12

CHAPTER 2 MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE

Select odd-numbered solutions, marked with a dagger (), appear in the Student Solutions
Manual, available for purchase. Answers to all solutions below are underscored.
2-1. Time required, t =
distance
speed
=
30
0.3 s
100
=
2-2. Avg speed =
distance
time
=
100 yd
9.0 s

1 mi
1760 yd

3600s
23 mi/h
1h
=
2-3. 1 year = 3.156 10
7
sec, so 20 m/year =
7
7
20 m
6.34 10
1 year 3.156 10 s/year

= m/s (6.3
10
7
m/s to two significant figures). 1 day = 24 hr = 86,400 s. In cm/day the rate is
7 4
6.34 10 m/s 8.64 10 s/day 100 cm/m

= 5.4 cm/day.
2-4. Assume the butterflys speed is 0.5 m/sec. Then the travel time is
t =
3
3500 10 m 1
81 days.
0.5 m/s 24 hr/day 3600 s/hr
d
v
=
2-5. 6 days 12 hrs = 156 hrs.
dist. 5068
32.5km/h
time 156
= = =
2-6.
9
7 15 7
1.4 10 ly
2.16 10 m/s 9.47 10 m/ly 1/(3.16 10 )yr/s
d
t

= =
10
= 1.9 10 yr t
2-7. Estimated distance (by sea) between Java and England is 20,000 km.
20,000 km
600 km/h
32 h
d

t
= =
2-8. (a)
4000 nmi
Average speed 8.3 nmi/hr.
20 days 24 hr/day
= = (b) He must cover the remaining 1720
nmi in 7 days, which requires an average speed of
1720 nmi
10.2 nmi/hr.
7 days 24 hr/day
= This is
about the same as his maximum possible speed. Since its unlikely that he can maintain the
highest possible speed for the entire 7 days, he should probably conclude that he will not be able
to complete the trip within the 20-day limit.
2-9.
35 km
Average speed 14 km/hr
2.5 hr
d
t
= = =
2-10.
3
110 km 110 10 m
Average speed 1.27 m/s.
1 day 24 h 3600 sec
= = = Burst speed = 32 km/hour =
3
32 10 m
8.9 m/s
3600 s
=
2-11.
4
1 2
1 km 1000 m
2.5 10 years.
4 cm/year 4 10 m/year
d
t t
v

= = = = Moving 1000 km will take
1000 times as long, or t
2
= 2.5 10
7
years.
CHAPTER 2
13
2-12.
402 m
Average speed 16.9 m/s
23.8 s
d
t
= = =
2-13.
500 m
Average speed 12.8 m/s,
39.10 s
= = or 12.8 10
3
km/m 3600 s/hr = 46.0 km/hr
2-14.
23.8 m
0.326 s
(263 km/hour 1000 m/km/ 3600 s/hr)
d
t
v
= = =
2-15. Use the formula: .
d
t
v
=
5280 km
900 km/hr
air
t = = 5.87 hr.
5280 km
35 km/hour
shiip
t = = 151 hr.
2-16.
1
100 m
9.49 m/s.
10.54 s
v = =
2
200 m
9.37 m/s
21.34 s
v = =
2-17.
1
6 m/s (s)
100
d v t = = = i 0.06 m
2-18. Time taken for the arrow to reach the deer is
50 m 10
s 0.77 s.
65 m/s 13
d
t
v
= = = =
In this time the deer traveled from 40 m to 50 m, i.e., 10 m. Thus
10m
13 m/s.
(10/13s)
d
v
t
= = =
2-19. (a) Take x = 0 to be the cheetahs starting position. Then the cheetahs position is given by
.
c c
x v t = The antelopes starting position is 50 m from the cheetahs starting position, so the
position of the antelope is given by 50.
a a
x v t = + When the cheetah catches the antelope, their
positions are the same, and we get 50.
c a
v t v t = + The speeds are
c
= 101 km/h = 28.1 m/s and
v
a
= 88 km/h = 24.4 m/s. Solving the equation for t gives
50 m 50 m
28.1 m/s 24.4 m/s
c a
t
v v
= =

=
13.8 s, or 14 s to two significant figures. During this time, the cheetah travels (28.1 m/s)(13.8 s)
= 380 m.
(b) The cheetah must catch the antelope within 20 s. Call the antelopes initial position x
0
.
We use the same equation that says the cheetah catches the antelope,
0
,
c a
v t v t x = + but now we
set t = 20 s and calculate what head start x
0
the antelope needs. We get
0
( ) (28.1 m/s 24.4 m/s) (20 s)
c a
x v v t = = = 72 m. If the antelope is farther away than 72 m,
the cheetah will not be able to catch it.
2-20.
100 m
Average speed 10.1 m/s
9.86 s
d
t
= = =
2-21.
3 4
26 mi 1.6 10 m/mi 385 yd 0.9144 m/yd 4.195 10 m d = + =
2 hr 24 min 52 s 2 hr 3600 s/hr 24min 60 s / min 52 s 8692 s t = = + + =
4
4.195 10 m
average speed
8692 s
d
t
= = = 4.83 m/s
2-22.
2 0.9 cm
0.094 cm/s
60 s
second
second
second
d
v
t

= = =
3
2 0.9 cm
1.6 10 cm/s
60 min 60 s/min
minute
minute
minute
d
v
t


= = =
CHAPTER 2
14
5
2 0.5 cm
7.3 10 cm/s
12 hr 60 min/hr 60 s/min
hour
hour
hour
d
v
t


= = =
2-23.
2
4.0 0.50 . x t t = To find the maximum value of x, differentiate with respect to t and set the
derivative equal to zero: 4.0 0.
dx
t
dt
= = The result is t = 4.0 s. (This is the point at which the
runner turns around and moves back toward the starting line.) The distance traveled at this time is
2
4.0(4.0) 0.50(4.0) 8.0 m. x = = At t = 8 seconds, x =
2
4.0(8.0) 0.5(8.0) 0; = that is when he
comes back to the starting line. The total distance traveled is 16 m. Then average speed =
distance 16 m
time 8 s
= = 2.0 m/s.
2-24. Distance = 100 km time =
50 km 50 km
1.46
60 km/hour 80 km/hr
+ = hr average speed
distance 100 km
69 km/hr.
time 1.46 hour
= = = The average speed is not exactly 70 km/hr because the car
moves at 80 km/hr for a shorter period of time than it does at 60 km/hr.
2-25. Planet Orbit circumference (km) Period (s) Speed (km/s) log speed log radius
Mercury 3.64 10
8
7.61 10
6
47.8 1.68 8.56
Venus 6.79 10
8
1.94 10
7
35.0 1.54 8.83
Earth 9.42 10
8
3.16 10
7
29.8 1.47 8.97
Mars 1.43 10
9
5.93 10
7
24.1 1.38 9.16
Jupiter 4.89 10
9
3.76 10
8
13.0 1.11 9.69
Saturn 8.98 10
9
9.31 10
8
9.65 0.985 9.95
Uranus 1.80 10
10
2.65 10
9
6.79 0.832 10.26
Neptune 2.83 10
10
5.21 10
9
5.43 0.735 10.45
Pluto 3.71 10
10
7.83 10
9
4.74 0.676 10.57
The slope of the line through the nine points is
1
.
2

CHAPTER 2
15
This means that log speed
1
2
= log radius + log C.
Therefore log speed = log[C(radius)
1/2
]. Thus
1/2
Speed = C(radius) where Cis some constant.

