Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Trang 168

Chng 6. KH TRNG NC THI

6.1. TI SAO PHI KH TRNG NC THI
Da vo s phn tch ta c th a ra 2 nguyn nhn cn phi kh trng nc thi v nc cp sau
y:

1. Theo yu cu ca tiu chun Vit Nam v ch tiu an ton nc cp v nc thi phi k n
ch tiu vi sinh
a. Nc cp: + Ecoli khng c tn ti
+ Coliform < 20MPN/100ml
b. Nc thi: + Coliform : < 5000 MPN/100ml (loi A)
< 10000 MPN/100ml (loi B)

2. Do trong qu trnh x l nc cp v nc thi phi qua nhiu cng on khc nhau do
kh nng gy nhim vi sinh l rt cao



































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phen
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Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Trang 169
0
20
40
60
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120
I II III
I I. . N N c c t th h i i t tr r c c k kh hi i x x l l
I II I. . S Sa au u b b l l n ng g 1 1
I II II I. . S Sa au u b b A Ae er ro ot te en n
% gim VK
Kh trng l mt khu quan trng cui cng trong h thng x l nc sinh hot. Sau qu trnh x l
c hc, nht l nc sau khi qua b lc, phn ln cc vi sinh vt b gi li. Song tiu dit hon
ton cc vi trng gy bnh, cn phi tin hnh kh trng nc.

Kh trng nc thi l nhm mc ch ph h, tiu dit cc loi vi khun gy bnh nguy him hoc
cha c hoc khng th kh b trong qu trnh x l nc thi.

Nc thi sau khi x l bng phng php sinh hc cn cha khong 105 106 vi khun /ml. Hu ht
cc loi vi khun c trong nc thi khng phi l vi trng gy bnh nhng khng loi tr kh nng c
vi khun gy bnh. Khi x ra ngun nc cp, h bi,.. th s lan truyn bnh rt ln. V vy cn phi
tuyt trng nc thi trc khi x ra ngoi.

Nh bit, x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc trong iu kin t nhin cho hiu xut x l
v kh trng cao nht, t ti 99%, cn cc cng trnh x l sinh hc trong iu kin nhn to ch t
91 98%.

Biu sau y biu th s gim s lng vi khun sau khi nc thi x l qua mt s cng on:


















Vi nhng phn tch nh trn ta thy rng cn phi kh trng truc khi s dng (nc cp) v trc
khi thi ra ngun tip nhn (nc thi).

6.2. CC PHUONG PHP KH TRNG NC THI

Hin nay c nhiu bin php kh trng c hiu qu:
Kh trng bng cc cht oxi ho mnh: Cl
2
, cc hp cht Clo, O
3,
KmnO
4
.
Kh trng bng cc tia vt l: tia cc tm.
Kh trng bng siu m.
Kh trng bng phng php nhit.
Kh trng bng cc ion kim loi nng.
Cch la chn phng php ph thuc:
Cc yu t nh hng.
Hiu qu.

6.2.1. Kh trng bng cc cht xi ha mnh
6.2.1.1.Kh trng bng Clo v cc hp cht ca Clo
Cl
2
l cht oxi ho mnh bt k dng no. Khi cho Clo tc dng vi n s to thnh HOCl c tc
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Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Trang 170
dng dit trng mnh. Khi cho Clo vo trong H
2
O, cht dit trng s khuych tn qua lp v t bo
sinh vt gy phn ng vi men t bo lm ph hoi cc qu trnh trao i cht ca t bo vi sinh
vt.

Khi cho Clo vo trong nc, phn ng din ra nh sau:
Cl
2
+ H
2
O = HCl + HclO
Hoc c th dng phng trnh phn li
Cl
2
+ H
2
O = H
+
+ OCl
-
+ Cl
-
.
Khi s dng Clorua vi, phn ng din ra nh sau:
Ca(OCl)
2
+ H
2
O = CaO + 2HOCl
2HOCl = 2H
+
+ 2OCl
-
Kh nng dit trng ca Clo ph thuc vo hm lng HOCl c trong H
2
O. Nng HOCl ph thuc
vo lng ion H
+
trong nc hay ph thuc vo pH ca nc. Khi:

- pH = 6 th HOCl chim 99,5% cn OCl
-
chim 0.5%
- pH = 7 th HOCl chim 79% cn OCl
-
chim 21%
- pH = 8 th HOCl chim 25% cn OCl
-
chim 75%

Tc l pH cng cao hiu qu kh trng cng gim.
Tc dng kh trng ca HOCl cao hn nhiu OCl
-
.

Khi cho Clo vo trong nc ngoi vic dit vi sinh vt, n cn kh cc cht ho tan v NH
3
.
HOCl + NH
3
= NH
2
Cl + H
2
O
HOCl + NH
2
Cl = NHCl
2
+ H
2
O
HOCl + NHCl = NCl
3
+ H
2
O

Do kh nng dit trng km i. Bi v kh nng dit trng ca monocloramin hp hn dicloramin
khong 3 5 ln, cn kh nng dit trng ca dicloramin thp hn HOCl khong 20 25 ln.

