Petrophysics Logging Tools

SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL LOG
HISTORY
One of the frst log measurements made.
It as d!s"o#ered as a $otent!al that e%e"ted old ele"tr!" logs.
It has &een !n use for o#er the $ast '( )ears.
APPLI*ATION
*orrelat!on from ell to ell
+e$th referen"e for all logg!ng runs
+ete"t!ng $ermea&le &eds
+ete"t!ng &ed &oundar!es
,ual!tat!#e !nd!"at!on of shal)ness
R
determ!nat!on
THEORY O- .EASURE.ENT
Operation
An ele"trode /usuall) lead0 !s loered don the ell and an ele"tr!"al $otent!al !s
reg!stered at d!%erent $o!nts !n the hole !th res$e"t to surfa"e ele"trode.
Therefore SP !s a re"ord!ng of the d!%eren"e !n $otent!al of a mo#ea&le ele"trode
!n a &orehole and a f1ed ele"trode on the surfa"e. In order to re"ord a $otent!al
the hole must "onta!n "ondu"t!#e mud2 as !t "annot &e re"orded !n a!r or o!l3&ase
mud. Logg!ng rate !s a$$ro1!matel) 4'((m $er hour and re"ord!ngs are
"ont!nuous.
The SP ele"trode !s &u!lt !nto d!%erent logg!ng tools for e1am$le5
o Indu"t!on log.
o Laterolog.
o Son!" log.
o S!deall "ore gun.
FIGURE 1: THE SP MEASUREMENT
SP results from ele"tr!" "urrents 6o!ng !n the dr!ll!ng mud. There are three
sour"es of the "urrents2 to ele"tro"hem!"al and one ele"tro7!net!". +e6e"t!on of
SP !s "aused &) the Ele"tro"hem!"al E
"
and Ele"tro7!net!" E
7
a"t!ons5
Electrochemical Component
E
c
= E
l
! E
m

4
These to e%e"ts are the ma!n "om$onents of the SP. The) are "aused as a result
of d!%er!ng sal!n!t!es !n the mud fltrate and the format!on ater.
E
l
: "Liquid Junction Potential"
The !ons Na8 and *l3 ha#e d!%erent mo&!l!t!es at the 9un"t!on of the !n#aded and
#!rg!n :ones. The mo#ement of the !ons a"ross th!s &oundar) generates a "urrent
6o and hen"e a $otent!al.
If the sal!n!t) of the mud !n the &orehole !s ea7er or stronger than that of the
format!on ater the $otent!al generated &eteen the to solut!ons !s 7non as
the L!;u!d <un"t!on Potent!al or El9. The greater the d!%eren"e &eteen the
sal!n!t) of the solut!ons the greater the $otent!al.
FIGURE ": #I$UI% &UNCTION EFFECTS '1
FIGURE (: #I$UI% &UNCTION EFFECTS '"
E
m
: "Membrane Potential"
Shale=s are $ermea&le to Sod!um !ons &ut not to *hlor!ne !ons. Hen"e there !s a
mo#ement of "harged $art!"les through the shale "reat!ng a "urrent and thus a
$otent!al. Th!s !s 7non as the mem&rane $otent!al or Em.
>
FIGURE ): MEM*RANE POTENTIA# SP
Electro+inetic Component
An Ele"tro7!net!" $otent!al /E
7
0 !s generated &) the 6o of mud fltrate through a
$orous $ermea&le &ed. It de$ends u$on the res!st!#!t) of the mud fltrate and !ll
onl) &e"ome !m$ortant !f there are h!gh d!%erent!al $ressures a"ross the
format!on. Th!s $ro"ess !s not ell understood and the e%e"ts are normall)
negl!g!&le !n $ermea&le format!ons &e"ause the mud "a7e &u!lds ;u!"7l) and
halts an) further !n#as!on. In lo $oros!t)2 lo $ermea&!l!t) format!ons2 the mud
"a7e &u!lds slol) and the Ele"tro7!net!" $otent!al &e"omes $redom!nate. Th!s !s
the $otent!al that ma7es the SP a$$ear to 6oat randoml) !n #er) t!ght format!ons
su"h as lo $oros!t) "ar&onates. In these "ond!t!ons the SP "annot &e used to
determ!ne R
.
FIGURE ,: TOTA# SP
%e-ection o. the SP c/r0e
The SP measurement !s "onstant &ut 9um$s suddenl) to another le#el hen
"ross!ng the &oundar) &eteen to d!%erent format!ons.
?hen R
mf
@ R
The SP de6e"ts to the left /3#e SP0 found !n $ermea&le format!ons

flled !th format!on ater
?hen R
mf
A R
The SP de6e"ts to the r!ght /8#e SP0 found !n $ermea&le

format!on flled !th format!on ater
There !s no de6e"t!on !n non3$ermea&le or shal) format!ons.
B
FIGURE 1: SP %EF#ECTION
%epth o. In0e2ti3ation an4 5ertical Re2ol/tion
+e$th of !n#est!gat!on of the SP tool !s at the 9un"t!on of the !n#aded and #!rg!n
:ones. +e$end!ng u$on the d!ameter of !n#as!on th!s "an #ar) &eteen onl) >3B
!n"hes !f h!ghl) $ermea&le and more than >3B feet !f $ermea&!l!t) !s lo.
Cert!"al resolut!on of the SP tool !s a$$ro1!matel) B meters
*ALIDRATION
In the logg!ng un!t there !s a small &atter) and a $otent!ometer !n ser!es &eteen the
to ele"trodes. The logg!ng eng!neer "an ad9ust the $otent!ometer so that the SP
a$$ears !n tra"7 4. S!n"e e need to remo#e all e1traneous $otent!als to the mem&rane
$otent!al2 the SP needs to &e normal!sed !n a "om$ut!ng "entre so that there !s no
$otent!al /SPE(.(.C0 o$$os!te shale &eds. Th!s !s done "on"urrentl) !th the SP dr!ft
"orre"t!on. The a&solute d!%eren"e &eteen shale and sand rema!ns the same after dr!ft
"orre"t!on. *aut!on5
Some feld eng!neers !n the $ast #ar!ed the $otent!ometer to "orre"t the dr!ft h!le
logg!ng and therefore 7ee$ the SP on the d!s$la) tra"7. Re"ent logg!ng tools re"ord the
ra SP on data storage /!.e. no &atter) and no $otent!ometer0 and !t !s somet!mes
$refera&le to use th!s ra SP to $erform the SP "orre"t!on. An o%set "an &e a$$l!ed to
the ra SP !f !ts #alues range s!gn!f"antl) a&o#e :ero.
LI.ITATIONS AN+ PRESENTATION
#imitation2
Dorehole mud must &e "ondu"t!#e.
-ormat!on ater must &e ater &ear!ng and "ondu"t!#e.
A se;uen"e of $ermea&le and non3$ermea&le :ones must e1!st.
Small de6e"t!on o""urs !f RmfER
Not full) de#elo$ed !n front of th!n &eds
Metallic reaction at mea2/re electro4e
F
Th!s !s one of the "om$onents that !ll "ause the SP to dr!ft. The SP ele"trode
made of m!ld !ron !ll rust and th!s o1!d!:!ng e%e"t of the ele"trode results !n an
added ele"tro"hem!"al $otent!al to the SP measurement. The dr!ft graduall)
d!sa$$ears as the ele"trode &e"omes full) o1!d!:ed. De"ause th!s !s an
undes!ra&le $otent!al2 the dr!ft "an &e remo#ed &) "orre"t!ng the SP "ur#e us!ng
"om$uter softare. See the $ra"t!"al e1am$le of ho to remo#e SP dr!ft and
normal!:e the SP !n se"t!on G.(.
Poss!&le solut!on to the $ro&lem5
o The &r!dle ele"trode should &e made of lead as !t !n"urs less o1!d!:at!on
and therefore less dr!ft.
o Ne#er "lean or remo#e the rust from the SP ele"trode.
o One hour &efore go!ng don hole2 ra$ the ele"trode !n a rag soa7ed !n
the mud $!t. Th!s !ll redu"e the o1!d!:!ng e%e"t don hole
Other /n6ante4 SP potential2
Hea#) ra!n5
If hea#) ra!n starts dur!ng logg!ng2 the surfa"e "ondu"t!#!t) of the so!l !ll
graduall) "hange and therefore "an graduall) "hange the $otent!al &eteen the
surfa"e referen"e and the don hole ele"trode and thus "ontr!&ute to the SP
dr!ft.
No!se5
Surfa"e no!se su"h as ele"tr!"al lea7ages on the r!g2 eld!ng e;u!$ment2 eather
storms and l!ghtn!ng str!7es !ll "ause the SP to &e no!s) and at random. No
eld!ng should &e alloed dur!ng the re"ord!ng of the SP log.
Logg!ng drum and shea#e magnet!sm5
If $art of the logg!ng drum2 !re l!ne shea#e or measure heel !s magnet!:ed2
th!s !ll a$$ear on the SP "ur#e as a short and regular de6e"t!ons.
+!sru$t!ons to the ground referen"e5
The SP ele"trode /"alled the fsh0 should &e $la"ed !n an und!stur&ed $os!t!on !n
the mud $!t aa) from mo#!ng mud 6u!ds.
Poerl!nes2 ele"tr!" tra!ns2 "lose rad!o transm!tters and "athod!" $rote"t!on
de#!"es all "reate "urrents2 h!"h d!sru$t the ground ele"trode referen"e "aus!ng
a $oor2 somet!mes useless log.
D!metall!sm o""urs hen to d!%erent metals are tou"h!ng surrounded &) mud
$rodu"es a ea7 &atter).
S$!7es !n the "ur#e "an &e "aused &) "onta"t of the !re l!ne "a&le and "as!ng.
Th!s !s not normall) a $ro&lem.
Us!ng a "ur#e smooth!ng $rogram "an remo#e unanted no!se.
Pre2entation
SP !s $resented !n tra"7 4 &) a th!n "ont!nuous l!ne !th the mnemon!" of SP. SP
!s measured !n .C /m!ll!#olts0 and although there !s no a&solute s"ale2 a relat!#e
s"ale of 4( .C $er small d!#!s!on and usuall) 3G( to >(.C a"ross tra"7 4 !s used.
'
FIGURE 7: T8PICA# SP #OG PRESENTATION
TOOL *O.DINATIONS
The SP !s usuall) run !th the res!st!#!t) ser#!"e. The Indu"t!on tool "onta!ns an SP
ele"trode. An SP ele"trode !s also a#a!la&le !n the &r!dle of the logg!ng "a&le and !s used
!th the Laterolog2 Son!" and e#en S!de ?all *or!ng tools.
A22ociate4 Mnemonic2
SP S$ontaneous Potent!al
SSP Stat!" S$ontaneous Potent!al
T9pical #o3 Rea4in32
The #alue of the SP measurement de$ends u$on the sal!n!t) "ontrast of R
mf
and
R
. Calues are e1$e"ted to range a$$ro1!matel) 8 or 3 '(mC a&out the (mC shale
&ase l!ne.
L,*2 *ORRE*TIONS AN+ INTERPRETATION
#o3 $/alit9 Control
H
FIGURE :: SP IN HIGH RESISTI5E
*E%S
FIGURE ;: SHA#E *ASE #INE
SHIFTS
H!gh res!st!#e &eds5
H!gh res!st!#!t!es "an alter the d!str!&ut!on of the SP "urrents and hen"e the
sha$e of the SP "ur#e.
Tellur!" *urrents5
Natural "urrent 6o of 6u!ds !n the &orehole !s a ma9or sour"e of SP dr!ft.
Shale &ase l!ne sh!fts5
O""urs hen an !m$erfe"t "at!on!" mem&rane of a shale &ed se$arates format!on
aters of d!%erent sal!n!t!es. There !s also a sh!ft hen to d!%erent sal!n!t)
aters are $resent !n a &ed. Th!s $ro"ess !s not #er) ell understood.
FIGURE 1<: SA= TOOTH SP
In#as!on E%e"ts5
-resh ater fltrate !n $ermea&le salt3ater sands !ll 6oat near the u$$er
&oundar) result!ng !n a sa tooth SP.
E I48BE
'
JSal!n!t)/$$m0K
/4J4.('0
LJG4.MM
CEMENT *ON% #OG
HISTOR8
The *ement Dond Log has &een used s!n"e the 4NH(Os. It !s st!ll !del) used and
!s often $referred to man) other more re"ent "ement e#aluat!on tools.
In the m!d 4NG(Os ultrason!" transdu"er tools ere !ntrodu"ed l!7e the *ET and
PET tools.
APP#ICATION
+eterm!ne "ement &ond ;ual!t) &eteen "ement and "as!ng and also &eteen
"ement and format!on for :one !solat!on
*orrelate o$en hole logs to "ased hole logs us!ng the *as!ng *ollar Lo"ator /**L0
and Gamma Ra) tool
An !nd!"at!on of "ement "om$ress!#e strength. These tools /*ET2 PET0 also
measure "as!ng th!"7ness2 m!"ro annulus and "ement "hannel!ng &ut do not
measure "ement &ond to format!on as ell as the *DL.
THEOR8 OF MEASUREMENT
Operation
M
FIGURE 1: SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE C*#>5%# TOO#
On"e a ell has &een determ!ned to &e $rodu"t!#e2 "as!ng !s run !n the o$en hole
and "ement !s $um$ed to the outs!de of the "as!ng to seal the "as!ng to the
&orehole all. A *ement Dond Log /*DL0 !s then run to !ns$e"t the !ntegr!t) of
the "ement seal!ng to the "as!ng and to the format!on. Th!s !ll ensure that
format!on 6u!ds !ll 6o !nto the "as!ng hen the $rodu"t!#e :one !s $erforated
and not u$ or don the outs!de of the "as!ng.
The *DL !s s!m!lar !n o$erat!on the o$en hole Son!" tool. There !s onl) one
transm!tter hoe#er and to re"e!#ers at d!stan"es of B and ' feet from the
transm!tter. As !th the Son!" tool the "om$ress!onal or P a#es are used to
measure the t!me to tra#el from the transm!tter to the re"e!#er. The *DL tool !s
un"om$ensated unl!7e the o$en hole Son!" tool. *entral!:at!on of the *DL !s
therefore "r!t!"al to !tOs o$erat!on. R!g!d steel Gemo"o "entral!:er ho=s outs!de
d!ameter mat"h e1a"tl) the "as!ng !ns!de d!ameter should ala)s &e atta"hed to
the *DL tool. Th!s !ll ensure good "entral!:at!on.
The B3foot s!gnal from the transm!tter to the frst re"e!#er2 !ll $r!mar!l) measure
the "ement to "as!ng &ond. If there !s l!ttle or no &ond the am$l!tude of the s!gnal
!ll &e #er) large. If there !s good &ond the am$l!tude !ll &e #er) small. Th!s !s
"ommonl) 7non as the TTB /Tra#el T!me B foot0 or *DL /*ement Dond Log0
s!gnal.
A S!m!lar "om$ress!onal a#e !ll &e measured !th the '3foot s!gnal from the
transm!tter to the se"ond re"e!#er. The s!gnal !ll hoe#er read dee$er !nto the
format!on. It !ll $redom!natel) measure the "ement to format!on &ond. Aga!n a
large s!gnal am$l!tude !nd!"ates a &ad "ement to format!on &ond and a small
am$l!tude a good "ement to format!on &ond. Th!s !s "ommonl) 7non as the TT'
/Tra#el T!me ' foot0 or C+L /Car!a&le +ens!t) Log0 s!gnal.
Here the hor!:ontal l!ne !s the threshold dete"t!on. The TTB tra#el t!me !s
measured &eteen the transm!tter $ulse at the start and the am$l!tude arr!#e
OE>O. The *DL s!gnal am$l!tude !s measured &) the he!ght of th!s frst arr!#al.
The '3foot a#eform !s used d!%erentl) to the B foot. Here the hor!:ontal
threshold O"uts throughO the $os!t!#e $ea7s of the re"e!#ed s!gnal. It !s th!s "ross
se"t!on through the $os!t!#e $ea7s that !s d!s$la)ed on the C+L tra"7 as !f #!eed
from the to$ of the a#eform.
The B3foot *DL s!gnal measures !mmed!atel) outs!de the "as!ng. The '3foot *DL
s!gnal has a larger s$a"!ng and !s sam$led o#er the ent!re a#e tra!n. It therefore
reads se#eral !n"hes !nto the format!on.
#IMITATIONS AN% PRESENTATION
#imitation2
The &orehole must ha#e 6u!d !n the ell &ore !n order for a"oust!" "ou$l!ng to
o""ur.
G
Pre2entation
FIGURE ": T8PICA#
CEMENT *ON% #OG
PRESENTATION
FIGURE (: GOO%
FORMATION *ON%
FIGURE ): FREE PIPE

