.

,
.

1983. ,
BCPL. H . .
. ,
C. , ,
. , . , , , ,
C. ... !
, , C .

, C.

""
. ,

.

1 .
2 "" .
, -

20

 1:

("") ""
-, , , ..

C
(modularity) ,
""
. C ()
. (function)
(local variables), ""
.

C :

C . , , ,
.
100
105!!!
, .

C
( ),
, (interpreter's),
(compiler's) .
23

BASIC ..
. C .
(compiler).
(source code)

(
).
(compile time),
.
,
(executable code),
, /.
,
,
.

.
, .
, ,
. ().
, ,
.

, , (RAM) /.
.
24

.

.

.
.

1.1

,
, .

32

,


. .

 1:

,

.
0.

1.2

100 .

C .

C "" ,
.


.

C : int, char
float.

,
.

.

, , .

.

33

"" C.
,
.
.

C,
"Hello world".
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
printf("Hello world");
}

, main() Hello world.

- .

#include <stdio.h>
C
stdio.h . / C. / (.. printf () ), 3 (#include) .
main()
main() C.
,

38

(IDE) .
.

 2: C

main().
, main() .
{

main().

printf("Hello world");
printf()
. "Hello
world".

main().

, ,
#include <stdio.h>
main(). ,
main().

, C. , , :
#include <stdio.h> main() {
printf("Hello world");}

C 3 :
main():
. main(). main(), C,
:
main()
{

39

 2: C

a = rand() a.

rand(); rand() , .
. ,
C:
printf("T")
5 (
).

10 ( 5+5) a 10.

T 14 ( 10+4) b.


14, .

4 ( 91).

C main()
. C
, main(),
.

.

.

C char, int, float.

57


.


( 1) ( 0).
 =
, .. a=b+3

.

2
2.1

a, b, c
:
main()
{
int a,b,c=3;
a=b=2;
a=c+b;
}

2.2

58

a, b, c
:
#define MM 23
main()
{
const int c=3;
int a,b;
a=4+(b=2);
b=c+b+MM;
}

C
, C
: int, float, char.
.
RAM /, RAM
1 byte.

/; .
(byte), / .

/
32bit
INTEL, int bytes, float , char byte.
(
) byte.

,

:
char a,gramma;
float pososto;
int b;

62

 3:

( ) .
byte ( ) "" .
, . a
( 1), gramma ( 8),
pososto ( 3,4,5, 6), b ( 350000,
350001, 350002, 350003).
,
, :
.
byte (
) .

, :
a
b
pososto
gramma

000001
 350000
 000003
 000008


bytes .

C ,
.

&

& , . , , &a 1 &gramma 8.

, / 32bit INTEL, 4 bytes .

63

 3:

scanf()

C ,
. .

scanf()
.
, . scanf()
printf():
scanf(" ", 1, 2, 3,....., N); ,

(format string)
. :

, (1~N).
%c
%d
%f
.

. scanf()

, . , :
"%d %d"
, ( ).

. scanf()
. , scanf() . , :
"%d,%d"

67

. 10,
" ##", ""
( ## ).

3.1

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int b1,b2,b3;
float mo;
printf(" :");
scanf("%d %d %d",&b1,&b2,&b3);
mo=(b1+b2+b3)/3.0;
if(mo>=10)
printf(" %f\n",mo);
else
printf("\n");
}

3.2

72

3_p3_1.c

scanf()
b1,b2 b3.
.

:
main()
{
int a,b,c;
float d;
scanf("%d %d",a,b);
int k;
scanf("%c",&c);
if(c==1)
printf("NAI\n");
else
printf("OXI\n");
}

scanf() .
&a,&b.

, %d.

 3:

3
,
, . 

3.1

3.2

; 
main()
{
int a=4,b=5;
char ch;
ch='A';
printf("%d %d %c",a,b,ch);
printf("%d %d %d\n",a,b,ch);
printf("%d\n%d \n%c\n",a,b,ch);
printf("\n");
}

3.3

3.4

3
, ,
. : 6
: 2
: 10
6,2,10 18
6,2,10 120
6,2,10 6
.

; 

main()
{
int a,b;
float f;
char ch;
printf("%d %d %d\n",sizeof a,sizeof f,sizeof ch);
75

int

int

(integer) C. , .
.

int

.
.
int 4 bytes.

