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Sổ Tay Hướng Dẫn an Toàn Vệ Sinh Lao Động Trong Doanh Nghiệp
Sổ Tay Hướng Dẫn an Toàn Vệ Sinh Lao Động Trong Doanh Nghiệp
Li ni u
Con ngi l vn qu nht, con ngi lm ra ca ci vt cht v l ng lc chnh cho s pht
trin ca x hi. Sc kho v sinh mng ca ngi lao ng l ti sn v gi ca mi gia nh,
mi quc gia. V vy, m bo hnh phc ca mi gia nh, cho an sinh v pht trin kinh t
x hi, con ngi phi tham gia hot ng lao ng sn xut trong iu kin an ton.
Gp phn thc hin yu cu "An ton sn xut", "Sn xut phi m bo an ton", V Bo h
Lao ng (B Lao ng - Thng binh v X hi) phi hp cng Nh xut bn Lao ng - X
hi bin son v xut bn "S tay hng dn thc hin cng tc an ton - v sinh lao ng trong
cc doanh nghip" nhm cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit cho cn b qun l, gim st cng
tc an ton, v sinh v cho c ngi lao ng nhn bit nhng yu t nguy him, c hi ti
ni lm vic, ng thi ch ra cc bin php phng nga nhng nguy c gy ra tai nn lao ng
hoc nhng nh hng c hi n sc kho ca ngi lao ng. Chng ti hy vng rng cun S
tay ny s gip ngi lao ng hnh ng ng, trnh c nhng ri ro ng tic trong hot
ng sn xut.
Ln u tin bin son, ni dung v hnh thc trnh by chc chn cn nhiu khim khuyt,
chng ti rt mong nhn c s gp chn thnh ca bn c, nhng ngi quan tm ti cng
tc an ton - v sinh lao ng nhm gip chng ti hon thin hn trong nhng ln ti bn.
sinh lao ng, phi c lun chng v cc bin php bo m an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng
i vi ni lm vic ca ngi lao ng v mi trng xung quanh theo quy nh ca php lut.
Danh mc cc loi my, thit b, vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton lao ng, v
sinh lao ng do B Lao ng - Thng binh v X hi v B Y t ban hnh.
2. Vic sn xut, s dng, bo qun, vn chuyn cc loi my, thit b, vt t, nng lng, in,
ho cht, thuc tr su, dit c, dit chut, vic thay i cng ngh, nhp khu cng ngh mi
phi c thc hin theo tiu chun an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng. Cc loi my, thit b,
vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng phi c khai
bo, ng k v xin cp giy php vi c quan thanh tra Nh nc v an ton lao ng hoc v
sinh lao ng.
iu 97: Ngi s dng lao ng phi m bo ni lm vic t tiu chun v khng gian,
thong, sng, t tiu chun v sinh cho php v bi, hi, kh c, phng x, in t trng,
nng, m, n, rung v cc yu t c hi khc. Cc yu t phi c nh k kim tra o
lng.
iu 98:
1. Ngi s dng lao ng phi nh k kim tra, tu sa my, thit b, nh xng, kho tng theo
tiu chun an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng;
2. Ngi s dng lao ng phi c cc phng tin che chn cc b phn d gy nguy him
ca my, thit b trong doanh nghip: ni lm vic, ni t my, thit b, ni c yu t nguy
him, c hi trong doanh nghip, phi b tr phng s c, c bng ch dn v an ton lao
ng, v sinh lao ng t v tr m mi ngi d thy, d c.
iu 99: Trong trng hp ni lm vic, my, thit b c nguy c gy tai nn lao ng, bnh
ngh nghip, ngi s dng lao ng phi thc hin ngay nhng bin php khc phc hoc phi
ra lnh ngng hot ng ti ni lm vic v i vi my, thit b cho ti khi nguy c c
khc phc.
iu 100: Ni lm vic c yu t nguy him, c hi, d gy tai nn lao ng phi c ngi
s dng lao ng trang b k thut, y-t v trang b bo h lao ng thch hp m bo ng
cu kp thi khi xy ra s c, tai nn lao ng.
2. Nhng quy nh v quyn v ngha v ca ngi s dng lao ng trong Ngh nh s 06/CP
ngy 20 thng 01 nm 1995 ca Chnh ph
iu 13: Ngi s dng lao ng c ngha v:
1. Hng nm, khi xy dng k hoch sn xut kinh doanh ca doanh nghip phi lp k hoch,
bin php an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng v ci thin iu kin lao ng;
2. Trang b y phng tin bo v c nhn v thc hin cc ch khc v an ton lao ng,
v sinh lao ng i vi ngi lao ng theo quy nh ca Nh nc;
3. C ngi gim st vic thc hin cc quy nh, ni quy, bin php an ton lao ng, v sinh
lao ng trong doanh nghip; phi hp vi Cng on c s xy dng v duy tr s hot ng
ca mng li an ton - v sinh vin;
4. Xy dng ni quy, quy trnh an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng ph hp vi tng loi my,
thit b, vt t k c khi i mi cng ngh my, thit b, vt t v ni lm vic theo tiu chun
quy nh ca Nh nc;
5. T chc hun luyn, hng dn cc tiu chun, quy nh, bin php an ton, v sinh lao ng
i vi ngi lao ng;
6. T chc khm sc kho nh k cho ngi lao ng theo tiu chun, ch quy nh;
7. Chp hnh nghim chnh quy nh khai bo, iu tra tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip v
nh k 6 thng, hng nm bo co kt qu tnh hnh thc hin an ton lao ng, v sinh lao
ng, ci thin iu kin lao ng vi S Lao ng - Thng binh v X hi ni doanh nghip
hot ng.
iu 14: Ngi s dng lao ng c quyn:
1. Buc ngi lao ng phi tun theo cc quy nh, ni quy, bin php an ton lao ng, v sinh
lao ng;
2. Khen thng ngi chp hnh tt v k lut ngi vi phm trong vic thc hin an ton lao
ng, v sinh lao ng;
3. Khiu ni vi c quan Nh nc c thm quyn v quyt nh ca Thanh tra vin lao ng v
an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng nhng vn phi nghim chnh chp hnh quyt nh .
