Chuyn spanning tree (phn 1)

802.1D Spanning tree Protocol

STP dng cc thng ip gia cc switch gip n nh h thng mng v mt s
khng b vng lp. lm c nh cy, STP s a vi cng ca switch v trng thi
blocking, cng s khng truyn hay nhn d liu. Cc cng cn li s trng thi
forwarding. Tt c cc loi cng ny s gip hnh thnh mt s mng khng b loop.

Cc bc din tin ca hot ng ca spanning tree

Bu chn root switch: Switch c bridge-ID nh nht s c bu chn. Thng thng,
bridgeID c hnh thnh gm gi tr priority (2 bytes) v MAC ca switch. Xc nh root
port: l cng trn nhng non-root switch c kt ni ngn nht v rootswitch. Xc nh
designated port trn tng segment: Khi c nhiu switch kt ni vo mt segment, y l
cng ca switch chu trch nhim y traffic ra khi segment.

Bu chn root switch

Ch mt switch c th l root ca mt cy spanning tree. tm ra root, cc switch phi
bu chn. Tng switch s bt u hot ng spanning tree ca n bng cch to v gi
cc gi STP BPDU, trong thng bo chnh n l root. Nu mt switch nghe mt BPDU
tt hn (tc l BPDU c bridgeID nh hn), switch s khng khai bo n l root na.
Thay vo , switch s bt u gi ra cc BPDU nhn c t switch ng c vin tt
hn. Cui cng, tt c cc switch ngoi tr switch c bridge ID tt nht s ngng gi
BPDU. Switch chin thng trong qu trnh bu c tr thnh root switch.

Gi tr bridgeID nguyn thy ca 802.1D c hai trng:

- Trng priority 2 bytes: c thit k cu hnh trn cc switch khc nhau nh
hng n kt qu ca qu trnh bu ca spanning tree.
- Mt trng c di 6-bytes cha a ch MAC, c dng so snh trong trng hp
u tin ca cc switch l bng nhau. Chc chn l s c mt switch thng qu trnh
bu chn. nh dng ca bridgeID dng nguyn thy v dng nh ngha li:



nh dng ca BPDU b thay i l do vic pht minh ra cc phin bn PVST+ v MST.
Vi kiu bridgeID c, mt bridgeID ca mt switch cho mi phin bn spanning tree l
ging nhau nu switch dng mt MAC. Nu dng nhiu spanningtree, vic mi switch ch
c mt bridgeID c th gy ra nhm ln. V vy Cisco dng mt a ch MAC khc nhau
cho tng vlan khi to ra bridgeID. iu ny dn n cc gi tr bridgeID khc nhau mi
VLAN, nhng cng s lm tn nhiu a ch MAC trong tng switch.

Trng SystemID m rng cho mt mng dng nhiu phin bn spanningtree, m khng
cn dng cc a ch MAC ring bit cho tng switch. Trng ny cho php cc VLAN-ID
c t trong 12 bit cui cng ca trng priority. Mt switch c th dng mt a ch
MAC xy dng nn bridgeID v vi ch s vlan trong trng SystemID, switch ny vn
c mt bridgeID duy nht trong tng VLAN. Vic s dng trng systemID m rng cn
c gi l c ch gim a ch MAC (MAC address reduction).







Xc nh root port
Sau khi rootswitch c bu chn, cc switch cn li cn phi xc nh root port. Tin
trnh bu chn c m t nh sau:
Root to ra cc gi hello BPDU v gi mi hai giy. Tng switch khi nhn gi hello s tip
tc chuyn cc gi hello. Switch c cp nht mt s trng trong hello nh cost, bridgeID,
port priority v port number ca switch gi. Switch khng gi hello BPDU ra nhng cng
trong trng thi blocking. Trong tt c cc cng ca switch nhn gi tin hello, cc cng c
cost thp nht v root s l root port. Mt switch phi kim tra gi tr cost trong mi BPDU,
thm vo gi tr port cost xc nh ng i ngn nht v root. Switch s cng thm vo
gi tr cost c ch ra trong BPDU vi gi tr cost ca switchport m n nhn gi BPDU.