4 bytes -2.147.483.648
+2.147.483.647. bit ' 31 ( 32 bits 0
31) 31
.

int

C , int , : long int short int.

int :
int _1, _2, ....;
long int :
long int _1, _2, ....;

80

 4: int

long _1, _2, ....;

int ,
.

short int :

short int _1, _2, ....;

short _1, _2, ....;

 int long int 4 bytes5 (32 bits)

-2.147.483.648 +2.147.483.647.
short int 2 bytes (16 bits) -32.768 +32.767.

(unsigned)

int (int, long int short int)

, unsigned
, :
unsigned int _1, _2, ....;

unsigned long int _1, _2, ....;

unsigned short int _1, _2, ....;

unsigned bytes
. ,
bit ,
. , unsigned
, (
).

, . , :
5

16bit, int 2 bytes, long int 4.

81

int a=4,b=8;

a b,
4 8 .

"" , C
.

C.


++ -- C.

++ --

.
..

++a;

a++;

--a;

+
*
/

++
--

1
1

a--;

++ 1,
-- 1.
( ).

main()
{
int a,b;
b=a=5;
++a;
--b;
printf("a=%d b=%d\n",a,b);
}

++a a 1
(6) --b b
1 (4). printf()
: a=6 b=4

, ++ -- . (
).

82

char

char

(characters) C. C
char. , .

char

char . , :
''
'1'
'*'

char.

!!!

( )
char . ASCII7 . , :
printf("%c %d\n",'A','A');

65 ( ASCII ).

C .
.

, :
5 + '*'  47 (5 + 42 ASCII '*').

printf("%d %c\n",'A'+1,'A'+1);  66 .
7

.
ASCII .

100

 5: char

66 ''+1 %d "" printf() .

%c "" printf()
''+1 ( 66) . , ASCII 66.

(escape characters) (escape sequences). , .

C :
\n

new line ( )

\b

backspace ( )

\f

form feed ( )

\r

carriage return ( )

\t

tab ( ))

\\

backslash (o " ", \)

\'

(')

\"

(")

\0

null character (byte 00000000)

,
printf()
:

" "
9

printf("\n\" \"\n 9\n");

(")
printf(), .
\".
101

, tab,
(whitespace characters).
, .

char

char :

char _1, _2, ....;

char 1 byte (8 bits). ASCII , .

C , .

, :
int a,b;
char ch;
ch='A';
a=ch+2;

// ch ASCII '' 65

a 67 (65+2).

( ) ( ) getch(), getchar() putch().

getch()
getch() .
<Enter>. -

102

float

float

(floating point) C. C float.
( ).

float

float .
float,
(.), :
123.45
123.0
123.
0.1

float.

float

(floating point), float double. float 4

bytes, double 8. double
.
float :

float _1, _2, ....;

double _1, _2, ....;

long float _1, _2, ....;
long float double.

116

 6: float

(floating point)

int
*

char.
/

float ( double) .

 %, ++ -- float. C ( gcc DEV C++) float

++ --.

printf()

:
21.234
5467.1

main()
{
float a,b;
a=21.234;
b=5467.1;
printf("%f\n",a);
printf("%f\n",b);
}

,
,
...
() , %f printf() :
%n.mf

117

n (
) m .
, %8.3f 8
3 .
, :

main()
{
float a,b;
a=21.234;
b=5467.1;
printf("%8.3f\n",a);
printf("%8.3f\n",b);
}

21.234
5467.100

scanf() float

scanf() . , .

6_float_scanf.c
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
float a;
double b;
printf(" :");
scanf("%f",&a); // float a
printf(" :");
scanf("%lf",&b); // double b
printf(" %f %f\n",a,b);
}

 (
double), scanf(), %lf %f.

118

H C (" "). if switch-case.

if

if
( ), ( ) .
if :

if

if - else

if - else if

H if

To if :
if ( ) -A;

if , (), - .
(),
if.

C
: 1 0 .

