11

11.1
m
m . m m
r
r .
m m
r
mm
mm r
F = G 2 r = G 3 r .
r
r

(11.1)

. ,
(.., , , )
.
.
.
m1
r
m2 . m1 r1 m2
r
r2 . m1
m2

r
mm
mm
r r
F12 = G r 1 r2 3 (r1 r2 ) = G r 1 r2 2 n ,
r1 r2
r1 r2

(11.2)

r r
r1 r2
r r
r1 r2 n = r r
r1 r2

m2 m1 .

r
r r
r1 = 0 ( m1 ) r2 = r
(11.2) (11.1).
n m2 m1 .
r
r
r r
r r
r1 r2 A , r1 r2 = A .
r
r r r
r1 = r2 + A , r2
r
r r r
r
A r1 . A = r1 r2
r
r
r2 r1 .
r r
m2 m1 . n A / A .

11.2
,
.
, .
1:
.
1: , = 0
( ) r
, = (r ) ( ),

.
: 1 ,
.
2: ,
r
,
.
: 1
2. ,
.
:
2:
.
3: :
= 0 r
, = (r ) , r (
)
r .
11.1: .
m .
, m
.
: z .
t = 0 z (0) = R , R
. M ,
M
0 =
. 3, m
4R 3 / 3

 z ,
z ,
3

z
4
3
M ( z ) = 0 z = M 3 .
3
R
M ( z) m
Mm
= G 3 z m
G
2
R
z

d 2z
Mm
= G 3 z ,
2
dt
R

z > 0 z < 0
. ,
,
z (t ) = R cos t ,

GM
.
R3

11.1: ,
.
m .
, m
.

11.3

.
.
.
11.2: M x
x = 0 x = L > 0 .
m x > L .
: = M / L .
x x + dx , 0 < x < L .
dm = dx .
(11.2)
m . dm m
r
m dm
dF = G
i.
( x x ) 2

, m

dx
M
= Gm
2

L
0 (x x )

L
r
r
F = dF = Gmi

1
1
x L x i .

dx
M 1
1
= Gm
.
2

L x L x
0 (x x )

F = dF = Gm

, G 2 / 2 .
11.3: M x
x = 0 x = L > 0 .
m y > 0 y .
: = M / L .
x x + dx , 0 < x < L .
dm = dx .
(11.2)
m . dm m
r
m dm
dF = G 2
n ,
x + y2
r
n m dm . A
r
m dm . A = y j + x i . ,

r
x i y j
A
n = r =
.
A
x2 + y2
, m
r
r
M
F = dF = Gm
L

dx( x i y j )
M
0 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 3 / 2 = Gm L
L

1
1

2

y
L + y2

i 1

j .
L2 + y 2
L

, G 2 / 2 .
y , m
. x ,
x , m .
11.2: M x
x = L x = L > 0 .
m y > 0 y .

 11.3: x .
x m
y > 0 y .
11.4: R
. m
.
: R xy
. y > 0 .

x .
+ d . R d
dm = R d . dm m
r
m dm
m dm
dF = G 2 r = G 2 (cos i + sin j ) .
R
R

, m

r
r
m
m
F = dF = G
d (cos i + sin j ) = 2G
j.

R 0
R

.
11.4: R
. m
.
11.5: xy
. xy m
z > 0 z .
: xy
r r + dr .
m . z .
, G ,
, G 2 / 2 .
.

11.3
,
,
,

 .
.
11.5: M x
x = 0 x = L > 0 .
x x = 2 L
x = 3L .
: = M / L .
x x + dx , 0 < x < L
x x + dx , 2 L < x < 3L
dm = dx
. , dm = dx
.
(11.2) . dm dm
r
dm dm
dF = G
i.
( x x ) 2
,

dx
1
3
1

= G2 i dx
= G2 ln 2 ln i .
2

2
x L x

0 (x x )
2L

L
3L
r
r
2
F = dF = G i dx
2L

3L

r
4
F = G2 ln i .
3

.
G2 .

.
11.6: x 1 .
x 2
y y = L y = 2 L .