II- i vi ngi lao ng
1. Nhng quy nh v quyn v ngha v ca ngi lao ng trong Ngh nh s 06/CP ngy 20
thng 01 nm 1995 ca Chnh ph
iu 15: Ngi lao ng c ngha v:
1. Chp hnh cc quy nh, ni quy v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng c lin quan n cng
vic, nhim v c giao;
2. Phi s dng v bo qun cc phng tin bo v c nhn c trang cp, cc thit b an
ton v sinh ni lm vic, nu lm mt hoc h hng th phi bi thng;
3. Phi bo co kp thi vi ngi c trch nhim khi pht hin nguy c gy tai nn lao ng,
bnh ngh nghip, gy c hi hoc s c nguy him, tham gia cp cu v khc phc hu qu tai
nn lao ng khi c lnh ca ngi s dng lao ng.
iu 16: Ngi lao ng c quyn:
1. Yu cu ngi s dng lao ng bo m iu kin lm vic an ton, v sinh, ci thin iu
kin lao ng; trang cp y phng tin bo v c nhn, hun luyn, thc hin bin php an
ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng;
2. T chi lm cng vic hoc ri b ni lm vic khi thy r c nguy c xy ra tai nn lao ng,
e da nghim trng tnh mng, sc kho ca mnh v phi bo ngay vi ngi ph trch trc
tip; t chi tr li lm vic ni ni trn nu nhng nguy c cha c khc phc;
3. Khiu ni hoc t co vi c quan Nh nc c thm quyn khi ngi s dng lao ng vi
phm quy nh ca Nh nc hoc khng thc hin ng cc giao kt v an ton lao ng, v
sinh lao ng trong hp ng lao ng, tho c lao ng.
2. Ngi lao ng phi chp hnh nghim chnh ni quy lm vic ca doanh nghip
Ni dung c bn ca ni quy thng bao gm:
a) Thi gian lm vic: Khng n mun, v sm. Vng mt phi c l do v ch khi c cho
php.
b) T th lm vic:
- Phi s dng ng trang b bo v c nhn;
- Phi mc trang phc gn gng, sch p;
- Phi n, ung no , t th sn sng lm vic, v sinh c nhn, khng c say, xn.
c) Chp hnh s phn cng nhim v:
- Phi bm my v ni lm vic, tp trung lm vic, chp hnh nghim cc quy trnh sn xut,
quy nh an ton;
- Phi chp hnh nhim v khi ngi s dng lao ng phn cng, thc hin xong phi bo co
kt qu hon thnh nhim v.
d) Chp hnh ni quy, quy nh v bo h lao ng:
- Chp hnh k lut lao ng, k thut an ton, k thut v sinh, quy nh v phng chng chy,
n; ch c ht thuc ni quy nh, bo mt, bo v ti sn chung, bo v n v;
- Khi pht hin cc hin tng l nh: nghi chy; h hng my; kh nng sp, , cc yu t
gy mt an ton; iu kin lao ng khng m bo an ton v sinh lao ng... phi bo ngay
cho ngi s dng lao ng bit.
e) Sinh hot: Trong lc lm vic, khng c n, ht thuc, ung ru, bia; khng c a,
gin, ni tc; khng lm nh hng ti ngi khc; khng c tip khch, mua bn, gii quyt
vic ring.
f) Kt thc ngy lm vic:
- Dn v sinh ni lm vic, sp xp sn sng hm sau lm vic;
- Ct in, ct nc, ng ca s, ca ra vo, che y nguyn vt liu,...
- Bo cho ngi s dng lao ng khi ra v.
3. thc hin c ngha v ca mnh i vi vic m bo an ton lao ng, ngi lao ng
cn ch
a) Phi chp hnh ng ni quy, quy trnh lao ng, ni ng, thc hin ng, phn ng ng,
phi tr thnh tp qun:
- Khi lm cng vic, nn suy ngh xem bn thn v nhng ngi cng lm nn tin hnh cch
no c an ton nht;
- Phi lng sc, khng c gng khun vc vt qu nng, cng knh, nn thm ngi gip sc,
nn s dng xe. Khi phi hp nhiu ngi lm cng vic phi c ngi ch huy thng nht
hnh ng, bo m an ton;
- Bit nh ra tnh hung, cch x l, cch gii quyt cc tnh hung bt li;
- Khng lm bt c vic g c th gy ra nguy him c kh nng xy ra s c tai nn hoc chy
n.
b) Cn nghi ng hoc cha nm vng cch s dng hoc cha hiu r quy trnh th phi hi ngay
ngi giao cng vic cho mnh.
c) cha nm chc cng vic th khng c lm m phi hi li cho k lng, nn tp thao tc
cho thun thc ri mi c lm.
d) Phi tp trung theo s ch dn lun lm ng:
- Khng a gin, x y, tung nm vt, ni tiu lm, ni tc... khi lm vic nguy him;
- Khng la c a gin khu vc ngi khc ang lm vic, my ang hot ng;
- Phi hiu bit v cc bin bo, ch dn, ni quy, c bit l cc du hiu nguy him.
e) Phi bo ngay vi ngi c trch nhim v mi ngi xung quanh khi pht hin nguy c gy
tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip, c hi, hoc s c nguy him;
Khc phc ngay hoc lm du, bo cho mi ngi bit cc mng, ng cng, h b mt np.
Cng hnh ng tng t i vi in, my, ho cht, vt di chuyn, vt ri... c th gy nguy
him cho ngi.
f) Gi gn ni lm vic ca mnh v gp phn gi gn cho ton b khu vc xng:
- Sch s;
- Gn gng;
- Vt dng ng ch quy nh;
- phng, ngn nga cc tnh hung bt li v an ton lao ng;
- Phi dn dp gn, xp t an ton cc vt bn nhn, chai, bnh ng ho cht, xng, du...