, C
( 7.3).

if. - (compound statement).

if:

124

 7:

if(a==5) printf("a=5\n");

if(a==5)
printf("a=5\n");

if(a==5)
{
printf("a=5\n");
}

, - :
if(a==5)
{
printf("a=5\n");
printf(" \n");
}

if-else

if ( ) -; else -;

, if , (),
- . (), -.
if .
if-else.
.
if-else:

if(a==5) printf(""); else printf("");

if(a==5)
printf("");

125

else
printf("");
if(a==5)
{
printf("\n");
printf(" - A\n");
}
else
{
printf("\n");
printf(" - B\n");
}

if - else if

else
if.

if-else if
. - . ..:

if(_-1)
{
-A1;
}
else if(_-2)
{
-A2;
}
...
else if(_-)
{
-A;
}

126

_-1

_-2

_-3

"" goto

C, ,
goto . C ,
(labels) "" .
(label)
(:), :
telos:

.
goto (
).

goto :

goto ;

1
1.

main()
{
1
int a;
2
3
a=0;
4
pali:
printf("%d\n",++a); // a 1
goto pali;
// pali
}

142

 8:

 pali (;). , (;). goto

(goto pali;)

main()
{
int a;
a=0;
pali: printf("%d\n",++a);
goto pali;
}

goto .
goto, .
.
C
goto.

while

while C.
while .
. , while a 0.
a=5;
while (a>0)
{
printf("a=%d\n",a);
--a;
}

a 0. ,
.

143

( ) while (
) .
while :

while (_)
;

while (_) ;

while (_)
{
1;
2;
}
while.

C ,
.
0,
.

while " C ",

1 .
''. .
while (1) printf(" C \n");

, a,
. ,
"".
144

 8:

8_while1.c

a=5
a=4
a=3
a=2
a=1

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int a,b;
a=5;
while (a>0)
{
printf("a=%d\n",a);
--a;
}
printf("\n");
}

(ASCII 32).

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
char ch;
ch='';
while (ch!=32) ch=getch();
printf(" \n");
}

8_while2.c

while
. C, .

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
char ch='';
while ((ch=getch()) != 32);
printf(" \n");
}

8_while3.c

: while
.

145

continue

continue break.
( break), . .
// while
while (1)
{
ch=getch();
if (ch==27) continue;
putch(ch);
.............
}
printf(" while\n");

// do-while
do
{
ch=getch();
if (ch==27) continue;
putch(ch);
.............
}
while (1);
printf(" do-while\n");
// for
for (i=1;i<=100;++i)
{
ch=getch();
if (ch==27) continue;
putch(ch);
.............
}
printf(" for\n");

156

continue

( ). (
)
continue .

while (1)
{
ch=getch();
if (ch==27) goto pali;
putch(ch);
pali:
}
printf(" while\n");

,
Esc (ASCII 27), continue

.

 8:

goto .

( 10),
.
0, , 1.
,
0, , .
-
.
cnt sum. ,
scanf() a.

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int a,cnt,sum;
cnt=sum=0;
while (cnt<12)
{
printf(" :");
scanf("%d",&a);
cnt++;
sum=sum+a;
}
printf("=%d\n",sum);
}

8_sum.c

cnt
sum 0.
12 ,
.

a.
(a),
cnt 1.
(a) sum.

.

157

C.
main(),
C. : printf(), scanf(), getch() ..
""
, .
, "" .
, C
:

main()
{
main();
main();
}

function-1()
{
function-1();
function-1();
}
function-2()
{
function-2();
function-2();
}
function-N()
{
function-N();

172

 9:

function-N();
}

. main () .

C ,
. (int, float ..) .
,
,
(void).
, "" .
C .
, .

_ _ ( 1, 2, ...)

 , void.
 , C
int.

173

 ( ) , ,
.

.

.

,

.

, 5 10. void.
, ,
.

void display_numbers()
{
int i;
for (i=5;i<=10;i++) printf("%d\n",i);
}

main()
{
printf(" \n");
display_numbers();

174

5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10.

 9:

printf(" \n");
display_numbers();
}

main() display_numbers() . . A
.

.
. . ,
.

func(1,2)
.

func(), func(1,2).
(), .

display_numbers() ,
.

175

 9:

, ,
.

int add(int x, int y)

{
............
............
}

,
, :
int add(x,y)
int x,y;
{
............
............
}

.
.

add()
main().
main()
{
int a,b,c;

183

.
.

a=10;
b=20;
c=add(a,b);
printf("%d\n",c);
}

int add(int x, int y)

{
int ss;
ss=x+y;
return(ss);
}

.
.

add()
x y.
,
( 10
20) x y .
, .

