MUHAMMAD ASAAD MAIDIN

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine,

Hasanuddin University, Makassar

The objectives are that students should be
able to know and understand
1. The nature, structure and classification
of viruses.
2. The differences of replication cycle of
viruses between DNA and RNA.
3. The ability of viruses to cause disease
and effect viruses on host.



PROPERTIES OF VIRUSES
1. Virus structure consist of : Nucleic acid ,
capsomer / capsid and envelope
2. Genome can be either DNA or RNA
3. Viruses do not have ribosome
4. Viruses do not replicate by binary fission
5. Viruses range from 18 nm to 300 nm
in diameter.

6. Obligate intracellular organisms
7. Sensitive to interferon
8. No sensitivity to antibiotics
9. Can not grow on artificial media.







* The arenavirus family (an RNA virus family) appears to package ribosomes 'accidentally'. The packaged ribosomes
appear to play no role in viral protein synthesis.
Differentiation between Bacteria, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia,
Chlamydia and Viruses

Their growth
on artificial
media
Division by
binary fission
Whether they
have both DNA
and RNA
Whether
they have
ribosomes
Their
sensitivity to
antibiotics
Bacteria + + + + +
Mycoplasma + + + + +
Rickettsia - + + + +
Chlamydia - + + + +
Viruses - - - - -

STABILITY OF VIRUSES
- Stable when added MgCl
2,
MgSO
4,
Na
2
SO
4
- Stable is important for preparing vaccine.
PH 5.00 -9,00
- When exposed to ultra violet lamp loss
activity.
CHEMISTRY PROPERTIES OF VIRUSES
Destroyed on 50
o
-60
o
C,with in 30.
Can be kept in -70
o
C for several months
and in -170
o
C for years in Nitrogen tank.
To keep in -170C must be mixed with
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 5 % for
maintenance their activity.
Gbr 3.
DNA double helix
Sugar-phosphate
backbone
Nucleotides

DNA double helix
Three dimension
NUCLEIC ACID VIRUS
Either DNA or RNA
DNA virus is always in double
stranded, except Parpovirus in
single stranded.
RNA virus is always in single
stranded, except Reovirus in double
stranded.
NAKED ICOSAHEDRAL
NAKED HELICAL
FIVE BASIC STRUCTURAL FORMS OF
VIRUS SYMMETRY
1. Naked icosahedral symmetry, e.g.
poliovirus, adenovirus, hepatitis A virus.
2. Naked helical symmetry, e.g. tobacco
mosaic virus, so far no human viruses
with this structure known.
3. Enveloped icosahedral symmetry, e.g. herpes
virus, yellow fever virus, rubella virus
4. Enveloped helical symmetry, e.g. rabies virus,
influenza virus, para influenza virus, mumps
virus, measles virus
5. Complex symmetry e.g. poxvirus

COMPLEX SYMMETRY; POX VIRUS
Basic Classification of Viruses

Nucleic acid
- RNA or DNA
- single-stranded or double-stranded
- nonsegmented or segmented
- linear or circular
- if genome is single stranded RNA, can
it function as mRNA?
- whether genome is diploid (it is in
retroviruses)
Virion structure
- symmetry (icosahedral, helical,
complex)
- enveloped or not
- number of capsomers



GLOSSARY :
1. Capsid : The protein coat that surrounds the
nucleic acid of a virus.
2. Nucleo Capsid : The virus structure composed
of the nucleic acid surrounded by the capsid.
3. Capsomer : Substructure of virus particle.
4. Genome : A set of genes


5. Envelope : A host cell derived membrane,
containing virus specific antigens, thats is
acquired during virus maturation.
6. Virion : the mature virus particle, with all
of its structural components intact.


T-Lymphocyte

Muh.Asaad Maidin
Glucoprotein virus
Attached to receptor CD4
& co-receptor of sel T

Muh.Asaad Maidin
Penetration and
uncoating
T-Lymphocyte

DNA Virus Replication
DNA VIRUS REPLICATION
e.g. Adeno virus
1. Attachment, Penetration and uncoating
Viral capsid proteins interact with cell
surface receptors and penetration is probably via
endocytosis. Virion are transported to the nucleus
and uncoated. DNA enter nucleus, probably
through a nuclear pore.

2.Early transcription and early translation :
Adenovirus uses host cell polymerase, early
mRNA trascribed and mRNA processed by host
cell. The DNA replicate by a strand displacement
mechanism.
3. Late transcription and late translation :
Late mRNA code predominantly for
structural proteins.

4. Assembly : occurs in the nucleus DNA
enters the particles after immature capsid
are formed.The capsid undergo a
maturation process, after which the cell
lyse and the virion leak out.
5. Budding/ release. Virions may be
released due to cell lysis. Budding viruses
do not necessarily kill the cell, some may
be able to set up persistence.


RNA VIRUS REPLICATION

1). RNA virus do not copy their RNA into
DNA.
2). RNA virus which copy their RNA into
DNA



1). RNA virus do not copy their RNA into DNA.
Need an RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase to
replicate their RNA.
No viral protein can be made until viral m-RNA
available.

1.1. Plus stranded RNA viruses.
The virion RNA is the same sense as
m-RNA so function as m-RNA. This
m-RNA can be translated immediately
upon infection of the host cell.
eg. Picornavirus , polio virus, togavirus,
flavivirus


1.2. Negative stranded RNA viruses.
The virion is negative sense as a
complementary to m-RNA copied into the
complementary plus-sense m-RNA. Needs to
code RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase.
eg. Orthmyxovirus, measles virus,
rabies virus, mumps virus.

1.3. Double stranded RNA virus (dsRNA)
The virion RNA is double stranded so
cannot function as m-RNA needed
RNA- polymerase to make mRNA
e.g. Rotavirus

2). RNA viruses which copy their RNA into DNA.
Retroviruses although plus-sense, virion
RNA is not release in the cytoplasm, so
does not function as mRNA. Virion RNA serve
as a template for Reverse transcriptase
enzyme (RT) immediately copied into DNA.
Retroviruses need to code RT enzyme and
package it in virion.
There are four main effects of virus
infection on the cell:
1. Death
2. Fusion of cells to form multinucleated cells.
3. Malignant transformation
4. No apparent morphologic or function
change
References ;
1. Cohen,J., Powderly,W.G.,et al, 2004.
Infectious Diseases, 3 rd edith. Mosby.
2. Levinson, W., and Jawetz, E., 2002 Medical
Microbiology, a Lange medical book, seventh edith.
3. Metseelar, D., and Simpson,D.I.H.,1982.
Practical virology, For Medical Students and
Practisioners in Tropical Countries, Oxford Univ.Press.
4. Mims,C.,Dockrell,H.M, et al, 2004.
Medical Microbiology, 3
rd
edith.Elsevier Mosby.
5. Virella, G., 1997. Microbiology and Infetious Diseases,
3
rd
edition,William & Wilkins a waverly company.
6. Internet.