Trong hnh trn, sw1 l root v ban u gi ra cc gi hello c cost=0. Sw s nhn c hai
gi hello. Mt gi c cost bng 0 v mt gi c cost bng 38. Tuy nhin, SW3 s tnh ton
cost ca n i v root. Cost ny c tnh bng cch cng port cost ca n vo cc gi
tr trn. Kt qu l, mc d sw3 c kt ni trc tip v SW1, cost tng cng i ra cng F0/4
thp hn cost i ra cng F0/1. V vy SW3 s chn F0/4 l ng i v Root. Cn lu l
gi tr STP cost thng c kt hp vi cc interface. Thc t c vi khuyn co dng cng
gi tr STP cost trn tng kt ni im-im ca cc phn on Ethernet. Gi tr mc nh
ca mt s cng Ethernet:
Tc Ethernet Gi tr cost kiu c Gi tr cost mi
10Mbps 100 100
100Mbps 10 19
1Gbps 1 4
10Gbps 1 2
Khi mt switch nhn c nhiu BPDU c tng cost bng nhau, switch s dng tiu ch sau
so snh:
- Chn gi tr Bridge-ID thp nht ca switch gi.
- Dng gi tr port priority thp nht ca switch k cn. Switch k cn thm vo gi tr
port priority ca n trc khi tip tc gi BPDU i.
- Dng gi tr ch s port ca switch.
Trong danh sch ny, nu iu kin 1 khng tha mn, switch ny phi c nhiu kt ni
n cng switch lng ging. Hai iu kin sau ch gip thit b nn chn kt ni no
dng.


Xc nh designated port
Mt mng STP hi t s dn n ch mt switch y traffic vo v ra trn phn on mng
. Switch y traffic vo/ra mt phn on mng c gi l designated switch. Cng
dng chuyn frame ra khi phn on mng c gi l designated port (DP).
c bu chn quyn lm DP, mt switch phi gi gi tin Hello vi gi tr cost thp nht vo
phn on mng.
Hi t v s mng mi
STP s tip tc gim st tin trnh gi cc BPDU ngay c khi cu trc mng n inh. Khi
c s thay i, STP cn phi phn ng v hi t v mt s mng mi.
Khi mng n nh, cc tin trnh sau xy ra:
Root switch s gi ra cc BPDU nh k theo khong thi gian hello.
Mi non-root switch nh nhn nhn mt BPDU trn root port ca n.
Mi switch s cp nht v tip tc y BPDU ra cc cng designated port.
i vi cc cng ang b block, switch s nh k nhn mt bn BPDU t DP trn phn on
mng . Switch khng gi BPDU ra cc cng blocking.
Khi c s khc bit vi cc tin trnh nu trn, STP bit rng s mng thay i v s
hi t mi cn phi din ra. V d, root switch mt ngun in, tt c cc switch s khng
nghe BPDU v sau khi khong thi gian MaxAge ht, cc switch s bu chn li root
switch mi.
Hnh Spanning tree 3.

Mt vi bc s xy ra:
SW2 khng cn nhn c BPDU trn cc RP ca n.
Bi v SW2 khng nhn c BPDU trn bt k ng i no, n bt u qu trnh bu chn
root mi bng cch thng bo chnh n l root v bt u gi BPDU ra tt c cc cng.
SW4 nhn thy BPDU cui cng c cp n mt root mi, nhng SW4 s gi nguyn gi
tr RP. SW4 s gi BPDU v SW3 sau khi cp nht cc trng ph hp trong BPDU.
SW3 nhn c BPDU t SW4 nhng BPDU ny km hn (khng u tin) so vi BPDU m
SW3 nhn c t SW1. V vy, SW3 tr thnh DP trn phn on mng gia n v SW4 v
bt u gi ra BPDU trn cng . Trc y, SW1 thng qu trnh bu c, nh vy cc
gi BPDU t SW1 v SW2 s tip tc cnh tranh vi nhau v SW1 s thng mt ln na.
Phn cn li ca tin trnh s dn n cng F0/4 ca SW3 l DP, cng F0/3 ca SW4 l RP,
SW4 F0/2 l DP v SW f0/4 l RP.


Cc thng bo thay i TCN v vic cp nht bng CAM

Khi STP ti hi tu, mt vi hng trong bng CAM c th khng cn hp l. V d, trong v d
trn, SW3 c trong bng MAC ca n mt hng l 0200.1111.1111 l a ch ca Router1
MAC ch ra cng F0/4 ca n. Khi kt ni gia SW1 v SW2 b li, SW3 cn phi cp nht
bng CAM ca n ch ra 0200.1111.1111 ch ra cng F0/1. cp nht bng CAM, c hai
vic cn din ra: Tt c cc switch cn phi c lu xa cc hng trong bng CAM.
Tng switch phi s dng khong thi gian timeout ngn, tng ng forward delay 15
giy xa bng CAM.