TT' s!gnal !s d!s$la)ed !n the $seudo standard C+L $resentat!on. Th!s !s a OD!rdOs
e)e #!eO of the TT' a#eform Oa&o#eO the threshold. See -!gure B
N
TOO# COM*INATIONS
The *DL tool re;u!res a gamma ra) measurement to "orrelate on de$th !th the o$en
hole gamma ra). A "as!ng "ollar lo"ator !s also used to ena&le "orrelat!on of !rel!ne
$erforat!ng guns.
Good "ement to "as!ng &ond e1!sts hen the *DL s!gnal am$l!tude !s less than
a&out 4(mC. Th!"7 Oa#)O C+L res$onse !nd!"ates good "ement to format!on
&ond. -ree $!$e s!gnal ta7es on s$e"!f" #alues for d!%erent "as!ng s!:es. T)$!"all)
H>mC for M !n"h and M>mC for '.'P "as!ng. See ta&le !n -!gure F a&o#e.
#$C? CORRECTIONS AN% INTERPRETATION
#o3 $/alit9 Control
.!"ro annulus !s often a $ro&lem hen $erform!ng a "as!ng "ement 9o&. On"e the
"ement has &een $um$ed !nto the "as!ng annulus2 m!"ro annulus "an o""ur hen
the ellhead $um$ $ressure !s held too long2 "aus!ng the "as!ng to e1$and. ?hen
the $ressure !s released the "as!ng retra"ts and a th!n &rea7 o""urs &eteen the
"as!ng and the "ement. Hold!ng of ellhead $ressure !mmed!atel) after the
"ement 9o& should &e 7e$t to a m!n!mum.
Another "ause of m!"ro annulus o""urs !f there !s an) res!dual "oat!ngs left on the
outs!de of the "as!ng dur!ng manufa"ture. ?hen the "ement 9o& !s run these
"oat!ngs !nh!&!t the "ement to &ond to the "as!ng aga!n lea#!ng a th!n m!"ro
fra"ture or &rea7 &eteen the "as!ng and "ement. The "ement 9o& re;u!res a free
6ush "hem!"al 6u!d to remo#e an) "oat!ngs !mmed!atel) &efore the "ement !s
$um$ed outs!de the "as!ng.
S!m!larl) a free 6ush needs to &e run to remo#e an) &orehole all mud "a7e. Th!s
!ll hel$ ensure a good "ement to format!on &ond also.
+r!ll!ng o$erat!ons "an "ause m!"ro annulus. A *DL log run soon after the "as!ng
!s set ma) not "onfrm !f m!"ro annulus e1!sts hoe#er.
If the B3foot tra#el t!me !s not $r!mar!l) a stra!ght l!ne2 then the *DL tool !s $oorl)
"entral!:ed and the "ement &ond !ll not &e a""urate.
Correction2
.!"ro annulus !s not!"ea&le hen the *DL s!gnal !s a$$ro1!matel) 4(3>(mC. If
m!"ro annulus !s sus$e"ted2 the "as!ng should &e $ressured to 4((($s! ell head
and the *DL sur#e) run aga!n under the 4((($s! $ressure. If the *DL s!gnal
redu"es to &elo 4(mC then m!"ro annulus e1!sts. .!"ro annulus !s not usuall) a
$ro&lem for :one !solat!on.
Interpretation
The $ur$ose of !nter$ret!ng the *DL log !s to ensure good :one !solat!on o#er a
$rodu"t!#e format!on. D) #!e!ng the *DL log $resentat!onQ a ;ual!tat!#e anal)s!s
of the "ement &ond "an &e determ!ned.
Goo4 *on4:
*DL s!gnal 3 The !nter#al BB(M.'3BB4(.'ft has #er) good &ond &eteen "ement
and "as!ng &) #!rtue of small *DL am$l!tude !n Tra"7 B of a$$ro1. FmC. Often at
these lo am$l!tudes the TTB tra#el t!me !ll ")"le s7!$.
C+L s!gnal 3 There are good format!on arr!#als !nd!"ated &) the C+L d!s$la) !n
Tra"7 '. The format!on arr!#als are de$!"ted &) the #er) th!"7 C+L l!nes /th!"7
&e"ause the am$l!tude !s #er) h!gh0. These format!on arr!#als should also follo
the o$en hole Son!" trans!t t!mes. Th!s !nd!"ates a good "ement to format!on &ond
also.
Free Pipe 2i3nal:
4(
*DL s!gnal 3 Here )ou "an see that the free $!$e s!gnal !s rea"h!ng a ma1!mum of
a$$ro1!matel) H>mC. There !s some "ement s"attered around the $!$e that !s
redu"!ng the *DL s!gnal !n $la"es &ut essent!all) th!s !s st!ll free $!$e. There !s no
"ont!nuous "ement seal to the "as!ng. The TTB !s read!ng >G(use" and the free
$!$e s!gnal !s H>mC &oth !nd!"at!ng '.' !n"h "as!ng.
C+L s!gnal 3 At the start of the C+L s!gnal !n tra"7 ' there are stra!ght th!n l!nes
re$resent!ng "as!ng arr!#als. The th!"7er format!on arr!#als are also relat!#el)
stra!ght h!"h are not re$resentat!#e of the format!on res$onse.
COMPENSATE% NEUTRON
#OG
APP#ICATION
The Neutron tool !s used to determ!ne $r!mar) format!on $oros!t)2 often "alled the $ore
s$a"e on the format!on ro"7 h!"h !s flled !th ater2 o!l or gas. Together !th other
tools l!7e the dens!t)2 the l!tholog) and format!on 6u!d t)$e "an also &e determ!ned.
44
FIGURE ": THREE T8PES OF
NEUTRON INTERACTION
An Am>F4De sour"e em!ts neutrons !nto the format!on
at a$$ro1!matel) F.eC. /Pluton!um Der!l!um sour"es
are no longer used s!n"e the) "an &e &ro7en don to
"reate atom!" ea$ons0. After "oll!s!ons !th the
format!on2 the neutron energ) le#els fall to &eteen
(.4 and 4(eC. These are 7non as e$!thermal
neutrons. After further "oll!s!ons neutron energ)
le#els fall &elo (.(BeC and these are termed thermal
neutrons. D) #!rtue of !ts s!m!lar mass to neutrons2
H)drogen more than an) other element !n the
format!on slos don the neutrons dramat!"all). A
useful analog) !s a &!ll!ard &all !ntera"t!ng !th a
&ol!ng &all or a $!ng3$ong &all. The &!ll!ard &all onl)
loses s!gn!f"ant #elo"!t) hen !t h!ts another &!ll!ard
&all not hen !t h!ts a $!ng3$ong &all or &ol!ng &all.
S!n"e h)drogen !s $r!mar!l) onl) $resent !n ater2 o!l
and gas2 the neutron tool g!#es a d!re"t measurement
of the 6u!d !n the $ore s$a"e of "lean format!ons. To
dete"tors2 one short s$a"ed and the other long s$a"ed
from the sour"e are used to el!m!nate some &orehole
e%e"ts and dete"t the num&er of neutrons return!ng
&a"7 to the tool. A lo neutron return "ount !nd!"ates
the $resen"e of h)drogen and therefore $oros!t).
FIGURE (: NEUTRON ENERG8
%ECA8
On"e the neutrons rea"h the thermal stage2 the)
are read) to &e "a$tured. The $resen"e of strong
neutron a&sor&ers l!7e *hlor!ne ha#e a "a$ture
"ross se"t!on a&out 4(( t!mes that of H)drogen
at the thermal le#el. Thermal neutrons therefore
need to &e "orre"ted for 6u!d sal!n!t) and matr!1
"a$ture "ross se"t!on e%e"ts. E$!thermal
neutrons do not need to &e "orre"ted for "a$ture
e%e"ts &ut onl) ha#e one tenth of the $o$ulat!on
of thermal neutrons. Some neutron tools l!7e the
*NT3GA "an dete"t &oth e$!thermal and thermal
neutrons g!#!ng to d!%erent $oros!t)
measurements. The standard *NT Tool measures
onl) thermal neutrons.
Halli@/rton
Ne/tron
*NT Tool
Schl/m@er3er
Ne/tron
*NT Tool *NT Tool Enhan"ed
Cert!"al Resolut!on >F !n"hes Cert!"al Resolut!on >F !n"hes 4> !n"hes
+e$th of
In#est!gat!on
G34> !n"hes+e$th of In#est!gat!on N34> !n"hes N34> !n"hes
4>
FIGURE ): STAN%AR% %ETECTOR
RESPONSE
FIGURE ,: %EPTHAMATCHE% %ETECTOR
RESPONSE
#IMITATIONS? OPERATION AN% PRESENTATION
#imitation2
The neutron tool "an &e used !n an) &orehole flled !th 6u!d or a!r. Doth "an &e
run !n &oreholes !th u$ to >(2((($s!2 F((deg- and less than >F !n"h hole
d!ameter.
S!m!larl) !th the gamma ra) tool the neutron tool must &e handled gentl).
Rough treatment or hea#) !m$a"ts "an "ra"7 the "r)stal and th!s !ll need to &e
re$la"ed &efore logg!ng.
Neutrons tra#el !n a random manner and not !n a "ont!nuous 6o. The neutron
measurement !s therefore a%e"ted &) stat!st!"al #ar!at!ons. Stat!st!"al #ar!at!ons
"an &e redu"ed !th a loer logg!ng s$eed. As !th gamma ra) dete"t!on2
neutrons are a#eraged o#er a $er!od of t!me. The sloer the logg!ng s$eed the
more a""urate the measurement. Logg!ng s$eeds of B(ft.m!n/4G((ftJhr0 !th
softare a#erag!ng $rodu"es a""urate results.
Operation
Some Density/Neutron combinations are pad mounted devices and centered in the borehole. This
provides two caliper readings orthogonal to each other. The Neutron caliper has a stronger spring than
the Density, and will measure the largest part of any oval borehole. The pad device ensures a better
borehole contact for Neutron measurements and therefore requires less corrections. Some Neutron tools
use a source that is activated electronically. In this way the tool emits Neutrons only when it is switched
!N while downhole at the start and finish of logging.
Pre2entation
Presented !n tra"7 ' and H &) a dashed l!ne !th the mnemon!" NPHI and !th
s"ales2 F'R to S4'R /or .F' to S(.4' $.u.3$oros!t) un!ts0.
FIGURE 1: T8PICA# %ENSIT8>NEUTRON #OG PRESENTATION
4B
TOO# COM*INATIONS
Neutron !s usuall) run !n "om&!nat!on !th the +ens!t) tool to hel$ e#aluate o!l2 gas and
ater !n the $ore s$a"e
#$C>CORRECTIONS
#o3 $/alit9 Control an4 Interpretation
Shale a%e"ts the neutron log read!ng &) !nd!"at!ng larger than true $oros!t) &)
a) of neutrons "oll!d!ng !th the &ound ater !n the shales. S!m!larl) a &orehole
ashout !ll !nd!"ate a larger than true $oros!t) read!ng. A gaseous format!on
has a lesser "on"entrat!on of h)drogen than !f flled !th ater or o!l and the
Neutron !ll therefore !nd!"ate a $ess!m!st!" $oros!t) #alue.
Us!ng "om$at!&le l!mestone s"ales for dens!t) /4.N' RHOD >.N'0 and neutron
"ur#es /F'R NPHI S4'R0 then53
In a "lean et l!mestone RHOD and NPHI "ur#es !ll o#erla).
In shale RHOD $lots r!ght of NPHI de$end!ng on the amount of shale $resent.
In a gas l!mestone RHOD $lots @ B$u left of NPHI
In "lean et sand RHOD $lots B$u left of NPHI
In a "lean et dolom!te RHOD $lots r!ght of NPHI
Us!ng "om$at!&le sandstone s"ales for dens!t) /4.N( RHOD >.N(0 and neutron
In a "lean et sand RHOD and NPHI "ur#es !ll o#erla).
In a shale RHOD $lots r!ght of NPHI de$end!ng on the amount of shale $resent.
In an o!l sand RHOD $lots 43B$u left of NPHI
In a gas sand RHOD $lots @ B$u left of NPHI
FIGURE 7: SHA#8
FORMATION
Shale e%e"t!#el) redu"es the measured
$oros!t)
on &oth the +ens!t) tool and the
Neutron tool &)53
C
+shale
E /PHI+ S PHIe%0 J PHI+sh
C
Nshale
E /PHIN S PHIe%0 J PHINsh
En0ironmental Correction2
Log ;ual!t) !s ensured !f good "onta"t !s made !th the &orehole all from the
tool &o s$r!ng. En#!ronmental "orre"t!ons that need to &e a$$l!ed for the
Neutron log are53
4. Dorehole s!:e
>. Dorehole sal!n!t)
B. Dorehole tem$erature and $ressure
F. .ud "a7e
'. .ud e!ght
H. -ormat!on sal!n!t)
M. Tool stando% from &orehole all
It should &e noted that ea"h Neutron tool !s d!%erent for ea"h !rel!ne logg!ng
"om$an) and the s$e"!f" "orre"t!on "hart should &e used for that s$e"!f"
Neutron tool. The Neutron tool res$onse !s de$endant u$on the sour"e strength
and dete"tor s$a"!ng.
4F
Mineral NPHI BCD
4((R L!mestone (R
4((R Sandstone 3>R
4((R +olom!te 4R
Shale B(3F'R
E1$e"ted log
read!ngs
(3F'R
%ENSIT8 #OG
APP#ICATION
The dens!t) tool !s used to determ!ne format!on dens!t) and est!mate format!on $oros!t).
Together !th other tools l!7e the Neutron2 the l!tholog) and format!on 6u!d t)$e "an
also &e determ!ned. The dens!t) tool "an d!st!ngu!sh &eteen o!l and gas !n the $ore
s$a"e &) #!rtue of the!r d!%erent dens!t!es. .odern dens!t) tools also measure the
$hotoele"tr!" e%e"t to hel$ d!st!ngu!sh &eteen ro"7 l!tholog!es2 re"ogn!:e $resen"e of
hea#) m!nerals2 fra"ture !dent!f"at!on hen &ar!te !s $resent and add!t!onal "la)
e#aluat!on. In add!t!on the dens!t) "an &e used to determ!ne C"la) and to "al"ulate
re6e"t!on "oe%!"!ents to $ro"ess s)nthet!"s.
Fi3/re 1: Gamma ra9
interaction2
A 4.' *! *s4BM "hem!"al sour"e &om&ards gamma ra)s at
HH>7eC energ) !nto the format!on. The h!gh3energ) gamma ra)s
!ntera"t !th the ele"trons of the format!on &) a) of *om$ton
s"atter!ng and lose energ) !n the $ro"ess. Other $ro"esses also
o""ur namel) $hotoele"tr!" a&sor$t!on and $a!r $rodu"t!on2
although $a!r $rodu"t!on onl) &e"omes s!gn!f"ant at energ!es
a&o#e 4.eC. A lo num&er of gamma ra)s dete"ted through
*om$ton s"atter!ng !ll !nd!"ate a h!gh ele"tron dens!t). The
&ul7 dens!t) r
D
has a "lose relat!onsh!$ to the ele"tron dens!t) as
shon &) the follo!ng e1$er!mentall) determ!ned e;uat!on5 3
RHOD E 4.(M(FTRHOe 3 (.4GGB
A s$e"tral or l!tho dens!t) tool measures not onl) the &ul7
dens!t) &ut also a $hotoele"tr!" a&sor$t!on !nde1 PE-. The
$hotoele"tr!" e%e"t o""urs hen the !n"!dent gamma ra) of lo
energ) !s a&sor&ed &) the ele"tron and the ele"tron !s then
e9e"ted from the atom.
PE- E /UJA0
B.H

