartileK*ecileKpercentile.
94 M#de
+i, M#de #3 individua !e"ie! +n t2e case o% in*i!i*ual series4 t2e !alue 52ic2 is repeate* ma#imum number o%
times is t2e mo*e o% t2e series.
+ii, M#de #3 di!2"ete !e"ie! +n t2e case o% *iscrete %re7uency *istribution4 mo*e is t2e !alue o% t2e !ariate
correspon*ing to t2e ma#imum %re7uency.
+iii, M#de #3 2#ntinu#u! !e"ie!
+A, 9in* t2e mo*al class4 i.e. t2e class 52ic2 2as ma#imum %re7uency. -2e mo*al class can be *etermine* eit2er by
inspection or 5it2 t2e 2elp o% grouping table.
+B, -2e mo*e is gi!en by t2e %ormula "o*e D l J ?(m Q (m-1K2(m Q (m-1 Q (mJ1@ #4
52ere
l D t2e lo5er limit o% t2e mo*al class
# D t2e 5i*t2 o% t2e mo*al class
(m-1 D t2e %re7uency o% t2e class prece*ing mo*al class
(m D t2e %re7uency o% t2e mo*al class
(mJ1 D t2e %re7uency o% t2e class succee*ing mo*al class.
+n case4 t2e mo*al !alue lies in a class ot2er t2an t2e one containing ma#imum %re7uency4 5e ta/e t2e 2elp
o% t2e %ollo5ing %ormula
"o*e D l J (mJ1K(m-1J(mJ1 #4
52ere symbols 2a!e usual meaning.
*istribution in 52ic2 mean4 me*ian an* mo*e coinci*e is calle* a symmetrical *istribution. +% t2e
*istribution is mo*erately s/e5e*4 t2en mo*e can be calculate* as %ollo5s>
"o*e D 3 "e*ian Q 2 "ean.
$:4 Mea!u"e! #3 Di!pe"!i#n
+i, Ran)e +t is t2e *i%%erence bet5een t2e greatest an* t2e smallest obser!ation o% t2e *istribution.
+% L is t2e largest an* ' is t2e smallest obser!ation in a *istribution4 t2en its Range D L Q '. lso.
)oe%%icient o% range D &-SK&JS
+ii, Qua"tie Deviati#n 8uartile *e!iation or semi-inter7uartile range is gi!en by
8.0. D \ ?83 Q 81@
)oe%%icient o% 8.0. D 83 Q 81K83J81
+iii, Mean deviati#n 9or a %re7uency *istribution4 t2e mean *e!iation %rom an a!erage ?me*ian4 or arit2metic mean@
is gi!en by
n
i
i
n
i
i
(
x xi (
$ 0
1
1
3
i i
. .
)oe%%icient o% ".0. D "ean *e!iationK)orrespon*ing a!erage
?i!@ Stan*ar* *e!iation -2e stan*ar* *e!iation o% a statistical *ata is *e%ine* as t2e positi!e s7uare root o% t2e
s7uare* *e!iations o% obser!ations %rom t2e .". o% t2e series un*er consi*eration.
+A, Stan*ar* *e!iation ?also *enote* by @ %or ungroupe* set o% obser!ations is gi!en by

1
x x (
$ '
n
i
i i
1
2
3
@ ?
. .
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
+B, Stan*ar* *e!iation %or %re7uency *istribution is gi!en by4

1
x x (
$ '
n
i
i i
1
2
3
@ ?
. .
52ere4 (i is t2e %re7uency o% xi?1 i n@.
$$4 SAe5ne!!
.e stu*y s/e5ness to 2a!e an i*ea about t2e s2ape o% t2e cur!e 52ic2 5e can *ra5 5it2 t2e 2elp o% t2e
gi!en *ata. -2e term Ns/e5ness= re%ers to lac/ o% symmetry. .e can *e%ine s/e5ness o% a *istribution as t2e
ten*ency o% a *istribution to *epart %rom symmetry.
+i, +n a symmetrical *istribution4 5e 2a!e
mean D me*ian D mo*e.
+ii, .2en t2e *istribution is not symmetrical4 it is calle* asymmetrical or s/e5e*.
+n a s/e5e* *istribution "ean "e*ian "o*e.
Note>
+a, bsolute measures o% s/e5ness.
?i@ S/ D mean Q me*ian ?ii@ S/ D mean Q mo*e
?iii@ S/ D 83 J 81 Q 282 or S/ D 83 J 81 Q 2 ?me*ian@.
+&, Relati!e measures o% s/e5ness. -2e %ollo5ing are %our important relati!e measures o% s/e5ness>
+i, Uarl Pearson=s coe%%icient o% s/e5ness
S/ D mean Q mo*eKStan*ar* *e!iation
+% mo*e is 5ell *e%ine* t2en using t2e relation4
"o*e D 3 me*ian Q 2 mean4
9or a mo*erately s/e5e* *istribution4 5e get
S/ D 3 ?mean Q me*ian@KStan*ar* *e!iation.
+% %ollo5s t2at S/ D 04 i% mean D mo*e D me*ian.
+ii, E%pi"i2a "eati#n!(ip!. +% t2e *ata is mo*erately non-symmetrical4 t2en t2e %ollo5ing empirical relations2ips
2ol*>
"ean *e!iation D 4K$
Semi-inter-7uartile range D 2K3 .
Probable error o% stan*ar* *e!iation D 2K3 D Semi-inter-7uartile range
8uartile *e!iation D $K( ".0.
9rom t2ese relations2ip4 5e 2a!e
4 S.0. D $ ".0. D ( 8.0.
EXERCISE
1. 9rom t2e %ollo5ing %re7uency table>
"ar/s 0 Q 20 20 - 40 40 Q (0 (0 Q '0 '0 Q 100
9re7uency 2 $ 13 12 3
?i@ 9in* t2e number o% stu*ents securing mar/s Z (0.
?ii@ 9in* t2e number o% stu*ents securing mar/s '0.
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
1. 204 3
2. 204 1$
3. 1$4 '
4. None o% t2ese
2. 9in* t2e arit2metic mean o% '4 -24 94 (4 1,4 134 12.
1. 11
2. 19
3. 9
4. 0
3. 9in* t2e arit2metic mean o% $K44 -,K(4 2K34 -4 an* (.
1. 11K20
2. 9K20
3. 13K20
4. 11K10
4. +% t2e arit2metic mean o% ,4 (4 $4 94 #4 '4 , is ( t2en %in* #.
1. 1
2. Q 1
3. 0
4. Q 2
$. +n a *istribution4 44 34 24 1 occur 5it2 %re7uencies 14 24 34 4 respecti!ely. -2en %in* t2e arit2metic mean.
1. $
2. 4
3. 2
4. '
(. +n a *istribution4 (4 44 '4 3 occur 5it2 %re7uencies 44 24 $4 1 respecti!ely. -2en %in* t2e arit2metic mean.
1. $.,,
2. (.2$
3. 4.$
4. (.1$
,. 9or t2e %ollo5ing *ata4 %in* t2e arit2metic mean.
` 1 2 4 ( 12
9re7uency 12 ( 3 2 1
1. $
2. 2.$
3. (
4. 1.$
'. )alculate t2e mean age ?in years@.
ge ?in years@ 4( 41 4$ 44 43 43
Number o%
Persons
$ $ , 12 13 '
1. 44.1,
2. 43.4(
3. 42.,'
4. 41.23
9. -2e me*ian o% t2e *ata set 1$4 2$4 434 244 214 1,4 1(4 an* 20 is
1. 21
2. 20.$
3. 20
4. 41
10. 9in* t2e me*ian o% Q 34 - $4 - '4 04 - 104 24 3.
1. 2.$
2. Q 2. $
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
3. Q 3
4. None o% t2ese
11. +% t2e me*ian o% #K44 #4 #K44 #K24 an* `K34 ?#Y0@ is '4 t2en %in* #.
1. 24
2. 9(K,
3. 12
4. None o% t2ese
12. "o*e o% t2e *ata set ,4 $4 124 94 114 124 (4 $4 '4 114 124 114 1'4 an* 11 is
1. $
2. 11
3. 12
4. 10
13. 9in* t2e mo*e o% 104 94 '4 34 104 114 10.
1. 14
2. '
3. 12
4. 10
14. 9in* t2e mo*e %or>
;eig2t in cm 1$ 2, 23 21 19 1,
Number o%
Plants
1 2 ( 12 , $
1. $
2. (
3. 21
4. 10
1$. -2e sales in a s2op o% men=s s2oes o% *i%%erent siHes in a mont2 are gi!en belo5
SiHe ?in inc2es@ , ,.$ ' '.$ 9 9.$ 10 10.$ 11
Number o% s2oes sol* $ 9 20 32 2' 43 24 11 (
9in* t2e mo*e
1. 43
2. 9.$
3. 9
4. 2'
1(. 1i!en t2at t2e mean an* mo*e o% a unimo*al *istribution are 24.$ an* 24.12$ respecti!ely. 9in* t2e me*ian.
1. 21
2. 20.$
3. 24.3,$
4. 24.32$
1,. -2e rit2metic mean an* me*ian o% a unimo*al *istribution are 39 an* 3' respecti!ely .%in* t2e mo*e.
1. 24
2. 3(
3. 34
4. 2,
1'. -2e range o% t2e *ata set 1$4 '4 34 24 114 an* 12 is
1. (
2. 13
3. ,
4. 1(
19. 9in* t2e range o% 3$4 394 404 414 424 4$4 404 ,04 ($4 ,14 3(4 $$4 (24 (1.
1. 4(
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
2. 3(
3. 4$
4. 3,
20. Stan*ar* 0e!iation o% t2e *ata set 04 14 24 34 4 is
1. 1.414
2. 1K2
3. 2
4. (.2$
21. 9in* t2e stan*ar* *e!iation o% 104 204 304 40 an* $0.
1. 200
2. 14.14
3. 11.14
4. None o% t2ese
22. 9in* t2e !ariance o% 144 '4 1(4 124 10.
1. 2.'2
2. '
3. (
4. 1.41
23. 9in* t2e !ariance o% 14 34 (4 $4 10.
1. 9.2
2. $.,
3. 11.1
4. None o% t2ese
24. +% 0 is t2e sum o% t2e s7uares o% t2e *e!iations %orm t2e mean o% N obser!ations4 t2en its stan*ar* *e!iation is
1. 0KN
2. 0KN
3. 0KN
4. 0KN
2$. -2e stan*ar* *e!iation o% a *ata set is 4. t2en its !ariance is
1. 1
2. 1(
3. '
4. 2
2(. +n a gi!en *istribution4 t2e stan*ar* *e!iation is N*=. 6ac2 *ata element in t2e *istribution is *ouble*. .2at is
t2e !alue o% t2e stan*ar* *e!iation o% t2e ne5 *ata setR
1. *
2. 2*
3. *2
4. *K2
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
PROGRESSIONS
____________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise-1
1. A series in which every term beginning from the second is obtained by adding a fixed number to the
term preceding it, is called a _________
a) Geometric Progression
b) Arithmetic Progression
c) armonic Progression
d) A series in general
-4 A series in which the nth and !n " 1)th terms are denoted by tn and tn"1 is called an Arithmetic
Progression if for all n # $,
a, tn"tn"1 is a constant
&,
tn
t t n n
1
1
is a constant
2,
t t n n 1
1 1
is a constant
d,
t t n n 1
+
is a constant
%. &hich of the following series form an Arithmetic Progression'
a) $, 1, $(%, )
b) $, 1, *, "1
c) $, 1, ), +
d, 1, 1, $, %
/4 &hat is the 1$
th
term of the se,uence whose nth term is
(
@ 1 2 ? @ 1 ? + + n n n
'
a) %-.
b) 1%
c) $/
d) -/*
04 0f tn of a series is given by tn 1 !n 2 1) !n 2 $), the second term is __________
a) 1
b) $
c) %
d) *
74 3he nth term of a series is given by an 4 b5 then the 1
st
term is ___________
a) 1
b) a
c) b
d) a 4 b
6. 3he nth term of an A.P. is given to be an 4 b5 the common difference is _______
a) a
b) b
c) a 4 b
d) a 2 b6
3he nth term of a series is given to be %n 2 1. &hat 7ind of progression is it'
a) A.P.
b) G.P.
c) .P.
d) 8one of these
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
9. 3he nth term of a series is given to be %n 2 1. &hat 7ind of progression is it'
a) A.P.
b) G.P.
c) .P.
d) 8one of these
:. 0f tn of a series is given by / 2 %n, it is a __________
a) A.P.
b) G.P.
c) .P.
d) 8one of these
1*. 3he nth term of an A.P. whose initial term is 1 and the common difference is %, is _______
a) 1 4 n
b) 1 4 %n
c) %n 2 $
d) %n " 1
$$4 0f the 1
st
and the /
th
terms of an A.P. are respectively / and 16, the common difference is _______
a) $..
b) %
c) .
d) $
$-4 3he /
th
term and the 16 the terms of an A.P. are 1% and %6 respectively. 3hen the 1
st
term is _______
a) %
b) /
c) 6
d) 9
$.4 3he 1/
th
term of the series %, /, 6, :,;is ______
a) $:
b) %1
c) %%
d) ./
$/4 3he 1$
th
term of the series /, 1., $% _____ is
a) $%:
b) 1**
c) 1*.
d) :**
$04 &hat is the 1*
th
term of the series $1, 1:, 16, 1/ ________
a) 1
b) %
c) 11
d) "1
$74 3he nth term of the A.P. with initial term a and common difference d is given by tn 1
a) a 4 nd
b) a 4 !n 2 1)d
c) a 2 nd
d) an 4 d
$84 3he 1
st
term of an A.P. is .9 and this common difference is "$. &hich term of the series is <*='
a) $.
b) $-
c) $/
d) $*
19. 0f a, x, b are in A.P., then x is called the ________ of a and b.
a) Geometric mean
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
b) armonic mean
c) Arithmetic mean
d) 3he second term
1:. 0f x is the Arithmetic >ean of a ? b, then x 1
a)
2
b a +
b)
2
a b
c)
ab
d)
b a
ab
+
2
$*. 0n the series %, 6, 11, 1/, ______, the first term that exceeds 1** is the ____th term.
a) $/
b) $-
c) $.
d) %*
$1. 0f % A.>.=s are inserted between ". and ., the common difference of the series formed 0 ________
a) "$
b) $
c) %
d) 1
$$. @ommon difference of the series in A.P. 1%, 9, %, "$, ___ is ___
a) /
b) 1*
c) ".
d) "/
$%. 3he A.>. between ) and 1(% is ______
a) /(-
b) /(1$
c) 1$(/
d) -(/
$.. 3he tenth term of the A.P. 1%, 9, %, "$ _____ is
a) "%$
b) %$
c) "/6
d) "/$
$/. 3here are n arithmetic means between and b. 3heir common difference is
a)
1 +
+
n
a b
b)
a b
n
+
+1
c)
1 +
n
a b
d)
1 + n
ab
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
Exercise-2
1. 3he sum of n A.>.s inserted between a and b is _______
a) !a 4 b) n
&,
2
n
!a 4 b)
2,
2
n
!b " a)
d) $n !a 4 b)
-4 3he first term of an A.P. is a5 @ommon difference is d5 sum to n terms denoted by An 1 _______
a) $a 4 !n 2 1) d
&,
2
n
Ba 4 !n 2 1)dC
2,
2
n
B$a 4 !n 2 1)dC
d) Ba 4 !n 2 1)dC
%. 3here are n terms in an A.P., the first term is a, the last term is 0. 3heir sum is _______
a) n !a 4 1)
b) n !a 2 a)
2,
2
n
Ba 4 1C
d,
2
n
B1 " aC
/4 3he first and the last terms of an A.P. are % and %: respectively. 0f the number of terms is n, then An 1
____
a) n !%: 4 %)
b) $1n
c) 19n
d) %-n
04 &hich of the following is written under the formula
+
R
2
@ 1 ?n n
a, 1
$
4 $
$
4 %
$
4 ;.. 4 n
$
&, 1
%
4 $
%
4 %
%
4 ;.. 4 n
%
c) 1 4 % 4 - 4 1* 4 ;..
d) 1 4 $ 4 % 4 . 4 ;. n
74 3he sum of the 1
st
1* terms of an A.P. 1 . times the sum of the first / terms= then the ratio of the 1
st
term to the common difference is _____
a) 1 D $
b) $ D 1
c) 1 D .
d) . D 1
6. 3he pth term of an A.P. is , and the ,th term is p. 3hen the common difference is ______
a) 1
b) p 2 ,
c) , 2 p
d) "1
>4 3he pth term of an A.P. is , and the ,th term is p. 3hen the 1
st
term is _______
a) p 4 , 2 1
b) p 4 , 4 1
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
c) , 2 p 2 1
d) , 2 p 4 1
:. 3he mth term of an A.P. is n and the nth term is m. 3hen the !m 4 n)th term is ________
a) m 4 n
b) m 2 n
c) n 2 m
d) *
1*. A series in which every term beginning from the second bears a constant ratio to its predecessor,
then the series is said to be a ________
a) A.P.
b) G.P.
c) .P.
d) A general series
$$4 0f a is the 1
st
term of a G.P. and r is the common ratio, the nth term denoted by tn is given by tn 1
_______
a, a
n
r
&, ar
n
2, ar
n"1
d) a.r!n 2 1)
$-4 0f the nth term of a series is /. !"%)
n
, then it is a _______
a) G.P.
b) .P.
c) A.P.
d) 8one of these
$.4 3he nth term of a G.P. is %.$
n"1
. 3hen the common ratio is ________
a) %
b) $
c) )
d) /
$/4 3he second term of a G.P. is $ and its -
th
term is %$5 the common ratio is ________
a) $
b) -
c) "$
d) $ or "$
1/. &hat is the nth term of the se,uence ., 1$, %-, ______ '
a, ..%
n
&, .
n"1
.%
2, ..%
n"1
d, ..%
n41
$74 3he $
nd
and the /
th
terms of a G.P. are $ and +. 3hen the common ratio is
a) )
b) "1($
c) ) or "1($
d) "$
16. 0f a, b, c are in G.P., the a(b 1
a) b(c
b) b(a
c) a(c
d) c(b
$>4 3he common ratio of the series + + +
2
3
1
3
1
1 _______ is ________
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
a) 1(%
b) "1(%
c) "$(%
d) %
1:. 3he common ratio of the series %"-41$"$.4.9 ______ is
a) 1$
b) "1($
c) "$
d) "%
-:4 3he common ratio of the series ., 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 ______ is _______
a)
2
b)
2
1
c)
2
1
d)
2
1
$1. 0f the geometric mean between a and b is x5 then x 1 _______
a)
2
b a +
b)
2
ab
c)
ab
d) ab
$$. 0f a, b, c, are in G.P., then _______
a, a
$
1 bc
&, b
$
1 ac
2, c
$
1 ab
d)
2
c a
b
+
$%. 0f n positive geometric means are inserted between two positive numbers a and b, then their common
ratio is ________
a)
1 +
n
a b
b
b)
1 +
n
a b
c)
1 + n
a
b
d)
1 +
+
n
b a
$.. 3he product of n geometric means inserted between a and b is ______
a, !ab)
n"1
&, !ab)
n41
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
2, !ab)
n($
d, ab
n($
-04 0f An is the sum of n terms of the G.P. a, ar, ar
$
, ______, then An 1
a)
1
@ 1 ?
r
r a
n
&, a !r
n"1
"1)
c)
1
1
r
ar
n
d)
1 r
ar
n
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
MATRICES
____________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise-1
1. A matrix is _________
a) a set of numbers
b) an arrangement of numbers in a column
c) an arrangement of numbers in a column
d) an arrangement of numbers in rows and columns such that there are e,ual number of elements
in each row and e,ual number of elements in each column
$. A matrix is said to be of order m x n if it has _______
a) m and n as its elements
b) mn elements
c) m rows and n columns
d) m columns and n rows
%. &hich of the following is a matrix of the order $ x %'
a)