- Phi nh, tn bt, nh gc inh, cc vt nhn m ta v mi ngi c th gim ln.
- Phi bt, bao che, phn nh ra ca my v phng tin;
- Phi tho g cc dy, cy chn, vt qua li i li.
g) Khi tinh thn khng thoi mi, mt mi, c th au yu, chng mt, cn i tiu, tiu... khng
nn lm vic trn cao, khng nn iu khin my c vn tc, cng sut ln.
h) Phi s dng y , ng quy nh cc dng c, phng tin bo v c nhn, cc thit b an
ton, v sinh ni lm vic. Nu cha c cp pht y th yu cu ngi s dng lao ng
cp pht .
i) Ngi lao ng phi cnh gic, phng mi kh nng chy:
- Chp hnh ng k thut an ton in, phng chy do in.
- Chp hnh ng k thut an ton ho cht, phng chy do ho cht, xng, sn, cn...
- Chp hnh ng quy nh s dng ngun la: ch c ht thuc ni cho php, khng c
ngun la gn cht d chy.
4. Ni dung giao kt v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng trong hp ng lao ng
- S dng knh chng bi khi lm cc cng vic pht sinh bi, mn... nh ct, mi, gia cng c
kh....
- S dng o, gng tay chng ho cht; knh bo h khi tip xc vi ho cht.
- S dng knh bo v khi lm vic ni c tia c hi.
- Nhng ngi kim tra, sa cha my in, dng c in, dy ti, dy cp in cn s dng m
cch in, gng tay cao su cch in.
- S dng dng c h tr h hp, my cp khng kh, mt n dng kh khi lm vic trong mi
trng c nng xy di 18%.
- Trong mi trng c nng kh c vt qu tiu chun cho php, cn s dng dng c cung
cp kh tr h hp.
- Khi phi tip xc vi (vt) cht nng hoc lm vic mi trng qu nng cn s dng gng
v o chng nhit.
- Cn s dng dng c bo v nh nt l tai, bt tai khi lm vic trong mi trng c n trn
90dB.
- Cn s dng o, mt n, gng tay, ng chng thm nhp khi tip xc vi cc cht gy tn
thng cho da hoc gy nhim c qua da.
- S dng mt n phng c ni c kh, khi, hi c; s dng mt n chng bi ni c
nhiu vn, bi bay.
- S dng gng tay chuyn dng khi nung chy, hn ga, hn h quang.
- S dng thit b an ton kiu x eo khi lm vic ni d b ng hoc ni c cao t 2m tr
ln.
- S dng dng c bo v mt khi lm vic trong mi trng d b bn mn, hi, cht c vo
mt.
- S dng o, gng chng phng x khi lm vic gn thit b c s dng phng x ng v.
7. Cc quy tc an ton my mc
7.1. Cc quy tc an ton chung
- Ngoi ngi ph trch ra, khng ai c khi ng, iu khin my;
- Trc khi khi ng my phi kim tra thit b an ton v v tr ng;
- Trc khi i lm vic khc phi tt my, khng my hot ng khi khng c ngi iu
khin;
- Cn tt cng tc ngun khi b mt in;
- Khi mun iu chnh my, phi tt ng c v ch cho ti khi my dng hn; khng dng tay
hoc gy lm dng my;
- Khi vn hnh my cn s dng phng tin bo v c nhn, khng mc o qu di, khng qun
khn qung c, khng eo c vt, nhn, gng tay;
- Kim tra my thng xuyn v kim tra trc khi vn hnh;
- Trn my hng cn treo bin ghi "my hng".
- Tt my trc khi lau chi v dng dng c chuyn dng lau chi.
7.2. Cc quy tc an ton khi vn hnh my khoan
- Trc khi lm vic cn kim tra xem mi khoan c lp c nh cha;
- Khng eo gng tay khi lm vic;
- Sau khi mi khoan quay, c nh bn lm vic;
- Trong khi khoan khng dng ming thi hoc dng tay gt mn;
- Khi mun khoan l to, nn khoan l nh trc sau khoan rng thm;
- Khi khoan tm mng nn lt vn g di;
- Cn tip mt trc khi thao tc khoan in.
7.3. Cc quy tc an ton khi dng thang my vn chuyn
- Trc khi s dng cn kim tra cc thit b an ton nh b phn dng khn cp; khng vn
hnh my khi xy ra trc trc;
- Trc khi s dng cn nm vng phng php iu khin v cch x l trong trng hp khn
cp;
- Kim tra xem thang my tip t hon ton cha trc khi cht, d hng;
- Vn chuyn vt di trng ti cho php; khng cht th ra ngoi;
- Cho thang chy khi ca ng kn;
9. Cc quy tc an ton in
- Khng ai c sa in ngoi nhng ngi c chng ch.
- Khi pht hin c s c cn bo ngay cho ngi c trch nhim.
- Khng s m vo dy in, thit b in khi tay t.
- Tt c cc cng tc phi c np y.
- Khng phun, rt cht lng ln thit b in nh cng tc, m t, hm phn phi in.
- Kim tra nh k an ton ca dy dn.
- Khng treo, mc vt ln dy dn in, dng c in.
- Khng dy dn chy vt qua gc sc hoc my c cnh sc nhn.
- Khng ni nhiu nhnh vi dy ng trc.
II- an ton khi s dng my mc
A- Nhng vn cn ch
1. Cc b phn d gy tai nn ca thit b, my mc
Tai nn thng hay xy ra cc b phn thc hin hnh trnh tin li, cc b phn quay, cc b
phn tip xc nm gia phn quay ca thit b. Tai nn xy ra do kt, vng, t, cun thng
xut hin cc b phn chuyn ng quay trn nh li ca my mi, li ca ca my ca
trn, li (cnh) ca my trn.
Nguy him do kt thng xy ra gia bnh rng hay trc quay chuyn ng xui v dy xch
truyn lc, dy ti hnh ch V chuyn ng ngc chiu.