AEAtom!" e!ght2 UEAtom!" num&er /or V of h)drogen atoms0
The $hotoele"tr!" e%e"t of a&sor&ed gamma ra)s !s d!re"tl)
related to the U2 the num&er of ele"trons $er atom2 h!"h !s f1ed
for ea"h element. +!%erent #alues of the PE "ur#e !nd!"ate
d!%erent t)$es of format!on ro"7 &e!ng measured and are
!nde$endent of format!on $oros!t).
4'
Fi3/re ": Ener39 Spectr/m .or mea2/rin3
Compton Scatterin3 an4 Photoelectric A@2orption
The +ens!t) tool !s usuall) run e""entered together !th the Neutron tool. The +ens!t)
has a &a"7u$ "al!$er arm to $ush the $ad aga!nst the &orehole all and the Neutron
uses a &o s$r!ng.
FIGURE (: %ENSIT8 PA% SCHEMATIC
%en2it9 Poro2it9 %etermination
S!n"e the &ul7 dens!t) /r
D
0 !s a measure of the matr!1 dens!t) /rma0 and the 6u!d dens!t)
/rf0 !n the $ore s$a"e2 then the amount of $ore s$a"e or format!on $oros!t) "an &e
determ!ned. The rma and rf must hoe#er &e 7non.
RHOD E RHO.A/43PHI+0 8 PHI+TRHO-
or
PHI+ E /RHOD 3 RHO.A0 J /RHO-3RHO.A0
?here53
RHOD E +ens!t) log read!ng
RHO.A E +ens!t) .atr!1
RHO- E +ens!t) -lu!d
"#ID $ Density "orosity
S9nthetic Proce22in3
The +ens!t) !s used along !th the Son!" #elo"!t) to "om$ute A"oust!" !m$edan"e
/I0 &)53
I E +ens!t)/rho0 T Celo"!t) /C0
The Re6e"t!on "oe%!"!ent /R0 at a &ed &oundar) !s then determ!ned &)53
R E /I
>
3 I
4
0 J /I
>
8 I
4
0
The Re6e"t!on "oe%!"!ent !s then used to generate s)nthet!" $ro"ess!ng "ur#es
that "an mat"h the e1$lorat!on se!sm!".
4H
Halli@/rton
%en2it9
Standard
+ens!t)
L!tho
+ens!t)
Schl/m@er3er
%en2it9
L!tho +ens!t)
Cert!"al
Resolut!on
M.' !n"hes M.'!n"hes Cert!"al Resolut!on
4G !n"hes
/Standard0
H !n"hes
/Enhan"ed0
+e$th of
In#est!gat!on
> !n"hes > !n"hes
+e$th of
In#est!gat!on
H3N !n"hes
CA#I*RATION:
The dens!t) tool !s "al!&rated us!ng a *s4BM sour"e to read r
D
E 4.(( gJ"" !n ater and r
D
E >.M4 gJ"" !n l!mestone and !s "al!&rated aga!nst standard alum!num and sul$hur
&lo"7s2 h!"h "hara"ter!:e a ater flled l!mestone format!on. At the t!me of "al!&rat!on
a ell s!te #er!fer !th small gamma sour"es !s $la"ed on the dens!t) tool and a
measurement ta7en. The PE- "ur#e !s also "al!&rated !n a s!m!lar manner to read '.(G'
!n "al"!te and 4.G(H !n ;uart:.
?ell s!te "al!&rat!on "he"7s are $erformed &efore and after ea"h logg!ng su!te !th the
ell s!te #er!fer to ensure the tool as o$erat!ng the same as hen !t as "al!&rated.
#IMITATIONS>OPERATION>PRESENTATION:
#IMITATIONS
The dens!t) tool "an &e used !n an) &orehole2 hether !t "onta!ns o!l3&ased mud2
ater3&ased mud2 salt) mud or e#en a!r. A +ens!t) tool "an &e run !n &oreholes
!th u$ to >(2((($s!2 F((deg- and less than >> !n"h hole d!ameter.
The ma9or $ro&lem asso"!ated !th the dens!t) tool !s ensur!ng a good $ad
"onta"t aga!nst the &orehole all. Dad $ad "onta"t usuall) o""urs !n a ashed out
or rugose hole2 $oss!&l) "aused &) a fast dr!ll!ng rate or &r!ttle format!on.
S!m!larl) !th the gamma ra) tool the dens!t) tool must &e handled gentl). Rough
treatment or hea#) !m$a"ts "an "ra"7 the "r)stal and th!s !ll need to &e
re$la"ed &efore logg!ng.
.easurement of dete"ted gamma ra)s !s a#eraged o#er a $er!od of t!me. The
sloer the logg!ng s$eed the more a""urate the measurement. Logg!ng s$eeds of
B(ft.m!n/4G((ftJhr0 !th softare a#erag!ng2 $rodu"es a""urate results.
OPERATION
+ens!t) tools use a *s4BM "hem!"al sour"e of 4.'*! a"t!#!t) that "ont!nuousl)
em!ts gamma ra)s. The +ens!t) $ad !s hea#!l) sh!elded2 allo!ng gamma ra)s to
$ass through a small !ndo at the front of the $ad and !nto the format!on.
Gamma ra)s tra#el !n a random manner and not !n a "ont!nuous 6o. The gamma
ra) measurement !s therefore a%e"ted &) stat!st!"al #ar!at!ons. Stat!st!"al
#ar!at!ons "an &e redu"ed !th a loer logg!ng s$eed.
The +ens!t) tool !s run e""entered aga!nst the &orehole all &) #!rtue of the
me"han!"al $ad des!gn. The "al!$er !s o$ened &) a "o!l s$r!ng me"han!"al des!gn
and !s "losed &) a don hole motor and orm gears or &) a h)draul!" $um$
o$erat!on.
PRESENTATION
Presented !n tra"7 ' and H &) a th!n "ont!nuous l!ne !th the mnemon!" RHOD.
-or sandstone s"ales2 4.N( to >.N( !th un!ts of gJ"" and neutron from F'R to S
4'R. -or l!mestone s"ales2 4.N' to >.N' !th un!ts of gJ"" and neutron from F'R
to S4'R. The amount of dens!t) "orre"t!on !s $resented !n tra"7 H &) a dashed
l!ne !th the mnemon!" +RHO. +RHO s"ales are 3(.>' to (.>' !th un!ts of gJ"".
4M
FIGURE ,: T8PICA# %ENSIT8>NEUTRON #OG PRESENTATION
TOO# COM*INATIONS:
+ens!t) !s usuall) run !n "om&!nat!on !th the Neutron tool to hel$ e#aluate o!l2 gas and
ater !n the $ore s$a"e.
#$C>CORRECTIONS:
Shales are usuall) less dense than !n a "lean format!on. RHOD !ll therefore read
less than the true dens!t) !n shales and as a result the "om$uted dens!t) $oros!t)
!ll &e h!gher !n shales than the true $oros!t). In gas &ear!ng format!ons2 RHOD
!ll sho a large dro$ !n dens!t)
Us!ng "om$at!&le l!mestone s"ales for dens!t) /4.N' RHOD >.N'0 and neutron
In a "lean et l!mestone RHOD and NPHI "ur#es !ll o#erla).
In a gas l!mestone RHOD $lots @ B$u left of NPHI
In a "lean et sand RHOD $lots B$u left of NPHI
In a dolom!te RHOD $lots r!ght of NPHI
Us!ng "om$at!&le sandstone s"ales for dens!t) /4.N( RHOD >.N(0 and neutron
In a "lean et sand RHOD and NPHI "ur#es !ll o#erla).
In an o!l sand RHOD $lots 43B$u left of NPHI
In a gas sand RHOD $lots @ B$u left of NPHI
S!n"e the PE- of ater2 h)drogen and O1)gen are almost :ero the e%e"t of
$oros!t) on the PE- measurement !s negl!g!&le. Das!" l!tholog!es "an therefore &e
!nter$reted d!re"tl) from the PE- "ur#e alone.
4G
FIGURE 1: SHA#8 FORMATION
Colume of Shale "al"ulat!ons5
A shal) format!on !s de$!"ted !n -!gure Ma. If Csh !s
the fra"t!onal
#olume of shale then the fra"t!onal #olume of matr!1
!s /43Csh3f0 and5 3
RHOD E /43Csh3f0TRHO.A 8 CshTRHOSH 8
PHITRHO-
and
PHI E /RHO.A3RHOD03CshT/RHO.A3 RHOsh
/RHO.A3RHO-0
and
Csh E /RHO.A3RHOD03PHIT /RHO.A 3RHO-0
/RHO.A3RHOsh0
Shale e%e"t!#el) redu"es the measured $oros!t) on
&oth
the +ens!t) tool and the Neutron tool &)53
PHI+ E PHIe% 8 PHI+sh/C
sh
0
PHIN E PHIe% 8 PHINsh/C
sh
0
FIGURE 7: GAS *EARING FORMATION
Gas E%e"ts5
-!gure M& !llustrates a gas &ear!ng format!on and5 3
RHOD E /43 PHI0TRHO.A 8 PHITS1oTrmf 8 PHIT/43S1o0TRHOg
and
PHI E /RHO.A 3RHOD0JIRHO.A 3RHOG3/RHOmf3RHOg0TS1oL
An a$$ro1!mat!on $h!orrg /!n gJ""0 "an &e g!#en &)5 3
RHOg E (.4GJI/MHFFJ+0 8 (.>>L here + E de$th !n feet
Mineral RHO*
B3>ccD
PEF
4((R
L!mestone
>.M4 '.(N
4((R
Sandstone
>.H' 4.G4
4((R
+olom!te
>.G' B.('
Shale >.>3>.M B.BH
/t)$!"all)0
Anh)dr!te >.N>3>.NG '.('
Salt >.(H F.H'
4N
*oal 4.HG (.4G
H)drogen 3(.H4
*ar&on 3(.>N
?ater 4 3(.(>
Log ;ual!t) !s ensured !f good "onta"t !s made !th the &orehole all. As mud
"a7e &u!lds u$ on the &orehole all2 or the &orehole all !s rugose2 the dens!t)
tool measures less than true dens!t) &e"ause !t !s also read!ng the less dense
mud. The short and long s$a"ed dete"tors are a%e"ted d!%erentl) &) the mud
&e!ng measured. The amount of "orre"t!on that needs to &e a$$l!ed to the ra
dens!t) read!ng "an therefore &e determ!ned #!a the s$!ne r!& $lot. The "orre"ted
dens!t) read!ng !s shon on the log and the amount of "orre"t!on a$$l!ed !s
de$!"ted &) the +RHO "ur#e.
If a large +RHO o""urs &ut RHOD follos +T and NPHI then RHOD !s "ons!dered
an a""urate read!ng. +RHO "an &e small !nd!"at!ng l!ttle "orre"t!on a$$l!ed &ut
RHOD #er) errat!" and therefore a""ura") !s ;uest!ona&le. Somet!mes +RHO !s
lo2 the hole !s not rugose &ut the &orehole s!:e !s rea"h!ng the l!m!t of the
"al!$er measurement. Here the tool !s s!m$l) read!ng the &orehole mud. It !s
!m$ortant to "he"7 the "al!$er2 +RHO and hole rugos!t) to #al!date a good
+ens!t) log.
FIGURE :: %ENSIT8 RESPONSE IN RUGOSE *OREHO#E
As "an &e seen !n -!gure NA2 a rugose &orehole e1!sts &eteen F((Gm and
F(4Mm. The +RHO !s #er) large and RHOD !s st!ll read!ng &orehole mud e#en
after "orre"t!ons. Deteen BNGNm and F((Gm the +RHO !s st!ll #er) large &ut
RHOD a$$ears good e1"e$t for a "ou$le of th!n strea7s. The :one a&o#e at BNM>m
to BNGNm has +RHO A (.('gJ"" and RHOD !s #er) a""urate.
N.D. In the "ase of mud "onta!n!ng &ar!te or h!gh3dens!t) mud2 a negat!#e
"orre"t!on !ll &e a$$l!ed to the +RHO "ur#e.
*orre"t!ons are a$$l!ed for53
.ud "a7e th!"7ness 3 real t!me
.ud e!ght S real t!me
Rugose &orehole 3 real t!me
Dorehole s!:e
%IP METER #OG
HISTOR8
>(
Earl) tools em$lo)ed B and F arms !th a s!ngle "urrent em!tter or &utton on
ea"h $ad.
To a"h!e#e greater &orehole "o#erage2 the 4NN(Os sa the !ntrodu"t!on of h!gh3
resolut!on tools !th >F and >' &uttons on ea"h $ad.
Dorehole tele#!eers and a"oust!" s"anners generate &orehole !mages "o#er!ng
4((R of the &orehole.
APP#ICATION
+eterm!nat!on of &orehole !n"l!nat!on and d!re"t!on
+eterm!nat!on of format!on th!"7ness2 d!$ and d!re"t!on
+eterm!nat!on of True Cert!"al +e$th /TC+0
Hole o#al!t) $lots to determ!ne !ns!tu stress and &rea7out d!re"t!ons
Image data $ro"ess!ng allos $aleontolog) stud!es and d!agenet!" h!stor)
Columetr!" measurements to determ!ne th!n &ed total th!"7ness
Operation
A""elerometer and .agnetometer transdu"ers are $la"ed !ns!de the sonde &od)
of ea"h d!$meter and !mag!ng tool. There are B a""elerometers2 one along the
a1!s of the tool !n the PUP d!re"t!on and !n the PWP and PYP d!re"t!on at N(deg to
the tool a1!s. The a""elerometers measure the tool a""elerat!on and "an
determ!ne !f the tool !s 9er7!ng u$ the hole dur!ng logg!ng. D) a$$l)!ng these
measurement2 tool s$eed "orre"t!ons "an &e a$$l!ed. There are also B
magnetometer measurements that measure the tool or!entat!on !n the W2 Y and U
d!re"t!ons !th res$e"t the earth=s magnet!" feld. These measurements hel$
determ!ne &orehole !n"l!nat!on and d!re"t!on and also then format!on d!$ angle
and d!re"t!on.
%ipmeter
FIGURE 1: *ASIC %IPMETER TOO#
The d!$meter "al!$er arms are de$lo)ed aga!nst the &orehole all &) e!ther tool
h)draul!" $ressure or me"han!"al "al!$er s$r!ngs. The d!$meter $ads atta"hed to
ea"h "al!$er arm2 measure the format!on m!"ro res!st!#!t) that !s #er) s!m!lar to the
.S-L measurements. The result!ng "ur#es are "alled "orrelat!on "ur#es and are
used to determ!ne format!on d!$. The res!st!#!t) measurements re;u!re "ondu"t!#e
&orehole muds. If o!l &ased muds e1!st2 then "ondu"t!#!t) $ad de#!"es are em$lo)ed
us!ng !ndu"t!on t)$e te"hnolog).
>4
FIGURE ": PA% %IMENSION FOR IMAGING TOO#
H!gh3resolut!on d!$meters or !mag!ng tools are s!m!lar to the standard d!$meter
tools e1"e$t the) ha#e >F or >' &uttons on ea"h $ad of ea"h arm. See -!gure B. In
th!s a) m!"ro res!st!#!t) measurements "o#er a mu"h greater $er"entage of the
&orehole a$$ro1!matel) '(R of G.'P !n d!ameter.
>>
Aco/2tic Ima3in3
FIGURE (: T8PICA# ACOUSTIC SCANNING TOO#
The A"oust!" s"ann!ng tools t)$!"all) ha#e a s!ngle a"oust!" transm!tter that
rotates at a&out M.' r$s. The a"oust!" s!gnal re;u!res 6u!d !n the &orehole for
transm!ss!on. The re6e"ted s!gnal from the &orehole all $os!t!#el) !ntera"ts !th
the transm!tted s!gnal sett!ng u$ a stand!ng a#e. The a#elength !s 7non and
t!me for the transm!ss!on to return from the &orehole all !s measured. The
&orehole d!ameter "an then &e determ!ned.
?h!le the a"oust!" s"ann!ng tools measure 4((R of the &orehole the !mage
;ual!t) !s often $oor hen "om$ared tom the h!gh3resolut!on d!$meter results.
Th!s !s usuall) due to the $oor a"oust!" "ou$l!ng of the 6u!d !n the &orehole.
+e$th of In#est!gat!on
-.S (.> !n"h
-.I (.4 !n"h
E.I (.4 !n"h
UDI (.F !n"h
SpeciEcation2
Tool t9pe
FMS
BSchl/m@er3
erD
FMI
BSchl/m@er3
erD
EMI
BHalli@/rto
nD
STAR
*a+er
Atla2D
' Pa42 F F H H
' Flap2 ( F ( (
' Ro62 > > > >
' */tton2 >F FG >' >F
*/tton horiFontal
2pacin3
(.> !n"hes (.> !n"hes (.4 !n"hes (.4 !n"hes
*/tton 0ertical
2pacin3
(.B !n"hes (.B !n"hes (.B !n"hes (.B !n"hes
E0en pa4 0ertical ( >.' !n"hes >.' !n"hes
>B
2pacin3
Flap 2pacin3 ( H !n"hes No 6a$s No 6a$s
#imitation2
As !th all $ad de#!"e tools2 the d!$meter su%ers from $oor $ad "onta"t !th the
&orehole all hen the hole !s rugose or ashed out. The a"oust!" s"ann!ng tool
re;u!res "lean &orehole 6u!ds else a $oor a"oust!" "ou$l!ng !ll result g!#!ng $oor
$ro"essed a"oust!" !mages.
Pre2entation
FIGURE ):
STAN%AR%
FMI
PRESENTATIO
N
+ar7 "olours are "ondu"t!#e muds.
L!ght "olours are h!gh res!st!#e format!on.
#o3 $/alit9 Control
The Dorehole A:!muth /HAUI0 should not "hange dramat!"all) dur!ng logg!ng and
PA+4 a:!muth /P4AU0 and Relat!#e Dear!ngs /RD0 should "losel) tra"7 ea"h other.
At all t!mes hoe#er HAUI E P4AU 3 RD /Relat!#e Dear!ng0 Tool rotat!on should
&e 7e$t to a m!n!mum. .ore than 4 tool rotat!on $er 4((ft and the log should &e
run aga!n.
Correction2
E.EW *orre"t!ons Ne"essar) for STAR tool logs onl). Star tool data !s re"orded
!n > &)te ords and then "on#erted to F &)te ords after mult!$l)!ng &) F. The
ga!n of ea"h $ad "hanges hen "ondu"t!#!t) l!m!ts are rea"hed. Th!s needs to &e
a""ounted for &efore $ro"ess!ng.
+e3str!$e J &utton normal!se Normal!s!ng all &uttons on ea"h $ad !s often
re;u!red hen one $ad has a hea#) str!$!ng e%e"t on the $lotted !mage. Str!$$!ng
t)$!"all) o""urs hen there !s a &ad "onta"t usuall) "orros!#e on one of the
&uttons "onne"tors. Th!s !s "an &e o#er"ome &) &etter tool ma!ntenan"e2
a s!m$le tool $ad "al!&rat!on or normal!:!ng softare.
*om$ute A""elerometer "orre"ted de$ths If the &orehole !s rugose and ashout
or the !mage tool "al!$er arms are de$lo)ed hard aga!nst the &orehole all2 the
>F
tool ma) sto$ momentar!l) and O9er7O u$ the &orehole. Th!s "hange !n a""elerat!on
must &e "orre"ted for &efore an) sed!mentolog) !nter$retat!on !s $erformed.
A$$l) A""elerometer "orre"ted de$ths Errors !n the a""elerometer data "an
result !n an !mage orse than the or!g!nal. It !s re"ommended "om$ut!ng the
"orre"t!on &ut not a$$l)!ng to the !mage !tself.
Pad J Dutton +e$th Sh!fts As "an &e seen from the tool d!agrams a&o#e2 $ads and
$ad &utton ros do not measure the format!on at the same de$th at the same
t!me. Ea"h $ad and $ad &utton ro needs to &e sh!fted to ensure the) are all
measur!ng at the same de$th.
Tool t!lt and s!ng arm "orre"t!ons All e%orts should &e made to ensure2 the
d!$meter !mage tool !s "entral!:ed at all t!mes !n the &orehole. O""as!onall) due
to &orehole ashout2 the tool !s t!lted and not "entral !n the &orehole. In these
"ases tool t!lt "orre"t!ons must &e a$$l!ed. Dorehole s!:e "hanges !ll also
dramat!"all) a%e"t the d!$ !nter$reted &) the !mage !nter$retat!on. S!ng Arm
"orre"t!ons must also &e a$$l!ed &efore !nter$retat!on.
*om$ute H "al!$ers from Son!" !mage trans!t t!mes Dorehole "al!$er
measurements "an &e der!#ed from the t!me ta7en for Son!" !mages to re6e"t o%
the &orehole all &a"7 to the tool.
Interpretation
Standard -ormat!on +!$ Pro"ess!ng -ormat!on d!$ and d!re"t!on "an &e
determ!ned from the standard "orrelat!on "ur#es us!ng d!$meter "orrelat!on
$rograms. *hanges !n &ed &oundar) res!st!#!t) "an &e mat"hed to o$$os!ng
d!$meter arms to determ!ne the d!$ angle and d!re"t!on of the format!on &ed.
Image Log Inter$retat!on Us!ng the re"ent !mage log te"hnolog)2 format!on d!$
and d!re"t!on "an &e gra$h!"all) determ!ned from the !mage $lots. The user
!ntera"t!#el) generates d!$s from the !mage &) sele"t B $o!nts that defne a $lane
from the !mage $lot. Th!s a$$roa"h has &e"ome h!ghl) sought after for se#eral
reasons.
+!$s "an &e ass!gned d!%erent "ategor!es l!7e stru"tural d!$2 o$en fra"ture
et".