,
_
2 1
1 2
b)

,
_
3 2 3
1 3 2
c)
,
_
3 1
2 3
3 2
d) ( ) c b a
.. A matrix is said to be rectangular if it has
a) more columns than rows
b) more rows than columns
c) une,ual number of rows and columns
d) as many columns as rows
/. A row matrix is matrix which contains
a) only rows and no columns
b) only one row
c) une,ual number of rows and columns
d) as many columns as rows
-. A column matrix is a matrix which has
a) only columns and no rows
b) more columns than rows
c) all elements of a column are Eeroes
d) only one column
6. An example of a row matrix is
a)
,
_
3
2
1
b) ( ) ' $ 2
c)

,
_
, 2 3
3 $ 2
d)
,
_
, ,
2 $
3 2
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
9. An example of a column matrix is __________
a) ( ) ' $ 1
b)
,
_
3 ,
2 $
1 3
c)
,
_
'
,
3
d)
,
_
3 $ 0
2 3 0
1 2 0
:. &hich of the following may be the order of a row matrix'
a) $ x 1
b) 1 x %
c) $ x $
d) $ x /
1*. &hich of the following cannot be the order of a row matrix'
a) 1 x %
b) 1 x /
c) 1 x .
d) $ x 1
11. &hich of the following can be the order of a column matrix'
a) 1 x %
b) % x 1
c) . x $
d) $ x $
1$. &hich of the following is a rectangular matrix'
a)

,
_
0 3 2
3 2 1
b)

,
_
3 4
4 3
c)
,
_
( 1 $
1 2 4
$ 4 3
d)

,
_
2 0
$ 1
1%. A matrix is said to be a s,uare matrix if it has ________
a) all its elements perfect s,uares
b) e,ual number of columns and rows
c) if all elements of a row are e,ual
d) if all its elements are e,ual
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
1.. 3he example for a s,uare matrix is ______
a) ( ) 3 2
b)

,
_
2
3
c)
,
_
3
2
1
d)

,
_
0 0
1 1
1/. 3wo matrices are said to be e,ual if
a) they contain exactly the same elements
b) they have an e,ual number of elements
c) if they are of the same order
d) if they are of the same order and the elements are e,ual to the corresponding elements of the
other, each to each.
$74 if
,
_
,
_
+
' 2
$ '
2 2
$ 3
y
x
a) x 1 115 y 1 -
b) x 1 11 y 1 1*
c) x 1 /5 y 1 1*
d) x 1 /5 y 1 -
16. A Eero matrix is a matrix which has ________
a) no elements at all
b) all elements of a column are Eeroes
c) all its elements Eeroes
d) all elements of a row Eeroes
19. A is matrix5 the matrix obtained by interchanging its rows and columns is 7nown as ______ of A.
a) inverse of A
b) transpose of A
c) s,uare of A
d) none of these
1:. 3he transpose of A is denoted by ________
a) 2A
&, A
"1
2, A
3
d) A3
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
-:4 &hich of the following is the transpose of A if
,
_
4 $
2 1
3 2
A
a)
,
_
$ 1
1 2
2 3
b)

,
_
4 2 3
$ 1 2
c)

,
_
$ 1 2
4 2 3
d)

,
_
4 $ 2
1 3 2
$1. Fne of the following matrices has its transpose 1 the matrix itself. &hich is it'
a)
,
_
3 2 $
2 4 2
$ 2 3
b)

,
_
( $ 4
3 2 1
c)
,
_
( $
4 3
2 1
d)
,
_
$ (
3 4
1 2
--4 >atrix A is of the order % x $5 the order of A
3
is _________
a) % x $
b) % x %
c) $ x $
d) $ x %
-.4

,
_
$ 4
3 2
A
5 the transpose of the transpose of A 1
a)

,
_
3 4
$ 2
b)

,
_
4 3
$ 2
c)

,
_
$ 3
4 2
d)

