Di Nolfo История МО

HCTOPHh
NLhVHAPOHMX
OTHOBLHHH
1u1B1uuu
Ouuno n Hoatgo
Opamanci k ynymum uufafcnnm pycckoio hcpcnona sfou knu-
iu, cuufak ncoxonumim, hpcxnc nccio, nipasufi mok uckpcn-
nkk naionapnocfi fcm, kfo cncnan nosmoxnim sfof hcpcnon, kfo
hpcnocfanun nnn sfoio mafcpuaninic cpcncfna, a fakxc fcm, kfo
ocymccfnun hcpcnon u fcm, kfo kypuponan nck paofy n nayunom
hnanc. B hcpnyk oucpcni n nonxcn honaionapufi Muxauna Ha-
punckoio, hpoq. MIHMO, kofopiu occhcuun nicokuu nayuniu
yponcni usnanun, Apfcma Maniiuna, noucnfa MIHMO, okasanmc-
io iopnuyk honncpxky u concucfnuc hynukauuu. Hapnny c numu
n nonxcn honaionapufi sa mnoiofpynnyk u ckpyhyncsnyk paofy
ho hcpcnony knuiu kannunafa ucfopuucckux nayk Tamapy Iannony
(Hncfufyf cpannufcninou honufonoiuu IAH) u Ianuny Muxauno-
ny, nakoncu, n xouy nipasufi ocoyk naionapnocfi nokfopy Man-
qpcnu unuhauuu (ynuncpcufcf nopcnuuu), kofopiu kypuponan
nck paofy, kak n fcxnuucckom, fak u n nayunom hnanc. Ocoyk
naionapnocfi mnc xofcnoci i nickasafi n anpcc HHO-Hcnfpa,
cio Ipcsuncnfa Annpcn Kopfynona u uchonnufcninoio nupckfopa
Hpuni akfuononou, kofopic hpcnocfanunu qunanconic u opia-
nusauuonnic pccypci nnn usnanun nacfonmcu knuiu.
S xopomo honumak, ufo pcui uncf o usnanuu, hofpconan-
mcm onimux ycunuu mnoiux nkncu, u nanckci, ufo hponcnannan
paofa yncf oucncna uufafcnnmu.
Knuia honyuuna mupokoc hpusnanuc n Hfanuu u npyiux cfpa-
nax, nincpxan ucfipnanuafi usnanuu. Ona cfana ncoxonumim
honchopicm nnn usyuakmux ucfopuk u nncmnkk honufuky. Tc,
kfo hpoufyf cc, houmyf, ufo, anfop, conknan, nackoniko sfo nos-
moxno, founocfi hpu usnoxcnuu mnoiouucncnnix coifuu, cfa-
nun cnocu ucnik nc hpocncnufi xon coifuu n ysko xpononoiuucc-
kom hnanc, a hpcxnc nccio ninnufi ocnonnic hponcmi, hokasafi
sakonomcpnocfu pasnufun, ofmcfufi cfpykfypnic sncmcnfi, xa-
pakfcpnic nnn mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu n XX nckc. Anfop cfpc-
muncn nc cfoniko ckonucnfpuponafi nnumanuc na xpononoiuu,
ckoniko hokasafi, ufo hpomnoc moxno honnfi foniko n fom cny-
uac, ccnu hpu cio usyucnuu ynyf nincncni ocoic fcmi, kofopic
HFL,HCHCDHL
FJCCCJ H5,AHHK
ynyf paccmofpcni n cnocm pasnufuu. Binoni nc nnnnkfcn u nc
nonxni ifi okonuafcninimu.
Knuia nonxna homoui n usyucnuu ucfopuu mcxnynaponnix
ofnomcnuu u honyucnuu chpanounix cncncnuu, no n cmc onimcu
mcpc hpcnocfanufi nosmoxnocfi nnn pasmimncnuu. S xofcn i
nancnficn, ufo knuia naiocknonno yncf hpunnfa nonimu uufafc-
nnmu, kofopic, hpcononcn nncmnkk cnoxnocfi, oucnnf hocncno-
nafcninocfi usnoxcnun u ofnocufcninyk hpocfofy apiymcnfauuu,
honyuaf cfumyn nnn pasmimncnun nan cnoxnocfik u pasnoopa-
sucm achckfon, kofopic moiyf cnyxufi uncfpymcnfamu nnn honu-
manun hponcm mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu.
:nnuo ,u Ho:iqo
Ahpcni 2OOJ, nopcnuun
6 HcncncBnc cccH nsann
Hfaninnckoc usnanuc sfou knuiu ino nahucano n 1 na-
uanc 2OOO i. Xofn n ncu ananusupycfcn houfu ncci XX nck, onnako,
concpmcnno ncno, ufo n nauanc 2OOJ i., f.c. chycfn nna iona, ncko-
fopic samcuanun, umckmuccn n hocncnncu uacfu knuiu, nonxni
ifi ononncni. Bhpoucm, nu onna knuia ho ucfopuu nc nnnncfcn
okonuafcninou; ncc ucfopuucckuc pckoncfpykuuu cnuncfcnicfnykf
o cocfonnuu snanuu na momcnf, koina onu cosnakfcn, u ofpaxakf
choconocfi anfopa honnfi hpomnoc. Kpomc foio, ufoi n 2OOJ i.
coofncfcfnykmum opasom u, ho nosmoxnocfu, founo ononufi
mafcpuan, ncnocfacf ncoxonumou ucfopuucckou nucfanuuu, nco-
xonumou nnn hpcopasonanun xponuku coifuu n ux hcpnoc ucfo-
puucckoc ocmicncnuc. Iosfomy ccionnn nosmoxni foniko ncko-
fopic omuc samcuanun.
Cfpykfypa knuiu n ucnom nc hpcfcphcna usmcncnuu. Ona cfana
pcsynifafom paofi, hponcnannou n Hfanuu, u hofomy n onimcu
cfchcnu, ucm sfo oiuno hpunnfo, ofpaxacf nnumanuc anfopa k
nncmncu honufukc sfou cfpani. Bosmoxno, nckofopic nconimuc
ncfanu moinu i ifi usmcncni n coofncfcfnuu c ucfounukamu,
ohynukonannimu n hocncnncc npcmn, no n hononix yfouncnunx
onimc nyxnakfcn monoipaquu, ucm hononan paofa cunfcfuucc-
koio xapakfcpa. Oman ucfopuucckan pckoncfpykuun sncci cfpoufcn
n onimcu mcpc na coofncfcfnykmcu apiymcnfauuu, ucm na nchpc-
pinnom ononncnuu xpononoiuucckoio mafcpuana. Iocncnncc cfa-
ncf nosmoxno foniko n ynymux, oncc ofnancnnix usnanunx.
Bhpoucm, yxc n hocncnncu inanc ncno ionopufcn, ufo noccosnan-
nan ucfopun O-x ionon ofpaxacf ckopcc houck omux fcnncnuuu,
ucm honnocfik ofcfonnmuucn cunfcs ucfopuucckux coifuu.
Hmcnno n sfom hnanc coifun, hpoucmcnmuc mcxny 2OOO i. u hcp-
nimu mccnuamu 2OOJ i., hosnonnkf nnccfu nckofopoc nosmoxnoc
nohonncnuc.
Ipcxnc nccio ohfumusm, hponusinakmuu nckofopic cfpanu-
ui, nc nccina naxonuf qakfuucckoc honfncpxncnuc. Xofn u okasa-
noci ncpnim, ufo n ncnymux cfpanax, hcpcxunmux inyokuc usmc-
ncnun, nc hpousomno pcskux hofpnccnuu, u foniko n nauoncc
nccfauninix uacfnx scmnoio mapa ocoic coifun hpuncnu k mu-
HCCHLCHCDHL.
HCDLH LH,JHAFC,HLH HCFH,C?
8
pokomacmfanim u inyokum hcpcmcnam. Ohfumusm, hponnncn-
niu ofnocufcnino nosmoxnocfu ccpicsnou hpccmcfncnnocfu n
hponcncnuu honufuku pcqopm u no nncmncu honufukc Ioccuuckou
cncpafunnou Icchynuku, namcn cnoc honfncpxncnuc. Bnyfpcn-
nnn cfauninocfi u oucnunnoc nospoxncnuc cc mcxnynaponnou
ponu, kaxcfcn, hosnonunu Ioccuu hpcononcfi hcpcxonniu hcpuon,
hocncnonanmuu sa okonuanucm xononnou nouni. B Kufauckou
Haponnou Icchynukc, ho kpauncu mcpc no ahpcnn 2OOJ i., hpco-
pasonanun fakxc nc snanu cocn. Okonomuucckuu pocf cohponox-
nancn unfcncunnim hpoucccom moncpnusauuu, u xofn Kufak cmc
hpcncfouf hpcononcfi oipomnoc pasnuuuc mcxny ioponom u ncpcn-
ncu, on yxc ninnuiacfcn na hcpnic hosuuuu na mcxnynaponnou
apcnc. Hakoncu, hpononxacfcn skonomuucckuu pocf n Hnnuu, ufo,
nosmoxno, hosnonuf cu, nccmofpn na ofnocufcninyk usonnuuk,
hocfchcnno cfafi onnou us ohop nonoio mcxnynaponnoio hopnnka.
B cfpanax Kio-Bocfounou Asuu (n Hnnoncsuu u na unuhhu-
nax) nnyfpcnnnn nahpnxcnnocfi, nahpofun, hpchnfcfnonana sko-
nomuucckomy pocfy u ykpchncnuk hosuuuu sfux cfpan n mcxnyna-
ponnou xusnu. B afunckou Amcpukc, inc, kasanoci, uncf, xofn u
mcnncnno, hpouccc ncmokpafuucckou cfaunusauuu u hocfchcnno
hpoucxonuf oxunncnuc skonomuku, y pynn hpanncnun nc nccina
cfonnu honufuku, choconic pcmafi hponcmi, hocfanncnnic
npcmcncm. B fakux cfpanax, kak Apicnfuna, Ipasunun, Bcnccysna,
Konymun, Icpy (kofopic cnyxaf nauoncc npkum hpumcpom) nc
in hpcononcn nyanusm, cnnsanniu c pocfom pinka fpyna u uc-
nou skonomuucckoio pasnufun. Takum opasom, ncc sahannoc ho-
nymapuc ocfananoci nccfauninim u naxonunoci hon nnunnucm
unfcpncnuuonucfckou honufuku CUA u kpyhnix mcxnynaponnix
skonomuucckux opianusauuu, kofopic pykononcfnonanuci pasno-
ponnimu kpufcpunmu.
Imc oncc fnxcnim ino honoxcnuc n cfpanax Aqpuku, hcpc-
xunanmux hcpuon yhanka. Ymupofnopcnuc n Anionc u Mosamukc,
a fakxc ananoiuuniu hpouccc, na kofopiu nancnnuci n Konio
(3aup), okasanuci unnksopnimu; Kxno-Aqpukanckan Icchynuka
fakxc c fpynom hpcononcnacf fpynnocfu, cnnsannic c hcpnim sfa-
hom camoyhpanncnun. Imc xyxc ocfonf ncna n fakux cfpanax, kak
Comanu, inc nukomy nc ynanoci noccfanonufi iocynapcfncnnyk
nnacfi; n fakux cfpanax, kak ucpun, Kof-n`Hnyap, Opufpcn hnc-
mcnnan opia hpuncna k nounam, n kofopic sauacfyk okasanuci
nonncucnnimu cfpani pciuona Bcnukux aqpukanckux oscp. Aqpu-
ka, sfof ncchokouniu konfuncnf, nc nnnncfcn onimc apcnou cfonk-
noncnun ncpxan uhonnpnou cucfcmi; ona hpunaiacf ncc ycunun,
ufoi camou naufu nixon us skonomuucckou ofcfanocfu.
HccnccncBnc. ncBn Hcnacnn ncc?
B mcxnynaponnix opianusauunx, kofopic, kak hpcncfannnnoci

n 2OOO i., cmoiyf honanufi nauoncc ocfpic nnyfpcnnuc konqnuk-
fi, n 2OOJ i., nccmofpn na ychcxu HATO u OOH n pcmcnuu kio-
cnanckoio kpusuca, ninnunuci inyokuc nnyfpcnnuc hpofunopc-
uun. Ckpific n hpomnom, onu nchixnynu n konuc 2OO2 nauanc
2OOJ i. u hpuncnu k inyokomy packony, ufo snauufcnino oipanu-
uuno ux nccchoconocfi. Inpohcuckuu coks cankuuonuponan n
ahpcnc 2OOJ i. hpucm nonix uncnon, pacmupun uucno yuacfnukon
no 25. Ofo hpuncno k pocfy fpynnocfcu, cnnsannix kak c paspaof-
kou nonoio omcio ycfpoucfna, honiofonncnnoio na ocnonc coof-
ncfcfnykmcio Coinamcnun, fak u ncncncfnuc coxpancnun cfapou
fpanuuuu hponcncnun ncpxannou honufuku.
Mcxny fcm, napnny c sfumu usmcncnunmu u homumo nux, hpo-
usomcn honopof no nncmncu honufukc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon hocnc
uspanun n nonpc 2OOO i. na hpcsuncnfckuu hocf xopnxa Iyma.
Hcpcmufcninan icicmonun, o kofopou ionopunoci na hpcniny-
mux cfpanuuax, honncpinaci cyponomy uchifanuk fcppopucfu-
ucckou afakc ucnamckux qynnamcnfanucfon na amnu Bccmupnoio
fopionoio ucnfpa n Hik-Hopkc n ccnfnpc 2OO1 i. C sfoio momcnfa
Bamunifon cfpouf cnou mcxnynaponnic ofnomcnun kak ofncf na
aipcccuk (unu na nacfonmyk nouny), pasnnsannyk ncnunumim
npaiom, kofopiu foniko cnyuauno pasmccfun cnou asi n Aqianu-
cfanc. Bfopxcnuc n Aqianucfan u pasipom pcxuma fanuon, nnox-
nonufcncm kofopix in Ycama cn ancn, cnuncfcnicfnonanu o
kopcnnom hcpccmofpc amcpukanckou honufuku n mupc. Ofof hcpc-
cmofp n konuc 2OO2 nauanc 2OOJ i. kacancn n nauonimcu mcpc
Hpaka, kofopim cmc yhpannnn Cannam Xycccun. Bfopxcnuc n
Hpak n mapfcahpcnc 2OOJ i. u icfpoc hancnuc pcxuma Xycccuna
nainnnno hokasanu, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi n cnocu nncmncu
honufukc hcpcmnu of ncpcmufcninocfu u konuchuuu mnoiocfo-
ponnocfu k oncc ohpcncncnnim onnocfoponnum ncucfnunm. Bo
nccu cnocu cnoxnocfu nnoni nosnukacf nohpoc o muponom pasnu-
fuu, ncfacf hponcma hpofunocfonnun fcxnonoiuuccku pasnufix
cfpan u cfpan, ncc cmc ofcfanix unu naxonnmuxcn na hopoic yfpa-
fi cnocio hpcxncio cfafyca. Ofu nohpoci safpaiunakf ncc cuni u
cytckfi, ncucfnykmuc na mcxnynaponnou apcnc. Ofu cfpoku hu-
myfcn umcnno n fof momcnf, koina coifun pasnunakfcn, u nc
hpcncfannncfcn nosmoxnim cncnafi kakuc-nuo ninoni, ocfacfcn
foniko ofmcfufi aconkfnyk ncncnocfi nohpoca o qopmuponanuu
Honoio Mcxnynaponnoio Iopnnka.
HccnccncBnc. ncBn Hcnacnn ncc?
Ipcnnaiacman uufafcnk knuia pcsynifaf mnoioncfnux fpynon
hpoqcccopa Onnuo u Honiqo. On nnnncfcn usnccfnim chcuuanuc-
fom n onacfu ucfopuu mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu, pykononufcncm
pnna unfcpnauuonaninix hpockfon n sfou onacfu. B nacfonmcc
npcmn hpoqcccop u Honiqo sanumacf hocf nuuc-hpcsuncnfa
Ynuncpcufcfa nopcnuuu, inc on cosnan usnccfnyk mkony ucfo-
pukon-mcxnynaponnukon.
Knuia hpoqcccopa u Honiqo oomakmuu osopniu fpyn,
hpcnnasnaucnniu nnn cfyncnfon u achupanfon, usyuakmux ucfopuk
mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu. Iaofa ynauno nohonnncf hynukycmic
n nacfonmcc npcmn MIHMO yucnuku ho nannou nucuuhnunc:
ona hpunnckacf ipomannim qakfuucckum mafcpuanom n coucfanuu c
cocfncnnimu opuiunaninimu konuchuunmu anfopa ho hponcmam
ucfopuu mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu.
Ipcnnaiacmiu uufafcnk fpyn oxnafinacf ucfopuk mcxnyna-
ponnix ofnomcnuu of sancpmcnun Icpnou muponou nouni no
qopmuponanun nonoio mupohopnnka n O-c ioni XX ncka. Ipu
sfom anfop nc oipanuuunacfcn ocncmcnucm nncmncu honufuku nc-
nymux ncpxan, on paccmafpunacf ncci komhnckc nnncnuu u coifuu
n cqcpc muponou honufuku coofncfcfnykmcio hcpuona. Hufafcni
ysnacf o pasnufuu hpoucccon nc foniko n Inpohc u Bocfounou
Asuu, no u n afunckou Amcpukc, Aqpukc, Asuafcko-Tuxookcanckom
pciuonc. Hcfopun mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu hpcncfacf n ino-
aninix usmcpcnunx u nsaumocnnsnx. Anfop cosnacf nhcuafnnk-
myk kapfuny hpuopcfcnun mcxnynaponnou honufukou honnunno
nccmupnoio usmcpcnun c napacfanucm pasnoopasnix nsaumocnnscu
mcxny iocynapcfnamu u naponamu pasnuunix konfuncnfon u pciuo-
non. Hc cnyuauno n knuic yncnncfcn cfoni onimoc nnumanuc
hpoucccam nauuonaninoio ocnooxncnun, cyniam iocynapcfn
Asuu, afunckou Amcpuku, Aqpuku. B sfom cmicnc honxon hpo-
qcccopa u Honiqo homoiacf ofoufu of cnpohoucnfpucfckoio
nsinnna na muponic coifun u nnncnun.
Iaccmofpcnuc inoaninix hpoucccon ynauno coucfacfcn n hy-
nukycmom fpync c hokasom pciuonaninou unfcipaiuu. Tak, anfop
CT FL,ATCFA
fmafcnino ananusupycf sapoxncnuc, qopmuponanuc u pasnufuc sa-
hannocnpohcuckou unfcipauuu: of konuchuuu Zana Monnc no
koncfpyuponanun uncfufyfon Inpohcuckoio coksa.
Ipoqcccop Onnuo u Honiqo hocncnonafcnino hpononuf cuc-
fcmniu honxon k mcxnynaponnim ofnomcnunm, hpu kofopom onu
nochpunumakfcn kak ucnocfnoc komhnckcnoc nnncnuc (cucfcma), o-
muc xapakfcpucfuku kofopoio nc cnonnfcn k conokyhnocfu cnoucfn
cocfannnkmux cio komhoncnfon. Ofckna nnumanuc anfopa k oc-
nonnim xapakfcpucfukam cucfcmi, sakonomcpnocfnm cc pasnufun,
fpancqopmauuu cc cnoucfn. Iosfomy ipomanniu qakfuucckuu mafc-
puan knuiu ucfko opianusonan ho hponcmno-xpononoiuucckomy
hpunuuhy c nincncnucm nauoncc naxnix ysnon u honopofnix hyn-
kfon n pasnufuu mcxnynaponnou xusnu.
Iynukycman knuia sfo nc ucfopun nuhnomafuu u naxc nc
foniko ucfopun mcxnynaponnou honufuku n yskom cmicnc sfoio
cnona. Anfop yncnncf oucni onimoc nnumanuc skonomuucckum,
qunanconim, nocnnim achckfam paccmafpunacmix coifuu, sauac-
fyk ocfakmuxcn nnc honn spcnun ofcuccfncnnix anfopon. Hccom-
ncnniu unfcpcc hpcncfannncf cio fpakfonka hponcm pckoncfpyk-
uuu hocnc Icpnou u Bfopou muponix noun. Ipu sfom skonomuka,
qunanci, honufuka hpcncfakf n ncpaspinnom cnuncfnc u nsaumo-
hcpchncfcnuu. Hfaninnckuu yucniu yncnncf onimoc nnumanuc
fakou naxnou hponcmc, kak poni ccfccfncnnix pccypcon u ux
nnunnuc na pasnufuc mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu. Koncuno, poni
pasnuunix pccypcon usmcnnnaci, no cama hponcma ocfananaci.
K coxancnuk, ocnooxncnuc of hccnnomapkcucfckux noim cohponox-
nanoci n namcu ucfopuucckou naykc nckofopim hpcncpcxcnucm k
skonomuucckum u qunanconim hpoucccam. Ipoqcccop u Honiqo
ycnufcnino hokasinacf, ufo cs ananusa sfux naxnix un-
ipcnucnfon ncnosmoxno hpanunino honnfi honufuko-nuhnomafu-
ucckyk ucfopuk. Ofckna cio nnumanuc k sncpicfuucckomy kpusucy
ccpcnuni 7O-x ionon XX ncka, k qunanconim hofpnccnunm n sahan-
nom mupc. B sfom hnanc fpyn hpoqcccopa O. u Honiqo naxcn nnn
poccuuckoio uufafcnn kak ofxon of fpanuuuonnou honufuko-nuhno-
mafuucckou ucfopuu, kak nnuxcnuc k komhnckcnomy, mnoioqak-
fopnomy paccmofpcnuk ucfopuu mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu.
Hccomncnnoc nocfouncfno fpyna ufaninnckoio anfopa of-
paxcnuc ncpaspinnou cnnsu nncmncu honufuku c nnyfpcnncu, c
xapakfcpom pasnuunix honufuucckux pcxumon u ococnnocfnmu
ux ycfpcmncnuu na mcxnynaponnou apcnc. Hcfopun mcxnynapon-
nix ofnomcnuu XX ncka ncofpinna of cnoxnix nsaumoncucfnuu
ncmokpafuuu fofanufapusma, kahufanusma u pcaninoio couuanus-
11 C: ca:ca
12
ma, pcqopmusma u konccpnafusma. Hmcnno ananus nauoncc sna-
uumqx nnyfpcnnux hpoucccon hosnonncf nyumc honnfi snonkuuk
nncmnchonufuucckux kypcon ncnymux iocynapcfn u ocnonnix fcn-
ncnuuu n unfcpnauuonaninou honufukc. Ofo n honnou mcpc of-
nocufcn k pasnufuk Concfckoio Coksa: cfanunusm, xpymcnckan
offchcni, hocncnykmuu sacfou, iopaucnckan hcpccfpouka. Ko-
ncuno, hpu fakfonkc sfux coifuu nosmoxni nckofopic mcnkuc
ncfounocfu, no anfop concpmcnno chpancnnuno honaiacf ncnos-
moxnim ooufu nasnanuc nnncnun.
Ipoqcccop Onnuo u Honiqo nc foniko honccfnycf o coifunx
u nnncnunx n mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnunx, no u hpcnnaiacf ux co-
cfncnnoc ocmicncnuc, opuiunaninyk unfcphpcfauuk, a hopou u
konuchuuu, ofnuuakmuccn of omchpunnfix. Tak, on cuufacf, ufo
knaccuucckan xononnan nouna sakonuunaci n ccpcnunc 5O-x ionon c
sancpmcnucm ohpcncncnun cqcp nnunnun n Inpohc u qopmupona-
nucm hpofunocfonnmux nocnno-honufuucckux nokon. Iocncnykmuc
hcpuoni anfop ohpcncnncf kak cocymccfnonanuc cohcpnuuccfno
u onimyk paspnnky. Ipu sfom ufaninnckuu yucniu hpunnckacf
nnumanuc k fomy ocfonfcnicfny, ufo nnc cncpxncpxani, uipanmuc oh-
pcncnnkmyk poni n uhonnpnou cucfcmc, nicfyhanu nc foniko kak
hpofunocfonnmuc anfaionucfi, no u kak uipoku, umcnmuc omuc
unfcpcci. Cnoxnoc hcpchncfcnuc sfux hpofunopcuunix fcnncnuuu u
ohpcncnnno, ho mncnuk O. u Honiqo, kapfuny mcxnynaponnix of-
nomcnuu co nfopou hononuni 5O-x ionon. Hsnaian cnou coopaxc-
nun, ninnuian cnou konuchuuu, hpoqcccop u Honiqo ocfacfcn uc-
fopukom, usciakmum cfoni monnix ninc honufonoiuucckux chcky-
nnuuu.
Ipcnnaiacman uufafcnk knuia, nccomncnno, nnocuf mnoio no-
noio n namu hpcncfanncnun o nncmncu honufukc Hfanuu. Kak
mnc kaxcfcn, ococnno sfo ofnocufcn k hcpuony JO-x ionon. Anfop
pykou macfcpa nccfnmc pucycf kapfuny mcxnynaponnou honufu-
ku qamucfckou Hfanuu, nncmnchonufuucckux komunauuu u
nuhnomafuucckux mancnpon Mycconunu. Ionimou qakfuucckuu
mafcpuan ycnufcnino ohponcpiacf fpanuuuonnoc ucpno-cnoc
usopaxcnuc coifuu, xapakfcpnoc nnn concfckou ucfopuoipaquu.
B hpcnnoxcnnom konfckcfc hpoqcccop u Honiqo ho-nonomy hpcn-
cfannncf fakuc xopomo usnccfnic n ucfopuu nuhnomafuu nnncnun,
kak hohifka saknkucnun hakfa ucfipcx (1JJ i.) unu cosnanuc
qponfa Cfpcsi (1J5 i.).
Xofcnoci i ofmcfufi fakxc fakf u ocfopoxnocfi, c kofopimu an-
fop knuiu ionopuf o qopmuponanuu nonoio mupohopnnka n O-c ioni
XX cfoncfun u n hcpnic ioni XXI ncka. Ipoqcccopy u Honiqo,
C: ca:ca
1J
kak mnc kaxcfcn, ynanoci niuncnufi nckofopic naxnic fcnncnuuu
pasnufun, uscian cnumkom kafciopuucckux cyxncnuu.
Knuia Onnuo u Honiqo nc ocmacf uufafcnk ncikoio, pas-
nnckafcninoio ufcnun. Ona nacimcna ipomannim qakfuucckum
mafcpuanom n coucfanuu c unfcpccnimu, opuiunaninimu coopa-
xcnunmu u konuchuunmu anfopa. Iaofa nahucana npkum u nc-
hpocfim nsikom co cnoxnim pasnufucm micnu anfopa ho hpucymcu
cu nnyfpcnncu noiukc, n kofopyk xcnafcnino nnuknyfi. Hmcnno
nnn nnymuunoio uufafcnn hpcnnaiacmiu fpyn sauipacf nccmu cnoumu
kpackamu.
cncnuc knuiu na uacfu ocymccfnncno camum hpoqcccopom u
Honiqo n coofncfcfnuu c cio konuchuucu snonkuuu mcxnynapon-
nix ofnomcnuu n XX nckc.
Icpcnonuuku u nayuniu pcnakfop cfpcmunuci nonccfu no uufafcnn
nc foniko cyfi paccyxncnuu hpoqcccopa u Honiqo, no u nckofopic
ococnnocfu cio mancpi usnoxcnun, nsika sfoio fpyna. Tak, nahpu-
mcp, n knuic humcfcn Concfi, kak sfo hpunnfo na 3ahanc, koina
pcui uncf o Concfckom Coksc, o CCCI. B nckofopix, oucni pcnkux,
cnyuanx nayuniu pcnakfop u hcpcnonuuku hosnonunu ccc cncnafi
oionopcnnic hpumcuanun, concpxamuc honcncnun u yfouncnun nnn
uufafcncu pycckoio hcpcnona knuiu Onnuo u Honiqo.
Knuia hpoqcccopa Onnuo u Honiqo pcsynifaf hnonofnopno-
io cofpynnuuccfna Mockonckoio iocynapcfncnnoio uncfufyfa mcxny-
naponnix ofnomcnuu (ynuncpcufcfa) MH Ioccuu c Ynuncpcufcfom
nopcnuuu. Ocnonnim unuuuafopom u opianusafopom sfoio cofpyn-
nuuccfna c ufaninnckou cfoponi ncusmcnno nicfyhacf hpoqcccop
Onnuo u Honiqo. Hc moiy nc ofmcfufi fo nnumanuc u fmafcni-
nocfi, c kofopou on ofncccn k honiofonkc usnanun cnocu knuiu na
pycckom nsikc. Xofcnoci i nipasufi ocoyk naionapnocfi nokfo-
py Manqpcnu unuhauuu sa cio sncpiuunoc u sqqckfunnoc concu-
cfnuc.
Ocoic cnona hpusnafcninocfu n opamak k hcpcnonuukam
sfou knuiu, Ianunc Muxaunonou u Tamapc Iannonou, sa fcphcnuc
u cfapafcninocfi n paofc nan pykohucik fpyna.
1poqeccop J.J. Hupunciuu
C: ca:ca
DDL,LHHL
B hcpuon no nauana ncnukou nouni 114118 ii. nnn cucfc-
mi mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu inu xapakfcpni iochoncfnykmcc
honoxcnuc Inpohi, icicmonun umhcpuu, hcpnic hponnncnun ino-
aninou ponu nnyx iocynapcfn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u uapckou
Ioccuu hnkpanusm ncpxannou honufuku, hcpnic maiu n na-
hpanncnuu uncfufyuuonanusauuu. B nauanc XXI ncka n mupc,
ncfyhunmum n hcpcxonniu hcpuon, konfypi kofopoio hoka cnna
yianinakfcn, ncc sfo hpcncfannncfcn nanckum hpomnim, hcpcucpk-
nyfim nnymn muponimu nounamu u xononnou nounou. Onnako fo
ocfonfcnicfno, ufo sfu cfonknoncnun oxnafunu onimyk uacfi
XX ncka, hosnonncf, kak nukoina pancc, noccosnafi ucnocfnyk uc-
fopuk mcxnynaponnou xusnu nannoio hcpuona.
Hamcpcnuc pasncpnyfi nuckypc, kacakmuucn mcxnynaponnix
ofnomcnuu XX ncka, osnauacf n omcm-fo hocfanufi hcpcn coou
cchpcncnino cnoxnyk sanauy, fo ccfi fakyk, kofopan kacanaci i
nccx achckfon xusnu omccfna. Ccionnn cfano oucnunnim fo, ufo
ncckoniko nccnfuncfuu nasan kasanoci namcpcnnim hpcyncnuuc-
nucm ncmnoiux uccncnonafcncu: nc cymccfnycf achckfon xusnu
omccfna, kofopic uscxanu i nosncucfnun mcxnynaponnix
qakfopon. Okonomuka, honufuka, hpano, fopionnn, fypusm, opaso-
nanuc, kynifypa, chopf ncc sfu onacfu, a fakxc ccuucncnnoc
mnoxccfno npyiux (ux sncci ncsaucm hcpcuucnnfi) cncnycf umcfi n
nuny fomy, kfo saxoucf nafi ucucphinakmuu ananus cucfcmi
mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu. nn nocfuxcnun ncnocfu hpoqcccuo-
naninoio ananusa ncoxonumo cncnafi niop n honisy onnoio us
nomunupykmux achckfon sfoio mnoioopasun qakfopon honu-
fuucckoio achckfa. Kapfuna, kofopyk hpcnhonaiacfcn noccosnafi n
nannom fpync, kacacfcn hpcxnc nccio honufuucckou ucfopuu mcx-
nynaponnix ofnomcnuu. Ofo cosnafcniniu niop, camooipanuuc-
nuc, ufo nc ucknkuacf paccmofpcnun npyiux fcm, a hpcnhonaiacf
cio uchonisonanuc nnn nicfpaunanun honufuucckoio nuckypca.
3ncci fakxc ymccfno honcnufi, ufo fcpmun honufuucckuu
uchonisycfcn nc kak cunonum unu pacmupufcninoc fonkonanuc
fcpmuna nuhnomafuucckuu. Koina-fo, ncponfno n hcpuon no
panuysckou pcnonkuuu, a no mnoiux cnyuanx u nhnofi no Icp-
nou muponou nouni moxno ino oipanuuufi ananus nuhnomafu-
1oconuuemcn +oeu ene
16
ucckum pakypcom, fo ccfi ncnfcninocfik n cqcpc mcxnynaponnix
ofnomcnuu c fouku spcnun cc ocymccfnncnun nuhnomafucu (nkni-
mu u uchonisycmimu umu mcfonamu). Tpancqopmauun cfpykfypi
pcqcpcnfnix nauuonaninix ipyhh, usmcncnuc ponu nunacfuu,
cnnuiu n couuaninom cocfanc u n skonomuucckom pasnufuu of-
ncninix cfpan, usmcncnun couuaninix u honufuucckux cucfcm, sa
kofopimu hocncnonana fpancqopmauun hpoucccon hpunnfun pc-
mcnuu n nohpocax nnyfpcnncu honufuku, ncc sfo numuno nuh-
nomafuk monohonuu n cqcpc mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu. A sfo
osnauacf, ufo ccnu cfpcmncnuc cnccfu ananus mcxnynaponnou ho-
nufuucckou xusnu k cqcpc nuhnomafuucckou akfunnocfu u ino
oncc unu mcncc oocnonannim nnn nauana Honcumcio npcmcnu,
fo k nacfonmcmy momcnfy ono ccn ucucphano. Icui uncf n nan-
nom cnyuac o fcmc, honnunnmcu na mcfononoiuucckyk nuckyccuk
o xapakfcpc ucfopuu mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu u nisnanmcu
kpufuucckuc ofknuku u hponnncnun uacfo hnoxo ckpinacmoio nc-
nononicfna.
Kpufuka nckofopou oipanuucnnocfu fpanuuuonnou nuhno-
mafuucckou ucfopuu hpcncfannncfcn oocnonannou, hofomy ufo u
ccionnn ncc cmc honaiakf nosmoxnim pckoncfpyuponafi c cc ho-
momik ncci honufuucckuu hpouccc usmcncnuu n mcxnynaponnou
xusnu. Icnu xc pcui uncf o honufuucckux hpoucccax, xapakfcpnix
nnn uncien regime, fo fakan hpakfuka hpcncfannncfcn numcnnou oc-
nonanun. Cncnycf noanufi, ufo cymccfnycf ncmano hpumcpon
foio, koina na cmcny icomcfpuucckou hpocfofc uucfo nuhnomafu-
ucckou moncnu pckoncfpykuuu, hpocfofc, nnnnkmcucn cunonumom
ncnocfu, a cncnonafcnino, omymcnun honumanun pcaninix hpo-
ucccon mcxnynaponnou xusnu, nifccncnnoio sa hpcncni nochpun-
fun umcnno ncc nospacfakmum uucnom nonix, nnno nc nuhnoma-
fuucckux mofunauuu n mcxnynaponnix hpoucccax, hpumno npyioc
yhpomcnuc hpu paccmofpcnuu nannou fcmi. Icui uncf o xponono-
iuucckom mcfonc, n kofopom n kauccfnc cucfcmafusupykmcio kpufc-
pun moncnu pckoncfpykuuu cnyxuf hocncnonafcninocfi coifuu,
nukfycman ux pachonoxcnucm ofnocufcnino npyi npyia no npcmcnu.
Onnako naxc ccnu hopnnok, nukfycmiu pachonoxcnucm coi-
fuu no npcmcnu, nc moxcf ifi uckaxcn, hockoniky posrerius (hocnc-
nykmcc) nc moxcf otncnufi prius (hpcnmccfnykmcc), ocfacfcn fo
ocfonfcnicfno, ufo uchonisonanuc xpononoiuucckoio mcfona hpu-
nonuf nccio numi k kafanoiusauuu coifuu, houfu nccina cnnsan-
nix cnoum cncnonanucm npyi sa npyiom, a nc ux pachonoxcnucm
nnyfpu hponcmnoio honn, kofopoc chococfnycf ux honumanuk.
cucfnufcnino, xpononoiuucckuu kpufcpuu nc nnnncfcn ananufu-
ucckum. Hahpofun, nnn foio ufoi cncnafi nuckypc honnfnim,
DBccnnc
17
cncnycf niuncnufi hponcmi, n nannom cnyuac hponcmi honu-
fuucckou ucfopuu mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu. H xofn sfo hpcn-
honaiacf hofcpu c fouku spcnun honnofi (no nc fmafcninocfu),
onnako hosnonncf nincnufi hcpchckfunnic fcmi, sfahi ux sno-
nkuuu ho mcpc hocfanonku ohpcncncnnix hponcm, n omcm nc
hpucian k opcmcnufcninou u nokyununou xpononoiuucckou nc-
fanusauuu. Bhpoucm, hpu fakom honxonc naxc xpononoiuucckuc
hocfpocnun hpuopcfakf onimuu cmicn u snaucnuc.
Mcfon usyucnun hponcm n hpoucccc ux snonkuuu osnauacf
paccmofpcnuc foio, kak ocymccfnnnkfcn nsaumocnnsu mcxny nncm-
numu qakfopamu (mnoxccfncnnim pnnom hcpcmcnnix) u ncucfnun-
mu nkncu unu xc uncfufyuuonaninimu qakfopamu (pasnonahpan-
ncnnou hcpcmcnnou). Ofo otncnncf, houcmy n xonc hponcmnou
pckoncfpykuuu cymnocfnoc nonxno hpconanafi nan ofncninimu
coifunmu, hpcncfannnkmumu cio momcnfaninic unnnkcfpauuu.
Iocncnnuc nnnnkfcn uacfik hcpnix u hponcnnkf ux. Hckoc co-
inamcnuc unu noionop sfo nipaxcnuc momcnfa kpucfannusauuu
nckocu usmcnnkmcucn pcaninocfu. Baxno honnfi, kakoni cna-
iacmic sfou pcaninocfu u kakum opasom sfo ohpcncncnnoc co-
inamcnuc (unu coifuc) hifacfcn saqukcuponafi cc n cfauninom
cocfonnuu. H xofn coinamcnuc sfo, ccfccfncnno, nc ynacfcn, ono
cnyxuf cnocio pona kafanusafopom, ninnnnkmum cocfonnuc pac-
cmafpunacmou hponcmi.
Kak ncnkuu ucfopuucckuu nuckypc, fof, ufo pasnopauunacfcn
na hocncnykmux cfpanuuax, hpcnhonaiacf xcpfnohpunomcnuc o-
iunc Hcfuni. Onnako umcnno sfa oiunn moxcf paccmafpunaficn
foniko kak muqonoiuucckoc honnfuc. Hcfopuucckan ucfuna ccfi
numi cytckfunnan noiuka. Ipomnoc, kofopoc kaxniu anfop xo-
fcn i unu hcpcckasafi, unu pckoncfpyuponafi, unu otncnufi,
unu honnfi, ccfi nchonfopumoc hcpchncfcnuc coifuu, cfumynu-
pykmux cio kynifypnoc u honufuucckoc nochpunfuc. Hcoxonumo
onanafi nkycom, ufoi hpunafi cmicn sfomy hcpchncfcnuk, a nc
hufafi unnksuk ofnocufcnino nosmoxnocfu noccosnanun nccu cio
ucnocfnocfu.
Ofo hpcnhonaiacf niop u cfpykfypuponanuc fcm n cnnsu c ho-
nufuucckumu unfcphpcfauunmu. Anfop nc cuufacf, ufo cymccfnycf
cnuncfncnnoc otncncnuc qakfon hpomnoio, a fakxc nc nymacf,
ufo ccfi cnuncfncnnan nokfpuna, choconan hpcncfanufi ux kak
nayunic. Iononan ncpa n ucfunnocfi u sancpmcnnocfi, kofopan
sncci cosnafcnino ofncpiacfcn, hpunanncxuf unim npcmcnam.
Mnoiuc hifanuci ocymccfnufi cc c homomik napuanfon nuckypca,
nahonncnnix, n ofnuuuc of acfpakfnocfu honufuucckoio nuckypca,
konkpcfnim concpxanucm. Onnou us nauoncc hpunnckafcninix
DBccnnc
18
mcfononoiuu hpcncfannncfcn mcfononoiun, ohocpcnonanno nnox-
nonncnnan mapkcusmom u paspaofannan Iicpom Icnyncnom kak
konuchuun inyunnix cun, fo ccfi kak uccncnonanuc nsaumocnn-
su mcxny honufuucckou xponukou u nckofopimu cfpykfypnimu
qakfopamu (ncmoipaqucu, fopionncu, omccfncnnim mncnucm).
Ccionnn nukfo nc moxcf ofpuuafi, ufo sa anancucnou honufu-
ku ncucfnykf: ncmoipaquucckuc cnunuui; hpousnoncfncnnic, fop-
ionic u qunanconic pccypci, fo ccfi skonomuucckuc cnunuui;
apmun, qnof, anuauun, pakcfnic ociononku nocnnic cnunuui.
H cmc n mcnimcu cfchcnu moxno ccionnn ofpuuafi poni omc-
cfncnnoio mncnun, hockoniky onno us nauoncc inyokux usmcnc-
nuu, hpoucmcnmux n XX nckc, sfo hcpcxon honufuku (u nc foniko
mcxnynaponnou) of ncucfnuu csofncfcfncnnix snuf k ncucfnuk
snuf ofncfcfncnnix unu, kak i fo nu ino, ninyxncnnix (n sho-
xu nukfafyp unu xc n cfpanax c nukfafopckum pcxumom) honncp-
xunafi konccncyc c maccamu. cmokpafusauun hpoucccon hpunn-
fun pcmcnuu u manuhynnuun macconim cosnanucm okasinakfcn
nnymn chocoamu nipaxcnun onnoio u foio xc nnncnun nacfyh-
ncnun shoxu, koina unnununi cfanonnfcn cytckfamu, fpcykmu-
mu, ufoi c numu cuufanuci, naxc ccnu sfo nccio numi unnksun.
Ionufuucckuc ncnfcnu n ycnonunx ncmokpafuucckux cucfcm u,
n ncmcnimcu cfchcnu, okasanmuccn n anfopufapnix cucfcmax, nc
nnnnkfcn oncc cnuncfncnnimu, kfo yuacfnycf n hpoucccc hpunn-
fun pcmcnuu. Macci, kofopic onimc nc coinacni omymafi ccn
haccunnim otckfom honufuucckux pcmcnuu, nanknakf sa numu,
concfykf um, konfponupykf, onopnkf ux, nocxumakfcn umu, o-
iofnopnf, kpufukykf, ncnanunnf. Hncfpymcnfi sfou nsaumocnnsu
hocfchcnno cfanonnfcn nacfoniko camocfonfcninimu, ufo ncpcnko
okasinakfcn ncnoninimu hpofaionucfamu ucfopuu. Icuafi, kuno,
panuo, fcncnuncnuc, mynifumcnuunic cpcncfna u nnacfi, kofopyk
sfu cpcncfna kommynukauuu hpuopcfakf naionapn ux chocono-
cfu pachpocfpannfi mupouaumum, a ccionnn u minoncnnim cho-
coom fo, ufo hpoucxonuf n inoaninou ncpcnnc, nnacfi, nc sa-
nucnman of hpuponi hocnanuu pasnuunix meJiu, cohponoxnakf
fpancqopmauuk mcxnynaponnou xusnu.
Onnako nnn foio, ufoi uscxafi hpcnpamcnun nccio sfoio n
usnoxcnuc nuo cnumkom omcio, nuo cnumkom yskoio xapakfc-
pa (hocuninoio nnn onnoio anfopa u oipanuucnnoio yponncm cio
snanuu), cncnycf nincnufi ohpcncncnniu achckf u cncnufi sa cio
usmcncnunmu, kak, nhpoucm, sfo hpoucxonuf no nccx naykax, ncsa-
nucumo of foio, cfannf nu onu hcpcn coou n kauccfnc ucnu uccncno-
nanuc oomcnuu unu xc sanumakfcn konkpcfnimu nnncnunmu u
hponcmamu. Anifcpnafunou nnnncfcn puck ananino-mcxanuucc-
DBccnnc
1
koio uchonisonanun cxcm, kofopic hpuncnu onnako Icnyncna k
cfoni nonafopckum pcsynifafam. Takon icncsuc mcfona, na kofopom
ocnoninacfcn nannan knuia. Biop onnoio fuha nuckypca n kauc-
cfnc 0o+unupyuueeo nc osnauacf, ufo uinopupykfcn npyiuc achck-
fi. Onu naunyf cnoc mccfo n kaxnom ofncninom cnyuac n pamkax
pauuonaninou cfpykfypi konkpcfnoio usnoxcnun, umckmcio
cnou otckfunnic oipanuuufcnu.
Biop, hpcnhonaiakmuu acfpakuuu, cnnsan c puckom chonsa-
nun k hpcumymccfncnno fcopcfuucckomy honxony. Anfop xopomo
ocosnacf ohacnocfi fakoio pucka u xoucf nonxnim opasom hon-
ucpknyfi fof qakf, ufo cio paofa nhucinacfcn n kpyi ucfopuucc-
kux uccncnonanuu. B usyucnuu mcxnynaponnix hponcm, kofopic
foniko n hocncnnuc nccnfuncfun n cuny cnocu snauumocfu cfanu
hpcnmcfom camocfonfcninix fpakfonok, sa ucknkucnucm pasnc
ufo fus genrium (mcxnynaponnoio hpana), cohyfcfnonanmcio qopmu-
ponanuk fak nasinacmoio Inpohcuckoio konucpfa k ccpcnunc
XVIII ncka mnoioc fpcycf hponcncnun. Ioncc foio, uacfo nano-
xcnuc npyi na npyia pasnix uccncnonafcnickux mcfonon hpunonuf
k ohpcncncnnomy cmcmcnuk konuchuuu. Kak u no nccx ofpacnnx
nayunix snanuu of qusuku no xumuu, of qusuonoiuu no hafo-
noiuu, of skonomuku no honufuucckou skonomuu, of nufcpafypi
no ucfopuu nufcpafypi, of honufuucckou ucfopuu no honufuucc-
kou nayku fak u n mcxnynaponnix uccncnonannx cymccfnykf
pasnuunic hoxoni pasnix anfopon k onnum u fcm xc hponcmam.
Icnu ofnncuicn of mcxnynaponnoio hpana, ponunmciocn onno-
npcmcnno c mcxnynaponnim coomccfnom, cocfonmum us ofncni-
nix, a nc ynuncpcaninix cytckfon (fo ccfi nc yhpannncmix nnyf-
pcnnumu nopmamu, hpucymumu cytckfy), fo mcxnynaponnic uc-
cncnonanun hpcnocfannnkf mafcpuan nnn usyucnun skonomucfam,
kpucfam, cfpafciam, couuonoiam, hcuxonoiam, hcuxoananufukam u
honufukam. Ipcnocfannnkf onu cio u ucfopukam. Tccnan nsaumo-
cnnsi mcxny ucfopuucckum u honufuko-fcopcfuucckum nuckypcom
hpunonuna u no cux hop hpunonuf k ohpcncncnnomy ux fcmafuucc-
komy u nuninucfuucckomy hcpckpcmunanuk. Onnako pasnuuuc n
unfcnuunx u nayunom kauccfnc sfux nnyx onacfcu snanun concp-
mcnno oucnunno, naxc ccnu ono nc nccina ucfko ocosnacfcn. Icp-
nan umcf n mnoioopasuu kasycon oomcnuc, nfopan usyuacf +no-
eoo0pu:ue kasycon u moxcf nochonisonaficn oomcnunmu nnn
hponcncnun ofncninoio kasyca. Iasnuuuc n ucnnx u qynkuunx oc-
facfcn ncusmcnnim. Kak u no nccx naykax, fcopcfuucckuu pakypc
coucfacfcn c skchcpumcnfaninim u ucfopuoipaquucckum u, kak u
no nccx naykax, moxcf cnyuuficn fak, ufo onun us nnyx achckfon
sfoio snanun yncf umcfi ofnuuakmykcn of npyioio fpanuuuk
DBccnnc
2O
unu concpxafcninyk nahonncnnocfi, hockoniky onun pcsynifaf
ncnannux ofkpifuu, a npyiou nannux nahpnxcnnix ycunuu.
Ho na konkpcfnom hpumcpc nciko samcfufi,ufo ucfopuoipaqu-
ucckan fpanuuun, xofn u pasncncnnan na pasnic mkoni, umccf sa
hncuamu iopasno oncc oiafiu ohif, ucm fcopcfuucckan, u iopas-
no oncc cymccfncnnic pcsynifafi, ucm nocfyhnic ucfopuky oipa-
nuucnnic oomcnun, cncnannic no nacfonmcio npcmcnu fcopucu
mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu.
Ocfacfcn, nakoncu, nnoni ncpnyficn k hcpnonauaninou kon-
uchuuu nannoio nncncnun. Icpuon, o kofopom uncf pcui n sfou
knuic, houfu honnocfik nknkuacf fpu panukaninic usmcncnun n
mcxnynaponnou xusnu. Icpnoc us fakux usmcncnuu kacacfcn
nfopxcnun macc n mcxnynaponnyk xusni.
Bfopoc fccnim opasom cnnsannoc, nhpoucm, c hpcninymum
ninnuxcnuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon Bynpo Bunicona u pcnonkuu-
onnou Ioccuu n kauccfnc nonix u hofcnuuanino nomunupykmux
na mcxnynaponnou cucnc cytckfon. C 117 i. nauunacfcn hpofu-
nocfonnuc, kofopoc, cnauana honchynno, a hosnncc (c 147 i.)
ofkpifo nnunno na snauufcninyk uacfi mcxnynaponnou xusnu
nccio mupa no fcx hop, hoka hponcma, nosnukman n 117 i. nc ina
paspcmcna n 11 i. n pcsynifafc pachana Concfckoio Coksa u na-
cfyhncnun concpmcnno nonoio sfaha mcxnynaponnou honufuku. Ta-
kum opasom, hohifka ucfopuucckou pckoncfpykuuu, hpcnhpunn-
fan n sfou knuic, hpuopcfacf koncuno, nc n cuny cc nocfouncfn,
a naionapn nncmnum ocfonfcnicfnam concpmcnnyk sakonucn-
nocfi, kofopyk cmc ncnanno ino ncnosmoxno hpcncfanufi, u
fchcpi ofkpinacf nccp nosmoxnocfcu nnn nankncnuu, chococfnyk-
mux pastncncnuk hpomnoio u hpoinosuponanuk ynymcio.
Tpcfic usmcncnuc nosnpamacf k fcxnuucckum chocoam ocymc-
cfnncnun honufuucckux hpoucccon n ucnom u mcxnynaponnix, n
uacfnocfu. XX nck nauancn n pasiap nfopou hpomimncnnou pcno-
nkuuu, naionapn kofopou hpousomnu usmcncnun n hpousnon-
cfncnnix mcfonax, nisnannic nospocmumy uchonisonanucm nonix
sncpicfuucckux pccypcon ncqfu u snckfpuuccfna, nsamcn fpanu-
uuonnix cxafoio hapa u yinn. C fcx hop fcxnonoiuucckuc cnnuiu
hpuopcnu cfoni icfpic fcmhi, ufo ninnncnuc ncnkou koppcnnuuu
mcxny numu u honufuucckumu usmcncnunmu cfano ncnosmoxno
(pasnc ufo c fouku spcnun ucfopuu nayku). Tcxnonoiuucckan pcno-
nkuun cfana koncfanfou, cohyfcfnykmcu nkomy hponnncnuk ncc
oncc icfpix usmcncnuu qopm xusnu omccfna, n fom uucnc qopm
mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu.
Inyokuc usmcncnun hpcfcphcn cam choco hponnncnun sfux
qopm, u ucfopuk nonxcn umcfi n nuny sfu hcpcmcni nnn foio,
DBccnnc
21
ufoi nyumc oucnufi nonyk poni npcmcnnoio qakfopa n honu-
fuucckou xusnu. Icnu hocnc Capacnckoio yuucfna honanounuci
ncncnu, ufoi paspasunaci Icpnan muponan nouna, fo c nauana
iufncponckoio nahancnun na Ionimy n ccnfnpc 1J iona okasa-
noci nocfafouno ncckonikux nncu, ufoi nauanaci Bfopan mupo-
nan nouna. A hosnncc, no npcmcna fak nasinacmoio pannonccun
cfpaxa npcmn na pcakuuk ho honony nosmoxnoio konqnukfa co-
kpafunoci no uacon, a safcm u no ncckonikux munyf. ocfafou-
no sfux hpumcpon, ofnocnmuxcn k hcpuony npcmcnu, kofopiu
paccmafpunacfcn n sfou knuic, ufoi honnfi oucnunnocfi hpoucc-
ca yckopcnun u nospacfanun nsaumosanucumoocfu nccx hponnncnuu
mcxnynaponnou xusnu.
Ocfanoci, nakoncu, hponcnufi cmc onun momcnf. Knuia oo-
makmcio xapakfcpa, sa ofncninimu ucknkucnunmu, nc moxcf
ifi pcsynifafom opuiunaninoio uccncnonanun. Ona moxcf u nonx-
na ananusuponafi numi fo, ofnocufcnino ucio n ucfopuucckux uc-
cncnonanunx cymccfnykf nocfafouno ycfonnmuccn nannic. Ha
ccionnnmnuu ncni (1 i.) fakan cufyauun, moxno ckasafi, cymc-
cfnycf numi n ofnomcnuu hcpuona no konua 7O-x ionon. H naxc n
ofnomcnuu sfoio hcpuona ymccfno ofmcfufi, ufo ononncnuc poc-
cuuckou ucfopuoipaquu u ucfopuoipaquu cfpan Bocfounou Inpo-
hi, nauanmcccn nccmofpn na mnoiouucncnnic hpchnfcfnun n ca-
moc hocncnncc npcmn, honfankunacf ccionnn k naxnim usmcncnunm
n nahpanncnuu uccncnonanun unu n paccfanonkc akucnfon, n fom
uucnc u n ofnomcnuu fcm, nnnnnmuxcn yxc otckfom ycfonnmuxcn
unfcphpcfauuu. Iucafi n 1 i. osnauacf coomafi ncufo ofnuu-
noc of foio, ufo moxno ino hucafi nccio nccnfi ncf fomy nasan.
Icpuon, hocncnonanmuu sa 18O i., hpcnocfannncf, nahpofun, oiaf-
cfno cmc mano usyucnnix fcm, kofopic foniko hocfchcnno, mai sa
maiom moxno yncf paccmofpcfi oncc honno unu oncc ycnu-
fcnino, xofn yxc ccuuac moiyf ifi ninnunyfi hpucmncmic nayu-
nic iuhofcsi na ocnonc nocfyhnix uccncnonafcnk mafcpuanon u
fcx chocoon cio ocncmcnun, kofopic nukfykf sfu mafcpuani.
Io honony hcpnoio usnanun sfou paofi u ccionnn, hpocmof-
pcn ncmano kpufuucckux samcuanuu, n cuufak ccn onsannim
nipasufi mnoiouucncnnic naionapnocfu. B hcpnyk oucpcni n
hpusnafcncn nccm konnciam cckfopa mcxnynaponnou ucfopuu Of-
ncna usyucnun iocynapcfna qakynifcfa honufuucckux nayk Hcsapc
Aniqicpu no nopcnuuu. S cmoi hpcononcfi cnou koncanun
umcnno naionapn uapnmcu fam ocfanonkc cfpacfnou ynncucnnocfu
naykou, ynncucnnocfu, hufakmcu nchpcpinniu kpyionopof uncu,
n kofopom yuacfnykf hpchonanafcnu, mononic uccncnonafcnu,
DBccnnc
22
couckafcnu na yucnyk cfchcni nokfopa u, nc n hocncnnkk ouc-
pcni, cfyncnfi, n uacfnocfu, nuhnomnuku. Ofa naionapnocfi
nc pufopuucckan, a nnoxnonncnnan ncnim ocosnanucm foio, ufo
yxc ncmononou uccncnonafcni moxcf honyuufi, oncc unu mcncc
nchocpcncfncnno, of cohocfanncnun c honuac hcpnimu hponnncnu-
nmu cncxcu u ncuccnkacmou nkosnafcninocfu.
Mnoiuc npysin u konnciu coinacunuci hpokommcnfuponafi,
ofkoppckfuponafi, honckasafi napuanfi uchpanncnuu, ykasafi na
konuchfyaninic unu xc qakfuucckuc omuku, concpxanmuccn n
hcpnou pcnakuuu sfou knuiu. S cckoncuno naionapcn fcm, kfo
mnc homoian, uufan pykohuci, a fakxc hocnc hynukauuu n 14 i.
hcpnoio usnanun. nn mcnn cfanu oucni ucnnimu cfumyni, hony-
ucnnic of sfoio npyxccfncnnoio cofpynnuuccfna, hockoniky na-
ionapn um no mnoiux cnyuanx ynanoci uscxafi ncycnufcninix
unu ncncnix unfcphpcfauuu, omuok unu ohcuafok. B uacfnocfu, n
xouy cmc pas honaionapufi xannyky Annps, xyschhc Apc, Ipy-
ny Ianinfo, Iaony Onna, xonannu Iyuuanfu, yninuo nÀmon,
Mapuk Ipauuk Onapny, cohonino Hyfu, Iicfpo Iacfopcnnu,
Mapfy Icfpuuonu, Hnnapuk Ionxonunu, yuano Tosu, Anfonuo
Bapcopu (ncoucnumoc cofpynnuuccfno c kofopim homoino mnc
fakxc hpu cocfanncnuu umcnnoio ykasafcnn). Ofa homomi u nicka-
sannic mncnun cfanu nnn mcnn opucnfupom u homomik n hpoucccc
nincpku paofi, sa kofopyk, pasymccfcn, n nccy nck ofncfcfncnnocfi.
S cuufak cnoum noniom nipasufi ocoyk naionapnocfi hpo-
qccopy Maccumunuano Iyncpuo u nokfopy Icnuo Iacfpcnnu sa
cofpynnuuccfno n paofc nan ocnonnim uccncnonanucm coofncf-
cfncnno ho fcmam nckononusauuu u ho hponcmam Kio-Bocfounou
Asuu; hpoqcccopy Mapko Myninunu, of kofopoio n honyuun samc-
uanun, concfi u mafcpuani, oucni honcsnic nnn honumanun hpo-
ncm afunckou Amcpuku; nokfopam Icafpuuc Icnouuu u Kpucfunc
Iancpau, yuacfnonanmum n hpankc kopppckfypi.
pyiuc konnciu u npysin hpunnnu yuacfuc n nuckyccunx, kofo-
pic hocnyxunu mnc oucni honcsnimu cfumynamu nnn pasmimnc-
nuu unu xc honckaskamu. Cpcnu nux c naionapnocfik nasinak
Ipyno Apuuninkono, anuno Apnun, yuano Kafaninu, snuna
Onnnyna, yunxu Buffopuo cppapuca.
nn foio, ufoi oucnufi sqqckfunnocfi paofi n kauccfnc
yucnoio fckcfa n hohpocun ncckonikux cfyncnfon qakynifcfa
Hcsapc Aniqicpu hpouufafi houfu nck pykohuci. xannyka Io-
nakfu, Omunuo uonafo u Omanysnc Zoqpc nsnnu na ccn sfy sa-
nauy u n oucni um onsan, hockoniky onu homoinu mnc ooufu
ncmano qopmaninix nonymck u uscxafi nckofopix nnycmicncn-
nocfcu.
DBccnnc
2J
Ocooio pona naionapnocfi n cuufak cnoum noniom nipasufi
nokfopam unuu Kasanunu u yuano Ianionu. Ics ux fcphcnun u
fmafcninocfu n i, ncponfno, nc cmoi nauafi u ocymccfnufi cfoni
nnufcninyk u fpynnyk paofy.
Ofo hcpcpaofannoc u ononncnnoc usnanuc nc ino i, on-
nako, nosmoxno cs nknana mnoiux uufafcncu, ykasanmux mnc na
omuku unu ohcuafku, honncxamuc uchpanncnuk. Cpcnu nux oco-
yk naionapnocfi n nonxcn nipasufi hpoqcccopy cncpuio Apn-
xcnficpu, Maccumo Kocfanino, nokfopy Cannpc Kanannyuuu, hpo-
qcccopy auo Monion, nokfopy Anicpfo Tonunu, a fakxc ocoo
hpoqcccopy Maccumunuano Iyncpuo, nnumafcninomy, ckpyhy-
ncsnomy u ymnomy uufafcnk, ncucfomumomy ucfounuky concfon,
honcsnix nnn hponcncnun nckofopix nchonnfnix mccf u oncc
yhopnnoucnnoio usnoxcnun nccima cnoxnoio mafcpuana. S fakxc
naionapk nokfopa Annanusy omapno, kofopan homoina mnc o-
nonufi xpononoiuk, ofnocnmykcn k camim hocncnnum ionam u
nokfopa Kapno Maunapnu, nsnnmcio na ccn fpyn cocfanufi hpcn-
mcfniu ykasafcni. Hcoucnumim konuchfyaninim nknanom n mok
paofy hocnyxun omcn uncnmu c hpoqcccopom xamhaono Ipann-
cfpanncpo.
Hakoncu, u hpcxnc nccio, mon ccmin: mou noucpu Hsacnna u
cncpuka, kofopic ho-hpcxncmy nochpunumakf moc ofcyfcfnyk-
mcc hpucyfcfnuc kak ccfccfncnnoc nnncnuc, ufo, onnako, oipanu-
uuno mou nosmoxnocfu hpunumafi akfunnoc yuacfuc n coifunx u
ux cocfncnnix hcpcxunanunx; u mon xcna Ancccannpa, kofopou n
naionapcn sa fo, ufo ona fcphcna ncc sfo, u sa fo, ufo ona cosnana
nokpyi mocu paofi hpounyk u hocfonnnyk samufnyk ccfi, u cu
houfu nccina ynananoci occhcuufi chokoucfnuc, ncoxonumoc nnn
cc ocymccfnncnun.
:.,.H.
nopcnuun, 1
DBccnnc
(.(. Fccnc:Dn cBcncnccn cnc:cH.
cDmnc acnc:
Cpasy xc hocnc okonuanun Icpnou muponou nouni hcpcn ho-
cnufcnnmu, n mcnimcu cfchcnu fakxc u hcpcn hocxncnnimu,
ncfana sanaua hcpcycfpoucfna nnyfpcnnux u mcxnynaponnou cuc-
fcm. Bouna, u nc foniko nouna, hpuncna k cfonikum usmcncnunm,
ocfanuna hocnc ccn cfoniko pyun, ufo sanaua hocfpocnun mupa
hpcncfannnnaci kak nukoina ncpaspcmumou.
Ofo ina nouna, ofnuunan of hpcninymux. Bhcpnic (sa uc-
knkucnucm ipaxnanckou nouni n Amcpukc) pcui mna o nounc nc
foniko n cocfncnno nocnnom cmicnc, no fakxc o nounc ipaxnan-
ckou u macconou. Ipomno npcmn, koina konqnukfi, naxc camic
nnufcninic u usmafinakmuc, xofn u ncnu k paspymcnuk omc-
cfncnnoio ycfpoucfna, pachpcncncnun nnacfnix honnomouuu, pc-
nuiuosnix ncponanuu, onnako n hcpuon nocnnoio cfonknoncnun
safpaiunanu oipanuucnnyk uacfi fcppufopuu, ucpcs kofopyk hpo-
xonunu iononnic, ipaufcnickuc noucka, n fo npcmn kak ocfaninan
cc uacfi omymana na ccc ofnancnnic u kocncnnic ofionocku co-
ifuu. Mcxny 114 u 118 ii. nouna cfana hcpnim kpyhnim cfonk-
noncnucm nnyfpu unnycfpuaninoio omccfna, u, cncnonafcnino,
hcpnim hoxapom, choconim hpunccfu k macconim paspymcnunm.
ponf cpaxcnuu pacfnnyncn nnoni nccu ipanuui nokkmux cfpan:
Icunckou onacfu, nccu onacfu Bcncfo, oipomnix fcppufopuu
nnoni ipanuui mcxny umhcpunmu ucnfpaninou Inpohi u Ioccu-
cu. Kunomcfpi fpanmcu, munnuoni cpaxakmuxcn, cofnu ficnu
Hac: ncBa
BAHATB nLT
NLhV BVNh BOHHANH
1naBa ncBa
HLCOCTOhBBAhCh PLKOHCTPVKHHh
LBPOHLHCKOH CHCTLNM
H HnnK3HH CTABHnH3AHHH
25
cnunuu oinccfpcninoio opyxun, ncc oncc paspymufcninoio. H, cnc-
nonafcnino, cfpani, fcppufopuk kofopix cponnnnu c scmncu, u
xcpfni cofnu ficnu, a n koncunom ufoic munnuoni.
C fouku spcnun nochpunfun u macconou kynifypi nouna ncc n
mcnimcu cfchcnu kacanaci foniko hpannmux knaccon u nocnnix, n
nkom cnyuac ninyxncnnix cpaxaficn, honuunnnci hpanunam
hpusina na nocnnyk cnyxy. Ona safpaiunana nccx ipaxnan u oka-
sinana na nux pasnoponnoc nosncucfnuc: pasxuiana nauuonanusm
u ncnanucfi ho ofnomcnuk k hpofunnuky; honfankunana k yuac-
fuk n nocnnix ncucfnunx; hopoxnana omuounoc hpcncfanncnuc o
nounc kak o cpcncfnc pcmcnun honufuucckux konqnukfon; hpuno-
nuna k honumanuk foio, ufo xusni nccx iocynapcfn sanucuf of
cytckfunnix pacucfon nconimou ipyhhi hpanufcncu u, cncnona-
fcnino, cfanuna nohpoc o konfponc sa ncucfnunmu sfux pykononu-
fcncu. Icpnan muponan nouna, fakum opasom, hpcnpamana fakxc
u mcxnynaponnyk honufuky us uapcfna faunou nuhnomafuu n o-
nacfi, ofkpifyk nnn ncmokpafuucckoio konfponn, unu, ho kpau-
ncu mcpc, nnn fpconanun konfponn, kofopoio na hpakfukc, onna-
ko, ino fpynno nocfuinyfi. C npyiou cfoponi, nouna ninynuna
hpanufcncu uchonisonafi oncc yfonucnnic, a sauacfyk u oman-
uunic cpcncfna nnn nocfuxcnun cfanmcio ncoxonumim omc-
cfncnnoio konccncyca. Bcc sfo n pcsynifafc hpuncno k nochcnanuk
hpofunohonoxnix ucnnocfcu, fakux, kak hauuqusm u unfcpnauuo-
nanusm unu xc nauuonanusm u munufapusm, ufo chococfnonano
ofnancnuk kynifypi hpocfoio napona u naxc pasmimncnuu un-
fcnnckfyanon of ncucfnufcnino qynnamcnfaninix ucnnocfcu ucno-
ncuccfna.
Hc mcncc naxnimu inu couuaninic hcpcmcni. B fcucnuc
ucfipcx unu hnfu ncf munnuoni nkncu, hpunanncxanmux k oncc
mononim u hosfomy oncc akfunnim n hpousnoncfncnnom ofno-
mcnuu hokoncnunm, inu ofopnani of cnoux hpuniunix sannfuu
u hocfanncni hon pyxic. Io nosnpamcnuu onu nonxni inu un-
fcipuponaficn n ipaxnanckyk xusni, sain o hpuniukax u opasc
mimncnun, cnnsannix c nocnnou cnyxou. Onnako nc nccina sfo
nosnpamcnuc okasinanoci ncikum; uacfo ono cohponoxnanoci non-
iumu hcpuonamu cspaofuui u ncsanahfauuu, kofopic nifanku-
nanu nkncu na oouuny couuaninou xusnu unu xc hpunonunu k
pasxuianuk honufuucckux cfpacfcu. Ioxnancn mup ncfcpanon u
ncfcpancfna kak nonix couuaninix kafciopuu, kofopimu ncnisn
ino hpcncpcui, hockoniky onu oxnafinanu munnuoni mononix
nkncu u ucnix nna hokoncnun.
Hc ncc fc, kfo nosnpamancn c nouni, inu fak xc snoponi,
kak yxonunmuc na nouny. Hnnanunon u pancnix na honc on na-
1naBa (. Hcccc:cBmac ccnc:Dn cBcncnccn cnc:cH
26
cuufinanoci n Inpohc ncckoniko munnuonon; uacfo onu inu nc-
fpynochoconi u nccina sacnyxunanu honncpxku nauuu. Bcfananu
hponcmi konnckfunnoio nchomomccfnonanun, kofopic nonxno
ino nsnfi na ccn ncc omccfno u kofopic umcnu oucni nicokyk
ucny, kak n qunanconom ofnomcnuu, fak u c fouku spcnun nopma-
nusauuu couuaninou xusnu. Hc mcncc naxnou ina hponcma cc-
mcu xcpfn nouni. Hacfo y hoiumux ocfananuci foniko hnauymuc
ponufcnu, hofcpnnmuc ohopy na mononyk paouyk cuny. Hx noxon
fakum opasom ymcnimancn, a iopc pocno, onnako hpu sfom ono nc
hpunumano fakoio npamafuucckoio xapakfcpa, kak n fom cnyuac,
koina hoiumumu inu myxin unu ofui ccmcucfn, y nux ocfanuci
xcni u ncfu, hpcnocfanncnnic n pcmcnuu hponcm cnocio yny-
mcio camum ccc. Ofo inu houfu nccina oucni mononic xcni u
ncfu, kofopim nano ino sanono ycfpaunafi cnok xusni noniu
couuaniniu knacc (macmfai nnncnun hosnonnkf uchonisonafi
sfof fcpmun) cupof u nnon nouni. o 114 i. nukfo nc nyman, ufo
sfa hponcma cfancf onnou us ocnonnix n hocncnykmuu sa nocn-
nimu cpaxcnunmu hcpuon.
Iinu fakxc u skonomuucckuc hocncncfnun. B kaxnou cfpanc
nnufcninan nouna hpuncna k fnxcnim numcnunm c fouku spcnun
ycnonuu xusnu. Imc oncc ccpicsnimu okasanuci hocncncfnun n
cucfcmc hpousnoncfna, kofopyk hpumnoci hcpccfpoufi n coofncf-
cfnuu c hofpcnocfnmu nocnnou skonomuku. C makposkonomuucc-
kou fouku spcnun sfa hcpccfpouka nc nccina ina nciafunnim
nnncnucm n cfpafciuucckom hnanc, hockoniky ona hpuncna k yk-
pchncnuk fnxcnou hpomimncnnocfu, n ococnnocfu mcfannyp-
iuu, u pocfy hpuincu, kofopic n hocncnocnniu hcpuon moinu
ifi unnccfuponani n noccfanonncnuc skonomuku. Onnako n
cmicnc nchocpcncfncnnix hocncncfnuu nouna ncqopmuponana
skonomuucckyk xusni nccx cfpan, usmcnun cfpykfypy hofpcnc-
nun, a fakxc cocfan paoucu cuni. Bhcpnic cfapukam u xcnmu-
nam hpumnoci samcnufi mononcxi. C fouku spcnun smancuhauuu
xcnmun sfo ino, ncponfno, hosufunnic nnncnuc, onnako ono nn-
nnnoci, koncuno, ofknoncnucm, nc nnnnnmumcn qynkuuonaninim
nnn skonomuucckou cucfcmi mupnoio npcmcnu. Takum xc opasom
moxno paccmafpunafi kak hosufunnic akfunnic ycunun ho onon-
ncnuk u moncpnusauuu hpcnhpunfuu, cnnsannic c nocnnimu ho-
fpcnocfnmu, n pcsynifafc kofopix n momcnf hcpcxona k mupnou
skonomukc u hocnc hpcononcnun fpynnocfcu sfoio hcpcxonnoio
hcpuona ina cosnana cucfcma nonix hpomimncnnix hpcnhpun-
fuu u camix hcpcnonix fcxnonoiuu.
Onnako n ucnom skonomuucckan cucfcma hcpcnccna cuninoc
hofpnccnuc, of kofopoio ona c fpynom ohpanunaci u kofopoc ycy-
Hac: (. ,BaDa: nc: Hc BH BcnnaHn
27
iyunoci fakxc n pcsynifafc pcnonkuuonnix uchifanuu hocncno-
cnnoio hcpuona. K sfomy noanunuci hponcmi hcpccfpouku sko-
nomuku, nukoina n hpomnom nc hpcncfananmuc n cfoni ucnocfnom
nunc. Imc nc ino paspymcnuu, cpannumix c fcmu, ufo cfanu k
145 i. cncncfnucm Bfopou muponou nouni, onnako yxc foina ncc
fcppufopuu, ho kofopim hpomnu noucka, u ncc fc (nocfafouno
oipanuucnnic), ufo honncpinuci nosnymnim omapnuponkam,
cfonknynuci c hponcmou noccfanonncnun snanuu u unqpacfpyk-
fypi. Iofonuficn k mupy osnauano hpucfyhufi k pcmcnuk sanau,
cnnsannix c noccfanonncnucm.
Bcc sfo cfanuno n honccfky nnn pasnuunic nnyfpcnnuc u mcx-
nynaponnic hponcmi. Bocnnic pacxoni ninynunu hpanufcnicfna
pasnuunix cfpan ycunufi nanoioniu hpccc. Ho hpcxnc nccio onu
sacfanunu ux hpucinyfi k homomu mcxnynaponnoio qunanconoio
pinka. Bcnukopufanun, cfpana, naumcncc hocfpananman of fniof,
cnnsannix c nocnnimu ncucfnunmu, nnnnnaci hcpnim qunanconim
pinkom coksnukon; n mcnimcu cfchcnu fakum pinkom nicfyhana
panuun. K konuy nouni Bcnukopufanun hpcnocfanuna coksnu-
kam saumi na 174O munnuonon qynfon cfcpnunion; panuun na
J55 munnuonon. Ofa sanonxcnnocfi nnyfpu coksa cohponoxnanaci
hapanncninou sanonxcnnocfik Bcnukopufanuu, panuuu, Hfa-
nuu u npyiux cfpan anfuicpmanckoio noka Cocnuncnnim Ufafam.
Iponcma ymcnimcnun onsafcnicfn ho sanonxcnnocfu coxpannnaci
n fcucnuc pnna ncf u hpcnpafunaci n hopouniu kpyi, koina hocnu-
fcnu cocnununu n onnou sahyfannou fpuanc nosnpamcnuc nocnnix
nonion c nihnafou ncmcukou cfoponou coofncfcfnykmux pchapa-
uuu nnn komhcncauuu hnafcxcu ho okonuafcninim pacucfam.
3a cucnou (unu na anancucnc) nccx sfux coifuu nipuconi-
nanaci nonan cufyauun, cnoxunmancn n Ioccuu hocnc pcnonkuuu
117 i. u, n ococnnocfu, hocnc Okfnpickou pcnonkuuu. Icnu
kfo-fo u naxonuncn no nnacfu unnksuu, ufo pcnonkuun hofcphcna
hopaxcnuc unu na xynou koncu ocfananaci n ipanuuax cfapou uap-
ckou umhcpuu, fo sfa unnksun icfpo pacccnnaci. Iaoucc nnuxc-
nuc umcno cnumkom inyokuc kopnu n unnycfpuaninix cfpanax u
hosfomy uacfi couuanucfuucckoio nnuxcnun nc moina nc houyn-
cfnonafi hpufniafcninyk cuny hpusina, pomcnnoio cnunim.
Ofionocku pcnonkuuu n Icpmanuu u na Iankanax, uapykmcc nosncu-
cfnuc, kofopoc ona okasana na ufaninnckux u qpanuysckux ncnix;
nnunnuc, uchifinacmoc 0ue fcmu couuanucfuucckumu hapfunmu,
kofopic us hpunuuhuaninix coopaxcnuu ofncpianu nacunicfncn-
nic u hpofunopcuamuc ncmokpafuucckou fpanuuuu sahannoio co-
uuanusma qopmi opii u konuchuuk, cocfonnmyk n fom, ufo
nukfafypy hponcfapuafa cncnycf nacaxnafi c homomik hcpcnopo-
28
fon, hononix fomy, ufo in ocymccfnncn cnunim u cio copaf-
nukamu hpofun poccuuckoio Yupcnufcninoio copanun ncc sfo
nc chococfnonano ymcnimcnuk hpunnckafcninocfu hapfuu, hpo-
nosinamanmcu ccn hpcncfanufcninuucu fpynnmuxcn nnn nccio
muponoio couuanusma. Kaxnan cnpohcuckan cfpana nonxna ina
cuufaficn c cocfncnnou nnyfpcnncu cufyauucu; cfpani-hocnu-
fcninuui kpomc foio nonxni inu naufu omuu choco hpofu-
nocfonfi cufyauuu, cnoxunmcucn n Ioccuu, hpu sfom onu noncc
nc inu cnuni n mncnuu o fom, ufo xc nano hpchpunumafi ho
cymccfny. Xofn n mupnix konqcpcnuunx nc yuacfnonan nu onun
hpcncfanufcni pcnonkuuonnoio hpanufcnicfna, hponcma pcnonk-
uuu nccina hpucyfcfnonana u kak nccoman occhokocnnocfi, u
kak konkpcfnan hponcma, okasinanman nosncucfnuc na nipaofky
honxona k ofnomcnunm c Icpmanucu u, oncc foio, honxona k pc-
mcnuk hponcm, kacanmuxcn Hcnfpaninou u Kxnou Inpohi.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, c fouku spcnun cnoxunmcucn honufuucc-
kou cufyauuu, ocfanonky, n kofopou hpuxonunoci nccfu hcpcio-
nopi o mupc u ocymccfnnnfi pckoncfpykuuk cnpohcuckou honu-
fuucckou cucfcmi, ohpcncnnn n koncunom cucfc ucknkuufcniniu
macmfa honufuko-uncfufyuuonaninix usmcncnuu, umcnmux mccfo
n pcsynifafc nouni n Hcnfpaninou, Bocfounou u Kxnou Inpohc.
Hcfipc umhcpuu ucucsnu unu xc naxonunuci n cocfonnuu honnou
aionuu. Iofpnccnnan hopaxcnucm Icpmanckan umhcpun cfana nc-
mokpafuucckou pcchynukou. Ioccuuckan umhcpun ina paspymcna
pcnonkuucu. Onnako kak Icpmanun, fak u Ioccun, a fakxc fcppu-
fopuu, of nux sanuccnmuc, n ocnonnom coxpannnu cnok ucnocf-
nocfi (sa ucknkucnucm fcppufopuu, kofopic hocnufcnu ofnnnu y
Icpmanuu, u cs yucfa cymccfnonanmux comncnuu ofnocufcnino
nosmoxnix hocncncfnuu okonuafcninou hocni onimcnucfckou
pcnonkuuu).
Concpmcnno unou ina cufyauun, nisnannan kpaxom Ancfpo-
Bcnicpckou umhcpuu, sancpmunmumcn nosnuknoncnucm nckocio
npcmcnnoio ycfpoucfna, ncycfouuunoio u ncohpcncncnnoio. H cfoni
xc cnoxnou ina cufyauun, cnnsannan c okonuafcninim kpusucom
Offomanckou umhcpuu, kofopan, xofn ncc cmc cymccfnonana na
kapfc, ina okpyxcna npaiamu, numunmumu cc snauufcninou uacfu
fcppufopuu, ufo u hpuncno k cc pachany. Ofo in uncfufyuuonani-
niu u nunacfuucckuu hcpcnopof npnn nu sfo ino pancc nos-
moxno n Inpohc. unacfuu, naxonunmuccn y nnacfu nckamu, ucuc-
sanu n onno minoncnuc n pcsynifafc nocnnoio hopaxcnun. Takum
opasom, nc foniko pycckan pcnonkuun, na fakxc u uncfufyuuo-
naninic usmcncnun hopoxnanu nonic hponcmi. B fakou omuu
konfckcf nhucinanuci konkpcfnic nohpoci, kofopic nonxna ina
pcmufi Iapuxckan mupnan konqcpcnuun.
2
Inannyk sanauy iocynapcfncnnix ncnfcncu, copanmuxcn n Ia-
puxc 18 nnnapn 11 i. nnn hcpcionopon o saknkucnuu mupnix no-
ionopon, cncnycf paccmafpunafi n cncfc pcmcnuu, kofopic onu
hpcnnaianu nnn nccx sfux hponcm. Touncc, onu hifanuci nin-
nufi, kakum opasom n sfux hponcmax ofpaxanuci konqnukfi,
hoponunmuc pasnnsinanuc nouni.
Binnncnuc fakux konqnukfon, fo ccfi houck hpuuun Icpnou
muponou nouni, hosnonncf ohpcncnufi hocfonnnic unu nnoni
nosnukakmuc hynkfi hpofunopcuuu, unu xc hponnncnun cohcp-
nuuccfna, hopoxncnnoio pasnimu fcmhamu pocfa (unu kpusucom)
kpyhnix u cpcnnux ncpxan, cocfannnnmux cnpohcuckyk mcxnyna-
ponnyk cucfcmy. Ofo hosnonncf fakxc oncc ncno honnfi inyokoc
cohcpnuuccfno, nisnannoc pocfom momu Iicpmanuu. On oocfpun
hpofunopcuun c panuucu, hpuncn k mopckomy u kononuaninomy
hpofunocfonnuk c Bcnukopufanucu, nisnan occhokocnnocfi
Ioccuu ofnocufcnino ynymcio Iankanckoio honyocfpona u Offo-
manckou umhcpuu, hoponun cohcpnuuccfno c npyiumu unnycfpu-
anino pasnufimu cnpohcuckumu cfpanamu. B konuc konuon Icp-
manun cosnana hpouniu u komhakfniu ncmoipaquucckuu qponf.
Tcm oncc komhakfniu, hockoniky kpusuc Iacypickou umhcpuu,
oosnauunmuucn mcxny 185 u 1866167 ionamu, nauunan c 187 i.
hoponun fccniu u nnufcniniu coks, kofopiu na hpakfukc oipa-
nuuun cnoony mancnpa Ancfpo-Bcnicpckou umhcpuu, cnnsan cc
onsafcnicfnamu u honuunun Icpmanckou umhcpuu.
Iocfy icpmanckou momu hpofunocfonnu cfapic u nonic co-
hcpnuku. Cfapic, fakuc kak panuun, kofopan c 1871 i. mcufana o
pcnanmc; nonic, nahpumcp, hancnanucfcku nacfpocnnan Ioccun,
okasinanman nanncnuc na nconimuc ankanckuc nauuu, nunacfu-
uccku nc cnnsannic c Icpnunom, hoyxnan ux nuncfi n ancfpo-icp-
manckou ocu nc foniko hpchnfcfnuc nnn ux pocfa, no u hofcnuu-
aninyk yiposy hocnc foio, kak Icpmanun ycfanonuna hpofckfopaf
nan Offomanckou umhcpucu. Ipockf xcncsnou nopoiu Icpnun
Iainan houfu nainnnno nipaxan sanymannyk skchancuk c ucnik
iochoncfna, na hpocfpancfnc of Icpnuna no Hnnuuckoio okcana,
inc naxonunoci nonan fouka cfonknoncnun unfcpccon (homumo fcx,
ufo cymccfnonanu n Ccncpnom mopc u n ucnom n Afnanfukc), c
npyium nonim hpofunnukom, Bcnukopufanucu, kofopan hnfnan-
uafi hocncnnux ncf nanknana sa fcm, kak cc nannuu, na hpofnxc-
nuu nccio XIX ncka, coksnuk hpcnpamacfcn n konkypcnfa n onacfu
hpomimncnnocfu, fopionnu u nncnpcnun nonix fcxnonoiuu. Koi-
na icpmanckan momi hponnunaci na mopc u honyuuna fam nonyk
honhufky, cohcpnuuccfno c Ipufanucu cfano ncuscxnim. Takum
JO
opasom na hpcnnocnnom konfuncnfc cqopmuponanaci nonan
nspinoohacnan cuna, onananman ncoxonumimu cpcncfnamu u uc-
xonnimu hosuuunmu nnn foio, ufoi cc nochpunnnu kak yiposy.
Cfapix u nonix hpofunnukon Icpmanuu honfankunanu fakum o-
pasom k coksy, kofopiu, nanocn cu hopaxcnun, oipanuuunan i
pucku, honfauunan i nonyk cuny.
Icnu cfapic cohcpnuuccfna inu oucnunni u hpcnckasycmi,
fo umcnno nonic hpofunopcuun hpunananu nunamusm anfuicpman-
ckou koanuuuu. Cohcpnuuccfno c Ipufanucu, hponnunmcccn, koi-
na cfan oucnuncn inoaniniu macmfa cymccfnykmcu yiposi, u
cohcpnuuccfno c Ioccucu, kofopoc nocxonuno k fpanuuuonnim
konfuncnfaninim hpofunopcuunm, hopoxnanoci hpcxnc nccio fa-
kum ncoxunannim hpofunoncucfnucm kak yfncpxncnuc cnannnckux
naponon, fakux kak ccpi u oniapi, u nckonim hpockfom pasnana
Offomanckou umhcpuu. Tcnfonckoc kncumo na Ocmanckou umhc-
puu, cfanmcc cmc oncc oucnunnim hocnc pcnonkuuu mnanofypok
n 1O8 i., ofonnunyno na nfopou hnan kononuaninic hpofunopc-
uun (kak sfo, nhpoucm, yxc hpousomno c panuucu u Bcnukopu-
fanucu n 1O4 i.), u cosnano naiohpunfnic ycnonun nnn houcka
pasymnix komhpomuccon na naxnix, xofn u nc umckmux hcpnocfc-
hcnnoio snaucnun fcppufopunx (fakux, kak Icpcun, Aqianucfan u
npyiuc otckfi anino-pycckoio coinamcnun 1O7 i.).
K sfou conokyhnocfu ocnonnix konqnukfon, hoponunmux n
114 i. nouny, noanunuci npyiuc kpusucnic momcnfi: onnu inu
cnnsani c inannimu konqnukfamu, kak, nahpumcp, nahpnxcn-
nocfi na Iankanax u hponnncnun nauuonanusma n Hcnfpaninou
Inpohc (Ionima, IoicmunMopanun, Cnonakun); npyiuc, hofcn-
uuanino ncycfouuunic ncncncfnuc otckfunnou nnoucfncnnocfu
hponnunmuxcn unfcpccon, kak sfo ino n cnyuac Hfanuu.
Iopaxcnuc, honcccnnoc ncpxanamu Hcnfpaninou Inpohi n
118 i., fcopcfuuccku hosnonnno hpcononcfi nonocnnyk nahpnxcn-
nocfi sa cucf Icpmanuu u hpofun Icpmanuu. B ncucfnufcninocfu
nonic nnncnun, cospcnmuc unu hponnunmuccn no npcmn nouni,
oipanuuunu cnoony mancnpa hocnufcncu u nhcpnic ohpcncnunu
fo, ufo nu o0nu cnpohcuckan ncpxana nc moina onimc pcmufi ca-
mocfonfcnino hponcmi, cnnsannic c mupnimu noionopamu u c
ohpcncncnucm nonoio coofnomcnun cun na konfuncnfc.
B camom ncnc, Iapuxckuc mupnic noionopi numi ofuacfu yc-
fpanunu hpuuuni nouni. Bcponfno, sfo otncnumo, hockoniky
hocna nc osnauana Jehellurio (fo ccfi ucucsnoncnun n kauccfnc io-
cynapcfna) Icpmanuu, no hpuopcna qopmy hcpcmupun, honhucan-
noio 11 nonpn 118 i. Icpmanucu c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u
ncpxanamu Anfanfi na ocnonc 14 hynkfon Bunicona, onnako
J1
c oionopkou coksnukon ofnocufcnino pchapauuu u cnooni nanu-
iauuu. Ofo fakxc otncnumo, uo na 3ahanc hocnufcnu hpuno-
xunu onimc ycunuu nnn ncmoncfpauuu macmfaa cnocio ychcxa, n
fo npcmn kak ucucsnoncnuc fpcx umhcpuu n Hcnfpaninou u Boc-
founou Inpohc cncnano mcncc ncnimu nahpanncnun hocfpocnun
nonoio cnpohcuckoio hopnnka. B ufoic noniu cnpohcuckuu hopn-
nok ne 0~: hocfpocn, a nosnuknu, nahpofun, nonic hpuuuni nnn
anfaionusma nosmoxno, mcnimuc, no nc mcncc ocfpic u, ncpo-
nfno, oncc ohacnic kofopic noanunuci k nakohunmumcn
hponnncnunm ncnononicfna, honhufinacmim nccinmumucn oxu-
nanunmu. Tchcpi, ho hpomccfnuu cfonikux ncf, hopaxacf, houcmy
anfopi Iapuxckux noionopon nc ofnananu ccc ofucf n fom, ufo
onu cosnakf noniu cchopnnok, concpxanmuu n ccc oncc
mnoiouucncnnic u ccpicsnic hpuuuni nnn konqnukfa, kofopic
uia Hauuu, koncuno, nc cmoxcf ycfpanufi. B camom ncnc, cono-
kyhnocfi sfux noionopon nc occhcuunana okonuafcninoio pcsyni-
fafa, a hpcnocfannnna foniko nckyk hcpcnimky, haysy, no npcmn
kofopou cnpohcuckuc hpofunopcuun nnoni hponnunuci n oo-
cfpcnnou qopmc, a sa hpcncnamu Inpohi naspcnu hcpcmcni,
hpcncfanmuc n konuc konuon n kauccfnc nomunupykmux sncmcn-
fon nonou inoaninou cufyauuu.
(.2. Hn:a HaDnn
C fouku spcnun amcpukanckoio hpcsuncnfa B. Bunicona, cii-
panmcio ohpcncnnkmyk poni n hcpnic mccnui Iapuxckou konqc-
pcnuuu, hpcnhocinku cnpohcuckou pckoncfpykuuu saknkuanuci n
ocymccfnncnuu nckofopix hpoipammnix honoxcnuu, concpxan-
muxcn n nocnnom manuqccfc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, a umcnno
n cosnanuu opianusauuu, kofopan, uncfufyuuonanusuponan mcxny-
naponnic konqnukfi, onciuuna i nosmoxnocfi ux mupnoio pas-
pcmcnun unu cncnana i nosmoxnim konnckfunniu ofncf, nahpan-
ncnniu na hpcccucnuc ncucfnuu aipcccopon unu na ux nocnnoc
hopaxcnuc. B hpomnom nihonncnuc sfou sanauu ofnonunoci fau-
nou nuhnomafuu c cc yfonucnnimu mcfonamu. Onnako c 117 i.
umcnno hpofun ncc ino pasncpnyfo nacfyhncnuc (uacfo nocun-
mcc ncmaioiuucckuu xapakfcp) fcx, kfo ycmafpunan n ncu inannoio
nunonnuka nosnuknoncnun uchu onsafcnicfn, cncnanmcu n 114 i.
ncuscxnim pasnnsinanuc nouni. Bcncncfnuc pasnoponnoio nan-
ncnun, nahpanncnnoio na qopmuponanuc oncc ncmokpafuucckou
hpoucnypi hpunnfun pcmcnuu n cqcpc mcxnynaponnou honufuku,
opamanoci nnumanuc na cumhfom, xofn u naxniu, no cs honu-
manun foio, ufo on numi nipaxan oncc inyokuc fcnncnuuu.
J2
Ipcnhonaianoci, ufo nnn ycfpancnun fakoio cumhfoma (n nancxnc
ynuufoxufi sno ncnukoncpxannou honufuku) ina ncoxonu-
ma ofkpifan hccnnonuhnomafun (kak sfoio hofpconan Bunicon
n hcpnom us cnoux 14 hynkfon), nohnomcnnan n uic Hauuu,
nnunmcucn hnonom unfcpnauuonanusma amcpukanckoio hpcsuncnfa.
Onnako ina nu uia Hauuu n camom ncnc opianusauucu, cho-
conou yfncpnufi muponoc nuncnuc hponcm, unu cc cpasy saxnccf-
nynu ipyic pcanuu honufuku cuni Yupcnufcniniu nokymcnf
uiu Hauuu (+ovenunr ycfan) in nknkucn n fckcf Bcpcanicko-
io noionopa n kauccfnc cio hcpnou uacfu. B cnoux 26 cfafinx on
concpxan honoxcnun, cncnonanuc kofopim nonxno ino choco-
cfnonafi mupnomy paspcmcnuk konqnukfon cmc no foio, kak ka-
kan-nuo cfpanauncn uiu coufcf ccn nhpanc hpucinyfi k
cunc, a fakxc honoxcnun, nahpanncnnic na hpcccucnuc aipcccuu,
kak foniko onno us iocynapcfn-uncnon unu npyiuc iocynapcfna, nc
nxonnmuc n opianusauuk, hocfannf ccn n honoxcnuc napymun-
mux noionop, fo ccfi hpucinyf k nocnnim cpcncfnam nnn pcmcnun
cnoux hponcm.
Ocnonnimu opianamu uiu nnnnnuci Accamncn, Concf u ho-
cfonnno ncucfnykmuu Cckpcfapuaf (cf. 2). Accamncn qopmupona-
naci us hpcncfanufcncu nccx cfpan-uncnon u nc umcna ucfko oucp-
ucnnix honnomouuu. Concf cocfonn us hpcncfanufcncu ocnonnix
ncpxan-coksnuu u otcnununmuxcn c numu iocynapcfn, a fakxc
us ucfipcx npyiux uncnon, nasnauacmix Accamnccu na ocnonc po-
fauuu, onnako na hpousnoninix ocnonanunx. Iio cocfan moi usmc-
nnficn hpocfim ionoconanucm fou xc Accamncu. Concf sanuman
knkucnoc honoxcnuc n cucfcmc opianon uiu, hockoniky on moi
sanumaficn nkimu nohpocamu, kofopic nxonnf n cqcpy komhc-
fcnuuu uiu unu kacakfcn mupa no nccm mupc. Kak Concf, fak u
Accamncn hpunumanu cnou pcmcnun cnunoinacno, sa ucknkucnu-
cm cfopon, nonncucnnix n konqnukf. 3anauu Cckpcfapuafa nc
yfounnnuci, onnako honpasymcnanoci, ufo onu cocfonnu n koopnu-
nauuu ncnfcninocfu opianusauuu.
B ucnnx honncpxanun mupa hpcnycmafpunanuci hpcncnfunnic
mcpi (fpcfcuckuu cyn, hocpcnnuuccfno, nmcmafcnicfno Concfa,
hpuionopi hocfonnnou hanafi mcxnynaponnoio hpanocynun,
umcnmuc kpunuucckyk cuny cf. 1114), a fakxc honufuucckoc
nmcmafcnicfno Concfa; n cnyuac napymcnuu mcxnynaponnoio hpa-
na, nc namcnmux mupnix chocoon paspcmcnun, hpunnfuc pnna
cankuuu of skonomuucckux u fopionix nhnofi no uchonisona-
nun nocnnou cuni (cf. 15 u 16), kofopyk nonxni inu hpcnocfa-
nufi iocynapcfna-uncni ho fpconanuk Concfa. pyiuc nopmi
chococfnonanu honncpxanuk mupa kocncnnim opasom. Onu ka-
canuci onsafcnicfna nc saknkuafi cckpcfnix noionopon u hcpc-
JJ
cmofpa noionopon, cfanmux ncakfyaninimu unu okasanmuxcn nc
nihonnumimu; onsafcnicfna concucfnonafi pasopyxcnuk; yupcx-
ncnun mannafon uiu n kauccfnc moncnu pcqopmucfckoio pcmcnun
u, n ofncninix cnyuanx, mupnoio hcpcxona k ncsanucumocfu kono-
nuaninix cfpan.
Cucfcma, cosnannan uiou Hauuu, ocnonannan na hpunuuhc
konnckfunnou csohacnocfu, ina nccima xapakfcpnim hponnnc-
nucm naioponnoio hponnuxcnun n nahpanncnuu uncfufyuuonanu-
sauuu mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu c ucnik nhucafi ux n kpunu-
ucckyk cxcmy, choconyk nosonanafi nan cunou u nafi iapanfuu
ancknafnoio cunonoio pcmcnun nnn nokuponanun hpanonix napy-
mcnuu. Onnako hpu cosnanuu sfou cxcmi, hopoxncnnou ohpcnc-
ncnnou kynifypou, nc ino yufcno pasnoopasuc qopm, n kofopix
moxcf nipaxaficn honufuka cuni, u n pcsynifafc oucni icfpo
cfana oucnunna ncocymccfnumocfi nunicononckux ycfpcmncnuu.
Hccocfonnmancn pafuqukauun amcpukanckum ccnafom Bcpcani-
ckoio noionopa, nomunupykmcu uacfik kofopoio konuchfyanino
in Ycfan, numuna uiy Hauuu cnuncfncnnou cuni sa hpcncnamu
Inpohi, choconou nicfyhafi hocpcnnukom n fpanuuuonnix kon-
qnukfax Cfapoio Cncfa. Cosnafcninoc ucknkucnuc Concfckoio
Coksa, hosnncc, cio ofcyfcfnuc n opianusauuu, pacucnunanmcucn
um nhnofi no 1JJ1J4 ii. kak nipaxcnuc kahufanucfuucckou
nuhnomafuu, fakxc nnocuno ncycfouuunocfi n sfy mcxnynaponno-
hpanonyk cfpykfypy fakxc. Ofcyfcfnuc hofcphcnmcu hopaxcnuc
Icpmanuu u ofnocufcninoc cspasnuuuc Shonuu ho ofnomcnuk k
hponcmam sa hpcncnamu Tuxookcanckoio pciuona, hpuncnu k fomy,
ufo uia okasanaci hon nnunnucm inannix ncpxan-hocnufcninuu,
fo ccfi Bcnukopufanuu u panuuu, sa kofopimu cncnonana, na
nckofopom paccfonnuu, Hfanun. Hnimu cnonamu, xcncnckan opia-
nusauun (Ycfan ycfanannunan mccfohpcinanucm uiu Zcncny)
c camoio nauana nc ina, ofuacfu cnyuauno, ofuacfu n pcsynifafc
cosnafcninoio niopa, ynuncpcaninou opianusauucu, ncoxonu-
mou nnn coxpancnun mupa. Ioncc foio, us-sa honufuucckoio ncca,
kofopiu umcnu n ncu Bcnukopufanun u panuun, uia ncuscx-
no ncmoncfpuponana ucpfi opianusauuu, honuuncnnou unfcpccam
kpyhncumux cnpohcuckux umhcpuanucfuucckux ncpxan (naxc n fcx
cnyuanx, koina sfo ino conccm nc fak). Kpomc foio, hponuno, ufo
pcmcnun, nc nnnnnmuccn uucfo hpoucnypnimu, nonxni inu
hpunumaficn cnunoinacno, hpakfuuccku occhcuunano hpano ncc-
omcio ncfo, choconoio hapanusonafi ncnfcninocfi opianusauuu
n nkou momcnf. Takum opasom, fo xopomcc, ufo ynanoci cncnafi
uic Hauuu sa hcpuon cnocio cymccfnonanun nnn qopmuponanun
mcxnynaponnou opianusauuu, ino hcpcucpknyfo kpyhnimu ho-
nufuucckumu ncnocfafkamu, xapakfcpnimu nnn cc ncnfcninocfu.
J4
(.. anc-:cHancnn Hn
n ncDncHa Dcscnacncc:n anDnn
(..(. DLFCAHLCHH ,C1CDCF
Bcc inannic fcmi, kacanmuccn hcpcycfpoucfna Inpohi, u, n
hcpnyk oucpcni, icpmanckuu nohpoc, paccmafpunanuci n pamkax,
ycfanonncnnix konuchuucu Bunicona, c onnou cfoponi, u fpak-
fonok cnpohcuckux honufuucckux ncnfcncu, c npyiou. nufcninic
hcpcionopi ho sfou hponcmc sancpmunuci saknkucnucm 28 uknn
11 i. Bcpcanickoio noionopa mcxny Icpmanucu u 27 ncpxanamu-
coksnuuamu u otcnununmumucn c numu cfpanamu (panuucu,
Bcnukopufanucu, Hfanucu, Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, Shonucu
u npyiumu mcncc kpyhnimu iocynapcfnamu). Hmcnmuccn hpofuno-
pcuun paspcmunuci ufoionim komhpomuccom. Ha hcpniu nsinan,
pcui mna o nnufcninom u xccfkom mupc, kofopiu ncmui nochpu-
numanu kak 0uimum, nannsanniu um omanom u cunou. C qopmani-
nou fouku spcnun, cyxncnuc ncmucn nc ino fakum yxc ncooc-
nonannim, kak nhocncncfnuu sfo xofcnu hpcncfanufi hocnufcnu.
B camom ncnc, hcpcionopi hpoxonunu foniko mcxny hocnufcnnmu
fakum opasom, ufo ncmui nc umcnu nosmoxnocfu nickasafi cnoc
mncnuc nu n kakou qopmc. Tckcf noionopa in hpcncfanncn um
nmccfc c paspcmcnucm hucimcnno cqopmynuponafi konfphpcn-
noxcnun, kofopic houfu honnocfik inu ofncpinyfi, sa ucknk-
ucnucm fcx, ufo kacanuci ynymcio Cuncsuu, a fakxc cnnsannix c
nckofopimu achckfamu cufyauuu n Caapc. Iocnc sfoio, n ccpcnu-
nc uknn, onu honyuunu ynifumafym: ccnu n fcucnuc ccmu nncu
onu nc honhumyf noionop, nc fpcyn nncccnun npyiux hohpanok,
fo cnona naunyfcn nocnnic ncucfnun. Kpomc nccio hpoucio, Icp-
manuu yipoxana u mopckan nokana coksnukon, u hosfomy cc hpa-
nufcnu nc moinu hosnonufi ccc cnumkom onimou puck. Hm
hpumnoci ycfyhufi, onnako c fcx hop omymcnuc foio, ufo onu
cfanu otckfom xccfokoio nukfafa, ykopcnunoci n omccfncnnom
cosnanuu ncmucn u n pcsynifafc cosnano ycnonun nnn ohpannanun
nkou hohifku pcnanma.
C npyiou cfoponi, ccnu hocmofpcfi nnumafcnino, fo fakoc na-
cfpocnuc ocnoninanoci foniko na cukmunyfnix ocfonfcnicfnax,
hockoniky n ncucfnufcninocfu mupniu noionop ocfanun n nchpu-
kocnoncnnocfu hpousnoncfncnniu hofcnuuan Icpmanuu u coxpa-
nnn nosmoxnocfi foio, ufoi ucpcs ncckoniko ncf ncmcukuc fonapi
u kahufani cfainu choconi nnoni sanocnafi muponic pinku u
konfponi nan numu, nc nihonnnn hpu sfom nopoiocfonmux on-
sannocfcu ho yhpanncnuk fcmu kononuaninimu fcppufopunmu, of
J5
kofopix Icpmanun ina ninyxncna ofkasaficn. B 11 iony hoc-
nufcnu nnn foio, ufoi nakasafi Icpmanuk, ocnoonunu cc,
nhcpnic n muponou ucfopuu, of kononuaninoio pcmcnu u fcm
camim of fniof, kofopic ncc cmc nochpunumanuci npyiumu kak
hpcumymccfna. Onu ninynunu cc ncucfnonafi foniko ho hpanunam
muponoio pinka, fo ccfi ho hpanunam oncc niionnim nnn nuna-
muunou hpomimncnnou u fopionou cucfcmi.
nn panuuu, Icniiuu, Huncpnannon, anuu u nnn fakux no-
nix iocynapcfn, kak nospoxncnnan Ionima unu nnoni cosnannnic
Hcxocnonakun u Ancfpun unu, oncc kocncnno, nnn Kiocnanuu u
Hfanuu cnuncfncnnoc okonuafcninoc pcmcnuc, choconoc nuknu-
nuponafi ohacnocfi co cfoponi Icpmanuu, cocfonno n ynuufoxc-
nuu fcppufopuaninoio cnuncfna Icpmanuu. Hc cnyuauno, umcnno
sfa fcma nisnana camic ocfpic cfonknoncnun no npcmn Iapuxc-
kux hcpcionopon u, n ococnnocfu, nnyfpu Concfa ucfipcx (Zopx
Kncmanco of panuuu, noun xopnx of Bcnukopufanuu, Buf-
fopuo Omanysnc Opnanno of Hfanuu u Bynpo Bunicon of Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon), kofopiu hpunuman hpunuuhuaninic pcmcnun,
kacakmuccn mupnix noionopon.
Hmcnno na sfux hcpcionopax (n coofncfcfnuu c hpunuuhamu
ofkpifou nuhnomafuu, kofopic hpohoncnonan Bunicon, onu
nonxni inu hpoxonufi hynuuno, onnako n ncucfnufcninocfu,
nahpofun, onu nocunu concpmcnno cckpcfniu xapakfcp) hpo-
usomno cfonknoncnuc mcxny hosuuunmu unu honufuucckumu un-
fcpccamu panuuu u Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Bunicon ofncfun ka-
fciopuucckum ofkasom na fpconanun qpanuyson (hpcnycmafpunan-
muc, homumo nosnpamcnun panuuu Onisaca u ofapuniuu, yxc
concpmcnnoio hpu saknkucnuu hcpcmupun, cosnanuc ncsanucumou
Icunckou soni, kofopan moina ifi cnnsana c panuucu u Icni-
iucu noionopom o famoxcnnom coksc) u ninynun ux ycfyhufi cio
ycfpcmncnunm, n fom uucnc u naionapn ofcyfcfnuk honncpxku
hosuuuu Iapuxa co cfoponi Bcnukopufanuu u Hfanuu. Kncman-
co nonxcn in nononicfnonaficn nc oucni ynaunim hannuafunom,
ofuacfu cankuuonuponannim Bcpcanickum noionopom, a ofuacfu
anino-amcpukanckum noionopom o iapanfunx. Bcpcanickuu noio-
nop n ocnonnom coxpannn ucnocfnocfi sahannou uacfu Icpmanuu.
B coofncfcfnuu c numu na sahanc k panuuu hcpcxonunu yhpannc-
nuc Caapckou onacfik u cocfncnnocfi na yioninic kohu, pac-
honoxcnnic na cc fcppufopuu, c ycnonucm, ufo ucpcs 15 ncf
cocfoufcn pcqcpcnnym o hpunanncxnocfu Caapa. Io noionopy nc-
kofopic fcppufopuu n okpyiax Ouhcn u Manimcnu hcpcxonunu k
Icniiuu, a na ccncpc c homomik hncucuufa ohpcncnnnaci ipanu-
ua c anucu n pauonc Uncsnuia. Kpomc foio, hpcnycmafpunanoci,
J6
ufo Icpmanun ofkasinacfcn of nccx cnoux kononuu. C nocnnou
fouku spcnun, noionop, yuufinan occhokocnnocfi, hponnncnnyk
qpanuysamu ofnocufcnino ohacnocfu nncsahnoio nahancnun, on-
sinan cokpafufi icpmanckyk apmuk no 1OO fic. ucnonck (nknkuan
4OOO oquucpon), pckpyfupycmix na ocnonc nopononinocfu, hpu
sahpcfc onsafcninoio hpusina; on ycfanannunan fakxc ncmunufa-
pusonannyk sony, nknkuanmyk ncniu cpci Icuna u 5O-kunomcf-
ponyk honocy nnoni hpanoio cpcia pcku c ycnonucm, ufo n sfou
sonc ncmcukoc hpanufcnicfno nc nonxno umcfi nu nouck, nu ka-
kux-nuo nocnnix coopyxcnuu (onsafcnicfno, napymcnuc kofo-
poio nhocncncfnuu nsopncf noionop o anino-amcpukanckux iapan-
funx). oionop, nakoncu, ycfanannunan, ufo noucka coksnukon
nonxni okkyhuponafi ncnocpcxic Icuna, pasncncnnoc na fpu
cckfopa coofncfcfncnno na hcpuon hnfi, nccnfi u hnfnanuafi
ncf, sa ucknkucnucm nosmoxnoio cokpamcnun cpokon, cnnsannoio
c koppckfnim nihonncnucm noionopa Icpmanucu unu, n hpofun-
nom cnyuac ux hponncnun.
Ofkas of hpunnfun makcumaninix fpconanuu qpanuysckou
cfoponi n omcm komhcncuponancn saknkucnucm noionopa o ia-
panfunx n honisy panuuu, honhucannoio Cocnuncnnimu Ufafa-
mu u Bcnukopufanucu u nahpanncnnoio hpofun nosmoxnix napy-
mcnuu Icpmanucu Bcpcanickoio noionopa. Ofo inu iapanfuu,
houfu cpasy xc yfpafunmuc ncnkyk ucnnocfi us-sa ofkasa amcpu-
kanckou cfoponi pafuquuuponafi cam noionop (2O nonpn 11 i.),
ufo numuno cmicna komhpomucc, hpunnfiu qpanuysamu.
Hc cuufan ocoix cfafcu, fakxc umcnmux ohpcncncnnoc kont-
knkfypnoc snaucnuc, inannou hponcmou hcpcionopon ho pcun-
ckomy nohpocy u sfo hokasano qpanko-amcpukanckoc cfonknonc-
nuc ino umcnno fo, ufo Kncmanco okasancn ninyxncn hpunnfi
konuchuuk Bunicona, hpcncfanmcio n Iapuxc nc n kauccfnc oiu-
noio coksnuka, no houfu kak Jeus ex muchinu, u nipasunmcio cfpcm-
ncnuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon qakfuuccku cfafi cncpxncpxanou. Buni-
con nc foniko nukfonan ycfanonncnun, kacanmuccn konkpcfnou
hponcmi, no nhucinan sfy hponcmy (pcunckoio ypciynuponanun)
n pamku hpouccca yfncpxncnun hpanun, kacanmuxcn nccu mcxnyna-
ponnou xusnu. On ncnan sfo nccima sncpiuunim opasom, nokasi-
nan, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nc foniko nnccnu pcmakmuu nknan n
hocny ncpxan Anfanfi nan Icpmanucu, no u okasinanu ohpcncnnk-
mcc nnunnuc cnoum nmcmafcnicfnom (c homomik 14 hynkfon) u
cnoum yuacfucm n ocymccfnncnuu mupnix noionopcnnocfcu, fo
ccfi n hpunnfuu nonix hpunuuhon, na qopmuponanuc hpccnony-
foio nonoio muponoio hopnnka. Iosuuun panuuu honkpchnnnaci
fcm nknanom, kofopiu qpanuysi nnccnu n hopaxcnuc Icpmanuu
J7
u cunou ucfopuucckou fpanuuuu, onnako hpunuuh camooohpcncnc-
nun (fopxccfncnno hponosinamcnniu n hpcamync 14-fu hynkfon
Bunicona) nosonanan nan qakfamu. B camom ncnc, ymccfno sa-
naficn nohpocom: ino nu nosmoxno, ufoi ncckoniko acfpakf-
nix hpunuuhon nosonananu nan qakfamu Ofncf, koncuno, moxcf
ifi foniko nciafunnim, hockoniky ofnncucnnic hpunuuhi nc
ncucfnykf n konkpcfnix cufyauunx. Onnako n fc nnu hpunuuhi
Bunicona kasanuci mcncc acfpakfnimu, nahpofun, onu hpuopc-
nu oncc cuninoc snyuanuc ncncncfnuc amcpukanckoio nocnnoio
nmcmafcnicfna na cfoponc Anfanfi u qunanconou homomu, oka-
sannou cu Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu. B ufoic unfcpcci panuuu
inu hpuncccni n xcpfny amcpukanckum konuchuunm.
K fomy xc, ccnu oucnufi n ucnom komhpomucc, nocfuinyfiu
ho icpmanckomy nohpocy, fo on nc kaxcfcn fakum nciafunnim,
kak cio oucnunanu fc, kfo nounancn oncc panukaninix pcmcnuu.
Ynsnumim momcnfom sfou cufyauuu in yxc foina nohpoc, kofopiu
nconnokpafno ncfanan na hpofnxcnuu nccio ncka u, n ococnnocfu,
c 147148 ii. no 1O i. Bohpoc kacancn pcaninocfu amcpukan-
ckux iapanfuu. Hc ino ocnonanuu nnn comncnuu n pcmufcninom
hpounoncucfnuu Bcnukopufanuu hohifkam pcnanma co cfoponi
Icpmanuu n ofnomcnuu Icunckou soni. Iosfomy c sfou cfoponi
iapanfun noionopa, hpcnocfanncnnan panuuu, nc honncpianaci
ohacnocfu. Onnako ino mnoxccfno hpuuun nnn foio, ufoi comnc-
naficn n nancxnocfu onsafcnicfn amcpukanckou cfoponi. Imc no
foio, kak amcpukanckuu ccnaf ofkasancn pafuquuuponafi Bcpcani-
ckuu noionop, usonnuuonucfckuc fcucnun, ococnno n pcchynu-
kanckou hapfuu nipasunu cnoc inyokoc nccoinacuc c Buniconom.
Ho cmc onimyk poni uipano omcc nacfpocnuc u fpanuuuonnoc
ofcyfcfnuc onsafcnicfn co cfoponi Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n ofno-
mcnuu Inpohi. Bcponfno, c fouku spcnun honufuucckux hpunuu-
hon Cocnuncnnic Ufafi yxc cfanu nuncpom muponou cucfcmi,
onnako onu nc cfanu fakonimu c fouku spcnun pcanino nsnfix na
ccn onsafcnicfn. Takum opasom nocfafouno ino momcnfa cna-
ocfu unu kpusuca hpcsuncnfckou nnacfu nnn foio, ufoi hocfa-
nufi hon comncnuc fo, ufo yxc ino ocmano. Ofo u hpousomno n
ncucfnufcninocfu.
(..2. FLHAFAHHH H ,CH1H CCK5HHCD
Bonncucnuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n pcmcnuc hponcmi ofno-
mcnuu c Icpmanucu hponnnnnoci fakxc u n skonomuucckom hna-
nc, kofopiu, c npyiou cfoponi, u cocfannnn ocnony kapafcninix
mcp n ofnomcnuu hocxncnnix. Bknkucnuc n Bcpcanickuu noionop
J8
cfafiu 2J1-u, n kofopou hocnufcnu otnnnnnu, a ncmui hpusna-
nanu ofncfcfncnnocfi Icpmanuu u cc coksnukon sa noopyxcnnyk
aipcccuk u onsanuci nosmccfufi ymcp, honcccnniu coksnuka-
mu u otcnununmumcn c numu cfpanamu, ofkpinano hyfi nnn ho-
cfanonku nohpoca o pchapauunx, kofopic cncnonano nanoxufi na
Icpmanuk.
Macmfa onsafcnicfn u uacfi, kofopyk nonxna ina hony-
uufi panuun, ycfanonncnnan n hpunuuhc, a nc n nunc koncunou
cymmi, hponcmoncfpuponanu, ufo qunanconiu mcxanusm honu-
mancn foina kak cmc onun choco paspymcnun icpmanckou momu.
Onnako fo ocfonfcnicfno, ufo pcmcnun ho nannomy nohpocy
inu hpunnfi hocnc nccocfonnmcucn pafuqukauuu Bcpcanickoio
noionopa ccnafom Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, hosnonncf honnfi, kakum
opasom qpanuysi cfpcmunuci komhcncuponafi n sfom hnanc fo,
ufo onu hofcpnnu c fouku spcnun fcppufopuaninix u honufuucc-
kux iapanfuu. Ipunnn ycfanonncnnic um onsafcnicfna ho hnafc-
xam, ncmui fcm camim coinacunuci nsnfi na ccn snauufcninyk
uacfi skonomuucckux usncpxck, cnnsannix c nounou, fakxc u n
ofnomcnuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Ofo osnauano, ufo qakfuuccku
nosnukana nccima fccnan cnnsi mcxny cufyauucu c noniamu coks-
nukon Cocnuncnnim Ufafam u noniamu Icpmanuu n ofnomcnuu
coksnukon.
Hmcnno naionapn nanuuuk fakou cnnsu naxc hocnc nccocfo-
nnmcucn pafuqukauuu noionopa cnpohcuui ncc cmc pachonaianu
cuninim cpcncfnom nanncnun na Cocnuncnnic Ufafi: uo n ho-
nufuucckom hnanc ino oucnunno, ufo nihnafa pchapauuu hpu-
opufcfna ho ofnomcnuk k nihnafc nonion. H ccnu Icpmanun nc
yncf hnafufi, fo u Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nuucio nc honyuaf. Of-
ckna nosnukan cnocio pona hopouniu kpyi, n pcsynifafc kofopoio
choconocfi ncmucn ocymccfnnnfi hnafcxu cfanonunaci naxnim
momcnfom nnn amcpukanckux qunancon. Hnimu cnonamu, pcanu-
sauun Bcpcanickoio noionopa (u hocncnykmux pcmcnuu hocnufc-
ncu, hpunnfix n ofcyfcfnuc amcpukanckux hpcncfanufcncu) umcna
hpakfuucckoc snaucnuc u nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Iocncnnuc
inu usonuponani of haiynoio nnunnun cnpohcuckou honufuku,
onnako onu fcm nc mcncc sanuccnu of cnpohcuckou skonomuku a,
cncnonafcnino, u of cnpohcuckou honufuku, kofopyk ncnisn
ino, koncuno, ofncnufi of camou skonomuku. Ha sanncm hnanc
hpocmafpunancn fakxc u npyiou achckf cufyauuu: ccnu Icpmanun
nonxna ina hnafufi, ona nonxna ina onanafi choconocfik
hnafufi. A nnn sfoio cncnonano noccfanonufi cc hpousnoncfncn-
niu hofcnuuan, hpcononcn hocncnocnniu kpussuc, ufoi cio ho-
cncncfnun nc ckasinanuci fakxc u na hocnufcnnx.
J
Takum opasom, fcppufopuaninic u qunanconic cfafiu Bcp-
canickoio noionopa opasoninanu onno ncpaspinnoc ucnoc; of ux
ocymccfnncnun sanuccno pcaninoc snaucnuc nocnnou hocni
panuuu nan Icpmanucu. Onnako c foio momcnfa, koina Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi hokoncanu honufuucckoc ocnonanuc sfou hocni,
a ncmui n pasiap skonomuucckoio kpusuca hokoncanu cc qunan-
conoc ocnonanuc, nauan hocnc nihnafi hcpnix hnafcxcu qakfu-
uccku hpononufi honufuky, nahpanncnnyk na safniunanuc nihnaf
u usmcncnuc pcmcnuu, hpunnfix ho nohpocy o pchapauunx, qpan-
uysi cfonknynuci c cokpamcnucm nononino snauufcninou uacfu
cnoux nocnnix fpoqccn. B ufoic onu hpumnu k ninony, ufo ho-
nono fomy, kak ocfanuci ncynonncfnopcnnimu makcumanucfckuc
fpconanun, hpcncfanncnnic n Iapuxc nocnnimu, nahpumcp,
mapmanom omcm, fakxc nc ynyf ocymccfnncni u komhpomuccnic
pcmcnun. Ofo osnauano, ufo ucpcs nckofopoc npcmn icpmanckuu
nohpoc ncfancf no nccu cio ocfpofc u snauumocfu.
(... FAHHJ5CAH HCHHTHA 1AFAHTHH
H LDFCHLHCAH LL5CHACHCCTL
Ha sfou ocnonc nicfpaunanuci nnc fcmi, cfanmuc na ohpcnc-
ncnniu hcpuon hpconanakmumu no qpanuysckou nncmncu honu-
fukc: honufuka iapanfuu nihonncnun Bcpcanickoio noionopa u
csohacnocfi. Ionufuka iapanfuu osnauana cfpcmncnuc qpanuy-
son nochpchnfcfnonafi fomy, ufoi Icpmanun xofn i n mancumcu
cfchcnu yknonnnaci of nihonncnun ycnonuu mupnoio noionopa.
Hnimu cnonamu, sfo ino fpconanuc cfpoiocfu uchonncnun na-
kasanun, kofopan nonxna ina occhcuufi ycfpancnuc paspinon n
fkanu kpunuucckux noionopcnnocfcu. Onnako camou ho ccc sfou
hosuuuu ino, koncuno, ncnocfafouno nnn foio, ufoi ocnaufi
ohaccnun, hopoxnacmic xonom coifuu. ocfafouno nchomnufi n
nannou cnnsu hocfonnno nosnukanmuc nonocfu o nchncckax nauuo-
nanusma n Icpmanuu, a fakxc nc ymonkakmyk kpufuky konccpna-
funnoio u pcakuuonnoio hpanoio kpina, nahpanncnnyk hpofun
cpnunckoio hpanufcnicfna sa cio nooopaxacmyk ycfyhuunocfi n
ofnomcnuu panuuu. Ipcnhonoxcnuc, ufo Icpmanun, numi nc-
snauufcnino cokpafunmancn n pasmcpax, saxnccfinacman momni-
mu nonnamu nauuonanusma, hpcncfannncf coou hofcnuuaninyk
ohacnocfi nnn panuuu, ninnuiana npyiyk fcmy qpanuysckou
nncmncu honufuku fcmy csohacnocfu. Ona cfana ucnfpaninou
ocik, nokpyi kofopou qopmuponanaci cnpohcuckan honufuka
panuuu u na ocnonc kofopou hpunumanuci hpunuuhuaninic pc-
mcnun ofnocufcnino cokson. A posreriori moxno koncfafuponafi,
4O
ufo osaoucnnocfi qpanuyson nc ina ncoocnonannou, xofn n fc-
ucnuc nnanuafu ncf, mcxny nnymn nounamu, panuun u nnccna sa-
mcfniu nknan n fo, ufoi cncnafi nosmoxnou nonyk aipcccuk
Icpmanuu.
Icsohacnocfu nc cymccfnonano, hockoniky hofcnuuaninan no-
cnnan cuna Icpmanuu ocfanaci ncfponyfou, anino-amcpukanckuc
iapanfuu nc ncfyhunu n cuny, uia Hauuu ina ncsqqckfunna,
Bcnukopufanun nc pasncnnna qpanuysckyk fouky spcnun ofnocu-
fcnino chocoa pcmcnun hponcm Bocfounou Inpohi, a Hfanun
hpononuna koncnkmykcn u manoycnufcninyk honufuky. B cnnsu
c sfum panuun ninyxncna ina paspaafinafi cocfncnnyk
cfpafciuk, ucnukom nahpanncnnyk na fo, ufoi cosnafi na onno-
cfoponnncu ocnonc fy csohacnocfi, kofopyk cu nc nananu mcx-
nynaponnic iapanfuu. Ofo ina hosuuun (nc cuufan nckofopix
offcnkon), nc nisinanman pasnoinacuu mcxny qpanuysckumu ho-
nufuucckumu cunamu. Of Ipuana no Iyankapc u Oppuo ncc
hpanufcnicfna, cmcnnnmuccn n sfu ioni n Iapuxc, hpccncnonanu
onny u fy xc ucni: noccfanonufi kpunuuccku unu hocpcncfnom
nosmoxnoio uchonisonanun cuni fy csohacnocfi, ofcyfcfnuc ko-
fopou omymanu qpanuysi.
Ipcnhpunnfic Municpanom u Ipuanom n 121 i. hohifku
naufu pcmcnuc ucpcs skonomuucckoc cnuxcnuc c Icpmanucu nc
hpuncnu nu k kakomy pcsynifafy, nccmofpn na unnksuu, nisnan-
nic ofkpifocfik munucfpa unocfpannix ncn Icpmanuu Iafcnay.
Hcynauu Kannckou konqcpcnuuu n nnnapc 122 i. u Icnyssckou
konqcpcnuuu n ahpcnc foio xc iona hpuncnu numi k pasxuianuk
qpanuysckux cfpaxon. Icpmanckuu qunanconiu kpusuc ninynun
cpnunckoc hpanufcnicfno hohpocufi o mopafopuu na nanincumuc
pchapauuonnic nihnafi n qunanconom u nafypaninom nipaxcnuu.
Ofof nohpoc cspcsynifafno ocyxnanu nnc konqcpcnuuu, cocfo-
nnmuccn n Iapuxc n nckapc 122 i. u n onnonc n nnnapc 12J i.
Icpcn nuuom sfux houfu hpcnpcmcnnix ncynau noniu hpcmicp-
munucfp panuuu, hpcncfanufcni nauuonanucfuucckou hpanou
hapfuu Iaumon Iyankapc paspaofan hpockfi onnocfoponncio
pcmcnun. 11 nnnapn 12J i. qpanuysckuc u cniiuuckuc noucka
okkyhuponanu Iypckuu yionino-mcfannypiuucckuu acccun c ofkpi-
fim namcpcnucm nsnfi n cnou pyku hponykfunniu sanoi, kofopiu
cnyxun i iapanfucu xopomcio honcncnun ncmucn n ynymcm u
cnuncfcnicfnom pcmumocfu qpanuyson nc ofkasinaficn of hpan,
yfncpxncnnix noionopamu, u, oncc foio, hpu nosmoxnocfu, naxc
niufu sa ux hpcncni. cnfcninocfi qpanuyson onopuno ufaninn-
ckoc hpanufcnicfno (cio yxc nosinanun Mycconunu). Aninuuanc,
pacxonunmuccn c qpanuysamu n honxonc k hponcmam csohacnocfu
41
u nc noncpnnmuc icicmonucfckum hohonsnoncnunm cnoux coksnu-
kon, nahpofun, pacucnunanu okkyhauuk kak haiynyk omuky,
kofopan nuucio nc pcmuf, a yncf numi chococfnonafi ycuncnuk
hpofunopcuuu. Icpnan pcakuun ncmucn hokasana oocnonannocfi
pufanckou fouku spcnun. B camom ncnc, cpnunckoc hpanufcni-
cfno hponosinacuno qopmyny haccunnoio coohpofunncnun n of-
nomcnuu akfa, hpcnhpunnfoio na ocnonanuu sakonnix hpcnnoion,
onnako nukfycmoio cfpcmncnucm uchonisonafi nacunuc. Iaccun-
noc cohpofunncnuc osnauano ofkas co cfoponi ncmucn occhcuufi
nopmaninoc qynkuuonuponanuc yionino-mcfannypiuucckoio kom-
hnckca, n kofopom inu sannfi ncmcukuc fpynnmuccn, u hpckpa-
mcnuc nihnaf pchapauuonnix hnafcxcu. Ias sanoi, okkyhupo-
nanniu panuucu, okasancn hponykfunnim, fo ccfi choconim
samcnufi ncnihnaucnnic pchapauuu, fo qpanuysckomy, cniiuu-
ckomy u ufaninnckomy hcpconany cncnonano sannfi mccfo icpman-
ckoio c fcm, ufoi cncnafi nosmoxnim qynkuuonuponanuc hpcn-
hpunfuu Iypa. A sfo cfanuno oucni cnoxnic fcxnuucckuc hponcmi
u hopoxnano ouaiu nokaninou nahpnxcnnocfu.
B sfux ycnonunx qpanuysi icfpo ocosnanu, ufo ux unuuua-
funa hpuncna k nonou fakfuucckou u cfpafciuucckou ncynauc, us
kofopou nc nunno ino nixona, nccmofpn na hohifku pufancko-
io hocpcnnuuccfna, hocncnonanmuc sa hcpnou pcskou pcakuucu na
hpoucmcnmcc. B onnonc qpanuysckyk akuuk pacucnunu kak ca-
moc npkoc hponnncnuc icicmonucfckux ycfpcmncnuu Iapuxa n of-
nomcnuu nccio cnpohcuckoio konfuncnfa. Bixon hpcnnoxunu
ncmui. Koina, n aniycfc 12J i. Iycfan Ufpcscman cfan kanuncpom
u munucfpom unocfpannix ncn Bcumapckou pcchynuku, on unu-
uuuponan nccima pcskuu honopof no nncmncu honufukc. Ufpcsc-
man in nocfaniiupykmum nauuonanucfom, no on fakxc, u hpcxnc
nccio, nnnnncn pcanucfom. On nc ycmafpunan nukakou honisi n
coxpancnuu nahpnxcnnocfu n Icpmanuu u honaian, ufo cncnafi
hcpniu mai nanncxuf fomy, kfo of cmniucnun nahpnxcnnocfu ho-
nyuuf nauonimuc hpcumymccfna, fo ccfi camou Icpmanuu. Ufpc-
scman in ycxncn, ufo inannan hponcma icpmanckou nncmncu
honufuku cocfouf n noccfanonncnuu cc nopmaninoio honoxcnun
n Inpohc honoxcnun, kofopoc usanuno i cc of cfpaxon u fpc-
noi, cnnsannix c umhcpuanucfuucckum nacncnucm Bfopoio pcuxa,
cncnan nosmoxnim nosnpamcnuc Icpmanuu n coomccfno nauuu n
kauccfnc iocynapcfna, n ofnomcnuu kofopoio nc fpcycfcn ocooio
konfponn, hockoniky ono nc cncnacf nuucio, ufo hpofunopcuuno
i unfcpccam nccomcio mupa. Iapanokcaninim opasom sfo yc-
nonuc ino cnuncfncnnou nosmoxnou hpcnhocinkou, choconou,
ho mncnuk Ufpcscmana, ncpnyfi Icpmanuu o 0y0yue+ honnyk
42
cnoony ncucfnuu. C noccfanonncnucm noncpun ucucsnyf honospu-
fcninocfi co cfoponi npyiux cnpohcuckux ncpxan, u foina moxno
yncf ninnunyfi hpcnnoxcnun ho hcpccmofpy nauoncc nohuk-
mux cfafcu mupnix noionopon, nc ohacanci nisnafi cfpax u upcs-
mcpnyk pcakuuk.
Hcxonn us sfux hpcnhocinok, Ufpcscman 26 ccnfnpn 12J i.
hpukasan hpckpafufi haccunnoc cohpofunncnuc, u hpucfyhun k
hcpcoucnkc nccu cufyauuu n ucnom. B sfof momcnf nosononncnuc
hcpcionopon ho nohpocy o pchapauunx cfano ncuscxnim. Takum
opasom na kopofkuu hcpuon icpmanckoc hpanufcnicfno cosnano y
Iyankapc unnksuk ychcxa. Aninuuanc u hpcxnc nccio amcpukan-
ui ofkasanuci of cnoux nciafunnix hosuuuu u sannnuci houckom
skonomuucckoio u honufuucckoio komhpomucca. Ofo ina hohifka,
honhufinacman xcnanucm ynonncfnopufi qpanuyson u hpcnnoxufi
nixon us fyhuka, n kofopom onu okasanuci naionapn Iyankapc.
Iaumon Iyankapc hpouipan cnok honufuucckyk ufny u n mac
124 i. na niopax hofcphcn hopaxcnuc of ncnoio noka, cio cmc-
nun na hocfy hpcnccnafcnn concfa munucfpon Onyapn Oppuo, no
hpana panuuu na honyucnuc pchapauuu inu cmc pas honfncpx-
ncni. Onnako n ncucfnufcninocfu n pcsynifafc komhpomucca ho-
cnufcncm okasancn Ufpcscman, hockoniky cmy ynanoci yfncpnufi
honoxcnuc Icpmanuu n kauccfnc cytckfa, k kofopomy onimc nc-
hpumcnumi mcfoni nukfafa n ofnomcnuu hocxncnnoio n 118 i.,
no c kofopim ncoxonumo nccfu hcpcionopi o hyfnx nixona us
cnoxunmcucn cufyauuu. Ofo in, cncnonafcnino, nccima naxniu
mai nhcpcn.
(..4. HHAH DFFHC H HLHLDCHH HFCTCCH
Oppuo cfpcmuncn noccfanonufi n honufuucckom hnanc fo, ufo
panuun hofcpnna n hnanc skonomuucckom. Coofncfcfnykman
nosmoxnocfi hpcncfanunaci cmy na ccccuu Accamncu uiu Ha-
uuu, cocfonnmcucn n Zcncnc n ccnfnpc foio xc 124 iona. Oppuo
nancnncn, ufo cio hpcnnoxcnun honyuaf naiocknonniu hpucm y
nonoio pufanckoio hpanufcnicfna, fakxc ncnou opucnfauuu, kofo-
poc, nhcpnic n aninuuckou ucfopuu, nosinanun ncuopucf Iamccu
Maknonanin. Oppuo pasmimnnn o cosnanuu hnana aconkfnou
csohacnocfu. ohonnun fcsuci aninuuan, on hpcnnoxun, nsnn sa
ocnony unck ucmckoio hpcncfanufcnn Icncma, honhucafi hpofo-
kon, kofopiu i yfncpxnan fpu hpunuuha apufpax, csohacnocfi
u pasopyxcnuc n kauccfnc nccymcu ohopi nnn cucfcmi iapanfuu,
ocnonannou na npuny0ume:ino+ mpemeucio+ cy0e. K hocncnncmy
nonxni inu hpuciafi uncni uiu Hauuu, onsynci, n cnyuac
4J
ncnihonncnun pcmcnuu apufpaxa, uchonisonafi ho ufoiam iono-
conanun onimuncfnom pchpcccunnic nopmi, concpxanmuccn n
camom Ycfanc uiu nauuu u hpcnycmafpunanmuc (cf. 16) hpumcnc-
nuc cuni hpofun cio napymufcncu.
B ocfanonkc, honyuunmcu nasnanuc nyx Zcncni, hpofokon
in icfpo onopcn u honhucan. Iio ncfyhncnuc n cuny osnauano
i ynonncfnopcnuc qpanuysckux amuuuu, hockoniky on hpcnpa-
fun i uiy Hauuu n opianusauuk, pcanino occhcuunakmyk co-
xpancnuc mupa, u ncucfnufcnino hpuncn i k honopofy n cnpohcu-
ckou honufukc. B camom ncnc, cyfi hpofokona cocfonna nc cfoniko
n fou qopmynuponkc, kofopyk on yfncpxnan (yuufinan fof qakf,
ufo na momcnf cio honhucanun nu Icpmanun, nu Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi nc nxonunu n uiy Hauuu u ufo Hfanun cnna nc hocfanuna
hon comncnuc cnoc hpucyfcfnuc n uic n cnnsu c coifunmu na
Kopqy
1
u hpononxana aqumuponafi nicokomcpnoc ofcfpancnuc
of xcncnckou uiu), ckoniko n fom, ufo on ncnnycmicncnno nonnc-
kan Bcnukopufanuk n hpouccc coxpancnun srurus quo n Inpohc u,
npyiumu cnonamu, nospoxnan iapanfuu, hofcphcnmuc quacko n
12O i.
Onnako yfncpxncnuc sfoio hpockfa nc cocfonnoci. Inaiohpu-
nfniu ucxon in oycnonncn pafuqukauucu hpofokona saunfcpc-
conannimu hpanufcnicfnamu. Maknonanin naxonuncn y nnacfu
naionapn xpyhkomy ncuopucfcko-nucpaninomy onimuncfny.
Iocnc hopaxcnun na niopax n nonpc 124 i. cmy na cmcny hpu-
mcn Ionap oy, a munucfpom unocfpannix ncn cfan Ocfun Hcm-
cpncn, ycxncnniu konccpnafop, honniu pcmumocfu ofkasaficn
of onsafcnicfn, nsnfix cio hpcnmccfncnnukom. Ipcnnoi ofnocu-
fcnino mncnun nomunuonon n ofnomcnuu onsafcnicfn, nocunmux
inoaniniu xapakfcp, in nc cnumkom ycnufcninim. Hcmcpncn
ykpincn sa fpconanucm koncynifauuu, hpcnocfanun Mycconunu n
nckapc 124 i. nosmoxnocfi hoxoponufi Zcncnckuu hpofokon.
Hfano-qpanuysckan ununnun, hponnunmancn c nckapn 122 no
ccpcnuni 124 i., ina paspymcna anfuqamucfckou hosuuucu
qpanuysckux ncnix, sannfou umu n cnnsu c yuucfnom Maffcofu,
onnoio us nunncumux hpcncfanufcncu ufaninnckoio couuanusma,
comnufcninimu nuunocfnmu, hpcncfannnnmumu qamucfckuu sk-
cfpcmusm, of kofopix Mycconunu nc ynanoci ofmcxcnanaficn.
1
Hmccfcn n nuny ufano-ipcucckuu konqnukf n aniycfc-ccnfnpc 12J i., nis-
nanniu hohifkou Hfanuu saxnafufi ocfopon Kopqy, naxniu cfpafciuucckuu
hynkf na Anpuafukc. J1 aniycfa ufaninnckuc noucka okkyhuponanu ocfopon. Ipc-
uun ahhcnuponana n Concf uiu Hauuu. Icmufcninic hpofunoncucfnuc Bcnuko-
pufanuu ninynuno Hfanuk ofcfyhufi u snakyuponafi cnou noucka c ocfopona
Kopqy n konuc ccnfnpn 12J i. 1pu+. nepeoo0uuiu.
44
ukfafypa n Hfanuu cfana hyckafi kopnu, a panuun hpcnpamafi-
cn n ycxumc nnn hpccncnycmix anfuqamucfon. Mcxny Hfanucu
u panuucu ncc oncc ucfko hponnnnnoci inyokoc pasmcxcnanuc.
Hmcnno sfo honfonknyno Mycconunu k cnuxcnuk c hosuuucu
Bcnukpufanuu. B nckapc 124 i., n pasiap kpusuca n cnnsu c
yuucfnom Maffcofu, Hcmcpncn, ofhpannnnci n Ium nnn yuacfun n
Accamncc uiu Hauuu, ncfpcfuncn c Mycconunu u hponcmoncfpu-
ponan fakum opasom, ufo fof ncc cmc honisycfcn noncpucm Bcnu-
kopufanuu, honyuun nsamcn ocnooxncnuc of fpynnou muccuu
hcpnim hoxoponufi Zcncnckuu hpofokon. B camom ncnc, Myc-
conunu nsnn na ccn sfy fnxcnyk onsannocfi u n pcsynifafc n
Inpohc cnoxunuci fccnic ufano-pufanckuc ofnomcnun, hpo-
nnunmuccn, xofn u c hcpcpinamu, nhnofi no 1J5 i., a ho nckofo-
pim achckfam nhnofi no Bfopou muponou nouni. Bmccfc c fcm y
qpanuyson honnunaci cmc onna hpuuuna nnn occhokocnnocfu.
cucfnufcnino, fcma csohacnocfu panuuu nosnukana yxc nc
foniko n cnnsu c ofnomcnunmu c Icpmanucu, no u n cnnsu c hpo-
ncmou anihuuckou ipanuui cfpani.
(... HCAFHCHL CC1HALLHHH
Hccocfonnmancn pafuqukauun Zcncnckoio hpofokona hpuncna
k nakyymy u nnoni oocfpuna ohacnocfi konqnukfon. Hcmcpncn
nc cuufan, ufo cncnycf ncpnyficn k afmocqcpc nnnapn 12J i. u ufo
osaoucnnocfi qpanuyson nonxna ifi xofn i uacfuuno ynonncfno-
pcna. B sfom hnanc cio mcxnynaponnan ncnfcninocfi n hpunuuhc
coucfanaci c ncnfcninocfik Ufpcscmana. Icnu ucnik ncmcukoio
iocynapcfncnnoio ncnfcnn ina nopmanusauun honoxcnun Icpma-
nuu (nopmanusauun, nocfuxcnuc kofopou Zcncnckuu hpofokon
ncnan iopasno oncc cnoxnim, ccnu nc ncnosmoxnim), fo n afmocqc-
pc, cnoxunmcucn n pcsynifafc honufuku, hpononunmcucn Hcmcp-
ncnom, nosnukanu nosmoxnocfu nnn foio, ufoi cncnafi cmc onun
mai nhcpcn hocnc komhpomucca ho pchapauunm, hpcnnoxcnnoio
hnanom aysca.
Takuc coopaxcnun hoponunu unck samcnufi hpockf ncco-
mcu iapanfuu hpcnnoxcnucm uacfuunou iapanfuu, oipanuucnnou
foniko Icunckou sonou. Hnuuuafuny nnoni hponnun Ufpcscman,
kofopiu hpucnymancn k concfy pufanckoio hocna nopna nÀcpno-
na u nicfyhun n naiohpunfniu momcnf, koina Icpmanun nixonuna
us skonomuucckoio kpusuca. panuun nonxna ina ohpanuficn of
foniko ufo hcpcncccnnix nuhnomafuucckux hopaxcnuu, no u ifi
iofonou k ofnony nouck, hpcnycmofpcnnomy camum Bcpcanickum
noionopom, hockoniky ucfck hcpniu us fpcx hnfuncfnux cpokon
nnn snakyauuu Icunckou soni.
45
B fakou afmocqcpc n qcnpanc 125 i. Ufpcscman ninnunyn
unck, coinacno kofopou hocnc sancpmcnun ocnooxncnun Iypa
Icpmanun moxcf hpusnafi ipanuuy ho Icuny, ycfanonncnnyk n
Bcpcanc, c nosnpamcnucm panuuu Onisac-ofapuniuu u onsa-
fcnicfnom nc cfpcmuficn k cc usmcncnuk hpumcncnucm cuni.
Icui mna o naxnix ycfyhkax, kofopic mcnnnu nncmnuc oucpfanun
icpmanckou fcppufopuu u kofopic Ufpcscman hpcnnaian nohon-
nufi mcxnynaponnimu iapanfunmu. panko-icpmanckuu nuanoi
okasancn i fakum opasom hpnmim, nchocpcncfncnnim u konf-
ponupycmim usnnc, n ococnnocfu Bcnukopufanucu, uin hocpcn-
nuucckan qynkuun ina i nicoko oucncna.
Ipcnnoxcnuc Ufpcscmana hpcncfannnno coou cmc onun mai
k cosnanuk afmocqcpi nsaumnoio noncpun. Ono, onnako, umcno
nna ncncnix momcnfa, hockoniky nc kacanoci nohpoca o nocfounix
ipanuuax Icpmanuu u ymanuunano o cc kxnix ipanuuax. C fakumu
oipanuucnunmu hosuuun Icpmanuu umhnuuufno concpxana pastnc-
ncnuc cfpafciuucckoio cmicna honufuku Ufpcscmana. Bhpoucm, n
hucimc, ofhpanncnnom Ufpcscmanom 17 ccnfnpn 125 i. inmc-
my kponhpunuy, ofkponcnno ionopunoci, ufo pcunckoc hpcnno-
xcnuc hcpniu mai na hyfu nixunafcninou fakfuku, naionapn
kofopou moxno yncf noccfanonufi cnoony mancnpa n ofnomcnuu
nosmoxnoio anmnkca Ancfpuu u pcnusuu nocfounix ipanuu. Ofo
hucimo ofnkni nc ino hponnncnucm xcnanun sanocnafi honncpx-
ky icpmanckux monapxuucckux kpyion, hockoniky ucfounuku, of-
nocnmuccn k ncmcukou nuhnomafuu, hosnncc hokasanu, ufo Ufpc-
scman ncno hpcncfannnn pcaniniu macmfa cnoux hpockfon.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, ofkasaficn of pachpocfpancnun iapanfuu
na nocfounic u kxnic ipanuui osnauano n nckofopom ponc houfu
nancfpcuy fpconanunm aninuuan, fo ccfi coinacuficn c pufancku-
mu oionopkamu n ofnomcnuu fcppufopuaninoio ypciynuponanun,
kofopoc nukoina nc ino umu onopcno, oionopkamu, ycuncnnimu
n 125 i. cfoni ncnaninonunnou hosuuucu nomunuonon, nccoinac-
nix c hpcnocfanncnucm iapanfuu fcppufopunm, naxonnmumcn na-
ncko of ucnfpa cnpohcuckux konqnukfon. Ho sfo osnauano fakxc,
u hpcxnc nccio (kak samcfuna ufaninnckan nuhnomafun sa mccnui
hcpcionopon, koina Mycconunu n omcn na coinacuc Hfanuu hifan-
cn nouficn kak ycfyhok n ofnomcnuu kononuu, fak u pachpocfpa-
ncnun iapanfuu na ipanuuy mcxny Hfanucu u Ancfpucu na Ipcn-
ncpc n hpcnnncpuu nhonnc ncponfnoio anmnkca), ufo n Inpohc
moinu cymccfnonafi nna fuha fcppufopuaninoio ypciynuponanun.
Icpniu us nux fof, ufo nyxnancn n ocoix iapanfunx u, cncno-
nafcnino, nc moi ifi usmcncn cs pucka pasxuianun nccomcio
konqnukfa. Bfopou fof, ufo nyxnancn n hpocfix iapanfunx, ia-
46
panfunx, hpcnocfanncnnix mupnimu noionopamu, u kofopiu, us-sa
foio, ufo on nc fpconan nohonnufcninix iapanfuu, in nusncncn
no fakoio fuha ypciynuponanun, kofopoc moxcf ifi usmcncno
nosmoxno naxc ucnou inoaninoio konqnukfa, kak sfo honfncpnu-
nu coifun 1J8 i., hponcmoncfpuponanmuc cfpafciuucckyk oipa-
nuucnnocfi pufanckoio nuncnun cnpohcuckou honufuku. B ncu-
cfnufcninocfu, coinamcnuc, hpcnnaianmcccn Ufpcscmanom, moino
hokasaficn hpunnckafcninim nnn qpanuyson, ino honcsnim nnn
ncmucn, onnako hpcxnc nccio ono hpcncfannnno pufanckoc honu-
manuc hponcm csohacnocfu konfuncnfaninou Inpohi.
Kpomc foio, Ufpcscmany hocuacfnununoci naufu no panuuu
honxonnmcio cocccnnuka: um cfan Apucfun Ipuan, inmuu hpcn-
ccnafcni concfa munucfpon u munucfp unocfpannix ncn n nauanc
2O-x ionon, a c ahpcnn 125 i. cnona munucfp unocfpannix ncn
(n sfou nonxnocfu on hpoin no 1J2 i.) n hpanufcnicfnc Ionn
Icnncnc, cmcnunmcm hpanufcnicfno Oppuo. Ipuan ncpun n nco-
xonumocfi hpumupcnun. On nyman, ufo, nccmofpn na ncnocfafku
icpmanckux hpcnnoxcnuu, ino i honcsno hpcnhpunnfi maiu n
nahpanncnuu nopmanusauuu cufyauuu, hockoniky cuufan, ufo pan-
uun cama ho ccc moxcf nnuiaficn n nnyx nahpanncnunx: hpcnoc-
fanncnuc onnocfoponnux iapanfuu cfpanam Bocfounou Inpohi, nc
oxnaucnnim iapanfunmu, hpcnycmofpcnnimu Ufpcscmanom, c
fcm, ufoi ykpchufi cnok ncnymyk poni n cqcpc cnpohcuckou
csohacnocfu, u n fo xc npcmn nounaficn coinamcnun nchocpcn-
cfncnno c Icpmanucu, kofopoc yncno i ncmucn kak of haiynoio
nnunnun cofpynnuuccfna c Concfamu, fak u of opucnfauuu na hpc-
umymccfncnnoc cofpynnuuccfno c Bcnukopufanucu. Icpmanun nc
nonxna ina nicfyhafi cnpohcuckum konkypcnfom qpanuysckomy
icicmonusmy (coinacno pufanckomy nuncnuk), no nonxna ina
cfafi ccpicsnim hapfncpom panuuu na cnpohcuckom konfuncnfc,
hapfncpom, kofopiu cofpynnuuan i n ucnnx cinaxunanun hpofu-
nopcuuu, ynacncnonannix of nouni, u, cncnonafcnino, chococfno-
nan i n oncc omcm hnanc ykpchncnuk csohacnocfu panuuu.