Ea"h d!$ "ategor) "an &e ed!ted and d!s$la)ed !n an) "om&!nat!on.
Image d!$s are "ons!dered to ha#e 4((R "onfden"e2 here as "om$uter
$ro"essed d!$s ha#e #ar)!ng degrees of "onfden"e.
The &orehole !mage !tself allos the format!on geolog) to &e stud!ed and
!nter$reted. Paleontolog) of the !mage "an &e $erformed hel$!ng to !nter$ret the
e1!sten"e of &ugs and foss!ls. Sed!mentolog) !nter$retat!on hel$s determ!ne the
$ro"ess of de$os!t!on and d!agen!s!s or $ost sed!mentolog) "hanges.
Th!n Ded Total Th!"7ness S!n"e the d!$meter !mag!ng tools ha#e a far greater
sam$l!ng rate and therefore greater #ert!"al resolut!on than standard logg!ng
tools2 a more a""urate th!n &ed anal)s!s "an &e "al"ulated. The deta!l of the
!mage log ma7es !t !deal for fra"ture dete"t!on &oth o$en /sudden lo res!st!#!t)0
or "losed or healed /sudden h!gh res!st!#!t)0.
Tool
t9pe
*/tton 2hi.t Pa4 2hi.t
FMS Ro> of all $ads &) S
(.B!n"hes
No sh!ft
FMI Ro> of all $ads &) S
(.B!n"hes
-la$ $ads &)
8H.(!n"hes
EMI Ro> of all $ads &) S
(.B!n"hes
Pads >2F2H &) S
>.'!n"hes
STAR Ro> of all $ads &) S
(.B!n"hes
Pads >2F2H &) S
B.F!n"hes
Dorehole Drea7out and -ormat!on Stress The !mag!ng tools ha#e >3H "al!$er arm
measurements that determ!ne the e1!sten"e of an) &orehole o#al!t). Dorehole
o#al!t) hel$s !nd!"ate $r!n"!$le format!on stress d!re"t!ons. The d!re"t!on of
&rea7out !s the d!re"t!on of ea7est format!on strength and !s $er$end!"ular to
the $r!mar) stress d!re"t!on.
SONIC #OG
>'
APP#ICATION:
o
Poros!t) PHIS
o
Colume of "la) C
S
o
L!tholog)
o
T!me3de$th relat!onsh!$
o
Re6e"t!on "oe%!"!ents
o
.e"han!"al $ro$ert!es
o
C+LJ*DL
D) "om&!n!ng son!" and *he"7shot data e "an "al!&rate don hole log data
!th surfa"e se!sm!" data. .e"han!"al $ro$ert!es "an &e determ!ned from the
shear and "om$ress!onal a#es2 fra"ture !dent!f"at!on from shear and Stonele)
a#es and $ermea&!l!t) !nd!"at!on from Stonele) a#es.
THEOR8 OF MEASUREMENT:
Transm!tter em!ts sound a#es !nto the format!on and measures the t!me ta7en to dete"t
at a re"e!#er of 7non d!stan"e from the transm!tter. The Son!" tool o$erates at >(
")"les $er se"ond as sounds s!m!lar to a $edestr!an "ross!ng at a set of tra%!" l!ghts. The
frst arr!#al !s the "om$ress!onal or O$O a#es2 h!"h tra#el ad9a"ent to the &orehole as
shon !n -!gure 4. It !s th!s arr!#al that !s used to measure the !nd!#!dual tra#el t!mes
T42 T>2 TB2 and TF. To re"e!#ers for ea"h transm!tter el!m!nates the &orehole s!gnal.
The trans!t t!me +T !s "om$uted from these tra#el t!mes as shon !n the e;uat!on &elo.
Th!s $art!"ular arrangement of son!" tool transm!tters and re"e!#ers !s 7non as the
standard DH* Son!" tool and "om$ensates for &orehole ashouts and also for tool t!lt!ng
!n real t!me h!le logg!ng.
+T
LOG
E I/T4 3 T>0 8 /TB 3 TF0L J >
T4 and TB tra#el t!mes ha#e a T13R1 s$a"!ng of ' feet and T> and TF tra#el t!mes ha#e a
T13R1 s$a"!ng of B feet. Th!s results !n a +T of > feet and !s also the #ert!"al resolut!on of
the tool. The shear s!gnal arr!#es ne1t h!"h usuall) has a sl!ghtl) larger am$l!tude than
the "om$ress!onal arr!#al2 then mud arr!#als and Stonele) a#es. The #ar!ous arr!#als !n
the re"e!#ed son!" s!gnal "an &e seen !n -!gure 4. Stonele) a#es are used to !nter$ret
the e1!sten"e of fra"tures.
#on3 Space4 Sonic tool2
Long s$a"ed son!" tools ha#e a larger s$a"!ng &eteen the transm!tter and re"e!#er.
Tool s$a"!ng are Gft34(ft and 4(ft34>ft. Th!s allos a dee$er de$th of !n#est!gat!on and
!m$ro#es the tool res$onse !n larger &oreholes or here mud !n#as!on !s a%e"t!ng the
standard tool. The +T measurement re;u!res the Gft34(ft s!gnals to &e memor!:ed unt!l
the 4(ft34>ft s!gnals are re"orded and then a +T "an &e "om$uted. Th!s !s 7non as
+e$th +er!#ed Dorehole *om$ensat!on or ++DH*. The long and short s$a"ed son!" tools
"an &e used !n "om&!nat!on to !dent!f) sell!ng shales.
The Arra9 or F/ll =a0e.orm Sonic tool2
Re"ent ad#an"es ha#e seen the emergen"e of d!g!tal or arra) son!" tools here the
ent!re a#eform !s d!g!tall) re"orded for anal)s!s of the !nd!#!dual arr!#als. The
am$l!tude as ell as the tra#el t!me of the son!" s!gnal "an g!#e !m$ortant !nformat!on
a&out the format!on. In"luded !n the arra) son!" tool !s e!ght re"e!#ers ea"h measur!ng
a$$ro1!matel) 4JG
th
of the &orehole. Th!s allos e!ght !nde$endent measurements !n
ea"h d!re"t!on rather than an a#erage of the &orehole.
4. -ull a#e mode $ro#!d!ng a full a#eform anal)s!s. -ull a#e re"ord!ng !n "ased hole
"an $rodu"e a "om$ress!onal +elta3T !th "om$ara&le results to the o$en hole +elta3T
measurement. The o$en hole +T should ala)s &e used !n $referen"e.
>. ++DH* mode here log s$a"ed G34( and 4(34> foot or short s$a"ed B3' and '3M foot
logs "an &e re"orded.
B. H!n +elta3T mode here F re"e!#ers re"ord a long s$a"ed trans!t t!me.
F. *DLJC+L mode to measure standard B and ' foot "ement &ond logs !n "as!ng.
>H
%ipole>Monopole Operation
The S"hlum&erger +SI tool or +!$ole Shear Imager2 generates mono$ole and d!$ole
s!gnals. The d!$ole s!gnal !s d!re"t!onal allo!ng the !n"lus!on of a shear a#e to &e
re"orded !n slo format!ons. The +SI tool generates "om$ress!onal and shear a#es
from a 4>7H: mono$ole s!gnal2 to orthogonal shear a#es from >.>7H: d!$ole s!gnal
and a Stonele) a#e from 43>7H: mono$ole s!gnal.
Schl/m@er3er DH*
Long S$a"ed
DH*
S+T
+e$th of
!n#est!gat!on
'
!n"hes
4> !n"hes
4>
!n"hes
Cert!"al
resolut!on
>F
!n"hes
>F !n"hes
BH
!n"hes
Halli@/rton
DH*
Tool
Long S$a"ed
DH*
Long S$a"ed
-?ST
+e$th of
!n#est!gat!on
AB
!n"hes
A G !n"hes 4> !n"hes
Cert!"al
resolut!on
>F
!n"hes
>F !n"hes 4> !n"hes
#IMITATIONS>OPERATION>PRESENTATION:
#imitation2
The &orehole must &e 6u!d flled2 $refera&l) sl!ghtl) salt)2 for a"oust!" "ou$l!ng to
e1!st. The son!" tool !s usuall) run "entered !th "entral!:ers a&o#e and &elo
the transm!tter re"e!#er se"t!on2 &ut !f the hole s!:e !s @ 4HP !t !s run e""entered
to o#er"ome ea7 s!gnal am$l!tudes.
Operation
The Son!" tool has slots !n the sonde &od) to redu"e !nterferen"e from the fast
s!gnal tra#el!ng along the sonde !tself. Th!s ma7es the sonde #er) 6e1!&le and the
tool should ala)s &e made u$ or "onne"ted #ert!"all) at the ell s!te to a#o!d
e1"ess!#e tool &end!ng and 6e1!ng of the frag!le !nternal ele"tron!"s. Some
logg!ng "om$an!es !nsert the Son!" tool !nto an alum!num slee#e hen !t !s l!fted
u$ the r!g Cdoor from the "atal7 for th!s same reason.
In #ert!"al &oreholes B s$r!ng "entral!:ers should &e used to a#o!d the tool
&o!ng and to 7ee$ the tool "entral!:ed. -or de#!ated holes and holes greater
than 4HP2 4.'P stando%s should &e used !nstead and the tool run e""entered
aga!nst the &orehole all. Standard DH* tools "an &e a%e"ted hen :ones are
altered &) &orehole 6u!ds. Long s$a"ed son!" tools $ro#!de a dee$er de$th of
!n#est!gat!on and are therefore $referred !n larger &oreholes or here mud
!n#as!on !s a%e"t!ng the standard tool.
*)"le S7!$$!ng5
The $ro&lem of ")"le s7!$$!ng o""urs !f a ea7 s!gnal !s re"e!#ed. The lo
am$l!tude frst arr!#al ma) &e s7!$$ed o#er and not dete"ted. The su&se;uent
arr!#al !s usuall) larger and often dete"ted !nstead2 thus a ")"le has &een s7!$$ed
sho!ng a longer than true trans!t t!me. *)"le s7!$$!ng o""urs !n ashed out
&oreholes and un"onsol!dated format!ons.
Road No!se5
The $ro&lem of road no!se "an o""ur from tools dragg!ng aga!nst the &orehole
all. Road no!se !n"reases the &a"7ground am$l!tude and as a result !n"reases
the $oss!&!l!t) of dete"t!on &efore the frst "om$ress!onal arr!#al. Road no!se
"reates a faster than true son!" trans!t t!me. Onl) slo!ng the logg!ng s$eed "an
$oss!&l) redu"e road no!se. Re"ent ad#an"es !n Son!" tools lo"7 onto the
>M
"om$ress!onal arr!#al !th!n a !ndo !nter#al us!ng "om$uter softare
te"hn!;ues. -aster no!se arr!#als are !gnored and so are sloer shear2 mud and
Stonele) arr!#als.
FIGURE 1: SONIC C8C#E SGIPPING AN% NOISE TRIGGERING
Long S$a"!ng Son!" Tools5
A long s$a"!ng Son!" /h!"h has longer s$a"!ng &eteen transm!tters and
re"e!#ers0 reads onl) sl!ghtl) dee$er !nto the format!on &ut enough to &e less
a%e"ted &) sell!ng shales. As a result the standard B and ' foot s$a"!ng trans!t
t!mes !ll read sl!ghtl) sloer !n sell!ng shales than the longer N and 44 foot
s$a"!ng -!gures F 3 G sho e1am$les of ")"le s7!$$!ng2 no!se and "as!ng s!gnal
along !th the "orre"ted son!" longs
Pre2entation
Presentat!on !s usuall) 4F(3F( usJft /or '((34(( usJm0 a"ross tra"7s ' X H
FIGURE ": T8PICA# SONIC #OG PRESENTATION
TOO# COM*INATIONS:
The Son!" tool "an &e run alone &ut !s usuall) run at the to$ of the Res!st!#!t) tool !th
the o$en hole Gamma Ra) tool a&o#e the Son!". The res!st!#!t)Json!" ser#!"e !s usuall)
the frst logg!ng run s!n"e the str!ng !s "hea$er2 usuall) "entered and has no rad!oa"t!#e
sour"es.
#$C>CORRECTIONS:
#o3 $/alit9 Control
>G
To ade;uatel) $re$are for the $oss!&!l!t) of ")"le s7!$$!ng andJor road no!se2 ea"h
tra#el t!me /usuall) T42 T>2 TB and TF0 should &e mon!tored on a s"reen h!le
logg!ng so the threshold "an &e loered to dete"t lo am$l!tude arr!#als &ut also
ra!sed to a#o!d dete"t!on of an) road no!se.
If se#eral trans!t t!mes /usuall) +T2 +TL2 +TL-2 +TLN or some #ar!at!on of these0
"om$lement ea"h other then an a""urate +T measurement "an &e made.
*orre"t!ons for tool t!lt!ng and &orehole ash3out "an &e $erformed !n real t!me
!th the standard DH* Son!" tools.
A son!" read!ng of a$$ro1. 'MusJft /4GMusJm0 should &e o&ser#ed !n the surfa"e
"as!ng !th no "ement &oth &efore and after the logg!ng run.
*om$uter ed!t!ng of ")"le s7!$$!ng and no!se e%e"ts !s often ne"essar) to o&ta!n
an a""urate Son!" log.
Dorehole E%e"ts5
The $resen"e of gas !n the ell !ll se#erel) attenuate the son!" s!gnal and ma)
result !n e1tens!#e ")"le s7!$$!ng. In altered or !n#aded :ones2 em$lo)ment of a
long s$a"ed son!" tool !ll read dee$er !nto the format!on &)$ass!ng an) sell!ng
shales. ?ashed3out holes or "a#es attenuate the son!" s!gnal result!ng !n ")"le
s7!$s. -ra"tures s!gn!f"antl) attenuate the shear and Stonele) a#es.
. Material
%eltaA
TB/2>.tD
Non Poro/2 Anh)dr!te '(
Soli42 *al"!te FN.M
. +olom!te FB.'
. Gran!te '(.M
. G)$sum '>.H
. L!mestone FM.H
. ,uart: '>.N
. Salt HH.H
. Steel '(
. *as!ng 'M.(
=ater
Sat/rate4
+olom!tes /'3>(R0 '(.(3HH.H
Poro/2
Roc+2
L!mestone /'3>(R0 'F.( 3 MH.N
. Sandstones /'3>(R0 H>.' 3 GH.N
.
Sands /un"onsol!dated 3
>(3B'R0
GH.N 3 444.4
. Shales 'G.G 3 4FB.(
#iH/i42 ?ater /$ure0 >(G
.
?ater /4((2(((mgJL of
Na*l0
4N>.B
.
?ater />((2(((mgJL of
Na*l0
4G4.G
. Petroleum >BG.4
. .ud 4GN
Ga2e2 H)drogen >B'.B
. .ethane HHH.H
>N
Interpretation
H)dro"ar&ons5
It !s generall) "ons!dered that h)dro"ar&ons ha#e no s!gn!f"ant e%e"t on the
Son!" trans!t t!me.
-ra"turesJCugs and Stonele) Anal)s!s5
The Son!" tool tends to !gnore the e%e"t of fra"tures or #ugs2 h!"h result !n
se"ondar) $oros!t). The Son!" tool therefore measures $r!mar) $oros!t) onl)
h!"h !s less than true total $oros!t) !f fra"tures or #ugs e1!st.
An !n"rease !n the $ermea&!l!t) or !n the num&er of fra"tures $resent !ll
attenuate the Stonele) a#e. Lo fre;uen") Stonele) a#es are more sens!t!#e
to $ermea&!l!t) and fra"tures. If a lo $ass F7H: flter !s a$$l!ed to the son!"
s!gnal2 the *om$ress!onal and shear a#es are remo#ed and the rema!n!ng
Stonele) a#e "an &e anal):ed.
Poros!t) E%e"ts5
The Son!" $oros!t) !s used for !nter$retat!on to "om$lement the $oros!t)
measurements o&ta!ned from the +ens!t) and Neutron tools.
-OR.ATION TESTING
-!rst used !n the earl) 4NG(Os
Earl) tools su%ered $oor resolut!on and a""ura") of $ressure gauges.
Often good format!on seals "ould not &e mon!tored !n real3t!me.
APP#ICATION
.easure format!on $ressures a""uratel)
Ta7e se#eral format!on 6u!d sam$les !thout mud fltrate "ontam!nat!on
Ta7e true PCT sam$les
Est!mate format!on $ermea&!l!t) and format!on damage
+eterm!ne gasJo!lJater grad!ents and 6u!d "onta"ts
R and S determ!nat!on
Operation
B(
FIGURE 1: SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE =IRE#INE
FORMATION TESTER
The ?!rel!ne -ormat!on Tester !s loered !n the hole unt!l the snor7el !s o$$os!te
the :one of !nterest. Tool h)draul!"s !s de$lo)ed to o$en the ru&&er $a"7er and
&a"7u$ arms and seal aga!nst the &orehole all. H)draul!" $ressure2 4'(($s!
a&o#e h)drostat!" $ressure !s usuall) su%!"!ent to o&ta!n a good seal. Th!s sto$s
an) &orehole mud "ontam!nat!ng the format!on 6u!d sam$le &e!ng tested. The
snor7el !s then de$lo)ed or e1tra"ted at #ar!ous rates and #olumes2 to dra the
format!on 6u!d !nto the $re3test "ham&ers of the tool. Pre3test "ham&ers are
t)$!"all) (3B("" !n #olume. After a fe moments the snor7el de$lo)ment !s then
"eased and the format!on $ressure &u!ld3u$ !s then mon!tored and re"orded.
-urther de$lo)ment of the snor7el !ll dra the format!on 6u!d !nto sam$le
"ham&ers atta"hed at the &ottom of the tool. The 6u!d sam$les are stored at
format!on $ressures that hel$ !n determ!n!ng h)dro"ar&on "om$os!t!on.
+e$end!ng u$on the format!on $ermea&!l!t)2 $ressure &u!ld3u$ t!mes "an #ar)
from se"onds for h!gh $ermea&!l!t) /@'m+0 to hours for lo $ermea&!l!t)
/A(.4m+0. Often tool h)draul!" $ressure "an slol) d!ss!$ate !f 6u!d or $ressure
sam$l!ng ta7es 4 hour or more. Th!s ma) result !n a lost format!on seal and
format!on 6u!d "ontam!nat!on !th the &orehole mud.
Some tools re;u!re d!%erent tool a""essor!es need to &e used de$end!ng u$on
&orehole "ond!t!ons. Hard or soft $a"7ers2 d!%erent $a"7er s!:es2 d!%erent sam$le
"ham&ers s!:es and t)$es and "ho7e s!:es all need to &e $lanned &efore the
logg!ng 9o&.
B4
?!rel!ne -ormat!on Tester tools "an t)$!"all) o$erate !n &orehole s!:es rang!ng
from MP to 4NP !n d!ameter. Th!s de$ends u$on the des!gn of ea"h tool and !tOs
s$e"!f"at!ons.
FIGURE ": T8PICA# PRESSURE P#OT 5SI TIME
Ad#an"es !n Sam$le +ete"t!on
Earl) tools "ould not d!st!ngu!sh &eteen mud fltrate and #!rg!n format!on 6u!d
&efore sam$l!ng. Ad#an"es !n the sam$l!ng o$erat!on ha#e !n"luded res!st!#!t)
measurements to d!st!ngu!sh &eteen mud fltrate2 format!on ater and
h)dro"ar&ons. On"e a "hange !n res!st!#!t) !s dete"ted the sam$l!ng o$erat!on
"an &e engaged and format!on 6u!ds /ater or h)dro"ar&ons0 "an &e sam$led.
Im$lementat!on of +ens!t) 6u!d sensors !ll further d!st!ngu!sh &eteen the gas
and o!l
FIGURE (: %ISTINGUISHING *ET=EEN MU% FI#TRATE AN%
FORMATION F#UI%S
Sam$le *ham&ers
Se#eral t)$es of sam$le "ham&ers are a#a!la&le. -!gure ' shos a mult!$le
sam$le "ham&er allo!ng mult!$le :ones to &e sam$led dur!ng one !n the hole.
-!gure H shos a PCT sam$le "ham&er2 here format!on 6u!ds are ma!nta!ned at
reser#o!r $ressures. Th!s !s "r!t!"al !n determ!n!ng h)dro"ar&on "om$os!t!on !n
the reser#o!r.
FIGURE ): MU#TIP#E SAMP#E CHAM*ER
B>
FIGURE ,: P5T SAMP#E CHAM*ER
The ?!rel!ne -ormat!on Tester "an sam$le format!on 6u!ds at se#eral feet !nto the
format!on. +e$end!ng u$on $ermea&!l!t) and mud !n#as!on2 the tool !deall) reads
the #!rg!n format!on 6u!d &e)ond the :one !n#aded !th mud fltrate.
The snor7el has a d!ameter of a$$ro1!matel) (.' !n"hes
SpeciEcation2
PetroH/a
rtF
3a/3e2
Strai
n
3a/3
e2
Tolerance
2
(.'R of
full s"ale
8J3
4$s!
Re2ol/tio
n
(.(4$s! 4$s!
Repeata@i
lit9
4$s! B$s!
#imitation2
H!gh3$ressured &orehole mud "an "ause d!%erent!al st!"7!ng !f the tool !s
sam$l!ng a s!ngle $o!nt for a long $er!od of t!me. The ?!rel!ne -ormat!on tool !s
the most "ommon !rel!ne tool that &e"omes stu"7 !n the hole. St!"7!ng o""urs
s!n"e there are #er) large sam$le "ham&ers2 t)$!"all) >.H and ' gal /4(ltrs and