,
_
$ 4
3 2
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
-/4 0f A and A
3
are of the same order, then A must be
a) a column matrix
b) a row matrix
c) a s,uare matrix
d) a null matrix
-04 A is a s,uare matrix of order % x %5 A
3
is its transpose. 3hen ________
a, the elements of the principal diagonal of A are e,ual to the corresponding elements of the
principal diagonal of A
3
&, the elements of the two diagonals of A are e,ual to the corresponding elements of those of A
3
c) the elements at the ends of rows are e,ual in both.
d) 8one of these.
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
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040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
Exercise-2
1. A scalar matrix is a s,uare matrix in which
a) all elements Eeroes
b) all elements of the principal diagonal are e,ual non"Eero numbers
c) all elements of the principal diagonal are e,ual non"Eero numbers and the others are Eeroes.
d) All elements of the principal diagonal are e,ual non"Eeroes.
$. &hich of the following is a scalar matrix'
a)

,
_
$ 2 1
$ 1 2
b)
,
_
$ $
2 1
1 2
c)
,
_
2 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 2
d)
,
_
0 0 2
0 2 0
2 0 0
%. A unit matrix is a s,uare matrix in which
a) all elements are ones
b) all elements of the principal diagonal are ones
c) all elements of the principal diagonal are Eeros and the others are all non"Eero numbers
d) all elements of the principal diagonal are ones and the other elements are Eeros
.. &hich of the following is a unit matrix'
a)

,
_
2 0
0 2
b)

,
_
0 1
1 0
c)

,
_
1 1
1 1
d)

,
_
1 0
0 1
/. Addition of the two matrices is defined only if ________
a) the two matrices are s,uare matrices
b) the two matrices are of the some order
c) one of them is the transpose of the other
d) both are rectangular matrices or both s,uare matrices
74 3he addition of A and A
3
is defined if _________
a) A is null matrix
b) A is column matrix
c) A is row matrix
d) A is s,uare matrix
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
84 A 1
,
_
1 2 $
2 1 3
, G 1
,
_
0 0 1
1 0 0
5 then A 4 G 1 ________
a)

,
_
1 2 (
3 1 3
b)

,
_
0 0 $
2 0 0
c)
,
_
1 2
2 1
( 3
d) not defined
9. A and G are two matrices on which addition if defined. A 4 G 1 G 4 A 1 A. 3hen _______
a) A is Eero matrix
b) G is Eero matrix
c) A and G are Eero matrices
d) A is a unit matrix
94 A and G are two matrices such that A 4 G 1 *$x%. 3hen G is called _______
a) 3he transpose of A
b) 3he inverse of A
c) 3he additive inverse of A
d) 8one of these
$:4 3he additive inverse of A if A 1
,
_
4 2
$ 3
is
a)

,
_
0 0
0 0
b)

,
_

4 2
$ 3
c)

,
_

4 2
$ 3
d)

,
_

4 2
$ 3
$$4 0f A 1
,
_
, (
$ 4
5 G 1
,
_
$ 4
3 2
, then A"G 1 __________
a)

,
_
, (
$ 2
b)

,
_
2 2
2 2
c)

,
_
2
, $
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
d)

,
_
3 2
$ 4
$-4 A 1
,
_
$ 4
4 3
and G 1 unit matrix of order $ x $5 then A 4 G 1 _______
a)

,
_
, (
$ 4
b)

,
_
( 4
4 4
c)

,
_
$ $
$ 3
d)

,
_
$ 4
4 3
$.4 P 1
,
_
4 3
2 1
, then /P 1 ________
a)

,
_
4 3
10 $
b)

,
_
20 1$
2 1
c)

,
_
20 1$
10 $
d)

,
_
20 3
2 $
$/4 0f A 1
,
_
0 2
' 4
and %A 2 $G 1 * then G 1 ________
a)

,
_
0 1
$ 2
b)

,
_
0 3
12 (
c)

,
_
0 2
9 (
d)

,
_
0 2
12 (
1/. Product of two matrices A and G, denoted by AG is defied only when ________
a) both are s,uare matrices of the some order
b) G is the transpose of A
c) when G has as many columns as A has rows
d) when G has many rows as A has columns
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
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040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
1-. 0f A is of order m x n and G is of order n x P. then AG is of order _______
a) m x n
b) n x p
c) m x p
d) p x m
$84 A 1
,
_
4 2 1
$ 3 2
5 G is one of the following matrices, such that AG is defined 3hen G 1 _________
a)

,
_
(4 $ 4
3 2 1
b)
,
_
( 3
$ 2
4 1
c) ( ) 3 2 1
d)

,
_
0 1
2 2
19. A is a matrix of order % x $5 G is a matrix such that AG is defined. &hich of the following can the order
of G be'
a) % x $
b) $ x $
c) % x 1
d) 1 x %
1:. A is of order of $ x 1 and G is order 1 x $5 the order of AG 1 ______
a) 1 x 1
b) $ x 1
c) $ x $
d) 1 x $
$*. A is of order 1 x $ and AG is of order 1 x %5 then G is of order ________
a) 1 x $
b) $ x %
c) 1 x %
d) % x 1
$1. AG is of orde $ x %5 if G also is of order $ x % then A is of order
a) $ x %
b) $ x $
c) % x $
d) % x %
--4 0f A 1
,
_
( $
4 3
1 2
and G 1
,
_
$
2
1
then AG 1 ________
a)
,
_
$
(
2
b)
,
_
1'
'
1
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3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
c)
,
_
13
4
3
d) does not exist
-.4 A 1
,
_
4 3
2 1
5 G 1
,
_
0 1
2 3
5 then AG 1 _______
a)

,
_
0 3
4 3
b)

,
_
4 4
4 4
c)

,
_
2 1
14 9
d)