Bi v mt vi switch c th khng trc tip nhn thy s thay i trong s mng, bt k
switch no khi pht hin mt s thay i u c trch nhim lu cho cc switch cn li.
Lc ny, mt switch s lu rootswitch thng qua cc TCN BPDU. TCN s c gi ngc
v root. Sau , root s lu tt c cc switch cn li.

Qu trnh hot ng nh sau:

Khi mt switch nhn ra mt s thay i trng thi, switch s gi ra TCN BPDU ra khi root
port. Switch s lp li thng ip ny cho n khi no n nhn c ACK. Switch k tip
nhn c TCN BPDU s gi ngc li ACK thng qua hello BPDU bng cch nh du bit
TCA trong hello BPDU. Switch Designated trn mt phn on mng s tip tc gi ra cc
TCN BPDU trn cc root port ca n v ch ACK t DP trn phn on mng .

Bng cch lp li cc bc 1 v 2, cui cng root switch cng s nhn c TCN BPDU. Khi
nhn c, rootswitch s thit lp bit TCA trong hello BPDU ca n v gi ra tt c cc
switch khc, lu cc switch khc l c mt s thay i xy ra. Mt switch nhn mt
hello BPDU vi bit TCA c thit lp s lm ngn khong thi gian timeout ca cc entry
trong bng CAM.

Chuyn i t blocking sang forwarding

Khi STP chuyn sang mt dng hi t mi, mt vi cng ang trong trng thi blocking c
th c gn vai tr l DP hoc RP. V vy, cc cng ny cn phi c chuyn sang trng
thi forwarding. Tuy nhin, vic chuyn trng thi t blocking sang forwarding khng th
c thc hin m khng c nguy c gy ra vng lp. chuyn mt cng sang trng thi
forwarding, u tin switch s t cng ny vo trng thi listening, sau sang trng thi
learning. Mi trng thi s tn ti trong khong thi gian gi l forward delay timer (15
giy).

Trng thi C chuyn frame d liu Hc a ch MAC ngun
trn frame nhn c
Trng thi tm thi
hay n nh?
Blocking No No n nh
Listening No No Tm thi
Learning No Yes Tm thi
Forwarding Yes Yes n nh
Disable No No n nh

Tm li, khi STP nhn ra mt s thay i trong s mng, n s hi t c th bng cch
chn ra mt s cng khc lm RP, DPBt k mt switch no thay i cc RP hoc DP s
gi ra cc TCN BPDU v root switch. i vi cc cng c gn nh RP hoc DP, 802.1D s
dng cc trng thi listening v learning trc khi c th chuyn sang trng thi forwarding.
Trong khi qu trnh t forwarding sang blocking c th thc hin tc thi.


Per-VLAN Spanning Tree and STP over Trunks
Nu ch c 1 phin bn STP c dng cho mt mng switch vi cc kt ni d phng v c
nhiu VLAN, s c vi cng s trong trng thi blocking, khng dng c mc d trong
trng thi n nh. Cc kt ni d phng ny s c dng cho mc ch backup.
Tnh nng Cisco PVST+ cho php to ra cc phin bn STP cho tng VLAN. Bng cch hiu
chnh cu hnh STP cho tng VLAN, mi phin bn STP c th dng cc rootswitch khc
nhau v c nhng cng b block khc nhau. Kt qu l, ti c th c cn bng trn vi kt
ni c sn.

V d, trong hnh trn, cc switch lp access s b block trn cc cng khc nhau ca
VLAN1 v VLAN2 vi cc rootswitch khc nhau. Vi cc rootswitch khc nhau v cc gi tr
portcost khc nhau, cc thit b lp access s gi lu lng ca vlan 1 trn mt kt ni
trunk v vlan 2 trn kt ni trunk cn li.
Dng trunking 802.1Q vi STP khng h tr PVST+ trong giai on ban u. Tuy nhin,
Cisco switch h tr PVST+ trn cc kt ni trunk 802.1Q. V vy, vi tt c cc switch Cisco,
mc nh PVST+ s c dng. Khi dng 802.1Q vi cc switch khng phi l Cisco, switch
phi hon ton tun theo chun ca IEEE. V vy kt ni trunk ch h tr CST. Nu dng
chun 802.1Q, ch c mt phin bn ca STP chy trn native vlan v s STP s c
dng cho tt c cc vlan. Mc d dng ch mt phin bn ca STP gip lm gim ph tn gi
BPDU, c ch ny c hn ch l khng h tr cn bng ti dng nhiu phin bn STP.