4Nltrs0 atta"hed to the tool. Some ?!rel!ne -ormat!on tools sam$le onl) format!on
6u!ds and therefore onl) re;u!re small sam$le "ham&ers of a$$ro1!matel)
H((mL. ?!th large sam$le "ham&er tools2 sam$l!ng $er!od greater than one hour
should &e treated !th "are. Long sam$l!ng $er!ods often o""ur !n here the
format!on $ermea&!l!t) !s lo.
Earl!er tools had no means of determ!n!ng !f the tool as measur!ng #!rg!n
format!on 6u!d or the !n#aded mud fltrate. .odern tools measure the 6u!d
res!st!#!t) and dens!t) and d!s$la) th!s at the surfa"e for the logg!ng eng!neer to
#!e. The eng!neer !s then a&le to ma7e real t!me de"!s!ons as to hether the
6u!d !s mud fltrate and !f not then de"!de !f the 6u!d !s format!on ater2 o!l or
gas.
Pre2entation
Presentat!on of the ?!rel!ne -ormat!on Tester has "hanged l!ttle o#er the )ears.
The data !s sam$led as an !n"rement of t!me rather than de$th l!7e t)$!"al
logg!ng tools. The sam$le $ressure !s d!s$la)ed !n tra"7 4 and also numer!"all) !n
the usuall) Pde$thP tra"7. The rema!n!ng tra"7s d!s$la) ea"h s!gn!f"ant d!g!t of
the sam$le $ressure. Tra"7 B d!s$la)s un!ts of 4((($s!2 Tra"7 F un!ts of 4(($s!2
Tra"7 ' un!ts of 4($s! and Tra"7 H un!ts of 4$s!. In th!s a) small $ressure
"hanges "an &e mon!tored gra$h!"all).
TOO# COM*INATIONS
BB
The ?!rel!ne -ormat!on Tester tool !s run !th a de$th "ontrol de#!"e usuall) a Gamma
Ra) tool.
A22ociate4 Mnemonic2
Earl) Tools
R-
T
Re$eat -ormat!on
Tester
S"hlum&er
ger
-!1ed $re sam$le
#olume
Car!a&le $re
sam$le rate
S-
T
Sele"t!#e -ormat!on
Tester
Hall!&urto
n
Car!a&le $re sam$le
#olume
-!1ed $re sam$le
rate
.odern Tools
-ET -ormat!on E#aluat!on Tool *ro"7er Resear"h
.+T .odular +)nam!"s Tester S"hlum&erger
R+T Reser#o!r +es"r!$t!on Tool Hall!&urton
R*I Reser#o!r *auter!:at!on Tool Da7er Atlas
The -ormat!on Tester tool "an measure $ressures u$ to 4(2((($s!. -ormat!on
$ressures are usuall) u$ to >(($s! &elo the &orehole h)drostat!" $ressures.
#o3 $/alit9 Control
U$on entr) !nto the ell &ore2 the tool should &e tested at regular de$ths for
&orehole or h)drostat!" $ressure. If the mud e!ght !s 7non the h)drostat!"
$ressure at s$e"!f" de$ths "an &e "al"ulated /sa) e#er) '((m0. Th!s g!#es
"onfden"e that the tool !s measur!ng 6u!d $ressure a""uratel). H)drostat!"
$ressure "an &e "al"ulated &) the follo!ng5 3
H)drostat!" Pressure E +e$thT/(.('>T.ud ?e!ght0
?here5 H)drostat!" Pressure !s !n un!ts !f $s!
+e$th !s !n un!ts of feet
.ud ?e!ght !s !n un!ts of l&sJgal
The $a"7er h)draul!" $ressure should &e mon!tored at all t!mes dur!ng sam$l!ng
to ensure !t !s a$$ro1!matel) 42'(($s! a&o#e &orehole h)drostat!" $ressure. Th!s
ensures data sam$les are not "ontam!nated !th &orehole mud.
Ult!matel)2 a #al!d format!on $ressure test or 6u!d sam$le !s essent!al. On"e the
tool $a"7er !s set2 the $re sam$le $ressure should &e dran don &elo the
e1$e"ted format!on $ressure. If $ressure &u!ld3u$ sta&!l!:es &ut !s st!ll &elo the
&orehole h)drostat!" $ressure2 then !t "an &e "on"luded that a su%!"!ent seal
from the &orehole mud has &een a"h!e#ed and the 6u!d &e!ng $ressure tested or
sam$led !s 6u!d from the format!on. If the $ressure does not &u!ld3u$ !th!n a
reasona&le t!me2 then the tool should &e reseated and another format!on $ressure
test or sam$le !s $erformed. At all t!mes the standard !rel!ne log measurements
should &e #!eed to determ!ne !f the hole !s ashed out /"reat!ng d!%!"ult)
o&ta!n!ng a $a"7er seal0 or !f a shale :one !s &e!ng tested /"reat!ng t!ght lo
$ermea&!l!t) tests0.
Lo $re3test #olumes and sam$le #olumes should &e used !n lo $ermea&!l!t)
format!ons to ena&le $ressure &u!ld3u$ t!mes to &e redu"ed.
In un"onsol!dated sands2 sloer 6o rates ma)&e re;u!red to redu"e sand 6o
!nto the $ro&e of the -ormat!on Tester tool.
Correction2
BF
No en#!ronmentall) "orre"t!ons are a$$l!ed to the -ormat!on tester.
Interpretation
Permea&!l!t) from Pre3test +ra don5
Tools that are a&le to $erform dra don at #ar!ous rates "an determ!ne
dra don $ermea&!l!t) and format!on damage.
Y E N>4.B/*,u0I43/r$Jre0LJdP
?here5 7 E $ermea&!l!t) !n mdar"!es2 dP E dra don $ressure !n $s!2 *
E 6o sha$e fa"tor &eteen (.' and 42 , E 6o rate !n ""Jse"
u E 6u!d #!s"os!t) !n "$2 r$ E $ro&e rad!us !n !n"hes2 re E e%e"t!#e
dra!nage rad!us !n !n"hes2
?here5 re E .BNF/*CJ$h!0K/4JB0 and C E $re3test #olume and $h! E
format!on $oros!t).
Permea&!l!t) from Pre3test Du!ldu$5
FIGURE 1: PRESSURE *UI#%AUPS FOR 5ARIOUS
PERMEA*I#IT8JS
FIGURE 7: EFFECT OF SATURATION ON RE#ATI5E
PERMEA*I#IT8 FOR OI# AN% =ATER
B'
FIGURE :: C8#IN%RICA# AN% SPHERICA# F#O=
C9lin4rical */il4/p
?hen the &ed th!"7ness !s relat!#el) small2 a ")l!ndr!"al &u!ld3u$
dom!nates the format!on 6u!d 6o to the $ro&e. The &u!ld3u$ !s a fun"t!on
of the hor!:ontal $ermea&!l!t) onl). If $ressure !s $lotted #erses the
")l!ndr!"al t!me E logI/T8dT0JdTL2 a stra!ght l!ne results. Th!s !s "alled a
Horner $lot. Permea&!l!t) !s g!#en &)5 3
7" E 3/GG.F,u0J/.h0
here5 3
7" E ")l!ndr!"al $ermea&!l!t) T E sam$l!ng t!me for ,
, E 6o rate !n ""Jse" dT E ela$sed t!me after shut3!n
u E 6u!d #!s"os!t) !n "$ . E slo$e of Horner $lot
h E &ed th!"7ness !n ft
FIGURE ;: C8#IN%RICA# PRESSURE 5SI TIME P#OT
Spherical */il4/p
A s$her!"al &u!ld3u$ !ll e1!st2 !th large &ed th!"7ness t)$!"all) greater
than B(ft. If $ressure !s $lotted #erses the s$her!"al t!me E /dt0K3(.' 3
/T8dT0K3(.' a stra!ght l!ne aga!n results. Permea&!l!t) !d g!#en &)5 3
+2 = 1:,1/B$>MDK">(BphiCtDK1>(
here5 3
7s E s$her!"al $ermea&!l!t) T E sam$l!ng t!me for ,
, E 6o rate !n ""Jse" dT E ela$sed t!me after shut3!n
BH
u E 6u!d #!s"os!t) !n "$ . E slo$e of Horner $lot
*t E #!rg!n 6u!d "om$ress!&!l!t) $h! E format!on $oros!t)
FIGURE 1<: SPHERICA# PRESSURE 5SI TIME P#OT
-lu!d Pressure grad!ents5
The "hange !n $ore $ressure !th de$th "an &e $lotted to !nd!"ate
$ressure grad!ents. +!%erent $ore 6u!d dens!t) e1h!&!t d!%erent $ressure
grad!ents. If the $ressure grad!ents are e1tra$olated and the) !nterse"t
ea"h other2 the ater3o!l and the o!l3gas "onta"t $o!nts "an &e determ!ned.
H)dro"ar&on dens!t) "an &e determ!ned s!n"e the format!on $ressure
grad!ents are a fun"t!on of the 6u!d dens!t) as follos5
Pore 6u!d dens!t) /gJ""0 E Pressure grad!ent /$s!Jft0 T >.B(M4
O!l and Gas saturat!on and $rodu"t!on from 6u!d sam$le5
On"e the 6u!d sam$le has &een re"o#ered and the sal!n!t) of the sam$le2
mud fltrate and format!on ater "an &e measured2 the $er"entage of
format!on ater "an &e est!mated &)5
S E /*sam$le 3 *mf0 J /* 3 *mf0
If the 6u!d sam$le #olumes "an &e measured2 then the ater "ut R "an &e
est!mated &)5
?ater "ut /R0 E /#olume format!on ater0J/#olume o!l 8 #olume format!on
ater0
GAMMA RA8 #OG
APP#ICATION
Stan4ar4 Gamma Ra9 Application2:
o Pr!mar) de$th referen"e for all logg!ng runs
o *orrelat!on from ell to ell
o L!tholog) !dent!f"at!on
o Ident!f"at!on of organ!" mater!al2 $ermea&le &eds and sour"e ro"7s
o -ra"ture !dent!f"at!on
o *al"ulate "la) #olumes
o .!neral anal)s!s
BM
Nat/ral Gamma Ra9 Tool BNGTD Application2:
o +ete"t2 !dent!f) and e#aluate rad!oa"t!#e m!nerals
o Ident!f) "la) t)$e and "al"ulate "la) #olumes
o Pro#!des !ns!ght !nto de$os!t!onal en#!ronment and the d!agenet!" h!stor)
o Uran!um res$onse of NGT !s somet!mes useful as a mo#ed 6u!d !nd!"ator
o Permea&le &eds ma) ha#e h!gher Uran!um salt "ontent than less
$ermea&le &eds.
The Gamma Ra) log !s t)$!"all) run !th most logg!ng runs as a "orrelat!on tool
s!n"e natural Gamma Ra)s "an $ass through "as!ng. Produ"t!on tools and
$erforat!ng e;u!$ment "an &e a""uratel) $os!t!oned us!ng the Gamma Ra) as a
"orrelat!on tool. Sl!m hole Gamma Ra) tools2 4 44J4HP2 4 MJ4HP and 4P !n d!ameter
for e1am$le2 "an &e run through tu&!ng to "orrelate T*P /Tu&!ng *on#e)ed
Perforat!on0 guns on de$th. A Gamma Ra) tool "an &e run !n &oreholes !th u$ to
>(2((($s!2 B'(deg- and less than >F !n"h hole d!ameter
There are to t)$es of Gamma Ra) measurements used &) the !rel!ne logg!ng !ndustr).
Nat/rall9 occ/rrin3 Gamma Ra92:
These are Gamma Ra)s that o""ur naturall) !n the format!on and ha#e relat!#el)
lo energ) le#els. Tools that measure natural Gamma Ra)s are 7non as
standard and gamma s$e"trometr) tools. Standard Gamma Ra) tools measure
the o""urren"e of all Gamma Ra)s. S$e"trometr) Gamma Ra) tools also measure
the Gamma Ra) energ) le#els and therefore determ!nes the "on"entrat!ons of the
three normall) $resent rad!oa"t!#e elements namel) Uran!um /Ur>B'J>BG02
Potass!um /Isoto$e 4NYF(0 and Thor!um /Th>B>0. These ha#e long half3l!#es and
the!r rad!at!on energ) le#el !s l!7e a mater!al fnger$r!nt that !s un!;ue to the
mater!al &e!ng measured.
In4/ce4 Gamma Ra92:
Tools su"h as gamma 3 gamma logs use a h!gh energ) Gamma Ra) sour"e to
measure other format!on $arameters 3 see +ens!t) log and Neutron log
FIGURE 1: EMISSION SPECTRA FOR POTASSIUM? THORIUM AN% URANIUM
SERIES
Ho6 are Gamma Ra9L2 mea2/re4M
T)$!"all) to t)$es of Gamma Ra) dete"tors ha#e &een used !n the !ndustr)2 the
Ge!ger .ueller and S"!nt!llat!on "r)stals. The Ge!ger .ueller !s more rel!a&le and
ro&ust &ut the S"!nt!llat!on !s more a""urate. ?hen a Gamma Ra) str!7es the
"r)stal a s!ngle $hoton of energ) !s em!tted. A &urst of ele"trons are then em!tted
as the $hoton h!ts the $hoto"athode. The ele"trons mult!$l) as the) h!t se#eral
BG
anodes !n an ele"tr!" feld unt!l a small ele"tr!" $ulse !s $rodu"ed. Ea"h ele"tr!"
$ulse !s $rodu"ed from a s!ngle dete"ted gamma ra).
FIGURE ": GAMMA RA8 %ETECTOR TU*E
Gamma Ra)s o""ur naturall) and at random as &ursts of energ) o#er t!me. To
redu"e stat!st!"al #ar!at!on !n the Gamma Ra) measurement2 logg!ng "om$an!es
ta7e an a#erage read!ng o#er t!me. The re"ommended t!me "onstant !s > se"onds.
As the tool !s graduall) mo#!ng u$ the hole th!s >3se"ond dela) !ll "ause a t!me
lag. A logg!ng s$eed of B(ftJm!n /4G((ft.hr0 means that the tool !ll mo#e 4ft
e#er) > se"onds. Logg!ng too fast !ll "ause the Gamma Ra) log to &e o% de$th
!th other logs unless the t!me "onstant !s "hanged for e1am$le a log at H(ftJm!n
/BH((ftJhr0 re;u!res a t!me "onstant of 4 se"ond. The !tness should "losel)
mon!tor logg!ng s$eed as a ;ual!t) "he"7. The h!gher the t!me "onstant the more
a""urate the Gamma Ra) log s!n"e !t has a loer stat!st!"al #ar!at!on. A t!me
"onstant of F se"onds ould &e $refera&le &ut the 4'ftJm!n /N((ftJhr0 logg!ng
s$eed re;u!red2 results !n !n"reased r!g t!me and thus !n"reased e1$ense. The >3
se"ond t!me "onstant !s an a""e$ta&le "om$rom!se.
The sloer the logg!ng s$eed the more a""urate the measurement. Logg!ng
s$eeds of B(ftJm!n /4G((ftJhr0 $rodu"e a""urate results. -or ;u!"7 "orrelat!on
$ur$oses s$eeds u$ to 4((ftJm!n /H(((ftJhr0 "an &e used !th a""e$ta&le
a""ura").
+e$th of !n#est!gat!on of the standard Gamma Ra) tool !s a$$ro1!matel) 4(
!n"hes and that of the S$e"trometr) Gamma Ra) tool !s a$$ro1!matel) 4' !n"hes
Cert!"al resolut!on of the standard Gamma Ra) tool !s a$$ro1!matel) 4( !n"hes
and that of the S$e"trometr) Gamma Ra) tool !s a$$ro1!matel) 4' !n"hes
#imitation2
A Gamma Ra) tool "an &e run !n &oreholes !th u$ to >(2((($s!2 B'(deg- and
less than >F !n"h hole d!ameter.
Gamma Ra)s tra#el !n a random manner and not !n a "ont!nuous 6o. The
Gamma Ra) measurement !s therefore a%e"ted &) stat!st!"al #ar!at!ons. Loer
logg!ng s$eed ma) &e re;u!red to redu"e th!s.
Pre2entation
The Gamma Ra) !s $resented !n tra"7 4 &) a th!n "ont!nuous l!ne !th the
mnemon!" GR or a #ar!at!on of th!s. T)$!"all) a s"ale from ( to >(( !th un!ts of
API. The r!ght s"ale "an &e redu"ed to 4'( or 4>( !f Gamma Ra) a"t!#!t) !s lo.
BN
Alternat!#el) S$e"trometr) Gamma Ra) tools "an also $resent the follo!ng
"ur#es5 3
4. Total Gamma Ra) /SGR0
>. Uran!um free Gamma Ra) /*GR0 3 to d!st!ngu!sh $ermea&le
strea7s !th h!gh Uran!um.
B. Rat!o ThJY 3 to d!st!ngu!sh &eteen m!nerals
F. Rat!o ThJU 3 to d!st!ngu!sh &eteen m!nerals
FIGURE (: T8PICA# SPECTROMETR8 GAMMA RA8 #OG
The SGR "ur#e has Uran!um remo#ed to $rodu"e the *GR "ur#e. Not!"e !n -!gure
' that Uran!um !s negat!#e and hen remo#ed from SGR2 *GR &e"omes larger
than SGR. Although Uran!um !s a"tuall) $resent !n the format!on the $ro&lem !s
that the NGT tool !s $oorl) "al!&rated.
TOO# COM*INATIONS
The Gamma Ra) tool !s almost ala)s used !th e#er) logg!ng su!te to "orrelate
su&se;uent logg!ng runs on de$th !th the frst or!g!nal logg!ng $ass. The Gamma Ra)
tool !s usuall) "onne"ted at the to$ of the tool str!ng.
The Gamma Ra) tool must &e handled gentl). Rough treatment or hea#) !m$a"ts "an
"ra"7 the "r)stal and th!s !ll need to &e re$la"ed &efore logg!ng.
#$C AN% CORRECTIONS
In a "lean format!on /#o!d of shale02 the Gamma Ra) measurement !s lo2
t)$!"all) around >(3B( API. A shal) format!on "an ha#e Gamma Ra) read!ngs
#ar)!ng &eteen G( and B(( API
En0ironmental correction2 to @e ma4e
Large &oreholes and h!gh3dens!t) mudOs /often "onta!n!ng &ar!te0 de"rease the
Gamma Ra) "ount rate as the mud Psh!eldsP some Gamma Ra)s &efore rea"h!ng
the tool. S!m!larl) a tool "entered !n the &orehole re"e!#es less Gamma Ra)
"ounts than an e""entered tool u$ aga!nst the &ore hole all. An e""entered
Gamma Ra) !s $referred s!n"e !t re;u!res less "orre"t!on. A Gamma Ra) tool run
F(
!n Y*l mud !ll re"e!#e more "ounts &) #!rtue of the !n"reased Potass!um "ontent
!n the mud.
Thus "orre"t!ons are made for5 3
4. Hole s!:e and mud e!ght.
>. Y*l mud "orre"t!on
B. *as!ng s!:e and e!ght
F. *ement th!"7ness
Interpretation
The most "ommon naturall) o""urr!ng rad!oa"t!#e elements are 4NYF( !soto$e2
Th>B> and Ur>B'J>BG. The Pa#erageP shale "onta!ns >R $otass!um2 4>3$$m
thor!um and H$$m uran!um. A h!gh Gamma Ra) measurement therefore usuall)
!nd!"ates a shale se;uen"e. The Gamma Ra) tool !s often used as the $r!mar)
!nd!"ator of shale "ontent. The $er"entage of ro"7 that !s "ons!dered shale and
not ro"7 matr!1 "an &e est!mated &)5 3
5
2hale
= BGR
lo3
N GR
clean
D
BGR
2hale
A GR
clean
D
The Gamma Ra) a$$earan"e "an &e used to hel$ !dent!f) d!%erent de$os!t!onal
en#!ronments and therefore used as a strat!gra$h!" tool.
As stated &efore2 the S$e"trometr) Gamma Ra) tool measures not onl) the
num&er of Gamma Ra)s returned &ut also the!r !nd!#!dual energ!es. Ea"h energ)
le#el !s a "hara"ter!st!" of the t)$e of format!on &e!ng logged. Anal)s!s of the
$otass!um2 thor!um and uran!um energ!es "an hel$ !nd!"ate fra"tures2 m!neralog)
and "la) t)$e.
Yaol!n!te has almost no $otass!um here as Ill!te "onta!ns &eteen FR and GR
$otass!um. .ontmor!llon!te "onta!ns less than 4R $otass!um.
The rat!oOs UJTh2 UJY and ThJY "an &e used to !nd!"ator fra"tures. The !nd!#!dual
U2 Th and Y "on"entrat!ons hen "om&!ned !th other tools hel$ determ!ne
m!neralog) and "la) t)$e.
IN%UCTION #OGGING
APP#ICATION
The Indu"t!on log as !ntrodu"ed to measure the format!on res!st!#!t) !n fresh or o!l3
&ased mud and !s used to dete"t the $resen"e of h)dro"ar&on &ear!ng :ones. The tool
as de#elo$ed from m!ne dete"tor te"hnolog) de#elo$ed dur!ng the Se"ond ?orld ?ar.
D) anal)s!ng res!st!#!t) measurements2 e "an d!%erent!ate &eteen format!ons
"onta!n!ng "ondu"t!#e and non3"ondu"t!#e 6u!ds. *ondu"t!#e 6u!ds !n the format!on
usuall) "ons!st of ater or mud fltrate and non3"ondu"t!#e 6u!ds "ons!st of o!l and gas.
Us!ng e;uat!ons su"h as the Ar"h!e formula shon &elo2 e "an esta&l!sh the relat!#e
$ro$ort!ons of h)dro"ar&ons and ater res!dent !n the format!on5 3
Rt E aR
J/PHI
m
S
>
0
?here53
Rt E -ormat!on Res!st!#!t)
R
E -ormat!on ater res!st!#!t)