,
_
( 13
2 $
-/4 3he product of A and A
3
is always a
a) unit matrix
b) a s,uare matrix
c) a rectangular matrix
d) a scalar matrix
$/. Give A G, @, F are matrices of the same order, only one of the following 0 false. &hat is it'
a) A 4 G 1 G 4 A
b) !A 4 G) 4 @ 1 A 4 !G 4 @)
c) F 4 A 1 A 4 F 1 A
d) AG 1 GA
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1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1$0 -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
STATEMENTS
____________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise-1
1. A sentence which if either true or false but not both is called
a) open sentence
b) statement
c) expression
d) negation
$. &hich of the following is a statement'
a) x 4 . 1 6
b) &hat is % 4 . '
2, x
$
1 1
d) x H /
%. &hich of the following sentence is a statement'
a) 6 H :
b) 0s 6 4 % I 6 4 $'
c) x 4 6
d) &hat is 6 4 %'
.. 3he denial of a statement is called
a) conJunction
b) disJunction
c) implication
d) negation
/. ______ is used to Join two or more statements
a) @onnective
b) Kuantifier
c) Atatement
d) none
-. 0f two or more sentences are Joined by a connective, it is called
a) compound statement
b) conJunction
c) disJunction
d) biconditional
6. A compound statement p or , is called
a) disJunction
b) conJunction
c) implication
d) bi"implication
9. A compound statement p and , is called
a) conJunction
b) disJunction
c) conditional
d) bi"conditional
:. A compound statement if p then , is called
a) conJunction
b) implication
c) disJunction
d) bi"implication
1*. 3he connective for double implication is
)
)
)
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040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
)
11. A statement having the connective L0f and only isM is called
a) conJunction
b) bi"conditional
c) implication
d) disJunction
1$. 3he symbol for implication is
)
)
)
)
1%. Aymbol for bi"implication is
)
)
)
)
1.. 3he symbol for <and= is D
)
)
)
)
1/. 3he connective in a disJunction isD
a) and
b) or
c) if;;then
d) if and only if
1-. Aymbol for <either p or not p= is D
a) p v Np
b) Np
c) p O Np
d, p Np
$84 p , is true only when
a) p is true
b) , is true
c) both p and , are false
d) both p and , are true
$>4 p , is true only when
a, p Np
b) Np
c) p O Np
d, p Np
$94 0f p , is false when
a, N, Np
&, Np N,
2, , p
d, Np ,
$*. 0f p is false and , is true, which of the following is false
a) Np
b) N,
2, Np ,
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040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
d, N!p ,)
$1. 0f p is false, the truth value of Np is
a) P
b) 3
c) P and 3
d) P or 3
--4 p D x 4 y 1 /5 , 1 x 2 y 1 1. 3he !x, y) which ma7e p , true is D
a) !/, 1)
b) !1, /)
c) !%, $)
d) !$, %)
-.4 0f p is a false statement, the truth value of p , is D
a) 3
b) P
c) Goth 3 and P
d) 3 or P
-/4 3he truth value of p Np is _____
a) P
b) 3
c) P or 3
d) @annot be decided
-04 0f p is a true statement and , is a false statement, then the truth value of p , is
a) 3rue
b) Palse
c) Goth true and Palse
d) Qither true nor false
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040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
Exercise-2
$4 0f p is any non"empty set and is the null set, then the truth value of p , is
)
b) p
)
d, p
1
-4 0f p is a true statement and , is a false statement, then the truth value of p , is
a) 3rue
b) Palse
c) Goth true and false
d) 8either true nor false
.4 0f p is /x 2 1* 1 *5 , is x 1 $, then p , is
a) 3rue
b) Palse
c) Goth true and false
d) 8either true nor false
.. &hich of the following is always false, except in the case of both p and , are true'
a, p ,
&, , p
2, p ,
d, p ,
04 3he truth value of p , is 3. 3he truth value of N, Np is D
a) 3
b) P
2, 3 P
d, 3 P
74 p D % H 15 , D 9 I 1*, then p , is
a) Palse
b) 3rue
c) 3rue or Palse
d) 8one of these
6. 3he negation of the statement L3he earth is a planetM is
a) 3he earth is not a planet
b) 3he earth is not round
c) 3he earth is round
d) 3he earth moves around the sun
9. 3he negation of Lall primes are oddM
a) some primes are odd
b) only some primes are odd
c) some primes are even
d) some primes are not odd
94 3 the negation of p , is D
a, Np N,
&, p ,
2, Np N,
d, , p
$:4 3he negation of p , is D
a, p ,
&, Np N,
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
2, Np N,
d, , p
$$4 3he negation of p , is D
a, , p
&, Np N,
2, p N,
d, p N,
$-4 3he negation of p , is D
a, , p
&, Np N,
2, Np ,
d, , p
$.4 3he negation of <$ 4 % 1 / . x % 1 1$= is
a, $ 4 % / . x % 1$
&, $ 4 % / . x % 1 1$
2, $ 4 % 1 / . x % 1$
d, $ 4 % / . x % 1$
1.. 3he negation of the statement, L0f two lines are intersecting each other, then they are not parallelM is
a) 0f two straight lines are not intersecting each other, then they are not paralled.
b) 0f two straight lines are intersecting each other, then they are not parallel.
c) 0f two straight lines are not intersecting each other, then they are parallel.
d) 0f two straight lines are intersecting each other, then they are parallel.
1/. &hich of the following is a true statement'
a, $ 4 % 1 6 % 4 . 1 6
&, % 4 . 1 6 . 4 /1 1$
2, $ 4 % 1 / $ 4 . 1 -
d, % 4 . 1 6 . 4 % 1 1$
1-. &hich of the following is a false statement'
a, $ 4 % 1 / $ x % 1 -
&, % 4 $ 1 / % x . 1 6
2, . 4 % 1 9 % x . 1 1$
d, / 4 $ 1 9 % x $ 1 6
16. 3rue statement of the following bi implications is
a, % 4 6 1 1* 1 4 $ 1 $
&, % 4 $1 1 1* 1 4 $ 1 %
2, % 4 6 1 1* 1 4 $ 1 %
d, % x 6 1 1* 1 4 $ 1 %
19. 0f which of the following implication is false'
a) 0f % 4 9 1 11, then 1 x * 1 *
b) 0f % 4 9 1 11, then 1 x * 1 1
c) 0f % 4 9 1 1*, then 1 x * 1 *
d) 0f % 4 9 1 1*, then 1 x * 1 1
1:. &hich of the following is false'
a, % x $ 1 - . x 1 1 .
&, % x $ 1 - / x * 1 /
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
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1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1$$ -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
2, 1 x . 1 / $ x % 1 /
d, . x 1 1 / . x * 1 *
$*. 3rue statement of the following bi"implications is ;
a, / 4 . 1 : % 4 $ 1 -
&, % 4 $ 1 - % x $ 1 -
2, / 4 . 1 : / x . 1 $*
d, / x . 1 : / 4 . 1 :
$1. &hich of the following is true'
a, $ 4 . 1 / . 4 % 1 /
&, % x / 1 9 $ x % 1 -
2, x
$
1 . x 1 $
d, % x 6 1 1* 1 x $ 1 %
$$. 3rue statement of the following
a, . 4 / 1 : $ x * 1 $*
&, . x / 1 : $ x * 1 *
2, . 2 / 1 1 . x / 1 $*
d, . 4 / 1 : $ x * 1 *
$%. &hich of the following is a true statement'
a) !a, b) 1 !b, a)
&, a !a, b)
2, R!a, b)S !a, b)
d, !a, b) R!a, b)S
$.. &hich of the following is a universal statement'
a) Aome roses are red
b) 8o rose is is red
c) 3here exists atleast one rose which is red
d) A few roses are red
$/. 0f two compound statements have the some truth values, they are ______
a) @ongruent statements
b) @onditionals
c) TisJounctions
d) 8one
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1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1$( -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
SETS
____________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise-1
1. &hich of the following collections is well"defined ' And hence, a set is
a) A collection of clever students in a class
b) A collection of tall boys in a class
c) A collection of all natural numbers
d) A collection of some even numbers
$. 3he set of natural numbers less than / is
a) R1, $, %, ., /S
b) R1, $, %, .S
c) R*, $, .S
d) R*, 1, $, %, .S
.4 3he roster form of A 1 Rx(x xS is
a) R1S
b) R*S
c) R*, 1S
d) R S
/4 G 1 Rx(x 85 x is even5 x lies between $ and 1*S. 0n Uoster form it is ;.
a) G 1 R$, ., -S
b) R., -, 9S
c) R., 9S
d) R$, ., -, 9, 1*S
04 A 1 Rx(x 85 1 I x I /S is e,ual to
a) R$, %, .S
b) R1, /S
c) R*, 1, %, /S
d) R1, $, %, ., /S
-. R1, ., :, 1-, ;..S in set builder form is ;;;.
a, Rx (x 1 y
$
, y VS
&, Rx ( x 1 y, y VS
2, Rx ( x 1 y
$
, y VS
d, Rx ( x
$
1 $(y, y VS
6. R1, ), 1(%, 1(., ;;.S in set builder form is ;;;
a, Rx ( x 1 1(y, y 8S
&, Rx ( x 1 y, y 8S
2, Rx ( x 1 1(x, x 8S
d, Rx ( x 1 1(y, y US
>4 0f A 1 R1, *, $, %S, G 1 R$, ., %, /S, then A G 1
a) R*, 1, $, %, ., /S
b) R$, %S
c) R1, *S
d) R., /S
94 0f A 1 R*, 1, %, /, 9S, G 1 R*, %, -, /, :S then A G 1
a) R*, 1, %, /, -, 9, :S
b) R*, 1, %, -, :S
c) R*, %, /S
d) R1, 9, -, :S
1*. 0f A 1 R$, %, /, 6, 9S, G 1 R%, /, ., :S, A 2 G 1
a) R$, 6, 9S
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1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1$, -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
b) R$, 6, 9, :S
c) R., 6, 9, :S
d) R%, /S
$$4 0f 1 R1, $, %, ., /S, A 1 R%, /S, then A= 1
a) R1, $, .S
b) R%, .S
c) R1, $, %, ., /S
)
$-4 0f W 1 R1, $, %, ., /, -, 6, 9, :, 1*S and X 1 R1, %, /, 6S, then W X is
a) X
b) W
)
)
$.4 A 1 R1, $, ., -, 9S5 G 1 R%, /, 6S5 @ 1 R:, 1*S5 then A G @ 1
a) R1, $, %, ., /, -, 6, 9, :, 1*S
)
c) R1, $, %, /, 6, 1*S
d) R%, /, 6, :, 1*S
1.. 0f A 1 R1, $, %, /, -S and G 1 R$, %, ., 6S then A 2 G 1
a) R$, %S
b) R1, /, -S
c) R., 6S
d) R$, %S
1/. 0f x 1 R1, $, %, ., /, -, 6, 9, :, 1*S5 y 1 R1, %, /, 6S, x 2 y 1 ______
a) y
b) x
)
d) R$, ., -, 9, :, 1*S
1-. & is the set of whole numbers and 8 is the set of 8atural numbers5 then & 2 8 1
)
b) *
c) R*S
)
16. A 1 R1, $, %S5 G 1 R%, /S, then A x G 1 _______
a) R!1, 1), !1, $), !1, %), !1, /), !$, %)S
b) R!1, %), !1, /), !$, %), !$, 1), !$, %)S
c) R!1, %), !1, /), !$, %), !$, /), !%, %), !%, /)S
d) R!%, 1), !%, $), !%, /), !/, 1), !/, $), !/, /)S
19. 0f A 1 R1, R$, %S ., /S then which of the following is true'
a, R$, %S A
&, 0 A
2, % A
d, R$, %S A
$94 Rx( 1 "$ I x I $, x ES 1 ;;;;
a) R"$, "1, "*, 1, $S
b) R"1, *, 1S
c) R"1, *, 1, $S
d) R"1, 1, $,S
-:4 0f A 1 R1, $, %S, G 1 R., /, -S, then A= G= 1 ;;..
a, @annot be decided since is not given
)
)
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1$' -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
d) 8one
-$4 A 1 R1, $, %S, G 1 R., /, -S, then !A G)= 1
a, cannot be decided since is not given
)
)
d) none of the above three
--4 A 1 R1, $, %, ., /, -, 6, 9, :, 1*S. G 1 R1, %, /, 6, :, 11, 1%, 1/, 16, 1:S then n !A G) 1 ;.
a) $*
b) 1*
c) 1**
d) R$, ., -, 9, 1*S
$%. &hich of the following is a null set'
a) Rx ( x is a female prime minister of 0ndiaS
b) Rx ( x 1 xS
c) Rx ( x is a vowel in Qnglish alphabetsS
d) Rx ( x is a letter before <a= in Qnglish alphabetS
$.. Fne of the following is an infinite set.
a) 3he set of all points in the line segment AG
b) Aet of all od numbers below one crore
c) Aet of prime numbers
d) Aet of people now living in the world
$/. &hich of the following is a finite set'
a) R>ultiples .9S
b) Pactors of .9
c) 8atural numbers
d) Uational numbers between 1 and $
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
Exercise-2
1. &hich of the following is an example of null set'
a) Aet of all natural numbers between 1% and 16
b) Aet of all rational numbers between 1% and 16
c) Aet of primes between 1% and 16
d) Aet of even numbers between 1% and 16.
$. &hich of the following is an example of an infinite set'
a) 3he set of people now living in the world.
b) 3he set of stars in the s7y.
c) 3he set of all points in a chord AG
d) Aet of all even numbers below one crore
%. <A is a proper subset of G=.
a) G has more elements than A
b) G has all the elements of A and at least one more
c) A has all the elements of G at least one more than G
d) A 1 G
.. &hich of the following is a finite set'
a) 3he set of real number
b) 3he set of Uational numbers
c) 3he set of irrational numbers
d) 3he set of all the people in the world
/. &hich of the following is the 8ull set'
a, Rx D x H 1**, x 8S
&, Rx D x I $, x VS
2, Rx D x I "1*, x VS
d, Rx D x I "$, x 8S
74 3o &hich of the following sets does
2
belong'
a) 8
b) V=
c) K=
d, K
1
84 Rx ( x is s,uare root of 8egative integer, x US is ;;;
a) A universal set
b) 3he 8ull set
c) 0nfinite set
d) 8one of the above
>4 AG 1 @T an AG @T 1 . 3hen AG@T is a ........
a) 3repaEium
b) Parallelogram
c) Yite
94 A G ________
a) A has fewer elements than G
&, 0f x G, x A
2, 0f x A, x G
d) x belongs to both or does not belong to both
$:4 !A G)= 1
a, A= G=
&, A= G=
2, A= G=
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1(0 -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
d, G= A=
$$4 0f A and G are subsets of , A G= 1
a, A= G
b) A " G
2, " G
)
$-4 0f A G5 then A G 1
a) G
&, A G
c) A 2 G
d) A
$.4 !A G) 1 G, then
a, G A
&, A G
c) A 1 G
d, A G
1.. A and G are two sets 2 0f n!A) 1 n!A) 1 n!G), then they are
a) e,ual sets
b) e,uivalent sets
c) 3hey have exactly some elements
d) Qach is a subset of the other
$04 0f A G and G A, then
a) A 1 G
&, A G
2, A G 1
d, A G 1
1-. A 2 G 1
a, Rx(x A and x GS
&, Rx(x A and x GS
2, Rx(x A and x GS
d, Rx(x A and x GS
$84 0f A and G are disJoint sets then A G 1
)
b) A
c) G
d) none of these
$>4 A and G are two n on"empty sets and A G 1 then A 2 G 1
a) A
b) G
)
d) none of these
$94 3he complement of is
a) A
)
)
d) A
-:4 A G 1
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
a, Rx(x A x GS
&, Rx(x A x G x A and x GS
2, Rx(x A x GS
d, Rx(x A x GS
-$4 A G means
a, 0f x G, then x A
&, 0f x A, then x G
c) A and G are e,ual sets
d) A has fewer elements than G
--4 A !G @) 1
a, A !G @)
&, !A G) !A @)
2, A G @
d, !A G) !A @)
-.4 !A G)= 1
a) A=
b) G=
2, A= G=
d, A= G=
$.. 0f p is a set, then !p=)= is
)
)
c) p=
d) p
-04 0f P is a non empty set and is the null set, then P is
)
b) p
)
d) p=
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
REAL NUMBERS, RATIONAL NUMBERS & LAW OF INDICES
____________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise-1
$4 3he product of m factors !m 8) each of which is a, is denoted
a, a
m
&, m
*
c) ma
d) m(a
-4 0n %a
m
, m is called ____
a) power of a
b) index !exponent) of the power of a
c) the base of the power of m
d) @oefficeent of %a
.4 0n
n
,
_
3
2
, the base of the power is ____
a) $
b) %
c) n
d) $(%
/4 a
m
x a
n
1 ____ !m, n K)
a, a
mxn
&, a
$mn
2, a
m4n
d, a
m"n
04 $
$
x .
%
1 ______
a, $
/
&, .
/
2, $
9
d, $
1$
74 !a
m
)
n
1 ______
a)
mn
a
b)
n
m
a
c)
n m
a
+
d)
n
m
a
84 m H n, m, n 8, and x
m
H x
n
if ______
a) x H 1
b) x 1 1
c) * I x I 1
d) x I *
>4 * I x I 15 m, n 85 m H n5 then
a, x
m
H x
n
&, x
m
1 x
n
2, x
m
I x
n
d) none of these
94 !ab)
m
1 _____
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
a, ab
m
&, a
m
b
2, a
m
b
m
d) abm
1*. 33333
,
_
m
b
a
a, a
m
(b
&, a(b
m
2, a
m
(b
m
d) a(bm
$$4 x
m
x x
n
1 W
m4n
5 then _____
a, m, n, 8
&, m, n V
2, m, n, K
d, m, n, U
$-4 a
m"n
x a
n"m
1 _______
a) 1
b) *
2, a
!m"n)$
d, a
m"n"m"n
$.4 x
m"n
x x
n"p
x x
p"m
1 _____
a) 1
b) *
2, x
!m"n)!n"p)!p"m)
d, x
$m"$n"$p
$/4 a
%($
x a
1($
x a
1($
a, a
/($
&, a
%(9
2, %x
/($
d, $x
/($
1/.
m p
m
p
p n
p
n m
n
m
x
x
x
xn
x
x
+
+
+
,
_
,
_
,
_
a) 1
b) *
c)
( ) ( ) ( )
,
_
+ + + + : p
:
p
p n
p
n
n m
n
m
a
d) none of these
$74 a
1(p
expressed in radical form 1 _______
a) p a
b)
a
1
c)
p
a
d) ap
$84 a
p(,
1 _____
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
a, a
p
(,
b) ap(,
c)
p
:
a
d)
:
p
a
19.
33333
m n
a
a, a
m(n
&, a
n(m
2, a
n"m
d, m.a
1(n
1:.
3333
m n
x
a)
m n
x
b)
n m
x
c)
mn
x
d)
n
m
x
-:4 0f
12
x x
p :
then
a) p(, 1 1$
b) p, 1 1$
c) ,(p 1 1$
d) p 2 , 1 1$
-$4 $
x
x _____ 1 $
x4%
a) %
b)
x
x 3 +
2, $
%
d)
3 + x
x
--4 x
m47 1 x
m 2 %, then 7 1 ______
a) %
b) "%
2, x
%
d, x
"%
-.4 !%x
$
)
%
1 ______
a, $6x
$
&, $6x
/
2, $6x
-
d, %x
-
-/4 /
"1(.
1 _____
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1($ -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
a)
4
$
1
b)
4
$
1
c)
4
$
d)
4
$
-04 %
x
1 915 then %
x4$
1
a) 9%
b) 1-$
c) 6$:
d) :*
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1(( -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
Exercise-2
$4 /
x
1 -$/5 &hat is the value of /
x"$
'
a) -$%
b) -$/($
c) $/
d) -**
-4 0f %
x
1 9, what is the value of %
$x
'
a) 1-
b) -.
c) .9
d) $.
.4 .
x
1 1*$.5 then $
x
1 _____
a) /1$
b) %$
c) 1*$$
d) @an=t be found
/4 %
x4%
1 6$:5 then %
x"%
1 _____
a) *
b) 1
c) $6
d) 91
04 91
1(.
1 _____
a) %
b) "%
c) 1(%
d) 2 1(%
74 0f x 1 *.$, then x
%($
_____
a) *.9
b) 9
c) .*9
d) .**9
84 !*.**-.)
1($
1 _______
a) .9
b) .**9
c) .*9
d) .***9
>4 1-
1(.
x 9
"1(%
1 ______
a)
3
1
4
1
2