' (call by
value),
.

( x y) (formal
parameters) .

184

 9:

,
, .

9.1

int reverse(int ar)

{
int y,p,cnt=0;
do
{
y=ar % 10;
p=ar/10;
printf("%d",y);
cnt++;
ar=p;
} while (p!=0);
return cnt;
}

9.2

9_p9_1.c

8.5
:
10.
.

0.
cnt "" .
cnt.

1 , 2 , 3 (0~9), 0 .
int isgreek(char ch)
{
int ap;
if (ch>='A' && ch<='') // ''=
ap=1;
else if (ch>='' && ch<='')
ap=2;
else if (ch>='0' && ch<='9')
ap=3;
else
ap=0;
return ap;
}

9_p9_2.c

191

9.9

() /2, .
:

18.5
18.5 25
25 30
30

,
(.. ). 0 .
. . 

9.10 f(x)=x4-10x2+2,
x 0 1 0.05. x,
f(x) . f(x) . 

9.11 :

198

1
2
3
4

0.00
0.06
0.13
0.19

,
10 .

.

. 

C . .

.

,
(local), (global), (static).

(local variables)

, ({).
, ,
. .
, ( ), (local variables)
, .

.
#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
int a,b,sum;
printf(" :");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
sum=add(a,b);
printf("=%d\n",sum);
}

200

main().

 10:

add(), ss
add().

x y
.

int add(int x, int y)

{
int ss;
ss=x+y;
return(ss);
}

.
ss.

add()
ss.

,
.

""
, .
, .
#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
int sum;
float a,b;
printf(" :");
scanf("%f %f,&a,&b);
sum=add(a,b);
printf("ss=%d\n",ss);
printf("=%d\n",sum);
}

add() int float.
main() ss
add().

201

(global variables)

C
. (global variable).

.

, a b .
int a,b;
main()
{
a=8;
b=10;
printf("=%d\n",add(a,b));
}

a b main().

x y.

a b add().

int add(int x, int y)

{
int ss;
ss=x+y;
printf("a=%d b=%d\n",a,b);
return(ss);
}

a b.

add()
{
int ss;
ss=a+b;
return(ss);
}

204

a b add() ,
a b.

 10:

. ,
(
main().


,
.

10.1

205

(pointers)
"" .

,
.
, ,
.

,
, .
.
. (1,2,3 ....)
.

()
, .. 5
1 ( / 5).
( / 5). 1.

(1). , ,
1. , ,
:

1 ( ) .

220

 11:

,
/ 5 .
.
- / .
-
, / .

.
C. H
, ,
C.

(Pointer variables)

.

.


. b
a.

,
*. , :
int a,*b;

221

...

,
.


.

& .

*
.

, .

ptr,
a. a 6000.
int a,*ptr;

ptr 6000

ptr=ptr+1;

ptr 6004

++ptr;

ptr 6008

ptr=ptr+3;

ptr 6020

ptr=&a;

ptr 1, 4 3 12!
.

226

 11:

11.1 'A'

"".

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

11_p11_1a.c

main()
{
char *ptr,ch;
int c=0;
ptr="";
while(*ptr != '\0')
{
if(*ptr == '') c++;
ptr++;
}
printf("H %d A\n",c);
}

ptr "" ( , 35500). H *ptr ptr. ptr++ . ptr '', '',

'' ... ptr '\0', . c ''.

.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

11_p11_1b.c

int count(char *p, char ch);

235

(arrays)

. .
. C
.

, .
0 ( 0, 1 ..).
C
:
_ _[]; ..
int a[10];

a 10 .

C
0. , int a[10]
10 a[0] a[9].

.

.
, :

a[5]=45;

246

 12:

45 a (a[0]
, a[5] ).

,
. .

, :
i=5;
a[i]=45;
i=8;
a[i]=64;

a[5] a 45 a[8]
64, :
for (i=0;i<=9;i++) a[i]=45;

a 45.

a 10
1000:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

main()
{
int i,a[10];
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
a[i]=rand();
}
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
if (a[i]>1000) printf("%d\n",a[i]);
}
}

12_random1.c

247

, .

.
, a,
int a.