Khi pH tng NCl
3
to t. Kh nng dit trng ca NH
2
Cl =( 1/3 -1/5) NHCl
2
v NH
2
Cl
2
=(1/20
1/25)Cl
2
.

Sau khi qua x ly (h thng x l) th lng Clo lng d: 0.3-0.5mg/l. Sao cho n cui ng cn
0.05mg/l.

Lng Clo d a vo trong nc phi xc nh bng thc nghim. Khi thit k s b c th ly nh
sau : i vi nc thi sau x l c hc l 10mg/l; nc thi sau x l Aeroten khng hon ton hay
Biophin cao ti l 5mg/l; nc thi x l sinh hc hon ton l 3mg/l.

Khi trong nc c phenol, kh trng bng Clo Clo phenol c mi rt kh chu. Nn kh bng NH
3

trc khi kh trng.

* Kh trng bng Clo lng: Khi dng Clo lng kh trng , ti nh my phi lp t thit b
chuyn dng a Clo vo nc gi l Clorat. y l thit b c chc nng pha ch v nh lng
Clo hi v nc.







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Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
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Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Trang 172

H

n
h

:

C
l
o
r
a
t

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6.2.1.2. Kh trng bng Clorua vi v canxihyphocloit
Clorua vi c sn xut bng cch cho Clo + vi ti Cloruavi. Trong Cloruavi th lng Clo
hot tnh chim 20 25%. Canxi hypclorit Ca (OCl)
2
l sn phm ca qu trnh lm bo ha dung
dch vi sa bng Clo. Ham lng Clo hot tnh chim 30 45%.

H thng pha ch Clo
Bnh Clo lng
50 100 l
Bnh Clo lng dung tch 800 1000li1t
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Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
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6.2.1.3. Kh trng bng Natri hypoclorit (nc zaven). NaClo l sn phm ca qu trnh in phn
dung dch mui n . Nc zaven c nng Clo hot tnh t 6 8g/l































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Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Trang 175
6.2.1.4. Dng zn kh rng

zn l mt cht kh c mu tm t ha tan trong nc v rt c hi i vi con ngi. trong nc,
zn phn hy rt nhanh thnh xi phn t v nguyn t. zn c tnh hot ha mnh hn Clo, nn
dit trng mnh hn.
zn c sn xut bng cch cho Oxy hoc khng kh i qua thit b phng la in. cung cp
lng ozon cho trm x l nc ta dng my pht tia la in v cho khng kh chy qua. Ozon sn
xut ra d b phn hy thnh Oxy do phi lp thit b lm lnh my sn xut Ozon. C 2 loi my
lm lnh in cc:
- Lm lnh bng khng kh.
- Lm lnhbng nc.

u im ca Ozon:
- Khng c mi
- Lm gim nhu cu oxi ca nc , gim cht hu c,..
- Kh mu, phnol, xianua
- Tng DO
- Khng c sn phm ph gy c hi
- Tng vn tc lng ca ht l lng

Nhc im:
- Vn u t cao
- Tiu tn nng lng

Kh nng tit trng ca Ozon
ha tan ca Ozon gp 13 ln ca oxy. Khi va cho vo trong nc kh nng tit trng l rt t , khi
Ozon ha tan liu lng, ng vi hm lng oxy ho hu c v vi khun trong nc, lc
tc dng kh trng mnh nhanh gp 3100 ln so vi Clo, thi gian tit trng xy ra trong khong 3
8 giy.

Liu lng cn thit cho nc ngm l 0.75 1mg/l; 1.0 3.0 mg/l nc mt; sau b lng 2 trong x
l nc thi t 5 15mg/l.

6.2.2. Kh trng bng tia cc tm

Tia c tm UV l tia bc x in t c bc sng khong 4 400nm. di bc sng ca tia c tm
nm ngoi vng pht hin, nhn bit ca mt thng. Dng tia cc tm tit trng khng lm thay
i tnh cht ha hc v l hc ca nc.

Tia cc tm tc dng lm thay i DNA ca t bo vi khun, tia cc tm c di bc sng 254nm,
kh nng dit khun cao nht. Trong cc nh my x l nc thi, dng n thu ngn p lc thp
pht tia cc tm, loi n ny pht ra tia c tm c bc sng 253,7nm, bng n t trong hp thy
tinh khng hp ph tia cc tm, ngn cch n v nc. n c lp thnh b trong hp ng c
vch ngn phn phi khi nc cy qua hp, c trn u cho s lng vi khun i qua n
trong thi gian tip xc hp l cao nht. Lp nc i qua n c dy khong 6mm, nng lng
tiu th t 6000 13000mocrowat/s, bn 3000 gi n 8000 gi.

Tuy nhin khi s dng phng php ny th chi ph rt cao. Cc thc nghim gn y cho thy nc
thi c hm lng cn l lng SS < 50mg/l sau khi i qua hp n cc tm vi tiu chun nng lng
nu trn th nc cn 200 Colifrom/100ml.