2. Phng php vn hnh
Trong khi thao tc, nu pht hin s c nh: rung, nh la, r du... ca my hoc m t cn
thc hin cc bin php thch hp nh bo ngay cho ngi chu trch nhim.
ngn nga s c xy ra do cng nhn khc vn hnh my thiu chnh xc, cn thc hin cc
bin php thch hp nh: gn kho vo b phn iu khin v qun l ring cha kho; gn bin
bo c ch "ang hot ng".
3. Trnh t kim tra my
a) Kim tra khi my ngh:
Nguyn nhn
- Chy qu nhanh ng
hp;
- Quay xe vi tc cao;
- Nn, sn lm vic b
nghing;
- Cht hng qu ti;
- ng i khng bng phng.
- Khi lau chi, sa cha trong thng my, cn lp kho vo cng tc khi ng v bo qun cha
kho.
11. An ton khi lm vic vi my tin
a) Cc yu t nguy him khi vn hnh my:
- Phoi tin, du lm mt my b vng ra;
- Vt gia cng qu di thng b cong do lc ly tm;
- Gng tay, trang phc bo h d b cun khi ngi tip xc vi trc tin hoc phi ang tin;
- Cng c b vng khi ri vo trc tin ang quay.
b) Phng php vn hnh an ton:
- Lp t tm bo v chng bn, vng phoi tin v du lm mt;
- S dng thit b chng rung khi gia cng phi qu di;
- S dng trang phc gn gng, trnh dng gng tay vi;
- Khng t cng c pha trn trc chnh, nn bo qun ring.
c) Cc quy tc vn hnh an ton khi vn hnh my tin:
- S dng knh bo h khi gia cng ct;
- Nn s dng loi dao tin ngn v lp dao tht chc chn;
- Nn mc trang phc gn trnh b cun vo trc tin hoc phi tin;
- S dng thit b chng rung khi gia cng phi qu di;
- Khi dn phoi tin, khng dng kh nn m dng chi lng;
- Khng s dng gng tay vi khi gia cng.
12. My ct gt tng hp
a) Cc yu t nguy him khi vn hnh my:
- Vn bn vo mt;
- ng tay o b cun vo li ct.
My git quay: l loi my c dng git sch cc cht bi bn, cht du... gip nhum d
dng, lm co v u vi.
a) Cc yu t nguy him khi vn hnh my:
- Kt gia thng trong v thng ngoi thnh git: trong qu trnh a git vo hoc ly ra, khi
ngi trng thi na trong, na ngoi thng git, thng trong quay lm ngi b kt.
- Tip xc vi nhit cao: do then cht b lng hoc m np ngoi thng khi cha kh ht p
sut v nc nng trong thng git gy ra bng do nc nng trn ra hoc va p gia ngi
v np thng.
b) Phng php vn hnh an ton:
- Tun th cc quy tc v an ton:
+ Nht thit phi kho cht khi a git vo hoc ly ra;
+ Tuyt i khng c iu khin cng tc khi ng thng trong c lp mt trc v sau
my khi np ngoi thng m;
+ Tuyt i khng m np thng ngoi khi nhit v mc nc trong thng cha h ti mt
gii hn quy nh.
- Lp t h thng an ton:
+ Lp t h thng chng t m np trong khi p sut trong thng t trng thi n nh m
mc nc trong thng cha h xung vch di np ngoi thng;
+ Lp t h thng iu khin ph trnh khi ng m t thng trong khi np ngoi thng
trng thi m;
+ Gn b cm ng (sensor) vo then kho m t khng th khi ng trong khi np ngoi
thng m;
+ Gn cng tc iu kin my ch lm vic khi np ngoi thng c y cht.
15. An ton khi lm vic vi my vt ly tm
My vt ly tm: l loi my dng vt nc sau khi vi tri qua cc cng on git, v, nhum
v thu gn (h).
a) Cc yu t nguy him khi vn hnh my:
- Mnh vn vng khi trc chnh, tay quay b v.
- phng s c chy, n: s dng dng c, thit b trnh chy n khi lm vic khu vc c
cht lng, cht kh d pht ho, d chy.
2. Tnh cht nguy him ca thit b v dng c in
a) Khi lm vic trong mi trng m t:
Trong khi b t hoc ra m hi, in tr ca c th ngi thng b gim nhiu so vi khi kh
ro, do s c in git rt d xy ra khi s dng thit b, dng c in trong mi trng m
t hoc khi ra m hi.
b) Cng vic c s dng dng c in di ng:
- Khi s dng dng c in di ng cn dng bc ng hoc ng dn trnh lm try lp v ca
dy in; cn sp xp dy gn gng.
- Cn ni mt hoc ni v s dng thit b chng mt, r in.
c) Lm vic vi dng c c s dng ng c in:
Cn ngt ngun khi sa cha cc dng c c dng ng c in.
3. An ton in i vi ngi lao ng
in rt nguy him, do khi thit b in b hng khng
c t sa cha m nht thit phi bo cho ngi c
trch nhim.
a) Thit b chiu sng di ng:
- Khi s dng thit b chiu sng di ng, cn dng thit b mng li bo v bng ngn, trnh
cc vt va p lm hng n;
- Cn dng tay nm cch in ko khi di chuyn thit b.
b) Cu ch:
Cn s dng cc loi cu ch ng tiu chun, trnh s dng dy ng hoc thp thay th; khi
thay cu ch nht thit phi ngt in ngun.
c) cm:
Trc khi cm phch phi xem ngun in ca cm c thch hp khng v khi khng s dng,
cm tay vo phch v rt.
a) Cht gy n: L cc cht dng lng hoc dng c c, d gy ra phn ng mnh hoc n khi
b nng, ma st, va p hoc tip xc vi cc cht ho hc khc... ngay c khi khng c kh
xy. V d: etxte nitrt (eisteinium nitrate), ni t tng hp, hp cht h ni t, cht hu c cha
xy...
