SPATA Intro To Eurocode 2 4 Oct 2012

08/10/2012
SPATA Training 4 Oct 2012 - Eurocode 2 1

Introduction to Eurocode 2
SPATA Training
4 October 2012
Charles Goodchild
BSc CEng MCIOB MIStructE
The Concrete Centre
2
Setting the scene for the Eurocodes,
their format,
their hierarchy,
how they interact.
An overview of Eurocode 2,
highlighting changes from and
comparing it to BS8110
How it all fits together.
Outline
3
Setting the scene
Eurocodes are
being/ will be
used in:
EU countries
EFTA Countries
Malaysia
Singapore
Vietnam
Sri Lanka
Others?
CEN National Members
Austria Belgium
Cyprus Czech Republic
Denmark Estonia Finland
France Germany Greece
Hungary Iceland Ireland
Italy Latvia Lithuania
Luxembourg Malta The
Netherlands Norway
Poland Portugal Romania
Slovakia Slovenia Spain
Sweden Switzerland
United Kingdom
4
EN 1990
Basis of Design
EN 1991
Actions on Structures
EN 1992 Concrete
EN 1993 Steel
EN 1994 Composite
EN 1995 Timber
EN 1996 Masonry
EN 1999 Aluminium
EN 1997
Geotechnical
Design
EN 1998
Seismic
Design
Structural safety, serviceability
and durability
Design and detailing
Geotechnical & seismic
design
Actions on structures
Eurocode Hierarchy
5
58 Parts to Eurocodes plus National
Annexes
Culture shock / steep learning curve
New symbols and terminology
Affects all materials
Confusion over timescales
Costs:
Training
Resources
Challenges of the Eurocodes
6
BS 8110 and all old structural design British Standards have now
been withdrawn. There will be a period of co-existence between
our current codes and the Eurocodes.
DCLG letter: Building Control will continue to consider the
appropriate use of relevant standards on a case by case
basis.. [The traditional] British Standards may not necessarily
be suitable .. in the medium and long term.
DCLG 2012 Consultation document Eurocodes only in AD A by
2013?
Insurers? Large projects? International projects?
Scottish Technical Handbook: The structural design and
construction of a building should be carried out in
accordance with the following Structural Eurocodes.
Eurocodes: Timescales
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7
Eurocodes: Timescales
Highways:
HA IAN 124/11 July 2011
3 Implementation
Unless otherwise agreed with HA Project Sponsors/Project
Managers and the Technical Approval Authority (TAA),
Eurocodes must be used for the design of new and
modification of existing highway structures (including
geotechnical works), . . . .
8
Most of Europe using the same basic design codes:
Increased market for UK consultants
Increased market for UK manufacturers
Reduced costs when working in several European
markets
Greater transferability of highly skilled staff
Greater understanding of research, proprietary products
etc.
Reduce software development costs
Technically advanced codes
Logical, organised to avoid conflicts between codes
Opportunities
9
Each Eurocode Contains:
a. National front cover
(e.g. Eurocode 2)
Format of the Eurocodes
10
b. National forward
11
b. National forward
c. CEN front cover
12
b. National forward
c. CEN front cover
d. Main text and annexes
(which must be as
produced by CEN)
08/10/2012
13
b. National forward
c. CEN front cover
d. Main text and annexes
(which must be as
produced by CEN)
e. Annexes - can by
normative and/or
informative
National
Annex
(NA).
15
Values of Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs)
(NDPs have been allowed for reasons of safety, economy and durability)
Example: Min diameter for longitudinal steel in columns
|
min
= 8 mm in text |
min
= 12 mm in N.A.
The decision where main text allows alternatives
Example: Load arrangements in Cl. 5.1.3 (1) P
The choice to adopt informative annexes
Example: Annexes E [Strength class for durability] and
J [particular detailing rules] are not used in the UK
Non-contradictory complementary information (NCCI)
TR 43: Post-tensioned concrete floors design handbook
The National Annex provides:
16
+ PDs
+ NA
+ NA
+ NAs
+ NA
+ NA
EN 1990
Basis of Design
EN 1991
Actions on Structures
EN 1992 Concrete
EN 1993 Steel
EN 1994 Composite
EN 1995 Timber
EN 1996 Masonry
EN 1999 Aluminium
EN 1997
Geotechnical
Design
EN 1998
Seismic
Design
Structural safety, serviceability
and durability
Design and detailing
Geotechnical & seismic
design
Actions on structures
Eurocode Hierarchy
These
affect
concrete
design
17
BS EN 1990 (EC0): Basis of structural design
BS EN 1991 (EC1): Actions on Structures
BS EN 1992 (EC2): Design of concrete structures
BS EN 1993 (EC3): Design of steel structures
BS EN 1994 (EC4): Design of composite steel and concrete structures
BS EN 1995 (EC5): Design of timber structures
BS EN 1996 (EC6): Design of masonry structures
BS EN 1997 (EC7): Geotechnical design
BS EN 1998 (EC8): Design of structures for earthquake resistance
BS EN 1999 (EC9): Design of aluminium structures
The Eurocodes
Eurocode
Basis of structural design
EN 1990 provides comprehensive information and guidance
for all the Eurocodes, on the principles and requirements for
safety and serviceability.
It gives the safety factors for actions and combinations of
action for the verification of both ultimate and
serviceability limit states.
08/10/2012
19
Published 27 July 2002
Says that structures are to be designed, executed
and maintained so that, with appropriate forms of
reliability, they will:
Perform adequately under all expected actions
Withstand all actions and other influences likely
to occur during construction and use
Have adequate durability in relation to the cost
Not be damaged disproportionately by
exceptional hazards
Eurocode: BS EN 1990 (EC0):
Basis of design
Eurocode EC0
Representative value of an action
Design value of an action = F
d
=
F
F
rep
=
F
( F
K
)
where
F
K
= the characteristic value of action
F
rep
= F
K
- is the representative value
= Four values, namely, 1.0 or
0
or
1
or
2
Q
k
= Characteristic Value (of a variable action)
0
Q
k
= Combination Value
1
Q
k
= Frequent Value
2
Q
k
=Quasi-permanent Value
Greek Alphabet
The ULS is divided into the following categories:
EQU Loss of equilibrium of the structure.
E
d,dst
E
d,stb
STR Internal failure or excessive deformation of the
structure or structural member.
E
d
s R
d
;
GEO Failure due to excessive deformation of the ground.
FAT Fatigue failure of the structure or structural members.
Eurocode EC0
Ultimate Limit State Categories
23
Generally for one variable action: 1.25 G
k
+ 1.5 Q
k
Provided:
1. Permanent actions < 4.5 x variable actions
2. Excludes storage loads
Eurocode: ULS Actions
Design values of actions, ultimate limit state persistent and
transient design situations (Table A1.2(B) Eurocode)
Combtion
expression
reference
Permanent actions Leading
variable
action
Accompanying variable
actions
Unfavourable Favourable Main(if
any)
Others
Eqn (6.10)
G,j,sup
G
k,j,sup