2-26. Avg speed =

distance
time
=
8 8
6.27 m/s
2.55
+
=
Avg velocity =
displacement
0m/s
time
=
2-27. Avg speed (for t = 0 to t = 10 s) =
200
20 m/s
10
=
Avg speed (for t = 10 to t = 14.3 s) =
270 200
16.3 m/s
14.3 10

2-28. Distance = (8 floors + 4 floors + 7 floors) 4 m/floor = 76 m.

Average speed =
distance 76 m
1.5 m/s.
time 50 s
= = The total change in position is
(12 floors 1 floors) 4 m/floor x = = 44 m. The average velocity is
44 m
0.88 m/s.
50 s
x
v
t

= = =

2-29. Distance = (12 blocks + 6 blocks + 3 blocks) 81 m/block = 1701 m.

The elapsed time = 14 min 5 s + 6 min 28 s + 3 min 40 s = 23 min 73 s = 1453 s. Then average
speed =
distance 1701 m
1.17 m/s.
time 1453 s
= = The total displacement is x = (12 blocks 6 blocks +
3 blocks) 81 m/block = 729 m. The average velocity is
729 m
0.502 m/s.
1453 s
x
v
t

= = =

2-30.
2 2
( 0) 0; ( 8) 4 8 0.5 8 0; ( 10) 4 10 0.5 10 10 x t x t x t = = = = = = = = m.
Average velocity between t = 0 to t = 8.0 s is:
( 8) ( 0)
0
8 0
x t x t = =
=

;
Average velocity between t = 8.0 s to t = 10.0 s is:
( 10) ( 8) 10 m 0
5.0 m/s.
10 8 2 s
x t x t
s s
= =
= =

2-31. Total distance = 3 0.25 mile 1609 m/mile 1207 m. = Displacement = 0 m because the horse
returns to the starting point. Total time = 1 min 40 s = 100 s. Then average speed =
distance 1207 m
12.1 m/s.
time 100 s
= = The average velocity is 0.
x
v
t

= =

2-32. Total distance = 35 m + 22 m = 57 m. The total time is = 4.5 s + 3.6 s = 8.1 s. The average speed
is
distance 57 m
7.0 m/s.
time 8.1 s
= = The total displacement is x = 35 m 22 m = 13 m. Then
average velocity is
x 13 m
1.6 m/s.
t 8.1 s
v

= = =

CHAPTER 2
16
2-33. From the graph, the total distance traveled by the squirrel is 6 m + 6 m + 2 m + 6 m = 20 m. The
total elapsed time is 30 s. Then average speed
distance 20 m
0.67 m/s.
time 30 s
= = = The total
displacement is x = 16 m, so the average velocity is
13 m
0.53 m/s.
8.1 s
x
v
t
= = =
2-34. For 0 2 s, t displacement = 25 m.
displacement 25 m
time 2s
v = = = 12.5 m/s. For
2.0 4.0 s, t displacement = 40 m 25 m = 15 m. (This requires an estimate for the position
at 4.0 s. Your value may be slightly different.)
displacement 15 m
7.5 m/s.
time 2s
v = = =
To find the instantaneous velocity at any time, draw a tangent to the position vs time curve at that
time and determine the slope of the line. Your numbers may be slightly different from the ones
given here. At 1.0 s, we get a tangent passing through points with coordinates (0.3 s, 0 m) and
(2.5 s, 25 m). This gives a slope of 11 m/s. At 3.0 s, the position vs time graph is a straight line,
so the instantaneous velocity will be the same as the average velocity between 2.0 s and 4.0 s, or
7.5 m/s. Again, your value may be slightly different if you estimate a different position at 4.0 s.
2-35. a = /t = a t =
2
82.6 gee (9.807 m/s )
gee 0.04 s
32.4 m/s v =
2-36. a = /t = [(96 0) km/h]/2.2 s 1 h/3600 s 1000 m/km
2
12 m/s =
2-37.
3 2 2 1
3
2 1
27 m/s 0
3.4 10 m/s .
8.0 10 s
v v
a
t t


= = =

2-38. 80 (km/hr) 22.22 m/s,

i
v = = 0, 2.8 s.
f
v t = =
2
0 22.22 m/s
7.94 m/s
2.8 s
f i
v v
a
t

= = =
2-39. (a) t(s)
2
(m/s ) a (in gees) a
0 6.1 0.62 Method:
10 1.4 0.14 i) Draw tangent to curve.
20 0.83 0.085 ii) Get slope of line by counting squares to find and t.
30 0.56 0.057 iii) Convert from km/h to m/s.
40 0.49 0.050
(b) t(s)
2
(m/s ) a
(gees) a
0 0.74 0.075
10 0.44 0.045
20 0.44 0.045
30 0.31 0.032
40 0.22 0.022
2-40.
2 3
2.5 3.1 4.5 ; x t t t = +
2
2.5 6.2 13.5 ;
dx
v t t
dt
= = + 6.2 27.0 .
dv
a t
dt
= =
At t = 0 s, instantaneous velocity =
2
0
| 2.5 6.2 0 13.5 0 2.5 m/s.
t
dx
dt
=
= + = Instantaneous
acceleration = 6.2 m/s
2
. At t = 2. 0 s, instantaneous velocity =
CHAPTER 2
17
2
2
| 2.5 6.2 2 13.5 2
t
dx
dt
=
= + = 39.1 m/s (39 m/s to two significant figures).
Instantaneous acceleration =
2
6.2 27.0(2) 48 m/s . =
For 0 2 s, t
2 3
( 2 ) ( 0) 2.5(2) 3.1(2) 4.5(2)
9.3 m/s.
2 0 2
x t s x t
v
= = +
= = =