- Cc im cn lu khi s dng:
+ Ch khng gn la; trnh ma st, va p;
+ Thng hiu tnh cht nguy him ca tng loi v bo qun ring.
b) Cht pht ho: L cc cht t pht ho khi nhit tng, khi tip xc vi nc v pht ra kh
d chy; c th dng c c, d chy nh lu hunh, cht h lu hunh, bt kim loi,
magnesium (Mg) hoc dng hp cht t nhin nh: calcium (Ca), natrium hoc cc cht hn
hp nh: xc tc kim loi, hn hp hu c kim loi.
- Cc im cn lu khi s dng:
+ Bo qun ni lnh, trnh gn ngun nhit hoc la;
+ phng chy, n do tip xc vi nc nn bo qun tng lng nh natri kim loi kalium
trong du;
+ Cht xc tc kim loi v hn hp hu c kim loi d pht ho khi tip xc vi khng kh, nn
khi s dng ln u cn tham kho kin ca ngi c kinh nghim.
c) Cc cht gy xy ho: L cc cht b phn hu hay to phn ng mnh khi t nng, b va
p hay khi tip xc vi cc cht ho hc khc. V d nh: axt kim, cht h kim, cht ty cha
hyr, hp cht xy ho v c, axt nitric.
- Cc im lu khi s dng:
+ xa ngun nhit, la;
+ Ch khi trn ln vi cht kh xy hoc cht hu c gy ra phn ng xy ho v pht
nhit.
d) Cht dn la: Cc cht lng c im pht ho di 65oC trong mi trng khng kh. V d:
xng, toluene, du t, du diesel.
- Cc im cn lu khi s dng:
+ , bo qun cch xa ni pht nhit, la v ni c nhit thp hn im dn ho;
+ y np thng chng chy, ri vi;
- Ho cht trong kho phi c dn nhn, sp xp hp l, gn gng, d phn bit khi c nhiu
loi;
- Trc khi vo kho phi thng gi;
- Nu nng cht c cao th ngi lao ng phi c trang b phng tin bo v c nhn,
mt n phng c;
- Phi c quy trnh cho vic sang hoc rt ho cht;
- Ho cht ri vi phi c thm bng ct kh.
6. An ton khi m
- Chiu cao b m tnh t sn khng thp hn 1m, nu thp hn phi c ro chn;
- Mc dung dch trong b m crm phi thp hn ming b t nht 0,15m;
- Khng nhng tay vo b m ly chi tit;
- Phi ngt in khi ly chi tit ra khi b m;
- B phn m c s dng a-xit phi c sn ct v dung dch soda 2% x l a-xit ri vi;
- Thanh dn in, mc treo gi phi c lm sch bng phng php t, khng c lm sch
cc b phn bng phng php kh;
- C b phn ht kh bc ra t b m;
- Sn cng tc phi kh ro.
7. An ton khi sn
- B phn sn phi c cch ly;
- Cng vic sn phi c tin hnh bung ring;
- Thng gi cc b v x l bi sn.
8. S dng bnh kh nn
a) Vn chuyn:
- Khi vn chuyn, nht thit phi y np bnh;
- S dng thit b vn chuyn (xe y) khi di chuyn;
a) Thiu xy:
Thng thng trong khng kh xy chim 21%, ni t chim 78%, cn li l cc cht khc nh
dioxt ccbon, kh hlium... Trng thi thiu khng kh xy ra khi nng xy h xung di
18%.
b) Tn hi sc kho do thiu xy:
- Ngi cm thy thiu xy khi nng xy khong 16%, cm gic kh th cng tng khi nng
xy h thp xung di 16%; Nng xy di 10% c th gy t vong. Mi trng thiu
xy trm trng, di 6% ngi c th cht ngay do ngng tim, ngng th.
- Mi trng lm vic c nng xy thp s lm gim sc lao ng, lm ngi ri, ng do
chng mt, chn tay khng c ng hoc b cht ngt.
c) Cc bin php phng:
- Trong khng gian kn, trc khi lm vic cn kim tra nng kh c;
- Trc khi lm, chy my thng gi duy tr nng xy trn 18%;
- S dng dng c bo v h hp nh: my h hp khng kh ( xy), mt n dng kh;
- Lp t, s dng thit b thot him;
- T chc gio dc cc quy tc v an ton khi lm vic mi trng thiu dng kh;
- Ngi ph trch an ton lao ng thng xuyn kim tra, gim st cng vic.
2. Suy gim thnh gic do n
a) Tnh cht nguy him ca ting n:
Lm vic thi gian di trong khu vc c ting n, khong 85 dB(A) tr ln, s b tn thng
thnh gic vnh vin; s mt mi, cng thng v stress tc ng thm vo cng lm gim nng
sut lao ng.
b) Bin php phng nga:
- Lp t tng cch m ni lm vic;
- Lp t l xo, cao su chng rung my, b phn pht ra ting n;
- Lp t thit b ht m ngn chn truyn m;
- Hn ch thi gian pht ra ting n;
- Bt tnh: Hi chng chng mt, bt tnh do thiu xy trong no, tn thng huyt qun.
- M man:
+ Tn thng c quan iu chnh nhit c th do lm vic mi trng m c nhit cao;
+ Nhit c th tng, hn m do chng au u, bun nn.
c) Bin php phng:
- Thc hin rt ngn thi gian lao ng, t chc lao ng theo ca, bi dng vitamine, cht
mui;
- B tr thi gi ngh ngi, gii lao thch hp;
- Mc o mng hoc o trng dy; ni lm vic c nhit hp th cao nn eo mt n chng
nhit hoc o chng nhit;
- Trong mi trng c nhit to ra nhiu nn lp t h thng thng kh thch hp nh ng dn
kh nng thot ln cao.
d) Cc nguyn tc cn thc hin khi lm vic:
- Bc cch nhit thit b c nhit cao;
- Ci thin h thng thng gi:
+ H thng thng gi thng: lung khng kh mt t ngoi vo tip xc vi ngi trc khi
b lm nng.
+ Lp t h thng ht kh nng pha trn vt nng.