G,j,inf
G
k,j,inf

Q,1
Q
k,1

Q,i

0,i
Q
k,i
Eqn (6.10a)
G,j,sup
G
k,j,sup

G,j,inf
G
k,j,inf

Q,1
0,1
Q
k,1

Q,i

0,i
Q
k,i
Eqn (6.10b)
G,j,sup
G
k,j,sup

G,j,inf
G
k,j,inf

Q,1
Q
k,1

Q,i

0,i
Q
k,i
Eqn (6.10) 1.35 G
k
1.0 G
k
1.5 Q
k,1
1.5
0,i
Q
k,i
Eqn (6.10a) 1.35 G
k
1.0 G
k
1.5
0,1
Q
k
1.5
0,i
Q
k,i
Eqn (6.10b) 0.925x1.35G
k
1.0 G
k
1.5 Q
k,1
1.5
0,i
Q
k,i
24
Load arrangements to EC2
08/10/2012
25
Load arrangements to EC2
alternative to UK NA
26
Characteristic combination (Normally used for irreversible
limit states)
G
k,j
+ Q
k,1
+ E
0,I
Q
k,I
Frequent combination (Normally used for reversible limit
states)
G
k,j
+
1,1
Q
k,1
+ E
2,I
Q
k,I
Quasi-permanent combination (Normally used for long
term effects and appearance of the structure)
G
k,j
+ E
2,I
Q
k,I
Eurocode: SLS Actions
27
Eurocode
Eurocode: SLS Actions -
28
Eurocode: Annex A
Action
0