( 2) ( 0) 39.1 m/s 2.5 m/s

2 0 2 s
v t v t
a
= =
= = =

21 m/s
2
.
2-41.
2 3
3.6 2.4 , x t t =
2
7.2 7.2 .
dx
v t t
dt
= = 0 v = if
2
7.2 7.2 t t = 0 t = 0 s or t = 1.0 s. At t = 0, x = 0.
At t = 1.0 s, x = 3.6 2.4 = 1.2 m. To make a sketch,
consider that x = 0 when t = 0 and t =
3.6
1.5
2.4
= s.
Also, dx/dt = 0 when t = 0 and t = 1s.
2-42.
2
. v Bt Ct = V = 0 if t = 0 or t =
2
3
6.0 m/s
3.0 s.
2.0 m/s
B
C
= = 2 .
dv
a B Ct
dt
= = a = 0 if
1.5 s.
2
B
t
C
= = To make a sketch: consider the
above information, plus when t = 1.5 s, =
2 3 2
(6.0 m/s ) (1.5 s) (2.0 m/s ) (1.5 s) = 4.5 m/s.
2-43. For 0 5.0 s, t
( 5 s) ( 0) 5 m/s 0
5 s 5 s
v t v t
a
= =
= = 1 m/s
2
. (Your value may be slightly
different depending on how you read the values of at 0 and 5 s.) For 5.0 10.0 s, t
2
( 10 s) ( 5 s) 9.5 m/s 5.0 m/s
0.9 m/s .
5 s 5 s
v t v t
a
= =
= = (Again, your value may be slightly
different depending on how you estimate the values of at 5 and 10 s.) To find the instantaneous
acceleration at 3 s, draw a tangent to the curve at that time. Your estimate may be slightly
different from ours. We get a tangent line that passes through the points (1 s, 0 m/s) and (5 s, 5
m/s). The slope of this line is the instantaneous acceleration
2
5 m/s 0
1.3 m/s .
5 s 1 s
a

= =

2-44.
0 / 2.5 / 2.5
0
[ ( ) ] .
(2.5 s)
f t s t s
f f
v v
dv d
a v v v e e
dt dt

= = + = At t = 0,
0
0
m/s
200 km/hr 18 km/hr
|
2.5 s 2.5 s
f
t
v v
dv
a
dt
=

= = =
2
182 km/hr 1000 m/km
20 m/s .
2.5 s 3600 s/hr
= =
CHAPTER 2
18
2-45.
2 0 0 0
2 2 2 2 2
2
( ) .
(1 ) (1 ) (1 )
v v Av t dv d d
a At
dt dt At At dt At

= = = =

+ + +

At t = 0, a = 0.
at t = 2 s,
2
2
2
2 2
2(25 m/s)(2 s )(2 s)
2.5 m/s .
1 (2 s )(2 s)
a

= =
+

As , t
0
2 4
2
, so 0.
Av t
a a
A t

2-46. (a) Estimated average velocity (by mid-point method) is about 30 km/h. Because v = x/t, we
have x = v t 30 km/h 5 s
5 m/s
42 m.
18 km/h

(b) Time interval (s) (km/h) v x(m)
5 m/ s
by km/ h 5s
18 km/ h
v



510 70 100
1015 90 120
1520 110 150
2025 130 180
2530 140 190
3035 150 210
3540 160 220
4045 170 240
(c) Total distance traveled is the sum of the last column plus the 42 m traveled in the first
5 s: 1450m 1.45km. d = =
2-47. (a)
(b) Time interval (s) Avg speed (m/s) Distance traveled (m)
00.3 647.5 194
0.30.6 628.5 189
0.60.9 611.5 183
0.91.2 596.0 179
1.21.5 579.5 174
1.51.8 564.0 169
1.82.1 549.5 165
2.12.4 535.0 161
2.42.7 521.0 156
2.73.0 508.0 152
Total distance traveled = 1722 m
CHAPTER 2
19
(c) Counting the number of squares under the versus t curve gives the same answer within
about 2 m.
2-48. = 655.9 61.14t + 3.26t
2
acceleration, a =
dv
dt
= 61.14 + 6.52t
a |
t = 0 s

2
61.14m/s =
a |
t = 1.5 s
= 61.14 + (6.52) (1.5)
2
51.36m/s =
a |
t = 3.0 s
= 61.14 + (6.52) (3.0)
2
41.58 m/s =
2-49. (a)
(b) Calculus method:
If x = 0, then cos t = 0, so t = /2 or 3/2 s. Particle crosses x = 0 at 1.6 s t = and 4.7 s.
= dx/dt = 2.0 sin t
(/2 s) = 2.0 sin(/2) = 2.0 m/s
(3/2 s) = 2.0 sin(3/s) = 2.0 m/s
a = dv/dt = 2.0 cos t
a(/2) = 2.0 cos(/2) =
2
0m/ s
a(3/2) = 2.0 cos(3/2) =
2
0m/ s
(c) Maximum distance achieved when cos t = 1, i.e., when t = 0, , 2, or 0s, 3.1s and 6.3s. t =
v = 2.0 sin t
v(0) = 2.0 sin(0) = 0m/ s
v() = 2.0 sin() = 0m/ s
v(2) = 2.0 sin(2) = 0m/ s
a = dv/dt = 2.0 cos t
a(0) = 2.0 cos(0) =
2
2.0m/ s
a() = 2.0 cos() =
2
2.0 m/ s
a(2) = 2.0 cos(2) =
2
2.0m/ s
2-50. x = u
ex
t + u
ex
(1/b t) ln(1 bt )
(a) Instantaneous velocity, v = dx/dt
dx
dt
= u
ex
+ u
ex
ln(1 ) (1/ )
1
b
bt b t
bt

+

= u
ex
[1 ln(1 bt) 1]
ln(1 )
ex
v u bt =
(b) a =
2
2
d x
dt
= u
ex
[bt(1 bt)]
ex
1
u b
bt
=

CHAPTER 2
20
(c)
dx
dt
= 3.0 10
3
ln(1 7.5 10
3
t) m/s
(t = 0) = 3.0 10
3
ln 1 = 0m/s
(t = 120) = 3.0 10
3
ln(1 7.5 10
3
120) m/s
(120) = 3.0 10
3
ln(1 0.9) m/s = 3.0 10
3
(2.80) m/s
3
(120) 6.9 10 m/s v =
(d) a =
d
dt

=
2
2
d x
dt
=
3 3
3
3.0 10 7.5 10
1 7.5 10 t

m/s
2
=
3
22.5
1 7.5 10 t

m/s
2
a(0) = 22.5 m/s
2
a(120) =
3
22.5
1 7.5 10 120

m/s
2
=
22.5
1 0.9
m/s
2
2
(120) 225m/s a =
2-51. Use Equation (25): a(x x
0
) =
2 2
0
1
( )
2
v v
x x
0
= 2100 m; v = 360 km/h
5 m/s
18 km/h
= 100 m/s; v
0
= 0
a =
1
2