Trong hnh ny, khng c mt thng tin PVST+ cn phi truyn gia cc min CST. Cc
min PVST+ s nh x cc CST vo cc phin bn ca PVST+. Hai min ca PVST+ b tch
bit bi mt min CST. Cc thng tin ca PVST+ cn phi xem cc min CST nh mt mt
kt ni n v s ng gi cc BPDU ca PVST+ xuyn qua min CST. Qu trnh ng gi
(tunnel) c to ra bng cch gi cc BPDU v a ch multicast l 0100.0CCC.CCCD v cc
BPDU s c tag vi gi tr VLAN-ID. Kt qu l, cc switch non-Cisco s chuyn cc BPDU
nh l multicast v khng din dch cc frame ny nh l BPDU. Khi cc BPDU n c
switch PVST+ u tin trong min PVST+ khc, switch ang lng nghe a ch multicast
0100.0CCC.CCCD s c v din dch BPDU. 802.1Q cng vi 802.1s s cho php cc kt
ni trunk 802.1Q h tr nhiu phin bn STP khc nhau.


Ti u cy spanning tree
Nu hot ng ch mc nh, IEEE 802.1D vn hot ng tt nhng thi gian hi t c
th mt n mt pht hoc hn cho ton b h thng mng. V d, khi root b down, mt
switch phi ch khong thi gian 20 giy tri qua. Sau cc cng s mt khong 15 giy
trong trng thi learning v listening. Tng thi gian mt cho qu trnh hi t l 50 giy.

PortFast, UplinkFast v BackboneFast

Cc c im ny do Cisco a ra nhm gii quyt cc vn STP c th khc nhau.

c im V tr s dng Thi gian tit kim c
Portfast c dng trn nhng accessport
khng kt ni vo hub v switch.
t cc cng vo trng thi forwarding
ngay khi cc kt ni vt l hot ng
UplinkFast c dng trn nhng thit b lp
access. Nhng thit b ny c nhiu
ng uplink v thit b lp
distribution
Thay th cc RP bng cc cng d phng
ngay sau khi RP b hng. Tnh nng ny
a cc cng v trng thi forwarding v
yu cu cc switch cp nht bng CAM
tc thi.
Backbonefast Thng c dng pht hin cc
kt ni b t m cc kt ni ny
khng trc tip pht hin.
Switch khng cn phi ch cho thi gian
maxage b ht

PortFast

Tnh nng portfast s b qua cc trng thi listening v learning trn cc cng. Qu trnh hi
t gn nh tc thi trn nhng cng c bt tnh nng portfast. Portfast thng c bt
trn nhng cng d kin c nhng thit b ca ngi dng cui gn vo. an ton, bn
nn dng kt hp portfast vi cc tnh nng BPDUGuard.

UplinkFast

Tnh nng uplinkfast gip ti u ha qu trnh hi t khi mt kt ni uplink b s c trn mt
thit b lp access ca mt mng campus. thit k SPT c xem l tt, cc switch nm
lp access khng nn tr thnh rootswitch hoc tr thnh switch trung gian. Hnh di
y s m t cc hnh ng xy ra khi tnh nng uplinkfast c bt trn mt switch v khi
rootport b fail.
Khi bt tnh nng UplinkFast ch ton cc trn mt switch, switch s thc hin ba hnh
ng sau: Tng gi tr u tin ca root (priority) ln 49,152. Tng port cost ln gi tr
3000. Theo di cc cng RP d phng, l cc cng vn cn nhn c hello. Khi RP b fail,
SW3 c th d phng ng uplink nh l rootport mi v chuyn sang trng thi forward
ngay tc thi.

Bc cui cng trong hot ng ca UplinkFast l lm cho cc switch timeout cc hng
trong bng CAM nhng n khng dng c ch ca TCN. Thay vo , cc switch lp access
s tm tt c cc a ch MAC ca cc thit b cc b v gi ra cc frame multicast vi a ch
ngun l a ch MAC ca thit b. iu ny lm cho tt c cc switch khc cp nht bng
CAM. Cc switch lp access cng s xa cc hng cn li trong bng CAM.