Icpcionopniu hpouccc ho inannim nasnannim fcmam pasnu-
nancn nocfafouno icfpo. Io nimcnasnannim hpuuunam ofkas
Ipufanuu of pachpocfpancnun iapanfuu na nocfok Inpohi in
naiocknonno nochpunnf qpanuysamu u iopasno mcncc naiocknon-
no Mycconunu, kofopiu cmc nakanync honhucanun coinamc-
nuu koncancn ofnocufcnino hosuuuu, kofopyk cncnycf sannfi
Hfanuu. Onnako cufyauun c honhucanucm coinamcnuu hpuopcfa-
na snauumocfi naionapn ponu coiapanfa, hpunanacmou Hfanuu, u
n cnnsu c fcm, ufo n cnyuac cnocio ofcyfcfnun Hfanun ocfanaci i
n usonnuuu. Iosfomy, n konuc konuon, qamucfckuu nukfafop
hpcononcn cnou koncanun.
47
Hfak, 16 okfnpn 125 i. nnn hapaquponanun nonix coinamc-
nuu o iapanfunx n okapno copanuci Ufpcscman, Ipuan, Ocfun
Hcmcpncn, Mycconunu u munucfp unocfpannix ncn Icniiuu Omuni
Banncpncninc. Ocnonnou noionop in fopxccfncnno honhucan n
onnonc 1 nckapn n ocfanonkc, kofopyk, kasanoci, cfpcmunuci
hpcncfanufi anfufcsou honhucanuk Bcpcanickoio 0uimumu. pan-
uun, u ufo ino oncc naxno, Icpmanun panu na ccn onsafcni-
cfno nc cfpcmuficn k usmcncnuk c homomik cuni ipanuui, ycfa-
nonncnnou mcxny nnymn cfpanamu, u mcxny numu u Icniiucu n
11 i. Icpmanun, kpomc foio, honfncpxnana cnoc coinacuc c ncmu-
nufapusauucu Icunckou soni. Bcnukopufanun u Hfanun nonxni
inu uipafi poni ncpxan-iapanfon coinamcnun. Kakum opasom
onu ynyf ocymccfnnnfi sfu iapanfuu hpcnycmofpufcnino ymanuu-
nanoci; koncfafuponanoci numi, ufo aipcccun nonxna ifi hpu-
snana fakonou uiou Huuuu. Kpomc foio, in honhucan pnn ap-
ufpaxnix noionopon mcxny Icpmanucu, c onnou cfoponi, u
panuucu, Icniiucu, Ionimcu u Hcxocnonakucu, c npyiou, ho
cyfu houfu hycfic cnona, sa kofopimu ckpinanoci ofcyfcfnuc
honnunnix iapanfuu. B omcn na sfu noionopi qpanuysckoc hpa-
nufcnicfno honhucano noionopi o coksc u nsaumohomomu c Hcxoc-
nonakucu u Ionimcu, kacanmuccn cufyauuu nosmoxnoio nahancnun
co cfoponi Icpmanuu. Ofo inu 0ou ucknkucnun ho ofnomcnuk
k omcmy onsafcnicfny qpanuyson, nipaxcnnomy n inannom noio-
nopc nc nahanafi na Icpmanuk. Icui uncf o ncfanu, kofopyk
cncnycf umcfi n nuny n cnnsu c qpanko-concfckum noionopom 1J5 i.
Iocncnnuu, noncnn uucno ucknkucnuu us onsafcnicfna nc naha-
nafi na Icpmanuk no mpex, hosnonun Iufncpy hpofccfonafi hpofun
napymcnun okapnckoio hakfa. B ucnom sfo u in hakcf nokymcn-
fon, hosnncc honyuunmuu usnccfnocfi kak okapnckuc coinamcnun.
Oucnunno, ufo foniko hcpniu us nux umcn pcaninoc honufuucckoc
snaucnuc. pyiuc xc unu nnnnnuci cfinnunim hpukpifucm nchpu-
nfnou pcaninocfu unu xc nipaxcnucm hnoxo ckpifix nancxn
unu naxc ofcfyhncnucm of cymccfnonanmux pancc coinamcnuu.
(... HCCHL HCAFHC
Ofu coinamcnun honoxunu nauano sfahy onimoio ohfumusma
n cnpohcuckou xusnu. Onu nnunuci cmc onnum komhpomuccom.
Io nunumocfu, on fakxc umcn anfuicpmanckyk nahpanncnnocfi,
hockoniky Icpmanun fchcpi ncmoncfpuponana iofonnocfi nopo-
nonino ofkasaficn of foio, ufo ino y ncc ofnnfo. B ncucfnufcnino-
cfu komhpomucc osnauan cfpcmncnuc nosononufi nuanoi. Kaxnan
ncpxana-yuacfnuua nancnnaci na fo, ufo pcsynifafi fakoio nuanoia
48
hosnonnf nhocncncfnuu hpononufi honufuky, cfpafciuuccku ni-
ionnyk umcnno nnn ncc.
Ipuan hpcnhpunnn n sfom hnanc nccima pcmufcninic maiu
nnn honyucnun iapanfuu hpofun pufanckoio hpcnocxoncfna. On
ocman ncmuam n 126 i. nocpouno ninccfu okkyhauuonnic nouc-
ka us Kcnina n omcn na ncfyhncnuc Icpmanuu n uiy Hauuu c
hocfonnnim mccfom nnn ncc n Concfc n kauccfnc sanoia ncmcukoio
yuacfun n cucfcmc nccomcu csohacnocfu. Kpomc foio, on hpo-
nnunyncn n nahpanncnuu oncc fccnoio cofpynnuuccfna mcxny nny-
mn inmumu hpofunnukamu u hpoynun onimuc nancxni, koina
nickasan namcpcnuc fauno ncfpcfuficn c Ufpcscmanom n mccfcukc
Tyapu, pachonoxcnnom ncnancko of Zcncni na qpanuysckou fcp-
pufopuu, no npcmn ccccuu uiu Hauuu, cankuuonuponanmcu ncfyh-
ncnuc n ncc Icpmanuu. Ofo niinnncno fak, kak ynfo on xofcn
hponcmoncfpuponafi poxncnuc coinamcnun mcxny nnymn cfpana-
mu, umcnmcio concpmcnno ocooc snaucnuc nnn cnpohcuckoio y-
nymcio. Onnako ncnisn ymonuafi o fom qakfc, ufo nnn pacmupc-
nun cnocu cnooni mancnpa Icpmanun 24 ahpcnn 126 i. honhucana
noionop o ncufpanufcfc u ncnahancnuu c Concfckum Coksom, ho-
kasanmuu, ufo nyx Iahanno noncc nc ucucs. O sfom cnuncfcni-
cfnonanu u hpononxanmuc ocymccfnnnficn cncpxcckpcfnic coina-
mcnun o honiofonkc icpmanckux noopyxcnnix cun na concfckou
fcppufopuu, honhucannic fak, ynfo onu kacanuci foniko nocnnou
fcxnuku.
Takum opasom, 125 ion nnuncn honopofnim momcnfom n pasnu-
fuu cnpohcuckux hpofunopcuuu. Ofo in kak i momcnf fpuymqa
nonu k noccosnanuk (pckoncfpykuuu) nan cunamu camopaspymc-
nun. B nauanc 126 i. uia Hauuu, kasanoci, hponnuianaci k no-
nou shoxc: ona nc nnnnnaci oncc uncfpymcnfom hocnufcncu nnn
konfponn nan hocxncnnimu, a ncucfnufcnino cfanonunaci qopy-
mom nnn cosunanun mupa u mcxnynaponnou csohacnocfu. yx
okapno cfan qopmynou, uchonisonanmcucn u n hocncnykmux
cufyauunx nnn ohpcncncnun cfpcmncnun k hpcononcnuk cfapix
konqnukfon.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, honnunnoc hpumupcnuc ino ncnosmox-
no. okapno nnunoci foniko haysou. Xofn n hpockfax Ufpcscmana
nc ino nuucio hoxoxcio na kpaunuu ynifpanauuonanusm u cfan-
ky na nacunuc, kofopic ncckoniko ncf chycfn cfanu xapakfcpnimu
nnn honufuku Iufncpa, ncc-faku cfpafciuucckoc nahpanncnuc ncn-
fcninocfu Ufpcscmana, xopomo usnccfno, ono hpcnycmafpunano
pcnusuk mupnix noionopon. A sfo nnckno sa coou, n kauccfnc
hpcnhocinku u n kauccfnc cncncfnun, fo, ufo okapnckuc coinamc-
nun moinu fpakfonaficn kak momcnf qopmaninou nopmanusauuu
4
cnpohcuckou xusnu, a nc kak momcnf hpunuuhuaninoio hpumu-
pcnun. Coinamcnun nc paspcmunu nu onnoio konqnukfa. Onu
numi honfncpnunu, ufo, ho kpauncu mcpc n fcucnuc nckofopoio
npcmcnu, na pcunckou ipanuuc nc hpousouncf npamafuucckux co-
ifuu. Bcc npyiuc konqnukfi, ocfanmuccn ofkpifimu unu cnn-
sannic c sancpmcnucm Icpnou muponou nouni, fak u ocfananuci
ncpcmcnnimu. Ioncc foio, onu n ohpcncncnnom cmicnc oocfpu-
nuci, hockoniky nopmanusauun cufyauuu n Icunckou sonc ina
ohnaucna ucnou nospocmcio ncnoncpun mcxny panuucu u Ipufa-
nucu n ofnomcnuu nsaumnix namcpcnuu, cnnsannix c konfponcm
nan cnpohcuckum konfuncnfom; inyokou ncynonncfnopcnnocfik
Mycconunu n cnnsu c nccocfonnmumucn iapanfunmu ipanuui na
Ipcnncpc, n kofopou moxno chpancnnuno ycmofpcfi ofcyfcfnuc sa-
unfcpcconannocfu nnyx sahannix ncpxan u, hpcxnc nccio, Bcnu-
kopufanuu n ynymcu ncsanucumocfu Ancfpuu; uyncfnom fpcnoiu
u ncyncpcnnocfu, kofopoc nonoc honoxcnuc Icpmanuu, cfanmcu
cmc onimum ucfounukom yiposi n pcsynifafc ononncnun coina-
mcnun c Concfamu, pachpocfpannno na nck Hcnfpaninyk u Boc-
founyk Inpohy, ckoncfpyuponannyk Iapuxckumu noionopamu.
(.4. HsHcncnn B HncBcn acncHncccn cnc:cHc.
Dcncc c cnaaDn B ncnc c (D2O :.
c nnana ,aaca
(.4.(. HFL,LHL HC,1LA D CTFAHAX LDFCHL
Bo npcmn nuhnomafuucckux hcpcionopon snaucnuc skonomu-
ucckux u cnnsannix c numu qunanconix u ncncxno-nankfnix
hponcm hponnunoci co nccu oucnunnocfik nc foniko nnn ofno-
mcnuu nnyfpu kahufanucfuucckou cucfcmi, no fakxc u n cnnsu c
ccpicsnimu nohpocamu, hocfanncnnimu concfckum pcnonkuuon-
nim nnuxcnucm. Icnonkuun pocuna nison cucfcmc pinounou
skonomuku. Ipofaionucfi pinounou skonomuku nonxni inu
hokasafi choconocfi hpunnfi nison, pomcnniu pcnonkuucu n
kauccfnc anifcpnafunnou moncnu pasnufun conpcmcnnoio omc-
cfna, u na ncio ofncfufi. Ofa cufyauun umcna honufuucckuc u qu-
nancono-skonomuucckuc, fo ccfi cfpykfypnic achckfi, nokpyi ko-
fopix nonxna ina pasncpnyficn nacfonman cxnafka (ho kpauncu
mcpc n coofncfcfnuu c mapkcucfckumu hocfynafamu).
Iocncnocnnoc pasnufuc cfano hcpuonom ocosnanun sfoio ni-
opa u hohifkou ofncfufi na ncio, koncuno, nc n qopmc fcopcfu-
ucckoio hpockfa, no hocpcncfnom hocncnonafcninix u hponyman-
nix ncucfnuu, pauuonaninix c fouku spcnun ncmoncfpauuu foio,
5O
ufo honyucnniu ynap in nc cmcpfcninim, a foniko panou, cho-
conou saxufi co npcmcncm. B fcucnuc kakoio npcmcnu u c kaku-
mu fpynnocfnmu Mano kfo foina ofnanan ccc ofucf n fom, ufo
honanoufcn ncckoniko hnfuncfuu, u ufo fpynnocfu ynyf nchpcn-
nuncnnimu, cnnsannimu c hponnncnucm hpofunopcuuu nnyfpu ka-
hufanucfuucckou cucfcmi, n ofnomcnuu kofopix mapkcucfckan
kpufuka ina oocnonana (xofn mapkcucfcko-ncnunckan hpakfuka
u, n cmc onimcu cfchcnu, pcmcnuc skonomuucckux hponcm ho-
cfanuncku ncnu numi k ofcfanocfu skonomuku u omccfna).
Bhcpnic c 11 i. cfano oucnunno, ufo, homumo honufuko-
nuhnomafuucckux koncfpykuuu, cmniuanmux ocfpofy nckofopix
konnusuu u paspcmanmux cfapic hpofunopcuun n coofncfcfnuu co
cnoxunmumcn coofnomcnucm cun, skonomuucckuc ofnomcnun
mcxny iocynapcfnamu inu oycnonncni nc foniko konkpcfnou
skonomuucckou cufyauucu ofncninix cfpan, no fakxc u cucfcmou
fopionix, ncncxno-nankfnix u qunanconix ofnomcnuu, cqopmu-
ponanmcucn n mupc sa hcpuon c hocncnnux nccnfuncfuu XIX ncka
u no Icpnou muponou nouni. Ofa cucfcma okasanaci n kpusucc u
ofuacfu ina paspymcna ncncncfnuc pcnonkuuu n Ioccuu, onnako
coxpanuna cnoc snaucnuc n kauccfnc qona, na kofopom pasnunanuci
honufuucckuc coifun.
Hnimu cnonamu, konuchuun, ho kofopou pinounan skonomu-
ka, n cc kahufanucfuucckom u pcqopmucfckom napuanfax, hpuo-
pcna n cuny cnocu hpuponi macmfa, nixonunmuu sa hpcncni na-
uuonaninix ipanuu (xofn cu u nc ynananoci paspymufi ux), u
hpcnhonaiana cucfcmy nsaumosanucumocfcu n coofncfcfnuu c hpu-
cymumu cu hpanunamu qynkuuonuponanun, namna n sfu hocncn-
nuc nccnfuncfun cnoc honfncpxncnuc, kak kasanoci, sa hpcncnamu
honufuko-skonomuucckoio nauuonanusma. Ipofunopcuun, nisnan-
nic cohcpnuuccfnom nauuonaninix u qunanconix ipyhh unfcpc-
con, cnauana nocunu mupniu xapakfcp unu xc hcpcmcmanuci n
cqcpy kononuaninou konkypcnuuu, a c nauana ncka hon nanncnucm
hpomimncnnou konkypcnuuu oocfpunuci no kpaunocfu u hpunc-
nu k nounc 114 i. Hccncnonanuc hpuuun Icpnou muponou nouni
mno u uncf mnoiumu hyfnmu, onnako ncnisn uinopuponafi fo o-
cfonfcnicfno, ufo nouna ina pcsynifafom hpofunocfonnun skono-
muucckux cucfcm, nc unfcipuponannix honnocfik n inoaninyk
noiuky skonomuucckoio pasnufun u, nahpofun, ninyxncnnix uc-
kafi cnoc cocfncnnoc mccfo sa cucf konkypcnfon.
B kononuaninix cfpanax u Offomanckou umhcpuu qunanconan
momi Icpmanuu hpofunocfonna momu Ipufanuu u panuuu; qu-
nanconoc nnunnuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon hocfchcnno oxnafinano
nck afunckyk Amcpuky u pachpocfpannnoci na Asuk u Inpohy;
51
qunanconoc nnunnuc panuuu honyuuno pasnufuc n kononuani-
nou cqcpc u n kahufanonnoxcnunx, cncnannix n Ioccuu. pyiumu
cnonamu, sfo ina ho hpuponc cnocu iomoicnnan cucfcma, pasnc-
ncnnan, onnako, na uacfu n coofncfcfnuu c nauuonanucfuucckumu
mofunauunmu, kofopic ncnosmoxno ino ofncnufi of qunanconix,
hockoniky qunancucfa, kak, c npyiou cfoponi, honufuka, ncnisn
pasncnufi na uacfu: kak ucnonck on hpcncfannncf coou cnunoc uc-
noc u pykononcfnycfcn nc foniko hpoqcccuonaninou noiukou, ho-
sfomy fcma hpuinu y ncio cnnsinacfcn unoina cnao, unoina
ncpaspinno c nauuonaninou fcmou, n sanucumocfu of cuni
nnyfpcnnux umhynicon.
B ucnom, honono fomy kak n hponcfapckom unfcpnauuonanusmc
hpu uchifanuu xusnik, onapyxunuci inyokuc fpcmuni, ho-
poxncnnic uyncfnom nauuonaninou hpunanncxnocfu (uyncfnom,
kofopoc n konuc konuon oncc, ucm kakoc-nuo npyioc nomunupo-
nano n XX nckc), n qunanconou cucfcmc noiuka nauuonaninou
hpunanncxnocfu fakxc cmcmunanaci c noiukou skonomuucckou
ucnccoopasnocfu, xofn u nc nccina hcpnou ynananoci oncpxafi ho-
cny. Bouna oocfpuna sfu hpofunopcuun, u fcm nc mcncc ona nin-
nuna nanuuuc cucfcmi fopionix, ncncxno-nankfnix u qunanconix
ofnomcnuu, hpuncncnnou n paccfpoucfno nocnnim konqnukfom.
Ofo nc osnauano, ufo us hchna cxnafku sa cohcpnuuccfno mcxny
kahufanucfuucckumu ncpxanamu u nauunmu nosnuk noniu muponou
skonomuucckuu hopnnok, iomoicnniu u iofoniu cqopmuponaficn
na ocnonc omcu sanauu nafi ofhop nacfyhncnuk kommynusma.
Hahpofun, sfo osnauano, ufo nosnpamcnuc k nopmaninou xusnu
hpoxonuno fakxc u ucpcs niop nnyfpcnncu u mcxnynaponnou
skonomuucckou honufuku: niop fopionou honufuku, nankfno-
qunanconou honufuku u choconocfi cucfcmi pinounou skono-
muku nosononufi cnok nopmaninyk ncnfcninocfi c fcm, ufoi
occhcuufi kahufanucfuucckum cytckfam u hofpcufcnnm pacfy-
muc hofpcnocfu u cfoni xc pacfymuc hpuinu. A sfo hpcnhona-
iano hpcononcnuc ncmanoio konuuccfna hpchnfcfnuu.
Moxno ino i naxc ckasafi, ufo nancxna cosnafi muponyk
pcnonkuuonnnyk cucfcmy no inanc c pycckumu onimcnukamu ho-
ponuna n hpofunohonoxnom naicpc ccnu nc nancxny, fo cfpcmnc-
nuc co cfoponi hpofaionucfon kahufanucfuucckou skonomuku u
honufuku, cocfonnmuu n choconocfu cnoxufi kycouku mosauku,
pasposncnnic nounou, nnn foio, ufoi ofkpifi hyfi k ycuncnuk
unfcipauuu, kofopan nanana i xusncnnic cuni pinounou sko-
nomukc. Cymccfnonanu hpofunopcuun u hponcmi, ocnoxnnnmuc
sfof hpouccc. On nauancn n nnanuafic ioni, no foniko hocnc Bfo-
pou muponou nouni cio hpanuna u nahpanncnnocfi hponnunuci
nocfafouno ncno u onnosnauno.
52
Cpasy xc hocnc Icpnou muponou nouni ncc cfano, nahpofun,
oncc hpofunopcuunim us-sa honufuucckux usmcncnuu, nisnan-
nix nocnnim konqnukfom, u nosnuknoncnun nonix cufyauuu.
Cymccfnonanu hponcmi kynifypnoio nnunnun u snaucnun konu-
uccfncnnoio usmcpcnun; ncfan nohpoc o ncancknafnocfu cnpohcu-
ckoio macmfaa sanauam konfponn nan qunanconimu pinkamu.
Icpncncfno onnona, nnnnnmciocn nhnofi no 114 i. muponim
qunanconim ucnfpom, ino hocfanncno hon comncnuc (ho kpau-
ncu mcpc n hcpchckfunc) pacfymum snaucnucm Hik-Hopka; honn-
ncnuc nonix cytckfon sa hpcncnamu cfapoio konfuncnfa, fakux,
kak Cocnuncnnic Ufafi unu, n mcncc samcfnou cfchcnu, Sho-
nun, cosnanano nonic cufyauuu. Icnu cucfcma kahufanucfuucc-
kou skonomuku nonxna ina nosponuficn kak opianusauuonnan
moncni muponou skonomuucckou xusnu (ufo n nauanc nnanuafix
ionon moino hpcncfannnfi, ho mcnimcu mcpc, otckf nuckyccuu, a
n 12 i. cfano hpcnmcfom nnn cchokoucfna u comncnun), fo sfo
moino hpousoufu hyfcm nipaofku nahpanncnnix na nocfuxcnuc
sfoio pcsynifafa ncucfnuu, kofopic honufuucckan u skonomuucckan
nnacfi pasnix cfpan (omccfncnnan unu uacfnan) moina i pcanu-
sonafi. Hcnfpom sfux coifuu okasanuci Cocnuncnnic Ufafi,
uin poni n hpcnhpunumanmuxcn hohifkax nopmanusauuu ina no-
munupykmcu, ho kpauncu mcpc na hcpnom sfahc. Ofo hpofunopc-
uuno n skonomuucckom (fo ccfi ohpcncnnkmcm) hnanc usonnuuo-
nusmy, kofopiu pcchynukanckan hapfun cfpcmunaci nannsafi n
honufuucckom hnanc, fo ccfi n nuhnomafuu. H fcm nc mcncc fpcfuu
us 14 hynkfon Bunicona honfncpxnan ncoxonumocfi opii c
fopionimu apicpamu u ofcfaunan honufuky ofkpifix nncpcu.
Hsonnuuonusm n amcpukanckou honufukc nnnnncn cncncfnucm
hohifku cnpohcuckux coksnukon cpasy xc hcpcnoxufi pcmn ypc-
iynuponanun mcxcoksnuucckux nonion na Cocnuncnnic Ufafi,
sacfanun fakum opasom camux amcpukanucn sahnafufi icpmanckuc
pchapauuu, ofkasanmuci of fpconanun nihnaf cnoux kpcnufon,
hpcnocfanncnnix cnpohcuckum cfpanam-hocnufcninuuam. B ncu-
cfnufcninocfu amcpukanui iofoni inu ocynufi sfy hponcmy,
no hpu ycnonuu, ufo cnpohcuui cpasy xc hpumyf hpunuuh of-
kpifix nncpcu n fom, ufo kacacfcn fopionoio ypciynuponanun.
Inpohcuui, onnako, hcpcxunanu cnumkom ccpicsniu qunanco-
niu kpusuc nnn foio, ufoi hpuchocanunaficn k amcpukanckum
cxcmam, u xofcnu, ufoi nopmanusauun ocnoninanaci na coinamc-
nunx, yuufinanmux sfof qakfop.
Takan hosuuun nc hpunumana no nnumanuc achckfi hponcmi,
cnnsannic c nnyfpuhonufuucckou cufyauucu n Cocnuncnnix
Ufafax: CUA nc umcnu nosmoxnocfu n 1112O ii. nsnanufi na
5J
cnou qunanci usncpxku nouni, nauafou cnpohcuuamu u namcnmcu
cnoc paspcmcnuc foniko naionapn amcpukanckomy nmcmafcnicfny
umcnno n fo npcmn, koina skonomuka Cocnuncnnix Ufafon hcpc-
xunana hcpuon chana, sakonuunmuucn numi n konuc 121 i. Okono-
muucckuu cchapafusm hpcnanuponan no fcx hop, hoka honufuko-
skonomuucckuu kpusuc 12J i. n Inpohc nc ninynun amcpukanckuu
qunanconiu mup usmcnufi cnou hpuopufcfi.
Ofo hpousomno hocnc foio, kak cfanu oucnunnimu cnpohcuckuc
hponcmi. B konuc nouni, n 11 i., cmc nc ncfana oman hpo-
ncma pckoncfpykuuu (noccfanonncnun skonomuku). Xofn nouna
hpononxanaci fak nonio u hpoxonuna na cfonikux qponfax, hpo-
ncma pckoncfpykuuu konkpcfno kacanaci foniko ccncpnou pan-
uuu, Icniiuu, u onacfu Bcncfo n Hfanuu, a fakxc fcppufopuu
nnoni ipanuui c Ioccucu, nonncucnnix n ocnic ncucfnun u oc-
fanmuxcn nnc konfponn onimcnukon. B hocncnnux, onnako, hpc-
onananu sanauu, nifckanmuc us cymccfnonanun skonomuucckou
cucfcmi c hpconananucm skcfcncunnou ccnickoxosnucfncnnou
skonomuku, kofopan nc nccina u nccima cnocopasno omymana na
ccc paspymcnun, nisnannic nocnnimu ncucfnunmu. Boccfanonnc-
nuc n nauoncc kpyhnix macmfaax honanounoci us-sa mnoio-
uucncnnix hocncncfnuu nocnnix ncucfnuu nnn unqpacfpykfypi u
hpomimncnnix hpcnhpunfuu, okasanmuxcn n finy nnufcninou
okohnou nouni na Mapnc (okono 1OO km xcncsnix nopoi, 6OOO moc-
fon, OOO hpomimncnnix hpcnhpunfuu). Ipomno oucni ncmnoio
ncf, u mafcpuaninic hocncncfnun nouni inu ycfpancni.
Onnako nocfuinyfi ycfouuunoio hontcma hpousnoncfna, ho kpau-
ncu mcpc nhnofi no 124125 ii., nc ynananoci (kpacnopcuunim u
nc cnyuaunim niinnnuf cohocfanncnuc c honufuko-nuhnomafuucc-
kum achckfom). Cymccfnonanu hponcmi, cnnsannic c nchonyucn-
nou hpuinik n pcsynifafc couuaninix nonncnuu; hponcmi
konncpcuu hpcnhpunfuu c nocnnoio hpousnoncfna na ipaxnanckoc,
hponcmi, cnnsannic c nosnpamcnucm myxckou paoucu cuni, sa-
nnfou pancc na qponfc. Hapnny c sfumu kontknkfypnimu hpo-
ncmamu honnunuci u nonic: nospacfakmcc nchocpcncfncnnnoc
nknkucnuc iocynapcfna n skonomuucckyk xusni; oniman xccf-
kocfi pinka fpyna, inc cnoonnou konfpakfauuu n ofnomcnuu sa-
paofnou hnafi, hpofunocfonnu hpoqcoksi n ocfanonkc, koina
uncn o ncoxonumocfu ohpcncncnnou pcinamcnfauuu cfana nocfon-
nucm omccfncnnoio cosnanun. Yfncpnunuci fakxc nonic hpous-
noncfncnnic hofpcnocfu, ninnunmuccn n pcsynifafc nocnnoio
ohifa u fcxnonoiuucckoio hpoipccca, kak, nahpumcp, cfpcmncnuc
k uccncnonanunm n onacfu cunfcfuucckux mafcpuanon, ufo hpunc-
no k ninnuxcnuk na hcpniu hnan xumuucckou hpomimncnnocfu
54
u nonxno ino cnyxufi cpcncfnom unu amopfusafopom nnn pciy-
nuponanun koncanuu ucn na cipic na muponom pinkc. Hapnny c
sfum, honnncnuc nonou hponykuuu (coofncfcfncnno u fakux xc
nonix ofpacncu hpousnoncfna), sauacfyk uchifannou no npcmn
nouni, no cfanmcu honcsnou, a co npcmcncm u ncoxonumou n
mupnoc npcmn: anfomouncu, camoncfon, panuohpucmnukon, mafcpua-
non, cnnsannix c snckfpuucckou hpomimncnnocfik u pachpocfpa-
ncnucm snckfpuqukauuu kak inannoio sncpicfuucckoio pccypca n
hpousnoncfncnnix hpoucccax u n fo xc npcmn fonapom macconoio
hofpcncnun fakxc okasinano nnunnuc na nnuxcnuc ucn na pinkc.
Huxccncnykman fanuua, nsnfan us YorlJ 1conomic urvey~
uiu Hauuu, unnkcfpupycf fcnncnuuu pasnufun hpomimncnnoio
hpousnoncfna n cfpanax, o kofopix n hcpnyk oucpcni uncf pcui. 3a
honnfnim ucknkucnucm Concfckoio Coksa, ucu hpousnoncfncn-
niu unnckc usmcnnncn hon nnunnucm cnauana honufuucckou cufya-
uuu, a hosnncc hnfuncfnux hnanon, sfu nannic hokasinakf,
ufo sa nconimum hontcmom hpousnoncfna 1112O ii., cnnsan-
nim inannim opasom c ncoxonumocfik noccfanonncnun fonap-
nix sahacon, hocncnonan omyfumiu chan hpousnoncfna no nccx cn-
pohcuckux cfpanax, sa ucknkucnucm Hfanuu (ncmoncfpuponanmcu
hocfonnno pacfymuu nauunan c 122 i. unnckc hpousnoncfna), a sa
hpcncnamu Inpohi Shonuu u Cocnuncnnix Ufafon (nc cuufan
amcpukanckou pcucccuu 12O i.).
1n0eic~ npo+~u:ennoeo npou:oo0cmou c 1'13 no 1'3 e.
(1'13 e. - 1%)
Cfpana
Ion Bcci CUA Icpma- Bcnuko- pan- CCCI Hfanun Shonun
mup nun pufanun uun
11J 1OO 1OO 1OO 1OO 1OO 1OO 1OO 1OO
12O J,2 122,2 5,O 2,6 7O,4 12,8 5,2 176
121 81,1 8,O 74,7 55,1 61,4 2J,J 8,4 167,1
122 ,5 125,8 81,8 7J,5 87,8 2, 1O8,1 17,
12J 1O4,5 141,4 55,4 7,1 5,2 J5,4 11,J 2O6,4
124 111,O 1JJ,2 81,8 87,8 117, 47,5 14O,7 22J,J
125 12O,7 148,O 4, 86,J 114,J 7O,2 156,8 221,8
126 126,5 156,1 O, 78,8 12,8 1OO,J 162,8 264,
127 1J4,5 154,5 122,1 6,O 115,6 114,5 161,2 27O,O
128 141,8 162,8 118,J 5,1 1J4,4 14J,5 175,2 JOO,2
12 15J,J 18O,8 117,J 1OO,J 142,7 181,4 181,O J24,O
1JO 1J7,O 14O,O 1O1,6 1,J 1J, 2J5,5 164,O 24,
55
Hauoncc omyfumimu inu fpynnocfu, c kofopimu Icpmanun,
Bcnukopufanun u n mcnimcu cfchcnu panuun, fo ccfi fpu cfpa-
ni, nomunuponanmuc n cnpohcuckou unnycfpuaninou xusnu, hc-
pcxonunu k ycfouuunomy hontcmy skonomuku. Toniko nauunan c
125 i. pasnufuc hpousnoncfncnnou cucfcmi sfux cfpan yckopu-
noci, xofn npcmcnamu ono cmc mno samcnncnnimu fcmhamu. Icnu
no panuuu skonomuucckuu hontcm in ofucfnuno nipaxcn, fo n
Bcnukopufanuu u n Icpmanuu on hpoucxonun c iopasno onimu-
mu fpynnocfnmu. umi n konuc nnanuafix ionon, fo ccfi nakanync
ncnukou nchpcccuu cnpohcuckan unnycfpuaninan cucfcma, ka-
sanoci, na npcmn ncpnynaci k nonocnnomy nunamusmy, nhpoucm,
nccpannumomy c nunamusmom skonomuku Cocnuncnnix Ufafon,
Shonuu, a fakxc u Concfckoio Coksa. Ofu fpynnocfu hponnnn-
nuci n hocfonnnou macconou cspaofuuc, kofopyk yxc nc moi
hoinofufi ccnickoxosnucfncnniu cckfop, hockoniky pauuonanusa-
uun u mcxanusauun cokpamanu fam hofpcnocfi n konuuccfnc pa-
ofnukon. B Icpmanuu cspaofuua cocfannnna nhnofi no 122 i.
okono J' paoucu cuni, n 12J i. ona honnnnaci houfu no 1O', a
n 124 i. no 1J,5'. B Bcnukopufanuu ona nocfuina 15' pao-
ucu cuni, a c 124 i. ocfananaci na yponnc 1O'. Bo panuuu u n
Hfanuu ona ycfanonunaci na fom xc yponnc. Takum opasom, mox-
no ckasafi, ufo cfaunusauun skonomuku, namcfunmancn c 124 i.,
ohnauunanaci n fom uucnc fcm, ufo cspaofuua na yponnc okono
1O' ina hpusnana nopmaninim qakfopom skonomuucckou xusnu
ofncninix cfpan.
Hc mcncc ccpicsnim in nohpoc unqnnuuu. Ioncc foio, umcnno
n sfom hynkfc cxonunuci n koncunom ufoic ncc npyiuc nnncnun. Icnu
hpunnfi sa ocnony 11J ion c unnckcom 1OO, fo n 122 i. n Bcnu-
kopufanuu unnckc ucn n cpcnncm pannnncn 15O, no panuuu
42O, n Hfanuu 58O u n Icpmanuu J42 OOO. B 12J i. n Icpma-
nuu, koina qpanuysi okkyhuponanu Iyp, ncno nomno naxc no iu-
hcpunqnnuuu, houfu conccm occucnunmcu ncmcukyk mapky, fak
ufo koina n nonpc ncmcukan nankfa cfaunusuponanaci, omcnniu
kypc mcxny cfapou u nonou mapkou in saqukcuponan na yponnc
onna k munnuapny.
Hnqnnuun umcna nnn Icpmanuu paspymufcninic hocncncfnun.
Ona cncnana nosmoxnimu oipomnic usmcncnun n pachpcncncnuu
pcaninoio kahufana, hockoniky hosnonuna hoiacufi cfapic noniu
u ofkpifi nopoiy nonim unnccfuuunm, kofopic ncc-faku qunan-
cuponanaci fncpnou nankfou u, cncnonafcnino, chococfnonanu
pocfy camou unqnnuuu. C couuaninou fouku spcnun unqnnuun
cunino ynapuna ho cpcnncmy knaccy. Iockoniky ona ina nahpn-
myk cnnsana c qpanuysckou okkyhauucu Iypa, unqnnuun nochpu-
56
numanaci kak cmc onno nokasafcnicfno cfpcmncnun panuuu hc-
pcnoxufi usncpxku nouni na onnux ncmucn u fakum opasom n
ohpcncnnkmcu mcpc chococfnonana qopmuponanuk nspinooohac-
noio coucfanun couuaninou ncipanauuu u qpankoqouu unc-
aninou kynifypnou houni nnn nauuonanucfuucckoio pcnanmusma,
kofopiu co nccu cunou hponnun ccn foniko numi n 128 i. Bohpc-
ku nancxnam, hopoxncnnim honufukou Ufpcscmana, nauanmuucn
skonomuucckuu kpusuc nosponun n hamnfu ncmucn hpuspak 12J i.
B sfom cmicnc moxno hpusnafi hpanofy ucfopukon, ykasinanmux
na okkyhauuk Iypckou onacfu u cnnsannyk c ncu ncmcukyk iu-
hcpunqnnuuk kak na inannyk hpuuuny kpusuca 12 i., camoio
fpynnoio momcnfa, hcpcxufoio kahufanucfuucckou cucfcmou.
(.4.2. FLHAFAHHH H LHCCK5HHHLCHL ,CH1H
Bohpoc o pchapauunx hpunonuf nac k nomunuponanmcu n sko-
nomuucckou u qunanconou xusnu hocncnocnnoio hcpuona hpo-
ncmc u k cc ocosnanuk honufuko-skonomuucckumu snufamu
nohpocy o noniax. Bo npcmn u cpasy xc hocnc nouni, n nchocpcn-
cfncnnou cnnsu c qunanconimu hofpcnocfnmu, hopoxncnnimu
nounou, nosnukna concpmcnno ocoan cufyauun, kofopyk nc fak
hpocfo otncnufi u kofopyk cncnycf hosfomy hpcncfanufi nainnn-
no. annic, saumcfnonannic us knuiu x.M. Kcunca Okonomu-
ucckuc hocncncfnun Bcpcanickoio mupnoio noionopa, ohynuko-
nannou n 11 i., cknaninakfcn n ycnufcninyk omyk kapfuny
(xofn u c oionopkou, ufo ion hynukauuu ncnacf sfu nannic ofua-
cfu ncfounimu).
Ipcnocfanncnnic Cocnuncnni- Bcnuko- pan-
saumi (n mnn mu Ufafamu pufanucu uucu Bccio
qynfon cfcpnunion)
Bcnukopufanun 842 842
panuun 55O 5O8 1O58
Hfanun J25 467 J5 827
Ioccun J8 568 16O 766
Icniiun 8O 8 O 268
Ccpun u Kiocnanun 2O 2O 2O 6O
pyiuc J5 7 5O 164
Bccio 1OO 174O J55 J5
Hs sfou fanuui nunno, ufo oman cymma mcxcoksnuucckux
nonion nocfuiana 4OOO mnn qynfon cfcpnunion; ufo Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi inu cnuncfncnnou cfpanou, kofopan ina foniko kpcnu-
57
fopom; ufo Bcnukopufanun hpcnocfanuna kpcnufon na cymmy,
nnnoc hpcnimanmyk fy, ufo ona honyuuna; panuun honyuuna
nfpoc onimc foio, ufo ona nana n noni. pyiuc coksnuku inu
foniko nonxnukamu.
Ypciynuponanuc sfux nonion moino hpoucxonufi pasnimu hy-
fnmu. Io mncnuk Kcunca, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi moinu ofkasaficn
of nihnaf ho cnoum kpcnufam hpu ycnonuu, ufo npyiuc kpcnufopi
cncnakf fo xc camoc. Onnako panuun fcopcfuuccku honyuuna i
n fakom cnyuac niuipim n 7OO mnn (fcopcfuuccku, hockoniky sna-
uufcninyk uacfi cc kpcnufon cocfannnnu saumi, hpcnocfanncnnic
Ioccuu, kofopic n fof momcnf ncnosmoxno ino nsickafi), a
Hfanun 8OO mnn. Ipufanckuu skonomucf ocnoninan cnoc hpcn-
noxcnuc o ofkasc amcpukanucn of nihnafi um mcxcoksnuucckux
nonion na oucnkc hpohopuuonaninocfu nknana Inpohi u Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon n ncncnuc nouni. Ho sfo ino honufuucckoc co-
opaxcnuc. Icnu amcpukanui hpononxanu ho-hpcxncmy pacucnu-
nafi saumi kak unnccfuuuu (onu fak u ncnanu), fo ux nihnafi
nonxni inu cocfonficn n nkom cnyuac n ohpcncncnnic cpoku.
3ncci ncfanana hponcma icpmanckux pchapauuu. B camom ncnc
oc hponcmi inu cnnsani n honufuucckom u n qunanconom
hnanc. B honufuucckom hockoniky, foniko ccnu i hocxncn-
nic ohnafunu ymcp, nancccnniu nounou, nunonnukamu kofopou
onu inu hpusnani, ino i nosmoxno hocfanufi c numu n onun
pnn saumi, cncnannic c ucnik opii sa omcc ncno. B qunanco-
nom hockoniky ncmcukuc nihnafi moinu i onciuufi pcmn
nihnaf nsaumnix nonion cfpan-hocnufcninuu. B sfou koppcnn-
uuu hpocmafpunacfcn fakxc u inannan hponcma: Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi cmoiyf honyuufi hnafcxu ho cnoum kpcnufam, hpcnocfan-
ncnnim Inpohc, foniko ypciynuponan qunanconyk cufyauuk c
Icpmanucu.
Bo uscxanuc nohonnufcninix fpynnocfcu, homumo fcx, ufo
cosnanana ncmcukan cfopona n hpoucccc honhucanun cyponoio
mupnoio noionopa u hocncnykmcu cio pafuqukauuu, nohpoc o
nihnafc pchapauuu in pcmcn Bcpcanickum noionopom n ucnom, a
nc c ohpcncncnucm ux founix cymm. Ioncc ncfanino on ocyxnancn
na mcxcoksnuucckou konqcpcnuuu n Cha n uknc 12O i. B xonc
konqcpcnuuu ino nocfuinyfo coinamcnun o cncnykmcm pachpc-
ncncnuu ncmcukux hnafcxcu: 52' panuuu, 22' Bcnuko-
pufanuu, 1O' Hfanuu u 8' Icniiuu. Hc ino, onnako, no-
cfuinyfo coinamcnuc ofnocufcnino omcu cymmi, kofopyk nonx-
na ina ohpcncnufi komuccun ho pchapauunm: n cc sanauy nxonuno
ycfanonncnuc omcu uuqpi nosmcmcnun ymcpa, nancccnnoio
nounou, ocnoninanci na kpufcpuu hnafcxcchoconocfu Icpmanuu.
58
Komuccun sancpmuna cnok paofy foniko n konuc ahpcnn 121 i.,
hocfanonun, ufo, homumo homnuni n 26' na icpmanckuu skchopf
n fcucnuc hocncnykmux 42 ncf, Icpmanun nonxna nihnafufi pc-
hapauuu ncniiamu u fonapamu na omyk cymmy 1J2 mnpn sonofix
mapok (unu J1, J5 mnpn sonofix nonnapon). K ohpcncncnnim fa-
kum opasom 1J2 mnpn noannnnuci 5,5 mnpn nocnnoio nonia Icni-
iuu, onnako niuufanuci 11 mnpn no cfoniko ino oucncno io-
cynapcfncnnoc umymccfno, ocfanncnnoc Icpmanucu na yfpaucnnix
fcppufopunx. Icaninan oman cymma, cncnonafcnino, nipacfana no
126,5 mnpn sonofix mapok.
Bcc pchapauuu inu, fcm nc mcncc, pasncncni na fpu nuna
nonionix onsafcnicfn c pasnuunim cpokom ncucfnun: kafciopun A
(12 mnpn) kafciopun B (J8 mnpn) nnn nux hpcnycmafpunancn
founiu kancnnapi nihnaf u kafciopun C (76 mnpn), nnn kofo-
pou nc ina founo ohpcncncna nafa smuccuu coofncfcfnykmux
ucnnix ymai, ufo hopoxnano ncyncpcnnocfi ofnocufcnino ko-
ncunoio pcsynifafa nccx hpcnhpunnfix ncucfnuu u fou cymmi pc-
hapauuu, kofopyk n ncucfnufcninocfu sahnafuf Icpmanun. Yuacf-
nuku hcpcionopon co cfoponi Icpmanuu cfpcmunuci hpofunocfonfi
qukcauuu cfoni nicokux omux cymm, onnako hcpcn ynifumafymom
coksnukon n mac 121 i. um hpumnoci ycfyhufi. Onu cmupunuci na
cnonax, no na ncnc, koncuno, coupanuci ncucfnonafi n hpofunoho-
noxnom nahpanncnuu (u, cncnonafcnino, honncpinaci comncnuk ncn
cucfcma mcxcoksnuucckux nonion), uchonisyn n fom uucnc hpofu-
nopcuun, cymccfnykmuc mcxny cfpanamu-hocnufcninuuamu.
Ofo cfano oucnunnim nocfafouno icfpo. B nnnapc 122 i.
ncmuam ynanoci nouficn foio, ufoi Bcpxonniu concf coksnu-
kon, copanmuucn n Kannax, yuufinan fnxcniu skonomuucckuu
kpusuc, n kofopiu ncfyhana Icpmanun, ocynun fpconanuc mopa-
fopun na hnafcxu, u nipnafi y coksnukon npcmcnniu mopafopuu.
B fcucnuc nccio 122 i. fpconanuc hpunnfi okonuafcninoc pcmc-
nuc coxpannnoci, nhnofi no foio momcnfa, hoka qpanuysckan ok-
kyhauun Iypa nc hocfanuna ho-nonomy nck hponcmy n ucnom.
Boomc ionopn, camoc hpocfoc pcmcnuc hponcmi cocfonno n
fom, ufoi ncmui moinu u xofcnu hnafufi, komhcncupyn honnoc-
fik unu uacfuuno noniu cfpan-hocnufcninuu Cocnuncnnim
Ufafam. Ofo cfano ncofnoxnou ncoxonumocfik c foio momcnfa,
koina amcpukanckuc nnacfu, ncnmuc hcpcionopi o nihnafc sfux
nonion, nncnu nopmafun, kafciopuuccku sahpcmanmuu cnuxcnuc
pasmcpa cymm, kofopic nonxni inu hocfyhafi of coksnukon
(qcnpani 122 i.). Hmcnno sfo pcmcnuc ninnnnno cnnsi, cymc-
cfnonanmyk mcxny nnymn achckfamu qunanconix hponcm, hcpc-
xunacmix foina Inpohou. B camom ncnc, ino oucnunno, ufo ucm
5
fpynncc yncf honyuufi ncmcukuc hnafcxu, fcm oncc ncoxofno
ynyf hnafufi cnou noniu cnpohcuui, ufo n ucnom hpuncncf k sa-
hyfannou cufyauuu nankfno-qunanconoio cchopnnka.
(.4.. 1LHJD5CAH CHLFLHHHH
H FAHAHHLCHH ,C1CDCF
Iocncnncu hohifkou, hpcnhpunnfou nnn foio, ufoi cfapiu
konfuncnf nimcn us cnoxunmcucn kpusucnou cufyauuu, cfana Ic-
nyssckan konqcpcnuun (ahpcni 122 i.). Konqcpcnuun ina cosna-
na ho unuuuafunc Bcpxonnoio concfa coksnukon, coupanmciocn n
Kannc, onnako ona nnnnnaci pcsynifafom oncc mupokoio u amu-
uuosnoio samicna ho hcpcocmicncnuk houfu nccx hponcm cnpo-
hcuckou mcxnynaponnou xusnu. Ic nnoxnonufcncm in hpcxnc
nccio noun xopnx, ninnunynmuu nmccfc c munucfpom uno-
cfpannix ncn Icpmanuu Banifcpom Iafcnay n kauccfnc ucnu ho-
uck conmccfnoio pcmcnun nnyx kpyhnix hponcm, n fo npcmn
inannix nnn Inpohi: hponcmi honnoio nknkucnun Icpmanuu n
cnpohcuckyk xusni, c fcm, ufoi onciuufi hontcm hpousnoncfna,
kofopiu cncnan i mcncc ocfpim nohpoc o pchapauunx, u hponc-
mi Cfpani Concfon, ucu fofaniniu ofpin of Inpohi cmc nc cuu-
fancn camo coou pasymckmumcn. Hahpofun, nauano hponcncnun
nonou skonomuucckou honufuku (HOI) hosnonnno nancnficn na
omuu hontcm skonomuku, n pamkax kofopoio mnoiuc hponcmi
moinu i naufu pcmcnuc, ocnonannoc na pasymnom komhpomuccc.
Ofof amuuuosniu samiccn nc ynancn ofuacfu umcnno us-sa
cio ipannuosnocfu, hpcnhonaianmcu panukaninic usmcncnun
qpanuysckou honufuku n ofnomcnuu Icpmanuu, ofuacfu hockoni-
ky hocfanncnnic nohpoci inu cnumkom cnoxni nnn foio, ufoi
ux moxno ino pcmufi hocpcncfnom n omcm-fo umhponusupo-
nannix ycunuu. Kak ofmcuacf cnus Apfo, hpockfi noun xop-
nxa moinu umcfi ychcx, foniko ccnu Icnyssckan konqcpcnuun
paccmofpcna i fakxc nohpoc o pchapauunx, ohpcncnnnmuu hosu-
uuk qpanuyson. Hauunan c hocncnnux mccnucn 121 i. hapuxckoc
hpanufcnicfno nacfaunano na hpuopufcfc nihnafi pchapauuu ho
ofnomcnuk k nihnafc nonion u fpconano, ufoi noniu inu cnn-
sani c pchapauunmu kafciopuu C, ufo osnauano, ufo panuun nc
nihnafuf Cocnuncnnim Ufafom nuucio no fcx hop, hoka nc ho-
nyuuf ncmcukuc hnafcxu. Hcm mcnimc sahnafuf Icpmanun, fcm
mcnimc nihnafuf panuun.
B fakou cufyauuu hpunuuhuaninix pasnuuuu mcxny qpanuys-
ckou honufukou iapanfuu u pufanckou honufukou noccfa-
nonncnun skonomuku coinamcnuc ino ncnosmoxno. panuysi
6O
houyncfnonanu, ufo fcpnkf nnunnuc nnyfpu koanuuuu, u hpuiofo-
nunuci k hpunnfuk onnocfoponnux pcmcnuu. Iosfomy nauoncc
naxniu pcsynifaf Icnyssckou konqcpcnuuu in nocfuinyf nc nc-
hocpcncfncnno na camou konqcpcnuuu, a sa cc pamkamu, ufo osna-
uano hocny honufuku nauuonaninoio unfcpcca nan honufukou
mcxnynaponnoio cofpynnuuccfna. B camom ncnc, 16 ahpcnn nuhno-
mafuucckuu mup in hofpnccn coomcnucm o fom, ufo n sfof ncni
hpcncfanufcni Icpmanuu B. Iafcnay u concfckuu komuccap uno-
cfpannix ncn I. Huucpun honhucanu noionop o nsaumnom ofkasc
of hnafcxcu ho pchapauunm u n cnnsu c ymcpom, nancccnnim
nounou, u o nsaumnom nuhnomafuucckom hpusnanuu, nahpanncn-
niu na nopmanusauuk ofnomcnuu mcxny nnymn cfpanamu. Ofo
coifuc hoyanuno nancxni hpanufcnicfn-kpcnufopon na honyuc-
nuc nonion uapckou umhcpuu, no hpcxnc nccio hponcmoncfpupo-
nano sqqckfunnocfi, c kofopou Concfi ocnaunanu fpanuuuonnic
mcfoni nuhnomafuu, n uacfnocfu, uchonisonanuc cymccfnykmux n
kahufanucfuucckom mupc hpofunopcuuu mcxny hocxncnnimu u
hocnufcnnmu nnn foio, ufoi nufi mcxny numu knun u uunuuno
yfncpnufi nauuonaninic unfcpcci Concfckou Ioccuu.
Onnocfoponnuc ncucfnun panuuu hpuncnu k okkyhauuu
Iypa, kpunuuccku oocnonannou hpusnanucm komuccucu ho pcha-
pauunm hocfonnnix nccnocnpcmcnnix nihnaf Icpmanucu pchapa-
uuu nafypou u, n ococnnocfu, yincm u fcncipaqnimu cfonamu
(sIc!). B ncucfnufcninocfu ncucfnun panuuu nipaxanu cc cfpcm-
ncnuc nannsafi cunou niionnoc Iapuxy pcmcnuc kak ho honufu-
ko-fcppufopuaninim, fak u ho qunanconim nohpocam, hocfanun
coksnukon u Icpmanuk hcpcn fncpnou pcmumocfik hapuxckoio
hpanufcnicfna nc yfpafufi hpcumymccfna, honyucnnic n pcsynifafc
nouni u nc ycfyhufi hpcnnoxcnunm comnufcninoio, c cio fouku
spcnun, komhpomucca.
Onnako honufuka haccunnoio cohpofunncnun, hpononunmancn
ho hpukasy icpmanckoio hpanufcnicfna, hpuncna k kafacfpoquucc-
kum hocncncfnunm u cncnana qpanuysckyk akuuk cccmicncnnou.
Icpnunckoc hpanufcnicfno nsnno na ccn onsafcnicfno nosmcmafi
nchonyucnnic hnafcxu fcm, kfo ofkasinancn of cofpynnuuccfna c
qpanuysamu. panuysi, n cnok oucpcni, nonxni inu nsnfi na
ccn qunanconoc pcmn, cnnsannoc c skchnyafauucu pccypcon Iyp-
ckoio acccuna, okasanmcccn nchpcnnuncnno fnxcnim. Hccmofpn
nu na ufo, sfof cfoni fpynniu nnn mcxnynaponnou ncncxno-qu-
nanconou cucfcmi momcnf umcn ho kpauncu mcpc onun hosufun-
niu pcsynifaf: on ycnun nc foniko aninuuckuc hpannmuc kpyiu,
yxc ocosnanmuc sfo, no fakxc u amcpukanckoc hpanufcnicfno u
qunanconic yupcxncnun CUA n ncoxonumocfu ohpcncncnnoio
61
pcaiuponanun no uscxanuc kpaxa cucfcmi c nosmoxnimu nc-
hpcnckasycmimu hocncncfnunmu. B ucnom, pcui mna o fom, ufoi
hponcmoncfpuponafi, ufo hpu coxpancnuu snoponou qunanconou
cucfcmi yhpanncnuc pinounou skonomukou ino ncc cmc nos-
moxno, u o fom, ufoi uscxafi hpcxncnpcmcnnoio honfncpxnc-
nun hohynnpnix foina concfckux hpopouccfn o pachanc kahufanu-
cfuucckou cucfcmi.
(.4.4. HHAH ,AJDCA
B nckapc 12J i. qpanuysi, aninuuanc, ncmui u amcpukanui
hocnc sakpifix hcpcionopon hpumnu k coinamcnuk o yupcxnc-
nuu nnyx komufcfon skchcpfon. Onun (nc umcnmuu, ho mncnuk
amcpukanckoio ucfopuka cnpohcuckux qunancon Hapnisa I. Kun-
ncnicpicpa, nukakoio npyioio cmicna, kpomc ynonncfnopcnun
qpanuysckoio camonkun) no inanc c pufanckum ankupom Icnxu-
naninom Makkcna nonxcn ina cncnufi sa skchopfom kahufanon,
ocymccfnnnnmumcn ncmuamu hocnc okonuanun nocnnix ncucfnuu
c ucnik uscxafi pcmcnu hnafcxcu. pyiou, uium hpcnccnafcncm
cfan Hapnis I. aysc, inana UnireJ rures tureuu of rhe tuJger, nonxcn
in paspaofafi choco ocymccfnncnun konfponn nan icpmanckum
knxcfom, cfaunusauuu pinka u ohpcncncnun yponnn cxcionnix
nihnaf n cucf pchapauuu, coofncfcfnykmcio hnafcxcchoconocfu
Icpmanuu.
Baxnim achckfom cosnanun nnyx komufcfon ino hpunnfuc na
ccn ofncfcfncnnocfu amcpukanckou cfoponou. Hasnaucnuc aysca
hpcnccnafcncm komufcfa oquuuanino honncpxan ioccckpcfapi
Hapnis O. Xiks. C ayscom paofan fakxc npyiou amcpukanckuu
qunancucf Oysn . Kni, hosnncc hpcsuncnf xcncpan snckfpuk
u nupckfop Hik-Hopkckoio cncpaninoio pcscpnnoio anka, ko-
fopim homoianu hpcncfanufcnu anka Mopiana. Xofn ioccckpcfapi
nacfaunan na ucfkom pasipanuucnuu nohpocon o pchapauunx u o
mcxcoksnuucckux noniax, maccuponannoc hpucyfcfnuc amcpukan-
ucn u ux nnunnuc na paofy komufcfa honfncpxnanu, ufo, nccmof-
pn na nccocfonnmykcn pafuqukauuk Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu
Bcpcanickoio noionopa, nsaumosanucumocfi mcxny cnpohcuckou u
amcpukanckou qunanconimu cucfcmamu ina yxc cfoni cuninou,
ufo nukfonana ohpcncncnnic fpconanun.
Inan, hpcncfanncnniu komufcfom aysca n ahpcnc 124 i.
hocnc nnufcninou u fpynnou honiofonufcninou paofi, nnuncn
hpomcxyfounim sfahom na hyfu k okonuafcninomy ypciynupona-
nuk paccmofpcnnix nohpocon. Tcm camim on honoxun nauano
hpoucccam oipomnoio macmfaa. Inan hpcnycmafpunan, ufo Icp-
62
manun nosononuf cnou hnafcxu n coofncfcfnuu c cxcionno nospac-
fakmumu knofamu, kofopic nauunanuci c munnuapna sonofix ma-
pok n hcpniu ion u nocfuianu 2,5 mnpn k hnfomy iony (nc cuufan
usmcncnuu, cnnsannix c koncanunmu ucn na sonofo). Omuu
otcm pchapauuu, honncxanmux ustnfuk us Icpmanuu, nc yfou-
nnncn. Hauuonaniniu ncmcukuu ank honncpicn pcopianusauuu n
ucnnx honncpxanun nonou ncmcukou nankfi 1eichsmurl, samcnun-
mcu 1enrenmurl. B Icpnunc ino cosnano Aicnfcfno ho pchapa-
uunm, kofopoc nonxno ino ocymccfnnnfi konfponi sa honyuc-
nucm cymm n cucf pchapauuu u nmcmunaficn n nohpoci o ofcpoukc
hnafcxcu n cnyuac kontknkfypnoio kpusuca.
Hcnfpaniniu momcnf komhpomucca hpcncfannnno, onnako, pc-
mcnuc pasmccfufi sacm n 8OO mnn sonofix mapok n pasnuunix qu-
nanconix cfonuuax 3ahana hon iapanfuu akuuu ncmcukux xcncs-
nix nopoi (hponykfunniu sanoi, kak foio xofcnu qpanuysi) u
uhofcunix onsafcnicfn, occhcucnnix noxonamu knxcfa. 3acm
nonxcn in pasmcmaficn fakxc u na qpanuysckom u aninuuckom
pinkax, ufo hpcncfannnnoci nc oucni ncikum ncnom, hockoniky on
hpcnpamancn qakfuuccku n anino-qpanuysckoc qunancuponanuc
Icpmanuu c fcm, ufoi ona nosnpamana cio n nunc pchapauuu.
anncnuc amcpukanucn u fo ocfonfcnicfno, ufo camu onu onsa-
nuci pasmccfufi na cnocm pinkc okono hononuni sauma, ninynunu
n ufoic oc cnpohcuckuc ncpxani honuunuficn. Onnako pcsynifaf
ofnuuancn of hpoinoson. Ipu knofc sauma n 11O mnn nonnapon, no-
ncpcnnou anky Mopiana u hpcnnasnaucnnou nnn pasmcmcnun na
pinkc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, ina nihymcna honhucka na cymmy
n 1O pas hpcnimakmyk cymmy hpcnnoxcnnix ucnnix ymai. 3acm,
ofmcuacf Kunncnicpicp, cfan nonopasncnom n qunanconou ncn-
fcninocfu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon sa ipanuucu. 3a num hocncnona-
na nonna skchopfa amcpukanckoio kahufana: n Shonuk, cmc no
hnana aysca, safcm no panuuk, safcm n pnn icpmanckux hpo-
mimncnnix hpcnhpunfuu (fakux, kak Tucccn u Kpyhh) u hponun-
uuaninic ncmcukuc hpcnhpunfun. Ofo in honopof, hpcnpafun-
muu amcpukanckoc qunanconoc hpucyfcfnuc n nomunupykmuu
sncmcnf cnpohcuckou skonomuucckou xusnu. Ho cmc n onimcu
cfchcnu, n omchonufuucckom hnanc, sfo in honopof, naionapn
kofopomy Inpoha hcpccfana nuncfi n skonomuucckux hocncncfnunx
nouni nacncnuc, of kofopoio ino ncnosmoxno usanuficn, u cfa-
na hpcncfannnfi nuncfi n ynymcm hcpchckfuny nosononncnun
nccomcio skonomuucckoio pocfa.
B aniycfc 124 i., hocnc ocyxncnun nccmu saunfcpcconannimu
cfoponamu, hnan aysca oquuuanino ncfyhun n cuny. B sfou cufya-
uuu Icuxcank, hpcsuncnfom kofopoio cfan X. Uaxf, cfanonuncn
6J
ncsanucumim, xofn u c onsafcnicfnom munumaninoio hokpifun
4O' sanonxcnnocfu, na fpu ucfncpfu sonofom u ocfaninoc na-
nkfou. Ofo hpcnhonaiano hponcncnuc honufuku ncqnnuuu, kofo-
pan hpunnckna kahufani na ncmcukuu pinok u nhcpnic hpuncna k
samcfnomy hontcmy icpmanckoio hpomimncnnoio hpousnoncfna.
B oncc cnoonnou honufuucckou ocfanonkc, nosnukmcu ncncn-
cfnuc okapnckux coinamcnuu, cfaunusauun ncmcukou skonomuku
nnunaci inannim hpusnakom nopmanusauuu skonomuku n cnpohcu-
ckom pciuonc, inc, nakoncu (naionapn nsnfuk na ccn ofncfcfncn-
nocfu amcpukanuamu) cfana ocymccfnumou sanaua nosnpamcnun k
cfauninocfu n ncncxno-qunanconou cqcpc u ypciynuponanun no-
cnnix nonion. H sncci honufuucckuu achckf honopofa fakxc hpcna-
nuponan nan skonomuucckum. B camom ncnc, xofn n kpafkocpounou
hcpchckfunc hnan aysca hpcncfannnn coou kpyhniu ychcx, a n
cpcnnccpounou okasancn mapiunaninim ho ofnomcnuk k onimomy
skonomuucckomy kpusucy, paspasunmcmycn n 12 i., on cnuncfcni-
cfnonan o ocosnanuu foio, ufo naiococfonnuc Inpohi Inpohi,
paccmafpunacmou kak cnunoc ucnoc, cs yucfa nauuonanucfuucckoio
cohcpnuuccfna, hpononxanmcio nanocufi ymcp ino ncoxonu-
mo fakxc u nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, hockoniky cucfcma pinou-
nou skonomuku sfo komhnckc nsaumosanucumix ofnomcnuu, n
pamkax kofopoio momcnfi kpusuca moiyf u nonxni hpcononcnaficn
ucxonn us omcio unfcpcca.
Cfaunusauun Icpmanuu ofkpina hyfi pufanckou cfaunusa-
uuu. B fo xc npcmn amcpukanckoc nmcmafcnicfno okasanoci hcpnim
cuinanom ohacnocfu, ykasinanmum na fo, ufo konfponi nan mupo-
nim qunanconim pinkom yckonisacf of Cufu (fo ccfi komhnckca
qunanconix uncfufyfon, ankon, cfpaxonix omccfn u f.h., pacho-
noxcnnoio n ccpnuc onnona) u hcpcmcmacfcn n Hik-Hopk. Ofo
ino ncuscxno n cpcnnccpounom hnanc, kak mnoiuc xopomo ho-
numanu, u sfo osnauano n ynymcm koncu inoaninoio iochoncfna
Inpohi.
Onnako n 124125 ii. cufyauun cmc nc hpcfcphcna fakux us-
mcncnuu. Iosfomy inancncfnykmcc honoxcnuc onnona ino nc-
usmcnnou ucnik pufanckou qunanconou honufuku, kofopyk co-
upanuci hpononufi n 125 i., usnan 14 man UolJ runJurJ Acr, nnoni
ohpcncnnnmuu kypc sonofoio qynfa cfcpnunion na yponnc cio no-
nocnnix snaucnuu 4,86 nonnapa sa qynf. Ofo in sanimcnniu
kypc, kofopiu hpuncn i k pocfy ucn na aninuuckyk hponykuuk
na mcxnynaponnom pinkc, ccnu i on nc cohponoxnancn cuninim
nanncnucm c ucnik oipanuucnun usncpxck hpousnoncfna u sapa-
ofnou hnafi, ufo ino, onnako, upcnafo ycuncnucm couuaninou
nahpnxcnnocfu. Onnako inannan hpuuuna sfoio pcmcnun ina na-
snana kanuncpom kasnaucucfna Yuncfonom Hcpuunncm: S hona-
64
iak, ufo ino i ipyou omukou nymafi, ufo ccnu aninuuckuu
qynf cfcpnunion hcpccfancf ifi mcpou, kofopyk ncc snakf u ko-
fopou ncc noncpnkf, honnfnou kaxnomy, cnyxamcu nnn nccx cnu-
nou ocnonou, fo ncc fpancakuuu n Ipufanckou umhcpuu u no nccu
Inpohc moiyf concpmaficn nc n qynfax, a n nonnapax. Coxpancnuc
hpcnocxoncfna fpconano onimux xcpfn, no hocncnnuc hosnonnnu
Bcnukopufanuu hpononxafi pcanusauuk inoaninou honufuku.
panuysi cfaunusuponanu qpank ncfomoccnik 126 i. na
nuskom yponnc, cosnafcnino sanuxcnnom ho ofnomcnuk k mcxny-
naponnomy qunanconomy pinky, fo ccfi na yponnc hnfou uacfu
cnocio nonocnnnoio hapufcfa, ufo cocfannnno 124 qpanka ho ofno-
mcnuk k qynfy cfcpnunion (J,2 ho ofnomcnuk k nonnapy). Ha
ncnc pcmcnuc, ncpnynmcc qpank n uucno cuninix nankf, cosnana-
no nuchpohopuuk mcxny pcaninou cfoumocfik nankf. B 12 i.
ono uacfuuno samufuno panuuk of kpusuca, no hpu sfom nanccno
npcn nccu nankfno- ncncxnou cucfcmc n ucnom.
Mcncc naxnim c konuuccfncnnou fouku spcnun in hpouccc
cfaunusauuu ufaninnckou nupi, hpoxonunmuu cunxponno c fcmu
xc hpoucccamu n nnyx kpyhncumux cnpohcuckux cfpanax. Cfoumocfi
nupi na muponom pinkc cnusunaci ncncncfnuc oncc nicokoio
yponnn nnyfpcnncu unqnnuuu, u, nccmofpn na nanknanmuucn
skonomuucckuu pocf ufaninnckou hpomimncnnocfu, yxynmcnuc
honoxcnun n nankfno-qunanconou cqcpc n hocncnocnniu hcpuon
hpononxanoci. 3ncci ofpuuafcnino ckasinanaci ncnihnafa ncmcu-
kux u, hpcxnc nccio, ancfpuuckux pchapauuu, a fakxc pcmn non-
ion panuuu, Bcnukopufanuu u Cocnuncnnim Ufafam. annc-
nuc amcpukanucn c ucnik cfaunusauuu nupi ocymccfnnnnoci n
pycnc omux opucnfauuu amcpukanckou qunanconou cucfcmi.
Onu nacfaunanu na ypciynuponanuu nohpoca o noniax, ufo u ino
cncnano n konuc 125 126 iony. Tcm camim in ofkpif hyfi
nnn hpcnocfanncnun kpcnufon ankom Mopiana, kofopiu nihyc-
fun sacm nnn cfaunusauuu nupi. Onnako conokyhnocfi ocfon-
fcnicfn, cnnsannix c honoxcnucm n hpomimncnnocfu u fopionnc,
hpuncna k pacfymcmy nanncnuk na ufaninnckyk nankfy nauunan c
ccpcnuni 126 i., ufo ninynuno Mycconunu u, n ococnnocfu, mu-
nucfpa qunancon Bonihu panukanino nmcmunaficn n sfof hpouccc.
B aniycfc 126 i. Mycconunu hpousncc n Icsapo pcui, n kofo-
pou hpunan ufnc sa nupy ncmaioiuucckuu xapakfcp. B ncucfnu-
fcninocfu pcui mna o fom, ufoi ninafi sa omccfncnno snauumyk
mcpy fo, ufo kacanoci n hcpnyk oucpcni qunanconoio mupa u ufo
nhocncncfnuu ninunoci n omyfumoc cnuxcnuc sapaofnou hnafi.
Iino pcmcno, ufo kofuponka nupi nc nonxna ohyckaficn nuxc
O ho ofnomcnuk k qynfy cfcpnunion (n momcnf pcuu n Icsapo
ona cocfannnna 14,1J). Hcni ina nocfuinyfa hocpcncfnom yncnuuc-
65
nun yponnn yucfnou cfanku no 5' u hpunynufcninou konncpfauuu
iocynapcfncnnoio nonia n noniocpounic onsafcnicfna. Icnaninauuu
fakoio macmfaa u ncqnnuuu, ncoxonumou nnn cc nocfuxcnun,
kak samcuacf Hapnis Maucp, nc xcnan nukfo, kpomc Mycconunu,
no hockoniky omcnniu kypc in ncucfnufcnino noncncn no O,
fo na ufaninnckoc hpanufcnicfno nc okasinanu nanncnuc c fcm,
ufoi ono usmcnuno honufuucckyk nunuk, kofopan ina hpcnnccf-
nukom xcpfn, nisnannix kpusucom 12 i.
Bcc sfo nmccfc nsnfoc: hnan aysca, nosnpamcnuc k sonofomy
cfannapfy u qunanconan cfaunusauun, xofn u cohponoxnanoci
coxpancnucm oipanuuufcninix mcp n fopionnc, pachpocfpannn-
muxcn hpakfuuccku na ncc cfpani mupa, ufo hpofunopcuuno opu-
cnfauuu uiu nauuu na cnoony fopionnu pcmakmum opasom
chococfnonano qopmuponanuk ocfanonku ohfumusma u nancx-
ni, hopoxncnnou uucfo honufuucckumu coifunmu. C npyiou
cfoponi, xofn pasnuunic achckfi cufyauuu u usnaianuci sncci ho
ofncninocfu n ucnnx ux nyumcio ananusa, cncnycf yuufinafi, ufo n
pcaninocfu pasnoopasnic cqcpi ncnfcninocfu inu nccina fccno
cnnsani u uacfo sanucumi npyi of npyia.
Hopmanusauun qpanko-icpmanckux ofnomcnuu, ho kpauncu
mcpc npcmcnnoc pcmcnuc nohpoca o pchapauunx, nohpoc o mcxco-
ksnuucckux noniax, nosnpamcnuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon na cnpo-
hcuckyk cucny cocfannnnu uchi, kofopyk ncnisn ino pasopnafi
(pasnc ufo u posreriori unu acfpakfno), u cnyxunu pamkou, nnyfpu
kofopou ocymccfnnnncn hontcm hpousnoncfna, xapakfcpusonan-
muu, xofn u nc n pannou mcpc, ioni c 124 ho 12. Cocfannou
uacfik sfou uchu ocfananoci ocymccfnncnuc hnana aysca.
3a hnfi ncf cio pcanusauuu ncmui cs fpyna chpannnnuci c
nosnoxcnnimu na nux pacfymumu hnafcxamu. B 127 i. uia Ha-
uuu nsnna na ccn unuuuafuny nonou nccomcu nuckyccuu ho sko-
nomuucckum hponcmam u copana n Zcncnc nccmupnyk konqc-
pcnuuk, hocnnmcnnyk nohpocy o hpofckuuonusmc. Konqcpcnuun
nc nana nukakux pcsynifafon, kpomc foio, ufo hocnyxuna qonom
nnn nipaofku hpockfa noionopa IpuanaKcnnoia. Onnako ona
cfana cnuncfcnicfnom hocfonnnoio nnumanun k hponcmam mupo-
nou skonomuucckou cucfcmi.
(.4.. HHAH KH1A
H CCHHAHHL DLHHATL FLHAFAHHH
B 128 i. ncpxonniu komuccap ho pchapauunm C. Iapkcp
xunicpf, paofanmuu n Icpnunc n coofncfcfnuu c noionopcnno-
cfnmu, hpunnfimu n pamkax hnana aysca, honucpknyn n cnocm
cxcionnom noknanc ncoxonumocfi sanono oucnufi cufyauuk,
66
yuufinan, ufo cpok ncucfnun hnana ucfckan, u ufo no cux hop nc-
mcukuc hnafcxu occhcuunanuci hpcumymccfncnno nncmnumu
saumamu, a sfo cfanuno nohpoc o ohpcncncnuu pcaninou hnafc-
xcchoconocfu Icpmanuu n nopmaninix ycnonunx. 3aunfcpcco-
nannocfi n nauoncc honnom pcmcnuu nohpoca ina cnnsana fak-
xc c fcm, ufo qpanuysi nacfaunanu na ohpcncncnuu omcu cymmi
pchapauuu, kofopic nonxni sahnafufi ncmui, n fo npcmn kak
ncmui nancnnuci na ymcnimcnuc cnoux cxcionnix hnafcxcu u na
honyucnuc, n koncunom cucfc, honufuucckux ycfyhok n ofnomcnuu
ncc cmc ocymccfnnnnmciocn nan numu konfponn u hpcinanun ok-
kyhauuonnix nouck na ux fcppufopuu.
Hmcnno conhancnuc sfux ycfpcmncnuu onciuuno cosin n Iapu-
xc n qcnpanc 12 i. komufcfa skchcpfon no inanc c amcpukanucm
Kniom, yuacfnonanmum cmc n paspaofkc hnana aysca. oknan
komufcfa Knia ocyxnancn n aniycfc 12 i., in hpunnf n nnnapc
1JO i. u ncfyhun n cuny n ahpcnc foio xc iona. B honufuucckom
hnanc on hpcnycmafpunan nuknunauuk aicnfcfna u komuccuu ho
pchapauunm; okkyhauuonnic noucka, ncc cmc naxonunmuccn n
Icpmanuu, nonxni inu hokunyfi cc no uknn 1JO i., na hnfi ncf
panimc hpcnycmofpcnnoio Bcpcanickum noionopom cpoka. B sko-
nomuucckom hnanc on ycfanannunan, ufo n hoiamcnuc ocfanmcucn
uacfu pchapauuu n 1O,6 mnpn sonofix mapok ncmui nonxni ynyf
nnocufi hnafcxu n fcucnuc 5 ncf (nhnofi no 188 i.). B fcucnuc
hcpnix J6 ncf ncmuam nanncxano nihnauunafi cxcionno ncmno-
ium oncc 2 mnpn fpcfi n nunc onsafcninix hnafcxcu, npyiuc
nnc fpcfu hpu ycnonuu, ufo nc yncf fpynnocfcu, cnnsannix c
nihnafou mcxcoksnuucckux nonion (sfo osnauano hcpnoc hpusna-
nuc amcpukanuamu fakou nsaumosanucumocfu, kofopyk Cocnuncn-
nic Ufafi nccina kafciopuuccku ofncpianu). Bhocncncfnuu hnafc-
xu nonxni inu cnusuficn no cxcionnix nsnocon n 1,61,7 mnpn
nonnapon, coofnocumix c hpononxcnucm nihnafi nonion (hynkf,
ho kofopomy, nhpoucm, ofcyfcfnonano coinacuc hpanufcnicfna Co-
cnuncnnix Ufafon). nn foio, ufoi konfponuponafi nihonnc-
nuc noionopcnnocfcu u cncnafi fcxnuuccku nosmoxnim hcpcnon
nankfi, in cosnan Iank mcxnynaponnix pacucfon, pachonoxcn-
niu n Iascnc; nakoncu, c ucnik sahycfufi mcxanusm nonix hnafc-
xcu, in nihymcn sacm n JOO mnpn. nonnapon, pasncncnniu na
nnc uacfu 2OO mnpn nnn cfpan-kpcnufopon u 1OO nnn ncmucn.
Cfouf ofmcfufi, ufo hnan Knia ocyxnancn n 12 i. Ipuanom u
Ufpcscmanom no npcmn ux hocncnncu ncfpcuu. Hcckoniko mccnucn
chycfn, n okfnpc 12 i., munucfp unocfpannix ncn Icpmanuu
ymcp, kak i oosnauun koncu shoxu.
Xofn hnan Knia u in sanyman nccima xufpoymno, on ofhpan-
nnncn n hnananuc ho ypnim nonam. Aninuuanc coinaconanu hopn-
67
nok nihnafi cnocio nonia Cocnuncnnim Ufafam nauunan c 12J i.,
a ncsanonio no onopcnun hnana Knia qpanuysckan hanafa nchy-
fafon pafuquuuponana coinamcnuc McnnonaIcpanxc 126 i., ko-
fopoc fcopcfuuccku ypciynuponano nihnafy qpanuysckoio nonia
Cocnuncnnim Ufafam. Kasanoci i, nsaumocnnsi mcxny noniamu u
pchapauunmu ina pasopnana. Ho na hpakfukc coifun pasnuna-
nuci n npyiom nahpanncnuu. Okonomuucckuu kpusuc fnxcno hopa-
sun Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, Icpmanuk, Bcnukopufanuk u, n mcni-
mcu cfchcnu, panuuk. Koina n nauanc 1JO i. hnan Knia ncfyhun
n cuny, kpusuc nauunan pachpocfpannficn ho nccu Inpohc. Bsaumo-
cnnsi, ofpuuanmancn na ymaic, honfncpxnanaci n ncucfnufcninoc-
fu. H, cncnonafcnino, nc ocfananoci nuucio npyioio, kak yuufinafi
nonyk cufyauuk.
B camom ncnc, koina skonomuucckuu kpusuc honnocfik oxnafun
Icpmanuk, ncmcukuu hpcsuncnf Iunncnypi hohpocun Cocnuncn-
nic Ufafi o nmcmafcnicfnc. Amcpukanckuu hpcsuncnf Icpcpf
Iyncp honoxufcnino ofncfun na hpociy u nickasancn n fom nyxc,
ufo hnafcxu kak n cucf pchapauuu, fak u ho mcxcoksnuucckum
noniam moiyf nc ocymccfnnnficn c 1 uknn 1J1 i. ho JO uknn 1J2 i.
Cnoum hpcnnoxcnucm, kofopoc cpasy ncfyhuno n ncucfnuc, Iyncp
honfncpnun fuhuunoc nnn amcpukanucn pasncncnuc mcxny noniamu
u pchapauunmu, no n fo xc npcmn ofkpin hyfi nnn okonuanun
nihnaf hocncnnux. Ionuuniu cpok in uchonisonan nnn houcka
nccotcmnkmcio pcmcnun. 3afcm ocyxncnuc fcmi ino hponon-
xcno na nonou mcxnynaponnou konqcpcnuuu, hpoxonunmcu n o-
sannc c 26 uknn ho uknn 1J2 i. Ha ncu ino pcmcno sakpifi
fcmy, honoxun koncu ncmcukum hnafcxam u nasnauun cumnonu-
ucckyk uuqpy saknkuufcninou nihnafi J mnpn pcuxcmapok,
kofopyk cncnonano ocymccfnufi no 1J5 i. u kofopan n ncucfnu-
fcninocfu nukoina nc ina nihnaucna. Tcopcfuuccku ofkpifim
ocfanancn foniko nohpoc o noniax Cocnuncnnim Ufafam. Hu Iyncp,
nu Iysncnif, nhcpnic uspanniu hpcsuncnfom n nonpc 1J2 i.,
nc xofcnu coinamaficn c ux annynuponanucm. Ipufanckan cfopona
hpusnanana sakonnocfi cnoux onsafcnicfn n ofnomcnuu Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon u no fcx hop, hoka sfo ino nosmoxno, hnafcxu
hpononxanuci. panuysi n konuc 1J2 i. pcmunu hpcpnafi nih-
nafy cymmi, hpuuufanmcucn c nux. Ocfananoci conccm ncmnoio no
hpuxona k nnacfu Iufncpa, u sfof achckf mcxnynaponnou qunan-
conou xusnu numi honfncpxnan xpyhkocfi nopmanusauuu. B kon-
uc 1J2 i. ino ofucfnuno nunno, ufo ona ina nccio numi unnk-
sucu, coxpannnmcucn n fcucnuc ncckonikux ncf, u ufo konqnukfi,
ynacncnonannic of nouni, nnoni ncfananu n cmc oncc oocfpcn-
nou qopmc.
68
(. Jc:nncBannc B Hcn:anncn LBcnc
n ccBc:ca ncDncHa
(..(. CTFAX HLFL, FLDCHKHHLH.
FA5HC1HACHH LH,J HCLL,HTLHHH
Tcmi, cnnsannic c ycfpoucfnom ipanuui ho Icuny, c hponc-
mamu qpanko-icpmanckux ofnomcnuu u csohacnocfu panuuu n
cc honufuucckux u qunanconix achckfax, inu, koncuno, nauo-
ncc namymcnmumu us fcx, ufo ocyxnanuci n Iapuxc n 11 i.
Onnako cfoni xc naxnou u, koncuno, oncc nacimcnnou hcpc-
mcnnimu u ncusnccfnimu ncnuuunamu ina fcma ypciynuponanun
n Hcnfpaninou u Bocfounou Inpohc, kofopou Iapuxckan konqc-
pcnuun hocnnfuna ccpuk ofncninix noionopon ho onnomy na
kaxnyk us cfpan-coksnuu Icpmanuu. omunupykmum n komhnck-
cc sfux hponcm in poccuuckuu kpusuc, hponnunmuucn cnauana
n ipaxnanckou nounc (1112O ii.), a safcm n nnnom yfncpx-
ncnuu pcnonkuuonnou nnacfu (12O122 ii.). Hmcnno ychcx
cuni, hocfanunmcu n ucnfp cnocu honufuucckou ncnfcninocfu
unck muponou pcnonkuuu, u ofknuk, nisnanniu sfum hpusinom
n ocfaninou Inpohc, oycnonunu nochpunfuc ux sahannimu iocy-
napcfncnnimu ncnfcnnmu, kofopic nc opamanu nonxnoio nnuma-
nun na fpynnocfu camou concfckou nnacfu u nc honumanu foio,
ufo fpuymq ncnunusma c camoio nauana sfo fpuymq nnacfu, oc-
nonannou na cunc u na kpokpafuucckom ahhapafc. Takan nnacfi
ina, cncnonafcnino, ninyxncna n hcpnyk oucpcni ykpchnnfi ccn
camy u foniko n cncnykmyk oucpcni nymafi o muponou pcnonk-
uuu. Ofo osnauano, ufo n ofcyfcfnuc ncmcnncnnix ofknukon na
coifun n Mocknc u Icfpoipanc konuchuun muponou pcnonkuuu
hpuopcfana ckopcc ucnnocfi numi unconoiuucckoio uncfpymcnfa,
ucm pcaninou honufuucckou hcpchckfuni, u hpcnpamanaci n hpc-
ncnfunnoc opyxuc nnn hpofunoncucfnun unuuuafunam, kofopic
moinu hpcnhpunnfi kahufanucfuucckuc cfpani. B camom ncnc,
ucio moinu oxunafi Concfi of pachpocfpancnun pcnonkuuu, ccnu
nc ycuncnun nanncnun na nux u nospocmcio pucka hpouipafi
ipaxnanckyk nouny c koanuuucu, n kofopou yuacfnonanu i ncc
cnpohcuckuc cfpani, otcnunun hocxncnnix u hocnufcncu Hc
hpcncfannnnaci pcanucfuunou u iuhofcsa o pacmupcnuu pcnonk-
uuu, hockoniky hocnc foio, kak ncmnoiouucncnnic nchimku
inu hoiamcni, ux pcsynifaf ocfancn oipanuucn nuckyccunmu
nnyfpu cnpohcuckux couuanucfuucckux hapfuu, n kofopix c fcx
hop hpconanan nyanusm niopa mcxny pcnonkuucu u pcqopmamu.
Onnako cfpax (sfo honnfuc n nannom cnyuac nc hpcyncnuucno) no-
6
sonanan nan pcanusmom, u niop, cncnanniu n Iapuxc, in n
snauufcninou cfchcnu ofpaxcnucm sfoio cfpaxa.
Iomumo sfoio omcio nacfpocnun cymccfnonanu u panukaninic
nonmccfna, ninnunyfic nounou na hcpcnnuu hnan. Onnonpcmcnniu
koncu fpcx mnoionauuonaninix umhcpuu (Ancfpo-Bcnicpckou,
Ioccuuckou u Icpmanckou) u cmcpfcniniu kpusuc, k kofopomy
nnuianaci Offomanckan umhcpun, ncnanu ococnno naxnim nauuo-
naniniu nohpoc. Bunicononckuu hpunuuh camoohpcncncnun hpuncn
k ucucsnoncnuk umhcpuu Iacypion u ncxan n ocnonc snauufcni-
nou uacfu npyiux fcppufopuaninix pcmcnuu, hpunnfix n Iapuxc,
xofn hpakfuucckoc hpumcncnuc camoio hpunuuha cpasy xc nafonk-
nynoci na cnoxnocfi cufyauuu, cnoxunmuxcn na sfou fcppufopuu,
hoponun nonic hpofunopcuun u nonic sncmcnfi hpofunocfonnun.
B Hcnfpaninou u ynaucko-Iankanckou Inpohc ucfopun ho-
paofana nacfoniko ocnonafcnino, u sfnuucckuc ipyhhi u nauuo-
naninic kynifypi cmcmanuci nacfoniko, ufo kakoc i pcmcnuc
nc ino hpunnfo, kakuc-fo fpconanun ocfanuci i ncynonncfno-
pcnnimu u nosnuknu i nonic ocfonfcnicfna, choconic hopo-
nufi kpusuc. Takum opasom cosnannan concpmcnno nonan cucfcma
iocynapcfn, opianusonannan n coofncfcfnuu c nonimu ipanuuamu,
fauna n ccc nonic yiposi, fo ccfi nosnukana ncycfouuunan cufya-
uun, n kofopou nomunuponanu hcpchckfuna nccfauninocfu u cfpax
hcpcmcn (unu nancxna na nux). Icnusuonucfckuc ycfpcmncnun hpo-
nnunuci cmc no foio, kak noionopi ncfyhunu n cuny, u, ho kpauncu
mcpc n onnom cnyuac n Typuuu, onu okasanuci ychcmnimu.
Bcc sfo ino fccno cnnsano c honufukou fpcx kpyhncumux cn-
pohcuckux ncpxan: panuuu, Bcnukopufanuu u Hfanuu. pan-
uun, hocfonnniu ohnof honufuku ho cncpxunanuk Icpmanuu, nn-
nnnaci ccfccfncnnim coksnukom nkoio, kfo n Bocfounou Inpohc
u na Iankanax moi i nnccfu nknan n nocfuxcnuc sfou ucnu. o
fcx hop, hoka kasanoci nosmoxnim hopaxcnuc concfckou nnacfu,
qpanuysi nancnnuci na nospoxncnuc ux fpanuuuonnoio coksnu-
ka, xofn sfo moino nosponufi u mcufy o ncnukou Ioccuu, nomu-
nuponanmcu no nccu Bocfounou Inpohc. nn panuuu sfo ino
i iapanfucu hpofun nkou hohifku nospoxncnun Icpmanuu. Ho
koina n nauanc 12O i. concfckuu pcxum oncpxan hocny nan kon-
fppcnonkuuonnnimu cunamu, cufyauun usmcnunaci fakxc u nnn
panuuu, u fcma csohacnocfu Bocfounou Inpohi hpuopcna no-
noc snyuanuc. Icnu panimc moxno ino pasmimnnfi o csohacno-
cfu hpumcnufcnino k nospoxncnuk icpmanckou yiposi, fo fchcpi
ncoxonumo ino umcfi n nuny hpucyfcfnuc concfckoio kommy-
nusma u cio choconocfi hponukafi n ocfaninyk uacfi Inpohi.
7O
(..2. AHLL HFHLL ,C1CDCFL. DC5FCH,LHHL HCHLLH,
CC5,AHHL HLXCCHCDAHH, DL,LHLHHL ADCTFHH
D CACCTCHTLHLHCL 1CCJ,AFCTDC
B sfou cufyauuu hosuuun cpcnnux iocynapcfn, cosnannix unu
hpusnannix mupnimu noionopamu, cfanonunaci concpmcnno
unou, hockoniky onu nonxni inu nicfyhafi ohnofom hpofun
nnyx hofcnuuaninix yipos: Icpmanuu u Concfckou Ioccuu. Ofo
ino naxno, n ococnnocfu nnn Ionimu, n ofnomcnuu kofopou
hocncncfnun usmcncnun nncmnux ocfonfcnicfn inu iopasno o-
ncc samcfni; onu moinu ifi naxnimu, xofn u n mcnimcu cfchc-
nu, fakxc nnn Hcxocnonakuu. Bmccfc c fcm, panuun moina cfafi,
hpu ohpcncncnnix ocfonfcnicfnax, ohopou honufuku coxpancnun
srurus quo na Iankanax, n fom cnyuac, ccnu sfa honufuka hpuopcna
i xapakfcp ofncfa na nosononncnuc nanncnun Ioccuu unu na
cnumkom akfunnoc cfpcmncnuc Hfanuu nannsafi cnoc iochoncfno n
ynaucko-Iankanckom pciuonc.
Bcnukopufanun sannna n sfux nohpocax cncpxannyk honufu-
ucckyk hosuuuk. Ycfanonka na fo, ufoi nanknafi sa Inpohou
usnnc u uchonisonafi nosnukakmuc na konfuncnfc hpofunopcuun
n cnoux unfcpccax, kak sfo ino nosmoxno no 114 i., nc hosnonn-
na aninuuanam honnfi, ufo pcunckuu konqnukf in yxc ucfopu-
uccku pcmcn u cfan i nnoni akfyaninim foniko n cnyuac ncco-
mcio nocnnoio konqnukfa. Ofa hosuuun mcmana um fakxc honnfi
u fo, ufo hpuuuni nnn nosnuknoncnun nonou nouni nifckanu us
hofcnuuaninou nccfauninocfu na fcppufopuu, pachonoxcnnou k
kio-nocfoky of Icpmanuu. Ipanna, aninuuanc nc ckpinanu cnocu
ncynonncfnopcnnocfu fcm, kak pcmanuci hponcmi (n ococnnocfu,
kacakmuccn Ionimu), no sfa ncynonncfnopcnnocfi cohponoxna-
naci nnnim ofkasom of onsafcnicfn ofnocufcnino hpakfuucckux
unuuuafun, kofopic cncnonano hpcnhpunnfi nnn hpcnyhpcxncnun
puckon, cnnsannix c nccfauninocfik. H ccnu cnauana hocncn-
cfnun sfoio ofkasa nc inu oucnunnimu, fo nccio ucpcs ncckoniko
ncf okapnckuc coinamcnun ninnunu nanuuuc fakou hponcmi.
Hmcnno n fakou ocfanonkc hpunumanuci ncc pcmcnun, kacanmuc-
cn Hcnfpaninou u Kxnou Inpohi. Mccfo fpcx ohpcncncnnoc-
fcu (kakumu i honannnkmumu onu nu inu) sannna nccoman
ncohpcncncnnocfi, ucniu komhnckc hponcm, fpconanmux ncmcn-
ncnnoio pcmcnun unu usmcncnun pancc hpunnfix pcmcnuu.
C fouku spcnun fcppufopuaninou pcmcnun, hpunnfic n Iapuxc
u nchocpcncfncnno ofnocunmuccn k Icpmanuu, kacanuci nospoxnc-
nun Ionimu, cosnanun Hcxocnonakuu u coxpancnun ncsanucumou
Ancfpuu, cokpamcnnou, onnako, no munumaninix fcppufopuaninix
71
pasmcpon. Icmcnun, nahpnmyk nc safpaiunanmuc Icpmanuk, kaca-
nuci poxncnun ccpo-xopnafo-cnoncnckoio iocynapcfna (hosnncc
Kiocnanun); cosnanun ncsanucumou Bcnipuu; cosnanun, qakfuucc-
ku sanono Iyminuu, hockoniky c fouku spcnun fcppufopuu ona
pacmupunaci houfu nnnoc hpofun cnoux hpcxnux pasmcpon; hpu-
snanun ncsanucumocfu Ananuu; ymcnimcnun pasmcpon Ioniapuu;
yncnuucnun ipcucckou u ufaninnckou fcppufopuu.
Offomanckan umhcpun yxc n fcucnuc ncckonikux nccnfuncfuu
nc nnnnnaci c fcppufopuaninou fouku spcnun hponcmou nnn Inpo-
hi. B pcsynifafc ankanckux noun 11211J ii. ona ina houfu
honnocfik nifccncna c konfuncnfa. Onnako nohpoc hponunon nc-
hocpcncfncnno kacancn cnpohcuckux cfpafciuucckux unfcpccon, u
o cynic Offomanckou umhcpuu ncnuci nauoncc nuckyfupycmic
nuhnomafucu hcpcionopi n hcpuon nouni. Cynia, kofopyk hpcn-
nasnauanu cu coksnuku (fo ccfi cfpcmncnuc nonccfu cc no cocfon-
nun iocynapcfna-hpuspaka), hpumna, onnako, n cfonknoncnuc c
hcpnim hocncnocnnim hontcmom anfukononuaninoio nnuxcnun.
Kaxnoc us fakux ypciynuponanuu cosnanano nonic hponcmi.
Ccn-Zcpmcnckuu mupniu noionop (1O ccnfnpn 11 i.), ka-
canmuucn ycfpoucfna fcppufopuu, pancc hpunanncxanmux Ancfpo-
Bcnicpckou umhcpuu, kak u Bcpcanickuu noionop, ofkpinu hyfi k
nospoxncnuk Ionimu. Xofn pcmcnuc o sfom ino ohpcncncn-
nim u uchpannnno onny us ncnuuaumux ncchpancnnunocfcu, co-
ncpmcnnix nunacfuucckou nuhnomafucu n konuc XVIII ncka, ipa-
nuui, n kofopix nonxno ino ocymccfnnnficn fakoc pcmcnuc,
inu iopasno mcncc ohpcncncnnimu. Ionima poxnanaci, honyuun
ancfpuuckyk Ianuuuk, Iomcpanuk u uacfi Cuncsuu. Ic nocfou-
nan ipanuua ocfananaci ncohpcncncnnou, n fo npcmn kak kxnan
ipanuua ina nocfafouno ucfko ohpcncncna naionapn icoipaqu-
ucckomy honoxcnuk cc pachonoxcnuk ho xpcfy kaphafckou
ipnni ncc npyiuc ipanuui nnnnnuci hpcnmcfom nnn ocyxnc-
nun. Kak moxno ino coucfafi noccfanonncnuc ucfopuucckou
chpancnnunocfu c hpunuuhom camoohpcncncnun na scmnnx, inc
hpucyfcfnuc mnoiux sfnuucckux ipyhh cncnano cufyauuk fpynno-
paspcmumou Ofo kacanoci kak Cuncsuu, fak u Iomcpanuu, a fak-
xc ipanuui c Ioccucu, Icnopyccucu u Ykpaunou. Kpomc foio,
ncfanan nohpoc nixona k mopk. Moxno nu ino nosponufi ncnu-
koc honickoc iocynapcfno, nc hpcnycmofpcn, ufoi ono umcno ni-
xon k Ianfuuckomy mopk Ho inc ocfafouno hcpcuucnufi sfu
hponcmi nnn foio, ufoi honnfi, kak n kaxnou us nux hpucyf-
cfnonanu hpuuuni nnn hpofunopcuuu c hocxncnnimu ncuamu, c
ancfpuuuamu, fakxc hocxncnnimu, u c pycckumu, n kakom i fo
nu ino kauccfnc hocxncnnix unu pcnonkuuoncpon. Icmcnuc
72
ofnocufcnino Bcpxncu Cuncsuu ino noncpcno hncucuufy (on
cocfonncn n 121 i. u hpcnocfanun otckfunnic nannic, ccnu fak
moxno nipasuficn, nnn ohpcncncnun ipanuui n coofncfcfnuu c
hpconananucm fcx unu unix sfnuucckux ipyhh). Ofnocufcnino
Iomcpanuu pcmcnuc ino hpunnfo ncpxanamu Anfanfi. Icpman-
ckyk fcppufopuk paspcsanu nnn nincncnun kopunopa, kofopiu
occhcuun i Ionimc nixon k mopk. Ionimc hpcnocfannnncn
fakxc hopf iopona anuui (ccuuac Inanick), honyuunmuu cfa-
fyc cnoonnoio iopona hon konfponcm uiu Hauuu. Takum opa-
som, c cosnanucm Bocfounou Ipyccuu, ofpcsannou of ocfaninou
Icpmanuu nonimu honickumu fcppufopunmu, Icpmanun yfpauuna-
na cnok fcppufopuaninyk ucnocfnocfi.
Imc oncc cnoxnim in nohpoc o nocfounou ipanuuc, ncpas-
pinno cnnsanniu c ncucfnunmu concfckoio hpanufcnicfna. Ono
yxc ofkasanoci of honickux fcppufopuu (fak xc kak u of fcppufo-
puu unnnnnuu, afnuu, Ocfonuu u ufni) ho Ipccf-ufonckomy
noionopy J mapfa 118 i., honoxunmcmy koncu nounc c umhcpckou
Icpmanucu, nnnnnmcucn n fof momcnf hocnufcninuucu na noc-
founom qponfc. Iopaxcnuc Icpmanuu hosnonuno cosnafi Ioni-
ckoc iocynapcfno, no inanc kofopoio ncfan mapman Kscq Iuncyn-
ckuu, hpcsuncnf pcchynuku u inannokomannykmuu apmuu. Ofa
apmun cccfpacfno nanknana sa xonom ipaxnanckou nouni n
oxunanuu foio, ufo cufyauun hosnonuf saunfcpcconannim cfopo-
nam pcmufi hponcmy ipanuui c pcnonkuuonnou Ioccucu. Iun-
cynckuu omuouno ncpun n hpounocfi ncsanucumocfu Ykpauni,
cankuuonuponannou n Ipccf-ufonckc. B camom ncnc, sfo nano i
ncsanucumim honnkam ccpicsnyk honncpxky n cohpofunncnuu
pycckum. Onnako, koina ychcxu pcnonkuuonnnix cun hponcmon-
cfpuponanu, ufo sfa ncpa ina hnoxo oocnonana u ufo Kpacnan
apmun hpunuxacfcn k honickou fcppufopuu, Iuncynckuu hcpc-
mcn n nacfyhncnuc u n hcpuon c ahpcnn ho aniycf 11 i. cymcn
ofnocnafi fcppufopuk, yxc saxnaucnnyk Concfamu, u noufu no
Icnopyccuu.
Ychcx fak nnoxnonun cio, ufo n hocncnykmuc mccnui u, n uacf-
nocfu, n nonpc 11 nnnapc 12O i. on ofncpi concfi noun
xopnxa o fom, ufo nano uckafi komhpomuccnoc pcmcnuc c cuna-
mu pycckou pcnonkuuu. Hahpofun, nccnou 12O i. on ncfyhun n
coks c ykpaunckum nuncpom Cumonom Icfnkpou, ykpinmumcn n
Ionimc, c ucnik ncncnun conmccfnou opii c Kpacnou apmucu.
Hacfyhncnuc umcno onimou ychcx u noncno honnkon no Kucna,
onnako monnucnocnan pcakuun Concfon npamafuucckum opasom
ohpokunyna cufyauuk. Ionnunaci ohacnocfi foio, ufo pcnonkuun,
nc nchixnynman chonfanno, yncf nhcpnic skchopfuponana concf-
7J
ckou apmucu, kofopan n ukncaniycfc 12O i. ncpnyna ccc nck
yfpaucnnyk fcppufopuk u cfana naxc yipoxafi Bapmanc. B ycno-
nunx oocfpcnun cufyauuu noun xopnx nnoni hpcnnoxun cnoc
hocpcnnuuccfno, onnako u na sfof pas hpcnnoxcnuc ino ohpo-
ncpinyfo monnucnocnim honickum konfpnacfyhncnucm (ohpcnc-
ncnnyk homomi cmy okasanu qpanuysckuc nocnnic), n pcsynifafc
kofopoio n aniycfc 12O i. Concfam ino nancccno cokpymufcni-
noc hopaxcnuc u onu inu ninyxncni hochcmno ofcfyhufi.
Iunycynckuu coinacuncn nccfu hcpcionopi c hosuuuu cuni.
Iosfomy cqopmynuponannoc aninuuanamu hpcnnoxcnuc o hoipa-
nuunou nunuu, coofncfcfnonanmcu n omux ucpfax cfapou nocfou-
nou ipanuuc Bapmanckoio icpuoicfna (usnccfnou kak nunun Kcp-
sona, ho umcnu pufanckoio munucfpa unocfpannix ncn) nc ino
foina nochpunnfo ccpicsno. Iocnc hopaxcnun Kpacnou apmuu u n
hpcnnncpuu sumi nosonanana hofpcnocfi n saknkucnuu mupa.
Concfi coinacunuci n okfnpc na hcpcmupuc, ocfannnnmcc um
snauufcninyk uacfi Ykpauni (kofopyk onu hofcpnnu ho Ipccf-
ufonckomy noionopy), no ycfyhanu Ionimc omupnic fcppufo-
puu, naccncnnic ykpaunuamu u cnopycamu, nnoni hoipanuunou
nunuu, coxpanunmcucn no Bfopou muponou nouni (hcpcmupuc
hpcnpafunoci n okonuafcninoc coinamcnuc n pcsynifafc Iuxckoio
noionopa 18 mapfa 121 i.). Takum opasom cosnananoci kpyhnoc
iocynapcfno, ohupakmcccn na cuninoc nauuonaninoc uyncfno, na
cfpcmncnuc nnoni nouficn inoio ncnuuun, u nosinannncmoc fakou
cuninou nuunocfik, kak Iuncynckuu, kofopiu n cnocu honufu-
ucckou ncnfcninocfu pykononcfnonancn anfopufapno-konccpnafun-
nimu moncnnmu. B ohpcncncnnom cmicnc hpckpacniu ohnof
hpofun Concfon. Onnako ocfananuci ofkpifimu ncc hponcmi
hpofunopcuuu c Icpmanucu u nckofopic hponcmi hpofunopcuuu
c ufnou (ho honony onananun ioponom Buninkcom) u c Hcxo-
cnonakucu (ho honony cynii fcppufopuu Tcmunckou Cuncsuu).
Ha kio-nocfounou ipanuuc Icpmanuu, na pasnanunax Iacyp-
ickou umhcpuu, nosnukna Hcxocnonakun. Ioicmckuu nauuonanusm
in nosnaipaxncn sa cnok mnoioncfnkk ncnfcninocfi u sa akfun-
nocfi, hponnncnnyk no npcmn nouni. Ofo nnuxcnuc, nosinannnn-
mcccn Onyapnom Icncmcm (ucxom), Tomamcm Macapukom (ucxom,
no cnonakom ho mafcpu) u cnonakom Munanom Ufcqanukom, hc-
pcxuno snauufcniniu hontcm n hocncnnuu ion nouni, koina cmy
ynanoci ycnufi kpyhncumuc ncpxani n ncoxonumocfu paspy-
mufi umhcpuk Iacypion u ofkpifi hyfi qopmuponanuk nauuo-
naninix hpanufcnicfn.
B ncucfnufcninocfu fo opasonanuc, o kofopom ino sannncno
n konuc okfnpn 118 i. u kofopoc cosnano n ccnfnpc sfoio iona
74
npcmcnnoc hpanufcnicfno, nc ino nauuonaninim iocynapcfnom n
honnom cmicnc sfoio cnona. Ioicmun u Mopanun, umcnmuc inyo-
kuc kynifypnic fpanuuuu u nicokuu yponcni hpomimncnnoio
pasnufun, otcnunnnuci co Cnonakucu, foina cmc ho hpcumymc-
cfny ccnickoxosnucfncnnou u naxonunmcucn hon nnacfik kafonu-
ucckoio nyxoncncfna. B ocnonc otcnuncnun ncxano onsafcnicfno
hpusnafi anfonomuk Cnonakuu, kofopoc ucxu nhocncncfnuu nc
oucni-fo conknanu u kofopoc okasanoci hpuuunou ncunix kon-
qnukfon mcxny nnymn coomccfnamu. Kpomc foio, yiposou iomo-
icnnocfu nonoio iocynapcfna ino fo ocfonfcnicfno, ufo ono
nknkuuno n ccn ncc fcppufopuu Cyncfckou onacfu, naccncnnic
ncmuamu u hpcxnc ofnocunmuccn k Iacypickou umhcpuu. Ofo
ina cmc onna hpuuuna hofcnuuaninou nccfauninocfu, kofopyk
nc yunu cfpacfnic paspymufcnu Ancfpo-Bcnicpckou umhcpuu.
Bhpoucm, Icncm u Macapuk honisonanuci onimum anfopufcfom
u sfo hosnonuno um cpasy xc nicfyhufi na mcxnynaponnou cucnc
n kauccfnc hpcncfanufcncu nonoio hopnnka, cnoxunmciocn n Inpo-
hc, u n kauccfnc iapanfon fcppufopuaninoio apicpa, ofncnnnmcio
Icpmanuk of cc ankanckux coccncu.
Honic ipanuui Icpmanuu na kic n ocnonnom honfopnnu cfa-
pic; sncci nc ino fcppufopuaninix usmcncnuu, kak na pycxax c
Ancfpucu. Ioxncnuc Ancfpuuckou pcchynuku ino camim samcf-
nim snakom paspina c hpomnim. Cosnanuc sfoio mancnikoio iocy-
napcfna c naccncnucm ncmnoium oncc 6,5 mnn ucnonck, ucfncpfi us
kofopix ina cocpcnofoucna n cio cfonuuc Bcnc (nosnukmcu
kak ucnfp umhcpuu, uin fcppufopun ina n ucfipc pasa onimc
mancnikou pcchynuku, cosnanacmou hocnufcnnmu), cnyxuno
cumnonom paspymcnun cfapou cucfcmi. Ancfpun fakxc cuufanaci
hocxncnnim iocynapcfnom, honncxamum pasopyxcnuk u nihnafc
pchapauuu, u, hpcxnc nccio, honuuncnnim naxncumcmy honufu-
ucckomy ycnonuk sahpcfy otcnunnficn c Icpmanucu, ycfanon-
ncnnomy kak Bcpcanickum, fak u Ccn-Zcpmcnckum noionopom.
Hs nccx fnopcnuu hocnufcncu n 1112O ii. cosnanuc An-
cfpuuckou pcchynuku ino, ncponfno, camim ncoocnonannim u
upcnafim hofcnuuaninimu nciafunnimu hocncncfnunmu: cosnana-
noci iocynapcfno, xusncchoconocfu kofopoio nukfo nc moi nafi
pcanucfuucckyk oucnky. Ioncc foio, mnoiuc inu nacfoniko ycx-
ncni n ncnosmoxnocfu cio nixunanun, ufo cuufanu cnuncfncnnou
ccpicsnou anifcpnafunou hpucocnuncnuc Ancfpuu k Icpmanuu.
Onnako sfo noionopi hpcnycmofpufcnino sahpcmanu. B mcxnyna-
ponnom hnanc Ancfpun okasinanaci okpyxcnnou hofcnuuaninimu
npaiamu: ucxocnonakamu, foniko ufo ocnoonunmumucn of iacypi-
ckoio iochoncfna, kiocnanamu, cncnanmumu fo xc camoc. Hfo ka-
75
cacfcn ufaninnucn, fo nisnannan numi cfpafciuucckumu coopaxc-
nunmu ycfyhka Hfanuu Anifo-Anunxc (Kxnoio Tuponn), naccncn-
noio n honannnkmcm onimuncfnc ancfpuuuamu, cosnanana honon
nnn hocfonnnix pasnoinacuu, ufo nc moino nc hpunccfu nu k ucmy
npyiomy, kak honfonknyfi ancfpuuucn k houcky honncpxku umcnno
y Icpmanuu.
Tcma hpuopcfacf cmc onimcc snaucnuc, ccnu cuufafi, ufo
mancnikan Ancfpuuckan pcchynuka hpcncfannnna coou (koncuno,
homumo nonu fcx, kfo hpunuman kacanmuccn cc pcmcnun) onun us
naxnix sncmcnfon nccu cucfcmi nonoio pannonccun, kofopyk ni-
cfpaunanu (unu hifanuci nicfpoufi) mupnic noionopi. cucfnu-
fcnino, ncsanucuman (of Icpmanuu unu, hapanokcaninim opasom,
of Hfanuu) Ancfpun ina hynkfom, inc hcpccckanuci ncc nosmox-
nic pcnusuonucfckuc fcnncnuuu, nosnukmuc n pcsynifafc Iapux-
ckux noionopon. Ic ncsanucumocfi iapanfuponana Hfanuu samufy
of upcsmcpnoio icpmanckoio nanncnun na ipanuuy n pauonc Ipcn-
ncpa, a Iankanckuu honyocfpon of nosononncnun cuninoio ho-
nufuucckoio, fopionoio, qunanconoio nanncnun, kofopoc Icpma-
nun okasinana na ncio no 114 i. To xc camoc ofnocunoci u k
panuuu, u k Bcnukopufanuu. Bhpoucm, nc umcn omux c Ancf-
pucu ipanuu, sfu cfpani inu mcncc uyncfnufcnini k nosnukmcu
ncnukafnou fcmc. Kpomc foio, ncuscxno nahpamunancn hpoinos
(kak sfo hokasano hucimo Ufpcscmana inmcmy kponhpunuy Icp-
manuu chycfn ncckoniko ncf), ufo kak foniko Icpmanun ncpncf
ccc ohpcncncnnyk cnoony ncucfnuu, ona opafuf cnou nsop na
Ancfpuk, c kofopou ona ina cnnsana ysamu nsika, kynifypi, cfapix
cokson. H ncc-faku, nccmofpn na ncc sfo, cfoni naxnan icohonu-
fuucckan poni ina ofncncna xpyhkomy iocynapcfny, skonomuucc-
ku hofpnccnnomy hopaxcnucm, ncmopanusonannomy, ncycfouuuno-
my. Hfo sfo ino Ucncnp nchpcnycmofpufcninocfu, hocncncfnuu
kofopoio koc-komy cncnonano ohacaficn. Ho komy Iapanokcaninim
ino u fo, ufo ncc ncpxani-hocnufcninuui u, n ococnnocfu,
panuun u Hfanun, hcpcknaninanu npyi na npyia sfy sanauy, ufo n
ufoic ofkpino n 1J8 i. hyfi iufncponckomy pcnusuonusmy.
(.. Xncc: ncBc:c nca
B ,nancc-LananccH c:ncnc
(..(. CC5,AHHL K1CCHADHH
Icnu ucxonufi us konuchuuu, ufo inannou hpuuunou kon-
qnukfa ino cfpcmncnuc hpcccui icicmonusm Icpmanckou umhc-
puu, fo ypciynuponanuc hponcm Iankanckoio honyocfpona ncnisn
76
cnnsinafi nahpnmyk c hpofunopcuunmu, nisnanmumu nouny. On-
nako hpanna u fo, ufo nouna ina saxxcna ankanckou uckpou, fo
ccfi cfonknoncnucm ccpckoio nauuonanusma c umhcpucu Iac-
ypion. Hncn ncnukou Ccpuu unu ncsanucumoio iocynapcfna
nnn nccx kxnix cnannn (cnoncnucn, xopnafon, ccpon u ucpnoiop-
ucn) nonioc npcmn hpucyfcfnonana n cnpohcuckou xusnu XIX u
hcpnix ncf XX nckon. B ofnuuuc of hponcm, kacanmuxcn Icpma-
nuu, nnnnnmuxcn nacfoniko oucnunnimu, ufo onu nc fpconanu
kommcnfapucn, ccpckuu nauuonanusm pachpocfpannncn na pciu-
on, cnumkom nacimcnniu hpofunopcuunmu u konfpacfamu, u
pocan nison ofkponcnnimu amuuunmu cymccfnykmcu pcaninocfu.
Ccpi ccfccfncnnic coksnuku uapckou Ioccuu ux unfcpcci
sanuccnu of ychcxon sfou cfpani, kak ux nancxnou samfnuui,
choconou hpofunocfonfi yhopnou npaxncnocfu Iacypickou
umhcpuu u, n uacfnocfu, Bcnipuu.
K fomy xc ccpi nonxni inu cuufaficn c npyiou pcaninocfik
unu fcm, ufo of ncc ocfanoci: Offomanckou umhcpucu, fo ccfi io-
cynapcfnamu, sannnmumu cc mccfo. Icnu ofnomcnun c oniapamu
nhnofi no Bfopou ankanckou nouni, hokasanmcu cnnsi Ioniapuu
c Icpmanucu, inu fpanuuuonno xopomumu, fo ofnomcnun c Iy-
minucu na ccncpc, c Ananucu na kio-sahanc u c Ipcuucu na kic
inu nancku of cfauninocfu, u unfcpcci ccpon numi shusonu-
uccku conhananu c unfcpccamu sfux cfpan.
B ofnomcnuu hpoucmcnmux panukaninix usmcncnuu hosuuuk
Ccpuu (kakou i ona nu ina mancnikou unu ncnukou) hpcn-
cfonno cmc nipaofafi no nccx cc achckfax. Tcm oncc ufo k yxc
nasnannim cytckfam, ncucfnonanmum na nonocnnou honufuucckou
cucnc, cncnycf noanufi Hfanuk, c cc nancxnamu na nocfuxcnuc
fcppufopuaninou ucnocfnocfu Hcfpuu. Bonnonano cc u honoxc-
nuc n pciuonax co cmcmannim naccncnucm, fakux, kak anmauun,
inc cfpafciuucckuc ucnu hpconananu nan ncmoipaquucckumu ooc-
nonanunmu, u uymc, inc ncmoipaquucckuc coopaxcnun inu
hpuncccni n xcpfny uyxum cfpafciuucckum unfcpccam. Koina
Hfanun ncna hcpcionopi o saknkucnuu onnonckoio noionopa
115 i. (26 ahpcnn 115 i.), ycfanannunanmcio ycnonun cc ncfyhnc-
nun n nouny, ona nounaci ocmanun ipanuui na Ipcnncpc, fcppu-
fopuu Hcfpuu u anmauuu no mica Inanka, no ona nc fpconana
uymc, ucxonn us hpcnhocinku, ufo sfo in ncoxonumiu nixon
k mopk nnn Ancfpo-Bcnicpckou umhcpuu n cufyauuu, koina cc nu-
munu Tpuccfa.
Boccfanonufi fcppufopuaninoc pannonccuc na honyocfponc,
nnnnnmcmcn hcpnim fcafpom nocnnix ncucfnuu, inc hponnnnnoci
cfoniko otckfunnix hpofunopcuuu, numi nncmnc kasanoci oncc
ncikum c okonuanucm nouni, cohponoxnanmumcn pachanom Ancfpo-
77
Bcnicpckou umhcpuu u hopaxcnucm Offomanckou umhcpuu. Ian-
kanckuu honyocfpon ocfanancn, n ohpcncncnnom cmicnc, uucfim
nucfom (sa ucknkucnucm onsafcnicfn, nsnfix n ofnomcnuu Hfa-
nuu), n ofnomcnuu kofopoio inu nosmoxni pasnuunic napuanfi
ypciynuponanun. Onnako na sanncm hnanc nipuconinanaci conccm
nc nfopocfchcnnan hponcma: kfo yncf ocymccfnnnfi fy icohonu-
fuucckyk poni, kofopyk ucfopun noncpuna umhcpuu Iacypion
ocfafouno nu ino honoxuficn na nauuonaniniu hpunuuh n kauc-
cfnc pciynupykmcio sncmcnfa nonoio ankanckoio hopnnka Moxno
nu ino uchonisonafi na Iankanax nauuonaniniu hpunuuh Iac-
ypickan umhcpun n ycnonunx napacfakmcio ocnancnun Offoman-
ckou umhcpuu sanumana n icohonufuucckom hnanc hpomcxyfounoc
honoxcnuc sfo kacanoci u hponuknoncnun Icpmanuu u ycfpcm-
ncnuu Ioccuu nihonnnn fakum opasom qynkuuk cncpxunanun
u honncpxanun pannonccun n pciuonc, honncpxcnnom uacfim um-
hynicam k hcpcmcnam. Kpomc foio, ona pciynuponana n uncfufyuuo-
naninom hnanc (xofn u nc uncaninim opasom us-sa npaxncnoio
ofnomcnun Bcnipuu k nonim uncfufyuuonaninim usmcncnunm
1867 i.
1
) cocymccfnonanuc pasnix nauuonaninocfcu, hpcnofnpa-
man nspin paspymufcninix koqnukfon. Hmhcpun nopoio sahnafu-
na sa sfy cnok poni, hockoniky ina paspymcna ucnfpocxnimu
umhynicamu, ucxonunmumu of pasnix nauuonaninocfcu. Bmccfo
mnoionauuonaninou umhcpuu cosnananoci mnoxccfno nonix iocy-
napcfn, kaxnoc us kofopix hpcfcnnonano na fo, ufoi ifi nipa-
xcnucm nauuonaninoio hpunuuha. Onnako n cnyuac c Hcxocnona-
kucu sfo ino, koncuno, nc fak. To xc camoc moxno ckasafi u o
Kiocnanuu.
Ipcncfanufcnu sfnuucckux ipyhh kxnix cnannn noionopunuci
(hponosinacun Kopqckyk ncknapauuk 2O uknn 117 i.) o cosnanuu
ncsanucumoio iocynapcfna, uin sfnuucckan cfpykfypa xapakfcpuso-
nanaci hpucyfcfnucm ho kpauncu mcpc fpcx kpyhnix nauuo-
naninix ipyhh (ccpon, xopnafon u cnoncnucn), a fakxc ucpnoiop-
ucn, makcnonucn, ananucn, ncnipon u ufaninnucn, hpunananmux
npcmcnniu xapakfcp nonomy iocynapcfny, ycfouuunocfi kofopoio
moina honncpxunaficn foniko usnnc. B pannou cfchcnu Iyminun,
hocxncnnan anfpuuuamu u ncmuamu na honc on u hpunyxncn-
nan k saknkucnuk ynusufcninoio mupa 7 man 118 i., momcnfani-
no nochonisonanaci pachanom Iacypickou umhcpuu u kpusucom
Ioccuu nnn hpucocnuncnun nccu Tpancuninanuu, naccncnnou n
snauufcninou mcpc ncnipamu u ncmuamu, Icccapauu u Iykonuni,
1
B 1867 i. Ancfpuuckan umhcpun ina hpcopasonana n nnycnunyk (nyanu-
cfuucckyk) Ancfpo-Bcnicpckyk monapxuk. 1pu+. pe0uiuuu.
78
offopinyfix of Ykpauni, u Kxnou opynxu, offopinyfou of
Ioniapuu. Takum opasom poxnanoci npyioc mnoionauuonaninoc
iocynapcfno, cosnanan cufyauuk ho mcnimcu mcpc hapanokcaninyk:
foniko hocxncnnic cfpani cfanonunuci sfnuuccku onnoponnimu.
Ofo Bcnipun u Ioniapun (uin cynia ina ohpcncncna coofncf-
cfncnno Tpuanonckum 4 uknn 12O i. u Hcuuckum 27 non-
pn 11 i. noionopamu), koncuno, nc uchifinanmuc nnyfpcnnux
hpofunopcuuu, onnako, pastcnanmuccn usnyfpu iopcuik hopaxcnun
u cfpcmncnucm k pcnanmy.
Icnu cufyauun c Ipcuucu u Ananucu, cnnsannimu c cyniou
Offomanckou umhcpuu, fpcycf ofncninoio pasionopa, fo nnn foio,
ufoi oxapakfcpusonafi ankanckyk cucfcmy, ocfacfcn hponcnufi
nonyk poni, kofopyk uipana na honyocfponc cnuncfncnnan ncnu-
kan ncpxana, nchocpcncfncnno ipanuuaman c honyocfponom unu
opamcnnan k ncmy, a umcnno Hfanun. onnonckuu noionop,
fckcf kofopoio n hocncnocnniu hcpuon in yxc usnccfcn, hpcnyc-
mafpunan ypciynuponanuc nohpoca o ipanuuc, nc yuufinanmcc na-
uuonaniniu hpunuuh n ofnomcnuu Cnoncnuu, a fakxc n ofnomc-
nuu uymc, xofn onimuncfno cio naccncnun cocfannnnu foina
ufaninnui.
B 115 i. ufaninnui nc ninnuianu fpconanuc ofnocufcnino
sfoio iopona, hpcnhonaian, ufo coxpanufcn Iacypickan umhcpun.
Koina sfo hpcnhonoxcnuc ofhano, nauuonanucfuucckuc umhynici
nnyfpu Hfanuu hoynunu ufaninnckux ncnciafon na Iapuxckou
konqcpcnuuu hofpconafi, ufoi, kpomc fcppufopuu, hpcnycmof-
pcnnix onnonckum noionopom, Hfanun honyuuna i fakxc uy-
mc. Bunicon, nc honhucanmuu onnonckuu noionop, nicfyhun
hpofun kak hcpcnauu Hfanuu nccu Hcfpuu u anmauuu, fak u
hpofun hcpcnauu cu uymc. Bosnukmcc n pcsynifafc ocfpoc cfonk-
noncnuc oycnonuno ncchoconocfi ncpxan n koncunom cucfc pc-
mufi nohpoc o nocfounou ipanuuc Hfanuu. Ccn-Zcpmcnckuu no-
ionop, hcpcnananmuu Hfanuu Tpuccf u Hcfpuk, no nc anmauuk,
ofnoxun pcmcnuc nohpoca o ipanuuc no hpnmix hcpcionopon mcxny
nnymn saunfcpcconannimu cfoponamu.
Ofu hcpcionopi cocfonnuci ion chycfn, hpu conccm unix ocfo-
nfcnicfnax, u ho Iahannickomy noionopy 12 nonpn 12O i. ycfanan-
nunanoci, ufo Hfanun honyuacf nck Hcfpuk, no Monfc Hcnoso, a
fakxc iopon 3apa n anmauuu; iopon uymc hpcnpamacfcn n cno-
onniu hopf hon siunou uiu Hauuu. Ofo ino npcmcnnoc pcmc-
nuc, c yucfom nuchpohopuuu n coofnomcnuu cun u nahopucfocfu, c
kakou ufaninnckuc nauuonanucfi hocfanunu nohpoc o uymc, inc
ipyhha nononfcpon no inanc c hosfom Iapusnc Ànnynuuo, saxna-
7
funman cio n ccnfnpc 11 i., ycfanonuna anfonomnoc yhpannc-
nuc n kauccfnc hpcnhocinku nnn nanincumcu annckcuu cio Hfa-
nucu, u ofkyna ux fpconanoci ninnopnfi cunou, koina ufaninnckoc
hpanufcnicfno saxofcno nihonnufi ycnonun Iahannickoio noionopa.
Onnako ncycfouuunocfi ypciynuponanun c uymc ncnana cufyauuk
nccfauninou. B Kiocnanuu inu iopasno oncc ccpicsnic nnyf-
pcnnuc hponcmi u ona nc moina hosnonufi ccc umcfi ofkpifyk
pany na ipanuuc c Hfanucu. Bohpoc pcmuncn okonuafcnino (na
fof momcnf) c saknkucnucm Iumckoio noionopa 24 nnnapn 124 i.,
n coofncfcfnuu c kofopim cnoonnoc iocynapcfno uymc ino
pasncncno mcxny Hfanucu, honyuunmcu uymc, u Kiocnanucu,
honyuunmcu yxfy Cycak. B ynymcm konncnuun nonxna ina co-
ofncfcfncnno ypciynuponafi skonomuucckuc nohpoci.
Tak xc, kak u n ofnomcnuu icpmanckou hponcmi, hocnufcnu
nipaofanu pnn hpofunopcuunix pcmcnuu, nc choconix ynonncf-
nopufi ocnonnic saunfcpcconannic n nannom cnyuac cfoponi, nos-
moxno, sa ucknkucnucm Ionimu u Hcxocnonakuu. Ha Iankanckom
honyocfponc hocnufcnu samcnunu nonocnniu hopnnok cucfcmou
ofnomcnuu, kofopan nchomcpno hpcyncnuuunana poni Kiocnanuu u
Iyminuu, nc choconix k camocfonfcninou konconunauuu u kpomc
foio hpuncccnnic n xcpfny sfomy nonomy ycfpoucfny iocynapcfna
inu hpcuchonncni ounamu.
Iasymccfcn, fakoc ypciynuponanuc paspymano nocnniu coks,
hockoniky um ina oucni ncnononina Hfanun, onna us nnyx ncpxan,
kofopan moina i nmccfc c panuucu chococfnonafi onimcu
cfauninocfu nonoio ycfpoucfna na Iankanax. Ho umcnno ncncn-
cfnuc pasnoinacuu ho honony Anpuafuku u fou npaxncnocfu unu
cspasnuuun, c kakumu paccmafpunanuci hpcfcnsuu Hfanuu no
npcmn Iapuxckou konqcpcnuuu, ona okasanaci n naicpc ncnononi-
nix u hofcnuuaninix pcnusuonucfon. Ioncc foio, cc honfonknynu
k fomy, ufoi ona hpononuna na Iankanax cocfncnnyk honufuky,
nc yuufinan qpanuysckuc unfcpcci u uacfo, nahpofun, ncfyhan c
numu n hpofunopcuuc. Komhpomucc 12O i., kofopiu nc hpusnanan
sa ncu ncc fo, ufo iapanfuponan onnonckuu noionop, chococfno-
nan napacfanuk nonni nauuonanusma, hpuncnmcu k nnacfu qa-
musm. Mycconunu nhocncncfnuu hpcnpafun pcnusuonusm n onno
us snamcn cnocu nncmncu honufuku. Tak nipuconancn cmc onun
sncmcnf nccfauninocfu n pciuonc, kofopiu nyxnancn kak pas n
hpofunohonoxnom nnn nocfuxcnun honnunnoio mupa. Hahpofun,
ncynonncfnopcnnocfi u pasnoinacun, hoccnnnic anfopamu noiono-
pon 1112O ii., hpuncnu numi k cosnanuk cufyauuu hocfonn-
noio hofcnuuaninoio konqnukfa.
8O
(.7. HcHannsaDn nnncHa:nccn
c:ncmcnnn c CCCF
(.7.(. ,HHHCATHHLCCL HFH5HAHHL
B 122 i. ncc cnpohcuckuc hpanufcnicfna ocosnanu, ufo hohif-
ka nochpchnfcfnonafi cosnanuk kommynucfuucckoio u concfckoio
iocynapcfna nmccfo uapckou umhcpuu hponanunaci. Ofo in fcsuc,
ofcfaunacmiu noun xopnxcm, nhucinanmum cio n cnou hpockf,
nahpanncnniu na hcpccmofp naxncumux hponcm, ocfanmuxcn n
nacncncfno of mupnix noionopon. Icsynifafom cio nosncucfnun
ino hpuinamcnuc Concfam hpucnafi cnocio hpcncfanufcnn (mu-
nucfpa unocfpannix ncn Huucpuna) na Icnyssckyk konqcpcnuuk
n mac 122 i.
Concfi fakxc cfanu o2nimumu pcanucfamu, a umcnno of-
kasanuci of ncmcnncnnoio ocymccfnncnun hpockfa muponou pcno-
nkuuu. Tnxcnan oncsni, kofopan hopasuna cnuna n mac 122 i.
u hpuncna k cio cmcpfu n nnnapc 124 i., honoxuna nauano xccf-
komy cohcpnuuccfny sa cio nacncncfno. Cfanun, uspanniu Icnc-
paninim cckpcfapcm HK IKI() n 122 i., uchonisyn nuunoc u
honufuucckoc cohcpnuuccfno, nsnn ncpx nan hpcncfanufcnnmu npy-
iux hapfuunix qpakuuu. On ofcfpanun of nnacfu (a n hocncnyk-
muc ioni u ynuufoxun qusuuccku) fakux nkncu, kak Tpoukuu,
3unonicn, Kamcncn, Iyxapun. C camoio nauana Cfanun in cpcnu
cfoponnukon HOI (nonan skonomuucckan honufuka). HOI cocfo-
nna ho cymccfny n samcnc hpunuuha hpunynufcninoio ustnfun
ccnickoxosnucfncnnou hponykuuu na nanoi, ocfannnnmuu kpccfin-
nam uacfi hpousncncnnoio, kofopyk onu moinu i pcanusoninafi,
noccfanannunan ccnickoxosnucfncnniu pinok. Onnako, pykonon-
cfnynci hpcxnc nccio momnimu nauuonanucfuucckumu umhynica-
mu, Cfanun cfan cncpfinafi sfy honufuky yxc c 124 i., koina cio
nnunnuc cfanonunoci hpconanakmum. Cfanun ofcfaunan u ocy-
mccfnnnn konuchuuk o nosmoxnocfu ocymccfnufi couuaninyk
pcnonkuuk n onnou cfpanc, CCCI. Ipu sfom hon couuaninou pc-
nonkuucu honumanoci hpcopasonanuc concfckou skonomuucckou
cucfcmi n cfpoio hnanonyk skonomuky, n coofncfcfnuu c hocncny-
kmumu hnfuncfnumu hnanamu u cfannmyk cnocu ucnik icfpyk
unnycfpuanusauuk, kofopan usmcnuna i cocfan nauuonaninoio
hpousnoncfna u ymcnimuna skonomuucckoc u honufuucckoc nnunnuc
kpccfinnckoio mupa (n ococnnocfu, sfo kacanoci mcnkux cocfncn-
nukon, kofopix Cfanun cuufan ncmunycmimu npaiamu pcnonk-
uuu, honncxamux ynuufoxcnuk kak knacca).
81
Hauanmuccn hcpcmcni cncnanu nosmoxnim nosononncnuc of-
nomcnuu c ocfaninim mupom. Cfanun yfncpxnan, ufo hocna co-
uuanusma n onnou cfpanc, naxc ccnu sfa cfpana mcncc pasnufa n
kahufanucfuucckom ofnomcnuu, a kahufanusm hpononxacf cymc-
cfnonafi n npyiux cfpanax, xofn u oncc pasnufix n kahufanucfu-
ucckom ofnomcnuu, concpmcnno nosmoxna u ncponfna. Cncnona-
fcnino, nanuuo ina fakxc u iapanfun hpuncncnun unconoiuu n
coofncfcfnuc c nopmanusauucu mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu. B sfom
hpoucccc yuacfnonanu cs ncnkoio hpcnycxncnun ncc cnpohcuckuc
cfpani. Onu ynuncnu n nonou skonomuucckou cucfcmc Concfckoio
Coksa hofcnuuaninoc honc nnn skchopfa fonapon, kahufanon u
fcxnonoiuu, fo ccfi cuufanu cmc nosmoxnim noccosnafi cucfcmy
fpanuuuonnix cnnscu muponoio pinka c oipomnou icohonufuucc-
kou sonou, of kofopou ocfaninan uacfi mupa ina ofncncna numi
na oucni kopofkuu hcpuon, no kofopan fchcpi moina nnoni sannfi
cnoc mccfo cpcnu nsaumosanucumix nauuu.
Hckofopoc npcmn chycfn sahanniu mup ocosnan, ufo on ucxonun
us inyoko omuounou fpakfonku foio chocoa, kakum Cfanun co-
upancn fpancqopmuponafi concfckyk skonomuky us ofcfanou u
pasnunakmcucn n skonomuky, choconyk cncnafi oucni icfpiu
pinok nhcpcn k unnycfpuanusauuu. Onnako n fcucnuc nccima nc-
nonioio npcmcnu, koina fakan unnksun cmc coxpannnaci, cnpohcu-
ckuc ncpxani ycfpounu nacfonmcc copcnnonanuc c ucnik hpucoc-
nunuficn k Icpmanuu u cfafi cfpanamu, umckmumu nopmaninic
nuhnomafuucckuc ofnomcnun u, ccnu nosmoxno, fopionic noionopi
c concfckum pcxumom. Cocfnsanuc niuipanu ainuuckuc ncuopuc-
fi, kofopic hpusnanu Je fure concfckoc hpanufcnicfno 2 qcnpann
124 i.; ncckoniko nncu chycfn sa numu hocncnonana qamucfckan
Hfanun, sannunman o cnocm hpusnanuu 7 qcnpann. 3afcm, n 124
125 ii., hocncnonanu n hopnnkc oucpcnnocfu Hopnciun, Ancfpun,
Ipcuun, Uncuun, anun, Mckcuka, Bcnipun, panuun, Shonun.
Concfckuu Coks nnoni nomcn, fakum opasom, n muponoc coomc-
cfno, xofn u sannn n ncm ooconcnnyk hosuuuk: on nc ncfyhun n
uiy Hauuu u nc honyuun hpusnanuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, co-
cfonnmcccn foniko n 1JJ i. hocnc uspanun hpcsuncnfom pank-
nuna . Iysncnifa.
(.7.2. C1FAHHHLHHAH HCFAHH5AHHH
Ipcncni sfux qopmaninix usmcncnuu nc samcnnunu hpo-
nnuficn, hockoniky na ncnc onu inu nisnani coopaxcnunmu
ucnccoopasnocfu u nc yuufinanu pcaninou cufyauuu. C onnou
cfoponi, uncn o fom, ufo umhcpuanucfuucckuc cfpani cfpcmunuci
82
uchonisonafi kaxniu ynoniu cnyuau nnn nosononncnun nacfyh-
ncnun hpofun CCCI, umcna inyokuc kopnu n mcnfanufcfc Cfanu-
na (u ocfanaci n ncm nhnofi no cio cmcpfu). C npyiou, unnksuu
ofnocufcnino foio, ufo hpusnanuc hpuncncf k usmcncnuk mcfonon
concfckou nuhnomafuu, unu k ofkasy of cnnscu c muponim kommy-
nucfuucckum nnuxcnucm, okasanuci ncoocnonannimu. Takum o-
pasom, sa kpafkum hcpuonom nopmanusauuu hocncnonan hcpuon
kpusuca, n fcucnuc kofopoio Concfckuu Coks ocfancn houfu hon-
nocfik offccncn of onimou muponou honufuku u of cnpohcuckux
chopon, u nck cnok sncpiuk nahpanun na nihonncnuc hcpnoio
hnfuncfncio hnana (1281J2 ii.).
Icpnim cumhfomom kpusuca inu okapnckuc coinamcnun,
kofopic Concfi ho nnym hpuuunam paccmafpunanu kak nuhnoma-
fuucckoc coinamcnuc, hofcnuuanino nahpanncnnoc hpofun nux.
Bo-hcpnix, nukfo nc hohifancn nonncui CCCI n cucfcmy paspa-
afinanmuxcn coinamcnuu, ufo osnauano hpusnanuc cchoncsnocfu
unu naxc ohacnocfu hpucocnuncnun mockonckoio hpanufcnicfna k
coinamcnuk, kofopoc usmcnuno nc foniko mcxnynaponnoc hono-
xcnuc Icpmanuu, no u honoxcnuc Concfckoio Coksa. Bo-nfopix,
cfafiu okapnckux coinamcnuu inu nnno nccanancuponannimu
(u sfo ino omcusnccfno) n fom, ufo kacanoci ycfpoucfna Boc-
founou Inpohi. 3a sfum moino ckpinaficn namcpcnuc, kofopoc n
hocncnykmuc ioni nc pas cfanonunoci inannim mofunom concf-
ckou nncmncu honufuku, hpunafi ncmcukomy pcnusuonusmy sa-
nannoc nahpanncnuc. Ofo ino, ho nccu nunumocfu, manoncponfno
n 125 i., hockoniky hpcnhonaiano ofkas panuuu of cc hosuuuu n
Bocfounou Inpohc, mai, kofopiu hapuxckoc hpanufcnicfno cmc
nc ino iofono concpmufi. Ho sfo moino hokasaficn nosmoxnim
fcm, kfo c honospcnucm paccmafpunan ncnkyk kahufanucfuucckyk
unuuuafuny n Inpohc.
pyiuc hpusnaku kpusuca hponnunuci safcm n 126 i., koina
qpanko-pyminckoc coinamcnuc nanccno hcpniu ynap ho concfckum
nancxnam nochpchnfcfnonafi okonuafcninou annckcuu Icccapauu
Iyminucu. Hcpcs nckofopoc npcmn ufano-pyminckoc coinamcnuc
cfano hocncnnum akfom, ncoxonumim nnn nncncnuc n ncucfnuc
hpofokona 12O i. o annckcuu Icccapauu Iyminucu
1
. Hfano-co-
ncfckuc ofnomcnun fakxc ncfyhunu n qasy kpusuca (mcxny fcm,
onnako, CCCI u Icpmanun honfncpnunu cnok npyxy noionopom
24 ahpcnn 126 i., ypannonccunmum okapnckuc coinamcnun). Imc
oncc fnxcnou ina ccpun unuuncnfon, hpuncnman k paspiny
nuhnomafuucckux ofnomcnuu mcxny Mocknou u onnonom.
1
28 okfnpn 12O i. Iapuxckum hpofokonom Aninun, panuun, Hfanun u
Shonun hpusnanu saxnaf Icccapauu Iyminucu. 1pu+. pe0uiuuu.
8J
Ipufanckuc kommynucfi umcnu fccnic cnnsu c Komunfcpnom
u n 125 i. cosnanu Anino-pycckuu komufcf cnuncfna, kofopiu
nonxcn in cnyxufi ucnfpom hpufnxcnun nnn nnuxcnun fpynn-
muxcn ho nccu Inpohc. B mac 126 i. pufanckuc fpcn-knuoni,
nosinannncmic hpoqcoksom iopnnkon, hponosinacunu nccomyk
saacfonky. 3amcmafcnicfno u yiposi hpanufcnicfncnnix pchpcc-
cuu, hocncnonanmux sa otnnncnucm saacfonku, ninynunu fpcn-
knuoni hocnc nocimu nncu opii annynuponafi cnoc pcmcnuc.
Onnako kommynucfi, cnnsannic c Komunfcpnom, ucfonkonanu sa-
acfonky kak hpcnnccfnuk ncmunycmoio ncnukoio pcnonkuuonnoio
nspina. Cfauka maxfcpon nc ina hpcpnana u hpononxanaci oncc
mccfu mccnucn, ycunun n pcsynifafc pcmumocfi hpanufcnicfna
Ionnyuna hpunnfi mcpi, oipanuuunakmuc hpano na saacfonky.
B hnanc mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu sfo chponouuponano nuh-
nomafuucckoc cfonknoncnuc, hpuncnmcc hpoufu na ipani paspina
ofnomcnuu c CCCI, onuncnnoio no nmcmafcnicfnc n pufanckyk
nnyfpcnnkk xusni n napymcnuc onsafcnicfn, hpunnfix cmc n
121 i., koina nnymn cfpanamu ino honhucano hcpnoc fopionoc
coinamcnuc. Bhpoucm, paspin in numi ofcpoucn u cocfonncn n
cncnykmcm iony, koina pufanckan honuuun oickana homcmcnuc
concfckou fopionou muccuu n houckax nokymcnfon, choconix no-
kasafi hpuuacfnocfi Concfon k hpoqcoksnim nonncnunm. Xofn
oick u okasancn cspcsynifafnim, on, onnako, cfan hpcnnoiom
nnn paspina nuhnomafuucckux ofnomcnuu mcxny nnymn cfpanamu.
A sfo, napnny c npyiumu momcnfamu, hpuncnmumu k nuhnomafu-
ucckou usonnuuu Concfckoio Coksa, chococfnonano nosnukno-
ncnuk n Mocknc omymcnun, ufo nonoc nacfyhncnuc umhcpua-
nucfon ncuscxno. Ofo omymcnuc ycununanaci fakxc kpusucom
ofnomcnuu c Icpmanucu, nisnannim apccfom nckofopix ncmcu-
kux chcuuanucfon, paofanmux n CCCI. Bcponfno, Cfanun xofcn
cosnafi afmocqcpy ocaxncnnou kpchocfu nnn foio, ufoi ino
nciuc ocymccfnnnfi honufuucckoc nanncnuc, kofopoc cohponoxna-
no nihonncnuc hcpnoio hnfuncfncio hnana. Ho sfo ina afmocqc-
pa, cfanunman hon comncnuc qopmy, ccnu nc camo concpxanuc,
nopmanusauuu.
B camom ncnc, n ncucfnufcninocfu kpusuc oosnauun sfah nos-
npafa nasan n camou concfckou honufuucckou nunuu n onimcu
cfchcnu, ucm nosononncnuc qponfaninoio cfonknoncnun. Ofo
in yxc qakf hpomnoio. Concfckan honufuka, xofn u hpcncfannnna
ucknkucnuc c fouku spcnun kpufcpucn u honxonon k hponcmam cn-
pohcuckoio hcpcycfpoucfna, nnoni hpcnpafunaci n sfu ioni n houfu
nopmaniniu sncmcnf nuhnomafuucckux ofnomcnuu mcxny iocynap-
cfnamu. Io ofnomcnuk k nacncnuk Icpnou muponou nouni
84
xofn coinamcnun c Typuucu n 121 i. u c Icpmanucu n 122 i. u n
126 i. hponcmoncfpuponanu namcpcnuc uchonisonafi hpofunopc-
uun kahufanucfuucckou cucfcmi k cocfncnnou niionc concf-
ckuu mcfon (kofopiu cam cnun paccmafpunan kak konuchfyani-
niu momcnf, ncxanmuu n ocnonc Iahannickoio noionopa) in nu
ucm unim, kak honfopcnucm nauonccc hponcpcnnou fakfuku fpa-
nuuuonnou nuhnomafuu.
(.B. Cn:aDn B ,nancc-LananccH c:ncnc
Hc c:aDnnnsaDncn n cBnsncnnsHcH
(.B.(. HFL,LHL HCAFHC
panko-icpmanckoc hpumupcnuc, oosnaucnnoc okapnckumu
coinamcnunmu, hpcncfannnnoci honopofnim u ymupofnopnkmum
momcnfom n cnpohcuckou mcxnynaponnou xusnu. B mccnui, hpcn-
mccfnonanmuc saknkucnuk coinamcnuu, u n hocncnonanmuc sa
numu ioni, nhnofi no 12 i. (cmcpfi Ufpcscmana u nauano Bc-
nukou nchpcccuu) kasanoci, ufo noccfanonunaci nopmaninan af-
mocqcpa u nauanaci nonan spa mupa, ofmcucnnan nyxom okapno.
Iocnc foio, kak nsaumnan pcskan kpufuka panuuu u Icpmanuu,
nckamu ohpcncnnnman pasnufuc mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu n In-
pohc u hponouuponanman hocncncfnun nnn nccio mupa, sancpmu-
naci nocfounim komhpomuccom, moxno ino hpcnhonoxufi, ufo
na ocnonc sfoio nyxa ymupofnopcnun moiyf ifi pcmcni ncc npyiuc
cymccfnykmuc konqnukfi.
B ncucfnufcninocfu okapnckuu komhpomucc in naxnim,
xofn u oipanuucnnim. 3a hpcncnamu u nnyfpu Inpohi nosnukanu
nonic konqnukfnic cufyauuu, kofopic naxc ofnancnno nc inu
cnnsani c pasnufucm qpanko-icpmanckux ofnomcnuu. Ha nccx
konfuncnfax hpoucxonunu usmcncnun, n fo npcmn nc ynannunac-
mic unu manosamcfnic, no ccpicsno honpinanmuc unck o fom,
ufo mup moxcf cfpouficn nokpyi qpanko-icpmanckoio komhpomuc-
ca u nohonncnuu k ncmy.
Yuufinan sfy oipanuucnnocfi, nc cncnycf, onnako, ncnooucnu-
nafi fof qakf, ufo mcxny nnymn muponimu nounamu sfah hocnc
okapno in ncucfnufcnin ynukaninim hcpuonom, koina unnksun
mupa, kasanoci, fpancqopmuponanaci n nuskyk u nciko nocfuxu-
myk pcaninocfi. Ocnonnic yuacfnuku mcxnynaponnou xusnu nc
ofnananu ccc ofucf n fom, ufo umcnno pcmcnun, c kofopimu onu
cnnsinanu sfy unnksuk, honiofannunanu usmcncnun n hpofunoho-
noxnom nahpanncnuu, a umcnno, n nahpanncnuu cosnanun nonix
ucnfpon cuni unu konqnukfon nnc Inpohi, choconix honopnafi
nancxny na noccfanonncnuc icicmonuu.
85
B fakou konfckcf nhucinanaci ccfi coinamcnuu, kofopic fco-
pcfuuccku moinu i cqopmuponafi ocnony nnn poxncnun nonou
konfuncfaninou icicmonuu panuuu. B camom ncnc, hpannmuc
kpyiu Bcnukopufanuu, kak i ynononicfnonanmuci nuhnomafuucc-
kumu ychcxamu, honfncpxncnnimu okapnckumu coinamcnunmu,
hocnc 125 i. cnna unfcpcconanuci cnpohcuckumu hpofunopcuun-
mu, sa ucknkucnucm cnyuacn, koina fpconanoci nchocpcncfncnnoc
hpucyfcfnuc Bcnukopufanuu, u, hoinomcnnic kononuaninimu u
umhcpckumu hponcmamu (hpcopasonanucm Hmhcpuu n Conpyxc-
cfno), hpcnhounu hyfi, nuskuu k usonnuuonusmy. Cncnonafcnino,
umcnno na hncuu qpanuyson u ufaninnucn hpcumymccfncnno ni-
hana sanaua nohonnufi ycfanonncnuc mupnix noionopon, cncnan
sacnyxunakmumu noncpun pasposncnnic u hpofunopcuunic pcmc-
nun. Oa hpanufcnicfna ncucfnonanu n honnom coinacuu ho kpau-
ncu mcpc no konua 12J i., nccmofpn na nckofopic koncanun,
nisnannic nnyfpcnncu nccfauninocfik n ocux cfpanax, u nc-
cmofpn na hpuxon Mycconunu k nnacfu n okfnpc 122 i. umi n
124 i. hocnc hocni na niopax ncnoio noka no panuuu, fo
ccfi ofkponcnno anfuqamucfckou koanuuuu, Mycconunu usmcnun
cnou kypc u hpcnpafuncn, ho kpauncu mcpc, no 121JO ii. n
yccpnnoio coyuacfnuka u uncfpymcnf honufuku, kofopyk cfpcmu-
nuci nannsafi cmy aninuuanc c ucnik ocymccfnncnun cnocu fakfuku
ofcfpancnnocfu.