2 2
0
0
v v
x x

=
1
2

2
100
2100
m/s
2
2
2.4m/s a =
2-52. Acceleration, a =
2 2
0
0
2( )
v v
x x

=
2
(657)
2 6.63
=
4 2
3.26 10 m/s
Time to travel the length of the barrel, t =
0
v v
a

t =
4
657
3.26 10
=
2
2.02 10 s

2-53. 4.2 ly = 4.2 ly 9.46 10

15
m/ly = 3.97 10
16
m
Use x x
0
=
0
t +
2
1
( )
2
at with x
0
=
0
= 0 and x =
1
(4.2ly)
2
t
1/2
=
2x
a
=
16
2
3.97 10 m
9.807 m/ s
=
7
6.36 10 s
Because the magnitude of the acceleration is the same for both parts of the trip, the time for the
second half is identical to that of the first half. Thus, the total time for the trip, T, is
T = 2t
1/2
= 2 6.36 10
7
s =
8
1.3 10 s 4.0 yr
Speed at midpoint: Use a(x x
0
) =
2 2
0
1
( )
2
v v

0
= 0; x x
0
= 1.99 10
16
m; a = 9.807 m/s
2
Then
2
2
v = 2a(x x
0
) = (2 9.807 1.99 10
16
) m
2
/s
2

2
= 3.90 10
17
m
2
/s
2
8
6.2 10 m/ s (This exceeds the speed of light!!) v =
CHAPTER 2
21
2-54.
2 2
0 0 0 0
2 ( ) 2 ( ) a x x v v v a x x = = From the information given in the problem, x x
0
=
290 m, and a = 10 m/s
2
. Then
2
0
2( 10 m/s )(290 m) 76 m/s, v = = which corresponds to
about 270 km/h, or 170 mph.
2-55. Use
2 2
0
1
( )
2
v v = a(x x
0
) with v = 0;
0
= 80 km/h
5 m/s
18 km/h
= 22.2 m/s; x x
0
= 0.7 m.
Therefore a =
2 2 2
0
2
0
1 1
( ) ( 22.2)
2 2
.
0.7m/s
v v
x x

=

2
a 350m/s (will probably survive) =
2-56.
2 2
0 0 0 0
2 ( ) 2 ( ) a x x v v v a x x = = From the information given in the problem, x x
0
=
9.6 km = 9.6 10
3
m, and a = 5 m/s
2
. Then
2 3 2
0
2( 5 m/s )(9.6 10 m) 3.1 10 m/s, v = =
which corresponds to about 700 mph. The time to stop is
2
0
2
0 3.1 10 m/s
62 s.
5 m/s
v v
t
a

= = =

2-57. Use
2 2
0
1
( )
2
v v = a(x x
0
) with x x
0
= 50 m; v = 0;
v
0
= 96 km/h = 26.67 m/s
2 2 2
0
2
0
1 1
( ) ( 26.67)
2 2
50m/s
v v
a
x x

= =

2
7.1m/s a =
Use
0
v v at = + with v = 0 m/s, v
0
= 96 km/h = 26.7 m/s, and a = 7.1 m/s
2
. Then
0
3.8 s.
v
t
a
= =
2-58.
2 2 3
0
0
(260 10 / 3600)
2( ) 2 1500
v v
a
x x

= =

2
= 1.74m/s (The minus sign denotes deceleration.) a
Use
0
v v at = + with v = 0 m/s, v
0
= 260 km/h = 72.2 m/s, and a = 1.74 m/s
2
. Then
0
42.5 s.
v
t
a
= =
2-59.
2
0
1.5 m/s 20 s 30 m/s v v at = + = =
2 2 2
0
1 1
0 1.5m/s (20 s) 300 m.
2 2
x v t at = + = + =
2-60.
2 2
0 0
1 1
1.0m 5.0m 3.0 m/s 4.0s (4.0s)
2 2
x x v t at a = + = + i i
4 m = 12 m + 8 a
2
2.0 m/s . a = The velocity is
0
v v at = + =
2
3.0m/s (2.0m/s )(4.0s) 5.0m/s. =
2-61.
2 2
0
1 1
2 2
x v t at at = + = (since v
0
= 0).
2
2 2 150 m
1.2 m/s
x
t
a
= = = 16 s.
CHAPTER 2
22
2-62.
0
550 km/hr 1000 m/km
550 km/hr
3600 s/hr
v = = =153 m/s.
0
v v at = + =
2 2
153 m/s (0.60 m/s )(90 s) 2.1 10 m/s. + =
2-63. The sketch should be based on the following:
For 0 6 t s, a = 3.0 m/s
2
;
0
0 3 ; v v at t = + = +
2
0 0
3
3 .
2
t t
x v dt t dt t = = =

At t = 6s,
3 6 18 m/s; v = =
2
3
6 54 m.
2
x = = i For 6 10 s, t a = 4.5 m/s
2
, and
0
( 6) 18 4.5 ( 6) v v a t t = + = m/s = 45 4.5t m/s.
2 2 2
0 0
1 1
( 6) ( 6) 54 18( 6) 4.5( 6) 2.25( 6) 18( 6) 54
2 2
x x v t a t t t t t = + + = + = + + i
At t = 10 s, 45 4.5 10 0; v = =
2
2.25 4 18 4 54 90 m. x = + + = i i
2-64.
2
2 2 2
2
0 0
1 700m 0.5 0.05m/s 30 s
2
2 30s
at
x
x v t at v
t

= + = = = 22.6 m/s.
2
0
22.6m/s 0.05m/s 30s v v at = + = + = i 24 m/s.
2-65.
2
2 2 2
2
0 0
1 550m 0.5 0.5m/s 15 s
2
32.9
2 15s
at
x
x v t at v
t

= + = = = m/s.
2
0
32.9 m/s 0.5 m/s 15 s v v at = + = + = i 40.4 m/s.
2-66. Speed at the end of the 440-yard mark,
v =
250.69 1760 3
60 60
= 367.7 ft/s
CHAPTER 2
23
(a) Average acceleration, a =
v
t

=
2
367.7
65.23ft/s
5.637
=
(b) For a constant acceleration, the distance traveled would be = avg speed time =
367.7
(5.637)
2



= 1036.36 ft 345.45 yd. =
Therefore the acceleration was not constant.
(c) Assuming constant acceleration, distance = 440 3 = (5.637)
2
t
v
v
t
=
2 440 3
5.637
= 463 ft/s 319mi/h. =
2-67. The distance traveled by the elevator is
2 2
1 2 3 3
1 1
2 2
x at vt vt at

= + +


where v = constant speed reached at at
1
; t
1
, t
2
and t
3
are the times spent in the following,
respectively: accelerating, traveling at constant speed, and decelerating.
21 2.5 m =
1
2
a(5)
2
+ (a5)7 + (a5)5
1
2
a5
2
52.5 m = 60 a
2
0.875m/s a =
The maximum speed of the elevator is v
max
= at
1
v
max
= 0.875 m/s
2
5 s
max
4.4m/s v =
2-68. (a) Average speed =
400
55
= 7.3 m/s
(b) For minimum values of acceleration and deceleration, the elevator should travel half the
distance in half the time. Therefore
2
1 55
200
2 2
a

