http://www.vnlinux.org/sitemoi/?

q=node/333
Ci t cc ng d!ng t" m# ngu$n tr%n &inux
C nhiu bn khi ln u tin n vi Linux cm gic s kh khn v bt tin c!" vic ci
#t cc $ng %&ng t'n Linux( #c bit l cc $ng %&ng )hi ci #t t* m+ ngu,n nh- xin.(
/).n0L 1v1v111
2'n 3in%/4s( bn ch5 cn ti $ng %&ng v( gii n6n ',i click v/ 7il. s.tu) l h8"n tt
vic ci #t( nh-ng t'n Linux l m9t chu:n h8"n t8"n khc1 ;i vit n: s< nh=m
m&c >ch h-ng %?n bn cc th"/ tc ci #t cc )hn mm $ng %&ng t'n Linux v cung
c) cc kin th$c cn bn gi@) bn c thA Bun lC h thDng c!" 'ing mEnh1
;i vit s< gi sF '=ng bn + bit cch sF %&ng m9t sD )hn mm Bun lC gi nh- ')m1
GA %H %ng thE bi vit s< gIi cc )hn mm t'n Linux l cc gi J)"ck"g.K1 2hc t tn
gIi LgiL @ng Mn hNn vE cc gi t'n Linux c thA khOng )hi l m9t t'Enh $ng %&ng n/
m ch5 l cc th- vin nn nh- th- vin , hI" 0tkP h/#c Q).n0L 1v1v111
'. (i)i thi*u
;n c thA s< t hRi '=ng ti s"/ cc )hn mm t'n Linux khOng t ng gi sSn ch/
ch@ng t" ',i khi xut bn ch5 cn ti v v ci #t n1 CTu t' lUi n=m V W vn ( vn
th$ X l cc )hn mm vit t'n Linux khOng hYn ch5 c thA ch: t'n Linux m c thA
ch: t'n nhEu h thDng khc nh"u t'/ng hI Znix nh- [/l"'is( \]^( _`aZ^ 1v1v11 thbm
ch> cc )hn mm c thA ch: t'n 't nhiu vi xF lC khc nh"u nh- ]nt.l( c/t/'/l"(
``C 1v1v111 C -dc s " nng l nhU v/ t>nh " nn J)/'t"bl.K c!" ngOn nge CfCPP
nh-ng 8i hRi ch@ng t" )hi bin %gch li )hn mm t* m+ ngu,n ch/ h thDng m ch@ng
vbn hnh1 ;n s< t hRi l ti s"/ cc nh )ht t'iAn li khOng bin %gch sSn ch/ ch@ng t"
t'n h thDng thOng %&ng n/ nh- Linux chYng hn1
CTu t' lUi l bVi vE cc )hn mm n: l )hn mm m+ ngu,n mV hK v cc nh )ht
t'iAn khOng c cch gE hNn l A li )hn bin %gch ch/ ch@ng t"1 2u: nhin bn *ng tht
vIng vE c m9t sD nh )ht t'iAn 't l tDt b&ng c thA bin %gch sSn ch/ ch@ng t" '" cc
gi c %ng ')m v cing vi s hj t'd c!" cOng t: k.% _"t ch@ng t" clng + c nheng
ch-Nng t'Enh Bun lC cc )hn mm hiu Bu khOng k6m gE t'n 3in%/4s nh- k`c
Jk.%h"t `"ck"g. c"n"g.'K1 c#c %i l th nh-ng khOng )hi l@c n/ cc gi mi nht t*
cc nh )ht t'iAn gDc u c )hin bn bin %gch sSn m th-Ung l m9t khR"ng thUi gi"n
s"u cc )hin bn mi c -dc %-i
%ng bin %gch sSn1 ;n cnh c8n c 't nhiu nh )ht t'iAn khOng h bin %gch sSn
sn )hm c!" mEnh m 8i h8i ng-Ui %ing )hi bin %gch( iAn hEnh l t'Enh chNi )him v
nhc xin.1 Cc gi bin %gch sSn cc bn c t* xin. " sD l t* cc nh )ht t'iAn khc1 m/
nu bn khOng bn khOng bit cch ci #t cc gi t* ngu,n l m9t t'V ngi 't ln ch/
vic hiAu v Bun t'g h thDng c!" 'ing mEnh1
+. C,n -.n c/0 vi*c ci t
Giu u tin khi bn tin hnh ci #t l bn )hi c m+ ngu,n c!" gi t'-c1 _+: ln
mng s."'ch bt kE gi n/ bn th>ch nh- th- vin 0tkP h/#c 0n/m. 1v1v111 ["u khi ti
v( thOng th-Ung c %ng l 1gn h/#c 1bnW( T: u l W chuon n6n khc nh"u( s"u khi gii
n6n b=ng gunni) ch/ gn h/#c bunni)W ch/ bnW thE cc gi s< c %ng mi l t"'( clng l
m9t chuon n6n khc( bn c thA gii n6n b=ng lnh( t"' axv7 111 2h nh-ng %H %ng v
tit kim %ung l-dng p q" thE ch@ng t" c thA g9) cc cTu lnh thnh X nh- s"uh
a GDi vi gi 1gnh r t"' anxv7 t.ng/i1gn
a GDi vi gi 1bnWh r t"' asxv7 t.ng/i1bnW
["u khi gii n6n x/ng v tEm tb) tin ]t[2\LL A Ic c& thA ch/ )hn h-ng %?n ci #t1
2h nh-ng hu nh- cc gi u tuTn th./ cc th"/ tc tun t s"uh
r 1fc/n7igu'.