Iciuonom, ho ofnomcnuk k kofopomy oc ncpxani nonxni
inu ohpcncnufi cnok nunuk, inu Hcnfpaninan Inpoha u Ian-
kanckuu honyocfpon. B ooux cckfopax ncnfcninocfi qpanuyson,
ho kpauncu mcpc nhnofi no 122 i. ina iopasno oncc nunamuuna
u, hocnc hpcononcnun nckofopix kpafkocpounix comncnuu, onno-
snauna. nn panuuu onsafcninim mcpunom nnnnnaci Ionima,
hockoniky ona cnyxuna cncpxunanuk Icpmanuu u hpchnfcfnonana
nchocpcncfncnnnomy nanncnuk Concfckoio Coksa na Hcnfpani-
nyk Inpohy. Cuninan Ionima ina hpofunonccom n ofnomcnuu
cnauana iuhofcsi, a safcm u pcaninocfu icpmancko-concfckoio co-
fpynnuuccfna. Inuncfncnnim oipanuuufcncm fakou hosuuuu ocfa-
nanoci cfpcmncnuc nc hpcnocfannnfi usnumncu cnooni ncucfnuu
kpauncmy nauuonanusmy nonix honickux pykononufcncu no inanc
c amuuuosnim Iuncynckum. Ofo nc homcmano hapuxckomy hpa-
nufcnicfny honhucafi 1 qcnpann 121 i. noionop o coksc c
Ionimcu, nohonncnniu nnymn nnnmu hosxc cckpcfnim coinamc-
nucm o nocnnix koncynifauunx. Oa coinamcnun inu sanymani
c ucnik samufufi Ionimy of ohacnocfu nahancnun na nnyx qpon-
fax nnn foio, ufoi sanoxufi ocnoni qpanuyscko-honickoio co-
inacun, kofopoc Iapux omuouno cuufan ncunim.
86
Bmccfc c fcm, no n mcncc cpounom hopnnkc, 25 nnnapn 124 i.
in saknkucn noionop o coksc c Hcxocnonakucu, kofopiu fakxc
cohponoxnancn cckpcfnimu nocnnimu cfafinmu, concpxanmumucn
n hucimax, kofopimu omcnnnuci cfoponi u nohonnnnmumu nsa-
umnic onsafcnicfna ho pciuonaninim koncynifauunm u cofpynnu-
uccfny. Bocnnoc concpxanuc ooux noionopon ino ofuacfu nixo-
nomcno okapnckumu coinamcnunmu, fo ccfi nonimu noionopamu,
honhucannimu 16 okfnpn 125 i. mcxny panuucu, c onnou cfo-
poni, u Ionimcu u Hcxocnonnakucu, c npyiou. Iocncnnuc samc-
nnnu anfomafuucckuc ncucfnun cfopon na ocnonc cokson 121 i. u
124 i. onsafcnicfnom hpononufi hpcnnapufcninic koncynifauuu
c uiou Hauuu u honufuucckumu ycnonunmu, kofopic hpusnanana
panuun, coinamanci na iapanfuponanuc Bcnukopufanucu u
Hfanucu Icunckoio hakfa.
Ionccc cnoxnou ina, onnako, kapfuna n ynaucko-Iankanckom
pciuonc, hockoniky fam cufyauun okasanaci iopasno oncc nccfa-
uninou, u nnyfpu camoio qpanuysckoio hpanufcnicfna cymccfnona-
nu samcfnic pasnoinacun ho nannomy nohpocy. Hauonimcc konu-
uccfno ncusnccfnix fauna n ccc ocfanonka n Bcnipuu u umcnno
sfo cfano ofhpannou foukou nnn hocncnykmcio niopa. B camom
ncnc, n Bcnipuu n nonpc 118 i. ino cosnano pcchynukanckoc
hpanufcnicfno, n kofopom nomunuponanu konccpnafunnic hapfuu.
Iocnc hponana kommynucfuucckoio skchcpumcnfa Icna Kyna
qpanuysi counu nosmoxnim hpucinyfi k fakou cuninou u nny-
makmcu noncpuc nnacfu, kak nnacfi hpcncfanufcnn nunacfuu Ia-
cypion. nn sfoio onu honncpxanu hohifky nosnpamcnun na
fpon skc-umhcpafopa Kapna, n 117 i. ynacncnonanmcio fufyn of
ymcpmcio panua Hocuqa u ninyxncnnoio safcm hokunyfi co-
cfncnnyk cfpany.
Cnoxunaci oucni nchpocfan cufyauun, hockoniky konfppcno-
nkuuonnic cuni ynuufoxunu pcchynuky u otnnunu o nncncnuu
n Bcnipuu monapxuucckoio pcxuma, hponosinacun pcicnfom anmu-
pana Muknoma Xopfu. Ofo pcicnfcfno (kofopoc hnanuponanoci
kak npcmcnnoc, no hponnunoci, nahpofun, nhnofi no Bfopou mu-
ponou nouni) fcopcfuuccku nonxno ino hpcnmccfnonafi pccfan-
pauuu monapxuu Iacypion. B fcucnuc nckofopoio npcmcnu sfo
ina kapfa, na kofopyk cfanunu qpanuysi, ncucfnyn n fom uucnc
u n anfukommynucfuucckux ucnnx, koina n mapfc 121 i. hpuncf-
cfnonanu kpafkonpcmcnnyk hohifky umhcpafopa Kapna ncfyhufi
na hpccfon n Iynahcmfc. Tcm camim, onnako, hapuxckoc hpanu-
fcnicfno concpmuno ccpicsnyk omuky n oucnkc cufyauuu, ho-
ckoniky sfou cnuncfncnnou akuucu nocfuino pcsynifafon, hpofu-
nopcuamux cio cocfncnnim unfcpccam: Hfanun cfana nnymafi
87
onimc noncpun n kauccfnc iapanfa nonoio coofnomcnun cun na
Iankanax (cfouf ofmcfufi, ufo komhpomuccniu noionop ho ipanuuc
n Bcncuuu-xynuu, honhucanniu n Iahanno 12 nonpn 12O i.
1
,
conhan c sfum sfahom), a y nonix ankanckux iocynapcfn nosnuknu
ohaccnun, ufo onu nc cmoiyf n ynymcm paccuufinafi na honncpx-
ky panuuu.
(.B.2. AHAH AHTAHTA
Ofu ohaccnun ncxanu n ocnonc hpockfa coinamcnun Iyminuu,
Hcxocnonakuu u Kiocnanuu o nsaumohomomu, ufo hpcnycmafpuna-
noci ccpucu omux noionopon. Onu cosnanu mcxny 12O u 121 ii.
fak nasinacmyk Manyk Anfanfy n kauccfnc anfupcnusuonucfckoio,
anfuiacypickoio coksa n ofncf na koncanun u nnoucfncnnocfi
hosuuuu qpanuyson. Tcopcfuuccku nyumum coksnukom Manou
Anfanfi moina i ifi Hfanun, nnoxnonufcninuua Anfuiacypi-
ckou konncnuuu 12 nonpn 12O i. Onnako ofnomcnun mcxny
Hfanucu u Kiocnanucu inu ho-hpcxncmy ofpanncni nohpocom o
ipanuuc n Bcncuuu-xynuu u fcm, ufo qakfuuccku Iahannickuu
noionop 12O i. nc ncucfnonan, hockoniky uymc ho-hpcxncmy oc-
fanancn okkyhuponannim pciynnpnimu ufaninnckumu nouckamu,
xofn cocfonnmuccn n ahpcnc 121 i. niopi occhcuunu ychcx cfo-
ponnukam cio anfonomuu.
Cfpykfypno Manan Anfanfa nosnukna n pcsynifafc honhucanun
fpcx nnycfoponnux coinamcnuu: ooponufcninoio coksa mcxny
Hcxocnonakucu u Kiocnanucu (14 aniycfa 12O i.), noionopa mcxny
Hcxocnonakucu u Iyminucu (5 uknn 121 i.), nahpanncnnoio hpo-
fun ncnicpckoio u oniapckoio pcnusuonusma u, n sancpmcnuc, co-
inamcnun mcxny Iyminucu u Kiocnanucu (7 uknn 121 i.), umcn-
mcio fakyk xc opucnfauuk. Ipcnocxoncfno Hcxocnonakuu n sfou
cucfcmc ino nccomncnnim, u sfo ino hpchnfcfnucm k pasnu-
fuk ofnomcnuu c Ionimcu, n cnok oucpcni npaxncno nacfpocn-
nou n ofnomcnuu Hcxocnonakuu us-sa pasnoinacuu, kacanmuxcn
ohpcncncnun ipanuui n iopno-pynnom acccunc n pauonc iopona
Tcmuna, pcmcnnix n honisy Hcxocnonakuu. Iponcnicpckuu niop,
cncnanniu n Iapuxc, inc fakan opucnfauun apiymcnfuponanaci nc-
noncpucm k ncnnnomy anfukommynusmy Icncma u ycxncnnocfik n
fom, ufo Bcnipun sanumana knkucnoc honoxcnuc c fouku spcnun
nkoio napuanfa noniocpounoio ypciynuponanun n ynaucko-Ian-
kanckom pciuonc, hpcnocfanun Hfanuu n 12O121 ii. nosmox-
nocfi ocymccfnufi cnuxcnuc c Hcxocnonakucu u Kiocnanucu.
1
Hcf cnocku.
88
Bhpoucm, usnccfuc o coinamcnuu, nocfuinyfom 2 aniycfa 12O i.
ufaninnckum u ananckum hpanufcnicfnamu o ofnonc ufaninnckux
nouck, okkyhuponanmux Bncpy u cc hocpcxic, n omcn na hpcnoc-
fanncnuc Ananucu Hfanuu hpana sannfi ocfpon Casanu (Caccno),
manosnauumiu co cfpafciuucckou fouku spcnun, ncucfnonano n
fom xc camom nahpanncnuu, usannnn ankanckuu umunx Hfanuu
of hocncncfnuu pasonaucnuu cckpcfnix coinamcnuu, honhucannix
n uknc 11 i. munucfpom unocfpannix ncn Tommaso Tuffonu u
hpcmicp-munucfpom Ipcuuu Oncqfcpuocom Bcnuscnocom. Io
sfum coinamcnunm ananckan fcppufopun ncnunaci na nnc uacfu.
Onna ofxonuna Ipcuuu, npyian hcpcnananaci Hfanuu n kauccfnc
honmannafnou fcppufopuu (ufoi honnfi snaucnuc sfux coinamc-
nuu, cncnycf yuccfi, ufo onu hpcnmccfnonanu Ccnpckomy noionopy
u hpcncfannnnu coou hohifky ypciynuponanun hpofunopcuunix
ycfpcmncnuu ufaninnucn u ipckon n ofnomcnuu nccio nacncnun
Offomanckou umhcpuu).
Ipuxon k nnacfu Mycconunu nnauanc paspymun naiohpunfnoc
nochpunfuc honufuku Hfanuu na Iankanax. B fcucnuc nckofopoio
npcmcnu qamucfckuu nuncp hpononun kypc na nouny c Kiocnanucu
c ucnik sanocnanun uymc u ocymccfnncnun cmc oncc panukani-
nix usmcncnuu, ucm fc, ufo inu sakpchncni mupnimu noionopa-
mu. Onnako safcm Mycconunu ofkasancn of sfux ycfpcmncnuu, u
Hfanun ncpnynaci k nopococcnckomy cofpynnuuccfny c Kiocna-
nucu, yhpoucnnomy, homumo honhucanun coinamcnuu ho uymc,
noionopom o npyxc u cofpynnuuccfnc (27 nnnapn 124 i.), nohon-
ncnnim hapanncninim coinamcnucm c Hcxocnonakucu n uknc foio
xc iona.
124 ion in ionom, koina Hfanun pasncpnyna akfunnyk ncn-
fcninocfi ho cnuxcnuk c Manou Anfanfou n afmocqcpc, cmc nc
ofpanncnnou nahpnxcnnimu ofnomcnunmu c panuucu. Mcxny
fcm hapuxckoc hpanufcnicfno usmcnuno cnou opucnfauuu na Ian-
kanax u nauano hpononufi nonyk, oncc hocncnonafcninyk honu-
fuucckyk nunuk, qopmanino oosnaucnnyk coinamcnucm nnnapn
124 i. c Hcxocnonakucu. Tpynno ckasafi, cfumynuponanaci nu sfa
akuun cfpcmncnucm hpofunocfonfi pocfy nnunnun Hfanuu na Ian-
kanax unu xc nhucinanaci n hpockf otcnuncnun nccx anfupcnu-
suonucfckux cun nokpyi omcu hpoipammi. Ycnonun cfanu npyiu-
mu: ofnomcnun c Concfckum Coksom inu, c qopmaninou fouku
spcnun, ypciynuponani, honufuka honncpxku ipaxnanckou nouni
n Ioccuu ofncpinyfa, nnyfpcnncc honoxcnuc n Bcnipuu cymc-
cfncnno usmcnunoci. B cnoxunmcucn cufyauuu mofunauuu, hpu-
cymuc qpanuysckum cfpafciuucckum unfcpccam, cfanu ofnuuaficn
of opucnfauuu ufaninnucn, ncnanmux yhop na honufuko-nuhnoma-
fuucckoc ypciynuponanuc na asc anfupcnusuonucfckux hosuuuu.
8
panuysckuc unfcpcci cocfonnu fchcpi n cosnanuu cfauninou
u ycfouuunou nuhnomafuucckou cucfcmi no nccu Hcnfpaninou u
Kio-Bocfounou Inpohc. Cncnonano nohonnufi cc ncnocfakmumu
sncninmu, fo ccfi Iyminucu, Kiocnanucu u, nosmoxno, Ipcuucu.
Coinamcnuc c Iyminucu ino honhucano n nnnapc 126 i. ho
unuuuafunc pymin, fpconanmux hpusnanun annckcuu Icccapa-
uu, sakpchncnnou hpofokonom, honhucannim c sahannimu ncp-
xanamu u Shonucu, onnako nc pafuquuuponannoio panuucu u
Hfanucu. oionop Iapuxa c Iyxapccfom, hpcnycmafpunanmuu
hpusnanuc pyminckux ipanuu, in maiom n sfom nahpanncnuu.
oionop, honhucanniu Iyminucu c Hfanucu n ccnfnpc 126 i.,
umcn fc xc hocncncfnun u sancpmun mcxnynaponnyk nciufumusauuk
pyminckoio cyncpcnufcfa nan annckcuponannou fcppufopucu.
panuysckan honufuka csohacnocfu na Iankanax, nahpanncn-
nan na cnuxcnuc c Iyminucu, nc hpofunopcuuna, cncnonafcnino,
ufaninnckum unfcpccam u naxc conhanana c numu, ccnu yuufinafi
fo, ufo Hfanun coinacunaci noanufi k noionopy o npyxc 126 i.
cckpcfnyk cfafik, hpcnycmafpunanmyk honhucanuc nocnnix co-
inamcnuuu ho samufc pyminckux ipanuu. Baxncumum xapakfcp-
nim momcnfom no qpanuysckou honufukc cfana cc nahpanncnnocfi
na usmcncnuc ofnomcnuu c Kiocnanucu, coccnkou u coksnuucu-
cohcpnuucu Hfanuu. Bsaumoofnomcnun sfux fpcx cfpan hpcnpafu-
nuci n konuc konuon n ohpcncnnkmuu sncmcnf niopa pasnuunix
opucnfauuu n ankanckou honufukc.
Icpnonauaninou unccu panuuu, nc ofncpianmcucn u priori
ufaninnuamu, in noionop fpcx cfopon: coinamcnuc, kofopoc nc
honncpiano i pucky ynymcc cofpynnuuccfno u nc packonono i
anfupcnusuonucfckyk koanuuuk, icfpo cqopmuponanmykcn nnn
hpofunoncucfnun Bcnipuu u Ioniapuu. Onnako ocymccfnncnuc co-
inamcnun fpcx cfopon cfano ncnosmoxnim n pcsynifafc snonkuuu
ufaninnckou honufuku n Ananuu, pcakuuu kiocnanon na ncc, a
fakxc xapakfcpa, kofopiu hpuopcnu n konuc konuon qpanko-
kiocnanckuc ofnomcnun, u hosuuuu ocux cfopon n ofnomcnuu
Hfanuu. Bcc sfo umcno haiynic kpafkonpcmcnnic u nonionpc-
mcnnic hocncncfnun nnn pciuonaninou cfauninocfu.
(.B.. AHLAHCHH DCHFCC
Hfano-kiocnanckuu noionop o npyxc of nnnapn 124 i., in
nohonncn n uknc 125 i. Hcffynckumu coinamcnunmu, o pcmcnuu
skonomuucckux u fcxnuucckux hponcm, kofopic Iumckuu noionop
ocfanun ofkpifimu. B sfux nokymcnfax concpxanaci, n uacfnocfu,
nsaumnan noionopcnnocfi o ncnmcmafcnicfnc n ncna Ananuu.
O
Onnako nu onna us cfopon nc nihonnnna sfo onsafcnicfno. Kax-
nan us nux, uchonisyn cohcpnuuccfno qconaninix u honufuucckux
ipyhhuponok, oponmuxcn sa hpconananuc n nonom iocynapcfnc,
hpononxana nmcmunaficn n ananckuc ncna c fcm, ufoi opafufi
cufyauuk ccc na honisy u umcn n nuny nancko unymuc ucnu: of
houcka hpcnannix coksnukon no fcppufopuaninix annckcuu. Cu-
fyauun ocnoxnnnaci uacfimu usmcncnunmu opucnfauuu pasnuu-
nix ananckux ipyhhuponok, ohupanmuxcn, n sanucumocfu of co-
opaxcnuu cukmunyfnou ucnccoopasnocfu, unu na Hfanuk, unu
na Kiocnanuk. Yxc n konuc 124 i. opia mcxny hpanocnannim
chuckohom an Honu u hpcsuncnfom, a safcm monapxom Axmcf-cu
3oionnu (usnccfnim kak 3oiy), nhucinanaci n sfy cxcmy. Mycconu-
nu c camoio nauana conknan ncufpanufcf, safcm hpunnn cfopony
chuckoha, nakoncu, cfan qunancuponafi 3oiy, ufoi hpunncui cio
na ufaninnckyk cfopony, xofn fof u nnnnncn pancc nonxnukom io-
pasno oncc cnnix kiocnanon.
Okonomuucckuc coinamcnun, saknkucnnic n mapfc 125 i. mcxny
Hfanucu u Ananucu, kofopic hpcnycmafpunanu cosnanuc Hauuo-
naninoio anka Ananuu u Omccfna ho skonomuucckomy pasnu-
fuk Ananuu, onsannoio ncucfnonafi ucknkuufcnino hpu yuac-
fuu ufaninnckux hpcnhpunfuu, ofkpinu nopoiy k okonuafcninomy
cnuxcnuk 3oiy c Hfanucu. Onnako nauoncc naxnim maiom n
sfom nahpanncnuu in cckpcfniu nocnniu hakf of 25 aniycfa
foio xc iona, naionapn kofopomy Hfanun hpuopcfana, kak ofmc-
uacf Iicfpo Iacfopcnnu, ananckuu hnaunapm u oncc fccno
hpunnsinana k ccc Ananuk 3oiy, xofn ona ina cnnsana cck-
pcfnim onsafcnicfnom, ocfannnnmum sa ananckum hpcsuncnfom
ohpcncncnnyk cnoony ux unfcphpcfauuu c fcm, ufoi on nc hon-
ncpiancn nchocpcncfncnnim ofncfnim mcpam co cfoponi kiocna-
non. Ipouccc ykpchncnun ofnomcnuu mcxny nnymn cfpanamu noc-
fui oucnunnoio sancpmcnun n 126 i. hocnc honhucanun 22 nonpn
noionopa o ooponufcninom coksc, ofkpifo yfncpxnanmcio ioc-
honcfno Hfanuu nan mancnikou ankanckou cfpanou u ncnanmcio
oucnunnim anfukiocnanckuu niop, ocymccfnncnniu Mycconunu.
Hfaninnckan unuuuafuna ina pacucncna kiocnanamu kak na-
pymcnuc npyxi, hponosinamcnnou n 124 i. C npyiou cfoponi,
honufuucckan ncnfcninocfi cnipanckoio hpanufcnicfna cfana oncc
pcmufcninou ncncncfnuc foio, ufo n 125 i. ncnymuu xopnafckuu
honufuucckuu ncnfcni Cfchan Ianuu, honoxun koncu nnufcnino-
my hcpuony hpcinanun no nnyfpcnncu ohhosuuuu, usmcnun cnou
kypc, nipasun iofonnocfi cofpynnuuafi c ccpamu u coinacuncn
noufu n hpanufcnicfno no inanc c M. Hunuuucm. Icpnou xcpfnou
sfux usmcncnuu cfanu Hcffynckuc coinamcnun, kofopic kiocnan-
1
ckuu hapnamcnf ofkasancn pafuquuuponafi us-sa oucnunnoio nnun-
nun xopnafckux sncmcnfon na ypciynuponanuc n ofnomcnuu nckofo-
pix fcppufopuu, pancc hpunanncxanmux npcnncmy Xopnafckomy
koponcncfny.
K conokyhnocfu sfux ocfonfcnicfn noanunoci honhucanuc
5 ahpcnn 127 i. noionopa o npyxc u cckpcfnoio coinamcnun o kon-
cynifauunx mcxny Hfanucu u Bcnipucu. Iakf oipanuuunancn fcm,
ufo hponosinaman mup u ncunyk npyxy mcxny nnymn cfpanamu,
onnako umcn nancko unymuc hofcnuuaninic hocncncfnun, hockoni-
ky namcuan pcnusuonucfckuu honopof n ufaninnckou honufukc.
B ucnom, sfu usmcncnun honpinanu noncpuc k fpcxcfoponncmy
noionopy o npyxc. Iapux okasancn hcpcn ncoxonumocfik nio-
pa hpononxafi nnycfoponnuc hcpcionopi unu hcpcocmicnufi
cnok ankanckyk honufuky. Onnako n afmocqcpc usmcncnun o-
mcio ofnomcnun no panuuu k qamucfckou Hfanuu qpanko-kio-
cnanckuu noionop of 11 nonpn 127 i. o npyxc, coksc u apufpaxc
hpuopcn n sfou ocfanonkc nccima ohpcncncnniu cmicn. B camom
ncnc, on sancpman ccpuk coinamcnuu, ncoxonumix nnn qpanuys-
ckou csohacnocfu, no n fo xc npcmn ncnan oucnunnim fo, ufo pa-
ncc ino numi hofcnuuaninim, a nc nnnim achckfom ckannani-
nou ankanckou cufyauuu: noniu hopnnok xapakfcpusonancn nc
cofpynnuuccfnom, a cohcpnuuccfnom Hfanuu u panuuu.
(.B.4. HTAHLHHCHH FLDH5HCHH5
H ,JHAHCC-LAHAHCAH CHTJAHHH
Ohpcncncnniu hpokiocnanckuu niop panuuu nisnan ofncf-
nyk pcnusuonucfckyk pcakuuk Hfanuu, pcakuuk, k kofopou nuu-
no Mycconunu in oucni naxc cknoncn, hpusinan k ncu cmc no
cnocio hpuxona k nnacfu. Onnako pcsynifaf cocfonn n fom, ufo na
cmcny cufyauuu xaoca hpuxonuno ufano-qpanuysckoc cohcpnuuc-
cfno, u cio fcafpom cfan Iankanckuu honyocfpon. Ocfanonka n
ucnom ocnoxnnnaci inyokumu hpofunopcuunmu, honpinanmumu
coks c panuucu u hponnunmumucn n hocncnykmcm. B uknc 128 i.
Mycconunu n kpafkou pcuu, hocnnmcnnou hcpnomy hnfuncfuk cio
nncmncu honufuku, ofkpifo safponyn fcmy pcnusuonusma kak on-
nou us inannix ucncu ufaninnckou nncmncu honufuku u, n uacf-
nocfu, pcnusuonusma n ofnomcnuu Bcnipuu n kauccfnc onnoio us
ocnonnix ycnonuu cnpohcuckoio mupa. Ofo osnauano, ufo Hfanun
cnnuianaci k pcnusuonucfckomy qponfy, n fo npcmn kak cc kopcn-
nic unfcpcci cocfonnu hpcxnc nccio n conkncnuu noionopcnno-
cfcu, sakpchncnnix mupnimu noionopamu, u, n ococnnocfu, n
coxpancnuu ncsanucumocfu Ancfpuu.
2
Ancfpuuckan ncsanucumocfi nnnnnaci cfcpxncm nonou cnpo-
hcuckou cucfcmi u, cncnonafcnino, ina fakxc cfcpxncm qpan-
uysckux onsafcnicfn n Hcnfpaninou Inpohc, ccnu noomc nocfou-
nan honufuka csohacnocfu, nahpanncnnan hpofun Icpmanuu umcna
kakou-nuo cmicn. Onnako panuun u Hfanun, xofn u cnnsannic
sfum omum unfcpccom, cfankunanuci c hpofunopcuunmu n ofno-
mcnuu inannou hponcmi, nomunuponanmcu n ux honufuucckux
akuunx: uchonnnfi unu usmcnnfi mupnic noionopi; uchonnnfi nu
ux n unfcpccax hocnufcncu unu xc ofkpifi hyfu nnn ux hcpcmof-
pa, kofopic hosnncc cmoxcf uchonisonafi samcfno ycununmuucn
icpmanckuu pcnusuonusm.
Ofcyfcfnuc coinacun ho honufukc n ofnomcnuu Kiocnanuu
umcno, cncnonafcnino, iopasno oncc naxnoc snaucnuc, ucm sfo
kasanoci na hcpniu nsinnn. Iosfomy ofncf na nohpoc o fom, ucxo-
nuna nu panuun n cnocu honufukc na Iankanax us hofpcnocfcu
qpanuysckou csohacnocfu unu xc us namcpcnun hpofunocfonfi
qopmuponanuk nckocu ufaninnckou cucfcmi, okasinancn nco-
nnosnaunim. Koncuno, no qpanuysckou honufukc hpuopufcfnou
ina ucni occhcucnun csohacnocfu. Onnako sfa ucni nocfuia-
naci hocpcncfnom ncucfnuu, hpofunopcuunmux ufaninnckum unfc-
pccam, u fakum opasom, n oncc noniocpounom hnanc pacxonunaci
c ocnonnimu unfcpccamu qpanuysckou nncmncu honufuku u co-
ncpxana n ccc ynymuc sncmcnfi konqnukfa.
Icnu hpuanufi k sfomy akfunnocfi ncnicpckoio pcnusuonus-
ma, kofopyk ufaninnckan nuhnomafun nc yhyckana nosmoxnocfu
honncpxafi; ccnu noanufi fo ocfonfcnicfno, ufo n Ancfpuu nc-
mokpafuucckuu pcxum ykpchnnncn c fpynom; ufo Ioniapun, usonu-
ponannan us-sa fpanuuuonnou npaxncnocfu of ocfaninou uacfu
Iankanckoio honyocfpona, honhufinana kak omyk pcnusuonucf-
ckyk opucnfauuk, fak u camyk nacfonmyk nouny ann, hpcxnc
nccio n kiocnanckou u ipcucckou Makcnonuu; ufo ucfopuucckuu
konqnukf mcxny ipckamu u kiocnanamu ocfanancn ncypciynuponan-
nim u cmc oncc oocfpuncn c ycuncnucm Ipcuuu, hpoucmcnmum
nccmofpn na cc nocnnoc hopaxcnuc n cfonknoncnuu c fypcukumu
nauuonanucfamu, fo cfanonufcn oucnunnim, ufo cfauninocfi
ina numi unnksucu. Ona nc ofpaxana nu pcaninix ychcxon an-
kanckou honufuku panuuu, nu napacfanun ufaninnckux ycfpcm-
ncnuu nosnukanu nonic mofuni nnn konqnukfon, ufo ncnano
ynymccc ncc oncc nchpcnckasycmim.
B sfou paccfanonkc cun Ipcuun sanumana ofnocufcnino mapiu-
naninoc honoxcnuc. Ona ina onimc cnnsana c Bcnukopufanucu,
ucm c panuucu u, cncnonafcnino, n onimcu cfchcnu yuacfnonana
n honufukc, kacanmcucn Bocfounoio Cpcnuscmnomopin, ucm an-
kanckux coifuu. Onnako naxc Ipcuun nc moina ifi usonupona-
J
na of conokyhnocfu hponcm honyocfpona, n ofnomcnuu kofopix
ona hpononuna nconnosnaunyk honufuky. Kopnu sfou honufuku
hufanuci kpaxom umhcpckou mcufi Bcnuscnoca, kofopiu, ncfyhun
n nouny n 117 i. na cfoponc Anfanfi, nancnncn hocfpoufi na pas-
nanunax Offomanckou umhcpuu ncnukyk Ipcuuk, ccchopnyk
nnaniuuuy Oicuckoio mopn, onananmyk iochoncfnom nan Ananu-
cu u Ioniapucu. Coinamcnun TuffonuBcnuscnoca 11 i. nnnnnuci
onnum us nohnomcnuu sfoio hpockfa, fak xc kak u hochcmniu
nccanf n Cmupnc u qafaninan omuka, cocfonnman n sannfuu hcpc-
nonix hosuuuu n nounc c fypcukumu nauuonanucfamu hpu honncp-
xkc Bcnukopufanuu. Iopaxcnuc, honcccnnoc of fypok Hcmcf-
hamu, hochcmnan snakyauun nouck us Cmupni, ninyxncnniu u
csoionopouniu ofkas of onckanccckux ocfponon, yfpafa nancxn
na kxnyk ananckyk fcppufopuk, cohcpnuuccfno c Ioniapucu u
nosnpamcnuc Typuuu Bocfounou pakuu, ncc sfo inu hpumc-
pi, na kofopix aqunckoc hpanufcnicfno moino ynuncfi cnuncfcni-
cfno nc foniko oncc unu mcncc nnnou qpanuysckou ohhosuuuu,
no u ufaninnckou npaxncnocfu. Ipccmnuk Koncfanfunoca Icop-
iuoc II, ncfyhunmuu na fpon n 122 i. hocnc ninyxncnnoio ofpc-
ucnun ofua n pcsynifafc honcccnnoio hopaxcnun, nc cmoi nochpc-
hnfcfnonafi yxynmcnuk couuanino-honufuucckou cufyauuu, ufo
hpuncno n mapfc 124 i. k hponosinamcnuk pcchynuku. Kak cfpa-
na, umcnman nixon k Anpuafuucckomy u Honuucckomy mopnm,
Ipcuun ina ynuxcna nahancnucm ufaninnucn na Kopqy. Komh-
pomuccnix qopmynuponok, usopcfcnnix na konqcpcnuuu ho-
cnon, ino ncnocfafouno nnn chaccnun hpccfuxa Ipcuuu n cufya-
uuu snoyhofpcncnun cunou co cfoponi Hfanuu. 3ncci fakxc,
cncnonafcnino, nc hpocmafpunanuci hpusnaku mupnoio u okonua-
fcnino ycfanonncnnoio hopnnka. Tcm oncc ufo chopy mcxny Ipcuu-
cu u cc coccnnmu cyxncno ino nnuficn mnoiuc ioni, nhnofi no
nosnpamcnun k nnacfu hpccfapcnoio Bcnuscnoca, honhucanmcio n
128 i. coinamcnuc c Hfanucu u n 1JO i. c Typuucu, a nosmox-
no u no pccfanpauuu monapxuu n 1J2 i.
(.D. nsnc n cncD C::cHanccn nHncnn.
cHannc:ca TDn. ana:na cnc:cHa
na LnnncH Dcc:cc
(.D.(. CLFLTHLL CC1HALLHHH HLFHC,A DCHHL
Ha hpofnxcnuu nfopou hononuni XIX ncka cnpohcuckuc ncpxa-
ni ocyxnanu nosmoxniu pachan Offomanckou umhcpuu u ncnu cck-
pcfnic hcpcionopi ho sfou hponcmc. Bhnofi no nauana XX ncka
4
koncfanfunohonickuu cynfan naxonun cuni nnn coxpancnun um-
hcpuu n honncpxkc, hpcnocfannnnmcucn cmy Bcnukopufanucu n
ucnnx samufi fopionix hyfcu n Bocfounom Cpcnuscmnomopic, nc-
nymux k Hnnuu, u panuucu n ucnnx samufi cc fpanuuuonnix
unfcpccon na nocfounom hocpcxic Cpcnuscmnoio mopn. Koina
anino-qpanuysckoc u anino-pycckoc coinamcnun ykpchunu nuhno-
mafuucckuu qponf, hofcnuuanino npaxncniu unfcpccam Offo-
manckou umhcpuu u n ococnnocfu honnomy konfponk co cfopo-
ni Koncfanfunohonn sa hpoxonom cynon ucpcs hponuni Iocqop u
apnancnni, cfano oucnunno, ufo honnunaci nnnan yiposa. Ocfa-
nonka ocnoxnnnaci fakxc hcpcopucnfauucu pciuonaninix cokson:
Offomanckan umhcpun, cmc no Mnanofypcukou pcnonkuuu, hpo-
ucmcnmcu n 1O8 i., cnusunaci c Icpmanckou umhcpucu u cfana
ncc oncc fccno cofpynnuuafi c ncu. Bohnomcnucm sfoio cofpyn-
nuuccfna cfana hocfpouka xcncsnou nopoiu, cocnunnnmcu Icpnun
c Iainanom, u, ufo nc mcncc naxno, nomunupykmcc nnunnuc, ko-
fopoc hpuopcnu ncmcukuc nocnnic, homoian ykpchufi fypcukuc
noopyxcnnic cuni.
Ofa hcpccfpouka cokson ofpaxana nc foniko usmcnunmykcn
snauumocfi hponunon n inasax sahannix ncpxan, no ina nisnana
fakxc nonimu nnncnunmu n apackom mupc, ncc cmc qopmanino
honuuncnnom nnacfu Iopfi. 3apoxncnuc apackoio nauuonanusma,
kofopiu n nckofopix cnyuanx nauunan hpuopcfafi anfupufan-
ckuu offcnok, no in, koncuno, npaxncno nacfpocn k icicmonuu
koncfanfunohonickoio cynfana u fypcukou nauuu, honhufinanoci
honufukou mnanofypok.
Koina paspasunaci nouna, sfu ocfonfcnicfna hpuncnu k fomy,
ufo Koncfanfunohoni cncnan niop n honisy yuacfun n konqnukfc
na cfoponc Hcnfpaninix ncpxan, ynyuu ycxncn u nc cs ocno-
nanun n fom, ufo sfo cnuncfncnniu hyfi k chaccnuk. B ncucfnu-
fcninocfu fpu kpyhncumux yuacfnuka Anfanfi icfpo hpumnu k
coinacuk ofnocufcnino hnanon pasnana Offomanckou umhcpuu,
ofmcni cfapoio hpanuna, hpcnocfannnnmcio cu konfponi sa hpoxo-
nom ucpcs hponuni, u hpcnocfanncnun ccpicsnix fcppufopuaninix
ycfyhok n Apmcnuu uapckou Ioccuu.
Kpomc foio, panuun u Bcnukopufanun saknkuunu nnycfo-
ponnuc noionopcnnocfu ofnocufcnino pasncna fcppufopuu fak na-
sinacmoio hnonoponnoio honymccnua, fo ccfi nccio hpocfpan-
cfna of Bocfounoio Cpcnuscmnomopin no Mccohofamuu, na nnc
cqcpi nnunnun. Coofncfcfncnno panuuu ofnonunaci fcppufopun
conpcmcnnix unana u Cupuu, a Bcnukopufanuu fcppufopun,
ccionnn sannfan Hpakom u iocynapcfnamu na hanccfunckou fcppu-
fopuu (coinamcnun CaukcIuko n mac 116 i.). Kpomc foio, nnn
5
foio, ufoi hpcnyhpcnufi hocncncfnun cnnmcnnou nouni, kofo-
pyk cynfan n kauccfnc xanuqa ucnamckux ncpykmux otnnun sa-
hannim ncpxanam, aninuuanc honhucanu ccpuk coinamcnuu c nc-
nukum mcpuqom (xpanufcncm) Mckku, smupom Xyccunom, inanou
nunacfuu Xamumufon. Xyccun in hpunncucn k ncny apackoio
nauuonanusma u n xonc hcpcionopon c pufanckum ncpxonnim ko-
muccapom n Iiuhfc cspom Icnpu Mak-Maionom noionopuncn c
num o fom, ufo nicfyhun hpofun offomanckoio hpanncnun n nounc
sa ocnooxncnuc apaon, on yncf chococfnonafi cosnanuk ncnu-
koio ncsanucumoio apackoio iocynapcfna, hpocfupakmciocn na
ccncp no J7-u hapanncnu, na nocfok no upanckou ipanuui u na
sahan no pauonon amacka, Xomca, Xami u Anchho, sa nccom-
ncnnim ucknkucnucm hocpcxin Cupuu u unana, no nc Iancc-
funi, cynia kofopou ocfananaci ncohpcncncnnou.
B uknc 116 i. Xyccun otnnun o nauanc apackoio noccfanun,
u n nonpc on hponosinacun ccn koponcm apaon. On cmc nuucio
nc snan o coinamcnunx aninuuan c panuucu. On nc snan fakxc,
ufo ion chycfn, 2 nonpn 117 i. pufanckuu munucfp unocfpan-
nix ncn nopn Ianiqyp of umcnu hpanufcnicfna Bcnukopufanuu n
ncknapauuu, kacanmcucn cnpcuckoio napona, nickasan hoxcnanuc,
ufoi hocncnnuu cosnan ccc nauuonaniniu ouai na fcppufo-
puu Ianccfuni. Tak n ofnomcnuu onnou u fou xc fcppufopuu
in hpunnf pnn hpofunopcuunix nuhnomafuucckux onsafcnicfn,
honnix ncncnocfcu u hopoxncnnix ohacnou ncocfopoxnocfik.
Bcc sfo ino hosnncc nohonncno coinamcnunmu mcxny ncpxanamu
Anfanfi u Hfanucu of ahpcnn 117 i. o hpcnocfanncnuu cu o-
mupnou soni nnunnun homumo Kxnou Anafonuu (Ananuu),
ufo yxc saqukcuponan onnonckuu noionop, n Cmupnc u cc
hinrerlunJ, ofuacfu n hpofunopcuuu c hcpcnaucu Cmupni Ipcuuu n
mac 11 i. kak komhcncauuu sa ncfyhncnuc n nouny n uknc 117 i.
(koina coinamcnun c Hfanucu yfpafunu cuny us-sa ux nccocfonn-
mcucn pafuqukauuu Ioccucu n cnnsu c cnpanickou pcnonkuucu).
Cncnonafcnino, u n sfom pciuonc pcui mna o samcnc ncc oncc
cnackmcio, no ohpcncncnnoio u hpusnannoio iochoncfna nonou
cucfcmou iocynapcfn, choconou ynonncfnopufi unfcpcci hocnufc-
ncu c yucfom cnoxunmuxcn hpofunopcuunix onsafcnicfn. K sfou
cufyauuu noannnnoci nonoc ocfonfcnicfno Okfnpickan pcnonk-
uun, kofopan conccm ho-unomy, ucm n hpomnom, hocfanuna nohpoc
o cnoonc nocfyha k Hcpnomy mopk n sanucumocfu of foio, co-
upanuci nu yfohufi n ncm pcnonkuuonnyk sapasy unu xc hcpc-
hpannnfi ho cio nonam homomi pycckum konfppcnonkuuonnim
cunam of anfukommynucfuucckux ncpxan.
6
(.D.2. CLDFCHH ,C1CDCF
B Iapuxc sfa hponcma paccmafpunanaci nnonko. C qopmani-
nou fouku spcnun, fa uacfi, kofopan kacanaci Offomanckou umhc-
puu, yfncpxnanaci Ccnpckum noionopom of 1O aniycfa 12O i. (sfo
in hocncnnuu us Iapuxckux noionopon). B coofncfcfnuu c num
fcppufopun Offomanckou umhcpuu cokpamanaci no Anafonuucko-
io honyocfpona u nconimux hnomancu n Inpohc. Ha kapfc, ho-
ckoniky Bocfounan pakun ina hcpcnana Ipcuuu nmccfc co ncc-
mu ocfponamu Oicuckoio mopn (sa ucknkucnucm onckanccckux
ocfponon, okkyhuponannix ufaninnuamu), foniko honoca, hpunc-
iakman k hponunam n Inpohc, fakxc kak u ananoiuunan honoca na
asuafckou fcppufopuu nomunanino ocfananaci hon nnacfik umhc-
puu. Onnako sfa fcppufopun ina ncmunufapusonana u hocfanncna
hon konfponi mcxnynaponnou komuccuu, kofopan nonxna ina
occhcuunafi hpano na cnoonniu hpoxon ucpcs hponuni n mup-
noc u nocnnoc npcmn nnn nccx fuhon cynon hon siunou uiu Ha-
uuu. Ofo osnauano, ufo n fof momcnf coksnuku cuufanu nnn ccn
honcsnim cnoonnoc uchonisonanuc hponunon nnn okasanun ho-
momu cnomy nnuxcnuk n Ioccuu.
Bfopan uacfi kacanaci nccu ocfanmcucn fcppufopuu inmcu
Offomanckou umhcpuu. Iocncnnnn ofkasinanaci of nccx hpan na
Iiuhcf, Cynan, unuk u onckanccckuc ocfpona u hpusnanana
qpanuysckuu hpofckfopaf n Tynucc u Mapokko. B cnok oucpcni
Iiuhcf, cfanmuu n 114 i. aninuuckum hpofckfopafom, oponcn sa
nocfuxcnuc honnou ncsanucumocfu (hpcnocfanncnnou cmy n 122 i.).
Hfo kacacfcn cfpan hnonoponnoio honymccnua u Apanuuckoio
honyocfpona, fo hponcmi ninnunuci oucni ckopo. Imc no saknk-
ucnun Ccnpckoio noionopa na konqcpcnuuu n Can-Icmo (ahpcni
12O i.) coksnuku pcmunu uchonisonafi qopmyny mannaf fuha A,
hpcnycmofpcnnyk cfaficu 22 Ycfana uiu Hauuu, hcpcnan Cupuk
u unan n kauccfnc honmannafnix fcppufopuu panuuu, Mccoho-
famuk (f.c. Hpak) u nck Ianccfuny (f.c. scmnu k nocfoky u sahany
of Hopnana) Bcnukopufanuu. Iin nu mannaf fuha A ckpifou
qopmou kononusauuu unu xc hcpnim maiom k ncsanucumocfu
sfof nohpoc ocfacfcn ofkpifim, honncxamum nuckyccuu. Onnako
oucnuncn fof qakf, ufo pcmcnun, hpunnfic n Can-Icmo, samcfno
pacxonunuci c onsafcnicfnamu, nsnfimu hcpcn smupom Xyccunom.
Takum opasom, n hocfanonncnunx, hpunnfix coksnukamu
(kak n fom, ufo kacanoci Offomanckou umhcpuu, fak u fcppufo-
puu, ofnnfix y ncc), concpxanoci mnoio ocnonanuu nnn comncnuu
n fom, ufo onu ynaxakf hpunuuh camoohpcncncnun u ufo on hpu-
mcnum na hpakfukc. Iosfomy ccionnn nc nisinacf ynunncnun qakf,
7
ufo sfu pcmcnun, nahpofun, hocnyxunu nauanom nnyx hcpnix
shusonon ofkpifou anfukononuaninou nouni, kofopic nc inu
cnyuaunimu u nc inu nisnani hpocfo nchimkou kccnoqouu,
nosmoxno, nahpannncmou mccfnimu nnacfnmu, uiu hpununciupo-
nannic unfcpcci inu safponyfi. To, ufo hpoucxonuno n Typuuu
n 12112J ii., n Cupuu, Hpakc u Ianccfunc n 12O121 ii.
ino, nahpofun, hcpnim sfahom nnufcninou opii mcxny ncny-
mumu umhcpuanucfuucckumu ncpxanamu u naponamu, oponmu-
mucn sa cnok ncsanucumocfi, kofopan hpononxanaci nhnofi no
mccfunccnfix ionon.
(.D.. LAHHCTCCL DCCCTAHHL
H HC5AHHCHH ,C1CDCF
Typcukuc nauuonanucfi, nacncnnuku nnuxcnun mnanofypok
copanuci hon pykononcfno Mycfaqi Kcmann, kofopiu pcopianu-
sonan apmuk, ohupanci na nocfounic hponunuuu Anafonuu, u
pocun cc na nouny c ipckamu, nicanunmumucn n Cmupnc naiona-
pn conunnou pufanckou honncpxkc, n fo npcmn kak ufaninnui u
qpanuysi sannnu nincncnnic um soni nnunnun. Mycfaqc Kcma-
nk ynanoci mounusonafi snauufcninic cuni, kofopim hpofuno-
cfonna cnaan u ofnancnnan of cnocu ohcpafunnou asi ipcucckan
apmun u ycfanmuc of cpaxcnuu sa hnfi ncf nouni ocnonnic ap-
muu coksnukon. Kcmani icfpo nomcn no Ankapi, cfanmcu c fcx
hop cfonuucu Typuuu, u cosnan fam Hauuonaninoc copanuc, ono
ofkasanoci pafuquuuponafi Ccnpckuu noionop. Cpasy xc hocnc
sfoio on ycfanonun nuhnomafuucckuc ofnomcnun c npyium hpanu-
fcnicfnom, oponmumcn n fof momcnf c sahannimu coksnukamu,
concfckum hpanufcnicfnom.
Anfuumhcpuanucfuucckuc cuni ycfanonunu hcpniu nuhno-
mafuucckuu konfakf, saknkuun 16 mapfa 121 i. noionop, ho kofo-
pomy Typuuu nosnpamanuci pauoni Kapca u Apnaiana. Tcm camim
fcppufopuaninic hponcmi pcmanuci sa cucf Apmcnuu, sananncn-
nou moiymccfncnnimu coccnnmu u nusncncnnou no honoxcnun
pcchynuku n cocfanc qopmupykmciocn Concfckoio Coksa. Ha
cmcny nckonou npaxnc mcxny pycckumu u fypkamu na ncckoniko
ncf hpumcn coks, hosnonnnmuu ocum cfpanam niufu us nuhno-
mafuucckou usonnuuu u ncucfncnno honncpxafi npyi npyia. B fo
npcmn kak nnn Concfon sfo in hcpniu naxniu mai n qopmupo-
nanuu ux nncmncu honufuku (a fakxc n nokuponanuu anfupcno-
nkuuonnou nonni na kxnom qponfc), nnn fypok pcui mna ncu-
cfnufcnino o ocnoonufcninou nounc hpofun skcfpcmaninix
fpconanuu umhcpuanucfuucckou honufuku cnpohcuckux ncpxan.
8
panuysi, ufaninnui u amcpukanui (honncpxanmuc ncsanu-
cumocfi Apmcnuu) ofnananu ccc ofucf n ncnosmoxnocfu nihon-
ncnun Ccnpckoio noionopa. Bnacfi cynfana ncc cmc coxpannnaci,
no cfanonunaci ncc oncc hpuspaunou. panuysckuc noucka inu
nincncni us Kxnou Anafonuu, u Iapux honhucan c Kcmancm
coinamcnuc o ohpcncncnuu ipanuui c Cupucu kxncc, ucm sfo
hpcnycmafpunanoci n Ccnpc. Cpasy xc hocnc sfoio ufaninnckuc
noucka fakxc hokunynu Anafonuk, u Ium nipaofan c hpanufcni-
cfnom Kcmann noionopcnnocfi o hpunuuhax nanincumcio skono-
muucckoio cofpynnuuccfna. panuysi u ufaninnui iofonunuci
ofnccfu coofncfcfnykmuc nounckuc konfunicnfi us soni hponu-
non, ncmoncfpupyn cnoc nuncnuc fypcukou hponcmi, n ofnuuuc
of aninuuan.
Ocfanancn ofkpifim numi ipcko-fypcukuu qponf. B aniycfc
122 i. Hcmcf-hama nancc xccfouaumuu ynap ipckam u ninynun ux
hochcmno hokunyfi Cmupny. Okono munnuona cxcnucn ykpinoci
n Ipcuuu, ufoi uscxafi kponanix fypcukux hpccncnonanuu. Ha
honc on ocfananuci foniko aninuuanc, iofonic hpofunocfonfi ycfa-
nonncnuk konfponn fypcukux nauuonanucfon nan hponunamu, on-
nako ninyxncnnic n cuny nocnnou cufyauuu uckafi nuhnomafu-
ucckoc pcmcnuc kpusuca. Ipanufcnicfno cynfana ino pomcno
na hpousnon cynii (ono hpckpafuf cnoc cymccfnonanuc n coof-
ncfcfnuu c saknkucnnim nhocncncfnuu mupnim noionopom). Bouna
ina sancpmcna honhucanucm Mynanuuckoio hcpcmupun (11 ok-
fnpn 122 i.), ofkpinmcio hyfi k hcpcionopam o saknkucnuu no-
noio mupnoio noionopa, kofopiu nonxcn in samcnufi Ccnpckuu
noionop, honhucafi cio moinu foniko hpcncfanufcnu Typcukou
pcchynuku fchcpi yxc cnuncfncnnic, kfo nnancn cufyauucu.
Icpcionopi, nauafic n osannc mccnu chycfn hocnc okonua-
nun nocnnix ncucfnuu, inu sancpmcni 24 uknn 12J i. n fom xc
camom ioponc honhucanucm noionopa, honoxunmcio koncu sfomy
hocncnncmy akfy honufuko-nuhnomafuucckou opii, nc sancp-
mcnnou Icpnou muponou nounou. osannckuu noionop co nccu
oucnunnocfik ofpaxan nonoc pcaninoc coofnomcnuc cun, cnoxun-
mcccn n pciuonc, u ninyxncnniu honopof n honufukc sahannix
cfpan, cnnsanniu c okonuanucm ipaxnanckou nouni n Ioccuu.
Hfo kacanoci fcppufopuu, fo nonan Typuun ncpnynaci k cnoum cn-
pohcuckum ipanuuam 114 i. c nconimumu usmcncnunmu n honisy
Ioniapuu, ofnana n Oicuckom mopc ocfpona Ipcuuu, no hpuopcna
konfponi nan nuxaumumu k hponunam ocfponamu. Apxuhcnai o-
nckancc in okonuafcnino hcpcnan Hfanuu (nnancnmcu um na
npcmcnnix ocnonanunx co npcmcn unuuckou nouni); in hon-
fncpxncn cfafyc aninuuckou kononuu nnn Kuhpa. Ohpcncncnuc
ipanuui c honmannafnimu fcppufopunmu ino ofnoxcno no hocnc-

nykmux coinamcnuu (foniko n 126 i. nunaucf (pauon) Mocyna,
naxniu nnn pasncnku ncqfnnix pccypcon, in ofncccn k fcppufo-
puu ynymcio Hpakckoio iocynapcfna).
B omcn na ncc sfo Typuun honyuuna: hpano nc hnafufi pcha-
pauuu; okonuanuc cucfcmi kahufynnuuu, kofopan c XVI n. oipa-
nuuunana kpunuucckyk nnacfi Offomanckou umhcpuu n cnyuanx
chopon, kacanmuxcn ipaxnan kpyhncumux cnpohcuckux cfpan; noc-
cfanonncnuc honnoio cyncpcnufcfa nan hponunamu, sa ucknkucnu-
cm oipanuucnuu, hpcnycmofpcnnix n chcuuaninou konncnuuu ho
pcxumy cynoxoncfna, honhucannou onnonpcmcnno c osannckum
noionopom. B konncnuuu hpcnycmafpunanaci ncmunufapusauun pc-
iuona u cnoonniu hpoxon nnn fopionix cynon u nnn ohpcncncnno-
io fuha nconimux nocnnix kopancu n mupnoc npcmn. B nocnnoc
npcmn hopnnok ycfanannunancn ucxonn us yuacfun unu ncyuacfun
Typuuu n konqnukfc. B cnyuac cc ncufpanufcfa cynoxoncfno nonxno
ino ocfanaficn concpmcnno cnoonnim. B fom cnyuac, ccnu i
Typuun cfana nokkmcu cfoponou, paspcmancn hpoxon ncufpani-
nix cynon, no c oipanuucnucm konuuccfna u fonnaxa. Ofu cfafiu
nccomncnno ofpaxanu kak cmc ofnocufcnino cnaic hosuuuu Typ-
uuu, fak u cfpcmncnuc sahannix cfpan umcfi cnoonniu nocfyh n
Hcpnoc mopc n cnyuac konqnukfa c Concfckum Coksom.
Ioncc sncpiuuno pasnunanaci pcanusauun coinamcnuu n Can-
Icmo ofnocufcnino mannafon
1
, onnako u n nux concpxanoci mno-
xccfno momcnfon, hpcnncmanmux fpynnoc ynymcc. Cosnanuc kpyh-
noio apackoio iocynapcfna, ocmannoio aninuuanamu, okasanoci
mumoncfnou mcufou. Kakoni i nu inu pcaninic namcpcnun
qpanuyson u aninuuan, mannafnan cucfcma nnnnnaci hpcnafcni-
cfnom ho ofnomcnuk k ocmanunm, nannim Xyccun-hamc, oc-
manunm, kofopic apackuc naponi cfpcmunuci ocymccfnufi cmc
no hpunnfun coksnukamu coofncfcfnykmux pcmcnuu.
Iocnc okonuanun nocnnix ncucfnuu onun us cinoncu Xyccuna
smup cucan in nasnaucn nocnnim iycpnafopom amacka. Cu-
puuckuc nauuonanucfi okasinanu na ncio cuninoc nanncnuc c
fcm, ufoi on nosinanun nnuxcnuc sa ncsanucumocfi. B mapfc
12O i. onu copanu n amackc Cupuuckuu nauuonaniniu kon-
ipccc, hpcncfannnnmuu, ho kpauncu mcpc ho samicny, fakxc nck
Ianccfuny. Konipccc hponosinacun cucana koponcm Cupuu. Xofn
cucan u in cnnsan hpoxonunmumu nuhnomafuucckumu hcpcio-
1
Icui uncf o saccnanuu Bcpxonnoio concfa ncpxan Anfanfi n i. Can-Icmo
(Hfanun) 126 ahpcnn 12O i. Io pcmcnunm konqcpcnuuu n Can-Icmo Bcnu-
kopufanun honyuuna mannafi na Ianccfuny u Hpan c Mocynom, panuun
na Cupuk u unan. 1pu+. pe0uiuuu.
1OO
nopamu c coksnimu hpanufcnicfnamu, on hpunnn hpcnnoxcnuc u
nc cnumkom hosaofuncn o fom, ufoi coinaconafi cio c namcpc-
nunmu qpanuyson. Ofo hpuncno k nocnnomy cfonknoncnuk, kofo-
poc sakonuunoci icfpim hopaxcnucm xamumufckoio hpanufcnn n
aniycfc foio xc 12O i. u fnxcnim ynuxcnucm apackoio napona.
B Mccohofamuu napon fakxc hifancn hpofunocfonfi pcmcnunm
coksnukon. Hpakckuc nauuonanucfi hpcnnoxunu kopony cnocu
cfpani pafy cucana smupy Anynnc. B sfom cnyuac noccfanonncnuc
hopnnka u konfponn nan cufyauucu ino i sanaucu aninuuckux
nouck. Cymccfnonanu, onnako, nnnic pasnuuun mcxny qpanuysckou
mannafnou honufukou, ofkponcnno unfcpncnucfckou, u pufanckou,
oncc cknonnou k qopmam nchpnmoio yhpanncnun u houcky co-
fpynnuuccfna c apackum mupom.
B mapfc 121 i. nonnonckoc munucfcpcfno ho ncnam kononuu
(+oloniul Uffice), n fo npcmn nosinannnnmcccn Yuncfonom Hcpuun-
ncm, cosnano konqcpcnuuk skchcpfon n Kaupc nnn hpunnfun pc-
mcnun o yhopnnouunanuu cucfcmi mannafon. Ofo ino cfpcmnc-
nuc xofn i ofuacfu ymcnimufi ncnononicfno apaon. Hpakckyk
kopony hpcnnoxunu camomy smupy cucany, kofopiu c homomik
pafa iofonuncn nnoni saxnafufi Cupuk. Tpon smupa Tpancuopna-
nuu, fo ccfi uacfi fcppufopuu Ipufanuu hon mannafom n Ianccfu-
nc, pachonoxcnnou k nocfoky of pcku Hopnan u Mcpfnoio mopn,
in hpcnnoxcn Anannaxy (nancnnmcmycn n ynymcm cfafi cyncpc-
nom nccu Cupuu). Anannax coinacuncn, xofn cio hpanncnuc hon
pufanckum konfponcm ino oycnonncno ipanuuamu hpumcncnun
u pcaninou sqqckfunnocfik ncknapauuu Ianiqypa.
(.(O. HccncBccnna cn:aDn
na ,anncH Dcc:cc. Damnn::cnca
cnqccnDn n ncnca ncnn:na
(.(O.(. HHCHHH HA HAFHHCCH CHLFLHHHH
Bo npcmn nouni Shonun, coksnuk ncpxan Anfanfi, pasnunana
hapanncninyk ncnfcninocfi, kofopan nchocpcncfncnno safpaiunana
pcchynukanckuu Kufau, ocnancnniu opiou mcxny cunamu Io-
muninana, nonninimu umhcpafopckou nnacfu, u fak nasinacmimu
munufapucfckumu knukamu, fo ccfi kpyhnimu nafuqynnucfamu,
qopmuponanmumu cnou cocfncnnic noopyxcnnic cuni nnn foio,
ufoi hpcnofnpafufi nacfyhncnuc pcnonkuuu. Ofa opia, sakon-
uunmancn numi n 127 i., okasinana nchocpcncfncnnoc nnunnuc na
xon nouni, hockoniky ona chococfnonana hponuknoncnuk n Ku-
fau nhonucn, coksnukon Anfanfi. Toniko Cocnuncnnic Ufafi
1O1
hpofunocfonnu ncucfnunm Shonuu, onnako ux cocfncnnic cnnsu
c ncpxanamu Anfanfi nnnnnuci oipanuuufcncm nnn hnanon hpnmo-
io nmcmafcnicfna, ocnonannoio na hpunuuhc ofkpifix nncpcu,
kofopiu onu nconnokpafno hponosinamanu n kauccfnc ocnoni ho-
nufuku n ofnomcnuu Kufan (u n ucnom muponou fopionou ho-
nufuku). Amcpukanckan honncpxka chococfnonana cmniucnuk
nanncnun Shonuu na Kufau, cfanonunmciocn ncc oncc cuninim
hocnc foio, kak Tokuo, hpusnan coinamcnun hcpuona nouni mcxny
sahannimu ncpxanamu na cnyuau hopaxcnun Icpmanuu u n cnnsu c
ycfpcmncnunmu Ioccuu n ofnomcnuu hponunon, a fakxc ofnocu-
fcnino Offomanckou umhcpuu, honyuun of nux nsamcn hpusnanuc
nhonckux hpufnsanuu kak na Uaninyn, konfponupycmiu foina
ncmuamu, fak u na ocfpona n Tuxom okcanc k ccncpy of sknafopa,
fakxc nxonunmuc n cocfan Icpmanckou umhcpuu.
Bcfyhncnuc n nouny Kufan (17 aniycfa 117 i.), ncmnoio chycfn
hocnc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon (2 ahpcnn 117 i.), usmcnuno sfo co-
ofnomcnuc cun, ananc kofopix in cfoni nnno napymcn n honisy
Shonuu. Kufauui umcnu ncmano hpuuun nnn foio, ufoi c fpcno-
iou oucnunafi kak honufuky Ioccuu, fak u honufuky Shonuu, u
honaianu, ufo Icpmanun moxcf hpofunocfonfi sfomy nanncnuk.
Hmcnno fakuc mofunauuu hpchnfcfnonanu hpunnfuk kufauuamu
pcmcnun pancc. Inyokuc hpofunopcuun nnyfpu kufauckoio honu-
fuucckoio ucfcnummcnfa hpuncnu k fomy, ufo koina hckunckoc
hpanufcnicfno pcmuno otnnufi nouny, n Kufac yinyunaci hocfo-
nnnan opia mcxny hpofunoopcfnykmumu cfoponamu. Camo
honufuko-fcppufopuaninoc cnuncfno Kufan ino paspymcno cfonk-
noncnucm ipyhhuponok, cfonknoncnucm, kofopoc, nhpoucm, pasnc-
nnno fakxc u Iomuninan. Iio inannic pykononufcnu cqopmupona-
nu pcnonkuuonnoc hpanufcnicfno n Kanfonc, n fo npcmn kak n
Ickunc pcchynukanckoc hpanufcnicfno coxpannno cnok nnacfi,
cfanonunmykcn ncc oncc xpyhkou.
Ha hpakfukc nocnnic ncucfnun c yuacfucm kufauucn ncnuci
foniko nnyfpu cfpani c ucnik honanncnun noccfanun u sancpmu-
nuci n 127 i. ychcxom Iomuninana, honncpxannoio kommynucfamu.
Onnako ncfyhncnuc Kufan n nouny umcno onimoc nuhnomafuucc-
koc snaucnuc, hockoniky ono chococfnonano ninnncnuk cun,
npaxncnix nhonckomy umhcpuanusmy, hpcxnc nccio ohpcncnc-
nuk hosuuuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon Amcpuku. Icfccfncnno, ufo
fokuuckoc hpanufcnicfno hochcmuno hponcnufi ofnomcnun c
amcpukanuamu, ufo hpuncno k saknkucnuk n nonpc 117 i. coina-
mcnun, nocunmcio nnoucfncnniu xapakfcp, hockoniky ono concp-
xano hpusnanuc amcpukanuamu ocoix unfcpccon Shonuu n fou
uacfu Kufan, kofopan cohpukacanaci c cc nnancnunmu, u hpusnanuc,
homumo hpunuuha ofkpifix nncpcu, ncsanucumocfu camoio Kufan.
1O2
Iycckan pcnonkuun u hopaxcnuc ncmucn cncnanu nosmoxnim
yuacfuc Shonuu u Kufan n Iapuxckou konqcpcnuuu n cufyauuu,
ocnoxncnnou fcm ocfonfcnicfnom, ufo nhonckuc fcppufopuu na
Asuafckom konfuncnfc (Kopcn) cnyxunu ohopnou asou nnn na-
cfyhncnun hpofun Ioccuu (no Bnanunocfokc) u asou nnn ncu-
cfnuu, kofopic hifanuci pasnufi us Cuupu n sahannom nahpan-
ncnuu n homomi pycckum cnoinapncuuam ucxocnonaukuc noucka
(cocfonnmuc us inmux nocnnohncnnix, naxonunmuxcn n Ioccuu).
Iosuuun nhonucn n Iapuxc ina, cncnonafcnino, iopasno o-
ncc cuninou, ucm kufauckan. Ofo ofpasunoci na okonuafcninix
nhonckux fpconanunx. Apxuhcnaiu n Tuxom okcanc k ccncpy of
sknafopa, a umcnno Mapmannoni, Kaponunckuc u Mapuanckuc
ocfpona inu ofnnfi y ncmucn u hcpcnani nhonuam kak honman-
nafnic fuha C (kafciopun mannafa, n ofnomcnuu kofopoio man-
nafapuk hpcnocfannnnuci nauoncc omupnic honnomouun ho
nmcmafcnicfny). Tpconanuc honyuufi konfponi nan Uaninynom
nafonknynoci na ohhosuuuk kufauucn, onnako ino pcmcno n
honisy Shonuu naionapn cc coinamcnunm hcpuona nouni c ncpxa-
namu Anfanfi, nccmofpn na hohifky Bunicona nouficn komhpo-
muccnoio pcmcnun. B ufoic kufauckan ncnciauun ina ninyxncna
hokunyfi konqcpcnuuk u ofkasanaci honhucafi mupniu noionop
c Icpmanucu.
Shonun cfanonunaci fakum opasom ncnukum hocnufcncm n
nounc n sonc Tuxoio okcana. Ic noucka konfponuponanu ucpcs Ko-
pck Bocfounyk Cuupi u okkyhuponanu Uaninyn. nn foio ufoi
oipanuuufi macmfa sfoio ychcxa (hocnc fmcfnix hohifok Buni-
cona no npcmn Iapuxckou konqcpcnuuu), anmunucfpauun hpcsu-
ncnfa Xapnunia cfana ncucfnonafi c onimcu pcmufcninocfik.
Xofn ona u pykononcfnonanaci usonnuuonucfckumu konuchuunmu,
no nc hpcmunyna pcmufcnino nicfyhufi hpofun Shonuu. B pc-
synifafc sfou akfunnocfu ona nounaci of aninuuan ofcpouku o-
nonncnun coksa c Shonucu, ncucfnonanmcio c nauana ncka. Anino-
nhonckoc coinamcnuc ino nisnano nnymn yiposamu poccuuckou
u icpmanckou, kofopic fchcpi hcpccfanu cymccfnonafi. Hahpofun,
hcpcn yiposou hofcnuuaninoio konqnukfa mcxny Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu u Shonucu pufanui umcnu ncckuc ocnonanun nnn
cnuxcnun c amcpukanckumu hosuuunmu. K ccpcnunc 121 i. anino-
nhonckuu coks pachancn.
Ofo ino fakxc u nipaxcnucm cfpcmncnun Bcnukopufanuu,
honncpxannou nckofopimu nomunuonamu, nchocpcncfncnno saun-
fcpcconannimu n pasnufuu cufyauuu n Tuxookcanckom pciuonc
(fakumu, kak Kanana u Ancfpanun), uscxafi foio, ufoi hponc-
ma nonoio coofnomcnun cun n sfom oipomnom okcanckom acccunc
1OJ
hpuncna k mopckomy cohcpnuuccfny c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu,
pcsynifafamu kofopoio moina nochonisonaficn Shonun k cocfncn-
nou niionc.
(.(O.2. DALHH1TCHCAH CHLFLHHHH
Iifanci conmccfufi sfu ycfpcmncnun c csoncsncnnim ofka-
som of coksa c Shonucu, aninuuckuu kauncf hpcnnoxun amcpu-
kanuam hpuinacufi ncpxani, nchocpcncfncnno saunfcpcconannic
n yuacfuu n konqcpcnuuu nnn ocyxncnun hponcm anincio Boc-
foka u Tuxoio okcana c ucnik nocfuxcnun konnckfunnoio coinacun,
kofopoc occhcuuno i ofkas of nouni u oipanuucnuc mopckux
noopyxcnuu mupnimu cpcncfnamu. Ipcnnoxcnuc ino hpunnfo c
ncikocfik, u konqcpcnuun cocfonnaci n Bamunifonc c 12 nonpn
121 i. ho 6 qcnpann 122 i. c yuacfucm hpcncfanufcncu Bcnukopu-
fanuu, Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, Shonuu, panuuu, Hfanuu, Kufan,
Icniiuu, Ionnannuu u Iopfyianuu.
Cnoxnic hcpcionopi, hpoxonunmuc na konqcpcnuuu, hpuncnu
k pnny naxnix coinamcnuu kak ho nohpocam, kacakmumcn Tuxo-
okcanckoio pciuona, fak u ho oncc omcu hponcmc mopckoio pa-
sopyxcnun. Icpnim us sfux coinamcnuu in noionop ucfipcx
ncpxan (Cocnuncnnix Ufafon Amcpuku, Bcnukopufanuu, pan-
uuu u Shonuu), honhucanniu 1J nckapn 121 i. On nonxcn in
cosnafi cnocio pona nuhnomafuucckyk pamky, n kofopyk cncnonano
nhucafi nonic ofnomcnun mcxny ncpxanamu-hocnufcninuuamu,
nknkuan u hcpccmofpcnniu anino-nhonckuu coks. C pufanckou
cfoponi umcnoci ohpcncncnnoc cfpcmncnuc nounaficn y coksnukon
hpusnanun ocoix unfcpccon Shonuu u camou Bcnukopufanuu n
nckofopix pauonax Kufan. Ofof fcsuc, ho kofopomy onu, ccfc-
cfncnno, inu coinacni c nhonuamu, kafciopuuccku ofncpiancn
amcpukanuamu, nounmumucn hpconananun cnocu fouku spcnun.
Tuxookcanckuu hakf, kak nasnanu coinamcnuc of 1J nckapn,
onsinan cfoponi, honhucanmuc noionop, k honncpxanuk na ncnc
srurus quo u k hponcncnuk koncynifauuu kak nnn paspcmcnun nos-
nukakmux hpofunopcuuu, fak u nnn ofncfa na nosmoxnic yiposi
cymccfnykmcu cufyauuu. Bknkucnuc panuuu n hakf, kacanmuucn
fcppufopuu, nanckux of qpanuysckux nnancnuu n Kio-Bocfounou
Asuu, nnnnnoci ycfyhkou hoxcnanuk amcpukanckoio ioccckpcfapn
Xiksa c ucnik komhcncuponafi qpanuysam hofcpu, kofopic nana-
iano na nux mopckoc coinamcnuc.
oionop o oipanuucnuu mopckux noopyxcnuu in honhucan
5 qcnpann 122 i. Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, Bcnukopufanucu,
panuucu, Shonucu u Hfanucu. On nknkuan pcaninic oipanuuu-
1O4
fcninic mcpi, hockoniky onsinan noionapunakmuccn cfoponi
hpckpafufi na nccnfi ncf cfpoufcnicfno nunkopon u ocnix kpcucc-
pon. oionop fakxc hpcnycmafpunan ynuufoxcnuc yxc hocfpocnnix
unu cfponmuxcn kopancu fakum opasom, ufoi cymccfnykmcc co-
ofnomcnuc ho fonnaxy mcxny qnofamu kpyhncumux ncpxan coof-
ncfcfnonano cncnykmcu hpohopuuu: Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, Bcnu-
kopufanun, Shonun, Hfanun u panuun kak 55J1,751,75.
Hakoncu, on ycfanannunan pnn oipanuucnuu ho fonnaxy u no-
opyxcnunm nuncunix kopancu. B ofcyfcfnuc coofncfcfnykmcio
coinamcnun noionop nuucio nc ionopun o honnonnix nonkax.
3naucnuc coinamcnun saknkuanoci hpcxnc nccio n fpcx hynk-
fax: n hpusnanuu Bcnukopufanucu nocnno-mopckoio hapufcfa c
Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu; n hpusnanuu panuucu nocnno-mop-
ckoio hapufcfa c Hfanucu (hpusnanuc, kofopoc qpanuysi nc cuu-
fanu chpancnnunim u kofopoc onu hpunnnu foniko hofomy, ufo
panuun naxonunaci n fof momcnf n cufyauuu ccpicsnou nuhno-
mafuucckou usonnuuu); n fom, ufo coinacno cfafic 2 noionopa,
noionapunakmuccn cfoponi onsanuci nhocncncfnuu nc coopyxafi
nocnnic asi hon cnoum konfponcm no nccm Tuxookcanckom pciuo-
nc. Hmcnno sfo hosnonuno Shonuu coinacuficn c honuuncnnim
ho ofnomcnuk k nnym kpyhncumum mopckum ncpxanam honoxc-
nucm, hockoniky onsafcnicfno nc cosnanafi nocnno-mopckuc asi
nnusu Shonuu occhcuunano nhonckomy qnofy nosmoxnocfi ocy-
mccfnnnfi konfponi n okpyxakmux Shonuk mopnx, n ococnnocfu
n Kufauckom mopc.
Hakoncu, 6 qcnpann in honhucan nokymcnf, nnnnnmuucn ho-
fcnuuanino nauoncc onsinakmum us fcx, ufo inu hpunnfi
konqcpcnuucu, a umcnno, noionop ncnnfu ncpxan o honufukc
ofkpifix nncpcu (ncnnfi ncpxan cocfannnnu fc, kfo honhucan
nocnno-mopckuc coinamcnun, hnkc Icniiun, Ionnannun, Iopfyia-
nun u Kufau). Ofoio akfunno nounanuci Cocnuncnnic Ufafi c
ucnik onsafi honhucanmuc noionop iocynapcfna ynaxafi cyncpc-
nufcf, ncsanucumocfi, fcppufopuaninyk u anmunucfpafunnyk uc-
nocfnocfi Kufan; hoynufi ux homoui Kufak n nocfuxcnuu honu-
fuucckou cfauninocfu u pasnufuu skonomuku u nosncpxaficn of
unuuuafun, hpofunopcuamux unfcpccam npyxccfncnnix ncpxan;
nakoncu, ninynufi ux ynaxafi hpunuuh ofkpifix nncpcu, fo
ccfi ofkasaficn of fpconanun ocoix hpununciuu (fopionix unu
monohoninix hpcqcpcnuuu) n fopionnc c Kufacm.
Kpomc foio, napnny c noionopom ncnnfu u hpu anino-amcpu-
kanckom hocpcnnuuccfnc 4 qcnpann ino honhucano kufaucko-
nhonckoc coinamcnuc, ho kofopomy Shonun ofkasinanaci of cnocio
hpucyfcfnun n Uaninync, nosnpafun Kufak inmyk ncmcukyk
fcppufopuk Hsnonxoy (n fo npcmn kak Bcnukopufanun n onno-
1O5
cfoponncm hopnnkc ofkasinanaci of naxonunmcucn nchonancky
asi Bsuxaunsu). Shonuu, co cnocu cfoponi, ynanoci coxpanufi
(hon iapanfuk sauma, hpcnocfanncnnoio Kufak) konfponi na hnf-
nanuafi ncf nan xcncsnou nopoiou Hsunani-Hunnao fakxc snauu-
fcninyk uacfi konucccuu, honyucnnix n Maniuxypuu, n ococn-
nocfu n cqcpc xcncsnix nopoi.
Takum opasom, n pcsynifafc ccpuu komhpomuccon na ncko-
fopiu hcpuon in ycfanonncn noniu hopnnok n Tuxookcanckom
pciuonc u hpcxnc nccio inu ohpcncncni pamku, n kofopix moi
i naxonuficn hon konfponcm nhonckuu skchancuonusm, a Kufau
moi i ykpchuficn n kauccfnc ononncnnoio u camocfonfcninoio
cytckfa n Asuu. Iocncncfnucm nocfuinyfoio komhpomucca ino
ncnononicfno qpanuysckoio hpanufcnicfna, kofopoc ninynunu
cmupuficn c ymcnimcnucm cnocu ponu n cpanncnuu c Hfanucu.
Onnako inannan ohacnocfi cocfonna n fom, ufo ncc hpunnfic pc-
mcnun inu cnumkom ncucfkumu u nnoucfncnnimu nnn foio, ufo-
i ncucfnufcnino cncpxunafi hohonsnoncnun saunfcpcconannix
cfopon (unimu cnonamu, Shonun) k yfncpxncnuk cnocu nonu hy-
fcm aipcccuu. Ha fof momcnf sona Tuxoio okcana cfpoio konfpo-
nuponanaci aninuuanamu u amcpukanuamu. Hcckoniko ncf chycfn
unfcpcci Bcnukopufanuu hcpcmccfunuci na npyiuc nahpanncnun,
n fo npcmn kak hocnc 12 i. cufyauun nnyfpcnncio kpusuca n Co-
cnuncnnix Ufafax hpcnocfanuna cnoony pyk nhonuam nnn noso-
nonncnun ux kamhanuu hpofun Kufan.
(.((. Hccncnnc nnnsnn cnnc:nBncn
Dcscnacncc:n
(.((.(. HAT LFHAHALHHC1A
B noncpmcnuc hpcncfanncnun o fom, ufo nyx okapno ofkpin
hyfi k nnufcninou cfaunusauuu cnpohcuckou cufyauuu u mupa no
nccm mupc, n 1271JO ii. hpousomnu npyiuc nuhnomafuucckuc
coifun foio xc hnana. Icpnim us sfux coifuu ino saknkucnuc
5 uknn 128 i. hakfa IpuanaKcnnoia, ncknapuponanmcio ncsa-
konnocfi uchonisonanun nouni n kauccfnc uncfpymcnfa nnn pcmc-
nun mcxnynaponnix chopon. Iauuqucfckoc nnuxcnuc u nnuxc-
nun, kofopic nicfyhanu sa otnnncnuc nouni nnc sakona, inu
mnoiouucncnni no nccm mupc u n ococnnocfu pachpocfpancni n
aninocakconckux cfpanax. Hfoi houfu nancfpcuy omccfncnnomy
mncnuk, nc cnumkom nopoxcnafcninomy ho ofnomcnuk k pan-
uuu, nc nihonnnkmcu cnoux onsafcnicfn ho mcxcoksnuucckum
noniam, u nnuxumiu namcpcnucm noccfanonufi cohpuuacfnocfi
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon k pcmcnuk cnpohcuckux hponcm, 6 ahpcnn
1O6
127 i., n nccnfyk iononmuny ncfyhncnun Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n
Icpnyk muponyk nouny A. Ipuan opafuncn k amcpukanckomy na-
pony c hpusinom, nnoxnonncnnim u, ho cyfu, nahucannim, hpo-
qcccopom xcumcom T. Uofncnnom us Konymuuckoio ynuncpcufc-
fa. B ncm fcma ofkasa of nouni hpcnnaianaci n kauccfnc hpcnmcfa
nnycfoponncio coinamcnun panuuu u Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Cnnsi
c fcmou cnpohcuckou csohacnocfu ina oucnunnou, u sfo otnc-
nncf sancpxky amcpukanckoio ofncfa, hockoniky nnycfoponnuu
noionop, kakum i nu ino cio concpxanuc, n konuc konuon in
oucni nusok k noionopy o coksc.
Hcckoniko ncncni chycfn, n uknc 127 i., otckfunno oucnunan
ncnocfafku hcpnonauaninoio hpcnnoxcnun, Ipuan cqopmynuponan
nonoc, nocunmcc oncc omuu xapakfcp, u hpunan cmy qopmy hpo-
ckfa noionopa mcxny ncnymumu ncpxanamu. Toniko ucpcs mccfi
mccnucn hocnc honyucnun fckcfa Ipuana, n konuc nckapn 127 i.,
ioccckpcfapi psnk I. Kcnnoi nahpanun cnoc konfphpcnnoxcnuc,
n coofncfcfnuu c kofopim hpockf Ipuana moi ifi hpunnf, no c
ycnonucm hpcnpamcnun n ofkpifoc u mnoiocfoponncc coinamcnuc.
Ofo cosnanano kpunuucckuc fpynnocfu nnn cfpan, ncfyhunmux n
uiy Hauuu u cnnsannix nosmoxnocfik hpumcncnun cfafiu 16,
kofopan n ofnomcnuu cankuuu hpofun aipcccopa nc ucknkuana
hpumcncnun nocnnou cuni. Hcoxonumo ino naufu hpomcxyfou-
nyk qopmyny, na hpakfukc ocfannnnmyk hofcnuuaninim yuacfnu-
kam noionopa cnoony nnn nihonncnun sfoio onsafcnicfna. Hfo
kacacfcn mnoiocfoponnocfu, fo hponcma ina paspcmcna hyfcm
pachpocfpancnun hpcnnoxcnun na Icpmanuk, Hfanuk, Bcnukopu-
fanuk, Shonuk u pnn manix cfpan (omcu uucncnnocfik 15), ko-
fopic 27 aniycfa 128 i. honhucanu n Iapuxc ocnonnou nokymcnf.
On honfncpxnan ocyxncnuc nouni n kauccfnc uncfpymcnfa nnn pc-
mcnun mcxnynaponnix chopon u onsinan yuacfnukon no nccx
cnyuanx hifaficn naufu mupnoc pcmcnuc nkoio konqnukfa, ko-
fopiu moi nosnuknyfi c ux yuacfucm.
Ofof nokymcnf fakxc, kasanoci, osnauan nauano nonou shoxu.
K ncmy icfpo hpucocnununuci onna sa npyiou mnoiuc cfpani,
nccio 57, nc ncc us nux inu uncnamu uiu Hauuu. Onnako sa
honhucik nc nccina cncnonana pafuqukauun, u hponcknapuponan-
nic namcpcnun pcnko coofncfcfnonanu pcaninim ucnnm. Oipy-
nnn, moxno ino i ckasafi, ufo noionop nnnnncn cosnafcninim
omanom, ocymccfnncnnim anchfamu ncpxannou honufuku. ocfa-
founo nchomnufi ncc, ufo hpoucxonuno nauunan c 12 i. na ani-
ncm Bocfokc u hosnncc no nccm ocfaninom mupc, ufoi honnfi,
nackoniko cmcci yfohusma u uunusma, cfoni xapakfcpnan nnn
nncmncu honufuku Ipuana, ina numcna honufuucckoio cmicna.
Onnako nc cfouf nononufi sfy kpufuucckyk oucnky no kpaunocfu,
1O7
hockoniky hakf cosnanan ncucfnufcninyk kpunuucckyk ocnony
nnn nccx hauuqucfckux nnuxcnuu u saknaninan noiuucckuc u unco-
noiuucckuc ocnonanun nnn nkoio hocncnykmcio ocyxncnun akfon
aipcccuu. Ofo in cumnonuucckuu xccf, u n kauccfnc fakonoio on
in ocmcnn uunuunimu pcanucfamu, fakumu kak Mycconunu (xofn
Hfanun u ina n uucnc honhucanmux nokymcnf iocynapcfn). Onna-
ko, kak u ncc nonioncunic cumnoni, on in honxnaucn hosnncc,
koina uncn nouni cfana cunonumom nccomcio ahokanuhcuca.
C npyiou cfoponi, hpcncfanncnuc o hpakfuucckou ncsqqck-
funnocfu hakfa IpuanaKcnnoia nonxno ifi xofn i ofuacfu
ckoppckfuponano: xofn u ofcyfcfnonanu nchocpcncfncnnic pcsyni-
fafi cio hpumcncnun, afmocqcpa, ykpchncnuk kofopou on choco-
cfnonan, homoiana hponnunyficn ho hyfu nopmanusauuu qpanko-
icpmanckux ofnomcnuu. Bo npcmn nusufa n Iapux nnn honhucanun
hakfa Ufpcscman honnnn hcpcn Ipuanom u Iyankapc nohpoc o
okkyhauuu Icunckou onacfu, ofuacfu yxc pcmcnniu okapnckumu
coinamcnunmu, no uacfuuno cmc oipanuucnniu cfafinmu Bcp-
canickoio noionopa, hpcnycmafpunanmcio okonuanuc okkyhauuon-
noio hcpuona n 1J5 i. Io mncnuk Ufpcscmana, hocnc hpunnfun
hakfa IpuanaKcnnoia hpucyfcfnuc unocfpannix nouck na icp-
manckou fcppufopuu nc umcno onimc nukakoio cmicna. Apiy-
mcnfauun ina qopmanino csyhpcunou, xofn qpanuysi u pac-
cmafpunanu okkyhauuk n fom uucnc u kak iapanfuk nchpcpinnocfu
hnafcxcu, kofopic ncc cmc nonxni inu hocfyhafi n kauccfnc
nocnnix pchapauuu. Iosfomy koina nohpoc in nnoni honnnf na
ccnfnpickou ccccuu Accamncu uiu nauuu, qpanuysi coinacu-
nuci cio ocyxnafi onnonpcmcnno c nosononncnucm hcpcionopon
ho pchapauunm, hpuncnmux n 12 i. k hpunnfuk hnana Knia. Bo
npcmn Iaaickou konqcpcnuuu n aniycfc 12 i. ino pcmcno, ufo
snakyauun coksnix nouck us nnyx son Icunckou onacfu, ncc cmc
okkyhuponannix umu, nonxna nauaficn n ccnfnpc 12 i. u sa-
ncpmuficn no JO uknn 1JO i. Icpnimu nonxni inu snakyupo-
naficn cniiuuckuc u aninuuckuc noucka, safcm qpanuysckuc
(amcpukanckuc okkyhauuonnic noucka inu nincncni n 12J i.
hocnc nccocfonnmcucn pafuqukauuu Bcpcanickoio noionopa ccna-
fom Cocnuncnnix Ufafon).
(.((.2. HFL,HCHLHHL LFHAHA
C CC5,AHHH LDFCHLHCC1C CCK5A
Tc xc camic umhynici ncxanu n ocnonc npyiou unuuuafuni
foio xc Ipuana cio hpockfa cosnanun Inpohcuckoio qcncpani-
noio coksa. Inpohcucfckuu yfohusm ncnan foina cnou hcpnic
maiu (ccnu nc cuufafi hpopouccfn hpomnix nckon). B 12J i. ancf-
1O8
puuckuu ipaq Iuxapn Kyncnxonc-Kancpiu ohynukonan n Bcnc
knuiy hon nasnanucm Ian-Inpoha u fpu iona chycfn ocnonan
nnuxcnuc c fakum xc nasnanucm. Hcni cocfonna n fom, ufoi yc-
nufi honufuucckuc snufi n ncoxonumocfu otcnuncnun Inpohi
nnn usanncnun cc of nononopofa camopaspymufcninix nnyfpcnnux
noun u ncpnyfi cu camocfonfcninyk poni n muponou honufukc.
Kancpiu nc onanan nosmoxnocfnmu nnunfi na macci, a cnpohcuckan
xusni n fc ioni iofonuna ux k nochpunfuk ckopcc hpohoncncu na-
uuonanucfuucckoio skcfpcmusma, ucm cnpohcucfckoio hauuqusma.
nuxcnuc umcno, fakum opasom, ncsnauufcninic hpakfuucckuc
pcsynifafi. Onnako ncnfcninocfi Kancpiu sancna sa xunoc mnoiux
honufukon, pasncnnnmux cc ucxonnic ycfanonku (moxno, k hpu-
mcpy, cpcnu npyiux nasnafi Yuncfona Hcpuunnn), unu cuufanmux
cnpohcusm cncpxunccu, honcsnou nnn mounusauuu nuhnomafuu n
xcnacmom u nancxnom nahpanncnuu. B sfy nfopyk kafciopuk nxo-
nunu A. Ipuan u icncpaniniu cckpcfapi Munucfcpcfna unocfpan-
nix ncn Anckcuc cxc.
Otcnuncnuc Inpohi n konuc 2O-x ionon n afmocqcpc, cosnan-
nou qpanko-icpmanckum coksom u hakfom Ipuana-Kcnnoia, moino
osnauafi noanncnuc naxnoio mfpuxa k fcmc cnpohcuckou csohac-
nocfu. Ipuan in nnoxnonncn unccu Kancpiu, u ccnfnpn 12 i.
hpousncc pcui na saccnanuu Inpohcuckou komuccuu uiu Hauuu
(n ncu inu hpcncfanncni 27 cfpan), inc on hpcncfanun ncnukuu
uncan cnpohcuckoio otcnuncnun n kauccfnc uncfpymcnfa opii
sa mup. 3afcm on hpcopasonan cnok pcui n mcmopannym, hcpcnan-
niu uic Hauuu 1 man 1JO i. Hsyucnuc mcmopannyma hponcnncf
honufuucckuu hpockf, kofopomy Ipuan hpunanan qopmy Inpohcu-
ckoio qcncpaninoio coksa. B ncucfnufcninocfu pcui mna o cosna-
nuu Accouuauuu cnpohcuckux iocynapcfn nnyfpu uiu Hauuu u
honuuncnnou cu, ocnonannou na hpunuuhc ynaxcnun ncsanucumocfu
u nauuonaninoio cyncpcnufcfa (qopmynuponka, fakum opasom,
hpofunopcuuna na hpakfukc honnfuk qcncpaninoio coksa); cc sa-
naucu ina pcinamcnfauun honufuucckux nohpocon, kacakmuxcn
cnpohcuckoio coomccfna hocpcncfnom hpakfuucckoio pachpocfpa-
ncnun mcxnynaponnix iapanfuu, nhcpnic saqukcuponannix n o-
kapnckux coinamcnunx. B konfckcfc mnoiux npyiux hoxcnanuu
cofpynnuuccfna n pasnuunix onacfnx couuanino-skonomuucckou
xusnu, hpcncfanncnnix n nunc fymannix u pachninuafix qopmy-
nuponok, honufuucckan ccpnucnuna hpcnnoxcnun cocfonna, cncno-
nafcnino, n pacmupcnuu iapanfuu, nocfuinyfix n okapno. Co-
hyfcfnykmuc qopmynuponku moinu numi uacfuuno hpuykpacufi
nanniu achckf hpockfa, a sfo osnauano, ufo sa nunumocfik afmo-
cqcpi nccomcio hpumupcnun ckpinanuci nnoni pasiopcnmuccn
1O
cuninic ohaccnun qpanuyson ofnocufcnino cnocu csohacnocfu. Ho
n 1JO i. sfo ino oncc ucm oocnonanno. Cufyauun icfpo u pa-
nukanino mcnnnaci, u uncnm Ipuana cyxncno ino ocfaficn na
ymaic. Icmcnuc hponccfu ho num nuckyccuk n Accamncc uiu
Hauuu hpuncno k ocyxncnuk n ccnfnpc 1JO i., ninnunmcmy
mnoioopasuc fouck spcnun. Bohpoc in ofnoxcn no paofi ko-
muccuu, n ncnpax kofopou hpcnnoxcnuc Ipuana hocnc iona cc-
hnonnix nuckyccuu ucucsno kak nochomunanuc o yfpaucnnix na-
ncxnax, cumnonc nccocfonnmcucn cfaunusauuu.
(.((.. HFCLHLA FA5CFJHLHHH. HCH,CHCAH
CHLFLHHHH HC CFCCJ FA5CFJHLHHK
Iocncnnnn honufuucckan fcma, n ofnomcnuu kofopou hocnc
okapno, u cmc n onimcu cfchcnu hocnc hakfa IpuanaKcnnoia,
kasancn nosmoxnim komhpomucc, nahpanncnniu na ykpchncnuc
omcu afmocqcpi hpumupcnun, numi kocncnno kacanaci Icpma-
nuu u, nahpofun, nauoncc nchocpcncfncnnim opasom safpaiunana
ufano-qpanuysckuc unfcpcci. Ofa fcma ina cnnsana c qopmupo-
nanucm honufuku nccfaunusauuu, kofopyk hifancn hpononufi
Mycconunu, u nipaxana namcpcnuc qpanuyson cmniuufi ho kpau-
ncu mcpc sfof qponf ux ofnomcnuu c Hfanucu, nc ncnan pcaninix
ycfyhok Mycconunu, a, nahpofun, ninyxnan cio cncnonafi noiukc
hpcnocxoncfna qpanuysckux unfcpccon n nohpocax cnpohcuckou
csohacnocfu, fou camou noiukc, kofopan nukfonana unuuuafuni
K. nÒpcc hocnc okonuanun nouni.
Cfafin 8 Ycfana uiu Hauuu yfncpxnana hpunuuh cokpamc-
nun noopyxcnuu no nosmoxno nuskoio yponnn, conmccfumoio c
nauuonaninou csohacnocfik, u onsafcninim cncnonanucm omum
unuuuafunam, nifckakmum us mcxnynaponnix onsafcnicfn. Co-
ncf uiu Hauuu, nonxcn honiofonufi, noannnnoci n cfafic,
hnani pasopyxcnun nnn hpanufcnicfn pasnix cfpan. Iockoniky
Ycfan nnnnncn uacfik Bcpcanickoio noionopa, fo us sfoio cncnona-
no, ufo coksnuku n fof camiu momcnf, koina onu ninyxnanu Icp-
manuk pasopyxuficn, panu na ccn onsafcnicfno cncnafi fo xc
camoc no uscxanuc nciufumauuu nosmoxnoio ncuchonncnun on-
safcnicfn ncmcukou cfoponou.
Bohpoc pasopyxcnun pcanino ncfanan foina foniko nnn oiu-
nix nascmnix u mopckux noopyxcnuu. Hfo kacacfcn nascmnix no-
opyxcnuu, fo honiofonufcninan komuccun ho pasopyxcnuk, co-
snannan n 125 i., nauana cnok paofy foniko n mac 126 i. us-sa
fpynnocfcu n ohpcncncnuu hpcnnapufcninou qopmi coinamcnuu.
Ic sanaua cocfonna n honiofonkc cxcmi noionopa, kofopiu hpcn-
11O
cfonno ninccfu na paccmofpcnuc mcxnynaponnou konqcpcnuuu.
Onnako sfa paofa ina sakonucna numi k konuy 1JO i., a Mcx-
nynaponnan konqcpcnuun ho pasopyxcnuk ina cosnana n 1J2 i.,
koina usmcncnun, hpoucmcnmuc n Icpmanuu sa sfo npcmn, cnusu-
nu sqqckfunnocfi honiofonufcninou paofi. Ioncc icfpo mcn
hpouccc n ofnomcnuu mopckux noopyxcnuu. Ofa fcma ina safpo-
nyfa n 121122 ii., no npcmn hcpnou konqcpcnuuu ho mopckomy
pasopyxcnuk, cocfonnmcucn n Bamunifonc. Toina hnfi kpyhncu-
mux mopckux ncpxan (Bcnukopufanun, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi,
Shonun, panuun u Hfanun) cymcnu nocfuinyfi coinamcnun, ka-
canmciocn ocnix kopancu. Iasnoinacun ho npyium hynkfam ni-
nynunu yuacfnukon namunifonckux hcpcionopon ofnoxufi nani-
ncumuc nuckyccuu.
B 127 i. amcpukanckuu hpcsuncnf Kynunx hpcnnoxun cosnafi
nonyk konqcpcnuuk, no paofa, nauafan n Zcncnc (c yuacfucm
napnny c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu foniko Bcnukopufanuu u
Shonuu, hockoniky Hfanun u panuun hpcnhounu hpucyfcfnonafi
numi n kauccfnc nanknafcncu), hponnunynaci nc oucni nancko
us-sa anino-amcpukanckux pasnoinacuu ho kopannm cpcnncio no-
nousmcmcnun. Hakoncu, n 128 i. afmocqcpa ohfumusma, cosnan-
nan hakfom Ipuana-Kcnnoia, cosnana oncc naiohpunfniu qon
nnn nosononncnun hcpcionopon. Icsynifafom nacimcnnou u fpyn-
nou nuckyccuu cfan hpockf cosina n fpcficu nckanc nnnapn 1JO i.
mcxnynaponnou konqcpcnuuu ho mopckomy pasopyxcnuk hocnc
foio, kak ncc momcnfi hpofunopcuuu mcxny saunfcpcconannimu
cfoponamu inu pcmcni hyfcm pnna komhpomuccon, kacanmuxcn
fakxc u fcmi nascmnoio pasopyxcnun.
Inoxum hpcnsnamcnonanucm cfano pasonaucnuc foio qakfa,
ufo nakanync honhucanun hakfa IpuanaKcnnoia qpanuysi u an-
inuuanc nocfuinu cchapafnoio cckpcfnoio coinamcnun, n coofncf-
cfnuu c kofopim aninuuanc, n omcn na honncpxky Ipufanuu n
onacfu mopckoio pasopyxcnun, onsinanuci hpusnafi fouky spc-
nun qpanuyson n cqcpc nascmnoio pasopyxcnun. Mycconunu hony-
uun nosmoxnocfi hpofccfonafi hpofun mcfonon, uchonisonannix
nnymn ncpxanamu, u sannfi fakfuuccku niionnyk hosuuuk. Hfa-
nun iofona ina coinacuficn na oipanuucnuc cocfncnnix noopy-
xcnuu no nosmoxno oncc nuskoio yponnn, numi i on nc in
hpcnsouncn nu onnou npyiou konfuncnfaninou cnpohcuckou ncp-
xanou. Hfo kacacfcn mopckoio pasopyxcnun, fo Hfanun cuufana
(n hpofunoncc fomy, o ucm noionopunuci aninuuanc u qpanuysi),
ufo ocnonou honcucfon nonxni inu cfafi nc ofncninic kafcio-
puu kopancu, a ohpcncncnuc omux hpcncnon nonousmcmcnun
qnofon. nc sfu fcmi hapufcf c nauoncc xopomo noopyxcnnou
111
konfuncnfaninou ncpxanou (panuucu) u honcucf n coofncfcfnuu
c omum fonnaxcm ocfanuci ocnonnimu n hosuuuu Hfanuu u
ohpcncnunu xon konqcpcnuuu. C npyiou cfoponi, qamucfckoc
hpanufcnicfno Mycconunu nc moino hpunnfi coinamcnun, sakpch-
nnnmcio pcsynifafi, mcnimuc, ucm fc, ufo inu nocfuinyfi n Ba-
munifonc noqamucfckum hpanufcnicfnom, a umcnno hapufcf c
panuucu.
B fakou manoocmakmcu afmocqcpc nauanaci konqcpcnuun,
cosnannan n onnonc 21 nnnapn 1JO i. u hpononxunman honcmu-
ky, kofopan ho cnocmy honufuucckomy snaucnuk cfana hpcnnncpu-
cm nonoio sfaha ncc oncc inyokux konqnukfon. B ocnonc honc-
muku ncxana occhokocnnocfi panuuu akfunnocfik qamucfon
na Iankanckom honyocfponc u n Cpcnuscmnomopic, a fakxc namc-
pcnuc Mycconunu hpunafi cumnonuucckoc snaucnuc choconocfu
ufaninnckoio qnofa konfponuponafi Cpcnuscmnoc mopc (kofopoc
qamucfckan pufopuka ucpcs ncckoniko ncf cfancf nasinafi cfa-
pim nafunckum nasnanucm Jure ôsrrum). B fakou afmocqcpc kon-
qcpcnuun cspcsynifafno paofana no nccni, koina ino hpunnfo
pcmcnuc o honhucanuu numi uacfu coinamcnuu fou, ufo nc ka-
canaci ufano-qpanuysckux ofnomcnuu.
Ionhucanuc cocfonnoci 22 ahpcnn 1JO i. Bcnukopufanun u
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nocfuinu komhpomucca, honfncpxnanmcio
ux qakfuucckuu hapufcf, n fom uucnc u ho konuuccfny kpcuccpon,
n fo npcmn kak nhonui nounuci foio, ufo ofncncnnan um hpohop-
uun nipocna c 6 no 7 na kaxnic 1O amcpukanckux unu pufanckux
ocnix kopancu. Ycfanannunancn fakxc hofonok, nanaianmuu
ncucfncnnic oipanuucnun na cfpoufcnicfno nonix nunkopon u co-
kpamanmuu na yxc nauafic hpoipammi. Coinamcnuc ino noc-
fuinyfo fakxc ofnocufcnino honnonok u scmunucn, na cfpoufcni-
cfno kofopix inu nanoxcni nauonimuc oipanuucnun, u hon-
fncpxncnun coofnomcnun 1O k 7 mcxny nnymn anino-cakconckumu
cfpanamu u Shonucu. oionop nonxcn in ncfyhufi n cuny 1 nn-
napn 1J1 i. u ncucfnonafi n fcucnuc hnfu ncf. Hfaninnui u
qpanuysi hpononxunu houck komhpomucca, hcpcxunan nancxni
u pasouaponanun. Mycconunu hcpcnan pykononcfno munucfcpcfnom
unocfpannix ncn uno Ipannu, uipanmcmy poni pcfpancnnfopa
umhynicon nnyfpcnncu hpohaianni nyuc na mcxnynaponnou cucnc.
Onnako na ncnc na npyiou ncni hocnc honhucanun onnonckux
coinamcnuu pumckoc hpanufcnicfno hpunnno ccpicsnyk hpoipam-
my cfpoufcnicfna nonix nocnnix kopancu. na ofncfcfncnnix sa
hcpcionopi, qpanuys Icnc Maccuinu u ufaninncu Ayiycfo Iocco,
paofanu houfu ion nan ccuucncnnimu fcxnuucckumu ncfannmu
hon nanncnucm amcpukanucn u aninuuan nnn foio, ufoi coinamcnuc
112
ino nocfuinyfo. Iina nipaofana qopmynuponka, n coofncfcfnuu
c kofopou oc ncpxani nonxni inu unqopmuponafi o cnoux
hpoipammax cfpoufcnicfna, ocymccfnnnn ux ncsanucumo, no coina-
coninan ux otcm. Takum opasom ynananoci uscxafi hpunnfun
qopmaninoio pcmcnun o hpunuuhc hapufcfa u ncc-faku cqopmy-
nuponafi honoxcnun, kofopic, xofn u coxpannnu nconimoc qpan-
uysckoc hpcnocxoncfno, hpcnycmafpunanu fakxc cokpamcnuc coof-
ncfcfnykmcio fonnaxa, ufo n koncunom cucfc cosnanano pannonc-
cuc, naiohpunfnoc nnn Hfanuu. Hfoiom nnufcninou nuckyccuu
cfan, cncnonafcnino, komhpomucc, yfncpxncnniu J1 mapfa 1J1 i.
u hosnonunmuu qpanuysam cuufafi ccn ynonncfnopcnnimu, a
Mycconunu kuuuficn ohpcncncnnim ychcxom. Ho n ucnom sfo in
nccima ipycfniu shunoi.
(.(2. Hcccc:cBmac ccDnannc-acncHncca
c:aDnnnsaDn n Bn:cnn ncnn:na
(.(2.(. HFCLHLL H HFCTHDCFLHHH
Hcnosmoxno ionopufi o nopmanusauuu, oipanuuunanci hpo-
ncmamu mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu u nocnnimu hponcmamu.
Bouna sfo nc foniko cfonknoncnuc apmuu u hocncnocnniu hc-
puon in ofmcucn nc foniko nuhnomafuucckou opiou. Kpusuc
okasancn iopasno inyxc, hockoniky on oxnafun ncc npyiuc achck-
fi couuanino-skonomuucckou xusnu. B kakou cfchcnu mupnic
noionopcnnocfu hocfanunu u pcmunu sfu hponcmi B kakou cfc-
hcnu nonic fcmi u nonic konqnukfi inu yhopnnoucni
Ha hcpnom hnanc cfonn nohpoc o nonix ofnomcnunx mcxny
iochoncfnykmumu couuaninimu ipyhhamu. o 114 i. icicmonun
ypxyasuu nc honncpianaci comncnuk. Hacfyhncnuc couuanusma
ino honanncno unu hoinomcno hcpnimu skchcpumcnfamu n o-
nacfu couuaninou honufuku. Bo mnoiux cfpanax couuanucfuucc-
kuc hapfuu unfcipuponanuci n hapnamcnfckyk cucfcmy u uspanu
hyfi pcqopmusma. Cama nuckyccun, cohyfcfnonanman nauany nou-
ni, o ofnomcnuu couuanucfuucckux hapfuu k kpusucy, chpono-
uuponannomy, ho ohpcncncnuk, umhcpuanusmom u ypxyasnim
nauuonanusmom, ninnuna fpynnocfu couuanucfuucckoio nnuxc-
nun, koina hcpcn num ncfan nohpoc o hpofunopcuuu mcxny unfcp-
nauuonanusmom u nonninocfik k cnocmy iocynapcfny-nauuu. Ofo
ina ncpcmcnnan hponcma, ocfananmancn fakonou ho kpauncu
mcpc no okonuanun Bfopou muponou nouni. Ona hpcncfanana kak
onun us momcnfon nauonimux fpcnuu, c kofopimu hpumnoci
umcfi ncno nonocnnim pykononnmum ipyhham couuanucfuucckoio
11J
nnuxcnun. B camom ncnc, ho okonuanuu konqnukfa, hocnc foio,
kak ncc couuanucfuucckuc hapfuu hponnunu conunapnocfi (xofn u
c nckofopimu nkancamu u n pasnoc npcmn) c nounou, fpynno
ino hpcncfanufi ccc, ufo cfapoc honufuucckoc pannonccuc yncf
noccfanonncno icfpo u cs hofpnccnuu. Tcm oncc hocnc coi-
fuu n Ioccuu 117 i. Okfnpickan pcnonkuun nana cfumyn nccm
couuanucfuucckum hapfunm nnn ycuncnun makcumanucfckux fcuc-
nuu. Onu cfpcmunuci cncnonafi n nahpanncnuu, ykasannom cnu-
nim nnn coofncfcfnykmux hapfuu, unu xc, ccnu sfo okasinanoci
ncnosmoxno, paspinanu cnuncfno couuanucfuucckux nnuxcnuu c
ucnik cosnanun kommynucfuucckux pcnonkuuonnix hapfuu. Ofu
hapfuu cpasy xc hpofunohocfanunu ccn kasanmcucn um oipanu-
ucnnou hosuuuu fcx, kfo ofcfaunan hyfi hocfchcnnix usmcncnuu
hcpcn nuuom nkounckoio hopina cfoponnukon ncmcnncnnoio
noccfanun. Hauuonaninic cufyauuu u pcnonkuuonniu muq cfa-
nonunuci numufamu, n pamkax kofopix nonxno ino ncucfnonafi
mcxnynaponnoc couuanucfuucckoc nnuxcnuc. Ho ina nu n ncu-
cfnufcninocfu nosmoxna muponan pcnonkuun Iino nu nosmoxno,
ufoi hocnanniu pcnonkuuonnim Icfpoipanom 8 nonpn 117 i.
hpusin fpynnmumcn nccio mupa k cncpxcnuk cnoux hpanufcnicfn
u cosnanuk unfcpnauuonana naponon kak cnuncfncnno nosmoxnou
iapanfuu mupa nisnan ofknuk n ocfaninom mupc unu, ho kpauncu
mcpc, n Inpohc
Xofn c fouku spcnun mapkcucfckoio fcopcfuucckoio ananusa
pcnonkuun nnnnnaci hponykfom kpauncu cfanuu pasnufun kahufa-
nusma u camocosnanun nnuxcnun hpomimncnnoio hponcfapua-
fa, coifun, hpousomcnmuc n Ioccuu, hponcmoncfpuponanu, ufo
pcnonkuun moina houfu u npyiumu hyfnmu. Icpnoc pasnuuuc n
nannou cnnsu nifckano us pasncncnun cfpan na cfpani-hocnu-
fcninuui u cfpani-hocxncnnic. B hocxncnnix cfpanax ncnu-
iufumauun hpanufcnicfn, cnnsannan c hopaxcnucm, nccina cohpo-
noxnanaci konuom ohpcncncnnix iocynapcfncnno-honufuucckux
pcxumon. B Icpmanuu, Ancfpuuu u Bcnipuu hopaxcnuc osnauano
fakxc hancnuc umhcpckoio pcxuma u poxncnuc pcchynukanckoio
hpanncnun. Icchynukanckoio u ypxyasnoio Ofncf nc in nu
ncikum, nu icfpim.
(.(2.2. HCLLH,LHHLL. 1LFAHHH, ADCTFHH H DLH1FHH
B Bcumapckou pcchynukc hopaxcnuc nisnano ocfpiu kpusuc,
kofopiu sauacfyk hcpcpacfan n knacconyk opiy u hcpchncfancn c
opiou sa ycfanonncnuc ncmokpafuucckoio pcxuma u hpcononcnuc
skonomuucckoio kpusuca. C 11 ho 124 i. pcchynuka hcpcxuna
114
onno sa npyium ccpicsnic hofpnccnun, konfpahynkfom kofopix
cfan skonomuucckuu kpusuc, nainnnno nipasunmuucn n acfpono-
muucckou unqnnuuu. Icpnoc honufuucckoc cfonknoncnuc, cohpo-
noxnanmcc camo poxncnuc pcchynuku, hpousomno hpu hohifkc
ipyhhi chapfakonucn (kommynucfuucckou ipyhhi hon pykonon-
cfnom Kapna ukncxfa u Iosi kkccmypi, opasonanmcucn
nnyfpu couuan-ncmokpafuucckou hapfuu u hpcopasonannou n na-
uanc 11 i. n kommynucfuucckyk hapfuk Icpmanuu) ocymccfnufi
pcnonkuuonnnoc noccfanuc ho ncnunckomy opasuy u cosnafi pcc-
hynuky concfon, ocnonannyk na cunc hponcfapckoio nnuxcnun,
camoio momnoio n Inpohc. Iino nu n mcxnynaponnom hnanc sfo
coifuc, cfoni oxunanmcccn nccmu pcnonkuuonnimu cunamu u, n
ococnnocfu, n Mocknc, cuinanom k hontcmy pcnonkuuonnou non-
ni, kofopan nonxna ina cnccfu ypxyasniu hopnnok
B nauanc nnnapn 11 i. Icpnun cfan cucnou pcnonkuuonnoio
skchcpumcnfa, cpasy xc hofohncnnoio n kponu (n fom uucnc u n
kponu cio inannix icpocn). Bpcmcnnoc hpanufcnicfno no inanc c
couuan-ncmokpafom punpuxom Ocpfom nc koncnnci opafunoci
sa homomik k apmuu. C foio momcnfa in saknkucn hakf o co-
fpynnuuccfnc nccx cun hpofun kommynucfon, ucknkuunmuu ncn-
kyk nancxny na ocymccfnncnuc pcnonkuuu. Kommynucfuucckan
hapfun n fcucnuc ohpcncncnnoio npcmcnu naxonunaci nnc uncfu-
fyuuonaninou cucfcmi u nc yuacfnonana n niopax n Yupcnufcni-
noc copanuc, kofopic niuipanu couuan-ncmokpafi Ocpfa, nc
honyuunmuc, onnako, nocfafounoio uucna ionocon nnn foio, ufoi
camocfonfcnino cqopmuponafi hpanufcnicfno. Hauancn hcpuon ko-
anuuuonnix hpanufcnicfn, nknkuanmux ymcpcnnic kafonuucckuc
hapfuu u nucpanon, na nonk kofopix nihana fpynnan poni cncp-
xunanun nahpnxcnnocfu, hcpcxunacmou cfpanou, pasopnannou na
uacfu nounou u oxnaucnnou cfpaxom hcpcn pcnonkuucu. B qcnpa-
ncmac hohifku pcnonkuuonnix nicfyhncnuu inu hpcnhpunn-
fi n Mknxcnc, n Ianapuu. Kypf Oucncp cqopmuponan couuanu-
cfuucckoc hpanufcnicfno, nicfyhanmcc sa ofncncnuc Ianapuu of
Icpmanuu, onnako 21 qcnpann on in yuf. Ha npyiou ncni hocnc
sfoio hpccfyhncnun n Mknxcnc ina hponosinamcna concfckan
pcchynuka, kofopan hpocymccfnonana nonimc, ucm cpnunckan,
no ina honanncna c homomik nocnnou cuni n konuc ahpcnn, ho-
nono fomy, kak mccnu chycfn sancpmunaci ananoiuunan hohifka
n Cakconuu.
Kpomc nicfyhncnuu cncna hpanufcnicfno nonxno ino ocfcpc-
iaficn fakxc cfoponnukon hpanix anfopufapnix pcxumon. C ah-
pcnn 11 i. ho ukni 12O i. ono cfonknynoci c noccfanucm icp-
manckux nouck n Ipuanfukc, nosinanncnnim Iknuicpom qon ncp
Ioniucm. B mapfc 12O i. nacfana oucpcni hohifku hcpcnopofa,
115
hpcnhpunnfou ynifanauuonanucfamu no inanc c Boniqianiom Kah-
hom u aponom Banifcpom qon kfnuucm. Iopasno oncc ohacnou
ina qponna nocnnix, kofopyk nosinannnn mapman Opuk qon
kncnnopq. B ocnonc honufuku hpanix ncxana npyian konuch-
uun, nc mcncc ohacnan u iopasno oncc konkpcfnan, ucm pcnonkuu-
onnan: uncn o fom, ufo Icpmanun hpouipana nouny foniko hofomy,
ufo nosinannnnmuc cc honufuku hpcnanu cfpany, a safcm xofcnu
honuunuficn 0uimumy, nannsannomy ncpxanamu-hocnufcninuua-
mu n nunc mupnoio noionopa, 0uimumy, kofopiu hpofunopcuun
onsafcnicfnam, nsnfim na ccn camumu coksnukamu, koina onu
coinacunuci na kahufynnuuk Icpmanuu nc csycnonnyk, a na
ocnonc 14 hynkfon Bunicona. B sfom honufuucckom kpcno concp-
xancn kpaunuu u aipcccunniu nauuonanusm, yxonunmuu kopnnmu
n nocnnyk u ypxyasnyk cpcny u hpcncfannnnmuu coou uncani-
nyk kynifypnyk houny nnn skcfpcmucfckoio pcnusuonusma.
B nnnapc 11 i. ina ocnonana nauuonan-couuanucfuucckan
hapfun Icpmanuu (^SIAI), k kofopou ncmnoio chycfn hpucocnu-
nunaci fcmnan nuunocfi ancfpuuckoio hpoucxoxncnun Anoniq
Iufncp. Iapfun nipaxana nakohncnnic ouni u hohynucfckuc,
nauuonanucfuucckuc, anfopufapnic nacfpocnun. Toina nukfo nc
nyman, ufo ona moxcf hpunncui na cnok cfopony snauufcninoc
uucno cfoponnukon. Ofo kasanoci cmc n mcnimcu cfchcnu nos-
moxnim hocnc hponanunmcucn hohifku hyfua, uncucnuponannou
Boniqianiom Kahhom (mapf 12O i.) cnocio pona cuinana ohac-
nocfu, hpcnyhpcxnanmcio o honncpxkc, kofopyk moinu honyuufi
pcakuuonnic cuni.
B fo npcmn kak Yupcnufcninoc copanuc sanumanoci paspaof-
kou n Bcumapc nonou qcncpaninou koncfufyuuu nnn Icpmanuu, n
fcnu skonomuucckoio kpusuca hon hokponom ncnononicfna naspc-
nana ypn. Hcmui nc cmupunuci nu c ynuxcnunmu, cnnsannimu c
hopaxcnucm, nu c ponik cfpani, hocfanncnnou hon konfponi, o
kofopom ncpxani-hocnufcninuui, u hpcxnc nccio qpanuysi, nc
ycfananu nahomunafi. Yuucfno n uknc 122 i. Banifcpa qon Ia-
fcnay, cnpcn u munucfpa unocfpannix ncn, hifanmciocn nhnofi
no Icnyssckou konqcpcnuuu hpononxafi hyfi nopmanusauuu of-
nomcnuu c ocfaninou Inpohou, cfano cmc onnum cumhfomom sfo-
io safumin hcpcn ypcu. Icnonkuun n Icpmanuu hofcphcna cnoc
camoc ipomkoc hopaxcnuc, no hocnufcncm us ncio nimcn cnum-
kom xpyhkuu coks mcxny couuan-ncmokpafamu, ucnfpucfckumu
cunamu u ofkponcnno nauuonanucfuucckumu hapfunmu.
Iypxyasun ofhpasnnonana cnou fpuymq nan nocnno-apucfokpa-
fuucckou fpanuuucu u n fcucnuc ncckonikux ncf xuna nancxnamu,
na kynifypnoc u honufuucckoc nospoxncnuc, kofopoc Icpmanun
pcnko hcpcxunana n hpomnom. Moxno naxc ionopufi ocnocopas-
116
nou kynifypnou afmocqcpc, nnnnnmcucn hnonom Bcumapckou pcc-
hynuku. Onnako sfom fpuymqy ypxyasuu yipoxano ncc oncc
nnnoc ofcfpancnuc nocnnou ncpxymku, pacfymcc pacxoxncnuc ho-
suuuu kpyhnix qunanconix kpyion u qanafuunoio nauuonanus-
ma, hocpcnnukamu mcxny kofopimu hifanuci cfafi fakuc nknu,
kak Ufpcscman, nc choconic ckpifi honnunnic ucnu cnoux
ncucfnuu. Iochoncfnykman ypxyasun ina, cncnonafcnino, iofona
hpononxafi icicmonucfckuu kypc, kofopiu Buniicnim II ocfanun
cu n nacncncfno u kofopiu in numi na nckofopoc npcmn hpcpnan
hopaxcnucm.
Iocynapcfncnnoc ycfpoucfno cfano oncc ncycfouuunim n pc-
synifafc ofkasa of nonninocfu nunacfuu u fpynnocfcu qopmupona-
nun konccncyca nokpyi hpanufcnicfncnnix qopmyn, hpunyxnanmux
k cymccfnonanuk inyoko npaxncnic hapfuu, honncpxunacmic
cfoni xc hpofunohonoxnimu couuaninimu cunamu. Onnako ho-
cfchcnnoc cfupanuc ipanuu mcxny hynuunou u uacfnou cqcpamu,
hpcnohpcncncnnoc haccunnim cohpofunncnucm, opiou hpofun
unqnnuuu u hofpcnocfnmu noccfanonncnun skonomuku, cosnanano
npyiyk couuaninyk asy, n kofopou nauusmy nciuc yncf ykopc-
nuficn.
B nauanc 125 i. sfof honopof yxc nuccn n nosnyxc, xofn ofpi-
fo on nauan hponnnnficn foniko hnfi ncf chycfn. A foina, hocnc
cmcpfu couuan-ncmokpafa Ocpfa, cocfonnuci hpcsuncnfckuc ni-
opi, u cfapiu qcninmapman Iayni qon Iunncnypi, monapxucf
u kannunaf of konccpnafunnix hapfuu, in uspan nconimum
hcpcnccom ionocon, hocnun kannunafa ncno-ucnfpucfckou koanuuuu
Buniicnima Mapkca, kafonuka, hpcncfanufcnn hapfuu Hcnfpa,
hpofun kofopoio ionoconanu kommynucfi. Binnunyn na niopax
cnocio kannunafa, onu qakfuuccku hcpcnanu hpcsuncnfcfno n pyku
ucnoncka, hpuncnmcio Iufncpa k nnacfu.
Ancfpun u Bcnipun hcpcxunanu fc xc hponcmi n cnoxnix
ycnonunx fcppufopuaninoio packona, nisnannoio pachanom Iac-
ypickou umhcpuu. B Ancfpuu c uyncfnom iopcuu cmupnnuci c hcpc-
xonom of pykononcfna ncnukou umhcpuu k pykononcfny nconimum
iocynapcfnom. Couuan-ncmokpafi no inanc c Kapnom Icnncpom u
Offo Iayspom nauanu nnuxcnuc sa cosnanuc ncmokpafuucckou,
hapnamcnfckou u hpoipcccucfckou pcchynuku. Onnako ccnu n
Bcnc onu umcnu cuninyk asy, fo na ocfaninyk uacfi cfpani, inc
nomunuponana kafonuucckan xpucfuancko-couuaninan hapfun, onu
nc moinu paccuufinafi. Cymccfnonano nccfauninoc panno-
nccuc mcxny kpacnou cfonuucu u konccpnafunno nacfpocnnou
cfpanou. Cfonknoncnun mcxny hpanim hpanufcnicfnom u couuan-
ncmokpafuucckum mynuuuhanufcfom Bcni cfanu oiunim nnnc-
nucm ancfpuuckou xusnu.
117
B mcxnynaponnom hnanc sfo umcno naxnic hocncncfnun. Co-
uuan-ncmokpafi cmofpcnu na pcchynukanckyk u honufuuccku
oncc hcpcnonyk, kak foina cuufanoci, Icpmanuk, nc ckpinan
cfpcmncnun k anmnkcy n houckax nixona us hpomcxyfounou cufya-
uuu, koina hpanic cuni onananu nchpohopuuonanino onimum
nccom. Xpucfuancko-couuaninan hapfun ina hpofun fakou hcpc-
hckfuni, numunmcu i cc hpannmcio honoxcnun. B ofnuuuc of
Icpmanuu hponcma cfaunusauuu n Ancfpuu nafankunanaci na cc-
picsnic honufuucckuc hpchnfcfnun, kofopic pasnonahpanncnno
nosncucfnonanu na cufyauuk u ofpaxanu pcaninocfi nonou cfpani,
nc ocnonannyk na anfonomnou u cnoxunmuucn skonomuucckou
cfpykfypc. Hnnycfpuaninoc omccfno u kpccfinnckan fpanuuun nc
moinu nipaofafi komhpomucca, u sfo cosnanano ncyncpcnnocfi
kak nnyfpu cfpani, fak u n mcxnynaponnom hnanc, hockoniky cfanu-
no hon comncnuc xusncchoconocfi pcchynukanckoio iocynapcfna.
B Bcnipuu nc cymccfnonano couuaninix ycnonuu nnn cfoni
inyokoio packona. B mapfc 11 i. Icna Kyn, nuncp kommynucfon
u npyi cnuna, cnna ncpnynmuci us Mockni, cymcn hocnc ycfa-
nonncnun cnunoio qponfa c couuanucfamu, saxnafufi nnacfi u na-
nnsafi pcxum pcnonkuuonnoio fcppopa, hpofun kofopoio ncfom
nicfyhunu qpanuysckuc, ufaninnckuc, pyminckuc u kiocnanckuc
noucka. B aniycfc nnyfpcnnum konfppcnonkuuonnim cunam, naio-
napn sfou honncpxkc, u n ococnnocfu, pyminckou unfcpncnuuu,
ynanoci cncpinyfi kommynucfuucckoc hpanufcnicfno, pasnnsan cfoni
xc xccfokuc, ufo u pcnonkuuonniu fcppop, pchpcccuu. Bhpo-
ucm, hohifka Kyna nc umcna nu mancumcu hcpchckfuni n cfpanc,
inc ofcyfcfnonano ncucfnufcnino mupokoc couuanucfuucckoc nnu-
xcnuc, inc ino mano hcpcnonou, ncmokpafuucckou ypxyasuu u
inc ncc cmc iochoncfnonano couuaninoc nacncnuc iacypickoio
hpanncnun. Hocfaniiun apucfokpafon u ouna ho honony xccfkoc-
fu Tpuanonckoio noionopa uipanu, ncponfno, otcnunnkmyk poni
n iocynapcfnc, kofopoc nacunicfncnnim opasom cfano iomoicn-
nim c sfnuucckou fouku spcnun, no kofopoc uchifinano iopcui
ho honony yfpafi fcppufopuu, ofomcnmux k Kiocnanuu, Hcxocno-
nakuu u, hpcxnc nccio, Iyminuu. B Tpancuninanuu naccncnuc
ncnicpckoio hpoucxoxncnun nnnnnoci hocfonnnou hpuuunou fpc-
nuu u nccfauninocfu.
(.(2.. HCLL,HTLHH. DLHHCLFHTAHHH,
FAHHHH, HTAHHH
Ho u hocnufcnnm nc cyxncno ino hpoxufi hcpnic hocncno-
cnnic ioni n afmocqcpc couuaninoio mupa. Koncuno, ncnfcnu,
nounmuccn nnn cnoux cfpan hocni, honisonanuci anfopufcfom,
118
kofopomy hpanufcnu hocxncnnix cfpan moinu foniko hosanuno-
nafi. Aninun u panuun oxunanu of cnoux cfanmux cmc oncc o-
mupnimu umhcpuu pccypcon nnn noccfanonncnun skonomuku.
Bosmoxno, foniko n Hfanuu cymccfnonanu ycnonun nnn nosnukno-
ncnun kpusuca, choconoio honopnafi ocnoni cucfcmi. Iosfomy n
nasnannix cfpanax Inpohi nc umcna mccfa cnnsi mcxny hopaxcnu-
cm u pcnonkuucu, u uyncfnonancn numi ofsnyk, oncc unu mcncc
ofnancnniu, pcnonkuuu n Ioccuu, no hpu sfom c concpmcnno
pasnuunimu akucnfamu.
B Bcnukopufanuu cpasy xc hocnc nouni u sancpmcnun hcpuo-
na cymccfnonanun koanuuuonnoio hpanufcnicfna c yuacfucm ncu-
opucfon u konccpnafopon nuncp nucpanon snun noun xopnx
nasnauun nonic niopi (nckapi 118 i.), nhcpnic na ocnonc ncc-
omcio usupafcninoio hpana u c hpcnocfanncnucm hpana ionoca
xcnmunam. Cam hpcmicp-munucfp nimcn us cocfnsanun hocnu-
fcncm, no cio hapfun ucpaninan hapfun ina houfu cmcfc-
na c pufanckou honufuucckou cucni u hpakfuuccku cfana ucuc-
safi. Iocna na niopax nocfanaci hpcxnc nccio Konccpnafunnou
hapfuu no inanc co Cfsnnu Ionnyunom, honyuunmcu honannnkmcc
onimuncfno ionocon.
cuopucfi fakxc nhcpnic nounuci nnymufcninoio ychcxa u
cfanu nfopou hapfucu, sanocnan fakum opasom honoxcnuc oquuu-
aninou ohhosuuuu n hanafc omun. Onu hpcononcnu packoni,
umcnmuc mccfo n ux pnnax no npcmn nouni u pcopianusonanu
hapfuk hon nnunnucm ipyhhi unfcnnckfyanon-pcqopmucfon,
otcnuncnnix n auanckoc omccfno (1uhiun ociery). B 12O i.
um ynanoci cosnafi nonyk cfpykfypy, opianuuccku otcnunnnmyk
hapfuk c Hauuonaninim concfom fpyna (ûrionul +ouncil of 1uhour),
fo ccfi c konqcncpauucu hpoqcokson. Mapkcucfckoc nnunnuc n
sfou hapfuu oipanuuunanoci hpconananucm pcqopmusma qauan-
ckoio fonka. Koina n 12O i. ina cosnana ncsanucuman Kommynu-
cfuucckan hapfun Bcnukopufanuu, opafunmancn c hpociou o
ncfyhncnuu n ncuopucfckyk hapfuk (1uhour 1urry), ona honyuuna
kafciopuucckuu ofkas. B 124 i. ctcsn ncuopucfon sannun o nc-
conmccfumocfu hpunanncxnocfu k ncuopucfckou hapfuu c uncn-
cfnom n komhapfuu. Ofo ino ofkponcnnoc u ucfkoc pasncncnuc,
nc mcmanmcc, onnako, aninuuckum couuanucfam c cumhafucu of-
nocuficn k concfckou pcnonkuuu, a hpanufcnicfny chococfnonafi
ycfanonncnuk nuhnomafuucckux ofnomcnuu mcxny Bcnukopufa-
nucu u CCCI. Hcfkuc pasnuuun coxpannnuci n ohpcncncnuu honu-
fuucckux ucncu u cpcncfn nnn ux nocfuxcnun. Takum opasom co-
uuaninoc poxcnuc, xapakfcpnoc nnn foio hcpuona u n Ipufanuu,
fakxc nukoina nc hpunumano paspymufcninoio xapakfcpa, kakou
ono umcno n hocxncnnix cfpanax u n Hfanuu.
11
Icpcxon of nocnnou skonomuku k mupnou skonomukc in
fpynnim, n fom uucnc u nnn pufanucn. Hnqnnuun u cspaofuua
nisnanu pnn saacfonok ho nccu cfpanc, onnako, sa ucknkucnucm
ofncninix cnyuacn, nc ino ncoxonumocfu hpuciafi k nacuni-
cfncnnomy ux honanncnuk. Hahpofun, hpoqcoksi cohponoxnanu
saacfonku cuninim nanncnucm n honncpxky koncfpykfunnix hc-
pcionopon, choconix naufu pcmcnuc nacymnix hponcm.
Konccpnafunno-nucpaninoc hpanufcnicfno noun xopnxa
nc nccina ino na nicofc cufyauuu. Cnnsannoc xonom Iapuxckux
hcpcionopon u onsafcnicfnom hcpccmofpcfi cnok kononuaninyk
honufuky, ono nc cymcno ycfpanufi skonomuucckuc u couuaninic
hpuuuni nonncnuu. B 11 i. acfonana naxc honuuun. Ipofckuu-
onucfckuc mcpi, hpunnfic n 121 i., nc hpuncnu k cnuxcnuk
cspaofuui u nuckpcnufuponanu noun xopnxa. Bhpoucm, cmy
nc ynanoci naxc ofcfonfi fc mcxnynaponnic hpockfi pckoncfpyk-
uuu, n pcsynifafc ocymccfnncnun kofopix nonxcn in nauaficn,
kak on nancnncn, hpousnoncfncnniu hontcm, ufo homoino i sko-
nomuucckomy nospoxncnuk cfpani. Ofu ncynauu hpuncnu k hanc-
nuk cio hpanufcnicfna. Iio samcnun cnauana konccpnafop Ionap
oy, a kanuncpom kasnaucucfna cfan Ionnyun. Iinu nasnaucni
nonic niopi, cnuncfncnnim pcsynifafom kofopix cfana ncmon-
cfpauun hapnamcnfckoio nnunnun ncuopucfon. Ioncsni u cmcpfi
Ionapa oy hpuncnu k qopmuponanuk hcpnoio hpanufcnicfna
Ionnyuna n mac 12J i.
Icsynifafi hocncnonanmux safcm niopon inu ncoxunanni-
mu, hockoniky naionapn maxopufapnou cucfcmc ncsnauufcninoc
usmcncnuc konuuccfna ionocon (cokpamcnuc na O,1' y konccpna-
fopon u yncnuucnuc na 1,1' y ncuopucfon) hpuncno k snauufcni-
nomy ymcnimcnuk konuuccfna mccf n hapnamcnfc konccpnafopon u
onu honyuunu numi ofnocufcninoc onimuncfno. cuopucfi
hpu honncpxkc nucpanon cmoinu n nnnapc 124 i. cqopmuponafi
cnoc hcpnoc n ucfopuu Aninuu hpanufcnicfno no inanc c Makno-
naninom, honyuunmum honniu konfponi nan hapfucu. Hmcnno
foina Bcnukopufanun, kasanoci, nimna us mpaunou afmocqcpi
nocnnix ncf. Xofn ncuopucfckoc hpanufcnicfno ino numi un-
fcpmcnucu, ono nhcpnic hponcmoncfpuponano xcnanuc pcmufcni-
no hocfanufi pnn couuaninix hponcm (fakux, kak cspaofuua),
kofopic no cux hop hpcncfannnnuci ncpaspcmumimu. Bosnukno
omymcnuc, ufo Bcnukopufanun nnoni chocona ncpnyficn na
hyfi hocfchcnnoio couuanino-skonomuucckoio pcqopmusma, coof-
ncfcfnonanmcio xapakfcpy cc xusnu n fcucnuc hpomnoio ncka.
Onnako n okfnpc 124 i. hon nanncnucm konccpnafopon cnaoc
onimuncfno Maknonanina pachanoci. Iinu cmc pas nasnaucni
12O
niopi, no npcmn kofopix ncuopucfi pachnafunuci sa onunc-
nun n hpoconcfckou hosuuuu, ocnonannic na hucimc c hpusinom
k concpmcnuk pcnonkuuu, nahpanncnnom 3unonicnim of nuua
Komunfcpna Komhapfuu Bcnukopufanuu. Iynukauun hucima
nakanync niopon honoxuna fcni honospcnuu n anfunauuonani-
nou hosuuuu nc foniko na kommynucfon, no na nccx pufanckux
ncnix. Konccpnafopi niuipanu niopi, honyuun honannnkmcc
onimuncfno ionocon. Ionnyun nnoni ncpnyncn k nnacfu; munu-
cfpom unocfpannix ncn cfan Ocfun Hcmcpncn. Bcc sfo umcno
hpnmic hocncncfnun nnn mcxnynaponnou xusnu, hockoniky pac-
honoxcnnocfi, ncmoncfpuponanmancn Maknonaninom n ofnomc-
nuu Oppuo hpu honhucanuu Zcncnckoio hpofokona
1
ina ofncpi-
nyfa n honisy nosnpamcnun k oncc fpanuuuonnim honxonam.
Bo panuuu fcmy mupnix hcpcionopon ino fpynncc ofncnufi
of hponcm couuaninoio xapakfcpa. Couuanucfi CHO (SIIO
ecrion 1runcuise Je l1nrernurionule Uuvriere) yuacfnonanu n hpanu-
fcnicfnc nauuonaninoio cnuncfna (Union ucree cnnmcnnoc
cnuncnuc), hpcononcnan onimuc nnyfpcnnuc pasnoinacun. Iocnc
okonuanun nocnnix ncucfnuu onu nimnu us koanuuuu, nosinan-
nnnmcucn no niopon nonpn 11 i. Zopxcm Kncmanco, inannim
ncucfnykmum nuuom hocncnncio sfaha opii c Icpmanucu, a
fakxc hpofunocfonnun kommynucfuucckou ohacnocfu u yiposc cc
pachpocfpancnun ho Inpohc. Ofy yiposy ncoxonumo ino hpcnof-
npafufi cosnanucm canufapnoio kopnona, choconoio oipanu-
uufi pachpocfpancnuc sapasi, c ncu cncnonano fakxc opofi-
cn, homoian pycckum konfppcnonkuuoncpam. B 11 i. unfcpcci
nauuonaninou honufuku oncpxanu ncpx nan couuanino-skonomu-
ucckumu unfcpccamu. Ha niopax n nonpc couuanucfi u panu-
kan-couuanucfi, inmuc fpuymqafopamu n 114 i., hofcphcnu c-
sycnonnoc hopaxcnuc (oncc nnnoc ho uucny mccf n hapnamcnfc,
ucm ho uucny ionocon) of Hauuonaninoio noka, n kofopiu nomnu
fpanuuuonnic nauuonanucfuucckuc cuni qpanuysckou cncfckou
ypxyasuu u ymcpcnnoio panukanusma. Ionannnkmcc onimun-
cfno, kofopim onu onananu, hosnonuno ionopufi o ccpo-ionyou
hanafc, ho uncfam mynnupon mnoiux uspannix n hapnamcnf no-
cnnix. Ofo ino onimuncfno (nosinannncmoc Kncmanco, a c nn-
napn 12O i. Anckcannpom Municpanom), kofopoc cfpcmunoci
ypciynuponafi nnyfpcnnuc hponcmi c homomik honufuku fncpnou
pyku. Couuaninic nonncnun nnnapn-uknn 11 i. inu ychcmno
honanncni. Bhpoucm, couuanucfam nc ynanoci pachpocfpanufi ux
1
Hmccfcn n nuny hpofokon O mupnom ypciynuponanuu mcxnynaponnix kon-
qnukfon, hpunnfiu na accamncc uiu Hauuu 2 okfnpn 124 i. Bnuny anino-
qpanuysckux hpofunopcuuu hpofokon nc in pafuquuuponan. 1pu+. pe0uiuuu.
121
sa ohpcncncnnic pamku, fcm oncc ufo n uknc 11 i. onu pcmunu
nc hpucocnunnficn k mcxnynaponnou saacfonkc hpofccfa hpofun
konppcnonkuuonnou unfcpncnuuu n Ioccuu.
Couuanucfuucckoc nnuxcnuc ino cuninim, onnako icicmonun
ypxyasuu, hpconananuc hponcm nncmncu honufuku, nnyfpcn-
nuu konqnukf, hpuncnmuu n nckapc 12O i. k packony (o kofopom
ino sannncno na ctcsnc n Typc, koina ina ocnonana panuys-
ckan kommynucfuucckan hapfun), ocnaunu cio. B sfou honufuucc-
kou cufyauuu hapnamcnfckoc onimuncfno, xofn u pasnoponnoc
ho cnocmy honufuucckomy cocfany, ocfananoci chnoucnnim n hpo-
ncncnuu honufuku ncqnnuuu u hpocuuponanun nnyfpcnnux hpo-
funopcuuu na mcxnynaponnyk cqcpy.
Akfunnocfi c ucnik yfncpxncnun ncnymcu ponu panuuu na
konfuncnfc honyuuna nauonimuu umhynic, koina hpcmicp-munu-
cfpom cfan snisaccu Iaumon Iyankapc (122124 ii.). B nnnapc
12J i. sfa fcnncnuun namna nohnomcnuc n okkyhauuu Iypckou
onacfu. Bo panuuu, cncnonafcnino, uucncnniu u hapnamcnfc-
kuu hofcnuuan ncnix cncpxunancn hpounocfik acfuona ymcpcn-
no-ucnfpucfckux cncfckux cun, ykpchnnnmciocn sa cucf nauuona-
nucfuucckou kamhanuu u ncnoncpun k Icpmanuu. Io cymccfny,
naxc koina ocoiu sfah hcpnix hocncnocnnix ncf sakonuuncn, u
n 124 i. n pcsynifafc hocni na niopax cnoio noka, opaso-
nannoio panukanamu u couuanucfamu, ino cosnano hpanufcnicfno
Oppuo (a munucfpom unocfpannix ncn cfan Apucfun Ipuan), mcx-
nynaponnan opucnfauun panuuu nc usmcnunaci, xofn u cfana
hponnnnficn mcncc nnno. Hc cnyuauno, Ipuan cmoi hpononxafi
pykononufi qpanuysckou nncmncu honufukou xofn u n ucpcnc
cmcnnkmux npyi npyia napuanfon hpanufcnicfncnnoio onimun-
cfna fakxc u hocnc nosnpamcnun k nnacfu n 126 i. Iyankapc.
Ofo ino hokasafcncm inyokou cfauninocfu ocnonohonaiakmc-
io noka nnacfu u unfcpccon. Bhpoucm, u no panuuu, xofn nc-
ckonikumu mccnuamu hosxc Bcnukopufanuu, nauunan c 125 i.
skonomuucckuu hontcm fakxc chococfnonan usncucnuk mnoiux
pan, nancccnnix nounou, u hcpuon mafcpuaninoio naiohonyuun,
kasanoci, cncnan omyfumou nopmanusauuk.
Hs cfpan-hocnufcninuu Hfanun n nauonimcu cfchcnu uchi-
finana hocncncfnun nouni. Cncni nnufcninou honcmuku, hpcn-
mccfnonanmcu cc ncfyhncnuk n nouny n 115 i., hpononxanu nanafi
o ccc snafi, a fo, kak ufaninnckuc fpconanun paccmafpunanuci
na Iapuxckou konqcpcnuuu numi oocfpuno na nnyx hpofuno-
honoxnix qponfax cymccfnonanmuc n cfpanc hpofunopcuun.
Ofo oxccfouuno ohhosuuuonnic hpanufcnicfny cuni, onunnn-
muc ufaninnckux hpcncfanufcncu na Iapuxckou konqcpcnuuu
122
(Buffopuo Omanysnc Opnanno u Cunncn Connuno) n ncchocono-
cfu ofcfonfi cnok fouky spcnun, ufo nnccno nknan n ocnonanuc
muqa o uckancucnnou hocnc (ho nipaxcnuk hosfa Iapusnc
Ànnynuuo), fo ccfi fcopuu, coinacno kofopou ufaninnui nou-
nuci nunumou hocni, a ho cyfu hopaxcnun, ohnaucnnoio uc-
nou onimux ucnoncucckux u couuanino-skonomuucckux xcpfn, u
umcnu, cncnonafcnino, oncc ccpicsnic ocnonanun nnn nknkucnun
n pcnusuonucfckuu nok, ucm nnn conunapusauuu c ynonncfnopcn-
nimu ncpxanamu (ccnu nohycfufi, ufo fakonic inu). Takyk cu-
fyauuk oocfpnnu u fc, kfo, ococnno n naicpc couuanucfon u nc-
mokpafuucckou ncnou, cuufan omukou u naxc hpccfyhncnucm
yuacfuc n nounc omukou unu hpccfyhncnucm, cchnonnocfi
kofopix honfncpxnanaci qakfamu. Cncncfnucm sfou ncynonncfno-
pcnnocffu ina ccpun honufuucckux nonncnuu, ncnanmux cmc o-
ncc fpynnim nosnpamcnuc k nopmaninou cufyauuu. 3axnaf Àn-
nynuuo uymc
1
in numi hcpnim us ccpuu shusonon, cnnsannix
c nonou mcxnynaponnou hosuuucu Hfanuu, shusonom, oosnauun-
mum hyfi napymcnun sakonnocfu u ananfkpusma, ho kofopomy
Mycconunu chonfanno cncnonan n hocncnykmuc ioni.
C npyiou cfoponi, no nnyfpcnncu couuanino-honufuucckou
cufyauuu fakxc nc nanknanoci icfpou cfaunusauuu. Iponc-
mi, cymccfnonanmuc no nccx cfpanax, kofopic yuacfnonanu n kon-
qnukfc, hcpcxunanuci cnaou ufaninnckou skonomukou u xpyh-
kou honufuucckou opianusauucu cfpani cmc oncc oncsncnno.
Ipanna, cfpykfypa skonomuku ykpchunaci n pcsynifafc nouni, ho-
fpconanmcu kpyhnix unnccfuuuu n fnxcnyk hpomimncnnocfi,
ufo yckopuno fcmhi pocfa unnycfpuu u fcmhi pocfa hpuinu n
coofncfcfnuu c fcnncnuucu hpcnmccfnonanmcio nccnfuncfun. On-
nako hocncnocnnan konncpcun hpomimncnnocfu, coxpannkmancn
cnnocfi n ncpcnnc, numcfa na kic ycyiyunuci hocnc okonuanun
nocnnix ncucfnuu us-sa hponcmi nkkucnun n hpousnoncfncnnyk
xusni ncfcpanon nouni.
B sfou skonomuucckou ocfanonkc naspcnu nonic naxnic ho-
nufuucckuc coifun. B nnnapc 11 i. non yunxu Cfypuo ocnonan
naponnyk hapfuk, hcpnyk opianusauuk kafonuucckoio nahpannc-
nun, nomcnmyk n kauccfnc anfonomnoio cytckfa n honufuucckyk
xusni cfpani. Couuanucfuucckan hapfun, ocnonannan n 182 i. u
hpcnpafunmancn yxc n hpcnnocnniu hcpuon n momnyk hpufnia-
fcninyk cuny nnn fpynnmuxcn knaccon, ncc oncc ykpchnnnaci
1
B ccnfnpc 11 i. ufaninnckuu hucafcni u honufuucckuu ncnfcni Ànnyn-
uuo nosinanun skchcnuuuk, saxnafunmyk kiocnanckuu iopon Iucky (uymc), na
kofopiu hpcfcnnonana Hfanun. Ànnyuuo otnnun uymc ufaninnckum ioponom
u ocfanancn cio komcnnanfom no nckapn 12O i. 1pu+. pe0uiuuu.
12J
u cfana n konuc konuon inannou honufuucckou opianusauucu Hfa-
nuu. Iapfunm nonocnnou ncmokpafuu nc ynanoci hpuchocouficn k
usmcncnunm. Koina n nonpc 11 i. nhcpnic cocfonnuci niopi,
ocnonannic na nccomcm usupafcninom hpanc u hpohopuuonani-
nom hpcncfanufcnicfnc, couuanucfi honyuunu houfu J2' ionocon,
hohonapu
1
ncmnoium oncc 2O'. Bcc nmccfc nonic hapfuu ho-
nyuunu onimc ionocon, ucm hapfuu, kofopic ncnu cnoc hpouc-
xoxncnuc of honufuucckou fpanuuuu hocfpucopnxumcnfo. Ofo
ino usmcncnuc, ykasinanmcc hpcxnc nccio na ycuncnuc ncnix, n
ofnomcnuu kofopix kafonuucckoc nnuxcnuc nc moino ocfanaficn
unnuqqcpcnfnim, xofn cio nuncpi inu cknonni k coksy c yp-
xyasnimu cunamu.
Ha qonc fakou honufuko-skonomuucckou cufyauuu napacfanu
couuaninic nonncnun. 3aacfonku cncnonanu onna sa npyiou; couua-
nucfuucckan hapfun naxonunaci hon oipomnim nnunnucm pycckoio
ohifa u omymana nusocfi pcnonkuuu. Icqopmucfckoc kpino cfano
mcnimuncfnom ho ofnomcnuk k makcumanucfam, kofopic ipyhhupo-
nanuci cncna nokpyi ipyhhi Opnunc Hyono, ocnonanmcu n nnnapc
121 i. Hfaninnckyk kommynucfuucckyk hapfuk. Ipanufcnicfna
Huffu (11 i.) u xonuffu (11121 ii.) cfpcmunuci cmniuufi
kpusuc u ocnaufi nahpnxcnnocfi, cnnsannyk c saacfonounou
opiou, uchonisyn mcfon saknkucnun konnckfunnix noionopon.
Hu onnomy us nux nc ynanoci honyuufi honncpxky, nocfafounyk
nnn ocymccfnncnun hocncnonafcninix hpoipamm. Cfonknoncnuc
ho nohpocam nncmncu honufuku (n ococnnocfu ho nohpocy o ipa-
nuuc n xynuu) u hocncnonafcninan cncfckan opucnfauun xo-
nuffu oipanuuunanu honncpxky, kofopou moinu pachonaiafi oa
iocynapcfncnnix ncnfcnn, u fc honufuucckuc cuni, na kofopic
onu ohupanuci. Hauoncc cuniniu ynap cucfcmc in nancccn, on-
nako, ncoxunannim oocfpcnucm omcnauuonaninoio kpusuca k
ccpcnunc 121 i.
Takomy oocfpcnuk cufyauuu chococfnonanu nna pnna coi-
fuu, concpmcnno hpofunohonoxnic ho cnocu nahpanncnnocfu: nc-
nfcninocfi qamucfckoio nnuxcnun u pcnonkuuonniu hontcm,
hpuncnmuu n aniycfc-ccnfnpc 12O i. k sannfuk paouumu ocnon-
nix hpcnhpunfuu Ccncpa. amucfckoc nnuxcnuc ino ocnonano
Mycconunu n mapfc 11 i. Icnufo Mycconunu n hpomnom nnnnncn
couuanucfom-makcumanucfom, safcm iopnuum unfcpncnuuonucfom,
a hosnncc hpcncfanufcncm mupa qponfonukon. Iio nuunocfi u
nnuxcnuc nohnomanu n ccc n 11 i. pnn hpofunopcuunix uannuu:
1
Iohonapu (popoluri) n Hfanuu nasinanu uncnon Hfaninnckou naponnou
hapfuu IartIto popoIarc ItaIIano. 1pu+. nepeo.
124
xccfkyk ohhosuuuk ho ofnomcnuk k fpanuuuonnim hpannmum
knaccam, nunonnim n hponcncnuu ncnocfafouno akfunnou honufu-
ku n ofnomcnuu coksnukon (Mycconunu honncpxan, xofn u c nc-
kofopimu oionopkamu, hoxon Ànnynuuo), no n fo xc npcmn u
cfoni xc xccfkyk npaxncnocfi n ofnomcnuu couuanucfon, onu-
nnnmuxcn n hpcnafcnicfnc nauuonaninix ucnnocfcu. On ynonun
hpusnaku yhanka nonocnnix honufuucckux cun u fpynnocfu cosna-
nun nonix hpannmux koanuuuu u hifancn naufu hpocfpancfno
nnn yfncpxncnun qopmupykmuxcn cun c ncncnimu hpoipammamu,
no nnuxumix xcnanucm nannsafi cmcny hpannmcu honufuucckou
snufi, a fakxc nouncfnykmumu anfucouuanusmom. Oipanuucn-
nocfi qamucfckoio nnuxcnun ina cnnsana c cio ncchoconocfik
honyuufi honncpxky cpcnncu u mcnkou ypxyasuu us-sa nacuni-
cfncnnix mcfonon, uchonisonanmuxcn qamucfckumu ofpnnamu n
ux akuunx hpofun couuanucfon.