&,
4
1
3
1
2

c@ 1
d)
12
1
12'
:.
33333
4
3
x
x
a)
x
b)
x
1
c)
12
x
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1(, -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
d)
4
3
$:4 0f
x x
x
1
( )
x
x x
5 then x 1
a) *
b) 1
c) %($
d) %
$$4
2
1
1
+ x
4
2
1
1
x +
1
a) *
b) 1
2, x
$
d, 4 x
$
$-4
3
2
(4
1
a) .
b) +
c) 9
d) 1(1-
$.4 0f a
$
1 *.*.5 then a
%
1
a) *.*$
b) **.9
c) *.*9
d) *.**9
$/4 0f x 1 *.%, then x 1
a) *.:
b) *.**:
c) *.1
d) *.*:
$04
( ) 4
3
'1
1
a) $6
b) 1($6
c) "$.%(.
d)
4
3
'1
$74 !*.*$6)
$(%
1
a) *.*19
b) *.**:
c) *.*:
d) *.**-
16.

,
_
+
,
_
3
1
4
1
'
12$
(2$
'1
a) ..$
b) %.-
c) %./
d) %.1
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1(' -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
$>4 0f x
%
1
12$
2,
5 then x
$
1
a) :($/
b) %(/
c) :(/
d) :(1$/
$94 0f $
x
2 $
x"1
1 .5 then x
x
1
a) 1
b) $6
c) %
d) $
-:4
3
2
a
x
3
1
a
1
a)
9
2
a
b)
( )
3
1
3
2
2
+
a
2, a
$
d) a
-$4 x
"m
1 !m 8)
a) 2m . x
b)
m
x
1
2, x .
m
1
d, x
m
$$.
3
12
a
a
a, a
:
&, a
"1/
2, a
1/
d, 1(a
1/
-.4 a
*
!a *) 1
a) a
b) *
)
d) 1
-/4 $
x4%
is obtained by multiplying $
x
with
a) $
b) )
c) 9
d) 1(9
-04 0f !%
a
)
x
1 %
.a
, then x 1
a) %
b) .
c) %a
d) .a
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
SURDS
____________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise-1
1. A surd is ______
a) any irrational number
b) irrational root of a rational number
c) irrational root of a nutural number
d) irrational root of an irrational number
-4
n
a is a surd if and only if _______
a)
n
a
b) n is rational
2, a is rational and
n
a is irrational
d) a is rational
.4 &hich of the following number is a surd'
a)
3
(4
b)
3
1(
c)
3
'
2,
d)
$
32
.. &hich of the following is not a surd'
a)
'
b)
3
1(
c)
4
'
d)
$
'
04
n
a is a surd of order D
a) a
b) n
c)
n
a
d)
a
n
-. &hich of the following is a ,uadratic surd'
a)
3 2
a
b)
a
c)
9
d)
3
4
6. 3wo surds x and y are said to be li7e if ______
a) x and y are natural numbers
b) x(y is a natural number
c) x(y is a rational number
d) x(y is irrational
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1,0 -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
9. 3he product of two ,uadratic li7e surds is a
a) li7e surd with them
b) an irrational number
c) a rational number
d) a natural number
:. 0f the product of two surds is a rational number, each of them is called a ______ of the other.
a) rational factor
b) li7e surd
c) rationaliEing factor
d) factor
$:4 3he rationaliEing factor of the sured x is ______
a)
x
b)
3
x
c)
2
x
d) x
$$4 3he rationaliEing factor of
3 2
a
is _____
a)
3 2
a
b)
2
a
c)
3
a
d)
2 2
a
$-4 3he rationaliEing factor of b a is ______
a) b a +
b) a b +
c) b a +
d) b a
$.4 &hat is the rationaliEing factor of y x 3 2 + '
a) y x +
b) y x 3 2
c) y x 2 3
d) y x
$/4 &hat is the rationaliEing factor of
3 3
b a '
a)
3 3
b a +
b)
3 2 3 3 2
b ab a + +
c)
3 2 3 2
b a +
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
$04 &hich is the rationaliEing factor of a " b 2
a) b a 2 +
b) b a 2 +
c) b a + 2
d) b a 2
$74 &hich is the rationaliEing factor of
3
3
y x + '
a)
3
2 3 2
y x +
b)
3
2
3
3 2
y xy x + +
c)
3
2 3 2
y x
d)
3
2
3
3 2
y xy x +
$84 &hat is the rationaliEing factor of
3
y x + '
a)
3
2
3
2
y y x x +
b)
3
y x
c)
3
2
y x
d)
3
2
y x
19. 3wo ,uadratic Aurds are said to be conJugate to each other if _______
a) 3heir sum is rational
b) 3heir product is rational
c) if their sum of product is rational
d) 3heir sum and product are both rational
$94 &hat is the surd conJugate to b a + '
a)
b a
b)
b a +
c)
b a
d)
b a 2
-:4 &hat is the surd conJuagate to b a 3 2 +
a)
b a 2 3
b)
b a 3 2
c)
b a 3 3
d)
b a 2
-$4
3 2
1
+
1 _____
a)
3 2
b)
2 3
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
c)
2 3+
d)
( $ 2 +
--4 0f the denominator of the surd
( 2 $
1
+
is rationaliEed, the resulting fraction e,uals ______
a)
( 2 $
b) 1
c)
12 $ +
d)
( $ 2 +
$%.

b a
b a
a)
b a +
b)
b a
c) a 4 b
d) a " b
$.. ( )
,
_
+
3
1
3
1
y x y x
a) 3
2
3
2
y x +
b) 3
2
3
1
3
1
3
2
y y x x + +
c) 3
2
3
2
y x
d) 3
2
3
1
3
1
3
2
y y x x + +
$/.
+ b ab a 2
a)
b a +
b)
b a
c)
b a
d)
b a +
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
EERCISE-2
$4 0f
3 2
1
M
3 2
1
+
b a
then ab 1
a) 1
b) *
c)
3 2
d)
3 2 +
-4 0f
3 4 ,
3 2 $
+
+
is written in the form of a"b 3 then value of b is
a) /
b) 6
c) $
d) -
.4 3
3 4 ,
3 2 $
b a
+
+
5 then a 1
a) 11
b) 1$
c) :
d) "11
/4 Uationalising factor of
, 2
x
is
a)
$ ,
x
b)
,
x
c)
, $
x
d)
$ $
x
/. 0f the sum and product of two surds is a rational number, then they are _______ surds.
a) similar
b) dissimilar
c) conJugate
d) none
74 0f
2 3
2 3
+
x then +
x
x
1
a) %
b) /
c) $
d) 1*
6.

+
+
+
3 $
3
3 $
1
3 2
1
a) 1
b) *
c) "1
d) $
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
>4 3he simplest form of is
3
,('
a)
3
12 4
b)
3
12 '
c)
3
12 1(
d) none
:.
+
+
+
+ 2 3
(
2 (
2 4
3 (
2 3
a)
2
b) $ 2
c) *
d) 1
1*.
( 12 30
a)
2 3 3 2
b)
3 2 2 3
c)
3 $ $ 3
d)
$ (
$$4
( ) ( 2 $ 2 3 +
1
a) *
b) 1
c) "1
d) $
1$.
+ ( 2 3 3
a)
( ) 1 2 3
4
1
+
b)
( ) 1 3 2
4
1
+
c)
1 3 3 +
d)
1 3 2 +
1%.
+ 1$ 2 '
a)
$ 3
b)
3 $
c)
$ 3 +
d) none
1..
$ 3 $ 3 + +
a)
10
b)
'
c) *
d) "$
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1,$ -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
1/.
+ + xy y x 4 4
a) y x + 2
b) y x 2
c) x y 2
d) y x +
1-.
+ mn n m 2
a)
n m +
b) m 2 n
c) m 4 n
d)
n m
16.
+ + + 3 4 2 4 ( 2 9
a)
( $ 2 + +
b)
3 2 2 + +
c)
' 3 +
d) 8one
19.
+ + 3$ 4 2, , (
a)
2 $+
b)
2 $
c)
1 $+
d)
$ 1
1:.
+ 1$ 4 3 ' $ 4 21
a)
$ 2 3 2 +
b)
$ 3 3
c)
$ 2 3 3 + +
d) 8one
$*.

+ , ( 1( , ( 1(
,
a) a rational
&, multiple of ,
c) *
d) 8one
$1.
+ 2 4' (' 12
a)
2 2
b)
2 2 +
c)
2 4 +
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1,( -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
d) none
$$.
'
$0 9'
a) *
b) "1
c) 1
d) $
$%.