r m"k.
r m"k. inst"ll
Ch5 c vi gi #c bit s< c 'ing cch ci #t nh-ng khi bn + nMm veng ngu:n tMc
chung thE %i l cch th$c n/ bn clng c thA x/": xV -dc1 Ch@ng t" h+: x6t n cTu
lnh u tin( 1fc/n7igu'. 111 2hc cht c/n7igu'. l m9t sh.ll sc'i)t s< kiAm t'" nheng :u
cu c!" h thDng c!" bn c ) $ng ! A ci #t gi ln khOng( v> %& nh- m9t sD gi
8i hRi bn )hi c sSn th- vin , hI" 0tk W1u t'V ln h/#c l th- vin A gii n6n nhc
c)v11v1v111 kt nhiu gi c s )h& thu9c nh- th ch$ cc gi khi ti v khOng h c sSn
cc gi t-Nng $ng cn thit ch/ n1 whi bn ch: c/n7igu'. x/ng kt Bu s< ch/ bn bit
cc gi n/ cn thit A ci #t1 thim v& c!" bn khOng gE hNn l )hi tEm cc gi )h&
thu9c ci ln m: ',i mi ti) t&c vic ci #t1 tu nh- h thDng c!" bn thR" m+n
: ! cc :u cu A ci #t thE cc c"k.7il. s< -dc
t/ '"1 c"k.7il. l m9t 7il. #c bit c!" tin >ch m"k. nh=m h-ng %?n bin %gch m+
ngu,n c!" gi '" %ng
thc thi1 ["u khi bn thc thi lnh Lm"k.L x/ng thE t8"n b9m+ ngu,n c!" gi + -dc bin
%gch s"ng %ng thc thi nh-ng cc 7il. thc thi v?n c8n n=m t'n th- m&c hin hnh1 m/
bn cn )hi thc hin thm lnh Lm"k. inst"llL A ch6) cc 7il. thc thi s"ng @ng
vg t'> c!" n t'n h thDng1 tu nh- khOng c thOng b/ lji gE x: '" thE bn + h8"n tt
vic ci #t gi ln h thDng c!" mEnh1
3. 12 chc cc 3ile tr%n h* th4ng
;n h8"n t8"n bit th- m&c t'n Linux thE th- m&c fus' l th- m&c Bu"n t'Ing nht vE n
s< ch$" cc ch-Nng t'Enh v hm th- vin t'n 1 2'/ng th- m&c fus'fbin l s< ch$" cc
7il. thc thi ch/ cc gi bn + ci #t t'n m:( cc 7il. t'/ng th- m&c n: bn s< th:
cc 7il. 't Bu.n thu9c nh- m/nill"( g.%it 1v1v111 2h- m&c fus'flib s< ch$" cc hm th-
vin( bn s< th: 't nhiu 7il.s c )hn mV '9ng l 1s/ Jsh"'.% /bs.ctK l cc hm th-
vin lin kt 9ng h/#c 1" J"'chiv.K h/#c 1l" u l cc hm th- vin lin kt tqnh1 G#c
t>nh cn bn c!" W %ng th- vin n: l hm th- vin lin kt tqnh s< -dc lin kt thYng
vi 7il.s thc thi luOn t'/ng Bu t'Enh lin kt( c8n hm th- vin lin kt 9ng thE s< -dc
lin kt t'/ng Bu t'Enh thc thi( ch/ nn s"u khi ch-Nng t'Enh + -dc bin %gch v lin
kt ',i cc th- vin tqnh ch@ng t" c thA bR i nh-ng th- vin lin kt 9ng thE bMt bu9c
)hi i kxm vi ch-Nng t'Enh1 2h- m&c fus'fsh"'. s< ch$" cc ic/n( m"nu"l h/#c in7/ c!"