S
E Per"entage of ater !n $ore s$a"e /?ater

Saturat!on0
F4
- E -ormat!on -a"tor E aJPHI
m
PHI E -ormat!on Poros!t)
n E >2 Saturat!on "om$onent
a and m2 e1$er!mentall) determ!ned "onstants
here a !s "lose to 4 and m !s "lose to >
.ost res!st!#!t) logs measure from 4( to 4(( ft
B
of mater!al around the sonde2 hoe#er
the m!"ro3res!st!#!t) log measures onl) a fe "u&!" !n"hes of mater!al near the &orehole
all. Res!stan"e /R3Ohms0 !s related to "urrent /I3Am$s0 and #oltage /C3Colts0 a""ord!ng
to Ohm=s la and !s des"r!&ed &)5 3
CE IR
Res!st!#!t) /R0 "an &e defned as the $ro$ert) of a mater!al that res!sts the 6o of
ele"tr!" "urrent2 and !s the #oltage re;u!red to $ass one am$ through a "u&e !th a one
meter s;uare fa"e area. The un!t of measurement !s Ohm3meter
>
Jmeter /ohm m
>
Jm or
ohm m0. If to $!e"es of mater!al ere $la"ed end to end the) ould st!ll ha#e the same
res!st!#!t) &ut t!"e the res!stan"e.
Res!st!#!t) E RAJL E YR E YCJI
?here53
R E res!stan"e
A E "ross se"t!onal area
L E length
Y E Geometr!" "onstant
The Indu"t!on logg!ng tool determ!nes res!st!#!t) &) measur!ng the format!on
"ondu"t!#!t). The Indu"t!on tool !ndu"es and fo"uses an ele"tromagnet!" feld !nto the
format!on ad9a"ent to the tool &) generat!ng an alternat!ng "urrent sour"e !n the
$r!mar) "o!l. Th!s !ndu"ed ele"tromagnet!" feld !ll $rodu"e a measura&le "urrent and
$otent!al !n the re"e!#er "o!l of the tool $ro$ort!onal to the format!on "ondu"t!#!t). The
$r!mar) and se"ondar) !nd!ngs of a "ommon transformer are a s!m$le analog). The
measured #oltage !n the re"e!#er "o!l !s then used to determ!ne the format!on
"ondu"t!#!t) and thus the format!on res!st!#!t). *ondu"t!#!t) !s the !n#erse of res!st!#!t)
/4Jres!st!#!t)0 and has the un!ts of mhoJm. -ormat!on res!st!#!t) !s "om$uted us!ng the
follo!ng formulae53
R
IL+
E 4(((J*
IL+
here53
R
IL+
E Res!st!#!t) /ohmm0
*
IL+
E *ondu"t!#!t) /mmhoJm0
The +!re"t *ou$l!ng s!gnal !s the OInO$hase or W3S!gnal and the -ormat!on S!gnal
!s the OOutO of $hase or R3S!gnal
FIGURE 1: IN%UCTION MEASUREMENT PRINCIP#E
F>
FIGURE ":
%I#TOO#
The dee$ measurement IL+ uses a d!%erent transm!tterJre"e!#er s$a"!ng
to that of the med!um measurement IL. ena&l!ng to d!%erent de$ths of
!n#est!gat!on !nto the format!on. The standard Indu"t!on tool /7non as
H--F(J>G ser!es0 uses a total of H "o!ls2 h!"h are used !n $a!rs to
!m$ro#e fo"us!ng and thus #ert!"al resolut!on of the Indu"t!on
measurements. The dee$ measurement re"e!#es no s!gnal from the frst
F( !n"hes surround!ng the tool !th a transm!tterJre"e!#er s$a"!ng of F(
!n"hes. The med!um measurement has a transm!tterJre"e!#er s$a"!ng of
>G !n"hes. Ideall) the dee$ measurement !ll read $r!mar!l) the
un!n#aded :one res!st!#!t) de$end!ng u$on d!ameter of !n#as!on and the
med!um measurement !ll read more of the trans!t!on and some 6ushed
:one res!st!#!t) de$end!ng u$on d!ameter of !n#as!on. Usuall) a small
fo"used laterolog measurement !s !n"or$orated !n the Indu"t!on tool to
measure the 6ushed :one res!st!#!t) de$end!ng u$on d!ameter of
!n#as!on. These measurements re;u!re "orre"t!ons for &orehole and
!n#as!on e%e"ts. Th!s !ll &e des"r!&ed !n Se"t!on H.(. .?+ logs ha#e
less !n#as!on e%e"ts s!n"e the) measure the format!on !mmed!atel) after
dr!ll!ng &efore the mud "a7e !s formed and !n#as!on has o"urred. The
$ro"ess of g!#!ng greater em$has!s tothe "o!ls at the "entre of the tool !n
$referen"e to those "o!ls e!ther s!de !s termed de"on#olut!on. .odern
Phasor Indu"t!on tools use the d!ele"tr!" or W3s!gnal to ma7e a non3l!near
de"on#olut!on "orre"t!on. Th!s W3s!gnal as !gnored !n earl!er tools. An
Arra) Indu"t!on tool measures >G !nde$endent s!gnals from G arra)s.
Halli@/rton %I#
Tool
+ee$
/IL+0
.ed!um
/IL.0
Shallo
/LLB0
Cert!"al resolut!on H( !n"hes 'F !n"hes H !n"hes
+e$th of
!n#est!gat!on
H' !n"hes B( !n"hes 4F !n"hes
Schl/m@er3er %ITAE
Tool
IL+ I+PH I+ER I+CR
Cert!"al resolut!on
M>3GF
!n"hes
M>3GF !n"hes
BH
!n"hes
N3>F
!n"hes
+e$th of !n#est!gat!on
+ee$ N(
!n"hes
.ed!um F(
!n"hes
Schl/m@er3er AIT
Tool
B Cert!"al
resolut!ons
4>2 >F and FG !n"hes
' +e$ths of
!n#est!gat!on
4(2 >(2 B(2 H( and N(
!n"hes
#IMITATION>OPERATION>PRESENTATION
#imitation2
The Indu"t!on tool !s des!gn to a""uratel) measure format!ons less than >(ohmm
/'(mmhos0. A""ura") !s redu"ed u$ to >((ohmm /'mmhos0 and large "orre"t!ons
and errors o""ur a&o#e >((ohmm /'mmhos0. Often the sonde error !tself !s B3F
mmhos and !f th!s !s remo#ed from a >((ohmm /'mmhos0 ra s!gnal2 a "orre"t!on
of "lose to 4((R !s re;u!red g!#!ng less and less "onfden"e to the re"orded data.
The $r!n"!$le o$erat!on of the Indu"t!on tool !s to a"tuall) measure the format!on
"ondu"t!#!t). As the format!on "ondu"t!#!t) !s redu"ed /and format!on res!st!#!t) !s
!n"reased0 the Indu"t!on tool !ll measure more of the relat!#el) "ondu"t!#e mud.
FB
A Phasor Indu"t!on tool !ll o#er"ome some of the $ro&lem. The Indu"t!on tool
therefore o$erates &est !n h!gh res!st!#!t) dr!ll!ng mud /!e fresh ater02 o!l &ased
dr!ll!ng mud and also !n a!r.
The $la"ement and $olar!t) of the re"e!#er "o!ls e%e"t the de$th of !n#est!gat!on
and the #ert!"al resolut!on of the tool.
The Indu"t!on tool !s $referred o#er the Laterolog tool
t)$!"all) hen the follo!ng "ond!t!ons a$$l)5 3
4. The R
mf
JR
rat!o !s greater than >.'

