( )
() .

:

,

.

 -FDM
(Frequency Division Multiplex)


.

 -FDM

.

 -FDM



FDM


12 (4kHz ) = 48kHz
60kHz 108kHz

60
FDM 5 312
kHz 552 kHz

10


WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

WDM :

( )


( )

1997 Bell Labs

100 , 10 Gb/s
1Tb/s

160
10Gb/s

(Alcatel) 256
39.8 Gb/s
10.1 Tb/s
100km

WDM

FDM
.


(
)

.

WDM



1550nm

200MHz

50GHz

 (WDM)

 (WDM)


TDM (Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing)

()


TDM (Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing)

(time slots)

.

.

TDM



:
,

1 (PCM30) 32
, 1-15 1731

0
.

16
.

.

.

1
.



TDM

//

ITU-T ( )

- DS-1
24
8

193



DS-1

24



DS-2 DS-1 6.312Mbps

SONET/SDH

Synchronous Optical Network (ANSI)

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (ITU-T)

Synchronous Transport Signal level 1 (STS-1)

Optical Carrier level 1 (OC-1)

51.84Mb/s

DS-3 (DS1 DS1C

DS2) ITU-T (. 2 048Mb/s)
STS-1 STS-N
ITU-T 155.52Mb/s (STM-1)

SONET/SDH

 TDM

TDM

TDM

 TDM

 TDM-

) ()

) ()

 CDMA
(Code Division Multiple Access)

( ).

 CDMA
(Code Division Multiple Access)

CDMA
.

2011. 500

:
IS 95 - Interim Standard 95,
CDMA2000.

 CDMA

CDMA :
,
,

.

.




.

 CDMA

(-)

CDMA
1,25Hz
.

chip
rate


.

 CDMA

128-

CDMA
.

FDMA TDMA CDMA

CDMA -

(voice encoder).



.

CDMA -

64

(EOR)
.

CDMA -

:
PN
(PN pseudo-random)



.

CDMA

128
.


800 MHz.

CDMA

CDMA -

.



PN



20 msec
,

.


OFDM




A, B C

A.B=B.C=C.A=0
(A+B+C).A=(mod A)^2
(A+B+C).B=(mod B)^2
(A+B+C).C=(mod C)^2

A
C




f 1 ( t ) = A sin( wt )
f 2 ( t ) = B cos( wt )
+T

f 1 ( t ) f 2 ( t ) dt = 0

f m ( t ) = M sin( mwt )
f n ( t ) = N cos( nwt )
+T

f m ( t ) f n ( t ) dt = 0


m.n

f (t ) = sin( wt ) sin(2 wt )

T
sin(mwt)sin(nwt)dt = 0 where m n
0
T
sin(mwt)cos(nwt)dt = 0
0
mw nw

m- n- w

OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM)

FDM


.


(guard band) .

 OFDM


1, 1, 1, -1, -1,-1
1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1,
-1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1,
-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1

C1

C2

C3

C4

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

 OFDM


BPSK

Modulated signal for C1

Modulated signal for C2

Modulated signal for C3

Modulated signal for C4

 OFDM

OFDM =
N 1

V (t ) = I (t ) sin( 2nt )
n =0

V(t)

Generated OFDM signal, V(t)

OFD