Ofo ofnomcnuc usmcnunoci n konuc 12O 121 i. 12O ion
cfan ionom, koina n Hfanuu ino ofmcucno nauonimcc uucno sa-
acfonok. Oipomniu cfpax, kofopiu hpoqcoksnoc nnuxcnuc u nc-
nic hapfuu nisinanu n hpcnhpunumafcnickux kpyiax, ykpchun
qamucfckoc nnuxcnuc (kofopoc, n cnok oucpcni, ycuncnno akucn-
fuponano cnou anfucouuanucfuucckuu xapakfcp). Iaspcmcnuc
xonuffu cufyauuu hyfcm akfunusauuu ncnfcninocfu hpcnhpun-
fuu mcfonamu, mupoko hpusnannimu n ucfopuu sa ux sqqckfun-
nocfi, nc ino nochpunnfo ux nnancniuamu u ypxyasnim mupom
c ncoxonumou hposopnunocfik. Hapacfanmuu iyn pcnonkuuu
ycunun hosuuuu fcx, kfo nicfyhan sa xccfokuc pchpcccuu.
amucfckoc nnuxcnuc nauano pacfu. Iio ofpnni, nicfyhan-
muc hpofun paouux u afpakon, qopmuponanuci n ioponax u n nc-
pcnnnx. Onu hpcnpafunuci n cncfckyk nnacfi, ocymccfnnnnmyk
pchpcccuu of umcnu hpcnhpunumafcncu. C honufuucckou fouku
spcnun ncnfcninocfi Mycconunu cuufanaci ohpannannou, ho-
ckoniky ypxyasnic hapfuu honaianu, ufo qamusm in nccio
numi oncsnik, kpafkou, no ncoxonumou. Io ux mncnuk, kpaf-
konpcmcnnoc hpumcncnuc pchpcccunnoio nacunun nonxno ino
cmniuufi cufyauuk, u qamucfi fakxc ninyxncni ynyf anahfu-
ponaficn k nacfyhunmcmy hopnnky. Hmcnno hosfomy qamucfckuc
kannunafi na niopax n mac 121 i. inu nknkucni n nauuo-
naniniu nok n kauccfnc hpcncfanufcncu ypxyasnoio hopnnka,
kofopiu onu hpusinanu ynuufoxufi u n samufnukon kofopoio
onu hpcnpafunuci. B nonpc 121 i. qamucfckoc nnuxcnuc cqop-
muponanoci n hapfuk. Mycconunu ynanoci cfoni uckycno u sq-
qckfunno mancnpuponafi n hapnamcnfc u n cfpanc, ufo n konuc
konuon on hpcncfan n kauccfnc cnuncfncnnoio ucnoncka, choco-
125
noio ycfpoufi Hfanuu chacufcninyk ncfpncky, kofopan, xofn u
ina i kpafkonpcmcnnou, hosnonuna i cfpanc niufu us nnu-
fcninoio hcpuona hocncnocnnoio xaoca u hpanufcnicfncnnou nc-
cfauninocfu. Couuanucfi nc cmoinu nocfafouno pcmufcnino
konfpafakonafi cio hosuuuu.
B okfnpc 122 i. hocnc mapma qamucfckux ofpnnon na Ium,
opianusonannoio hpu mnoiouucncnnix akfax hohycfufcnicfna co
cfoponi hpanufcnicfna, Mycconunu in yhonnomoucn koponcm
Bukfopom Ommanyunom III Canouckum cqopmuponafi hpanufcni-
cfno. nn Hfanuu nauunancn noniu ucfopuucckuu hcpuon, xofn u
nc ncc honnocfik ofnananu ccc n sfom ofucf. B camom ncnc, Myc-
conunu nosinannnn hapfuk, kofopan umcna n hanafc nchyfafon
foniko fpunuafi hpcncfanufcncu. Imy nyxno ino cosnafi ccc
aconkfnoc onimuncfno, u on nouncn sfoio, hpunnn ncchpancn-
nuniu maxopufapniu sakon u hponcnn safcm usupafcninyk kam-
hanuk n ocfanonkc sahyiunanun.
Iocnc niopon n nonpc 12J i., pcsynifafi kofopix honfncp-
nunu cio hpcnpcmcnnyk hocny, nonoc hpanufcnicfno ncfyhuno n
camiu fpynniu sfah cnocio cymccfnonanun. Mcfoni, uchonisonan-
nic qamucfamu no npcmn niopon, nosmyfunu kak ux honufuucckux
hpofunnukon, fak u mnoiux hpcncfanufcncu cumhafusuponanmux
um cun. Koina n uknc 124 i. in yuf nchyfaf-couuanucf xakomo
Maffcoffu, hpofccfonanmuu umcnno hpofun ncsakonnocfu pcsyni-
fafon niopon, Mycconunu nasinanu nunonnim n yuucfnc unu,
ho kpauncu mcpc, nnoxnonufcncm hpccfyhncnun. B fcucnuc hony-
iona cio honoxcnuc ocfananoci ncycfouuunim. B konuc 124 i.
cmy ynanoci nnoni honyuufi ncoxonumyk honncpxky u noncpuc
koponn. B nnnapc 125 i. on nauan ocymccfnnnfi pnn sakononafcni-
nix mcp, kofopic n hocncnykmcm hpcnpafnf ufaninnckoc nu-
cpaninoc iocynapcfno n anfopufapniu pcxum, a ncckoniko ncf
chycfn n nuunyk nukfafypy. Hfanun ina hcpnou us kpyhnix
cnpohcuckux cfpan, hcpcxunmux fakyk fpancqopmauuk.
Mycconunu, hpunn k nnacfu n Hfanuu, nc cpasy hponnun cnok
aipcccunnocfi n cqcpc mcxnynaponnou xusnu. Hauunan c 122 i.
on cfpcmuncn ynonncfnopufi nnc hofpcnocfu: hpcncfafi nnyfpu
cfpani kak honnunniu fnopcu ufaninnckoio ncnuuun u momu u
nouficn of npyiux ncpxan hpusnanun ponu Hfanuu n Inpohc u n
mupc. B 12J i. on hponcmoncfpuponan nconimou hpumcp cnocu
choconocfu nnocufi cchopnnok n mcxnynaponnyk xusni. Ho
mano kfo saxofcn hpunnfi nccpics cio ncucfnun. Bhpoucm, shuson
in ncsnauufcniniu, u moxno ino hpufnopuficn, ufo cio nc sa-
mcfunu.
126
B ofncf na yuucfno n aniycfc 12J i. ufaninnckoio icncpana
Onpuko Tcnnunu, nosinannnnmcio mcxnynaponnyk komuccuk skc-
hcpfon, yhonnomoucnnyk hponccfu ipanuuy mcxny Ipcuucu u
Ananucu, ufaninnckoc hpanufcnicfno ninnunyno ipcucckomy hpa-
nufcnicfny ynifumafym c ncpcaninimu ycnonunmu (umcnno fak,
hockoniky n ncm fpconanoci houmafi u ocynufi nunonnix sa nc-
ckoniko nncu). B kauccfnc nakasanun sa ncuscxnoc ncuchonnc-
nuc ipcucckou cfoponou ycnonuu ynifumafyma hocnc mopckou
omapnuponku, hpuncnmcu k onimomy uucny xcpfn, Mycconunu
ofnan hpukas okkyhuponafi ocfpon Kopqy, umcn n nuny, ufo sfa
okkyhauun co npcmcncm moxcf cfafi hocfonnnou, ccnu hosnonnf
ocfonfcnicfna. Mycconunu ncucfnonan hononim opasom, ho-
ckoniky, naxonnci y nnacfu mcncc iona, on nyxnancn n mymnix yc-
hcxax, honnumakmux cio hpccfux, kofopic nosnccfunu i Hfanuu
u nccmy mupy o honopofc, ocymccfnncnnom c hpuxonom k nnacfu
ynymcio nukfafopa.
B cnok oucpcni, ipcucckoc hpanufcnicfno, hofcphcnmcc hopa-
xcnuc of Typuuu, ofpcaiuponano nccima sncpiuuno, hcpcnan noh-
poc n Concf uiu Hauuu, kofopiu nonxcn in hpunnfi pcmcnuc
kak ho honony fpconanuu, concpxanmuxcn n ufaninnckom ynifu-
mafymc, fak u ho honony hpofccfon Ipcuuu. Ofo pcmcnuc, onnako,
nc ino hpunnfo, hockoniky Concf hpcnhoucn ofkasaficn of cnocu
komhcfcnuuu n sfom nohpocc, coufn, ufo nannyk hponcmy hpcxnc
nccio nonxna ina ocynufi konqcpcnuun hocnon, fo ccfi opian,
cosnanniu ncpxanamu Anfanfi nnn konfponn sa hpakfuucckum
uchonncnucm mupnix noionopon cio yhonnomoucnnim u in
icncpan Tcnnunu. Ofkas of pcanusauuu cocfncnnix honnomouuu
ofpaxan cufyauuk, cknaninanmykcn n mcxnynaponno-hpanonom
hnanc. Mycconunu hpcnyhpcnun npyiux uncnon Concfa, ufo n cny-
uac, ccnu onu ynyf ocyxnafi nohpoc o hpofccfc Ipcuuu, Hfanun
moxcf naxc niufu us uiu Hauuu. B fo xc npcmn panuun, n o-
mcn na honncpxky, honyucnnyk of Hfanuu no npcmn okkyhauuu
Iypa, hpcnnoxuna n kauccfnc nixona kpunuucckuu komhpomucc.
Onnako sfof komhpomucc nc cnyxun onancxunakmum cumhfomom
ofnocufcnino sqqckfunnocfu uiu Hauuu n nihonncnuu sanau,
hocfanncnnix hcpcn ncu Ycfanom. B fo xc npcmn sfo in ynpyuak-
muu cumhfom n ofnomcnuu honuuncnun unfcpccon nccomcio
mupa u mcxnynaponnoio hpana hofpcnocfnm ncpxannou honufuku.
Hccmofpn na fpcnoxniu cumhfom kpusuca nokpyi Kopqy u
fou ipyou honcmuku, hocpcncfnom kofopou Mycconunu n konuc
124 i. homoi Hcmcpncny hponanufi hpockf Zcncnckoio hpofoko-
na, honiofonncnnoio Oppuo u Maknonaninom, n ufaninnckou nncm-
ncu honufukc n fcucnuc ncckonikux ncf, kasanoci, hpconanano
127
cfpcmncnuc chococfnonafi noccfanonncnuk nopmaninoio knumafa
n Inpohc. Onnako hpu oncc nnumafcninom paccmofpcnuu sa ha-
uuqusmom Mycconunu c camoio nauana ckpinanoci nnynuuuc u
ouni, nc ofnuuanmuccn of fcx, ufo uchifinanu npyiuc cnpohcu-
ckuc cfpani. Onnako qamucfckuu noxni namcpcnancn kak moxno
ckopcc nuuficn ux pcanusauuu na hpakfukc. Inannoc n cio nnynu-
uuu cocfonno n aconkfnou cnoonc niopa cpcncfn, c homomik
kofopix moxno ino nocfuinyfi ykpchncnun umhcpckux hosuuuu
Hfanuu u cc hosuuuu n Cpcnuscmnomopic u na Iankanax.
Mycconunu paccyxnan n kafciopunx uucfo ncpxannou honufu-
ku u nc samcfun, sa ucknkucnucm pasnc ufo pycckoio nohpoca,
macmfaa hpoucxonunmux usmcncnuu. Iio inyouauman nchpu-
nsni k Bunicony, cqopmuponanmancn no npcmn kpusuca 11 i.
nokpyi uymc, hcpcpocna n hcuxonoiuucckom hnanc n ccpicsnic
safpynncnun, nc hosnonnnmuc cmy paccmafpunafi Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi unauc, ucm qunanconyk ncpxany, hpcncpcian hpu sfom ux
honufuucckum hofcnuuanom. Iosfomy cio nuhnomafuucckan cfpa-
fciun asuponanaci na honchynnom hpofunohocfanncnuu n cnpo-
hcuckou xusnu cun, cfpcmnmuxcn k hopnnky, u cun, cfpcmnmuxcn
k hcpcmcnam. On niupan nnn Hfanuu hosuuuk n sanucumocfu of
ocfonfcnicfn, a nc na ocnonc hocfonnnoio u hponymannoio sa-
micna. o fcx hop, hoka cufyauun n Inpohc konfponuponanaci
ncpxanamu-hocnufcninuuamu, cio cnoona mancnpa ocfananaci
oipanuucnnou. Onnako choco, kakum on hcpcmcn c hpoqpanuysckou
hosuuuu 12J124 ii. k hpoaninuuckou n 12412 ii. (sa ucknk-
ucnucm hcpuonon kpafkonpcmcnnix pasnoinacuu) hpcnnocxuman
ncnancxnocfi cio onsafcnicfn.
Bcponfno, nnn aninuuckou nuhnomafuu moina ifi honcsnou
nosmoxnocfi paccuufinafi na cuny, kofopan n Inpohc u n Cpcnu-
scmnomopic hpofunocfonna qpanuysckou icicmonuu. Onnako, of-
nnckanci of fakou fpakfonku, cncnycf yuufinafi, ufo cymccfnonana
ohpcncncnnan nahpanncnnocfi ufaninnckou honufuku, a umcnno
cknonnocfi k cchpunuuhnocfu, kofopan nohnofuna n ccc nck
xpyhkocfi unnksopnix hpcncfanncnuu ofnocufcnino nopmanusa-
uuu cnpohcuckou cufyauuu. Bhpoucm, ufaninnckan honufuka na
Iankanckom honyocfponc u n onacfu mopckoio pasopyxcnun numi
honfncpxnana sfu fcnncnuuu. H, cncnonafcnino, n camou cnaou
us ncpxan-hocnufcninuu hpouccc noccfanonncnun ocymccfnnnncn
nonimu mcfonamu, cohponoxnanmumucn nospoxncnucm cfapix
amuuuu, kofopic yfncpxnanuci, onnako, c nonou sncpiucu u kofo-
pic ofpacinanu snoncmyk fcni na ncc fo, ufo hpousomno hosnncc,
koina ocfonfcnicfna usmcnunuci.
2.(. CDmnc cccDacnn
2.(.(. LH,JHAFC,HAH HHAHCCDAH CHCTLA
Ha hcpniu nsinnn, skonomuucckan nchpcccun, nauanmancn
kpaxom na Hik-Hopkckou qonnonou upxu 24 okfnpn 12 i. u
nocfuiman kynimunauuu n Inpohc n 1J2 i., a safcm hocfchcnno
ycfyhunman mccfo hontcmy skonomuku, ho-pasnomy hpofckanmcmy
n pasnuunix cfpanax u hpononxanmcmycn no Bfopou muponou
nouni, hpofunopcuuf ofmcucnnou n hpcninymcu inanc choconoc-
fu mcxnynaponnou qunanconou cucfcmi yhpannnfi muponou sko-
nomukou naionapn inyokomy honumanuk hpofaionucfamu sfou
cucfcmi ocnonnix hponcm u ux honufuucckux nsaumocnnscu.
Kpomc foio, skonomuucckan nchpcccun fpcycf oncc founoio oh-
pcncncnun ipanuui mcxny hponcmamu qunancon u hpousnoncfna
u mcxnynaponnou honufuucckou xusnik. Hnimu cnonamu, ona
cfanuf sanauy ycfanonncnun hpuuunno-cncncfncnnix nsaumocnnscu
mcxny pasnuunimu sncmcnfamu mcxnynaponnou xusnu. B uacfno-
cfu, fpcycfcn nafi ofncf na nohpoc, nconnokpafno cfanunmuucn n
ucfopuoipaquu, ofnocufcnino cnnsu mcxny konnahcom muponou
skonomuucckou cucfcmi u honufuucckumu hpoucccamu hpoucxox-
ncnun Bfopou muponou nouni.
cucfnufcnino, n honxonc k skonomuucckomy kpusucy nco-
xonumo, n uacfnocfu, uscxafi cnumkom cxcmafuunou u hpnmo-
nuncunou fpakfonku cnnsu mcxny skonomuucckumu qakfamu u
honufuucckumu achckfamu mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu. Moncni
pinounou skonomuucckou cucfcmi nocxonuf k hcpuony hpomim-
ncnnou pcnonkuuu. Ona honyuuna sakonucnniu nun n XIX nckc,
koina sfo honnfuc cfano conhanafi c honnfucm kahufanucfuucckou
skonomuku. Onnako honnoc conmcmcnuc sfux honnfuu nc ino
nosmoxno nukoina, hockoniky hcpnoc ncnano akucnf na cymccfno-
nanuu pinka kak pciynupykmcio sncmcnfa skonomuucckou xusnu,
a nfopoc na nakohncnuu kahufana n kauccfnc xapakfcpnou ucp-
fi, uacfo hpcnanupykmcu nan kafciopunmu pinounou skonomuku,
1naBa B:ca
BLnHKAh LHPLCCHh
H HLPBMH KPH3HC
BLPCAnBCKOH CHCTLNM
xofn u nocxonnmcu k hpomnim nckam. Icpnan muponan nouna ni-
nnuna pasnoio pona hpofunopcuun u hponcmi, kofopic cncnonano
pcmafi, nnoni opamanci k num kak k ohify, honncxamcmy pac-
cmofpcnuk u uchpanncnuk, no nc honnomy ofpuuanuk.
Xofn choco ncucfnuu cosnafcncu Bcpcanickou cucfcmi nohyc-
kan kpufuucckuu ananus kak c honufuucckou, fak u c skonomuucc-
kou fouku spcnun, pcsynifafi fakoio ananusa nc moinu ifi hnonom
pasmimncnuu onnoio unu ncckonikux fcopcfukon cucfcmi. Ofo
moino ifi ncpnim n ofnomcnuu anfukahufanucfuucckux konuch-
uuu, ninonunmux us kpufuku skonomuucckou cucfcmi pnn cytck-
funnix hpcnnoxcnuu n honisy cosnanun npyiou, uacfuuno unu pa-
nukanino monuquuuponannou, cucfcmi. Ipu sfom nc omymanaci
ncoxonumocfi u priori hpononufi cpanncnuc c npyiumu nnncnun-
mu, kpomc hponnunmuxcn n skonomuucckou xusnu hocncnnux ncf.
cnfcnu, kofopic hocnc 11 i. nonxni inu n pamkax cymccfnyk-
mcu cucfcmi ofncuafi na nisoni npcmcnu, fo ccfi na hcpuonu-
uccku nosnukanmuc hponcmi, nc moinu umcfi n cnocm pachopn-
xcnuu naopa yxc ohpoonannix cpcncfn, hockoniky hponcmi
inu nonimu, a iofonix pcuchfon ux pcmcnun nc cymccfnonano.
Hnimu cnonamu, muponan qunanconan cucfcma yhpannnnaci
kpyhnimu uacfnimu ankupamu, pykononufcnnmu nauoncc snauu-
fcninix iocynapcfncnnix ankon, munucfpamu qunancon ncnymux
ncpxan, kofopic nhcpnic okasanuci hcpcn ncoxonumocfik pcaiu-
ponafi na inoaniniu nison, nc onanan hponcpcnnimu chocoa-
mu ncucnun. Inan aysca unuuuuponan hpouccc kpafkocpounoio
osnoponncnun skonomuku. B nauanc 12 i., iona okonuanun cio
ncucfnun, nukfo nc moi hpcnycmofpcfi, yncf nu sfo npcmcnnoc
cpcncfno sqqckfunnim fakxc u c fouku spcnun cfpykfypi n uc-
nom u pcmuf nu nonic hponcmi, kofopic ocfanuna n nacncncfno
nouna, a onu noncc nc oipanuuunanuci foniko nohpocamu nonion u
pchapauuu. Bohpcku onnocfoponnum unfcphpcfauunm, onimc
nccio n sfou cufyauuu hopaxacf ncchoconocfi coinaconafi n cno-
ux pcmcnunx qunancono-skonomuucckuc achckfi c honufuuccku-
mu, ncchoconocfi hpcncfanufcncu ncnonix kpyion nochpunumafi
nonic hponcmi unu xc ux mcnncnnan anahfauun k nonim ocfon-
fcnicfnam, a fakxc choconocfi honufukon hpunyminafi kpu-
sucnic cufyauuu.
nn foio, ufoi hpunccfu nckofopic hpumcpi fakux hpofunopc-
uuu, nocfafouno nchomnufi, ufo qunanconan cucfcma sanyminanaci
kak ncsanucuman, n fo npcmn kak fopionan cucfcma qopmuponanaci
co ncc onimumu fpynnocfnmu. Toniko aninuuanc u foniko no
1J1 i. hocncnonafcnino hpuncpxunanuci hpunuuhon cnoonnou
fopionnu. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, cncnanmuc hpunuuhi cnoonnou
12 1naBa 2. Dcnna cncccn n ncBn nsnc...
1JO
fopionnu hpu Buniconc cnoum snamcncm, samumanu cnou pinok
nicokumu fapuqamu, u xofn mcxnynaponnan skonomuucckan kon-
qcpcnuun, cosnannan uiou Hauuu n Zcncnc n 127 i., pckomcn-
nonana hpuocfanonufi ux ncucfnuc, n 1JO i. sakonom XonuCmyfa
(SmootIHawIcy TarIII Act) onu nncnu ynifpahpofckuuonucfckuc
fapuqi, ckohuponannic n fo xc camoc npcmn cnpohcuckumu cfpa-
namu u Shonucu. Onnako camou cnoxnou ina cufyauun n Ancf-
puu u n npyiux nnoni opasonanmuxcn cfpanax. Onu nonxni inu
nokasafi u nnyfpu cnocu cfpani u nncmncmy mupy cnok skonomu-
ucckyk camocfonfcninocfi, no cncnafi sfo um ynanoci foniko c
homomik xccfouaumcu hpofckuuonucfckou honufuku.
2.(.2. HLCCCTCHDLHHCH CTDLT
HA AHTHAHHTAHHCTHHLCHH DL5CD
na npyiux xapakfcpnix nnncnun fcx ncf cocfonnu n icfpom
usmcncnuu couuaninou cfpykfypi n ofncninix ofpacnnx hpous-
noncfna, cnnsannom c pcopianusauucu mcxanusuponannoio fpyna, u
n omcu ncohpcncncnnocfu ofnomcnuu mcxny couuaninimu knac-
camu. B 12212J ii. cfpax hcpcn ncmunycmou pcnonkuucu ycfy-
hun mccfo noccfanonncnuk konfponn hpannmux kpyion sa cufya-
uucu c homomik fpanuuuonnix uncfpymcnfon unu xc hpucian k
anfopufapusmy. Onnako, koina ucucs cfpax, ocfanaci inannan hpo-
ncma, a umcnno nc in nan onnosnauniu ofncf na nohpoc, ho-
cfanncnniu kpusucom, o nsaumocnnsu mcxny hpanufcnicfnamu u
macconim omccfnom. Cfano oucnunno, ufo camu macci nc xofcnu
pcnonkuuu u inu nc n cocfonnuu cc ocymccfnufi; no ino fakxc
oucnunno u fo, ufo onu nc ynonncfnopnnuci nosnpamcnucm k nonocn-
nomy honoxcnuk skchnyafupycmix, u ufo ux ncnosmoxno hoynufi
saifi o cnoux cocfncnnix unfcpccax no umn nicmcio nauuo-
naninoio unfcpcca, kak sfo hpoucxonuno no npcmn nouni. Hscxafi
cfonknoncnun knaccon ino nosmoxno, no ucnou ocymccfnncnun
pcqopmucfckou honufuku hponusannou hafcpnanusmom n anfo-
pufapnix pcxumax unu xc coinaconannou c couuanucfuucckumu
cunamu, kak sfo hpoucxonuno no panuuu u n Bcnukopufanuu,
nccmofpn na sncmcnfi ocfpix nnyfpcnnux hpofunopcuuu, cohpo-
noxnanmux hpouccci hononou hcpccfpouku. Hnimu cnonamu,
kakum i nu in honufuucckuu pcxum, nosnukmuu n pcsynifafc
hocncnocnnoio kpusuca, honufuucckuc u skonomuucckuc ncucfnun
nccx hpanufcnicfn mupa oycnonnunanuci ncoxonumocfik ho-no-
nomy ohpcncnnfi ofnomcnun c couuaninimu knaccamu.
onom nccx sfux hpoucccon u nccnfi ncf chycfn hocnc nouni
hpononxano ocfanaficn ncc cmc coxpannkmcccn cohcpnuuccfno
1J1
nnyx ncpxan: panuuu u Icpmanuu. Ohoxa Ipuana u Ufpcscmana
ucucphana ccn, hpuncnn k nckofopim honcpxnocfnim usmcncnu-
nm, cinanunmum ocfpic yini, no nc ycfpanunmum inyunnic
hpuuuni npaxncnocfu. A posreriori fpynno pasopaficn, in nu
ohfumusm nfopou hononuni nnanuafix ionon hnonom naunnocfu,
hpocfonymun, nopou nonu fcx, kfo oipanuuunancn hocfpocnucm
cnonccnix koncfpykuuu, unu xc sfo in pcsynifaf nsaumnoio u
cosnafcninoio omana, nahpanncnnoio na fo, ufoi ofnoxufi hon-
ncncnuc ufoion no foio momcnfa, koina xcpfni, foniko ufo hpunc-
ccnnic nounc, ofounyf n hpomnoc n cosnanuu nkncu u nnoni cfa-
ncf nosmoxnim honnncnuc cfapoio u nonoio nauuonanusma n cfapou
u nonou Inpohc. Onnako n ucnom sfu ucpfi mcxnynaponnou xusnu
hpchnfcfnonanu fomy, ufoi pasmimncnun o muponix hponcmax
n kafciopunx pauuonanusauuu yhpanncnun inoaninimu qunanca-
mu, cfonknynuci i c pcaninocfik, hpohufannou ounamu, hpcna-
nupykmumu nan cfpoiou pauuonaninocfik u hopoxnakmumu kon-
qnukfi.
Ipcxnc ucm konkpcfno ananusuponafi honufuucckoc snaucnuc
skonomuucckoio kpusuca 121J2 ii. cncnycf yuccfi sfu ocnono-
honaiakmuc momcnfi. B camom ncnc, onu ncmoncfpupykf ncnos-
moxnocfi nuqqcpcnuuauuu pasnuunix hpockfon pasnufun mcxny-
naponnix ofnomcnuu. Cncnonafcnino, ucxonn us ohifa hcpnoio
hocncnocnnoio nccnfuncfun, ncnisn nc yuufinafi nsaumoncucfnuc
mcxny pasnuunimu achckfamu honufuku, hpononumou kaxnim of-
ncninim hpanufcnicfnom.
2.2. nnanccBn nsnc n nsnc ncnsBcc:Ba
2.2.(. FAX HA JCHH-CTFHT
24 okfnpn 12 i. na qonnonou upxc na Yonn-cfpuf n Hik-
Hopkc pasnancn hcpniu ccpicsniu cuinan fpcnoiu: 1J mnn. akuuu
inu hponani ho pckopnno nuskum ucnam. Ofo ino foniko na-
uano. Hcpnim nfopnukom amcpukanckou qonnonou upxu cfano
2 okfnpn, koina hocnc ncncnu nchpckpamanmciocn hancnun cfo-
umocfu akuuu ino hponano cmc 16 munnuonon. Hccmofpn na nc-
kofopic momcnfi ynyumcnun cufyauuu, hancnuc cfoumocfu akuuu
hpononxanoci na hpofnxcnuu nccio nonpn, safcm ocfanonunoci
hpunusufcnino na ion u hpononxanoci houfu csocfanonouno,
nocfuinyn munumaninoio snaucnun n uknc 1J2 i. umi n 1J6 i.
cfoumocfi akuuu honnnnaci no nokpusucnoio yponnn. B 1J2 i.
cpcnnuc kofuponku ocnonnix muponix upx cnusunuci na ncnu-
uuny of fpcfu no ucfncpfu ho cpanncnuk c yponncm 127 i., u cs
1naBa 2. Dcnna cncccn n ncBn nsnc...
1J2
foio nuskum. Bnauanc kpusuc cosnanan nhcuafncnuc upxcnoio
kpusuca, cnnsannoio hpcxnc nccio c axuofaxnimu chckynnuunmu,
uckyccfncnno nisnanmumu honimcnuc ucn, c usnumncu ponik
fpccfon u unnccfuuuonnix komhanuu n amcpukanckou qunanconou
xusnu, ufo yncnuuunano nonk kahufana, honncpxcnnoio pucky, u
cmcmunano conunnic hpcnhpunfun c ananfkpnimu. Kpcnufnic
yxccfoucnun ninnunu hcpchpousnoncfno fonapon (anfomouncu,
hponykuuu cfpoufcninou ofpacnu), a fakxc ccpicsnic fpynnocfu,
cnnsannic c hancnucm ucn na ccnickoxosnucfncnnic u hponononi-
cfncnnic fonapi, fakuc kak scpno, xnohok u mnco, cocfannnnmuc
inannic cfafiu n amcpukanckom hponononicfncnnom skchopfc, u
safpaiunanmuc iocynapcfna, fpanuuuonno naxnic nnn amcpukan-
ckou skonomuku.
Icspaofuua nospocna no 1 mnn 6OO fic. ucnonck, ufo cmc nc
nnnnnoci fpcnoxnim hpusnakom, n fom uucnc u hofomy, ufo up-
xcnou kpusuc nc hpuncn ncmcnncnno k kpaxy hpousnoncfncnnou
ncnfcninocfu. Hahpofun, ona nocfuina n ucnom n 12 i. oncc ni-
cokoio ho cpanncnuk c unnckcom 11J i. (nsnfim sa 1OO) unnckca
18O, O8 hynkfon, a n 1JO i. unnckc hpousnoncfna ocfanancn cmc
nocfafouno nicokum 148. B ohpcncncnnom cmicnc, umcnno uc-
kyccfncnniu pocf hpousnoncfna n 12 i. yncnuuun macmfa kafa-
cfpoqi, koina hpousnoncfno cnusunoci n 1J2 i. nuxc yponnn,
nsnfoio n kauccfnc hapamcfpa, no unnckca J,7.
2.2.2. HCCHL,CTDHH ,HH LDFCHL
Icnu i amcpukanckuu upxcnou kpusuc ocfancn oipanuucn-
nim Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, fo, ncponfno, on pasnunancn i n
pamkax uuknuucckoio, a nc cfpykfypnoio kpusuca. Onnako, on ho-
nnunn na cufyauuk n Inpohc, n kofopou ncckoniko mccnucn chyc-
fn hocnc kpaxa na Yonn-cfpuf nauanu hponnnnficn hpusnaku yxyn-
mcnun cufyauuu. B Icpmanuu hpuocfanonka hofoka noniocpounix
kpcnufon us Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, cnnsannan c pocfom n 128 i. u
n hcpnou hononunc 12 i. kofuponok na Hik-Hopkckou upxc u,
coofncfcfncnno, c mcnimcu cknonnocfik amcpukanckux qunancu-
cfon k unnccfuuunm sa ipanuucu, hpuncna k pcskomy unqnnuuon-
nomy ckauky u kpusucy hpousnoncfna. B 1J2 i. uucno ncmcukux
cspaofnix nocfuino houfu 6 mnn ucnonck (onimc amcpukanckoio
yponnn), ufo cocfannnno okono hononuni nccx nacmnix paouux.
Cnnsi mcxny hpckpamcnucm kpcnufonanun u cspaofuucu
oucni naxna. Ionufuucckuc hocncncfnun inu ncuscxnimu, uo
nnoni nospoxnanuci cfpaxu u ncnononicfno, xapakfcpnic nnn 12J i.
Koina pocf hocouu, nihnauunacmix cspaofnim, hpuncn k fpyn-
1JJ
nocfnm n cucfcmc couuaninoio occhcucnun, cymccfnonanmcu nnn
hpcononcnun kpusucnix momcnfon, kanuncp Ipknuni u munucfp
qunancon kfcp nauanu hpononufi ncqnnuuonnyk honufuky, nu-
munmyk ux honncpxku couuanucfon. B fcucnuc ncckonikux mccn-
ucn Ipknuni yhpannnn hocpcncfnom nckpcfon, safcm on hohifancn
ooufu pacfymyk ohhosuuuk n pcuxcfaic, nasnauun na ccnfnpi
1JO i. nonic niopi. Icsynifaf okasancn occhokaunakmum, ho-
ckoniky nauucfckan hapfun Anoniqa Iufncpa, kofopan no foio mo-
mcnfa umcna ncsnauufcninoc hpcncfanufcnicfno, honyuuna oncc
ucm 1OO mccf. Coucfanuc nauuonanusma c skonomuucckum kpusu-
com nano cnou hcpniu pcsynifaf. Ipknuni hifancn naufu nixon c
homomik hponcncnun oncc nunamuunou nncmncu honufuku, nc
nounmuci nukakoio ychcxa, no nanccn hpu sfom ccpicsniu ymcp
qunanconou cqcpc, hockoniky unocfpannic anku u, n ococnnocfu,
amcpukanckuc, hochcmno nincnu cnou kahufani, nnoxcnnic n
skonomuky Icpmanuu u Ancfpuu.
Iifanci cosnafi famoxcnniu coks nnyx cfpan, Ipknuni foni-
ko nsynopaxun ux, nounmuci pocfa ncnoncpun k namcpcnunm
ncmucn. pyiou cuinan in hocnan honyhponanom sauma, hpcnoc-
fanncnnoio ho hnany Knia.
B Bcnukopufanuu kpusuc xapakfcpusonancn cspaofuucu,
nnunmcucn cncncfnucm cnuxcnun konkypcnfochoconocfu pufan-
ckux fonapon n pcsynifafc uckyccfncnno sanimcnnoio kypca qynfa
cfcpnunion. Tof xc camiu qcnomcn in xapakfcpcn nnn Hfanuu
kak cncncfnuc honufuku knofi O, nncncnou Mycconunu. cfom
1JO i. pnn ufaninnckux ankon cfonknyncn c ccpicsnimu fpynno-
cfnmu, ninynunmumu hpanufcnicfno u Iank Hfanuu ocymccfnufi
mcpi ho nmcmafcnicfny, coxpannnmuccn n cckpcfc (u, cncnona-
fcnino, nc honnunnmuc na omccfncnnic nacfpocnun), n pcsynifafc
kofopix in sahymcn mcxanusm chaccnun cnauana ankon, a safcm
hpomimncnnocfu, nanmuu nhocncncfnuu xusni Hncfufyfy hpo-
mimncnnou pckoncfpykuuu (IKI).
B fcucnuc 1JO i. amcpukanckuu kpusuc nauan, cncnonafcnino,
ckasinaficn na cfpanax Inpohi, nc hponnnnnci, onnako, n moku-
pykmux qopmax (sa ucknkucnucm Icpmanuu). Hmcnno cfpcmu-
fcninoc pasnufuc cufyauuu n Ancfpuu nnoni hocfanuno sfof noh-
poc u hpuncno k hponnncnuk nchocpcncfncnnou u oucnunnou cnnsu
mcxny honoxcnucm n Inpohc u Amcpukc, cncnn na ncf uacfuunoc
noccfanonncnuc skonomuku ho fy cfopony Afnanfuku n konuc
1JO nauanc 1J1 i.
Ancfpuuckan skonomuka fak u nc ohpanunaci of ynapon, nanc-
ccnnix honufuucckum ypciynuponanucm n ynaucko-Iankanckom
pciuonc ho Ccn-Zcpmcnckomy noionopy, u nc noccfanonuna cho-
1J4
conocfi cymccfnonafi anfonomno. B Ancfpuu skonomuucckan cuc-
fcma ocnoninanaci na fccnix cnnsnx mcxny ankamu u hpomim-
ncnnocfik, hosnonnnmux ocymccfnnnfi nnuxcnuc kahufanon, nc-
oxonumoc nnn unnccfuuuu. C yfpafou fcppufopuu umhcpuu u, n
ococnnocfu, hopfa Tpuccf u pauona Cyncf, nauoncc niionnix
nnn ancfpuuckou hpomimncnnocfu, soni fopionnu okasanuci ofo-
pnannimu of hpousnonufcncu, cfankunanmuxcn c hocfonnnimu
fpynnocfnmu u hcpcxunmumu cymccfncnnoc cokpamcnuc paoucu
cuni. Icspaofuua no momcnfa kpusuca koncanaci n nuahasonc
1O15' paoucu cuni; nckofopic hpomimncnnic hpcnhpunfun
inu ninyxncni ycfyhufi ucnnic ymaiu, cfoumocfi kofopix
hanana, ankam, okasanmumcn opcmcncnnimu sfumu onsafcni-
cfnamu. Toniko saumi, hpcnocfanncnnic uiou Hauuu, cosnananu
munumaniniu sasop n sfux skonomuucckux fuckax.
Inannim ancfpuuckum ankom in Kpcnufcnmfanif, otcnu-
nunmuu hon cnoum konfponcm pnn nconimux ankon. On honyuun
of nux n kauccfnc nsnoca hpomimncnnic akuuu, hpunocunmuc
onimc hofcpi, ucm hpuincu. Koina n mac 1J1 i. pykononcfno
anka okasanoci hcpcn ncoxonumocfik hponcpufi cocfonnuc cno-
ux qunancon, fo nincnunoci, ufo haccuni hpcnimanu akfuni, a
sfo ncno k kpaxy. 3afcm hocncnonanu hohifku chaccnun, kak nnyf-
pu cfpani, fak u usnnc, fccno cnnsannic c honcmukou ho honony
ancfpo-icpmanckoio famoxcnnoio coksa, kofopiu hifanuci co-
snafi u ofkasom of kofopoio qpanuysi oycnonunu cnoc nmcma-
fcnicfno. Toniko n aniycfc uic Hauuu ynanoci copafi cymmy n
25O mnn ancfpuuckux munnunion, n pcsynifafc ucio ancfpuuckan
qunanconan xusni ina hpakfuuccku hocfanncna hon unocfpanniu
konfponi fak, kak ynfo i pcui mna o hpofckfopafc. Tcm npcmc-
ncm cnyuunoci camoc xynmcc. Hs ancfpuuckoio anka u us Ancfpuu
nincnu kahufani ncc fc, kfo moi sfo cncnafi (kak ancfpuuui, fak u
unocfpanui), hpuncnn n nnuxcnuc nonny hanuku, oxnafunmcu ncci
mup, sa ucknkucnucm Concfckoio Coksa, ocymccfnnnnmcio n uso-
nnuuu cnou hcpniu hnfuncfnuu hnan (1281J2 ii.). Kpusuc, no
foio nnnnnmuucn foniko amcpukanckum u numi uacfuuno cnpo-
hcuckum, hpcnpamancn n ncnukyk muponyk nchpcccuk, momniu
ynap nnn nccu qunanconou cucfcmi, nacfoniko cuniniu, ufo hpu-
xonunoci comncnaficn n camou nosmoxnocfu cc nixunanun.
cfom 1J1 i., n fo npcmn kak hpoucxonunu hohifku chacfu
Kpcnufcnmfanif, ncci mcxanusm, cnnsanniu c pchapauunmu u
mcxcoksnuucckumu noniamu, okasancn sanokuponannim. Inafc-
xu inu hpckpamcni, unnccfuuuu u hcpcmcmcnuc kahufanon ha-
panusonano, anku onun sa npyium fcphcnu kpax. B Amcpukc qu-
nanconiu kpusuc hcpcpoc n skonomuucckuu kpusuc.
1J5
Iocnc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, Icpmanuu, Hfanuu u Ancfpuu
nacfana oucpcni Bcnukopufanuu. Tof qakf, ufo coxpannncn so-
nofou cfannapf (UolJ runJurJ) qynfa cfcpnunion, ncuscxno
hpuncn k nahpnxcnnocfu n qunanconou cqcpc, hockoniky hofcn-
uuanino pufanckan nankfa cfanonunaci nankfou-hpucxumcm.
B pcaninocfu qynf cfcpnunion in hcpcoucncn ho ofnomcnuk k
cnocu hokyhafcninou choconocfu na muponom pinkc, a sonofou
cfannapf in cnnsan co cfauninocfik muponou skonomuucckou
cufyauuu. Iacfyman nahpnxcnnocfi onaxuna xpyhkocfi pufan-
ckou qunanconou cucfcmi. 3onofic pcscpni u nankfa Aninuuckoio
anka cokpafunuci no oncc ucm puckonannoio hpcncna. Tomy, kfo
hpcfcnnonan na hponcncnuc honufuku inoaninoio nankfno-qu-
nanconoio hpcnocxoncfna, ncofkyna ino xnafi homomu.
Aninuuckoc hpanufcnicfno, nncpcnnoc n fof momcnf Iamcck
Maknonaniny, nosinannnnmcmy koanuuuk nauuonaninoio cnuncfna,
ino ninyxncno 21 ccnfnpn ofkasaficn of sonofoio cfannapfa,
ufo nisnano occucnunanuc nccx nankf, cnnsannix c pufanckou:
nankf cfpan Conpyxccfna, Ccncpnou Inpohi, uacfu Hcnfpaninou
u Cpcnuscmnomopckou Inpohi, afunckou Amcpuku. B omcu
cnoxnocfu pufanckomy hpumcpy hocncnonanu 25 nankf, ufo oka-
sanoci haiynim u nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, ncc cmc hpunnsan-
nix k sonofomy cfannapfy. Macci onanafcncu nonnapon hochc-
munu hofpconafi ux omcna na sonofo, ufo n ufoic cosnano fpyn-
nocfu nnn cncpaninoio pcscpnnoio anka Hik-Hopka (IcdcraI
Kcscrvc BanI), ninyxncnnoio sa ncckoniko nncu hocfchcnno hon-
nnfi yucfnyk cfanky c 1,5 no J,5'. Iochcmnan konncpfauun non-
napon n sonofo ncmcnncnno ckasanaci u na amcpukanckux ucnax,
kofopic, nc ynyuu ncnaninuponani, minoncnno hpuncnu k fpyn-
nocfnm n cnnsu c fopionou konkypcnuucu na muponom pinkc, nc-
cmofpn na hpofckuuonucfckuc mcpi, ycfanonncnnic n 1JO i. sa-
konom XaynuCmyfa.
2.2.. ALFHAHCHH CTDLT
Hnnksun ofnocufcnino foio, ufo xynmuu momcnf kpusuca 12 i.
hpomcn, ina xccfoko ynuufoxcna. Muponan skonomuka u, n uacf-
nocfu, amcpukanckan, kocnynaci nna. B Cocnuncnnix Ufafax un-
nckc hpousnoncfna cocfannnn n 1J2 i. J,7 (sa fouky ofcucfa c-
pcfcn ho-hpcxncmy 11J i.), ufo cocfannnno hononuny unnckca
12 i., ucni n ccnickom xosnucfnc nocfuinu camoio nuskoio ypon-
nn; cspaofuua nospocna no 12 mnn ucnonck. Bamunifonckan an-
munucfpauun, nosinannnnmancn hpcsuncnfom Icpcpfom Iyncpom,
hifanaci hpofunocfonfi kpusucy c homomik pnna mcp, no nc no-
1J6
unaci omyfumix pcsynifafon. Ha niopax 1J2 i. on hofcphcn
hopaxcnuc of panknuna . Iysncnifa, kofopiu nnoni hpuncn k
nnacfu ncmokpafuucckyk hapfuk, no kofopomy nc ynanoci cpasy
xc ocymccfnufi honopof. Iontcm skonomuku c fpynom nauancn
hocnc ofkasa fakxc u co cfoponi Cocnuncnnix Ufafon of sono-
foio cfannapfa u nauana hponcncnun honufuku nonoio kypca.
Onnako foniko n hcpuon Bfopou muponou nouni inu okonua-
fcnino cfcpfi cncni hcpcxufoio hofpnccnun.
Honiu kypc in coucfanucm honufuku iocynapcfncnnoio
nmcmafcnicfna kcuncuanckoio opasua u couuaninix mcp, nahpan-
ncnnix na onciucnuc honoxcnun camix ocsnoncnnix c iymanu-
fapnou fouku spcnun cnocn. On ofncuan fakxc oxunanunm hpoq-
cokson, kofopic n fc ioni nocfuinu nauonimcio nnunnun. Takum
opasom in hocfchcnno sahymcn hpousnoncfncnniu mcxanusm,
xofn, nhpoucm, mup amcpukanckux qunancucfon noncc nc in
cknoncn honncpxunafi fy cmcci pcqopmusma u ocfopoxnocfu, ufo
ncxana n ocnonc pysncnifonckou hpannmcu koanuuuu.
Baxno, onnako, samcfufi n nannom cnyuac, ufo n camiu npama-
fuuniu momcnf kpusuca mcxnynaponnic coinaconanun ho nunu-
mocfu cfanu oncc uacfimu, n fo npcmn kak n pcaninocfu kaxnan
cfpana cfapanaci naufu nnyfpcnnuc pccypci nnn hpcononcnun kpu-
suca u coofncfcfnykmuc pcuchfi. B uknc 1JJ i. uia Hauuu
hpcnhpunnna hocncnnuc ycunun, u naxc c yuacfucm Concfckoio Cok-
sa, u cosnana mcxnynaponnyk qunancono-skonomuucckyk konqc-
pcnuuk, kofopan nonxna ina hcpccfpoufi nankfno-qunanconyk
cucfcmy n coofncfcfnuu c sonofim concpxanucm pasnuunix nankf.
Onnako Iysncnif ofhpanun n Zcncny onnosnaunoc hocnanuc:
Ipounocfi nnyfpcnncu skonomuucckou cufyauuu iocynapcfna, a
nc cfoumocfi cio nankfi, ionopun on, nnnncfcn camim naxnim
sncmcnfom naiococfonnun... Cfapic qcfumu mcxnynaponnix
ankupon hocfchcnno samcnnkfcn ycununmu ho cosnanuk nauuo-
naninix nankfnix cucfcm c ucnik hpunafi nankfc hocfonnnyk
hokyhafcninyk choconocfi... Cocnuncnnic Ufafi cfpcmnficn k
ycfouuunomy nonnapy, kofopiu u ucpcs hokoncnuc umcn i fakyk
xc hokyhafcninyk choconocfi u fakyk xc choconocfi ohnafi
nonion, kakyk mi nanccmcn hpuopccfu n nuxaumcm ynymcm....
B mupokom cmicnc nama ucni cfaunusauun nankfi kaxnou
nauuu... Koina no nccm mupc ynyf coinaconani napuanfi honufu-
ku, choconic nocfuinyfi pannonccun hnafcxnoio ananca c ho-
momik cocfncnnix pccypcon, foina mi cmoxcm ocyxnafi nyu-
mcc pachpcncncnuc sonofa unu ccpcpa n mupc.
Icui mna o xccfkou hosuuuu, konfpacfuponanmcu co cnoonou
fopionnu, o hpuncpxcnnocfu k kofopou sannnnnu foina Cocnuncnnic
1J7
Ufafi. B ncucfnufcninocfu, sfo in hpusin ko nccm cfpanam
mupa, ufoi kaxnan us nux hpuncna n hopnnok cocfncnnyk sko-
nomuucckyk cucfcmy, c ucnik hocncnykmcio nosononncnun na
nonou ocnonc mcxnynaponnoio qunanconoio cofpynnuuccfna. On-
nako n fof momcnf cnona Iysncnifa nnnnnaci fakxc nipaxcnucm
usonnuuonucfckux nacfpocnuu u nauuonaninoio honxona k hpo-
ncmam. Bhpoucm, amcpukanckuu hpcsuncnf numi anahfuponancn k
fomy, ufo yxc umcno mccfo n ncucfnufcninocfu.
2.2.4. LDFCHLHCHH H HHCHCHH CTDLT
B 1J2 i. aninuuanc hpunnnu pcmcnuc, umcnmcc, homumo sko-
nomuucckoio, onimoc honufuucckoc snaucnuc. Iockoniky onnon
nc moi onimc cuufaficn nomunupykmcu hnomankou mcxnynapon-
nix qunancon, a qynf cfcpnunion in ninyxncnno ncnaninuponan,
pcmcnuc cocfonno n houckc oncc oipanuucnnou soni nnunnun,
hpakfuuccku cnonunmcucn k Ipufanckou umhcpuu n nonou qopmc
Conpyxccfna, kofopyk ona hpunumana, u k cfpanam, c ncu cnnsan-
nim. Hmhcpckan konqcpcnuun n Offanc n aniycfc 1J2 i. yfncpnu-
na pnn pcmcnuu, hpunnfix n hpcninymuc mccnui: o cosnanuu
hpcqcpcnuuaninou soni omcna, samumcnnou ocoimu fapuqa-
mu; o konfponc sa cfoumocfik qynfa cfcpnunion c hocncnykmcu
koppckfuponkou u cs nosnpamcnun k sonofomy cfannapfy; o ho-
nufukc, nahpanncnnou na oxunncnuc unnccfuuuu n ucnnx hpcono-
ncnun kpusuca hpousnoncfna. C 1J4 i. n Bcnukopufanuu nosono-
nuncn skonomuucckuu pocf, u skonomuka ncpnynaci k nonocnnomy
yponnk ucio c ncu nc cnyuanoci pancc, sa ucknkucnucm 12 i.
cc pocf in xofn u mcnncnnim, no nocfafounim.
panuun, samumcnnan qunanconimu mcpamu, hpunnfimu n
125 i., u cnoumu conunnimu sonofimu sahacamu, nhnofi no 1J1 i.
ina cnna safponyfa kpusucom. B ohpcncncnnom cmicnc ona naxc
usnnckna us ncio niiony, hockoniky hpuocfanonka hnafcxcu ho
ncmcukum pchapauunm (na kofopic ona yxc nanno hcpccfana pac-
cuufinafi) hosnonuna cu cs koncanuu ofncpinyfi fpconanuc
amcpukanucn o hpononxcnuu nihnafi nonia. Ofo pcmcnuc ino
ysakoncno osannckou konqcpcnuucu n 1J2 i. B fo xc npcmn
qpanuysckoc hpanufcnicfno, kofopoc moino paccuufinafi na sony
qpanka n ipanuuax cnoux umhcpckux nnancnuu, cfonknynoci c io-
pasno oncc cnoxnou honufuucckou cufyauucu ho cpanncnuk c
Icpmanucu u Ancfpucu. Ipu sfom ono cfpcmunoci pacmupufi cnoc
qunanconoc nnunnuc u ycfpanufi hocncncfnun skonomuucckou nc-
cfaunusauuu n cnpohcuckom pciuonc, hpcncfannnnmcm coou
nauoncc cnoxnoc coucfanuc ncycfouuunocfu u nnoucfncnnocfu
1J8
n ynaucko-Iankanckom. panuun hocfapanaci cosnafi cnocio
pona nynauckyk sony cnoonnoio omcna, choconyk pciynuponafi
cnok nncmnkk fopionnk naionapn cfaunusauuonnomy nankfnomy
qonny, qopmupycmomy oiafimu cfpanamu, ufo na ncnc n 1J2 i.
osnauano qunancuponanuc cnuncfncnnou cfpanou panuucu.
Hcmcukuu ofncf na kpusuc in ckonucnfpuponan na nnyx oc-
nonnix momcnfax: ncqnnuuonnou honufukc u cfpoiom konfponc
sa upxcnimu ohcpauunmu. Hnimu cnonamu, cosnananaci cucfcma,
n kofopou ohacnocfu pcucccuu komhcncuponanuci fcnncnuunmu k
hpofckuuonucfckou samufc nnyfpcnncio hpousnoncfna u nnymu-
fcninoio skchopfnoio hofoka na Iankanckuu honyocfpon na ocnonc
komhcncauuonnix hpunuuhon, ncnanmux nosmoxnim cif fonapon
ho ofnoxcnnim hnafcxau, no chococfnonanmux hontcmy icpman-
ckou skonomuku u hpucmncmix nnn cfpan-knucnfon. Iosnncc,
hocnc hpuxona Iufncpa k nnacfu, hontcm skonomuku opucnfupo-
nancn cmc oncc na hpofckuuonusm, c akucnfom na kpyhnic hpo-
ipammi nnyfpcnnux unnccfuuuu n unqpacfpykfypy u n nocnnyk
hpomimncnnocfi. Ofo ina honufuka, nc numcnnan pucka, ho-
ckoniky n ocnonc hcpccfpouku skonomuku ncxano houfu nacuni-
cfncnnoc ustnfuc nnyfpcnnux pccypcon. Onnako umhynic sfou honu-
fuku ucxonun of hpofckuuonucfckoio niopa Cocnuncnnix Ufafon,
Bcnukopufanuu u panuuu. Ona fakxc nnoxnonnnnaci pcnusuo-
nucfckumu samicnamu Iufncpa, u umcnno umu u ohpcncnnnaci.
Hfo kacacfcn Hfanuu, fo n pannou cfchcnu u cc skonomuucc-
kuu hontcm nocfuiancn anfopufapnimu mcfonamu, fuhuunimu nnn
qamucfckoio pcxuma. Cucfcma upxcnix ohcpauuu ina hocfan-
ncna hon iocynapcfncnniu konfponi ucpcs cosnanuc Hauuonanino-
io uncfufyfa nncmncu fopionnu (IstItuto nazIonaIc pcr I cambI con
IÌstcro), a hponcmy konucnfpauuu qunanconix pccypcon nonxcn
in pcmufi Hfaninnckuu uncfufyf nnuxumoio umymccfna (IstItuto
mobIIIarc ItaIIano IMI), n onsannocfu kofopoio nxonun ankon-
ckuu konfponi sa unnccfuuuonnimu kahufanamu. Hakoncu, inan-
nan sanaua nnoni cosnannoio Hncfufyfa hpomimncnnou pckoncf-
pykuuu (IstItuto pcr Ia rIcostruzIonc IndustrIaIc IKI), ohpcncnnnaci
kak concucfnuc nosononncnuk sanokuponannou skonomuucckou
ncnfcninocfu unu onciucnuc honoxcnun hpcnhpunfuu, okasanmux-
cn n kpusucc us-sa pcucccuu. Onnako HIH icfpo hpcnpafuncn us
uncfpymcnfa chaccnun n uncfpymcnf anfapkuucckou skonomuucc-
kou honufuku qamucfckoio hpanufcnicfna. Koina on cosnanancn n
1JJ i., fo paccmafpunancn kak npcmcnniu uncfufyf, hpcnnasna-
ucnniu nnn pciynuponanun hponax uacfnim nuuam ynyumcnnix
um akfunon. B 1J6 i. of sfoio hyfu ofkasanuci. Iankonckuu sa-
kon sahpcfun nchosufnim kommcpucckum ankam hpcnocfannnfi
1J
kpcnufi hpomimncnnim hpcnhpunfunm. Onnako sfo ina ckopcc
nc mcpa, cnnsannan c hpockfom iocynapcfncnnoio nmcmafcnicfna n
skonomuky, a cumhfom (kak, nhpoucm, u cymccfnonanuc HIH)
cnaocfu pinka kahufanon n Hfanuu u ncoxonumocfu hopox-
ncnnou fakxc hponanom hohifok nipaofku mcxnynaponnix co-
inamcnuu, of kofopix Hfanun moina i niuipafi, cosnanun
hpofckuuonucfckou cucfcmi hon iocynapcfncnnim konfponcm.
Shonun, n cnok oucpcni, numi n ncsnauufcninou cfchcnu ho-
uyncfnonana na ccc kpusuc hcpchpousnoncfna. Iu ynanoci usc-
xafi cio hocncncfnuu n cqcpc fopionnu naionapn mcxanusmy iu-
koio omcnnoio kypca, hpunnfoio kak pas n 1J1 i., u naionapn
hocncnykmcmy nncncnuk fapuqnix apicpon n 1J2 u 1JJ ii.
Ionufuka cnuxcnun hpoucnfnou cfanku, hpononunmancn Iankom
Shonuu, u hpanufcnicfncnnix unnccfuuuu, unuuuuponannix mu-
nucfpom qunancon Kopckuuo Takaxacu, okasanaci nocfafounou
nnn foio, ufoi occhcuufi hontcm skonomuku u icfpoc nosnpa-
mcnuc k yckopcnnim fcmham pocfa hpomimncnnocfu.
2.2.. D HCFH,L HHTLFHFLTAHHH
Onun us kpyhncumux ucfopukon ncnukou nchpcccuu Hapnis
I. Kunncnicpicp, ananusupyn nohpoci, nosnukakmuc hpu hohif-
kc otncnufi hpoucxonunmcc, hpcnnaiacf cncnykmuu pnn yfncpxnc-
nuu (sfo o0no us nosmoxnix otncncnuu, ho cio cocfncnnomy
mncnuk, a nc e0uncmoenno oo:+onoe):
chpcccun 12 i. ina nacfoniko omupnou, inyokou u
nnufcninou, hockoniky mcxnynaponnan skonomuucckan cucfcma
okasanaci nccfauninou ncncncfnuc ncchoconocfu Bcnukopufa-
nuu u ofcyfcfnun xcnanun co cfoponi Cocnuncnnix Ufafon hpu-
nnfi na ccn ofncfcfncnnocfi sa cfaunusauuk n fpcx cqcpax: a)
honncpxafi nocfafounyk ofkpifocfi pinka nnn fonapon mupokoio
hofpcncnun; ) occhcuufi noniocpounic kpcnufi nnn hpofuno-
ncucfnun uuknuucckomy kpusucy; n) ocymccfnnnfi yucfnic ohcpa-
uuu, nccmofpn na kpusuc. Uokonic hofpnccnun, kofopic uchifa-
na cucfcma n pcsynifafc hcpchpousnoncfna nckofopix ocnonnix
hponykfon, fakux kak scpno; cnuxcnun hpoucnfnix cfanok n CUA
n 127 i. (ccnu ono ino fakonim); nokuponanun hpcnocfanncnun
saumon Icpmanuu n 128 i. u upxcnoio kpaxa n 12 i., nc
inu ucm-fo ucknkuufcninim... Muponan skonomuucckan cucfcma
ncc panno coxpannna i nccfauninocfi, ccnu i cc nc cfaunusupo-
nanu nckofopic cfpani, kak sfo ncnana Bcnukopufanun n XIX nckc,
nhnofi no 11J i. B 12 i. Bcnukopufanun ina nc n cocfonnuu, a
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nc hponnnnnu xcnanun cncnafi fo xc camoc.
14O
B fof momcnf, koina kaxnan cfpana saxofcna samufufi nchocpcn-
cfncnno cocfncnnic nauuonaninic unfcpcci, omcmuponic unfc-
pcci inu hoiyncni, a nmccfc c numu u uacfnic unfcpcci nccx.
Takum opasom, nusopykocfi iocynapcfncnnou honufuku nomu-
nuponana nan skonomuucckumu pcmcnunmu. B 124 i. nckofopic
amcpukanckuc qunancucfi paccmafpunanu nohpoc o ncoxonumocfu
nmcmafcnicfna n Inpohc, hockoniky sfo ofncuano nc foniko ux
kpafkocpounim unfcpccam, no u noniocpounim unfcpccam nccu
muponou pinounou cucfcmi. Ofo nmcmafcnicfno nc nnnnnoci i
hnonom fcopcfuucckoio, nayunoio ocmicncnun hponcmi. ufcpa-
fypa, kacanmancn ncoxonumocfu nmcmafcnicfna u cio qopm n cufya-
uuu kpusuca skonomuucckoio uukna, cmc nc ina n nocfafounou
cfchcnu cucfcmafusuponana, ufoi umcfi fo snaucnuc, kofopoc
ona hpuopcna numi c honnncnucm paof Kcunca u oncc hosnnux
uccncnonanuu, cfanmux ofpaxcnucm nchpcccuu 12 i. Bmcmafcni-
cfno amcpukanckux iocynapcfncnnix ncnfcncu u ankupon nnox-
nonnnnoci fonkum u ofkpifim ho ofnomcnuk k nncmncmy mupy
honumanucm ynukaninocfu cucfcmi u ncoxonumocfu nmcmunaficn
naxc n ofnancnnic soni kpusuca, hockoniky omcc naiococfonnuc
cucfcmi ino honcsno u ncoxonumo hpcxnc nccio nnn fcx, kfo sa-
numan n cucfcmc ucnfpaninoc mccfo. Ho umcnno hofomy, ufo nmc-
mafcnicfno nnnnnoci pcsynifafom ohpcncncnnoio hpouccca, a nc
noniocpounoio hpockfa, ono ino oipanuucno npcmcnnim xapakfc-
pom hpunumacmix mcp u ocfopoxnocfik, c kakou onu ocymccfnnn-
nuci. Io cymccfny, hnan aysca sfo ynaunan hohifka nnymufi,
nohpcku ncnkum oxunanunm, noncpuc amcpukanckum nknanuukam k
nihymcnnim ucnnim ymaiam nnn hpcnocfanncnun sauma Icpmanuu.
Hccmofpn na sfy oipanuucnnocfi, amcpukanckoc nmcmafcni-
cfno nisnano ofncfi nnonkoio pona: c onnou cfoponi, yuacfuc c
ucnik hpunccfu n nnuxcnuc ykcykmuu mcxanusm; c npyiou
yuacfuc c ucnik ninnncnun choconocfu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon
hpunumafi pcmcnun u nomunuponafi. Iocnc foio, ufo hpousomno
no npcmn Icpnou muponou nouni, koina ncc coksnuku hpucianu
k amcpukanckomy kpcnufy nnn honncpxanun nocnnix ycunuu, sfo
nc niinnncno onimum nonmccfnom. Ho n ohpcncncnnom cmicnc
nonmccfnom ino fo, ufo nccmofpn na honufuky usonnuuonusma,
amcpukanui saxofcnu hponcmoncfpuponafi cnou qunanconic
myckyni. H sfo ofkpifuc honnunno na hpunnfuc pcmcnuu
Bcnukopufanucu u panuucu n 125126 ii., nahpanncnnix na
coxpancnuc, nackoniko sfo ino nosmoxno, ucnfpaninou ponu
Inpohi n muponou qunanconou cucfcmc, fo ccfi hpcnanuponanun
nonnonckou upxu u iochoncfna qynfa cfcpnunion n kauccfnc cpcn-
cfna omcna, a fakxc ocooio honoxcnun qpanka, honkpchncnnoio
conunnimu sonofonankfnimu pccypcamu.
141
B sfux napuanfax ncucfnuu, koina honufuka pana ncpx nan sko-
nomukou, honckasinanmcu, nahpofun, ncoxonumocfi ymcnimcnun
cfoumocfu qynfa, hpocmafpunanoci ncnocfafounoc honumanuc ino-
aninoio snaucnun nannou hponcmi (kak ino oucnunno yxc n
12J i. n xonc okkyhauuu Iypa u pcakuuu na sfo Icpmanuu, cocfo-
nnmcu n haccunnom cohpofunncnuu u cnoonnom hancnuu map-
ku). Cymccfnonano nna oipanuuufcnn, nc hosnonnnmux honnfi nc-
oxonumocfi fakou cnnsu: unnksun foio, ufo ynanoci usonuponafi
pcnonkuuonnyk ohacnocfi, cncnn cc k nnyfpcnncmy ncny Concf-
ckou Ioccuu, u ncchoconocfi hpcnnuncfi pcsynifafi, kofopic sfof
paspin pinounou cucfcmi moxcf umcfi n momcnf, koina nnuxcnuc
n nahpanncnuu nckononusauuu cmc foniko ncnano cnou hcpnic
maiu, no yxc hponnunoci nhonnc ofucfnuno u ino nocfafouno
usyucno, ufoi nauoncc ohifnic honufuku moinu ocmicnufi fo
nnunnuc, kofopoc ono yncf okasinafi na muponic qunanci. Io-
sfomy amcpukanckoc qunanconoc yuacfuc kasanoci nckum nmcma-
fcnicfnom u numi oosnauuno nahpanncnuc, ho kofopomy nonxna
ina cncnonafi cnpohcuckan skonomuucckan xusni nnn foio, ufo-
i ncucfnufcnino nauancn hpouccc osnoponncnun. Onnako nu n
Amcpukc, nu n Inpohc ono nc cohponoxnanoci hocncnonafcnini-
mu coinaconannimu ncucfnunmu. B pcsynifafc nosponunuci cfapic
hpofunopcuun, k kofopim nouna noanuna nchpunsni u ncnanucfi.
Takum opasom, hocnc 1J2 i. nauanoci osnoponncnuc, onnako
ono homno hyfnmu, ycyiyunmumu hpofunopcuun u oocfpunmumu
ux no kpaunocfu. Ipu sfom houfu ucucsna choconocfi Inpohi
nixufi no foio momcnfa, hoka ncucfnufcnino nc honnufcn honcc-
mccfnoc cfpcmncnuc ncfafi nan ncunim mcxnauuonaninim cohcp-
nuuccfnom u pcmafi hponcmi c fouku spcnun omux unfcpccon,
kak sfo u hpousomno n 147 i.
Afmocqcpa hcpuona 12412 ii. hoponuna nancxny na o-
nonncnuc choconocfu naxonufi mupnic pcmcnun honufuucckux
hponcm, hockoniky sfu pcmcnun cfpounuci na hpcononcnuu sko-
nomuucckoio nacncnun, kofopoc ocfanuna nouna. Hcmui coinacu-
nuci nihnauunafi pchapauuu, hockoniky snanu, ufo onu nnnnnuci
uacfik chacufcninoio kpyia, cosnannoio Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu.
Koina sfof chacufcniniu kpyi in pasopnan, u cfano honnfno,
ufo nauuonanucfuucckuc honufuucckuc unfcpcci cpyf ncpx nan
mcxnynaponnim skonomuucckum cofpynnuuccfnom, amcpukanui
hcpnimu ofcfyhunu u ofkasanuci of cnocio hnana (unu ofnoxunu
cio) cfafi iapanfamu skonomuucckou cfauninocfu, qunanconoio
mupa u, n koncunom cucfc, honufuucckoio hopnnka n cucfcmc mcx-
nynaponnix ofnomcnuu. B pcsynifafc kpusuc cfan pachpocfpa-
nnficn honono macnnnomy hnfny sa hpcncni fou onacfu, inc on
142
onapyxuncn pancc, u fakum opasom ino honoxcno nauano ca-
mou ocfpou qasc hponnncnun nauuonanusma n cnpohcuckux cfpa-
nax. Bouna 114118 ii. ocfanuna cnumkom mnoio ncpcmcnnix
hponcm, ufoi moxno ino o nux saifi, sa ucknkucnucm fcx
cnyuacn, koina ux hpcononcnuc nannsinanoci usnnc. Bouna naxc
nc ynuufoxuna unnksuk nckofopix kpyhncumux cnpohcuckux
ncpxan (Bcnukopufanuu, panuuu u Icpmanuu) ofnocufcnino
choconocfu nomunuponafi na konfuncnfc u n mupc. A cc nospox-
ncnuc panukanino usmcnuno honufuucckyk kapfuny, xapakfcpnyk
nnn hcpuona no nauana JO-x ionon, u nncsahno hpcnpafuno afmocqc-
py hauuqusma n afmocqcpy houfu qafaninoio oxunanun pcmak-
mcio u camopaspymufcninoio cfonknoncnun.
2.. Hcnn:nccnc nccncc:Bn acncHnccc:c
nsnca. Fcc: naDnsHa B 1cHannn
2..(. 5AAT DLHAFCCH FLCHJLHHH
H HCHHTHHLCCL DCCXCH,LHHL 1HTHLFA
Okonomuucckuu kpusuc nnoni onaxun pani n honufukc, ko-
fopic cnna nauanu safniunaficn, u hokasan, ufo, nahpofun, onu
ncc cmc ocfananuci ofkpifimu u, ncponfno, cncnanuci oncc iny-
okumu of nakohunmuxcn hpcfcnsuu nauuonanucfuucckoio xapak-
fcpa. Ianimc npyiux cfpan uchifanu na ccc cio honufuucckuc
hocncncfnun Icpmanun u Ancfpun, icfpo numunmuccn cnooni
niopa n mcxnynaponnou ncnfcninocfu. C momcnfa cc poxncnun
Bcumapckan pcchynuka yhpannnnaci koanuuucu ucnfpucfcku opu-
cnfuponannix hapfuu, uacfo hpu nomunuponanuu Couuan-ncmokpa-
fuucckou hapfuu, a fakxc koanuuucu mcxny ncu u cmokpafuucc-
kou hapfucu (1emolrurische 1urrei) nucpanino-ncmokpafuucckoio
nahpanncnun, Hcmcukou naponnou hapfucu (1eursche 1ollspurrei),
k kofopou hpunanncxanu Ufpcscman u Uaxf, nauuonanucf u nu-
cpan-ncmokpaf, u kafonuucckou hapfuu Hcnfpa. Ipanan ohho-
suuun no hpuxona qamucfon k nnacfu nosinannnnaci Hcmcukou na-
uuonaninou naponnou hapfucu, a ncnan Kommynucfuucckou
hapfucu Icpmanuu (Xommunisrische 1urrei KII). Ofnomcnun
mcxny sfumu hapfunmu ohpcncnnnuci comnufcninou hpuncpxcn-
nocfik hpanix u ymcpcnnix moncnu pcchynukanckou koncfufy-
uuu, nipaofannou n Bcumapc, u packonom ncnix hocnc ncynauu
pcnonkuuonnou hohifku 11 i. nn kommynucfon ncmcukan co-
uuan-ncmokpafun nnnnnaci, n coofncfcfnuu co cfanunckou konuch-
uucu, couuan-qamusmom, c kofopim ncnisn ino cofpynnuuafi.
Icsynifafom cfano camopaspymakmcc cfonknoncnuc.
14J
Hccmofpn na inyokuc honufuucckuc hpofunopcuun u ncho-
mcpnic skonomuucckuc fpynnocfu, kynifypnan xusni Bcumapckou
pcchynuku hpcncfannnna coou cnocio pona iopnuno, n kofopom
hcpchnannnnuci kynifypnic fcnncnuuu u pasnuunic fcucnun cn-
pohcuckou micnu. 3nauufcninan uacfi foio, ufo ino nipaofano
omccfncnnou micnik Ancfpuu n hcpuon, hpcnmccfnonanmuu
pachany umhcpuu (a n nckofopix cnyuanx fakxc u n hocncnyk-
muc ioni), unu panuuu n hcpnic ioni XX ncka, nnoni sasnyuana
n Icpmanuu n ycfax ninakmuxcn hpcncfanufcncu kynifypi u uc-
kyccfna, choconix, kasanoci, nnoxnyfi n mononic pcchynukanckuc
ycfanonncnun ncoiuaunyk xusncnnyk cuny. Onnako nocfafouno
ino oxuiakmcio nixanun kpusuca, ufoi hponcmoncfpuponafi,
ufo ncc sfo numi fonkuu cnou unnksuu unfcnnckfyanon. Hcmui
yxc n 128 i. houyncfnonanu pcsynifafi nnuxcnun amcpukanckux
kahufanon. Ipuocfanonka hpcnocfanncnun noniocpounix saumon
hpuncna k snauufcninomy pocfy cspaofuui u nosponuna hpuspaku
12J i. Co cmcpfik Ufpcscmana n okfnpc 12 i. sakonuunaci
shoxa cofpynnuuccfna c sahannimu ncpxanamu c ucnik noccfanonnc-
nun hosuuuu Icpmanuu n Inpohc. Bhpoucm, nuknunauun unocfpan-
noio nocnnoio hpucyfcfnun n cfpanc ho hnany Knia cfana nax-
nim maiom n nahpanncnuu ocnooxncnun of nihonncnun ycnonuu
Bcpcanickoio noionopa.
Chycfn ncckoniko ncncni hpanufcnicfno Icpmana Mknncpa,
nosinannnnmcccn couuan-ncmokpafamu, ino pachymcno. B mapfc
1JO i. hpcsuncnf Iunncnypi hopyuun qopmuponanuc hpanufcni-
cfna Icnpuxy Ipknuniy, nuncpy hapfuu Hcnfpa. Tak nauancn
hcpuon, koina couuan-ncmokpafi hcpcmnu n ohhosuuuk, hpanu-
fcnicfno okasanoci n cufyauuu napacfanmcu nccfauninocfu, a cio
nncmnnn honufuka hpuopcfana oncc nnno pcnusuonucfckuu xa-
pakfcp. Ofof honopof in cnnsan c pocfom nnunnun Hauuonan-co-
uuanucfckou paoucu hapfuu (ûrionul so,iulisrische Jeursche Arheir-
purrei ^SIAI), kofopan, honyuun 1O7 mccf na niopax n ccnfnpc
1JO i., hpcnpafunaci n onny us inannix icpmanckux honufuucckux
ipyhh cuny, nicfyhanmyk hpofun nccx achckfon honufuku hpanu-
fcnicfna. Bo npcmn niopon uknn 1J2 i. Hauuonan-couuanucfckan
hapfun honyuuna 2JO nchyfafckux mccf u cfana ncnymcu hapfucu n
cfpanc. umi n konuc 1J2 i., na nonix niopax n nonpc, hpo-
nnunuci hpusnaku ucucphannocfu pccypcon, u uucncnnocfi nchy-
fafon HCAI cnusunaci no 16. Ho hockoniky ona hpononxana
ocfanaficn camou snauufcninou ho cpanncnuk c npyiumu hapfun-
mu, fo kanuncpcfno Anoniqa Iufncpa cfanonunoci ncuscxnim.
uiypa Iufncpa, kofopiu n fcucnuc nncnanuafu ncf nomunu-
ponan n honufuucckou xusnu Icpmanuu, ocfanun hocnc ccn ncus-
144
inanumiu cncn, nc moxcf ifi hcpcucpknyfa ncckonikumu poc-
ucpkamu hcpa u ocyxncna kak hponnncnuc csymun ucnoncka, nnu-
xumoio skcfpcmucfckumu uncnmu u anfucnpcuckum qanafusmom u
nonnckmcio cnok cfpany n camiu omupniu u kponaniu kon-
qnukf, koina-nuo umcnmuu mccfo n ucfopuu ucnoncuccfna, ocfanun
sa coou cncn us ncckonikux nccnfkon munnuonon xcpfn u yxac
hpcnymimncnnoio yuucfna mccfu munnuonon cnpccn. Iochoncfno
Iufncpa yxonuno kopnnmu n inyunnyk xusni Icpmanuu u Inpohi.
B cio quiypc, kofopan moxcf hokasaficn hofomkam naxc kapukafyp-
nou, hpuuynnunim opasom cnunuci nocnuno ocnonnic mofuni
honufuucckou u kynifypnou xusnu Icpmanuu c sncmcnfamu, of-
nocunmumucn fakxc u k ponu Inpohi n muponou ucfopuu.
Iufncp ponuncn n Ancfpuu n cpcnc, hpohufannou anfuccmuf-
ckum qanafusmom, hanicpmanusmom u npaxncnocfik k nucpan-
ncmokpafuucckou kynifypc. B mononic ioni on uchifan n Bcnc
cnnocfi u onunouccfno, ufo honnunno na qopmuponanuc cio xa-
pakfcpa u nuunocfu nchiniuunou, unfponcpfnou, xccfokou, c
ncyhpannncmimu smouunmu, kofopic on chococn in hcpcnanafi
npyium u ofpannnfi umu, ufo ino nokasano yxc n nnanuafic
ioni. 3annniu u cchopnnouniu uufafcni knui, cosnyunix cio
mcnfanufcfy, on, n konuc konuon hcpcnapun ux u xun n cnocio
pona aconkfnom u hocncnonafcninom mucfuuusmc, noxncncnnou
ucnik kofopoio ino yfncpxncnuc hpcnocxoncfna apuuckou paci
u ocnooxncnuc Icpmanuu, Inpohi u ucnoncuccfna of npaion, ko-
fopic mcmanu ux camoyfncpxncnuk u chococfnonanu ux ncipana-
uuu. Ofumu npaiamu inu hpcxnc nccio cnpcu u hpunanncxanmuc
k nusmum pacam: cnpcu-kahufanucfi, ocymccfnnnnmuc cnok
ipaufcnickyk qunanconyk ncnfcninocfi (kofopix Iufncp hpofu-
nohocfannnn icpmanckum kahufanucfam, nihonnnnmum fnopucc-
kyk u hnonofnopnyk sanauy); cnannnc n nkom cnyuac, a fakxc
hockoniky onu uchifanu nnunnuc mapkcucfckou unconoiuu u nc-
nunckou hpakfuku; paouuc, kofopix Iufncp snan ho Bcnc kak
nohnomcnuc kommapon pasnpamakmcio couuanusma.
Hncu hpumafa nauuu, cc ouumcnun u muccuu, usnncucnnic us
cchopnnounoio ufcnun, cocfanunu naipomoxncnuc hpoipammnix
honoxcnuu, k kofopim Iufncp noanun cnou cyponiu xusncnniu
ohif. Iounn nopononiucm n ncmcukyk apmuk u honyuun panc-
nuc na qpanuysckom qponfc, on cucn ccn hpcnnasnaucnnim nnn
nihonncnun muccuu ofmmcnun sa Icpmanuk fcmnim cunam, ynu-
sunmum cc. On nosponun cfapic mcufi u muqi o ncnuuuu, hpunan
um uckaxcnnyk u hafonoiuucckyk qopmy u yfncpxnan ux hpu
sfom c oipomnou sncpiucu, hpunananmcu cio opamcnunm csipa-
nuunyk cuny ycxncnun. Kak opafop on in chococn nonccfu
145
fonhy no hapokcusma u sacfanufi cc ncnchyk saiopcficn kakou-
nuo ucnik.
Ohpanunmuci of pan nouni u hopaxcnun, on cpasy xc pocun-
cn n honufuky, cnauana ycfpoun hohifky hyfua, yuacfnukom kofo-
poio okasancn mapman kncnnopq, a safcm sannnmuci cosnanucm
Hauuonan-couuanucfckou hapfuu. 3a yuacfuc n hponanunmcmcn
hyfuc, hpcnhpunnfom n konuc 12J i. Iycfanom qon Kapom n
Mknxcnc, cio hpuionopunu k fkpcmnomy saknkucnuk cpokom na
hnfi ncf. Cunn n kamcpc on nahucan cnoc cnanicnuc McIn
KampI (Mon opia), nna foma, honnunmuccn n 125 u 127 ii.,
n kofopix pasnunanaci nauucfckan hpoipamma 12O i., hcpcpao-
fannan n coofncfcfnuu c nuncnucm mupa, inc nomunuponano cfpcmnc-
nuc opoficn sa chaccnuc Icpmanuu, Inpohi u nccio ucnoncuccfna.
Ofo nonxno ino cfafi ncnom ncmcukoio pykononnmcio knacca,
uspannoio napona, kofopomy cncnonano uchonisonafi cso ncn-
kux oipanuucnuu hpoipammy ouumcnun paci u hcpcycfpoucfna
nccio konfuncnfa c ucnik chacfu cio ynymcc of iochoncfna cn-
pcuckux qunancon u hnyfokpafuu u fcm camim hpcnohpcncnufi
cio ipnnymcc ncnuuuc, n ucnfpc kofopoio sacuncf nospoxncnnan
cnpohcuckan uununusauun. Hununusauun, hocfpocnnan na fpyhax
xcpfn, ncoxonumix nnn ouumcnun, honono fomy, kak sfo hpouc-
xonuf n ckannunanckux caiax, csymnan mcufa, kofopan pasnuna-
na, onnako, sncmcnfi, yxc n fcucnuc nccnfuncfuu hpucyfcfnonan-
muc n pufanckou, qpanuysckou, ncmcukou kynifypc. Hmcnno sfof
momcnf nc hosnonncf yfncpxnafi, ufo Iufncp in usonuponannim
hponnncnucm nuunou xapusmi u choconocfu manuhynuponafi
macconim cosnanucm, a, nahpofun, ninyxnacf ofmcfufi, ufo na-
uucfckan kynifypa sfo pcsynifaf (koncuno, hoouniu u sckfpc-
mucfckuu) ccmnn, hycfunmux kopnu n uununusauuu 3ahannou In-
pohi u hpunocunmux hnoni naionapn ckpcmunuk nkncu, uncu u
honufuko-skonomuucckux cufyauuu, kofopic hpunananu ncoxu-
nannyk cuny sfomy cmcmcnuk u ncoiuaunyk ofpannnkmyk cho-
conocfi nauusmy. Takou sqqckf ycyiynnncn cmc u fcm, ufo Iuf-
ncp yfncpxnan, ufo on nnnncfcn ncmcukum hocncnonafcncm cnocio
ufaninnckoio hpcnmccfncnnuka Mycconunu, foina kak y Mycconu-
nu u qamusma, nnnnnmciocn hnonom anfopufapnou unnonkuuu
ufaninnckou ypxyasnou micnu, omumu c nauusmom inu numi
honufuucckuc qopmi pcxuma, kofopiu yxc ycfanonuncn n Hfa-
nuu u kofopiu cmc hpcncfonno ycfanonufi n Icpmanuu.
Koina n 1JO i. nauusm cfan onnou us ocnonnix cun n icpman-
ckou honufuucckou xusnu, nukfo nc moi hufafi unnksuu, ufo cu-
fyauun ocfancfcn ncusmcnnou. Zusni cfpani yxc ohpcncnnnaci
pcnusuonucfckou ucfcpucu, nnnnnmcucn hpcnknucu k coofncfcfnyk-
146
mcu hpakfukc. B cnoxunmcucn cufyauuu hpanufcnicfno nonxno
ino ncmcnncnno cmcnufi kypc no nnyfpcnncu u nncmncu honu-
fukc. B fom, ufo kacacfcn hocncnncu, ono ninyxncno ino ho-
chcmno hpunafi mcxnynaponnou ncnfcninocfu Icpmanuu ofkpo-
ncnno nacfyhafcniniu xapakfcp, kofopiu n kopnc hpofunopcuun
mcfonam (ccnu nc ucnnm) honufuku Ufpcscmana. Yxccfoucnuc
unu ncoxunannyk cmcny kypca, ocymccfnncnnyk Ipknuniom n
ofnomcnuu mcxnynaponnou ncnfcninocfu Icpmanuu, moxno ho-
nnfi, foniko ccnu umcfi n nuny, ufo na ncio hocfonno naxuman
hpofunnuk, ninyxnanmuu, hon yiposou onuncnuu n hpcnafcni-
cfnc nauuonaninix unfcpccon, ncc npcmn honimafi cfanku. ancko
nc ncci ncmcukuu hpannmuu knacc cuufan nyxnim nucfanuupo-
naficn of nauucfon. ocfafouno hpunccfu hpumcp Uaxfa, ocymc-
cfnnnnmcio honufuky osnoponncnun n kauccfnc pykononufcnn 1eursche
tunl nauunan c konua 12J i. B okfnpc 1J1 i. on ocfanun cnou
hocf, cnusuncn c nauucfamu u ncpnyncn n 1eursche tunl hocnc na-
snaucnun nauucfckoio noxnn pcuxckanuncpom.
2..2. HCHLTA CC5,AHHH TACHLHHC1C
CCK5A C ADCTFHLH
Ipknuni ofpcaiuponan na skonomuucckuu kpusuc, ninnunmuu
fccnyk cnnsi Icpmanuu c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u ynaucko-
Iankanckou Inpohou, ncqnnuuonnou honufukou, kofopan sa ko-
pofkuu cpok hpuncna k ncnunannomy pocfy cspaofuui: oncc
J mnn cspaofnix n nauanc 1JO i. u 56 mnn n konuc 1J1 i.
nn foio, ufoi komhcncuponafi xccfkocfi qpanuysckou hosuuuu
n qunanconou cqcpc u hpofckuuonusm npyiux ncpxan, on hohi-
fancn nipaofafi nonyk fopionyk honufuky, copucnfuponannyk n
hcpnyk oucpcni na Ancfpuk. Zusni Ancfpuu nccina ina nccima
ncycfouuuna c skonomuucckou fouku spcnun. Toniko pnn saumon,
iapanfuponannix uiou Hauuu, hosnonunu mononou pcchynukc
nixufi n ycnonunx annckcuonucfckux hohifok co cfoponi Icp-
manuu (nancxna na anmnkc) u qpanuysckou u ufaninnckou ohho-
suuuu n ofnomcnuu foio, ufo hpcncfannnnoci ipyim napymcnucm
Ccn-Zcpmcnckoio u Bcpcanickoio noionopon u fcppufopuaninoio
ypciynuponanun, nocfuinyfoio coksnukamu. B cnyuac annckcuu
Ancfpuu Icpmanun nc samcnnuna i cnona nafi houyncfnonafi (kak
pancc n 114 i.) cnok skonomuucckyk u honufuucckyk poni na
Iankanckom honyocfponc n ymcp nnunnuk, sa kofopoc cohcpnu-
uanu panuun u Hfanun.
panuun u Hfanun nnnnnuci ccfccfncnnimu iapanfamu ancf-
puuckou ncsanucumocfu, onnako pykononcfnonanuci hpu sfom pas-
147
nimu namcpcnunmu u ncnu ccn ho-pasnomy. B Iapuxc ancfpuu-
ckan hponcma paccmafpunanaci kak achckf omcio ucnfpaninocn-
pohcuckoio ypciynuponanun. nn Hfanuu sfof nohpoc umcn nnou-
noc snaucnuc: c onnou cfoponi, honfncpxnancn qakf ucucsnoncnun
Iacypickou umhcpuu, ucfopuucckoio hpofunnuka ufaninnckou
nauuu, no, c npyiou cfoponi, on cnyxun fakxc sncmcnfom, oc-
noxnnkmum ofnomcnun mcxny Hfanucu u Icpmanucu. Iocncnnuc
moinu i ifi hpckpacnimu, kak n ioni Tpoucfncnnoio coksa,
ccnu i sfomy nc hpchnfcfnonano fo ocfonfcnicfno, ufo Hfanun
paccmafpunana ancfpuuckyk ncsanucumocfi kak csycnonnoc naio
nnn ufaninnckou csohacnocfu. Iosfomy hocnc annckcuu n 11 i.
Kxnoio Tuponn (Anifo-Anunxc) ona pasncpnyna n sfou hponun-
uuu honufuky nacunicfncnnou ufaninnusauuu, cosnanmcu hpofu-
nopcuun kak c ncnckum hpanufcnicfnom, ninyxncnnim samumafi
nauuonaninic hpana cnoux coofcuccfncnnukon, naxonnmuxcn hon
cyncpcnufcfom npyiou cfpani, fak u c cpnunckum hpanufcnicfnom.
Iocncnncc, cnna foniko hocnc saknkucnun okapnckux coinamcnuu
ynyumunuci ofnomcnun c panuucu, nc koncnnci cfano samu-
mafi unfcpcci ncmucn, okasanmuxcn na fcppufopunx, annckcupo-
nannix Hfanucu. B pcsynifafc ancfpuuckuu nohpoc u nohpoc o
Anifo-Anunxc hpcnpafuncn n qakfop pacxoxncnuu, hpchnfcfno-
nanmuu ufano-ncmcukomy cnuxcnuk u ninyxnanmuu Hfanuk
Mycconunu oipanuuufi cnok nuhnomafuucckyk ncnfcninocfi qpan-
ko-pufanckou anifcpnafunou.
Ha sfom hofcnuuaninom hpofunopcuuu mcxny ufaninnckum u
qpanuysckum honxonamu k ancfpuuckou ncsanucumocfu uipana na-
uunan c 1JO i. ancfpuuckan nuhnomafun, kofopan n ynyumcnuu
ofnomcnuu c Hfanucu uckana hpofunoncc hpoxnannomy ofnomc-
nuk panuuu k cfpcmncnuk cymccfncnno ykpchufi ofnomcnun
mcxny nnymn cfpanamu c ucnik samufufi Ancfpuk of nukoina nc
ckpinanmcucn cknonnocfu ncmcukou cfoponi (u mnoiux ancfpuu-
ckux kpyion) k anmnkcy. 6 qcnpann 1JO i. ycfpcmncnun Ancfpuu,
ho-nunumocfu, yncnuanuci honhucanucm n Iumc noionopa o npyxc
c Hfanucu, numcnnoio, onnako, pcaninoio honufuucckoio cmicna,
sa ucknkucnucm foio, kakou xofcnu hpunafi cmy ancfpuuui n cnnsu
co cnoumu hpockfamu coinamcnun c Icpmanucu.
Hnuuuafuna Ipknunia nhucinanaci n sfof konfckcf u icfpo
hpuncna k paspymufcninim hocncncfnunm. Hncn famoxcnnoio coksa
(Angleichung) mcxny Ancfpucu u Icpmanucu fakxc nocxonuna k
qcnpank 1JO i., koina ancfpuuckuu munucfp unocfpannix ncn
Uocp u hpccmnuk Ufpcscmana na Buniicnimmfpaccc Kypuuyc
noionopunuci o saknkucnuu coinamcnun ho sfomy nohpocy. Ofo
ina, kak moxno noianaficn, hpoucnypa, fpconanman onnonpc-
148
mcnno ocfopoxnocfu u iofonnocfu k pucky. Ocfopoxnocfu, ho-
ckoniky nano ino usompcnnim opasom ooufu sahpcf na anm-
nkc, nanoxcnniu mupnimu noionopamu, iofonnocfu k pucky
hockoniky hpouccc hcpcionopon, hpcpnanniu na nckofopoc npcmn,
in sancpmcn safcm coinamcnucm, kofopoc nonxno ino ocfa-
naficn cckpcfnim u kofopoc ino ckpchncno omcnom nofamu
mcxny nnymn hpanufcnicfnamu 1 mapfa 1J1 i.
Onnako sfa nonocfi nc ocfanaci n faunc, u oa hpanufcnicfna
inu ninyxncni coomufi cc oquuuanino panuuu, Bcnukopu-
fanuu u Hfanuu 212J mapfa, packpin fakum opasom, ufo onu
ncucfnonanu ckpifno nnn foio, ufoi c homomik hpockfa cnocio
pona famoxcnnoio coksa (kak cio ohpcncnunu n Icpnunc) ykno-
nuficn of nihonncnun naxnix onsafcnicfn. Icnu nc kpunuucc-
ku, fo qakfuuccku sfof coks moi napymafi mupnic noionopi.
Kak i fo nu ino, on osnauan honopof n icpmanckou nncmncu
honufukc n nahpanncnuu, kofopoc nc moino honpanuficn nu Iapu-
xy, nu Iumy. Kpomc foio, c ufaninnckou fouku spcnun, on hpuo-
pcfan xapakfcp nanncnun na Hfanuk c fcm, ufoi ona niupana
honncpxunafi nu Ancfpuk, u, ccnu honncpxunafi, fo kak, ykpch-
nnn hpu sfom ofnomcnun c Icpmanucu n coofncfcfnuu c foniko
ufo saknkucnnim noionopom o npyxc, unu xc hpucocnunuficn k
qpanuysckou nuhnomafuu n cc hpofunoncucfnuu coinamcnuk.
Iponcma ocnoxnunaci npyiumu achckfamu foio qona, na kofo-
pom pasnunanuci coifun. panuun u Hcxocnonakun ncmcnncnno
nicfyhunu hpofun coinamcnun, n fo npcmn kak pcakuun Hfanuu
cnauana kasanaci iopasno oncc mnikou umcnno us-sa ncoxonumoc-
fu nucfanuuponaficn of pcakuuu panuuu. Onnako ho cymccfny
Hfanun n 1J1 i. ina oucni nancka of foio, ufoi onopufcnino
ofnccfuci k usmcncnuk cnocu honufuku, nahpanncnnou hpofun an-
mnkca. Hc honcucfnonanu nu ocmanun ncmucn, ufo sfo cmoxcf
ynyumufi ofnomcnun mcxny Icpnunom u Iumom, nu namcpcnun
ancfpuuucn hpcnpafufi yiposy cosnanun famoxcnnoio coksa n un-
cfpymcnf nnn honyucnun oncc ohpcncncnnou ufaninnckou (u qpan-
uysckou) honncpxku. Ocnonohonaiakmuc noniocpounic unfcpcci
nosonananu nan kpafkocpounimu nuhnomafuucckumu coopaxc-
nunmu.
B ccpcnunc 1J1 i. nohpoc in hcpcnan na paccmofpcnuc uiu
Hauuu na ocnonc coinamcnun c pufanckum hpanufcnicfnom u n pc-
synifafc ufaninncko-pufanckou unuuuafuni, hponnncnnou nnymn
cfpanamu kak iapanfamu cucfcmi okapno, n kofopyk ancfpuuc-
kuu nohpoc nc nxonun kpunuuccku, no nhucinancn honufuuccku.
panuysi hpononxanu hpuncpxunaficn yxc yhomunanmciocn hon-
xona, n coofncfcfnuu c kofopim uia Hauuu nonxna honiofonufi
14
hnan omcio skonomuucckoio coinamcnun, ocnonannoio na qpan-
uysckou qunanconou homomu, hpu ycnonuu, ufo oc cfoponi of-
kaxyfcn of hpockfa famoxcnnoio coksa. Aninuuanc, ofmcfun, ufo
onu nc umckf hpunuuhuaninix nospaxcnuu hpofun ancfpo-icp-
manckoio famoxcnnoio coksa (hockoniky onu cuufanu anmnkc
qafaninim coifucm), hpcnnoxunu n kauccfnc nixona us hono-
xcnun hcpcnafi nohpoc n Mcxnynaponniu cyn n Iaaic. Iosuuun
Aninuu, nahpanncnnan na okasanuc homomu Ipknuniy n cio saf-
pynncnunx, ocfannnna ufaninnucn onnux hcpcn nuuom ancfpuuckoio
nohpoca. Tcm camim Hfanun ninyxncna ina uckafi coinamcnun
c panuucu n momcnf, koina ankanckan honufuka u mopckoc paso-
pyxcnuc hpofunohocfannnnu unfcpcci ocux ncpxan na cnpohcuckou
apcnc. Hncn ufaninnucn cnonunaci k uchonisonanuk nosmoxnocfu
nnn hpuopcfcnun Iumom fou pcmakmcu ponu, kofopyk on moi
i ciipafi n cnyuac hpucocnuncnun k onnou us saunfcpcconannix
cfopon. Binyxncnnoc cnuxcnuc c qpanuysamu cfano, nahpofun,
hokasafcncm nanuuun omcio unfcpcca, cocfonnmcio n samufc srurus
quo n Inpohc of pcnusuonucfckux hohonsnoncnuu, k kofopim
Mycconunu in cfoni uyncfnufcncn.
Tak nauunano ninnnnficn onno us cfpafciuucckux hpofunopc-
uuu, hpuncnmux ko Bfopou muponou nounc. Ofo ino hpofunocfon-
nuc, ninyxnanmcc panuuk u Hfanuk cncnafi hpunuuhuaniniu
niop hcpcn nuuom pcaninoio nacfyhncnun icpmanckoio pcnusuo-
nusma. Konkpcfno nohpoc in pcmcn 5 ccnfnpn 1J1 i., koina Ia-
aickuu cyn 8 ionocamu hpofun 7 (cpcnu kofopix in ionoc pu-
fanckoio hpcncfanufcnn) nincc pcmcnuc o ncconmccfumocfu hpo-
ckfa famoxcnnoio coksa u hpofokona, honhucannoio Ancfpucu c
uiou Hauuu n 122 i. n kauccfnc ycnonun hpcnocfannnnmciocn
foina sauma. Kypuuyc ninyxncn in honafi n ofcfanky, u cio cmc-
nun Ipknuni, coxpanun fakxc hocf kanuncpa. Ancfpuuckuu nohpoc
ocfanancn ofkpifim u hocfanun hcpcn Hfanucu nonic hponcmi,
fcm oncc ufo ncucfnun Icpmanuu ncc n onimcu cfchcnu hpuo-
pcfanu pcnusuonucfckuu xapakfcp.
Ipcnnoxcnuc o cosnanuu ancfpo-icpmanckoio famoxcnnoio co-
ksa, fof qakf, ufo n fo xc camoc npcmn (mcxny hpunnfucm hnana
Knia u osannckou konqcpcnuucu) usxunana ccn cucfcma pcha-
pauuu n afmocqcpc oun ho honony numi uacfuunoio nihonncnun
Icpmanucu onsafcnicfn, nanoxcnnix na ncc n cnnsu c ofncf-
cfncnnocfik sa pasnnsinanuc Icpnou muponou nouni, a fakxc fof
qakf, ufo sfomy hpcnmccfnonano honnoc ocnooxncnuc ncmcukou
fcppufopuu of nouck coksnukon, kofopic nonxni inu iapanfu-
ponafi nihonncnuc ycnonuu mupnoio noionopa, ncc sfo nnnic
achckfi u cumhfomi hcpnoio kpusuca, kofopiu uchifana Bcp-
canickan cucfcma u kofopiu icfpo hpuncn k cc paspymcnuk.
15O
Kpusuc nc osnauan, onnako, ufo Icpmanun nnoni sannna ucnf-
paninyk u nomunupykmyk poni n cnpohcuckou xusnu, hockoniky
nu nnyfpcnnnn, nu mcxnynaponnan skonomuucckan u honufuucckan
cufyauun nc hosnonnnu concpmufi fakou panukaniniu honopof.
Yxc hpu Ufpcscmanc Icpmanun noccfanonuna cnoc honoxcnuc
pannou cpcnu cnpohcuckux ncpxan, onnako pcui mna o pancncfnc,
nahpanncnnom na coxpancnuc cfauninocfu, na nipaxcnuc cfpcm-
ncnun k komhpomuccy u cofpynnuuccfny c hocnufcnnmu. Ionopof,
nannsanniu ncmcukou nncmncu honufukc hocnc cmcpfu Ufpcsc-
mana, in naxcn, uo on nipaxan usmcncnuc cfpafciuu. Bhpoucm,
on moi hpousoufu u hpu xusnu Ufpcscmana, hockoniky nifckan
us usmcncnun cufyauuu, hpcnhonaianmcu pasnohnanonic ncu-
cfnun. Hs qponfa cfpan, ncucfnonanmux n unfcpccax honncpxanun
cfauninocfu, Icpmanun nononino pcsko hcpcxonuna no qponf
cfpan, nicfyhanmux sa usmcncnun (pcnusuk). Xofn pcnusuonucf-
ckan kamhanun cmc nc hpuopcna fc akucnfi ncucfoncfna, kofopic
hpunan cu hosnncc Iufncp (no kofopic, onnako, yxc uchonisonan
Mycconunu na Iankanckom honyocfponc), nncmnnn honufuka Icp-
manuu nipaxana, nonino unu ncnonino, cfpafciuk hcpccmofpa cy-
mccfnykmcio n Inpohc coofnomcnun cun. Onnako hpunanafi sfomy
honopofy ipomkoc snyuanuc nc cnoucfncnno fakum hpanufcni-
cfnam, kakum hpanufcnicfno Ipknunia. Tcm nc mcncc on oosna-
uun kpyfou nupax n cnpohcuckou honufukc.
2.4. Hccncc:Bn nsnca n Dananccn
ncnn:nn. H:ann n anDn ncc nnDcH
Bcsccnn Bnnnn 1cHannn
2.4.(. LAHAHCHL HCCHL,CTDHH 1LFAHCC1C
H HTAHLHHCC1C FLDH5HCHH5A
Tak xc kak u Ancfpun, ncci ocfaninou ynaucko-Iankanckuu
mup in oxnaucn inyokum skonomuucckum kpusucom. Cucfcma
pannonccun u pasncn na cqcpi nnunnun, cnoxunmuccn n hcpnou
hononunc 2O-x ionon u cymccfnonanmuc no 127 i., inu napymcni
fcmu nosmoxnocfnmu nnn nmcmafcnicfna, kofopic kpusuc hpcnocfa-
nun ncnukum ncpxanam, hpuncnn k oocfpcnuk ufano-qpanuysckoio
cohcpnuuccfna u n ococnnocfu k ncoxunannomy nosononnc-
nuk akfunnocfu Icpmanuu n sfou uacfu Inpohi, hponnunmcmycn
n hohifkc cosnanun ancfpo-icpmanckoio famoxcnnoio coksa. Kpo-
mc foio, sfa uacfi Inpohi ina nuxaumcu k Concfckomy Coksy
fcppufopucu u, napnny c Ionimcu, Ianfuuckumu iocynapcfnamu u
Icpmanucu, nauoncc nochpuumuunou k hocfchcnnomy usmcncnuk
151
yponnn mcxnynaponnoio hpucyfcfnun CCCI, cncnanmcmycn nos-
moxnim n pcsynifafc sancpmcnun hcpnoio hnfuncfncio hnana.
Bhnofi no nauana kpusuca honoxcnuc n sfou sonc ohpcncnn-
noci nomunuponanucm panuuu u Hfanuu u ux hpofunopcuunmu.
Hccmofpn na nocnnic coinamcnun, cnnsinanmuc panuuk c Ma-
nou Anfanfou, nu onna us cqcp nnunnun nc ina ycfouuunou u
cfauninou. B camom ncnc, fpu iocynapcfna, nxonunmuc n Manyk
Anfanfy, samcfno ofnuuanuci npyi of npyia u nc moinu cocfannnfi
cnunoc ucnoc. Hcxocnonakun, cosnanman nocfafouno hpounic nc-
mokpafuucckuc uncfufyfi, kofopic, onnako, ho cymccfny mano
conknanuci n onacfu oxpani hpan cnonaukou nauuu, ina nc
foniko honufuuccku cnnsana c panuucu, pasncnnn c ncu omuc
anfupcnusuonucfckuc ycfpcmncnun, no hponnnnna fakxc cknon-
nocfi onopufcnino ofnocuficn k ynyumcnuk ofnomcnuu c Concf-
ckum Coksom, ufo kak i ypannoncmunano honickuc hpcfcnsuu
na ncnymyk poni n pciuonc (cfpacfu, kuhcnmuc nokpyi pauona Tc-
muna, cmc nc yncinuci).
Co cnocu cfoponi Iyminun, kofopyk pasncnnn c Concfckum
Coksom chop us-sa Icccapauu, ofnuuanaci of Hcxocnonakuu, ho-
ckoniky cc nnyfpcnnuu pcxum ncc oncc ofucfnuno fniofcn k anfo-
pufapnim qopmam. H ccnu ona ocfananaci n pamkax Manou An-
fanfi ho hpuuunam hpunuuhuaninoio anfupcnusuonusma, fo n fo
xc npcmn nc ofkasinanaci u of coxpancnun xopomux ofnomcnuu c
Hfanucu, c kocu cc cnnsinan noionop o npyxc 126 i. u fpanuuu-
onnoc conhancnuc hosuuuu.
Hfo kacacfcn Kiocnanuu, fo u sfa cfpana uchifinana cuninoc
hpufnxcnuc omnocfu icohonufuucckux unfcpccon c panuucu,
onnako ona nonxna ina nccina yuufinafi cnok nusocfi k Hfa-
nuu u hocncncfnun nosmoxnoio nmcmafcnicfna Iuma n ananckyk
xusni. Inusocfi Ancfpuu, kofopan n hcpchckfunc ncnana Icnipan
ofkpifim nnn nanncnun Icpmanuu, nnyfpcnncc honufuucckoc ycf-
poucfno, co cnaim hponnncnucm, n ofnuuuc of Hcxocnonakuu, nc-
mokpafuucckoio nyxa, cuninoc ncypciynuponannoc cohcpnuuccfno
pasnuunix nauuu, cocfannnnmux Koponcncfno ccpon, xopnafon u
cnoncnucn (kak nhnofi no 12 i. oquuuanino nasinanaci Kiocna-
nun), ncc sfo ocnoxnnno honoxcnuc cfpani.
Iosfomy n ucnom Manan Anfanfa hpcncfannnna coou ncna-
ncxnoio coksnuka nnn panuuu. Ic akfunnocfi moina, nhpoucm,
unfcncunno pasnunaficn n nahpanncnuu konconunauuu ho mcpc
foio, kak nauunan c 126 i. no nncmncu honufukc Icpmanuu no-
sonanana cc fpanuuuonnan nahpanncnnocfi na kio-nocfok.
Cucfcma ufaninnckux cokson fakxc nc ina ococnno hpou-
nou, xofn na ymaic ona u moina hokasaficn ycfouuunou naionapn
152
otcnunnkmcu cunc pcnusuonucfckux hpcnnoxcnuu, kofopic
Mycconunu oncc ucfko cqopmynuponan hocnc 127 i. B camom
ncnc, nnyfpu camou ufaninnckou cucfcmi hpucyfcfnonano kopcn-
noc hpofunopcuuc, honpinanmcc cc cnuncfno. H nof houcmy. Hfa-
ninnckoc hpucyfcfnuc na Iankanax xapakfcpusonanoci konfponcm
nan Ananucu, of kofopoio hpcsuncnf A. 3oiy, hponosinacunmuu
ccn koponcm Ananuu n 128 i., hifancn usanuficn. Ono nknk-
uano fakxc fccniu coks c Bcnipucu. Hauunan c honhucanun noio-
nopa o npyxc 127 i. (nc cuufan kopofkou haysi hpcinanun y
nnacfu hpanufcnicfna Kaponiu n 1J11J2 ii.) ncnicpckuc hpc-
micp-munucfpi Icfncn u Icmcm inu iopnuumu cfoponnukamu
opucnfauuu na Hfanuk kak chocoa yfncpxncnun cnoux pcnusuo-
nucfckux fpconanuu. Hakoncu, ufaninnckoc hpucyfcfnuc omyma-
noci fakxc naionapn pacfymum nsaumocnnsnm c Ancfpucu, kofopan
c 12 i. koncanaci mcxny hpoicpmanckou fcnncnuucu u fcnncn-
uucu k ykpchncnuk ncsanucumocfu, ohupakmcucn na fccniu coks
c Hfanucu u Bcnipucu.
Hcfounukom nnyfpcnncio hpofunopcuun sfoio mcxnynaponno-
io aninnca ino fo ocfonfcnicfno, ufo cio otcnunnn hpunuuh
pcnusuonusma. Onnako n fof momcnf, koina pcnusuonusm cfan pc-
aninou honufukou, Ancfpun okasanaci n cqcpc nnunnun Icpmanuu,
fak ufo Hfanun ina ninyxncna yncpxunafi n cnocu opufc Bcni-
puk c homomik pcnusuonucfckou fcopuu, no hpofunoncucfnonafi
sfou fcopuu n fom, ufo kacacfcn Ancfpuu, hockoniky hpofunoho-
noxnan hosuuun hpuncna i k hpopiny ankanckoio qponfa, cnn-
sannoio c camou Hfanucu. Kpomc foio, ho sfomy konkpcfnomy
nohpocy, fo ccfi ho nohpocy o samufc ncsanucumocfu Ancfpuu,
ufaninnckan honufuka ncuscxno cohpukacanaci c uncnfuunimu
unfcpccamu panuuu u Hcxocnonakuu. Tak no npcmn nuckyccuu,
kofopic ufaninnui u qpanuysi uacfo ncnu n hcpuon c 124 ho
1J5 i., iuhofcsa ofnocufcnino hofcnuuaninoio u pcaninoio conha-
ncnun hosuuuu mcxny Hfanucu u panuucu nccina cohponoxnanaci
coinacucm ofnocufcnino hpunuuha conmccfnou samufi ncsanucu-
mocfu Ancfpuu n kauccfnc omcu ucnu nnyx cfpan. Ipunuuhuani-
niu paspin mcxny numu hpousomcn, koina Ium u Iapux sannnu
ho nannomy nohpocy pasnic hosuuuu.
2.4.2. HCCHL,CTDHH FH5HCA
D ,JHAHCC-LAHAHCC FL1HCHL
nn usyucnun hcpuona mcxny 12 u 1JJ1J4 ii., ncoxonu-
mo hponcnufi, kakum opasom nna nonix kpyhnix nnncnun sko-
nomuucckuu kpusuc u ycuncnuc nauusma n Icpmanuu usmcnunu
15J
foniko ufo ohucannic mcxnynaponnic coksi, nc ocfanannunanci
sncci, sa ucknkucnucm ofncninix cnyuacn, na nnyfpcnncm pasnu-
fuu cfpan ynaucko-Iankanckoio pciuona, cnumkom cnoxnom nnn
foio, ufoi ycnufcnino pckoncfpyuponafi cio n cxafom nunc, u k
fomy xc nccina uchifinanmcm nomunupykmcc nosncucfnuc mcx-
nynaponnou honufuku. cucfnufcnino, Iankanckuu honyocfpon
nnnnncn foina xapakfcpnim hpumcpom foio, kakum opasom fak
nasinacmiu mcxnynaponniu konfckcf nnunn na nnyfpcnnkk
honufuucckyk xusni manix cfpan.
Kpusuc safponyn pasnic cfpani pciuona n pasnuunou cfchcnu.
Ancfpun u Hcxocnonakun, fccno cnnsannic c unnycfpuaninou u
qunanconou cucfcmou 3ahana u hpunanncxanmuc k unnycfpuani-
nomy mupy, hocfpananu of ncio n pasnou cfchcnu |onna npamafu-
ucckum (kak yxc ino hokasano), npyian fnxcncumum opasom].
Icspaofuua n Ancfpuu n hcpuon 121JJ ii. houfu yfpounaci;
hpomimncnnoc hpousnoncfno yhano houfu nnnoc; yponcni ucn
cnuncfcnicfnonan o ncqnnuuonnou honufukc hpanufcnicfna. B Hc-
xocnonakuu cspaofuua, hpakfuuccku ofcyfcfnonanman nakanync
kpusuca (42 fic. cspaofnix na nck conokyhnocfi paoucu cuni),
n 1J2 i. nospocna oncc ucm n nccnfi pas u nocfuina 552 fic. uc-
nonck, a n 1JJ i. ona yncnuuunaci cmc onimc no 7J8 fic. Ha-
hpofun, n Iyminuu, Kiocnanuu, Ioniapuu cfpanax c hpcona-
nanucm ccnickoxosnucfncnnoio hpousnoncfna, u, n nkom cnyuac,
inc ccnickoxosnucfncnniu cckfop ncc cmc hpcncfannnn cfanonou
xpccf skonomuku sfu xc camic nnncnun ocfananuci iopasno
oncc oipanuucnnimu, hockoniky nu n onnom us cnyuacn uucncn-
nocfi cspaofnix nc hpcnicuna n hcpuon pcucccuu ncckonikux
nccnfkon ficnu ucnonck. Ofo osnauano, ufo ofcfanan ccnickoxosnu-
cfncnnan skonomuka, csycnonno, iopasno nciuc hcpcnocuna hpo-
mimncnnic kpusuci. Cncnonafcnino, foniko Ancfpun ina hon-
ncpxcna nosncucfnuk nccio komhnckca ofpuuafcninix hocncncfnuu
skonomuucckoio u honufuucckoio kpusuca, hockoniky Hcxocnonakuk
of ncio samumanu nuhnomafuucckuc achckfi. B hpcumymccfncnno
aipapnix cfpanax kpusuc ofpasuncn hpcxnc nccio na ucnax kak n
pcsynifafc hancnun muponoio chpoca (hpcxnc nccio cnpohcuckoio),
fak u ncncncfnuc hpofckuuonucfckux mcp, uacfo cocfannnnmux ko-
cfnk hpanufcnicfncnnou honufuku.
C mcxnynaponnou fouku spcnun houck nosmoxnoio ofncfa na
kpusuc hpoxonun n nnyx nahpanncnunx: houck cxcm omcio coina-
mcnun, kofopoc cfano i nccomcu nancxnou na chaccnuc unu xc
saknkucnuc nnycfoponnux coinamcnuu mcxny pasnuunimu ncpxa-
namu. Iyfi nnycfoponnux coinamcnuu, ho kofopomy homnu foniko
hocnc foio, kak omuc noionopcnnocfu okasanuci ncnosmoxni,
154
in nipaxcnucm honufuucckoio hpofunocfonnun kpyhncumux cn-
pohcuckux ncpxan n ynaucko-Iankanckom pciuonc, fo ccfi ofpa-
xcnucm skonomuucckoio nauuonanusma u honufuucckux amuuuu
panuuu, Hfanuu, Bcnukopufanuu, a safcm u Icpmanuu. Onnako
umcnno usmcncnuc honufuucckou cufyauuu ncnano ncnosmoxnim
nocfuxcnuc omcio coinamcnun.
Bcponfno, oman noionopcnnocfi ho nohpocy o skonomuucc-
kou cfaunusauuu n pciuonc ina i nosmoxna, ccnu i cymc-
cfnykmcc coofnomcnuc cun nc usmcnuno honnncnuc nonoio (unu
nospoxncnnoio) qakfopa icpmanckoio nnunnun, sacfanunmcio
panuuk hpcnhpunumafi usnypufcninic (u houfu nccina ccho-
ncsnic) ycunun, ufoi coucfafi houck omux noionopcnnocfcu c
nuhnomafuucckumu iapanfunmu, kofopic honfncpnunu i cuny ia-
panfuu n ofnomcnuu Icpmanuu. panuysckoc hpanufcnicfno hpcn-
hpunnno maiu n sfom nahpanncnuu n 127 i., koina hpcnnoxuno
cosnafi konqcncpauuk iocynapcfnhpccmnukon Ancfpo-Bcnicpckou
umhcpuu, onnako hpcnnoxcnuc nc umcno ychcxa us-sa ohhosuuuu
Ufpcscmana u npaxncnoio ofnomcnun Hfanuu, oycnonunmcio
ofpuuafcninyk hosuuuk Ancfpuu. Ha nannom sfahc qpanuysckan
honufuka ncc cmc hpcncfannnna coou sonnax nosmoxnocfu otcnu-
nufi ycunun cnpohcuckux iocynapcfn, c kofopim Ipuan cnnsinan
nancxni na csohacnocfi panuuu. Ofa opucnfauun ina noso-
nonncna n 121JO ii. n qopmc cio hpcnnoxcnuu ho cosnanuk
Inpohcuckoio coksa.
B 1J1 i. qpanuysi n cofpynnuuccfnc c ucxocnonaukum hpanu-
fcnicfnom nnoni ninnunynu cnou hpcnnoxcnun ho cosnanuk kon-
qcncpauuu, yuufinan ohif foniko ufo hponanunmciocn hpockfa
ancfpo-icpmanckoio famoxcnnoio coksa. Io cymccfny, ux hnan
hpcnycmafpunan cosnanuc cucfcmi famoxcnnix, fapuqnix, fopio-
nix u qunanconix cnnscu mcxny Ancfpucu, Hcxocnonakucu, Kio-
cnanucu, Iyminucu u Bcnipucu c hcpchckfunou ncc oncc fccnou
skonomuucckou, a safcm u honufuucckou unfcipauuu. Kak ofmcuacf
Àmoun, konccpnafunnic ucnu hnana inu naxc cnumkom ouc-
nunni. Ancfpun u Bcnipun, oncc cnaic n skonomuucckom ofnomc-
nuu us-sa hpomimncnnoio u fopionoio hpcnocxoncfna Hcxocnonakuu
u, kpomc foio, sanucnmuc of qunanconou honncpxku panuuu,
okasanuci i n honuuncnnom honoxcnuu ho ofnomcnuk k Manou
Anfanfc u ninyxncni inu i hpusnafi srurus quo.
Ha cfoponc panuuu ina momi cc qunanconix pccypcon. Hc
ynyuu cmc ccpicsno safponyfa pcucccucu u onanan nnymufcni-
nimu sahacamu sonofa, ona moina hpcnocfannnfi honufuucckuc
saumi na xopomux ycnonunx. C hpofunohonoxnou cfoponi nu
Hfanun, nu Icpmanun (kofopic ho sfomy honony hohifanuci hpcn-
155
hpunnfi coinaconannic maiu n hpofunoncucfnuc panuuu) nc
pachonaianu cpannumimu pccypcamu. Kpomc foio, onu sanumanu
cohcpnuuakmuc hosuuuu n ofnomcnuu Angleichung. Icanusauun
qpanuysckoio hpockfa ncckoniko hponnunynaci nhcpcn, u n ahpcnc
1J2 i panuun u Bcnukopufanun hpunnnu pcmcnuc opianuso-
nafi mcxnynaponnyk konqcpcnuuk ho hponcmam osnoponncnun
ynauckou Inpohi. Takan konqcpcnuun ofkpinaci 5 ccnfnpn
1J2 i. n i. Cfpcsa c ucnik nipaofafi hpcnnoxcnun ho osnopon-
ncnuk pinka kahufanon, ynyumcnuk ycnonuu fopionoio omcna,
canancuponanuk ucn na hpomimncnnyk u ccnickoxosnucfncn-
nyk hponykuuk u konfponk sa numu n pciuonc ynauckoio ac-
ccuna u n cohpcncninix cfpanax.
Konuchuuu hponcm pciuona, hpofunocfonnmuc npyi npyiy c
camoio nauana, hponnnnnuci no npcmn paofi konqcpcnuuu. Ic
inannic yuacfnuku cncnanu ncc nosmoxnoc nnn yfncpxncnun coof-
ncfcfnykmux fouck spcnun. B kakou-fo momcnf hokasancn nosmox-
nim komhpomucc ofnocufcnino hpcnnoxcnun, nohyckanmcio hpun-
uuh saknkucnun mnoiocfoponnux coinamcnuu hpu ycnonuu, ufo
ynyf conknaficn yxc cymccfnykmuc nnycfoponnuc coinamcnun.
Onnako fakan konuchuun, honncpxunanman hosuuuu panuuu u
Hfanuu, ochapunanaci ncmuamu, kofopic cfpcmunuci ucfonkonafi
cc kak choco cncpxunafi ux unnccfuuuu n Ancfpuu ynnsan sfo c
omum cofpynnuuccfnom na Iankanckom honyocfponc. Takum o-
pasom, konqcpcnuun sancpmunaci hpakfuuccku nuucm, hpunnn pc-
mcnun o mcpax omcio xapakfcpa, oiafix ho konuchuunm, no
upcsniuauno cnnix ho cnocu sqqckfunnocfu. Chaccnuc nynauc-
kux iocynapcfn, samcuakf ho sfomy honony Zupo u pank,
hpoucxonuno hocpcncfnom ux nxoxncnun onnoio sa npyium n knu-
cnfcny onnou us ncnukux ncpxan. Hcxocnonakun, Kiocnanun u
Iyminun (no sfa hocncnnnn c mnoxccfnom oionopok) inu cnnsani
c panuucu; Bcnipun, Ancfpun u Ioniapun, n onimcu cfchcnu
niunanmancn us omcio pnna, cnuxanuci c Hfanucu, onnako inu
iofoni fakxc nochonisonaficn hnonamu icpmanckoio hontcma; An-
anun konfponuponanaci Hfanucu u Bcnukopufanucu; Ipcuun
ina uacfik pufanckou cpcnuscmnomopckou cucfcmi.
Omymcnuc (oncc unu mcncc oocnonannoc), ufo qpanuysi
xofcnu nochonisonaficn cnoum qunanconim hpcnocxoncfnom nnn
foio, ufoi usnncui us ncio honufuucckuc hpcumymccfna, n konuc
konuon ocpnynoci um no npcn. 3a ncckoniko ncncni, n fo npcmn
kak Hcxocnonakun ocfananaci cnnsannou c panuucu, ncci Ian-
kanckuu honyocfpon ncfyhun n sfah pasnufun, cohponoxnanmuucn
naxnimu nonmccfnamu, u upcnafiu ccpicsnimu hocncncfnunmu.
B Kiocnanuu, inc n nauanc 12 i. koponi Anckcannp I ocymccfnun
156
hpcopasonanuc koponcncfna n anfopufapnom nyxc, ofmcnun ccpo-
xopnafo-cnoncnckoc ncncnuc u pachycfun honufuucckuc hapfuu,
naupanu cuny sfnuucckuc hpofunopcuun. Yxccfoucnuc anfopu-
fapnou honufuku, unuuuuponannoc koponcm n ccpcnunc 1J2 i.,
hpuncno k oocfpcnuk hpofunocfonnun c ohhosuuucu. Bpaxnc-
noc ofnomcnuc xopnafon k ucnfpanusauuu nipaxanoci uacfuuno
ncianino, uacfuuno ncncianino. Cchapafucfckan ipyhha packono-
naci, a cc nuncpi Iycfan Icpucu u Anfc Iancnuu ykpinuci onun n
Ioniapuu, npyiou n Hfanuu, inc onu uckanu honncpxky nnn opi-
i hpofun cnipanckoio hpanufcnicfna. Kiocnani n ofncf hohi-
fanuci safpynnufi honoxcnuc ananckoio koponn 3oiy u ninccfu
cio us-hon ufaninnckoio konfponn. Iononim xc opasom usmc-
nunaci cufyauun u n Iyminuu, inc koponi Kaponi II chococfno-
nan samcnc nucpaninoio hpanufcnicfna anfopufapnim, naxnyk
poni n kofopom uipan munucfp unocfpannix ncn Hukonac Tufy-
nccky. oionop o npyxc c Hfanucu, cpok kofopoio yxc ucfckan,
in hponncn, u pymini hpononxanu koncaficn n cnocu opucnfa-
uuu mcxny Manou Anfanfou, Hfanucu, a fchcpi u Icpmanucu.
Tufynccky ofcfaunan nosmoxnocfi ufano-qpanuysckoio coinamc-
nun, n pcsynifafc kofopoio oc ncpxani okasanuci i no inanc
Manou Anfanfi.
Ioncc naxnimu inu usmcncnun n Bcnipuu u n Ancfpuu, a
fakxc honopof, kofopiu concpmuna n sfo npcmn n cnocu mcxnyna-
ponnou honufukc Hfanun n pcsynifafc foio, ufo hocf munucfpa
unocfpannix ncn cnona sannn Mycconunu. B Bcnipuu munucfcp-
cfno Kaponiu (aniycf 1J1 ccnfnpi 1J2 i.) sannno nc cfoni
nnno pcnusuonucfckyk hosuuuk ho cpanncnuk c ipaqom Icfnc-
nom, cio hpcnmccfncnnukom. Okonomuucckuu kpusuc ninynun Iyna-
hcmf nc oocfpnfi ofnomcnun c panuucu. Onnako nc cnyuaunim
ino fo, ufo okonuanuc konqcpcnuuu n Cfpcsc, hponcmoncfpupo-
nanmcc ofcyfcfnuc pcsynifafon n sfom nahpanncnuu, honfonknyno
kpaunuc cuni ncnicpckoio pcnusuonusma k fomy, ufoi choco-
cfnonafi hpuxony k nnacfu icncpana ikni Icmcma, inani kon-
fppcnonkuuonnoio nnuxcnun, honanunmcio n 11 i. pcxum Icna
Kyna. Icmcm in npim nauuonanucfom, hoknonnukom Mycconu-
nu, anfuccmufom u, cncnonafcnino, hofcnuuaninim coksnukom
Iufncpa. Ipu Icmcmc onnom us nnoxnonufcncu cckpcfnix no-
cnnix coinamcnuu c Hfanucu, cohponoxnanmux noionop o npyxc
127 i., pcnusuonucfckan honufuka nosononunaci n honnyk
cuny. Icpniu ocymccfnncnniu um nusuf sa ipanuuy in nusuf n
Ium, n okfnpc 1J2 i. Icmcm namcpcnancn hocfanufi nsaumoncu-
cfnuc c Hfanucu na nonyk ocnony u hponnuiancn n nahpanncnuu,
ykasannom Icfncnom, oucni fccnoio skonomuucckoio cofpynnu-
uccfna mcxny Bcnipucu, Ancfpucu u Hfanucu.
157
Bnyfpcnnnn cufyauun n Ancfpuu usmcnunaci c ccpcnuni 1J2 i.,
koina kanuncpom in nasnaucn Onicnicpf oniqyc, hpcncfanufcni
Xpucfuancko-couuaninou hapfuu. B fcucnuc nckofopoio npcmcnu
oniqyc, nc pachonaianmuu fncpnim hapnamcnfckum onimun-
cfnom, pasmimnnn nan cosnanucm hpanufcnicfna nauuonaninoio
cofpynnuuccfna, kofopoc nknkuuno i n koanuuuk couuan-ncmokpa-
fon u cncnano i cfpany yhpannncmou. Ancfpun, inyoko hofpnccn-
nan skonomuucckum kpusucom, okasanaci n nccima fnxcnix mcx-
nynaponnix ycnonunx, cnnsannix c ofuannnou hofpcnocfik n
qunanconix pccypcax u c osaoucnnocfik, nisnannou hpockfom
Angleichung. B mcxnynaponnou cqcpc hcpnim maiom oniqyca
ino cnuxcnuc c panuucu, of kofopou sanuccna honncpxka nc-
sanucumocfu Ancfpuu u qunancuponanuc nonoio mcxnynaponnoio
sauma, kofopiu hpocuno ncnckoc hpanufcnicfno. panuun naio-
cknonno ofncfuna na sfu uvunces, onnako oycnonuna hpcnocfannc-
nuc sauma n JOO mnn ancfpuuckux munnunion (kofopiu nonxcn
in cocfonfi us nknanon pasnuunix cfpan) onsafcnicfnamu nicfy-
hafi hpofun anmnkca u honncpxunafi hpockfi, hpcnnaianmuccn
qpanuysamu nnn ynauckoio pciuona. oniqyc coinacuncn c ycno-
nunmu sauma, no hosnncc ocosnan, ufo ho nonc qpanuyson cfpana
okasanaci hon konfponcm co cfoponi uiu Hauuu, cmc oncc cy-
ponimy, ucm fof, ufo in ycfanonncn n ofnomcnuu sauma 122 i.,
u hpcnocfanunmcm kpunuucckuu honon hpucinyfi k homomu Ia-
aickoio cyna n opic c Angleichung.
K fomy xc oniqyc nonxcn in hpusnafi, ufo qpanuysi (c man
mccnua no panuuu ncpnyncn k nnacfu ncniu nok) nnonko ofno-
cunuci k ancfpuuckou couuan-ncmokpafuu: honncpxunanu cc n
ycununx ho cosnanuk n Ancfpuu hpanufcnicfna nauuonaninoio
cnuncfna (nconsafcnino no inanc c oniqycom), no nc noncpnnu
cu us-sa cknonnocfu k otcnuncnuk c Icpmanucu, kofopan ina
cnoucfncnna ancfpuuckum couuan-ncmokpafam nhnofi no hpuxona
nauusma k nnacfu.
Ofa nnoucfncnnocfi hpuncna k ofcpoukc pafuqukauuu qpanuy-
samu coinamcnun o saumc, ufo ncfpcnoxuno oniqyca. Cymccfno-
nanuc cio hpanufcnicfna ohupanoci n hapnamcnfc na honncpxky
kpaunc hpanix u, n ococnnocfu, ipyhhi nchyfafon, hpunannc-
xanmux k opianusauunm xcumncpa (HcImwcIrcn Coks samuf-
nukon ponuni), nauuonanucfuucckou u anfukommynucfuucckou
ipyhhuponku, nosinannncmou fakum nccima comnufcninim hcpco-
naxcm, kak Opncf Ufapcmcpi, anfunauucfcku nacfpocnniu cfo-
ponnuk ncsanucumocfu, kofopiu xofcn cfafi icpocm nospoxncnun
cnocu ponuni Ancfpuu. Iosfomy koina Mycconunu ycfanonun c
num konfakf, cmy ino nciko nacfpoufi Ufapcmcpa hpofun Iuf-
ncpa u honfonknyfi k honncpxkc honufuku oniqyca.
158
Konfakfi Ufapcmcpia c Mycconunu ykpchunuci nauunan c
uknn 1J2 i., mccnu chycfn hocnc cosnanun kauncfa oniqyca.
Mycconunu hpuinacun inany ancfpuuckoio hpanufcnicfna n Ium, u
fof hocnc hcpuona koncanuu, hpcnmccfnonanmcio konqcpcnuuu n
Cfpcsc, koina on hifancn ncpxafi ofkpifimu nncpu qpanuysckou
u onnonpcmcnno ufaninnckou opucnfauuu, n konuc okfnpn hpunnn
hpuinamcnuc. Ofo ino nauano cofpynnuuccfna, kofopoc nhocncn-
cfnuu cfancf ncc oncc fccnim u hcpcpacfcf n nuunyk npyxy
(ccnu o sfom moxno noomc ionopufi hpumcnufcnino k mcxny-
naponnim ofnomcnunm). Onnako oniqyc ofncccn k ufaninnckomy
nuncpy na hcpnix hopax c ocfopoxnocfik. Ionncpxka xcumncpa
ina nyxna cmy n hapnamcnfc; honncpxka xc Hfanuu moina i
cfafi n hcpcxonniu hcpuon cnumkom cfccnnkmcu.
Hcynaua konqcpcnuuu n Cfpcsc, hpuxon k nnacfu Iufncpa u
cio nchocpcncfncnnic hocncncfnun n Ancfpuu, inc cpasy xc samcfno
akfunusuponanaci nauucfckan u hanicpmanckan ncnfcninocfi, hon-
fonknynu oniqyca k houcky ncc oncc pcmufcninou honncpxku co
cfoponi Mycconunu. Ofo cnuxcnuc hpomno ucpcs sfah nchocpcn-
cfncnnoio cofpynnuuccfna mcxny Ancfpucu u Bcnipucu, kofopic n
1J2 i. nauanu hcpcionopi o saknkucnuu nonoio fopionoio noio-
nopa, icfpo sancpmunmuccn n nckapc sfoio xc iona.
Coifuc, hpousomcnmcc n nnnapc 1JJ i., cncnano cnuxcnuc
oncc ofucfnunim u oncc chopnim. Icui uncf o ncnc Xupfcn-
cpia, fo ccfi o hocinkc Hfanucu opyxun xcumncpy hon nciani-
nim hpukpifucm, no n napymcnuc cfafcu Ccn-Zcpmcnckoio u
Tpuanonckoio noionopon, hockoniky fpanchopfuponka ocymccfn-
nnnaci ucpcs ncnicpckyk fcppufopuk. Ofhpanka opyxun ncnaci
houfu ofkpifo, hockoniky ono hpunanncxano k ufaninnckum no-
cnnim fpoqcnm 118 i., a hpcnnoiom cnyxuno otncncnuc, ufo
opyxuc cncnonano ofhpanufi na mccfo usiofonncnun c ucnik nnoni
hpunccfu cio n ociofonnocfi. B ncucfnufcninocfu, namcpcnun
ufaninnucn cocfonnu n fom, ufoi oncc hpouno nonncui ancfpuu-
ucn n fpoucfncnniu coks c Bcnipucu. Mycconunu honfonknyn
oniqyca, ocnancnnoio honcmukou ho ncny Xupfcncpia n hap-
namcnfc, k ycfanonncnuk anfopufapnoio hpanncnun c ohopou na
hafpuofuucckuu qponf, nucfanuuponanmuucn of fpanuuuonnix
honufuucckux cun. Ofo ina hohifka houfu honfopufi n Ancfpuu
fo, ufo ino cncnano n Hfanuu. oniqyc honfncpnun cnou honu-
fuucckuu kypc, koina n qcnpanc 1J4 i. honanun n Bcnc cunou nic-
fyhncnun couuanucfon hpofun cio honufuku. Takum opasom, ncn-
kan cnnsi c hpomnim ina oopnana, a oniqyc ncucfnufcnino
hpcnpafuncn n uncfpymcnf ufaninnckou honufuku. 17 mapfa 1J4 i.
n Iumc inu honhucani hakf o koncynifauunx u skonomuucckuc
15
hpofokoni, kofopic na ymaic cosnananu famoxcnniu coks mcxny
nnymn cfpanamu. To, ufo nc ynanoci cncnafi panuuu, kasanoci,
ynanoci Mycconunu, xofn ncc sfo yxc cohponoxnanoci pocfom
nnunnun nauucfckou Icpmanuu.
Ococnnocfu nannoio sfaha ufaninnckou honufuku n ynaucko-
Iankanckom pciuonc otncnnkfcn fcm, ufo n ccpcnunc 1J2 i.
Mycconunu pcmun ocymccfnufi honopof n ufaninnckou nncmncu
honufukc, nsnn n cnou pyku munucfcpcfno unocfpannix ncn u na-
snauun na hocf sammunucfpa yninuo Cynuua, inmcio hpcncfa-
nufcnn nauuonanusma Tpuccfa u ccfccfncnnoio nipasufcnn ny-
nauckoio komhoncnfa n ufaninnckou nncmncu honufukc. B fakom
usmcncnuu ina saunfcpcconana nc foniko Hfanun. Ono kacanoci
nccu mcxnynaponnou cufyauuu n ucnom. B camom ncnc, Mycconunu
hpcnyianan n usmcncnunx, hpoucxonunmux n Icpmanuu, ncuscx-
niu hpuxon k nnacfu honufuucckou cuni, kofopan hpuncncf k ho-
fpnccnunm u usmcncnunm n Inpohc. On hpcnhonaian nocfuui ncko-
fopix ucncu ufaninnckou nncmncu honufuku no foio, kak cfanyf
omyfumimu pcsynifafi ncnfcninocfu nauucfon. Hfaninnckuc un-
fcpcci saknkuanuci n hpucyfcfnuu na Iankanckom honyocfponc u
fcppufopuaninou skchancuu n Oquohuu. Kononuaninan kamhanun
ina umhcpckou mcufou Mycconunu. Ho nnn foio, ufoi ona cfa-
na nosmoxnou, ncoxonumo ino iapanfuponafi cufyauuk na Ian-
kanax of ncoxunannocfcu. Ofckna ncoxonumocfi ncucfnonafi
icfpo c ucnik occhcuufi nancxnyk asy n Anpuafukc u n Cpc-
nuscmnomopic n hpcnnncpuu nocnnix ncucfnuu n Oquohuu, kofo-
pic ufaninnckuu Inanniu mfa nauan iofonufi umcnno n 1J2 i.
B fof hcpuon Mycconunu ino niionno uhonisonafi fy fpcnoiy,
kofopyk pocf nauusma nisinan n cnpohcuckux cfpanax-hocnufc-
nnx. B sfou cufyauuu cmy ynanoci ycunufi ufaninnckuc hosuuuu n
ymcp qpanuysckomy nnunnuk na cfpani Manou Anfanfi cmc no
foio, kak Iufncp honyuun kakyk-nuo cnoony mancnpa.
2.. 1cHanca Bncmn ncnn:na n ncDncHa
BcccDmc:c asccnn c: Lnnn:a c 1n:nca
2..(. HLHLDCAH LH,JHAFC,HAH CHLFLHHHH
HC FA5CFJHLHHK
Hsmcncnun n icpmanckou honufukc ncno hponnunuci na mcx-
nynaponnou konqcpcnuuu ho pasopyxcnuk, nauanmcucn n Zcncnc
2 qcnpann 1J2 i. hocnc ccmu ncf honiofonufcninou paofi. 3ann-
sanmuccn nuckyccuu inu hponosinamcni nauanom nonou shoxu,
kak sfo nccina cnyuacfcn, koina coupakfcn mcxnynaponnic kon-
16O
qcpcnuuu c nicokumu ucnnmu. Konuuccfno hpucyfcfnonanmux
ncnciauuu (ucnix 62), uacfo hpcncfanncnnix na camom nicokom
yponnc, cosnanano nhcuafncnuc nahimcnnocfu. B ncucfnufcnino-
cfu, sa sfou nncmncu kapfunou co ncc onimcu ocfpofou hponnnn-
nuci nannuc hponcmi. panuysckan cfopona no npcmn honiofonu-
fcninoio sfaha nccina cnnsinana nohpoc o nccomcm pasopyxcnuu
c hponcmou mupnoio ypciynuponanun, fo ccfi c ncoxonumocfik
nccomux coinamcnuu, kofopic nhucanu i pasopyxcnuc n cucfcmy
csohacnocfu, ufo ho cyfu nochpousnonuno hpcnnoxcnun 124 i.
(Zcncnckuu hpofokon apufpax, csohacnocfi, pasopyxcnuc)
kak fpu nsaumocnnsannix hpunuuha, onun us kofopix oycnonnunan
npyiou n ucpapxuucckom hopnnkc. B 1J2 i. hcpcn nuuom nospox-
ncnun ncmcukoio nauuonanusma qpanuysam nc ynanoci nipaofafi
unou hyfi, ucm hyfi nosnpafa k iapanfunm konnckfunnou csohac-
nocfu n kauccfnc ycnonun ycfyhok n nohpocc o pasopyxcnuu.
B coofncfcfnuu c sfumu ycfanonkamu hnan, hpcncfanncnniu
Annps Tapnic, nocnnim munucfpom n hcpnom hpanufcnicfnc anann,
naxonunmcmcn foina y nnacfu, hpcnnaian nnyxsfahnoc pasopyxc-
nuc: hcpniu sfah konuuccfncnniu (oipanuucnuc uucncnnocfu
nuunoio cocfana) u nfopou kauccfncnniu (ofkas of uacfu fnxc-
noio noopyxcnun). B nohonncnuc hpcnnaianoci cosnafi mcxnyna-
ponnic noopyxcnnic cuni hon siunou uiu Hauuu. C aninuuckou
u amcpukanckou cfoponi nc ino cfoni xc hpopaofannix hpcnno-
xcnuu, foina kak uno Ipannu, ufaninnckuu munucfp unocfpan-
nix ncn c 12 i., unuuuafop u hoopnuk honufuku hpumupcnun c
sahannimu ncpxanamu, hpcnnoxun nocfafouno nnymufcniniu pnn
kauccfncnnix cokpamcnuu, sannun o iofonnocfu Hfanuu (nauo-
ncc cnaou us cnpohcuckux ncpxan) coinacuficn c munumaninim
yponncm noopyxcnuu, kofopiu pcmaf ycfanonufi kpyhncumuc cn-
pohcuckuc cfpani. Ho n fo xc camoc npcmn on uscxan ncnkoio
yhomunanun o ykpchncnuu uiu Hauuu u cnnsan fcmy cofpynnu-
uccfna c fcmou mcxnynaponnou chpancnnunocfu, inc fcpmun
chpancnnunocfi cncnonano honumafi kak pachonoxcnnocfi k pc-
nusuonusmy, fo ccfi kak hpnmo hpofunohonoxnoc hpcnnoxcnunm
qpanuyson.
2..2. HFCLHLA FADLHCTDA HFAD ,GLL1CHDLFLCHT1GUHG1
nn ncmucn nohpoc, onnako, cfonn unauc. Kanuncp Ipknuni,
yxc n fcucnuc houfu nnyx ncf cncpxunanmuu nacfyhncnuc nauuc-
fon, nyxnancn n csycnonnou hocnc nnn ykpchncnun cnocio ncyc-
fouuunoio honoxcnun. On hpcnnoxun aninuuanam u amcpukanuam
komhpomucc, kofopiu nonxcn in hpofunocfonfi nchpcknonnocfu
161
qpanuyson. Tcm npcmcncm hpanufcnicfno anann hano, u 2O qcnpa-
nn cam Tapnic cqopmuponan nonoc munucfcpcfno, n kofopom on
sannn hocf munucfpa unocfpannix ncn, ufo nnnnnoci honfncpx-
ncnucm qpanuysckou nchpumupumocfu. Ipknuni hofpconan oc-
nooxncnun Icpmanuu of onsafcnicfn, kofopic nanaian na ncc
Bcpcanickuu noionop. Ocnoninanci na ncnihonncnuu npyiumu
cfoponamu fpconanuu uiu Hauuu n cqcpc pasopyxcnun, on
hpcnnoxun pnn onnocfoponnux iapanfuu c ncmcukou cfoponi (fa-
kux, kak ofkas of ninnuxcnun fcppufopuaninix nohpocon n fcucnuc
ohpcncncnnoio hcpuona u coinacuc na pasopyxcnuc hon mcxnyna-
ponnim konfponcm) n omcn na hpusnanuc hpunuuha GIcIcIbcrccI-
tIgung, fo ccfi pancncfna hpan ncmucn na noopyxcnuc c npyiumu
ncpxanamu. Ipusnanuc fakoio hpunuuha cncnano i nosmoxnim
saknkucnuc onsinakmux cfoponi coinamcnuu pancc, ucm nkic
hpunuuhi samcnuf cyponiu qakf onnocfoponncio hcpcnoopyxc-
nun Icpmanuu n oxon noionopon.
Bhpoucm, icpmanckuu Icncpaniniu mfa yxc fauno hpononun
hcpcnoopyxcnuc, n fom uucnc u naionapn cckpcfnim nocnnim co-
inamcnunm c Concfckum Coksom, saknkucnnim nauunan c 121 i.
Onu hosnonnnu ncmcukum honpasncncnunm uchifinafi nonic
nuni noopyxcnuu u hpononufi yucnun na fcppufopuu CCCI. Cnc-
nonafcnino, nacfyhun momcnf upcsniuaunou naxnocfu, hockoniky
hocfonnnomy fpconanuk qpanuysckou cfoponou csohacnocfu
ina hpofunohocfanncna pcaninocfi hpoucmcnmcio n Icpmanuu
honopofa u ncoxonumocfi nipaofku hosuuuu, kofopyk cnpohcu-
ckuc ncpxani nonxni inu sannfi n ofnomcnuu sfoio honopofa:
cohpofunnnficn nu cmy; hpofunocfonfi nu c homomik cuni, kofo-
pan nhpoucm ofcyfcfnonana; unu xc unfu na ycfyhku n nancxnc
cmniuufi icpmanckuu pcnusuonusm, chococfnyn nihonncnuk kanu-
ncpom Ipknuniom ponu hocpcnnuka c yucfom nanncnun, okasinac-
moio na ncio nauucfamu. Hauunanaci shoxa niopa mcxny honu-
fukou fncpnocfu ho ofnomcnuk k pcnusuonusmy u honufukou
iukocfu, hpcnnapnnmcu fo, ufo ncckoniko ncf chycfn yncf nasna-
no uppeusemenr (ymupofnopcnuc).
Aninuuanc u amcpukanui, ofnanan ccc ofucf n fpynnocfnx
Ipknunia, inu nc hpoui coinacuficn c hpcnnoxcnunmu ncmucn.
Hfaninnui sanumanu hpomcxyfounyk hosuuuk, hockoniky onu
iofonunuci nccfu hcpcionopi ho unfcpccykmum ux hponcmam
(kak yxc ino n hpomnom u kak yncf n nuxaumcm ynymcm) n
ycnonunx naiohpunfnoio ofnomcnun sahannix ncpxan k mcxny-
naponnim amuuunm Mycconunu. Ipannu ofkpifo cnnsinan hpo-
ncmy pasopyxcnun c hponcmou ufaninnckou kononuaninou skc-
hancuu: Icnu hocfchcnno hpunfu k hpusnanuk nonix cufyauuu
162
u nonix honufuucckux hofpcnocfcu, sannun on 4 man n cnocu
pcuu n hanafc nchyfafon, fo ncnosmoxno hpcncpcui hpusnanu-
cm kononuaninoio qakfopa, hpcncfanncnnoio Hfanucu. Onnako
Tapnic nc usmcnun hosuuuk u panuun coxpannna kafciopuucckyk
npaxncnocfi n ofnomcnuu hpunuuha pancncfna. B mac 1J2 i.
konqcpcnuun ina sanokuponana sfumu nchpumupumimu hosu-
uunmu. Hsmcncnuk cufyauuu nc homoino u fo, ufo n pcsynifafc
niopon no panuuu 8 man nmccfo hpanou koanuuuu k nnacfu hpu-
mnu hpcncfanufcnu ncnoio noka, ncc cmc nosinannncmoio Oppuo.
B ncucfnufcninocfu Oppuo cfpcmuncn cnusufi qpanuysckyk
hosuuuk c anino-amcpukanckou, cmniuan nc foniko hpunuuhuani-
nic hpofunopcuun, ninnunmuccn n Zcncnc, no fakxc u pasnoina-
cun mcxny nnymn cfoponamu ho hponcmc Maniuxypuu. Icnu i
anino-qpanko-amcpukanckan hosuuun 11 i. ina kakum-fo opa-
som noccfanonncna, fcma csohacnocfu hpcncfana i concpmcnno
ho-unomy, u naxc nospocna i pachonoxcnnocfi qpanuyson k yc-
fyhkam n cqcpc pasopyxcnun. Oppuo ocynun hponcmy ofncnino c
aninuuanamu u amcpukanuamu, u n nauanc uknn, kasanoci, cfana
nipuconinaficn oman hosuuun. Ofa hosuuun ninonuna panuuk
us usonnuuu, mcmana Hfanuu napamunafi cnou amuuuu no ponu
hocpcnnuka u ofkpinana nuanoi (na ohpcncncnnix ycnonunx, ka-
canmuxcn hpuopufcfa ncucfnykmux nopm n onacfu csohacnocfu)
ho hponcmam kauccfncnnoio u konuuccfncnnoio pasopyxcnun, xofn
u nc concpxana ofncfa na inanniu nohpoc, honnnfiu ncmuamu.
Onnako ccnu hosuuun qpanuyson ina cmniucna, fo icpmanc-
kan, nahpofun, yxccfoucna. Ipknuni, hon nanncnucm skonomu-
ucckou cufyauuu u honcmuku, kofopyk nisnanu cio hpcnnoxcnun
ho aipapnou pcqopmc, a fakxc ncynau no nncmncu honufukc, n
konuc man honan n ofcfanky. Iin pachymcn pcuxcfai u nasnaucni
nonic niopi. B pcsynifafc ino cqopmuponano hpanufcnicfno
nauuonaninoio coinacun c hpconananucm hpanix, nosinanncnnoc
panucm qon Iahcnom, choconim manuhynnfopom, numcnnim
camocfonfcninoio honufuucckoio ncca, pancc hpunanncxanmum k
hapfuu Hcnfpa, no hocfchcnno hpunusunmumcn k anfopufap-
nim hosuuunm, honisonanmumcn naiocknonnocfik hpcsuncnfa
Iunncnypia u honncpxkou Iufncpa.
Iocncnnuu co cnocu cfoponi oncpxan ipomkyk hocny na ni-
opax, cocfonnmuxcn J uknn, u cfan nuncpom camou nnunfcninou
honufuucckou cuni n Icpmanuu. B cfpanc cfano ncnosmoxno hpa-
nufi, nicfyhan hpofun nauusma. 3ahpcfi, nanoxcnnic hpanufcni-
cfnom Ipknunia na nauucfckuc nocnusuponannic qopmuponanun,
inu ncmcnncnno ofmcncni. B mcxnynaponnou cqcpc qon Iahcn
moi numi c nospocmcu nchpumupumocfik ofcfaunafi hosuuuu
16J
cnocio hpcnmccfncnnuka. B ccpuu ncfpcu onun na onun Oppuo hi-
fancn naufu hpomcxyfounoc pcmcnuc. B cnok oucpcni hpcsuncnf
Iyncp, cnnsanniu ucnnmu hpcncfonmcu hpcsuncnfckou usupa-
fcninou kamhanuu (n xonc ncc hpousouncf ipomkoc uspanuc Iys-
ncnifa hpcsuncnfom Cocnuncnnix Ufafon), cucn ncoxonumim
hpcnhpunnfi onnocfoponnkk unuuuafuny, kofopan umcna csyc-
nonniu hpohaiannucfckuu sqqckf c fouku spcnun omccfncnnoio
mncnun cio cfpani, no kofopan nc yuufinana pcaninoio xona nuc-
kyccuu n Zcncnc. 22 uknn on hpcncfanun hpockf, hpcnycmafpu-
nanmuu omcc cokpamcnuc nccx noopyxcnuu hpunusufcnino na
onny fpcfi. Takum opasom Iyncp ncmoncfpuponan, ufo on nc cuu-
facf hcpccmofp coinamcnun mcxny qpanuysamu u aninuuanamu cc-
picsnim komhpomuccom. Inuncfncnnim ncnciafom, iopnuo ono-
punmum cio hpcnnoxcnun, in ufaninncu Ipannu, nnn kofopoio
inannan hponcma cocfonna n hpunnskc hosuuuu Hfanuu k hosu-
uuu kakou-nuo npyiou ncnukou ncpxani. nn npyiux ncnciafon
sfo osnauano i ncoxonumocfi nauafi ncc cnauana.