- Dng my lnh: c hiu qu trong khng gian hp;
- Ngn nhit: t vt ngn nhit vo gia thn v o bo h;
- Dng o chng nhit, thng gi khi lm vic vi vt nng hoc trong mi trng m c nhit
cao.
4. Cc cht dung mi
a) Tc hi ca cc cht dung mi:
- Cc cht dung mi dng ch to, pha ch cc cht bo v hoc s dng lau ra, in kim
loi... cc cht ny thng qua c quan h hp, da, c quan tiu ho hp th vo c th ngi s
gy ra tn thng cp hoc mn tnh cho h tun hon mu, thn kinh trung ng, gan, thn,
mt;
- Cc cht nhim c cp tnh v nh hng vi c th ngi.
Phn loi
Tn cht
Gy nh hng
Hydrocarbon mi
Benzen,
Toluen,Gcylen
Gy c cp tnh
Hydrocarbon bo
Aclyn amai,
normalhexan...
H cn
H Clicon
Clicon etilen,
metilete1...
H ete
H etxte
Tc ng n
ng h hp trn
H aldehit
Acrorein,
Formaldehit...
Gy nh hng h
hp
Gy tn thng
b my sinh dc
Hn hp ca nit,
Nit, kh axt carbon... Gy tc th.
carbon
- Nhng ngi hay tip xc vi kim loi nng phi c i khm sc kho nh k t nht mt
ln trong 6 thng; da vo kt qu kim tra v li khuyn, bc s nn c cc bin php ci thin
thch hp nh: thay i cng vic...
Ngun gy c
Nhit
Axt lng...
Tia c hi
Knh bo h.
Ting n
Nt bt l tai, bt tai.
Chn ng (rung)
Thiu xy
L phng php cp cu tm thi ban u nhm cu h sinh mnh v trnh tai bin
khi ngi lao ng b nhim c hoc b tai nn m cha c s chm sc ca bc s.
2. Nguyn tc ng cu khn cp
- Kim tra hin trng:
+ Khi c s c xy ra, trc ht kim tra xem c nhng nguy him do dy in b
t, ho cht c, vt ri... hay khng;
+ Kim tra xem nn nhn c b chy mu, gy xng, nn hay khng;
+ Kim tra xem nn nhn c cn tnh to, cn th, mch cn p hay khng.
3. Cc tai nn v phng php s cu
- Ra mu nhiu
Hin tng ra mu nhiu lm gim lng mu lu thng trong mch v lm gim
lng xy trong cc c quan ca c th v gy ra hin tng sc do thiu mu; do
trc tin cn cm mu cho nn nhn.
(1)- Dng bng hoc gc sch.
(2)- Nng tay hoc chn b thng cao hn so vi tim.
(3)- Dng bng buc cht vt thng, ch khng buc qu cht.
* Khi s dng phng php cm mu trc tip khng c hiu qu th nn s dng
np cm mu.
- t: vt thng do dao... vt sc, nhn gy ra
Dng khn tay, gc gi gt vt thng mt lc cm mu.
(1)- Khi vt thng b bn do t hoc du, cn ra sch bng x phng v nc
sch.
(2)- Dng thuc st trng lm sch vt thng; t gc v cun cht bng bng
cm mu.
- Bng do nhit
Mc nghim trng tu thuc vo vng b bng, mc bng, vng xung quanh;
(4)- Khi nn nhn cn tnh to, nn nhn ngi ngh trng thi thoi mi.
* C nhng trng hp in git lm bng cc b phn bn trong c th mc d nn
nhn c v cn tnh to. Nhng cn phi c chn on ca bc s.
- Gy xng
Cn g np phng xng gy m vo mch mu hoc dy thn kinh; np ny
lm gim au, gip nn nhn thun tin khi i li v chuyn ch nn nhn.
(1)- Trc ht phi iu tr vt thng; khi c mu ra phi cm mu. Khi c mnh
xng vn nh ra, cn kh trng cho vt thng, ming gc dy, sch ln vt
thng v dng bng n hi bng cm mu; trnh dng dy v bng thng
buc.
(2)- Ly ming m hoc giy m lm np v cun nh c nh. Nu c khe
h th dng khn mi xoa chn. iu quan trng l np phi chc, di;
thng thng nn b c hai khp xng km vng b gy.
* Cc cch bng b vt thng theo tng b phn ca c th:
Xng tay trn
Xng cng tay
Ngn tay
Xng bp i
Phn V: Nhng vn cn bit v vic t chc thc hin cng tc an ton v sinh lao ng
trong doanh nghip
I- Hng dn vic phn nh trch nhim qun l an ton - v sinh lao ng ca cn b
qun l v cc b phn chuyn mn trong doanh nghip
(Ph lc s 01- Km theo Thng t Lin tch s 14/1998/TTLT-BLTB&XH-BYT-TLLVN
ngy 31 thng 10 nm 1998 ca B Lao ng - Thng binh v X hi, B Y t v Tng Lin
on Lao ng Vit Nam)
1. Qun c phn xng hoc cc b phn tng ng (sau y gi chung l qun c phn
xng) c trch nhim:
T trng sn xut c quyn t chi nhn ngi lao ng khng trnh ngh nghip v kin
thc v an ton, v sinh lao ng, t chi nhn cng vic hoc dng cng vic ca t nu thy c
nguy c e do n tnh mng, sc kho ca t vin v bo co kp thi vi phn xng x l
3. B phn k hoch (hoc cn b lm cng tc k hoch ca doanh nghip) c nhim v:
- Tng hp cc yu cu v nguyn vt liu, nhn lc v kinh ph trong k hoch bo h lao ng
vo k hoch sn xut kinh doanh ca doanh nghip, v t chc thc hin;
- Cng vi b phn bo h lao ng theo di, n c v nh gi vic thc hin cc ni dung
cng vic ra trong k hoch bo h lao ng, bo m cho k hoch c thc hin y
, ng tin .