+
'4 10
1
(0 '
1
140 12
1
a) 1
b) $
c) "1
d) *
-/4 3he rationaliEing factor of
3
'1
a)
'1
b)
3
'1
c)
3
9
d)
9
$/.
( 2 1 2
2
+ x x x
a)
3 2 + x x
b)
3 2 + + x x
c)
2 3 + x x
d)
2 3 + + x x
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
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1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1,, -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
LINEAR E!UATIONS, INE!UATIONS & MODULUS
____________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise-1
1. 3he graph of %x 2 /y 4 1- H * is _____
a) A line
b) 3he half plane on the origin side of the line %x 2 /y 4 1- 1 *
c) 3he half plane on the side of the line not containing the origin
d) 3he line %x 2 /y 4 1- 1 * and the original side of it.
-4 3he graph of $x 2 %y 4 / # * is _____
a) 3he region on the original side of the line $x 2 %y 4 / H *
b) 3he line $x "%y 4 / 1 * and the region on the origin side of it.
c) 3he line $x 2 %y 4 / 1 * and the side of it not containing the origin
d, 3he region on the side of the line not containing the origin.
%. 3he intersection of the graph of x 2 $y 4 % # * and the line x 2 $y 1 * is _____
a)
b) 3he line x 2 $y 4 % 1 *
c) 3he half plane on the origin side of the line x 2 $y 4 % 1 *
d) 3he half plane on the non"origin side of the line x 2 $y 4 % 1 *
/4 3he intersection of the graphs x 4 y 2 / H * and x 4 y 2 / I * is _____
a) 3he line x 4 y 2 / 1 *
b) 3he half plane on the origin side of the line x 4 y 2 / 1 *
c)
d) 3he half plane on the non"origin side of the line x 4 y 2 / 1 *
/. A point belonging to the region /x 2 .y 2 : H * is _____
a) !., /)
b) !/, .)
c) !-, .)
d) !-, 6)
-. A point which satisfies %x 4 y H - is ;;..
a) !1, *)
b) !$, "1)
c) !1, %)
d) !$, 1)
6. A point in the region $x 2 %y I / is _____
a) !"1, "1)
b) !%, "%)
c) !"$, ".)
d) !*, ".)
>4 A point satisfying x 4 y Z . is _____
a) !$, .)
b) !%, 1)
c) !%, $)
d) !%, .)
:. 3he point which does not lie on the straight line x 4 y 1 - is _____
a) !%, %)
b) !$, .)
c) !%, $)
d) !., $)
1*. A point which lies in the are represented by x 4 y H % is
a) !1, 1)
b) !1, *)
c) !1(%5 1(%)
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3
1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1,' -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
d) !1, %)
11. A point which satisfies the condition x 4 $y 4 / # * is _____
a) !$, "1)
b) !1, ".)
c) !$, ".)
d) !"%, *)
1$. A point which lies in the area %x 4 y 2 / Z * is _____
a) !1, $)
b) !1, %)
c) !%, "1)
d) !., *)
1%. Point !$, %) lies in the area represented by
a) x 4 y I $
b) x 4 y H /
c) $x 4 y I -
d) x 4 $y H 6
$/4 !%, .) belongs to the area represented by _____
a) %x 2 .y 4 9 Z *
b) %x 2 .y 4 6 Z *
c) %x 4 .y 4 : Z *
d) %x 2 .y H *
1/. &hich of the following points lies on the same side of the line .x 4 %y 2 $/ 1 * as !%, .)'
a) !., %)
b) !%, /)
c) !., .)
d) !$, %)
$74 &hich of the following points lies on the side of $x 4 %y 2 1$ 1 * not containing !%, %)'
a) !1, 1)
b) !$, %)
c) !1, .)
d) !"1, /)
16. &hich pair of the points lie on the same side of the line /x 2 $y 4 / 1 *'
a) !$, 1), !1, $)
b) !"1, 1), !%, $)
c) !/, $), !"/, "$)
d) !"1, "1), !"$, "1)
19. &hich of the following pairs of points lie on different sides of the line /x 4 %y 2 1/ 1 *.
a) !1, -), !$, 1)
b) !$, $), !1, .)
c) !*, *), !"$, $)
d) !/, %), -, $)
1:. A point which lies on the some side of the line %x 4 /y 2 %* 1 * containing the origin is _____
a) !*, *), !1, 1)
b) !$, 1), !*, $)
c) !1, *), !*, 1)
d, !"1, *), !*, *)
$*. A point which lies on the same side of the line %x 4 /y 2 %* 1 * containing the origin is _____
a) !1*, 1)
b) !9, $)
c) !6, "1)
d) !6, %)
$1. %x 4 $y should not be less than /*. 3his can be represented as _____
a) %x 4 $y H /*
b) %x 4 /y 1 /*
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
c) %x 4 $y # /*
d, %x 4 /y Z /*
$$. %x 4 $y would be at most /*. 3his can be represented as _____
a) %x 4 $y I /*
b) %x 4 $y Z/*
c) %x 4 /y H /*
d) %x 4 $y 1 /*
$%. %x should not exceed /y by more than 1*. 3his can be represented as _____
a) %x 2 /y Z 1*
b) %x 2 /y 1 1*
c) %x 2 /y I 1*
d) %x 2 /y H 1*
-/4 A chair costs Us. /* and a table costs Us. 1/*. 3he cost of x chairs and y tables should not exceed U.
/***. ow do you represent this'
a) /*x 4 1/* y 1 /***
b) /*x " 1/* y I /***
c) /*x 4 1/* y # /***
d) /*x 4 1/* y Z /***
-04 0f an iso"profit line coincides with a boundary of the feasible polygonal region, we have ____
a) 1 solution
b) more than 1 solution
c) 0nfinite number of solutions
d) no solution
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
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1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1'0 -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
EERCISE-2
1. 3he obJective function sought to be maximiEed is %x 4 .y. 3he vertices of the polygonal region
representing the solution set are !*, *), !*, 1), !9, *), !., 9). At which vertex has it the minimum value'
a) !*, *)
b) !9, *)
c) !., 9)
d) !*, 1)
$. 3he obJective function sought to be minimiEed is /x 4 $y. 3he vertices of the polygonal region
representing the solution the solution set are !*, 1-), !., 19) and !1$, *). At which vertex has it the
minimum value'
a) !*, 1-)
b) !1$, *)
c) !., 9)
d) none of these
.4 3he solution set which satisfies the ine,uations x
$
2 .x 4 % I *
a) !1, .)
b) !1, ".)
c) !1, "%)
d) !"., %)
.. x I *5 y H *5 !x, y)lies in the ,uadrant
a, K1
&, K$
2, K%
d, K.
/. 3he point which does not lie in the region $x 2 %y H /.
a) !1, 1)
b) !%, "%)
c) !"$, ".)
d) !*, ".)
-. 3he ine,uations with the solution set 1 I x I % is
a, x
$
4 .x 4 % H *
&, x
$
2 .x 4 % I *
2, x
$
2 .x 2 % 1 *
d, x
$
2 .x 4 . H *
6. 3he point which belongs to the region indicated by the ine,uations x 4 %y I "/ is
a) !$, 1)
b) !"$, "1)
c) !"%, 1)
d) !"%, "1)
9. &hich of the following ine,uations represents the region containing the points !1, $) and !$, 1)
a) x 4 y I $
b) x 4 y H /
c) $x 4 y I -
d) x 4 $y H 6
:. 0f [x 4 1[ I -, then <x= belongs to the set
a) Rx ( " 6 I x I /S
&, Rx ( " 6 I x Z /S
c) Rx ( " 6 Z x I /S
d) Rx ( " 6 Z x Z /S
$:4 x
$
2 .x 4 % I *, then the value of x lies betweenD
a) 1 and $
b) 1 and %
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
c) 1 and ".
d) . and %
11. 0f x H *, y I *, then !x, y) lies in D
a, K1
&, K$
2, K%
d, K.
1$. 3he ine,uation which represents the shaded region is
a) $x 4 %y H -
b) $x 4 %y I -
2, %x 4 $y I -
d) %x 4 $y H -
1%. 0f [ "%x [ I -, then
a) "% I x I %
b) "1 I x I 1
c) "$ I x I $
d) "$ H x H $
1.. 3he point which is in the region satisfying the ine,uation $x 2 % 4 / I *
a) !1, 1)
b) !"1, 1)
c) !$, "1)
d) !"1, $)
1/. x 1 7 is the solution of the following ine,uations D
a, x 7 5 y 7
&, x 7 5 y 7
2, x 7 5 y 7
d, x 7 5 x 7
1-. 3he graph of the ine,uality x H * is
a) 4 ve X 2 axis
b) 4 ve W 2 axis
c) " ve X 2 axis
d) " ve W 2 axis
16. 0f [ x [ 1 a !a H *), then x 4
a) a
b) 2a
c) a or 2a
d) a are a
19. 0f [ /x 2 1[ H :, then which of the following belongs to the solution setD
a) 1
b) *
c) $
d) %
$94 3he graph of y 1 mx
$
is a
a) parabola
b) hyperbola
c) ellipse
d) straight line
$*. 3he solution of [ x [ 1 ".
a) .
b) ".
c) . or ".
d) no solution
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
$1. 0f x I *5 y I * then !x, y) lies in
a, K1
&, K$
2, K%
d, K.
$$. 3he figure given below represents
a, %x 4 $y -
&, %x 4 $y -
c) %x 4 $y H -
d) %x 4 $y I -
$%. 3he value of $x 4 /y should not be less than 6/. 3his is represented by the following ine,uation
a) $x 4 /y I 6/
&, $x 4 /y 6/
2, $x 4 /y 6/
d) $x 4 /y H 6/
$.. Aolution of [ x 2 $ [ H -
a) x I 9 D x H .
b) x H 9
c) x H 9 D x I ".
d) x H 9 D x H ".
$/. 0f 1$ 2 %x H *, then
a) x 1 .
b) x H .
c) x I .
d) x I ".
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
POL"NOM#, REMAINDER, & S!UARE ROOTS
____________________________________________________________________________________
$4 a*x
n
4 a1x
n"1
4 a$x
n"$
4 ;4 an"1 x 4 an is a polynomial in x of the nth degree, if n is a whole number and
; *.
a, a*
&, an
2, a1
d, a$
-4 a*x
n
4 a1x
n"1
4 a$x
n"$
4 ;4 an is called the Eero polynomial if ;
a, a* 1 a1 1 a$ 1 . . . 1 an
&, a* 4 a1 4 ; 4 an 1 *
2, a* 1 a1 1 a$ 1 ; 1 an 1 *
d, a* 1 *
%. &hich of the following is not a polynomial in x'
a, x
$
&, $x
$
4 %x " /
2, x
$
d) /x
.. &hich of the following is a polynomial in x'
a, x
"1($
&, x
1($
c) $(x
d) x($
04 f!x) and g!x) are polynomials of the 9
th
and the .
th
degrees respectively in x.
&hat is the degree of f!x) ( g!x) '
a) 1$
b) .
c) $
d) any degree less than 9
74 f!x) and g!x) are polynomials of the 1*
th
and the $
nd
degree respectively. &hat is the degree of the
remainder when f!x) is divided by g!x)'
a) 9
b) $
c) *
d) 1 or *
6. &hat is the remainder when f!x), a rational integral function in x is divided by x 2 a'
a) a
b) f!a)
c) 2f!a)
d) f!"a)
9. &hat is the remainder when f!x) rational integral function in x divided by !ax 4 b)'
a) f!"b)
b) f!b(a)
c) f!"!b(a))
d) f!"a)
:. 0f f!x) a rational integral function in x, is divided by !x 4 a), the remainder is . . .
a) f!a)
b) f!"a)
c) f!1(a)
d) f
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
$:4 0f ax
$
4 bx 4 c is divisible by x"1, then ;
a) a 4 b 1 *
b) a 4 c 1 *
c) a 4 b 4 c 1 *
d) a 4 b 1 c
11. if f!x) is divided by .x 2 /, the remainder is . . .
a) f!.(/)
b) f!" .(/)
c) f!/(.)
d) f!" /(.)
1$. 0f f!x) is divided by /x 4 ., the remainder is . .
a) f!.(/)
b) f!" .(/)
c) f!" /(.)
d) f!/(.)
$.4 &hat is the remainder when %x
$
2 .x 4 : s divided by x 4 .'
a) .1
b) 6%
c) 1
d) %
$/4 &hat is the remainder when x
%
2 %x4 4 %x " / is divided by x " 1'
a) .
b) ".-
c) "-
1/. 0f the sum of the coefficients of a polynomial in x is Eero, then . . . is one of its factors.
a) x
b) x 2 1
c) x 4 1
d) x " $
$74 3he condition for x 4 1 being a factor of ax
%
4 bx
$
4 cx 4 d . . . is one of its factors.
a) a 4 b 1 c 4 d
b) a 4 b 4 c 4 d 1*
c) a 4 b 4 c 1 d
d) a 4 c 1 b 4 d
$84 x
$
2 1 is a factor of ax
.
4 bx
%
4 cx
$
4 dx 4 e if . . .
a) a 4 b 4 c 4 d 4 e 1 *
b) a 4 c 4 e 1 b 4 d
c) a 4 c 4 e 1 b 4 d 1 *
d) a 4 b 1 c 4 d 4 e
$>4 0f ax
$
"/x4- is divisible by x 2 $, then a 1 . . .
a) 1
b) $
c) -
d) %
$94 x 2 % is a factor of %x
$
2 x
$
4 px 4 , if . . .
a) p 4 , 1 6$ b)
b) p 4 , 1 6$
c) %p 4 , 1 "6$
d) , 2 %p 1 6$
-:4 &hich of the following is a factor of x
%
2 -x
$
4 1$x 2 9'
a) x 2 $
b) x 4 1
c) x 4 $
d) x " %
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
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1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1'$ -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
$1. 0f f!a(b) 1 *, then a factor of f!x) is _____
a) ax 2 b
b) bx 2 a
c) ax 4 b
d) bx 4 a
$$. 3he sum of the coefficients of the odd power terms of x and the sum of the coefficients of the even
power terms of x are e,ual. 3hen ____ is a factor of the expression.
a) x 2 1
b) x
c) x 4 1
d, x
$
" 1
$%. 0f f!$(%) 1 *, then ____ is a factor of f!x).
a) $x 2 %
b) $x 4 %
c) %x 2 $
d) %x 4 $
-/4 Fne of the factors of x
$
4 1:x 2 $* is ____
a) x 4 1
b) x 2 1
c) x 2 1
d) x 4 $
$/. 0f $x$ 4 :x 4 7 is divisible by x 2 %, then 7 1
a) 11
b) 6
c) :
d) "./
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
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1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1'( -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
!UADRATIC E!UATIONS & EPRESSIONS
____________________________________________________________________________________
$4 ax
$
4 bx 4 c 1 * is a ,uadratic polynomial e,uation in x if
a, a *
&, b *
2, a 1 b *
d) c 1 *
$. 3he number of roots of a ,uadratic polynomial e,uation in a single variable is ____
a) 1
b) %
c) $
d) infinity
.4 3he roots of the ,uadratic e,uation ax
$
4 bx 4 c 1 * are ____
a)
a
ac b b
a
ac b b
2
4
M
2
4
2 2
+
b)
a
ac b b
a
ac b b
2
4
M
2
4
2 2
+
c)
a
ac b b
a
ac b b
2
4
M
2
4
2 2
+
d)
a
ac b b
a
ac b b
2
M
2
2 2
+ + +
/4 A root of the e,uation 1%x
$
2 $$x 2 9 1 * is
a) %
b) $
c) 1
d) "$
04 A root of $/x
$
4 /6x 4 %$ 1 * is ____
a) /
b) 1
c) $
d) "1
74 Fne of the roots of the e,uation x
$
2 $x 2 1 1 * is ____
a)
1 2 +
b)
2 3 +
c)
1 3
d)
1 2
84 Fne of the roots of the ,uadratic e,uation x
$
4 $x 2 1 1 * is ____
a)
1 2 +
b)
1 3
c)
1 2
d)
2 3 +
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1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1', -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
>4 Fne of the roots of the e,uation x
$
2 .x 2 1 1 * is _____
a)
$ 2
b)
1 2
c)
2 2
d)
2 $
94 0f and are the roots of the e,uation ax
$
4 bx 4 c 1 *, then 4 1 _____
a)
a
b
b)
a
c
c)
a
b
d)
a
c
$:4 0f and are the roots of the e,uation px
$
4 ,x 4 r 1 *, then 1 _____
a) p(r
b) 2p(r
c) r(p
d) 2r(p
$$4 0f and are the roots of the e,uation ax
$
4 bx 4 c 1 *, then
$
4
$
1 _____
a, b
$
2 .ac
&, !b
$
"$ac) ( a
$
2, !ab
$
"$c) ( a
d, !ab
$
4$c) ( a
$-4 0f one of the roots of the e,uation %x
$
2 $x 2 7 1 * is 1, then 7 1 ______
a) 1
b) %
c) "1
d) "$
$.4 0f the roots of the e,uation ax
$
4 bx 4 c 1 * are a and 1(a, then _____
a) a 1 c
b) b 1 c
c) a 1 b
d) a 4 c 1 *
1.. 0f the roots of the e,uation x$ 4 ax 4 b 1 * are reciprocals of each other, then _____
a) a 1 1
b) b 1 1
c) 4a 1 "1
d) b 1 "1
1/. 3he sum of the roots of the e,uation %x$ 2 /x 4 : 1 * is ______
a) %
b) "/
c) /(%
d) "%
$74 3he sum of the roots of the e,uation x
$
4 ax 4 b 1 * is * if _____
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1014 S5et2a partment4 - 1'' -
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
a) a 1 *
b) b 1 *
c) a 1 b
d) if a or b 1 *
$84 0f one root of %x
$
2 7x 4 $ 1 * is $(%, then 7 1 _____
a) /
b) 1
c) "/
d) "$
$>4 7x
$
2 /x 2 19 1 * has "$ as one of its roots, then 7 1 _____
a) 1
b) $
c) %
d) .
$94 0f and are the roots of the e,uation x
$
2 px 4 , 1 * then
%
$
4
$
%
is _____
a, p
$
,
&, p,
$
c) p,
d, 2p,
$
-:4 0f r and s are the roots of the e,uation ax
$
4 bx 4 c 1 *, the value of 1(r
$
4 1(s
$
1 _____
a, b
$
2 .ac
&, !b
$
2 .ac)($a
2, !b
$
2 .ac)(c
$
d, !b
$
2 $ac)(c
$
-$4 Aum of the roots of the e,uation -x
$
1 1 is _____
a) 1
b) $
c) *
d) ".
--4 Product of the roots of the e,uation px
$
4 ,x 2 r 1 * is "1, if _____
a) p 1 r
b) p 4 r 1 *
c) , 1 r
d) p 1 ,
-.4 Aum of all roots of the e,uation .x
$
2 9x
$
4 1%x 2 : 1 * is ____
a) 9
b) $
c) "$
d) "9
$.. 0f p and , are the roots of the e,uation x$ 4 px 4 , 1 *, then _____
a) p 1 1, , 1 $
b) p 1 $, , 1 1
c) p 1 1, , 1 "$
d) p 1 "$, , 1 1
-04 x
$
4 bx 4 a 1 * and x$ 4 ax 4 b 1 * have a common root5 then
a, a b
b) a 4 b 1 1
c) a 4 b 4 1 1 *
d) a 2 b 1 1
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
.
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3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
____________________________________________________________________________________
1. &hich of the following is an ordered pair'
a) R/,9S
b) /,9
c) !/,9)
d) R!/,9)S
$. A 1 Rp, ,, r, sS5 G 1 Rc, dS. &hich of the following is a relation from A to G'
a) R!p, ,), !p, c), !,, d), !r, c), !r, s)S
b) Rp, c), !,, d), !r, c), !s, d)S
c) R!r, s), !p, p), !,, d), !s, c)S
%. U is a relation from A to G. 3hen the domain of the relation is _____
a) A
b) G
c) a subset A
d) a subset of G
.. A 1 R!"$,9), !%,".), !/,1*), !-,.), !":,$)S. 3he domain of a is _____
a) R"$,%,/,-,":S
b) R9,".,1*,.,$S
c) R"$,%,.,$1S
d) R9,%,/,$S
/. P 1 R!a, ,), !0, J), !7, l)S. 3he range of P is
a) Ra, i, 7S
b) R,, J, lS
c) Ra, J, 7S
d) !,, J, a)
-. P 1 R/,-,6S, K 1 !-,9). U is a relation from P to K defined by U 1 R!x, y)(x I yS. 3hen U 1
a) R!/,-), !-,9), !/,9)S
b) R!9,6), !-,6), !/,-), !-,9)S
c) R!/,-), !/,9), !-,9), !6,9)S
d) R!/,/), !-,-), !6,9), !-,9)S
6. A is a subset of G5 @ is a subset of T. 3hen
a, A x G @ x T
&, A x @ G x T
2, A x T G x @
d, A@ GT
9. A 1 R"%,/,9S. Any relation in A cannot contain morethan ____ ordered pairs
a) -
b) 6
c) 9
d) :
:. G 1 R11,1$,1%S. U is a relation in G defined by R!x, y) ( !yIxS. &hich is it'
a) R!11, 1$), !11, 1%), !1$, 1%)S
b) R!$, 11), !1%, 1$)S
c) R!1$, 11), !1%, 1$), !1%, 11)S
d) R!1$, 11), !1$, 1%)S
1*. A relation U in A is said to be reflexive if _____
a, for every x A, R!x, x) U
&, for every x, y A, !x, y) U !y, x) U
2, for every x, y A, !x, y) U !y, x) U x 1 y
d, for every x, y, E A, !x, y) U !y, E) U !x, E) U
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
$$4 0f a H b and bHa, then a 1 b a, b U. 3his relation is _____
a) anti symmetric
b) symmetric
c) reflexive
d) transitive
1$. <Greater than= in the set of natural numbers is __ relation.
a) reflexive
b) transitive
c) symmetric
d) e,uivalence
1%. An example for <transitive= relation is ____
a) being subset of
&, being to in a set of lines in a plane
c) being not e,ual to in a set of numbers
d) none of these
1.. Por a relation to be an e,uivalence relation it must be
a) reflexive
b) symmetric
c) reflexive, symmetric and transitive
d) transitive
1/. An example for e,uivalence relation is ____
a) is a brother of
b) is congruent to
2, is to
d) is wife of
1-. A relation is a function if no two ordered pairs ____
a) have the same first co"ordinate
b) have the some second co"ordinate
c) have the some elements
d) have a common element
16. &hich of the following relations is a function'
a) R!a, b), !b, c), !c, d)S
b) R!a, b), !a, c), !a, d)S
c) R!c, a), !c, b), !c, c)S
d) R!c, a), !c, d), !b, d)S
19. &hich of the following is a function'
a) f 1 R!1, $), !1, %), !1, .)S
b) g 1 R!1, $), !$, %), !%, .)S
c) f 1 R!x, y), ( x 1 $, y 1 !1, $, %)S
d, g1 1 Ra, ) !a, c)S
1:. A 1 R1, $, %S5 G 1 Rp, ,, r, sS, then which of the following is a function from G to A'
a) R!,, 1), !p, $), !r, %)S
b) R!p, $), !,, 1), !r, %), !,, $)S
c) R!p, 1), !,, 1), !r, 1)
d) R!p, 1), !r, 1), !,, $), !s, %)S
-:4 PD x % &hich of the following is correct'
a) f!1) 1 *
b) f!$) 1 *
c) f!%) 1 *
d) f!1) 1 %
-$4 fD U U and g D U U, f!x) 1 x 4 $, g!x) 1 $ 2 x, then fog and gof
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
a) do not exist
b) are e,ual
c) are inverse functions
d) none of these
--4 U is the set of real numbers. fD U U, f!x) 1 x
$
, then f is ______
a) one"one but not onto
b) onto but not one"one
c) one"one and onto
d) 8either one"one nor onto
$%. 0n which of the following functions f!a) 1 f!"a)'
a) x 4 $
&, x
$
4 .
2, x
$
4 x 2 $
d, x
$
4 x 4 $
$.. f is an identity function defined by f!x) 1 x, then f!1$) 1 _____
a) *
b) 1$
c) 1
d) 8one of these
$/. 0f a function has its inverse also a function, then it is
a) one"one
b) one"one and onto
c) onto
d) one"one and into
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
DERI$ATI$ES & LIMITS
____________________________________________________________________________________
$4 d(dx !x
n
) 1
a, nx
n"1
&, 2x.n
x"1
c) x(n . n"1
d) xn
-4 d(dx!e
x
) 1
a, e
x"1
&, e
x
2, $e
x
d) 8one
.4 d(dx !ax) 1
a, a
x
. log a
&, x
a
log x
2, x
a
log a
d, a
x
log x
.. d(dx !log x) 1
a, 1(x
$
b) x long x
c) 1(x
d, "1(x
$
/. d(dx !sin x) 1
a) cos x
b) 2 cos x
c) sin $x
d) 8one
-. d(dx !sin x) 1
a) 2sin x
b) sinx
2, cos
$
x
d) cos $x
6. d(dx !tan x) 1
a) $ sec x
&, sec
$
x
2, $ sec
$
x
d) secx. tanx
9. d(dx !cot x) 1
a, 2cosec
$
x
&, 2sec
$
x
c) cosec x cos x
d) 8one
:. d(dx !sec x) 1
a, sec
$
x
b) $secx
2, tan
$
x
d) sec x tan x
1*. d(dx !cosec x) 1
a) 2cosecx cot x
&, 2cos
$
x
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
2, 2cosec
$
x
d) $ sin x
11. d(dx !7) 1
a) 1
b) 7
c) *
d) "1
$-4 d(dx!1(x
$
) 1
a, "1(x
$
&, "$(x
%
c)
x
d, $x
$
$.4 d(dx! x ) 1
a)
x 2
1
b)
x 2
1
2, x
%($
d)
x
x 2
$/4