Backbonefast

Backbonefast ti u thi gian hi t cho bt k s mng no, ci tin thi gian hi t khi
c cc hng hc gin tip xy ra. Khi mt vi kt ni trc tip xy ra, switch s khng ch
cho khong thi gian MaxAge ht. Cc switch khng nhn c hello BPDU s ch khong
thi gian MaxAge tri qua th mi bt u th thay i topology.

Tnh nng backbonefast s lm cc switch hc cc s c gin tip ca spanning tree v hi
cc switch upstream l cc switch ny c bit v s c hay khng. thc hin vic ny,
khi gi tin hello u tin b mt, switch s gi ra cc frame truy vn Root Link Query trn tt
c cc cng m l ra phi nhn c hello. RLQ s hi switch lng ging rng switch lng
ging c cn nhn hello BPDU t root. Nu switch lng ging ang gp s c hng hc
trc tip, n s tr li l ng i t n v root mt. Khi bit c iu ny, switch ban
u s tip tc tnh ton li m khng ch khong thi gian MaxAge. Tt c cc switch
trong s mng s phi cu hnh tnh nng backbonefast.


Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol

IEEE 802.1w Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) ci tin hot ng ca 802.1D truyn
thng vi mt mc ch duy nht: ci tin s hi t ca STP. thc hin c vic ny,
RSTP nh ngha ra mt dng bin th khc ca BPDU, cc trng thi mi ca cng v cc
vai tr cng mi. Tt c cc dng thay i ny u m bo tnh tng thch ngc vi
802.1D. Cc yu t ch cht gip cho vic tng tc kh nng hi t l:

Ch ch mt khong thi gian ti a l 3 ln hello trn mt RP trc khi phn ng vi s
thay i. Trc y, khong thi gian ny l MaxAge. Cc tin trnh mi cho php chuyn
i t trng thi disabed (thay th cho trng thi blocking trong 802.1D) sang trng thi
learning, b qua trng thi listenning ca 802.1D. Chun ha cc c im nh Cisco
PortFast, UplinkFast v backbonefast. Thm vo cc c im nh cho php cng d phng
cho DP khi switch c nhiu cng kt ni vo cng mt phn on mng dng chung.

h tr cc tin trnh mi ny, RSTP dng cng c ch hello BPDU, s dng thm mt s
bit cha dng trc y. V d, RSTP s nh ngha thng ip hello c thm tu chn ging
nh chc nng RLQ ca Cisco backbonefast. RSTP nhm cc cng li, dng cc kiu kt ni
khc nhau m t tng nhm. RSTP c th quyt nh trng thi ca cng da trn loi
thit b kt ni vo tng cng, v vy gip cho qu trnh hi t nhanh hn.

Kiu kt ni (link type) M t
Point-to-point Kt ni mt switch n mt switch khc. Cisco switch xem cc kt
ni FullDupleX trong hello BPDU c nhn l cc kt ni point-
to-point.
Dng chung (Shared) Kt ni mt switch n mt hub
Edge Kt ni n mt thit b ca ngi dng cui.

Trong phn ln cc thit k mng LAN hin i, hub khng c dng na. V vy tt c
cc kt ni phi l hoc l im-im (point-to-point) hoc l kiu edge. Kiu kt ni l edge
ngha l cng ang gn vo mt thit b v thit b khng phi l mt switch. V vy, RSTP
xem cc kt ni edge ging nh tnh nng Cisco portfast. V tht ra, cu lnh spanning-tree
portfast c dng nh ngha mt kt ni nh l edge trong RSTP. Ni cch khc, RSTP
t cc kt ni kiu edge vo trng thi forwarding mt cch tc th.

i vi cc kt ni point-to-point, RSTP s hi switch lng ging v tnh trng ca n. V d
nu mt switch khng nhn c gi hello nh k trn kt ni im-im, switch s truy
vn switch lng ging. Thit b lng ging s tr li, nu r l n c mt ng i v root
hay khng. Tnh nng ny ging nh tnh nng backbonefast ca Cisco, nhng dng thng
ip chun ca IEEE t cng mt mc ch. RSTP cng nh ngha li cc trng thi
cng ca 802.1D, trong trng thi listening l khng cn cn thit na.