4. B phn k thut (hoc cn b k thut ca doanh nghip) c nhim v:
- Nghin cu ci tin trang thit b, hp l ho sn xut v cc bin php v k thut an ton, k
thut v sinh a vo k hoch bo h lao ng; hng dn, gim st thc hin cc bin php
k thut an ton, k thut v sinh v ci thin iu kin lm vic;
- Bin son, sa i, b sung v hon thin cc quy trnh, bin php lm vic an ton i vi cc
my, thit b, ho cht v tng cng vic, cc phng n ng cu khn cp khi c s c, bin
son ti liu ging dy v an ton, v sinh lao ng v phi hp vi t chc chuyn trch v bo
h lao ng hun luyn cho ngi lao ng.
- Tham gia vic kim tra nh k v an ton, v sinh lao ng v tham gia iu tra tai nn lao
ng c lin quan n k thut an ton;
- Phi hp vi b phn bo h lao ng theo di vic qun l, ng k, kim nh, v xin cp
giy php s dng cc my, thit b, vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton, v sinh
lao ng v ch nghim th i vi cc loi thit b an ton, trang thit b bo v c nhn theo
quy nh ca cc tiu chun, quy phm.
5. B phn ti v ca doanh nghip c trch nhim:
Tham gia vo vic lp k hoch bo h lao ng, tng hp v cung cp kinh ph thc hin k
hoch bo h lao ng y , ng thi hn.
6. B phn vt t ca doanh nghip c trch nhim:
Mua sm, bo qun v cp pht y , kp thi nhng vt liu, dng c, trang b phng tin
bo h lao ng, phng tin k thut khc phc s c sn xut c cht lng theo k hoch.
7. B phn t chc lao ng ca doanh nghip c trch nhim:
- Phi hp vi cc phn xng v cc b phn c lin quan t chc v hun luyn lc lng
phng chng tai nn, s c trong sn xut ph hp vi c im ca doanh nghip;
1.4- Tnh trng an ton, v sinh ca cc my mc, thit b, nh xng, kho tng v ni lm vic
nh: che chn ti cc v tr nguy him, tin cy ca cc c cu an ton, chng nng, chng bi,
chiu sng, thng gi, thot nc...;
1.5- Vic s dng, bo qun trang b phng tin bo v c nhn, phng tin k thut phng
chy cha chy, phng tin cp cu y t;
1.6- Vic thc hin cc ni dung ca k hoch bo h lao ng;
1.7- Vic thc hin kin ngh ca cc on thanh tra, kim tra;
1.8- Vic qun l, thit b, vt t v cc cht c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton lao ng v vic
kim sot cc yu t nguy him c hi;
1.9- Kin thc an ton, v sinh lao ng, kh nng x l s c v s cu, cp cu ca ngi lao
ng;
1.10- Vic t chc n ung bi dng, chm sc sc kho ngi lao ng;
1.11- Hot ng t kim tra ca cp di, vic gii quyt cc xut, kin ngh v bo h lao
ng ca ngi lao ng;
1.12- Trch nhim qun l cng tc bo h lao ng v phong tro qun chng v bo h lao
ng.
2. Hnh thc kim tra:
2.1- Kim tra tng th cc ni dung v an ton v sinh lao ng c lin quan n quyn hn ca
cp kim tra;
2.2- Kim tra chuyn tng ni dung;
2.3- Kim tra sau t ngh sn xut di ngy;
2.4- Kim tra trc hoc sau ma ma, bo;
2.5- Kim tra sau s c, sau sa cha ln;
2.6- Kim tra nh k xem xt nhc nh hoc chm im xt duyt thi ua;
3. T chc vic kim tra:
vic t kim tra c hiu qu, trnh hnh thc, i ph cn phi chun b chu o v thc hin
nghim chnh cc bc sau:
3.1- Thnh lp on kim tra:
cp doanh nghip v cp phn xng khi t kim tra nht thit phi t chc on kim tra,
nhng ngi tham gia kim tra phi l nhng ngi c trch nhim ca doanh nghip v ca
cng on, c hiu bit v k thut an ton, v sinh lao ng.
3.2- Hp on kim tra phn cng nhim v cho cc thnh vin, xc nh lch kim tra;
3.3- Thng bo lch kim tra n cc n v hoc cc t sn xut;
3.4- Tin hnh kim tra:
- Qun c phn xng (nu l kim tra phn xng) phi bo co tm tt tnh hnh thc hin
cng tc bo h lao ng vi on kim tra v xut cc kin ngh, bin php khc phc thiu
st tn ti ngoi kh nng t gii quyt ca phn xng; dn on kim tra i xem xt thc t v
tr li cc cu hi, cng nh tip thu cc ch dn ca on kim tra;
- Mi v tr sn xut, kho tng u phi c kim tra.
3.5- Lp bin bn kim tra:
- on kim tra ghi nhn xt v kin ngh i vi n v c kim tra; ghi nhn cc vn gii
quyt thuc trch nhim ca cp kim tra vo s bin bn kim tra ca n v c kim tra;
- Trng on kim tra v trng b phn c kim tra phi k vo bin bn kim tra.
3.6- Pht huy kt qu kim tra:
- i vi cc n v c kim tra phi xy dng k hoch khc phc cc thiu st tn ti thuc
phm vi ca n v gii quyt, ng thi gi cp kim tra theo di thc hin;
- Cp kim tra phi c k hoch phc tra vic thc hin kin ngh i vi c s; tng hp nhng
ni dung thuc trch nhim v thm quyn gii quyt ca mnh i vi cp di v giao cho cc
b phn gip vic t chc thc hin.
3.7- Thi hn t kim tra cp doanh nghip v cp phn xng.
Tu theo tnh cht sn xut kinh doanh, ngi s dng lao ng quy nh cc hnh thc t kim
tra v thi hn t kim tra cp doanh nghip v cp phn xng. Tuy nhin, nh k t kim
tra ton din phi c tin hnh 3 thng /1 ln cp doanh nghip v 1 thng /1 ln cp phn
xng.
