Chemistry of Life Lecture 2

Bio molecules all are organic, based on carbon

Carbs energy, structure, attached to proteins and act as antigens
Monosaccharaides glucose, fructose, galactose; combine w/ ester linkage between C-1
and hydroxyl group of C-5: dehydration synthesis glycosidic bond; DNA and RNA
nucleotides are 5 C sugars pentose; simple carbs
Disaccharide simple carbs
Sucrose glucose + fructose; plant transport sugar; table sugar
Lactose glucose + galactose; milk sugar
Maltose glucose + glucose
Polysaccharide made of glucose/modified glucose; can have different glycosidic bonds
w/ different branching properties; complex carbs
Starch plant storage
Glycogen animal storage
Cellulose plant structure; beta-1,4 linkage
Chitin fungal cell walls/ arthropod exoskeletons; polymer of N-acetyl
glucosamine (NAG)
Peptidoglycan alternating NAG and NAM (N-acetyl muramic acid) has 2
chains on bottom Cs
Lipids not considered monomers/polymers; insoluble in water; hydrophobic, non-polar
Triglycerides fats/oils; 3 fatty acids joined to tri-alcohol glycerol w/dehydration
synthesis; long-term energy storage; cushioning/insulation
Phospholipids amphipathic hydrophilic/hydrophobic; has an a R-group on phosphate
that stuff like serine can attach to; structural basis of membranes and lipid-transporting
lipoproteins HDL and LDL high and low density to liver from blood and vice versa
respectively
Sterols/steroids ring structure; cholesterol; sex hormones and other hormones;
sunlight hits cholesterol and turns to Vitamin D, cortisol; cell membranes and hormones
Proteins amino acid polymers joined by peptide/amide bonds by dehydration synthesis; 20
animal amino acids; central C bound to amino, carboxylic acid, an H, and an R-group; contain
calories and excess will be converted to fat in this process they are de-aminated and form urea
Primary sequential amino acid order
Secondary local H-bonding interactions between amino and acid groups form
structures such as helix and sheet; R-groups are not involved
Tertiary H- bonds;, ionic/electrostatic/hydrophobic interactions between the R-groups
cause folding
Quaternary folded polypeptides associate with each other and form functional
protein; hemoglobin, immunoglobin/antigen
Nucleic acids nucleotide polymers formed by phosphodiester bonds, DNA, RNA; 5 C sugar,
phosphate group, N base