1

2
Category A: domestic, residential areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category B: office areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category C: congregation areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category D: shopping areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category E: storage areas 1.0 0.9 0.8
Category F: traffic area
(vehicle weight < 30 kN)
0.7 0.7 0.6
Category G: traffic area
(30 kN < vehicle weight < 160 kN)
0.7 0.5 0.3
Category H: roofs 0.7 0 0
Snow (For sites located at altitude H
<1000 m asl)
0.5 0.2 0
Wind loads on buildings (BS EN 1991-1-4) 0.5 0.2 0
29
The Eurocodes
30
Eurocode 1 has ten parts:
1991-1-1 Densities, self-weight and imposed loads
1991-1-2 Actions on structures exposed to fire
1991-1-3 Snow loads
1991-1-4 Wind actions
1991-1-5 Thermal actions
1991-1-6 Actions during execution
1991-1-7 Accidental actions due to impact and explosions
1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges
1991-3 Actions induced by cranes and machinery
1991-4 Actions in silos and tanks
Eurocode 1: Actions
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31
Eurocode 1 Part 1-1: Densities, self-weight and
imposed loads
Bulk density of reinforced concrete is 25 kN/m
3
The UK NA uses the same loads as BS 6399
Plant loading not given
Eurocode 1
32
The Eurocodes
33
Date UK CEB/fib Eurocode 2
1968 CP114 (CP110 draft) Blue Book (Limit state design)
1972 CP110 (Limit state design) Red Book
1975 Treaty of Rome
1978 Model code
1985 BS8110 Eurocode 2 (EC)
1990 Model Code
1993 EC2: Part 1-1(ENV) (CEN)
2004 EC2: Part 1-1 (EN)
2005 UK Nat. Annex.
2006 BS110/EC2 PD 6687
2010 EC2 Model Code 2010
Eurocode 2 is more extensive than old codes
Eurocode 2 is less restrictive than old codes
Eurocode 2 can give more economic structures [?]
Eurocode 2: Context
34
Code deals with phenomenon, rather than element types so
Bending, Shear, Torsion, Punching, Crack control, Deflection
control (not beams, slabs, columns)
Design is based on characteristic cylinder strength
No derived formulae (e.g. only the details of the stress block is
given, not the flexural design formulae)
No tips (e.g. concentrated loads, column loads, )
Unit of stress in MPa
Plain or mild steel not covered
Notional horizontal loads considered in addition to lateral loads
High strength, up to C90/105 covered
No materials and workmanship
Part of the Eurocode system
Eurocode 2 & BS 8110 Compared
35
Concrete properties (Table 3.1)
BS 8500 includes C28/35 & C32/40
For shear design, max shear strength as for C50/60
Strength classes for concrete
f
ck
(MPa) 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 90
f
ck,cube
(MPa) 15 20 25 30 37 45 50 55 60 67 75 85 95 105
f
cm
(MPa) 20 24 28 33 38 43 48 53 58 63 68 78 88 98
f
ctm
(MPa) 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0
E
cm
(GPa) 27 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 41 42 44
f
ck
= Concrete cylinder strength f
ck,cube
= Concrete cube strength
f
cm
= Mean concrete strength f
ctm
= Mean concrete tensile strength
E
cm
= Mean value of elastic modulus
Eurocode 2
36
Product form Bars and de-coiled rods Wire Fabrics

Class

A

B

C

A

B

C

Characteristic yield
strength fyk or f0,2k (MPa)

400 to 600

k = (ft/fy)k

>1,05

>1,08

>1,15
<1,35

>1,05

>1,08

>1,15
<1,35

Characteristic strain at
maximum force, cuk (%)