,
_
x
&x
& 1
1
a)
x 2
1
b)
x x 2
1
c)
2
2
1
x
d) 8one
$04 d(dx!x
$
2 /x) 1
a) $x 2 /
b) $x 4 /
c) "$x 2 /
d, /x
$
2 $x
$74 d(dx !6x
$
2 /x 4 -) 1
a) $x 2 /
b) 1.x 2 /
2, 1.x
$
2 -
d, 1.x
$
4 - 2 /x
$84 d(dx !$x
%
2 9x 4 .) 1
a, -x
$
2 9
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
&, -x
$
4 9
2, 9x
$
4 /
d, %x
$
2 9x 4 1
$>4 d(dx !x
-
2 -x
/
4 /x
$
4 $) 1
a, -x
/
4 /x
.
4 $x
&, -x
/
2 %*x
.
4 1*x
2, -x
/
2 /x
.
2 $x
d, -x
/
4 %*x
.
2 1*x
1:.
,
_
+ + 4 $
3 2
2
3
x x
&x
&
a)
x
x
2
3
1$ +
b)
3
3
2
2
1$
x
x +
c)
x
x
3
2
2
1$
3
+
d)
x
x
3
2
2
1$
2
+
$*.
,
_
x x
x
&x
& 4
3
a)
2
$
(
3
x
x
+
b)
2
$
(
2
1
x
x