=


2
0.53m/s a = where a is the acceleration and a is the deceleration.
Maximum speed is given by v
max
= at = 0.53
55
14.6m/s
2
=
(This is twice the average speed. What is its significance?)
2-69. v
0
(km/h) v
0
(m/s)
0
v t (m)
2
0
2
v
a
(m)
Total stopping
distance (m)
15 4.17 8.3 1.1 9.4
30 8.33 16.7 4.3 21.0
45 12.5 25.0 10 35.0
60 26.7 33.3 18 51.3
75 20.8 41.7 27 68.7
90 25.0 50.0 39 89.0
CHAPTER 2
24
2-70. Table on Page 47:
0
v t =
2
0
2
v
a

2
0
2 2 8 m/s 0.75 s v at = = = 12 m/s.
2-71. 50 km/h = 50
5
18
m/s = 13.9 m/s; 2.0 ft = (2 0.3048) m = 0.610 m. In the inertial frame that is
traveling at constant velocity with the car, all velocities are zero. In this frame, a = 200 m/s
2
also.
Therefore the speed with which the dashboard hits the passenger is
v =
0
2 ( ) a x x =
2
2(200 m/s )(0.610m) 15.6m/s. =
2-72. Consider the position of the car in the reference frame of the truck
x
0c
= 12 17 = 29 m
The final position of the car is x
c
= 17 m, therefore,
x
c
= x
0c
+ v
0c
t +
1
2
at
2
17 = 29 + 0 +
1
2
at
2
2
1
46 .
2
at =
(i)
The final speed of the car relative to the truck is 24 km/h
=
3
24 10
60 60
= 6.67 m/s.
at = 6.67 m/s (ii)
Divide equation (i) by (ii) to get 13.8 t s = and
a =
2
6.67
0.48m/s .
13.8
=
2-73. v = g + ge
t/
(a) acceleration,
/ t
dv
ge
dt

=
(b)
Lim
t
e
t/ = 0
, therefore
Lim
t
v = g +
Lim
t
e
t/ gt =
(c) v =
( )
2 / 2
0
x
t
d
g t gt e g
dt

+ +
= g + g
2

e
t/
/ t
g g e



= +
(d) for t << , the exponential e
t/
can be expanded as
e
t/
= 1
t

+
2
2
1
2
t

+ . . . .
Therefore, x = g t g
2
(1
t

+
2
2
1
2
t

) + g
2
+ x
0
= g t g
2 +
gt
1
2
gt
2
+ g
2
+ x
0
2
0
1
2
gt x = +
CHAPTER 2
25
2-74. x x
0
= v
0
t
1
2
gt
2
with x x
0
= 380 m; v
0
= 0; g = 9.8 m/s
2
380 m =
2
1
(9.8 m/s )
2
t
2
t
2
= 77.6 s
2
8.8s t =
For the impact velocity use v = v
0
gt
v = 0 9.8 m/s
2
8.8 s 86m/s =
2-75. 130 km/h = 36.1 m/s. The acceleration of the freely falling falcon is g, so use
2 2 2
2 2 0
0 0 0 2
(36.1 m/s) 0
2 ( ) 66.5 m.
2 2(9.81 m/s )
v v
v v g x x x x
g

= = = =
2-76.
2 2
0
2 . v v ax = + Here v
0
= 0, a = g.
2
2 2(9.81m s )(8.7 m) 13 m/s. v gh = = =
2-77.
2 2
0
2 . v v ax = + Here v = 0, a = g because the displacement is upward and the acceleration is
downward.
2
0
2 2( 9.81m s )(1.9m) 6.1 m/s. v gh = = =
2-78. mgh =
1
2
mv
2
, where h is the maximum height reached
h =
2
1
2
v
g



=
2
(366)
6834 m
2 9.8
=
2-79. Neglecting air resistance, we have
x x
0
= v
0
t
1
2
gt
2
with v
0
= 0; g = 9.8 m/s
2
; t = 3.0 s
x x
0
= 0
2
1
(9.8m/s ) (3.0 s)
2
2
44m =
2-80. Use
2 2
0
v v = 2g(x x
0
) with v = 0; g = 1.80 m/s
2
; x x
0
= 200,000 m
2
0
v = 2 1.80 m/s
2
2 10
5
m = 7.2 10
5
m
2
/s
2
0
849m/s v =
2-81. v = 45 km/h = 12.5 m/s.
2 2
2
(12.5 m/s) 1 floor
8.4 m
2 2(9.81 m/s ) 2.9 m
v
h
g
= = = = 3 floors.
v = 75 km/h = 20.8 m/s.
2 2
2
(20.8 m/s) 1 floor
22.1 m
2 2(9.81 m/s ) 2.9 m
v
h
g
= = = = 8 floors.
v = 105 km/h = 29.2 m/s.
2 2
2
(29.2 m/s) 1 floor
43.4 m
2 2(9.81 m/s ) 2.9 m
v
h
g
= = = = 15 floors.
2-82.
2
2 2(10 m)
9.81 m/s
h
t
g
= = = 1.43 s. This is 1.43 s/(3 half turns) = 0.48 s per half turn.
2-83.
2
2 2(9.5 m)
1.39 s.
9.81 m/s
up
h
t
g
= = = Total time = 2(1.39 s) = 2.8 s.
2
0
(9.81 m/s )(1.4 s) 14 m/s.
up
v gt = = = This is the initial speed. The initial velocity is 14 m/s
up.
CHAPTER 2
26
2-84. v
0
= 1.0 m/s downward, and the ball is initially some distance h above the ground. After falling
that distance h, the ball will strike the ground with some speed v and will rebound (reverse its
direction of motion) at the same speed if the collision with the ground is elastic. (This concept
will be introduced in a later chapter.) Since it starts moving back up with the same speed it had
just before it hit the ground, the time required to return to its starting point a distance h above the
floor will be the same as the time required for it to reach the floor in the first place, and it will
arrive at the distance h above the ground with same speed with which it was initially thrown.
Thus the downward and upward travel times are each equal to half the total travel time. The speed
of the ball just before striking the ground is
0
,
2
t
v v g = + where t is the total travel time. Then
the height h can be found using
2 2
0
2 , v v gh = + which gives
2 2
0
.
2
v v
h
g

= Substituting, we get
2
0.75 s
1 m/s (9.81 m/s ) 4.68 m/s.
2
v

= + =


Then
2 2
2
(4.68 m/s) (1 m/s)
2(9.81 m/s )
h

= = 1.1 m.
Comment: This requires conservation of momentum! The ball will collide with the ground and
rebound with a speed equal to its speed just before it hit, a topic that obviously isnt covered in
this chapter.
2-85. Take the coordinate axis to point up. Then the final displacement is 9.2 m, a = g, t = 2.5 s.
2
2 2
0 0
9.2 m ( 9.81 m/s )(2.5 s)
2
8.57 m/s,
2 2 2.5 s 2
at
d
at d at
d v t v
t t