:
(a[5]), :

*a=12

a[1]=15

*(a+1)=15

a[2]=15

*(a+2)=20

a[9]=34

*(a+9)=34

a[0]=12

, *(a+9) 5036,
a ( 5000) 9
5036! a int, -

248

, for,
.
100 .
:

void fill_it(int a[])

{
int i;
for (i=0;i<100;i++)
{
a[i]=rand();
}
}

100 i 0
99. ,
:
a[0], a[1], ..

void print_it(int a[])

{
int i;
for (i=0;i<100;i++)
{
printf("%d\n",a[i]);
}
}

100 i 0
99. ,
:
a[0], a[1], ..

int athroisma(int a[])

{
int i,sum;
sum=0;
for (i=0;i<100;i++)
{

262

100 :
12_arrays_1d.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>

void minmax(int a[]);

void fill_it(int a[]);
void print_it(int a[]);

main()
{
int pin[100],timi;
fill_it(pin);
print_it(pin);
printf("\n =%d\n",athroisma(pin));
minmax(pin);
printf(" :");
scanf("%d",&timi);
if (find_it(pin,timi))
printf(" \n");
else
printf(" \n");
}

fill_it() pin .

print_it() .

H athroisma()
pin.

minmax() .

, find_it()
pin, .
1 () , 0 ().

264

 12:

,
,
.
,
, .

, a (a[4][3][3]) , ,
.

12.5

,
, .
,
. ;
, ;

273

 12:

(2)
2

a,
. ,
.
for (i),
(j). "" .
...
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

main()
{
int i,j,a[10][5];
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
for(j=0;j<5;j++)
a[i][j]=rand();
}

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

main()
{
int i,j,a[10][5];
for(j=0;j<5;j++)
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
a[i][j]=rand();
}

275

for
(j), (i).
...

(
)
.
,
.. .
a[10][5] ,
2.
a.

10x5.

.

ss
.

int sum(int p[][5])

{
int i,j,ss=0;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
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276

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286

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297

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298

13.1

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316

mathites :
.............
struct stoixeia *ptr;
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13_p13_1&2.c

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326

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grammi.
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ar
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342

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343

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344

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return p;
}

363

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printf (" C \n");
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376

15_separate/bye.c

 15:

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15_separate/main.c

// main.c
#include <stdio.h>
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return 0;
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377

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394

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found
0.
,
1 found
.

395

16.1

402

"" (bubble sort)

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x[i]=x[maxpos];
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405

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16.1 100 -

4
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#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>

16_p16_1.c

void bubblesort2d();

main()
{
int a[100][4];
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<100;i++)
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
a[i][j]=rand();
bubblesort2d(a,3);
for(i=0;i<100;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{
printf("%10d",a[i][j]);
}
putch('\n');
}
}

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413

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#include <stdio.h>
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node
.

struct node
{
int data;
struct node *left;
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18_binary_tree.c

struct node *root;

struct node *newnode(int num);
struct node *find(int key);
struct node *insert(int num);
void display(struct node *ptr);
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struct node *find_right_most();

main()
{
char ch;
int a;
struct node *new;
root=NULL;
while(1)
{
printf("0-> 1-> 2-> ");
printf("3-> 4->:\n");

462

ch=getch();
switch(ch)
{
case '0':
exit(0);

C,
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C, C++ Bjarne Stroustrup

Bell, 1983-1985. 1983, Bjarne Stroustrup
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 19: C, C++

C++
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#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

main()
{
int a,b;
float c;
printf(" 2 :");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
c=(a+b)/2.0;
printf(" %d %d %f\n",a,b,c);
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cout

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490

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float b;
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c='A';
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cout <<"\n";
}

:
491

cout <<"a+2="<<a+2<<" b="<<b<<" c="<<c<<endl;

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492

C

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islower() c
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504

#include <ctype.h>
main()
{
char ch;
do
{
ch=getch();
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} while(islower(ch));
}

 : C

int isupper(int c);

isupper() c
, 0.

int isprint(int c);

isprint() c
( ), 0.

int tolower(int c);

tolower() c. .

tolower('A')

'a'.

int toupper(int c);

toupper()
c. .

toupper('a')

'A'.

<math.h>

double exp(double x);

exp() e
x (ex).

f e4.

505

DEV C++

DEV C++

DEV C++
C C++. GCC (Win32) (console applications)
Windows (GUI applications). DEV C++
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DEV C++.

DEV C++.

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DEV
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524

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525