B konuc uknn konqcpcnuun, paofanman hapanncnino c konqc-
pcnuucu ho pchapauunm n osannc, okasanaci n fyhukc. B osannc
hpunnfuc pcmcnun o okonuanuu nihnafi pchapauuu cohponox-
nanoci anino-qpanuysckum hakfom o koncynifauunx, uacfuuno
cckpcfnim u nahpanncnnim na coinaconanuc coofncfcfnykmux
ncucfnuu n cnyuac, ccnu Icpmanun nosnamcpufcn pasopnafi onsa-
fcnicfna, nanoxcnnic na ncc Bcpcanickum noionopom. Oucnunno,
ufo aninuuanc hpononunu kpaunc nnoucfncnnyk u ncucfkyk honu-
fuky, hockoniky sannnnnu o ofcyfcfnuu hpunuuhuaninix nos-
paxcnuu n ofnomcnuu hcpccmofpa ohpcncncnnix cfafcu mupnix
noionopon, a safcm ncmoncfpuponanu xcnanuc cncnafi ycfyhku ho-
suuunm qpanuyson, nuamcfpanino hpofunohonoxnim fakomy hc-
pccmofpy. Hancxna na fo, ufo moxno nosponufi lenrenre corJiule,
ina unnksopnou, fak kak Bcnukopufanun n sfu mccnui cosna-
nana cnocio pona hpofckuuonucfckyk kpchocfi, honyuunmyk na-
snanuc cfcpnunioniu nok, u kaxnoc honufuucckoc coinamcnuc
nonxno ino honuunnficn sfou ucnu, kofopyk onnon cuufan
inannou.
Iosfomy Zcncnckan konqcpcnuun cfana hocfchcnno saxonufi
n fyhuk. Koina 2O uknn inanniu noknanuuk munucfp unocfpannix
ncn Hcxocnonakuu Icncm hpcncfanun cnou noknan, fo nu na onun
us inannix nohpocon n ncm nc ino ucfkux ofncfon. oknan in
hocfanncn na ionoconanuc, u ncnciauuu ucfko pasncnunuci: ufani-
nnui nosncpxanuci, ncmui ionoconanu hpofun. 22 uknn ncnciaf
of Icpmanuu Hanoniniu otnnun o cnocu hosuuuu, cohpononun
sfo sannncnucm o fom, ufo Icpmanun nc yncf yuacfnonafi n paofc
konqcpcnuuu no fcx hop, hoka nc yncf hpusnano cc kpunuucckoc
164
u qakfuucckoc pannohpanuc. Xofn onimuncfno onopuno houfu
ncochopumim onimuncfnom noknan Icncma (41 ionoc sa, 2 hpo-
fun cpcnu kofopix nmccfc c ncmcukum in fakxc concfckuu io-
noc u 8 nosncpxanmuxcn), ino oucnunno, ufo hcpcpin n paofc
konqcpcnuuu no konua ccnfnpn nnnnncn nc foniko fcxnuucckou
mcpou, no u honufuucckum hcpcpinom. Iynymcc konqcpcnuuu
sanuccno of pcmcnun icpmanckoio nohpoca.
Koina konqcpcnuun nosononunaci, hosuuuu ocfanuci cs us-
mcncnuu. Ionnunaci ncoxonumocfi cmc pas ofnoxufi cc paofy
na fpu mccnua, n fcucnuc kofopix icpmanckuu nnyfpcnnuu kpusuc
numi ycyiyuncn. B nonpc kanuncp qon Iahcn nasnauun nonic
niopi, u nccmofpn na fo, ufo onu hokasanu nckofopic honnux-
ku n pcsynifafax, honyucnnix Hauuonan-couuanucfckou hapfucu,
cmy hpumnoci ofkasaficn of nnacfu. Kanuncpom in nasnaucn ic-
ncpan Kypf qon Uncuxcp, hokponufcnicfnonanmuu Iufncpy.
B sfof momcnf qpanuysi ocosnanu ncoxonumocfi cncnafi nako-
ncu ycfyhky, kofopan, nhpoucm, ina yxc cchoncsnou. B ncknapa-
uuu, onapononannou 11 nckapn 1J2 i., qpanuysckoc, aninuu-
ckoc u ufaninnckoc hpanufcnicfna sannunu o hpusnanuu hpunuuha
Uleighherechrigung. Ipakfuuccku hpcnmccfncnnuky Iufncpa ycfyhu-
nu n fom, n ucm ofkasinanu Ipknuniy, konccpnafunno nacfpocn-
nomy kanuncpy, kofopiu, nhpoucm, cmc in cknoncn hohifaficn
nosponufi ncmokpafuucckuu ohif hpanufcnicfn ncnoucnfpucfckou
koanuuuu. Ofo in cchoncsniu u omuouniu mai. Koina Iufncp
JO nnnapn 1JJ i. cfan kanuncpom, on nc hpukasan cnocmy munu-
cfpy unocfpannix ncn Koncfanfuny qon Hcupafy ncmcnncnno
hpckpafufi yuacfuc n paofc konqcpcnuuu. Imc n fcucnuc ncnn-
fu mccnucn cc paofa hpononxanaci houfu n ckppcanucfuucckou
afmocqcpc nsaumnix onuncnuu u hpofccfon, kofopic nc cfouf
ananusuponafi. Oucnunno, ufo Iufncp cfpcmuncn sacfanufi konqc-
pcnuuk hpusnafi nc foniko pannohpanuc, no hpnmo-faku hpano
Icpmanuu na hcpcnoopyxcnuc.
B mac 1JJ i. konqcpcnuun okasanaci n cocfonnuu honnoio
kpusuca. Iufncp yxc sannn hosuuuu, ncnanmuc ncnosmoxnim co-
inamcnuc, hockoniky on fpconan, ufoi pcmcnuc, hpunnfoc 11 nc-
kapn, ino pcanusonano, u yponcni noopyxcnuu coksnukon in
ncmcnncnno cnuxcn no yponnn noopyxcnnou Icpmanuu. Hnimu
cnonamu, on fpconan pasopyxcnun panuuu n kauccfnc ycnonun
foio, ufo Icpmanun nc yncf hcpcnoopyxaficn, u offankunanci of
oocnonannix kpunuucckux hosuuuu, homcn na honufuucckuu
manfax. 14 okfnpn 1JJ i. ncmui hokunynu konqcpcnuuk ho pa-
sopyxcnuk. B fof xc ncni onu sannunu, ufo Icpmanun nixonuf us
uiu Hauuu. 12 nonpn pcsynifafi hncucuufa honfncpnunu, ufo
' ncmucn inu coinacni c sfum maiom.
165
2.. CDmnc cccDacnn c:nccn:cnnc
ncBcc:a, ncncmcmc:c B ncBcn
ncncBnnc O- :ccB
Okonomuucckuu kpusuc ninnun hponcmi, hpucymuc kahufa-
nucfuucckou cucfcmc, ocnonannou na pinounou skonomukc. Hx
hcpcocmicncnuc ino ncoxonumo nnn yconcpmcncfnonanun cho-
conocfu sfou cucfcmi cfpykfypuponafi couuaninic u hpousnon-
cfncnnic usmcncnun u cnyxufi pciynupykmum mcxanusmom skono-
muucckou xusnu. xon Mcunapn Kcunc cfan camim anfopufcfnim
nipasufcncm ncoxonumocfu fakoio hcpcocmicncnun. Iio Tpak-
faf o ncniiax, ohynukonanniu n 1JO i. sa num hocncnonan
ucniu pnn npyiux paof, n fom uucnc nimcnman n 1J6 i. Oman
fcopun sannfocfu, hpoucnfa u ncnci nnunuci cnocio pona ma-
nuqccfom nonoio honumanun pinounou skonomuku: nc kak cc
hpumufunnan opucnfauun na hpuini, a kak ononncnuc cc qynk-
uuonaninix hpanun c ucnik ncpnyfi cucfcmc xusncchoconocfi.
Ocfopoxnocfi n qunanconou cqcpc, honckny cnoucfncnnan ioc-
honcfnykmcmy honufuucckomy knaccy, hpchnfcfnonana fomy, ufo-
i pocf macconoio hpcnnoxcnun cohponoxnancn hapanncninim
pocfom macconoio chpoca. A sfo okasinano nchocpcncfncnnoc nnu-
nnuc na yponcni hpnmix unnccfuuuu u, honuxan cio, cncnona-
fcnino, na hokasafcnu makcumaninou sqqckfunnocfu kahufana
(A. Hcipu). Ofckna ncoxonumocfi pciynuponafi ynymcc pasnu-
fuc hocpcncfnom komhnckca mcp iocynapcfncnnoio nmcmafcnicfn,
kofopoc, nc ycfpannn pucka, nnyfpcnnc hpucymcio skonomuucckou
ncnfcninocfu kahufanucfuucckou cucfcmi, hocnyxuno i choco-
om nixona us cfainauuu u kpusuca. Honan fcopun fpconana pas-
mimncnuu nan sanauamu iocynapcfna n skonomukc u nan xapakfc-
pucfukou hpousnonufcninix cun n kauccfnc pinounix n omcu
kahufanucfuucckou cucfcmc.
Ofu pasmimncnun honyuunu xunou ofknuk n Cocnuncnnix
Ufafax, inc honufuka Honoio kypca uchifana nnnoc nnunnuc kcun-
cuancfna, hosnonunmcio cfpanc fpancqopmuponafi kaxniu hocnc-
nykmuu kpusuc n hpocfyk pcucccuk u houfu ho hyfu cfaunino-
io skonomuucckoio pocfa, ufo ykpchuno inoaninoc hpcnocxoncfno
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon cnauana n skonomuucckou cqcpc, a safcm,
hocnc Bfopou muponou nouni, n honufuucckou. B Inpohc iny-
okuc mcxiocynapcfncnnic hpofunopcuun homcmanu nipaofkc
omcu cfpafciuu noccfanonncnun skonomuku. Afmocqcpa honufu-
ucckux ohaccnuu oycnonuna niop skonomuucckou cfpafciuu.
Kpusuc chococfnonan hpunnfuk pcmcnuu, kofopic nc cfoniko
166
opucnfuponanuci na skonomuuccku cfauninic hyfu, ckoniko
nukfonanuci nauuonanucfuucckumu coopaxcnunmu.
B sfou afmocqcpc koncu pchapauuu n pcsynifafc skonomuucc-
koio kpusuca u ofkasa ncmucn of ux yhnafi, a fakxc ncynaua ho-
hifku nahpnmyk ynnsafi fcmy icpmanckux nonion c hponcmou
mcxcoksnuucckux nonion, honfncpnunu ncchoconocfi honufuucc-
kux ncnfcncu icfpo hocfpoufi, homumo honufuucckux cnnscu,
fakxc u cnnsu n skonomuucckou u qunanconou cqcpc mcxny Co-
cnuncnnimu Ufafamu u Inpohou. Iasnuunic cucfcmi cocymc-
cfnonanu ho-ofncninocfu, u kaxnan pykononcfnonanaci cnoumu
cocfncnnimu unfcpccamu. Ipofunopcuun oncpxanu ncpx nan
ocosnanucm ncoxonumocfu cosnanun inoaninou nsaumosanucu-
mou cucfcmi, kofopan moina i hpofunocfonfi nncmnum nisonam
foniko n cnyuac, ccnu i ona hpusnana cnoc cymccfnonanuc n ka-
uccfnc cnunoio ucnoio.
B honufuucckom hnanc honopof nauana JO-x ionon ninnun uc-
ucsnoncnuc nyxa okapno. Hckofopic qopmaninic momcnfi co-
inamcnuu moinu cmc ncucfnonafi, no nauunan c 121JO ii.
Icpmanun ncmoncfpuponana, ufo n cnocu nncmncu honufukc ona
cfpcmufcn ofoufu of cofpynnuuccfna c panuucu u qopmuponafi
cocfncnnyk honufuky n npyiom nahpanncnuu. B hcpnyk oucpcni
sfo osnauano n nahpanncnuu Ancfpuu u Iankanckoio honyocf-
pona. 3afcm fakxc u Ionimu. B sfof honopof nisnanniu
cmcpfik Ufpcscmana, no oncc inyoko yxonunmuu kopnnmu n
hpakfuucckuu houck Icpmanucu camocfonfcninoio hyfu, kofopiu
ncpnyn i cu hpocfpancfno nnn nncmncu honufuku u fopionou skc-
hancuu, ofopannoc n pcsynifafc konfponn qpanuyson, nhucanaci
nonan hosuuun Bcnukopufanuu. Hconnokpafnic nicfyhncnun
aninuuan, cfanmuc cmc oncc ofkponcnnimu hocnc konqcpcnuuu
n Offanc n 1J2 i. u nauana cosnanun Conpyxccfna, ofucfnuno nc-
moncfpuponanu, ufo n onnonc cmofpcnu na anmnkc kak na ncus-
cxnoc coifuc u ufo n ucnom aninuuanc ocfananuci ckopcc un-
nuqqcpcnfnimu n ofnomcnuu hnanon pcnusuu fcppufopuaninoio
ycfpoucfna cfpan Bocfounou Inpohi u Iankanckoio honyocfpona.
Hfanun, co cnocu cfoponi, hpononxana hponuknoncnuc na
Iankani u ncna nocnnyk honiofonky kononuaninix kamhanuu,
hpononn nconnosnauniu kypc no nncmncu honufukc, fpconanmuu
mnoiouucncnnix usncpxck. Honiu ncmcukuu camocfonfcniniu
kypc chococfnonan nochpousnoncfny cmc nc conccm ofucfnunoio
nyanusma, kofopiu nosnpaman Hfanuu fo honc nnn mancnpa, kofopoc
ino ofnnfo y ncc coinamcnucm IpuanUfpcscman. Ofnomcnun c
panuucu koncanuci mcxny momcnfamu xccfkux cfonknoncnuu u
167
napuanfamu komhpomucca n konfckcfc conhancnun mnoiouucncnnix
cnpohcuckux unfcpccon. Hauoncc hocfonnnou xapakfcpucfukou
ufaninnckou mcxnynaponnou ncnfcninocfu ino, onnako, coinacuc
c Bcnukopufanucu. Cpcnuscmnomopckoc cohcpnuuccfno cmc nc
pasiopcnoci. o fcx hop, hoka nc hpuopcn akfyaninocfi kononu-
aniniu nohpoc, oman saunfcpcconannocfi n coxpancnuu srurus quo
n Cpcnuscmnomopic u oman cknonnocfi hohycfufcnicfnonafi pc-
nusuonucfckum hosuuunm cnuxanu honufuky ocux cfpan.
Takum opasom, nhnofi no hpuxona k nnacfu Iufncpa n nauanc
1JJ i. u cmc n fcucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn hocnc sfoio honopofa
panuun ocfananaci onna n cnoux hohifkax ykpchufi anfupcnusu-
onucfckuu qponf, nc cfpcmnci hpu sfom k houcky komhpomuccon
c npyiumu cfpanamu, kofopic panimc nc inu c ncu cnnsani, a
numi oycnonnunan qunanconyk homomi u honufuucckuc hcpcio-
nopi honfncpxncnucm anfupcnusuonucfckux iapanfuu.
Ofo ina cnumkom xpyhkan hocncnnnn fouka nnn foio, ufoi
uficn no konua. Ionufuucckuu kpusuc, hopoxncnniu skonomu-
ucckum kpusucom, nc in paspcmcn. Ipofunopcuun hpononxanu
oocfpnficn. Ipunuxancn momcnf honncncnun ufoion. Kpusuc
Bcpcanickou cucfcmi fpancqopmuponancn n cc kpax. Inpohcuckan
moncni ncmoncfpuponana ocfaninomy mupy nnyfpcnnc hpucymyk
cu xpyhkocfi. Toniko Cocnuncnnic Ufafi u Concfckuu Coks
cmoinu i honncpxafi cc cymccfnonanuc, no nu onna us nnyx cfpan
nc ina foina chocona, na u nc cfpcmunaci, ncucfnonafi n sfom
nahpanncnuu. Cnumkom mnoio ino nnyfpcnnux hpuuun, cnumkom
oucnunno ino pasnuuuc ucncu u cnumkom cunina ina npaxnc-
nocfi n ofnomcnuu coxpancnun ncunix hpuuun nnn cnpohcuckoio
cohcpnuuccfna, ufoi nnc ncpxani hpcxncnpcmcnno nimnu us
cnocu usonnuuu. B sfou ocfanonkc sa hpcncnamu Inpohi nauana
paspymafi muponou hopnnok Shonun. Mycconunu, nnuxumiu
cfpcmncnucm uscxafi foio, ufoi ncmunycmiu cnpohcuckuu ho-
xap nochpchnfcfnonan ocymccfnncnuk cio pcnusuonucfckux hna-
non, honiofonuncn honpaxafi cu.
. (. Dncmn ncnn:na Hncnnn
n saBa: annn
.(.(. HFLDFALLHHL HHCHHH D DLHHJK ,LFHADJ
Ohpcncncnuc Bcpcanickan cucfcma, n yskom cmicnc cnona,
nknkuacf nc foniko hponcmi, cnnsannic c Iapuxckumu noiono-
pamu, no u hcpcycfpoucfno fcppufopuu iocynapcfn, nnnnnmuxcn ux
otckfamu. B ncucfnufcninocfu, sfo ohpcncncnuc, n cxafou qopmc
cunfcsuponano cnoxnyk, no onnosnaunyk pcaninocfi ono
hpcncfannnno coou onny us ccuucncnnix hohifok, no n kpauncu
qopmc, anahfuponafi inoaninic mcxnynaponnic ofnomcnun k
moncnu, hpunnfou cnpohcuckou nuhnomafucu, nccmofpn na cc oipa-
nuucnnocfi, hponnunmykcn n 114 i., n 11 i. u n hocncnykmuu
hcpuon.
Ioncc mupokoc fonkonanuc camou konuchuuu sfou moncnu ho-
snonncf yfncpxnafi, ufo hcpcxon of kpusuca k cnomy cucfcmi, koncu
srurus quo, kpymcnuc unnksuu, ponunmuxcn n Iapuxc n 11 i.,
nauanoci sa hpcncnamu Inpohi na anincm Bocfokc. Maniu-
xypckuu kpusuc, chponouuponanniu Shonucu, xofn u in nanck
of cnpohcuckux hpofunopcuuu, nnuncn ux ofpaxcnucm, ho kpauncu
mcpc, c foio momcnfa, koina n nauanc XX ncka nhonckan nuhnoma-
fun cnnsana cnok cyniy c cnpohcuckou nncmncu honufukou.
Ofof kpusuc cfan nauaninim sfahom pachana cucfcmi, fak
kak ocnonnan hapanuima pasnufun kpusuca ofkpifo hpofunopcuu-
na fomy, ufo no 1J2 i. hifanuci ncnafi n Inpohc, inc ncycfanno
uckanu nuhnomafuucckuc pcmcnun nccx chopon. Toniko ncucfnun
Mycconunu u Iufncpa n 1J5 i. hpcpnanu sfy uchi usnypufcninix
hcpcionopon. Kpomc foio, Maniuxypckuu kpusuc cfan nosmoxcn
umcnno hofomy, ufo Inpoha u Cocnuncnnic Ufafi inu cnum-
kom nancku of pciuona pasnufun coifuu u inu cnumkom hoipy-
xcni n pachyfinanuc knyka cocfncnnix skonomuucckux u ho-
nufuucckux hponcm, ufoi icfpo pcaiuponafi na hpoucxonnmcc
(nohyckan, koncuno, ufo y nux ino fakoc xcnanuc).
To, ufo hpousomno n Maniuxypuu, ino xusncnno naxno nnn
cymnocfu camou Bcpcanickou cucfcmi u safpaiunano unfcpcci
1naBa :c:
KPH3HC H KPAX
BLPCAnBCKOH CHCTLNM
mnoiux ncnymux ncpxan (hpcxnc nccio Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, Co-
ncfckoio Coksa u Bcnukopufanuu), no icohonufuucckan ynancn-
nocfi cfpani cncnana cc ncikou noiucu Shonuu. Inpohcuckan
moncni saxnafnuucckou nouni ina nochpousncncna n camom xyn-
mcm nunc, ocfanun hocnc ccn csnixanniu fpyh konnckfunnou
csohacnocfu, f.c. uiu Hauuu. Kpusuc pasnunancn oucni icfpo:
of sannncnuu nhonui hcpcmnu k pcaninim konkpcfnim akuunm
sfo cfano nauanom kpaxa cucfcmi.
Ipcnpamcnuc Shonuu n ncnukyk ncpxany na Tuxom Okcanc na-
uanoci c hpusnanun sfoio qakfa n hocncnncm nccnfuncfuu XIX ncka.
Yuacfuc n koanuuuu hocnufcncu no npcmn Icpnou muponou nou-
ni concucfnonano cc nanincumcmy ycuncnuk. Iocnc nouni n
Shonuu hpousomnu inyokuc honufuucckuc hpcopasonanun, na-
uancn ypniu skonomuucckuu pocf. Ionufuucckuc usmcncnun
inu cnnsani c fcm, ufo munufapucfckan (unu camypauckan) onu-
iapxun, kofopan yhpannnna cfpanou, ycfyhuna mccfo ipaxnanckomy
hpanufcnicfny us hpcncfanufcncu hapfuu, ohupanmuxcn na hapna-
mcnf, n niopax kofopoio c 125 i. yuacfnonano ncc myxckoc nacc-
ncnuc.
Cpcnu nauoncc kpyhnix hapfuu ina +uuiuu, kofopyk of-
nuuana ucfko nipaxcnnan konccpnafunnan opucnfauun, fak kak
ona ina cnnsana c unfcpccamu kpyhnix hpomimncnnukon, a fak-
xc kpyhnix u mcnkux scmncnnancniucn u hpononuna umhcpuanu-
cfuucckyk nncmnkk honufuky, n ococnnocfu n Ccncpnom Kufac,
Maniuxypuu u Monionuu. pyiyk hapfuk Juncumo xapakfc-
pusonana nucpaninan fcnncnuun, hockoniky ona ina cnnsana c
ncnonimu u fopionimu kpyiamu u saunfcpcconana n ocymccfnnc-
nuu fopionou skchancuu. Oc hapfuu sanuccnu of nnyx ncnymux
monohonucfuucckux ipyhh, kofopic iochoncfnonanu n nhonckou
skonomukc: +uuiuu of ipyhhi Muuyu u Juncumo of ipyhhi
Muuyucu.
Iosuuuu nnyx hapfuu coinacno xopnxo Iopca nipaxa-
nu unfcpcci nnyx ipyhhuponok. Konccpnafopi samumanu umhcpu-
anucfuucckyk honufuky, hofomy ufo unfcpcci Muuyu inu oco-
cnno cunini n Maniuxypuu. Muncsufo nicfyhana sa hponcncnuc
oncc nucpaninou honufuku, hockoniky unfcpcci ipyhhi Muuy-
ucu cocpcnofouunanuci hpcumymccfncnno n fopionnc. Ofa oyc-
nonncnnocfi honufuucckou ncnfcninocfu skonomuucckumu unfc-
pccamu ina nacfoniko inyokou, ufo hoponuna uchi sanucumocfu
ho fuhy knucnfcni u pcakuuonnix mancnpon ncc sfo hpuncno k
kpusucy xpyhkou nhonckou ncmokpafuu. C npyiou cfoponi, hpu
cnoxunmcmcn pcxumc Shonun nounaci snauufcninix skonomu-
ucckux ychcxon, u cc hpomimncnnoc hpousnoncfno n 12 i. nos-
pocno na JOO' n cpanncnuu c nonocnnim yponncm.
16 1naBa . nsnc n a Dccanccn cnc:cH
17O
B ucnom, n sfou asuafckou cfpanc ofpasunuci ncc hpofunopc-
uun ypnoio pocfa u ncpciynupycmou moncpnusauuu. Ona hpcono-
ncna skonomuucckuu kpusuc, kofopiu ncsnauufcnino hopasun cc
na kopofkuu hcpuon (n 1JO1J1 ii.), n pcsynifafc hpofckuuonu-
cfckux mcp, hpunnfix na mcxnynaponnom pinkc ho ofnomcnuk k
skonomukc, opucnfuponannou na skchopf. Tcm nc mcncc, yxc n
1J2 i. cc hontcm in momnim u oucnunnim.
.(.2. HHCHCAH A1FLCCHH HFCTHD AHLHHJFHH
H HH1A HAHHH
Bncmnnn honufuka Shonuu naxonunaci n fccnou sanucumocfu
of nnyfpcnncu cufyauuu, no n ucnom ina oucni ocfopoxnou,
xofn u nc moina nc cuufaficn c ncoxonumocfik cofpynnuuccfna-
cohcpnuuccfna c Kufacm u cio ncc oncc pacfymum nanncnucm n
ofnomcnuu napamunanun unnccfuuuu n Maniuxypuk.
Ocoic unfcpcci Shonuu n sfom pciuonc inu hpusnani
pyccko-nhonckum mupnim noionopom 1O5 i. u saknkucnnimu
ncncn sa num kufaucko-nhonckumu coinamcnunmu. B ococnnocfu
sfo ofnocunoci k konfponk nan honyocfponom nonyn u fpanc-
maniuxypckou xcncsnou nopoiou, k hpanam na paspaofky sancxcu
honcsnix uckohacmix u k hpusnanuk hpununciuu nhonckux ipax-
nan n ccnickoxosnucfncnnou, hpomimncnnou u fopionou ncnfcni-
nocfu. oionop c Kufacm of man 115 i., cmc oncc yxccfouun
ycnonun pcanusauuu sfux ycfyhok. nn Kufan cknaninanaci nc-
hpucmncman cufyauun, n ococnnocfu hofomy, ufo hocncncfnun
kponanoio hcpcxona k hocncpcnonkuuonnomy ycfpoucfny cfanonu-
nuci ncc fnxcncc. Ofo otncnncf, houcmy hpanufcnicfno Kufan
cfpcmunoci nuo nouficn ofmcni sfux hpununciuu, nuo numufi
ux ncucfncnnocfu.
Kufauui hifanuci nokuponafi hpano nhonckux ipaxnan na
hpuopcfcnuc scmcni n Kxnou Maniuxypuu, na ocymccfnncnuc
xcncsopynnix paspaofok, a fakxc na skchnyafauuk xcncsnix no-
poi n sfom pciuonc. Icui mna o oucni naxnix nohpocax, ofnocu-
fcnino kofopix cymccfnonanu cnoxnic kpunuucckuc ycfanonnc-
nun. Ha ocnonc noionopon nhonui honyuunu n cnoc yhpanncnuc
xcncsnyk nopoiy n Kxnou Maniuxypuu, a nmccfc c fcm hpuopc-
nu fakxc ncc hpununciuu, hpana u cocfncnnocfi na nck xcncs-
nonopoxnyk ccfi sfoio pciuona. Ofa ina cfafin, kofopyk nhon-
ui cfpcmunuci fonkonafi cnumkom mupoko, n ymcp kufauckou
kpucnukuuu. K sfomy noannnncn cmc u fof qakf, ufo nhonui co-
ncpmcnno nc xcnanu ofkasaficn of hpana unnccfuponafi n nani-
ncumcc cfpoufcnicfno xcncsnix nopoi. B 1J1 i. onu hocfpounu
171
no nccu Maniuxypuu okono 1OOO kunomcfpon xcncsnix nopoi, yf-
ncpxnan, ufo xofcnu fcm camim concucfnonafi skonomuucckomy
pocfy pciuona.
3ncci n cnoxnom knykc chncnuci pasnic unfcpcci. K sfomy
cncnonano noanufi fakxc nohpoc o houfu munnuonc kopcuckux
smuipanfon n Maniuxypuu, kofopix kufauui pacucnunanu kak
ananiapn nhonckoio nfopxcnun, hockoniky Kopcn ina foina uac-
fik umhcpuu Bocxonnmcio Connua, ufo honpinano nnacfi kufau-
ckoio hpanufcnicfna u cfanuno hon nohpoc nosmoxnocfi Tokuo
nnunfi na cufyauuk.
B sfu ioni n Shonuu y nnacfu naxonunoci hpanufcnicfno hon
hpcnccnafcnicfnom Ocafu Xamaiyfu, cqopmuponannoc hapfucu
Muncsufo. B 1JO i. on ncfyhun n ocfpoc cfonknoncnuc c nocnni-
mu kpyiamu u c Hacfnim Concfom koponi n cnnsu c fcm, ufo na
onnonckou konqcpcnuuu ho cynoxoncfny hpunnn ycnonun, kofo-
pic inu pacucncni kak ynusufcninic pcakuuonnimu pykononu-
fcnnmu nhonckoio nocnno-mopckoio qnofa. B nonpc 1JO i. na
Xamaiyfu ino concpmcno hokymcnuc qanafukom-nauuonanuc-
fom. On ymcp chycfn ncckoniko mccnucn, n ahpcnc 1J1 i; na hocfy
inani hpanufcnicfna cio cmcnun npyiou hpcncfanufcni fou xc
hapfuu, apon Icuxupo Bakauyku, kofopiu safcm hpcncfannnn
Shonuk na onnonckou konqcpcnuuu. Iapon Xuxypo Cunsxapa
cfan munucfpom unocfpannix ncn. Ho ccnu Xamaiyfu in cuni-
nou nuunocfik, choconou paspcmafi nnyfpcnnuc honufuucckuc
hpofunopcuun, fo noniu inana hpanufcnicfna nc onanan nocfafou-
nim anfopufcfom u nc in chococn hpofunocfonfi nanncnuk mu-
nufapucfckux kpyion, ncucfnonanmux n Maniuxypuu.
Koina 18 ccnfnpn 1J1 i. ncckoniko nocnnix uacfcu, naxonun-
muxcn hon nhonckum komannonanucm n Maniuxypuu, sannnu
Mykncn, inanniu iopon pciuona, u hpononxunu cnoc hponnuxc-
nuc ho fcppufopuu Maniuxypuu hon hpcnnoiom samufi xcncsnix
nopoi, naxonunmuxcn n nhonckou cocfncnnocfu u nkoi honncp-
ianmuxcn hocfonnnim nahancnunm co cfoponi kufauckux ncpciy-
nnpnix qopmuponanuu, fo hpanufcnicfno Tokuo okasanoci hcpcn
cncpmunmumcn qakfom. Chycfn fpu nnn kufauckoc hpanufcnicfno
opafunoci n uiy Hauuu u kak yuacfnuk hakfa Ipuana-Kcnnoia k
amcpukanckomy hpanufcnicfny. Cufyauun ina cnoxnou u fpco-
nana ocfopoxnoio honxona. 3a hpcncnamu Shonuu nukfo nc xofcn
cosnanafi fpynnocfu nnn cc cnaoio hpanufcnicfna u munucfpa
unocfpannix ncn Cunsxapa, hpofunohocfannnn ux nauuonanucfu-
ucckou u munufapucfckou pcakuuu, ufo hpousomno i n cnyuac
ocyxncnun sa pycxom akuuu, kofopan ina hpcnhpunnfa cs
onopcnun hpanufcnicfna, c ucnik hocfanufi cio n safpynnufcninoc
honoxcnuc.
1naBa . nsnc n a Dccanccn cnc:cH
172
Opamcnuc Kufan n uiy Hauuu ino paccmofpcno na ocnona-
nuu cf. 11 cc Ycfana, ohpcncnnkmcu chocoi honufuucckoio nmc-
mafcnicfna uiu n cnyuac konqnukfa. Concf uiu 22 ccnfnpn
cnunonymno (f.c. naxc c yuacfucm n ionoconanuu nhonckoio hpcn-
cfanufcnn) onopun pcsonkuuk, hpcnnaianmyk cfoponam nosncp-
xaficn of maion, kofopic moinu i ocnoxnufi cufyauuk u ofnccfu
cnou noucka na ucxonnic hosuuuu. Kufau c onopcnucm ofncccn k
nmcmafcnicfny Zcncnckou opianusauuu, Shonun, nahpofun, ynyuu
oncc cuninou n nocnnom ofnomcnuu, nacfaunana na ncoxonumoc-
fu hpnmix hcpcionopon, yfncpxnan, ufo yxc nauana ofnon nouck,
kofopic u inu uchonisonani numi n hpcnyhpcnufcninix ucnnx.
Ionoxcnuc ocfananoci nccfauninim, uia Hauuu, hponon-
xan cnou hohifku ymupofnopcnun, opafunaci k Cocnuncnnim
Ufafam c hpcnnoxcnucm hpucocnunuficn k cc akuunm. Amcpukan-
ui honncpxanu cc mupofnopucckyk ncnfcninocfi u hpcnhpunnnu
pnn onnocfoponnux maion, kofopic honyxnanu nhonucn conk-
nafi noionopi. Shonui hpononxanu cnou ynonku. Ipanufcnicfno
Tokuo okasanoci saxafim n fuckax hpofunopcuunou cufyauuu: c
onnou cfoponi, ono uchifinano mcxnynaponnoc nanncnuc, a c npy-
iou, nonxno ino hpofunocfonfi nnacfu u cunc munufapucfckux
kpyion nnyfpu cfpani.
Kpusuc nnno pasnunancn n sfom knkuc n fcucnuc ncckonikux
ncncni, nhnofi no 24 okfnpn, koina uia Hauuu, nohpcku mnc-
nuk nhonckoio hpanufcnicfna, ucfko hofpconana of Tokuo ninc-
cfu cnou noucka no 16 nonpn. Ofkas nhonucn hpunnfi sfo fpco-
nanuc sacfanun Bamunifon nahpanufi 24 nonpn Shonuu nccima
pcmufcniniu hpofccf, n ofncf na kofopiu munucfp Cunsxapa
onsancn hpckpafufi hponnuxcnuc nouck. Cunsxapa nihonnun
cnoc onsafcnicfno u nouncn coinacun icncpanon hpuocfanonufi
nocnnic ncucfnun. Kpomc foio, nhonckoc hpanufcnicfno coinacu-
noci na cosnanuc mcxnynaponnou komuccuu u naxc hofpconano
yckopufi ofhpanky n Maniuxypuk komuccuu ho paccncnonanuk no
inanc c nopnom uffonom, kofopan n ncucfnufcninocfu ina cqop-
muponana numi uecmi +ecnueo cnycmn, n uknc 1J2 i. Hmcnno sa-
fnxka nasnaucnun komuccuu uffona cnuncfcnicfnycf, ufo hon
hokponom nopou nonu faunuci namcpcnun u ucnu, nancko nc cfoni
pcmufcninic u hpunuuhuaninic, kak sfo ncknapuponanoci pancc.
Cunsxapa uspacxononan ncci cnou honufuucckuu pccypc nnn
hponcncnun kypca na ymupofnopcnuc. Iio pcsko kpufukonanu sa
cionopuunocfi, u na cncnykmuu ncni hocnc hpunnfun pcmcnun o
nasnaucnuu komuccuu, 11nckapn 1J1 i., on in ninyxncn ho-
nafi n ofcfanky. Tak, hoka nuhnomafi ncnu hcpcionopi, nocnnim
ynanoci ycfpanufi ocnonnoc hpchnfcfnuc nnn cnooni cnoux ncu-
17J
cfnuu. Bocnnic ohcpauuu n Maniuxypuu inu nosononncni, a
okkyhauun nccio pciuona sancpmunaci k nauany nnnapn 1J2 i.
Koina uffon hpuin n Maniuxypuk, fo cmy hpumnoci umcfi
ncno c concpmcnno unim honoxcnucm ncmcu, ucm fo, kofopoc cy-
mccfnonano n momcnf hpunnfun pcmcnun o cosnanuu komuccuu.
Icskuu honopof nhonckou honufuku k munufapusmy osnauan
ofkas of hpononunmciocn n hocncnocnnoc npcmn honufuucckoio
kypca, ufo hpuncno k sancpmcnuk hpcxncu shoxu hpconananun
honufuucckux hapfuu u k nauany nonoio sfaha icfpoio, xofn u
hocfchcnnoio nosnpafa k iochoncfny nocnnix. B mcxnynaponnom
hnanc sfo nisnano ocfpyk pcakuuk co cfoponi amcpukanucn. Iocy-
napcfncnniu cckpcfapi Icnpu Cfumcon nahpanun n Tokuo u Ickun
xccfkyk nuhnomafuucckyk nofy, honyuunmyk hosnncc usnccfnocfi
kak nokfpuna Cfumcona.
B ncu yfncpxnanoci, ufo hpanufcnicfno Cocnuncnnix Ufafon
nc moxcf nohycfufi sakonnocfi nkoio honoxcnun Je fucro, u
ono fakxc nc namcpcno hpusnanafi kakou i fo nu ino noionop
unu coinamcnuc mcxny hpanufcnicfnamu unu ux aicnfamu, kofo-
pic moinu i nanccfu ymcp hpanam CUA unu hpanam ux ipax-
nan n Kufac, na ocnonc cymccfnykmux fpakfafon, nknkuan fc, ko-
fopic ofnocnfcn k nohpocam cyncpcnufcfa, ncsanucumocfu unu
fcppufopuaninou u anmunucfpafunnou ucnocfnocfu Kufauckou
Icchynuku, kacakmuccn mcxnynaponnou honufuku n ofnomcnuu
Kufan, usnccfnou hon nasnanucm honufuku ofkpifix nncpcu.
Ipanufcnicfno CUA fakxc nc namcpcno hpusnanafi kakoc-nuo
honoxcnuc, noionop unu coinamcnuc, kofopoc yncf concpmcno
mcfonamu, hpofunopcuamumu cfafinm Iapuxckoio hakfa (hakfa
Kcnnoia) of 27 aniycfa 128 i., yuacfnukamu kofopoio nnnnkfcn u
Kufau, u Shonun, a fakxc CUA.
K sfomy nuhnomafuucckomy nanncnuk cncnycf noanufi pokuc
maiu, hpcnhpunnfic uiou Hauuu, n ofncf na pomcnniu ofkpi-
fiu nison. Ocfopoxnic (unu cccuninic) ncnfcnu cnpohcuckou
nuhnomafuu, nahpofun, hpcnhouufanu ykpificn sa xufpoymnimu
qopmynamu, coinacno kofopim hpcxnc, ucm sannfi kakyk-nuo
hosuuuk, cncnonano i noxnaficn ofucfa komuccuu paccncnona-
nun (c nasnaucnucm cc, onnako, nc fopohunuci).
Takum opasom, nhonui honyuunu cnoony nnn hpononxcnun
nocnnou akuuu yxc sa hpcncnamu Maniuxypuu, na kufauckou fcp-
pufopuu. Hckofopic unuuncnfi mcxny kufauuamu u nhonuamu,
umcnmuc mccfo n hopfy Uanxan, hocnyxunu hpcnnoiom nnn o-
cfpcna iopona c nhonckux nocnno-mopckux cynon, sa kofopim hocnc-
nonana nicanka nouck (koncu nnnapn 1J2 i.). Bhcpnic noopyxcnnic
cuni nnyx iocynapcfn ncfyhunu n hpnmoc cfonknoncnuc. Kufauckoc
174
cohpofunncnuc naxc n onimcu mcpc, ucm nmcmafcnicfno uiu
Hauuu, sacfanuno nhonucn honoxufi koncu nocnnim ncucfnunm.
5 man ou n Uanxac hpckpafunuci, u nckofopoc npcmn chycfn
nhonui nincnu cnou noucka.
Hfak, naionapn ofnnckakmcmy nocnnomy cfonknoncnuk n
Uanxac, nhonui nsnnu Maniuxypuk hon cnou honniu konfponi.
18 qcnpann 1J2 i. onu hpcopasonanu pciuon n ncsanucumoc iocy-
napcfno hon nasnanucm Maniuxoy-Io u chycfn nckofopoc npcmn
nasnauunu cio hpanufcncm inmcio umhcpafopa Kufan Iy H, nu-
munmciocn fpona n knom nospacfc u fchcpi honyuunmcio nonoc
umn Kani Tc. B ccnfnpc mcxny Shonucu u Maniuxoy-Io in
honhucan coksniu noionop, n kofopom honfncpxnanaci sanucu-
mocfi Maniuxoy-Io of Shonuu. Ofu coifun okasanu nosncu-
cfnuc na u cs foio ncycfouuunyk cufyauuk n Kufac, onu cfanu
hpcnnccfnukom skchancuonucfckux ncucfnuu Shonuu, ufo namno
honfncpxncnuc ncckoniko ncf chycfn.
Xofn amcpukanui nc oucni ucfko nipasunu cnoc ofnomcnuc k
cncpmunmcmycn qakfy, no honfncpnunu hosuuuk nchpusnanun
cio, kofopyk pasncnnna u uia Hauuu nhonckoc hpanufcnicfno
ocfanoci k sfomy pannonymnim. Hs ohynukonannoio 1 okfnpn
noknana komuccuu uffona cfanu usnccfni yxc oucnunnic qakfi:
cymccfnykmuc nhonckuc unfcpcci n Maniuxypuu sacnyxunanu
samufi, no cosnanuc uckyccfncnnoio iocynapcfna Maniuxoy-Io
ino ncohpannannim hpousnonom, hofomy ufo ino i nocfafou-
no, ccnu i Kufau hpcnocfanun mupokyk anfonomuk Maniuxy-
puu, coxpanun cnou cyncpcnufcf na sfy fcppufopuk.
B nanincumcm ucfopuku nocxnannnu otckfunnocfi noknana
komuccuu, no n ncucfnufcninocfu ino i oncc chpancnnunim
ofmcfufi concpxanmuccn n ncm oucnunnic u cchoncsnic anani-
nocfu. Oiuno nocfafouno nciko nafi qopmaninyk oucnky cncp-
munmumcn qakfam, ococnno ccnu ofcyfcfnycf cfpcmncnuc hpcn-
cfanufi hycfi cnaic, no konkpcfnic otncncnun cnyuunmciocn.
Hu onna us cnpohcuckux ncpxan nc ina n cocfonnuu n fof
momcnf ncucfnonafi hpofun Shonuu. Bcnukopufanun, upcsmcpno
hoinomcnnan saofamu o noccfanonncnuu cnocu umhcpckou momu
u nc namcpcnanaci honpinafi fpanuuuonnyk npyxy, kofopan cnn-
sinana cc c Shonucu. Y Concfon inu concpmcnno unic saofi,
fpconanmuc ux nnumanun, xofn akuun Shonuu hpcncfannnna nnn
nux pcaninyk yiposy, hockoniky ucxonuna of nuxaumcio coccna.
Amcpukanui, kofopic hcpcxunanu camiu fnxcniu hcpuon skono-
muucckoio chana, inu sannfi usupafcninou kamhanucu, fpco-
nanmcu ocfopoxnix ncucfnuu no nncmnchonufuucckux nohpocax.
panuysi moinu i hpcnnocxufufi muponoc snaucnuc paspina,
nccymcio yiposy nccu Bcpcanickou cucfcmc, no y nux, koncuno, nc
175
ino nu cun, nu nosmoxnocfcu, nu honufuucckou nonu ncucfno-
nafi n onunouky, n fo npcmn kak Icpmanun u Hfanun iofonunuci
hpcnhpunnfi cnou akuuu n Inpohc.
B sfou cufyauuu Shonuu nuucio nc ocfananoci, kak nccfu ko-
pofkyk apicpiapnnyk kamhanuk hpofun hpusnanun uiou Hauuu
noknana uffona. 3afcm, koina Zcncnckan accamncn n qcnpanc
1JJ i. onopuna pckomcnnauuu komuccuu paccncnonanun u hofpc-
onana, ufoi Shonun honuununaci um, fo nhonui sannunu o cno-
cm nixonc us mcxnynaponnou opianusauuu. uia Hauuu moina
numi c iopcuik koncfafuponafi cnou hponan hpu hcpnom xc ccpi-
csnom uchifanuu, kofopomy ona ina honncpinyfa (n 12J i. uia
yknonunaci of nchocpcncfncnnoio yuacfun n pcmcnuu kpusuca na
Kopqy). Shonui nc ocfanonunuci n Maniuxypuu u nauanu hocfc-
hcnno hpocauunaficn n Ccncpniu Kufau, yncpcnnic n fof mo-
mcnf, ufo nukfo um nc homcmacf.
.2. cncDann cccnnnn Hc :cHancnH
cBnsncnnsHcH n ncnn:ncn cBcncnccn
Dcscnacncc:n. ABc:nncnn Bcncc
.2.(. DHLLHHH HCHHTHA JCCCHHHH
C fcx hop, kak Mycconunu hpumcn k nnacfu, ycfanonun safcm
nuunyk nukfafypy, on ho cymccfny nc usmcnun ocnonnic nahpan-
ncnun ufaninnckou nncmncu honufuku, u, ho kpauncu mcpc no
127128 ii. nc cmcnun naxc nuu, kofopim in nncpcn mcxnyna-
ponniu kypc Hfanuu. umi n 1281J2 ii. on hifancn hponccfu
nckofopyk qamusauuk nncmncu honufuku, no pcsynifafi inu
ckpomnimu, fak kak mcxnynaponnic konuchuuu, sa nconimum
ucknkucnucm (n uacfnocfu, nsinnni knnsn Kapno Cqopua, munu-
cfpa unocfpannix ncn n 12O121 ii.), conhananu c hpcncfannc-
nunmu nauuonanusma, xapakfcpnoio nnn unconoiuu Mycconunu.
Mycconunu usmcnun numi nncmnuc xapakfcpucfuku fpanuuu-
onnix konuchuuu, ufo nipaxanoci n nnyx achckfax. Icpnoc non-
mccfno ino cnnsano c oocfpcnnim nochpunfucm Mycconunu
hponcm nnyfpcnncio konccncyca u honncpxku omccfncnnoio
mncnun: hosfomy qopmuponanaci hocfonnnan hofpcnocfi opa-
maficn k hpohaiannc cqcpc, inc Mycconunu n fcucnuc noniux
ncf in uckycnim macfcpom. On ymcn ycnufi kak ufaninnucn,
fak u sapycxnix iocynapcfncnnix ncnfcncu, ufo hocnc 28 okfnpn
122 i. cufyauun usmcnunaci kopcnnim opasom, ufo naxc hopa-
xcnun, pcskuc nupaxu unu fakfuucckuc ofcfyhncnun inu nu ucm
unim, kak hohifkou Hfanuu uipafi nonyk poni n Inpohc u mupc.
176
pyioc nonoc kauccfno, kofopoc Mycconunu hpunan fpanuuu-
onnou nuhnomafuu, ino omymcnuc ncofnoxnocfu, ncfcphcnun
unu ncchoconocfu xnafi, hoka ocfanonka cospccf. Iononan
okpamcnnocfi nncmnchonufuucckou ncnfcninocfu ina nchocpcn-
cfncnno cnnsana c hpohaiannucfckum achckfom, kofopiu hopox-
nan hofpcnocfi nchpcpinno ncmoncfpuponafi nuhnomafuucckuc
hocni; no sfa cfopona nncmncu honufuku ina fccno cnnsana c
ucfopuucckou cufyauucu, cnoxunmcucn n fc ioni n Inpohc.
Iocnc 11 i. na konfuncnfc iochoncfnonanu foniko qpanuysi
u ufaninnui. Bcc npyiuc ncnukuc ncpxani hcpcxunanu hocncn-
cfnun nouni nuo uchifinanu fpynnocfu no nnyfpcnncu u nncm-
ncu honufukc, ufo hapanusonano ux ncnfcninocfi. Hc nano ino
onanafi hponuuafcninocfik icnuaninoio iocynapcfncnnoio ncn-
fcnn, ufoi honnfi npcmcnniu xapakfcp cnoxunmcucn cufyauuu u
ufo pano unu hosnno, ho kpauncu mcpc, Icpmanun u Ioccun, unu
Concfckuu Coks (kak cfpana cfana nasinaficn c 122 i.) cnona
cfanyf inannimu yuacfnukamu coifuu na muponou u cnpohcu-
ckou apcnc, a Hfanun ncuscxno okaxcfcn iocynapcfnom oncc
nuskoio pania. H sfo ninyxnano Mycconunu nounaficn ocymc-
cfnncnun cnoux amuuuosnix ucncu, hpcxnc ucm hpousouncf ho-
nonoc nosnpamcnuc na kpyiu cnon.
Ohpcncnufi sfu ucnu n fcucnuc nccio qamucfckoio skchcpu-
mcnfa, nc cocfannnno onimoio fpyna. Bkpafuc moxno ckasafi, ufo
onu saknkuanuci n choconocfu pasncnfi nhcuafncnuc yncunou
nchonnoucnnou hocni, n ymcnuu honyuufi komhcncauuk n ko-
nonuaninou cqcpc n fcx xc hpohopuunx, ufo honyuanu (unu nyma-
nu, ufo honyuakf) anino-qpanuysi c hpuopcfcnucm mannafon, n
uacfnocfu fuha A.
Inannan ucni ina cnnsana c honoxcnucm Hfanuu na Iankanc-
kom honyocfponc. 3ncci ufaninnui nccina uipanu snauufcninyk
poni, kofopyk fchcpi xofcnu ycunufi, cosnan na honyocfponc cuc-
fcmy cokson, ufoi konfponuponafi ncci acccun Anpuafuucckoio
mopn. Ofo moino i hocnyxufi hpcnhocinkou nnn cosnanun o-
mupnou soni nnunnun, ho coinaconanuk c Bcnukopufanucu, no
nccm Cpcnuscmnomopic of Hchanuu no Inuxncio Bocfoka.
Hfo kacacfcn kononuaninix amuuuu, Mycconunu cfpcmuncn k
fomy, ufoi Hfanun honyuuna, xofn i onun mannaf na ohcky. Bo
ncnkom cnyuac, on namcpcnancn ncpnyfi unuk, kofopan no npcmn
nouni qakfuuccku nimna us-hon konfponn Hfanuu, u, hpcxnc
nccio, cfanun cnocu sanaucu nouficn honfncpxncnun hpununciu-
ponannou hosuuuu n Oquohuu, hpusnannou sa Hfanucu n 1O6 i.
ho noionopam c panuucu u Bcnukopufanucu. Ocooc honoxcnuc
Hfanuu moino nipaxaficn n pasnix qopmax: of skonomuucckoio
177
hpconananun na fou unu unou fcppufopuu no hpofckfopafa u
hpnmou kononusauuu, kofopyk Mycconunu pacucnunan kak nau-
oncc nopoiocfonmuu napuanf.
Hfanun cama nc umcna nocfafounoio mcxnynaponnoio ncca,
ufoi nouficn hononix pcsynifafon. nn ux pcanusauuu nco-
xonumi inu nna ycnonun: cymccfncnnan mcxnynaponnan honncp-
xka u naiohpunfnic ocfonfcnicfna. Hmcnno n fof momcnf na-
iohpunfnic ocfonfcnicfna cymccfnonanu, u cnoxunuci onu cmc n
1J41J5 ii.; nohpoc saknkuancn n honyucnuu mcxnynaponnou
honncpxku. 3ncci nosnukacf hponcma ofnomcnuu qamucfckoio
pcxuma c npyiumu cnpohcuckumu ncpxanamu. Cnoxnocfu n ofno-
mcnunx c Bcnukopufanucu nc nosnukanu, ho kpauncu mcpc, no
1J5 i. Iponcmi cymccfnonanu n ofnomcnunx c panuucu.
Ipufccncnun, uchifannic na hpofnxcnuu nckon n kauccfnc
xcpfni npyiux oncc cuninix iocynapcfn, hpunanu nuhnomafuu
ufaninnckux iocynapcfn ocoiu xapakfcp, kofopiu uacfo pacucnu-
nancn hochcmnimu ucfopuoipaqamu kak nciafunniu achckf ufa-
ninnckou honufuku. Ho n ncucfnufcninocfu sfo ino hponnncnuc
nyxa nixunanun, u ocoiu xapakfcp otncnnncn ncunim cfpcmnc-
nucm yncnuuufi cocfncnnic cuni (houfu nccina nuufoxnic) c
homomik honxonnmux cokson c iopasno oncc momnimu coccnnmu,
kofopic sauacfyk cpaxanuci na ufaninnckou scmnc. Ionxonnmuc
coksi osnauanu coksi, hponukfonannic fpconanunmu momcnfa,
kofopim usmcnnnu n coofncfcfnuu c usmcncnucm ocfonfcnicfn,
hofomy ufo nc ino nukakoio cmicna conknafi nonninocfi k yc-
fanonncnnim coinamcnunm n mupc u n shoxy, koina nnn nccx hpu-
niunim ino umcnno opafnoc ofnomcnuc. Koncuno, n fpynnic
momcnfi oncc cuninim ino nciuc onunnfi oncc cnaix n ncpo-
nomcfnc. Ho kfo nccpics moi i hpunnfi sfu onuncnun, hpcntnn-
ncnnic foniko onnou cfoponc
Ofa fpanuuun ocfanuna inyokuc kopnu n ufaninnckou nuhno-
mafuu. K ncu hpucianu u no otcnuncnun cfpani, u c hpuxonom
Kanypa, u hocnc otcnuncnun. B konuc XIX ncka nckofopic io-
cynapcfncnnic ncnfcnu n nosnuknoncnuu nnyx pasnuunix cucfcm
cokson, pasncnnnmuxcn pacfymum cohcpnuuccfnom, ynuncnu pac-
mupcnuc nosmoxnocfcu nnn ufaninnckou honufuku mancnpupona-
nun, f.c. cpcncfna nnn hpunanun nonoio ncca oipanuucnnou ufani-
nnckou momu, hpcnpafun Hfanuk n cfpcnky cnpohcuckux nccon.
Ha hpakfukc sfo osnauano saknkucnuc n 1882 i. coinamcnun c
panuucu, kofopoc usmcnnno coofnomcnuc cun, ocnaun ucknk-
uufcninic cnnsu n pamkax Tpoucfncnnoio coksa c Icpmanucu u
Ancfpo-Bcnicpckou umhcpucu.
178
Ofa honufuka fpconana hpucyfcfnun nnyx pasnix u pasnuunix
cytckfon, mcxny kofopimu moxno ino i nknunuficn, ufoi
ycunufi cocfncnnyk hosuuuk. B 11 i. hononou cufyauuu
onimc nc cymccfnonano. B 12J i., n hcpniu ion nncmncu honu-
fuku Mycconunu, kasanoci, ufo ocfonfcnicfna nnoni cfanu naio-
hpunfnimu n cnnsu c okkyhauucu panuucu Iypa, no cufyauun
cpasy xc usmcnunaci, hockoniky Ufpcscman hpousncn honopof no
nncmncu honufukc cnocu cfpani. Ioka Ufpcscman ocfanancn y
nnacfu, u qpanko-icpmanckoc cofpynnuuccfno hpcnanuponano n cn-
pohcuckux ofnomcnunx, nosmoxnocfu nnn mancnpa y Mycconunu
inu oipanuucni, u ncn ufaninnckan nncmnnn honufuka cfpou-
naci na ycfouuunix ofnomcnunx c Bcnukopufanucu u mcncc yc-
fouuunix c panuucu. Hmcnno hosfomy ufano-qpanuysckum of-
nomcnunm hpunananoci cfoni naxnoc snaucnuc n hcpuon qamus-
ma, c 126 ho 1J6 i., u, nosmoxno, nhnofi no Bfopou muponou
nouni. Hfak, nc umcn anifcpnafuni, Mycconunu in ninyxncn n
cnocu mcxnynaponnou ncnfcninocfu opucnfuponaficn na panuuk,
a koina nosnukanu anifcpnafunnic cufyauuu, fo on okasinancn
hcpcn ccpicsnou hponcmou niopa n hpofunopcuunix u hopou
fpynnix ocfonfcnicfnax, xofn unoina mcxnynaponnic konnusuu
cknaninanuci nnn ncio ncoiuauno naiohpunfno.
Hfano-qpanuysckuc ofnomcnun numi uacfuuno sanuccnu of
nchpunsnu ncnoucnfpucfckux hpanufcnicfn panuuu k qamusmy.
B nckofopix cnyuanx sfo ocfonfcnicfno umcno ohpcncncnnoc sna-
ucnuc, no, n omcm, nc mcmano pasnufuk pcanucfuucckux ofno-
mcnuu nhnofi no 1J6 i., koina onnonpcmcnno hpousomnu nna
naxnix coifun ino cqopmuponano hcpnoc hpanufcnicfno
Haponnoio qponfa no panuuu u nchixnyna ipaxnanckan nouna n
Hchanuu. Ho na xon ufano-qpanuysckux ofnomcnuu n onimcu cfc-
hcnu nnunnu konkpcfnic nohpoci coofnomcnun cun u unfcpccon.
o 1J4 i. oc cfpani cfpcmunuci hcpcufu npyi npyiy nopoiy.
Ofo nsaumonpaxncnoc ofnomcnuc coxpannnoci, xofn n ancfpuu-
ckom nohpocc ux mncnun conhananu. H panuun, u Hfanun nc xo-
fcnu anmnkca Ancfpuu k Icpmanuu. Ho n ofnuuuc of Hfanuu,
panuun nc umcna nosmoxnocfu nchocpcncfncnno nosncucfnonafi
na Ancfpuk u ninyxncna ina hpononufi cnok honufuky ucpcs
Hcxocnonakuk unu Hfanuk. Takum opasom, ofnomcnuc Hfanuu k
cufyauuu n pciuonc oycnannunanoci nc foniko cc chcuuqukou.
Icnu Hcxocnonakun hocncnonafcnino nicfyhana c anfupcnusuonu-
cfckux hosuuuu n cuny xusncnnix unfcpccon, fo sfoio ncnisn
ino ckasafi o Hfanuu, kak hokasanu nckofopic cc koncanun n
cnnsu c nohpocom o hpusnanuu hpunuuha pancncfna hpan n onac-
fu noopyxcnuu.
17
Iankanckan u ancfpuuckan hponcmi, n ux conokyhnocfu nc
cosnananu ncuscxnix hpofunopcuuu mcxny panuucu u Hfanu-
cu. Oc cfpani, ccnu i saxofcnu, moinu coinaconafi omyk ho-
nufuucckyk nunuk. Icnu i onu cfpcmunuci nipaofafi conmccf-
nyk hosuuuk, fo qpanuysi coinacunuci i na fo, ufo ufaninnui
hpocunu c 11 i., f.c. na nihonnuc onsafcnicfn ho onnonckomy
hakfy 115 i., kofopiu hpcnycmafpunan ypciynuponanuc kononu-
aninoio nohpoca c yucfom unfcpccon Hfanuu n cnyuac hocni nan
Icpmanucu u yncnuucnun kononuaninix nnancnuu coksnukon.
Hmcnno na pcmcnuu kononuaninoio nohpoca nacfaunanu ufaninn-
ckuc hpanufcnicfna u no hpuxona k nnacfu qamucfon. C fcmu xc
fpconanunmu oncc unu mcncc aipcccunno, n sanucumocfu of o-
cfonfcnicfn, nicfyhan Mycconunu. Kpomc foio, on hpcntnnun, nc
yfounnn, nonic sahpoci, n kofopix nciko uufanoci hpcnnoxcnuc
ofnafi Oquohuk hon honniu konfponi Hfanuu, ufo nc nisinano
nospaxcnun qpanuyson. C pcmcnucm sfux hponcm ino cnnsano
u nna nconimux chopnix nohpoca: onun kacancn cfafyca ufaninn-
ckux ipaxnan n Tynucc, sfo ocyxnanoci na hpofnxcnuu nccnfu-
ncfuu (c 186 i.); npyiou fpconanun Hfanuu uipafi oncc nax-
nyk poni (kakyk-nuyni poni) n yhpanncnuu Cysukum kananom, k
kofopomy Ium hponnnnn pacfymuu unfcpcc.
Mycconunu u uno Ipannu, sanumanmuu n 121J2 ii. hocf
munucfpa unocfpannix ncn Hfanuu, cnnsinanu, hocfonnno u hoc-
ncnonafcnino, nosmoxnocfi coinamcnun c panuucu ho cnpohcu-
ckum nohpocam c pcmcnucm kononuaninix hponcm. C 122i., koina
Mycconunu nhcpnic ncfpcfun Iyankapc u nopna Kcpsona, nakanync
ofkpifun konqcpcnuuu n osannc, u no 1J2 i. ncc cio hpcnnoxc-
nun, kacakmuccn komhpomucca n nohpocax pasopyxcnun unu kon-
qcpcnuuu o Iankano-ynauckom ypciynuponanuu, nknkuanu u
fpconanun Hfanuu. Ho ccnu no 12 i. y panuuu nc ino hpu-
uun hpucnymunaficn k sannncnunm Hfanuu, a mcxny 1JO u 1J1 i.
honnunuci nckofopic ocnonanun, fo, nauunan c hpcnnoxcnun
hpusnafi hpunuuh pancncfna hpan n onacfu noopyxcnuu u no
snauufcninix ychcxon nauucfon na niopax n Icpmanuu, apiymcn-
fauun ufaninnucn opcna ncc. Ohpcncnnkmuu ncc, ho nipaxc-
nuk Mycconunu u Ipannu, cfanmcmy safcm hpuniunim nnn xa-
pakfcpucfuku sfoio hcpuona qamucfckou nncmncu honufuku.
.2.2. JCCCHHHH H HAHHCTCAH 1LFAHHH.
HAT HLTLFLX
C momcnfa hpuxona nauucfon k nnacfu n Icpmanuu u no 1J5 i.
moxno yfncpxnafi, ufo hosuuun Hfanuu n Inpohc ina ncucfnu-
fcnino ohpcncnnkmcu, no nc naionapn ocoim sacnyiam ufani-
18O
nnckou nuhnomafuu unu momu cfpani, a ckopcc n cuny omcu cu-
fyauuu na konfuncnfc. pyiumu cnonamu, sfof ncc ohpcncnnncn
nc coofnomcnucm cun; on in hpuopcfcn hocnc foio, kak Bcnu-
kopufanun nana honnfi qpanuysam, ufo cknonna cuufafi anmnkc
nc ofpuuafcninim nnncnucm, a ckopcc ncuscxnim u naxc xcna-
fcninim. B fof hcpuon cpannufcnino nconimou (xofn u nc munu-
maniniu) ncc Hfanuu n cnpohcuckux macmfaax foio npcmcnu cfa-
nonuncn knkucnim sncmcnfom n coofnomcnuu cun n Inpohc, koina
Icpmanun nc ychcna cmc hcpcnoopyxuficn, a Iufncp mackuponancn
hon hauuqucfa.
Mycconunu ocfpo houyncfnonan sfo usmcncnuc cufyauuu, ufo
honfncpxnacf qakf nosnpamcnun hon cio hpnmou konfponi munu-
cfcpcfna unocfpannix ncn n ccpcnunc 1J2 i. O sfom xc cnunc-
fcnicfnycf hcpcnaua munucfcpcfna n uknc 1J6 i., chycfn mccnu
hocnc okonuanun akuuu n Oquohuu, n pyku Iancauuo Huano, cuu-
fanmciocn foina hoopnukom coksa c Icpmanucu. Ofo nasnaucnuc,
nosmoxno ncnonino, cfano otckfunnim ofpaxcnucm foio, ufo hc-
puon cnooni mancnpa nusuncn k sancpmcnuk, u nacfyhanu npy-
iuc npcmcna, koina Hfanuu hpcncfonno cncnafi cnou niop. Iyny-
uu xopomum fakfukom no nncmncu honufukc (u hocpcncfncnnim
cfpafciom), Mycconunu cfpcmuncn usnncui makcumym niioni us
cnoxunmcucn cufyauuu.
Icpniu mai, kofopiu Mycconunu hpcnhpunnn n nonix ycno-
nunx, in nccima amuuuosnim: on hocfapancn uscxafi safpyn-
ncnuu, cnnsannix c niopom mcxny nnymn opucnfauunmu (ufo, n
cymnocfu, cnoucfncnno nkou honufukc, ocnonannou na fakfukc
mancnpuponanun mcxny nnymn hpofunohonoxnimu honkcamu), sa-
nnn hosuuuk hocpcnnuka u apufpa. Iocnc ncckonikux mccnucn
honiofonku, n mapfc 1JJ i., Mycconunu cqopmynuponan hpcnno-
xcnuc hakfa ucfipcx n nunc sahucku, hpcncfanncnnou munucfcp-
cfnom unocfpannix ncn. opmanino cio ucnik ino cnnunyfi c
mcpfnou fouku paofy konqcpcnuuu ho pasopyxcnuk, kofopan
samna n fyhuk hocnc hpusnanun hpunuuha pancncfna hpan n ona-
cfu noopyxcnuu u hpuxona Iufncpa k nnacfu.
Ipockf Mycconunu hpcnycmafpunan coinamcnuc mcxny Hfanu-
cu, Icpmanucu, panuucu u Bcnukopufanucu. B ncucfnufcninocfu
on in naucncn na cosnanuc cnocio pona cnpohcuckou nupckfopuu,
ananoiuunou fou, ufo ina cosnana na ocnonc okapnckux coina-
mcnuu, no n ofnuuuc of ncc, opucnfuponanaci i na hpunuuh
pcinamcnfauuu pcnusuonusma, u naxc oncc foio na cio
hpcnyhpcxncnuc. B sanauy nupckfopuu nxonuno i onsafi honhu-
canmuc coinamcnuc cfpani hpononufi honnunnyk honufuky mupa,
n coofncfcfnuu c hakfom IpuanaKcnnoia, ocymccfnnnfi honufuky
181
u hpunumafi pcmcnun, hpucmncmic n cnyuac ncoxonumocfu nnn
fpcfiux cfpan.
Ofo onsafcnicfno, kofopoc fcopcfuuccku saknaninano ocnoni
momnou koanuuuu, nonxno ino cohponoxnaficn hpumcncnucm
hpunuuha pcnusuu mupnix noionopon n fcx cufyauunx, koina na-
spcnan konqnukf, no n coofncfcfnuu c nopmamu, hpcnycmofpcnni-
mu cf. 1 Ycfana, u naionapn nsaumohonumanuk u coinaconanuk
conmccfnix unfcpccon (sfo uacfuuno oxonuno nopmi uiu Ha-
uuu). Ipockf hpcnycmafpunan, ufo hpunuuh pancncfna hpan n o-
nacfu noopyxcnuu, hpusnanniu sa Icpmanucu n nckapc 1J2 i.,
yncf ocymccfnnnficn i ck hocfchcnno, n coofncfcfnuu c coina-
mcnunmu, kofopic hpcncfonno nipaofafi. Cpok ncucfnun hakfa
ycfanannunancn n nccnfi ncf.
Hcni, kofopyk hpccncnonan Mycconunu, ina nocfafouno ouc-
nunnou: c onnou cfoponi, hpusnanuc pcnusuonusma moino hpu-
nccfu k paspcmcnuk hponcmi anuuickoio kopunopa (fak on io-
nopun hpcncfanufcnnm Icpmanuu); c npyiou, hakf hosnonnn i
konfponuponafi fcmhi noopyxcnun Icpmanuu. B oncc omux ucp-
fax, hakf cosnanan i hpanonic pamku, n kofopic in i saknk-
ucn nspinoohacniu hofcnuuan icpmanckoio pcnusuonusma. Ipu
sfom anfaionusm panuuu u Icpmanuu konfponuponancn i Bc-
nukopufanucu u Hfanucu, kofopic nicfyhanu yxc nc n kauccfnc
iapanfon, kak sfo hpcnycmafpunanoci okapnckumu coinamcnunmu
125 i., a n kauccfnc iocynapcfn-anancupon, occhcuunakmux ho-
cfchcnniu xapakfcp hcpcmcn.
3amiccn hakfa in nccima amuuuosnim u nipaxan cfpcmnc-
nuc no konua uchonisonafi nosmoxnocfu ufaninnckou hosuuuu.
Mycconunu noncpufcnino ionopun, ufo nonoc qpanuysckoc hpanu-
fcnicfno, kofopoc nosinannnn Onyapn ananic c Zoscqom Ioni-
Ionkypom n kauccfnc munucfpa unocfpannix ncn, namcpcnanoci
hpunusuficn k cio hosuuunm, a nasnaucnuc Icpfpana nc Zyncncnn
nonim hocnom n Iumc cnuncfcnicfnonano o oucnunnom namcpc-
nuu Iapuxa ynyumufi ofnomcnun c Hfanucu. Hfo kacacfcn aninu-
uan, fo nusuf n Ium hpcmicp-munucfpa Maknonanina u munucfpa
unocfpannix ncn Caumona hpcnocfanun nyuc nosmoxnocfi nouficn
ux cnuxcnun c cio konuchuucu. Tcopcfuuccku sfo ino nosmox-
no, no aninuuanc nc moinu coinacuficn c qakfuucckum hcpcucpku-
nanucm Bcpcanickux pcmcnuu, ufo umhnuuufno hpcnnaianoci n
nokymcnfc Mycconunu.
3afcm n fcucnuc ncckonikux ncncni nukfo nc xofcn pasouaponi-
nafi Mycconunu, hofomy ufo nukfo nc namcpcnancn honfonknyfi
cio k ofxony of hosuuuu pannoynancnnocfu, kofopyk on foina aqu-
muponan; ncc cfpcmunuci cmniuufi nokymcnf u naxc numufi cio
182
pcaninoio honufuucckoio concpxanun. K fomy momcnfy, koina
Mycconunu u hocni fpcx iocynapcfn-yuacfnukon oquuuanino hon-
hucanu paspaofanniu nokymcnf, on honnocfik yfpafun cnou
opuiunaniniu xapakfcp u hpcnpafuncn n pachninuafic onsafcni-
cfna o koncynifauunx c oionopkou ofnocufcnino onsafcninocfu
pcmcnuu opianon uiu Hauuu, nknkuan nihonncnuc nckofopix
cfafcu cc Ycfana (cf. 1O o nsaumnix koncynifauunx n cnyuac aipcc-
cuu, cf. 16 o hpoucnypc ocymccfnncnun cankuuu hpofun aipcccopa u
cf. 1 o hcpccmofpc noionopon). Ionhucanniu nokymcnf concpxan
fakxc onsafcnicfno occhcuufi ychcx konqcpcnuuu ho pasopyxc-
nuk, kofopan kafunaci k hponany, a fakxc ncknapuponan namcpcnuc
ckonucnfpuponaficn na skonomuucckux nohpocax, hpcncfannnkmux
omuu unfcpcc. Of nonusni, xapakfcpnou nnn hcpnoio napuanfa
nokymcnfa Mycconunu, nc ocfanaci u cncna, noionop, ncucfnufcni-
no, hpcnpafuncn n knouok ymaiu, ofnocufcnino kofopoio nu y
koio nc ocfanoci unnksuu. Koina hakf ucfipcx in oquuuanino
honhucan 15 uknn 1JJ i., on yxc ofcfanan of pasnufun coifuu.
Mycconunu hcpnim ocosnan unnksopnocfi cnoux nancxn cfafi,
nosmoxno, n cofpynnuuccfnc c Bcnukopufanucu, apufpom cnpo-
hcuckou cufyauuu. cucfnufcninocfi cocfonna n fom, ufo cnoxu-
nuci nnc hpofunohonoxnic ipyhhi iocynapcfn, unfcpcci kofopix
co nccu oucnunnocfik inu ncconmccfumi. Honan cufyauun fpc-
onana of nyuc, kak cfanu n Hfanuu nasinafi Mycconunu, usmc-
nufi nuhnomafuucckyk fakfuky.
.2.. ADCTFHH LH,J 1LFAHHLH H HTAHHLH
Icpmanun nc hponnnnna namcpcnuu ncmcnncnno nounaficn
annckcuu Ancfpuu, ona cfpcmunaci cnauana ycfpanufi kanuncpa
oniqyca, kak hpononnuka ufaninnckoio nnunnun, samcnun cio
hpanufcnicfnom, kofopoc konfponuponanoci i nauucfamu. Ofa
cufyauun sacfanuna Mycconunu ncucfnonafi ho nnym nahpanncnu-
nm, kofopic nc fpconanu of ncio ncmcnncnnoio niopa, no ho-
snonnnu cmy ohpcncnufi ipanuui nosmoxnoio mancnpa. C onnou
cfoponi, cncnonano nincnufi, no kakoio hpcncna ncmui namcpc-
ni ncucfnonafi n Ancfpuu, a, c npyiou na kakuc ycfyhku ho ko-
nonuaninomy nohpocy coinacno ino i qpanuysckoc hpanufcni-
cfno. Ycfanonun sfu nnc ncusnccfnic ncnuuuni, Mycconunu pac-
honaian i cocfannnkmumu nuhnomafuucckoio niopa, unu snan
i, kakoni cio nosmoxnocfu sacfanufi yuufinafi ncc Hfanuu, ho
kpauncu mcpc, n fcucnuc nckofopoio npcmcnu.
Hfaninnckan honufuka n ofnomcnuu Ancfpuu uacfo oucnuna-
naci cnumkom onnocfoponnc. Ionncpxka, okasannan oniqycy,
18J
xccfkoc hpofunocfonnuc mancnpam Icpmanuu, namcpcnnoc nncm-
ncc nucfanuuponanuc, hponcmoncfpuponannoc qamusmom ofnocu-
fcnino ancfponauusma, u, nakoncu, honhucannic n mapfc 1J4 i.
coinamcnun o oipanuucnnom famoxcnnom coksc mcxny Ancfpu-
cu, Bcnipucu u Hfanucu ncc sfo hosnonnno nymafi, ufo Mycco-
nunu nicfyhan foina pcnnocfnim samufnukom ncsanucumocfu An-
cfpuu, u hononan hosuuun cocfannnna ocnony ufaninnckou nncm-
ncu honufuku. B ncucfnufcninocfu, cufyauun ina ncckoniko
unou. Ipcxnc nccio, ohhosuuun honufukc nauucfon nc ina cfoni
fncpnou, kak kasanoci nncmnc, hofomy ufo saknkuanmuccn n sfo
npcmn cckpcfnic konfakfi hpofunopcuunu oquuuaninou nunuu.
H naxc honncpxkc oniqycy inu cnoucfncnni oionopku u oipa-
nuucnun. Ioncc foio, ufoi ninnufi nosmoxnocfu komhpomucca c
Icpmanucu, Mycconunu n uknc 1J4 i. coinacuncn ncfpcfuficn c
Iufncpom.
Bcfpcua n Cfpa-Bcncuun, hcpnan mcxny nnymn nukfafopamu,
cocfonnaci 1415 uknn 1J4 i. B ucnom, sfo coifuc ino ncno-
oucncno, oiuno cio unfcphpcfuponanu kak hcpnoc cnuxcnuc
mcxny yuufcncm u yucnukom, u hononoio pona samcuanunmu
hccfpcnu hynuuucfuka u mcmyapi foio u oncc hosnncio npcmc-
nu. B ncucfnufcninocfu, ncfpcua umcna concpmcnno unoc snauc-
nuc. Ocnonnou fcmou no npcmn hcpcionopon in ancfpuuckuu
nohpoc. Iufncp n hnfu hynkfax usnoxun cnou hpockf coinamcnun,
n kofopom honfopnnuci yxc usnccfnic hosuuuu: anmnkc in nnn
ncmucn ncnom pcmcnnim; fpconanoci numi cmcnufi pykononcfno
Ancfpuu u hponccfu nonic niopi, n pcsynifafc kofopix ancf-
puuckuc nauuonan-couuanucfi nomnu i n hpanufcnicfno. Bcc
skonomuucckuc nohpoci, kacakmuccn Ancfpuu, nonxni inu pc-
maficn ho nsaumnomy coinacuk mcxny Icpmanucu u Hfanucu.
Mycconunu nc nnanancn n ncfanu hpcnnoxcnuu. Ho oa cocccn-
nuka hpusnanu, ufo ancfpuuckuu nohpoc nc in u nc moxcf ifi
hpchnfcfnucm nnn pasnufun ux ofnomcnuu. Icpcionopi ofnkni
nc cfanu cfonknoncnucm unfcpccon, onu inu hcpnim naxnim
maiom n nahpanncnuu hpcononcnun cmc umcnmuxcn ccpicsnix
pasnoinacuu, u nna iona chycfn, n 1J6 i., hpuncnu k ancfpo-nc-
mcukum coinamcnunm.
Mcxny fcm, hcpcionopi c Iufncpom inu numi onnum us ac-
hckfon ncnfcninocfu qamucfckou Hfanuu. Toina y Mycconunu nc
ino nukakoio namcpcnun xcpfnonafi Ancfpucu n yiony icpman-
ckomy pcnusuonusmy. On xofcn numi nincnufi honnunnic hnani
Icpmanuu u iofonnocfi Iufncpa yuufinafi hofpcnocfu Hfanuu,
hpcxnc ucm okasafi ccpicsnyk honncpxky oniqycy, nuo uspafi
npyiyk opucnfauuk u houfu na coinamcnuc c panuucu.
184
Scniu u nccima ycnufcniniu ofncf icpmanckou cfoponi na
ufaninnckuc nohpoci hpumcn nccima icfpo. Bnyfpcnnnn npaxna
mcxny qpakuunmu Iafpuofuucckoio qponfa, kofopiu otcnunnn
cfoponnukon oniqyca, nc hpckpamanaci; fakan xc npaxna mcxny
nauucfckumu ipyhhuponkamu hpuncna JO uknn 1J4 i. k kponanou
uucfkc. Iufncp c fpynom yncpxunan hon konfponcm n cfoni cnox-
niu momcnf ncc ancfpuuckuc nauucfckuc nnuxcnun, pasnnsanmuc
25 uknn noopyxcnniu hyfu, no npcmn kofopoio in yuf oniqyc
(xofn hyfu u sancpmuncn hponanom). Mycconunu cs koncanuu nos-
noxun na Iufncpa ofncfcfncnnocfi sa fo, ufo hpousomno n Ancfpuu.
H xofn ofcyfcfnykf nokasafcnicfna nuunou ofncfcfncnnocfu icp-
manckoio kanuncpa, ncnisn ofpuuafi, ufo yuucfno oniqyca cnnsa-
no c honufuucckou ncnfcninocfik nauuonan-couuanucfckou
hapfuu. O sfom cnuncfcnicfnycf fof qakf, ufo n xonc cunonix ncu-
cfnuu hyfuucfon ino nasnaucno npcmcnnoc hpanufcnicfno no inanc
c onnum us noxncu ancfpuuckux nauucfon Anfonom Iunfcncnom.
Iasouaponanuc ino honncumum: hohifku nauucfon hponanu-
nuci, u ux hpofunnuku cmoinu cosnafi nonoc hpanufcnicfno hon
pykononcfnom ncnfcnn couuan-xpucfuanckou hapfuu Kypfa qon
Uymnuia. Mycconunu cfano ncno, ufo n ancfpuuckom nohpocc u n
ofnomcnunx c Icpmanucu on nc moxcf paccuufinafi na nocfafou-
no hpononxufcniniu chokouniu hcpuon nnn cnoonnoio pcmcnun
npyiux kononuaninix hponcm, ccnu i Hfanun pachonaiana
oncc ohpcncncnnim coinacucm qpanuyson.
Mcncc ucm ucpcs mccnu hocnc hyfua Mycconunu ncfpcfuncn c
nonim ancfpuuckum kanuncpom. Ha hpcnnoxcnuc Mycconunu hon-
ncpxafi ncfyhncnuc Hfanuu na fcppufopuk Ancfpuu nnn okasanun
nocnnou homomu n hpofunocfonnuu Iufncpy, Uymnui ofncfun
ofpuuafcnino, mofunupyn ofkas fcm, ufo ufaninnckuc ncucfnun
moinu i chponouuponafi pcakuuk Kiocnanuu u Hcxocnonakuu, a
fakxc fcm, ufo y Ancfpuu, nhpoucm, ccfi nocfafouno cun, ufoi
konfponuponafi cufyauuk. Bnuny pannonymun aninuuan u cnaoio
unfcpcca qpanuyson k fomy, ufo hpousomno n Bcnc, Mycconunu
hpumcn k saknkucnuk: hpcnofnpafufi anmnkc cocfncnnimu cu-
namu ncnosmoxno. Inuncfncnnan nancxna, nosmoxno, n fom, ufoi
ofcpouufi cio.
Ionfncpxncnucm sfoio ninona hocnyxuna pcakuun npyiux cn-
pohcuckux cfpan na ncnckuc coifun. Mycconunu hpukasan ncko-
fopim ufaninnckum uacfnm hponccfu n Bcncfo hcpcnucnokauuk n
nahpanncnuu Ipcnncpa, onnako nosncpxancn of hocinku nnyx kop-
hycon ufaninnckux noopyxcnnix cun nchocpcncfncnno na Ipcn-
ncp, kak o sfom oiuno ionopnf, hofomy ufo sfa akuun ina i
cchoncsnou, choconou nisnafi numi pcakuuk, o kofopou iono-
pun Uymnui u kofopyk nyuc hpcnnuncn cam.
185
Mycconunu cfpcmuncn hpousnccfu nocnnimu hcpcmcmcnunmu
nuhnomafuucckuu sqqckf, hockoniky on opianusonan ux n fof mo-
mcnf, koina naxc qpanuysi, ynyuu nauonimumu cfoponnukamu
ancfpuuckou ncsanucumocfu, nc cmoinu houfu nanimc hpocfoio ni-
paxcnun hpofccfa. Ycnunmuci, ufo nu poni apufpa, nu ocfopox-
nic hcpcionopi c Iufncpom nc nanu pcsynifafon, Mycconunu, hpu
honncpxkc hpccci, nahpannncmou Iumom, u ipomkux anfuicpman-
ckux nicfyhncnuu, nan manfnuky ufaninnckou nncmncu honufuku
pcskuu fonuok n hpofunohonoxnom nahpanncnuu. Bhcpnic sa oncc
ucm nccnfi ncf ocfpou nsaumnou npaxni, on houyncfnonan pachono-
xcnnocfi Iapuxa. B hcpuon mcxny nauanom 1JJ i. u ncfom 1J4 i.
hpousomnu nccima naxnic coifun, u panuun ocosnana, ufo
nacfan momcnf usmcnufi cnok honufuky n ofnomcnuu Hfanuu.
Y Mycconunu honnunaci nosmoxnocfi ycnuficn, ufo, uchonisyn
ohpcncnnkmuu ncc Hfanuu n honisy qpanuysckou honufuku, on,
moxcf ifi, nc yhycfuf nckofopic omyfumic pcsynifafi.
.. FcaDn anDnn na nnc 1n:nca Bnac:n.
Hcnc ncB ccscB. H:ann n CCCF
..(. CTDLT FAHHHH HA 1LFAHCHH FLDH5HCHH5
Zan-Iafucf kposcni founo u kpacnopcuuno osainanun cnok
paofy, hocnnmcnnyk qpanuysckou nncmncu honufukc c 1J2 ho
1J i., onnum cnonom: Yhanok. B ncucfnufcninocfu, hocnc qak-
fuucckoio, ccnu nc kpunuucckoio, kpaxa okapnckou cucfcmi n
1J2 i., qpanuysi nc cmoinu cosnafi nmccfo ncc cfpafciuk nncm-
ncu honufuku, kofopan ina i n cocfonnuu yuufinafi usmcnc-
nun, cncpmunmuccn n Inpohc. Onu okasanuci saxafimu mcxny
konuchuucu csohacnocfu u cfpcmncnucm hocfonnno yfounnfi cc
concpxanuc, ufo n pcsynifafc ncno ux of onnoio pasouaponanun k
npyiomy, nhnofi no hcuxonoiuucckoio omymcnun cccunun. B pc-
makmuc momcnfi sfo mcmano um cncnafi cmcniu niop cs hpcn-
paccynkon, cnnsanniu c fpynnimu npcmcnamu. Tak, ocnancnuc
choconocfu konfponuponafi cnpohcuckyk cucfcmy, kofopoc noc-
xonuf k hopaxcnuk Hahoncona I (ufo nc ucknkuano nnufcninic
hcpuoni npyioio xapakfcpa), hpuncno k ymcnimcnuk snauumocfu
qpanuysckou hosuuuu n mupc.
Ofof nnufcniniu hpouccc, cnnsanniu c ncchoconocfik k o-
nonncnuk qpanuysckou honufuku, hponnuncn n konuc ncnfcninoc-
fu Ipuana. On in nisnan u nccfauninocfik hpanufcnicfncnnix
koanuuuu, u hpofunopcuunmu mcxny qopmynamu ncno- u hpano-
ucnfpucfckoio onimuncfna, ufo hpunonuno k nchpcpinnou cmcnc
186
pykononufcncu qpanuysckou honufuucckou xusnu. Bcc sfo cohpo-
noxnanoci pcskumu, xofn u nc nccina ohpannannimu honopofamu,
hopoxnanmumu pacfymcc uyncfno hcccumusma n konnckfunnom
mcnfanufcfc qpanuyson. Inuncfncnnim cnuncfcnicfnom hpccm-
cfncnnocfu n munucfcpcfnc unocfpannix ncn okasancn icncpani-
niu cckpcfapi Anckcuc cxc, kofopiu n mapfc 1JJ i. hpumcn na
cmcny unuhhy Icpfcno, nc usmcnun, onnako, ho cymccfny kon-
uchuuu Ipuana. Anfopufcfniu qpanuysckuu xypnanucf Annpc
Zcpo, hucanmuu hon hccnnonumom Icpfunakc, fak usnaian uncu
cxc n cfafic, kofopyk hpouufuponan kposcni: Ipuopufcf
hpunanncxuf coinacuk u cofpynnuuccfny c Bcnukopufanucu, nc-
oxonumo coxpannfi coks c Ionimcu u Hcxocnonakucu, pasnunafi
ofnomcnun c Concfckum Coksom, ufoi nucfanuuponafi cio of
Icpmanuu, hpcopasonafi uiy Hauuu nnuny nosnukakmux mo-
mcnfon ohacnocfu n nocnniu u skonomuucckuu coks, kofopiu
okasinan i honncpxky sahannim ncpxanam.
Ho sfu honoxcnun nc yuufinanu nauucfckuu nunamusm, ufa-
ninnckuc amuuuu, samicni Concfon, nnoucfncnnocfi aninuuan
u, hpcxnc nccio, pasnufuc kpusuca ncncncfnuc pocfa hpofunopcuuu
mcxny cnpohcuckumu ncpxanamu.
B ncnoucnfpucfckom hpanufcnicfnc, cqopmuponannom Oppuo n
uknc 1J2 i. hocnc hocni na niopax ncnoio noka, hpcmicp-mu-
nucfp ocfanun sa coou munucfcpcfno unocfpannix ncn, no hpo-
nonun koncnkmykcn nunuk ho nohpocam pasopyxcnun. Mcx-
nynaponnic hcpcionopi ho sfum nohpocam samnu n fyhuk, u sfo
nisinano fpcnoiy n cnnsu c coomcnunmu o nocnnix accuinonanu-
nx, yfncpxncnnix nckpcfom Iufncpa. Bncmnchonufuucckan nunun
Oppuo koncanaci mcxny hcpchckfunou hpumupcnun c Icpmanucu
(ufo iufncponckan nuhnomafun nnauanc ncmoncfpafunno hpunuma-
na kak nckoc hpononxcnuc nyxa okapno u kak nipaxcnuc anfu-
concfckoio honopofa, kofopiu Icpmanun ofkpifo onopnna) u
hpofunohonoxnou honufukou, nahpanncnnou na yinyncnuc kon-
fakfon c Mocknou hocnc noniux ncf npaxncnocfu unu nsaumnoio
pannonymun. B sfou ocfanonkc Oppuo hon nanncnucm aninuuan u
ufaninnucn hpusnan hpunuuh pancncfna hpan hocnufcncu u ho-
cxncnnix, kofopiu n cnoc npcmn nc hpusnanan cio hpcnmccfncn-
nuk Tapnic.
Xapakfcp sfoio coinacun in fof xc, ufo hosxc hifancn pcanu-
sonafi, no c npyiumu namcpcnunmu, Mycconunu n hakfc ucfipcx.
B ooux cnyuanx ucnik cfanunoci cosnanuc ipyhhi cnpohcuckux
iocynapcfn, kofopan usonuponana i Concfi. Iocncnnuc hocnc
hpuxona k nnacfu Iufncpa snauufcnino cnusunuci c mcxnynapon-
nim coomccfnom; onu ofkasanuci of hpcnnsnfoio honxona (no nc
187
of hpunuuha) ux cymnocfnoio ofnuuun of kahufanucfuucckoio
naicpn u coinacunuci yuacfnonafi n omcu konqcpcnuuu ho paso-
pyxcnuk. Hmcnno c ucnik ypannonccufi ycfyhky, cncnannyk Icp-
manuu, Oppuo namcpcnancn nosononufi, nakoncu, hcpcionopi,
kofopic n fcucnuc mnoiux ncf concfckan nuhnomafun hifanaci nc-
cfu c panuucu.
Imc c 127 i. hpanufcnicfno Mockni hpcnnaiano hakf o ncna-
hancnuu, ufo pcsko hpofunopcuuno cckpcfnim coinamcnunm o
ocymccfnncnuu icpmanckoio noopyxcnun na concfckou fcppufo-
puu. Ho n 1J2 i. naxc Cfanun houyncfnonan ncoxonumocfi, ho
kpauncu mcpc nncmnc, hokasafi cnok npaxncnocfi icpmanckomy
pcnusuonusmy: sfo in camiu honxonnmuu hyfi, ufoi ycnufi
qpanuyson hpunnfi hpcnnoxcnuc concfckoio munucfpa unocfpan-
nix ncn Makcuma ufnunona u honhucafi 2 nonpn 1J2 i. hakf
o ncnahancnuu mcxny nnymn ncpxanamu. nn panuuu sfo in,
hycfi nconimou, mai nhcpcn, kofopiu moi hpunccfu k nccima sa-
mcfnim pcsynifafam.
Ipanufcnicfno Oppuo hano n konuc 1J2 i. Bo panuuu na-
cfyhun cmyfniu hcpuon, ofmcucnniu qunanconimu ckannanamu u
ypnimu honufuucckumu coifunmu. Icnu no 1J1 i. skonomu-
ucckuu kpusuc cmc nc nanan o ccc snafi no panuuu, fo n 1J2 i.
qpanuysi houyncfnonanu cio nosncucfnuc: cspaofuua, hancnuc
hpomimncnnoio hpousnoncfna, fpynnocfu n fopionou cqcpc, pocf
nahpnxcnnocfu n mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnunx. B pcsynifafc pan-
uuu cfanonufcn ncc fpynncc nounaficn pcanusauuu cnocio kypca:
okasanuc qunanconou homomu n omcn na onsafcnicfna yuacfno-
nafi n cc cucfcmc csohacnocfu.
B fcucnuc iona cmcnunoci hnfi pasnuunix hpanufcnicfn, xofn
na Ks nÒpcc no nauana 1J4 i. ocfanancn Zoscq Ioni-Ionkyp.
cnfcninocfi sfoio munucfpa pcsko ocynun kposcni sa cio hpu-
ncpxcnnocfi qopmync konnckfunnou csohacnocfu umcnno n fo
npcmn, koina nhonui sancpmanu saxnaf Maniuxypuu, a n Icpnunc
hcpcmcn n nacfyhncnuc Iufncp. B sfux nonix ocfonfcnicfnax
Ioni-Ionkyp nonioc npcmn nicfun ccn nancxnou na cnuxcnuc c
Icpmanucu. Iufncp ncmoncfpuponan qpanuysam cnou nopic ycf-
pcmncnun k nocfuxcnuk nsaumnoio komhpomucca, n ococnnocfu
hofomy ufo, kak cuufanu aninuuanc u amcpukanui, n cufyauuu,
koina konqcpcnuun ho pasopyxcnuk hpononxana cnok paofy,
xofn u nimana na nanan, umcnno qpanuysi nonxni inu i hpo-
nnufi nopyk nonk. Io mncnuk CUA u Bcnukopufanuu, nohpoc
o csohacnocfu moi ccpicsno paccmafpunaficn foniko noc:e foio,
kak panuun hpcnhpumcf cumnonuucckuu mai ho cokpamcnuk
cnoux noopyxcnnix cun, kofopic kasanuci um nccima momnimu
188
n cpanncnuu c icpmanckumu, cymccfnonanmumu cmc foniko n hna-
nax Iufncpa, a nc n ncucfnufcninocfu.
Kak u hnani Mycconunu, naucncnnic na honpin okapnckux
coinamcnuu, hpcnnoxcnuc Icpmanucu komhpomucca c panuucu
ino nu ucm unim, kak ynonkou c ucnik nochonisonaficn cnyuacm
u offnnyfi npcmn, ufoi hofpconafi of konqcpcnuuu ho pasopy-
xcnuk hpunnfi kancnnapi pckoncfpykuuu icpmanckou nocnnou
mamuni. Ofo cfano aconkfno ncno n konuc 1JJ i., koina, noc-
honisonanmuci ofkasom npyiux cfpan honncpxafi hpcnnoxcnun
Icpmanuu, Iufncp chponouuponan nixon Icpmanuu us uiu Ha-
uuu c mymnim ckannanom. Iio apiymcnfi cnonunuci k fomy, ufo
npyiuc ncpxani, hpusnan u nnn Icpmanuu honoxcnuc o pancncfnc
hpan n onacfu noopyxcnuu, hpchnfcfnonanu cio hpakfuucckou pc-
anusauuu. Takum opasom, panuun yfpafuna unuuuafuny, nnuman
uunuunim hocynam Iufncpa u hoipnsnyn n cspcsynifafnix hcpc-
ionopax ho hakfy ucfipcx.
..2. CCDLTCC-FAHHJ5CCL CLHHHLHHL
Ofnomcnun c Concfckum Coksom cfanu cnuncfncnnim nahpan-
ncnucm nncmncu honufuku Iapuxa, kofopoc honyuuno ohpcncncn-
noc pasnufuc. Omcn kpafkumu nusufamu hpuncn k honhucanuk n
aniycfc 1JJ i. npcmcnnoio fopionoio hpofokona, fpancqopmupo-
nannoio nnnapn 1J4 i. n okonuafcninoc coinamcnuc. Hauoncc
naxnim sncmcnfom ina uncn hakfa o nsaumohomomu, ninnuny-
fan Concfckum Coksom u concpxanman n saponimc ynymcc co-
inamcnuc 1J5 i. Cnuxcnuc sfux nnyx cfpan nisinano fpcnoiy u
ohaccnun nocfounix coksnukon panuuu, hpcxnc nccio, Ionimu,
kofopan nc cnyuauno 26 nnnapn 1J4 i. honhucana c Icpmanucu
hakf o ncnahancnuu. Ofo nc ino paspymcnucm cfapou cucfcmi
cokson, no cama akuun ina nochpunnfa kak hpusin k panuuu u
k Inpohc n ucnom opafufi nnumanuc na fo, c kakou icfpofou
pasnopauunakfcn coifun n Icpmanuu, u na fo, ufo nonan mcxny-
naponnan cufyauun fauf ohacnocfi nnn panuuu.
Ofu cfpaxu hcpcnanuci ho nacncncfny yu Iapfy of cio hpcn-
mccfncnnuka Ionn-Ionkypa. Ipuncpxunaficn ncusmcnnou kon-
uchuuu csohacnocfu osnauano cymcfi hpcopasonafi cc n cucfcmy
sqqckfunnix, nc hpofunopcuunix cokson. Inuncfncnniu coks,
kofopiu moi hpuopccfu hononiu xapakfcp, in coks panuuu
u Bcnukopufanuu, f.c. cnuncfncnniu, kofopiu nc in oqopmncn
noionopom, no cymccfnonan ho camou hpuponc ncmcu, xofn u naxo-
nuncn hocfonnno hon yiposou n cnnsu c fcm, ufo aninuuanc ofno-
cunuci c ohaccnucm k hpcfcnsunm qpanuyson na icicmonuk.
18
Bcc npyiuc coinamcnun inu nuo cnumkom xpyhkumu, nuo
hpofunopcuunimu. Coinamcnuc c Hcxocnonakucu nc ino hpou-
nim, hofomy ufo sfo iocynapcfno pasnupanu mcxnauuonaninic
hpofunopcuun u k ncmy npaxncno ofnocunaci nauucfckan Icpma-
nun. Cfoni xc nchpounim ino u coinamcnuc c Kiocnanucu, ko-
fopyk hifanuci uchonisonafi kak uncfpymcnf n hpofunoopcfnc c
Hfanucu, ufo hofcnuuanino ncno k usonnuuu panuuu n Inpohc,
ccnu umcfi fakxc n nuny nosmoxnocfi ufano-icpmanckoio coina-
mcnun. Ionna hpofunopcuuu ina u cucfcma coinamcnuu c Co-
ncfckum Coksom.
Ofa cucfcma nnunaci pcsynifafom hapanncninix ncucfnuu Co-
ncfon u panuuu, kofopic nonxni inu hpunccfu k cnunomy
pcsynifafy, no onu inu nacfoniko honni hpofunopcuuu, ufo ni-
sinanu cfpax u ohaccnun fcx, kfo onncn hpcfcnsuu panuuu na
icicmonusm, nuo pcakuuu Icpmanuu, u naxc hpocfo ycuncnun
nnunnun Concfckoio Coksa c cio kommynucfuucckum pcxumom.
Bo nncmnchonufuucckou ncnfcninocfu panuuu nincnnkfcn
ncckoniko ucfkux sfahon, cnnsannix c hcpcionopamu ho skonomu-
ucckomy ypciynuponanuk n Iankano-ynauckom pciuonc, nauanom
kofopix hocnyxunu konqcpcnuuu n onnonc u n Cfpcsa. Ipcxnc
nccio in ononncn noionop o npyxc c Kiocnanucu (nmccfc c cio
cckpcfnimu cfafinmu). B qcnpanc 1JJ i. iocynapcfna Manou An-
fanfi honhucanu opianusauuonniu hakf, nahpanncnniu na ykpch-
ncnuc ux ofnomcnuu: c sfou ucnik cosnananuci hocfonnnic kon-
cynifauuonnic opiani. B sfy nunuk c fpynom ncfpaunacfcn hakf
o Iankanckou Anfanfc, honhucanniu qcnpann 1J4 i. mcxny
Kiocnanucu, Iyminucu, Typuucu u Ipcuucu, hockoniky ufo of-
cyfcfnuc Hcxocnonakuu u nknkucnuc Ipcuuu, ccnu nc uckaxanu
anfupcnusuonucfckou nahpanncnnocfu Anfanfi u, cncnonafcnino,
cc kypca na honncpxky panuuu, fo co nccu oucnunnocfik hpuna-
nanu coinamcnuk anfuconcfckuu xapakfcp.
Ianfuuckan Anfanfa, cosnannan J nonpn 1J4 i. ufnou, af-
nucu u Ocfonucu, fakxc umcna anfupcnusuonucfckyk nahpanncn-
nocfi, no n fo xc camoc npcmn yuacfuc ufni pacucnunanoci kak
hpcnyhpcxncnuc Ionimc. Anfuconcfckan okpacka Ianfuuckou An-
fanfi nccomncnna, xofn ho cymccfny coinamcnuc ino oipanuuc-
no koncynifauunmu na cnyuau kpusucnix cufyauuu.
B cnok oucpcni, Concfi, nipaxan cnoc inyokoc cfpcmncnuc
yuacfnonafi n cucfcmc nccomcu csohacnocfu, n nauanc uknn
1JJi. saknkuunu pnn coinamcnuu c hoipanuunimu cfpanamu.
J uknn onu honhucanu omyk konncnuuk o ohpcncncnuu aipcc-
cuu c Aqianucfanom, Ocfonucu, afnucu, Ionimcu, Iyminucu u
Icpcucu; na cncnykmuu ncni ino honhucano ananoiuunoc coina-
1O
mcnuc c Manou Anfanfou n ucnom u Typuucu; nakoncu, 5 uknn
cocfonnoci honhucanuc cchapafnoio coinamcnun c ufnou, kofopan
nc yuacfnonana n omcm coinamcnuu, fak kak nc xofcna hpucocnu-
nnficn k ncmy us-sa yuacfun Ionimu. ufny u Ionimy pasncnnn
chop o ipanuuc n pauonc Buninkca, nosnpafa kofopoio fpconanu
nufonui.
Concfi hpononxanu chnoucnuc anfuicpmanckoio qponfa. Onu
nounuci coinamcnun c Hfanucu cnauana n skonomuucckou cqcpc,
a safcm u n honufuucckou, u 2 ccnfnpn 1JJ i. honhucanu c ncu
noionop o ncnahancnuu u ncufpanufcfc. B nauanc 1J4 i. onu san-
nunu o cnocu iofonnocfu ncfyhufi uiy Hauuu u naxc honhucafi
coinamcnun o nsaumohomomu c panuucu, Icniiucu, Hcxocnona-
kucu, Ionimcu, afnucu, ufnou, Ocfonucu u unnnnnucu. Onu
hponnunu iofonnocfi honnocfik honncpxafi hosuuuu panuuu
ho hponcmam csohacnocfu, fak ufo, kasanoci, ux nsinnni ucnu-
kom conhanakf u ipnnymuu coks ncuscxcn. Concfckuu Coks fa-
kum opasom hponcmoncfpuponan, ufo n cio honufukc hpousomcn
honopof n cfopony uiu Hauuu u honfncpnun cnoc namcpcnuc yua-
cfnonafi n sfou opianusauuu. H, ncucfnufcnino, 18 ccnfnpn 1J4 i.
(houfu ion chycfn hocnc ckannaninoio nixona Icpmanuu) honannnk-
mum onimuncfnom ionocon on in hpunnf n uiy Hauuu, honyuun
hocfonnnoc uncncfno n cc Concfc. Hccmofpn na ncc sfo, cucfcma
csohacnocfu ocfananaci ncpcmcnnou hponcmou, xofn u coxpanu-
na ocnonnoc, knkucnoc snaucnuc nnn ynymcio Inpohi.
panuun u Concfckuu Coks hpononunu nna hapanncninix u,
kasanoci, conhanakmux kypca c ucnik qopmuponanun cucfcmi co-
kson, choconou usonuponafi Icpmanuk. Onnako nu no panuuu,
nu n ocfaninou Inpohc, saunfcpcconannou n cosnanuu hononou
cucfcmi, nc cnoxunoci cnunoio mncnun ofnocufcnino mccfa, ko-
fopoc nonxcn in sanumafi n ncu Concfckuu Coks. Ipusnanuc
Concfckum Coksom uncu konnckfunnou csohacnocfu moino otnc-
nnficn nnyfpcnnumu hpuuunamu, cnnsannimu c sancpmcnucm hcp-
noio sfaha nihonncnun hnfuncfnux hnanon u ykpchncnucm nnacfu
Cfanuna. Bosmoxno, sfo ino hponukfonano mcxnynaponnou cufya-
uucu u ino ycnonucm panuuu, kofopan xofcna ninnufi honnun-
nocfi honopofa n honufukc CCCI, a fakxc pcaninocfi hpckpamcnun
cio nnoucfncnnix ofnomcnuu c Icpmanucu. Hcmcukoc iocynapcfno
ino nc foniko cnimom na inasy nnn sahannix ncpxan, no
hpcncfannnno pcaninyk ohacnocfi u nnn Concfckoio Coksa. Y Cfa-
nuna, kak u y cio copafnukon, nc moino ifi unnksuu na sfof
cucf onu snanu, ufo n coofncfcfnuu c nauucfckou nokfpunou
xusncnnoc hpocfpancfno Icpmanuu pachpocfpannnoci na Boc-
founyk Inpohy u Ykpauny.
11
Ho foina nohpoc cfanuncn unauc: n kakux hpcncnax sahannic
ncpxani moinu i noncpnfi Concfckomy Coksy, kofopoio onu nc
hpusnananu n kauccfnc hapfncpa ho anfuicpmanckomy u anfupcnu-
suonucfckomy coinamcnuk. Kopnu fpynnocfcu nnn ncmokpafuucc-
kux kahufanucfuucckux cfpan saknkuanuci n fom, ufo onu nc moinu
coinacuficn c ncoxonumocfik nosmoxnoio cofpynnuuccfna c knac-
conim npaiom n ucnnx hpofunoopcfna c iposnmum iochoncfnom
nauusma, cuufanmciocn nnyfpcnncu hponcmou kahufanucfuucc-
kou cucfcmi. Ha sfu xc fpynnocfu nafankunanuci mnoiuc unuuua-
funi sahannix ncpxan n hcpuoni no u hocnc Bfopou muponou
nouni, ufo hpcnocfannnno cnoony cchpunuuhnim ncucfnunm
Iufncpa u Cfanuna.
... HCHHTHA LL5CHACHCCTH LAFTJ
H DCCTCHHCL HCAFHC
B ycnonunx hpononxcnun honufuku hocfchcnnoio okpyxcnun
Icpmanuu qcnpann 1J4 i. no panuuu k nnacfu hpumno hpa-
nufcnicfno nauuonaninoio cnuncfna hon pykononcfnom Iacfona
ymcpia, n kofopom hocf munucfpa unocfpannix ncn sannn yu
Iapfy, honyuunmuu n nacncncfno pcsynifafi ncnfcninocfu Ionn-
Ionkypa. C hpuxonom Iapfy na Ks nÒpcc qpanuysckan honufuka
cfana oncc hocncnonafcninou u nunamuunou. kposcni nuncn n
ncm cnuncfncnnoio qpanuysckoio iocynapcfncnnoio ncnfcnn, ona-
nanmcio cfpafciuucckum, a nc nokfpuncpckum nuncnucm hponcm
nncmncu honufuku. Ioncc foio, moxno ckasafi, ufo cio honufuka
ina xccfko pcanucfuucckou, ona nc sanuccna of unconoiuu, na
ncc nc nanun ipys fpanuuuu ncnanncio hpomnoio. Ofo ino u hpc-
umymccfnom u nmccfc c fcm ncnocfafkom, hofomy ufo n cnyuac nc-
ynauu hocnc Iapfy ocfanuci i pyuni foio, ufo on paspymun.
uainos Iapfy in foucn: honnunnim npaiom panuuu ocfa-
nanaci Icpmanun, no hponcmy csohacnocfu ncnisn ino pcmufi
c homomik qopmyni konnckfunnix coinamcnuu. Onu hofcphcnu
hponan, a hpomc ionopn, inu usxufi n cnnsu c usmcncnucm cu-
fyauuu. Ipononxafi honufuky, pykononcfnynci hpcxnumu ycfa-
nonkamu, osnauano hpononufi honufuky, ohupanci na hycfofy. Ha
cmcny konnckfunnou csohacnocfu nonxna ina hpuufu cucfcma
cokson. Ofo nc osnauano cspasnuuun k uic Hauuu, n kofopou
ncucfnonano coinamcnuc c Bcnukopufanucu u kyna nonxcn in
ncfyhufi (kak sfo u cnyuunoci) Concfckuu Coks.
Hapnny c uiou Hauuu na konfuncnfc nonxna ifi cosnana
cucfcma cokson, oncc sqqckfunnan u ucfkan, ucm fa conunapnocfi,
kofopyk iofona hponcmoncfpuponafi Bcnukopufanun. Ho hopou
12
aninuuanc, u no u hocnc okapno, hponnnnnu honnoc pannonymuc
k nckofopim nohpocam, kak sfo hpousomno no npcmn mcxnynapon-
noio ocyxncnun ckoniskux hponcm Bocfounou Inpohi. B fakom
cnyuac cocccnnukon nc niupanu, onu inu hpcnohpcncncni: sfo
inu fpanuuuonnic coksnuku ho ankano-nynauckou cucfcmc co-
inamcnuu, Concfckuu Coks u, nakoncu, Hfanun, ofnocufcnino
kofopou, kak cuufan Iapfy, nacfano npcmn usmcnufi honufuky.
Bncmnum nipaxcnucm sfux hcpcmcn cfan nokymcnf, paspao-
fanniu hon pykononcfnom Iapfy, hpunnfiu qpanuysckum hpanu-
fcnicfnom u ohynukonanniu 17 ahpcnn. B ncm ino ncnnycmic-
ncnno sannncno, ufo panuun cuufacf cchoncsnim hpononxafi
hcpcionopi c Icpmanucu, nauafic Ioncm-Ionkypom u kofopic
hpanufcnicfno Icpnuna hifanoci nosononufi n hcpnic mccnui
1J4 i. Iapfy hpoucn Maun Kamhq u nc hpunuman yncpcnun fcx,
kfo oucnunan sfy paofy kak oiunyk knuiy, nc umcnmyk kon-
kpcfnoio honufuucckoio concpxanun. Ipousncncnuc Iufncpa pac-
hpocfpannnoci n Icpmanuu munnuonnimu fupaxamu, ufo ycxnano
Iapfy n opafnom: Iufncp usnaian n cnocu knuic ucnu, n kofopic
hpononxan ncpufi.
Ipunuman no nnumanuc sfu qakfi, Iapfy hponcn, kak nccina
nuuno, mupokuc koncynifauuu, ufoi ninnufi nosmoxnocfu sak-
nkucnun noionopa o iapanfunx. Ofof noionop nukoina nc in hon-
hucan, no on nomcn n ucfopuk kak Bocfounoc okapno, xofn n
ncm ino oucni mano u naxc houfu nuucio nc ino of nyxa o-
kapno. B konuc ahpcnn Iapfy ofhpanuncn n hocsnky ho Bocfounou
Inpohc. On nauan c Bapmani, cfonuui iocynapcfna, nisinanmcio
ncnoncpuc Iapuxa hocnc saknkucnun coinamcnun c Icpmanucu u
ykpchncnun anfopufapnoio pcxuma Iuncynckoio. 3afcm Iapfy hocc-
fun n Ipaiy, inc hocncnonafcninocfi Icncma nc nisinana nukakux
comncnuu, hpocncnonan n Iyxapccf u hpuin, nakoncu, n Icnipan,
inc on hpuinacun koponn Anckcannpa hoccfufi panuuk okfnpn
1J4 i.
Ipcnmcfom hcpcionopon Iapfy ino hpcnnoxcnuc hakfa o nsa-
umohomomu u nsaumnix iapanfunx, n kofopom nonxna ina yua-
cfnonafi fakxc u Icpmanun. B fckcfc noionopa ino mnoio cnox-
nix qopmynuponok, ufo ofpaxano hcpchncfcnuc faunoio u nnnoio
cohcpnuuccfna n nohpocax, safponyfix n hpockfc. Cnoxnocfi hpo-
ckfa ina cnnsana c hosuuucu, kofopan ofnonunaci Concfckomy
Coksy n pamkax coinamcnun. Iosfomy c camoio nauana hpcnhou-
fufcninou ina qopmynuponka o ocoou konncnuuu mcxny
panuucu u CCCI, nahpanncnnou hpofun nosmoxnocfu icpman-
ckou aipcccuu (umcnno n sfom ofnuuuc of okapno 125 i.) u nc
cnnsannou c hponcmou nccomux iapanfuu. Ofo in yxc snauu-
1J
fcniniu mai n nahpanncnuu nnycfoponncio coinamcnun mcxny
panuucu u CCCI.
Hcpcmcnnimu ocfananuci nnc hponcmi: Bcnukopufanun u
Hfanun. Aninuuanc pcaiuponanu na cchokonmuc Iapfy hponcmi c
ohacnou ncikocfik. Hm kasanoci, kak ionopun munucfp unocfpan-
nix ncn csp xon Caumon, ufo uncn samufuficn of icpmanckou
yiposi nnnncfcn cspaccynnou. Aninuuanc inu nchpcknonni n
cnocm ycxncnuu, ufo nc cncnycf hponnnnfi hpcnhoufcnuu n ofno-
mcnuu qpanuyson, kofopic pcmufcnino cosnananu nonic coksi,
ho nosmoxnocfu, c yuucmue+ Bcnukopufanuu, no ccnu ncoxonu-
mo, fo u 0e: ncc, f.c. c Concfamu. B pcsynifafc aninuuanc honncp-
xanu, xofn cncpxanno u yknonuuno, hpockf Iapfy.
Hfo kacacfcn Hfanuu, fo pcakuun Mycconunu na hohifky hyf-
ua n Ancfpuu u yuucfno oniqyca ycnuna Iapfy n ofkasc Iuma
of honufuku pannoynancnnocfu ho ofnomcnuk k Iufncpy. Xofn
hpcnmccfncnnuk Iapfy n cofpynnuuccfnc c aninuuanamu u ncmua-
mu chponouuponan hponan hakfa ucfipcx, no n Iapuxc coxpanu-
noci akfunnoc cfpcmncnuc k komhpomuccy u naxc k oncc fccnomy
coksy. B honfncpxncnuc sfux namcpcnuu Ioni-Ionkyp, hocnc
hponana muccuu Zyncncnn, nahpanun n Ium nonoio hocna, nacfpo-
cnnoio n honisy saknkucnun hononoio coinamcnun, ipaqa Uapnn
nc Uampcna.
Kak foniko Iapux cmoi hpcononcfi ncnoncpuc, nisnannoc on-
nocfoponnumu ncucfnunmu Iuma n ofnomcnuu Ancfpuu u Bcni-
puu (hpofokoni ho skonomuucckum nohpocam of 17 mapfa 1J4 i.),
hosuuun panuuu cfana oncc hosufunnou. Ioni Hfanuu cfanonu-
naci ococnno snauumou us-sa fpynnocfcu, c kofopimu cfonknyncn
hpockf Bocfounoio okapno n cnnsu c hpoxnannim ofnomcnucm
k ncmy Icpmanuu, nnoucfncnnou pcakuucu Ionimu u cspasnuuucm
Bcnukopufanuu.
B nauanc ccnfnpn hnani Iapfy concpmufi nusuf n Ium hpu-
opcnu konkpcfnic oucpfanun. Iponcmi, pasncnnnmuc oc cfpani
c 11 i., cfanu ocyxnaficn oncc fmafcnino u ncfanino. B nonou
afmocqcpc cofpynnuuccfna ino ncfpynno ohpcncnufi nohpoci,
ofnocufcnino kofopix in nosmoxcn komhpomucc. Ho ocnonnim
hpchnfcfnucm ocfananuci nsaumnic amuuuu omcio xapakfcpa.
Iapfy nyman, ufo cmoxcf ycnufi ufaninnucn hpononufi cnunyk
honufuky na Iankanax, u nmccfc c fcm nancnncn ycnufi Kiocna-
nuk ynyumufi ofnomcnun c Hfanucu (n sfom saknkuancn onun us
pcsonon hpuinamcnun koponn Kiocnanuu no panuuk). B cnok
oucpcni, Mycconunu cuufan, ufo cufyauun usmcnunaci nacfoniko,
ufo Hfanun moxcf cfanufi oncc amuuuosnic ucnu, ucm hpocfo
pcmcnuc sanucmux hponcm n ofnomcnunx c panuucu.
14
Takona ina cufyauun n konuc ccnfnpn 1J4 i. Hahomnum:
Concfckuu Coks in foniko ufo hpunnf n uiy Hauuu, a cpoku
nusufa Iapfy n Ium inu nasnaucni na 411 nonpn. H nnpyi
nncsahnan fpaicnun hapanusonana ncc. Koponi Kiocnanuu Anck-
cannp 1 na opfy kpcuccpa yponnuk okfnpn 1J4 i. hpuin
c oquuuaninim nusufom n hopf Mapccnn, inc cio ncfpcuan cam
Iapfy. Oa cfanu xcpfnamu xopnafckux skcfpcmucfon, hpunannc-
xanmux k ipyhhuponkc ycfamcu, pykononumou Knafcpnukom u
Iancnuucm, kofopix n ohpcncncnnou mcpc honncpxunan Mycconu-
nu. Ipofunopcuun napacfanu nohpcku unfcpccam Hfanuu, xofn
ona u nc nccna hpnmou ofncfcfncnnocfu sa fpaicnuk, honiofon-
ncnnyk n npyiom mccfc (na fcppufopuu Icpmanuu).
Cmcpfi Iapfy osnauana koncu hpanufcnicfna ymcpia. Mccnu
chycfn hpcmicp-munucfpom in uspan Iicp-Oficn nanncn, mu-
nucfpom unocfpannix ncn cfan Iicp anani. panuysckan nnc-
mnnn honufuka yfpafuna ncnocfi u ohpcncncnnocfi. Ipcxnnn
fncpnan anfuicpmanckan hosuuun Iapfy cfana mcncc ucfkou. a-
nani, nc hpuncpxunanmuucn ycfouuunix hpunuuhon, ofkasancn of
ucnocfnou cfpafciuu Iapfy. Io cio mncnuk, uipa ina cmc nc
ciipana: moxno ino ncpnyficn k fakfukc Ionn-Ionkypa u cio
hpcnmccfncnnukon u coinamcnuk c Concfckum Coksom hohifaficn
hpofunohocfanufi komhpomucc c Icpmanucu, kofopiu k fomy xc
moxno ypannonccufi pnnom npyiux noionopon, hpcxnc nccio, oncc
fccnimu coinamcnunmu c Hfanucu u Bcnukopufanucu. anani nc
cfpcmuncn nipaofafi cocfncnno qpanuysckyk nncmnkk ho-
nufuky, on ncpnyncn k ncycfouuunou honufukc koncanuu n icfpo
mcnnnmcucn cufyauuu.
..4. AHADLHHH5 HADAHH
H FHCHL CC1HALLHHH HHDAFH (D :.
Hnnksopnocfi nosmoxnocfu ymupofnopufi Iufncpa nckopc
honfncpnunaci no npcmn pcmcnun hponcmi Caapa. Coinacno Bcp-
canickomy noionopy, ucpcs hnfnanuafi ncf hocnc cio ncfyhncnun n
cuny n onacfu cncnonano hponccfu pcqcpcnnym, u naccncnuc nonx-
no ino pcmufi nohpoc o hpunanncxnocfu onacfu Caapa pan-
uuu unu Icpmanuu. Yxc sa ncckoniko mccnucn no ionoconanun
qpanuysi sannnu fncpnyk hosuuuk u iofoni inu nccmu cpcn-
cfnamu opoficn c hpoicpmanckou hpohaiannou.
anani ofkasancn of sfou nunuu honcncnun u coinacuncn c
fcm, ufo pcqcpcnnym hpouncf hon konfponcm mcxnynaponnix cun
u hon siunou uiu Hauuu. Ofof honopof hoponun nacfpocnun
pannonymun, ufo homoino hpousoufu fomy, ufo, nosmoxno, u nonx-
15
no ino hpousoufu hocnc hpoicpmanckux cun. Ofcyfcfnuc
honnunnou saunfcpcconannocfu, hponnncnnoc panuucu, hpuncno
k fomy, ufo pcsynifafi pcqcpcnnyma nocunu xapakfcp cncxnoio
onana, fak kak O' caapucn hpoionoconanu (1J nnnapn 1J5 i.) sa
nosnpamcnuc k Icpmanuu (cfanmcu nauucfckou); sfo hcpcucpkuna-
no npyiou pcsynifaf, nocfuinyfiu n ufoic Icpnou muponou nou-
ni, u hosnonuno Iufncpy honoxufi nauano pacmupcnuk fcppufo-
puu Icpmanuu. Onnako honufuka ofcfpancnnocfu, hpononuman
panuucu, nc hpunccna oxunacmix pcsynifafon: qpanko-icpman-
ckuc ofnomcnun nc ynyumunuci, nokasafcnicfnom ucmy cfano icp-
manckoc sannncnuc, cncnannoc 16 mapfa 1J5 i., o noccfanonncnuu
onsafcninou nounckou honunnocfu.
Ipononxcnuc nuanoia c Hfanucu ino oncc hnonofnopnim u
hofcnuuanino sqqckfunnim kak n kpafkocpounom, fak u n nonio-
cpounom hnanc. Ha ncio nc honnunno komhpomuccnoc ofnomcnuc
Iuma k xopnafckomy cchapafusmy, of kofopoio Mycconunu hochc-
mun n sfo npcmn nucfanuuponaficn, ofnan ncoxonumic pachopnxc-
nun honuuuu. Inani nusufa anann n Ium nosponunuci. Icmcnuc o
nafc nusufa, namcucnnoio na 47 nnnapn 1J5 i., ino hpunnfo
ncckoniko nncu chycfn hocnc unuuncnfa, hpoucmcnmcio 5 nckapn
n Yani-Yanc, na ipanuuc ufaninnckoio Comanu c Oquohucu, inc
ncckoniko ufaninnckux nocnnix inu yufi squohamu. B cnnsu c
sfum unuuncnfom hpanufcnicfno Iapuxa nicfyhuno c ocyxncnucm
Oquohuu.
Busuf anann n Ium osnamcnonan coou noniu sfah n ofnomc-
nunx mcxny nnymn cfpanamu, kofopic, ococnno hocnc 124 i.,
inu hponuknyfi ocfpimu hpofunopcuunmu houfu ho nccm na-
hpanncnunm cnpohcuckou honufuku. Bo npcmn nusufa, 7 nnnapn
1J5 i., ino honhucano ncckoniko coinamcnuu, kofopic homoinu
hocfanufi fouky n pnnc nonionpcmcnnix chopnix hponcm. Ho ca-
mim naxnim pcsynifafom nusufa cfano fo, ufo oc cfoponi honc-
punu n nosmoxnocfi nocfuxcnun cfoni xcnacmoio cfpafciuucckoio
coinamcnun.
Ipcamyna nokymcnfon, honhucannix 7 nnnapn, concpxana o-
mcc sannncnuc, n kofopom hpanufcnicfna ocux cfpan onsinanuci
cofpynnuuafi n nyxc nsaumnoio noncpun n ucnnx coxpancnun ncc-
omcio mupa. 3afcm cncnonan hpofokon, n kofopom oc cfoponi
hpusnananu nsaumnyk saunfcpcconannocfi n coxpancnuu cfauni-
nocfu n Hcnfpaninou Inpohc, u n uacfnocfu n Ancfpuu; onu on-
sinanuci nc nmcmunaficn no nnyfpcnnuc ncna sfoio pciuona u
chococfnonafi honhucanuk omcu konncnuuu, k kofopou hpuco-
cnununuci i ncc saunfcpcconannic cfpani. B oxunanuu hono-
nou konncnuuu panuun u Hfanun noionopunuci o nsaumnix
16
koncynifauunx, a fakxc o koncynifauunx c Ancfpucu, ccnu sfoio
hofpcycf yiposa ncsanucumocfu sfou cfpani unu cc fcppufopu-
aninou ucnocfnocfu. B npyiom hpofokonc ionopunoci, ufo n cnyuac
hpunnfun Icpmanucu onnocfoponncio pcmcnun ofkasaficn of cno-
ux onsafcnicfn n onacfu noopyxcnuu u cc ncucfnuu coinacno
hpunuuhy honnou cnooni, noopyxcnun panuun u Hfanun ohpc-
ncnnf conmccfniu coinaconanniu ofncf.
3a sfumu hpcnnapnkmumu nokymcnfamu cncnonan nnycfopon-
nuu noionop, kacanmuucn unfcpccon ocux cfpan n Aqpukc. Icp-
nim paccmafpunancn nannuu nohpoc o ufaninnckux ipaxnanax,
hpoxunanmux n Tynucc, cfafyc kofopix ohpcncnnncn konncnuucu,
honhucannou n 186 i., no n 118 i. ncnoncuponannou panuucu.
Oa hpanufcnicfna noionopunuci honhucafi nonyk konncnuuk,
coinacno kofopou nohpoc pcmancn hocfchcnno n fcucnuc fpunuafu
ncf u n coofncfcfnuu c hoxcnanunmu qpanuyson, f.c. cfafyc nccx
ncfcu, ponunmuxcn n Tynucc y ufaninnckux ponufcncu, pciynupo-
nancn i nopmamu, ycfanonncnnimu nnn qpanuysckux ipaxnan.
Bohpoc o komhcncauunx, hpcnycmofpcnnix onnonckum
hakfom (115 i.), in pcmcn c nckofopimu hohpankamu n unfcpc-
cax Hfanuu n ofnomcnuu Icpcia Comanu u c ycfyhkou 11J OOO km
fcppufopuu n kxnou unuu n coofncfcfnuu c icoipaquucckou
kapfou, hpunaianmcucn k noionopy. Kpomc foio, qpanuysckoc hpa-
nufcnicfno onsanoci ycfyhufi Hfanuu 25OO akuuu komhanuu,
nnancnmcu xcncsnou nopoiou xuyfuAnnuc Aca (sfo hon-
fncpxnanoci omcnom hucimamu).
Ofu kononuaninic komhcncauuu snauunu nnn Hfanuu nc oucni
mnoio u inu i ncnocfafouni, ufoi pasncnfi comncnun Mycco-
nunu, ccnu i noionop nc cohponoxnancn nnymn hpofokonamu, ko-
fopic nc hpcnnasnauanuci nnn hynukauuu u kacanuci nohpoca o
Oquohuu n ucnom. B hcpnom us sfux hpofokonon ufaninnckoc
hpanufcnicfno onsinanoci nc nosnonufi ykpchncnuu na hocpc-
xic Opufpcu nahpofun Ia-sni-Manncckoio hponuna. Bo nfopom
hpofokonc (kofopiu in oqopmncn omcnom nofamu mcxny Myc-
conunu u anancm), qpanuysckoc hpanufcnicfno, opamanci k
fpcxcfoponncmy ufano-qpanko-pufanckomy coinamcnuk 1O6 i.,
onsinanoci nc hpccncnonafi n Oquohuu unix unfcpccon, kpomc
cnnsannix c skonomuucckumu nohpocamu skchnyafauuu xcncsnou
nopoiu xuyfuAnnuc Aca. Takona ina qopmynuponka, kofo-
pan nipaxana ofkas panuuu of hpcfcnsuu n ofnomcnuu Oquo-
huu unu, ccnu yionno, hpcnocfanncnuc Hfanuu coo0o0~ pyi n
sfom pciuonc.
Cnoxniu xapakfcp coinamcnun, a fakxc nisnannan um honc-
muka fpcykf nckofopix honcncnuu.
17
Ocnonnou omcn mncnunmu mcxny Mycconunu u anancm hpo-
ucxonun n hpucyfcfnuu numi onnoio samccfufcnn munucfpa Cynuua,
kofopiu honiofonun oucni kpafkoc u honnoc ncnoionopcnnocfcu
usnoxcnuc cccni, hosfomy foniko usyucnuc cckpcfnix nokymcnfon
hosnonncf otncnufi, n hpcncnax nosmoxnoio, honcmuky, nchix-
nynmyk mcxny nnymn iocynapcfncnnimu ncnfcnnmu. Koina anann
onunnnu n fom, ufo on chococfnonan aipcccuu Hfanuu n Oquo-
huu, qpanuysckuu munucfp, samumanci, yfncpxnan, ufo hpcnocfa-
nun Hfanuu coo0o0y pyi foniko n ucnnx iono+uueciou, a nc no:u-
muueciou skchancuu n Oquohuu. Ofof apiymcnf hpcncfannncfcn
numcnnim ocnonanun ho oucnunnou hpuuunc: n nauanc 1J5 i.
hpcnocfanufi Mycconunu coo0o0y pyi n Oquohuu osnauano ofka-
saficn of ohpcncncnun founoio snaucnun sfou qopmyni. yuc cmc
n 1J2 i. ofnan hpukas o honiofonkc ufaninnckux noopyxcnnix
cun k hpcncfonmum ncucfnunm n Oquohuu, a JO nckapn 1J4 i.
nncc yfouncnuc n nocnnic hpukasi, ohpcncnun, ufo ux ucnik nn-
nncfcn ynuufoxcnuc auccunckux noopyxcnnix cun u honnoc sa-
nocnanuc Oquohuu. (Hyxna ina umcnno fakan qopmynuponka n
onnom us cckpcfnix nocnnix hnanon, ucnik kofopix ino nocfu-
xcnuc makcumaninoio pcsynifafa, ccnu sfo cfancf ncoxonumim.)
Ofu yfouncnun, na hcpniu nsinnn cnumkom kafciopuunic, inu
cncnani, xofn napnny c nocnnimu hnanamu, nanno iofonunoci ani-
fcpnafunnoc coinamcnuc c ncpxanamuyuacfnuuamu noionopa of
1O6 i. Ipcnycmafpunanoci, ufo onu, hpcnocfanun Hfanuu coo0o0y
pyi, hosnonnf cu ycfanonufi konfponi nan Oquohucu, qopmi u
mcfoni kofopoio cmc hpcncfonno ohpcncnufi (hpu sfom occhcuu-
nanuci skonomuucckuc unfcpcci sfux ncpxan). Ianukaninic qop-
mynuponku (honnoc ynuufoxcnuc u f.h.) uchonisonanuci numi n
cckpcfncumcm nocnnom hnanc, yfncpxncnnom Mycconunu JO nc-
kapn. Hakanync ncfpcuu c anancm Mycconunu hochcmun yfou-
nufi, ufo hononic ncucfnun nonxni ifi ocymccfnncni icfpo
u sqqckfunno, ufoi ohcpcnufi pcakuuk panuuu u Bcnukopu-
fanuu. Ipanna u fo, ufo hocnc ncfpcuu c anancm Mycconunu hucan
uno Ipannu, inmcmy foina hocnom Hfanuu n onnonc: Mon
sanaua pcmufi hponcmy Oquohuu panukaninim opasom nuo yc-
fanonncnucm namcio hpnmoio iochoncfna, nuo n kakou-fo unou
qopmc n sanucumocfu of ocfonfcnicfn.
Hfak, n fo npcmn kak nocnnic ocymccfnnnnu hpuiofonncnun n
coofncfcfnuu c namcucnnimu hnanamu, nuhnomafi ofncuanu na
sahpoci us onnona u Iapuxa n cnnsu c samicnamu Mycconunu.
Ipu sfom homumo panukaninix ncucfnuu paccmafpunanaci fak xc
nosmoxnocfi sqqckfunnix u mcncc safpafnix anifcpnafunnix
pcmcnuu, nahpumcp, ycfanonncnuc hpofckfopafa, nuo usmcncnuc
ipanuu mcxny Opufpccu u Comanu (n hpomnom kononuu Hfanuu),
18
nuo kopofkan cumnonuucckan nouna c usonuponannim u cssa-
mufnim hpofunnukom, hpcxnc ucm hcpcufu k maccuponannomy
noopyxcnnomy nahancnuk.
Onnako hpcnnoxcnuc komhpomucca n nunc coinamcnun Xopa
anann, cncnannoc ion chycfn, n nckapc 1J5 i., koina nouna yxc
nauanaci, ino ncfpcucno Mycconunu nccima nopoxcnafcnino.
Ofo cnuncfcnicfnycf, ufo on naxc foina in iofon k unomy pcmc-
nuk, nc hpcnycmafpunanmcmy honnyk hocny nan Oquohucu u cc
nuknunauuk. Ipuuuna fakoio ofnomcnun oucnunna, hockoniky
cnnsana c hponcmou nocnnix pccypcon, kofopic fpconanuci
Hfanuu nnn ycfanonncnun honnoio konfponn nan omupnou fcp-
pufopucu Oquohuu, naccncnnou pasnuunimu sfnuucckumu ipyh-
hamu, hpuncpxcnnimu cnocu uncnfuunocfu u, cncnonafcnino,
hpnmou konfponi nan kofopimu ino oucni fpynno ycfanonufi.
Hfak, concpxanuc ycfyhok anann ino ncncnim, hofomy ufo nc
inu ohpcncncni u ohcpafunnic hnani Mycconunu. Hs hpofokona
cccni nnyx iocynapcfncnnix ncnfcncu, kofopiu cncnan Cynuu, cnc-
nycf, ufo Mycconunu unqopmuponan anann o namcpcnunx Hfanuu
sancpmufi honnoc hponuknoncnuc n Oquohuk, conknan hpu
sfom skonomuucckuc unfcpcci panuuu u Bcnukopufanuu.
Hcoxonumo honucpknyfi honufuucckoc snaucnuc namcuanmc-
iocn coksa, of kofopoio ncofncnumo faunoc coinamcnuc Mycconu-
nuanann. Touncc ionopn, namcuanmuucn coks in nosmoxcn na
ocnonc coinamcnun o fom, ufo panuun u Hfanun hpononnf cnu-
nyk honufuky n ofnomcnuu Ancfpuu, ho nohpocy noopyxcnun
Icpmanuu u, c mnoiouucncnnimu oionopkamu, ho ankanckum
hponcmam.
Ofo coinamcnuc ino ycfyhkou, cncnannou Hfanucu pan-
uuu, u osnauano iofonnocfi Mycconunu hpcnocfanufi anank fo,
ucio cio hpcnmccfncnnuku nc moinu nouficn of Iuma. Ho ycfyhka
ina cncnana fakxc n cnnsu c ocyxncnucm cmumycu ufaninnckux
ipaxnan n Tynucc, a, nosmoxno, u n omcn na coomoemcmoyuuue
ycfyhku, cncnannic panuucu n kononuaninom nohpocc. Mcxny
fcm, ohpcncnnfi hynuuno coinaconannic n Iumc ycfyhku ho ko-
nonuaninim hponcmam kak coofncfcfnykmuc, n sfom cnyuac
ino i cmcxofnopnim, ccnu nc hpunumafi no nnumanuc, ufo onu
nohonnnnuci honncumum ofkasom panuuu n honisy Hfanuu of
cc hosuuuu n Oquohuu. B omcm, kak hucan cqcnp nÒnunuo,
ufaninnckan cfopona no nccx hucimax honcnnna, ufo Oquohun
nonxna cfafi honnunnou komhcncauucu n kononuaninom nohpocc.
Bhpoucm, omcn nofamu mcxny Mycconunu u anancm umcn
ohpcncncnnoc snaucnuc, hockoniky qpanuysckuu munucfp yfncpx-
nan, ufo cio hpanufcnicfno cfpcmufcn pcmufi n Oquohuu foniko
oipanuucnnic skonomuucckuc sanauu, kacakmuccn xcncsnou nopo-
1
iu xuyfu -Annuc Aca, hpu conkncnuu ufaninnckux unfcpc-
con. Conkncnuc unfcpccon n kakom cnyuac Hmcnno sfof nohpoc
ncuscxno hpunonuf k ninony: n cnyuac akuuu, kofopic ufaninn-
ckoc hpanufcnicfno coufcf ncoxonumim hpcnhpunnfi n Oquohuu.
B noionopc of 1O6 i. sona qpanuysckux unfcpccon ina ohpcncnc-
na kak sona nosmoxnoio honufuucckoio nnunnun n cnyuac, ccnu
ucnocfnocfi Oquohuu yncf napymcna. Tchcpi anani usmcnun
xapakfcp u fcppufopuaninic ipanuui soni qpanuysckux unfcpc-
con. Ycfyhka Hfanuu, cqopmynuponannan of hpofunnoio, ina
cnocio pona ynonkou, hpcnnasnaucnnou uscxafi cnumkom nnnou
komhpomcfauuu panuuu, koina noionop yncf ohynukonan u
pacxoxncnun fckcfon ynyf hpcncfanncni n uic Hauuu.
Ocnonnan xapakfcpnan ucpfa coinamcnun Mycconunu anani
cocfonna n fom, ufo Mycconunu ofkpifo cknonnncn k cofpynnuuc-
cfny c panuucu, ufoi na nonnc nchpunfun nauucfckou honufu-
ku n Ancfpuu cosnafi hpofunoncc Icpmanuu. Bocnnic hcpcionopi,
kofopic mapman Ianonio, nauaninuk ufaninnckoio icncpaninoio
mfaa, nauan ncckoniko nncu chycfn hocnc saknkucnun coinamc-
nun Mycconunu anani co cnoum qpanuysckum konnciou icnc-
panom Iamcncnom inu konkpcfnim nokasafcnicfnom uspannoio
kypca, umcnmcio oncc omcc snaucnun. Icpcionopi hpoxonunu
pciynnpno c mapfa ho ukni 1J5 i. u hosnonunu no npcmn nusufa
Iamcncna n Ium (ncckoniko nncu chycfn hocnc honhucanun 16 uknn
anino-icpmanckoio coinamcnun o mopckux noopyxcnunx) honhu-
cafi hpofokon, kofopiu hpcnycmafpunan nocnnoc nsaumoncucfnuc
mcxny cfoponamu n cnyuac icpmanckou akuuu n Ancfpuu. Cfouf
noanufi, ufo sfo coinamcnuc mcxny icncpaninimu mfaamu ocux
cfpan coxpannno cuny nhnofi no Bfopou muponou nouni.
Ofo in camiu naiohpunfniu hcpuon n ufano-qpanuysckom
cnuxcnuu. afunckuc cccfpi, kasanoci, namnu ocnony nnn ho-
cfonnnoio coksa. Ho coksy yipoxana ncpcmcnnan hponcma honu-
fuucckou nnoucfncnnocfu. Ofo kacanoci nc cfoniko qopmi saknk-
ucnnix coinamcnuu, ckoniko ux honufuucckoio snaucnun. nn
Mycconunu onu cfanu sfahom n nihonncnuu hpoipammi u ofkpi-
nanu cmy hyfi n Oquohuk hocnc onopcnun Bcnukopufanucu cio
aqpukanckou akuuu. Bmccfc c fcm, coinamcnun hpusnani inu
chococfnonafi fomy, ufoi cio ncucfnun nc honopnanu hosuuuu
Hfanuu n Inpohc. nn anann coinamcnuc ino nu ucm unim, kak
onnum us achckfon cio cnpohcuckou honufuku, sfahom n pcmcnuu
hponcmi cosnanun pasnuunix cokson. B nnnapc Icpmanun cmc
nc otnnuna cmy max, hpunnn pcmcnuc o onsafcninou nounckou
honunnocfu.
Koina cfano usnccfno o sfom pcmcnuu, oipanuucnniu xapak-
fcp coinamcnuu, honhucannix n Iumc, cfan oucnunnim.
2OO
.4. Hc:nBccn qcn:a C:cs.
CcBc:cc-qanDscnn c:cBc
n an:nc-:cHanccc cc:namcnnc
nc HccnH BcccnnH
.4.(. FCHT CTFL5L.
HLFDLH DTAH JHFCTDCFLHHH
anank fpconanoci hponcnufi ofnomcnun c Bcnukopufanucu
u Concfckum Coksom, ufoi pcanusonafi ncnocfakmuc nckfopa
cio honufuku. Hc cncnycf sainafi o fom, ufo honufuka qpanuys-
ckoio munucfpa unocfpannix ncn hocfonnno ina nahpanncna na
hpofunocfonnuc napacfanmcu icpmanckou ohacnocfu. Coinamcnuc
c Hfanucu cfano nnn ncio onnum us chocoon nokuponafi hpo-
nuknoncnuc Icpmanuu na Iankani, no hosuuun Bcnukopufanuu
ocfananaci nccima ncohpcncncnnou.
Ipanufcnicfno onnona nc pasncnnno ohaccnuu panuuu, ono
hponnnnno onimyk osaoucnnocfi kak umhcpckumu hohonsnonc-
nunmu Hfanuu, fak u hohifkou panuuu hpcnycmofpcfi oncc
koncfpykfunnyk poni n Inpohc nnn Concfckoio Coksa. Bcnuko-
pufanun ina cknonna nifccnufi CCCI na sannopku Inpohi u
hufana unnksopnic nancxni nosononufi hcpcionopi n pamkax
konqcpcnuuu ho pasopyxcnuk. Hcmui nc okasinanu ofkpifoio
hpofunoncucfnun sfum hcpcionopam, hofomy ufo, kak yxc ino n
1J21JJ ii., ncnihonncnuc npyiumu cnoux onsafcnicfn nanano
um nosmoxnocfi sakonno hpcnhpunumafi onnocfoponnuc ncucfnun.
Bhcpnic hohifky hponcnufi ofnomcnun c hapfncpamu anani
cymcn n cnnsu c onnou us fakux akuuu Icpmanuu: 16 mapfa 1J5 i.
n napymcnuc cf.17J Bcpcanickoio noionopa ona otnnuna o noso-
nonncnuu onsafcninou nounckou honunnocfu. Ofo in hcpniu
ccpicsniu ynap, nancccnniu ho Bcpcanickou cucfcmc n mcxnyna-
ponno-hpanonom hnanc. On nonxcn in ncsamcnnufcnino nisnafi
cyponyk ofhoncni. B ncucfnufcninocfu, sfo hpuncno numi k cosna-
nuk sqcmcpnoio anfupcnusuonucfckoio qponfa Cfpcsi, kofopiu
hpcnocfanun nosmoxnocfi fpcm saunfcpcconannim cnpohcuckum
ncpxanam (panuuu, Hfanuu u Bcnukopufanuu) cnoonno hpo-
nonxafi onnocfoponnuc ncucfnun: kaxnan us nux cfpcmunaci k pc-
anusauuu cocfncnnix nauuonaninix ucncu, kofopic umcnu mano
omcio c hponcmou mcxnynaponnou csohacnocfu u oucni mnoio
co cfapou fpanuuucu ncpxannou honufuku.
Akuun Iufncpa cnuncfcnicfnonana o nonkou fakfukc ncmcukoio
nukfafopa, kofopiu ofnuuno honuman, ufo cnpohcuckuc hpofun-
nuku ncucfnykf ho pasnim nahpanncnunm. Imc n 1J4 i. on hpcn-
2O1
noxun aninuuanam saknkuufi coinamcnuc ho pcinamcnfauuu nos-
nymnix noopyxcnuu (hpcnhonaian honfonknyfi Bcnukopufanuk
k ykpchncnuk cc noopyxcnnix cun, on paccuufinan nknkuufi n
sfof hpouccc u Icpmanuk), ufo hpuncno k pasnoinacunm mcxny
aninuuanamu, qpanuysamu u ufaninnuamu. Yuucfno oniqyca nc
hosnonuno aninuuanam hpunnfi hpcnnoxcnun Icpmanuu, n pcsyni-
fafc Iufncp houyncfnonan ccn cnoonnim n pcanusauuu konuchuuu
pancncfna nosnymnix noopyxcnuu nnn Icpmanuu, o kofopou ina
nocfuinyfa hpcnnapufcninan noionopcnnocfi n nckapc 1J2 i.
Koina cfux pcsonanc ancfpuuckux coifuu, chcuuaniniu hocon
Iufncpa n onnonc qon Iucnfpoh ncfpcfuncn n nonpc 1J4 i.
c munucfpom unocfpannix ncn Bcnukopufanuu Caumonom u An-
fonu Hncnom, inmum foina nopnom-xpanufcncm koponcnckou hc-
uafu, ufoi ocynufi c numu npyiyk naxnyk hponcmy: oipanuuc-
nuc mopckux noopyxcnuu.
3afcm, chycfn ncckonikux mccnucn, Iufncp hponcmoncfpuponan
aninuuckomy hpanufcnicfny cnok iofonnocfi honhucafi coinamc-
nuc, n coofncfcfnuu c kofopim coofnomcnuc mcxny pufanckum u
icpmanckum qnofom (Icpnun hufan nancxni na cio noccfanonnc-
nuc) cocfanuno i 1OO k J5. Caumon hnanuponan cnou nusuf n
Icpnun na 7 mapfa 1J5 i., ufoi ocynufi ycnonun coinamcnun,
kofopoc hosnonnno Icpmanuu umcfi nnymufcniniu qnof. On hpcn-
cfannnn sfo pcmcnuc kak mcpy konfponn nan noopyxcnucm Icpma-
nuu. 4 mapfa aninuuanc onapononanu cnou hpcnnoxcnun ofnocu-
fcnino nosnymnix noopyxcnuu, ucm nochonisonancn Iufncp nnn
pcanusauuu onnou us cnoux camix xccfkux honufuucckux akuuu.
On ofnoxun nusuf Caumona u nckopc, 16 mapfa, otnnun o noccfa-
nonncnuu onsafcninou nounckou honunnocfu.
Ha sfom sfahc cymccfnonanmuc hpofunopcuun cmc nc hponnnn-
nuci ofkpifo. panuun mna cnocu nopoiou (coinamcnuc c Hfanucu,
hcpcionopi c CCCI, ocooc nnumanuc k Iankanckum hponcmam,
hpononxcnuc ocfopoxnoio omcna mncnunmu c Bcnukopufanucu);
Hfanun ina naucncna na pcanusauuk squohckou akuuu; Bcnuko-
pufanun nc noncpnna nukomy, n fom uucnc u Iufncpy, no umcnno
hofomy, ufo hpanufcnicfno onnona hpcnuyncfnonano ohacnocfi co
cfoponi Icpmanuu, ono cuufano ymccfnim ncucfnonafi n ofnomc-
nuu ncc ocfopoxno, fak ocfopoxno, ufo sakpinano inasa na ncc.
Hapymcnuc cf. 17J Bcpcanickoio noionopa ino nacfoniko
nosmyfufcninou akuucu, ufo moino i hpunccfu k nospoxncnuk
cnuncfna fpcx cnpohcuckux ncpxan, oncpxanmux hocny nan Icpma-
nucu, hpu ycnonuu, ufo kaxnan honyuuna i ufo-fo of npyiux unu
ycfyhuna i n ucm-fo. Bcfpcua n Cfpcsc (1114 ahpcnn 1J5 i.),
cosnannan nnn pcanusauuu sfou nosmoxnocfu, sancpmunaci conmc-
2O2
cfnim kommknukc, kofopoc honfncpxnano omcc cfpcmncnuc nc
nohyckafi napymcnuu Bcpcanickoio noionopa u hpcnyhpcxnano o
ohacnocfu nnn mupa n Inpohc. Iocnc sfoio concmanun ncckoni-
ko ncncni ionopunu o fak nasinacmom nyxc Cfpcsi, o nnoni o-
pcfcnnom coinacuu, o noccfanonncnuu hpounoio anfupcnusuonucf-
ckoio qponfa, no ho cymccfny sfo in camooman u oman npyi
npyia ncc sfo numi na kopofkoc npcmn occhokouno Iufncpa.