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6.2.3. Kh trng bng mt s phng php khc
- Kh trng bng siu m: Dng dng siu m vi cng tc dng ln s c th tiu dit ton
b vi sinh vt trong nc
- Kh trng bng PP nhit: PP c truyn. un si nc 100
0
C.
- Kh trng bng Ion Bc : C th tiu dit phn ln vi trng. Vi 2 10g/l ion l c th tc
dng.

Bi tp p dng: Tnh cng trnh kh trng nc thi cho trm x l nc thi cng sut 12,5 (m
3
/h)
- Lng Clo hot tnh cn thit kh trng nc thi c tnh theo cng thc: (X l nc thi th v
cng nghip,Tnh ton thit k cng trnh- Lm Minh Trit)

= = =
h
kg
Q a
Y
a
0375 , 0
1000
5 , 12 * 3
1000
*

Trong : Q: lu lng tnh ton ca nc thi, Q = 12,5 (m
3
/h)
a: liu lng Clo hot tnh trong Clo nc ly theo iu 6.20.3-TCXD-51-84, nc thi sau khi
x l sinh hc hon ton, a = 3
Vy lng Clo dng cho 1ngy l: 0,9 (kg/ng) = 27 (kg/thng)
Dung tch bnh Clo:
( ) l
P
m
V 36 , 18
47 , 1
27
= = =

P: trng lng ring ca Clo.
- Tnh ton mng trn
xo trn nc thi vi Clo, chn mng trn vch ngn c l tnh ton thit k. Thi gian xo trn trong
vng 1 2 pht. Mng gm 3 ngn vi cc l c d = 20 100 (mm) (X l nc thi th v cng nghip,Tnh ton thit
k cng trnh- Lm Minh Trit)
Chn d = 30 mm
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Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Trang 177
Chn Chiu rng mng: B = 0,5 (m)
Khong cch gia cc vch ngn: l = 1,5*B = 1,5*0,5 = 0,75 m
Chiu di tng cng ca mng trn vi 2 vch ngn c l:
L = 3*l + 2* = 3*0,75 + 2*0,2 = 2,65 m
Chn thi gian xo trn l 2 pht.
Thi gian nc lu li trong mng trn c tnh bng cng thc:

) ( 60 * 2
0035 , 0
65 , 2 * 5 , 0 * * *
1
max
1
giy
H
Q
L B H
t = = =

Vy: Chiu cao lp nc trc vch ngn th nht

) ( 3 , 0
65 , 2 * 5 , 0
0035 , 0 * 60 * 2
1
m H = =

S hng l theo chiu ng:
C: H
1
= 2d*(n
d
1) + d

6 5 , 5 1
03 , 0 * 2
03 , 0 3 , 0
1
* 2
1
= +

= +

=
d
d H
n
n
l
S hng l theo chiu ngang:
C: B = 2d*(n
n
1) + 2d

8 3 , 8 1
03 , 0 * 2
03 , 0 * 2 5 , 0
1
* 2
* 2
= +

= +

=
d
d B
n
n
l

Chiu cao lp nc trc vch ngn th 2
H
2
= H
1
+ h = 0,3 + 0,13 = 0,43 9m)
Trong : h: Tn tht p lc qua cc l ca vch ngn th 2.

) ( 13 , 0
81 , 9 * 2 * 62 , 0
1
2 *
2 2
2
m
g
v
h = = =

V: Tc chuyn ng ca nc qua l. Chn v = 1 (m/s)

: H s lu lng:

= 0,62 X l nc thi th v cng nghip,Tnh ton thit k

cng trnh- Lm Minh Trit)
Chiu cao xy dng: H = H
2
+ H
bv
= 0,43 + 0,17 = 0,6 (m)
















Vch ngn mng xo trn

30mm B = 0,75m
30mm
20mm
H
1
= 0,3m
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Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
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mng trn vch ngn c l

- Tnh ton b tip xc kiu b lng ngang
Th tch hu ch ca b tip xc c tnh theo cng thc:
V = Q
max
h
* t = 12,5 *
60
30
= 6,25 (m
3
)
Trong : t: thi gian lu nc, chn t = 30 pht (X l nc thi- Hong Hu)
Chn Chiu cao b: H
1
= 0,8 (m)
Chiu cao bo v: h
bv
= 0,2 (m)
Din tch b mt:
F = ) ( 8125 , 7
8 , 0
25 , 6
2
m
H
V
= =
Chn chiu di b: D = 4 (m)
chiu rng b: B ) ( 2 953 , 1 m
D
F
= =
Cc thng s thit k b kh trng
STT Tn thng s S liu dng thit k n v
1 Chiu di b (D) 4 m
2 Chiu rng b 2 m
3 Chiu cao b (H) 1 m
4 Thi gian lu nc 0,5 h


D = 2,65 m
B = 0,5
D
1
= 0,75
H
2
H

H
1
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