THE Z-TRANSFORM

1. Lecture5- 51minutes
5.1
d.
2. Comments
TheFouriertransformdoesnotconvergeforallsequences. Specifically,
dependingonthedefinitionofconvergenceused,thesequence is
requiredtobeeitherabsolutelysummableorhavefiniteenergy. Itis
usefultonotethat foranLSI systemthe conditionfor stability
corresponds tothe conditionforconvergenceoftheFouriertransform
of theunit-sampleresponse (i.e.thefrequency response). The
z-transformrepresentsageneralization oftheFouriertransformto
includesequencesforwhichtheFouriertransformdoesn'tconverge;
andcanbeinterpretedastheFouriertransformofthesequence
modifiedbymultiplicationwithacomplexexponential.
Associatedwiththez-transformis aregionofconvergence,i.e. aset
ofvalues of zforwhichthetransformconverges. Asillustratedin
thelecturetwodifferentsequencescanhave z-transforms ofthesame
functionalformandthus forwhichthez-transforms aredistinguished
onlybytheirregionsofconvergence. Thisemphasizesthe importance
oftheregionofconvergence inspecifyingthez-transform. Based
onthepropertiesoftheregionof convergenceitis oftenpossible
toindicate implicitlythe regionofconvergenceforthez-transform.
Forexample anindicationthatasequence is right-sidedimpliesthat
theregionofconvergencelies outsidetheoutermostpoleinthe
z-plane. Correspondingstatementscanbemadeabout left-sidedand
two-sided sequences. Also,fora"stable"sequence,theregionof
convergenceincludestheunitcircleinthez-plane. Thus ifit is
indicatedthataz-transformcorrespondstoastablesequencethen
its regionofconvergence is implied.
5.2
3. Reading
Text: Readsections 4.0 (page149) through4.2.
4. Problems
Problem5.1
Determinewhichofthe following sequenceshaveFourier transforms
whichconverge:
(i) x(n)=
2
nu(n)
(ii) x(n)= 2n u(-n)
(iii) x(n)= (_ n u(n)
(iv) x(n)= u(n)
Problem5.2
(a) For eachofthe followingsequencessketchthepole-zero
patternoftheirz-transforms. Includean indicationoftheregion
ofconvergence.
(i) 6(n) + (_ n u(n)
(ii) 1-nu(n)
(iii) (1)nu(n) + (_ n u(n)
(iv) 6(n) -. 6(n- 3)
(v)
n
(b) Fromyourresults inpart (a)determinewhichofthosesequences
couldcorrespondtothe unitsampleresponseofastablesystem.
5.3
Problem5.3
Considerasequencex(n)withz-transformX(z). Thepolezero
pattern for X(z) is shownbelow:
Unitcircle
1/3
2
3
FigureP5.3-1
(a) Determinethe region ofconvergenceof X(z) if itis knownthat
the Fouriertransformof the sequenceconverges. Forthis case
determinealsowhether thesequence is right-sided, left-sidedor
two-sided.
(b) If itis notknownwhetherthe Fouriertransformof x(n) converges
butthe sequence isknown tobe two-sidedhowmanydifferent
possiblesequencescould thepole-zeropatternof figureP5.3-1
correspond to? Foreach ofthesepossibilities indicate theassociated
regionofconvergence.
Problem5.4
LetX(z) denotethe z-transformofx(n). Determine in termsof
X(z) the z-transformofx(n+ n
0
). If youhavedifficultydeciding
howtoproceedyoumayfindit helpfulto firstconsideranexample
such asx(n)=( )n u(n)and n
0
1.
*
Problem5.5
Determinethe z-transformof eachof the following. Includewithyour
answertheregionofconvergence in the z-planeandasketchof the
pole-zeropattern. Express all sums in closedform. a canbe complex.
(a) x(n)= a r0< |al < 1
(b) x(n) = Arncos (W
0
n+ f)u(n), 0<r<1
5.4
1, O<n<N- 1,
(c) x(n) =-0, N < n,
0, n < 0.
n, 0<n < N,
(d) x(n) =- 2N - n, N+ 1 < n < 2N,
J 0, 2N <n,
L0,r O > n.J
[Hint (easy way): Firstexpressx(n) intermsofthex(n) inpart (c).]
*
Problem5.6
Forasequencex(n) whichis zeroforn< 0,showthatlim X(z) = x(O).
zo
Whatis thecorresponding theoremifthe sequenceis zero forn> 0?
*
Problem5.7
Letx(n) denoteacausal sequence; i.e., x(n)= 0,n< 0. Furthermore,
assume thatx(0) 60.
(a) Showthattherearenopolesor zerosofX(z) atz=
(b) Showthatthenumberofpoles inthe finite z-planeequalsthe
numberof zeros in thefinite z-plane. (Thefinitez-planeexcludes
z = 00.)
5.5
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