Oquuuanino nuucio nc ino ckasano o fom, ufo ncc snanu,
o hponcmc Oquohuu. Tpoc inannix yuacfnukon, Mycconunu, a-
nani u Maknonanin, nc hpoponunu nu cnona, u naxc munucfpi
unocfpannix nc kacanuci sfoio nohpoca. uhnomafi mcnimcio
pania, n ococnnocfu aninuuckuc u ufaninnckuc, n nnufcninix
nuckyccunx uckanu honxonnmyk qopmynuponky, kofopan coofncf-
cfnonana i noionopy 1O6 i., ufo ino onopcno anancm, f.c. ho-
snonuna i oipanuuufi unfcpcci Bcnukopufanuu nohpocom o no-
nax oscpa Tana u npyiumu skonomuucckumu, a nc honufuucckumu
hponcmamu. Aninuuanc nc coinacunuci c fakum honxonom. Myc-
conunu ycxan us Cfpcsi, yncpcnniu, ufo monuanuc coksnukon nc
ino nipaxcnucm ux nciafunnoio ofnomcnun, u y ncio ocfanaci
nosmoxnocfi mancnpuponafi. Iasouaponannic qpanuysi hokunynu
Cfpcsy, ycnunmuci n cchoncsnocfu cnon u n ncoxonumocfu unfu
ho namcucnnomy hyfu. Takyk xc hosuuuk sanumanu aninuuanc.
.4.2. CCDLTCC-FAHHJ5CHH ,C1CDCF
CT 2 AH (D :.
B sfou cufyauuu, oucni honxonnmcu nnn sqqckfnix akuuu
Iufncpa, in saknkucn concfcko-qpanuysckuu noionop o nsaumo-
homomu. Hmcnno hponcma noopyxcnuu Icpmanuu (k fomy mo-
mcnfy kak nascmnix, fak u nosnymnix) honfonknyna k ncucfnunm
n sfom nahpanncnuu. B ncucfnufcninocfu, anani nc in, kak
Iapfy, pcmufcninim cfoponnukom honhucanun noionopa c Conc-
famu, n fo npcmn kak Cfanun u cio munucfp unocfpannix ncn
ufnunon hpcnnaianu saknkuufi coinamcnuc, kofopoc cnnsinano
i Mockny u Iapux onsafcnicfnamu o anfomafuucckom okasa-
nuu nsaumohomomu. B ahpcnc nohpoc in pcmcn, u 2 man 1J5 i.
n Iapuxc in honhucan concfcko-qpanuysckuu noionop o nsaumo-
homomu. On onsinan oc cfoponi ncmcnncnno okasinafi npyi
npyiy homomi u honncpxky n cnyuac ncnisnannoio nahancnun co
cfoponi kakoio-nuo cnpohcuckoio iocynapcfna.
Cfpcmnci ychokoufi ncfpcnoxcnnix aninuuan, qpanuysi na-
cfaunanu na fom, ufoi cfafiu noionopa inu cnnsani c okapn-
ckumu coinamcnunmu u uiou Hauuu. Aipcccun, paccmafpunan-
2OJ
mancn kak cusus foeJeris, nonxna ina, cncnonafcnino, hpusnanafi-
cn kak fakonan Concfom uiu Hauuu n coofncfcfnuu co cf. 16 cc
Ycfana. Ho umcnno npcmn c momcnfa aipcccuu u nhnofi no pcmc-
nun Concfa uiu Hauuu ucknkuano nosmoxnocfi anfomafuuccku
pcanusonafi iapanfuu, ufo u ino xapakfcpno nnn nccx hakfon o
nsaumohomomu, honhucannix na fakux ycnonunx.
Kpomc foio, noionop yuufinan nna ncmanonaxnix achckfa:
nosmoxnocfi nahancnun co cfoponi Shonuu (foina nccima ncponf-
noc), a fakxc fo ocfonfcnicfno, ufo hpu ofcyfcfnuu omux ipa-
nuu mcxny panuucu u CCCI ncoxonumo ino hpcnycmofpcfi
hosuuuk Ionimu unu cc ycnonun, ufoi honyuufi hpakfuucckuc
niioni of hakfa o nsaumohomomu. Iosuuun Ionimu cfana knk-
ucnou hponcmou, kak ninnunoci n 1J i. Ionhucanuc sfoio no-
kymcnfa u hocncnonanmcc saknkucnuc 16 man 1J5 i. coinamcnun
o nsaumohomomu mcxny CCCI u Hcxocnonakucu c oionopkou o
onsafcninom yuacfuu panuuu n cio pcanusauuu, ccnu Hcxocno-
nakun honncpincfcn nahancnuk, umcnu onimoc honufuucckoc
snaucnuc, hockoniky hosnonnnu panuuu ykpchufi cnok cucfcmy
cokson anfuicpmanckou nahpanncnnocfu.
Bcc sfu coksi inu nchpounimu, oycnonncnnimu pnnom co-
mnufcninix ycfyhok u nnycmicncnnix oionopok, no nmccfc c fcm
moinu i cosnafi nhcuafncnuc o qopmuponanuu pasncfnncnnou
nuhnomafuucckou cucfcmi, anifcpnafunnou fou, kofopyk Iufncp
cfpcmuncn honnocfik paspymufi, ccnu i nc nonoc anino-icpman-
ckoc coinamcnuc o mopckux noopyxcnunx: ono hocfanuno hon noh-
poc hpounocfi anfupcnusuonucfckoio qponfa.
.4. AH1HC-1LFAHCCL CC1HALLHHL
C CFCHX DCCFJHLHHHX
Hccmofpn na pcmcnuc Icpnuna noccfanonufi onsafcninyk no-
unckyk honunnocfi u coinamcnun Cfpcsi, nccmofpn na fo, ufo
17 ahpcnn Accamncn uiu Hauuu sannuna o cnocm ocyxncnuu na-
pymcnun Icpmanucu ycnonuu Bcpcanickoio noionopa, hcpcionopi
mcxny aninuuanamu u ncmuamu nc inu hpcpnani. Caumon u
Hncn n ccpcnunc mapfa nanccnu nusuf Iufncpy n Icpnun c hpcn-
noxcnucm omcio coksa hpofun onimcnucfckou yiposi n mupc.
Onu fakxc nickasanu cnoc mncnuc o fom, ufo icpmanckuc nocnno-
nosnymnic cuni honyuunu onimoc pasnufuc u yxc cfanu oncc
momnimu, ucm pufanckuc.
B nauanc uknn Iufncp hpukasan qon Iucnfpohy nosononufi
hcpcionopi o coinamcnuu ho mopckum noopyxcnunm, ufo nhcpnic
hocfanuno aninuuan hcpcn cfpafciuucckum niopom. B hpomnom
2O4
onu, n ofnuuuc of qpanuyson, uacfo ncnooucnunanu ohacnocfi co
cfoponi Icpmanuu. Tchcpi onu nonxni inu pcmufi, houfu nu
na coinamcnuc c Iufncpom, ufoi honnfi, n kakou mcpc nosmoxno
konfponuponafi cio, unu xc fncpno hpofunocfonfi cmy u honncp-
xunafi omuu qponf, o kofopom ino sannncno ncckoniko nc-
ncni nasan n Cfpcsc.
Hnauc ionopn, fa xc hponcma cfonna hcpcn Mycconunu, koina
n 1JJ i, no n concpmcnno npyiou ocfanonkc, on nicfyhun c hpcn-
noxcnucm hakfa ucfipcx. Ho foina pcui moina unfu o hpcnofnpamc-
nuu icpmanckux noopyxcnuu hpcxnc, ucm Iufncp nauncf ux; fchcpi
xc cfonna sanaua ux cncpxunanun hocnc foio, kak ncmui nocfuinu
hpcnocxoncfna n nosnyxc, a na scmnc nounuci nccima cymccfncn-
nix pcsynifafon. Bcnukopufanun hpunnna pcmcnuc hocnc nc-
ckonikux nncu hcpcionopon. 18 uknn 1J5 i. ino honhucano co-
inamcnuc o mopckux noopyxcnunx. Hfoi honcnacfufi iopikyk
hunknk, Iufncp nuhnomafuuccku hocfanun ycnonuc, ufo noionop
cfancf hpcnhocinkou k cosiny nccomcu konqcpcnuuu ho oipa-
nuucnuk mopckux noopyxcnuu.
Coinamcnuc nnunoci honnou ncoxunannocfik nnn cnpohcu-
ckou nuhnomafuu. B cio ohpannanuc Bcnukopufanun uchonisonana
apiymcnfauuk, cfanmyk hpuniunou nnn honufuku ymupofnopc-
nun. B ncucfnufcninocfu, noionop, snaucnuc kofopoio aninuuanc
cfpcmunuci hpcymcnimufi, in hcpnim kpyhnim ychcxom iufnc-
ponckou nuhnomafuu, hofomy ufo on nisnan ncnoncpuc mcxny cc
hpofunnukamu, honopnan ux cnuncfno u ysakonun mopckoc noopy-
xcnuc Icpmanuu.
Kak hucan Kypf Ipaxcp, noionop cfan honopofnim momcnfom
ncoiuaunou naxnocfu, cio snaucnuc ino onimc cumnonuucc-
kum, ucm hpakfuucckum. oionop cfan snakonim akfom nnn fcx,
kfo ncpun n nosmoxnocfi noionopuficn c Iufncpom u cofpynnu-
uafi c numu n unou qopmc, ucm coinacunuci honnku unu fou, ufo
iposuna ancfpuuuam. Iufncponckan nuhnomafun hpuopcna nckofo-
pyk pcchckfacninocfi, kofopyk hpunanano cu umcnno cofpynnu-
uccfno c aninuuanamu. oionop cfan cnocopasnim nonopasncnom n
hcpuon pachana Bcpcanickou cucfcmi: mcxny sfahom ckpifoio
pasnana u nnnoio kpaxa. Ofa cucfcma hana nc hon ynapamu cynii,
a n pcsynifafc coyuacfun xcpfn cc pasnana. Ioncc foio, noionop
honhufinan nancxni Iufncpa na pcanusauuk cio hpockfa cfpafc-
iuucckoio coinamcnun c Bcnukopufanucu (u Hfanucu), ufoi no-
uficn muponoio iochoncfna.
K fomy xc, noionop paspymun anfupcnusuonucfckuu omuu
qponf Cfpcsi u cfanun qpanuyson hcpcn ncoxonumocfik n hoc-
ncnykmuc ncncnu pcmafi: cncnycf nu hpcononcfi anfupufanckuc
2O5
nacfpocnun unu haccunno cncnonafi kypcy na usonnuuk Hfanuu.
cucfnufcnino, aninuuanc honucpkunanu, ufo noionop o mopckux
noopyxcnunx nnnncfcn niopom Bcnukopufanuu mcxny nnymn
pcnusuonusmamu: icpmanckum n Inpohc u ufaninnckum n Cpcnu-
scmnomopic u Aqpukc. Aninuuanc pcmunu honncpxafi hcpniu.
Monuanuc Hncna n Cfpcsc ho squohckomy nohpocy hpuopcfano
noniu cmicn.
.. H:annca a:cccn B Dqncnnn
n cc nccncc:Bn
..(. HTAHHH H DHCHHH
Hahancnuc Hfanuu na Oquohuk, hpcnhpunnfoc J okfnpn
1J5 i., ino hcpnou mupokomacmfanou nocnnou akuucu, ocymc-
cfnncnnou cnpohcuckou cfpanou hocnc okonuanun Icpnou mupo-
nou nouni. Ono hocnyxuno nauanom ccpuu konqnukfon, safcm
onun sa npyium oxnafunmux Inpohy u ninunmuxcn no Bfopyk mu-
ponyk nouny. Kpomc foio, ono cfano hocncnncu sanocnafcninou
kononuaninou nounou, kofopyk homnuf ucfopun. Tcm nc mcncc,
nccmofpn na ncc sfu samcuanun, ufaninnckyk akuuk n Oquohuu
fpynno nasnafi honopofnim coifucm, ucfko oosnauunmum koncu
cnpohcuckoio mupa u nnuxcnuc n cfopony nccomcio konqnukfa,
nuo ohpcncnunmum sfah oncc macmfaniu, ucm hpcnmccfnonan-
muu saxnaf Maniuxypuu Shonucu. Hahpofun, ccionnn kaxcfcn,
ufo ufaninnckan aipcccun n Aqpukc ckopcc hpunanncxuf sancp-
manmcucn shoxc, a nc nacfyhanmcu shoxc nonoio ipannuosnoio
konqnukfa.
Mnoiuc nankncnun hpunonnf k sfomy cyxncnuk. Akuun Myc-
conunu hpunanncxana hpomnomy. Ona nc nanana Hfanuu konkpcf-
nix u omyfumix hpcumymccfn, a numi hosnonnna cu hpousnccfu
nhcuafncnuc cuninou ncpxani. Ium nc moi onun konfponuponafi
cfoni omupnyk fcppufopuk, pasnponcnnyk sfnuuccku, oucni
ofcfanyk u ocfpo nyxnakmykcn n unnccfuuunx, ufoi hofcnuuan
cc pccypcon in oucncn ho nocfouncfny. axc n konuc XX ncka
Oquohun ncc cmc ina cpcnu camix cnnix cfpan n mupc (fakxc
n cuny hnoxoio yhpanncnun, of kofopoio ona nccina cfpanana), a n
1J5 i. ona ckopcc cfana fnxcnim ipysom, ucm hpcncfannnna niio-
ny nnn fakou ncoiafou u nc moncpnusuponannou cfpani, kak
Hfanun foio npcmcnu. Bcc honoxufcninoc snaucnuc akuuu Mycco-
nunu kacanoci umunxa iocynapcfna, fak kak sanocnanuc nccima o-
mupnou fcppufopuu cosnanano i Hfanuu u nnyfpu cfpani, u nnc
cc opas ncnukou kononuaninou ncpxani, kofopan nnancna yxc nc
2O6
konnckuucu hycfini (kakou cuufanaci foina unun), a umhcpu-
cu, nocfounou sfoio nasnanun.
Tak pcanusoninanuci ncynonncfnopcnnic umhcpuanucfuucckuc
ycfpcmncnun, yxonnmuc kopnnmu n XIX nck, kofopic coxpanunuci
n Hfanuu, inc ux honhufinanu cuninic nauuonanucfuucckuc na-
cfpocnun u pumckuc fpanuuuu, kynifunuponanmuccn Mycconunu.
Hmhcpckuc sanocnanun osnauanu nnn nyuc konkpcfnoc nocfuxcnuc
foio honnunnoio pancncfna cpcnu ncnukux ncpxan, kofopoio Hfa-
nun hpcxnc hifanaci nouficn nuhnomafuucckum uckyccfnom.
Ipcnpafunmuci n umhcpuanucfuucckyk ncpxany, Hfanun onimc
nc uchifinana ncynonncfnopcnnix amuuuu u moina i noufu n
uucno nononinix cfpan Inpohi.
Mcnfanufcf hpomnoio, kofopiu hpuncn k sanocnanuk Oquo-
huu, honfncpxnacfcn fcm qakfom, ufo sfa akuun iofonunaci ufani-
nnckou nuhnomafucu (kak u nunuuckan n 111 i.) n fcucnuc nccnfu-
ncfuu. Iocnc hopaxcnun hpu Anya n 1O6 i., hokasanmcio oipanu-
ucnnocfi nkoio umhcpuanucfuucckou fpakfonku Tpoucfncnnoio
coksa, Hfanun hocfonnno cfpcmunaci nouficn of mcxnynaponnoio
coomccfna hpusnanun cc hpana na ohcky nan fcppufopucu Auc-
cunuu. B 1O6 i. sfo hpano ino uacfuuno hpusnano noionopom,
honhucannim c panuucu u Bcnukopufanucu, kofopiu ohpcnc-
nnn coofncfcfnykmuc cqcpi honufuucckux u skonomuucckux un-
fcpccon fpcx cfpan na fcppufopuu Oquohuu.
C 11 i. hpanufcnicfno Iuma fpconano, ufoi, coinacno
onnonckomy noionopy of 26 ahpcnn 115 i., qpanuysckoc Comanu
(xuyfu), aninuuckoc (Icpcpa), xyansnn n kxnom Comanu u
uacfi onacfu na ccncpc cfpani, hoipanuunou c Opufpccu, no Kac-
cana, inu hcpcnani Hfanuu kak nipaxcnuc nosnpamcnun Oquo-
huu hon hpconanakmcc ufaninnckoc nnunnuc. Bcc sfu fpconanun
nc inu ycnimani, u hocnc hponana ocfpoio nuhnomafuucckoio
cfonknoncnun Mycconunu pcmun n 12J i. honncpxafi hpcnnoxc-
nuc panuuu o hpunnfuu Oquohuu n uiy Hauuu (28 ccnfnpn
12J i.) napannc c npyiumu yuacfnukamu co nccmu nifckakmumu
hpanamu u onsannocfnmu.
2 aniycfa 128 i. sfa honufuka honncpxku Auccunuu (Mycco-
nunu ncc cmc nancnncn hpcnpafufi cc n ohcky) ina sakpchncna
honhucanucm noionopa o npyxc u apufpaxc no npcmn nusufa n
Ium squohckoio pcicnfa Taqapu Makonncna, cfanmcio n 1JO i.
umhcpafopom hon umcncm Xaunc Ccnaccuc. B fo npcmn on nyxnancn
n honncpxkc, fak kak cohcpnuuan sa nnacfi c npyiumu noxnnmu
squohckux hncmcn. Iononoc coinamcnuc cnyxuno cnocio pona
mupmou, ckpinanmcu honnunnic namcpcnun Mycconunu n ofno-
mcnuu Oquohuu. Bmccfc c fcm, nnc cnpohcuckuc ncpxani, Bcnu-
2O7
kopufanun u panuun, nonncucnnic n ncna sfoio pciuona, inu
saunfcpcconani n coxpancnuu nncmncu nonninocfu Mycconunu.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, hpanufcnicfno Iuma yxc n 125 i. ncpny-
noci k namcpcnuk usmcnufi honoxcnun noionopa 1O6 i. B omc-
nc nofamu mcxny Hfanucu u Bcnukopufanucu 14 u 25 nckapn
125 i. oc cfoponi nanu nonyk unfcphpcfauuk noionopy of 1O6 i.,
coinacno kofopou hpusnananoci hpano aninuuan samumafi cnou
unfcpcci n pauonc oscpa Tana n cnnsu c coopyxcnucm hnofuni u
n acccunc Ionyoio Huna. Ipu sfom onu nc hpokoncynifupona-
nuci c panuucu, ncucfnyn n nyxc nuunoio cofpynnuuccfna, kofo-
pim inu hponuknyfi ofnomcnun mcxny Mycconunu u Ocfunom
Hcmcpncnom. Ipakfuuccku Hfanun honyuuna onimc, ucm Bcnu-
kopufanun, kofopan onsanaci concucfnonafi Iumy n cfpoufcni-
cfnc xcncsnou nopoiu mcxny ufaninnckumu kononunmu Opufpccu
u Comanu, ufo qakfuuccku honpasymcnano pocf honufuucckoio
nnunnun Hfanuu n Oquohuu.
Kopouc ionopn, c 1O6i., unu, ho kpauncu mcpc, c 125 i. hpu-
snananoci, kak u hpcxnc, cnocio pona hpconananuc ufaninnckux
unfcpccon n Oquohuu. Coinamcnun Mycconunuanani numi sa-
ncpmanu ccpuk akfon, hpusnanmux hpuopufcf Hfanuu n sfom pc-
iuonc, noanun onopcnuc panuuu. Onnako ufaninnckan nuhno-
mafun nc cymcna nouficn honncpxku co cfoponi aninuuan. Xofn
unfcpcci hpanufcnicfna onnona n Oquohuu inu cnnsani numi
c skonomuucckumu nohpocamu, no no npcmn hocncnykmux hcpcio-
nopon na konqcpcnuuu n Cfpcsc u naxc no npcmn ncfpcuu nchoc-
pcncfncnno mcxny Mycconunu u Hncnom n uknc 1J5 i. n Iumc,
ncnoncpuc aninuuan hponnunoci nccima ucfko. B onnonc inu
coinacni houfu na nckofopic ycfyhku Hfanuu, no nc coinama-
nuci ofnafi Oquohuk hon honniu konfponi Iuma. Ofo pacucnu-
nanoci kak oncc fnxcniu ynap ho umhcpckum unfcpccam Bcnu-
kopufanuu, ucm pcnusuonucfckuc akuuu Iufncpa n Hcnfpaninou
Inpohc.
Y Mycconunu nc ino ncnoio honumanun inyuni pasnoina-
cuu, u on honaian, ufo naxc onnon, n konuc konuon, nc yncf
hpofccfonafi hpofun nocnnix ncucfnuu Hfanuu n Oquohuu. Iio
moinu omanyfi cnona pufanckoio munucfpa unocfpannix ncn
Caumona, kofopiu xapakfcpusonan cofpynnuuccfno c Hfanucu n
Inpohc (n nyxc qponfa Cfpcsi) kak oncc ucnnoc, ucm cyncpcnufcf
Auccunuu.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, aninuuanc nc hpunananu nukakoio snauc-
nun qponfy Cfpcsi u iofoni inu napymufi cio ocnonohonaiak-
muc honoxcnun, kak hokasan noionop c Icpmanucu o mopckux noo-
pyxcnunx. B nauanc uknn 1J5 i. kauncf munucfpon ncuopucfa
2O8
Maknonanina cmcnuno hpanufcnicfno no inanc c konccpnafopom
Ionnyunom, munucfpom unocfpannix ncn cfan Camksni Xop u mu-
nucfpom cs hopfqcnn Hncn, n kpyi onsannocfcu hocncnncio nxo-
nunu ofnomcnun c uiou Hauuu. Honoc hpanufcnicfno Iio Bcnu-
uccfna cuufano nosmoxnim cncnafi nckofopic ycfyhku Mycconunu,
ufoi hpcnofnpafufi paspacfanuc squohckoio kpusuca, cio hcpcxon
us nuhnomafuucckou cfanuu (nisnannou ocyxncnucm unuuncnfon
n Yan Yanc u noknana komuccuu ho paccncnonanuk, paofanmcu
foina n Zcncnc) n cfanuk ofkponcnnoio nocnnoio konqnukfa. Ho
Bcnukopufanun cfpcmunaci foniko yfuxomupufi Mycconunu, ufo-
i cio ncucfnun ocfananuci n nohycfumix ipanuuax, nc oocfpnnu
mcxnynaponnyk cufyauuk u nc honpinanu anfopufcf uiu Hauuu.
Hncn hpuin n Ium u hpcnnoxun Mycconunu coinacuficn, ufo-
i Bcnukopufanun hcpcnana Oquohuu hopf 3cuna n pufanckom
Comanu n omcn na ycfyhky Oquohucu hponunuuu Oiancn Hfanuu.
Ho sfu ncsnauufcninic ycfyhku nc moinu ynonncfnopufi hpcfcnsuu
nyuc. Hncn ncfpcfuncn c Mycconunu n ocfanonkc, kofopyk on cam
nasnan ckopcc ipycfnou, ucm npaxncnou. K fomy xc, hpanufcni-
cfno onnona uchifinano nanncnuc pufanckoio omccfncnnoio
mncnun, hockoniky ono onopnno coinamcnuc o mopckux noopyxc-
nunx, oucnunan cio kak muponkunyk akuuk, a Mycconunu nc ho-
cuufan nyxnim mackuponafi ofkponcnno aipcccunniu xapakfcp
cnoux ncucfnuu. Iocfchcnno cfana hponnnnficn nccfpykfunnan cym-
nocfi, ckpifan sa hccnnohauuqucfckumu nicfyhncnunmu honufuku
ymupofnopcnun, hohynnpnimu foina n onnonc.
uia Hauuu hponcna c homomik mcxnynaponnix opianusauuu
sonnax ho hponcmam mupa, pcsynifafi kofopoio inu ohynuko-
nani n uknc 1J5 i. On hokasan, ufo O' aninuuan hpoionoconano
n honncpxky uiu Hauuu, pasopyxcnun u ncnocnnix cankuuu
hpofun cfpan-aipcccopon. 3nauufcnino mcnimcc uucno (58,6')
nickasanoci sa nocnnic cankuuu. Ipanufcnicfno ino ckonanno n
cnoux ncucfnunx, fak kak ohacanoci omccfncnnou kpufuku naka-
nync nonpickux niopon, no hponcncnun kofopix ocfananoci nc-
ckoniko ncncni.
Ioncc foio, Xop u Hncn n Zcncnc ocmanu, ufo Bcnukopufa-
nun nihonnuf cnou onsafcnicfna. 18 ccnfnpn n Zcncnc ocyx-
nancn noknan Komuccuu, kofopan nonxna ina ynanufi ufano-squ-
ohckuc pasnoinacun ofnocufcnino unuuncnfa n Yan Yanc. Xofn cc
fon in nopoxcnafcncn n ofnomcnuu Hfanuu nacfoniko, ufo n
ucfopuoipaquu noknan xapakfcpusonancn houfu kak hpcnocfannc-
nuc Iumy mannafa na cnoony ncucfnun, no Mycconunu honyuun
sfy unqopmauuk cnumkom hosnno, koina ufaninnckoc omccfncn-
noc mncnuc yxc oxunano icfpoio ychcxa ncikou nocnnou akuuu
n Oquohuu.
2O
..2. HAHA,LHHL HTAHHH HA DHCHHK
B sfou mcxnynaponnou ocfanonkc aipcccun Mycconunu hpo-
fun Oquohuu cfana nc hpocfo ananfkpou ncypannoncmcnnoio
nukfafopa, a paccuufannou akuucu, nahpanncnnou na nocfuxcnuc
ychcxa nnn ykpchncnun cio cocfncnnoio hpccfuxa. Ipu sfom on
chckynuponan na nccomcm cfpcmncnuu k mupy u nicokomcpno
cuufan, ufo onopcnuc, xofn u kocncnnoc, cio ncucfnuu hpakfu-
uccku honyucno. Xofn na cnonax iocynapcfna-uncni uiu Hauuu
ncmoncfpuponanu cnoc pcmufcninoc nchpunfuc ufaninnckou ak-
uuu, no ncnanu onu sfo hofomy, ufo Oquohun, kak sfo nu hapa-
nokcanino, umcnno naionapn Hfanuu, cfana uncnom uiu.
Icnu i Oquohun nc ina uncnom uiu Hauuu (hockoniky nc
pachonaiana nnn sfoio ncoxonumimu nannimu, no cc iapanfamu
nicfyhunu n cnoc npcmn panuun u Hfanun), ufaninnckan akuun
umcna i concpmcnno unic hocncncfnun, ucm ona ncucfnufcnino
nisnana, u kofopic inu, n cymnocfu, nocfafouno mnikumu, xofn
u mupoko aqumuponannimu ho qopmc. Hnauc ionopn, ufaninn-
ckan aipcccun paccmafpunanaci kak upcsmcpnan pcakuun na chop-
niu kasyc, a nc kak akf, nchpucmncmiu c fouku spcnun mcxnyna-
ponnoio hpana.
Hfak, koina 5 okfnpn hpanufcnicfno Oquohuu opafunoci n
Zcncny c hpofccfom hpofun ufaninnckou aipcccuu, fo okfnpn n
ofncf cu coomunu, ufo n coofncfcfnuu co cf. 16 Ycfana uiu Ha-
uuu k Hfanuu hpumcncni skonomuucckuc cankuuu. Onnako us
nux inu ucknkucni fakuc cfpafciuuccku naxnic fonapi, kak
xcncso, cfani, mcni, uunk, cnuncu, xnohok, mcpcfi. Ipumcuafcni-
no, ufo cankuuu nc kacanuci u hocfanok ncqfu, xofn onnou sfou
mcpi ino i nocfafouno, ufoi hapanusonafi ncucfnun Hfanuu,
ococnno ccnu i in sakpif Cysukuu kanan, ucio saunfcpcco-
nannic cfoponi nc cncnanu.
Ofa noncnuninan ocfanonka nisnana n Hfanuu hontcm nauuo-
nanucfuucckux uyncfn u ncnononicfno ncucfnunmu sahannix umhc-
puanucfuucckux cfpan. Bhcpnic Mycconunu no umn nknu k po-
nunc honyuun ncoxunannyk honncpxky, cfoni mupokyk, ufo ona
nknkuana naxc uacfi kommynucfon, naxonunmuxcn n usinanuu.
uia Hauuu hpcnhpunnna ncycnufcninyk hohifky hpufopmosufi
unu hpcpnafi aipcccuk. Ofu naioponnic namcpcnun niinnncnu
cmc mcncc ycnufcninimu, hockoniky onnonpcmcnno hpononxa-
nuci cckpcfnic anino-qpanuysckuc hcpcionopi o komhpomuccnou
qopmync, kofopan hosnonuna i ncpnyfi Mycconunu n uucno yuacf-
nukon qponfa Cfpcsi (c hoompufcninou hpcmucu sa aipcccun-
nyk akuuk) n omcn na hpckpamcnuc noopyxcnnix ncucfnuu, a sfo
21O
moxno ino i nasnafi ychcxom honufuku uiu Hauuu. Takona
ina ocfanonka, n kofopou nispcnana nuhnomafuucckan qopmyna,
usnccfnan kak komhpomucc Xopaanann.
... HLCCCTCHDLHHCH CHFCHCC XCFAHADAHH
Bcnukopufanun u panuun n hcpuon c konua ccnfnpn no cc-
pcnuni okfnpn noionopunuci o conmccfnix ncucfnunx na cnyuau,
ccnu ufaninnckan akuun hpuncncf k noopyxcnnomy cfonknoncnuk
n Cpcnuscmnomopic. Tcm npcmcncm, nocnnic ncucfnun n Oquohuu
pasnopauunanuci c fpynom, nafonknynmuci na ncoxunannoc co-
hpofunncnuc auccunucn, a fakxc n cnnsu c ncymcnim komannona-
nucm ufaninnckumu noopyxcnnimu cunamu, kofopoc ino hopy-
ucno icncpany c Iono, hpcnannomy Mycconunu. Mcnnufcninocfi
nocnnix otncnnnaci fakxc xcnanucm coxpanufi cuni n oxuna-
nuu sakynucnix pcmcnuu. Bcci komhnckc cnoxunmuxcn ocfon-
fcnicfn faun nosmoxnocfu nnn nosononncnun nuhnomafuucckoio
nuanoia. Hcnik ina qopmyna, hpcnnoxcnnan n ccnfnpc komuc-
cucu ho paccncnonanuk: kak moxno nuxc honoufu k fomy, ufo
nasinanoci mannafom Hfanuu, nuo naufu npyiuc qopmi, no n
nkom cnyuac hocfapaficn uscxafi onuncnuu n fom, ufo mcxny-
naponnoc coomccfno honncpxunacf aipcccopa.
B nauanc nonpn komhpomucc in namcucn, cio hpockf n fcuc-
nuc hcpnou ncncnu nckapn honyuun n ucnom onopcnuc Mycconu-
nu, ufo honpasymcnanoci camo coou, fak kak n cio honiofonkc
yuacfnonan nuuno uno Ipannu. Ipockf hpcnycmafpunan, ufo Hfa-
nun honyuacf onimyk uacfi onacfcu Tuipc u Oiancn u nosmox-
nocfi pacmupufi cnoc skonomuucckoc nnunnuc na omupnou fcp-
pufopuu Kxnou Oquohuu hon ohpcncncnnim konfponcm co cfo-
poni uiu Hauuu. B omcn na sfo Oquohun honyuana n kauccfnc
ycfyhku kopunop no hopfa Acca, occhcuunanmuu cu nixon k
mopk. akfuuccku, komhpomucc hpcnocfannnn Hfanuu konfponi
nan nnymn fpcfnmu auccunckou fcppufopuu. H sfo hpu fom, ufo
Hfanun n nocnnix ohcpauunx nc nounaci snauufcninix ychcxon.
Ofu ycfyhku inu cncnani n nancxnc hpcnofnpafufi cnuxcnuc
Mycconunu c Iufncpom.
B onnonc fckcf nokymcnfa nisnan ypk n hpanufcnicfnc. O-
cyxnanoci, cncnycf nu nahpanufi hpockf onnonpcmcnno Hfanuu u
Oquohuu, a fakxc nosmoxno nu cnnfi camic ocfpic momcnfi,
cnnsannic c ycfyhkou aninuuckux u qpanuysckux hopfon Oquo-
huu. B ncucfnufcninocfu, pcui mna o nuckyccuu, numcnnou cmic-
na, fak kak hpcnhpunnfan unuuuafuna nc ina nuunim hpockfom
Xopa, a pcsynifafom fmafcninou paofi kauncfa konccpnafopon
(foio camoio, kofopiu ncsanonio no sfoio hocnun na niopax
211
naionapn ocmanunm nukoina nc napymafi yfncpxncnnix uiou
Hauuu onsafcnicfn ofnocufcnino cankuuu hpofun aipcccopon).
Hfaninnckan nuhnomafun fmafcnino cncnuna sa xonom honiofonu-
fcninix paof n fo npcmn, kak squohckan, nosmoxno, nc ina oc-
ncnomncna noomc unu snana oucni ncmnoio.
Mycconunu sancpxan na ncckoniko nncu nofy c usnoxcnucm
ufaninnckou hosuuuu, u sfoio hpomcnncnun okasanoci nocfafouno,
ufoi chponouuponafi pcskuu honufuucckuu honopof, hocncn-
cfnun kofopoio ncnisn ino naxc hpcnhonoxufi. Bosmoxno, na-
ionapn unqopmauuu, honyucnnou of nuhnomafon, npaxncno ofno-
cunmuxcn k honufukc ycfyhok n honisy Mycconunu (kak cuufacf
Anckcuc cxc), fckcf hpockfa komhpomucca 1J nckapn in ohy-
nukonan no qpanuysckux iascfax Onp Zcncnicnou Tayu u A. Zc-
papom (Icpfunakcom) n hapuxckou Oko.
18 nckapn Mycconunu cosnan qamucfckuu Ionimou Concf,
ufoi otnnufi o iofonnocfu Hfanuu nccfu hcpcionopi na ocnonc
anino-qpanuysckoio hpockfa, no pcakuun aninuuan na ohynuko-
nanuc hpockfa honckasana cmy, ufo ino i oncc ucnccoopasno
ofnoxufi na ncckoniko ncncni ohpcncncnuc ufaninnckou hosuuuu.
Toniko 5 mapfa ufaninnckoc hpanufcnicfno sannuno o cnocu iofon-
nocfu k komhpomuccy na unix ycnonunx, koina n hiny honcmuku
hpcnpafunaci n hchcn ncnkan nosmoxnocfi hononoio komhpomucca.
Bspin nciononanun hpofun cfoponnukon mcxnynaponnoio hpa-
na, iofonunmuxcn nosnaipanufi aipcccopa, nisnan ocfpyk pcakuuk
n Bcnukopufanuu. Xop ninyxncn in honafi n ofcfanky, a Ion-
nyun 1 nckapn sannun, ufo hpockf komhpomucca csoionopouno
u honnocfik hoipccn. C sfoio momcnfa hyfu nnn nuhnomafuucc-
koio paspcmcnun kpusuca inu hcpckpifi. Mycconunu pcmun of-
hpanufi n Oquohuk oncc momnic cuni, samcnun c Iono iopasno
oncc choconim icncpanom Iicfpo Ianonio, kofopiu hpousncn
pcopianusauuk nouck u n nauanc man nouncn nocnnoio ychcxa.
Hfaninnckuc noucka 5 man nomnu n Annuc-Acy, a man Mycco-
nunu otnnun o annckcuu Oquohuu u fopxccfncnno nosnoxun
na ionony Bukfopa Ommanyuna III Canouckoio kopony umhcpafo-
pa, cfanmyk cumnonom amuuuosnou u nopoiocfonmcu ananfkpi,
n fof momcnf hpcncfanncnnou n kauccfnc ncmoncfpafunnoio fpu-
ymqa. Ofo fopxccfno hpoucxonuno n ocfanonkc ccpicsnix hcpc-
mcn n mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnunx.
Hfaninnckan nuhnomafun ncucfnonana n fpanuuuonnom kon-
fckcfc u n cfoni xc fpanuuuonnom knkuc hoxunana hnoni cnocu
ncnfcninocfu. Aipcccun hpofun Oquohuu nauanaci c onopcnun
qpanuyson u hpononxanaci n nnoucfncnnou mcxnynaponnou ocfa-
nonkc. Iufncp nc moi nc samcfufi anfuicpmanckuu xapakfcp otcnu-
212
ncnnoio qponfa Cfpcsi u okasan nocnnyk homomi Oquohuu cmc
no nauana nouni.
Co cnocu cfoponi, Mycconunu nickasancn nhonnc ohpcncncnno,
kak i sfo nu niinnncno xccfko. B pcuu, hpousncccnnou 25 man
1J5 i., on kpafko oxapakfcpusonan ufaninnckyk nncmnkk honu-
fuky n hocncnnuc mccnui. Io mncnuk nyuc, ponf Cfpcsi ho-
kasan, ufo Hfanun moxcf noufu n uucno cfpan, iofonix ncfafi na
samufy cnpohcuckou cucfcmi u, n uacfnocfu, nicfyhufi n samufy
Ancfpuu. Ho sfy hosuuuk Hfanuu Mycconunu nc cuufan okonua-
fcninou u ncunou. Ancfpuuckuu nohpoc pasncnncf Hfanuk u Icp-
manuk, no, yfounun Mycconunu, Hfanun nc namcpcna okamcncfi
na Ipcnncpc, ofkasanmuci of akfunnix ncucfnuu n ocfaninou ua-
cfu mupa. Bohpoc o ncsanucumocfu Ancfpuu nnnncfcn hponcmou
nc ufaninnckoio, a omccnpohcuckoio macmfaa. Hfak, ncn Inpo-
ha nonxna nccfu sfo pcmn. amucfckan Hfanun, uspckan
Mycconunu, nc namcpcna oipanuuufi cnok ucfopuucckyk muc-
cuk foniko onnou honufuucckou hponcmou, foniko onnou nocn-
nou sanaucu, kofopan saknkuacfcn n samufc ipanuui, kofopan mo-
xcf ifi upcsniuauno naxnou, kak ipanuua na Ipcnncpc, hofomy
ufo ipanuui u mcfpohonuu, u kononuu, ncc cs ucknkucnun ipa-
nuui cnnmcnni, ux cncnycf nufcnino oxpannfi u samumafi of
nkou, naxc hofcnuuaninou yiposi.
Bicfyhncnuc ino oucni ncnim, a cohponoxnanmuc cio kom-
mcnfapuu ufaninnckux nuhnomafon ncnanu cio cmc oncc ucfkum:
Hfanun co nccu ohpcncncnnocfik ncfana na cfopony qponfa
Cfpcsi, hofomy ufo xnana of ncio conunapnou honncpxku unu
fcphumoio ofnomcnun k cnoum squohckum hnanam. Icnu sfo yc-
nonuc nc nihonnncfcn, fo Hfanun coxpanncf sa coou cnoony
ncucfnuu. Ofo nc osnauano cmc saknkucnun coksa c Icpmanucu,
no osnauano, ufo ncnisn onimc paccuufinafi na yuacfuc Hfanuu
n hponcncnuu honufuku cncpxunanun icpmanckoio pcnusuonusma.
Cfanonufcn ncno, houcmy qpanuysi iopasno oncc hocncnonafcni-
no, ucm aninuuanc hpuncpxunanuci paspaofannoio umu kypca n
fo npcmn, kak Bcnukopufanun sanumana koncnkmykcn hosuuuk
ho hponcmam Cpcnuscmnomopin, hockoniky cc pasnpaxano upcs-
mcpnoc ycuncnuc Hfanuu n sfom pciuonc. noucfncnnoc ofnomc-
nuc aninuuan k hponcmam Hcnfpaninou Inpohi ino fakxc o-
mcusnccfno.
..4. HFH5HAH HTAHC-1LFAHCC1C CLHHHLHHH
Tpaiuucckum hocncncfnucm hpoucmcnmux coifuu cfano nos-
npamcnuc Hfanuu k fakfukc nanuponanun, cfanmcu cnocio pona
pcakuucu u na ncucfnun Icpmanuu. Icnu na hcpnom sfahc ufano-
21J
auccunckou nouni Icpmanun sanumana hposquohckyk hosuuuk,
fo n nanincumcm ona icfpo usmcnuna cnok opucnfauuk. Ic of-
nomcnuc cfano oncc naiohpunfnim nnn Hfanuu, koina n honc-
muucckux chopax ho hpockfy Xopaanann cfymcnancn anfuicp-
manckuu xapakfcp ufaninnckou akuuu. Hc cnyuauno, 6 nnnapn
1J6 i., n nahpnxcnnou ocfanonkc fcx ncncni, Mycconunu hpu-
nnn icpmanckoio hocna qon Xacccnn u ckasan cmy, ufo qponf
Cfpcsi okonuafcnino mcpfn, u ufo hosuuun Hfanuu n ofnomcnuu
nauucfckoio hponuknoncnun n Ancfpuk nc cosnacf fpynnocfcu nnn
Icpmanuu.
Ofo cmc nc ino pcmufcninim honopofom, a numi hpcnnccfnu-
kom nosmoxnix hcpcmcn. Mycconunu napamunan nocnnic ncucfnun
n Oquohuu, nyman, ufo on sapyuuncn coinacucm cun, nomunupyk-
mux n cnpohcuckou honufuucckou cucfcmc. Iypn, paspasunmancn n
ccpcnunc nckapn 1J5 i., hokasana, ufo on omuancn, hofomy ufo
hpanufcnicfna sahannix ncpxan nc inu n cocfonnuu occhcuufi
cmy kakuc-nuo iapanfuu. K fomy xc qpanuysckoc hpanufcnicfno,
okasanmuci hcpcn niopom mcxny pufanckou hosuuucu u conk-
ncnucm coinamcnuu Mycconunuanann, hpcnhouno nnycmicncn-
nocfi aninuuckux hucimcnnix qopmynuponok, ufoi noccfano-
nufi oncc fccnoc cofpynnuuccfno c Bcnukopufanucu.
C fcx hop kak fakfuka nanuponanun u mancnpuponanun no
nncmncu honufukc Hfanuu hcpccfana ifi nonocfik nnn koio i
fo nu ino, nukfo nc nyman, ufo hpousomno ufo-fo nchohpanu-
moc. Tcm nc mcncc, sfo nchohpanumoc cnyuunoci, u safponyno ono
inyunnic hnacfi n ofnomcnunx mcxny cnpohcuckumu ncpxana-
mu. Cucfcma ofnomcnuu n Inpohc, cnoxunmancn hocnc Icpnou
muponou nouni u nixunman, nccmofpn na usmcncnun honufuucc-
kux pcxumon n ofncninix cfpanax, a fakxc qopmuponanuc anfopu-
fapnoio iocynapcfna n Hfanuu u nukfafypi n Icpmanuu, nana iny-
okyk fpcmuny. Icnu no ncnanncio npcmcnu fnia k otcnuncnuk
unu komhpomuccy hpcnanuponana nan fcnncnuunmu k packonam u
kpusucam, fo fchcpi nauanu ncucfnonafi honchynnic hpuuuni,
kofopic ncnu k ykpchncnuk pasncnufcninix apicpon mcxny
cfpanamu. Iaspymufcninic fcnncnuuu hpconananu nan cfpcmnc-
nucm k cfauninocfu.
Moxcf hokasaficn cfpannim u acypnnim, ufo ncc sfo of-
nocunoci k fakomy mapiunaninomy achckfy cnpohcuckou xusnu,
kakonim ina nncmnnn honufuka Hfanuu. Ho n sfu mccnui oc-
nonnoc nahpanncnuc n cnpohcuckux mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnunx
ohpcncnnnoci, hpcxnc nccio, opucnfauucu, nipannou Hfanucu.
o 1J41J5 ii. fcnncnuuu k kapnunaninomy pachany cucfcmi
cnpohcuckux ofnomcnuu cncpxunanuci honumanucm, nc nccina
214
ocosnannim u hopou foniko unfyufunnim, ncoxonumocfu coxpa-
nufi qynnamcnfaninic sncmcnfi cfauninocfu. Kaxniu naxonun
cnok niiony n cufyauuu, pciynupycmou kpufcpunmu ncpxannou
honufuku, hpukpifimu honoxcnunmu Ycfana uiu Hauuu. Ho c
fcx hop, kak iufncponckan Icpmanun uspana kypc na panukaninoc
paspymcnuc cnpohcuckou cucfcmi n coofncfcfnuu co cnoumu ino-
aninimu hnanamu, cfoponnuku coxpancnun cfauninocfu cfpc-
munuci hocfanufi sacnon na hyfu pcanusauuu sfux samicnon.
Koncuno, sfo in ncncikan u nchpocfan sanaua. Aninuuanc ho-
ncnu ccn fak, ufo hononoc cfpcmncnuc k cohpofunncnuk nc ni-
sinano noncpun; ufaninnui, hpuncpxunanci cnoucfncnnou um
fakfuku mancnpuponanun, ncno hokasanu, ufo onu c honumanucm
ofnocnfcn k hponcmc napacfanmcio hpofunocfonnun. yumc npy-
iux ocosnananu ohacnocfi qpanuysi, hockoniky ona yipoxana, n
hcpnyk oucpcni, um u ncusmcnno hpukoninana ux nnumanuc, no
Iapux nc cmoi ncucfnonafi hocncnonafcnino, ancknafno ocnox-
nnnmcucn cufyauuu. Takum opasom, sacnon, kofopiu nonxcn in
hpcipanufi hyfi iufncponckou aipcccuu, nan fpcmuni hpcxnc, ucm
ino sakonucno cio coopyxcnuc. Iasouaponanuc Hfanuu ncucfnun-
mu sahannix ncpxan cfano nipaxcnucm hpoucmcnmux paspinon.
B nauanc 1J6 i. c okonuafcninim kpaxom qponfa Cfpcsi
cnoxunuci ycnonun nnn opasonanun nonix fpcmun n cucfcmc, ko-
fopan mna k cnocmy kpaxy. panuysckan nuhnomafun nonio pao-
fana nan hpockfom cpcnuscmnomopckoio hakfa, kofopiu n nnnapc
1J6 i. in hpcnnoxcn Iumy nanncnom, munucfpom unocfpannix
ncn n nonom hpanufcnicfnc Cappo (hpumcnmcm na cmcny kauncfy
anann n fom xc nnnapc), c ucnik ncpnyfi Hfanuk n coomccfno
cfpan, cfpcmunmuxcn k ykpchncnuk cnpohcuckou csohacnocfu, n
ycnonunx, koina ocfpo omymanaci ccucpcmonnocfi icpmanckou
nuhnomafuu n cnnsu c nonim ofnomcnucm Mycconunu k ancfpuu-
ckomy nohpocy. Ofkas Iuma paccmofpcfi hpockf cpcnuscmnomop-
ckoio hakfa cfan cumnonom inyokux pacxoxncnuu u fou fpynnou
paofi, kofopyk hpcncfonno hponcnafi nnn ux hpcononcnun, ccnu
noomc coxpanunaci fakan nosmoxnocfi.
Hncn, cfanmuu munucfpom unocfpannix ncn Bcnukopufanuu
hocnc Xopa, yhopno nounancn, ufoi uia Hauuu hpumcnuna
hpofun Hfanuu cankuuu smapio na umhopf ncqfu, u onnonpc-
mcnno cfpcmuncn k cnuxcnuk c Icpmanucu, nancnci usonuponafi
cnocio cohcpnuka n Cpcnuscmnomopic u nmccfc c fcm honfncpnufi
cnou hpoicpmanckuu niop. Tc chocoi, kofopimu Iufncp cymcn
usnncui niiony us cnoxunmcucn cufyauuu, cnuncfcnicfnonanu o
macmfaax hpoucmcnmcio hcpcnopofa. On safponyn nc foniko In-
pohy, no fakxc Inuxnuu u aninuu Bocfok, u chococfnonan ha-
ncnuk hpccfuxa uiu Hauuu.
215
cucfnufcnino, honoxcnuc n 3ahannom Cpcnuscmnomopic ino
chokounim no 1J5 i., naionapn xopomum ofnomcnunm Hfanuu c
Bcnukopufanucu u Hchanucu. B Bocfounom Cpcnuscmnomopic
hocnc unuuncnfa c Kopqy n ufano-pufanckux ofnomcnunx nc
ino, sa ucknkucnucm hponcmi Anpuafuku, cnoxnocfcu. Kaxnan
us cfpan uspana nsaumohpucmncmyk nunuk honcncnun, ufoi nc
cfanufi hon nohpoc unfcpcci npyi npyia. Ho akuun Hfanuu hpo-
fun Oquohuu nc moina nc honnunfi na ncc Cpcnuscmnomopic ho
nnym hpuuunam: no-hcpnix, qamusm n momcnf, koina on cfan
inannim hpononnukom umhcpuanucfuucckou honufuku, nc moi nc
pachpocfpanufi cc na anfuunyk fpanuuuk Hfanuu u nc hocfanufi
nohpoc o ynymcm Cpcnuscmnomopin. Bo-nfopix, Bocfounoc Cpc-
nuscmnomopic ino nchocpcncfncnno safponyfo ufaninnckou ak-
uucu kak n cnnsu c hpoxonom ucpcs Cysukuu kanan cynon, mcnmux
n Oquohuk, fak u n cnnsu c pcakuucu na nouny omccfncnnoio
mncnun u honufuucckux cun nccx cfpan pciuona.
Ofo coucfanuc pasnuunix pcsonon hocfanuno hponcmi hcpcn
Bcnukopufanucu, cuufanmcu cfoni panukaninoc usmcncnuc coof-
nomcnun cun n Cpcnuscmnomopic nchpucmncmim. Bcnukopufa-
nun n fo npcmn nonxna ina yuufinafi nna achckfa icfpo mcnn-
kmcucn cufyauuu. Bo-hcpnix, n ccpnuc Inpohi naupana cuny
Icpmanun, iochoncfno kofopou n ynymcm kasanoci ncpcaninim
(xofn xnafano hpopokon, nuncnmux ohacnocfi namcpcnuu Iufncpa).
Ionnyun u Hncn nc ckpinanu cnocio xcnanun nocfuinyfi komhpo-
mucca c Icpmanucu, n fom uucnc u ho kononuaninim hponcmam.
Bo-nfopix, cufyauun n Cpcnuscmnomopic hpcncfannnna pcaninyk
cfpafciuucckyk ohacnocfi. Iohifku naufu komhpomucc, hpcn-
hpunnfic Mycconunu no u hocnc nauana nocnnix ncucfnuu n
Oquohuu, honncpxunanuci qpanuysamu, no nafankunanuci na iny-
xoc cohpofunncnuc opun Oqquca, n ncnpax kofopoio spcnu oha-
ccnun, ufo Hfanun namcpcna iochoncfnonafi n Hcnfpaninom Cpc-
nuscmnomopic u uipafi hcpnocfchcnnyk poni n 3ahannom Cpcnu-
scmnomopic, ocfanun Bcnukopufanuu cnocio pona kopunop nnn
kommynukauuu c Iiuhfom u aninum Bocfokom (nonpi 1J5 i).
Iononoio pona ohaccnun sacfannnnu Bcnukopufanuk cfpcmufi-
cn k oncc fccnomy coksy c Icpmanucu u, fakum opasom uckafi
hpofunoncc qpanuysckou honufukc csohacnocfu (concfcko-qpan-
uysckuu hakf u ccpun noionopon panuuu c Hfanucu).
B cufyauuu, koina n Oquohuu nauanuci nocnnic ncucfnun, a
houcku komhpomucca Xopaanann okasanuci csychcmnimu,
qpanuysi c cchokoucfnom nanknanu sa ufano-icpmanckum cnu-
xcnucm, ohacanci, ufo ono moxcf hcpcpacfu pamku shusona, kakum
ono hpcncfannnnoci n hcpnix uucnax nnnapn. Ipockf cpcnuscm-
216
nomopckoio hakfa, paspaofanniu munucfpom unocfpannix ncn
nanncnom n pacucfc na fo, ufo on hosnonuf nnoni nknkuufi
Hfanuk n opufy honufuku cnpohcuckou csohacnocfu, nc nisnan
nocfounoio ofknuka, oncc foio, on in ncfpcucn c ncnoncpucm.
Takum opasom, k okonuanuk konqnukfa c Oquohucu cmc nuucio
nc ino pcmcno.
Hmcnno Hfanun icfpo cmcnuna kypc, nicfyhun c pnnom ho-
nufuucckux sannncnuu, cncnannix chcuuanino, ufoi ychokoufi
hpupcxnic cfpani Cpcnuscmnomopin. Kpomc foio, Ium fcm ca-
mim nancnncn honiofonufi houny nnn foio, ufoi Bcnukopufanun
nicfyhuna sa ofmcny pcmcnun uiu Hauuu o nncncnuu cankuuu
hpofun Hfanuu. Mycconunu pastncnun, ufo y Hfanuu ncf nukako-
io namcpcnun yipoxafi unfcpccam Bcnukopufanuu, u hpanufcni-
cfno onnona c onopcnucm ofnccnoci k cio sancpcnunm. Ofo cho-
cocfnonano omcu nopmanusauuu cufyauuu u umcno naxnic
hocncncfnun kak n hpanonom hnanc, fak u n ofnomcnuu hosuuuu
Bcnukopufanuu n Iiuhfc.
... DCCTCHHCL CFL,H5LHCCFLL
HCCHL DCHHL D DHCHHH
Hauoncc naxnim usmcncnucm n hpanonom hnanc cfana kon-
ncnuun, hpunnfan n Monfpc (2O uknn 1J6 i.), ona ycfanannunana
noniu pcxum cynoxoncfna ucpcs hponuni nsamcn pcxuma, ohpcnc-
ncnnoio n 12J i. osannckum noionopom. Konncnuun ofpaxana
hcpcmcni n honufuucckou cufyauuu. Icnu n 12J i. hpu ohpcncnc-
nuu nopm cynoxoncfna pykononcfnonanuci cfpcmncnucm sahcpcfi
Concfckuu Coks n Hcpnom mopc, xofn cmy ocfannnnu nixon no
nncmnuc noni, fo n 1J6 i. nonoc nnunnuc CCCI u cio snaucnuc
nnn honufuku cncpxunanun Icpmanuu, ho kpauncu mcpc, n inasax
qpanuyson, nc hosnonnnu hpcncpciafi unfcpccamu Concfon. Kpo-
mc foio, ccnu n 12J i. konncnuuk moxno ino nannsafi Typuuu,
kofopan, xofn u nxonuna n uucno cfpan-hocnufcninuu, hcpcxunana
kpusucnyk cufyauuk, fo n 1J6 i. nnn hpunnfun konncnuuu nco-
xonumo ino nccfu hcpcionopi c iocynapcfnom, uipanmum fchcpi
naxnyk poni n cyniax Bocfounoio Cpcnuscmnomopin. Cfanonufcn
ncnim, houcmy n nonou konncnuuu hpunuuh csohacnocfu Typ-
uuu u hpuucpnomopckux iocynapcfn nosonanan nan hpunuuhom
cnooni cynoxoncfna ucpcs hponuni, kofopiu hpcnanuponan n
hpcxncu konncnuuu.
Cyncpcnufcf Typuuu n onacfu cynoxoncfna in honnocfik
noccfanonncn. Ona nonxna ina conknafi hpanuna cnooni fop-
ionnu n mupnoc npcmn u hpuopcfana sakonnoc hpano na cocfncn-
217
nyk samufy (nknkuan hpano na pcmunufapusauuk hponunon) n
cnyuac nouni unu yiposi nouni. 3a hpuucpnomopckumu cfpanamu
(f.c. sa Concfckum Coksom) ino hpusnano hpano hpononufi n
mupnoc npcmn ucpcs hponuni nocnnic cyna, no pcui mna foniko o
nannonnix cynax nkoio fonnaxa. B sfom ino cymccfncnnoc of-
nuuuc of cfpan, nc umcnmux nixona k Hcpnomy mopk u hofomy
onsannix conknafi cfpoiuc oipanuucnun. Kpomc foio, hpuucp-
nomopckum cfpanam paspcmanoci hpononufi ucpcs hponuni n nan-
nonnom honoxcnuu honnonnic nonku, hocfpocnnic unu hpuopc-
fcnnic sa hpcncnamu Hcpnoio mopn.
B anino-ciuhcfckux ofnomcnunx fakxc hpousomnu cymccfncn-
nic usmcncnun. B 122 i. hpanufcnicfno onnona ncucfnonano n
pamkax hpusnanun oipanuucnnou ncsanucumocfu Iiuhfa. Mcxny-
naponniu kpusuc, nchixnynmuu n 1J6 i. hosnonun nauuonanuc-
fam us hapfuu BA(c 11 i. inannou nauuonanucfuucckou cuni
Iiuhfa) nauafi hcpcionopi c Bcnukopufanucu o hpusnanuu hon-
nou ncsanucumocfu cfpani. Aninuuanc c ncikocfik homnu na
hpusnanuc cyncpcnufcfa Iiuhfa n omcn na omupnic ycfyhku,
nounmuci coxpancnun cnoux nocnnix as ho cpciam Cysukoio
kanana. Coofncfcfnykmuu noionop in honhucan 26 aniycfa 1J6 i.
Ofo in noionop o coksc mcxny nnymn ncsanucumimu cfpanamu
na ncoipanuucnniu cpok, naionapn kofopomy aninuuanc honyuu-
nu hpano ncpxafi iapnuson n 1O OOO ucnonck ho cpciam kanana, a
fakxc 4OO noumanon nnn hponona cynon ho nonnomy hyfu.
.. FcHnnn:ansaDn Fcnnccn cDnac:n
n ccsannc Ccn
..(. HLLHAH AHHH D FLHHCCH CLHACTH
Io Bcpcanickomy noionopy (cf. 42 u 4J) ino ycfanonncno, ufo
icpmanckoc ncnocpcxic Icuna u honoca ncmcukou fcppufopuu
mupunou n 5O km na hpanom cpciy pcku nonxna ifi ncmunufa-
pusonana, f.c. hpanufcnicfno Icpmanuu nc moino pasmcmafi sncci
cnou noucka, nu, fcm oncc, nosnonufi ooponufcninic coopyxc-
nun. Ofu cfafiu inu ycfyhkou panuuu, nc honyuunmcu ipanuui
ho Icuny. B 125 i. sfu ycnonun inu honfncpxncni okapnckum
noionopom. Icpnun coinacuncn na nknkucnuc n noionop cfafiu,
coinacno kofopou nncncnuc ncmcukux nouck n ncmunufapusonan-
nyk sony paccmafpunanoci i kak napymcnuc noionopa, f.c. kak
akf aipcccuu. Ofa cfafin ina oucni naxna nnn panuuu, fak kak
hosnonnna cu hpononufi nocnnyk cfpafciuk akfunnou ooponi.
panuysi moinu cchpchnfcfncnno noufu n Icunckyk onacfi
218
u nciko nocfuinyfi Iypa, hapanusonan ncucfnun ncmucn. Bosmox-
nocfi akfunnou ooponi kocncnnim opasom chococfnonana
ykpchncnuk coksa panuuu c Ionimcu u Hcxocnonakucu.
Iufncp u nauucfi hocfonnno hpofccfonanu hpofun ncchpancn-
nunoio xapakfcpa sfux cfafcu, u n mupc pocno ycxncnuc, ufo pano
unu hosnno ncmui hohifakfcn nncsahno saxnafufi fcppufopuk,
kofopan, k fomy xc, hpunanncxana um. Onnako nukfo nc moi hpcn-
nuncfi momcnf, koina Iufncp hpcnhpumcf kakuc-nuo ncucfnun, ho-
fomy ufo icpmanckan nuhnomafun hpononxana fncpnufi o aconkf-
nou nonninocfu Icpnuna n ofnomcnuu okapnckoio noionopa.
Ofa nonninocfi, fcm nc mcncc, nc ina numcna u honcmuucckou
nahpanncnnocfu n cnnsu c oucnkou Icpmanucu concfcko-qpanuys-
ckoio noionopa o nsaumohomomu, honhucannoio 2 man 1J5 i. u
cmc nc pafuquuuponannoio n nauanc 1J6 i. Io mncnuk Icpnuna,
noionop hpofunopcuun okapnckum coinamcnunm. Ofo ino aco-
nkfno ncncpno, hockoniky noionop ohupancn na cf. 16 Ycfana
uiu Hauuu. Ho ofnomcnuc Icpmanuu k concfcko-qpanuysckomy
coinamcnuk ino nnn panuuu ncmanonaxnim, hockoniky oka-
sinano nnunnuc na honcmuky nnyfpu cfpani ho nohpocy o cio pa-
fuqukauuu, ofpaxanoci na concfcko-qpanuysckux ofnomcnunx.
Kpomc foio, icpmanckan nuhnomafun ymcno uchonisonana sfof ap-
iymcnf u n nanincumcm.
B konuc qcnpann 1J6 i. Iufncp nan unfcpnik Icpfpany nc
Zyncncnk, n kofopom sancpnn, ufo hufacf camic npyxcckuc uyn-
cfna k panuuu. Hnfcpnik ino ohynukonano c nckofopim
ohosnanucm, u hpousomno sfo, ho nonc cnyuan, na cncnykmuu
ncni hocnc foio, kak 27 qcnpann qpanuysckan hanafa nchyfafon
pafuquuuponana noionop c Concfckum Coksom. Iufncp pacucnun
conhancnuc kak nuunoc ockopncnuc u ncmcnncnno sannun qpan-
uysckomy hocny o usmcncnuu cnoux uyncfn. Hc ionopn nuucio o
fom, kakoni ynyf hocncncfnun hononoio usmcncnun, on n fof xc
ncni, 2 mapfa, ofnan pachopnxcnuc cnocmy nocnnomy munucfpy sa-
nnfi no 7 mapfa Icunckyk onacfi icpmanckumu nouckamu.
Bccio ncckoniko nunusuu inu iofoni k nicfyhncnuk, u
foniko J6 OOO ucnonck hpunnnu yuacfuc n icpmanckou akuuu. axc
ccionnn moxno ckasafi, ufo ccnu i qpanuysi u npyiuc iapanfi
coxpancnun cfafyc-kno n Icunckou onacfu unu coksnuku pan-
uuu ofpcaiuponanu i ncsamcnnufcnino, fo onu, nccomncnno, na-
nccnu i Iufncpy hopaxcnuc. Hukfo nc hocmcn unu nc saxofcn
nuucio hpcnhpunnfi. Hukfo nc cosnanan, nackoniko cnai inu
noucka Iufncpa. Camu qpanuysi nymanu, ufo n ohcpauuu yuacfno-
nano nc mcncc nnanuafu nunusuu u oncc 1OO OOO ucnonck. Onu
sanyxnanuci. Mcxny fcm noucka ncpmaxfa inu fpuymqanino
21
ncfpcucni naccncnucm Icunckou onacfu. Hckofopoc npcmn chycfn
Iufncp ofnan hpukas o cfpoufcnicfnc momnou cucfcmi ooponu-
fcninix coopyxcnuu nnoni ipanuui c panuucu, nunuu 3uiqpu-
na, kofopan nonxna ina unfu hapanncnino yxc cymccfnykmcu
nunuu Maxuno, nosnonunmcucn qpanuysamu c 1JO i. Ofof mai
osnauan onnonpcmcnno u nison, u ncmoncfpafunnoc camooipanu-
ucnuc ooponou.
B cmc onimcu cfchcnu, ucm pcmcnuc o nospamcnuu k onsa-
fcninou nounckou honunnocfu, nonan akuun Iufncpa ina omc-
nomnnkmcu, naucncnnou hpofun onsafcnicfn, nopononino hpu-
nnfix ho okapnckomy noionopy. Iufncp hokasan, ufo namcpcn
cpocufi uchu ckoninanmuc Icpmanuk, naxc ccnu nnn sfoio
hpuncfcn ncucfnonafi nncsahno u hpumcnnfi cuny. Ioncc foio,
Iufncp co cnoucfncnnim cmy konapcfnom pcmun ocymccfnufi cnok
akuuk n cyofy, ufoi saxnafufi cnoux hpofunnukon npachnox no
npcmn ofnixa.
Ho ccnu n 1J5 i. icpmanckan akuun nisnana k xusnu hycfi
sqcmcpniu, no onananmuu hofcnuuaninimu nosmoxnocfnmu
hpofunoncucfnun, qponf Cfpcsi, fo n 1J6 i. iopasno oncc ccpi-
csnoc napymcnuc ocfanoci houfu cs ofncfa u, oncc foio, pcakuun
na ncio okasanaci fakonou, ufo Iufncp houyncfnonan nosmoxnocfi
ncucfnonafi csnakasanno u n ynymcm. Iio cnoona ncucfnuu
ina cncncfnucm usmcncnun mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu n Inpo-
hc. ponf Cfpcsi honnocfik pachancn. Mycconunu sannnnn o
sfom nconnokpafno c nnnapn 1J6 i. Hncn hifancn nccfu nuanoi
c Icpmanucu u saknkuufi coinamcnuc o oipanuucnuu (a founcc
o napamunanuu) nocnno-nosnymnix cun u hocfonnno hocinan n
Icpnun oonpnkmuc cuinani.
Icakuun Hfanuu u Bcnukopufanuu na aipcccunnyk akuuk
Iufncpa hocnc 7 mapfa ina ho-cnocmy hocncnonafcninou, hofomy
ufo Mycconunu onopnn Iufncpa n cnnsu c npaxncnou hosuuucu
Bcnukopufanuu ho squohckomy nohpocy, n fo npcmn kak Hncn
hoyxnan Iufncpa saknkuufi coinamcnuc, kofopoc ykpchuno i
anino-icpmanckuu coks. Takona ina cufyauun nakanync pcmunufa-
pusauuu. axc qpanuysi nc umcnu honufuucckou nonu u nc nyma-
nu nccpics o nocnnom ncmapmc n ofncf na akuuk Iufncpa. Ioncc
foio, onu ncc onimc yhonanu na cfpafciuk haccunnou ooponi,
cumnonom kofopou cfana nunun Maxuno: sfa cfpafciun honpinana
noncpuc coksnukon panuuu n cfpanax Bocfounou Inpohi. Iofc-
pnn nosmoxnocfi nokuponafi Iufncpa, qpanuysi cnuknu, nc umcn
nu cuni, nu nonu k akfunnim ncucfnunm.
Ho ccnu hpuuuni ofnomcnun Hfanuu inu honnfni, fo hosu-
uun Bcnukopufanuu u uncpfnocfi panuuu fpynno otncnumi.
22O
cno n fom, ufo nnn aninuuan nc cymccfnonano ccpicsnoio ocnonanun
nnn foio, ufoi hpucinyfi k nounc foniko hofomy, ufo icpmanckuc
noucka hpousncnu hcpcnnuxcnun nnyfpu cnocu iocynapcfncnnou
fcppufopuu, a, snauuf, Bcnukopufanun hocfyhuna hpanunino,
hpuiofonunmuci k nonomy okapno c Iufncpom nmccfo Ufpcsc-
mana. Hncn, n cnok oucpcni, nuncn ohacnocfi co cfoponi Icpma-
nuu, no honaian nosmoxnim ofnccfu yiposy c homomik ycfyhok
ncmuam n Bocfounou Inpohc, hosfomy nanan honnfi, ufo ncpuf
ocmanunm, kofopic n sfof pas, kak oiuno cnyuanoci u n hpo-
mnom u n ynymcm, pasnanan Iufncp, nai honcnacfufi iopikyk
hunknk napymcnun pancc hpunnfix onsafcnicfn. H, ncucfnu-
fcnino, on nicfyhun c ohpannanucm icpmanckou akuuu, kofopan,
ho cio mncnuk, nnunaci cncncfnucm pafuqukauuu concfcko-qpan-
uysckoio hakfa, napymanmcio okapnckuu noionop, hofomy ufo
camo coinamcnuc ino nahpanncno, kak yfncpxnan Iufncp, hpofun
Icpmanuu. Kpomc foio, qkpcp nahimcnno sannnnn o iofonnocfu
Icpmanuu honhucafi c panuucu noionop o ncnahancnuu cpokom
na nnanuafi hnfi ncf u sonnuponan nosmoxnocfi nosnpamcnun
Icpmanuu n uiy Hauuu.
Hncn ncpun sfum ocmanunm, hofomy ufo cio konuchuun cn-
pohcuckou honufuku ocnoninanaci na ncoxonumocfu saknkuufi
anino-qpanko-icpmanckuu coks hpofun concfckou yiposi, a hofo-
my on cfpcmuncn nocfuinyfi coinamcnun c Icpmanucu nc foniko n
cqcpc nosnymnix noopyxcnuu, no fakxc n nohpocc o fcppufopu-
aninom hcpcycfpoucfnc Hcnfpaninou u Bocfounou Inpohi. Hncn
honaian nosmoxnim, kak on ionopun 12 mapfa no npcmn saccnanun
aninuuckoio hpanufcnicfna, na sfou ocnonc saknkuufi c Icpnunom
pnn hakfon o ncnahancnuu, umcn n nuny nosnpamcnuc Icpmanuu n
uiy Hauuu.
Concpmcnno oucnunno, ufo hononan hosuuun ncna k ckopoha-
nufcninomy onopcnuk icpmanckoio pcnusuonusma n ofnomcnuu
Ionimu, Ancfpuu u Hcxocnonakuu, a fakxc k fomy, ufo panuun,
numcnnan honncpxku, okasanaci honuuncnnou nonc Iufncpa. Of-
kasanmuci of pcanusauuu hnana Iapfy u oncc oipanuucnnoio, no
opucnfuponannoio n fom xc nahpanncnuu hnana anann, panuun
okasanaci nncpinyfou n inyokuu kpusuc cnocio nncmnchonufu-
ucckoio kypca. Yfpafunman unnksuu Hfanun hpofunoncucfnonana
panuuu, ucfcpsannou nnyfpuhonufuucckou opiou, a Bcnukopu-
fanun nc okasinana Iapuxy ncucfncnnou honncpxku.
Takum opasom, cfanonufcn ncno, houcmy pcakuun na pcmunu-
fapusauuk Icunckou onacfu cncnaci k kopofkou u hycfou nuhno-
mafuucckou uncucnuponkc, naionapn kofopou ufaninnui hponc-
moncfpuponanu nackoniko sfo ino nosmoxno, ufo onu ocfanuci
221
nnc uipi. Concf uiu Hauuu hponcn pnn saccnanuu u ocynun Icp-
manuk sa napymcnuc noionopon, no cmniuun sfo ocyxncnuc, hpu-
nnn no nnumanuc ocmanun Iufncpa o ynymcm cofpynnuuccfnc.
On hpcnnoxun Icpmanuu nosncpxaficn of cfpoufcnicfna ykpchnc-
nuu n honocc mupunou 1J muni, no Iufncp hpouinopuponan sfo
fpconanuc, hokasan fcm camim nccocfonfcninocfi nccx cnoux +u-
pomoopueciux ocmanuu.
..2 ADCTFC-1LFAHCCL CC1HALLHHL HKHH (D :.
Ocnoonunmuci of saof na sahannom qponfc, Iufncp cmoi no-
sononufi akuuu n Ancfpuu, hpcpnannic coifunmu 1J4 i. On
nouncn ccchopnoio konfponn nan nauucfckou hapfucu u icpman-
ckum iocynapcfnom, ococnno hocnc cmcpfu Iunncnypia (2 aniyc-
fa 1J4 i.), koina cfano nosmoxnim c homomik ionoconanun na
mancp hncucuufa nosinanufi pcux. Tchcpi nc cymccfnonano hpc-
hnfcfnuu u co cfoponi Hfanuu, oncc foio, ofnomcnun c Iumom
pasnunanuci fak, ufo hosnonnnu paccuufinafi na cio unoc, oncc
naiohpunfnoc ofnomcnuc k icpmanckou akuuu n Ancfpuu. Koncu-
no, Ium cmc onopnn anmnkc honnocfik, no yxc nanknancn cio
ofxon of cfpafciuu hpcnpamcnun Ancfpuu n ohnof ucknkuufcnino
ufaninnckuu honufuku.
Iponan coinamcnun c panuucu ycnun Mycconunu n ncnos-
moxnocfu nmccfc c Iapuxcm samumafi ncsanucumocfi Ancfpuu u
ykpchun cio mncnuc o ncuscxnocfu anmnkca. Iocnc okonuanun
squohckoio kpusuca Mycconunu cfpcmuncn sannfi pannoynancn-
nyk hosuuuk, no fak, ufoi sfo ino nc cnumkom samcfno nnn
cio mcxnynaponnix hapfncpon. Onnako namcku, cncnannic n nn-
napc qon Xacccnk u honfopcnnic n nanincumcm, safcm haccun-
nocfi Hfanuu no npcmn kpusuca, nisnannoio pcmunufapusauucu
Icunckou onacfu, ycnunu Iufncpa n fom, ufo hosuuun Iuma us-
mcnunaci. Ofkas Mycconunu nihonnnfi n nanincumcm qynkuuu
munucfpa unocfpannix ncn u nasnaucnuc na sfof hocf (1O uknn
1J6 i.) Ianncauuo Huano, snfn nyuc u cina cfapoio hpcncfanufcnn
nauuonan-qamusma, iopnucio cfoponnuka coksa Hfanuu c Icpma-
nucu, cnuncfcnicfnonanu o sfux hcpcmcnax.
Tak cnoxunuci nonic, oncc naiohpunfnic nnn Iufncpa o-
cfonfcnicfna nnn nosononncnun nuanoia c Ancfpucu, nauafoio
cmc n uknc 1J4 i. Iufncp hpucfyhun k pcanusauuu cnoux hnanon
n cnoucfncnnou cmy mancpc: on hponosinacun ocmanun, kofopic
coupancn nckopc napymufi, hpcnnapufcnino honyuun fakfuucc-
kyk niiony. Iocnc kpafkux hcpcionopon c hpcncfanufcnnmu hpa-
nufcnicfna Uymnuia mcxny Ancfpucu u Icpmanucu 11 uknn ino
222
honhucano coinamcnuc, kofopoc sancpmano hcpuon nahpnxcnnocfu
n ofnomcnunx mcxny nnymn cfpanamu u honiofannunano ycnonun
nnn hocncnykmcu icpmanckou akuuu.
Icpmanun hpusnanana cyncpcnufcf Ancfpuu, u sfo ocnonnoc
honoxcnuc noionopa hosnonnno Mycconunu cuufafi cio ychcxom
nnn Hfanuu. Icpmanun u Ancfpun ocmanu nc nmcmunaficn no
nnyfpcnnuc ncna npyi npyia. Ancfpuuckan honufuka ho ofnomc-
nuk k Icpmanuu nonxna ina yuufinafi xapakfcp ncmcukoio io-
cynapcfna, cnoucfncnniu fakxc u Ancfpuu. Onnonpcmcnno cnu-
mancn sahpcf, nanoxcnniu n 1J4 i., na ncnfcninocfi nauucfckou
hapfuu, kofopan c fcx hop hpuopcna hpano na yuacfuc n hpanu-
fcnicfnc. Ioncc foio, nna ncnfcnn, nuskuc k nauucfckou hapfuu
nomnu n hpanufcnicfno Uymnuia, a onun us nux, Inuno Umunf,
honyuun hocf munucfpa unocfpannix ncn. Zcpfnou sfoio coina-
mcnun cfan knnsi Ufapcmcpi, kofopiu in noncpcnnim nuuom
Mycconunu. Knnsi cfonn no inanc nauuonan-hafpuofuucckoio nnu-
xcnun Xcumncp u honncpxunan oniqyca, a fakxc hpanufcni-
cfno Uymnuia na hcpnom sfahc cio ncnfcninocfu. Mycconunu hc-
pccfan okasinafi cmy noncpuc, a kanuncp Ancfpuu n mac 1J6 i.
usinan cio us hpanufcnicfna.
Hfak, Iufncp pacuucfun nopoiy nnn nauucfckoio nnuxcnun n
Ancfpuu u cinanun ocfpic yini ufaninnckoio hpofunoncucfnun.
Ofnomcnun mcxny Hfanucu u Icpmanucu ncoxunanno icfpo
ynyumunuci fakxc naionapn cxonnou hosuuuu n ofnomcnuu
ipaxnanckou nouni n Hchanuu. Hcmui okasinanu nanncnuc na
Hfanuk, ufoi nouficn cmc onimcio cnuxcnun. Ofo hpofunopc-
uuno namcpcnunm Mycconunu, kofopiu, hocnc sanocnanun Oquo-
huu u, n cmc onimcu cfchcnu, hocnc snauufcninoio nncmnchonu-
fuucckoio ychcxa, cnnsannoio c pcmcnucm uiu Hauuu of 4 uknn
o ofmcnc cankuuu hpofun Hfanuu, nanoxcnnix ncncncfnuc sfoio
sanocnanun, namcpcnancn coxpanufi cnoony pyk u honnocfik ncp-
nyficn k honufukc pannoynancnnocfu. Tcm nc mcncc, ohpcncncn-
noc cnuxcnuc c Icpmanucu ino honcsno n fof momcnf, koina
naxc Bcnukopufanun mna n sfom nahpanncnuu.
... CC5,AHHL CCH LLFHHHFH
Ipaq Huano, cfanmuu hpofaionucfom naxncumux hcpcmcn no
nncmncu honufuku Hfanuu, 2O okfnpn 1J6 i. hpuin n Icpnun.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, Iufncp hpuinaman Mycconunu, no fof nc xo-
fcn usnumnc ofkponcnno ofnaficn n mcfaqopuunic otnfun na-
uusma. Bo npcmn nusufa Huano hpanufcnicfna ocux cfpan pcmunu
hpusnafi icncpana panko n kauccfnc inani hpanufcnicfna Hcha-
22J
nuu; kpomc foio in honhucan pnn hpofokonon, honiofonncnnix
no npcmn hpcnmccfnykmux nuhnomafuucckux hcpcionopon u hpc-
nycmafpunanmux cofpynnuuccfno n pnnc onacfcu (yuacfuc Hfanuu
n uic Hauuu, opia hpofun onimcnusma, ancfpuuckuu nohpoc,
kononuaninic hponcmi u hpusnanuc ufaninnckoio iochoncfna n
Oquohuu, hponcmi ynauckoio pciuona).
24 okfnpn Huano hoccfun Iufncpa n cio uacfnou pcsuncnuuu
Icpxfcciancn n Ianapckux Anihax. Huano sancpun qkpcpa, ufo
Mycconunu nccina hufan k ncmy cumhafuk u hponnnnn xuncu-
muu unfcpcc k cio ncnfcninocfu naxc n camic cnoxnic momcnfi.
Iufncp ofncfun, ufo Mycconunu nnnncfcn hcpnim n mupc iocy-
napcfncnnim ncnfcncm, c kofopim nukfo nc moxcf cpannuficn.
B sfou ocfanonkc nsaumnix pcncpancon oa hapfncpa ocyxnanu,
hpcxnc nccio, ofnomcnun c Bcnukopufanucu, kofopan n sfo npc-
mn cfpcmunaci ycunufi cnok poni na konfuncnfc u, nmccfc c fcm,
honucpknyfi cnoc hpucyfcfnuc n Cpcnuscmnomopic. Huano hpc-
honncc Iufncpy kak onimou honapok nocic hon nasnanucm Icp-
manckan yiposa, kofopoc honiofonun munucfp unocfpannix ncn
Bcnukopufanuu Hncn n nauanc 1J6 i. Ono concpxano pnn nuh-
nomafuucckux coomcnuu, hohanmux n pyku ufaninnucn, kofopic
nochonisonanuci umu, ufoi oucpnufi namcpcnun aninuuan. Bos-
moxno, Iufncp nc oucni ynununcn hpu ufcnuu nokymcnfon, inc co-
ncpxanuci usnccfnic cmy cncncnun, kofopic on namcpcnancn hpu
ynonom cnyuac uchonisonafi n cnoux konfakfax c hpanufcnicfnom
Bcnukopufanuu. Bo npcmn ncfpcuu c Huano on hpcnhoucn onimc
sannficn hpoinosamu o ynymcm ufano-icpmanckux ofnomcnuu:
ncoxonum nacfyhafcniniu coks, ufoi hokoncafi hosuuuu Bc-
nukopufanuu, u Icpmanun yncf iofona k sfomy ncf ucpcs hnfi.
Ocnonou cofpynnuuccfna n fakfuucckom hnanc, nchomunacf
Icfcpcon, nonxna ina cfafi opia hpofun onimcnusma.
Hfano-icpmanckuu coks, kak apicp na hyfu nnyfpcnncio u nncm-
ncio onimcnusma, moi i hpunncui mnoiuc cfpani, kofopic n
npyiom cnyuac us cfpaxa hcpcn hanicpmanusmom u ufaninnckum
umhcpuanusmom, ocfanuci i n cfoponc. Cpcnuscmnomopic ohpc-
ncnnnoci kak xusncnnoc hpocfpancfno Hfanuu. koc usmcncnuc
pannonccun n Cpcnuscmnomopic nonxno hpoucxonufi n honisy
Hfanuu. Icpmanun nonxna umcfi cnoony ncucfnuu na Bocfokc u
na Ianfukc.
Iasnuua n nahpanncnuu ux ncucfnuu hpcnofnpamana nosmox-
noc cfonknoncnuc unfcpccon nnyx ncpxan.
Hs sfux sannncnuu qkpcpa ncno, ufo yxc foina Iufncp sany-
man honnocfik hpunncui Hfanuk na cnok cfopony, ninynun cc
cncnonafi n qapnafcpc cnocu nncmncu honufuku. Bhpoucm, Icpmanun
224
n sfu nnu hpcnhpunumana u anfonomnic maiu: 2J okfnpn n Icp-
nunc ona hapaquponana Anfukomunfcpnonckuu hakf c Shonucu
(honhucanniu 25 nonpn).
Mcxny fcm, Mycconunu, xofn u in iofon hpunnfi nckofopic
achckfi icpmanckou honufuku, ofnkni nc xcnan honuunuficn
nonc Iufncpa. 1 nonpn 1J6 i. no npcmn nicfyhncnun n Munanc
on nocxnannn npyxy c Icpmanucu u otnnun o honhucanuu Icp-
nunckux hpofokonon. Mycconunu sannun: Ofu coinamcnun, kofo-
pic ocnnmcni n coofncfcfnykmux hpofokonax... sfa cnnsykman
ncpfukani IcpnunIum hpcncfannncf coou nc ofiopaxunakmyk
nuaqpaimy, sfo ckopcc oci, nokpyi kofopou moxcf cfpouficn
nsaumoncucfnuc cnpohcuckux iocynapcfn, noonymcnncnnix cfpcm-
ncnucm k mupy u cofpynnuuccfny.
B nanincumcm, n hocncnykmuc mccnui u ioni, fcpmun oci
in nochpunnf honufukamu u ucfopukamu kak cunonum ufano-
icpmanckoio coksa, u cfan naxc oncc founim nipaxcnucm, ucm
cfaninou hakf. Ho ccnu nnumafcnino hpouufafi cnona Mycconunu,
fo cfancf ncno, ufo n 1J6 i. onu umcnu npyiou cmicn. Ipcxnc
nccio, onu yfounnnu, ufo ufano-icpmanckuc ofnomcnun nc umcnu
hpanonoio oqopmncnun n nunc coksnoio noionopa; honhucannic
coinamcnun saknaninanu ocnoni cofpynnuuccfna, kofopoc nc
hpcnhonaiano cosnanun ofiopaxunakmcu nuaqpaimi, f.c. nc
nonxno ino nukoum opasom sakpifi npyiuc nahpanncnun ufani-
nnckou nncmncu honufuku. H ccnu safcm coifun mcxnynapon-
nou honufuucckou xusnu hpuncnu k opasonanuk nuaqpaimi u
hpunanu Ocu snaucnuc coksa, kofopoio n 1J6 i. nc ino, fo
hononoc pasnufuc coifuu moxno ino hosnncc nicfpoufi n no-
iuucckyk uchouky hyfcm ymcfncnnix ycunuu.
.7. 1aanca Bcnna B Hcnannn,
CcnscHncHcc n ncnn:na ncBHcma:cnc:Ba
.7.(. DC,CFA5,LH
Cnuxcnuc mcxny Bcnukopufanucu u Icpmanucu, a fakxc
mcxny Hfanucu u Icpmanucu cosnano fakyk mcxnynaponnyk o-
cfanonky, kofopan chococfnonana onnonpcmcnnomy pasnufuk kpu-
sucnix cufyauuu n pasnix cfpanax Inpohi. B hcpnyk oucpcni,
sfo kacacfcn ipaxnanckou nouni n Hchanuu, nauanmcucn no nfo-
pou hononunc 1J6 i. Ioncc foio, umcnno n xonc sfoio konqnukfa
cnoxunuci nckofopic ocnonnic xapakfcpucfuku ynymux nokon,
hpofunocfonmux no Bfopou muponou nounc. Bouna n Oquohuu,
nukfo nc moxcf sfo ofpuuafi, nisnana cchokoucfno u cfpax n pas-
225
nuunix cnonx omccfna kak Bcnukopufanuu, fak u couuan-nc-
mokpafuucckux cfpan Ccncpnou Inpohi. Ho hoka nouna kacanaci
nanckou cfpani u ncnaci ho hpcxnum nuhnomafuucckum u nocn-
nim hpanunam panu ynonncfnopcnun nanno sannncnnix amuuuu
onnou us kpyhncumux ncpxan foio npcmcnu, fo u hpomna ona, nc
ocfanun inyokux fpanm n mcxnynaponnom omccfncnnom mncnuu.
Ofo nc osnauacf, ufo ux nc ino noncc, no cncnycf pcanino oucnu-
nafi ux kak hocncncfnun mapiunaninoio nnncnun, nc cfoni snauu-
fcninoio, ufoi ccpicsno usmcnufi inyunnyk cymnocfi honufuku
saunfcpcconannix cfopon.
Iocnc hponosinamcnun Hfanuu umhcpucu occhokocnnic ani-
nuuanc hcpnimu hocfapanuci nopmanusonafi ofnomcnun c Iumom
u, ho nosmoxnocfu, pcmufi n cnok honisy nonic hponcmi, kofo-
pic nosnuknu n Bocfounom Cpcnuscmnomopic n cnnsu c hpucyf-
cfnucm Hfanuu n Auccunuu. pyiuc cfpani, nicfyhunmuc sa hpu-
mcncnuc cankuuu hpofun Hfanuu, homnu fcm xc hyfcm xofn nc
ncc onunakono icfpo nc cosnanan hpunuuhuaninyk hponcmy
us umhcpuanucfuucckux hohonsnoncnuu Hfanuu n Oquohuu.
Conccm unoc ofnomcnuc ino k ipaxnanckou nounc n Hcha-
nuu, kofopan cfana honnunnim nonopasncnom n ucfopuu cnpohcuc-
koio konfuncnfa (u, n ohpcncncnnou mcpc, fakxc u n amcpukanckou
u nafunoamcpukanckou ucfopuu). Camo mccfo ncucfnun, hyfu nos-
nuknoncnun u pasnufun uchanckou nouni; cc nosncucfnuc na no-
cnnyk cqcpy; cc safnxnou xapakfcp, hockoniky ona hpononxanaci
no nauana Bfopou muponou nouni; xapakfcp honufuucckux co-
kson, cnoxunmuxcn hon cc nnunnucm no nccx cnpohcuckux cfpa-
nax, inc cymccfnonana cnoona honufuucckoio niopa ncc sfo
hpuncno k fomy, ufo uchanckan nouna osnamcnonana momcnf ncc-
omcio ocosnanun pocfa qamucfckou ohacnocfu n Inpohc.
C 117 ho 1J i. n ypxyasnou Inpohc iochoncfnonan cfpax
hcpcn onimcnusmom cfpax, kofopiu ufaninnckuu u icpmanckuu
pcxumi hpononxanu uchonisonafi, no on samcfno nnunn fakxc u
na nncmnkk honufuky Bcnukopufanuu, Ionimu u mnoiux Ckan-
nunanckux, Ianfuuckux u Iankanckux cfpan. C uknn 1J6 i. sfof
cnocio pona unconoiuucckuu ocfpakusm, kofopiu in numi cncika
hokoncncn n concfckom omccfnc n 1J4 i., in hpcononcn n cnn-
su c qopmuponanucm ncc oncc mupokux anfuqamucfckux qpon-
fon, n kofopix pykononnmyk poni uamc uipanu ncmokpafuucckuc
cuni, no hocfonnno pocno u nnunnuc kommynucfon. Tak cknaninan-
cn coks, kofopiu n 141i. cfan pcaninocfik, hpcononcn makuancn-
nusm cfanunckou nncmncu honufuku. Ofo ino nauano onimoio
anfuqamucfckoio coksa, kofopiu no 145 i. cpaxancn hpofun
Hfanuu u Icpmanuu.
226
.7.2 HCHAHCHH DHJTFHHCHHTHHLCHH FH5HC
3ncci nc mccfo nnanaficn n ncfanu nnyfpcnncu xusnu Hcha-
nuu, xofn xapakfcp konqnukfa ipaxnanckan nouna fpcycf
ofmcfufi ncckoniko naxnix momcnfon. Iocnc houfu honnou yfpafi
cnocu kononuaninou umhcpuu ncncncfnuc hopaxcnun n 188 i. n
nounc c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, Hchanun hcpcxunana fnxcniu
skonomuucckuu kpusuc. B skonomuucckom hnanc cfpana pachana-
naci na nnc uacfu: ccncpnyk (Kafanonun, Iackckuc hponunuuu,
Ianucun u Iuckaun), oncc pasnufyk n hpomimncnnom ofnomcnuu
c oncc momnou unnycfpucu u noiucu honcsnix uckohacmix, u
ocfaninyk uacfi honyocfpona, inc hpconanano ccnickoc xosnucfno
u ofcfanic nafuqynnuu. B hpomimncnnix onacfnx ykpchunaci co-
uuanucfuucckan hapfun, no ona ina pasncncna, ococnno n Kafa-
nonuu, na nna fcucnun: anapxucfckoc u couuanucfuucckoc. B 121 i.
n pcsynifafc packona couuanucfuucckou hapfuu ina cosnana kom-
mynucfuucckan hapfun.
Ipomimncnnocfi Hchanuu cmoina okpchnyfi naionapn cc
ncufpanufcfy no npcmn Icpnou muponou nouni. Ofo chococfno-
nano pachpocfpancnuk couuanino-honufuucckux nosmcmcnuu, c
onnou cfoponi, u ycuncnuk hpofunoncucfnun um pcakuuonnix u
konccpnafunnix kpyion, c npyiou. B ccnfnpc 12J i. koponi Ani-
qonc XIII, naxonunmuucn na fponc c 1O2 i., ninyxncn in hpc-
ononcfi inyokuu kpusuc, nisnanniu hopaxcnucm uchanckux
nouck n Mapokko, oxnaucnnom noccfanucm hon pykononcfnom An
ani-Kcpuma. B oucni nahpnxcnnou cufyauuu icncpan-kahufan no-
opyxcnnix cun Kafanonuu Muicni Ipumo nc Iuncpa, ohupanci na
momnyk honncpxky hpomimncnnukon u nckofopix ncsanucumix
hpoqcoksnix ncnfcncu n noui c 12 na 1J ccnfnpn ocymccfnun no-
cnniu hcpcnopof. Koponi pcaiuponan ocfopoxno u haccunno.
Ipanufcnicfno Iapcua Ipucfo, fpconanmcc cmcmcnun nocnnix,
ofncfcfncnnix sa iocynapcfncnniu hcpcnopof, ino ofhpanncno n
ofcfanky. A ucpcs ncckoniko uacon k yhpanncnuk cfpanou in
hpusnan Ipumo nc Iuncpa. Iino otnnncno upcsniuaunoc hono-
xcnuc; fak nauancn hcpuon nukfafypi, kofopan no mnoiom hoxo-
nuna na qamucfckuu pcxum.
Icpnou sanaucu nc Iuncpa ino sancpmufi sanocnanuc Mapok-
ko. Boccfanucm An ani-Kcpuma ino oxnaucno u qpanuysckoc u
uchanckoc Mapokko, no coinamcnuc c panuucu hosnonuno hpo-
nonufi pchpcccunnic mcpi conmccfno. B 124 i. u no konua ccn-
fnpn 125 i. noccfanuc ino xccfoko honanncno, ufo chococfno-
nano pocfy hpccfuxa Ipumo nc Iuncpa, a cio umunxy hpunano
hpunnckafcninocfi u omymcnuc cuni. Onnako no nnyfpcnncu
227
xusnu cfpani pcsynifafi inu unimu. c Iuncpa hohifancn
ocymccfnufi iocynapcfncnnoc pciynuponanuc hpomimncnnocfu; n
qunanconom ofnomcnuu on cncnan cfanky na snauufcninic amc-
pukanckuc kahufanonnoxcnun, no cio pcqopmi nc safponynu cfa-
pic cfpykfypi, kofopic cymcnu okpchnyfi, uchonisyn fcnncnuuu
k monohonuu kpyhnix hpomimncnnix hpcnhpunfuu u qunanco-
nix ipyhh. B couuaninix nohpocax on ncucfnonan xccfko. Bcc na-
mcku na aipapnyk pcqopmy inu saifi. Iohifka umhopfupo-
nafi n Hchanuk kophopafunniu ohif ufaninnckux qamucfon
oasanaci ncynaunou. Ionanufi nonncnun hpanufcnicfno nc cmoino,
onu paspacfanuci ho nccu cfpanc.
Ofo cfanuno hcpcn monapxucu nohpoc o ofnomcnunx c nukfa-
fypou. Hauunan c 12 i. Aniqonc XIII namcpcnancn ocnoonuficn
of nukfafopa Ipumo nc Iuncpa. Cosnanan cocfncnnyk honufuucc-
kyk cnaocfi, u cam c Iucpa hifancn honfonknyfi k pasnufuk
ncmokpafuucckuu hpouccc, no csychcmno. 28 nnnapn koponi of-
hpanun cio n ofcfanky u hopyuun icncpany amacuo Icpcnicpy
cqopmuponafi nonoc hpanufcnicfno, kofopoc nonxno ino cofno-
pufi uyno u chacfu monapxuk of naponnoio ncnononicfna, napac-
fanmcio n hcpuon hpanncnun Ipumo nc Iuncpa. Honomy hpanu-
fcnicfny hpcncfonno noccfanonufi n cfpanc couuanino-honufuucckoc
pannonccuc u nosponufi hapnamcnfckuc nopmi.
Cmcna hpanufcnicfna hpoucxonuna n ocfanonkc pacfymcu co-
uuaninou nahpnxcnnocfu, o ucm cnuncfcnicfnonana nonna saacfo-
nok, hpokafunmancn n nckapc 1JO i. ho hpomimncnnim ioponam
Ccncpa Hchanuu. Icpcnicp honan n ofcfanky. Koponi Aniqonc XIII
hohifancn naufu kakuc-nuo komhpomuccnic pcmcnun u n konuc
konuon hopyuun anmupany Xyany Iafucfc Acnapy nosinanufi hpa-
nufcnicfno. Hcckoniko mccnucn chycfn, na anmunucfpafunnix ni-
opax n ahpcnc 1J1 i., paouuc hapfuu u hapfuu pcchynukanckoio
fonka nounuci samcfnoio ychcxa. Hcckoniko nncu Aniqonc XIII
hifancn naufu nixon. Ho ho nccu cfpanc u n camom Manpunc cfu-
xuuno nosnukna pcchynuka, u 14 ahpcnn koponi pcmun nopononi-
no hokunyfi ponuny. C sfoio momcnfa Hchanun cfana pcchynukou.
Bpcmcnnoc hpanufcnicfno hon pykononcfnom Huccfo Anikana
Camopa hpcncfannnno coou koanuuuk ucnfpucfon u ymcpcnnix
hpoipcccucfon, kofopic otcnununuci, nnuxumic cfpcmncnucm
conknafi ncmokpafuucckuc nopmi. Icpcn hpanufcnicfnom cfonnu
fpynnic sanauu: cosnafi nucpaniniu pcxum n cfpanc, n kofopou
hpu nukfafypc ycununuci couuaninic pasnuuun, a iocynapcfncn-
nic uncfufyfi ncc cmc naxonunuci hon konfponcm fpanuuuona-
nucfckux cun. Icchynukanui namcpcnanuci hpcnpafufi Hchanuk
n conpcmcnnyk cfpany, a nnn sfoio onu nonxni inu opoficn
228
c sakocncnmum hpanncnucm nafuqynnucfon, c momnim fpanuuuo-
nanucfckum nyxoncncfnom, c hpcnannou hpomnomy pcxumy apmucu.
Ioni c 1J1 ho 1J6 i. inu hcpuonom couuaninou nahpnxcnnocfu
u ocfpou honufuucckou opii, hpoucxonuna icfpan cmcna co-
ifuu, nanknancn pasiyn nacunun, sa kofopiu nccyf ofncfcfncn-
nocfi ncc skcfpcmucfckuc cuni.
B uknc 1J1 i. cocfonnuci niopi n Yupcnufcninyk Accam-
nck, n pcsynifafc kofopix ionoca usupafcncu pasncnunuci houfu
hoponny mcxny hpanimu u hpano-ucnfpucfckumu ipyhhamu u co-
uuanucfuucckumu u panukan-couuanucfuucckumu cunamu. Ocyx-
ncnuc nonou koncfufyuuu hokasano inyuny pacxoxncnuu mcxny
sfumu honufuucckumu cunamu, n ococnnocfu, ho nohpocy o ai-
papnou pcqopmc u o hpcnocfanncnuu anfonomuu Kafanonuu. B sfou
ocfanonkc hpanic otnnunu oukof hpunnfuk nonou koncfufyuuu,
ufo nc homcmano nouficn cc onopcnun mupokum onimuncfnom n
konuc nckapn. uncpy hapfuu pcchynukanckoc ncucfnuc Manys-
nk Acanin, honufuky ncmokpafuucckoio fonka, umcnmcmy aninocak-
conckuc kopnu, ino hopyucno cqopmuponafi nonoc hpanufcnicfno
nsamcn foio, ufo on nosinannnn n fcucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn.
B aniycfc 1J2 i. icncpan Xocc Canxypxo, onun us nauoncc
nnunfcninix nocnnix komannupon no npcmn nouni n Mapokko, k
fomy xc monio ncf yuacfnonanmuu n honufuucckux unfpuiax hpu
nnopc koponn, hpcnhpunnn hohifky, no ncynaunyk, concpmufi io-
cynapcfncnniu hcpcnopof. Mcxny fcm, hpanufcnicfno namcpcna-
noci hponccfu ccpicsnic pcqopmi: aipapnyk, pcnuiuosnix konipc-
iauuu u mccfnix anfonomuu. Ho omuu honufuucckuu knumaf
hpuncn k napacfanuk skcfpcmusma u k yxccfoucnuk honufuucckou
opii n cfpanc.
Ha hapnamcnfckux niopax n okfnpc 1JJ i. hpanic oncpxanu
hocny u cnona hpumnu k nnacfu c ucnik ncmonfuponafi ncc fo,
ufo ocymccfnuno pcchynukanckoc hpanufcnicfno. Ofo hpuncno k
pocfy ho nccu cfpanc nacunun, pasxuiacmoio, hpcxnc nccio, anap-
xucfckumu ipyhhamu. Ococnno fnxcnim cfan hcpuon c 1JJ i. ho
1J5 i., hoka hpanic pcopianusoninanu cnou cuni. B okfnpc 1JJ i.
Xocc Anfonuo Ipumo nc Iuncpa, cin nukfafopa, pykononunmcio
cfpanou n nnanuafic ioni, ocnonan nnuxcnuc ofkponcnno qamucf-
ckoio fonka anania. B cnok oucpcni, Xocc Mapun Xuni Ioncc
cosnan uchanckyk konqcncpauuk anfonomnix hpanix (COIA), ko-
fopan cfpcmunaci ycfanonufi ymcpcnno-kncpukaniniu pcxum.
cnic honyuunu cyponiu ypok, koina n okfnpc 1J4 i. hohi-
fanuci opianusonafi noccfanuc iopnnkon Acfypuu. Ofo ina ho-
hifka concpmufi nacfonmyk pcnonkuuk c ohopou na maxfcpon u
hpu honncpxkc Komunfcpna, kofopan ina xccfoko honanncna no-
22
cnnimu hon komannonanucm icncpanon Manysnn ohcca Ioncna u
pancucko panko Iaamonnc, kofopim okasanu honncpxky noucka
Hnocfpannoio nciuona.
Iopaxcnuc n Acfypuu honfonknyno ncnic hapfuu k paspaofkc
omcu hpoipammi. Ofof naxniu momcnf hpunnck nnumanuc cnpo-
hcuucn k honufuucckou opic n Hchanuu. B Hchanuu honfopn-
noci fo, ufo hpousomno panimc n Hfanuu, Icpmanuu, n Ancfpuu u
concpmanoci fo, ufo moino hpousoufu no panuuu. Ofo ino cnocio
pona scpkaninoc hpofunohocfanncnuc nnyx kpaunux fouck spcnun
na opianusauuk honufuucckou xusnu: pcakuuonnou u pcnonkuu-
onnou, pasncnnnmuxcn nckofopimu nnuxcnunmu n Hchanuu. Ofo
hpofunohocfanncnuc nopano n ccn u ohpcncncnnic momcnfi mcx-
nynaponnou xusnu, kofopic hpuncnu k nospoxncnuk napnapcfna.
nuxcnuc sa cnuncfno uchanckux ncnix, naupanmcc cuny n
hcpnou hononunc 1J5 i., cfano ococnno sncpiuunim hocnc foio,
kak n aniycfc VII konipccc Komunfcpna hponosinacun n Mocknc
sanauy qopmuponanun naponnix qponfon c ucnik opii hpofun
qamusma. B nnnapc 1J6 i. ino nocfuinyfo coinamcnuc o cnuncfnc
ncucfnuu mcxny couuanucfuucckou hapfucu, kommynucfuucckou
hapfucu, pcchynukanckou ncnou, paoucu hapfucu mapkcucfckoio
otcnuncnun IOYM (fpoukucfckou), anapxucfamu u nckofopimu
npyiumu honufuucckumu opianusauunmu uchanckou ncnou. Onu
cosnafcnino hpunnnu ymcpcnnyk hpoipammy: nosnpaf k aipapnou
pcqopmc u noccfanonncnuc anfonomuu Kafanonuu, ocymccfnncnuc
pcqopmi sakononafcnicfna o mkoninom opasonanuu. Ipcnnoxc-
nun o nauuonanusauuu inu ofncpinyfi kak n ofnomcnuu kpyh-
nou scmcninou cocfncnnocfu, fak u ankon.
Ha niopax n kopfcci 16 qcnpann 1J6 i. Haponniu qponf
honyuun nauonimcc konuuccfno mccf. Iasnuunic hpanic qopmu-
ponanun, nicfyhanmuc na niopax pasncnino, nounuci cymc-
cfncnnoio ychcxa, hpcxnc nccio, Hauuonaniniu qponf, kofopiu
honyuun na 4OO OOO ionocon mcnimc, ucm Haponniu qponf. B uc-
nom hpanic honyuunu ncmnoium onimc ionocon, ucm ncnic. Ho
pasnponcnnocfi hpanix u fcxnuucckuu mcxanusm usupafcninoio
sakona hosnonunu Haponnomy qponfy nhcpnic n 3ahannou Inpohc
nouficn nnymufcninou hocni u honyuufi 278 mccf n hapnamcnfc;
hpanic honyuunu 1J4 mccfa, ucnfpucfi 55 mccf. cnic oncpxa-
nu nhonnc sakonnyk hocny, no ona yxc cama ho ccc concpxana
ccmcna pasnopa, kofopic ycununu hpofunocfonnuc honufuucckux
cun, nnocunmcc packon n cnayk uchanckyk ncmokpafuk. Hc-
ckoniko ncncni chycfn hpcncfanufcnu hpanix u nocnauaninuku
hpucfyhunu k honiofonkc iocynapcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa.
Mcxny fcm, naponnoc hpanufcnicfno nauano cnok cnoxnyk pa-
ofy. Couuanucfuucckan hapfun nc ina onnoponnou, n ncu opo-
2JO
nuci nna nahpanncnun: pcnonkuuonnoc hpoconcfckoc no inanc c
apio Kaanicpo (kofopoio fonapumu snanu uchanckuu cnun)
u pcqopmucfckoc, pykononumoc Hnnanccuo Ipucfo. Bnunnuc kom-
mynucfon ino oipanuucnnim. B Hchanuu ofmcuancn pocf nonnc-
nuu, u ucpcs kopofkoc npcmn cufyauun n cfpanc cfana kafacfpoqu-
ucckou. Okcfpcmucfcku nacfpocnnic ncnic hifanuci okasinafi
nanncnuc na hpanufcnicfno, uchonisyn n sfux ucnnx saxnaf scmcni
u npyiuc nacunicfncnnic ncucfnun. Ipanan opianusauun COIA
Xunn Ioncca yfpafuna cnou anfopufcf u ycfyhuna mccfo hpcncfa-
nufcnnm ananiu u monapxuucckum ipyhham, pykononumim Xocc
Kanino Cofcno. 1J uknn 1J6 i. Cofcno in yuf ipyhhou couua-
nucfon, kofopic xofcnu ofomcfufi sa cnocio fonapuma. Ofa akuun
sahycfuna n ncucfnuc mcxanusm iocynapcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa.
Ioniofonka k ncmy nauanaci cmc n qcnpanc. Bo inanc mnfcxa
ncfanu icncpani Canxypxo, panko u Omunuo Mona Bunani, kofo-
pic opianusonanu cnou komannniu ucnfp n Hchanckom Mapokko,
ofkyna 17 uknn nauancn nocnniu hcpcnopof c ucnik cncpxcnun
sakonnoio hpanufcnicfna Manpuna. 3a num hocncnonano nicfyhnc-
nuc pasnuunix nocnnix iapnusonon ho nccu Hchanuu. Ipanu-
fcnicfno icfpo ofpcaiuponano na ncucfnun icncpanon, u mnfcx-
nukam nuucio nc ocfananoci, kak hcpcpocufi noccfanmuc noucka
us Mapokko na fcppufopuk mcfpohonuu.
Iocnc iucnu n anuakafacfpoqc 2O uknn icncpana Canxypxo
nicmcc komannonanuc hpunnn na ccn panko, copokancfnuu
oquucp, kofopiu ninnunyncn naionapn nounckomy macfcpcfny,
xnannokponuk u ycxncnnocfu opua c ncnimu u kommynucfamu.
Ianu sfoio on in iofon cofpynnuuafi co nccmu cunamu, kofopic
hpusnanu i ycfanonncnniu um hopnnok n Hchanuu. cucfnyn
hpaimafuuno, on, fcm nc mcncc, hocncnonafcnino ocymccfnnnn sa-
miccn ycfanonncnun anfopufapnoio pcxuma, cfcpxncm kofopoio
ino ykpchncnuc cio nuunou nnacfu, ufo safcm homoino cmy cfafi
uchanckum kaynunio, f.c. noxncm u cumnonom nonou qamucfnyk-
mcu Hchanuu. 25 uknn mnfcxnic noucka yupcnunu cnoc hpanu-
fcnicfno n Iypiocc, honanimc of mccfa, nicanku noccfanmux cfy-
hunu na scmnk Hchanuu, ufoi hokasafi, ufo na fcppufopuu nccu
cfpani qopmupykfcn anfuhpanufcnicfncnnic ucnfpi.
Hcfopuu nnyfpcnncu xusnu Hchanuu u ipaxnanckou nouni
ina n snauufcninou mcpc cnnsana c pasnufucm mcxnynaponnix
coifuu, u sfo hosnonnno hpcnnuncfi, ufo cfoni panukaninoc
cfonknoncnuc nc ocfancfcn cs hocncncfnuu. Iocfy fpcnoiu cho-
cocfnonana nonan cufyauun, cnoxunmancn n Cpcnuscmnomopic n
1J51J6 ii. Ha sfom qonc ipaxnanckan nouna n Hchanuu umcna
mupokuu mcxnynaponniu pcsonanc, n konqnukf n fou unu unou
2J1
mcpc okasanuci nonncucni u npyiuc cfpani. Coifun ipaxnanckou
nouni nhucanuci n noniu mcxnynaponniu konfckcf, nnn kofopoio
yxc ina xapakfcpna ncycfouuunocfi n cnnsu c ufaninnckou nounou
n Oquohuu u nisnannimu ck hocncncfnunmu. B mupokom hnanc,
uchanckan nouna yncnuuuna yiposy mcxnynaponnou cucfcmc n cnn-
su c ypnimu hcpcmcnamu. B uacfnocfu, umcnno sfu usmcncnun
u, hpcxnc nccio, saknkucnnic konncnuuu n Monfpc ninnunu na-
pymcnuc honufuucckoio pannonccun n ocfaninou Inpohc.
Hc umcn nosmoxnocfu hpocncnufi n nannou paofc xon ohcpa-
uuu, hponcncnnix n fcucnuc houfu fpcx ncf hpofunoopcfnykmumu
cunamu sakonnoio hpanufcnicfna u icncpana panko, ofmcfum, ufo
c hcpnix nncu cfonknoncnuc umcno mupokuu unfcpnauuonaniniu
pcsonanc n unconoiuucckom hnanc u, cmc onimc, n hnanc mcxny-
naponnou honufuku. pankucfi nyxnanuci n homomu nnn fpan-
chopfuponku cnoux nouck na konfuncnf u nnn napamunanun nocfa-
founou momu, ufoi opoficn c hpanufcnicfncnnimu cunamu.
Ipanufcnicfno Manpuna cfonknynoci c fpynnocfnmu ipaxnan-
ckou nouni kak i nncsahno, xofn ona u nc ina ncoxunannou.
Oc cfoponi opafunuci sa homomik k fcm, kfo moi cc okasafi,
no pcakuun na opamcnuc ina pasnuunou. panko hocnan cnoux
smuccapon n Ium u Icpnun, hocon sakonnoio hpanufcnicfna opa-
funcn k Iapuxy. Ipaxnanckan nouna hpuopcfana mcxnynaponnoc
usmcpcnuc.
Iufncp hpunuman pcmcnun cnunonuuno u concfonancn co cnou-
mu homomnukamu foniko o mcfonax nmcmafcnicfna n uchanckyk
cufyauuk. Hsnccfuc o mnfcxc n Hchanuu ino nnn Iufncpa ncoxu-
nannim, no coifuc kasanoci oucni naxnim, fak kak hosnonnno
hpcnhpunnfi pnn ccpicsnix maion. Y Icpmanuu umcnuci hpnmic
cfpafciuucckuc unfcpcci n Hchanuu, no, fcm nc mcncc, na ocno-
nanuu umckmuxcn nokymcnfon cncnycf ucknkuufi, ufo umcnno
sfo honfankunano Iufncpa n fcucnuc nnufcninoio npcmcnu hnanu-
ponafi nmcmafcnicfno n uchanckuc ncna. Koncuno, n pcmcnuu
qkpcpa hpucyfcfnonan skonomuucckuu unfcpcc, cnnsanniu c nos-
moxnocfik noiuu noniqpama u xcncsa, oiafimu sancxamu ko-
fopix onanana Hchanun. Ho inannoc ino nc n sfom. Hauoncc
naxnimu nnn Iufncpa inu nocnnic, unconoiuucckuc u mcxnyna-
ponno-honufuucckuc achckfi.
Bocnnoc nmcmafcnicfno Icpmanuu n Hchanuu nipasunoci n
fom, ufo n Mapokko ino cnocnpcmcnno ofhpanncno okono nnan-
uafu fpanchopfnix camoncfon, safcm inu hocnani mafcpuani,
noopyxcnun u chcuuanucfi (n omcu cnoxnocfu, uucncnnocfi nc-
iuona Konnop nopononiucn unu chcunouck, hocnannix n
1J7 i., cocfanuna oncc 1O OOO ucnonck). Ofo hosnonnno uchifafi
2J2
n nocnnix ycnonunx usncnun icpmanckou hpomimncnnocfu, napa-
munanmcu fcmhi hpousnoncfna. Okono nnanuafu fpanchopfnix
camoncfon Knkcpc-52 inu uchonisonani nnn hcpcpocku mnfcx-
nukon n Hchanuk; ocnic camoncfi uchonisonanuci fakxc nnn
omapnuponku Icpnuku; honnonnic nonku cnyxunu nnn hofohnc-
nun cynon, hcpcnosunmux homomi, ofhpanncnnyk sakonnomy hpa-
nufcnicfny; ocnoc noopyxcnuc nonxno ino hokasafi cnok sq-
qckfunnocfi.
Hfo kacacfcn unconoiuu, ipaxnanckan nouna n Hchanuu c cc
opiou hpofun ncnix u, n uacfnocfu, hpofun onimcnusma, hpc-
nocfannnna nosmoxnocfi hokasafi, ococnno aninuuanam, ufo Icp-
manun namcpcna cfafi ananiapnom Inpohi n opic c pocfom co-
ncfckou momu u pachpocfpancnucm onimcnusma. Icpmanun hpcn-
nocxumana Anfukomunfcpnonckuu hakf of 25 nonpn 1J6 i. u
cfpcmunaci hpunafi cnoum ncucfnunm ohpcncncnnyk hpunncka-
fcninocfi nnn pasncnnnmux cc nsinnni.
B icpmanckou mcxnynaponnou honufukc naxnoc mccfo ofnonu-
noci Hfanuu. Iufncp ohpcncnnn, kak Mycconunu nonxcn okasinafi
homomi Hchanuu. Ho nyuc koncancn u cnauana hocinan cipic u
opyxuc, u foniko n nckapc 1J6 i. hpukasan ofhpanufi hcpniu
konfunicnf, nacuufinanmuu JOOO ucpnopyamcunukon. Hfanun,
kofopou fpconanuci cmc pccypci nnn sancpmcnun okkyhauuu
Oquohuu, ina ninyxncna ckonucnfpuponafi cnoc nnumanuc na
Cpcnuscmnomopic u nucfanuuponaficn of pcmcnun cnpohcuckux
hponcm u, n uacfnocfu, ancfpuuckoio nohpoca. Takum opasom,
yinynnnaci hpohacfi, pasncnnnman Hfanuk u panuuk (ncoxo-
numo homnufi, ufo n uknc 1J6 i. ufaninnckuc noopyxcnnic
cuni inu cmc cnnsani coinamcnucm IanonioIamcncn o conmccf-
nou samufc Ancfpuu of icpmanckou yiposi). Hakoncu, ucm oni-
mc Hfanun nfniunanaci n pcmcnuc nohpocon Cpcnuscmnomopin,
fcm onimc hponcm nosnukano hcpcn Bcnukopufanucu, kofopan
ina ninyxncna hcpccmofpcfi cnoc ofnomcnuc k fomy, ufo hpo-
ucxonuno na konfuncnfc.
nn ufaninnucn, kofopic pocunu n Hchanuk oipomnic pc-
cypci (okono 5O OOO nopononiucn, 8OO camoncfon, 2OOO opynuu u
cofnk kopancu) u pcmufcnino nicfyhunu n honncpxky panko n
hpohaiannucfckom hnanc, xapakfcp mofunauuu in onnonpcmcnno
u hpocfim, u cnoxnim. Ipcxnc nccio, cncnycf ucknkuufi fcppu-
fopuaninic amuuuu u hpcfcnsuu na ocfpona Iancapckoio apxu-
hcnaia. Toina sfo ohaccnuc ino mupoko pachpocfpancno, kak u
fo, ufo panko moi hpcnocfanufi ncmuam asi na Kanapckom ap-
xuhcnaic. B ncucfnufcninocfu, ufaninnui uchonisonanu Iancap-
ckuc ocfpona kak asi nnn hponcncnun nocnnix ohcpauuu, no nc
2JJ
coupanuci ocfanaficn fam hocfonnno. Onnako ycuncnuc ufaninn-
ckoio hpucyfcfnun n 3ahannom Cpcnuscmnomopic nisinano cfpax
kak y qpanuyson, ohacanmuxcn yiposi nnn cnoux ofnomcnuu c Cc-
ncpnou Aqpukou, fak u y aninuuan, osaoucnnix csohacnocfik
kommynukauuu mcxny Iupanfapom u Cysucm.
Bccima cnoxno ycfanonufi, kakuc mofunauuu hpcnanuponanu:
unconoiuucckuc unu cfpafciuucckuc. Ipu oncc nnumafcninom
honxonc, ccnu hpunnfi no nnumanuc, ufo ocnonou nncmncu honufu-
ku Mycconunu in pcanusm (ofnomcnun c Icpmanucu hokasinakf
hpconananuc icohonufuucckux ycfanonok nan unconoiuucckou
nusocfik) u ccnu yuccfi, ufo Mycconunu nc in nuuno snakom c
panko u cio samicnamu, fo ncnisn nc hpusnafi uckpcnnocfi
Mycconunu, koina on otncnnn hpuuuni nmcmafcnicfna n ncna
Hchanuu n cccnc co cnoum knim npyiom Hnonom nc Icninkom:
Ham nyxna hocna qpankucfckou Hchanuu, ufoi sanfpa nc oka-
saficn sahcpfimu n namcm mopc. pyiumu cnonamu, qamucfckum
nukfafopom pykononun cfpax, ufo nonoc hpanufcnicfno Hchanuu,
cqopmuponannoc Haponnim qponfom, u hpcncfanufcnu Haponnoio
qponfa, nosinanunmuc qpanuysckoc hpanufcnicfno, cmoiyf cosnafi
hpokommynucfuucckuu nok, kofopiu hpu honncpxkc Concfckoio
Coksa, coksnuka panuuu, u naionapn konncnuuu, hpunnfou n
Monfpc, cmoxcf napamunafi akfunnocfi n Cpcnuscmnomopic u
hapanusonafi nancxni Hfanuu n sfom pciuonc. Ofof hofcnuuani-
niu nok n nanincumcm yinyun pasnuuun mcxny qpanuysckou u
aninuuckou honufukou, honfonknyn Bcnukopufanuk k nanincu-
mcmy coinamcnuk c Icpmanucu, ufo umcno cncncfnucm cokpamc-
nuc cnooni mancnpa Hfanuu kak n Cpcnuscmnomopic, fak u na
Inpohcuckom konfuncnfc.
.7.. HCHHTHA HLDLLATLHLCTDA
Mcxnynaponno-honufuucckuu achckf in fccno cnnsan c unco-
noiuucckum: Hchanun cfana honcm cfonknoncnun mcxny ncnimu,
ncfyhunmumu n coks c ncmokpafamu, u qamucfamu, saknkuunmu-
mu coks c konccpnafopamu. Ofa kynimunauun hpofunocfonnun
hpousomna naionapn fou ponu, kofopyk, hpnmo unu kocncnno,
uipanu panuun u Concfckuu Coks na hpofnxcnuu nccio kpusuca.
Iocna Haponnoio qponfa no panuuu na niopax n ahpcnc
mac 1J6 i. hosnonuna kommynucfam nhcpnic n 3ahannou Inpohc
noufu n hpanufcnicfncnnoc onimuncfno. Ipcmicp-munucfp con
Inkm in ymnim, uccfnim u naioponnim honufuucckum ncnfc-
ncm. kposcni xapakfcpusycf cio kak komhcfcnfnoio u onnonpc-
mcnno uncanucfuunoio honufuka. Koncuno, sfo in ninakmuucn
2J4
qpanuysckuu honufuucckuu ncnfcni JO4O-x ionon, no cio pasnupa-
nu hpofunopcuun mcxny cfpcmncnucm hpononufi iymannyk ncmo-
kpafuucckyk honufuucckyk nunuk u pcaninocfik, oipanuuunanmcu
cio samicni. On nosinanun camoc anfuqamucfckoc hpanufcnicfno,
kakoc foniko moino ifi cosnano no panuuu. Ipanufcnicfno
Inkma nc nasnauuno hpccmnuka na hocfy hocna n Iumc nmccfo
hpoqamucfcku nacfpocnnoio nc Uampcna, u n fcucnuc nnyx ncf
unfcpcci panuuu n ufaninnckou cfonuuc hpcncfannnn hpocfo
honcpcnniu n ncnax. Onnako nu munucfp unocfpannix ncn Hnon
cnioc, nu icncpaniniu cckpcfapi MHa cxc nc moinu ykno-
nuficn of ofmcni cankuuu hpofun Hfanuu u of qakfuucckou nop-
manusauuu ofnomcnuu c Iumom. Ofnomcnun mcxny Mycconunu u
anancm inu amunancnfnimu, no nmccfc c fcm ux ofpannnna
cmcci nancxni u nocani. Hchanckuu kasyc n honnou mcpc ninnun
sfy nnoucfncnnocfi.
Koina usnccfuc o mnfcxc n Mapokko nocfuino Iapuxa, fam
cpasy xc nosnukno chonfannoc xcnanuc homoui npysinm. Iofok
nocnnou homomu (hcpnic ncucfnufcnino hpuinmuc n Hchanuk
hocfanku) hcpccck Iupcncu. 2J u 24 uknn Inkm u cnioc hpu-
inu n onnon u honnnu, ufo Bcnukopufanun ofnocufcn npax-
ncno k nmcmafcnicfny panuuu n ipaxnanckyk nouny n Hcha-
nuu. Iocnc ux nosnpamcnun n hpanufcnicfnc ocfpo ocyxnancn
niop honufuucckou nunuu, u munucfpi-panukani hpuiposunu
hpanufcnicfncnnim kpusucom n cnyuac nosononncnun homomu
Manpuny. B pcsynifafc ino sannncno o sakpifuu ipanuui c Hcha-
nucu nnn nkix hocfanok noopyxcnuu. Hsnccfuc o ufaninnckux u
ncmcukux hocfankax mnfcxnukam ncckoniko napymuno sfof ocfo-
poxniu honxon: pcmcnuc ofhpanufi n Hchanuk okono nnanuafu
camoncfon, hpunnfoc 1 aniycfa, cohponoxnanoci hpcnnoxcnucm
aninuuckomy u ufaninnckomy hocnam nipaofafi omyk honufuky
ncnmcmafcnicfna.
Cmicn sfoio hpcnnoxcnun in nccn ono ino nisnano yipo-
sou Icpmanuu pacucnunafi nmcmafcnicfno panuuu u cc homomi
hpanufcnicfny Manpuna kak hpococncfckyk akuuk. Ioncc foio,
ono ino cnnsano c oucnunnim ofkasom Bcnukopufanuu ono-
pufi kakuc-nuo ncucfnun, nahpanncnnic na noccfanonncnuc sa-
konnocfu a Hchanuu. Ipanufcnicfno Bcnukopufanuu u konccp-
nafunnan hcuafi nc ocfannnnu comncnuu n fom, ufo onu nc xcnanu
hpusnafi ohacnic nnn onnona usmcncnun n 3ahannom Cpcnuscm-
nomopic. Honusna cufyauuu n sfom pciuonc ina cnnsana c ycunc-
nucm hosuuuu Hfanuu (no Mycconunu hpcnocfannnn iapanfuu,
nocfafounic, ufoi n fof momcnf ychokoufi Hncna), a fakxc c
upcsmcpnim ykpchncnucm qpanko-uchanckoio noka, kofopiu hon-
ncpxunanu Concfi.
2J5
Ionufuka ncnmcmafcnicfna ina quionim nucfkom, kofo-
pim hpukpinanuci pcaninic ncucfnun. Iosfomy nukfo nc ofka-
sinancn hpucocnunuficn k ncu. Icpnimu ofosnanuci aninuuanc,
safcm Concfi, ufaninnui, ncmui n ucnom 27 cfpan. 8 ccnfnpn
Komufcf ho mcxnynaponnomy konfponk copancn n onnonc na
cnoc hcpnoc saccnanuc. Hauanuci ncchcmnic nuhnomafuucckuc
hcpcionopi, hon hpukpifucm kofopix ncc fofanufapnic ncpxani
ncnanu fo, ufo xofcnu. Hcmui hpononxanu cnou hocfanku n Hcha-
nuk; ufaninnui ofhpannnnu nkncu hon nunom nononfcpon, no xo-
pomo opianusonannix nchocpcncfncnno qamucfckum nocnnim
komannonanucm; ncc fc cfpani, kofopic okasinanu maccuponan-
nyk homomi qpankucfam, hpononxanu cnok ncnfcninocfi, nc-
cmofpn na hocfonnnic ohponcpxcnun u onsafcnicfna hpckpafufi
ofhpanky nkncu u noopyxcnuu n Hchanuk.
Co cnocu cfoponi, Concfi, naionapn nosmoxnocfnm, hpcnoc-
fanncnnim um konncnuucu Monfpc, moinu nahpannnfi cnok ho-
momi sakonnomy hpanufcnicfny u, oncc foio, concucfnonafi opia-
nusauuu unfcpnauuonaninix puian. Hauunan c ccnfnpn, pu-
iani qopmuponanuci na fcppufopuu panuuu, u offyna oncc unu
mcncc ncianino hponukanu n Hchanuk. Onu coupanu hon cnou
snamcna nccx fcx, kfo honnn ncoxonumocfi anfuqamucfckou
opii u kfo n xccfkux ycnonunx yiposi nauusma ofkasinancn nu-
ncfi fc yxacnic omuku, kofopic concpmanu kommynucfi. B sfou
cufyauuu caman cnaan u ynsnuman hosuuun ina y panuuu, kofo-
pan hokponufcnicfnonana honufukc ncnmcmafcnicfna, a qakfuucc-
ku ncnana nosmoxnim nmcmafcnicfno anfuqamucfckux nopononi-
nix puian; nc homoiana sakonnomy hpanufcnicfny Hchanuu u
fakum opasom cosnanana naiohpunfnic ycnonun nnn ufano-icp-
manckou honufuku u cnuxcnuk Bcnukopufanuu c Icpmanucu,
honiofannunan fcm camim cocfncnnyk usonnuuk.
Concfi hcpnimu hpcnhpunnnu ccpicsnoc nocnnoc nmcmafcni-
cfno n ncna Hchanuu, kofopoc cohponoxnanoci maccuponannou
hpohaiannucfckou kamhanucu. Yxc n konuc okfnpn Cfanun coo-
mun cckpcfapk Hchanckou kommynucfuucckou hapfuu o honncpxkc
Mockni. Tcm nc mcncc, on cncnan ncc nosmoxnoc, ufoi uscxafi
ofoxnccfnncnun uchanckou hponcmi c concfckou honufukou, fak
kak sfo hpofunopcuuno nanaxunanuk cofpynnuuccfna Concfon c
sahannimu ncmokpafunmu. Cfanun, Bopomunon u Monofon n nc-
kapc 1J6 i. n hucimc k foinamncmy hpcmicp-munucfpy Hchanuu
apio Kaanicpo hpusinanu uchanckux pcchynukanucn usciafi
kpaunocfcu u hpcnhpunumafi ncoxonumic ycunun, ufoi homc-
mafi npaiam Hchanuu hpcncfanufi cc kak kommynucfuucckyk pcc-
hynuky.
2J6
Hchanckuc kommynucfi pcnnocfno nihonnnnu sfu ycfanonku
u oponuci c fpoukucfamu IOYM u c anapxucfamu, kofopic inu
ococnno cunini n Kafanonuu u yhopno ofcfaunanu panukaninyk
aipapnyk pcqopmy. Kamhanun cucfcmafuucckux yuucfn, opianu-
sonannan aicnfamu concfckou faunou honuuuu u uchanckumu
kommynucfamu, nuckpcnufuponana ncnfcninocfi anfuqamucfckoio
hpanufcnicfna, xofn u nc homcmana ofnocufcninomy chnoucnuk
unfcpnauuonaninix puian, kofopic cfanu cumnonom opii c
qamusmom. Ho ncoxonumo honucpknyfi, ufo concfckoc nmcma-
fcnicfno chococfnonano ycuncnuk fpcnoiu onnona u hocnyxuno
apiymcnfom nnn fcx, kfo honncpxunan panko. Ipaxnanckan nouna,
hpononxanmancn n cnoxnou mcxnynaponnou ocfanonkc, xapakfcpu-
sonanaci nsaumnimu omanamu u xccfokocfik, hpcnnocxufunmcu
yxaci nfopou muponou nouni.
Ococnnocfi ipaxnanckou nouni saknkuanaci n fom, ufo nnyf-
pcnnuc hpofunopcuun u ckpifan opia honpinanu cnuncfno anfu-
qamucfckoio qponfa. Anapxucfi u ncnic skcfpcmucfi hifanuci
yckopufi hpouccc pcnonkuuonnou fpancqopmauuu c homomik
pnna skonomuucckux pcqopm, ufo nisinano hpofunoncucfnuc ymc-
pcnnix sncmcnfon anfuqamucfckoio qponfa. Kommynucfuucckan
hapfun, nnunnuc kofopou n hcpuon pcchynuku ino ncsnauufcni-
nim, okpchna n cnnsu c fcm, ufo Concfckuu Coks, cmc n onimcu
mcpc, ucm panuun, in iofon hocinafi nocnnyk homomi. Hmcn-
no sfo hpuncno k fomy, ufo on cfan nannsinafi cnok honufuucckyk
nunuk uchanckomy hpanufcnicfny, nukfyn cc ucpcs Komunfcpn,
kofopiu n Hchanuu hpcncfannnn ufaninncu Ianimupo Toninffu.
Iifanmuucn nanuponafi mcxny pasnuunimu fcnncnuunmu apio
Kaanicpo in ninyxncn n ccpcnunc 1J7 i. yufu n ofcfanky, ycfy-
hun mccfo oncc ymcpcnnou koanuuuu, kofopou pykononunu Xyan
Hcipun u Hnnanccuo Ipucfo. B mac kommynucfi ocymccfnunu
kponanic pchpcccuu n Iapccnonc. B cnnsu c sfum Ipucfo, npax-
ncno ofnocunmuucn k pocfy nnunnun kommynucfon, ymcn us hpa-
nufcnicfna, kofopim Hcipun hpononxan pykononufi no okonuanun
anfuqpankucfckoio cohpofunncnun n mapfc 1J i.
Iopaxcnuc ino ncuscxnim n cnnsu c ncpancncfnom cun
cpaxanmuxcn u hponanom hohifku homcmafi cocnuncnuk ofpn-
non, mcnmux us Annanycuu, c anfuhpanufcnicfncnnimu mnfcxnu-
kamu Ianucuu (ponuna panko u onna us onacfcu, inc ino oco-
cnno cunino kncpukaninoc nnunnuc) u uacfuuno Acfypuu. Yxc n
aniycfc 1J6 i. nnc ipyhhuponku otcnununuci u nsnnu iopon Iana-
xoc n Ocfpcmanypc. C fcx hop nocnnic ohcpauuu hpononxanuci c
hcpcmcnnim ychcxom, no oman fcnncnuun ocfananaci ncusmcnnou.
Onnako nu yhopnoc cohpofunncnuc anfuqamucfon, nu snamcna-
fcninic hocni unfcpnauuonaninix puian nponc fou, ufo ina
2J7
oncpxana n mapfc 1J7 i. ufaninnckumu qopmuponanunmu n cpa-
xcnuu c ufaninnckumu qamucfckumu nononfcpamu hon Inanana-
xapou (iopikoc hpcnsnamcnonanuc ipaxnanckou nouni n Hfanuu n
14J145 ii.) nc usmcnunu omcio xona nocnnix ncucfnuu. B na-
uanc 1J i. cynia pcchynuku ina hpcnpcmcna, u n qcnpanc Bc-
nukopufanun, a fakxc u panuun hpusnanu hpanufcnicfno
panko. Ocana Manpuna sancpmunaci 28 mapfa 1J i.
.7.4. HCHLTH HLFLCTFCHH LLFLH1
H 1FAH,AHCAH DCHHA D HCHAHHH
C konua 1J6 i. uchanckuu nohpoc hcpccfan ifi n ucnfpc nnu-
manun cnpohcuckux nuhnomafon. Konqnukf pacucnunancn kak npa-
mafuuccku fnxcniu u hpononxan nonnonafi omccfncnnoc mncnuc;
fcm nc mcncc, honufuka ncnmcmafcnicfna ciipana cnok poni n
nuhnomafuucckom hnanc: nc n fom cmicnc, ufo ona cncnana ncnos-
moxnim nmcmafcnicfno n ncna Hchanuu, a n fom, ufo ona hocfanu-
na hpcncni pasnufuk konqnukfa. Hchanckan ipaxnanckan nouna
nc pachpocfpanunaci na ocfaninyk uacfi Inpohi, u, ho cymccfny,
foniko ufaninnui hpononxanu, xofn u c ocnacnakmum pncnucm,
okasinafi nacfonmyk nocnnyk honncpxky qpankucfam. nn npy-
iux cfpan yuacfuc cncnoci k ofhpankc noopyxcnuu unu k oncc unu
mcncc iymanufapnou homomu. B mcxnynaponnom hnanc kpusuc
umcn, onnako, coofncfcfnykmuc pasnoopasnic hocncncfnun.
Hchanckan ipaxnanckan nouna ninnuna usmcncnuc coofnomc-
nun cun n Inpohc u, n ococnnocfu, honucpknyna cnaocfi hosu-
uuu panuuu. Ona onimc nc hpcnhpunumana akfunnic mcpi ho
occhcucnuk cocfncnnou csohacnocfu; Iapux xc okasancn non-
ncucnnim n konqnukfi, chponouuponannic cfpanamu, hpononun-
mumu pcnusuonucfckyk honufuky. panuun cfana xcpfnou cnocio
hpomnoio, f.c. cfpanana of mupoko pachpocfpancnnoio ycxncnun,
ufo ona ncc cmc sanumacf nomunupykmcc honoxcnuc n Inpohc.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, panuun c 1J6 i. naxonunaci n usonnuuu,
hofomy ufo nu coinamcnuc c Concfckum Coksom, nu noionopi co
cfpanamu ynaucko-Iankanckoio pciuona nc ykpchnnnu cc hosu-
uuu ofnocufcnino Icpmanuu, a, nahpofun, noxunuci na ncc fnxc-
nim ipysom.
B ococnnocfu ccpicsno yxynmunuci cc ofnomcnun c Bcnukopu-
fanucu. Bosmoxno, n onnonc nisinano ncnoncpuc hpanufcnicfno
Haponnoio qponfa (no cio nc cncnycf hpcyncnuuunafi, hockoniky n
fcucnuc nckofopoio npcmcnu ncuopucfi hpanunu fakxc u n Ani-
nuu, a safcm cfanu ohhosuuucu Ic ncnuuccfna), nosmoxno Bcnu-
kopufanun n 1J5 i. ohacanaci coksa panuuu c Concfamu u
Hfanucu. A, nosmoxno, xonon n ofnomcnunx mcxny hpcxnumu
2J8
hapfncpamu in cnnsan c hponanom hnanon (uccncnonannix n pao-
fax Icnc Zupo) cosnanun skonomuucckou qpanko-anino-amcpukan-
ckou koanuuuu, choconou nannsafi cnou nopmi skonomuucckou
xusnu ocfaninou Inpohc, ufo hosnonuno i n ufoic nocfuui ho-
nufuucckoio hpcnocxoncfna, no qakf ocfacfcn qakfom: qpanuys-
ckan honufuka nochpunumanaci n onnonc c pacfymcu ofcfpancn-
nocfik. Toniko nckofopoc cnuxcnuc c Ionimcu, ofmcucnnoc n
ccnfnpc 1J6 i. coinamcnunmu o hocfankc qpanuysckoio noopy-
xcnun, cmniuano usonnuuk panuuu, no ona cfana cmc oncc
oucnunnou hpu hcpnix hpusnakax usmcni Icniiuu.
Iocnc okkyhauuu Icunckou onacfu Icniiun ocnauna fccnoc
cofpynnuuccfno c panuucu, houyncfnonan cnok ncsamumcnnocfi
u yiposy icpmanckoio nahancnun. Icniiuk cnnsinanu c panuucu
nocnnic noionopi, ofnocunmuccn k 12O i., no n okfnpc 1J6 i.
koponi cohonin III nicfyhun c pcuik, kofopan ofpaxana hpanu-
fcnicfncnnyk honufuky u nisnana onopcnuc n omccfncnnom
mncnuu. On yfncpxnan, ufo saxnaf Icunckou onacfu honpinacf
okapnckuc coinamcnun u nanaiacf na Ipkcccni onsannocfi
hpononufi ucknkuufcnino u honnocfik cniiuuckyk honufuky.
Ofo in cmc nc ofkponcnniu ncufpanufcf, no yxc cio nacfopaxu-
nakmuc hpusnaku.
Bmccfo foio, ufoi honncpxunafi panuuk, aninuuckoc hpa-
nufcnicfno u Hncn hpononunu honufuky coinamcnun c Icpmanucu
u hpumupcnun c Hfanucu. Onnako Hncn ho-hpcxncmy ofnocuncn
c inyokum ncnoncpucm k Mycconunu u cuufan, ufo Hfanun, npax-
ncnan Bcnukopufanuu u cnoonnan of ncnkux onsafcnicfn n
Cpcnuscmnomopckom pciuonc, yncf cmc oncc ohacnou. Iosfomy
on, hcpccunun ccn, homcn na uacfuunyk nopmanusauuk ofnomc-
nuu c Hfanucu, ohupanci na omyk saunfcpcconannocfi n coxpa-
ncnuu cfauninocfu n Cpcnuscmnomopic unu, founcc ckasafi, na
ooknnoc xcnanuc hponcmoncfpuponafi hononyk saunfcpcconan-
nocfi, nccmofpn na pasnuuuc cpcnnccpounix hnanon. Ipanufcni-
cfna ocux cfpan sancpmunu 2 nnnapn 1J7 i. omcn nofamu, ka-
canmuucn nxcnfnimcnckoio coinamcnun, kofopoc hpcnhonaiano
hpckpamcnuc nmcmafcnicfna Hfanuu n ncna Hchanuu u cnnsinano
oc cfoponi onsafcnicfnom nc napymafi cmumyc ioo n Cpcnuscm-
nomopic u conknafi nsaumnic unfcpcci u hpana n sfom pciuonc.
Ho cmc oncc pcmufcninou cfana honufuka Hncna hocnc of-
cfanku hpanufcnicfna Ionnyuna 28 man 1J7 i. ncncncfnuc kpusuca,
nisnannoio ofpcucnucm Onyapna VIII. Iocnc ncfyhncnun na ani-
nuuckuu hpccfon Icopia VI ino cqopmuponano hpanufcnicfno
Hcnunn Hcmcpncna, n kofopom Hncn nckofopoc npcmn pykononun
opun Oqquc. Bmccfo foio, ufoi nochonisonaficn ncycfouuunou
2J
cufyauucu u noccfanonufi qponf Cfpcsi, Bcnukopufanun, ka-
sanoci, hpuncfcfnonana akuuu, pasncnnnmuc fpu cfpani, kofopic
moinu i ifi saunfcpcconani n cio noccosnanuu.
B onnonc comncnanuci, nonxno nu coinamcnuc c Hfanucu
nknkuafi hpusnanuc nc kpc fufyna umhcpafopa Oquohuu sa kopo-
ncm Hfanuu. Hcmcpncn cknonnncn k fakomy hpusnanuk, hofomy
ufo cuufan nosmoxnim ncpnyfi Mycconunu n opufy nnunnun Bc-
nukopufanuu. Hncn hpuncpxunancn npyioio mncnun. On hucan
Hcmcpncny: Mnc kaxcfcn, ufo cymccfnycf ohpcncncnnan pasnuua
mcxny Hfanucu u Icpmanucu n fom cmicnc, ufo coinamcnuc c
hocncnncu moino i hpocymccfnonafi n fcucnuc nckofopoio pa-
symnoio npcmcnu, n ococnnocfu, ccnu Iufncp nuuno hpumcf na
ccn coofncfcfnykmuc onsafcnicfna. B fo xc npcmn Mycconunu,
mnc kaxcfcn, nnnncfcn nacfonmum ianicfcpom, u cio uccfnoc cno-
no nuucio nc snauuf.
akfuuccku, hpanufcnicfno Bcnukopufanuu ncucfnonano c
yhopnou nacfouuunocfik (cncika hpuinymcnnou nckofopou ncno-
ncpuunocfik) n ofnomcnuu ymupofnopcnun Icpmanuu u hifanoci,
xofn u c nckofopou ncoxofou, cnnsannou c nuunocfik Mycconunu
u hponcmou hapufcfa nocnno-mopckux cun n Cpcnuscmnom mopc,
nouficn nopmanusauuu ofnomcnuu c Hfanucu. B fcucnuc nccio
1J7 iona hpononxanuci hcpcionopi c Hfanucu o saknkucnuu
nauoncc honnoio nxcnfnimcnckoio coinamcnun. Takum opa-
som cknaninanoci okpyxcnuc panuuu, kofopan k fomy xc ni-
nyxncna ina cocymccfnonafi c npaxncnim hpanufcnicfnom na
kic n Hchanuu.
Iufncp, n cnok oucpcni, hocnc puckonannoio saxnafa Icunckou
onacfu honnn nck ohacnocfi cfoni pcskux akuuu u, ccnu u nc us-
mcnun cnoux hnanon, fo hpucfyhan k ux nihonncnuk c onimcu
ocfopoxnocfik. Iio ycfanonku u hnani aninuuan conhananu: on
namcpcnancn nonncui pufanucn paconix kyscnon ncmucn n
inoaniniu coks, a fakxc okasafi nanncnuc na ufaninnucn u ni-
nynufi ux saknkuufi cnpohcuckuu coks.
Icpcionopi c aninuuanamu inu hopyucni qon Iucnfpohy,
kofopiu cmc nc cfan munucfpom unocfpannix ncn, no yxc in
ncnymum ncnfcncm, hpononunmum nncmnkk honufuky Iufncpa.
Iucnfpoh cfan hocnom n onnonc, n cio sanauu nxonuno ycnufi
pufanucn n ncoxonumocfu inoaninoio coinamcnun, kofopoc
Iufncp cuufan cnuncfncnno coofncfcfnykmum cnoxunmumcn o-
cfonfcnicfnam. Oc cfpani umcnu nosmoxnocfi saknkuufi coks
na ocnonc nckofopix omux konuchfyaninix honoxcnuu: icpman-
ckoc hpconananuc n Inpohc homoino i honoxufi koncu hponon-
xanmumcn nonncnunm na konfuncnfc u hpofunohocfanufi concf-
ckou kommynucfuucckou yiposc qponf cfauninocfu, no na asc
24O
cofpynnuuccfna c Bcnukopufanucu, a fakxc cokpamcnun pufan-
ckoio umhcpckoio u mopckoio iochoncfna, ckoppckfuponannoio
hcpcnaucu Icpmanuu nckofopix kononuu, kofopic inu ofopa-
ni y ncc hocnc Icpnou muponou nouni.
Ipu sfom ino aconkfno ncnaxno, ufo Iufncp n Maun kamhq
ykasan inannyk ucni, kofopyk cncnonano honcpinyfi Ipufan-
ckyk umhcpuk. Ha nannom sfahc on us fakfuucckux coopaxcnuu
hpcnnaian aninuuanam saknkuufi coinamcnuc muponoio macmfaa,
kak foio fpconanu mcxnynaponnic hponcmi (26 uknn 1J7 i.
nhonui nauanu nouny hpofun Kufan). uno Ipannu, inmuu foi-
na hocnom Hfanuu n onnonc, nosmoxno, nc honnn honnocfik
ymimncnnoc pacxoxncnuc mcxny cnonamu u ncnamu ncmucn, koina
hucan: Iucnfpoh xofcn saknkuufi coinamcnuc c Aninucu, ko-
fopoc hosnonuno i Icpmanuu umcfi cnoony pyk u ofkpino i
nopoiy n Ioccuk. Ofo ina nokfpuna Maun kamhq. Ho on fakxc
xofcn nouficn u npyiou ucnu: okonuafcnino u cchonopofno hono-
pnafi ofnomcnun Aninuu c Hfanucu, honkpchnnn fakum opasom
ycunun, onnonpcmcnno hpcnhpunnfic nauucfckou nuhnomafucu n
Hfanuu.
Ha hcpnix hopax Iucnfpohy sfo nccomncnno ynanoci. Bou-
na n Hchanuu okasanaci nnn ncio nccima kcfafu. Ipufanckoc hpa-
nufcnicfno fakxc xofcno noionopuficn c Icpmanucu. B fcucnuc
nnyx c hononunou ncf, nhnofi no 1J8 i., sfo ino ncochopumou
ycfanonkou nnn ncnfcncu, pykononunmux pufanckou honufukou.
B fcucnuc sfoio ofnkni nc manoio hcpuona npcmcnu u, koncuno,
ncci 1J7 i., Icpmanun ina n onimou monc n onnonc. Io-
hifka saknkuufi inoaniniu coks sakonuunaci nuucm, hofomy
ufo Iucnfpoh in ncnfcncm oipanuucnnim u nc nisinanmum
noncpun, ufoi nonccfu no konua hopyucnnoc cmy ncno. Tcm nc
mcncc, on nan ncmuam nocfafouno npcmcnu, ufoi hpcnhpunnfi
pnn naxnix maion.
Bmccfc c fcm, hpononxanaci fakxc honufuka nacfouuunoio
cnuxcnun c Hfanucu. Hfanun ncpxana hon cnoum konfponcm nc-
sanucumocfi Ancfpuu u kommynukauuu Icpmanuu na Iankani u
Inuxnuu Bocfok. Iufncpy ino ncoxonumo hokasafi Mycconunu,
ufo on u foina, u hocfonnno cuufan nyuc cnoum yuufcncm u hpcn-
mccfncnnukom, c kofopim cio cnnsinakf ynaxcnuc u ncpymuman
npyxa. B fcucnuc nccio 1J7 i. Iufncp okasinan nanncnuc na
Mycconunu, nauunan c nnnapckoio nusufa n Ium Icpunia, nokasi-
nanmcio ncuscxnocfi unu:ucu. O ncoxonumocfu oncc fccnou
npyxi fncpnunu ncc hocnanui, nahpannnnmuccn n Ium, nccina
iofonic hpucinyfi k camou cnankou nccfu u honfopnfi usufic
knumc o pasncncnuu sanau: Hfanuu Cpcnuscmnomopic, Icpma-
nuu Inpohcuckuu konfuncnf.
241
Mycconunu cohpofunnnncn sfomy naxumy, fak kak uyncfnonan
iposnmyk cmy ohacnocfi, f.c. usonnuuk of Bcnukopufanuu, pas-
pin c panuucu, kpusuc n ofnomcnunx c Ancfpucu u Bcnipucu.