gi1
5. &60i -7 m8t g9i
tu bn m/ng muDn lI"i bR m9t gi + ci #t t'n hthDng thE cch %u: nht l bn )hi
v/ li th- m&c m+ ngu,n c!" gi v gy lnh Lm"k. uninst"llL 111 thOng th-Ung bn s< c
cc cTu lnh s"uh Lm"k. cl."nL Lm"k.
%istcl."nL 111 Cc cTu lnh c C nghq" 't t-Nng Di v -dc gnh nghq" t'/ng tb) tin
c"k.7il.( nn u tin bn c$ thF vi Lm"k. uninst"llL ',i Lm"k. cl."nL ci cuDi cing
Lm"k. %istcl."nL l gi@) bn x" ht cc tb) tin + bin %gch V th- m&c ngu,n v ,ng thUi
x" c"k.7il.( bn )hi ch: li 1fc/n7igu'. A t/ li c"k.7il.1
:. ;u.n l< cc g9i
m/ vic x" bR m9t gi nh- t'n 't l )hin )h$c Oi l@c bn chYng thA x" bR-dc nu
nh- mt i m+ ngu,n( ch/ nn bn c thA th": vE ci n v/ th- m&c m#c gnh l fus' thE
bn c thA ci v/ cc th- m&c c!" 'ing bn( v> %& nh- bn c thA t/ th- m&c Lfs/7tL 111
["u A ci gi g.%it thE bn t/ thm th- m&c fs/7tfg.%it v %ing lnh 1fc/n7igu'. 111
bn thm ti: chIn s"uh
./configure --prefix=/soft/gedit
thE khi bn gy m"k. inst"ll s< c/): t8"n b9 s"ng th- m&c fs/7tfg.%it 11 whi bn muDn x"
t8"n b9 gi thE ch5 Nn gin x" i th- m&c thOi1 L-u C l khi bn ci v/ th- m&c
'ing c!" mEnh ',i bn )hi t/ W -Ung %?n ch/ W bin m9i t'-Ung J.nvi'/nm.nt
v"'i"bl.K LmzL];k\k{z`\2_ v `w0zCQt|]0z`\2_ 111
LmzL];k\k{z`\2_ s< c -Ung %?n n th- m&c lib c!" gi v*" t/ Jv> %& nh- f
s/7tfg.%itflibK c8n `w0zCQt|]0z`\2_ s< c -Ung %?n n th- m&c )kgzc/n7ig t'/ng
th- m&c lib Jv> %& nh- fs/7tfg.%itflibf)kgzc/n7igK 11 ;n cnh nu bn muDn ch-Nng
t'Enh gIi t 9ng thE bn clng
nn thm v/ bin `\2_ ch/ gi c!" mEnh1
=. &>i ?@t
GDi vi cch ci t'n thE bn %A %ng Bun lC cc gi c!" mEnh nh-ng Di vi cc %ng
th- vin thE bn nn ci n v/ th- m&c fus' hNn l th- m&c 'ing c!" mEnh vE m9t sD gi
s< tEm cc th- vic t'n th- m&c m#c gnh fus' v fus'fl/c"l hNn l cc th- m&c 'ing
ng-Ui %ing nn nu bn ci ln th- m&c 'ing thE Oi l@c cc th- vin s< khOng -dc
tEm '"1 2hOng th-Ung lnh 1fc/n7igu'. i Oi vi 't nhiu ti: chIn ch/ )h6) bn l" chIn
nhiu t>nh nng khc nh"u( bn h+: gR ./configure --help A m bit : ! cc
ti: chIn c!" gi1 ;i vit chMc chMn s< khOng t'nh khRi nheng thiu st b=ng cch n:
h": cch khc( 't m/ng s g) C c!" cc bn( ^in cm Nn1
L 2h"nh `h/ng
J/ki%"chi}:"h//1c/mK aa W~fXXfWu aa `hin bn X