= + = = = = or 8.6
m/s (to two significant figures). The height the penny reaches above its launch point is
2 2 2 2
0 0 0
2
(8.57 m/s)
3.7 m.
2 2( ) 2 2(9.81 (m/s )
v v v
h
a g g
= = = = =

2-86. v
0
= 0, a = g, x = h
2
0
2 2 . v v ax gh = + =
0
2
v v
v
+
= for constant acceleration, so
2
.
2
gh
v =
2-87. Assume that the collision of the ball with the floor simply reverses the direction of the balls
velocity. Then the time for the ball to reach the floor is the same as the time for the ball to return
to its starting point, and its speed upon returning will be the same as the speed with which it
started. Thus
0.90 s
0.45 s.
2
down
t = = Since the ball begins by moving down, choose the
direction of the axis for the motion to point down. Then the acceleration and initial velocity are
represented by positive numbers.
2
0
1
2
h v t gt = +
2 2 2
0
2 2(1.5 m) (9.81 m/s )(0.45 s)
2 2(0.45 s)
h gt
v
t

= = = 1.13 m/s, or 1.1 m/s to two significant
figures. The velocity just before hitting the floor is
0
v v gt = + =
2
1.13 m/s (9.81 m/s )(0.45 s) + =
5.5 m/s.
CHAPTER 2
27
2-88.
2
1
.
2
x gt = At t = 0,1,2,3 s the distance fallen is 0, 4.91 m, 19.6 m, 44.1 m, 78.5 m. The distance
traveled from 0 1 s is 4.91 m; from 1 s to 2 s the distance traveled is 19.6 m 4.91 m = 14.7 m.
Likewise the distance traveled from 2 s to 3 s is 24.5 m. Dividing each of these by 4.91 m gives
the ratios 1:3:5 and so on.
2-89.
2
0
.
2
at
h v t = + v
0
= 0
2
2
.
h
a
t
=
2
2 h
a
t

=
10 cm
4 fingers
4 fingers
100% 0.22%.
46 cm
100 cubits
cubit
a h
a h

= = =
2-90. Time taken to fall through a distance of 45 m,
y
2
= y
1
+ v
1
t +
1
2
at
2
0 = 45 + 0
1
(9.8)
2
t
2
t = 3.03 s
Since
1
2
,
y
t
g
= to measure y
1
within 10%, the time must be known to within 5% or within 0.15 s.
Therefore a stopwatch must be used. An ordinary wristwatch will have an uncertainty of 1 s.
2-91. Velocity of ball on impact
2
1
2 2(9.8m/s ) (1.5m) gx = = = 5.42 m/s
Velocity of ball after impact =
2
2gx =
2
2(9.8m/s ) (1.1m) = 4.64 m/s
v
a
t

=
4 2
4
4.64m/ s ( 5.42m/s)
1.6 10 m/s
6.2 10 s

=
2-92. (a) Impact speed, v = 2gh = 2 9.8 96 = 43.4 m/s
(b) a =
2 2
2
2
2( )
v v
x x

=
2
2
(43.4)
254.5m/ s
2 3.7

=
(The minus sign denotes deceleration.)
2-93. The muzzle speed is given by
2 3 3
0
2 2(9.81 m/s )(180 10 m) 1.88 10 m/s. v gh = = = To
find out how long the projectile remains above 100 km, we can use the fact that the time for the
projectile to climb from 100 km to 180 km is the same as the time for it to fall from 180 km back
to 100 km. So we can just calculate the time to fall a distance of 80 km from rest and double that
value. The time to fall can be calculated from
2 3
2
2 2(80 10 m)
128s,
2 9.81 m/s
gt y
y t
g
= = = =
so the total time above 100 km is 2t = 256 s.
2-94. Given,
(a) g = 978.0318 cm/s
2
(1 + 53.024 10
4
sin
2
5.9 10
6
sin
2
2 ) for = 45
g = 978.0318 cm/s
2
(1 + (53.024 10
4
)/2 5.9 10
6
)
2
980.6190cm/s =
At the pole = 90, g = 978.0318 cm/s
2
(1 + 53.024 10
4
)
2
983.2177cm/s =
CHAPTER 2
28
(b) Let g = A(1 + B sin
2
C sin
2
2 )
where A = 978.0318 cm/s
2
, B = 53.024 10
4
, C = 5.9 10
6
. The condition
( sin 2 4 sin 2 cos 2 )
dg
A B C
d
=

= A (B 4C cos 2 )sin 2 = 0 gives extrema at = 0,

2

To distinguish between extrema at = 0, ,

2

evaluate
2
2
d g
d
at = 0,
2

2
0 2 0
(2 cos 2 8 cos 4 sin 4 )
d g
A B C
d
=
=
=

= 2AB > 0 (Thus at = 0, g has a minimum.)

Similarly
2
2
/ 2
2 0
d g
AB
d
=
= <

shows g has maxima at /2 (poles).

At the equator, = 0, so g = 978.0318 cm/s
2
.
2-95. 300 km/h = 83.3 m/s. If down is negative, then v
0
= 83.3 m/s for bomber. Projectile speed
relative to ground is 700 m/s 83.3 m/s, or 783.3 m/s.
Use
2 2
0
1
( )
2
v v = g(x x
0
) with g = 9.8 m/s
2
; x x
0
= 1500 m
v
2
=
2
0
v 2g(x x
0
) = (783.3)
2
2 9.8(1500 m) m
2
/s
2
802m/s v =
To find the time, use x x
0
= v
0
t
1
2
gt
2
, with x x
0
= 1500 m; v
0
= 783.3 m/s
1500 m =
2
1
783.3 9.8
2
t t




m
4.9t
2
+ 783.3t 1500 = 0
1.9 t s =
2-96. For the elevator, v = 370 m/min = 6.17 m/s. Its distance above the ground is given by .
e
y vt =
The height of the penny above the ground is
2
0
,
2
p
gt
y y = where y
0
= 335 m. When the elevator
and penny meet, y
e
= y
p

2
0
,
2
gt
vt y = which can be rearranged as
2
0
2 2 0. gt vt y + = The
root is
2 2 2
0
2
2 (2 ) 8 2(6.17 m/s) 4(6.17 m/s) 8(9.81 m/s )(335 m/s)
2 2(9.81 m/s )
v v gy
t
g
+ +
= =
t = 7.66 s (after dropping the negative root).
y
e
= y
p

2
0
2
gt
y =
2
9.81 7.66
335
2
= =47.2 m.
CHAPTER 2
29
2-97. t
up
= 1.0 s, h = 10 m, a = g = 9.81 m/s
2
.
2 2 2
2
0 0
( 9.81 m/s )(1.0 s)
10
1
2 2
2 1.0 s
at
h m
h v t at v
t