3.8- T kim tra t sn xut:
Vic t kim tra t phi tin hnh vo u gi lm vic hng ngy v trc khi bt u vo mt
cng vic mi, v vy cn phi c lm nhanh, gn theo trnh t sau y:
a) Mi c nhn trong t u gi lm vic hng ngy c nhim v quan st tnh trng an ton, v
sinh lao ng ca my, thit b, in, mt bng sn xut, dng c phng tin phng chy cha
chy, dng c phng tin cp cu s c vv... v bo co t trng nhng thiu st hoc cc
nguy c gy tai nn lao ng hoc nh hng xu ti sc kho (nu c).
b) T trng sau khi nhn c cc thng tin v tnh trng mt an ton c nhim v kim tra li
cc tn ti c t vin pht hin, hng dn hoc bn bc vi cng nhn trong t cc bin php
loi tr trnh xy ra tai nn lao ng.
c) i vi nhng nguy c m kh nng t khng t gii quyt c th phi thc hin bin php
tm thi phng trnh xy ra tai nn lao ng, sau ghi vo s kin ngh v bo co ngay vi
qun c phn xng c gii quyt.
3.9- Lp s kin ngh v s ghi bin bn kim tra v an ton lao ng - v sinh lao ng:
a) S kin ngh v s ghi bin bn kim tra v an ton, v sinh lao ng l h s gc ca hot
ng t kim tra bo h lao ng, l ch cng tc ca cn b qun l sn xut cc cp thc
hin chc nng nhim v kim tra, n c cng nh tranh th s ng gp phn nh ca cp
di v tnh hnh an ton v v sinh lao ng, l h s theo di vic gii quyt cc thiu st tn
ti. V vy, vic lp s kin ngh v s ghi bin bn kim tra l yu cu bt buc mi cp trong
doanh nghip;
b) S kin ngh v s ghi bin bn kim tra v an ton v v sinh lao ng phi c ng du
gip lai v qun l, lu gi theo ch qun l ti liu hin hnh truy cu khi cn thit;
c) Mi trng hp phn nh kin ngh xut v tip nhn kin ngh xut u phi c ghi
chp v k nhn vo s kin ngh v an ton, v sinh lao ng c c s xc nh trch nhim.
IV- Gii quyt v tai nn lao ng nghim trng xy ra trong n v c s
1) n v phi cn c vo Thng t Lin tchs 03/1998/TTLT-BLTBXH-BYT-TLLVN
ngy 26/3/1998 ca Lin B Lao ng - Thng binh v X hi, B Y t v Tng Lin on Lao
ng Vit Nam hng dn v khai bo v iu tra tai nn lao ng.
2) Khi xy ra tai nn lao ng cht ngi; b thng nhiu ngi v b thng nng th ngi s
dng lao ng phi:
- S cp cu nn nhn; a nn nhn n c s y-t gn nht.
- Khai bo bng cch nhanh nht cho S Lao ng - Thng binh v X hi, S Y-t, Lin on
Lao ng Tnh, thnh ph v c quan cng an gn nht.
- Gi nguyn hin trng ni xy ra tai nn lao ng.
3) Phi khai bo trung thc din bin xy ra tai nn lao ng vi on iu tra v Cng an a
phng.
Tn c s: ............
S :.......................
V/v khai bo i tng c
yu cu nghim ngt v an
ton lao ng
............. ngy....thng....nm.....
c tnh k thut
Mc ch
s dng
Thit k
C s k tn v ng du
Thc t
Ghi ch:
Trong phn c tnh k thut:
- i vi ni hi ghi r p sut lm vic, cng sut hi, loi nhin liu t;
- i vi thit b chu p lc ghi r p sut lm vic, dung tch, mi cht lm vic;
- i vi my lnh ghi r cng sut, loi mi cht lm vic;
- i vi thit b nng ghi r trng ti, tm vi;
- i vi thang my ghi r sc cha, vn tc;
- i vi vt liu n ghi r cng n, tc n, kh nng truyn n, thi gian bo qun.
VI- n xin cp (cp li hoc gia hn) giy php s dng cc i tng c yu cu
nghim ngt v an ton lao ng
Mu n:
Cng ho x hi ch ngha vit nam
Tn c s: ............
c lp - T do - Hnh phc
S :.......................
............. ngy....thng....nm.....
n xin cp (cp li hoc gia hn) giy php s dng cc i tng c yu cu
nghim ngt v an ton lao ng
Knh gi:Thanh tra Nh nc v an ton lao ng
(B hoc S Lao ng-Thng binh v X hi)
Tn i tng c
Nm
S
M
yu cu nghim ngt
sn
TT
hiu
v an ton lao ng
xut
c tnh k thut
Thit k Thc t
Mc L do xin
ch
cp giy
s dng
php
ngh Thanh tra Nh nc v an ton lao ng xem xt v cp giy php s dng cho cc i
tng trn.
C s k tn v ng du
Ghi ch:
Trong phn c tnh k thut:
- i vi ni hi ghi r p sut lm vic, cng sut hi, loi nhin liu t;
- i vi thit b chu p lc ghi r p sut lm vic, dung tch, mi cht lm vic;
- i vi my lnh ghi r cng sut, loi mi cht lm vic;
- Ngh hng nm quy nh chung cho mi ngi lao ng l 12 ngy lm vic (khng k ngy
ngh hng tun, ngh l, tt c xen vo trong thi gian ngh hng nm).
- Ngi lm ngh, cng vic nng nhc, c hi, nguy him c ngh hng nm 14 ngy lm
vic.
- Ngi lm ngh, cng vic c bit nng nhc, c hi, nguy him c ngh hng nm 16
ngy lm vic.
Ngoi nhng ngy ngh hng nm theo lut nh, ngi lao ng c thi gian lm vic lu nm
ti doanh nghip th c 5 nm thm nin lm vic c cng thm mt ngy ngh hng nm.
S tay hng dn thc hin cng tc
an ton - v sinh lao ng trong cc doanh nghip