>2,5

>5,0

>7,5

>2,5

>5,0

>7,5

Fatigue stress range

(N = 2 x 10
6
) (MPa) with
an upper limit of 0.6fyk

150

100

In UK NA max. char yield strength, f
yk
, = 600 MPa
BS 4449 and 4483 have adopted 500 MPa
Reinforcement properties (Annex C)
08/10/2012
37
Extract BS 8666
38
Nominal cover, c
nom
Minimum cover, c
min
c
min
= max {c
min,dur
; c
min,b
; 10 mm}
Axis distance, a
Fire protection
Allowance for deviation, c
dev
bond | durability as per BS 8500
10 mm
Tables in Section 5 of part 1-2
Eurocode 2 - Cover
39
BS EN 1992-1-1 & Cover
Minimum cover, c
min
= max {c
min,b
; c
min,dur
;10 mm}
c
min,b
= min cover due to bond (= |)
c
min,dur
= min cover due to exposure
see BS 8500 Tables A3, A4, A5 etc
a
Axis
Distance
Reinforcement cover
Axis distance, a, to
centre of bar
a = c + |
m
/2 + |
l
Scope
Part 1-2 Structural fire design gives several methods for fire engineering
Tabulated data for various elements is given in section 5
BS EN 1992-1-2 Structural Fire Design
EC2 - Cover
41
Provides design solutions fire exposure up to 4 hours
The tables have been developed on an empirical basis
confirmed by experience and theoretical evaluation of tests
Values are given for normal weight concrete made with
siliceous aggregates
No further checks are required for shear, torsion or
anchorage
No further checks are required for spalling up to an axis
distance of 70 mm
For HSC (> C50/60) other rules apply
Section 5. Tabulated data
Part 1-2 Fire: Section 5.
42
fi
= N
Ed,fi
/ N
Rd
or conservatively 0.7
Part 1-2 Fire Section 5. Tabulated data
Columns: Method A
08/10/2012
43
Standard
fire
resistance
Minimum dimensions (mm)
Possible combinations of a and bmin
where a is the average axis
distance and bmin is the width of
beam
Web thickness
bw
R 30
R 60
R 90
R 120
R 180
R 240
bmin= 80
a = 15*
bmin= 120
a = 25
bmin= 150
a = 35
bmin= 200
a = 45
bmin= 240
a = 60
bmin= 280
a = 75
160
12*
200
12*
250
25
300
35
400
50
500
60
450
35
550
50
650
60
500
30
600
40
700
50
80
100
110
130
150
170
Part 1-2 Fire Section 5. Tabulated data
Continuous Beams
44
For grades of concrete up to C50/60,
cu
= 0.0035; q = 1 ; = 0.8 ;
fcd = o
cc
fck/
c
= 0.85 fck/1.5 = 0.57 fck fyd = fyk/1.15 = 435 MPa
Derived formulae include:
z/d = (1 + (1 + 3.529K)
0.5
] / 2 (where K = M/bd
2
f
ck
)
A
s
= M
Ed
/(1.15 f
yk
z )
K = 0.207 (o = 1. But UK best practice limits x/d to 0.45 max
which in turn limits K to 0.167)
Eurocode 2 - Flexure
The following flowchart outlines the design procedure for rectangular
beams with concrete classes up to C50/60 and grade 500 reinforcement
Determine K and K from:
Note: o =1.0 means no redistribution and o = 0.8 means 20% moment redistribution.
Beam doubly reinforced
compression steel needed
Is K K ?
Beam singly reinforced
Yes
No
ck
2
f d b
M
K = 21 . 0 18 . 0 6 . 0 ' &
2
= o o K
Carry out analysis to determine design moments (M)
It is often recommended in the UK that K is limited to 0.168 to ensure ductile failure
o K
1.00 0.208
0.95 0.195
0.90 0.182
0.85 0.168
0.80 0.153
0.75 0.137
0.70 0.120
EC2 - Flexure
Design Flowchart
Calculate lever arm z from:
* A limit of 0.95d is considered good practice, it is not a requirement of Eurocode 2.
| | * 95 . 0 53 . 3 1 1
2
d K
d
z s + =
Check minimum reinforcement requirements:
d b
f
d b f
A
t
yk
t ctm
min , s
0013 . 0
26 . 0
> >
Check max reinforcement provided A
s,max
s 0.04A
c
(Cl. 9.2.1.1)
Check min spacing between bars > |
bar
> 20 > A
gg
+ 5
Check max spacing between bars
Calculate tension steel required from:
z f
M
A
yd
s
=
EC2 - Flexure
Flow Chart for singly reinforced section
| | * . . d K
d
z 95 0 53 3 1 1
2
s + =
EC2 - Flexure
essential design by hand
435 MPa
= 500/1.15 =
where K = M/bd
2
f
ck
z = d x z/d
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z
Check min reinforcement provided A
s,min
> 0.26(f
ctm
/f
yk
)b
t
d (Cl. 9.2.1.1)
Check max reinforcement provided As,
max
s 0.04Ac (Cl. 9.2.1.1)
Check min spacing between bars > |
bar
> 20 > A
gg
+ 5
Check max spacing between bars
48
Strut inclination method
u cot
sw
s Rd, ywd
f z
s
A
V =
21.8 < u < 45
Eurocode 2 Beam shear
08/10/2012
49
Eurocode 2 vs BS8110: Shear
Shear
reinforcement
density
A
s
f
yd
/s
Shear Strength, V
R
BS8110: V
R
= V
C
+ V
S
Test results V
R
Eurocode 2:
V
Rmax
Minimum links
Less links!
(but more
critical)
Safer!
EC2 - Shear
Design Flow Chart for Shear
Yes (cot u = 2.5)
Determine the concrete strut capacity v
Rd
when cot u = 2.5
v
Rd
= 0.138f
ck
(1-f
ck
/250)
Calculate area of shear reinforcement:
A
sw
/s = v
Ed
b
w
/(f
ywd
cot u)
Determine v
Ed
where:
v
Ed
= design shear stress [v
Ed
= V
Ed
/(b
w
z) = V
Ed
/(b
w
0.9d)]
Determine u from:
u = 0.5 sin
-1
[(v
Ed
/(0.20f
ck
(1-f
ck
/250))]
Is v
Rd
> v
Ed
?
No
Check maximum spacing of shear reinforcement :
s
(,max
= 0.75 d
For vertical shear reinforcement
51
We can manipulate the
Expressions for concrete
struts so that
when
v
Ed
< v
Rd,cot u =2.5
,
then
cot u = 2.5 (u = 21.8)
and
A
sw
/s = v
Ed
b
w
/(f
ywd
.2.5)
f
ck
MPa
v
Rd cot u = 2.5
MPa
20 2.54
25 3.10
28 3.43
30 3.64
32 3.84
35 4.15
40 4.63
45 5.08
50 5.51
Shear
Eurocode 2 Beam shear
essential design by hand
52
The deflection limits stated to be:
Span/250 under quasi-permanent loads to avoid impairment
of appearance and general utility
Span/500 after construction under the quasi-permanent
loads to avoid damage to adjacent parts of the structure.
Deflection requirements can be satisfied by the following
methods:
Direct calculation (Eurocode 2 methods considered to be an
improvement on BS 8110) .
Limiting span-to-effective-depth ratios
Eurocode 2 Deflection
53
Is basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 >Actual l/d?
Yes
No
Factor F3 accounts for stress in the reinforcement
F3 = 310/o
s
1.5
where o
s
is tensile stress under characteristic load or
As,prov/As,reqd
Check complete
Determine basic l/d
including K for structural system
Factor F2 for spans supporting brittle partitions > 7m
F
2
= 7/l
eff
Factor F1 for ribbed and waffle slabs only
F
1
= 1 0.1 ((b
f
/b
w
) 1) 0.8
Increase
A
s,prov
or f
ck
No
Eurocode 2 Flow chart for L/d
54
Basic span/effective depth ratios
20.5
Percentage of tension reinforcement (A
s,reqd
/bd)
S
p
a
n