= + = = =14.9 m/s. The impact speed is
2
0
14.9 m/s (9.81 m/s )(1.0 s) v v at = + = = 5.1 m/s.
2-98. (a) The trajectory of the first stone is
x
1
= x
0
+ v
0
t
1
2
gt
2
= 15t 4.9t
2
. The second stone is thrown 1.00 s later,
so x
2
= v
0
t, where t is the time after the second stone is thrown,
so t = t 1.00 s. Therefore
x
2
= v
0
(t 1) 4.9(t 1)
2
We want the stones to collide at a height of 11 m. Therefore
x
1
= 15t
0
4.9t
2
0
= 11 m = v
0
(t
0
1) 4.9(t
0
1)
2
= x
2
Solving for t
0
gives
0
1.84or1.22s t =
Using these values for t
0
, we get for v
0
:
1.84 s: v
0
=
2
0
2
0
11 4.9( 1)
17.2m/s
11 4.9(0.84)
1
0.84m/s
t
t
+
=
+
=
1.22 s: v
0
=
2
11 4.9(0.22)
51.1m/s
0.22
+
=
The 1.84 s corresponds to hitting the stone on its way down, whereas the 1.22 s corresponds to
hitting it on the way up.
(b) If the second stone is thrown 1.30 s after the first one, the first stone has already passed 11 m
on the way up, so the collision can take place only on the way down.
v
0
=
2
0
0
11 4.9( 1.30)
1.30 m/s
t
t
+

=
2
11 4.9(1.84 1.30)
23.0m/s
1.84 1.30m/s
+
=

2-99. (a) Time taken for drops to fall is 2 / . t h g = If there are n drops per second, the number of
drops in the air at any one time is
1/ 2
(2 / ) . nt n h g =
(b) Since the drops are falling at a constant rate, the median height is the distance fallen by a drop
in half the time needed for it to hit the ground. Calling this time , we have
=
1
(2 / )
2
h g
1/2
= (h/2g)
1/2
.
Then x = v
0
t
1
2
gt
2
=
1
2
g(h/2g) =
1
4
h
Thus the position of the median is
1
4
h below the edge of the spout
or
3
4
h above the ground.
CHAPTER 2
30
(c) The density of drops is proportional to 1/v, where v is the velocity of a particular drop. Thus
density
1 1
.
2 ( ) v g h x
=

The average height calculation must take into account the weighting factor of the density of
drops. Thus
2 ( )
.
2 ( )
x
dx
g h x
h
dx
g h x

Let = h x, so that
0
0
( )
h
h
h d
h
d

= h
3 / 2
1/ 2
[2 / 3 ]
0
[2 ]
0
h
h

= h
3 / 2
1/ 2
2 / 3
2
h
h
= h
1
3
h
2
.
3
h =
2-100.
2
.
dv
a Ct
dt
= =
3 3
2
8.0m/s 0 0
8.0 m/s 8.0 m/s
3 3
t
v t
Ct Ct
dv Ct dt v v = = = +

C = 0.25 m/s
4

4 3
8.0 m/s (0.0833 m/s ) , v t = + At t = 3.0 s, v = 10.25 m/s. Final result = 10
m/s. To find x, integrate v:
4 4
3
0 0
4 4
(0.0833 m/s )
8.0 m/s (0.0833 m/s) (8.0 m/s
4
(8.0 m/s (0.0208 m/s )
t t
t
x vdt t dt )t
)t t
= = + = +

= +

At t = 1.0 s, x = 8.0 m. (This is also the change in position, since x = 0 at t = 0.)
2-101. At t = 1 s,
2
0 2
(1 )
4.0 s
dv t
a a
dt
= =
1s
2 3
1 s 2
0 0 0 2 2
0 0
1
(1 ) ( ) | 20 m/s (1 ) s
4.0 s 12.0 s 12
v
t t
v adt a dt a t = = = = =

18.3 m/s.
After 2 s, the acceleration becomes zero, so the velocity becomes constant at whatever value it
had at t = 2 s. So to find v after a long time (t >> 2 s), find its value at 2 s:
2 s
2 3
2 s 2
0 0 0 2 2
0 0
8
(1 ) ( ) | 20 m/s (2 ) s 26.7 m/s
4.0 s 12.0 s 12
v
t t
v adt a dt a t = = = = =

The distance traveled is
2 s 2 s
3 2 4 2 4
2 s 2
0 0 0 0 2 2 2
0 0
(2 s) (2 s)
( ) ( ) | (20 m/s )
12.0 s 2 48 s 2 48 s
t t t
x x vdt a t dt a

= = = =



= 33.3 m.
2-102.
2 s
2 3
2 2 s 2 2 2 4 3 3
0
0 0
1 1
( ) | 15 m/s 2 s 25 m/s 2 s
2 3 2 3
v
At Bt
v adt At Bt dt = = + = + = +

i i i i
= 96.7 m/s
CHAPTER 2
31
Distance traveled
2 s 2 s
2 3 3 4
2 s
1 s
1 s 1 s
( ) |
2 3 6 12
At Bt At Bt
x vdt dt = = + = +

=
3 3 3 4 4 4
15 m/s (2 1) s 25 m/s (2 1) s
6 12

+ = 48.75 m
2-103.
dv
a g Av
dt
= =
dv
dt
g Av
=

0
v
v
dv
t
g Av
=

0
0 0
1
ln ( )
At At
g Av g Av
t e g Av g Av e
A g Av g Av


= = =

0 0
1
[ ( ) ] (1 )
At At At
g
v g g Av e e v e
A A

= = +
After a long time, 1/ , t A >> 0,
At
e

.
g
v
A

2-104.
2
dv
a Bv
dt
= =
0
0
2
1
|
v
v
v
v
dv
B t B t
v v
= =

4 1
0
4 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
6.1 10 m 90 km/hr 120 km/hr
1 1 1
3600 s/hr
6.1 10 m 1000 m/km 90 km/hr 120 km/hr
t
B v v



= =



=


i
= 16.4 seconds
2-105. Crams speed is
1 mile 1 mile
.
3 min 46.32 s 226.32 s
C
v = = The time difference for the two runners
getting to the finish line is 3min 46.32sec 3min 44.39sec t = = 1.93 s. So Cram is behind
by a distance of
3
C
1 mile 1609 m
1.93 s 8.53 10 mile 13.7 m.
226.32 s mile
v t