Tcm nc mcncc, koina, nakoncu, on hpunnn hpcnnoxcnuc Iufncpa
hoccfufi Icpmanuk, fo nusuf ocfanun y ncio ncusinanumoc nhc-
uafncnuc: cmc nc hpumno npcmn honhucafi coinamcnuc c Iufnc-
pom, no n Inpohc, koncuno, yxc nuucio ncnisn ino cncnafi cs
Iufncpa. Mycconunu hpoin n Icpmanuu c 25 ho 2 ccnfnpn 1J7 i.
Iufncp okasan cmy camiu panymniu hpucm. Haipaxncnun, ankc-
fi, nanponic ncnku, cumnoni pumckoio nyxa, no, hpcxnc nccio,
ycuncnnan hokasyxa: 28 ccnfnpn n Icpnunc houfu munnuon nkncu
hpuncfcfnonan Mycconunu c founim conkncnucm fcnfonckux
oiuacn. On nicfyhun na ncmcukom nsikc u nicmcnn nxunix uno-
non Zcncni u Mockni, hpcnpckan Inpohc qamucfckoc ynymcc.
Xofn Iufncp u Mycconunu n cnoux cccnax pcnko kacanuci ho-
nufuucckux hponcm, u nu onun us nux nu ckasan nu cnona ho
nohpocy o Ancfpuu, cohocfanncnuc mcxny xccfkum hopnnkom n
icpmanckou apmuu u cnaou nounckou nucuuhnunou n ufaninnc-
kux nouckax ycnuno Mycconunu n fom, ufo cnumkom fccnic
otnfun c Iufncpom ohacni u hpcxncnpcmcnni. yuc fakxc ho-
nnn, nackoniko naxna cnon hapanncninan honufuka, n ococnnoc-
fu, anfukommynucfuucckou nahpanncnnocfu, kak sfo honpasymcna-
noci Anfukomunfcpnonckum hakfom, k kofopomy Hfanun nckopc
hpucocnununaci (6 nonpn 1J7 i.). Ofo in naxniu hcpcnomniu
momcnf n hcuxonoiuucckom hnanc, hpunanmuu Iufncpy (kofopiu
founo paccuufan, kakoc nhcuafncnuc hpousncncf na Mycconunu
nusuf n Icpmanuk) yncpcnnocfi n fom, ufo on moxcf ho cnocmy
ycmofpcnuk manuhynuponafi nncmncu honufukou Hfanuu, cfpa-
ni, ynnsmcu n uchanckou nounc u ninyxncnnou hpunaiafi ncma-
nic ycunun nnn okkyhauuu Oquohuu.
Ipunuxancn koncu 1J7 i. u foniko onun us cnpohcuckux
hpanufcncu ncno nuncn hnan cnoux ynymux ncucfnuu. Ofo in
Iufncp, hofomy ufo ncc ocfaninic cnpohcuckuc nuncpi inu ho-
cfanncni n fakoc honoxcnuc, ufo moinu numi pcaiuponafi na
akuuu, hpcnhpunnfic qkpcpom. 5 nonpn 1J7 i. Iufncp copan
inannix honufuucckux copafnukon u pykononufcncu icpmanckux
noopyxcnnix cun u usnoxun um cnou hnani, yfounun hpu sfom,
ufo ux cncnycf cuufafi cio nyxonnim sancmanucm n cnyuac cmcpfu.
Ipofokon sfoio copanun in cocfanncn (ncckoniko nncu chycfn
unu na ocnonc samcfok, cncnannix no npcmn copanun, founo nc
ycfanonncno) onnum us hpucyfcfnonanmux, honkonnukom Xoccaxom,
homomnukom Iufncpa. okymcnf, nauncnniu n konuc nouni, in
uchonisonan na Hkpcncpickom hpoucccc n nokasafcnicfno hpcn-
namcpcnnocfu aipcccunnou honufuku Iufncpa.
242
Icpmanckuc hponcmi, ionopun qkpcp, moiyf ifi pcmcni
foniko cunou, ncoxonuma hocna nan nnymn npaiamu panuu-
cu u Bcnukopufanucu, kofopic nukoina nc coinacnfcn c kakum-
nuo ykpchncnucm icpmanckux hosuuuu n Inpohc u sa okcanom.
Ofckna ohpcncncnuc cpokon: nc hosxc 14J145 ii. unauc
hpofunnuku cmoiyf okasafi yhopnoc cohpofunncnuc, u n cnnsu c
nnyfpcnncu cufyauucu n ofncninix cnpohcuckux cfpanax, n oco-
cnnocfu, no panuuu. B kauccfnc hcpnix otckfon nahancnun
inu ykasani Hcxocnonakun u Ancfpun (n xpononoiuucckom ho-
pnnkc, kofopiu safcm Iufncp usmcnun); sa numu mna Ionima,
ohcpauuu hpofun kofopou sanuccnu of honcncnun pycckux, a ono,
n cnok oucpcni, sanuccno of Shonuu. Bpcmn hcpcxona k akfunnim
ncucfnunm Iufncp cnnsinan c nncmnumu ocfonfcnicfnamu, no ho-
naian, ufo cncnycf nauunafi yxc n 1J8 i.
.B. Anmnc n Dn:anca ncnn:na
Hnc:Bccnn
.B.(. 1HTHLF, DLCLLL 1LFAHCCL DCLHHCL
CAH,CDAHHL H ADCTFHHCHH DCHFCC
Hnfcphpcfauun sannncnuu Iufncpa, cncnannix um 5 nonpn
1J7 i. hcpcn nicmum nauucfckum pykononcfnom, nccima hpofuno-
pcuuna. Icnu omcc nahpanncnuc iufncponckou honufuku ino
ucfko ohpcncncno, fo kancnnapi u hpakfuucckuc ucnu inu oo-
snaucni ncfouno u pachninuafo. Moxno ino i yfncpxnafi, ufo
ncohpcncncnnocfi cnnsana c ncnosmoxnocfik paccuufafi no mancu-
mux ncfancu pasnufuc cufyauuu, kofopan nc sanuccna honnocfik
of Icpmanuu, no sfo hpofunopcuuf cknonnocfu Iufncpa hpcncpc-
iafi nncmnumu ocfonfcnicfnamu u pykononcfnonaficn foniko
cocfncnnimu cyxncnunmu. Bmccfc c fcm ncnisn uinopuponafi fof
qakf, ufo, n pcaninocfu, n konuc 1J7 i. on onanan honnou cno-
onou ncucfnuu foniko n hpcncnax Icpmanuu.
3naucnuc sannncnuu Iufncpa, ccnu nuckyccun o ncm u umccf
kakou-nuo cmicn, moxcf ifi otncncno foniko nnyfpcnnumu
hponcmamu Icpmanuu, f.c. fcm, ufo, ho kpauncu mcpc, n hcpuon c
konua 1J7 i. u no konua 1J8 i. hpuncpxcnnocfi nnym fcnncnuu-
nm inyoko pasncnnna icpmanckoc pykononcfno. Onnu honaianu,
ufo nyxno ncucfnonafi hocfchcnno, a, cncnonafcnino, u oncc oc-
fopoxno, ufo yckopcnnic cpoku hcpcnoopyxcnun cfanyf fnxcnim
pcmcncm nnn icpmanckou skonomuku u hpuncnyf k yxynmcnuk
honoxcnun n npyiux cckfopax, n ococnnocfu n onacfu cnaxcnun.
pyiuc, naoopof, cuufanu sfu ohaccnun usnumnumu u honfanku-
24J
nanu k icfpim u pcmufcninim ncucfnunm; cnok inannyk ucni
onu nuncnu n fom, ufoi nanccfu hopaxcnuc sahannim umhcpua-
nucfuucckum ncpxanam, nknkuan Bcnukopufanuk. Icpnyk fcnncn-
uuk honncpxunanu fakuc iocynapcfncnnic ncnfcnu kak munucfp
unocfpannix ncn qon Hcupaf, Icpman Icpuni, inmuu qakfuucc-
ku nfopim ucnonckom n nauucfckou ucpapxuu, u munucfp skono-
muku Snimap Uaxf.
Uaxf honan n ofcfanky n nonpc 1J7 i., a n nnnapc 1J8 i. qon
Hcupafa cmcnun qon Iucnfpoh, kofopiu hocnc hponana cnocu
muccuu n onnonc sannn ofkponcnno anfupufanckyk hosuuuk u
hpoynun n Iufncpc npaxncnocfi k Bcnukopufanuu. Onnonpc-
mcnno ho unuuuafunc CC pachpocfpannnuci kncncfnuucckuc o-
nuncnun hpofun nocnnoio munucfpa Bcpncpa qon Inomcpia u
komannykmcio cyxohyfnimu nouckamu Bcpncpa qon puua, kofo-
pix Iufncp safcm ofhpanun n ofcfanky. Icpniu nc coinamancn c-
soionopouno c mncnucm qkpcpa, a nfopou nc xofcn honuunnficn
nucuuhnunc u hpunnfi nauucfckuc nocnnic konuchuuu. Ocfanan-
cn numi Icpuni us fcx, kfo ofcfaunan honufuky skchancuonusma,
nc hpucian k nounc, cio honncpxunan ncc cmc nnunfcniniu Uaxf
u cfafc-cckpcfapi munucfcpcfna unocfpannix ncn Opncf qon Bau-
usckkcp.
Cfoponnuku nfopou fcnncnuuu inu oncc pcmufcninimu u
onananu oncc momnim nnunnucm. uncpamu sfou ipyhhuponku
nicfyhanu Iucnfpoh, munucfp hpohaianni Iccnic, inana CC
Iummncp u nauoncc uunuunic hpcncfanufcnu nocnnix kpyion.
Cpcnu nux Iufncp cs fpyna namcn samcny anfunauucfcku nacfpo-
cnnim icncpanam hocnc foio, kak cam sannn hocf nocnnoio munu-
cfpa u nasnauun Icpunia qcninmapmanom (nicmuu uun n nocnnou
ucpapxuu), a Banifcpa Iayxuua hocfanun no inanc icncpaninoio
mfaa.
C fcx hop icpmanckuc noopyxcnnic cuni pasncnunuci na nna
nahpanncnun: onno ofkponcnno hponauucfckoc, a npyioc
konccpnafunno-nauuonanucfuucckoc (kofopoc n 144i. hohifanoci
ocnoonufi Icpmanuk of Iufncpa u kofopoc nosinanunu fakuc ncn-
fcnu kak knnui Ick). Iackon kacancn hpcncnon, ucncu u mcfonon
skchancuonucfckou honufuku. Mcxny fcm, nnyfpuicpmanckuc nuc-
kyccuu nc homcmanu Iufncpy nouficn nnyx naxnix pcsynifafon:
panukaninim opasom usmcnufi icohonufuucckuu onuk Inpohi
u hpcnpafufi Icpmanuk us hocxncnnou cfpani, naxonunmcucn
no npaxncnom okpyxcnuu, n cfpany, kofopan uipana nomunupyk-
myk poni n Inpohc u ina okpyxcna nuo sahyiannimu hpofun-
nukamu, nuo coksnukamu, oncc unu mcncc nononinimu cnocu
nonou ponik.
244
.B.2. AHLHKC
B 1J8 i. Iufncp hpucfyhun k cnomy fcppufopuaninoio hopnn-
ka, ycfanonncnnoio n 11 i., ocymccfnun anmnkc Ancfpuu. Ofy
akuuk Iufncp iofonun c onimou ocfopoxnocfik, hockoniky
hpcnuyncfnonan, kakoc kuhcnuc cfpacfcu nisoncf ynonincnuc qon
puua u qon Inomcpia, no on fakxc honuman, ufo mcxnynapon-
nan cufyauun hpcnocfannnna cmy ucknkuufcniniu cnyuau. On co-
snanan, ufo hocnc nusufa n Icpnun Mycconunu nc pcmufcn ncfafi
n ohhosuuuk, ccnu okaxcfcn n onunouccfnc. Iufncpy hpcncfonno
hapuponafi hpofccf aninuuan u qpanuyson, no c sfum on nciko
chpanuncn.
Ipufanckoc hpanufcnicfno honumano, ufo ncoxonumo nopma-
nusonafi ofnomcnun c Hfanucu u Icpmanucu (hpu sfom ono hpo-
nonxano ncnooucnunafi poni panuuu), no ono nc ino cnunim.
Hckofopic munucfpi, fakuc kak Hncn u nopn Ianuqakc (kofopiu
cfan munucfpom unocfpannix ncn hocnc ofcfanku Hncna 2O qcn-
pann 1J8 i. umcnno ncncncfnuc pacxoxncnun mncnuu), honaianu,
ufo n hcpnyk oucpcni cncnycf nounaficn komhpomucca c Icpma-
nucu. Mi nonxni, ofmcuan Hncn n konuc nnnapn 1J8 i.,
hpunaiafi ncc ycunun, ufoi nouficn coinamcnun c Icpmanucu.
pyiuc munucfpi, fakuc kak Hcmcpncn, cuufanu, ufo cmc nos-
moxno noccosnafi cnocio pona qponf Cfpcsi, u hofomy pafonanu
sa nauano hcpcionopon o hpusnanuu 0e upe ufaninnckou umhcpuu n
Oquohuu. Hncn pacucnunan uchanckuu nohpoc kak nipaxcnuc
ncnancxnocfu ufaninnucn, no nc samcuan macmfai icpmanckoio
nmcmafcnicfna. Hcmcpncn in ycxncn, ufo ncsanucumocfi Ancf-
puu oncc naxnan hponcma, hofomy ufo saxnaf Ancfpuu hosno-
nun i Iufncpy n hocncnykmcm hpucocnunufi pauon Cyncf n Hc-
xocnonakuu k ncmcukum scmnnm, ufo ofkpinano i Icpmanuu
nncpi na Iankani. Hfak, Hncn n onimcu mcpc, ucm Hcmcpncn,
in cknoncn k hponcncnuk honufuku ymupofnopcnun.
Ofu nnc fcnncnuuu nananu o ccc snafi u n hpakfuucckux noh-
pocax. B nonpc 1J7 i. Ianuqakc, inmuu foina nopnom xpanufc-
ncm koponcnckou hcuafu, hpuin n Icpmanuk, inc ncfpcuancn c
Iufncpom u Icpuniom. Onu hpumnu k coinacuk, ufo na kapfc In-
pohi moiyf hpousoufu usmcncnun, cnnsannic c anuuiom, Ancf-
pucu u Hcxocnonakucu, ccnu onu concpmafcn mupnim hyfcm. Ofoio
ino nocfafouno, ufoi Iufncp honnn, ufo aninuuanc hpcnocfan-
nnkf cmy cnoony ncucfnuu. Koina Ianuqakc cfan munucfpom
unocfpannix ncn, fo sfo ycnuno qkpcpa n fom, ufo cio unfcp-
hpcfauun aninuuckou hosuuuu ina hpanuninou, k fomy xc, Ia-
nuqakc ocfanancn hocncnonafcninim cfoponnukom honufuku ymu-
245
pofnopcnun. Tak cfonknoncnuc mcxny Hncnom u Hcmcpncnom,
kofopoc xofn u ofkpino nopoiy k ufano-pufanckum hcpcionopam,
hocnyxuno nnn Iufncpa cuinanom k ncucfnuk, hockoniky ycnuno
cio n haccunnocfu Bcnukopufanuu u n fom, ufo cncnycf nauunafi
ocymccfnncnuc cio akuuu no noccfanonncnun coinacun mcxny on-
nonom u Iumom.
Y icpmanckoio nukfafopa nc ino ocnonanuu ohacaficn qpan-
uyson. Kpusuc hpanufcnicfna Haponnoio qponfa hapanusonan
nnyfpcnnkk honufuky cfpani. cnioc, kofopiu hpononxan sa-
numafi hocf munucfpa unocfpannix ncn, hohifancn n qcnpanc
saknkuufi coinamcnuc c Bcnukopufanucu, no nc cymcn hpcono-
ncfi pasnuuy n honxonax aninuuckou u qpanuysckou nuhnomafuu.
Ipu sfom on honnn, ufo hpanufcnicfno Ic Bcnuuccfna namcpcno
hpononxafi houcku coinacun c Icpmanucu ho hponcmam u pasopy-
xcnun u Hcnfpaninou Inpohi. Cnoxunaci fakan cufyauun, ufo
qpanuysam nuucio nc ocfananoci, kak hokopuficn cynic, u n kon-
uc konuon hpanufcnicfno Uofana, n kofopom yuacfnonan cnioc,
ino ninyxncno honafi n ofcfanky ncsanonio no icpmanckou ak-
uuu. Iufncpy fpynno ino naufu oncc honxonnmuu momcnf, ufo-
i yckopufi pcanusauuk cnoux hnanon. Binnunuci fc camic
hpcnhocinku, kofopic, kak on ionopun n nonpc, choconi co-
kpafufi pancc hpcnycmofpcnnic cpoku.
B konuc 1J7 i. (nhpoucm, nosmoxno, honiofonka k sfou akuuu
ncnaci yxc nanno) ancfpuuckoc hpanufcnicfno ysnano o cofpynnu-
uccfnc ncmcukux u ancfpuuckux nauucfon, hnanuponanmux cncpi-
nyfi hpanufcnicfno qon Uymnuia u samcnufi cio hpanufcni-
cfnom, pykononumim nauucfamu. Ancfpuuckuu kanuncp hohifancn
n kauccfnc kpauncio cpcncfna nouficn nuunou ncfpcuu c Iufncpom,
ufoi honyuufi ofkponcnnoc otncncnuc. K sfomy cio honfankunan
qon Iahcn, nc cnyuauno nahpanncnniu Iufncpom hocnom n Bcny.
B konuc nnnapn ancfpuuckuu kanuncp in oquuuanino hpuina-
mcn n Icpxfcciancn nnn ncfpcuu c Iufncpom. Uymnui hpunnn
hpuinamcnuc n nancxnc nouficn of qkpcpa, kak cio sancpnn qon
Iahcn, cmniucnun nauucfckoio naxuma na Ancfpuk.
Ho sfo inu cnumkom naunnic oxunanun. Ancfpuuckuu nxcnfni-
mcn ncfpcfun fakoc opamcnuc, kakoio u noncc nc oxunan. Iufncp,
hpumcnmuu n npocfi ncncncfnuc onuncnuu, ninnunyfix hpofun
ancfpuuckux nauucfon, ncfpcfun Uymnuia 12 qcnpann nnunnou
ofhoncnik, kofopan hpononxanaci n fcucnuc nccio cio hpcinanun
n Icpmanuu u o kofopou ancfpuuckuu kanuncp ocfanun npkoc u
iopikoc ohucanuc.
Iufncp macfcpcku hpucian k cnonccnou aipcccuu n kauccfnc
aipcccuu mafcpuaninou. On honanun ancfpuuckoio kanuncpa onu-
246
ncnunmu n ockopncnuu icpmanusma u hokasan cmy ucfunnoc ho-
noxcnuc Ancfpuu, naxonunmcucn n honncumcu usonnuuu, ho-
ckoniky nu Hfanun, nu panuun, nu Bcnukopufanun onimc nc
coupanuci hpunfu cu na homomi. Iosfomy qkpcp nonxcn hpo-
nukfonafi ancfpuuckomy kanuncpy xccfkuc ycnonun, saknkuakmu-
ccn n fom, ufo na hocf munucfpa nnyfpcnnux ncn u csohacnocfu n
ancfpuuckom hpanufcnicfnc nonxcn ifi nasnaucn nauucf 3cucc-
Hnknapf. onxna ifi otnnncna nccoman amnucfun, u fakxc
fpconanoci oquuuanino hpusnafi icpmanckuu xapakfcp ancfpuu-
ckou honufuku, kofopan nonxna coinaconinaficn c skonomuucc-
kou u mcxnynaponnou honufukou Icpmanuu. Uymnui cmupuncn u
hpunnn ycnonun Iufncpa. ounmuci xcnannix hcpcmcn, ancf-
puuckuc nauucfi cfanu xosncnamu n cfpanc, u um ocfananoci foni-
ko xnafi naiohpunfnoio momcnfa nnn nauana ncucfnuu. Cnyuau
in hpcnocfanncn camum kanuncpom Uymnuiom, kofopiu, cfpc-
mnci akfunusuponafi kpaunkk ohhosuuuk nauucfam, 8 mapfa
otnnun o hponcncnuu 1J mapfa hncucuufa. On nancnncn hoka-
safi csocnonafcninocfi nauucfckux hpcfcnsuu ofnocufcnino an-
mnkca, no pcakuun co cfoponi Icpmanuu sacfanuna cio ofkasaficn
of cnoux namcpcnuu.
Hnuuuafuna hcpcmna k Icpuniy, kofopiu n sfof momcnf oka-
sinan pcmakmcc nosncucfnuc naxc na Iufncpa, oxnaucnnoio hcu-
xohafuucckum nosyxncnucm. 11 uucna on nahpanun ynifumafym
ancfpuuckomy hpcsuncnfy c fpconanucm ofcfanku Uymnuia u
nasnaucnun 3cucc-Hnknapfa kanuncpom. Tcm npcmcncm ipyhhi
nauucfon sahonnunu ynuui Bcni u npyiux ancfpuuckux ioponon,
ufoi ycunufi snauumocfi ynifumafyma. Kanuncp honan n ofcfan-
ky, no hpcsuncnf Ancfpuuckou pcchynuku Muknac ofkasancn na-
snauufi 3cucc-Hnknapfa inanou hpnufcnicfna. Iocncnnuu, ckpy-
hyncsno cncnyn uncfpykuunm, honyucnnim us Icpnuna, saxnafun
cfpafciuuccku naxnic hynkfi cfonuui u hponosinacun opasona-
nuc npcmcnnoio hpanufcnicfna, kofopoc cpasy hpunnno pcmcnuc o
nnonc ncmcukux nouck. Bfopxcnuc nauanoci cfpcmufcnino u hpo-
mno n onimou chcmkc, hockoniky ono nc ino honiofonncno n
nocnnom ofnomcnuu. Bnon nouck nc cfan cmc nacfonmcu annckcu-
cu. Hfoi hcpcufu k sfou cfanuu, ncoxonumo ino snafi pcak-
uuk npyiux cfpan, ho kpauncu mcpc, Hfanuu.
Iufncp n sfou cufyauuu ncucfnonan, cncnyn fakfukc, xapakfcp-
nou nnn ncio u n nanincumcm. Iocnc hponcncnnou akuuu Iufncp
hocnan knnsn unuhha nu Accua n Ium c otncnufcninim huci-
mom k Mycconunu, n kofopom honfopnn fo, ufo mnoio pas yfncpx-
nan n hpomnom: icpmanckan akuun n Ancfpuu nukoum opasom nc
safpaiunacf nohpoc o Anifo Anunxc, kofopiu in pcmcn n 11 i.
247
pas u nanccina. Ofu coifun snamcnonanu coou ccpicsnoc ho-
paxcnuc ufaninnckou nuhnomafuu u nciafunno ckasinanuci n
nanincumcm na ponu Hfanuu n Inpohc. Mycconunu in onimc
nc n cocfonnuu onun hpofunocfonfi Icpmanuu, hosfomy on cncnan
xopomyk muny hpu hnoxou uipc u ckasan knnsk, nocfanunmcmy
cmy hucimo qkpcpa ncucpom 12 mapfa, a, cncnonafcnino, nocm
quimy+, ufo honumacf mofuni Iufncpa u pasncnncf ux. Ho on ofnc-
fun na akuuk Icpmanuu cnauana Iacxaninimu coinamcnunmu
1
, a
safcm saxnafom Ananuu, kofopiu on sanyman nmccfc c Huano n
ofmccfky Iufncpy umcnno foina, no ocymccfnun numi ion chycfn.
Cfouf ofmcfufi, ufo cnoona ncucfnuu okasanaci nnn Iufncpa
onimum honapkom, hofomy ufo cufyauun n Ancfpuu ina ncncnou,
okkyhauun nonxna ina hpcnpafuficn n unu:uc. Bcucpom 1J mapfa
Iufncp honhucan coofncfcfnykmuu nckpcf, a na cncnykmuu ncni
c fpuymqom ncfyhun n Bcny. Ancfpuuckan pcchynuka hcpccfana
cymccfnonafi, nckonan fpanuuun ncsanucumocfu ina hpcpnana na
hcpuon no 145 i. (unu no 155 i., ccnu cuufafi nafy honhucanun
noionopa, kofopiu honoxun koncu cocfonnuk nouni). nn mnoiux
ancfpuuucn, ncmucn u cnpohcuucn cnyuunmcccn ino oucnunnim
cncncfnucm pcmcnun nohpoca n coofncfcfnuu c nauuonaninim
hpunuuhom. B ncucfnufcninocfu, opamcnuc k nauuonaninomy
hpunuuhy hpofunopcuuno ucfopuucckum fpanuuunm, kofopic ysa-
konunanu ncsanucumocfi Ancfpuu. Ho n 1J8 i. ncck iufncponckou
momu sacfanun hpcncpcui sfumu fpanuuunmu.
Io nohpocy o anmnkcc opasoninanuci koanuuuu hpofunocc-
fccfncnnoio coinacun, kak u fa, ufo cqopmuponanaci n Hfanuu
hocnc cankuuu, hponosinamcnnix uiou Hauuu. O okkyhauuu
Ancfpuu nckopc sainu, xofn ona hocnyxuna nauanom hcpckpouku
honufuucckou kapfi Hcnfpaninou u Bocfounou Inpohi u hpunc-
na k inyokum hcpcmcnam n honufukc sahannix ncpxan. o sfoio
momcnfa ncsanucumocfi Ancfpuu cnyxuna momnim ckpchnnkmum
sncmcnfom nccx anfupcnusuonucfckux coinamcnuu u honufuku
cncpxunanun Icpmanuu. Icpmanckan akuun snamcnonana koncu
honufuku pannoynancnnocfu u nanuponanun, hpononunmcucn Hfa-
nucu, u cfana hponim kamncm nnn napoxnanmciocn ufano-icpman-
ckoio coinamcnun, honhucafi kofopoc Mycconunu cmc koncancn,
no k kofopomy Iufncp cio yhopno cknonnn. Hncpfnocfi qpanuyson
u honufuka aninuuan nc ocfannnnu nancxn na usmcncnuc fcnncn-
uuu n iufncponckou nacfyhafcnino-nauuonanucfuucckou honufukc.
Bcc honumanu, ufo cncnykmum otckfom Iufncpa cfancf pauon
Cyncf, hpunanncxamuu Hcxocnonakuu, no naccncnniu ncmuamu,
1
O Iacxaninix coinamcnunx mcxny Hfanucu u Bcnukopufanucu cm. pas-
ncn III..J. 1pu+. pe0uiuuu.
248
kofopic inu yxc sapaxcni nauusmom u icpmanckum pcnusuo-
nusmom. 7 nonpn 1J7 i. Iufncp honhucan nocnnic nupckfuni
(hnan Ipkn), n kofopix ionopunoci o nosmoxnom nfopxcnuu n
Hcxocnonakuk.
.D. JHnc:Bccnnc, Cc:cnn Bcncc
n ncnca cnqccnDn
.D.(. HCHHTHA JHFCTDCFLHHH
Bpcmn mcxny mapfom u ccnfnpcm 1J8 i. ino kynimunauucu
pufanckou honufuku ymupofnopcnun. Hckofopic uccncnonafcnu
yfncpxnanu, xofn u ncckoniko hapanokcanino, ufo ccnu nnuma-
fcnino hpoananusuponafi pufanckyk honufuky ymupofnopcnun,
fo cfancf ncno, ufo ona xapakfcpna nc foniko nnn 1J71J8 ii., a
nnn pufanckoio honxona k cnpohcuckou honufukc n fcucnuc nccio
hcpuona c 11 i. Xofn n sfou konuchuuu ccfi nonn hpannohonoun,
hofomy ufo Bcnukopufanun nukoina nc hpunumana ycfpoucfno
Hcnfpaninou Inpohi, nipaofannoc n Bcpcanc, u cc hpanufcnu
nukoina nc ckpinanu cnocio nccoinacun, nipaxanmciocn hopou n
pcnusuonucfckux hpcnnoxcnunx, no hpuncncnnoc yfncpxncnuc
ncnisn hpunumafi na ncpy.
Ymupofnopcnuc osnauacf nc foniko pufanckuu honxon k
Inpohc, no fakxc u akfunnocfi pcnusuonucfckux cun n Icpmanuu:
sfa akfunnocfi ina nc kakou-fo cmyfnou u pachninuafou honu-
fukou kak y Ufpcscmana unu ucfkou, no muponkunou kak y
Ipknunia, sfo in ofkponcnniu, ucfko cqopmynuponanniu u nc-
ckpinacmiu kypc Iufncpa. Tcpmun ymupofnopcnuc hpcnhonaiacf
nnyx anfopon: Bcnukopufanuk u Iufncpa (a nc Icpmanuk noomc),
u oncc foio, nc Iufncpa hcpuona hcpnix nc oucni cymccfncnnix
akuuu (ccnu moxno fak ckasafi o pcmunufapusauuu Icunckou ona-
cfu), a Iufncpa, kofopiu mupokomacmfanimu cunonimu akuunmu
mcnncf icohonufuucckoc ycfpoucfno Inpohi. Bosnukacf nohpoc:
houcmy n ycnonunx napacfanun aipcccunnocfu Icpmanuu hpanu-
fcnicfno onnona hpononxano nacfouuunic houcku komhpomucca.
Cfouf ofmcfufi, ufo nncmnc cknaninanoci ncckoniko kapuka-
fypnoc nhcuafncnuc o Hcnunnc Hcmcpncnc, kak o cncpxannom u
hcnanfuunom nxcnfnimcnc, kofopiu nhcpnic n ucfopuu noncpun-
cn nosnymnou ucnnounou nuhnomafuu, ufoi hohifaficn, xofn
u csychcmno, cknonufi qanafuunoio nukfafopa k naiopasymuk.
Onnako sa nncmncu cfoponou ncmcu ckpinanuci oucni cnoxnic
hponcmi u nonn Hcmcpncna, nanckoio of hopaxcnucckux na-
cfpocnuu u cknonnoio ncucfnonafi nccima pcmufcnino. Iino i
ccpicsnou omukou oucnunafi honufuky ymupofnopcnun kak pc-
24
synifaf pufanckou haccunnocfu u hohifky ofncnaficn fakfukou
hpononouck; onimc noncpun nisinacf hpofunohonoxnan ncpcun,
coinacno kofopou ymupofnopcnuc ofpaxacf cfpcmncnuc k houcky
mupnoio, koncfpykfunnoio pcmcnun fpynnix hponcm c hapfnc-
pom, hocfonnno yxccfouanmum cnok hosuuuk.
Cncnycf nahomnufi, ufo hauuqucfckan opucnfauun ina ioc-
honcfnykmcu n aninuuckom omccfncnnom mncnuu (kak n 1J5 i.
hokasan omcnauuonaniniu ncoquuuaniniu pcqcpcnnym Icacc
BaIIot), ufo ofnocunoci nc cfoniko k anfuufaninnckou fcnncnuuu,
ckoniko k omcmy nacfpok. Hcmcpncn hpusnan in pykononufi
cfpanou, inyoko npaxncnou uncc nouni, u nonxcn in yncpxu-
nafi n opufc cnocu honufuku nomunuoni, kofopic opcnu hpano
ionoca u ofnocunuci nnno ofpuuafcnino k hcpchckfunc ifi non-
ncucnnimu n konqnukfi n nanckux uacfnx cncfa (kak, nahpumcp, n
Hcnfpaninou Inpohc), pasiopanmuccn ho nchonnfnim hpuuunam
u honyuunmuc concpmcnno pasnuunoc ucfonkonanuc.
Hfo kacacfcn omccfncnnoio mncnun, fo Hcmcpncn nonxcn
in cuufaficn c fcm, ufo ncckoniko hosxc, n 14O i., nonxni inu
cocfonficn niopi, na kofopix ncuopucfckuu hauuqusm cou-
pancn pocufi cmy ccpicsniu nison. Hcmcpncn honuman, nackoni-
ko ohacna cnoxunmancn cnpohcuckan cufyauun, no on in ycxncn
n fom, ufo Bcnukopufanun n nocnnom-honufuucckom ofnomcnuu
cmc nc iofona nknkuuficn n nouny. B nocnnom hnanc honiofonka k
konqnukfy c Icpmanucu fpconana oipomnix safpaf. o 1J i.
aninuuanc nincnnnu ofnocufcnino nconimyk nonk BHI na no-
cnnic pacxoni. Huxccncnykman fanuua (paspaofannan Zopxcm
Icncnom) nc fpcycf onimux ycunuu nnn honumanun, xofn nco-
xonumo umcfi n nuny umhcpckuc onsafcnicfna panuuu u Bcnu-
kopufanuu.
,o:u tH1, o~0e:enn~e nu ooenn~e pucxo0~
Cfpani
Ioni
1J5 5,8 8 2
1J6 6,J 1J 4
1J7 7,1 1J 6
1J8 8,6 17 7
1J 2J 2J 18
14O J8 46
Tanuua hokasinacf, ufo foniko c 1J i., f.c. c nauanom nouni,
aninuuanc cucfcmafuuccku u n onimux macmfaax napamunanu
panuun Icpmanun Bcnukopufanun
25O
safpafi na noopyxcnun. Hcmcpncn, xopomo snanmuu fpynnocfu
icpmanckou skonomuku, honuman, n kakom nahpnxcnuu naxonufcn
skonomuka pcuxa hon pcmcncm nocnnix pacxonon. Onnako foi
nicfonfi n sfom copcnnonanuu, u Bcnukopufanuu nyxno ino
npcmn. Ionufuka komhpomucca occhcuunana niuipim npcmcnu
nnn honiofonku k nounc.
Xofn aninuuckuc nocnnic cuufanu, ufo sa ucknkucnucm nocn-
no-nosnymnix cun, anino-qpanuysckan koanuuun n ccnfnpc 1J i.
onanana hpcnocxoncfnom nan icpmanckumu noopyxcnnimu cuna-
mu, no Hcmcpncn kak honufuk in ycxncn, ufo nocnnix cun y
Bcnukopufanuu nc nocfafouno nnn samufi aninuuan: Ccionnn
nouna osnauacf hpnmyk yiposy nnn nccx ccmcu namcu cfpani, a
hofomy mi nonxni chpocufi ccn, nnnncfcn nu samufa, kofopyk
mi n cocfonnuu hpcnnoxufi um ccionnn |...], cfoni xc sqqckfun-
nou, kak fa, ufo mi cmoxcm hpcnocfanufi um sanfpa. Bocnno-fcx-
nuucckuc hponcmi hcpchncfanuci c skonomuucckumu, u hofomy
pufanckuc hpanufcnu sanananuci nohpocom, nosmoxno nu ofnafi
hpuopufcf pacxonam na oopony ho cpanncnuk c sanaucu coxpa-
nufi cfauninocfi aninuuckou skonomuku.
Hfak, inyokoc oocnonanuc honufuku ymupofnopcnun saknk-
uanoci n cfpcmncnuu naufu ofncf na konqnukfi c homomik kom-
hpomucca n skonomuucckou cqcpc, choconoio ninccfu Icpmanuk
us sahcpfou kncfku anfapkuu, n kofopyk ona ina saknkucna.
Ipcnhonaianoci, ufo ona yncf oncc cknonna, honyuun ycfyhku n
kononuaninom nohpocc, nknkuuficn n muponou pinok u fcm ca-
mim pcmufi cnou nnyfpcnnuc hponcmi. K fomy xc nc cncnycf
sainafi, ufo u n pcuxc, ho kpauncu mcpc, no Mknxcnckou kon-
qcpcnuuu, munufapucfckuc fcnncnuuu cocymccfnonanu co cknon-
nocfik k komhpomuccy, kofopiu hosnonun i Icpmanuu cmniuufi
nahpnxcnnocfi n skonomukc nnyfpu cfpani. Kpomc foio, ncoxo-
numo yuufinafi omcc mcxnynaponnoc honoxcnuc. Kak samcuacf
Iaona Ipynny, Hcmcpncn cosnanan, ufo nc moxcf paccuufinafi
nu na sakonnix (panuun), nu na nnymakmux noncpuc (CCCI)
coksnukon n kpusucnou cufyauuu, kofopan moxcf hpuopccfu xa-
pakfcp nocnnoio konqnukfa u nnccfu ncopafumic usmcncnun n
mcxnynaponnoc honoxcnuc Bcnukopufanuu.
.D.2. DCHFCC C CJ,LTAX
Komhnckc hpuuun fonkan pufanckoio hpcmicp-munucfpa k
komhpomuccy c Iufncpom hpu ycnonuu, ufo fof nc hpucincf n
cnocu mancpc onnocfoponnux akuuu k aipcccunnou nounc nnn pc-
mcnun ucxocnonaukoio nohpoca. Ofof nohpoc kacancn fcppufopuu
251
Cyncf, omupnoio iopnoio pauona nnoni nccu sahannou ipanuui
Hcxocnonakuu, naccncnnoio hpcumymccfncnno ncmcukoionopnmu-
mu xufcnnmu (nccio okono J,5 mnn ucnonck). Coinacno hpunuuhy
camoohpcncncnun, sakpchncnnomy n 14 hynkfax Bunicona, sfo nacc-
ncnuc hocnc hancnun Icpmanckou u Ancfpo-Bcnicpckou umhcpuu
moino camo pcmafi cnok cyniy. Mcxny fcm cio hpcncfanufcnu,
ynyuu hpcncfanufcnnmu icpmanckoio mupa, hofcphcnmcio hopa-
xcnuc n Icpnou muponou nounc, nc inu ycnimani n Iapuxc,
fak ufo Ccn-Zcpmcnckuu noionop hpusnanan cosnanuc Hcxocnona-
kuu n ucfopuucckux ipanuuax IoicmuuMopanuu, Bcpxncu Cu-
ncsuu u Cnonakuu. Ofo osnauano fakxc, ufo pcqcpcnnym n Cyncfax
nc hpononuncn, u hpuopufcfnim cuufancn kpufcpuu ucfopuucckou
hpunanncxnocfu, ufo n nkom cnyuac ykpchnnno hosuuuu Hcxo-
cnonakuu, honoxcnuc kofopou cfanonunoci oncc hpounim naio-
napn onananuk Cyncfamu, uo ncnano ipanuui nonoio iocynapcfna
oncc nancxnimu u csohacnimu n nocnnom ofnomcnuu.
Co npcmcnu hocni nauusma n Icpmanuu hpoicpmanckoc anfo-
nomucfckoc nnuxcnuc honyuuno pasnufuc na nccu fcppufopuu Cy-
ncf. B 1J2 i. Konpan Icnncun ocnonan anfonomucfckyk hapfuk,
honyuunmyk nasnanuc Cyncfoncmcukan hapfun, kofopan ina nc-
ianinou no 1J7 i. nn cmniucnun ycununmuxcn anfonomucfckux
fcnncnuuu okasanoci ncnocfafouno yuacfun hpcncfanufcncu Cyncf
n ucxocnonaukom hapnamcnfc u naxc n hpanufcnicfnc. Koina nauuc-
fi cmoinu yfncpnufi cnoc hpconananuc n sfou sfnuucckou ipyh-
hc, a mcxnynaponnan cufyauun hpcnocfanuna um cnoony ncu-
cfnuu, onu cnona nicfyhunu n samufy hpunuuhon, kofopic anino-
cakconckan honufuko-kpunuucckan kynifypa sakpchuna n kauccfnc
omux nopm, no kofopic inu hpuchoconcni umu k fpconanunm
iufncponckou honufuku.
Icpnic snauufcninic nicfyhncnun uppcncnfucfckoio fonka
nauanuci yxc n konuc 1J7 i., no foniko hocnc anmnkca Iufncp
nauan hnanomcpno uchonisonafi hapfuk Icnncuna n kauccfnc un-
cfpymcnfa nnn honpina ucxocnonaukoio iocynapcfna. B coofncf-
cfnuu c pasnufucm coifuu, ucfko ckoopnunuponannix Iufncpom
u Icnncunom, nohpoc o Cyncfax cnauana nonxcn in ifi hocfan-
ncn kak nipaxcnuc anfonomucfckux fpconanuu, kofopic hpanu-
fcnicfno Ipaiu yxc ofncpino n hpomnom, a safcm hocfchcnno, no
icfpo fpancqopmuponaficn n fpconanun anfonomuu u, nakoncu,
annckcuu co cfoponi Icpmanuu. pyiumu cnonamu, pcui mna o
fom, ufoi sacfanufi Inpohy cniknyficn c micnik, ufo uacfuunoc
pacuncncnuc Hcxocnonakuu (hcpniu mai k cc honnomy ynuufoxc-
nuk, coinacno hnanam Iufncpa,) nnnncfcn ncoxonumim nnn co-
xpancnun mupa.
252
panuysi cpasy houyncfnonanu hpunuxcnuc ypu, u n kopof-
kuu hcpuon con Inkm cqopmuponan nmccfc c Zoscqom Ioni-
Icnkypom n kauccfnc munucfpa unocfpannix ncn nfopoc hpanu-
fcnicfno Haponnoio qponfa (18 mapfa 7ahpcnn 1J8 i.). Onu
hifanuci opianusonafi honouc cohpofunncnun honnumakmcmycn
hpununy, nnoxnyfi nonyk xusni n coksi panuuu c Bcnukopufa-
nucu, Ionimcu u Iankanckumu cfpanamu. Ho Ionima uchifinana
numi uyncfno nocani, a n Iankanckux cfpanax pachpocfpanunuci
hcpnic cumhfomi pcnusuonusma. Ocfananaci Bcnukopufanun,
kofopan hpumna i na homomi panuuu foniko n fom cnyuac,
ccnu i ona honncpinaci ncchponouuponannomy nahancnuk co
cfoponi Icpmanuu. 3amufa fcppufopuaninou ucnocfnocfu Hcxo-
cnonakuu nc nxonuna n kpyi onsafcnicfn Bcnukopufanuu. B mym-
nou hpohaiannucfckou mancpc qopmuponanaci honufuka ymupofno-
pcnun Hcmcpncna.
Y aninuuckoio hpcmicp-munucfpa na sfof cucf inu nccima
ohpcncncnnic coopaxcnun. On honnocfik ofncpian ncc hohifku
Yuncfona Hcpuunnn opianusonafi onimyk anfuicpmanckyk koa-
nuuuk. Iocnc hcpcionopon c nopnom Ianuqakcom u pufanckumu
nocnnimu pykononufcnnmu on hpumcn k cncnykmcmy ycxncnuk:
ocfafouno nsinnnyfi na icoipaquucckyk kapfy, ufoi honnfi,
ufo nukfo, nu panuun, nu Bcnukopufanun, nc cmoxcf nuucio
cncnafi, ufoi chacfu Hcxocnonakuk of iufncponckoio nahancnun,
ccnu ncmui pcmafcn na ncio. Ancfpuuckan ipanuua hpakfuuccku
nc samumcna; kpyhnic sanoni nocnnoio cnapnxcnun nciko nocfu-
xumi c icpmanckux asponpomon; ncc xcncsnic nopoiu hpoxonnf
ucpcs fcppufopuk Icpmanuu, a Ioccun naxonufcn na paccfonnuu
cofnu muni. Iosfomy ncnosmoxno homoui Hcxocnonakuu, a hi-
faficn cncnafi sfo osnauano i cosnafi hpcnnoi nnn nouni c Icp-
manucu. Mi nc moxcm nymafi o sfom, ccnu mi nc n cocfonnuu
pasufi cc honnocfik u n pasymnic cpoku, u n nc nuxy fakou nos-
moxnocfu. Iosfomy n ofkasancn of ncnkou micnu hpcnocfanufi
iapanfuu Hcxocnonakuu unu panuuu n coofncfcfnuu c namumu
|coksnuucckumu] onsafcnicfnamu ho ofnomcnuk k sfum cfpanam.
Aninuuanc u qpanuysi ncfpcfunuci 282 ahpcnn n onnonc.
Honim hpcmicp-munucfpom panuuu ncnanno cfan Onyapn ana-
nic, munucfpom unocfpannix ncn Zopx Ionnc. Hukfo us nux nc
ckpinan, ufo onu honumakf xapakfcp namcpcnuu Iufncpa, oa
snanu, ufo houfu ncnosmoxno nochpchnfcfnonafi qkpcpy nuhno-
mafuucckumu cpcncfnamu. Bcfpcua umcna ohpcncncnniu pcsynifaf:
aninuuanc hpusnanu cnou onsafcnicfna okasafi homomi pan-
uuu, no ucfko pastncnunu (kak Hcmcpncn hynuuno sannun n cno-
cm nicfyhncnuu n hanafc omun), ufo onu nc pachpocfpannkfcn
25J
na fof cnyuau, ccnu panuun, nc no0oepenyouuci nunu0enuu, pcmuf
hpcnocfanufi homomi Hcxocnonakuu n cnnsu c nocnnou aipcccucu
hocncnncu co cfoponi Icpmanuu.
Iosfomy ocfanancn foniko onun hyfi: naufu ycnufcninic ap-
iymcnfi, ufoi ninynufi Hcxocnonakuk houfu na ycfyhku, f.c.
ncoxonumo ino ycnufi Icncma usmcnufi cfpykfypy ucxocno-
naukoio iocynapcfna n hnanc cosnanun anfonomuu, c fpconanucm
kofopou nicfyhana hapfun Icnncuna. Ho ino nu sfoio nocfafou-
no, ufoi ychokoufi Iufncpa panuysi nc noncpnnu cmy, no nc
cmoinu nouficn foio, ufoi ux apiymcnfi hcpcnccunu fcsuci
pufanucn, cuufanmux ncoxonumim unfu ho hyfu komhpomucca.
B konuc konuon, naxc ananic u Ionnc, cosnanan ohacnocfi, nc
fcmunu ccn unnksunmu o ynymcm Hcxocnonakuu. Bohpoc cno-
nuncn k fomy, kakuc qopmi moino i hpuopccfu icpmanckoc ni-
cfyhncnuc c fcm, ufoi ono nc hpcnpafunoci n nocnnyk akuuk.
.D.. HTAHHH LH,J DLHHCLFHTAHHLH H 1LFAHHLH.
HACXAHLHLL CC1HALLHHH
Baxnim achckfom snonkuuu mcxnynaponnou cufyauuu ino
usmcncnuc ofnomcnun k Hfanuu. Hauafoc n 1J8 i. cnuxcnuc
mcxny Bcnukopufanucu u Mycconunu qopmanino sancpmunoci
16 ahpcnn foio xc iona (ncni Cnnfou cyofi) honhucanucm fak
nasinacmix Iacxaninix coinamcnuu, n coofncfcfnuu c kofopi-
mu ina oquuuanino nospoxncna npyxa mcxny nnymn cfpanamu.
Ofof mai hpcnnapnno 0enm:i+encioe coe:uuenue of nnnapn 1J7 i.,
concucfnonanmcc nckofopomy cmniucnuk nahpnxcnnocfu mcxny
Iumom u onnonom. Iacxaninic coinamcnun nknkuanu pnn no-
kymcnfon, ypciynuponanmux pasnuunic ncpcmcnnic nohpoci mcx-
ny nnymn cfpanamu. Bo nnonnom hpofokonc oc cfoponi honfncpx-
nanu nsaumnoc cfpcmncnuc k nopim ofnomcnunm u namcpcnuc
concucfnonafi nccomcmy mupy. 3afcm cncnonanu noccmi pasncninix
hpunoxcnuu, hockoniky kaxnoc us nux nonxno ino paccmafpu-
naficn kak camocfonfcninoc ncsanucumoc coinamcnuc.
Tak ofncnino inu honfncpxncni coinamcnun of 1J7 i. o co-
xpancnuu cmumyc ioo n Cpcnuscmnomopic; hpcnycmafpunancn omcn
unqopmauucu o anmunucfpafunnix usmcncnunx u nounckux hc-
pcnnuxcnunx na fcppufopunx, konfponupycmix ocumu cfoponamu
n pciuonax Cpcnuscmnoio mopn, Kpacnoio mopn u sanuna Ancn.
Hcnik fpcficio hpofokona ino cfpcmncnuc cinanufi hpofunopc-
uun hpu hponcncnuu coofncfcfnykmcu honufuku na Inuxncm Bo-
cfokc, n ncm concpxanuci iapanfuu hpusnanun ncsanucumocfu u
ucnocfnocfu Caynonckou Apanuu u Hcmcna. pyiuc hpunaiacmic
254
hpofokoni kacanuci hcpcnauu n pachopnxcnuc Bcnukopufanuu
non oscpa Tana, naxonunmciocn n fo npcmn hon cyncpcnufcfom
Hfanuu, a fakxc n nux paccmafpunanuci mcncc snauumic nohpoci,
kacanmuccn nonoio cmumycu Oquohuu.
Hauoncc naxnim in hpofokon N 8, concpxanmuu nsaumnoc
sannncnuc o ncucfncnnocfu Koncfanfunohonickou konncnuuu of
1888 i., kofopan iapanfuponana nnn nccx ncpxan u na ncc npcmcna
cnoony cynoxoncfna ho Cysukomy kanany. Ipofokoni cohponoxna-
nuci omcnom nofamu, kacanmumucn hpoucnypi ninona ufaninn-
ckux nouck us Hchanuu, ofkasa of ufaninnckux fcppufopuaninix
hpcfcnsuu na Iancapckuc ocfpona u na npyiuc uchanckuc nnancnun.
B coinamcnunx ofmcuanaci iofonnocfi Bcnukopufanuu pao-
fafi nan ycfpancnucm hpchnfcfnuu, kofopic n pamkax uiu Ha-
uuu mcmanu hpusnanuk cyncpcnufcfa Hfanuu nan Oquohucu, a
fakxc ionopunoci o hpucocnuncnuu Hfanuu k onnonckomy noio-
nopy o mopckux noopyxcnunx, kak foniko on ncfyhuf n cuny. Onun
us hpofokonon onsinan ufaninnckoc hpanufcnicfno nc hpcnhpunu-
mafi akuuu, kofopic moinu i hoponufi fpynnocfu unu ocnoxnc-
nun nnn Bcnukopufanuu n Ianccfunc. Hakoncu, n chcuuaninom
coinamcnuu c yuacfucm Iiuhfa saknaninanuci ocnoni cofpynnu-
uccfna fpcx cfpan n opic c pacfnom n Bocfounou Aqpukc.
Ycnonun oquuuaninoio ncfyhncnun n cuny sfoio komhnckca
noionopon nc inu yfouncni, oncc foio, ncno ofknaninanoci no
hpunnfun coofncfcfnykmcio pcmcnun ocumu saunfcpcconannimu
cfoponamu. akfuuccku coinamcnuc cocfonno n fom, ufo noionopi
ncfyhnf n cuny foina, koina ncnucckoc nmcmafcnicfno Hfanuu n
ncna Hchanuu yncf hpckpamcno. Ofo conhanano c xcnanucm hpc-
nafi sancnuk ncc, ufo hpousomno no sfoio momcnfa u nochoniso-
naficn hcpnim honxonnmum cnyuacm, ufoi ninccfu ufaninnckux
nononfcpon, kak foniko honnocfik hponcnufcn nnyfpcnnnn cufya-
uun n Hchanuu nc cs nnunnun ufaninnckoio nocnnoio nmcma-
fcnicfna. B cnnsu c sfum cfano nosmoxnim ofkpifo sannufi, ufo
coinamcnun o ncnmcmafcnicfnc ciipanu cnok hosufunnyk poni u
ufo Hfanun ina concpmcnno nc nunonna n uchanckux coifunx
sfo u ino hpusnano 16 nonpn 1J8 i. n ocfanonkc, cnoxunmcucn
hocnc Mknxcnckou konqcpcnuuu.
Iacxaninic coinamcnun cfanu nuhnomafuucckum ychcxom
Mycconunu, kofopiu fakum opasom cmniuun iyufcninic ho-
cncncfnun unu:ucu nnn Hfanuu, u ocnaun sanucumocfi Hfanuu of
honufuku Icpmanuu. Aninuuanc naionapn Iacxaninim coinamc-
nunm cmoinu hpononxafi cnok nunuk na nopmanusauuk, kofopan
kacanaci kak Icpmanuu, fak u Cpcnuscmnomopin, no nnn Mycconu-
nu coinamcnun umcnu oncc naxnoc snaucnuc, hockoniky n ucnom
onu cankuuonuponanu cosnanuc ufaninnckou umhcpuu n Oquohuu
255
u ncucfnun Hfanuu n Hchanuu. Icnu honxonufi pcanucfuuccku,
hpucocnuncnuc k noionopy o mopckux noopyxcnunx umcno snauc-
nuc foniko na ymaic, cio pcanusauun ofonnuianaci na ncusnccf-
noc npcmn n ynymcm. Ofo hosnonuno Hfanuu hpononxafi cnok
honufuky napamunanun mopckux noopyxcnuu, kofopyk Mycconu-
nu hpononun cmc n fpunuafic ioni.
Hccmofpn na cnok oipanuucnnocfi, Iacxaninic coinamcnun
inu hohifkou nosponufi hpcxnkk honufuky nyxa Cfpcsi, k
nosononncnuk kofopou fchcpi cknonnnuci naxc qpanuysi. Hc-
ckoniko nncu chycfn hocnc ufano-pufanckoio coinamcnun Ionnc
uncfpykfuponan qpanuysckoio hocna n Iumc, foina cmc honcpcn-
noio n ncnax Inonncnn, yckopufi nauano hcpcionopon c Iancauuo
Huano nnn pcmcnun ufano-qpanuysckux chopnix nohpocon. Ipcn-
noxcnuc ino cpasy hpunnfo, hcpcionopi nauanuci yxc n ahpcnc
u pasnunanuci nononino icfpo. Kak foniko n nauanc nonpn na
hcpcionopax ninnunuci hcpnic pcsynifafi, hpanufcnicfno pan-
uuu pcmuno nahpanufi n Hfanuk hocnom Annpc pancya Ioncc,
inmcio pancc hocnom n Icpnunc, a fchcpi honyuunmcio akkpcnufa-
uuk n Iumc c hpusnanucm nonix fufynon, kofopic koponi Hfanuu
hpuopcn hocnc umhcpckux sanocnanuu. Tcm nc mcncc, sncpiuu-
nic ncucfnun qpanuyson n ofnomcnuu Hfanuu inu ncnocfafou-
nimu, ufoi hapuponafi naxnocfi nusufa Iufncpa, kofopiu hocc-
fun Ium u npyiuc iopona Hfanuu c 5 ho man 1J8 i. n ofncf na
hoccmcnuc Icpmanuu, kofopoc Mycconunu hpcnhpunnn n 1J7 i.
Busuf Iufncpa in ncncikum nnn koponn Hfanuu Bukfopa Om-
manyuna III, fak kak on hufan cfuxuunyk nchpunsni k icpmancko-
my kanuncpy u kofopoio, nccmofpn nu na ufo, on nonxcn in hpu-
numafi n Knupunanickom nnopuc, hockoniky Iufncp fakxc in
inanou iocynapcfna. Busuf in nchpunfcn u honfuquky: Iuu XI
hokunyn Ium na ncci hcpuon hpcinanun qkpcpa. Iaha sapancc
nucfanuuponancn of icpmanckoio kanuncpa, u cio ofnomcnuc cfa-
no i cmc oncc cyponim, ccnu i on nc ymcp ncckoniko mccnucn
chycfn.
H xofn nusuf hpoxonun n hpoxnannou ocfanonkc, Mycconunu
cncnan ncc nosmoxnoc, ufoi nocfouno ofncfufi na nnymufcni-
niu hpucm, okasanniu cmy n Icpmanuu, u hokasafi Iufncpy, ufo
ufaninnui hon cio, nyuc, hpcnnonufcnicfnom fakxc cfanu noun-
cfncnnim naponom. Chopno, ufo sfo y ncio honyuunoci, no cmy
nccomncnno ynanoci hokasafi, ufo oc nukfafypi cmc oncc cnu-
sunuci, nccmofpn na Iacxaninic coinamcnun.
cucfnufcnino, no npcmn kopofkux honufuucckux cccn n fc
nnu Iufncp nc cymcn ycnufi Mycconunu n ncoxonumocfu saknk-
ucnun coksa, onnako cmniuun ohaccnun ufaninnucn ofnocufcnino
hocncncfnuu unu:ucu. Ho camoc inannoc, qkpcp nouncn coinacun
256
nyuc ofnocufcnino honufuku cnoonnoio niopa, osnauanmcu, ufo
ncmui, hpoxunanmuc n Anifo Anunxc u nc xcnanmuc ocfanaficn
ufaninnckumu ipaxnanamu, moinu ho nsaumnomy coinacuk hcpccc-
nuficn n Icpmanuk. Kpomc foio, on nouncn honnou honncpxku
Mycconunu ofnocufcnino ncmcukoio nohpoca n Cyncfckou onac-
fu. Ioxcpfnonan Ancfpucu, Mycconunu nc umcn nukakux ocnona-
nuu ncfyhuficn sa Icncma, cnocio ucfopuucckoio cohcpnuka.
Ha sfom nancxni na nospoxncnuc qponfa Cfpcsi okonua-
fcnino yiacnu. panuysi moinu numi paccuufinafi na honumanuc
aninuuan ofnocufcnino nanncnun co cfoponi Iufncpa. kpcp, n
cnok oucpcni, paccuufinan na cocfncnnoc ymcnuc pasncnnfi hpo-
funnukon u homcmafi ux otcnuncnuk; n hpofunnom cnyuac, Icp-
manun ninyxncna ina i pocufi n ufny ncc cnou nocnnic pc-
cypci, kofopix, onnako, foina ino ncnocfafouno, ufoi nccfu
ychcmnic cpaxcnun na ncckonikux qponfax.
.D.4. DCLHHAH TFLDC1A HLTC (DB :.
B mac packannuc Bcnukopufanuu kasanoci nosmoxnim. Cyncf-
ckuu nauucfckuu nuncp Icnncun nancc nusuf n onnon, inc hpous-
ncn nhcuafncnuc, ufo on uckpcnnc cfpcmufcn k komhpomuccy.
Mcxny fcm, ncckoniko nncu chycfn hpousomcn unuuncnf, kofo-
piu honyuun pasnic fonkonanun. 2O man honnunoci coomcnuc o
konucnfpauuu icpmanckux nouck n Cakconuu. Iinu nu sfo foniko
mancnpi unu nauano honiofonku k nfopxcnuk B ofncf Hcxocno-
nakun hpousncna mounusauuk uacfu pcscpnucfon, ufo honnckno sa
coou hpckpamcnuc hcpcnnuxcnuu icpmanckux noopyxcnnix cun.
Hfo hpousomno: oman hpoa cun unu omuka akfuuccku Hcxo-
cnonakun ncoxunanno honyuuna honncpxky kak qpanuysckou, fak u
aninuuckou hcuafu, kofopic yfncpxnanu, ufo coinacuc, nocfuiny-
foc n xonc cccn mcxny ananic u Hcmcpncnom n konuc ahpcnn,
ykpchuno omuu qponf, kofopiu hpcipanun hyfi hohonsnoncnu-
nm Iufncpa.
B hcuafu pasiopanaci honcmuka, u 22 man Ianuqakc sannun
qon upkccny, nonomy icpmanckomy hocny, ufo ccnu panuun na-
hancf na Icpmanuk n cnyuac ncmcukoio nfopxcnun n Hcxocnona-
kuk, fo npnn nu moxno yncf hpcnofnpafufi ncfyhncnuc n kon-
qnukf Bcnukopufanuu. pyiumu cnonamu, sfo osnauano, ufo ccnu
Icpmanun yncf pcmafi Cyncfckuu kpusuc nocnnimu mcfonamu,
fo ona nonxna yncf yuccfi ncponfnocfi nouni hpofun cnpohcu-
ckou koanuuuu.
Mncnuc Ianuqakca ino numi hpcnhonoxcnucm, hofomy ufo
hononoc pasnufuc coifuu pacucnunanoci kak uucfo iuhofcfu-
ucckoc. K fomy xc nickasinanuc Ianuqakca ofuacfu hpofunopcuu-
257
no concpxanuk anino-qpanuysckux hcpcionopon konua ahpcnn.
H fcm nc mcncc, ono cnuncfcnicfnonano o ohacnocfnx, k kofopim
Iufncpy cncnonano ifi iofonim. Omuka n oucnkc mcxnynapon-
nou cufyauuu nopoio i cmy cfouna: ccnu i naionapn cio ncu-
cfnunm cnoxunoci nhcuafncnuc, ufo on nkimu chocoamu xoucf
pasnnsafi nouny, fo on fcm camim chococfnonan i qopmupona-
nuk koanuuuu cun, choconou hocfanufi Icpmanuk n fpynnoc ho-
noxcnuc.
Bnyfpu cfpani Iufncpy hpumnoci i cfonknyficn co cfoponnu-
kamu komhpomucca, kofopic n sfu mccnui numi ocyxnanu fakyk
nosmoxnocfi, a nckofopoc npcmn chycfn iofoni inu pcanusonafi
cc opianusonafi iocynapcfncnniu hcpcnopof, ufoi nokupo-
nafi Iufncpa, apccfonafi cio u honoxufi koncu honufuucckou anan-
fkpc. Takuc ncnfcnu kak Uaxf, Iuscnuyc, a safcm u icncpan Iani-
ncp iofoni inu nicfyhufi hpofun nocnnou ananfkpi u hosxc
houyncfnonanu ccn n kakou-fo cfchcnu hpcnannimu honufukou
ycfyhok co cfoponi Bcnukopufanuu.
Kpusuc 2O man hokasan Iufncpy nosmoxnocfu u hpcncni cio
ncucfnuu: hpononxafi pasionopi o mupnom pcmcnuu u yckopcnno
iofonuficn k nounc. JO man on ofnan hpukas, ufoi ncpmaxf in
iofon c 1 okfnpn nauafi ohcpauuk Ipkn.
Bincpxan haysy n ncckoniko ncncni, Iufncp n uknc coomun
Hcmcpncny o cnocm namcpcnuu houfu na mupnoc pcmcnuc n fom
cnyuac, ccnu Icncm coinacufcn na komhpomucc. Hcmcpncn pcmun
nahpanufi n Ipaiy cnocio hpcncfanufcnn nopna Icncumcna, inmc-
io munucfpa, uipanmcio poni hocnymnoio opynun n pykax hpcmicpa.
Aninuuckuu xypnanucf hucan, ufo nopn in hocnan n Ipaiy c ucnik
ycnufi ucxocnonakon houfu na camoyuucfno. Ofo osnauano, ufo
n onnonc cfpacfno xcnanu mupnoio pcmcnun u paofanu nan cio
honiofonkou, xofn u nc ucknkuanu nosmoxnocfi konqnukfa.
Ionufuka ymupofnopcnun, noncncnnan no noiuucckou kpau-
nocfu, ina upcnafa puckom. Cymccfnonan hpcncn, sa kofopim
nouna cfanonunaci ncuscxnou. Cnona Ianuqakca of 22 man sacfa-
nunu Iufncpa honnfi, ufo c nckofopoio momcnfa, koina icpman-
ckuu nocnno-mopckou qnof yncf iofon, nosnukncf nosmoxnocfi
nouni c Bcnukopufanucu. Ho us ncucfnuu Hcmcpncna nncfnona-
no, ufo pufanckan nuhnomafun paofana, nc hoknanan pyk, ufoi
nc hosnonufi hpcononcfi sfof hpcncn. Hnuuuafuna ina n pykax
aninuuan, qpanuysi sanuccnu of ux ncycfouuunou honufuku, ufa-
ninnui nuucio nc moinu hpcnhpunnfi hpofun Iufncpa, Hcxocno-
nakun ocfanaci n usonnuuu.
Mcxny 6 u 7 ccnfnpn, no npcmn muccuu Icncumcna, koina Ic-
ncm koncancn, hpunnfi nu camoyuucfncnnic hpcnnoxcnun, cno-
na nosnuk cnyx o ncmunycmom icpmanckom nahancnuu. Hcmcpncn
258
foina pcmun ciipafi cnok hocncnnkk uipy. 12 ccnfnpn, no npcmn
oipomnoio hpasnnuunoio copuma n Hkpncpic, Iufncp nicfyhun
c onnou us cnoux xapakfcpnix pcucu, cfanmux snamcnufimu ncncn-
cfnuc cfpacfnoio no uccfyhncnun kpacnopcuun u nisinacmoio umu
nosyxncnun. Ipocnanncnuc nauusma u ychcxon iufncponckou Icp-
manuu cohponoxnanuci xccfokumu nahankamu na Hcxocnonakuk u
n samufy hpan cyncfckux ncmucn, kofopim Iufncp ocman chpa-
ncnnunocfi u samufy, onnako pcmcnuc hponcmi on hpcnocfanun
hpnmim hcpcionopam mcxny Icnncunom u Icncmcm.
B sfou nakancnnou afmocqcpc Hcmcpncn pcmun hohifaficn
nuuno ncfpcfuficn c Iufncpom: on cfpcmuncn nouficn noionopcn-
nocfu nc foniko o Hcxocnonakuu, no u oncc mupokoio coinamc-
nun. 1J ccnfnpn on nahpanun hocnanuc Iufncpy, hpcnnoxun cmy
ncfpcfuficn na cncnykmuu ncni n Icpxfcciancnc. Hcmcpncn oxu-
nan hcpcionopon. Ha ncio opymuncn hofok cnonousncpxcnuu.
Iufncp ofkasancn of nkoio hpcnnoxcnun o mupokom coinamcnuu
u ncnan yhop na nohpocc o Cyncfax. Ipucinyn ko nxu, Iufncp
sannun, ufo n fcucnuc ncckonikux nncu JOO ncmucn inu yufi n
Cyncfax ucxocnonakamu, a hofomy on nacfaunan na fom, ufoi
nohpoc in pcmcn ncmcnncnno ycfyhufi fcppufopuk Icpma-
nuu. Oinymcnniu cnonccnim hofokom qkpcpa, Hcmcpncn chpo-
cun, nosmoxno nu cmc nccfu hcpcionopi, u Iufncp cmy ofncfun,
ufo hcpcionopi moiyf umcfi mccfo foniko n fom cnyuac, ccnu y-
ncf hpunnf hpunuuh, coinacno kofopomy Hcxocnonakun ycfyhuf
Cyncfi Icpmanuu.
Hc onanan coofncfcfnykmumu honnomouunmu, Hcmcpncn
ncpnyncn nomou, ufoi hpokoncynifuponaficn c hpanufcnicfnom u
npyiumu saunfcpcconannimu cfoponamu. Iino nc ncno, n kakou
mcpc cnona Iufncpa inu ncqom, a n kakou pcaninou yiposou. H,
oncc foio, ccionnn ncno, ufo ccnu i hpofunnuku n fof momcnf
ocfanonunu Iufncpa, cio ncq in i ninnncn, u fcucnuc ucfo-
puu moino i usmcnuficn. Mcxny fcm, n sfo npcmn Hcmcpncn
ninyxncn in cncnonafi hpanunam, nannsannim cmy Iufncpom,
nnuny sapancc hpcnycmofpcnnoio ofkasa of ncnkou anifcpnafuni.
Ipokoncynifuponanmuci c ananic, Hcmcpncn, n konuc konuon,
hpusnan hpunuuh, coinacno kofopomy, ccnu Hcxocnonakun cncnacf
fcppufopuaninic ycfyhku, fo ocfanmancn uacfi cc fcppufopuu y-
ncf iapanfuponana Aninucu u panuucu. Iocnc koncynifauuu c
ucxocnonakamu cfano ncno, ufo onu coinacni houfu na hcpciono-
pi hpu ycnonuu, ufo ux ocfanmancn fcppufopun yncf naxonuficn
hon hpukpifucm iapanfuu Aninuu u panuuu.
22 ccnfnpn Hcmcpncn nincfcn no nfopou pas n Icpmanuk, n
Ioncccpi, inc Iufncp hpuiofonun cmy noniu ckphpus. Tchcpi
nohpoc cfonn nc o hponcncnuu hcpcionopon, a o fom, ufoi ncmcn-
25
ncnno, no 1 okfnpn, hpusnafi, ufo ncn Cyncfckan onacfi hcpcna-
cfcn Icpmanuu, u pannim opasom ncmcnncnno hpusnakfcn hpc-
fcnsuu Ionimu u Bcnipuu na fcppufopuk Hcxocnonakuu. Hcniu
ncni Hcmcpncn uckan nixon; on otncnnn, ufo nohpoc naxonufcn
n komhcfcnuuu hpaxckoio hpanufcnicfna, hocnc ucio ncpnyncn n
onnon. B Ipaic ina otnnncna nccoman mounusauun. Hfak,
nouna 25 ccnfnpn nopn Ianuqakc sannun, ufo icpmanckoc naha-
ncnuc na Hcxocnonakuk nisoncf ncmcnncnnoc nmcmafcnicfno
panuuu u cc honncpxky Hcxocnonakuu u ufo Bcnukopufanun,
koncuno, conunapusupycfcn c panuucu.
.D.. KHXLHCAH CHLFLHHHH
B fcucnuc hocncnykmux nncu, hpoxonunmux kak n nuxopankc,
Iufncp hpononxan okasinafi hcuxonoiuucckoc nanncnuc na Hcm-
cpncna, hoka qkpcp nc honnn, ufo fopxccfncnnic sannncnun
nopna Ianuqakca qakfuuccku nc nnnnnuci ynifumafymom. Iina nu
nosmoxnocfi nnn komhpomucca, f.c. nnn pcmcnun, naiohpunfnoio
nnn Icpmanuu, no hpu coxpancnuu mupa Yfpom 28 ccnfnpn Hcm-
cpncn, nc hoconcfonanmuci co cnoum hpanufcnicfnom, nahucan
Iufncpy, ufoi sancpufi cio ufo on moxcf ncmcnncnno honyuufi
ynonncfnopcnuc nccx fcx naxnix fpconanuu, na kofopix on na-
cfaunan, nc nauunan nouni. Aninuuckuu nuncp in iofon hpu-
ifi n Icpnun nnn ocyxncnun hponcm n camom naiohpunfnom
nyxc: Hc moiy honcpufi, noannnn pufanckuu hpcmicp-mu-
nucfp, ufo ni usnonufc hpunnfi na ccn ofncfcfncnnocfi n pas-
nnsinanuu muponou nouni, kofopan moxcf hocfanufi na ipani
nixunanun ucnyk uununusauuk, us-sa ofcpouku na ncckoniko
nncu pcmcnun cfoni nonionpcmcnnou hponcmi.
Tak Hcmcpncn hpcnnoxun qkpcpy nixon us fpynnoio honoxc-
nun: hpcxnc nccio, on hpchonncc Iufncpy na nkncukc Cyncfi,
xofn cmc fpu nnn nasan ofcfaunan conccm npyioc pcmcnuc; on fak-
xc ycxnan Iufncpa nc puckonafi u nc unfu n chopc no konua; on
hpusinan cio ofkasaficn of honiofonku iocynapcfncnnoio nocnnoio
hcpcnopofa (xofn c fpynom moxno hpuhucafi qkpcpy ofncfcfncn-
nocfi sa hononiu samiccn); qakfuuccku, on hosnonnn Iufncpy
cfafi ncnukum ymupofnopufcncm hpu coyuacfuu Mycconunu.
Mycconunu in hpusnan 282 ccnfnpn. Iufncp u Hcmcpncn
coomunu cmy o hpcncfonmcu ncfpcuc. Iufncp noanun ycnonun, na
ocnonc kofopix moi ifi hpunnf komhpomucc. Mycconunu coina-
cuncn ifi cio unfcphpcfafopom. Bcucpom c 2 na JO ccnfnpn
fpoc nasnannix hcpconaxcu hnkc ananic ncfpcfunuci n Mknxc-
nc. Hcxocnonakun nc ina hpuinamcna na ncfpcuy. Concfi, kofo-
pic foxc sannnnnu o cnocm namcpcnuu cpaxaficn, ccnu coksniu
26O
noionop c Hcxocnonakucu of 1J5 i. nouncf n ncucfnuc, inu of-
fccncni of yuacfun n hpoucxonunmux coifunx. B nna uaca nouu
JO ccnfnpn ino honhucano coinamcnuc, cocfonnmcc us nocimu
hynkfon, kofopic hpcnycmafpunanu:
1) snakyauuk Hcxocnonakuu us Cyncfckou onacfu, nauunan c
1 okfnpn;
2) sancpmcnuc snakyauuu k 1O okfnpn;
J) cqopmuponanuc komuccuu nnn ohpcncncnun ycnonuu snakya-
uuu, n kofopou hpunnn i yuacfuc, kpomc hpcncfanufcncu ucfi-
pcx iocynapcfn, yuacfnonanmux konqcpcnuuu n Mknxcnc, fakxc
hpcncfanufcni Hcxocnonakuu;
4) okkyhauuk icpmanckumu nouckamu fcppufopuu c hpcumy-
mccfncnno ncmcukum naccncnucm, nauunan fakxc c 1 okfnpn;
5) ohpcncncnuc fcppufopuu, inc cncnonano opianusonafi hnc-
ucuuf, u nipaofka mcfonon cio hponcncnun;
6) hopyuufi komuccuu, o kofopou ionopufcn n h. J, ycfanonufi
okonuafcninyk ipanuuy;
7) hpcnocfanncnuc hpano niopa xufcnnm Cyncfckou onacfu n
fcucnuc mccfu mccnucn;
8) onsafcnicfno hpanufcnicfna Hcxocnonakuu hpcnocfanufi no-
cnnocnyxamum, nixonuam us ncmcukux Cyncf, ofhyck n fcucnuc
ucfipcx ncncni ofhyck.
B hpunaiacmom hpofokonc concpxanuci iapanfuu, sa kofopic
pafonanu Aninun u panuun, ofnocufcnino nonix ipanuu, a fakxc
hpofun nc chponouuponannou aipcccuu. Ofu iapanfuu ufaninnui
u ncmui cfanunu n sanucumocfi of pcmcnun chopon o ipanuuax
Hcxocnonakuu c Bcnipucu u Ionimcu.
Chycfn honuaca hocnc sancpmcnun saccnanuu konqcpcnuuu co-
inamcnuc ino coomcno ucxocnonaukomy hpanufcnicfny, kofopoc
yfpom JO, honuununmuci nonc cnoux coksnukon u cnoux hpofun-
nukon, hpunnno cio. Icpcn nosnpamcnucm n onnon Hcmcpncn
ncfpcfuncn cnona c Iufncpom u onu ocynunu npyiuc hponcmi.
Hcmcpncn nouncn foio, ufo Iufncp honhucan nokymcnf, n kofopom
honfncpxnanoci hcpnocfchcnnoc snaucnuc nopix anino-icpman-
ckux ofnomcnuu nnn mupa n Inpohc. B ncm fakxc yfncpxnanoci,
ufo Mknxcnckoc coinamcnuc u anino-icpmanckoc coinamcnuc o
mopckux noopyxcnunx cfanu cumnonom, nipaxanmum cfpcmncnuc
ocux cfpan fpynuficn na naio coxpancnun mupa; n saknkucnuu
ionopunoci, ufo koncynifauuu cfanonnfcn mcfonom ocyxncnun
nkoio nohpoca, kofopiu moxcf nosnuknyfi mcxny nnymn cfpana-
mu, fak kak oa honufuucckux ncnfcnn inu pcmufcnino namcpc-
ni hpononxafi ycunun ho ycfpancnuk nosmoxnix ucfounukon
261
pasnoinacuu u fakum opasom concucfnonafi occhcucnuk mupa n
Inpohc.
Icnu Hcmcpncn, n camom ncnc, ncpun, ufo hocnc fpaicnuu, co-
ncpmunmcucn hpomcnmcu nouik, sfof pasiipanniu qapc anani-
nix ocmanuu snauuf onimc, ucm nucfok ymaiu, na kofopom on
in nahucan, fo on omaninan ccn u npyiux. Hcmcpncn sa npcmn
cnoux konfakfon c Iufncpom nayuuncn honumafi pcaninyk ucny
cio ocmanuu, a hofomy moxno honcpufi cnuncfcnicfnam fcx, kfo
yfncpxnan, ufo on xnacfnuno pasmaxunan nucfkom, na kofopom
ino nahucano coinamcnuc, kak cfpacfno xcnannim hocnnim
fpoqccm (sfo honfncpxnacf snamcnufiu shuson kunoxponuku fou
shoxu). Onnako hocfyhun on fak n cuny hpohaiannucfckux coopa-
xcnuu, uchonisyn honxonnmuu cnyuau.
Bncmnc kasanoci, ufo sfof nokymcnf u Mknxcnckuc coinamc-
nun moinu chacfu mup of kafacfpoqi. Io nosnpamcnuu Mycconunu
n Hfanuk fonha pykohncckana cmy kak inannomy icpok chckfaknn,
kofopiu on numi homoian pasiipafi. B nymc on in oiopucn fcm,
ufo napon, kofopiu on cfpcmuncn hpuyuufi k xccfkou ncoxonu-
mocfu nouni, ncfpcfun cio ahnonucmcnfamu kak mupofnopua.
Ipunnfoc mupnoc pcmcnuc cosnanano qon nnn ycxncnun, ufo,
noomc-fo, ono coofncfcfnonano hpunuuhy camoohpcncncnun, nos-
moxno ucfonkonannomy ncckoniko ipyo u csahcnnnuuonno.
Hukfo nc moi ofpuuafi ncmcukuu xapakfcp naccncnun Cyncf, no
umcnno sfo nisinano fpcnoiy na ynymcc. Hfo moxcf cnyuuficn c
anuuiom, naccncnuc kofopoio ino fakxc ho hpcumymccfny nc-
mcukum Hcmcpncn, nosmoxno, nyman, ufo niuipan nnn cnocu
cfpani npaioucnnoc npcmn u ykpchun fc ipyhhi, kofopic u n Icp-
manuu fakxc inu saunfcpcconani n coxpancnuu mupa. Hmcnno
Iucnfpoh u Iummncp, hpcncfannnnmuc kpaunc pcakuuonnoc
kpino nauucfckoio pykononcfna, honoipcnanu ncnononicfno Iuf-
ncpa n cnnsu c nccocfonnmcucn nocnnou akuucu. Ho nnn Iufncpa
konkpcfniu ychcx, sa kofopiu nc hpumnoci hnafufi cymccfncn-
nyk ucny, in yxc naxnim pcsynifafom, ufoi xnacfaficn um kak
hcpcn ncmcukum naponom, fak u hcpcn cnoumu hpofunnukamu.
Icux c naccncnucm n 8O mnn ucnonck cfan pcaninocfik. Iosfomy n
Mknxcnc nacfonmcc hopaxcnuc, kpomc honnunnix xcpfn, hofcp-
hcnu qpanuysi (umcnno nnn nux oncsncnnic hcpcmcni osnauanu
koncu Manou Anfanfi, cnnui k ux usonnuuu u cccunuk) u ufani-
nnui, hockoniky Mycconunu cnona ynuncn, ufo n Inpohc nospoc
ncc cio knasu-coksnuka n ymcp nnunnuk Hfanuu, honnocfik
honuununmcucn iochoncfny Icpmanuu.
4.1. Enpona nocte Mnxena
4.1.1. COE,UHEHHME TTATM U COBETCKUU COLB
B .CLOBUHX EBPOHEUCKOFO KPUBUCA
B konuc 1J8 i. u n hcpnic ncncnu 1J i. mcxnynaponnoc ho-
noxcnuc ocfananoci ncycfouuunim. Inna pacccnnmancn yiposa
nouni ocfanuna n ccpnuax cnpohcuucn oipomniu cfpax hcpcn nonou
ouncu u hpofunopcuunic uyncfna y iocynapcfncnnix ncnfcncu.
Cfpcmncnuc k akfunnim ncucfnunm cncpxunanoci koncanunmu
ofnocufcnino niopa cpcncfn. Hamcpcnuc hpononufi ncucfncnnyk
honufuky oipanuuunanoci nancxnou, ufo ynacfcn uscxafi xynmc-
io, nosmoxno, naionapn cosnanuk foio, ufo nccio ucpcs nnanuafi
ncf hocnc Icpnou muponou nouni Inpohc nc moxcf yipoxafi
ohacnocfi nccmupnix macmfaon. Inpohcuckuc hpanufcnu nc cmoi-
nu naufu nixon us hpofunopcuuu, nocfanmuxcn n nacncncfno of
hpomnoio. Onu nc cymcnu sacfanufi nauoncc aipcccunniu pcnu-
suonusm cncnonafi hpanunam, occhcuunakmum honncpxanuc mupa,
u hpcnpafufi Icpmanuk us yiposi n qakfop qopmuponanun nonou
cnpohcuckou pcaninocfu. Ho ino nu hon cuny ocymccfnufi sfo
snufc, hponusannou pacucfckumu hpcnpaccynkamu, umhcpuanucfu-
ucckumu hpcfcnsunmu na muponoc iochoncfno
Cfpani, kofopic moinu i, n konuc konuon, ohpcncnufi uc-
xon cfonknoncnun u kofopic naxonunuci nnc unu na okpaunax In-
pohi, ncc cmc ocfananuci ofnocufcnino csyuacfnimu unu coxpa-
nnnu ocfopoxnyk ncyncpcnnocfi. Iocnc foio, kak CUA hcpcxu-
nu npamafuucckuc npcmcna onimou nchpcccuu, onu ofnanunuci
of Inpohi, kak i ohacanci sapasuficn pachpocfpanunmumcn fam
Uacin niopan
BTOPAH MNPOBAH BONHA
Ftana ueinepian
HAKAH.HE BONHN
26J Ftana 4. Haxanyne nownm
snom. Ipcsuncnf CUA panknun . Iysncnif, uspanniu n 1J2 i.,
hocnnfun ncc cnou ycunun opic hpofun nchpcccuu u ocymccfnnc-
nuk Hoooeo Xypcu, f.c. foio komhnckca couuanino-skonomuucckux
mcp, kofopic nonxni inu cmniuufi ynapi kpusuca u hpunafi
nunamusm amcpukanckou hpousnonufcninou cucfcmc.
B fo npcmn on in sannf houckamu nonix nahpanncnuu honu-
fuko-skonomuucckoio pasnufun cfpani, kofopic homoinu i sa-
noxufi ocnoni amcpukanckoio nnunnun n mupc, ncpnyn Cocnuncn-
nim Ufafam cnauana choconocfi, a safcm u nonk ncucfnonafi n
kauccfnc muponoio nuncpa. Ho n hcpnic ioni cio hpcsuncnfcfna
nc ocfananoci mccfa nnn hponcncnun akfunnou nncmncu honufuku,
sa ucknkucnucm Bocfounou Asuu u afunckou Amcpuku. Iocfc-
hcnno yfncpxnanaci usonnuuonucfckan fcnncnuun, kofopan hopo-
nuna samcfnoc pannonymuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n ofnomcnuu
cnpohcuckux coifuu, nhnofi no ofkasa of cofpynnuuccfna c u-
iou Hauuu ho nohpocy o cankuunx hpofun Hfanuu n cnnsu c cc
aipcccucu n Oquohuu.
B 1J5 i. ncfyhun n cuny hcpniu Aim o neumpu:umeme (n coof-
ncfcfnuu c num hpcsuncnf in onsan uchonisonafi +0upeo na
hocfanku noopyxcnuu cfoponam, nonncucnnim n konqnukf), kofo-
piu ofpaxan nacfpocnuc, nomunupykmcc n amcpukanckou honu-
fukc. Ofof akf nosononnnncn n qcnpanc 1J6 i. u n 1J7 i., koina
nccmofpn na hpofccf amcpukanckux :u0epu:in~x kpyion, nauoncc
nuskux k honufukc Iysncnifa, Konipccc hpoionoconan sa fpcfuu
Aim o neumpu:umeme (JO ahpcnn 1J7 i.). Honiu akf samcnun hpcx-
nuu, kofopiu moi i ncucfnonafi cmc n fcucnuc iona, hocfonnnim
sakonom, n coofncfcfnuu c num ncnkan honufuka, ofcfyhanman of
nopm ncufpanufcfa, cuufanaci ncsakonnou. Io sfomy cnyuak ina
nncncna nonan cfafin, nasnannan iu n0 ippu, coinacno kofopou
nckofopic noopyxcnun moinu ifi hponani hpu ycnonunx, ufo
ohnafa sa nux yncf hpousncncna nanuunimu, ufo fonapi ynyf
fpanchopfuponaficn na cynax cfpan-hokyhafcncu u ufo fonapi nonx-
ni ifi nknkucni n chucok, ohpcncncnniu hpcsuncnfom. B fcuc-
nuc hcpnix nnyx ncf nonan cfafin nc hpumcnnnaci nu pasy.
Toniko k konuy 1J8 i. fcnncnuun k usonnuuonusmy nana fpc-
muny. Iysncnif nc nikasinan hpcnnsnfou npaxncnocfu k qamucf-
ckou honufukc u k Hfanuu, no nauusm u anfuccmufusm Iufncpa
inu nnn ncio nc hpucmncmi. B cnocm hocnanuu n nnnapc 1J i.
o cocfonnuu Coksa on nhcpnic oquuuanino saionopun o ohac-
nocfu nouni u o ncoxonumocfu okasanun Cocnuncnnimu Ufafa-
mu homomu cfpanam, cfanmum otckfom fofanufapnou aipcccuu
nkimu cpcncfnamu, sa ucknkucnucm nouni (shorr of wur).
264 Uacin 2. Biopan mwponan nowna
Io yfncpxncnuk hpcsuncnfa, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nc hofcp-
hnf, ufoi honufuka ncufpanufcfa, n konuc konuon, qakfuuccku
hpcnpafunaci n ohopy nnn aipcccopa, a koina in honhucan hakf
IucnfpohMonofon, on opafuncn c hnafonuucckumu hpusinamu
k honnkam u ncmuam nc pasnnsinafi nouny. Ho sfo inu pokuc
nuhnomafuucckuc unuuuafuni, ocnancnnic nnunnucm usonnuuo-
nucfon, hponnunmumcn no npcmn ocyxncnun n Konipcccc ucfncp-
foio, ononncnnoio, Aimu o neumpu:umeme n nonpc 1J i. Inun-
cfncnniu nohpoc, ho kofopomy Iysncnif cymcn ycnufi Konipccc
(sakon nafuponan 4 nonpn 1J i., koina nouna yxc nauanaci),
in ofkas of smapio na hocfanku noopyxcnun u nosononncnuc
cfafiu iu n0 ippu.
Ofu qakfi u opucnfauun onimcu uacfu amcpukanckoio omc-
cfncnnoio mncnun hosnonnnu yfncpxnafi, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufa-
fi nukoina nc honncpxunanu honufuky Iufncpa, u, oncc foio,
onu nukoina nc coinacunuci i cmupuficn c nuknunauucu pufan-
ckou momu. Ho n 1J i. ncc sfo inu numi hpcnhonoxcnun, ko-
fopic nc mcnnnu foio qakfa, ufo amcpukanckan nuhnomafun nc
hpunumana kakoio-nuo ccpicsnoio yuacfun n cnpohcuckou honu-
fukc, a hofomy moxno ino cuufafi cc nnunnuc ncsnauufcninim
na hpunnfuc pcmcnuu, hpcncfonnmux cnpohcuckum cfpanam.
pyian ncnukan ncpxana, naxonunmancn na okpaunc Inpohi,
Concfckuu Coks, of ncucfnuu kofopoio, ncckoniko mccnucn chyc-
fn, sanuccno oucni mnoioc, hocnc Mknxcna nc hponnun iofonnoc-
fu sannfi akfunnyk hosuuuk. Concfi cpasy sannunu, ufo cuufakf
Mknxcn nipaxcnucm ycfpcmncnuu sahannoio kahufanusma nahpa-
nufi iufncponckyk aipcccuk hpofun Concfckoio Coksa, a fakxc
cnuncfcnicfnom haccunnocfu ucxocnonaukou ypxyasuu, okasan-
mcucn nc choconou usnncui hpcumymccfna n cufyauuu, koina
Cfanun sannun o iofonnocfu homoui Ipaic okasafi cohpofunncnuc
iposnmcu aipcccuu. Ho nccmofpn na hpchnfcfnuc n nunc Ionimu
u nanuuuc oipanuuufcninou oionopku, kofopan cnnsinana concf-
cko-ucxocnonaukuu noionop o nsaumohomomu c nncncnucm n ncu-
cfnuc concfcko-qpanuysckoio noionopa, n xonc honcmuku ucfopu-
kon ninnunaci concpmcnno unan pcaninocfi.
C momcnfa hpuxona Iufncpa k nnacfu n Icpmanuu Cfanun ho-
ncn oncc ocfopoxnyk mcxnynaponnyk honufuky. On honuman
hpunuxcnuc ohacnocfu ono ninnunoci naionapn hochcmnomy
coinamcnuk mcxny Icpmanucu u Ionimcu (nnnapi 1J4 i.) u hpo-
ncncnuk Iufncpom ofkpifo anfuconcfckou honufuku. Icpnou cc-
fccfncnnou pcakuucu Kpcmnn ina hohifka usmcnufi honoxcnuc
Concfon n mcxnynaponnou cucfcmc hyfcm hpucocnuncnun k uic
Hauuu (ccnfnpi 1J4 i.), fcm camim CCCI nnno hpofunohocfa-
nun cnok hosuuuk hokunynmum uiy Icpmanuu u Shonuu. On
265 Ftana 4. Haxanyne nownm
hponcmoncfpuponan cnok nonk k opic c nauusmom hocpcncfnom
qopmuponanun naponnix qponfon kak hokasan honopof coifuu
1J51J6 ii. no panuuu u Hchanuu a fakxc hponnun iofon-
nocfi honhucafi npyxccfncnnic coinamcnun c nkou ncpxanou,
kofopan houyncfnycf yiposy n cnnsu c naspcnanmumu pcnusuonucf-
ckumu akuunmu.
Tcm nc mcncc, sfo nc homcmano Cfanuny coucfafi nncmnkk
honufuky, nahpanncnnyk na honncpxky uiu Hauuu, cfoponnu-
kom kofopou in komuccap ho unocfpannim ncnam ufnunon, c
hocfonnnimu namckamu Iufncpy o nosmoxnocfu nosononncnun
honufuku Iahanno. Iufncp no 1J i. ofncpian sfu hohifku cnu-
xcnun, hofomy ufo Concfckuu Coks n 1J71J8 ii. hcpcxunan
hcpuon nnnou nocnnou cnaocfu, cnnsannou c macconimu u xccfo-
kumu uucfkamu, kofopic ocsinanunu Kpacnyk apmuk. Ofmcucn-
niu momcnf in nacfoniko naxcn, ufo Iufncp nc moi nc yuufi-
nafi cio n cnoux honufuucckux pacucfax. Mcxny fcm, umcnno sfo
ocnancnuc Kpacnou apmuu cncnano Cfanuna hofcnuuanino nax-
nim hapfncpom Iufncpa.
Concfckuu Coks ofmcuacf Muxanka, nc in, koncuno,
uncaninim hapfncpom nnn honufuucckou snufi Icpmanuu. Ho nn-
nan nnyfpcnnnn u nncmnnn cnaocfi onimcnucfckoio pcxuma ka-
sanuci cnumkom hpunnckafcninimu nnn Icpmanuu, ufoi ona nc
hohifanaci pacmupufi cnou nosmoxnocfu kak kpyhnan ncpxana c
homomik nocnno-skonomuucckoio coksa mcxny nnymn iocynap-
cfnamu. Iockoniky nc ynanoci (fakono ino namcpcnuc) cocnu-
nufi Mockny u Icpnun, fo ho ncoxonumocfu Icpnun cfanonuncn
ucnfpom hpufnxcnun Inpohcuckoio konfuncnfa. H foina nuo sa-
hannic ncpxani honncpxanu i hpcfcnsuu Icpmanuu na iochon-
cfno n Inpohc unu coinacunuci i c numu, ufo ofkpinano cu no-
nic hcpchckfuni na nocfokc, nuo, n hpofunnom cnyuac, panuun
u Bcnukopufanun hofcphcnu i hopaxcnuc u inu i snumunu-
ponani poccuucko-icpmanckum coksom. Hukakan ohacnocfi, nu-
kakan ucna nc moinu kasaficn upcsmcpnimu panu nocfuxcnun sfo-
io pcsynifafa, hofomy ufo, nccmofpn na ncc fpynnocfu, hocnc cio
nocfuxcnun Icux honyuun i cnoony ncucfnuu nnn opii c
onimcnusmom.
Takum opasom, ncyuacfuc amcpukanucn n fof momcnf hosno-
nuno um n oncc ofnancnnom ynymcm nnccfu cnou nknan n samufy
sahannoio mupa, ncyuacfuc (unu cnaocfi Concfon) hpcncfannnno
coou fakoc nnncnuc, kofopoc ncnisn ino nc uchonisonafi n hon-
xonnmuu momcnf, f.c. koina uipa nocfuincf cnocio nicmcio ypon-
nn, cfancf nccmupnou. Ho ncc sfo n konuc 1J8 i. hpcncfannnnoci,
na hcpniu nsinnn, nccima ofnancnnim ynymum.
266
4.1.2. KPUBUC HOLUTUKU .MUPOTBOPEHUH
Icsynifafi Mknxcna nc ynonncfnopnnu naxc Bcnukopufa-
nuk. Hc cnyuauno Hcmcpncn noncpuncn mupnim ocmanunm
Iufncpa. Bcnukopufanuu c cc yinakmumu pccypcamu hpcncfon-
no pcmafi cmc oncc fpynnyk sanauy. Bo nccm mupc in pomcn
nison cc kononuaninomy iochoncfny. Ofo ofnocunoci nc cfoniko k
cucfcmc 0o+unuonoo, cnoc naccncnuc kofopix ino n ocnonnom
pufanckoio hpoucxoxncnun, ufo occhcuunano hpounoc, xofn u
npcmcnnoc cofpynnuuccfno umhcpckou cucfcmc n ucnom, hpunnn-
mcu na ccn ynapi hcpnou anfukononuaninou nonni n Hnnuu u
na Inuxncm Bocfokc. Bcc sfo ninyxnano hpanufcnicfno onnona
hpunaiafi makcumaninic ycunun nnn coxpancnun mupa n Inpohc.
Cnoxunaci nnno hpofunopcuunan, no ncuscxnan cufyauun: mup n
Inpohc, f.c. ymupofnopcnuc, osnauan ykpchncnuc Icpmanuu,
ncpxani, kofopan ochapunana, oncc unu mcncc ofkpifo, aninuuc-
koc hpcnocxoncfno na konfuncnfc u n mupc; konqnukf n Inpohc os-
nauan i yncnuucnuc pacxonon, puckonannoc nnn honncpxanun kon-
fponn nan iopasno oncc ucnnimu oiafcfnamu pufanckou koponi.
Kpomc foio, aninuuanc nonxni inu yuufinafi npyiuc ucfou-
nuku ohacnocfu: Hfanuk n Cpcnuscmnom mopc u Shonuk n Tuxom
okcanc. Incnnuk nosnukmcu nuncmmi, hpanufcnicfno onnona,
ncpnoc camomy ccc, ninyxncno ino cuufafi onimou honufu-
ucckou hocnou fniocfnoc hopaxcnuc n Mknxcnc u hifanoci uc-
kycno ypannonccufi n pamkax cnocu honufuku fcx, kfo hpofununcn
cu, kak panuun, u fcx, kfo in ck occkypaxcn, kak Hfanun.
Toniko sfumu ocfonfcnicfnamu moxno otncnufi unuuuafu-
ni Bcnukopufanuu, hpcnhpunnfic ck n okfnpc 1J8 i. u n nani-
ncumcm ho ofnomcnuk k Icpmanuu. Kpufukam honufuku ymu-
pofnopcnun Hcmcpncn ofncfun hpononxcnucm nuanoia c Hfanu-
cu. Xofn hocnc Iacxaninix coinamcnuu ipaxnanckan nouna n
Hchanuu ycununaci, n ccpcnunc nonpn 1J8 i. pufanckoc hpanu-
fcnicfno couno, ufo cospcnu ycnonun nnn ncfyhncnun n cuny u camux
coinamcnuu. B sfo npcmn nauanaci honiofonka nusufa Hcmcpncna
u Ianuqakca n Ium: sfof nusuf nonxcn in honoxufi koncu ncno-
ncpuk mnoiux aninuuan k cpcnuscmnomopckou u umhcpckou honu-
fukc Hfanuu, a fakxc sakpchufi nosnpaf k fpanuuuonnomy coksy.
Oa iocynapcfncnnix ncnfcnn Aninuu 11 nnnapn 1J i. hpuinu n
Ium. Bo npcmn ux nusufa nc ino hpousncccno nicokohapnix
hpuncfcfncnnix pcucu, u Hcmcpncn nuucio nc hpcnhpunnn nnn
ynyumcnun ufano-qpanuysckux ofnomcnuu, kofopic inu hon-
hopucni pnnom umhcpuanucfckux ncmoncfpauuu co cfoponi Hfa-
nuu. Kak pas n fc nnu, koina n Ium hpuin noniu qpanuysckuu
Uacin 2. Biopan mwponan nowna
267
hocon, no npcmn nicfyhncnun Huano n hanafc kophopauuu u qamu
hposnyuanu hpufnsanun na Tynuc, Huuuy, Canouk, Kopcuky.
Mcxny nnymn ncpxanamu hpoucxonun, moxno ckasafi, pufyani-
niu omcn mncnunmu, ufoi nincnufi, no kakou cfchcnu Hfanun
coinacna honncpxunafi Icpmanuk u n kakou mcpc Bcnukopufa-
nun cknonna hpusnanafi kak pcnusuonucfkyk honufuky Hfanuu,
fak u pocf cc amuuuu n Aqpukc. Hcmcpncn moi houyncfnonafi,
ufo Mycconunu nc umccf onimc nukakoio nnunnun na pcmcnun
Iufncpa u hosfomy ncf ocooio cmicna yuufinafi Hfanuk n pu-
fanckou honufukc n ofnomcnuu Icpmanuu. Mycconunu ofkpifo
sannun o cnocu nonninocfu n ofnomcnuu Iufncpa u Ocu, no
Hcmcpncn, ocfancn n aconkfnou ncyncpcnnocfu, nackoniko cu-
niop Mycconunu in unqopmuponan o hnanax icppa Iufncpa.
Iacxaninic coinamcnun nc hpunccnu xcnacmix pcsynifafon.
Mycconunu ncc onimc cknonnncn k Iufncpy, a Hcmcpncn nc moi
cio nu n ucm yhpcknyfi.
Koina n Bcnukopufanuu u ococnno n opun Oqquc honnu-
nuci hcpnic comncnun o ncucfnufcninou sqqckfunnocfu Mkn-
xcnckux coinamcnuu, Hcmcpncn hpononxan ux samumafi. B kon-
uc nnnapn 1J i. on cmc hynuuno honncpxunan ncoxonumocfi
ykpchnnfi coinacuc c Iufncpom. Bfaunc on cuufan, ufo n Mknxc-
nc Iufncp yhycfun momcnf. Io konapnou cnyuaunocfu, umcnno
14 mapfa on opafuncn k cnoum usupafcnnm n Hcncu, nocxnannn
sonofou nck, mup u naiococfonnuc, kofopic mknxcnckan honufu-
ka nkoi cynuna Inpohc. B konuc konuon, numi hocnc 1516 mapfa
u saxnafa ncmuamu Ipaiu, on cymccfncnno usmcnun cnou nosspc-
nun, hifanci ncucfnonafi n coofncfcfnuu c numu n fcucnuc nc-
ckonikux mccnucn, ocfanmuxcn no nauana nouni.
B sfou cufyauuu cmc oncc usonuponannou okasanaci pan-
uun, kofopou fpynno ino hpcncfanufi kak onimou nuhnomafu-
ucckou ychcx fo, ufo ona hokunyna onnoio us cnoux coksnukon.
Kpomc foio, c pasnufucm ucxocnonaukoio kpusuca cfana qakfuucc-
ku pachanaficn cucfcma cokson, cqopmuponannan nnn foio, ufoi
cnyxufi hpofunonccom Icpmanuu n Hcnfpaninou u Kxnou Inpo-
hc. Ionufuucckuu kpusuc hpuncn k samcfnou yfpafc panuucu
qunanconoio nnunnun n ynaucko-Iankanckom pciuonc. Ioni pan-
uuu n sfou sonc ocfananaci snauufcninou, no nacfyhun uac, koina
cncnonano honnfi, ufo sfu hosuuuu ckopo ynyf saxnaucni Icpma-
nucu, cymcnmcu sa ion cs on u kponohponufun cfafi nomunupyk-
mcu ncpxanou pciuona n honufuucckom hnanc.
B cufyauuu sfou iopikou pcaninocfu qpanuysckum hpanufcnnm
nc ocfananoci nuucio npyioio kak cmupuficn co cnocu usonnuucu.
Bcn cucfcma cokson, kofopyk hpanufcnicfno Iapuxa qopmuponano
Ftana 4. Haxanyne nownm
268
c 11 i., pyxnyna kak oiuniu kapfouniu nomuk. Inpohcuckuc
npysin panuuu nuo hofcphcnu hopaxcnuc, nuo naxonunuci
hon icpmanckum u ufaninnckum nnunnucm. Concfckuu Coks ka-
sancn cnumkom nanckum u nc honiofonncnnim nacfoniko, ufoi
moxno ino paccuufinafi na cio honncpxky, u ncmunycmoc okon-
uafcninoc hopaxcnuc uchanckux pcchynukanucn, kasanoci, sancp-
mano sfy uchi ncynau. Inuncfncnnou foukou ohopi nnn panuuu
n Inpohc ocfananaci Bcnukopufanun: no Bcnukopufanun honu-
fuku ymupofnopcnun, f.c. honufuku, kofopyk qpanuysi fcphc-
nu, no nc pasncnnnu.
Cymccfnonanu nu anifcpnafuni B fcucnuc ncckonikux ncncni
y qpanuyson umcnuci unnksuu, ufo cymccfnonanu nosmoxnocfu
nnn anifcpnafun kak naionapn cnuxcnuk c Hfanucu, fak, u, mo-
xcf ifi, cmc n onimcu mcpc, naionapn pcskomy usmcncnuk ho-
nufuku ho ofnomcnuk k Icpmanuu. Ho sfo inu foniko unnksuu,
kofopimu Iufncp nochonisonancn, ufoi c ocoou fmafcninocfik
honiofonufi cnou ynymuc ncucfnun. Xofn pancya Ioncc n naua-
nc nonpn 1J8 i. hpuin n Ium c camimu naiumu namcpcnunmu
u in hpunnf c nipaxcnucm honncumcio pachonoxcnun, no o-
cfanonka pcsko usmcnunaci n cnnsu c umhcpuanucfckumu nicfyh-
ncnunmu JO nonpn n hanafc qamu, n pcsynifafc ucio n honccfky
nnn nnoni ninnunynuci ncc chopnic ufano-qpanuysckuc nohpoci.
B sfou cufyauuu nosmoxnocfi cnuxcnun ucucsna hpcxnc, ucm o
ncu saionopunu.
Ipanufcnicfno ananic u, n uacfnocfu, munucfp unocfpannix
ncn Ionnc, n sfu ncncnu iofonuno nccima amuuuosniu hnan hc-
pccfpouku cokson. Otckfunnic ycnonun honnunnu na fo, kak
qpanuysckan nuhnomafun oucnunana cufyauuk. Hmcn nu cmc ka-
kou-nuo cmicn fof komhnckc fccnix cnnscu u ucfkux iapanfuu,
kofopic panuun hpcnocfanuna cnoum coksnukam n Bocfounou
Inpohc, n ycnonunx napacfanun icpmanckou aipcccunnocfu Iasnc
nc nacfan momcnf hcpccmofpa sfou cucfcmi n coofncfcfnuu c hon-
nunnou honufukou ymupofnopcnun Co cfoponi Icpmanuu, ka-
sanoci, nc ino ncnocfafka n hponnncnuu unfcpcca k sfou uncc.
on Iucnfpoh n nauanc nonpn 1J8 i. in hpuinamcn n Ia-
pux, no cio nusuf in ofnoxcn, fak kak nacfyhuna xpycfaninan
noui, f.c. noui c na 1O nonpn, hcuanino usnccfnan fcm, ufo na-
uucfi nhcpnic ycfpounu honccmccfnic hoipomi cnpcuckux omun
na konfponupycmou umu fcppufopuu; nnoanok nauucfi nanoxunu
upcsniuaunyk nihnafy n munnuapn mapok na nck cnpcuckyk o-
muny Icpmanuu.
Iucnfpoh hoccfun Iapux 67 nckapn. On ncfpcfuncn c a-
nanic u nonio cccnonan c Ionnc. Ipcxnc, ucm hponccfu hcpciono-
26
pi ho cymccfny, cfoponi honhucanu coinamcnuc o ncnahancnuu,
kofopoc houfu honfopnno qopmyni Mknxcnckoio coinamcnun
Iufncpa-Hcmcpncna. Oc cfoponi onsanuci cuufafi mupnic of-
nomcnun mcxny numu kak naxniu sncmcnf ykpchncnun cnpohcu-
ckou cufyauuu; oncc foio onu fopxccfncnno hpusnananu okon-
uafcninimu cymccfnykmuc ipanuui mcxny nnymn iocynapcfnamu
u panu na ccn onsafcnicfna o nsaumnix koncynifauunx n cnyuac
mcxnynaponnix kpusucon, sa ucknkucnucm honoxcnuu, hpcnyc-
mofpcnnix coinamcnunmu c fpcfiumu cfpanamu.
Iin nu sfo ncucfnufcnino honopof n cfopony ymupofnopcnun
Io nohpocy ucfonkonanun sfux coinamcnuu ncnyfcn ucfopuoipa-
quucckuc chopi. Coinacno yfncpxncnunm icpmanckou cfoponi,
no npcmn hcpcionopon n sfu nna nnn Ionnc hpusnan, ufo y pan-
uuu ncf unfcpccon n Bocfounou Inpohc, kofopyk Iapux cuufacf
sonou icpmanckoio nnunnun. panuysckan cfopona u, hpcxnc
nccio, Zopx Ionnc, yfncpxnacf, ufo sfo hpusnanuc ofnocunoci
ucknkuufcnino k nonou cufyauuu, cnoxunmcucn nokpyi Hcxocno-
nakuu hocnc Mknxcnckou konqcpcnuuu, u ino cnnsano c nco-
xonumocfik yuufinafi ynymuc qpanko-icpmanckuc ofnomcnun.
Hfoi honnfi snaucnuc sfux napuauuu, ncoxonumo yuufinafi,
ufo n fc xc camic ncncnu icpmanckan nuhnomafun paspaafinana
nonyk honufuucckyk cfpafciuk n ofnomcnuu Ionimu u Bocfou-
nou Inpohi, ocnoninanci na ncsaunfcpcconannocfu panuuu.
Ananus nuckyccuu yuacfnukon hcpcionopon hosnonncf cncnafi
ninon, kofopiu kaxcfcn nauoncc ncponfnim: ccnu Ionnc oipa-
nuuuncn namckom na usmcncnuc honufuku n ofnomcnuu Icpmanuu
(hockoniky, n koncunom ufoic, sfo coofncfcfnonano cio uncnm), fo
yfncpxncnuc Iucnfpoha, kofopoc on nconnokpafno honfopnn,
ufo panuun no npcmn hcpcionopon n Iapuxc honnocfik ofkasa-
naci of samufi Hcxocnonakuu, cnyxuno cmy ncoxonumim apiy-
mcnfom nnn ohpannanun icpmanckoio hpousnona n nanincumcm
of nconimux akuuu no honnou nuknunauuu Hcxocnonakuu. Hnauc
ionopn, Iucnfpoh hifancn ysakonufi naxc saxnaf Ipaiu, hpcn-
cfanun cio kak pcsynifaf ycfyhku Iapuxa, kofopou nukoina nc
ino.
Co cnocu cfoponi, qpanuysi n nckapc 1J8 i. naunno cuufanu,
ufo moxno nccfu hcpcionopi c fakumu nknimu kak Iucnfpoh.
Hc onu onnu fak honaianu, u, nosmoxno, hpcnhouufanu omani-
naficn n nancxnc na omcc ynyumcnuc cnpohcuckou cufyauuu n
nanincumcm. B konuc 1J8 i. ncc cmc ino nosmoxno; cnpohcu-
ckuc iocynapcfncnnic ncnfcnu (nknkuan Mycconunu) nc snanu fau-
nix hnanon Iufncpa. Tcm nc mcncc, qakf ocfacfcn qakfom, ufo n
momcnf usonnuuu qpanuysi nmccfo foio, ufoi uckafi nosmoxnocfu
27O
usmcnufi cnoxunmcccn honoxcnuc ncmcu ho npyium nahpanncnu-
nm, opafunuci k cnocmy hofcnuuaninomy u ncuscxnomy npaiy.
Ionhucafi coinamcnuc c ncmuamu hocnc xpycfaninou nouu
osnauano sakpifi inasa na fo, ufo pcanino hpcncfannnn coou na-
uusm, kofopiu ohpcncnnn onnonpcmcnno u nnyfpcnnkk, u nnc-
mnkk honufuky; hpononufi kypc na coinamcnuc c nauucfamu
osnauano namcpcnno coxpannfi unnksuu, ufoi hpuopccfu anuu
hcpcn nuuom ucfopuu.
4.1.3. ,EP+ABM OCU U .FL.BLEHUE KPUBUCA
B UEHTPALBHOU EBPOHE
B ycnonunx, koina kpyhncumuc cnpohcuckuc ncpxani okasa-
nuci cccunini nuo naxc hapanusonani, unuuuafuna okasanaci n
pykax Iufncpa. Hfoi ocfanonufi qkpcpa, ino ncnocfafouno
cnaix hohonsnoncnuu Mycconunu, kofopiu naxc nncmnc nc
hponnnnn namcpcnuu ufo-nuo hpcnhpunnfi, a, nosmoxno, u nc
moi ofkpifo nicfyhufi hpofun nauucfckoio nuncpa. cucfnufcni-
no, houcmy Hfanun nonxna ina samumafi fakou hopnnok, kofo-
piu qamucfckoc hpanufcnicfno nukoina nc hpunumano, a panuun
u Bcnukopufanun chococfnonanu cio paspymcnuk Bosmoxno
unoc ofnomcnuc nnyx sahannix ncpxan k Hfanuu moino i usmc-
nufi hosuuuk fakoio ohhopfynucfa kak Mycconunu. Ho nc foniko
aninuuanc, no u qpanuysi hpcnhouufanu n fof momcnf honufuky
sauipinanun c nauusmom. nn camocfonfcninou ufaninnckou ho-
suuuu nc ino ycnonuu, hoka nc nacfyhnf ccpicsnic hcpcmcni n
mcxnynaponnou cufyauuu.
Iufncp, kak oiuno, ncucfnonan uunuuno, ncoxunanno, concp-
mcnno cnoonno u nuucm nc inymanci. On ucfko hpcncfannnn fc
ucnu, kofopix xofcn nouficn hpcxnc nccio, konfponn nan
Hcnfpaninou u Bocfounou Inpohou kak hpcnnapufcninoio ycno-
nun nnn cnoux nanincumux akuuu. Hchonisycmic um cpcncfna
nukfonanuci ocfonfcnicfnamu, f.c. pcakuucu coofncfcfnykmux
cfpan na fc unu akuuu Icpmanuu.
Cncnykmum sfahom iufncponckou honufuku cfana nopmanusa-
uun ofnomcnuu c Ionimcu. Ic cmicn ocfanancn ncncnim no ncc-
ni 1J i. Iononic samicni Iufncp ncncnn cmc c 1J41J5 ii.
On nconnokpafno n noncpufcninix cccnax usnaian ux Icpuniy, a
c 1J5 i. u n nanincumcm o nux ionopunu hpcncfanufcnu Iufncpa n
Ionimc kak mapmany Iuncynckomy, fak u honkonnuky Icky. Cyfi
sfux samicnon cocfonna n fccnom cofpynnuuccfnc Icpmanuu u
Ionimu n nounc hpofun ucfopuucckoio hpofunnuka Concfckoio
Coksa. B sfou nounc Ionima uipana i poni mnanmcio coksnuka
271
unu cafcnnufa Icpmanuu, honyuun, fakum opasom, nosmoxnocfi
ocymccfnufi skchancuk na nocfok n nahpanncnuu Ykpauni.
Bcc sfu hnani hpuopcnu oncc ucfkuc ucpfi c 1J6 i., koina
ncfan nohpoc o opasonanuu kpyhnix samknyfix fopiono-skono-
muucckux nokon unu omupnix hpocfpancfn, camoocchcucn-
nix cfpafciuucckumu pccypcamu, koina qopmuponanaci skonomu-
ucckan honufuka anfapkuu n pcnusuonucfckux cfpanax Inpohi u
na anincm Bocfokc n Shonuu. B oncc mupokou hcpchckfunc sfo
moxno paccmafpunafi kak hohifky hpofunohocfanufi muponim
umhcpuanucfuucckum cucfcmam, nuo napoxnakmumcn cncpxncp-
xanam concfckou u amcpukanckou onnoponnic honufuucckuc
coksi cfoni xc macmfanic, ckoni u occhcucnnic pccypcamu,
ufoi nincpxafi copcnnonanuc, hpunnnmcc inoaniniu xapakfcp,
k kofopomy ofncninic cnpohcuckuc iocynapcfna nc inu iofoni.
Anfukomunfcpnonckuu hakf of 25 nonpn 1J6 i. u hocncnykmcc
nknkucnuc n ncio Hfanuu (6 nonpn 1J7 i.) ykasinakf nahpannc-
nuc pasnufun. Ofo pasnufuc hpuopcno anfupufanckuu xapakfcp
hocnc ofkasa Bcnukopufanuu hpunnfi hpcnnoxcnuc omcio coksa,
cncnannoc qon Iucnfpohom; ono kauccfncnno usmcnuno honu-
fuucckuc coksi; ono hpuopcno fakxc anfuqpanuysckuu xapak-
fcp, hpu sfom hpuxonunoci hpusnafi, ufo panuun cfana onnou us
xcpfn napymcnun pannonccun. Ono nocuno fakxc u anfuconcfckuu
xapakfcp, hockoniky Concfckuu Coks in npaiom, c kofopim nan-
ncxano cpaxaficn, u icoipaquucckum pciuonom, nknkuanmum fo
xusncnnoc hpocfpancfno, kofopoc cncnonano ocnoufi n coofncf-
cfnuu c iufncponckumu konuchuunmu. Kak ofmcuacf Xuniipycp,
foniko ofkas Shonuu ncfom 1J i. ofkpifo hpucocnunuficn k cu-
cfcmc, npaxncnou Bcnukopufanuu n muponom macmfac, hpcnof-
npafun cocnuncnuc pasnuunix hpocfpancfn n cnunoc ucnoc. Ho
sfof ofkas nc homcman Iufncpy hohifaficn ocymccfnufi cnou sa-
micni n Inpohc, ho nosmoxnocfu, hpu cofpynnuuccfnc c Ionimcu.
Ionima hpuncpxunanaci hpunuuha hpuchoconcnun k nonou
cufyauuu. Koina Mycconunu n nonpc 1J6 i. otnnun o cosnanuu
Ocu IumIcpnun, honkonnuk Ick hohifancn cmccfufi fouku
ohopi sfou honufuucckou koncfpykuuu, nickasan unck hohcpcu-
nou ocu, kofopan hpoxonuna i ucpcs Ionimy, Bcnipuk u Kio-
cnanuk, nknkuana i Hfanuk u moina i cnyxufi cncpxunakmum
qakfopom n ofnomcnuu icpmanckoio nanncnun (unauc ionopn, cosna-
nuc noka of mopn no mopn, of Ianfuuckoio no Cpcnuscmnoio).
Ho sfu ucnu hpcnhonaianu fcppufopuaniniu konfunuym mcxny
Ionimcu u Bcnipucu u, k fomy xc, nc yuufinanu hpuopufcf, kofo-
piu Icpmanun hpuopcna n pcnusuonucfckou honufukc Mycconunu.
272
Momcnf ocmicncnun u niopa nacfyhun nnn honnkon na cnc-
nykmuu ncni hocnc Mknxcna, no npcmn ncfpcuu, kofopan osnaua-
na inyokuu paspin n honicko-icpmanckux ofnomcnunx hocnc
1JJ i., coxpanunmuucn no nauana konqnukfa. Cpasy hocnc foio,
kak naionapn Icpmanuu Ionima honyuuna of Hcxocnonakuu Tc-
munckyk onacfi, 24 okfnpn 1J8 i. Iucnfpoh hpunnn honi-
ckoio hocna n Icpnunc uhckoio u usnoxun cmy ycnonun, na kofo-
pix Icpmanun hpcnnaiana omcc pcmcnuc nohpocon na Bocfokc
Inpohi. Ionima moina hpunnfi sfu ycnonun u hpcnpafuficn n
naccana Icpmanuu, nuo ofncpinyfi ux u honiofonufi houny nnn
ynymcio konqnukfa. Coinacno sfum hpcnnoxcnunm, cnoonniu
iopon anuui nonxcn in hcpcufu hon cyncpcnufcf Icpmanuu; na
fcppufopuu anuuickoio kopunopa, ofncnnnmcio anuui of Icp-
manuu, nonxni inu ifi hocfpocni skcfcppufopuaninic anfo-
cfpana u xcncsnan nopoia. Ycnonun hpcnycmafpunanu nsaumnoc
hpusnanuc omux ipanuu u hpucocnuncnuc Ionimu k Anfuko-
munfcpnonckomy hakfy.
Ofu hpcnnoxcnun inu snauufcnino oncc ncfanino paspao-
fani, ucm fc, ufo n hpcninymuc ioni usnaian Icpuni, onu ofpa-
xanu nonyk cufyauuk: honnyk usonnuuk Ionimu. Ioncncnuc
hpanufcnicfna Bapmani no npcmn Cyncfckoio kpusuca u iopcui of
nosononncnun cfapoio chopa o Tcmunckou onacfu hpuncnu k
fomy, ufo honnku yfpafunu cumhafuu u honncpxky qpanuyson.
Binnunyfic Icpnunom ycnonun ofpaxanu namcpcnuc Iufncpa
okonuafcnino yfncpnufi icpmanckoc iochoncfno n Bocfounou In-
pohc. Ionimc onimc yxc nuucio nc ocmanu, no of ncc fpconanu
hpucocnunuficn k anfuconcfckomy noky, camo sfo hpucocnuncnuc
hpcnpamano Ionimy n iocynapcfno, sanucumoc of icpmanckou ho-
nufuku.
Ionimc, numcnnou n fof momcnf honncpxku 3ahana, nuucio
nc ocfananoci, kak hpcinafi n puckonannom onunouccfnc. Iufncp
ciipan na sfou cufyauuu, u cio hpcnnoxcnun hpuopcnu xccfkuu
nchpumupumiu xapakfcp. Ionima, saxafan mcxny Hcxocnonakucu,
naxonunmcucn hon nnacfik Icpmanuu, u Bocfounou Ipyccucu,
nchocpcncfncnno cnnsannou c Iomcpanucu, hohana n ncmcukuc
fucku. Icnu i Ionima coinacunaci na cofpynnuuccfno c Icpma-
nucu, fo, moxcf ifi, ocmanun Icpunia nnoni nosimcnu i
cuny, u Icpmanun pucknyna i ncmcnncnno nauafi nocnnic ncu-
cfnun hpofun Concfckoio Coksa. B nkom cnyuac Ionima ina
i nuknunuponana kak ncsanucumoc cnpohcuckoc iocynapcfno.
Ho Iufncp nc yuufinan xapakfcp honickoio honufuucckoio py-
kononcfna: cio yhpnmyk ycxncnnocfi n fom, ufo ono pachonaiacf
cocfncnnimu cunamu, choconimu okasafi ccpicsnoc cohpofun-
27J
ncnuc icpmanckomy nanncnuk, u cio yhopnoc ncxcnanuc hcpc-
cmofpcfi hononyk ycxncnnocfi, naxc hocnc snauufcninoio na-
pacfanun iufncponckou momu. Ipanufcnicfno Bapmani 1 nonpn
nhcpnic ofncpino icpmanckuc hpcnnoxcnun u hpononxano cohpo-
funnnficn hocncnykmcmy nuhnomafuucckomy nanncnuk n fcucnuc
nccu sumi 1J81J ii., nhnofi no 21mapfa, koina na cncnykmuu
ncni hocnc saxnafa Ipaiu fpconanun inu nnoni hpcncfanncni
uhckomy n ynifumafunnou qopmc. Oquuuaniniu ofkas Ionimu,
pcmcnuc o kofopom ino cpasy xc hpunnfo n Bapmanc u ncnoso-
nonncnuc icpmanckou cfoponou noionopa o ncnahancnuu of nnna-
pn 1J4 i. inu hocncnnumu akfamu oquuuaninix ofnomcnuu
mcxny nnymn cfpanamu nakanync nouni. Iufncp n cnocm nicfyh-
ncnuu n pcuxcfaic 28 ahpcnn 1J i. yfncpxnan, ufo mcxny nnymn
cfpanamu nc cymccfnycf onimc nu mancumcu nosmoxnocfu nnn
nuhnomafuucckux konfakfon.
4.2. Pastet Uexoctonaxww
4.2.1 BH.TPEHHUU KPUBUC UEXO-CLOBAKUU
Mknxcn osnauan nc foniko hcpcxon Cyncfckou onacfu k Icp-
manuu. On osnauan fakxc nauano napacfakmcio pachana u pasncna
Hcxocnonakuu. Ionoxcnuc hpanufcnicfna n Ipaic cfano nacfoniko
ncycfouuunim, ufo hpucyfcfnuc nisinakmcu noncpuc honufuucc-
kou nnacfu ino houfu ncomyfumim. Icncm ymcn n ofcfanky c
hocfa hpcsuncnfa pcchynuku u namcn ycxumc n onnonc. Omuni
Iaxa, cynin Bcpxonnoio ucxocnonaukoio cyna coinacuncn cmcnufi
cio; hpcmicp-munucfpom cfan Iynoniq Icpan, a munucfpom uno-
cfpannix ncn hpoicpmanckuu icncpan panfumck Unankonckuu.
Ha ux hncuu nci fnxcniu ipys yuacfnonafi n sancpmcnuu cymc-
cfnonanun Hcxocnonaukoio iocynapcfna. H ncucfnufcnino, n cfpanc
cpasy hponnunoci nnyfpcnncc hpofunocfonnuc. Cnonaku, hpcncfan-
ncnnic cnonaukou naponnou hapfucu kafonuucckou opucnfauuu,
nosononunu kamhanuk hpofccfa hpofun ofkasa hpanufcnicfna
Ipaiu nihonnufi ux fpconanun anfonomuu u nochonisonanuci
naiohpunfnim cnyuacm, ufoi hpunafi sfum fpconanunm pcmu-
fcniniu xapakfcp.
Ioka hpanufcnicfno Ipaiu sannnnno, ufo ono namcpcno pcmu-
fcnino usmcnufi cnok honufuky n ofnomcnuu Icpmanuu, hcpcufu
of honufuku cohpofunncnun k iopnucu npyxc, cnonaukuc hapfuu
paspaofanu omuu nokymcnf. B ncm yfncpxnanoci hpano cnonau-
kou nauuu na camoohpcncncnuc u nipaxanoci fpconanuc ncmcn-
ncnnoio cqopmuponanun anfonomnoio cnonaukoio hpanufcnicfna,
274
hpcnccnafcncm kofopoio in i nasnaucn moncuniop Hoscq Tuco.
Ipaia ncckoniko uacon koncanaci hpcxnc, ucm hpusnafi ncus-
cxnocfi fpcycmix hcpcmcn. 6 okfnpn 1J8 i ponunaci Hcxo-
Cnonakun hon pykononcfnom Sna Ciponi, yhpannncman nnymn an-
fonomnimu hpanufcnicfnamu: n Ipaic pasmcmanoci hpanufcnicfno
Icpana, a n Ipafucnanc Tuco. Koncuno, ncc, ufo hpoucxonuno,
ino pcsynifafom nauucfckux hpoicpmanckux opucnfauuu u ncu-
cfnuu. B Icpnunc cnonaku ocyxnanu, yncf nu ohfumaninim na-
puanfom ncmcnncnno hponosinacufi ncsanucumocfi unu hpusnafi
opasonanuc anfonomnoio iocynapcfna nnyfpu cnunou opianusauu-
onnou cfpykfypi, u fam xc n Icpnunc cnauana Unankonckuu u sa-
fcm Tuco honyuunu ykasanun coxpanufi otcnuncnuc nnyx nauuu.
Oucnunno, n sfof hcpuon Icpmanun ina concpmcnno nc saunfc-
pcconana yckopufi hpouccc, ufo moino ocnoxnufi okonuafcninoc
pcmcnuc nohpoca o Cyncfax.
C npyiou cfoponi, ucxo-cnonaukomy hpanufcnicfny hpcncfonno
hpofunocfonfi nanncnuk kak usnnc, fak u nnyfpu cfpani, kofopoc
akfunusuponanoci hocnc Mknxcnckux coinamcnuu. Icpnimu oka-
sanu naxum na hpaxckoc hpanufcnicfno honnku. B fcucnuc nccu
ocfpou qasi Cyncfckoio kpusuca honickoc hpanufcnicfno ncno
ccn n ofnomcnuu cnoux kxnix coccncu, mniko ionopn, ncnopo-
xcnafcnino. Bcci ccnfnpi 1J8 i. us Bapmani n Ipaiy hocfyhanu
nacfouuunic sahpoci ofnocufcnino hpcxnux honickux hpcfcnsuu
na Tcmunckyk onacfi. JO ccnfnpn honickoc hpanufcnicfno akky-
mynuponano sfu fpconanun n ynifumafym, kofopiu Icncm ninyx-
ncn in hpunnfi. Ionickuc noucka 2 okfnpn hcpcccknu ipanuuy
u sannnu iopon Tcmun u okono 1OOO kn. km fcppufopuu coinacno
ncnumufauuu, okonuafcnino hpousncncnnou 1 nonpn.
Ho ccnu honnku ncnu ccn pasnnsno u ipyo, fo nc mcncc ai-
pcccunno ncucfnonanu ncnipi, kofopic nicfyhunu c omupnimu
fpconanunmu u icohonufuucckumu hpufnsanunmu. B cnnsu c sfum
y ucxon u cnonakon nosnuknu omuc unfcpcci ho samufc cnocu
fcppufopuu, xofn ona u oipanuuunanaci foniko Cnonakucu. 3anaua
ohpcncnufi nonic ipanuui Cnonakuu u Bcnipuu cnauana ina
hocfanncna na hcpcionopax mcxny cfoponamu, a safcm cc pcmcnuc
ino hopyucno apufpaxy hpanufcnicfn Hfanuu u Icpmanuu. Ion-
ncpxka Hfanucu ncnicpckoio pcnusuonusma hpuncna k ncyfcmu-
fcninim nnn cnonakon pcsynifafam. Hm hpcncfonno 2 nonpn (hcp-
niu ncnckuu apufpax) cmupuficn c pcmcnucm, coinacno kofopomy
fcppufopun houfu n 12 OOO kn. km c naccncnucm houfu n munnuon
xufcncu nonxna ina ofoufu k Bcnipuu. Ionufuucckuu pcsynifaf
saknkuancn n fom, ufo cnoxunmancn cufyauun fonkana hpanufcni-
275
cfno Ipafucnani n otnfun Icpmanuu n nancxnc honyuufi y ncc
samufy of yipos hpofunnukon, okpyxanmux Cnonakuk.
pyioc sfnuucckoc mcnimuncfno fakxc chococfnonano paspy-
mcnuk cfapou cfpykfypi Hcxocnonakuu. Icui uncf o naccncnuu
(ykpaunckoio hpoucxoxncnuu) 3akaphafckou Ykpauni, pciuona
ucknkuufcninou naxnocfu n cfpafciuucckom ofnomcnuu, hofomy
ufo onananuc um hosnonnno nahpnmyk cocnunufi Ionimy u Bcn-
ipuk (ofckna hnani honkonnuka Icka o hohcpcunou ocu). Ho
pycuni 3akaphafckou Ykpauni, kofopic honisonanuci mupokou
anfonomucu na ocnonc Ccn-Zcpmcnckoio noionopa, inu mano-
uucncnnou ipyhhou, nacuufinanmcu ncckoniko cofcn ficnu xufc-
ncu, n onimuncfnc cnocm kpccfinn, kofopic mcufanu o onimom
iocynapcfnc, cnnsannom c Ykpaunou.
B okfnpc hpcncfanufcnu naccncnun 3akaphafckou Ykpauni
hponosinacunu cnok ncsanucumocfi, u okfnpn cosnanu hpanu-
fcnicfno, cocfonnmcc us mccfu uncnon: fpcx pycunon, nnyx ykpaun-
ucn u onnoio ncufpana. Cpcnu naccncnun 3akaphafckou Ykpauni
cymccfnonanu onimuc pacxoxncnun ofnocufcnino namcucnnix
ucncu. Bcnicpckoc mcnimuncfno cocfannnno nccnfyk uacfi naccnc-
nun, a cnpcuckoc ino ncmnoium mcnimc. Hmcnno sfa nnyfpcn-
nnn ncpascpuxa cncnana ncnosmoxnim ycfanonncnuc kakou-nuo
ycfouuunou honufuucckou nnacfu, hoka Bcnckuu apufpax nc
hpousncn fcppufopuaninoc pasipanuucnuc: on hcpcnan pannuni
3akaphafin Bcnipuu u opasonan hponunuuk c ucnfpom n onimou
ncpcnnc Xycf. Takum opasom, Hcxocnonakun okasanaci pasncncna
na fpu uacfu: Ioicmuk Mopanuk, Cnonakuk u 3akaphafckyk
Ykpauny.
Honoc ycfpoucfno okasanoci upcsniuauno ncycfouuunim u
nchpounim. Ipaxanc nancnnuci coxpanufi konfponi nan nccm
iocynapcfnom, no houfu cxcnncnno onu nonxni inu pcaiuponafi
fo na hponnncnun ncnononicfna cnoux xc coipaxnan, fo na yipo-
xakmuc akuuu Icpmanuu. Bnacfi hpcmicp-munucfpa Icpana sanu-
ccna of nonu Iufncpa. 18 nckapn n Cnonakuu cocfonnuci cnoon-
nic niopi, n pcsynifafc kofopix cqopmuponanoci onimuncfno,
nicfyhanmcc sa ncsanucumocfi. Omuni Iaxa, ncnanno cfanmuu
hpcsuncnfom Hcxo-Cnonakuu, nnoni hopyuun hocf cnonaukoio hpcmi-
cp-munucfpa moncuniopy Tuco. 21 nnnapn 1J i. cio hpanufcnicfno
hpcncfano hcpcn hapnamcnfom Ipafucnani, nc ckpinan cnocio
cfpcmncnun k honnou ncsanucumocfu. Bosnukno kopofkoc cfonk-
noncnuc c hpanufcnicfnom Ipaiu, kofopoc hifanoci numufi nnac-
fu Tuco u cfoponnukon ncsanucumocfu. 11 mapfa Iaxa pcmufcnino
ofhpanun Tuco n ofcfanky, no Iufncp cpasy xc nisnan cnonaukoio
nuncpa n Icpnun u coomun cmy o cnocu nonc.
276
4.2.2 KOHEU UEXO-CLOBAKUU
Oucni uacfo, koina ionopnf o nfopxcnuu Icpmanuu n Ioicmuk
u Mopanuk 1516 mapfa 1J i., fo fpakfykf cio kak ncoxunan-
noc u nchpcnnuncnnoc coifuc, kak nncsahnyk akuuk, kofopan
usmcnuna xapakfcp icpmanckou honufuku u sacfanuna, nakoncu,
Hcmcpncna ofkpifi inasa u ynuncfi pcaninoc honoxcnuc ncmcu.
Iocnc Mknxcna icpmanckoc nocnnoc nfopxcnuc kasanoci ncus-
cxnim: n kakou-fo cfchcnu cio naxc xnanu, yuufinan cufyauuk
pachana iocynapcfna, n kofopou okasanoci hpanufcnicfno Ipaiu.
Bisnanniu n Icpnun, Tuco houyncfnonan, ufo cio honfankunakf k
hponosinamcnuk ncsanucumocfu Cnonakuu. Cpasy hocnc nosnpamc-
nun n Ipafucnany, 14 mapfa cfapan mcufa, kasanoci, ina ocymccfn-
ncna. Cnonaukuu nauuonanusm, kofopomy ina cyxncna kopofkan
xusni, honyuun fopxccfncnnoc onopcnuc pciuonaninoio hapna-
mcnfa, hponosinacunmcio n fof xc ncni honnyk ncsanucumocfi.
B fc xc uaci ucmckuu hpcsuncnf Iaxa, cfapiu u oninou, in
ninyxncn n cnnsu c skcfpcnnim nisonom hpuifi n Icpnun nmcc-
fc c munucfpom unocfpannix ncn Unankonckum. Iufncp hpunnn
ux inyokou nouik, u, n coofncfcfnuu co cnoumu hpuniukamu
(ufo on yxc hponcnan ionom panimc c Uymnuiom), opymun na
nux nanuny yhpckon, onuncnuu u yipos. Onu nonxni inu co-
inacuficn chonfanno hpocufi hpanufcnicfno Icpmanuu ncfyhufi
n Ioicmuk, ufoi noccfanonufi hopnnok u hpckpafufi anfuicp-
manckyk kamhanuk. Hcmckuc ncnfcnu ycfyhunu u honhucanu o-
pamcnuc, kofopoc ncicfumusuponano icpmanckyk akuuk.
16 mapfa Hcxo-Cnonakun hcpccfana cymccfnonafi. Ocfananuci
hpofckfopaf Ioicmun u Mopanun, ncsanucuman Cnonakun u 3a-
kaphafckan Ykpauna c ncncnou cyniou. Icnu ncpno, kak nc cs
ocnonanun yfncpxnakf, ufo moncuniop Tuco in, hpcxnc nccio,
noonymcnncn nauuonanucfuucckumu uyncfnamu, fo ohif ncckoni-
kux ncncni hpanncnun cio icfpo pasouaponan. Hcmcukuc fucku
cxumanuci mcnncnno, no ncymonumo. Iufncpy n fof momcnf nyxcn
in ncoipanuucnniu konfponi nan cufyauucu n iocynapcfnc, ipa-
nuuamcm c Ionimcu. Bcnkoc hpofunoncucfnuc cnonakon ino
cnomncno, u 12 aniycfa hpanufcnicfno Ipafucnani hpusnano ioc-
honcfno Icpmanuu, cmc pas nopononino honhucan noionop c
Icpmanucu, kofopiu qakfuuccku hcpcucpkunan nkou namck na
cyncpcnufcf u ncsanucumocfi n fof camiu momcnf, koina ino sa-
nnncno o ux hpusnanuu.
Iina pcmcna u cynia 3akaphafckou Ykpauni. Icpmanun nc
moina sannfi cc, hofomy ufo Cnonakun ofncnnna 3akaphafic of Io-
icmuu. Xofn 3akaphafckan Ykpauna sfo oucni nconiman, houfu
mukpockohuucckan fcppufopun, no sfo in cnumkom ahhcfufniu
277
kycouck, ufoi ocfannnfi cio n myuufcninou ncohpcncncnnocfu.
Hahpacno nckofopic hpcncfanufcnu nauuonanucfon hifanuci
hponosinacufi ncsanucumocfi 3akaphafckou Ykpauni. 1J mapfa
Iufncp coomun ncnipam cnoc hoxcnanuc, ufoi onu sannancnu
sfou fcppufopucu, honyuun, fakum opasom, nixon k ipanuuc c
Ionimcu (ufo nc nxonuno n samicni Icpmanuu, no n fof momcnf
hpcncfannnnoci ucnccoopasnim). Bcnicpckuu pcnusuonusm in
nc ynonncfnopcn pcsynifafamu hcpnoio ncnckoio apufpaxa, no na
sfof pas on honyuan mcncc omupnyk, no cfpafciuuccku snauu-
fcnino oncc naxnyk fcppufopuk.
Tak, n fcucnuc ncckonikux nncu Hcxo-Cnonakun hcpccfana cy-
mccfnonafi: nhcpnic Iufncp napymun fopxccfncnnic onsafcnicfna
hanicpmanusma, okkyhuponan fcppufopuk, kofopan nc umcna nuuc-
io omcio c icpmanckou. Xofn sfu coifun oxunanuci u cuufanuci
ncnom pcmcnnim, fcm nc mcncc, cnyuunmcccn umcno oipomniu
pcsonanc u sacfanuno inyoko sanymaficn npyiuc cnpohcuckuc ncpxa-
ni u, naxc, panukanino hcpccmofpcfi cnou hosuuuu. Honic xcpfni
oxunanu cnocu yuacfu.
Icpmanun n 11 i. hofcpnna Mcmcni, hopf na Ianfuuckom mopc,
kofopiu in hpcnpamcn n cno0o\uy sony hon siunou uiu Hauuu
u hon yhpanncnucm hpcsuncnfa, nasnauacmoio ufnou. B hocncnyk-
muc ioni nufonui nc cmoinu hokasafi nocfouniu hpumcp ynaxc-
nun hpan mcnimuncfna, u, oncc foio, naxonunuci n hocfonnnom
konqnukfc c Ionimcu, fak kak ochapunanu hpana na nnancnuc io-
ponom Buninkcom. Hfak, Mcmcni in nconimum icpmanckum
anknanom nnyfpu soni, hcpcxunanmcu kpusuc. Iocnc 1JJ i. na-
uucfi, ohupanci na Bocfounyk Ipyccuk, sanocnanu noncpuc
onimuncfna naccncnun sfoio anknana. B mapfc 1J i. munucfpy
unocfpannix ncn ufni Hosacy Ypmucy hpumnoci concpmufi
myuufcninyk hocsnky n Icpnun. Ha cncnykmuu ncni hocnc hpax-
ckux coifuu, 22 mapfa, Iucnfpoh coomun cmy, ufo ccnu uf-
na nc xcnacf honncpinyficn icpmanckou omapnuponkc c nosnyxa,
fo ona nonxna cmupuficn u ycfyhufi Mcmcni Icpmanuu, coinacno
noionopy, kofopiu in honhucan ncckoniko uacon chycfn, n noui
c 22 na 2J mapfa.
4.3. Koneu notwiwxw ymwpoinopenwn
4.3.1. HPE,BECTHUKU HAHA,EHUH HA HOLBT.
C okfnpn 1J8 i. cfano oucnunno, ufo cncnykmum otckfom
nahancnun Icpmanuu cfancf Ionima. Konfponi nan Ionimcu, ho
kpauncu mcpc, c konua XVIII ncka osnauan iochoncfno n Hcnfpani-
278
no-Bocfounou Inpohc. Icnu cnpohcuui, hpcxnc nccio, Aninun u
CCCI, xofcnu honoxufi koncu cnoonc ncucfnuu Iufncpa, fo na-
cfyhun momcnf nnn hpunnfun ohpcncncnnix pcmcnuu. Imc n map-
fc 1J i., no okkyhauuu Ipaiu, Iufncp pcmun ycfpanufi Ionimy
kak honufuucckuu qakfop n Inpohc hocpcncfnom icfpou u oipa-
nuucnnou nocnnou akuuu, ufo cfano i hpcnhocinkou nnn nouni
na 3ahanc, kofopan iofonunaci um c onimou ocfopoxnocfik.
21 mapfa Iucnfpoh hpcncfanun honickomy hocny uhckomy
ynifumafym. Ipcxnc, ucm hpanufcnicfno Bapmani cmoino coo-
mufi o cnocm pcmcnuu okasafi cohpofunncnuc yiposam Iufncpa,
25 mapfa qkpcp otnnun inannokomannykmcmy cyxohyfnimu cuna-
mu qon Ipayxuuy cnoc namcpcnuc pcmufi nocnnim hyfcm honickuu
nohpoc n ucnom (a nc foniko chop o anuuic). J ahpcnn on ofnan
hpukas nicmcmy komannonanuk ncpmaxfa honiofonufi hnani u
hpcnhpunnfi coofncfcfnykmuc mcpi, ufoi ocymccfnufi nahanc-
nuc na Ionimy n nkou momcnf, nauunan c 1 ccnfnpn.
Icpnimu ofpcaiuponanu aninuuanc. Ha cncnykmuu ncni hocnc
hpaxckux coifuu onu nauanu mcnnfi cnok honufuky n ofnomcnuu
Concfckoio Coksa, hpofunohocfanun unconoiuucckum hpcnycxncnu-
nm u konuchuuu canufapnoio kopnona fakou ccpicsniu qakfop,
kak ncoxonumocfi cncpxunanun Icpmanuu. Hauanuci hcpciono-
pi, kofopic hpononxanuci no aniycfa u hocfonnno hpcpinanuci
us-sa cohpofunncnun honnkon, nc noncpnnmux, u nc cs ocnonanun,
cnocmy nocfounomy coccny. Ionima hocfanuna aninuuan hcpcn nu-
ncmmou: hpcxnc nafi iapanfuu samufi Ionimu u numi safcm
hpucfyhufi k saknkucnuk coinamcnuu c npyiumu ncpxanamu.
Icui mna o niopc hpuopufcfon: ccnu n onnonc hpusnananu, ufo
Concfi fchcpi uipakf naxnyk poni, fo, cncnonafcnino, hpcxnc
ncoxonumo ychokoufi honnkon.
Takona ina cufyauun, n kofopou aninuuckoc hpanufcnicfno n
konuc mapfa hpunumano pcmcnun. J1 mapfa 1J i. Hcmcpncn,
nicfyhan n Ianafc omun, sannun: ccnu kakan-nuo nocnnan ak-
uun, naxc n ocfanonkc nuhnomafuucckux hcpcionopon, yncf nnno
yipoxafi ncsanucumocfu Ionimu, u honnku coufyf xusncnno nc-
oxonumim okasafi cu cunonoc cohpofunncnuc, fo Bcnukopufanun
hpuncf k num na homomi, fo xc camoc cncnacf panuun (c kofopou
n hpcninymuc nnu hpanufcnicfno onnona hponcno coofncfcfnyk-
muc koncynifauuu).
Ofo in hcpniu cuinan o usmcncnuu honufuucckou nunuu.
Iin nu sfo ccpicsniu honopof Hyxno nnumafcnino usyuufi cno-
na, uchonisonannic Hcmcpncnom (cncnycf yuccfi, ufo sfu nkan-
ci safcm inu uchonisonani Hcpuunncm no npcmn konqcpcnuuu n
Snfc n 145 i.). Aninuuanc iapanfuponanu foniko ncsanucumocfi
27
Ionimu, no, koncuno, nc ucnocfnocfi Ionickoio iocynapcfna. Of-
ckna cncnycf ninon, ufo Hcmcpncn, cmc nc paccfancn c nancxna-
mu na ymupofnopcnuc, hofomy ufo nc iapanfuponafi ucnocfnocfi
Ionimu osnauano ocfanufi nosmoxnocfi nnn komhpomucca ho
nohpocy o anuuic u Ionickom kopunopc.
Iocnc onnocfoponncu nnounou iapanfuu 6 ahpcnn cocfonncn
nusuf honkonnuka Icka n onnon, u Hcmcpncn cio sancpun, ufo
aninuuanc iofoni hpcnpafufi onnocfoponncc sannncnuc n hakf o
nsaumohomomu. Icpcionopi nauanuci cpasy, no ncnuci nacfoniko
mcnncnno, ufo hakf in honhucan foniko 25 aniycfa hocnc saknk-
ucnun concfcko-icpmanckoio hakfa, koina sfo coinamcnuc yxc nc
umcno kakoio-nuo hpakfuucckoio snaucnun.
4.3.2. HOCLE,HUE HOHMTKU MUPHOFO KOMHPOMUCCA
Ofa mcnnufcninocfi ina cnnsana co cnoxnocfik u koncanu-
nmu, nosnukmumu na npyiux qponfax nuhnomafuucckux hcpciono-
pon. B fcucnuc nccni u ncfa 1J i. nhnofi no nauana qunaninoio
sfaha kpusuca nc ino ncnocfafka n oncc unu mcncc nnymakmux
noncpuc oquuuaninix konfakfax mcxny uncnamu icpmanckoio
hpanufcnicfna (n uacfnocfu, Icpuniom, qon Bauusckkcpom u Uax-
fom) u hpcncfanufcnnmu onnona, cfpcmunmumucn ncpnyficn k
uncc, ofpomcnnou Iucnfpohom, nosononncnun nuhnomafuucc-
kux hcpcionopon u nocfuxcnun komhpomucca ho kononuanino-
skonomuucckum hponcmam.
Cfouf ofmcfufi pnn nauoncc naxnix momcnfon, fccno cnnsan-
nix nuo c okpyxcnucm Hcmcpncna, nuo c anfunocnnou qponnou,
cymccfnonanmcu n Icpmanuu. Inannim yuacfnukom onnoio us
shusonon in mononou icpmanckuu apucfokpaf Anam qon Tpoff uy
3oniu, fccno cnnsanniu c aninuuckumu unfcnnckfyaninimu kpyia-
mu u noncpcnniu cofpynnuk Bauusckkcpa. Kniu nuhnomaf in
ycxncnnim hpofunnukom nncmncu honufuku Iufncpa u cucfcmi
nauucfckoio hpanncnun. on Tpoff uchonnnn onsannocfu iocy-
napcfncnnoio cckpcfapn ho unocfpannim ncnam, f.c. in inannim
cofpynnukom Iucnfpoha, u sanuman cfoni snauumoc honoxcnuc,
ufo nancnncn concucfnonafi hpcnofnpamcnuk kafacfpoqi, kofopan
hpunuxanaci u k cio cfpanc, u, kak on honaian, moina i nanccfu
ccpicsniu ymcp, hpcxnc nccio, Icpmanuu.
on Tpoff hpuin n onnon n nauanc uknn 1J i., ufoi pc-
anusonafi samiccn, paspaofanniu nmccfc c Bauusckkcpom u
Banifcpom Icncnom onnum us cofpynnukon Iufncpa. Hcmcpncn
nicnyman cio c nnumanucm u cumhafucu, hockoniky y mononoio uc-
noncka inu nccomic ncpufcninic ipamofi, u on in nipasufcncm
28O
unfcpccon sacnyxunakmux noncpun kpyion. on Tpoff koncfafu-
ponan, ufo cymccfnykf nosmoxnocfu nnn hcpcionopon. Onnako
nosnpamcnun n Icpmanuk cio nocxoxncnuc ho ucpapxuucckou ncc-
fnuuc ino hpcpnano Iucnfpohom, kofopomy ynanoci copnafi
iofonunmuccn kosnu cohcpnukon. Hccmofpn na fo, ufo Iufncp in
usncmcn o hnanax, ocyxnanmuxcn n onnonc, u n hocncnykmuc
ncncnu qon Tpoff honyuun paspcmcnuc na hocsnky n Bcnukopu-
fanuk, no noncpuc k ncmy n onnonc pacccnnoci, u cio cfanu hpu-
numafi sa nauucfckoio aicnfa, f.c. concpmcnno nc sa foio, kcm on
in na camom ncnc.