t
o

d
e
p
t
h

r
a
t
i
o

(
l
/
d
)
Structural
system
K
Simply
supported
1.0
End span 1.3
Internal span 1.5
Flat slab 1.2
Cantilever 0.4
f
ck
= 30,
= 0.50%
08/10/2012
55
EC2 Columns: Design moments
1st order moments:
M
01
= Min {|M
top
|,|M
bottom
|} + e
i
N
ed
M
02
= Max {|M
top
|,|M
bottom
|} + e
i
N
ed
where
e
i
= Max {I
o
/400, h/30, 20}
(20 mm usually critical)
For stocky columns:
Design moment, M
Ed
= M
02
56
For Slender columns,
M
Ed
= Max[M
02
, M
0e
+M
2
, M
01
+ M
2
/2]
Where
M
2
= nominal 2
nd
order moment
M
2
= N
Ed
e
2
where e
2
= fn(deflection)
There are alternative methods for calculating
eccentricity, e
2
, for slender columns
Actions
Effective length, l
0
First order moments
Slenderness,
Slenderness limit,
lim
Is >
lim
?
Yes
No
Design Moments M
Ed
Slen-
der
Calculate A
s
Detailing
M
0e
M
0e +
M
2
EC2 Columns: Slenderness (7)
& 2
nd
order moments
57
Slenderness = l
0
/i
where
l
0
= Effective length,
= Fl
. . . . . of which more later (or use BS8110 factors!}
Actions
Effective length, l
0
First order moments
Slenderness,
Slenderness limit,
lim
Is >
lim
?
Yes
No
Design Moments, M
Ed
Slen-
der
Calculate A
s
Detailing
EC2 Columns: Slenderness
& 2
nd
order moments: Slenderness
i = radius of gyration
= \(I/A)
For a rectangular section, = 3.46 l
0
/ h
For a circular section, = 4 l
0
/ h
58
Actions
Effective length, l
0
First order moments
Slenderness,
Slenderness limit,
lim
Is >
lim
?
Yes
No
Design Moments, M
Ed
Slen-
der
Calculate A
s
Detailing
l
0
= l l
0
= 2l l
0
= 0,7l l
0
= l / 2 l
0
= l l /2 <l
0
< l l
0
> 2l
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
2
2
1
1
45 , 0
1
45 , 0
1
k
k
k
k
F = 0,5
Braced members:
Unbraced members:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
+
k
k
k
k

