1 Challenge the future

Topic 1
Reminders of vector calculus

ET4356 Reminders of Calculus
2 Challenge the future
Vector Operations
In Cartesian coordinates
z a y a x a a
z y x

+ + =

z z y y x x
b a b a b a b a
b a b a
+ + =
=

cos
Scalar Product
n b a b a

sin =
Vector Product
= b a

Vectors
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Determinant of a matrix
?
3x3
2x2
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Fields
Field: function of more dimensions
Scalar Vector field
A one-dimensional function,
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Nabla Operator
z
z
y
y
x
x

=
When applied to a one-dimensional function, it is just the standard derivative
When applied to a field (function of more dimensions):
Gradient Divergence Curl
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Gradient
Nabla applied to a scalar function is the gradient

vector whose direction indicates the greatest amplitude variation
the amplitude quantifies it
z
z
f
y
y
f
x
x
f
f

=
Darkness is the function f
lines indicate the Gradient
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Divergence
Many formulas at the end of the Pozar
book or the Balanis Book
The result of the divergence is a scalar that
quantifies how many field lines emerge from a
region
http://mathinsight.org/divergence_idea
Divergence (also Gauss) Theorem
Nabla applied scalarly to a vector field

=
z
a
y
a
x
a
a
z
y
x

In cartesian coordinates
8 Challenge the future
Curl
http://mathinsight.org/curl_idea
( )

=
C S
l d e s d e


Macroscopic circulation is
equal to integration over
surface of microscopic circulation
e

s d

Stokes Theorem
Nabla applied vectorially to a vector field.
The result of the curl is a vector:

=
y
a
x
a
i
x
a
z
a
i
z
a
y
a
i a
x
y
z
z x
y
y
z
x

In cartesian coordinates