>. ?hen the format!on res!st!#!t!es do not e1"eed >(( ohmm
B. The &ed th!"7ness !s greater than 4( ft.
?hen the $oros!t) !s &elo the R l!ne &ut RmfJR !s st!ll a&o#e >.'2 edd)
"urrents are not a&le to &e !ndu"ed as e%!"!entl) and the Laterolog tool rather
than the Indu"t!on tool "ould alternat!#el) &e used.
S7!n E%e"t
Ea"h Indu"tan"e "o!l !s not !nde$endant of other "o!ls !n the Indu"t!on tool.
Add!t!onal #oltages are !ndu"ed not onl) from ne!gh&our!ng "o!ls &ut also from
the "o!l !tself. Th!s !s 7non as mutual3!ndu"tan"e and self3!ndu"tan"e
res$e"tfull). The !s that the strength of the feld !s redu"ed result!ng !n a h!gher
than true res!t!#!t) read!ng. S7!n !s a !n#ersel) $ro$ort!onal to the format!on
"ondu"t!#!t)2 magnet!" $ermea&!l!t) and the transm!tter fre;uen"). Thus the
h!gher the transm!tter fre;uen")2 the less s7!n e%e"t. *orre"t!on for s7!n e%e"t !s
usuall) onl) $erformed on the dee$ measurement. The med!um measurement !s
usuall) less than 4R as a result of the shorter "o!l s$a"!ng.
Operation
The logg!ng s$eed !s a$$ro1!matel) H((( ftJhr &ut !s usuall) run at 4G(( ftJhr
hen run !n "om&!nat!on !th other logg!ng tools. Stando% s!:es are "r!t!"al for
determ!n!ng the amount of &orehole "orre"t!on to &e a$$l!ed. In holes a&o#e G.'
!n"hes2 the tool !s run e""entered !th 4.' !n"h stando%s along the tool. The
follo!ng ta&le g!#es re"ommended stando% s!:es.
Hole SiFe
Stan4oO
%i2tance
AH.' !n"hes (.' !n"h
H.'3M.M'
!n"hes
4.( !n"h
M.M'3N.'
!n"hes
4.' !n"h
@N.' !n"hes >.( !n"h
Pre2entation
The dee$ Indu"t!on log !s $resented !n tra"7 B3F /logar!thm!"0 &) a th!n
dashed l!ne !th the mnemon!" IL+. The med!um Indu"t!on log !s also
$resented !n tra"7 B3F /logar!thm!"0 &) a th!n dotted l!ne !th the
mnemon!" IL.. The shallo fo"used res!st!#!t) log /alternat!#es are the
Short Guard0 !s $resented !n tra"7 B3F /logar!thm!"0 &) a th!n "ont!nuous
l!ne !th the mnemon!"s S-LU or some. #ar!at!on of th!s. The s"ale
t)$!"all) ranges from (.> to >((( !th the un!ts !n Ohmm.
TOO# COM*INATIONS
The Indu"t!on tool "an &e run alone &ut !s usuall) run at the &ottom of the Son!" tool
!th the o$en hole Gamma Ra) tool at the to$. The res!st!#!t) ser#!"e !s usuall) the frst
logg!ng run s!n"e the tool !s "hea$er2 usuall) "entered and has no rad!oa"t!#e sour"es.
Tool t9pe2 a0aila@le
FF
+IT3+ Standard +ual Indu"t!on Tool "onta!n!ng H "o!ls for fo"us!ng s!gnals to
!m$ro#e #ert!"al resolut!on.
+IT3E Phasor +ual Indu"t!on Tool. The Phasor tool also measures the !n3$hase
/res!st!#e0 and the ;uadrature /d!ele"tr!"0 s!gnals.
AIT Arra) Indu"t!on Tool. The AIT measures >G !nde$endent s!gnals from G
arra)s. The s!ngle transm!tter o$erates at B d!%erent fre;uen") and the
!n3$hase /res!st!#e0 and the ;uadrature /d!ele"tr!"0 s!gnals are measured.
The AIT measures s!gnals AIT4( /4( !n"hes !nto the format!on02 AIT>( />(
!n"hes !nto the format!on0 et" u$ to AITN(. A "om&!nat!on of these !s used
to "om$ute an Rt #alue2 hoe#er !f one of these read!ngs !s a%e"ted &)
m!"ro annulus the "om$uted Rt "an &e !na""urate.
#$C>CORRECTIONS
Permea&!l!t) "an &e !nd!"ated &) the se$arat!on of the res!st!#!t) read!ngs for
IL+2 IL. and S-LU. Th!s o""urs hen the h!gher3$ressure &orehole mud !n#ades
!nto the format!on d!s$la"!ng the or!g!nal format!on 6u!d. Ideall) S-LU measures
the !n#aded :one /R1o full) 6ushed &) &orehole mud02 IL. measures the
trans!t!on :one /$art!all) 6ushed &) &orehole mud0 and IL+ measures the un3
!n#aded :one /#!rg!n format!on 6u!d0.
The R1o A IL. A IL+ $rofle !ll e1!st !f R @ Rmf or the $rofle IL+ A IL. A
R1o !ll e1!st !f R A Rmf. If no $ermea&!l!t) e1!sts and therefore no mud
!n#as!on2 as t)$!"all) !s the "ase !th shales2 the dee$2 med!um and R1o
measurements !ll o#erla) unless en#!ronmental "orre"t!ons st!ll need to &e
a$$l!ed.
?h!le logg!ng "he"7 that SP de6e"t!ons are normal /to the left !f R1o @ Rt0 and
not no!s). *he"7 that res!st!#!t) read!ngs do not 6at to$ !n h!gh res!st!#!t) &eds
and that the dee$ and med!um measurements rema!n s)mmetr!"al and on de$th.
The measured format!on res!st!#!t) !s a fun"t!on of5
4. The format!on ater res!st!#!t)
>. L!tholog) "hanges
B. Poros!t) "hanges
F. *hanges !n the mud3fltrate res!st!#!t)2 h!"h often o""urs &eteen logg!ng
runs.
Sol!d ro"7 and h)dro"ar&ons !ll ha#e an e1tremel) h!gh res!st!#!t). A good rule
of thum& !s that h)dro"ar&ons are !nd!"ated here the R
IL+
@ R
IL.
@ R
S-LU
$rofle
e1!sts.
The Res!st!#!t) "an &e used as an !nd!"ator of "la)
"ontent. The $er"entage of ro"7 that !s "ons!dered
"la) and not ro"7 matr!1 "an &e est!mated &)5 3
C
RT
E /R
sand
S RT0 J /R
sand
3 R
"la)
0
In $ra"t!"e th!s e;uat!on !s mod!fed and mult!$l!ed
&) FTR
"la)
JRT to a#o!d g!#!ng errat!" read!ngs. C
RT
!s
usuall) mu"h too h!gh e1"e$t hen h!gh res!st!#!t)
format!ons are $resent. S!n"e "la)s are "ondu"t!#e2
an R
sand
m!n!mum #alue hel$s to f1 the :ero C
RT
$o!nt.
F'
FIGURE (: 5RT C#A8
IN%ICATOR
#ATERO#OG TOO#
APP#ICATION
The Laterolog tool as !ntrodu"ed to measure the format!on res!st!#!t) !n salt) or h!gh
"ondu"t!#e mud and !s used to dete"t the $resen"e of h)dro"ar&on &ear!ng :ones.
D) anal):!ng res!st!#!t) measurements2 e "an d!%erent!ate &eteen format!ons
"onta!n!ng "ondu"t!#e and non3"ondu"t!#e 6u!ds. *ondu"t!#e 6u!ds !n the format!on
usuall) "ons!st of ater or mud fltrate and non3"ondu"t!#e 6u!ds "ons!st of o!l and gas.
FIGURE 1: C#EAN UNIT OF
FORMATION
Us!ng e;uat!ons su"h as the Ar"h!e formula
shon &elo2
e "an esta&l!sh the relat!#e $ro$ort!ons of
h)dro"ar&ons
and ater res!dent !n the format!on5
Rt E aR
J/PHI
m
S
>
0
?here53
Rt E -ormat!on Res!st!#!t)
R
E -ormat!on ater res!st!#!t)

PHI E -ormat!on Poros!t)
S
E Per"entage of ater !n $ore

s$a"e/?ater Saturat!on0
n E >2 Saturat!on "om$onent
a and m2 e1$er!mentall) determ!ned
"onstants
here a !s "lose to 4 and m !s "lose to >
- E -ormat!on -a"tor E aJPHI
m
.ost res!st!#!t) logs measure from 4( to 4(( ft
B
of mater!al around the sonde2 hoe#er
the m!"ro3res!st!#!t) log measures onl) a fe "u&!" !n"hes of mater!al near the &orehole
all. Res!stan"e /R3Ohms0 !s related to "urrent /I3Am$s0 and #oltage /C3Colts0 a""ord!ng
to Ohm=s la and !s des"r!&ed &)5 3
CE IR
Res!st!#!t) /R0 "an &e defned as the $ro$ert) of a mater!al that res!sts the 6o of
ele"tr!" "urrent2 and !s the #oltage re;u!red to $ass one am$ through a "u&e !th a one
meter s;uare fa"e area. The un!t of measurement !s Ohm3meter
>
Jmeter /ohm m
>
Jm or
ohm m0. If to $!e"es of mater!al ere $la"ed end to end the) ould st!ll ha#e the same
res!st!#!t) &ut t!"e the res!stan"e.
Res!st!#!t) E RAJL E YR E YCJI
?here53
R E res!stan"e
A E "ross se"t!onal area
FH
L E length
Y E Geometr!" "onstant
*ondu"t!#!t) !s the !n#erse of res!st!#!t) /4Jres!st!#!t)0 and has the un!ts of mhos.
FIGURE ":
FOCUSE%>UNFOCUSE%
CURRENT PATH
The sonde for th!s res!st!#!t) log uses guard or &u"7!ng
ele"trodes to fo"us the "urrent and for"e the em!tted
"urrent !n a d!re"t!on a$$ro1!matel) at r!ght angles to the
sonde. Th!s fo"used "urrent allos the res!st!#!t) read!ng
to measure a more s$e"!f" reg!on of the format!on2 thus
!n"reas!ng the Laterologs #ert!"al resolut!on. The non3
fo"used res!st!#!t) tools su%er a d!storted "urrent
d!str!&ut!on es$e"!all) hen R
t
JR
m
!s h!gh2 as the "urrent
!ll tr) to 6o !th!n the &orehole.
FIGURE (: SHA##O=
#ATERO#OG CURRENT PATH
%IAGRAM
FIGURE ): %EEP #ATERO#OG
CURRENT PATH %IAGRAM
In the standard Laterolog tool2 "onstant $oer /PoerECI $rodu"t0 !s su$$l!ed to $a!rs
of guard ele"trodes /A4 and A4T0 and to a "urrent ele"trode /A(0 h!"h !s $os!t!oned
&eteen to $a!rs of $otent!al ele"trodes /.43.> and .4T3.>T0. The $otent!al of the
"urrent ele"trode /A(0 !s !n e;u!l!&r!um !th all guard ele"trodes /A4 and A4T0. Thus the
"urrent from the "urrent ele"trode /A(0 !ll not 6o to the guard ele"trodes and !s
therefore fo"used rad!all) !nto the format!on. Potent!al ele"trodes /.43.> and .4T3.>T0
measure the "hange !n $otent!al &eteen the guard and the "urrent ele"trodes. The
$otent!al !ll #ar) de$end!ng u$on the format!on res!st!#!t) and ea"h ele"trode $otent!al
!ll &e ad9usted unt!l the guard and "urrent ele"trodes are on"e aga!n !n e;u!l!&r!um.
D) #ar)!ng the d!stan"e of the return ele"trode !th res$e"t to the tool2 the de$th of
$enetrat!on "an &e "hanged. The shallo laterolog /LLS0 has a return ele"trode
FM
!mmed!atel) a&o#e and &elo the sonde hereas the dee$ Laterolog /LL+0 has a return
ele"trode at the surfa"e thus the "urrent !s for"ed dee$er !nto the format!on.
FIGURE ,: MSF# CURRENT PATH
FIGURE 1: %#T
TOO#
FIGURE 7: MSF#
TOO#
-!gures G and N sho the $er"entage of tool s!gnals at #ar!ous d!stan"es !nto the
format!on. 4((R of the .S-L s!gnal for e1am$le !s a";u!red !th!n the frst 4( !n"hes.
The LL+ s!gnal on the +LT Tool measures '(R of !ts read!ng !th!n a&out the frst N(
!n"hes !nto the format!on2 the rema!nder of the LL+ s!gnal !s a";u!red &e)ond N( !n"hes
and therefore has a dee$er de$th of !n#est!gat!on than the .S-L or LLS s!gnals. The
de$th of !n#est!gat!on !s "ons!dered to &e at the '(R $o!nt.
Halli@/rton %#T
Tool
+ee$
/LL+0
Shallo
/LLS0
.!"ro Log
/.S-L0
Cert!"al resolut!on >F !n"hes >F !n"hes B !n"hes
+e$th of
!n#est!gat!on
G( !n"hes B( !n"hes 43F !n"hes
Halli@/rton %##T
Tool
+ee$
/LL+0
Shallo
/LLS0
.!"ro Log
/.S-L0
Cert!"al resolut!on >F !n"hes >F !n"hes B !n"hes
+e$th of
!n#est!gat!on
H(3GF
!n"hes
>F3BH
!n"hes
43F !n"hes
Schl/m@er3er %#T
Tool
+ee$
/LL+0
Shallo
/LLS0
.!"ro Log
/.S-L0
FG
Cert!"al resolut!on >F !n"hes >F !n"hes
+e$th of
!n#est!gat!on
N( !n"hes B' !n"hes > !n"hes
Schl/m@er3er ARI
Tool
+ee$
/LLhr0
+ee$
/LL+0
Shallo
/LLS0
.!"ro Log
/.S-L0
Cert!"al resolut!on G !n"hes G !n"hes G !n"hes
+e$th of
!n#est!gat!on
B' !n"hes F' !n"hes 4' !n"hes > !n"hes
CA#I*RATION
The Laterolog tool does not re;u!re a master or sho$ "al!&rat!on l!7e most logg!ng tools
&ut does re;u!re an !nternal ell s!te tool res!stan"e "he"7 that !s $erformed &efore and
after ea"h logg!ng su!te. Th!s ensures the tool as o$erat!ng the same from the
"ommen"ement of logg!ng to "om$let!on of the logg!ng o$erat!on. Often a surfa"e test
&o1 !s atta"hed to the tool &efore runn!ng !n the hole. Th!s allos a "he"7 of the
a""ura") of the tool aga!nst 7non res!stan"e #alues !n the test &o1.
#IMITATIONS>OPERATION>PRESENTATION
#imitation2
The Laterolog tool !s generall) run !n lo res!st!#!t) dr!ll!ng mud and also !n
h!ghl) res!st!#e format!ons. Lo res!st!#!t) mud !ll ha#e m!n!mal a%e"t on the
res!st!#!t) read!ngs from the format!on s!n"e the total measurement !s added !n
ser!es.
The Laterolog tool "an a""uratel) measure format!on res!st!#!t) !n the range of
(.> 3 F(((( ohmm. The Laterolog tool !s $referred o#er the Indu"t!on tool
t)$!"all) hen the follo!ng "ond!t!ons a$$l)5
4. The R
mf
JR
rat!o !s less than >.'