= = =
2-106.
distance 1500 1500 m
14.43 m/s
time 1min 43.95sec 103.95 s
m
v = = = =
2-107. Average speed =
distance (100 100) m
1.3 m/s
time (10 60 80) s
+
= =
+ +
Average velocity = 0, because the woman returns to her starting point.
2-108. (a)
1
1
35 km/hr 30min 35 km/hr 30min 17.5 km;
60 min/hr
d = = =
2
1
85 km/hr 30min 85 km/hr 30min 42.5 km;
60 min/hr
d = = =
(b) Average speed
1 2
(17.5 42.5) km
time 60 min
d d + +
= = = 1.0 km/min, or 60 km/hr
2-109. Define: t = time from when the sailfish spots the mackerel to when it catches the mackerel. Then:
distance for the sailfish = 109 km/hr , t distance for the mackerel = 33 km/hr . t The
separation between the fish is 20 m, so the time for the sailfish to catch the mackerel is given by
109 km/hr 33 km/hr 20 m t t =
CHAPTER 2
32
20 m 20 m 3600 s/hr
76 km/hr 76 km/hr 1000 m/km
t = =
i
i
= 0.95 s. During this time, the sailfish travels a
distance
109 km/hr 1000 m/km 0.95 s
109 km/hr 0.95 s 28.8 m.
3600 s/hr
d = = =
2-110. Distance traveled by the first plane = d
1
= 720 km/hr , t i where t is measured beginning at 10:00.
Distance traveled by the second plane = d
2
= 640 km/hr ( 1 hr), t i since that plane left one hour
later.
1 2
1286 d d + = km 720 640( 1) 1286 km t t + =
(1286 640) km
1.42 hr
1360 km/hr
t
+
= =
= 1 hr 25 min. The distance traveled by the first plane is
1
(720 km/hr)(1.42 hr) 1022 km, d = =
so the planes meet 1022 km north of San Francisco. Since the total elapsed time is 1 hr 25 after
departure of the first plane, they meet at 11:25 AM.
2-111. Distance that my car travels = 80 km/hr t i Distance that the other car travels = 50 km/hr . t i To go
from 10 m behind the slower car to 10 m ahead of it requires traveling a total relative distance of
10 m + 10 m + 4 m, because of the length of the car. Thus 80 km/hr t i 50 km/hr t i = (10 + 10 +
4) m
24 m 24 m 3600 s/hr
30 km/hr 30 km/hr 1000 m/km
t = = =
i
i
2.9 s.
2-112.
2 2 2 2 2
3 2 0
(105 0) km /hr
1.72 10 km/hr
2 2(3.2 km)
v v
a
x

= = =
0
3 2
105 km/hr 0
0.0610 hr,
1.72 10 km/hr
v v
t
a

= = = or 219 seconds.
2-113. (a)
2
2.0 6.0 3.0 . x t t = + At t = 0.50 s,
2
2.0 6.0 0.50 3.0 (0.50) x = + i = 4.3 m.
(b) 6.0 6.0 .
dx
v t
dt
= = At t = 5.0 s, v = 6.0 6.0 0.50 = i 3.0 m/s
(c) (6.0 6.0 )
dv d
a t
dt dt
= = = 6.0 m/s
2
at all times.
2-114. (a) 100 km/hr = 27.8 m/s. The position of the speeder after 8.0 s is
,1 1
27.8 m/s 8 s
s
x vt = = = 222 m from the starting point.
(b) The speed of the police cruiser goes from 0 to 120 km/hr (33.3 m/s) in 10 s, so its
acceleration is 3.33 m/s
2
. The position of the police cruiser after reaching its final speed is
2
2 2
,1
,1
(3.33 m/s )(10 s)
168 m
2 2
p
p
at
x = = = from the starting position. At this time the position of
the speeder is
,2 ,2
27.8 m/s 18 s 500 m,
s s
x vt = = = so the speeder is 332 m ahead of the
police cruiser.
(c) Let t be the time from when the cruiser reaches its final speed of 120 km/hr until it catches up
to the speeder. When the cruiser catches up to the speeder, both vehicles have traveled the same
distance from the point where the cruiser reached 120 km/hr. Mathematically this means
(33.3 m/s) (27.8 m/s) 332 m, t t = + which gives t = 60 s. So the total time that has elapsed since
the cruiser began pursuit is 70 s. During this time the cruiser traveled a total distance of
3
168 m (33.3 m/s)(60 s) 2.18 10 m, + = or 2.18 km.
2-115. The initial speed of the car is v
0
= 90 km/hr = 25.0 m/s. The distance traveled during the reaction
time t
1
= 0.75 s is
1 0 1
(25 m/s)(0.75 s) 18.8 m. d v t = = = The remaining distance to the cow is d
2
= 30 m 18.8 m = 11.2 m. The cars acceleration as it travels this distance is a = 8.0 m/s
2
. Its
CHAPTER 2
33
final speed when it hits the cow is given by
2 2 2 2
0 2 0 2
2 2 (25 m/s) 2( 8.0 m/s)(11.2 m) 21.1 m/s, v v ad v v ad = = + = + = or
76 km/hr.
2-116. Use v
2
v
2
0
= 2g(x x
0
) with v = 0; g = 9.8 m/s
2
; v
0
= 26 m/s
x x
0
=
2
2
(26m/s)
34m
2 9.8m/s
=

The total time of flight for any particle of water is:

t =
0
2v
g
=
2
2 26m/s
9.8m/s
= 5.3 s = 8.84 10
2
min
The discharge rate is 280 l/min so the total amount of water in the air after 5.3 s is vol = 280 l/min
8.84 10
2
min
vol 25l =
2-117. Speed upon impact, v = 2gh = 2 9.8 56 33.1m/s =
Average deceleration, a =
v
t
=
2
33.1
2209 m/s
0.015
=
2-118. The final speed of the part with acceleration g is v = 200 km/hr = 55.6 m/s.
The time with acceleration is
0
1 2
55.6 m/s
5.66 s.
9.81 m/s
v v
t
g

= = = The distance she falls during this

time period
2 2 2 2
0
1 2
55.6 (m/s)
2 2 9.81 m/s
v v
h
g

= = = 158 m. The rest of the height is h

2
= 1000 158 m
= 842 m. She falls the distance h
2
with a constant speed of 55.6 m/s. The time for this part of the
fall is
2
2
842 m
55.6 m/s
h
t
v
= = = 15.2 s total time = (5.66 + 15.2) s = 20.9 s.
2-119. (a) 1 s. t = The distance the first ball falls in that interval is
2
1
1
2
y gt =
2 2
1
(9.81 m/s )(1 s) 4.90 m,
2
= = so the first ball is 13 m 4.9 m = 8.1 m above the ground when
the second ball is released. The time for the first ball to fall the total distance of 13 m is
1 2
2 2 13 m
1.63 s.
9.81 m/s
h
t
g
= = = When the first ball hits the ground, the second ball has been
falling for t
2
= 0.63 s. The distance second ball has fallen during this time is
2 2 2
2 2
1 1
(9.81 m/s )(0.63 s)
2 2
y gt = = = 1.95 m, so the second ball is 13 m 1.95 m = 11.1 m
above the ground when the first ball lands.
(b) v (1st) = gt
1
=
2
9.81 m/s 1.63 s 16.0 m/s = i
v(2nd) = gt
2
=
2
9.81 m/s 0.63 s 6.18 m/s = i
instantaneous velocity of the first ball relative to the second just before the first hits the ground
is: 16.0 m/s 6.18 m/s = 9.8 m/s down.
(c) Both balls have same acceleration, (9.81 m/s
2
down,) so the relative acceleration is zero.