c)
2
$
$ (

+ x x
d)
2
$
(
2
3

+ x
x
-$4 d(dx !x
"6
4 x
$
2 x) 1
a) 1 2
,
'
+
x
x
b) 1 2
,
'
+ x
x
2, 6x
"6
"$x41
d) 8one
$$.
,
_
x
&x
& 4
a, "$x
"%($
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3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
&, $(x
%($
c)
x x
2
d)
x x 2
$%. @ 2 ? x
&x
&
a)
x
1
b)
x
1
c)
x x
1
d)
x x
$..
,
_
+ +
2
2 $
x
x x x
&x
&
a, %x
$
2 1(x
$
&, %x
$
4 x
"$
2, %x 2 !1(x
$
)
d, x 2 !1(%x
$
)
$/. ( ) x
&x
&
log 2
a, "$(x
$
&, "$(x
%
c) $(x
d) "$(x
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
LOGARIT%MS
____________________________________________________________________________________
$4 3he logarithmic form of /
%
1 1$/ is
a, log/ 1$/ 1 %
&, log% / 1 1$/
2, log1$/ % 1 /
d, log% 1$/ 1 /
-4 3he logarithmic form of .
%
1 -. is
a, log-. . 1 %
&, log% -. 1 .
2, log. -. 1 %
d, log% . 1 -.
.4 3he logarithmic form of a
b
1 c is
a, loga b 1 c
&, loga c 1 b
2, logb c 1 a
d, logc c 1 b
/4 3he Qxponential form of log$ %$ 1 / is
a, $
/
1 %$
&, $
%$
1 /
2, /
$
1 %$
d, $
.
1 1-
04 3he exponential form of log1* 1*** 1 % is
a, 1*
%
1 1***
&, 1*
$
1 *.**1 1 "%
2, %
1*
1 1***
d, 1*
.
1 1****
-. &hich of the following is true'
a, log% 91 1 /
&, log1* *.**1 1 "%
2, log1$ 1.. 1 %
d, log$ 1(- 1 "%
6. log, p 4 log, , 1
a, logr, p
&, logp ,r
2, logp pr
d, logr p,
>4 &hen !r, s *), logp !r(s) 1
a, logp r"logp s
&, logp s"logp r
2, logr p"logr s
d, logp r"logs p
94 logx x
y
1
a, x logE y
&, y logE x
2, E logy x
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
d, y logx E
$:4 loga a1
a) 1
b) *
c) can=t be determined
d) "1
$$4 log/ -$/ 1
a) 1
b) $
c) %
d) .
1$. log $. 1
a) log $ 4 log 1$
b) log % 4 log 9
c) log . 4 log -
d) All of the above
1%. / log $ 4 $ log / 1
a) log 9**
b) log /.
c) log .:
d) log -*
1.. log 1:.. 1
a) % log - 4 $ log %
b) - log % 4 % log $
c) . log % 4 $ log .
d) % log . 4 / log $
1/. log -:1$ 1
a) $ log . 4 / log % 4 $ log %
b) . log $ 4 % log % 4 $ log .
c) / log % 4 % log / 4 $ log -
d) 8one
1-. log $/(91 1
a) $ log / 2 . log %
b) % log . 2 / log $
c) % log / 2 $ log /
d, % log . 4 . log / 2 log$ $
16. log $ 4 log - 4 log 6 1
a) log 9.
b) log 6$
c) log :-
d) log 1*9
19. log % 4 log / 2 % log $ 1
a) log !$*(9)
b) log !$/(:)
c) log !1/(9)
d) log !1/(:)
1:. log ab(cd 1
a) log a 4 log c 2 log b 2 log d
b) log a 4 log b 2 log c 2 log d
c) log c 2 log a 4 lob b 2 log d
d) 8one
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
-:4 log/* 1 1
a) 1
b) "1
c) *
d) $
-$4 logb
y
a
x
1
a, x(y logb a
&, a(b logy x
2, y(x logb a
d, a(b logx y
$$.

y
x
x
log
a) x
b) y
c) xy
d) x(y
-.4 loga x . logb b. logy c 1
a, logb a
&, logy c
2, logy x
d, logx y
-/4 log/ %.% x log- / x log6 - 1
a) %
b) .
c) /
d) -
$/.

,
_
$ 3
log b a
a, log a
%
4 log b
/
b) %log a 4 / log b
c) %($ log a 4 /($ log b
d) 8one
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
BINOMIAL T%EOREM
____________________________________________________________________________________
$4
n
@r 1 ____
a) n!n 2 r)
b) n!n 2 1) _ !n 2 r)
c) n!n 2 1)!n 2 $) __ !n 2 r 4 1)
d)
@g ?
g
r n r
n
-4
/
@% 1 ____
a) /
&, / %
c) 1*
d, / . %
.4 3he number of terms in the expansion of !x 4 y)
11
is ____
a) 1*
b) 1$
c) 11
d) 1%
/4 0f the number of terms in the expansion of
n
x
x
,
_
3
2
3 is 1-, the value of n 4 ____
a) 1-
b) 1/
c) 16
d) 9
04 3he number of terms in the expansion of !%"$x
$
)
/
is
a) /
b) -
c) 6
d) 9
74 3he !r 4 1) th term in the expansion of !a 4 y)
m
is ____
a,
m
@r. a
r"m
.y
r
&,
m
@r . a
r
y
m"r
2,
m
@r a
m
y
r
d,
m
@r a
m"r
. y
r
84 3he !r 4 1)th term in the expansion of !ax 4 b)
n
is ____
a,
n
@r . x
n"r
a
r
b
n"r
&,
n
@r . x
r
a
n"r
b
r
2,
n
@r . a
n"r
b
r
x
r
d,
n
@r . a
n"r
b
r
x
n"r
>4 3he %
rd
term in the expansion of !%x 4 /y)
/
is _____
a, 1* x
$
y
$
&, -6/ x
%
y
$
2, -6/* x
%
y
$
d, -6/*x
%
y
%
94 3he /
th
term in the expansion of
(
1
,
_
+
x
x is
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
a,
-
@. 1(x
$
&,
-
@/ 1(x
2,
-
@$ . x
$
d,
-
@%
$:4 3he !r 4 1)th term !general term) in the expansion of !x 4 y)
n
is ____
a,
n
@r . x
n"r41
y
r41
&,
n
@r41 . x
n"r"1
y
r
2,
n
@r . xy
n"$
b
r
x
r
d,
n
@r . x
n"r
y
r
$$4 3he coefficient of x. in the expansion of !$x 4 %)
6
is _____
a,
6
@. . $
%
.%
.
&,
6
@. . $
.
.%
%
2,
6
@. . $
6
.%
6
d,
6
@. . $
1
.%
6
$-4 3he coefficient of x
$
in the expansion of
(
3
1
2
,
_
+
x
x is _____
a,
-
@$ . $
$
. 1(%
.
&,
-
@$ . $
.
. 1(%
$
2,
-
@$ . $
$
.1(%
$
d,
-
@$ . $
.
.1(%
.
$.4 3he !r 4 1)th term in the expansion !a 4 x)
m
____ is
a,
m
@r . a
r"%
.y
r
&,
m
@r a
m"r
.x
r
2,
m
@r a
m
.x
r
d,
m
@r a
m"r
.x
m"r
$/4 3he binomial coefficients successively in the expansion of !x 4 y)
.
are ____
a) 1, ., -
b) 1, /, 1*, /, 1
c) 1, %, %, 1
d) 1, ., -, ., 1
$04 3he middle term in the expansion of
(
1
,
_
+
x
x
a,
-
@$
&,
-
@.
2,
-
@%
d, -@* ( )
$
3
2
3 3
2 b
x x
x
,
_

,
_

(
2
2
,
_
x
x is ____
a) 1-*x%
&, "1-*x
%
2, "$.*x
%
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
d, $.*x
%
$84 3he middle term in the expansion of !a 4 b)
.
is _____
a, -a
$
b
$
&, .a
%
b
$
2, -ab
%
d, a
$
b
$
$>4 3he last term in the expansion of
$
2
,
_
+
x
x is _____
a, $(x
$
&, 1*(x
/
2, %$(x
/
d) %$(x
4
2
1
3
,
_
+
x
x is ______
a, 91x
.
&, 1(1-x
.
c) $6($
d, "/.x
$
-:4 3he middle term in the expansion of
'
1
2
,
_
x
x is its _____
a, .
th
term
&, /
th
term
2, -
th
term
d, %
rd
term
-$4 3he .
th
term in the expansion of
,
2
2
3
3
4
,
_
x
x
is _____
a, .9* x
/
&, ".9*x
/
2, "%$/x
/
d, "%/.$
/
(% x
/
--4 0f the coefficient of x$ in the expansion of !$ 4 x)
n
is $.*, the value of n 1 _____
a) %
b) .
c) /
d) -
-.4 !1 4 x)
.
2 !1 2 x)
.
1 _____
a, $ 4 -x
$
4 x
.
&, $ 4 1$x
$
4 $x
.
2, $ 4 9x 4 1$x
$
9x
%
4 $x
.
d, 9x 4 9x
%
-/4 3he term independent of x in the expansion of
(
2
,
_
+
x
x is
a) 9*
&,
-
@$
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
c) 1-*
d,
-
@%.$
$
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3
040-(4$4$0(0K(4$4$3(3
i

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52ere x12 D )ombine* mean o% t2e t5o ata sets 1 an 2

$74 3he middle term in the expansion of

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