>. ?hen the format!on res!st!#!t!es e1"eed >(( ohmm
B. The &ed th!"7ness !s less than 4( ft.
?hen the $oros!t) !s &elo the R l!ne &ut RmfJR !s st!ll a&o#e >.'2 edd)
"urrents are not a&le to &e !ndu"ed as e%!"!entl) and the Laterolog tool rather
than the Indu"t!on tool should &e used.
Operation
The logg!ng s$eed !s a$$ro1!matel) H((( ftJhr /4(( ftJm!n0 &ut !s usuall) run at
4G(( ftJhr /B(ft.m!n0 hen run !n "om&!nat!on !th other logg!ng tools l!7e the
.S-L and GR h!"h need to &e run at 4G((ftJhr /B(ft.m!n0. A Laterolog ele"trode
!s $la"ed !n the dr!ll!ng r!g mud $!t for the referen"e and return of the dee$
laterolog measurement. Th!s ele"trode !s "alled a OLaterolog fshO and should &e
$la"ed !n a se"t!on of the mud $!t aa) from an) mo#!ng mud 6u!ds. At no t!me
dur!ng tool o$erat!on should $ersonnel tou"h the sonde of the Laterolog. The
Laterolog should &e "entered !n &oreholes G.' !n"hes or less and e""entered
aga!nst the &orehole all !n &oreholes larger than G.' !n"hes.
Pre2entation
Presented !n tra"7s B3F /logar!thm!"0 &) a th!n2 dashed l!ne !th the
mnemon!" LL+.
Presented !n tra"7s B3F /logar!thm!"0 &) a th!n2 dotted l!ne !th the
mnemon!" LLS.
Presented !n tra"7s B3F /logar!thm!"0 &) a th!n2 sol!d l!ne !th the
mnemon!" .S-L.
T)$!"all) the s"ale of the !s from (.>( to >((( !th un!ts of ohmm
FN
FIGURE :: T8PICA# #ATERO#OG PRESENTATION
'(
TOO# COM*INATIONS
The Laterolog tool "an &e run alone &ut !s usuall) run at the &ottom of the Son!"
tool !th the o$en hole Gamma Ra) tool at the to$. The res!st!#!t) ser#!"e !s
usuall) the frst logg!ng run s!n"e the tool !s "hea$er2 usuall) "entered and has no
rad!oa"t!#e sour"es.
Tool t9pe2 a0aila@le
+LT 3 Standard +ual Laterolog Tool g!#!ng a dee$ and shallo laterolog
measurement.
ARI 3 A:!muthal Res!st!#!t) Tool. A small su& !s added to the +LT tool and !s
e;u!$$ed !th 4> e;uall) s$a"ed and !nde$endent a:!muthal laterolog read!ngs.
A dee$ read!ng and #er) shallo read!ng of tool stando% are $rodu"ed.
#$C>CORRECTIONS
Permea&!l!t) "an &e !nd!"ated &) the se$arat!on of the res!st!#!t) read!ngs for
LL+2 LLS and .S-L. Th!s o""urs hen the h!gher3$ressure &orehole mud !n#ades
!nto the format!on d!s$la"!ng the or!g!nal format!on 6u!d. +e$end!ng u$on the
d!ameter of !n#as!on2 .S-L !deall) measures the !n#aded :one /R1o full) 6ushed
&) &orehole mud02 the LLS !deall) measures the trans!t!on :one /$art!all) 6ushed
&) mud0 and the LL+ !deall) measures the un3!n#aded :one /#!rg!n format!on
6u!d0 see for !n#aded2 trans!t!on and #!rg!n :ones.
The R1o A LLS A LL+ $rofle !ll e1!st !f R @ Rmf and the $rofle LL+ A LLS A
R1o !ll e1!st !f R A Rmf. If no $ermea&!l!t) e1!sts and therefore no mud
!n#as!on2 as t)$!"all) !s the "ase !th shales2 the dee$2 shallo and R1o
measurements !ll o#erla) unless en#!ronmental "orre"t!ons st!ll need to &e
a$$l!ed.
?h!le logg!ng "he"7 that SP de6e"t!ons are normal /to the r!ght !f R1o A Rt0 and
not no!s). *he"7 that res!st!#!t) read!ngs tra"7 ea"h other and are on de$th.
The measured format!on res!st!#!t) !s a fun"t!on of5 3
4. The format!on ater res!st!#!t)
>. L!tholog) "hanges
B. Poros!t) "hanges
F. *hanges !n the mud3fltrate res!st!#!t)2 h!"h often o""urs2 &eteen d!%erent
logg!ng runs.
Sol!d ro"7 and h)dro"ar&ons !ll ha#e an e1tremel) h!gh res!st!#!t). A good rule
of thum& !s that h)dro"ar&ons are !nd!"ated here the R
LL+
@ R
LLS
@ R
.S-L
$rofle
e1!sts.
'4
FIGURE ;: 5RT C#A8
IN%ICATOR
The Res!st!#!t) "an &e used as an !nd!"ator of "la)
"ontent.
The $er"entage of ro"7 that !s "ons!dered "la) and
not ro"7
matr!1 "an &e est!mated &)5 3
C
RT
E /R
sand
S RT0 J /R
sand
3 R
"la)
0
In $ra"t!"e th!s e;uat!on !s mod!fed and mult!$l!ed
&) FTR
"la)
JRT to a#o!d g!#!ng errat!" read!ngs. C
RT
!s
usuall) mu"h too h!gh e1"e$t hen h!gh res!st!#!t)
format!ons are $resent. S!n"e "la)s are "ondu"t!#e2
an R
sand
m!n!mum #alue hel$s to f1 the 4((R C
RT
$o!nt.
The res!st!#!t) measurement for the format!on /R
t
0 of !nterest !ll &e !n6uen"ed
&) three unanted elementsQ the res!st!#!t) of the &ore hole /R
m
02 the mud fltrate
!n#as!on /R
1o
0 and the ad9a"ent &ed /R
s
0. The res!st!#!t) of the ro"7 un!t of !nterest
/R
t
0 ma)&e greater or less than that of the measured res!st!#!t) LL+ and LLS.
FIGURE 1<: #ATERO#OG E#ECTRICA#
CIRCUIT
The mud res!st!#!t)2 the !n#aded
:one res!st!#!t) and the true
format!on res!st!#!t) are
"ons!dered as ser!es
res!st!#!t!es. -!gure 4B shos a
s!m$le ele"tr!"al "!r"u!t
re$resent!ng the res!st!#!t) of
the &orehole mud 3 Rm2 the
!n#aded :one S R1o and the
un!n#aded :one 3 Rt. If the
Laterolog !s run !n a salt) mud2
!t !s e#!dent that the
"ontr!&ut!on from Rm and R1o !s
small "om$ared to the true
format!on res!st!#!t) Rt. The
e%e"t of the mud and !n#aded
res!st!#!t!es must &e remo#ed to
est!mate the true format!on
res!st!#!t).
The follo!ng "orre"t!ons are a$$l!ed2 and str!"tl) !n the order shon. The
Laterolog needs to &e "orre"ted for5
.S-L Dorehole "orre"t!ons /See -!gure 4F0
Dorehole "orre"t!ons 3 mud res!st!#!t) and &orehole s!:e /See -!gure 4'0
Ded Th!"7ness "orre"t!ons /See -!gure 4H0
In#as!on "orre"t!ons 3 mud !n#as!on /See -!gure 4M0
LL+ Laterolog +ee$ .L .!"ro Log
LLS Laterolog Shallo.L4 .!"ro Log 4 !n"h
LLG Gron!ngen LL+ .L> .!"ro Log > !n"h
HLL+ H!gh Resolut!on
LL+
.NOR .!"ro Log normal >P
HLLS H!gh Resolut!on
LLS
.INC .!"ro Log In#erse 4P
'>
LLB Laterolog B .LL .!"ro Laterolog
LLM Laterolog M
.S-L .!"ro3S$her!"all)
-o"used Log
N4H 4H !n"h short
normal
.S-* Dorehole "orre"ted
.S-L
Res!st!#!t) #alues de$end u$on the amount of ater and !ts sal!n!t) !n the $ore
s$a"e of the ro"7. The ater &e!ng e!ther format!on ater R
or the !n#aded mud

fltrate R
mf
. T)$!"all) format!on ro"72 o!l and gas are "ons!dered !nfn!te
res!stan"e and an) dro$ !n res!st!#!t) !s from the "ondu"t!#e ater or "ondu"t!#e
shales. The Laterolog tool "an a""uratel) read &eteen (.> and F(2((( ohmm.
NUC#EUR MAGNETIC
RESSONANCE
HISTOR8
Nu"lear .agnet!" Resonan"e te"hnolog) or!g!nated !n the med!"al feld and !s
st!ll used as a ma9or d!agnost!" tool toda).
The te"hnolog) as a$$l!ed to the o!l !ndustr) !n the earl) 4NN(Os.
APP#ICATION
The N.R measurement !s a&le to measure the 6u!d #olume !n the format!on2 the
t)$es of 6u!ds and the s!:e of the $ores s$a"e "onta!n!ng these 6u!ds.
Colume of "la) &ound 6u!ds2 !rredu"!&le 6u!ds and free 6u!ds &e!ng ater2 o!l and
gas "an &e determ!ned.
-ormat!on $ermea&!l!t) and h)dro"ar&on dens!t) "an &e determ!ned.
*on#ent!onal logg!ng tools measure the ent!re format!on and are more sens!t!#e
to the larger #olume matr!1 mater!al rather than the format!on 6u!ds. N.R
te"hnolog) onl) sees the format!on 6u!d and therefore $ro#!des a format!on
$oros!t) !nde$endent of format!on ro"7 t)$e.
'B
Operation
FIGURE 1: SCHEMATIC OF THE NUC#EAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE TOO#
The N.R tool uses a large $ermanent magnet h!"h magnet!ses the format!on
for a $redeterm!ned $er!od of t!me. +!%erent transm!ss!on fre;uen"!es "an &e
used to measure at d!%erent de$ths of !n#est!gat!on as re$resented &) the
regular s$a"ed ")l!nders around the tool. O!l &ased muds $ro#!de a &etter tool
res$onse than ater &ased muds.
FIGURE ": 5ECTOR REPRESENTATION OF PO#ARISATION AN% *URST
FRE$UENC8
-!gure B shos the #e"tor re$resentat!on the magnet!" $olar!sat!on of magn!tude
.o. Polar!sat!on !s a$$l!ed for a t!me T?. The 6u!d $art!"les /or more s$e"!f"all)
the h)drogen atoms or $rotons0 are then e1$osed to regular &ursts of rad!o3
fre;uen") energ) /trans#erse magnet!" $ulses of fre;uen") fo0 transm!tted !nto
the format!on !n the form of an alternat!ng magnet!" feld. The trans#erse
magnet!" $ulses are a$$l!ed at 4G(deg !nter#als.
'F
FIGURE (: SPIN ECHO TRAIN
After ea"h su""ess!#e trans#erse $ulse of $er!od TE2 the de"rease !n magn!tude !s
measured. The de"a) of the s$!n e"ho magn!tude o#er the $er!od of the $ulse
tra!n !s g!#en &)5 3
.1/t0 E .o1 eK/3tJT>0
here .o1 !s the !n!t!al magn!tude of the trans#erse magnet!sat!on and .1/t0
after t!me t. T> !s the trans#erse rela1at!on t!me "onstant and !s re$resentat!#e of
the magn!tude of the trans#erse magnet!" de"a).
FIGURE ): PO#ARISATION AN% PU#SE SE$UENCE
After a $er!od of de"a) t!me e;ual!ng se#eral t!mes the T> #alue2 the measured
magn!tude !s essent!al :ero. -urther trans#erse $uls!ng !ll not &e $oss!&le.
Polar!sat!on and $uls!ng must start aga!n. The $hotons are therefore $olar!sed
aga!n for a $er!od T? /a$$ro1. H3Gmse"0 and $ulsed at a $er!od of TE /a$$ro1.
4.>mse"0
(I" %epth o. In0e2ti3ation an4 5ertical Re2ol/tion
%epth o.
In0e2ti3ation
5ertical Re2ol/tion
MRI#
BHalli@/rtonD
4F34H !n"hes /less
hole rad!us0
a$$ro1. 'ft &ut de$endent u$on sam$l!ng rate
and logg!ng s$eed
CMR
BSchl/m@er3erD
(.'34.>' !n"hes
a$$ro1. H !n"hes &ut de$endent u$on sam$l!ng
rate and logg!ng s$eed
SpeciEcation2
''
FIGURE ,: SCH#UM*ERGER CMR TOO#
.agnet length E >ft2 tool !s e""enterred. Puls!ng rate E (.>mse".
FIGURE 1: HA##I*URTON MRI# TOO#
.agnet length E Mft2 tool !s "entral!sed. Puls!ng rate E (.H and 4.> mse"
&ut u$ to N read!ngs s!multaneousl).
Pro2 Con2
'H
Halli@/rton MRI#
.ore rel!a&le !n rugose
hole
Poor #ert!"al
resolut!on
Schl/m@er3er
CMR
Th!n &ed anal)s!s A%e"ted &) &ad hole
CA#I*RATION
The N.R tool re;u!res a monthl) "al!&rat!on us!ng a "al!&rat!on tan7.
Defore and after sur#e) "al!&rat!on "he"7s are also re;u!red.
#imitation2
Nu"lear .agnet!" Resonan"e tools here !n!t!all) used to measure &ound 6u!d
#olumes. The T> de"a) t!mes for "la) &ound 6u!ds !s !n the #!"!n!t) of Bmse" and
4(mse" for "a$!llar) &ound 6u!ds. Th!s re;u!res a #er) small $olar!sat!on t!me.
Logg!ng s$eeds therefore are not restr!"ted. -ree 6u!ds hoe#er ha#e a far
greater T> de"a) t!me and re;u!re a far greater $olar!sat!on t!me. Th!s restr!"ts
the logg!ng s$eed "ons!dera&l) to less than 4(ftJm!n. Stat!onar) read!ngs are
often re;u!red o#er #er) $orous2 large $oros!t) :ones.
The Hall!&urton .RIL tool has a larger $ermanent magnet than S"hlum&ergerOs
*.R allo!ng !t $olar!se format!on 6u!ds faster. The larger magnet hoe#er !s
a$$ro1!matel) M feet !n length "om$ared to the *.R at a$$ro1!matel) >feet. The
*.R therefore has a su$er!or #ert!"al resolut!on. The .RIL !s a "entred tool and
the de$th of !n#est!gat!on !s redu"ed as the hole s!:e !n"reases. The *.R !s an
e""enterred tool and !s not as &adl) a%e"ted &) hole s!:e.
Pre2entation
FIGURE 7: T8PICA# NMR PRESENTATION
Trac+ 1: Car!ous T> &!n "ut3o%s re$resent!ng $ore s!:es. D!n 4/&la"70 !s the
smallest $ore s!:e u$ to D!n H/green0 the largest $ore s!:e.
Trac+ ": +e$th
'M
Trac+ (: Car!ous 6u!d #olumes. T-C 3 total 6u!d #olume2 D-C 3 &ound 6u!d
#olume.
Trac+ ): Permea&!l!t) "al"ulat!ons and T> a#erages. Y*.R 3 $erm from *.R2
PYEN 3 $erm from PETROLOG2 T>L. 3 Logar!thm!" of T>2 T>AC 3 A#erage T>
Trac+ ,: T> a#e tra!n tra"e am$l!tude re$resentat!on.
Trac+ ,: *olour !mage re$resentat!on of T> a#e tra!n
#o3 $/alit9 Control
Logg!ng s$eed !s "r!t!"al to the "orre"t o$erat!on of the N.R tool. +e$end!ng
u$on the tool ga!n and the T? a!t t!mes &e!ng used2 the logg!ng s$eed and
#ert!"al resolut!on are determ!ned. *ur#es "an &e d!s$la)ed !n real3t!me on the
logg!ng run2 sho!ng s!gnal to no!se rat!os and r!ng!ng. The .RIL tool has a log
"alled the *HI that !s a measure of the ;ual!t) of the "al"ulated T> de"a) "ur#es
determ!ned from the e"ho de"a) am$l!tudes.
Short $olar!sat!on t!mes /T?0 !ll underest!mate $oros!t). If the T? !s !n"reased
and $oros!t) !n"reases then the tool should o$erate at th!s ne T?. The "orre"t
T? !s "r!t!"al s!n"e h)dro"ar&on &ear!ngs :ones are usuall) here $oros!t) !s
underest!mated.
Other "he"7s are5 3
N.R E%e"t!#e $oros!t) A N.R Total $oros!t)
*lean ater flled format!on .PHI E *ross $lot $oros!t)
'G
Correction2
No en#!ronmental "orre"t!ons are a$$l!ed to the N.R tool.
Interpretation
FIGURE :: HIGH AN% #O= PERMEA*I#IT8 ECHO TIMES
Ea"h $ore s!:e has d!%erent de"a) t!mes and a s$e"!f" T> t!me "onstant. H!gh
$ermea&!l!t) large $ores ha#e slo e"ho t!mes and h!gh T> #alues. Lo
$ermea&!l!t) small $ores ha#e fast e"ho t!mes and lo T> #alues.
FIGURE ;: THE T" RE#APATION TIME
-!gure 4( sho the "on#ers!on from mult!$le $ore s!:es !n the e"ho de"a) t!me
$lot to the T> d!str!&ut!on $lot.
FIGURE 1<: ECHO TIMES %EPEN%S UPON PERMEA*I#IT8
Although $oros!t!es are the same2 $ore s!:e !s d!%erent and therefore e"ho de"a)
t!mes are d!%erent and $ermea&!l!t) s!gn!f"antl) d!%erent The T> #alue !s
$ro$ort!onal to the surfa"e to #olume rat!o of the $ore s$a"e h!"h !s a measure
of the s!:e of the $ore s$a"e. Lo T> #alues o""ur !n lo $ermea&!l!t) format!ons
and h!gh T> #alues o""ur !n h!gh $ermea&!l!t) format!ons.
'N
Permea&!l!t) from N.R
FIGURE 11: *OUN% F#UI%S AN% FREE F#UI%S ON THE T"
SPECTRUM
Yen)on $ermea&!l!t)5
7 E aPHIKF/T>2log0K>
here a E Fm+J/ms0K> for sandstone
a E Fm+J/ms0K> for "ar&onates
PHI E $oros!t)
T>2log E the logar!thm!" mean T> !n mse"
T!murJ*oates $ermea&!l!t)5
7 E aOPHIKF/--IJD-C0K>
here aO E 4(((m+ for sandstone
PHI E $oros!t)
--I E .o#ea&le 6u!d #olume
D-C E Dound 6u!d #olume
?ater saturat!on from N.R
FIGURE 1": T" REPRESENTATION OF 5ARIOUS F#UI% T8PES
D) sele"t!ng d!%erent T> "ut3o%s2 the #ar!ous &!ns "an &e a$$l!ed to "la)
&ound ater /.*D?02 "a$!llar) &ound ater /.DCI02 free mo#a&le ater2
l!ght o!l2 hea#) o!l and gas /.DC.0.
H(
Dound ?ater Saturat!on5
S& E /.*D?8.DCI0
/.*D?8.DCI8.DC.0
H)dro"ar&on Saturat!on5
Sh" E /Col. o!l and gas0
/.*D?8.DCI8.DC.0
The &ottom $art of -!gure 4B shos ho a long a!t t!me T? !ll !n"rease
the #olume of o!l and gas determ!ned from the N.R. Also a long TE !ll
mo#e the free ater #olume to the left.
The "orre"t T? and TE #alues are "learl) "r!t!"al to d!st!ngu!sh!ng the
d!%erent 6u!ds !n the format!on. Uones of !nterest should ha#e mult!$le
$asses to "onfdentl) esta&l!sh hat #alues should &e used.
*aut!on5 The #olume of h)dro"ar&on us!ng the a&o#e ment!oned method !s
h!ghl) de$endant on the res!dual h)dro"ar&on. S!n"e the tool measures !n
the !n#aded :one2 th!s method !s less e%e"t!#e here S!rr !s h!gh and
h)dro"ar&ons ha#e &een 6ushed out.
H4

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Petrophysics Logging Tools

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SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL LOG

The SP de6e"ts to the left /3#e SP0 found !n $ermea&le format!ons

The SP de6e"ts to the r!ght /8#e SP0 found !n $ermea&le

E -ormat!on ater res!st!#!t)

E Per"entage of ater !n $ore s$a"e /?ater

rat!o !s greater than >.'

E -ormat!on ater res!st!#!t)

E Per"entage of ater !n $ore

rat!o !s less than >.'

or the !n#aded mud

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