Trng thi qun tr Trng thi ca 802.1D Trng thi 802.1w
Disabled Disabled Discarding
Enable Blocking Discarding
Enable Listening Discarding
Enable Learning Learning
Enable Forwarding Forwarding

Trong RSTP, trng thi discarding c ngha l cng s khng truyn hay nhn frame hoc
hc a ch MAC, bt chp cng c b shutdown, s cKhi RSTP quyt nh chuyn
trng thi t discarding sang forwarding, cng s ngay lp tc i vo trng thi learning.
T thi im , qu trnh tip tc ging nh trong 802.1D. RSTP khng cn cn trng thi
listening bi v n s ch ng hi cc thit b lng ging, m bo sao cho khng b vng
lp.

RSTP dng thut ng vai tr cng (role) ch ra mt cng l RP hay l mt DP. RSTP s
dng RP v DP ging nh trong 802.1D, tuy nhin RSTP thm vo vi vai tr khc.

RSTP Role nh ngha
Root port Ging nh trong 802.1D
Designated port Ging nh trong 802.1D
Alternate port Ging nh cng d phng trong UplinkFast
Backup port Mt cng kt ni vo cng mt phn on mng dng chung
ging nh nhiu cng khc trn cng switch nhng cng kia l
DP cho phn on mng . Cng backup s thay th khi port DP
b s c.
Khi nim Alternate Port th ging nh khi nim UplinkFast. Chc nng Backup port th
khng c chc nng tng ng bn Cisco. bn c th bt chc nng RSTP trong switch
dng lnh spanning-tree mode rapid-pvst. Ngoi ra, bn c th dng 802.1s MST.


Multiple Spanning Trees: IEEE 802.1s
IEEE 802.1s Multiple Spanning Trees (MST) nh ngha cch thc dng nhiu phin bn ca
STP trn mt h tng mng dng 802.1q. Ging nh PVST+, MST cho php hiu chnh cc
thng s ca STP sao cho mt vi cng l b block trong mt vlan nhng n c th l
forwarding trong vlan khc. Lun lun dng kt hp vi 802.1w hi t nhanh hn. Khng
yu cu tng phin bn ca STP cho tng vlan. Thay vo , thit k tt nht thng dng
mt phin bn spanning tree cho cc ng i d phng. Nu h thng mng bao gm tt
c cc thit b c kh nng h tr MST, MST s tng i d hiu. Mt nhm cc switch
dng chung vi nhau c gi l MST region. to ra mt MST region, cc switch cn
phi c cu hnh nh sau:
1. Bt MST ch ton cc:
# spanning-tree mode mst
2. Trong ch cu hnh ca MST, to ra MST region (ti a 32 k t) dng lnh name.
3.Trong ch cu hnh ca MST, to ra mt ch s MST revision number bng cch dng
lnh revision.
Trong ch cu hnh ca MST, ch nh cc VLAN no vo phin bn spanning tree no
bng cu lnh instance. Cha kha cho vic cu hnh ca MST l cu hnh tt c cc thng
s ging nhau trn tt c cc switch ca cng region. V d nu bn cho phin bn instance
1 ca MST chy trn VLAN 1 n VLAN 4 v vlan 5-8 n cng instance 1 trn switchkhc,
hai switch s khng xem nh chng cng MST region, mc d c tn region v ch s
revision l tng t nhau. V d, trong hnh di y, mt MST region c nh ngha
cng vi cc kt ni n cc switch khng chy MST.

Pha bn tri ca hnh, bn trong mt MST bn ch cn hai phin bn ca STP. Mi phin
bn cho mt na s vlan. Nu c hai phin bn, cc switch lp access s truyn cc frame
trn cc kt ni ca n cho tp hp mt s vlan v truyn cc frame ca cc vlan cn li
trn kt ni kia. Mt trong nhng c im ch yu ca MST so vi PVST+ l vic yu cu
ch cn mt phin bn ca STP cho mt nhm cc vlan. Nu MST region ny c hng trm
VLAN v dng PVST+, s c tng ng hng trm STP thng ip s c dng. Khi kt ni
mt MST region n mt min khng chy MST, MST s lm cho c mt min MST xut
hin nh l mt switch duy nht. Mt MST s m bo tnh trng khng b lp bn trong
mt MST region. ngn nga vng lp trn kt ni CST t min MST n min phi MST,
MST s tham gia vo phin bn STP ang chy bn ngoi min MST. Phin bn thm vo
ny gi l Internal Spanning Tree (IST). Khi tham gia trong STP vi cc switch bn ngoi,
min MST s xut hin nh mt switch duy nht.