k k
k k

2
2 1
1
2 1
2 1
1
1
1
1 ; 10 1 max F =
u
M
u
& 2
nd
order moments: Effective length & F
F
59
1 . 0
2
>
=
b
l
E
l
E
k
b
c
c
I
I
(From PD 6687:
Background paper to
UK NA)
Where:
I
b
,I
c
are the beam and column uncracked
second moments of area
l
b
,l
c
are the beam and column lengths
k = relative stiffness
= (u / M) (EI / l)
Actions
Effective length, l
0
First order moments
Slenderness,
Slenderness limit,
lim
Is >
lim
?
Yes
No
Design Moments, M
Ed
Slen-
der
Calculate A
s
Detailing
& 2
nd
order moments: Effective length & F
F: working out k (each end)
(From Eurocode 2)
Alternatively...
60
Slenderness = l
0
/i
Actions
Effective length, l
0
First order moments
Slenderness,
Slenderness limit,
lim
Is >
lim
?
Yes
No
Design Moments, M
Ed
Slen-
der
Calculate A
s
Detailing
& 2
nd
order moments: Effective length : F from k
1 . 0
2
>
=
b
l
E
l
E
k
b
c
c
I
I
k
i
= relative stiffness
each end
F
l
0
= Fl
And
08/10/2012
61
Allowable Slenderness
lim
= 20ABC/\n
where:
A = 1 / (1+0,2
ef
)
ef
is the effective creep ratio;
(if
ef
is not known, A = 0,7 may be used)
B = \(1 + 2e) e = A
s
f
yd
/ (A
c
f
cd
)
(if e is not known, B = 1,1 may be used)
C = 1.7 - r
m
r
m
= M
01
/M
02
M
01
, M
02
are first order end moments,
|M
02
| > |M
01
|
(if r
m
is not known, C = 0.7 may be used)
n = N
Ed
/ (A
c
f
cd
)
Actions
Effective length, l
0
First order moments
Slenderness,
Slenderness limit,
lim
Is >
lim
?
Yes
No
Design Moments, M
Ed
Slen-
der
Calculate A
s
Detailing
& 2
nd
order moments: Allowable Slenderness
62
Actions
Effective length, l
0
First order moments
Slenderness,
Slenderness limit,
lim
Is >
lim
?
Yes
No
Design Moments, M
Ed
Slen-
der
Calculate A
s
Detailing
105 kNm 105 kNm 105 kNm
-105 kNm
105 kNm
r
m
= M
01
/ M
02
= 0 / 105
= 0
C = 1.7 0
= 1.7
r
m
= M
01
/ M
02
= 105 / -105
= -1
C = 1.7 + 1
= 2.7
r
m
= M
01
/ M
02
= 105 / 105
= 1
C = 1.7 1
= 0.7
lim
= 20ABC/\n
& 2
nd
order moments: Allowable Slenderness & C
63
If
Slenderness > Allowable slenderness
Then include nominal 2
nd
order moment, M
2
M
2
= N
Ed
e
2
where e
2
= fn(deflection)
There are alternative methods for calculating
eccentricity, e
2
, for slender columns
Actions
Effective length, l
0
First order moments
Slenderness,
Slenderness limit,
lim
Is >
lim
?
Yes
No
Design Moments M
Ed
Slen-
der
Calculate A
s
Detailing
M
0e
M
0e +
M
2
& 2
nd
order moments
64
Eurocode 2: Column design
So we have
N
Ed
and M
Ed
!!!!
If using column charts we want:
N
Ed
/bhf
ck
and M
Ed
/bh
2
f
ck
from which we get:
A
s
f
yk
/bhf
ck
65
Eurocode 2: Column design
A
s
f
yk
/bhf
ck
= 1 A
s
/bd = 6%
for C30/37 concrete and B500 steel
The design value of the ultimate bond stress, f
bd
= 2.25 q
1
q
2
f
ctd
where f
ctd
should be limited to C60/75
q
1
=1 for good and 0.7 for poor bond conditions
q
2
= 1 for | s 32, otherwise (132- |)/100
a) 45 s o s 90 c) h > 250 mm
h
Direction of concreting
> 300
h
b) h s 250 mm d) h > 600 mm
unhatched zone good bond conditions
hatched zone - poor bond conditions
o
250
EC2 Detailing: Ultimate bond stress
08/10/2012
l
bd
=
1

2

3

4

5
l
b,rqd
> l
b,min
However:
(
2

3

5
) > 0.7
l
b,min
> max(0.3l
b
; 15|, 100mm)
EC2 Detailing:
Design Anchorage Length, l
bd
EC2 Detailing: Alpha values
For members without shear reinforcement this is satisfied with a
l
= d
al
AFtd
al
Envelope of (MEd /z +NEd)
Acting tensile force
Resisting tensile force
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd lbd
lbd
lbd
AFtd
Shift rule
For members with shear reinforcement: a
l
= (M
Ed
/z) + 0.5V
Ed
Cot u
But it is always conservative to use a
l
= 1.125d
EC2 Detailing
Curtailment of reinforcement
70
BS EN 1990
BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
BS EN 1991
ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES
BS EN 1992
DESIGN OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
Part 1-1: General Rules for
Structures
Part 1-2: Structural Fire Design
BS EN 1992
Part 2:
Bridges
BS EN 1992
Part 3: Liquid
Ret.
Structures
BS EN 1994
Design of
Comp.
Struct.
BS EN 13369
Pre-cast
Concrete
BS EN 1997
GEOTECHNICAL
DESIGN
BS EN 1998
SEISMIC DESIGN
BS EN 13670
Execution of
Structures
BS 8500
Specifying
Concrete
BS 4449
Reinforcing
Steels
BS EN 10080
Reinforcing
Steels
Eurocode 2: relationships
BS EN 206
Concrete
NSCS
DMRB?
NBS?
Rail?
CESWI?
BS EN 10138
Prestressing
Steels
71
Specifications
BS EN 13670
72
BS EN 13670 & NSCS
New Types of Finish
Hierarchy of Tolerances
Includes NA
Types of Finish as BS EN 13670
Hierarchy of Tolerances
Green Issues
BS EN 13670
08/10/2012
73
BS EN 1990
BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
BS EN 1991
ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES
BS EN 1992
DESIGN OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
Part 1-1: General Rules for
Structures
Part 1-2: Structural Fire Design
BS EN 1992
Part 2:
Bridges
BS EN 1992
Part 3: Liquid
Ret.
Structures
BS EN 1994
Design of
Comp.
Struct.
BS EN 13369
Pre-cast
Concrete
BS EN 1997
GEOTECHNICAL
DESIGN
BS EN 1998
SEISMIC DESIGN
BS EN 13670
Execution of
Structures
BS 8500
Specifying
Concrete
BS 4449
Reinforcing
Steels
BS EN 10080
Reinforcing
Steels
Eurocode 2: relationships
BS EN 206
Concrete
NSCS
DMRB?
NBS?
Rail?
CESWI?
BS EN 10138
Prestressing
Steels
74
Eurocode 2 & the UK
what does it mean?
A paper by Moss and Webster (BS8110 vs EC2, TSE 16/03/04)
concluded:
big impact
learning curve
not wildly different from BS8110 in terms of the design approach.
similar answers
marginally more economic.
less prescriptive and more extensive than BS8110
gives designers the opportunity to derive benefit from the
considerable advances in concrete technology over recent years
believe that after an initial acclimatisation period, EC2 will be
generally regarded as a very good code.
75
Flat slabs: Economic depths
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0
SPAN, m
S
L
A
B

D
E
P
T
H
,

m
m
IL = 5 kN/m
2
To BS8110 incl 1.5 SDL
IL = 2.5 kN/m
2
To BS8110 incl 1.5 SDL
To
EC2
EC2: up to 25 mm
shallower @ 9 m
EC2: up to 15 mm
shallower @ 6 m
Revd 12 May 10
To BS8110
5 to 7 % savings?
76
Concise Eurocode 2
RC Spreadsheets
How to
compendium
www. eurocode2.info
ECFE scheme sizing
Worked Examples
Properties
of concrete
Technical publications (CCIP)
Scheme design
Precast Design
Manual
Precast Worked
Examples
Concise Eurocode 2
for Bridges
77
Concise Eurocode 2
Clarity
Clear references
Comment
Design aids
78
How to compendium
08/10/2012
79
Spreadsheets to BS EN 1992-1-1
(and UK NA)
TCC11 Element design
TCC12 Bending and Axial Force
TCC13 Punching Shear
TCC14 Crack Width
TCC21 Subframe analysis
TCC31 One-way Solid Slabs (A & D)
TCC31R Rigorous* One-way Solid Slab
TCC32 Ribbed slabs (A & D)
TCC33 Flat Slabs (A & D) (single bay)
TCC33X Flat Slabs. Xls (whole floor)
TCC41 Continuous beams (A & D)
TCC41R Rigorous* Continuous Beams
TCC42 () Post-tensioned Slabs & Beams (A & D)
TCC43 Wide Beams (A & D)
Spreadsheets
TCC51 Column Load Take-down & Design
TCC52 Column Chart generation
TCC53 Column Design
TCC54 Circular Column Design
TCC55 Axial Column Shortening
TCC71 Stair Flight & Landing Single
TCC81 Foundation Pads
TCC82 Pilecap Design
80
Design Guidance
New Concrete Industry Design
Guidance is written for Eurocode 2
TR 64 Flat Slab
TR43 PT
TR58 Deflections
Text books
81
Introduction to Eurocode 2
Charles Goodchild,
BSc CEng MCIOB MIStructE
The Concrete Centre
www.concretecentre.com
www.eurocode2.info

SPATA Intro To Eurocode 2 4 Oct 2012

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08/10/2012

SPATA Training 4 Oct 2012 - Eurocode 2 1

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