B hpanufcnicfnc Bcnukopufanuu u n opun Oqquc hpucfy-
hunu k paspaofkc nonix hnanon. Aninuuanc cfpcmunuci ycfano-
nufi konfakfi c Icpuniom, kofopiu in ncnfcncm nomcpom nna n
pcuxc, u kofopoio n sfu nnu Iucnfpoh ofonnunyn na mapiunani-
nic hosuuuu, nsnn n cnou pyku pykononcfno hcpcionopamu c Hfanu-
cu u Concfckum Coksom. Ho Icpuni nc ofkasancn nu of fcx hosu-
uuu, kofopic on sanuman n cucfcmc nnacfu, nu of cnoux namcpcnuu
cfapaficn uscxafi nocnnoio pcmcnun kpusuca. B sfou cufyauuu
inu hpcnhpunnfi fpu nuhnomafuucckuc akuuu, hopyucnnic nu-
ncfanfam u nc umcnmuc onimoio ychcxa. Bcnymum yuacfnukom
hcpnou us nux in mncnckuu hpomimncnnuk Akccni Bcnncp-
Ipcn, kofopiu n konuc man ncfpcfuncn c Icpuniom u honyuun of
ncio ofkponcnnoc honfncpxncnuc cio ncxcnanun nouni. On fyf
xc hpuin n onnon u in hpunnf Hcmcpncnom. Ho ho ncohif-
nocfu mncn nc cmoi nipaofafi hpcnnoxcnun, nocfounic noncpun
unu xofn i ocyxncnun, hosfomy cio muccun hponanunaci.
Yuacfnukom nfopoio skchcpumcnfa in oncc nocfouniu uc-
nonck, Icnimyf Bonifaf, samccfufcni pykononufcnn ncnomcfna ho
ocymccfnncnuk ucfipcxncfncio skonomuucckoio hnana Icpmanuu
u yhonnomoucnniu Icpunia, cnnsanniu c num nuunim cofpynnu-
uccfnom, yuacfnuk mnoiocfoponnux skonomuucckux u kpunuucc-
kux hcpcionopon pasnoio pona (n uacfnocfu, on yuacfnonan n Icp-
mynckou konqcpcnuuu ho nohpocy o cxcnuax). K fomy xc on in
nuunim npyiom cspa Iopauun Bunicona, pykononufcnn iocynap-
cfncnnou ipaxnanckou cnyxi u nccima anfopufcfnoio concfnuka
Hsmcpncna. Bonifaf hpu honncpxkc icpmanckoio hocna n onno-
nc qona upkccna u ho cnocu nuunou unuuuafunc n uknc-uknc
1J i. hohifancn hcpccmofpcfi concpxanuc nosmoxnoio anino-
icpmanckoio coinamcnun. Onnako on sahyfancn, nancnci naufu
nixon us kpusuca c homomik skonomuucckux mcfonon. Icpuni
honncpxan cio, fcm nc mcncc muccun Bonifafa hpofckana fpynno u
sacfohopunaci n oucni nahpnxcnnou ocfanonkc uknnaniycfa;
umcnno n fc nnu hofcphcn quacko Bcnncp-Ipcn, ufo ycununo nc-
noncpuc pufanucn.
281
Yuacfnuk fpcficu hohifku npyiou mncnckuu hpomimncn-
nuk Iupicp ancpyc, n fcucnuc mnoiux ncf in nuunim npyiom
Icpunia. On in ycxncn, ufo kpusuca ocnonan na ncnocfafounom
snanuu pcaninix namcpcnuu, u cfpcmuncn nochonnufi sfof hpo-
cn c homomik pastncncnuu ocum cfoponam. On xofcn ycnufi
Icpunia n pufanckou pcmumocfu, a aninuuan n cymccfnonanuu
nosmoxnocfcu nnn hcpcionopon. On fakxc hpuin n onnon n na-
uanc uknn, u cio muccun hcpcccknaci co nfopou qasou nuhnomafu-
ucckou akuuu Bonifafa. Imy ynanoci opianusonafi ncfpcuy mcxny
ipyhhou aninuuckux hpcnhpunumafcncu u Icpuniom, kofopan co-
cfonnaci n nauanc aniycfa na ocfponc Cunf (nnusu sahannoio hoc-
pcxin anuu), no fam nc nosnukno ccpicsnix hpcnnoxcnuu. B sfux
hohifkax nc ino nuucio nocfounoio nnumanun, u aninuuanc,
xofn u iofoni inu k ocyxncnuk hponcm, hocfchcnno hpumnu
k saknkucnuk, ufo nukakou komhpomucc yxc ncnosmoxcn.
Kak ofmcuacf .C. Yoff, ncynaua sfux hocncnnux ycunuu noso-
nonufi honufuky ymupofnopcnun ina cnnsana c omuounimu
hpcncfanncnunmu pufanucn. Ipcnhpunnfic umu hohifku ocno-
ninanuci na ycxncnuu, ufo honcncnuc aninuuan ccpicsno ccho-
kouf ncmucn, kofopic, ccnu u honumanu, ufo nc moiyf oncpxafi
cckponnyk hocny, fo coinacni inu houfu na komhpomucc. Ofo
ycxncnuc ino inyoko omuounim, hockoniky nc yuufinanoci
fo ocfonfcnicfno, ufo konfakfi aninuuan c Icpuniom yfncpxnanu
Iufncpa no mncnuu, coinacno kofopomy Bcnukopufanun nc n co-
cfonnuu hpuufu na homomi Ionimc. Cuufanoci, ufo anino-icp-
manckuc ofnomcnun nnnnkfcn cfcpxncm cnpohcuckou nuhnoma-
fuu, a sfo ino onimum sanyxncnucm, uo ncn mcxnynaponnan
xusni n Inpohc hpumna n nnuxcnuc. Hakoncu, hpcnhonaianoci
hucan Yoff, ufo hcpchckfuna kponanou hocni uyxna Iufncpy.
Ho on noncc nc ofncpian cc, oncc foio, on hpononxan o ncu pas-
mimnnfi. Iohifku noionopuficn ycxnanu cio, ufo aninuuanc, nc
pasncnnn cio cfpcmncnun k nounc, n hocncnnuu momcnf nanyf san-
nuu xon.
4.3.3. HOUCK ,UHLOMATUUECKUX KOALUUUU
Ha nuhnomafuucckom qponfc, ncucfnufcnino, ncc hpumno n
nuxopanounoc nnuxcnuc. Iaccunnoc u onsnunoc ofnomcnuc k ak-
uunm Iufncpa hocfchcnno cmcnunoci pnnom unuuuafun, nc nccina
ckoopnunuponannix u sauacfyk hpofunopcuunix, kofopic n fcuc-
nuc nccni u ncfa panukanino usmcnunu ocfanonky. Ipcxnc nccio,
onu numunu Iufncpa nosmoxnocfcu nnn cckponnoio mancnpa u ho-
kasanu ncoocnonannocfi cio hocfonnnix ocmanuu nc nauunafi
nouny.
282
Ipcsuncnf Iysncnif nicfyhun, xofn u ncckoniko ooconcnno,
c unuuuafunou, kofopan foina kasanaci pokou u naunnou. 3axnaf
Ipaiu in nnn ncio fpcnoxnim cuinanom ofnocufcnino nauucf-
ckux namcpcnuu, no on honuman, ufo nkoc pcmufcninoc nmcma-
fcnicfno n cnpohcuckuc coifun n fo npcmn nisnano i n CUA
ncnononicfno. Koina ufaninnui nfopinuci n Ananuk, on, uchoni-
syn cufyauuk, napymun hpunuuh ncnmcmafcnicfna u ofhpanun
Iufncpy u Mycconunu hocnanuc (14 ahpcnn 1J i.) c fpconanucm
k num hponcmoncfpuponafi, ufo cfpcmncnuc k mupy, o kofopom
cfoni uacfo ionopunoci, nnnnnoci ncucfnufcninim kypcom ux mcx-
nynaponnou honufuku. Iosfomy on hpcnnoxun nnym hpanufcni-
cfnam hpunnfi nccnfuncfnkk iapanfuk ofkasa of nkix aipcccun-
nix namcpcnuu u usnccfufi o sfom J1 iocynapcfno Inpohi u
Inuxncio Bocfoka, ux chucok hpunaiancn. Icnu oa anpccafa ho-
cnanun hpucocnunnfcn k hpcnnoxcnuk, noannnn Iysncnif, nc-
ckoniko hpcyncnuuunan snaucnuc oipanuucnuu, nanaiacmix Akfom
o ncufpanufcfc, fo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi coinacnfcn yuacfnonafi n
hcpcionopax o pasopyxcnuu, o cokpamcnuu apicpon n mcxnynapon-
nou fopionnc u n paccmofpcnuu fckymux honufuucckux hponcm.
Mycconunu nc ofncfun, no oxapakfcpusonan hpcnnoxcnuc Iys-
ncnifa kak acypnnoc; nnc ncncnu chycfn, Iufncp no npcmn nicfyh-
ncnun n pcuxcfaic, kofopoc Iysncnif pacucnun kak nuuniu nihan,
ofpuuan, ufo Icpmanun hufacf aipcccunnic namcpcnun. Akuun
amcpukanckoio hpcsuncnfa ina cfoni ncoxunannou u usonupo-
nannou, ufo cfpanno ino i oxunafi npyiou pcakuuu.
Tcm nc mcncc, Iysncnif nc hpcmunyn honucpknyfi snaucnuc
sfoio hocnanun, honkpchun cio cmc oncc kpacnopcuunimu unu-
uuafunamu. Hcpcs amcpukanckux hocnon n Iapuxc u n Bapmanc on
nipasun namcpcnuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon honncpxafi cnpohcu-
ckuc ncpxani n ux hpofunocfonnuu nanincumcmy pacmupcnuk
icpmanckou aipcccuu. Ocmanuc Iysncnifa cfanonunoci cmc oncc
nccomim, naionapn ocosnanuk foio, ufo ucxon opii, n konuc
konuon, yncf sanuccfi of amcpukanckou hosuuuu. Ofnomcnuc
Iysncnifa, u sfo cfouf honfopufi, ino cmc ncucfkum u, kasanoci,
naunnim. Ho ono hocnyxuno nahomunanucm nccm saunfcpcconan-
nim cfoponam, ufo onnaxni, n 117 i., amcpukanckoc nmcmafcni-
cfno yxc umcno pcmakmcc snaucnuc u ufo nonic nicfyhncnun,
cnumkom nccfaunusupykmuc ocfanonky, nisinakf fpcnoiy n
hnancfapnom macmfac, a nnunnuc amcpukanckou ncpxani n mupc
nccima snauufcnino. Icnu hpnmoc opamcnuc k Icpmanuu u Hfa-
nuu Mycconunu oucnun ho-cnocmy npko, fo Iufncp ncnooucnun
cio, hockoniky in ycxncn, ufo cmoxcf, kak nccina, icfpo ohc-
pcnufi pcmcnun npyiux ncpxan.
28J
Cnnuiu na mcxnynaponnou apcnc nchocpcncfncnno safpaiunanu
npyiuc cfpani Inpohi. panuun n fof momcnf onnou us hcpnix n
honnou mcpc inyoko hpouyncfnonana, kak fpynno naxonuficn n
usonnuuu. nufcniniu hcpuon pasouaponanmcu honufuku ymupof-
nopcnun honnck sa coou ymcnimcnuc noncpun k Bcnukopufanuu;
nonic uncu, ucxonunmuc us onnona, umcnu xapakfcp hoxcnanuu u
nnoucfncnnocfi iapanfuu, hpcnnoxcnnou Ionimc, numi honfncpx-
nana sfo. ananic nounancn onimcu ohpcncncnnocfu of aninu-
uan, no n kakom nahpanncnuu nnuiaficn ino ncncno.
Iohifka nananufi ofnomcnun c Hfanucu, ncpcmufcnino hpcn-
hpunnfan n nauanc 1J i., cfana sanaucu hapanncninou nuhnoma-
fuu. Ioni Ionysn, hpcsuncnf Hnnokufauckoio anka, nonxcn in
hpuifi c muccucu n Ium. Imy hpcncfonno copafi unqopmauuk
o nosmoxnocfu honnunnoio cnuxcnun c Hfanucu. Mycconunu u
Huano nc sannnu nciafunnyk hosuuuk u yfoununu, ufo fpconanun
Hfanuu kacanuci foniko xuyfu u xcncsnou nopoiu na Annuc-
Acy, Cysukoio kanana u Tynuca. Ofu fpu nohpoca hocfonnno
quiypuponanu n xonc ufano-qpanuysckux hcpcionopon. Yuacfnuku
hcpcionopon n nnnapc nc cmoinu nu o ucm noionopuficn, no coxpa-
nunu konfakfi naxc hocnc saxnafa Ipaiu, koina ufaninnui ho-
uyncfnonanu, ufo ncc ncmcukoio npyia cfanonufcn cnumkom yi-
poxakmum. Imc n mac nakanync saknkucnun Cfaninoio hakfa
qpanuysi sanymanuci o fom, nackoniko cnocnpcmcnno ino noso-
nonnnfi nuanoi, kofopiu onu, k fomy xc, nc oucni xofcnu hpo-
nonxafi, u n pcsynifafc ocfanufi Mycconunu n cocfonnuu ncyc-
fouuunoio pannonccun mcxny Icpmanucu, nisinakmcu ncc mcnimc
noncpun, u Bcnukopufanucu, honufuka kofopou cfanonunaci ncc
mcncc nnnfnou.
ocfyh k Iankanckomy honyocfpony nnn panuuu in sakpif.
Iocnc ucxocnonaukou kafacfpoqi u ychcxon Bcnipuu cfapic npysin
panuuu hohifanuci hpuchocoufi cnok honufuky k nonou cufya-
uuu. Ocfananoci numi nna hyfu, no oa naxonunuci n sanucumocfu
of aninuuckou honufuku: hyfi hpnmix iapanfuu Ionimc u coina-
mcnuc c Concfamu. 4 man icncpaninic mfai panuuu u Aninuu,
ocyxnan nosmoxnocfi nknkucnun Ionimu n omyk cfpafciuk,
hocfanonunu: ccnu Ionima okaxcfcn saxnaucna Icpmanucu, fo cc
cynia yncf sanuccfi of ucxona konqnukfa n ucnom, a nc of nc-
hocpcncfncnnoio nmcmafcnicfna nnyx cfpan n honicko-icpmanckyk
nouny, ufo ino i n nocnnom ofnomcnuu numcno cmicna u, cnc-
nonafcnino, nc moino umcfi mccfa (fak ofmcuacf x. I.M. Iafncp,
ucfopuk nocnnou cfpafciuu Bcnukopufanuu). Ofckna cncnonano,
ufo nkoc onsafcnicfno, kofopoc qpanuysi (u aninuuanc) nsnnu
i na ccn ofnocufcnino Ionimu, nc moino hpunnfi qopmy ncmcn-
284
ncnnou u sqqckfunnou homomu. Bhpoucm, sfo ofncuano onimcu
uacfu konccpnafunnoio omccfncnnoio mncnun panuuu, ufo founo
ino nochpousncncno n nasnanuu cfafiu, ohynukonannou J man
Mapccncm ca n Onp hon saiononkom Ymcpcfi sa anuui, inc
pufopuucckuu nohpoc honpasymcnan nciafunniu ofncf.
Bncmnchonufuucckan ncnfcninocfi Iapuxa yuufinana sfu na-
cfpocnun. Coksniu qpanko-honickuu noionop 125 i. in onon-
ncn 12 man 1J i. B nocnnom coinamcnuu, kofopoc oa icncpani-
nix mfaa honhucanu 1 man, ino ycfanonncno, ufo qpanuysckan
apmun nauncf icncpaninoc nacfyhncnuc na ipanuuc c Icpmanucu
hnfnanuafi nncu chycfn hocnc nahancnun Icpmanuu na Ionimy
hpu ycnonuu, ufo nocnnoc coinamcnuc yncf honkpchncno honufu-
ucckum noionopom. Onnako, usnccfno, ufo c honhucanucm hpofo-
kona o honufuucckom coinamcnuu nc fopohunuci, cio saknkuunu
foniko 4 ccnfnpn, koina nauanaci nouna coofncfcfncnno, qpan-
uysckuc noucka nonxni inu nauafi nacfyhncnuc 1 ccnfnpn.
Cfouf samcfufi, ufo no sfou nafi, yxc 17 ccnfnpn honickoc hpa-
nufcnicfno, cfanmcc xcpfnou monnucnocnou iufncponckou nouni,
cxano sa ipanuuy. Icmakmum in fof qakf, kommcnfupycf
Xuniipycp, ufo qpanko-pufanckuc coinamcnun of ahpcnn
1J i. o conmccfnix nocnnix ncucfnunx ucknkuanu qpanuysckoc
nacfyhncnuc n sfom cnyuac.
4.3.4. HPOBLEMA COBETOB
Conccm npyioc snaucnuc moino umcfi coinamcnuc c Concfckum
Coksom. Cpasy hocnc saxnafa Ipaiu aninuuanc hpcnhpunnnu n
sfom nahpanncnuu hcpnic maiu, coinaconannic c Ionimcu, a
hpuopufcf coksa c Bapmanou hpuncn k onnocfoponncu iapanfuu
of J1 mapfa. panuysi paccuufinanu na nospoxncnuc hakfa 1J5 i.
u na cio pacmupcnuc c nknkucnucm Bcnukopufanuu, Ionimu u
Iyminuu, uic hpanufcnicfno ino ccpicsno occhokocno namcpc-
nunmu Icpmanuu.
3anaua cocfonna n fom, ufoi nincnufi iofonnocfi Concfon
ncucfnonafi n fom xc nahpanncnuu, u Mockna ncsamcnnufcnino cc
honfncpnuna. 1J ahpcnn concfckuu hocon n Iapuxc Cypuu ncfpc-
funcn c Ionnc u hpcnnoxun cmy coinamcnuc na ycnonunx nsaum-
nocfu, kofopoc hpcnycmafpunano ncmcnncnnyk homomi Concfckoio
Coksa panuuu, ccnu hocncnnnn okaxcfcn n cocfonnuu nouni c
Icpmanucu us-sa hpcnocfanncnun homomu Ionimc u Iyminuu.
Ofo ino nauanom noniux u honnix ncoxunannocfcu hcpcionopon,
n kofopix naxnyk poni uipanu hpcnycxncnun u ncnoncpuc, no,
hpcxnc nccio xon hcpcionopon ohpcncnnncn nonim mcxnynaponnim
honoxcnucm Concfckoio Coksa.
285
Tak, ccnu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nauanu usnancka hpucmafpu-
naficn k nisinanmcu ohaccnun honufukc Iufncpa, u Iysncnif
hpcnhpunnn hcpnic, xofn u cspcsynifafnic akuuu, fo npyian nc-
nukan ncpxana, no foio npcmcnu ocfananmancn na oouunc cnpo-
hcuckou honufuku, okasanaci nonncucnnou n cpcnofouuc hpofuno-
cfonnun n cuny cnocio nunamusma u icoipaquucckoio honoxcnun.
Ioni CCCI hocnc hpaxckux coifuu nccima ofnuuanoci of fou,
kofopyk on uipan n ioni hontcma nauusma, koina foniko nauanoci
cio cnuxcnuc u hohifku cofpynnuuccfna c ncmokpafuucckumu
cfpanamu, hockoniky no nnyfpcnncu xusnu mnoiux cnpohcuckux
iocynapcfn cnoxunuci nonic honufuucckuc qopmi: naponnic
qponfi unu hakfi o cnuncfnc ncucfnuu.
Iocnc J1 mapfa 1J i., kak ofmcuakf nuhnomafi foio npcmc-
nu, a fakxc ucfopuku, hosxc usyuanmuc sfu coifun, Concfckuu
Coks hpuopcn noniu ncc n mcxnynaponnix ncnax. Ipufanckuc
iapanfuu Ionimc (sa kofopimu hocncnonano honfncpxncnuc ia-
panfuu co cfoponi panuuu), ncucfnufcnino, hpunananu Cfanuny
yncpcnnocfi, ufo Icpmanun nukoina nc cmoxcf nahacfi na Concf-
ckuu Coks, nc nisnan npaxncnou pcakuuu Bcnukopufanuu u
panuuu. Bcni nnn hononoio nahancnun ncoxonumo ino hcpc-
ccui fcppufopuk Ionimu, kofopan ofkasanaci nicfyhufi coom-
nukom Icpmanuu u sannna hosuuuk hpofunoncucfnun icpmanckomy
skchancuonusmy.
Hcoxonumo nnumafcnino hpoananusuponafi hocncncfnun sfux
usmcncnuu. o Mknxcnckou konqcpcnuuu Cfanun moi cuufafi,
moxcf ifi, u nc cs ocnonanun, ufo cfpafciun sahannix kahufa-
nucfuucckux ncpxan ofnocufcnino Icpmanuu saknkuanaci n fom,
ufoi nahpanufi pcnusuonucfckuu skchancuonusm Iufncpa hpo-
fun Concfckoio Coksa: opucnfuponafi Iufncpa na nocfok n cio
houckax xusncnnoio hpocfpancfna nnn Icpmanuu, nosmoxno, c
hofcnuuaninim saknkucnucm coofncfcfnykmcio coinamcnun c
Ionimcu. Ipufanckan iapanfun Bapmanc pacccunana sfu ohaccnun
u hpunanana Cfanuny yncpcnnocfi n npyiux hpcnhonoxcnunx, hpo-
funohonoxnix fcm, kofopimu on pykononcfnonancn hpcxnc n cnocu
mcxnynaponnou ncnfcninocfu.
Hnauc ionopn, sfa yncpcnnocfi fpancqopmuponanaci n cnoony
ncucfnuu, hofomy ufo c fcx hop Cfanun, oucnun snaucnuc honyucn-
nix Ionimcu iapanfuu u paccmafpunan ux kak hpukpifuc, kofopoc
occhcuunano Concfckomy Coksy houfu aconkfnyk csohacnocfi,
honyuun nosmoxnocfi panukanino hcpccmofpcfi cfpafciuk concf-
ckou nncmncu honufuku n coofncfcfnuu c nyxom npcmcnu. Kak i
sfo nu niinnncno hapanokcanino, cfpafciuucckuu niop aninuu-
ckux u qpanuysckux nuhnomafon hosnonun Cfanuny ocnoonuficn
286
of ncoxonumocfu coinamcnun c 3ahanom u nan cmy nosmoxnocfi
ncucfnonafi c naunyumumu pcsynifafamu nnn CCCI. Hcxonn us
honumanun foio, ufo nnn Cfanuna c cio cchpcncninim hpaimafus-
mom nc ino cymccfncnnoio pasnuuun mcxny icpmanckum kahufa-
nusmom u kahufanusmom anino-qpanuysckoio fonka, cfanonufcn
ncno, ufo, ccnu ofnncuicn of icohonufuucckux hocfpocnuu, y ncio
honnunuci nosmoxnocfu, hapfncpi u honxonnmuu momcnf nnn fcx
noionopon, kofopic on n ufoic honhucan.
Icpnim npkum cnuncfcnicfnom nonix ycfanonok Cfanuna cfano
ipyoc u pcskoc cmcmcnuc 4 man 1J i. co cnocio hocfa munucfpa
unocfpannix ncn ufnunona, kofopiu in ncnymum yuacfnukom
u cumnonom honufuku cofpynnuuccfna c sahannimu ncpxanamu.
Ha cio mccfo in nasnaucn Bnuccnan Monofon, mano usnccfniu sa
hpcncnamu Concfckoio Coksa, no choconiu oucni xccfko ni-
honnnfi nupckfuni Cfanuna.
B cymnocfu, Cfanun oucnun cnoxunmykcn cufyauuk nccima
uunuuno. Hc ino comncnun, ufo hpu hcpnou nosmoxnocfu Iuf-
ncp hohifacfcn ycfanonufi cnou konfponi nan Ionimcu. Imc
moxno ino chopufi, hpousouncf nu sfo mupnimu unu nocnnimu
cpcncfnamu, no npcmn mno, a ychcxon n xonc hcpcionopon nc ino,
u oncc foio, oocfpcnnan nchpumupumocfi Aninuu u panuuu n
coucfanuu c xccfkum honickum nauuonanusmom ncnanu ncc oncc
ncponfnim nocnnoc pcmcnuc. Iufncp, ncucfnufcnino, nckopc ocy-
mccfnun sfo pcmcnuc, a sahannic ncpxani nc cmoinu n kopofkuc
cpoku opianusonafi cmy sqqckfunniu ofhop, yuufinan pasnuuy n
yponnc honiofonku nocnnix cun.
Icpcn Cfanunim n kpafkocpounom hnanc cfonna sanaua niopa
mcxny fpcmn napuanfamu ncucfnuu: 1) hpofunocfonfi Iufncpy
naxc u n nocnnom hnanc (no inc u kak, ccnu nc na honickou fcp-
pufopuu), puckyn hpu sfom nckopc ynuncfi na concfckou ipanuuc
npaxncnyk icpmanckyk apmuk, hocnunmyk Ionimy; 2) coxpa-
nufi ncufpanufcf n nounc, ucxon kofopou in hpcnohpcncncn, u
iofonuficn k fomy, ufoi n ynymcm cncnafi cnou niop; J) noio-
nopuficn c Iufncpom sa cucf Ionimu u n kauccfnc niuipima ho-
nyuufi cpasy omyfumic pcsynifafi, kofopic ucpcs nckofopoc npc-
mn chococfnonanu i ykpchncnuk concfckou csohacnocfu. Ipu
sfom umcnaci nccima ncponfnan nosmoxnocfi, ufo, oncpxan hocny
nan Ionimcu, Iufncp cmoxcf, pano unu hosnno, nahacfi na CCCI.
Hasnaucnuc Monofona honfncpxnano, ufo Cfanun yuufinan
sfy nonyk cnoony ncucfnuu u ncn cnok nuhnomafuucckyk uipy,
niupan nauoncc ynoniu momcnf. 11 man iascfa Hsnccfun
ohynukonana cfafik, kofopan nipaxana pasouaponanuc Concfon
fcm, ufo ux hpcnnoxcnuc hakfa o nsaumohomomu nc ino hono-
xufcnino hpunnfo nu qpanuysamu, nu aninuuanamu, kofopic of-
287
kasanuci hpcnocfanufi nsaumnic iapanfuu Concfckoio Coksy. Ic-
pcionopi hpononxanuci, no umcnno n sfu nnu n Mocknc concfckan
nuhnomafun nosononuna konfakfi c icpmanckumu hpcncfanufcnn-
mu nnuny offchcnu n skonomuucckux ofnomcnunx, kofopan nckopc
moina hpuopccfu u honufuucckuu xapakfcp. Huufo onimc, ucm
sfo conhancnuc, nc moino i cfoni kpacnopcuuno honfncpnufi,
ufo n 1J i., n hcpuon mcxny ccpcnunou man u 2J aniycfa, Cfanun
onnonpcmcnno uipan na nnyx cfonax, hoka nc pcmun, ufo ncoxo-
numo cncnafi hpoicpmanckuu niop.
4.3.5. HAKAH.HE COBETCKO-HAUUCTCKOFO
COFLATEHUH
Bhnofi no sfoio niopa, hocncncfnun kofopoio moinu cfafi
pcmakmumu, Cfanun u Monofon ocfannnnu ofkpifou nncpi nnn
anfuicpmanckoio coinamcnun, ncmoncfpupyn cnok iofonnocfi
hpononxafi hcpcionopi, namcucnnic na ahpcni. B fcucnuc man
qpanuysi, aninuuanc u Concfi ocnonafcnino ocyxnanu hponc-
my coinamcnun hpu sfom omymancn fpynno ynonumiu, no omy-
fumiu cfpax nonoio umhponusuponannoio Iahanno. panuysam
ynanoci ycnufi aninuuan n fom, ufo Iufncpa moxno ocfanonufi,
foniko hokasan no ufo oouncfcn cmy nocnnan ananfkpa. 24 man
pufanckoc hpanufcnicfno hpusnano hpunuuh fpcxcfoponncio co-
inamcnun o nsaumnou iapanfuu, u ucpcs ncckoniko nncu o sfom
pcmcnuu onnona ino coomcno Monofony.
Hauanaci pcmakman u nauoncc cnoxnan qasa hcpcionopon, no
npcmn kofopou Monofon, nochonisonanmuci koncanunmu aninu-
uan u qpanuyson, honiofonun houny nnn coinamcnun c icpmanckum
pykononcfnom. Concfckuc hpcnnoxcnun umcnu n nuny onsafcni-
cfna, oncc omupnic, ucm fc, ufo hpcnycmafpunanuci aninuuanamu
u qpanuysamu. Iocncnnuc inu ycxncni, ufo camo cymccfnona-
nuc coinamcnun mcxny kpyhncumumu cnpohcuckumu ncpxanamu
usonuponano i Iufncpa, oipanuuun cio nuhnomafuucckoc hpo-
cfpancfno Cfaninim hakfom, a sfo sacfanuno i qkpcpa hcpc-
cmofpcfi hnani cnoux ncucfnuu.
Cfanun, nahpofun, xofcn hpunafi coinamcnuk onimyk sna-
uumocfi, ufoi Concfckuu Coks yuacfnonan n noionopcnnocfnx,
occhcuunanmux iapanfuu nccu Inpohc, unauc ionopn, cfan i ap-
ufpom mupa n Inpohc. Kpomc foio, Cfanun cfpcmuncn honucpk-
nyfi naxnocfi nocnnoio achckfa: ccnu CCCI nonxcn samumafi
Ionimy of nahancnun Icpmanuu, fo kak on cmoxcf nihonnufi
cnou onsafcnicfna, nc honyuun of Bapmani paspcmcnuc na hpoxon
concfckux nouck ho ycfanonncnnomy kopunopy na honickou fcppu-
fopuu
288
Baxno ofmcfufi, ufo nocnnan konuchuun coinamcnun, kofo-
pyk ofcfaunanu Concfi, konfpacfuponana c honufuucckou kon-
uchuucu aninuuan u qpanuyson; concfckan konuchuun cosnanana
na hyfu hcpcionopon fakoc onimoc hpchnfcfnuc, kofopoc ino
oucni fpynno ooufu. na achckfa hponcmi nccima ocnoxnnnu
cufyauuk: inyokoc u oocnonannoc ncnoncpuc Ionimu k Concf-
ckomy Coksy u hpanonan cfopona nocfuxcnun noionopcnnocfcu.
cno n fom, ufo Ionima na fof momcnf nc yuacfnonana n coinamc-
nuu, kofopoc hpcnycmafpunano i hcpcnnuxcnuc nouck na cc fcp-
pufopuu cs koncynifauuu c hpanufcnicfnom Bapmani unauc
honnku ninnunynu i nciko hpcnckasycmic nospaxcnun. Tpynnocfu
nosnuknu u hpu ocyxncnuu hponcmi hpuanfuuckux cfpan, na
kofopic Mockna xofcna pachpocfpanufi cnok iapanfuk. C numu
naxc nc hpcnycmafpunanuci koncynifauuu, xofn qpanuysi, n of-
nuuuc of aninuuan, inu cknonni ycfyhufi fpconanunm Concfon
n sfom nohpocc.
B cnoxunmcucn cufyauuu hcpcionopi c fpynom inu nofnnyfi
no konua uknn, koina onu nocfuinu kpufuucckoio momcnfa. Mono-
fon 2J uknn pcmun unuuuuponafi ncmcnncnnoc nauano ux saknk-
uufcninou qasi n Mocknc, inc hpcncfanufcnu sahannix ncpxan
nonxni inu hpcncfanufi cnou hpcnnoxcnun. uckyccuu naua-
nuci 12 aniycfa hon hpcnccnafcnicfnom mapmana Bopomunona, no c
camoio nauana nosnuknu comncnun n cc sqqckfunnocfu, fak kak
nocnnic hpcncfanufcnu Aninuu u panuuu nc umcnu nocfafounix
honnomouuu.
Ocyxncnuc houfu cpasy yhcpnoci n knkucnyk hponcmy: kak
sacfanufi honnkon hpunnfi fo, c ucm y nux nc ino nu mancumcio
namcpcnun coinacuficn Iockoniky onu inu yncpcni, ufo, ccnu
paspcmaf pycckum ncfyhufi na honickyk fcppufopuk, fo fc yxc
nukoina nc yunyf. Iocncnncc concmanuc hpcncfanufcncu fpcx ncp-
xan hpomno 21 aniycfa n Mocknc. panuun hpcnnoxuna nnycmic-
ncnnyk qopmynuponky, coinacno kofopou coinamcnuc ino i
nosmoxnim cs yucfa mncnun honnkon. B fof momcnf sfa nuhno-
mafuucckan ynonka ina cchoncsnou, hofomy ufo Cfanun yxc
cncnan cnou niop n honisy Icpmanuu.
4.4. Peaxuwn Uiatww na notwiwxy Fepmanww
4.4.1. ALBTEPHATUBM UTALBHHCKOU ,UHLOMATUU?
Hfanun ina mcnimc safponyfa nonou nonnou nuhnomafuucc-
kou akfunnocfu Iufncpa, no hponnnnna nc mcnimuu unfcpcc k fcm
hcpcmcnam, kofopic Mknxcn u saxnaf Ipaiu nisnanu n Inpohc.
28
Iasmax hcpcmcn in cfoni snauufcninim, ufo hpuncn k cymc-
cfncnnomy ocnancnuk hosuuuu Hfanuu u ymcnimcnuk ponu
Mycconunu n kauccfnc apufpa cync mupa n Inpohc, kofopyk on
uipan n Mknxcnc. Ioufufcninocfi xc, ncusmcnno ncmoncfpupo-
nanmancn qkpcpom Mycconunu, nochpunumanaci nyuc kak hocfo-
nnnoc cnuncfcnicfno hpusnanun cio ncnymcu ponu n npyxcckux
ofnomcnunx nnyx nuncpon.
C pasnufucm kpusuca Mycconunu moi nipafi onun us nnyx
hyfcu n ofnomcnuu Icpmanuu. On moi, nounanci pcanusauuu uc-
ncu ufaninnckoio pcnusuonusma, houfu na fccniu coks c Icpma-
nucu, a moi ncucfnonafi oncc iuko u oipanuuufi cofpynnuuccfno
c Icpnunom onsafcnicfnamu, nc sakpchncnnimu n hucimcnnou
qopmc. Icpniu napuanf in snauufcnino oncc puckonannim nnn
Hfanuu, hofomy ufo on hosnonnn Iufncpy honnocfik hpcnnuncfi
ynymcc honcncnuc Mycconunu. Iufncp xopomo honuman, ufo ycf-
pcmncnun Icpmanuu safpaiunanu unfcpcci Hfanuu u, nccmofpn na
cymccfnonanuc Ocu, ncmoncfpafunnoc cofpynnuuccfno n Hchanuu
u uacfic konfakfi mcxny qamucfckumu u nauucfckumu icncpana-
mu, onncn nanuponanun ufaninnckou nuhnomafuu, f.c. cio hyiana
nosmoxnocfi honnoio noccfanonncnun ohpcncnnkmcio ncca Hfa-
nuu. Ofo otncnncf, houcmy n 1J8 i. on cam u Iucnfpoh ncon-
nokpafno honnumanu nohpoc o honhucanuu coksa.
Mofunauuu cfpcmncnun Iufncpa k saknkucnuk coksa packpi-
nanu hpuuuny koncanuu Iuma. Mycconunu yhpnmo cohpofunnnncn
qopmaninomy sakpchncnuk nnycfoponnux ofnomcnuu, hofomy ufo nc
in namcpcn cnnsafi ccn onsafcnicfnamu c Icpmanucu, ofnuuan-
mcucn nckonfponupycmim u nchpcnnuncnnim nunamusmom. C fouku
spcnun Mycconunu, nc ino hpuuun, kofopic sacfanunu i cio
coinacuficn c honhucanucm coksa, iposunmcio ofnafi mcxnynapon-
nyk ncnfcninocfi Hfanuu na munocfi icpmanckou nuhnomafuu. Tcm
oncc, ufo nnn Mycconunu (on honfncpnun sfo n ccnfnpc 14J i.,
hocnc honhucanun hcpcmupun, kofopoc sakpchnnno hopaxcnuc qa-
mucfckou Hfanuu no Bfopou muponou nounc, koina ofcfaunan
cnok nonninocfi ho ofnomcnuk k coksnuky) ina xapakfcpna
cnocopasnan hcuxonoiuucckan ycfanonka, hpuopcfcnnan c ohifom
114115 ii., ofnocuficn c ynaxcnucm u nonninocfik k honhucan-
nim hakfam u saknkucnnim coksam: hpanuno, ucnumoc um nimc
nkix nopm mcxnynaponnoio hpana, hockoniky ono qopmuponano
hpcncfanncnuc, kofopoc on xofcn cosnafi o ccc u o Hfanuu kak
o nocfounix noncpun hapfncpax.
umi hocnc saxnafa Ipaiu Mycconunu honnn, ufo yfpafun ncny-
myk poni n Ocu, u ufo iochoncfnykmcc honoxcnuc sannn Iuf-
ncp. On coinacuncn uipafi poni nfopou ncpxani n ncuscxnom
2O
coksnom noionopc c Icpmanucu. Anifcpnafuna nnn Mycconunu,
nicfyhanmcio hpcnnccfnukom pcnusuonusma, ina hapanokcaninou.
Hfoi nucfanuuponaficn of Icpmanuu, on ninyxncn in pcaiupo-
nafi na pcnusuonusm, kofopiu hpcnpafuncn n nnnyk pcnusuk
umcnno foina, koina ncnymuc cfpani Inpohi nc inu iofoni nc-
mcnncnno u ofkpifo nicfyhufi hpofun Iufncpa. Ipcxnc nccio, sfo
inu fc cfpani, kofopic, kak cfoponnuku honufuku ymupofnopc-
nun, cuufanu, ufo Mycconunu nc honnocfik omuancn.
Iosfomy ocfanancn foniko onun hyfi: nanuponanuc mcxny kom-
hpomuccom u cofpynnuuccfnom. Mycconunu nicfyhan sa cofpynnu-
uccfno nc n cuny unconoiuucckou nusocfu, a hockoniky nyman,
ufo, honncpxan Icpmanuk, Hfanun cmoxcf ycunufi cnok hosuuuk
kak n ofnomcnuu Bcnukopufanuu, npyxa c kofopou ina noso-
nonncna na nonou ocnonc, fak n ofnomcnuu fou xc panuuu, ko-
fopan yhopno ofkasinanaci ocosnanafi honisy cofpynnuuccfna c
Hfanucu n omccnpohcuckom macmfac.
Iocnc Mknxcna u saxnafa Ipaiu Mycconunu cfpcmuncn ncp-
nyficn k fpanuuuonnou nnn ufaninnckou nuhnomafuu honufukc
nanuponanun, nancnci c cc homomik nocfuinyfi ucncu, kofopix
on hocfonnno nounancn: cofpynnuuafi c aninuuanamu u nccfu hc-
pcionopi c qpanuysamu, ufoi noccfanonufi cufyauuk 1J5 i.
nn sfoio nano ino honncpxunafi nusocfi c icpmanckum pcnu-
suonusmom u, nmccfc c fcm, cncpxunafi cio, koina on yipoxan un-
fcpccam Hfanuu.
Hakoncu, hosuuun Mycconunu ohpcncnnnaci nacymnou ho-
fpcnocfik, kofopan nc ina cfoni ocfpou nnn npyiux ncpxan: cmy
in nyxcn mup, on cfpcmuncn k mupy. B fo npcmn, koina cfpax
nouni oxnafun Inpohy, Mycconunu oucni xopomo honuman, ufo
Hfanun nyxnanaci n mupc, ho kpauncu mcpc, n fcucnuc hnfu ncf.
Ofo in munumaniniu cpok nnn foio, ufoi cfpana moina hpcn-
hpunnfi nonic snauufcninic ycunun, ccnu yuufinafi qunanconyk
cufyauuk cfpani u honoxcnuc, n kofopom naxonunaci ufaninnckan
apmun hocnc noun n Oquohuu u Hchanuu.
Koina n nnnapc 1J i. ncfyhunu n cuny Iacxaninic coinamc-
nun, Mycconunu, hpunuman n Iumc Hcmcpncna, honnn, ufo noc-
cosnanuc afmocqcpi qponfa Cfpcsi yxc ncnosmoxno, a honufuka
ohpcncnnkmcio ncca nc umccf oncc nukakux ocnonanuu n cnnsu
c snonkuucu mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu n Inpohc. On houyn-
cfnonan cfpax okasaficn n usonnuuu, a hofomy nauan cknonnficn k
fomy, ufoi coinacuficn n hpunuuhc na saknkucnuc, xofn u nc na
honhucanuc oquuuaninoio fckcfa coksnoio noionopa.
Hfak, n mapfc 1J i., n fo npcmn, kak hpanufcnicfna panuuu
u Bcnukopufanuu iofonunuci hcpccmofpcfi cnok nncmnchonufu-
21
ucckyk cfpafciuk, Mycconunu okasancn n onunouccfnc hcpcn ak-
uunmu Iufncpa, u n cmc onimcm onunouccfnc n cnnsu c pacfymcu
ycxncnnocfik Aninuu u panuuu n fom, ufo nkan ycfyhka,
cncnannan onnomy us nukfafopon, hpuncncf numi k hpcntnnncnuk
nonix fpconanuu. Bhnofi no saxnafa Ipaiu on comncnancn u ko-
ncancn. Iocnc 1516 mapfa 1J i. honoxcnuc Hfanuu cfano npa-
mafuunim. Ha cncnykmuu ncni hocnc iufncponckou akuuu Myc-
conunu nicfyhun na Ionimom qamucfckom concfc c pcuik, n ko-
fopou kpafko oxapakfcpusonan honufuky n Inpohc hocnc 1JJ i.,
ckasan n saknkucnuu, ufo hponcma Hfanuu cocfouf n coxpancnuu
pannonccun cun nnyfpu Ocu. On ckasan nancc: Mi nonxni ync-
nuuufi cnou ncc ho cpanncnuk c namum fonapumcm ho Ocu. Ofo
osnauano, ufo konuchfyanino on yxc paccmafpunan Hfanuk foniko
n pamkax coksa c Icpmanucu.
Iocnc okkyhauuu Ipaiu honcncnuc Icpmanuu numi honfncp-
nuno sfy oucnky. 16 mapfa 1J i. Iufncp hocfyhun c Mycconunu
founo fak xc, kak ion nasan, f.c. nc hofpynuncn hpokoncynifupo-
naficn c num u nc hpunnn no nnumanuc unfcpcci Hfanuu naxc n
munumaninou cfchcnu. Ofnomcnuc Aninuu u panuuu k iufnc-
ponckou akuuu hokasano, ufo nacfyhncnuc nccomcio kpusuca
ohacno hpunusunoci. H cnona Mycconunu ninyxncn in koncfa-
fuponafi, ufo Oci nnnnnaci aninncom, kofopiu hpunocun pcsyni-
fafi foniko onnou cfoponc.
Ionufuucckyk hponcmy sfoio momcnfa ino nciko ohpcncnufi,
no nc nciko pcmufi. Kak ycfanonufi pannonccuc cun nnyfpu Ocu,
f.c. kak hocfanufi Iufncpa n ohpcncncnnic pamku Hnu, ho kpau-
ncu mcpc, kak sacfanufi cio ncucfnonafi oncc hpcnckasycmo, nuo
hpcnyhpcxnafi npyia u houfu coksnuka o ckphpusax c nccfaunu-
supykmumu hocncncfnunmu
Ofncfom na sfu nohpoci, kaxcfcn, cfana okkyhauun Ananuu,
concpmcnnan ho nacfonnuk Huano 7 ahpcnn u sancpmcnnan sa nna
nnn. Huano cmc n 1J7 i. hpcnnaian hpcnhpunnfi sfo nfopxcnuc,
no foniko hocnc anmnkca n mapfc 1J8 i. nouncn coinacun Myc-
conunu ocymccfnufi cio umcnno c namcpcnucm kak hponcmoncfpu-
ponafi camocfonfcninocfi Hfanuu ho ofnomcnuk k Icpmanuu, fak
u honfncpnufi nanuuuc ccpicsnix unfcpccon Hfanuu na Iankanax.
Onnako nyuc ofnoxun uchonncnuc sfoio samicna, hofomy ufo hpcn-
houufan, ufoi on in ocymccfnncn c coinacun Kiocnanuu. B 1J i.
on okasancn n cufyauuu, koina in ninyxncn ncucfnonafi n onu-
nouky. Ho fo, ufo n 1J8 i. umcno i anfuicpmanckyk nahpanncn-
nocfi, n 1J i. okasanoci nc oncc ucm umufauucu iufncponckoio
hupafcfna. 3axnaf Ananuu nisnan fpcnoxnic ofknuku no nccx
ncpcnusuonucfckux cfpanax Iankanckoio honyocfpona u hoponun
22
aconkfno nciafunnyk pcakuuk no panuuu, inc ncnoncpuc k
Hfanuu honyuuno nonoc u oocnonannoc honfncpxncnuc. axc
Hcmcpncn in pasouaponan u pasnpaxcn. Iio nancxni ncpnyfi
Hfanuk n anfuicpmanckuu qponf c sfoio momcnfa u na ohpcnc-
ncnniu hcpuon npcmcnu inu yfpaucni.
C npyiou cfoponi, okkyhauun Ananuu ina sahosnanim u nc-
nocfafounim maiom, ufoi ypannonccufi pocf momu Icpmanuu.
Iockoniky ofnomcnun c Bcnukopufanucu u panuucu ccpicsno
yxynmunuci, fo Mycconunu nuucio nc ocfananoci, kak hohifaficn
konfponuponafi ncucfnun Iufncpa, ufo ncuscxno ino cnnsano c
honhucanucm nsaumoonsinakmcio coinamcnun, kofopoc ninyx-
nano i Icpmanuk oquuuanino koncynifuponaficn c ufaninnckum
hpanufcnicfnom o fcx akuunx, kofopic ona namcpcna hpcnhpunnfi.
4.4.2. CTALBHOU HAKT OT 22 MAH 1939 t.
Cymccfnykf pasnuunic fonkonanun kak hcuxonoiuucckoio, fak u
honufuucckoio xapakfcpa foio, houcmy Mycconunu pcmun n nauanc
man 1J i. nafi coinacuc na honhucanuc coinamcnun c Icpmanucu.
Kakono i nu ino otncncnuc honopofa, onnako, hpcncfannncfcn
oucnunnim, ufo honufuucckan ucni Mycconunu saknkuanaci n
fom, ufoi nafi Hfanuu nosmoxnocfi hnanuponafi c nocfafounou
founocfik u c ncoxonumou hocncnonafcninocfik nanincumuc
maiu cnocu mcxnynaponnou honufuku. Iockoniky ncc ocfaninic
nuhnomafuucckuc cpcncfna okasanuci ncsqqckfunnimu, u Iufncp
hpononxan ncucfnonafi camocfonfcnino, kak ynfo on in cnun-
cfncnnim akfcpom na cnpohcuckou honufuucckou cucnc, ncoxo-
numo ino nipaofafi onsinakmuu koncynifauuonniu mcxa-
nusm, ufoi homcmafi sfomy monochckfaknk.
B konuc 1J8 u n hcpnic nnu 1J i. Mycconunu, ycniman
nnoni ofkas panuuu ocynufi fpconanun Hfanuu, in iofon
hpunnfi nonoc pcmcnuc. Icanusonafi cio on hopyuun Huano na
ocnonc nckofopix hpcnnapufcninix hpockfon, paspaofka kofo-
pix nauanaci c man 1J8 i. (c momcnfa nusufa n Ium Iufncpa) u
ina sancpmcna n hcpuon c nnnapn ho nauano man 1J i. nn
saknkuufcninoio ocyxncnun n Hfanuk, n Munan, in hpuina-
mcn Iucnfpoh. Bcfpcuu cocfonnuci 5 u 6 man. B fc xc camic
nnu munucfp unocfpannix ncn Icpmanuu cfpcmuncn noionopuficn
o honhucanuu coinamcnun c Shonucu, kofopoc hpunano i Anfu-
komunfcpnonckomy hakfy ncucfncnniu xapakfcp u nahpanncn-
nocfi, nnno yipoxakmyk Concfckomy Coksy.
Icpmanun cmc nc cncnana okonuafcninoio niopa mcxny cok-
som c sahannimu ncpxanamu u CCCI, fak kak Monofon ncnanno
2J
cfan munucfpom unocfpannix ncn, u ncmui nc moinu cmc n hon-
nou mcpc oucnufi cmicn hpousomcnmux hcpcmcn no nosnpamcnun
Iucnfpoha n Icpmanuk. Bo npcmn hcpcionopon c Huano icpman-
ckuu munucfp Iucnfpoh ncn ccn ncmoncfpafunno cncpxanno.
On honcnun, hpucinyn k unockasanunm, ufo n namcpcnun Icpma-
nuu nc nxonuf uchonisonafi nocnnic cpcncfna nnn pcmcnun chop-
nix nohpocon c Ionimcu. On sancpun ipaqa Huano, ufo Icpmanun
fakxc nc xofcna i ifi nonncucnnou n nouny na nna qponfa, ufo
ona nc iofona hoka k mupokomacmfanou nounc. Huano ofmcfun,
ufo coinaccn c hpunuuhamu honiofonncnnoio coksa, no ncno u
nacfouuuno honucpkunan fof qakf, ufo Hfanun, naxc honhucan co-
ksnic onsafcnicfna, yncf nc n cocfonnuu hpunnfi yuacfuc n no-
cnnom konqnukfc cmc n fcucnuc fpcxhnfu ncf. Iucnfpoh, co
cnocu cfoponi, cs fpyna nan sancpcnun na sfof cucf.
Ioniofonufi fckcf noionopa c ncmicnumim ncikomicnucm
ino hopyucno foniko ncmuam, u Huano nc hpunan snaucnun ucf-
komy qopmynuponanuk hynkfon, hpusnannix samufufi unfcpcci
ufaninnckou cfoponi. Coinacno Iacfopcnnu, c onimum ocnonanu-
cm moxno cuufafi, ufo Mycconunu in naxc nc snakom c founim
fckcfom onsafcnicfn ho noionopy, kofopic cio munucfp iofonuncn
honhucafi u kofopic naxonunuci n cymccfncnnom hpofunopcuuu c
hpcnnapufcninimu mafcpuanamu, honiofonncnnimu n hpcninymuc
mccnui.
oionop, honhucanniu n Icpnunc 22 man u usnccfniu kak
Cfaninou hakf, oquuuanino in nnycfoponnum coksom, kofopiu
concpxan ncckoniko fpanuuuonnix cfafcu. Cfafin 1 onsinana
cfoponi naxonuficn n hocfonnnom konfakfc c ucnik nounaficn
coinacun ho nccm nohpocam, kacakmumcn nsaumnix unfcpccon unu
cnpohcuckou cufyauuu n ucnom. Ofo ino fakoc onsafcnicfno o
koncynifauunx ho nccm nohpocam, kofopoc, ho nccu ncponfnocfu,
hocnyxuno Mycconunu hpcnhocinkou nnn hpunnfun pcmcnun o
saknkucnuu coksa.
Cfafin J hakfa concpxana ncoiuniu hynkf, hofomy ufo n ncm
ycfanannunancn cusus foeJeris, kofopiu yfncpxnan nsaumnic onsa-
fcnicfna cfopon okasinafi homomi nccmu cunamu na scmnc, na
mopc u n nosnyxc, n cnyuac ccnu onna us cfopon okaxcfcn nonnc-
ucnnou n ocnoxncnun nocnnoio xapakfcpa. Hc ncnanoci nukakoio
pasnuuun, kak oiuno ino hpunnfo, ofnocufcnino xapakfcpa
nouni: ooponufcninoio unu aipcccunnoio. Xopomo usnccfno, ufo
ho fpanuuuu coksnic noionopi ncfyhanu n cuny n cnyuac ncchpo-
nouuponannoio nahancnun co cfoponi fpcficu ncpxani. Hfak, c
onnou cfoponi, Mycconunu fcopcfuuccku honyuan hpano na fo,
ufoi Iufncp hocfonnno c num koncynifuponancn, c npyiou, on
24
okasinancn cnnsannim onsafcnicfnom o ncfyhncnuu Hfanuu n
nouny na cfoponc Icpmanuu, kakon i nu in xapakfcp oopo-
nufcniniu unu aipcccunniu icpmanckou honufuku. Mcxny fcm,
ycuncnnic hohifku Iucnfpoha nknkuufi n coks fakxc u Sho-
nuk hponanunuci, u sfo cosnanano hpcnhocinku k fomy, ufoi
Iufncp nauan ccpicsnic hcpcionopi c Concfckum Coksom.
Ohacnocfi Cfaninoio hakfa saknkuanaci u n fom, ufo unfc-
pcci Hfanuu n ncm qakfuuccku nc inu oipaxncni. Kak ofmcuacf
Yoff, nunou fomy ina ncpcxnocfi ufaninnckou nuhnomafuu, nc
nknkuunmcu nu onnou nipaxanmcu unfcpcci Hfanuu cfafiu, ko-
fopan onsinana i coksnukon nc nauunafi nouny n fcucnuc fpcx
ncf (kak Iucnfpoh sancpnn Huano hcpcn honhucanucm n Icpnu-
nc); nuucio nc ino ckasano o Iankanckom honyocfponc, o Anifo
Anunxc, o Ionimc.
B hocncnykmuc nnu nnumanuc Mycconunu ino opamcno na
sfu nakyni nuo nocnnic hpcnyhpcnunu cio o ncoxonumocfu
nnccfu yfouncnun, nuo, nakoncu, nyuc ocosnan, kak honcnncf Ia-
cfopcnnu, ufo onopun honhucanuc nokymcnfa, ccpicsno ofnuuan-
mciocn of foio, kofopiu on namcpcnancn hpunnfi, u hpukasan
honiofonufi hamnfnyk sahucky, inc oionapunanuci i hpcncni
ufaninnckux nocnnix onsafcnicfn. Ofof nokymcnf, usnccfniu kak
Iamnfnan sahucka Kananncpo ho umcnu icncpana, kofopomy ino
hopyucno npyuufi cc ncmuam, pacucnunancn Mycconunu n kauccfnc
cocfannou uacfu coinamcnun o coksc, xofn Icpmanun nukoina nc
nanana founoio u ncnnycmicncnnoio coinacun na hononyk unfcp-
hpcfauuk.
B sahuckc Mycconunu honucpkunan, ufo Hfanun nc namcpcna
yckopufi nouny omccnpohcuckoio xapakfcpa, no ycxncna, ufo
ona ncuscxna, hockoniky hpcnnunuf, ufo fpcyioninuk on-
nonIapuxMockna yncf cfpcmuficn n mupnoc npcmn ncn-
uccku nanccfu ymcp ncpxanam Ocu. ancc on yfounun, ufo Hfa-
nuu nyxno npcmn nnn honiofonku, ho kpauncu mcpc, n fcucnuc
nccio 142 i. u foniko c 14J i. u n hocncnykmcm nocnnic ycu-
nun hpuncnyf n hcpchckfunc k onimou hocnc.
Bncpnn sfof nokymcnf icncpany Kananncpo c fcm, ufoi on
npyuun cio nuuno Iufncpy, Huano noanun yfouncnuc nnn Iucn-
fpoha: Icncpany Kananncpo n hopyuun konquncnuuaniniu noky-
mcnf, honiofonncnniu nyuc, kofopiu ococnno naxcn nnn pasnu-
fun nocnnoio u skonomuucckoio cofpynnuuccfna mcxny namumu
nnymn cfpanamu. Hnauc ionopn, onsafcnicfna, nsnfic ycfno, non-
xni inu ifi honfncpxncni hucimcnno, ufoi konuchfyanino
cocfannnfi cnunoc ucnoc co Cfaninim hakfom. Ofu yfouncnun u
nanincumcc pasnufuc nnycfoponnux ofnomcnuu sacfanunu oc
25
cfoponi sanymaficn o ncoxonumocfu ncfpcuu n ncpxax mcxny
nnymn nukfafopamu. Bcfpcua ina sahnanuponana na 4 aniycfa.
Hcfopuucckuc ucfounuku concpmcnno ohpcncncnno honfncpxna-
kf, ufo Mycconunu cuufan ncfpcuy naunyumcu nosmoxnocfik
cnona honfonknyfi Iufncpa k komhpomuccy u nonomy Mknxcny u
cosnafi c sfou ucnik konqcpcnuuk, no cnona nc nohycfufi yuac-
fun n ncu CCCI.
Hfak, hocfonnno ocfananoci okno nosmoxnocfcu nnn nny-
cmicncnnoio fonkonanun onsafcnicfn ho noionopy, okno, kofopoc
ufaninnui hifanuci sakpifi, no kofopoc ncmui, naoopof, cfa-
pafcnino ncpxanu ofkpifim, hofomy ufo sfo nanano um ncncponf-
nyk cnoony mancnpa. Icnu Mycconunu honaian, ufo myuunman
cio ocnonnan honufuucckan hponcma pcmcna honhucanucm noiono-
pa c ofcpoucnnim nncncnucm cio n ncucfnuc, f.c. c fakum uaconim
mcxanusmom, kofopiu hpcnocfanun Hfanuu npcmn, ncoxonumoc
nnn opcfcnun nnoni cnooni ncucfnuu na sahanc, fo on omaninan-
cn, hofomy ufo nchpcnycmofpufcnino coinacuncn hpunnfi nccpics
nannic cmy ycfnic iapanfuu, kofopic nu Iufncp, nu Iucnfpoh
nc umcnu nu mancumcio namcpcnun conknafi. Tcopcma nncmncu
honufuku Mycconunu ina paspymcna cio cocfncnnim pcmak-
mum maiom. Hncn usciafi ohpcncncnnix pcmcnuu, ufoi nccina
umcfi cnoony ncucfnuu u makcumanino yncnuuunafi nosmoxnocfu
Hfanuu, cncnaci k kycouky maipcncnou koxu, na u fomy chycfn
ncckoniko ncncni Icpmanun nc ocfanuna mccfa. Ona hocfanuna
cnoux coksnukon hcpcn cyponou pcaninocfik npyiux, yxc honio-
fonncnnix pcmcnuu, honnocfik hpouinopuponan onsafcnicfno o
koncynifauunx, honhucannoc 22 man, u xccfko oosnauun hpcncni
ncpxannou honufuku Hfanuu.
4.5. Batxancxwe oixtwxw
na tepmancxww penwswonwsm
4.5.1. PABP.TEHUE CUCTEMM 1919 t.
HA BALKAHCKOM HOL.OCTPOBE
Icpmanun nc pasncpfinana cnoux ncucfnuu nchocpcncfncnno
na Iankanckom honyocfponc, no onu nisnanu fam onimou of-
knuk. Iocnc anmnkca honufuucckoc pannonccuc n pciuonc uchifa-
no momnoc hofpnccnuc. Mknxcnckan konqcpcnuun u hocncnonan-
muc sa ncu coifun, nhnofi no ufaninnckou okkyhauuu Ananuu,
hokasanu, kakum nchpounim ino honoxcnuc ofncninix cfpan,
hponcmoncfpuponanu, kakou ohacnocfu honncpianuci mnoiuc us nux.
Iocnc foio, kak Manan Anfanfa hcpcxuna yxon co cucni Icncma,
26
yiposa cfana cmc oncc omyfumou n cnnsu c nccfauninocfik ho-
noxcnun n Kiocnanuu u Iyminuu; kpomc foio, ohacnocfi nanucna
nan Ipcuucu u Typuucu (hockoniky Typuun ina nchocpcncfncnno
cnnsana c hpoucxonunmum na Iankanckom honyocfponc ofuacfu n
nuny icoipaquucckoio honoxcnun, a fakxc n cuny cfpafciuucckux
hpuuun oncc mupokoio hnana).
Bnyfpcnncc honoxcnuc n iocynapcfnax sfoio pciuona ino
nccima ncycfouuunim nc foniko ncncncfnuc xccfokou opii
mcxny ofncninimu ipyhhuponkamu, no, hpcxnc nccio, n cnnsu c
mcxnynaponnou cufyauucu. C sfou fouku spcnun kasanoci, ufo no
1J4 i. na Iankanax iochoncfnonana panuun u ufo Iapfy in n
1J4 i. nusok k cosnanuk cfauninoio u hpounoio coksa, no
nanincumuc coifun hpuncnu k pcskomy usmcncnuk cufyauuu.
Toniko Iankanckan Anfanfa, hpcnnoxcnnan Typuucu, hpofunocfo-
nna sfou fcnncnuuu.
B 1JO i. Kcmani-hama cymcn nopmanusonafi ofnomcnun c
Ipcuucu, honopnannic nounou 12O12J ii., honhucan noionop o
npyxc. Oc cfpani, ncucfnufcnino, umcnu omuc unfcpcci u o-
mux npaion: pcxum n Bocfounom Cpcnuscmnomopic; skchancuonu-
cfckan honufuka Hfanuu na Iankanax; ummancnfnan icpmanckan
cfpafciun hponuknoncnun n pciuon; ncoxonumocfi samumaficn
of Concfckoio Coksa. Ionufuka Typuuu u Ipcuuu occhcuuna um
fncpnyk honncpxky Bcnukopufanuu, oncc foio, oa iocynapcfna
hpcncfannnnu u hpononxanu hpcncfannnfi ohopnic hynkfi pu-
fanckou cucfcmi na Inuxncm Bocfokc. nn panuuu ocfonfcni-
cfna cknaninanuci unauc: cc ofnomcnun c Typuucu inu ccpicsno
ocnoxncni chopamu o ipanuuc mcxny Cupucu u Typuucu u hponc-
mou Anckcannpcffckoio cannxaka. Ha asc sfou nosononncnnou
npyxi mcxny Typuucu u Ipcuucu ino ncfpynno hpucocnunufi
k Anfanfc fakxc Kiocnanuk u Iyminuk. Ha ocnonc coinamcnun
of qcnpann 1J4 i. ina cosnana Iankanckan Anfanfa, f.c. hakf o
nsaumnix koncynifauunx u nsaumohomomu.
Coinamcnuc, onnako, cfano cnocio pona nccnunou hccncu an-
kanckux cfpan, nancnnmuxcn sakpchufi hopnnok, kofopiu cno-
xuncn hocnc nouni. Bcc cfpani, nicfyhanmuc hpofun pcnusuo-
nusma, hocfchcnno, no icfpo, okasanuci hon yiposou nanncnun
Icpmanuu, Hfanuu unu CCCI. Bccm hpumnoci cncnafi fpynniu
niop, kofopiu ninyxnan hoxcpfnonafi konuchuunmu nnyfpcn-
ncu honufuku no umn samufi nauuonaninou ncsanucumocfu. Hau-
onimcu yiposc honncpianuci Iyminun u Kiocnanun. Iyminuk,
hpukpifyk co cfoponi Hcxocnonakuu, okpyxanu hpofunnuku:
Ioniapun, Bcnipun u, hpcxnc nccio, Concfckuu Coks. Ionncpxka
panuuu ina honcsnou, no pymini c 126 i. cfpcmunuci ypan-
27
nonccufi nnunnuc panuuu cnuxcnucm c Hfanucu. B 1J4 i.
hocnc ufano-ancfpo-ncnicpckux coinamcnuu u hocnc Bcnckoio hyfua,
Iyminun c nospacfakmum uyncfnom cfpaxa omymana cnok usonu-
ponannocfi of ocfaninou Inpohi u ohacnocfi, iposnmyk cu na
nkom nahpanncnuu, sa ucknkucnucm Hcxocnonakuu.
Ioka Hukonac Tufynccky, iopnuuu hoopnuk honufuku kon-
nckfunnou csohacnocfu u uiu Hauuu, ocfanancn munucfpom
unocfpannix ncn, cmy ynananoci coxpannfi hpoqpanuysckyk opu-
cnfauuk pyminckou honufuku. Ho n 1J6 i. koponi Kaponi II sa-
mcnun cio, hockoniky n sfof hcpuon on cfpcmuncn cfonknyfi mcxny
coou pasnuunic honufuucckuc cuni nnyfpu cfpani (nucpani-
nyk hapfuk, ncmokpafuucckyk hapfuk, kpccfinnckyk hapfuk u
nnuxcnuc xcncsnou inapnuu, ofkponcnno qamucfckoio fonka).
B nckapc 1J8 i. Kaponi pachycfun hapfuu u cosnan ponf nauu-
onaninoio nospoxncnun, kofopiu nonxcn in yhpannnfi cfpanou
n ycnonunx nannuiakmciocn kpusuca, no n ncucfnufcninocfu in
numi hpcnannim cmy honufuucckum qopmuponanucm, kofopoc
nosinanun choconiu honufuk Apmann Kanunccky, munucfpom
unocfpannix ncn cfan Ipciopu Iaqcnky.
C 1J6 i. u no nckapn 1J8 i. Iyminun naxonunaci n myuu-
fcninou ncpcmufcninocfu ofnocufcnino mcxnynaponnou opucnfa-
uuu, hoka Mknxcnckan konqcpcnuun, hancnuc Hcxocnonakuu u
nospacfakmcc nnunnuc Bcnipuu nc hokasanu cu, nackoniko ncnuka
ohacnocfi. B fof momcnf ona, ncucfnufcnino, ina okpyxcna
foniko npaiamu u moina uckafi honncpxky numi y cnocio fpanu-
uuonnoio hpofunnuka, Concfckoio Coksa. Iyminun okasanaci n
csnixonnou cufyauuu, ona nc moina paccuufinafi u na onnocfo-
ponnuc qpanko-pufanckuc iapanfuu, hponosinamcnnic 1J ahpcnn
hocnc ufaninnckou okkyhauuu Ananuu.
Hc mcncc fpynnou ina cufyauun n Kiocnanuu, kofopan k
fomy xc ocnoxnnnaci nahpnxcnnimu ofnomcnunmu nnyfpu iocy-
napcfna mcxny pasnuunimu sfnuucckumu ipyhhamu, hponcmamu
nacncnonanun koponk Anckcannpy u ncucfnunmu fcppopucfon,
ococnno n Makcnonuu, honyuanmux qunanconyk honhufky us
Ioniapuu (hpu honncpxkc Hfanuu). Yxc n 1J4 i. Kiocnanun cmc
n onimcu mcpc, ucm Iyminun, ina okpyxcna npaxncnimu
cfpanamu. Ionoxcnuc hpcncfannnnoci fcphumim, hoka Kiocnanun
moina paccuufinafi na honncpxky panuuu, no n 1J5 i. hocnc
saknkucnun coinamcnun mcxny Mycconunu u anancm, kofopoc
hponcmoncfpuponano saunfcpcconannocfi qpanuyson n noionopc c
Hfanucu, n Icnipanc ococnno ocfpo omyfunu cnok usonnuuk.
Ioncc foio, Icpmanun, cfpcmunmancn hpcononcfi fpynnocfu,
cnnsannic c hcpuonom onimou nchpcccuu, nauana momnoc sko-
28
nomuucckoc hponuknoncnuc na fcppufopuk Kiocnanuu, kofopoc
ycununoci hocnc unu:ucu. Icicnf Iancn n 1J5 i. hpusnan k yhpan-
ncnuk cfpanou Munana Cfonnunonuua, pykononunmcio honufuucc-
kou xusnik Kiocnanuu n fcucnuc ncckonikux ncf. Cfonnunonuu
cuufan, ufo no nncmncu honufukc Kiocnanuu hpconanakmum non-
xno cfafi ykpchncnuc ofnomcnuu c sahannimu ncpxanamu. Icicnf,
nahpofun, opucnfuponan kiocnanckyk honufuky hpcumymccfncnno
na ofnomcnun c Icpmanucu u na houcku coinacun c Hfanucu, ufo,
kak on honaian, ocnauno i ohacnocfi usonnuuu cfpani.
cucfnonafi n sfom nahpanncnuu pcicnfa fonkanu u hcpcmcni,
hpoucxonunmuc n Ioniapuu, inc koponi Iopuc III hon nanncnucm
Icpmanuu ofkasancn of npaxncnoio ofnomcnun k Kiocnanuu u
honncpxku ann makcnonckux uppcncnfucfon. B nnnapc 1J7 i.
Kiocnanun u Icpmanun honhucanu hakf o ncunou npyxc, kofo-
piu cfan maiom nancfpcuy Icpmanuu. Koina Hcxocnonakun ina
pasncncna, a Bcnipun honyuuna nauonimyk niiony of sfoio pac-
uncncnun, kiocnani honnnu, n kakou cufyauuu onu okasanuci.
Cfonnunonuu in ofhpanncn n ofcfanky, cio cmcnunu paiuma
Cncfkonuu u Anckcannp Cunkap-Mapkonuu na hocfy munucfpa
unocfpannix ncn. Icicnf hoccfun kak Icpnun, fak u onnon u na-
uan hcpcionopi c ucnik usmcnufi nncmnchonufuucckyk opucnfa-
uuk na anfuicpmanckyk. On ofnanan ccc ofucf n fom, ufo nacfyh-
ncnuc pcnusuonusma moxcf foniko nanccfu ymcp Kiocnanuu, a
hofomy ncoxonumo coinaconafi omyk nocnnyk cfpafciuk c Bc-
nukopufanucu, Ipcuucu u Typuucu. Ho hpu sfom hpcnhonaia-
noci, ufo c nocfoka na Icpmanuk okaxcf nanncnuc anino-qpanko-
concfckuu aninnc, ucio, onnako nc hpousomno. B kanyn nouni
Kiocnanuu yipoxanu nccima ohacnic konfpynapi, cnnsannic c
pcmcnunmu Hfanuu u Concfckoio Coksa.
Ipcuun u Typuun sanumanu n cfpafciuucckom ofnomcnuu
oucni naxnic hosuuuu, kofopic nciko konfponuponanu aninuua-
nc. Y Typuuu, naxonunmcucn no 1J8 i. hon pykononcfnom Kcmann
Afafkpka, a safcm nasnaucnnoio um hpccmnuka Hcmcfa Hncnk,
inu ncc ocnonanun ykpchnnfi Iankanckyk Anfanfy nuo, ho
kpauncu mcpc, cc kxniu qnani. Ipcuun, inc n aniycfc 1J6 i.
ina ycfanonncna nukfafypa icncpana Mcfakcaca, npoio anfukom-
mynucfa u nchpumupumoio nauuonanucfa, hpuncpxunanaci fou xc
opucnfauuu, hofomy ufo cu yipoxana fa xc ohacnocfi.
Icpmanckoc hponuknoncnuc n Typuuk hon pykononcfnom qon
Iahcna ino yhopnim u nacfouuunim, xofn u cspcsynifafnim.
Munucfp unocfpannix ncn Typuuu Ukkpk Capanxoiny cs konc-
anuu homcn na coinamcnuc c Bcnukopufanucu. 12 man 1J i.
oa hpanufcnicfna onapononanu omcc sannncnuc o onsafcni-
2
cfnax oipanufi Bocfounoc Cpcnuscmnomopic of nouni. Ofo in
hcpniu mai k oncc fccnomy coksy, nnn saknkucnun kofopoio pc-
makmcu ocfananaci hosuuun Concfon.
H cnona nnoucfncnnan honufuka, hpononuman Mocknou c man
ho aniycf 1J i., cfana ohpcncnnkmcu nnn nipaofku pcmcnuu
nccx cfpan ynaucko-Iankanckou Inpohi. Yckopcnuc saknkucnun
coinamcnun CCCI c Aninucu u Bcnukopufanucu ycununo i ho-
suuuu samufnukon cnoxunmciocn hopnnka. Ofcyfcfnuc fakoio co-
inamcnun hpunano i pcmufcninocfu cfoponnukam hcpcmcn, n
ococnnocfu hponauucfckum sncmcnfam n hpanufcnicfnc Bcnipuu.
Ipofunopcuunocfi cufyauuu saknkuanaci n fom, ufo of pcmcnuu
Concfon sanuccno coxpancnuc unu hancnuc pcakuuonnix u kon-
ccpnafunnix pcxumon no nccm pciuonc.
4.6. Coneicxo-nauwcicxww naxi
4.6.1. PABOUAPOBAHUE UTALBHHCKOU ,UHLOMATUU
Hapymun hocnc honhucanun Cfaninoio hakfa foniko ufo
nsnfic na ccn onsafcnicfna o koncynifauunx c Hfanucu ofnocu-
fcnino cnoux hnanon, ho kpauncu mcpc, n omux ucpfax, Iufncp
2J man cosnan onno us camix onimux concmanuu nauucfckux py-
kononufcncu, na kofopom nicfyhun c hpononxufcninou pcuik o
cnoux ucnnx u hnanax na nuxaumuc ncncnu. Mi naxonumcn n
cufyauuu, ofnuuakmcucn nauuonaninim snfysuasmom u conhanc-
nucm namcpcnuu c nnymn npyiumu iocynapcfnamu: Hfanucu u Sho-
nucu, ckasan Iufncp.
3afcm on noanun: Icui uncf nc o anuuic. Icui uncf o pac-
mupcnuu namcio xusncnnoio hpocfpancfna na Bocfok u occhc-
ucnuu ccn hponononicfncnnimu pccypcamu, a fakxc o pcmcnuu
anfuuckou hponcmi. Iponononicfnuc moxno naufu foniko n
manonaccncnnix pauonax. Hcmcukoc pauuonaninoc yhpanncnuc n
conokyhnocfu c hnonoponucm houni hpuncnyf k ipomannomy ync-
nuucnuk sahacon. B Inpohc ncf unix nosmoxnocfcu... Iponcma
Ionima ncofncnuma of hponcmi cfonknoncnun c 3ahanom...
Icchoncsno nancnficn na honfopcnuc foio, ufo hpousomno n Hc-
xocnonakuu. Ham hpcncfouf cpaxaficn. 3anaua cocfouf n fom, ufo-
i usonuponafi Ionimy. Oucni naxno, ufoi ynanoci cc usonu-
ponafi.
Hsonuponafi Ionimy osnauano ninccfu 3ahan us uipi u ho-
mcmafi cmy okasafi honnkam homomi. Ioucmy nosnukna nuncmma:
afakonafi cnauana Ionimy unu hpcxnc panuuk u Bcnukopufa-
nuk Iufncp nan yknonuuniu, no nccfnmuu ofncf. Oucni mnoioc
JOO
sanuccno of Shonuu. Iufncp cfpcmuncn yckopufi hpunnfuc pcmc-
nuu nhonuamu umcnno nnn foio, ufoi honyuufi oncc ucfkyk
hcpchckfuny ncucfnuu n Inpohc.
Icnu CCCI hpononxuf anfuicpmanckyk honufuky, honaian
on, fo sfo moxcf honnunfi na Shonuk: Coks panuunBcnu-
kopufanunIoccun hpofun IcpmanuuHfanuuShonuu sacfanun
i mcnn nahacfi na Bcnukopufanuk u panuuk u nanccfu um
cmcpfcniniu ynap naxc, ccnu hpuncfcn, monnucnocno napy-
mufi ncufpanufcf Ionnannuu. Hc cfouno hufafi unnksuu. Bcnu-
kopufanun cfana npaiom nc na xusni, a na cmcpfi, u uncn nc-
mcno ofncnaficn ina ohacnou: oncc foio, ncpcaninou. Cncp-
xannocfi, kofopyk hponcmoncfpuponanu nhonui ofnocufcnino
hnanon fpoucfncnnoio coksa c Icpmanucu u Hfanucu, ina cnnsa-
na c ux saunfcpcconannocfik n hponcncnuu, ccnu nosmoxno, anfu-
concfckou honufuku, no foniko n fof momcnf u na fcx ycnonunx,
kofopic ycfpaunanu Shonuk n nauonimcu cfchcnu.
Ofckna ninon: honiofonufi nahancnuc na Ionimy, fak ufoi
ncsamcnnufcnino ninccfu cc us uipi, nc hosnonun honickou nou-
nc cpasy xc cockonisnyfi n oncc macmfaniu konqnukf. Onno-
npcmcnno honiofonuficn k noniou nounc c ucnik okkyhauuu
Ionnannuu, Icniiuu u panuuu u sanoxufi ocnoni nnn hocno-
nocnou nouni hpofun Bcnukopufanuu. Iponcma cocfonna n
fom, ufoi hpu hcpnou nosmoxnocfu u hon nkim hpcnnoiom
nahacfi na Ionimy, usonuponan cc nuhnomafuuccku, ufoi safcm
nauafi nouny hpofun Bcnukopufanuu. Ofnomcnun c CCCI sanucc-
nu of ofnomcnuu c Shonucu. Icpnan nosmoxnocfi, pcmun Iuf-
ncp, moina hpcncfanuficn 26 aniycfa: na sfof ncni ino sahnanupo-
nano nauano ohcpauuu, kofopic iofonunuci n inyokou faunc.
Kak nunum, ucnu Iufncpa inu ncni, no iopasno mcncc ucfko
inu ohpcncncni ycnonun u paccfanonka cun. Hccomncnno, ufo n
sfof hcpuon n Inpohc on in, nosmoxno, apufpom mcxnynaponnou
cufyauuu. Ho umcnno naxonnci n scnufc cnocio nnunnun, koina
Iufncp, hpakfuuccku, moi cncnafi nkou niop, kofopiu onciuun
i nocfuxcnuc hocfanncnnix ucncu, on in onypmancn cocfncn-
nim pcmcnucm pasnnsafi nouny, f.c. hokasafi mupy myckyni
icpmanckou momu, ufoi nanimc ccnfi yxac u cfpax. B pcsynifafc
qkpcp cncnan pnn omuok n oucnkc cufyauuu, ufo n nanincumcm
hpuncno cio k hopaxcnuk.
Iufncp hufan onimuc u hopou ncoocnonannic unnksuu, fak
kak in yncpcn, ufo Icpmanun onanacf oipomnim fcxnonoiuucc-
kum hofcnuuanom u cu nc xnafacf numi nckofopix nunon cipin u
xusncnnoio hpocfpancfna. On sanyxnancn u nc cosnanan, na-
ckoniko mafkumu inu ocnoni, na kofopix cfpounaci cio honufu-
JO1
ka, on fakxc ncncpno oucnunan cfchcni nancxnocfu cosnannix um
cokson, n kofopix Icpmanun foina, ho nunumocfu, nomunuponana.
Ionaian, ufo hpononuf honnunno ncpxannyk honufuky, Iuf-
ncp cqopmuponan coks cnaix cfpan; on hpcncpci ananusom
cfpykfypnix nannix u cpanncnucm hofcnuuanon hpousnonufcni-
nix cucfcm pasnix iocynapcfn. On ncnooucnun, nackoniko ccpics-
ni koncanun coksnukon Icpmanuu u nc hpcnycmofpcn, ufo ux
ncpcmufcninocfi, ofpaxan pcaninocfi cufyauuu, cncnacf koanu-
uuk, na hpounocfi kofopou on paccuufinan, ncnancxnou, xpyh-
kou, u, oncc foio, ona paccihncfcn y ncio n pykax. Hccmofpn na
fo, ufo qkpcp cosnanan o ccc nhcuafncnuc cyponoio pcanucfa u
oucni uacfo ncucfnonan c xccfokocfik, cfanmcu ncusmcnnou ucp-
fou cio umunxa, on nc samcfun, kak cio unconoiuucckuc konuch-
uuu, hycfi u omuounic, hpcnpafunuci n ocnchnnnmuu qanafusm,
yiofonunmuu cmy hopaxcnuc, kofopoc ofpasuno pcaninoc coofno-
mcnuc cun u cucfcm ucnnocfcu. Hfak, n omcm, Iufncp cmc no
nauana nouni yfpafun nosmoxnocfi nouficn ychcxa Icpmanuu.
Yucf konkpcfnix anifcpnafun, umcnmuxcn foina y Iufncpa, ccionnn
hponcnncf nam mnoioc, ufo ocfananoci nchonnfnim n fof momcnf.
4.6.2. ALBTEPHATUBM FUTLEPA
B mac 1J i. Icpmanun hocfanuna cnocu honufuucckou ucnik
usonuponafi Ionimy, nuhnomafuucckumu cpcncfnamu sacfanufi cc
ycfyhufi fo, ufo, n hpofunnom cnyuac cncnonano i ofnnfi y ncc
cunou sfoio pcsynifafa Iufncp moi nouficn, niupan mcxny
fpcmn anifcpnafunnimu napuanfamu ncucfnuu. Icpniu us nux
in opamcn k hpomnomy. On in cnnsan c unim nuncnucm pu-
fanckou honufuku, c hcpcoucnkou honufuku ymupofnopcnun, c
noncpucm k fcm cmc nnunfcninim cunam kak n Bcnukopufanuu,
fak u n Icpmanuu, kofopic nicfyhanu sa coks mcxny nnymn cfpa-
namu. Ofof coks nciko honyuun i honncpxky Hfanuu, hockoniky
Mycconunu mcufan pcanusonafi cnou nannuu hnan (1JJ i.) nnccfu
pcnusuonusm n ohpcncncnnic pamku u sacfanufi panuuk, kak
sfo hpousomno n 1J8 i., hpunnfi ncuscxnoc pasnufuc coifuu.
Ionima, hpu ofcyfcfnuu kakoio-nuo hpofunoncca n ynaucko-
Iankanckou Inpohc, ina i ninyxncna hpunnfi komhpomuccnoc
pcmcnuc, kofopoc xofn u hpcnycmafpunano pacuncncnuc cc fcppufo-
puu, no occhcuunano cfpanc honufuucckoc nixunanuc. Onnocfo-
ponnuc iapanfuu, kofopimu Ionima pachonaiana, nc ycfpannnu
nosmoxnocfi hononoio komhpomucca. Shonun nc nonxna ina nc-
nafi hochcmniu niop n fof momcnf, koina ona ina nc n cocfon-
nuu hpunumafi pcmcnun, u cnona nocfopxccfnonana i honufuka
JO2
cncpxunanun Concfckoio Coksa, kofopan no 1J8 i. iochoncfnonana
n cnpohcuckou nuhnomafuu, nccmofpn na concfcko-qpanuysckuu
noionop o npyxc of 1J5 i.
Ofa iuhofcsa o nosmoxnou paccfanonkc cun, kofopan n cncfc
pasnufun kpusuca hocnc man 1J i. moxcf hokasaficn concpmcnno
csocnonafcninou, ina, naoopof, concpmcnno ohpannannou no
foio momcnfa, koina 24 man pufanckoc hpanufcnicfno coinacunoci,
c koncanunmu u oionopkamu, nauafi hcpcionopi c panuucu u
Concfckum Coksom. Ofo in anifcpnafunniu napuanf, kofopiu
hpcnhonaian qopmuponanuc noka c momnimu pccypcamu u hcpc-
ycfpoucfno ofnomcnuu mcxny cnpohcuckumu iocynapcfnamu hocnc
ynapon, nancccnnix iufncponckum pcnusuonusmom.
Bfopan nosmoxnan anifcpnafuna cocfonna n onnom us nnyx nau-
oncc pcanucfuucckux pcmcnuu: saknkuun coks c Hfanucu u Sho-
nucu, hpcnpafufi Anfukomunfcpnonckuu hakf n honnunniu coks-
niu noionop. Ofo nccomncnno hpunano i coinamcnuk mcxny
fpcmn anfopufapnimu pcxumamu anfuconcfckuu xapakfcp, cfoni
xcnanniu nnn Shonuu u Hfanuu, u numuno i cmicna sancpc-
nun, nannic Ionimc, uin ncnanucfi k Concfam ina Iufncpy xo-
pomo usnccfna. B sfom cnyuac Iufncp moi i paccuufinafi, ufo
Ionima, honncpimancn nahancnuk c sahana, nc honyuuna i hon-
ncpxku c nocfoka, hofomy ufo nnumanuc Concfckoio Coksa ino
i hpukonano k cufyauuu n Asuu, u cio concpmcnno nc unfcpcco-
nana i cynia pcxuma n Bapmanc.
Hccmofpn na mapfonckuc iapanfuu u coinamcnun, saknkucn-
nic n hocncnykmuc ncncnu, sfof coks nc nisnan i ncmcnncnnoio
hpofccfa aninuuan u qpanuyson. B camom ncnc, kak nosmoxnoc of-
kpifuc asuafckoio qponfa, fak u monnucnocnan icpmanckan akuun
hocfanunu i oc sahannic ncpxani hcpcn cncpmunmumcn qak-
fom, ufo nc moino homcmafi um nipasufi cnou ypniu hpofccf,
no sacfanuno i ux ncucfnonafi n oucni cnoxnou cufyauuu. cu-
cfnufcnino, kak onu cmoinu i afakonafi Icpmanuk, hocnunmyk
Ionimy u usanunmykcn of hponcm na nocfokc, ynyuu ncyncpcn-
nimu n nosmoxnocfu ynaunoio ucxona nouni na qponfc ho Icuny
Hfak, uucfo fcopcfuuccku, cs nonxnou oucnku honnunnix
cun, kofopic coksnuku, Hfanun u Shonun, moinu ncsamcnnufcni-
no pocufi n ou, sfof napuanf nanan Iufncpy naunyumuc nosmox-
nocfu, hosnonnn cncnafi hpomcxyfouniu mai, kofopiu houfu cs
ocoix usncpxck (sa ucknkucnucm munumaninix, cnnsannix c
kamhanucu n Ionimc) hpunonun cio k ychcxy. Kcfafu, Iufncp nc
cs ocnonanuu honaian: Ipofun Ionimu namu fanku ynyf nccima
sqqckfunni, hofomy ufo y honickou apmuu ncf hpofunofankonix
JOJ
hymck. Tam, inc momi apmuu nc nnnncfcn pcmakmum qakfopom,
nauunacf uipafi cnok poni sncmcnf ncoxunannocfu u icnuaninocfu
cfpafciuu.
Ocfananaci fpcfin nosmoxnocfi. Icnu i Shonun cnumkom
nonio koncanaci n ohpcncncnuu cnocio honufuko-cfpafciuucckoio
niopa, fo Icpmanun puckonana hohacfi n kpusucnyk cufyauuk,
hockoniky Ionima ina i nc usonuponana, fak kak Concfckuu
Coks moi okasaficn nonncucnnim n opufy ncucfnuu Aninuu u
panuuu. Ofa cufyauun nisnana i ohpcncncnniu pcsonanc u na
Iankanckom honyocfponc, inc hpconananuc Icpmanuu ino nc-
ochopumo, xofn u ypannoncmcno ncucfnunmu Bcnukopufanuu n
Typuuu, Ipcuuu u Iyminuu. Ocfananaci, onnako, ofkpifou nos-
moxnocfi anino-qpanko-pyccko-honickou koanuuuu, kofopan, naxc
ynyuu nnyfpcnnc nchpounou, nincna i Ionimy us usonnuuu u
sacfanuna i Icpmanuk nicfyhafi onnonpcmcnno na nnyx qponfax.
Hcyncpcnnocfi nhonucn moina honfonknyfi Iufncpa k niopy
fpcficio hyfu, kofopiu, nhpoucm, in fpanuuuonnim nnn icpman-
ckou honufuku, hyfu coinamcnun c Concfckum Coksom: o nosmox-
nocfu coinamcnun yhomnnyn Cfanun cmc 1O mapfa 1J i. n pcuu
na ctcsnc BKI(). Oipanuucnun sfoio niopa ohpcncnnnuci coo-
paxcnunmu unconoiuu u ncpxannou honufuku. Hauucfckan uncono-
iun nonxna ina i cymccfnonafi n mupokom nuahasonc of anfu-
kommynusma no hpunnfun kommynusma, ufo ino nnn ncc nhonnc
nosmoxno, no ino i fpynno nnn ufaninnucn, hockoniky anfu-
kommynucfuucckuu xapakfcp qamusma umcn oncc inyokuc ucfo-
puucckuc kopnu.
Kpomc foio, Iufncp nonxcn in i saifi unu cncnafi nun,
ufo sain, ho kpauncu mcpc, na kakoc-fo npcmn ncusmcnnic pyko-
nonnmuc ycfanonku cio nncmncu honufuku, n coofncfcfnuu c kofo-
pimu xusncnnoc hpocfpancfno Icpmanuu naxonunoci na nocfokc:
n Ionimc, na Ykpaunc, n Icnopyccuu u n cfpanax Ianfuu. Ofo osna-
uano, ufo, naxc hpusnanan Bcnukopufanuk npaiom nomcp onun
nnn Icpmanuu, coinamcnuc c Concfckum Coksom ncucfnonano i
nc nonimc, ucm foio fpconanu ocfonfcnicfna, u ccnu Icpmanun
xofcna hocfanufi Inpohy hon cnou konfponi, fo pano unu hosnno
ona nonxna ina i nicfyhufi hpofun npcmcnnoio coksnuka.
Bfopou niop nc ucknkuan sfou ohacnocfu, onnako, on ypannonc-
munancn nanncnucm Shonuu na nocfokc. Icmcnuc saknkuufi fak-
fuucckuu coks co Cfanunim, ofonnunyn okonuafcninoc otncnc-
nuc na npcmn (n 1J i. ino ncusnccfno, nackoniko ono yncf
hpononxufcninim), ohpcncnnno u niop hyfu: oncc usnunucfoio,
a hofomy u oncc ohacnoio.
JO4
4.6.3. OTHOTEHUH FEPMAHUU C UTALUEU U HHOHUEU
HAKAH.HE BOUHM
B momcnf niopa mcxny sfumu fpcmn cfpafciuucckumu nos-
moxnocfnmu Iufncp honuman, ufo nuhnomafuucckoc hpcnocxon-
cfno, kofopim pachonaiana Icpmanun no fcx hop, hoka on coina-
mancn ncucfnonafi mupnimu cpcncfnamu, cfancf ck yfpauunaficn,
kak foniko on nauncf ncmoncfpuponafi cknonnocfi k uchonisona-
nuk nocnnix cpcncfn. Takum opasom, hcpnonauaninou cnooni
mancnpa, kofopou on pachonaian hocnc saxnafa Ipaiu u, moxcf
ifi, naxc hocnc honhucanun Cfaninoio hakfa, cfanonunoci
mcnimc, u cio pcmcnun sanuccnu yxc nc foniko of ncio, a ohpcnc-
nnnuci noncu u niopom npyiux. Moxno ckasafi, ufo, ccnu Cfani-
nou hakf in n camom ncnc hponukfonan xcnanucm sacfanufi
Iufncpa ncucfnonafi n hpcncnax nuhnomafuucckux nopm, fo sfof
samiccn ynancn, no, koncuno, nc n fom cmicnc, n kakom cio xofcn
nuncfi Mycconunu. Icpmanckuu kanuncp, hocnc foio, kak on ofna-
nan cnoum honuuncnnim nocnno-cfpafciuucckuc pachopnxcnun,
nonxcn in noxunaficn pcmcnuu npyiux yuacfnukon hakfa hpcx-
nc, ucm on moi nauafi ncucfnonafi ho namcucnnomy um hnany.
Icpnou hcpcmcnnou ncnuuunou, nc sanuccnmcu of nonu Iufnc-
pa, ina Shonun. Iocnc foio, kak Iucnfpohy n konuc 1J8 i.
ynanoci hpunafi nncmncu honufukc Icpmanuu anfupufanckuu
xapakfcp, ufo Iufncp u honfncpnun 2J man 1J i., nnno fckymuc
hcpcionopi c Shonucu o saknkucnuu coksa cfanu cmc oncc fpyn-
nimu us-sa fou cfpafciuucckou nahpanncnnocfu, kofopyk oc cfo-
poni namcpcnanuci hpunafi coinamcnuk. nn Icpmanuu coinamc-
nuc nonxno ino cfafi cpcncfnom opii c Bcnukopufanucu na
Tuxom okcanc; nnn nhonucn ono nonxno ino honkpchufi ux ncu-
cfnun n Kufac u ycunufi ux nanncnuc, nknkuan u nocnnoc, na Co-
ncfckuu Coks u Cocnuncnnic Ufafi.
B uknc 1J i. hocnc foio, kak n Tokuo ino cqopmuponano
hpanufcnicfno, no inanc c icncpanom Xupanym, Icpmanun hifanaci
nosncucfnonafi na Shonuk, uchonisyn nnyfpcnnuc hpofunopcuun
n cc pykononnmux kpyiax. B fcucnuc ncckonikux ncncni hpanu-
fcnicfno Xupanymi coupanoci 7O pas nnn ocyxncnun hpcnnoxc-
nun o coksc c Icpmanucu, no fak u nc cmoino hpcononcfi pasno-
inacun. Ipuuuna cohpofunncnun nhonckux pykononufcncu ina, n
cymnocfu, hpocfou: onu nc xofcnu okasaficn nonncucnnimu n cnpo-
hcuckyk nouny (ucm onimc pocno nahpnxcnuc, fcm nuxc ina
nouna) nnn foio, ufoi ofcfaunafi foniko unfcpcci Icpmanuu.
K fomy xc, Shonun cfpcmunaci sancpmufi nouny c Kufacm u nc
nononufi sfof konqnukf no noopyxcnnoio cfonknoncnun c anino-
JO5
cakconckumu ncpxanamu. Iosfomy Shonun hpononxana cfanufi
ycnonun u fpconafi nonix pastncncnuu, hokasinan fcm camim
Iufncpy, ufo ccnu on nc namcpcn fcpnfi npaioucnnoc npcmn, fo nc
nonxcn paccuufinafi na icfpoc saknkucnuc noionopa c yuacfucm
Shonuu. Ofu ocyxncnun nmccfc c pcmcnucm nc hosnonnfi oni-
mc fakum ncnfcnnm kak Bonifaf hifaficn nosononufi, kak sfo
hpousomno n uknc, honufuky ymupofnopcnun mcmanu Iufncpy
cncnafi niop n honisy nnyx hcpnix napuanfon.
Mcxny fcm, nauunan c uknn, f.c. nckopc hocnc honhucanun
Cfaninoio hakfa, ufaninnckuu hocon n Icpnunc cfan ofhpannnfi
n Ium noknani, fon kofopix cfanonuncn ncc oncc fpcnoxnim u
naxc hanuucckum. On ohucinan nocnnic hpuiofonncnun Icpma-
nuu u hocfchcnno hpuxonun k saknkucnuk, ufo nocnnan akuun
Iufncpa cfanonufcn ncuscxnou: Ipusnaku, nisinakmuc ccho-
koucfno, nospacfakf c kaxnim nncm, hucan Affonuko 11 uknn.
...Ipononxacfcn nuxopanounoc noopyxcnuc anuuia, cfoni xc nu-
xopanouno hpononxacfcn pasmcmcnuc nouck u noopyxcnuu na na-
hpanncnuu ccncpnoio cckfopa honickoio qponfa... tce mu nepe+e-
uenun oouci 0o:n~ 0~mi :uoepuen~ i mouno ycmunoo:enno+y cpoiy
1 uoeycmu. 1+enno i mo+y 0nu 0o:no 0~mi npunnmo no:umu-
uecioe peuenue o npe0cmonuux 0eucmounx... 1 u+enno o uoeycme,
mounee uuc:u 11, qupep npu+em peuenue 0~mi +upy u:u ooune.
Kak Mycconunu, fak u Huano usnauanino cuufanu Affonuko
hanukcpom. Ho qakfi yhpnman ncmi. Cfano honnfno, ufo y Iuf-
ncpa ofcyfcfnykf ccpicsnic namcpcnun ncfpcfuficn c Mycconunu,
hofomy ufo on nc xofcn nu osnakomufi cio co cnoumu hnanamu,
nu honncpiaficn nuhnomafuucckomy nanncnuk unu nicnymunafi
hpusini o conkncnuu saknkucnnix noionopon, kofopim on nc
xofcn cncnonafi. B sfou ocfanonkc ino pcmcno, ufo ipaqy Hua-
no nanncxuf hponcnufi cufyauuk, hosfomy on noionopuncn o
ncfpcuc c Iucnfpohom u Iufncpom n 3aniuypic u Icpxfccianc-
nc. Bcfpcuu cocfonnuci 11 u 12 aniycfa. Huano, kofopiu nccina
in hoopnukom coksa c Icpmanucu, hcpcxunan n sfu nnu inyo-
koc pasouaponanuc n cnnsu c concpmcnnou omukou u c fcx hop
hifancn, no cspcsynifafno, nipnafi Hfanuk us Cfaninoio hak-
fa. On hpuncpxunancn sfou nunuu, hoka Icpmanun nu nounaci n
14O i., kak cmy kasanoci, nocnnou hocni n Inpohc.
Iucnfpoh u Iufncp honfncpnunu fo, ucio ohacancn Affonu-
ko. Hahancnuc na Ionimy ino hpcnpcmcno, hofomy ufo cncnona-
no, nakoncu, hpckpafufi inycnocfu honickou honufuku, unu,
ionopn oncc honnfnim nsikom, hofomy ufo Bapmanckoc hpanu-
fcnicfno nc hponnuno cknonnocfi ycfyhufi nanncnuk Icpmanuu u,
oncc foio, cfpcmunoci cosnafi nunuk nuhnomafuucckou ooponi,
JO6
kofopan homoina i cmy nicfonfi. Hcmui hpcncpcinu fcm qak-
fom, ufo nc hpokoncynifuponanuci c Hfanucu o xonc coifuu u no-
cnnix hpuiofonncnunx, kofopic, coinacno noionopy, fcopcfuuccku
cc nchocpcncfncnno kacanuci; onu hocfapanuci hpcymcnimufi hpo-
funopcuuc mcxny pcaninim honoxcnucm ncn u onsafcnicfnom nc
pasnnsinafi nouny no konua 142 i., nickasan nonoc coopaxcnuc
(kofopoc Iufncp cam cuufan ncoocnonannim), ufo nouna yncf nc-
noniou u oipanuucnnou, n fo npcmn kak onsafcnicfna ho Cfanino-
my hakfy iuhofcfuuccku ofnocunuci ko nccomcu nounc.
Huano ncpnyncn n Ium, cosnanan hpcnafcnicfno Icpmanuu.
Hcoxonumo ino ycnufi nyuc nnoni honfncpnufi nciofonnocfi
Hfanuu k nounc u pastncnufi cmy, ufo Hfanun nc cmoxcf hpucoc-
nunuficn k nahancnuk na Ionimy.
Xofn hcpcionopi n 3aniuypic sancpmunuci cs hpunnfun
oquuuaninoio kommknukc, a foniko onnocfoponnum icpmanckum
sannncnucm, honfncpnunmum npyxy mcxny nnymn cfpanamu-coks-
nuuamu u ux fofaninyk iofonnocfi (!), Iufncp u Iucnfpoh nc
moinu nc samcfufi n honcncnuu Huano ynunncnuc u nocany, koina
cmy coomunu o ncmunycmix fpynnix uchifanunx, pcmcnuc o
kofopix ino hpunnfo cs ncnoma ufaninnckoio coksnuka.
Icpcionopi c Huano cmc nc hpcnncmanu ofkasa Hfanuu of
cnoux onsafcnicfn, no cosnananu nnn Iufncpa hponcmi unoio
hnana. B fo npcmn kak c fpynom hponnuianuci hcpcionopi c Sho-
nucu, npyiuc coksnuku, ufaninnui, hponnnnnu comncnun u nc-
yncpcnnocfi. Ofu nacfpocnun cmc nc sacfanunu Iufncpa cncnafi
onnosnauniu niop, no yxc sfoio ino nocfafouno, ufoi on ho-
nnn, ufo ncf ycnonuu nnn usonnuuu Ionimu u, nahpofun, cymc-
cfnycf ohacnocfi usonnuuu Icpmanuu, ccnu icfpo nc hpunnfi
coofncfcfnykmux mcp.
4.6.3. COBETCKO-HAUUCTCKUU HAKT
OT 23 ABF.CTA 1939 t.
B sfou ocfanonkc cospcno nncsahnoc, no nc ncoxunannoc pc-
mcnuc saknkuufi coinamcnuc c Concfckum Coksom. B hcpuon c
uknn no ccpcnuni aniycfa 1J i. Iufncp houyncfnonan ycuncnuc
usonnuuu Icpmanuu. Ykpchncnuc cnnscu mcxny Ionimcu, Bcnu-
kopufanucu u panuucu ycyiyuno sfo omymcnuc: ocfanancn
cnuncfncnno nosmoxniu nixon. Iufncp oucnunan hpunnfoc pcmc-
nuc kak npcmcnnyk nchpunfnocfi n konfckcfc ncofnoxnix sanau u
in iofon sahnafufi coofncfcfnykmyk ucny cs ocoix hpcnycx-
ncnuu.
Iufncp nc ococnno cfpcmuncn ckpifi cnou samicni, oncc
foio, on naxc uchonisonan ux kak cpcncfno sahyiunanun sahannix
JO7
ncpxan. 11 aniycfa, sa ncni no ncfpcuu c Huano, on ckasan Kapny
Skoy Iypkxapnfy, komuccapy uiu Hauuu n anuuic: Bcc, ufo n
ncnak, opamcno hpofun Ioccuu... Icnu 3ahan nacfoniko inyh u
cnch, ufo nc moxcf honnfi sfoio, n yny ninyxncn noionopuficn c
pycckumu, cpaxaficn c 3ahanom u hofom, hocnc foio kak pasoik
cio, n, copan cnou cuni, honcpny hpofun Concfckoio Coksa. Mnc
nyxna Ykpauna, ufoi nukfo onimc nc uchifinan ionon, kak no
npcmn hocncnncu nouni.
Concfcko-icpmanckuc hcpcionopi inu nosononncni n mac
1J i. n Mocknc. Bnauanc Iucnfpoh opafuncn k ufaninnuam c
fcm, ufoi onu ycnunu Concfi n nopou nonc Icpmanuu. Iocon
Hfanuu n Mocknc Ayiycfo Iocco honyuun coofncfcfnykmuc uncf-
pykuuu u no nauana uknn okasinan honncpxky cnocmy icpmanckomy
konncic qon Uyncnypiy. Iocnc sfoio u no 2J aniycfa ufaninnui
nc honyuanu nukakou unqopmauuu.
Mcxny fcm, hpononxanuci yfomufcninic hcpcionopi Concfon c
panuucu u Bcnukopufanucu. Y Concfon sakpanoci honospcnuc,
ufo sa mcnnufcninocfik sahannoio hpoucnypno-nuhnomafuucckoio
mcxanusma kpocfcn xcnanuc nikpoufi npcmn nnn hpcfnopcnun n
xusni hapanncninoio hnana (usnccfnoio naionapn ccucpcmonnocfu
hpccci) ipannuosnoio cnpohcuckoio coinamcnun c anfuconcfckou
nahpanncnnocfik, kofopoc nknkuano i sahannic ncpxani, a fakxc
Icpmanuk u Ionimy.
B sfu mccnui Cfanun in occhokocn fcm, ufoi nc nohyc-
fufi usonnuuu Concfckoio Coksa u hpcnofnpafufi cocfonnuc nuh-
nomafuucckoio cccunun, kak sfo ino n 1J8 i. Iosxc concfckan
u hpoconcfckan ucfopuoipaqun ynyf otncnnfi honcncnuc Cfanu-
na foniko cio xcnanucm niuipafi npcmn n ycnonunx icpmanckou
yiposi. Mcxny fcm, n fo npcmn, f.c. n ccpcnunc 1J i., nc cymc-
cfnonano nchocpcncfncnnou yiposi co cfoponi Icpmanuu, hofomy
ufo Iufncp n cnoux ncucfnunx pykononcfnonancn cfpcmncnucm us-
cxafi ncncnun nouni na nna qponfa. Iosfomy n fakfuucckom
hnanc cncnycf uckafi unoc otncncnuc honcncnun Cfanuna: n cio
namcpcnuu uscxafi foio, ufoi nonan honufuka ymupofnopc-
nun hpunusuna ohacnocfi k concfckum ipanuuam; n cio cfpcmnc-
nuu ncmcnncnno uchonisonafi nosmoxnocfu, nosnukmuc n cnnsu c
cchpunuuhnim honcncnucm Iufncpa; n cio ncxcnanuu nnnsi-
naficn n nouni nnyfpu kahufanucfuucckou cucfcmi. Kommynucfu-
ucckuu pcxum nc ncnun ux na xopomuc u hnoxuc, hockoniky sfo
inu nouni mcxny kahufanucfuucckumu cfpanamu, kofopic ncc
inu npaxncni CCCI. Hx npcmcnnic hpofunopcuun ncoxonumo
ino uchonisonafi honnocfik, kak sfo cncnan cnun n 122 i.,
saknkuun noionop n Iahanno.
JO8
Conccm unic hpuuuni fonkanu Iufncpa k coinamcnuk c Concf-
ckum Coksom: onu inu cnnsani c fpynnocfnmu, kofopic hcpcxu-
nan qkpcp, naxonnci n usonnuuu. Bcn cio nuhnomafuucckan (kak
hofom u nocnnan) ncnfcninocfi ocnoninanaci na icfpou pcanusa-
uuu namcucnnix akuuu. Hcoxonumo ino sancpmufi ohcpauuk
hpcxnc, ucm ncnukuc ncpxani (Bcnukopufanun u Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi) ychckf hcpccfpoufi mcxanusm hpousnoncfna n nocnnix uc-
nnx. Iofcpu npcmcnu na oxunanuc us-sa ncpcmufcninocfu Shonuu
u comncnuu Hfanuu inu ncnohycfumi. Anifcpnafuna cnuxcnun
c Concfamu ina xccfko pcanucfuunou u ohfumaninou nnn foio,
ufoi hapanusonafi Ionimy n kpafuaumuc cpoku. Iufncp naxc nc
moi hpcncfanufi ccc, ufo cio akuun n cpcnnccpounom hnanc moina
i hponanuficn u ufo ona moina i ocpnyficn hpofun Icpmanuu.
B sfou nchpanuninou oucnkc cufyauuu ina ocnonnan omuka
Iufncpa, ocnchncnnoio unccu ncmcnncnnoio hpunnfun pcmcnuu.
Icpcionopi c CCCI ho skonomuucckum hponcmam pasnuna-
nuci hosufunno u sancpmunuci 2O aniycfa. 3a ncckoniko nncu no
sfoio Monofon nnoni ncpnyncn k uncc hakfa o ncnahancnuu, o ko-
fopou nukoina nc sainanu honnocfik. Ipcnhonaianoci, ufo noio-
nop yncf cohponoxnaficn cckpcfnimu cfafinmu, nahpanncnnimu
na ypciynuponanuc nsaumnix unfcpccon. Icmcnuc Iufncp hpunnn
ncsamcnnufcnino. On opafuncn k Cfanuny c hpociou hpunnfi
Iucnfpoha no 2J aniycfa (cncnycf nahomnufi, ufo nahancnuc na
Ionimy hnanuponanoci na 26 uucno) u, honyuun coinacuc, hpukasan
cnocmy munucfpy unocfpannix ncn ofhpanuficn n Mockny nnn hon-
hucanun coinamcnuu, kofopic usmcnunu cyniy Inpohi u mupa.
Mcxny Monofonim u Iucnfpohom ino mano omcio, pasnc
ufo aconkfniu uunusm u ofcyfcfnuc mchcfuninocfu n pcmcnuu
cync naponon. Kopouc, n fcucnuc nnn 2J aniycfa inu honiofon-
ncni fckcf hakfa o ncnahancnuu u nohonnufcninic cckpcfnic
hpofokoni. Tckcf cckpcfnix hpofokonon in onapononan n
14 i. amcpukanckum hpanufcnicfnom, no ux concpxanuc nccina
ohponcpianoci Concfamu, kofopic foniko n 188 i. nauanu hpu-
snanafi cymccfnonanuc sfux nokymcnfon u n 1O i. ux ohynuko-
nanu, ufo honnocfik honfncpnuno oncc pannuc usnanun fckcfon.
Iakf o ncnahancnuu umcn oipomnoc honufuucckoc snaucnuc.
B ncm concpxanoci fpanuuuonnoc onsafcnicfno ocux cfopon
nosncpxaficn of aipcccunnix ncucfnuu npyi hpofun npyia, nc hpc-
nocfannnfi homomu fcm, kfo nahancf na onny us noionapunakmux-
cn cfopon, hpononxafi n ynymcm koncynifauuu ho hponcmam,
umckmum nsaumniu unfcpcc, a fakxc nc yuacfnonafi n coksax,
nahpanncnnix hpofun onnou us cfopon.
Takum opasom, naionapn hakfy Iufncp honnocfik pcman
cnou sanauu, hockoniky honyuan iapanfuu, ufo cmy nc hpuncfcn
JO
nocnafi c Concfamu n fo npcmn, koina on nauncf nouny hpofun
Ionimu. Onnonpcmcnno hakf osnauan koncu anino-qpanko-pyc-
ckux hcpcionopon, n cnnsu c kofopimu umcnno 22 aniycfa qpanuy-
si concpmunu cnoc makcumaninoc u nahpacnoc ycunuc, unfcphpc-
fuponan hosuuuk Ionimu kak coinacuc na hpoxon Kpacnou apmuu
ucpcs cc fcppufopuk n ncucfnufcninocfu sfoio coinacun nc cy-
mccfnonano.
Camo coinamcnuc IucnfpohMonofon nc ino ucm-fo nco-
iunim, ccnu nc yuufinafi fof qakf, ufo ono osnauano honniu
hcpcnopof n cucfcmc cokson sfo umcno naxnic hocncncfnun u
nisnano mupokuu ofknuk. Ho honnunniu hcpcnopof in cnnsan c
concpxanucm cckpcfnoio hpofokona, ufo cnuncfcnicfnycf o ucnc,
sahnaucnnou Iufncpom Cfanuny, ufoi honyuufi coinacuc na pas-
ipom Ionimu. Ofo ina nicokan ucna, c kofopou Iufncp coina-
cuncn, paccuufinan cncnafi npcmcnnic u omanuunic ycfyhku,
hpu sfom on nc hpcnhonaian, ufo sfu ycfyhku oucni ycnoxnnf honu-
fuucckyk cufyauuk n Bocfounou u ynaucko-Iankanckou Inpohc.
Hnauc ionopn, hcpcxon Bocfounou Inpohi hon concfckoc nnunnuc
in hapanokcaninim u nchpcnnuncnnim pcsynifafom honufuku
Iufncpa cmc no pcmcnuu coksnix ncpxan u pcsynifafon Bfopou
muponou nouni.
Iufncp fakum opasom hifancn occhcuufi cnoony ncucfnuu
Icpmanuu n Ionimc u na 3ahanc, ucm on icfpo nochonisonancn,
no nc yucn, n honnom coofncfcfnuu c pacucfckou konuchuucu, ufo,
nosmoxno, Concfi hocnnf n qunaninom hpofunoopcfnc. Ofo
ina icohonufuucckan omuka npamafuucckoio xapakfcpa. B ucfi-
pcx cfafinx cckpcfnoio hpofokona inu ucfko ohpcncncni cqc-
pi nnunnun ocux cfopon n Bocfounou Inpohc. B hcpnou cfafic,
kacanmcucn pciuona cfpan Ianfuu, ycfanannunanoci, ufo ceoepnun
ipanuua afnuu cfancf ipanuucu mcxny concfckum u icpmanckum
nnunnucm, hpu sfom Buninkc paccmafpunancn kak hpunanncxan-
muu ufnc. Bfopan cfafin kacanaci Ionimu u ohpcncnnna, ufo
ipanuua mcxny cqcpamu nnunnun nnyx cfpan hpouncf hpunusu-
fcnino ho pckam Hapcn-Bucna-Can. Bohpoc o fom, xcnafcnino nu
coxpanufi ncsanucumoc Ionickoc iocynapcfno u n kakux ipanuuax,
nonxcn in ifi pcmcn hosnncc, n sanucumocfu of xona coifuu.
Tpcfin cfafin sakpchnnna Icccapauk n cqcpc concfckux unfcpc-
con u honfncpxnana honnoc ofcyfcfnuc unfcpcca Icpmanuu k
sfomy pciuony. B hocncnncu, ucfncpfou, cfafic ionopunoci o a-
conkfnou cckpcfnocfu hpofokona.
Hfak, Iufncp ofnan onimyk uacfi cfpan Ianfuu, Bocfounyk
Ionimy u Icccapauk Concfckomy Coksy n omcn na konfponi nan
ocfaninou uacfik Ionimu u cnoony ncucfnuu, hpcnocfannnnmykcn
J1O
cmy hakfom o ncnahancnuu. Cfanun, n cnok oucpcni hpuopcfan
cqcpy nnunnun, kofopyk ofcfaunan u pacmupnn n sahannom na-
hpanncnuu no 148 i.
4.6.4. HOCLE,CTBUH COBETCKO-HAUUCTCKOFO HAKTA
Hcoxunanniu honopof n ofnomcnunx mcxny cnpohcuckumu
ncpxanamu n pcsynifafc concfcko-nauucfkoio noionopa nisnan cc-
uucncnnic hocncncfnun u nanonio ocfancn onuucfnopcnucm xccfo-
koio pcanusma, koina nu hcpcn ucm nc ocfanannunakfcn. Oa nuk-
fafopa panu cnoux ucncu nc sanyminanuci nu o usmcnc pancc
nsnfim onsafcnicfnam (ococnno Iufncp), nu o omccfncnnom
pcsonancc: n ococnnocfu, cpcnu ncnix, nccina cuufanmux nauusm
u qamusm hcpncumumu npaiamu, c kofopimu cncnycf ncycfanno
opoficn, kak onu sfo ncnanu n ncnanncu anfuqamucfckou nounc
n Hchanuu. Cmupuficn c nonou pcaninocfik, hpcncfanufi ccc,
ufo Iufncp yxc nc fupan-yuuua, a ucnniu coksnuk, cmoinu nc
ncc cfoponnuku ncnix: sfo ino uchifanuc, kofopomy cfanunusm
honncpi Kommynucfuucckuu unfcpnauuonan u, n oncc mupokom
hnanc, anfuqamucfckuc nnuxcnun no nccm mupc.
B hnanc mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu naxno honnfi, kakoc nnun-
nuc okasan mockonckuu noionop na cnpohcuckuc cfpani. O cymc-
cfnonanuu cckpcfnix cfafcu ino foina ncusnccfno, xofn pasnufuc
coifuu umhnuuufno honfncpxnano cymccfnonanuc ckpifoio cio-
nopa. Icpnimu sfo sahonospunu ufaninnckuc nuhnomafi n Icpnu-
nc, kofopic hosfomy u ofpcaiuponanu hcpnimu na coomcnun,
hpumcnmuc us Mockni. Ccionnn fpynno ckasafi, inu nu pcmcnun,
hpunnfic n Iumc 2425 aniycfa, pcsynifafom ncfpcu n 3aniuypic,
no nccomncnno, ufo usnccfun us Mockni nanu fonuok ufaninnckou
honufukc u sacfanunu Hfanuk pcaiuponafi ncmcnncnno.
Mycconunu cnona okasancn hcpcn cncpmunmumcn qakfom, ko-
fopiu nc in mapiunaninim coifucm oipanuucnnoio macmfaa,
a coifucm cfoni snauufcninim, ufo ono ohpokunyno cucfcmy cn-
pohcuckux cokson. Hfanun xc, nccmofpn na onsafcnicfna ho
Cfaninomy hakfy, nc honyuuna naxc munumaninou unqopmauuu
co cfoponi Icpmanuu. Kpomc foio, Mycconunu inyoko ynpyuano
camo saknkucnuc concfcko-nauucfckoio hakfa, ufo ino nchpucm-
ncmo nnn nuncpa ufaninnckoio qamusma, kofopiu nuncn n opic
c kommynusmom cmicn cnocio cymccfnonanun. yuc, k fomy xc, nc
oxunan ynapa, nancccnnoio Iufncpom, kofopiu honncpxan concfc-
koc nanncnuc na Iyminuk, a, cncnonafcnino, u na Iankani, ufo
nanocuno hpnmou ymcp unfcpccam u namcpcnunm Hfanuu.
B sfou cufyauuu Huano ino nciuc ycnufi Mycconunu kak
moxno oncc ucfko kak moxno icfpcc nucfanuuponaficn of Icp-
J11
manuu, fak kak cfano oucnunno, ufo Cfaninou hakf hpunocuf
niioni foniko Icpmanuu u yipoxacf coxpancnuk mupa n fo npc-
mn, koina Hfanun n ncm ococnno nyxnacfcn.
25 aniycfa Mycconunu honyuun cnuncfncnnoc xnancnoc hocna-
nuc of Iufncpa, kofopiu unqopmuponan cio o fom, ufo hpousom-
no, hpcncfanun cnyuunmcccn kak ncncponfniu niuipim nnn Ocu.
Mycconunu fcpnn fcphcnuc u, xofn n hpcninymuc nnu yccpnno pa-
ofan nan honiofonkou hocnanun, inc ina ofpaxcna cio pcakuun
na usnccfun, coomcnnic cmy Huano u Affonuko hocnc 3aniuyp-
ia, n fof xc ncni, 25 aniycfa, on hcpchucan sanono fckcf hucima u
fncpno sannun: Hfanun honumacf ofnomcnuc Icpmanuu k Ionimc
u iofona ina i yuacfnonafi n ooponufcninou nounc, no n cny-
uac nccomcu nouni, chponouuponannou nahancnucm Icpmanuu,
ufaninnui nc ynyf yuacfnonafi, ccnu Icpmanun yncf nc n cocfo-
nnuu ne+e0:enno hocfanufi Hfanuu ncoxonumoc cfpafciuucckoc
cipic, ufoi ona moina hpofunocfonfi ncponfnomy nahancnuk
Aninuu u panuuu. Mycconunu, nakoncu, nahomunan Iufncpy,
ufo no npcmn namux ncfpcu ino hpcnycmofpcno, ufo nouna nos-
moxna hocnc 142 iona... Cuufak cnoum hpnmim noniom, kak no-
nniniu npyi, noannnn Mycconunu foniko nncmnc npyxccku,
no, n cymnocfu, c yhpckom u namckom, ckasafi nam nck hpanny
u hokasafi nam pcaninoc honoxcnuc ncmcu: ofkas of sfoio moi i
honncui sa coou nchpunfnic hocncncfnun nnn nccx nac. Hakoncu,
nnn xapakfcpucfuku nacfpocnuu, iochoncfnonanmux n okpyxcnuu
Mycconunu, nocfafouno hpunccfu samcuanuc Huano, kofopiu sa-
hucan n cnocm nncnnukc: Coks mcxny Mocknou u Icpnunom
sfo yponnuniu pak, kofopiu hpofunopcuuf yknc u nyxy namux
noionopon. Ofa akuun nahpanncna hpofun Iuma, hpofun kafonu-
uusma; ona osnauacf nosnpaf k napnapcfny, a nama ucfopuucckan
poni saknkuacfcn n fom, ufoi nicfyhufi hpofun ncio nccmu
cpcncfnamu u no nccopyxuu.
25 aniycfa Iufncp ysnan o pcakuuu Hfanuu. B fof xc ncni on
honyuun coomcnuc o honhucanuu anino-honickoio noionopa o
nsaumohomomu. Ofo ino cmc onno cnuncfcnicfno foio, ufo co-
inamcnuc c CCCI nc hpuncno k usonnuuu Ionimu, a, naoopof,
concucfnonano cosnanuk cnunou cucfcmi iapanfuu, naxc ccnu ona
u nc cfana ncmcnncnno sqqckfunnou. B fof momcnf on snan, ufo
Ionimy moxno ino afakonafi, hofomy ufo nukfo nc cmoi i
okasafi cu homomi cs hpomcnncnuu. Ho hpu nahancnuu na 3ahan
Icpmanun ninyxncna ina ohupaficn foniko na Concfckuu Coks
u ncucfnufcnino iofonuficn k nccomcmy konqnukfy, nc paccuu-
finan na concucfnuc Hfanuu, kofopoc homoino i, xofn u ncmno-
io, ymcnimufi ohacnocfu, cnnsannic c nounou.
J12
4.6.5. HAUALO BTOPOU MUPOBOU BOUHM
Ipukas o nahancnuu na Ionimy yfpom 26 aniycfa hocnc nc-
ckonikux uacon myuufcninix koncanuu in ofosnan u akuun hc-
pcncccna na 1 ccnfnpn. Icpmanckuu nukfafop yfpafun ncnucckuc
unnksuu kak ofnocufcnino Shonuu, fak u Hfanuu. On ycnuncn
fakxc n csnancxnocfu u cspcsynifafnocfu hcpcionopon c qpan-
uysckum hocnom Kynonnpom u aninuuckum hocnom Icnncpconom,
kofopomy Iufncp honfopun yxc usnccfnic hpcnnoxcnun o oni-
mom coinamcnuu, no hpu sfom hpcnycmafpunanoci pcmcnuc honi-
ckou hponcmi n coofncfcfnuu c hoxcnanunmu Icpmanuu. B fo
npcmn kak co nccx cfopon mnoxunuci hpusini k mupy, qkpcpy
nanncxano hpunnfi okonuafcninoc pcmcnuc.
Icpuni opafuncn k cnocmy mncnckomy npyiy ancpycy, kofo-
piu 26 aniycfa hpuin n onnon, ofkyna coomun n Icpnun o pc-
akuuu Bcnukopufanuu. B fcucnuc ncckonikux nncu kasanoci, ufo
nuanoi nnoni nananuncn. Mnoioopasuc hpcnnoxcnuu u nuhnoma-
fuucckux hcpuhcfuu hpu nnumafcninom usyucnuu hokasinacf, ufo
nuckyccuu inu honni hpofunopcuuu u hapanokcon nnn ocux
cfopon, nknkuan u Iufncpa. 2 aniycfa honickoc hpanufcnicfno sa-
nnuno o iofonnocfu otnnufi nccomyk mounusauuk. Icnu cpan-
nufi sfo coomcnuc c nocnnimu hpuiofonncnunmu Icpmanuu n
fcucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn, fo cfanonufcn oucnunnim pasnuuuc
n honcncnuu cfopon u n cfchcnu iofonnocfu k nounc. Ho naxc sfo
coomcnuc, hpumcnmcc us Bapmani (u hpcnpafunmcccn n oquuu-
aninoc pcmcnuc JO aniycfa), sacfanuno nuhnomafon pasncpnyfi nu-
xopanounyk ncnfcninocfi. Bcucpom foio xc 2 aniycfa Iufncp
hpunnn Icnncpcona u hpcncfanun cmy kak onimyk xcpfny iofon-
nocfi icpmanckou cfoponi hpononxafi nancc hcpcionopi na ocno-
nc ynifumafunnix hpcnnoxcnuu, n coofncfcfnuu c mcfonamu, ko-
fopic Iufncp nconnokpafno uchonisonan c 1J8 i.
kpcp hofpconan, ufoi honickoc hpanufcnicfno nahpanuno
n Icpnun honnomounoio hpcncfanufcnn, kofopiu moi i nccfu hc-
pcionopi u hpunumafi ofncfcfncnnic pcmcnun. Moxcf ifi Iuf-
ncp yxc hpcnnkyman, ufo on nnoni uchonisycf ncc cnoc kpacnopc-
uuc, kak sfo yxc ino c Uymnuiom u Iaxou. B ncucfnufcninocfu
nukfo nc moi hpocufi honnkon coinacuficn c fakou hpoucnypou,
ufo ino pannocunino fomy, ufoi hcpcnafi ux, kak hofcphcnmux
hopaxcnuc u ynuxcnnix, n pyku hocnufcnn. Ionnku nc cuufanu
ccn hocxncnnimu u ynuxcnnimu, u y nux xnafano nauuonaninou
iopnocfu, ufoi nc cknonuficn hcpcn fpconanunmu Icpmanuu.
Hakoncu, Icnncpcony u Bauusckcpy ynanoci ycnufi honickoio
hocna n Icpnunc uhckoio ncfpcfuficn c Iucnfpohom n kauccfnc
J1J
hpocfoio nuhnomafa cs ocoix honnomouuu. Bcfpcua cocfonnaci
ncucpom J1 aniycfa, u ccionnn usnccfna kak kpafuauman ncfpcua,
hofomy ufo uhckuu oipanuuuncn fcm, ufo honfopun iofonnocfi
Ionimu k hcpcionopam, no honcnun, ufo nc pachonaiacf fpcyc-
mimu honnomouunmu. Iocnc sfoio Iucnfpoh ofncfun, ufo cc-
honcsno hpononxafi cccny. C sfoio momcnfa ncc hpnmic konfakfi
mcxny ocumu cfoponamu inu hpckpamcni.
Ocfananaci nosmoxnocfi numi hocncnnux hpusinon k mupy,
koina Iufncp onapononan hcpcucni 16 hpcnnoxcnuu, hpcncfan-
nnnmux coou icpmanckuc ynifumafunnic fpconanun. Onu cfanu
usnccfni foniko n hocncnnuu momcnf ho yxc ohpoonannomy cuc-
napuk nnn ncmoncfpauuu nncmncu ymcpcnnocfu, a fakxc c ucnik
nokasafi, ufo Ionima ofkasanaci of hcpcionopon. Hsnccfno, ufo
cmc n mac Iufncp pcmun honnocfik hokonuufi c honickum noh-
pocom. opmynuponku cio hpcnnoxcnuu inu hopyucni hpoha-
iannucfckomy ahhapafy, n sanauu kofopoio nxonuno cnanufi nuny
sa nahancnuc na cfopony, honncpimykcn aipcccuu.
Kpomc foio, Mycconunu hohifancn uipafi poni nonouchcucn-
noio mupofnopua, koina JO aniycfa nicfyhun c hpcnnoxcnucm o
cosinc 5 ccnfnpn konqcpcnuuu. Ofo ina cfapan uncn, kofopyk
Mycconunu xofcn usnoxufi Iufncpy, ccnu i fof coinacuncn hpu-
nnfi cio hocnc honyucnun mcmopannyma Kananncpo. B konuc aniy-
cfa hpcnnoxcnuc nyuc ino naiocknonno hpunnfo qpanuysamu
(kofopic fcm camim hponcmoncfpuponanu, ufo nison nnn nux nc-
hpucmncm) u ckchfuuccku aninuuanamu. Ho Iufncp cam ofknonun
hpcnnoxcnuc nyuc, cnanun ofncfcfncnnocfi na honnkon: ncncncfnuc
ux mcnfanufcfa, ckasan on Affonuko, sfy hohifky xnan hponan, u
Mycconunu okasancn i n oucni safpynnufcninom honoxcnuu.
Yfpom 1 ccnfnpn 1J i. ho hpukasy Iufncpa icpmanckuc noucka
hcpcmnu honickyk ipanuuy. Iufncp nicfyhun c pcuik u hpcncfa-
nun ohcpauuk kak honuucuckyk akuuk, kofopan nc nahpanncna
hpofun sahannix ncpxan. Ipcnnoxcnuc Mycconunu o cosinc kon-
qcpcnuuu cmc n fcucnuc nnyx nncu hpononxano uupkynuponafi n
omccfncnnix u nuhnomafuucckux kpyiax, no mcxanusm nouni
in yxc qafanino sahymcn. J ccnfnpn Bcnukopufanun u pan-
uun n coofncfcfnuu c hpunnfimu umu onsafcnicfnamu otnnunu
nouny Icpmanuu.
5.1. Omwe sameuanwn o xapaxiepe nownm
5.1.1. BOLLTUE CTOPOHM
B momcnf nahancnun na Ionimy Iufncp pasnnsan konqnukf,
macmfai kofopoio on nc moi hpcnnuncfi. Iio ucnik ino pas-
ufi panuuk, ccnu nosmoxno noionopuficn c onnonom, a sa-
fcm nahacfi na Concfckuu Coks. Hukfo nc moi foina hpoinosupo-
nafi xon nouni nu c honufuucckou, nu c nocnnou fouku spcnun, u
naxc cam ncmcukuu nukfafop hufan nckofopyk nancxny na fo, ufo
on cmoxcf niuipafi cxnafky hpocfou ncmoncfpauucu honnkam icp-
manckou cuni. Iino, onnako, fpynno hufafi unnksuu ofnocufcnino
oipanuucnnoio xapakfcpa ynymcu nouni, cfouno foniko honymafi
o fom inyokom cmicnc, ufo in sanoxcn n nounc.
C honufuucckou fouku spcnun nouna ina pcsynifafom cufya-
uuu, cosnanmcucn n Inpohc hocnc 11 i., nipasufcncm kofopou n
skcfpcmucfckou qopmc cfan Iufncp. Aninuuanc sanumanu usonn-
uuonucfckyk hosuuuk u inu n onimcu cfchcnu saunfcpcconani
konfponuponafi usmcncnun n Conpyxccfnc u ofnomcnun c Cocnu-
ncnnimu Ufafamu. panuysi, kofopic pachnauunanuci nccnfu-
ncfunmu (nosmoxno, u cfoncfunmu) nahpnxcnun sa konfponi nan
konfuncnfom, naxonunuci n cufyauuu nnnoio yhanka, xofn nncmnc
ncnu ccn camoyncpcnno. Hfaninnui, nccmofpn na ycunun Mycco-
nunu, ho-hpcxncmy sanumanu mapiunaninoc honoxcnuc. Concfi,
cnnsannic ncoxonumocfik honiofonku k fou ponu, kofopyk
nckopc hpcnnasnauuf um nouna, nuo csncucfnonanu, nuo ncu-
cfnonanu foniko c ucnik nochonisonaficn nosmoxnocfnmu, kofo-
pic ofkpinana nnn nux iufncponckan nuhnomafun. Takum opasom,
n Inpohc 1J i. cnuncfncnnou ho-nacfonmcmy kpyhnou ncpxa-
nou, honnou nnyfpcnncio nunamusma, fonkanmcio cc nounaficn
icicmonuu na konfuncnfc, ina Icpmanun.
Icnu i nnanuafik ionamu pancc qpanuysckou nuhnomafuu
ynanoci oncpxafi ncpx, fo n 1J i. sfoio i nc hpousomno. Ionu-
fuucckoc hopaxcnuc panuuu n Bcpcanc hpuncno k fomy, ufo co-
xpanunaci hofcnuuanino ncfponyfou icpmanckan momi, kofopyk
Iufncp ckonucnfpuponan u yncnuuun, cncnan Icpmanuk camou
Ftana nnian
HEPBNN OTAH
BTOPON MNPOBON BONHN
J15
hpofnxcnnou, camou naccncnnou, camou hpousnonufcninou u ca-
mou nunamuunou cfpanou na konfuncnfc, oxnaucnnou cunincu-
mum uyncfnom nauuonanucfuucckoio pcnanma. Hnimu cnonamu, n
1J i. Icpmanun ina e0uncmoennou sqqckfunnou cnpohcuckou
ncpxanou, cmc nc ucucphanmcu cnok poni icicmonucfa na konfu-
ncnfc. Bouna hpcnocfanuna nosmoxnocfi nnn uchifanun fakoio
umhynica. Bhnofi no 141 i. moxno ino oucnunafi inyuny sfou
cc ponu u cuny sfoio umhynica.
Ko nccmy ckasannomy noannnnuci honufuucckuc ycfanonku u
unconoiuucckuu qanafusm Iufncpa. Hcnosmoxno ooufuci cs
pasmimncnuu o ponu, kofopyk ciipana nuunocfi qkpcpa n nonc-
ncnuu kpusuca no skcfpcmaninix hponnncnuu. B ycnonunx pasno-
xcnun naxonunmciocn, ho cio mncnuk, hon nnacfik cnpcuckux
qunancon kahufanusma u usnpamcnuu, hpucymux nacunicfncnno-
my konnckfunusmy onimcnucfckoio fonka, Iufncp cuufan ccn
inannim nocufcncm ucfopuucckou muccuu ho chaccnuk uucfofi
cnpohcuckou fpanuuuu, cumnonusuponanmcucn apuuckou pacou.
Iufncpa nhonnc ycfpaunan u sfafusm, u anfopufapusm u nc ycfpau-
nan sianufapusm, ncxanmuu n cio ocnonc (kofopiu cohyfcfnonan
cymccfnonanuk onuiapxuucckou nnacfu), unnuqqcpcnfnocfi k
ucpapxuu no nnyfpcnncm u mcxnynaponnom hnanc u ycfanonka na
nacunicfncnnoc ynuufoxcnuc kahufanucfuucckou cucfcmi. Xofn n
fcopcfuucckom hnanc konuchuuu Iufncpa nixonunu sa pamku ho-
nufuucckux qopm kahufanucfuucckou skonomuku, on nc nomcn
no ofpuuanun cc hpcnhocinok; nahpofun, on cfpcmuncn opafufi
ux na honisy ycuncnuk iocynapcfncnnou nnacfu u nukfafopckux
honnomouuu c fcm, ufoi unfcpcci pasnufun cucfcmi kpyhnou
ncmcukou hpomimncnnou conhanu c amuuunmu nauucfckoio ho-
nufuucckoio umhcpuanusma. Onnako skonomuucckan cfopona n
iufncponckou unconoiuu nnnnnaci numi ohopou, a nc hpoipamm-
nou hpcnhocinkou. Iochoncfnykman konuchuun (k kofopou icp-
manckan skonomuucckan cucfcma ina, nhpoucm, xopomo hpucho-
concna) asuponanaci na ncoxonumocfu micnufi kafciopunmu
onimux hpocfpancfn u ipomannix pccypcon n kauccfnc ycnonun
nnn yfncpxncnun cnocu paci n ucpapxuu muponix ncpxan. Iosfomy
iufncponckuu icicmonusm moxno paccmafpunafi kak skcfpcmaninoc
ycunuc, hpcnhpunnfoc cnpohcuckum iocynapcfnom nnn yfncpxncnun
cnocu monohoninou nnacfu na konfuncnfc, kak ancknafnyk hohif-
ky hpofunocfonfi fpancqopmauuu mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu.
Cymma sfux sncmcnfon, hpucymux ncmcukou pcaninocfu u iuf-
ncponckou konuchuuu, hpunananu konqnukfy inoaniniu xapakfcp
nouni, kofopyk cncnycf nccfu no hocncnncio, nkimu cpcncfnamu,
c nkimu hpofunnukamu, nc ncnan nukakux iymanufapnix ycfyhok,
Ftana 5. Hepnmw sian Biopow mwponow nownm
J16
nc ocfanannunanci hcpcn yhofpcncnucm nkix, naxc camix inyc-
nix uncfpymcnfon opii. Ofo otncnncf fof kommap, kofopomy
honoxun nauano Iufncp (honfopnn, nhpoucm, fo, ufo yxc ncnanu
npyiuc, u coupanuci cs ocoix koncanuu ncnafi u nhpcni), ocy-
mccfnnnn napnapckuc omapnuponku ipaxnanckoio naccncnun, na-
hpanncnnic na ocnancnuc nnyfpcnncio qponfa nkoio hpofun-
nuka, a fakxc otncnncf xccfokocfi konucnfpauuonnix naicpcu u
macconoio ynuufoxcnun nkncu. Ofo fakxc otncnncf xonokocf cn-
pccn, kofopiu Iufncp u cio copafnuku pasncpnynu ho mcpc foio,
kak nouna ycxnana ux n ncoxonumocfu ynuufoxcnun cnpcuckoio
napona (ofkasinan cmy n camom hpanc na cymccfnonanuc u na uncn-
fuunocfi), paccmafpunacmoio iufncponckou unconoiucu kak cum-
non u ocnony ucnnocfcu, honncxamux uckopcncnuk.
Ofu hpcnhocinku, no npcmn nouni hponnunmuccn cmc oncc
ocfpo, hpuncnu k fomy, ufo konqnukf, pasnnsanniu n ccnfnpc
1J i., cfan camim kponanim us fcx, ufo koina-nuo snana ucfo-
pun. Honan cnpohcuckan ipaxnanckan nouna, hcpcpocman no
Bfopyk muponyk nouny, ocfanuna ncusinanumiu cncn n opasc cy-
mccfnonanun nccio konfuncnfa: mafcpuaninan xusni, uncu, kyni-
fypnic ucnnocfu, uyncfna, cfpaxu ncc ino hocfanncno hon co-
mncnuc. Io okonuanuu nouni ncc nonxno ino usmcnuficn. Ho
cmoxcf nu na pasnanunax Inpohi, honncpimcucn camopaspymc-
nuk, nosponuficn ipaxnanckoc omccfno Ypoku napnapckou xcc-
fokocfu, hpchonannic Iufncpom cio npaiam, n fcucnuc nonioio
npcmcnu ocfananuci ncsaxunakmcu panou nnn fcx, kfo cam hcpc-
xun sfu coifun u cniman o nux of ux yuacfnukon.
Icpcocmicnunan ohif Bfopou muponou nouni oucni uacfo
cfpcmnfcn ckonucnfpuponafi nnumanuc na fom, kakum opasom
ona sakonuunaci, fo ccfi na nauanc nncpnou spi, oosnaucnnou n
aniycfc 145 i. omapnuponkamu Xupocumi u Haiacaku. Onnako
pcui uncf o hpcnnamcpcnnou qanicuqukauuu, hpcncpciakmcu
nccm fcm, ufo hpousomno no sfoio, qakfom ofncfcfncnnocfu, nc-
xamcu na fcx, kfo nauan nouny, kfo homoian um sfo cncnafi, fcx,
kfo nc oosnauun nocfafouno ncno ipanuui cnocu fcphumocfu n
ofnomcnuu nacunicfncnnix saxnafon u kpaunux hponnncnuu ho-
nufuku cuni. nanuafuncfuc 111J ii. nauanoci c nancxnou
na fo, ufo naionapn uic Hauuu nopmi mcxnynaponnoio hpana
nosonanakf nan nuucm nc oipanuucnnim cfpcmncnucm nouficn
cnoux nauuonaninix ucncu. Hukfo nc cmoi cncnafi sfu hpunuuhi
nocfafouno ncucfncnnimu, u ux cccnanniu koncu n pcsynifafc
pyccko-qunckou sumncu nouni 1J14O ii. osnauan kpax unfcp-
nauuonanucfckux unnksuu.
J17
B hcpnic nna iona nouni cfan oucnuncn cc unconoiuucckuu xa-
pakfcp. Iocnc 141 i. cchopnnouniu nononopof coifuu nc cncnan
cfonknoncnuc uncu, hpcnpafunmuxcn fcm npcmcncm n hpohaiannucf-
ckuc nosyniu, mcncc ocfpim. B camom ncnc, c ccnfnpn 1J i. no
uknn 141 i. unconoiuucckuc pasnuuun hponnunuci nocfafouno of-
ucfnuno. Aipcccopamu inu anfopufapnic u nukfafopckuc pcxumi:
Icpmanun, coksnuua Concfckoio Coksa, safcm Hfanun, coksnuua
Icpmanuu. Zcpfnamu nahancnun cfanu: Ionima (n ncmokpafuucc-
kom xapakfcpc kofopou inu ocnonanun comncnaficn), Hopnciun,
anun, Ionnannun, Icniiun, panuun, Bcnukopufanun, fo ccfi
ccncpo-afnanfuucckuc ncmokpafuu. Bouna, cncnonafcnino, cfana
ofpaxcnucm konqnukfa mcxny ncmokpafunmu u nauu-qamusmom,
nicfyhanmum n coksc c onimcnusmom. Ofnuuufcninic hpusnaku
anfopufapusma, a fakxc hnkpanusma u ncmokpafuu inu oucnun-
ni u qopmuponanu ucfkuc nohnomcnun, a cnoxunmancn cufyauun
nc hpcnhonaiana nu pasnuuuu, nu honufuucckux offcnkon.
Iponcma namnoio ocnoxnunaci n 141 i., hocnc nahancnun
Icpmanuu na Concfckuu Coks u Shonuu na Cocnuncnnic Ufafi.
Inoanusauun konqnukfa cmcmana fakxc kapfi unconoiuucckoio
cfonknoncnun, chococfnonan, onnako, nospoxncnuk pasmifoio
honnfun anfuqamusm, yxc uchifannoio no npcmn ipaxnanckou
nouni n Hchanuu u nnoni nncncnnoio n yhofpcncnuc n nannou
cufyauuu. Ofo nospoxncnuc cohponoxnanoci nc cnumkom oni-
mou nnyfpcnncu ycxncnnocfik, no hpu fom onimum hpoha-
iannucfckum pasmaxom, fcm oncc ncoxonumim, ucm n onimcu
cfchcnu fniofi nouni, yxynmanmuc honoxcnuc ipaxnanckoio na-
ccncnun, ninyxnanu uckafi mounusauuonnic cfumyni, kofopic
cfanonunoci ncc fpynncc naxonufi. B Hfanuu onu cnyxunu n kauc-
cfnc ckpchnnkmcio cfpany cpcncfna, nc cnumkom nnymakmcio no-
ncpuc, numi n fcucnuc kopofkoio npcmcnu. B Icpmanuu oniman
choconocfi iufncponckoio pcxuma k ocymccfnncnuk konfponn u,
ncponfno, oncc inyokan cknonnocfi k icicmonuu na konfuncnfc,
cncnanu sfy cnnsykmyk cuny oncc hpounou. B hpofunohonoxnom
naicpc nocnnic ncynauu sacfanunu na nckofopoc npcmn saifi o
cfpafciuucckux u unconoiuucckux hpofunopcuunx, comncnunx u
honospcnunx.
cpxannan honufuka u unconoiuucckan nouna nnnnnuci, fakum
opasom, pcaninimu cunamu u hponnncnunmu konnckfunnou hcu-
xonoiuu, nicnooxncnnimu iufncponckou akfunnocfik. Icnu i
Icpmanun hocnuna, fo n Inpohc nomunuponanu i mapuoncfounic
pcxumi n cocfanc nauucfckou umhcpckou cucfcmi. Concfckuu
Coks ninyxncn in i, panimc unu hosxc, hocuufaficn c iufncpon-
J18
ckum icicmonusmom, kofopiu nknkuun i Ykpauny, Icnopyccuk
u Ipuanfuuckuc iocynapcfna. Bcnukopufanuu hpumnoci i
cfonknyficn c fcm, ucmy ona, nauunan c XVI ncka, hifanaci noc-
hpchnfcfnonafi, fo ccfi c honnncnucm n Inpohc inancncfnykmcu
cuni, ucknkuakmcu ncnkuc npyiuc nnunnun, cuni, choconou
fakxc ycfpcmnnficn nonnc u ochapunafi hpcnocxoncfno y nnacfufc-
ncu camou kpyhnou n fo npcmn kononuaninou ncpxani, n fom uuc-
nc u c ucnik samcnufi ux n ocymccfnncnuu inoaninoio konfponn.
Ofof konfponi, n conokyhnocfu c fcm, ufo nicfpaunanu nhonui n
Tuxookcanckom pciuonc, nonxcn in oxnafufi Cocnuncnnic Ufa-
fi c pasnix cfopon, pocun nison ux usonnuuonusmy u ux hpcnoc-
xoncfny n 3ahannom honymapuu. Ccionnn moxno foniko hpcnhona-
iafi, kak i ncc sfo ino n ncucfnufcninocfu, yuufinan pcaninic
cfpykfypnic ycnonun mcxnynaponnou cucfcmi. Ho ccnu i n 1J i.
Icpmanun niuipana nouny, fo hocncncfnun sfoio inu i uyno-
numnimu. Iufncp ymcn opoficn co npcmcncm, u sfo otncnncf
cfpcmufcninocfi cio ncucfnuu, icfpofy hpunnfun pcmcnuu u
uyncfno ncofnoxnocfu concpmacmoio, kofopoc n ncm hpconanano.
On honuman, ufo ccnu Icpmanuu nc ynacfcn hocnufi sa nnafpu
iona, fo cynia nouni cfancf iopasno oncc nchpcnckasycmou.
Bimcusnoxcnnan apiymcnfauun ocnoninacfcn, onnako, na
hpcnhocinkc, fpcykmcu honcncnun. B conpcmcnnix nounax, na-
uunan c ccpcnuni XIX ncka u nhnofi no Icpnou muponou nouni,
cfanonunoci ncc oncc oucnunnim, ufo napnny c fpanuuuonnimu
sncmcnfamu, cocfannnnmumu nocnnyk momi u ohpcncnnnmumu n
hpomnom cyniy nocnnix cfonknoncnuu (noopyxcnunmu, nknimu
u cfpafciuucckum pykononcfnom), hpounoc mccfo sannnu npyiuc
sncmcnfi, honnocfik usmcnunmuc snaucnuc nouni. Ofninc nc
umcno cmicna honaiafi, ufo nouna sfo cmc u unou choco ocy-
mccfnncnun nncmncu honufuku, f.c. cpcncfno nnn hpunyxncnun
cfpohfunoio cohcpnuka k nihonncnuk nonu cio anfaionucfa c ucnik
uscxafi puckon nopoiocfonmcio, no oipanuucnnoio ho cnoum
macmfaam cfonknoncnun. Tcxnonoiuucckuc usmcncnun, hpouc-
mcnmuc n cucfcmc unnycfpuaninoio hpousnoncfna no nfopou ho-
nonunc XIX ncka u yckopnnmuccn na hpofnxcnuu nccio XX ncka,
nccmofpn na ioni ncnukou nchpcccuu, honnunnu, n fom uucnc, u
na cam konuchf nouni. Ona onimc yxc nc moina fpakfonaficn
kak oipanuucnnoc ho cnoum macmfaam coifuc, nahpanncnnoc na
nocfuxcnuc ohpcncncnnou ucnu. Koina konqnukf pasnnsinana ka-
kan-nuo ncnukan ncpxana, on ncuscxno nonnckan n cfonknonc-
nuc nccx (kak sfo yxc hokasan ohif coifuu 114118 ii.).
J1
Bouna, cncnonafcnino, fpconana nanuuun momnoio hpomim-
ncnnoio hofcnuuana u, n ococnnocfu, fnxcnou hpomimncnnocfu;
choconocfu icfpo uchonisonafi umcnmuccn n pachopnxcnuu
cfpani cipic, fcxnonoiuucckuc u sncpicfuucckuc pccypci; nanu-
uun nosmoxnocfu honyuafi sahacnic uacfu nnn nocnnou fcxnuku
u ocymccfnnnfi ncoxonumic hocfanku nnn nocnnix opynuu; nanu-
uun ipomannoio fopionoio u nocnnoio qnofa, ncnunannoio pancc;
anuauuu, pcmakmyk poni kofopou foniko ufo hponcmoncfpupona-
nu nouna n Oquohuu u ipaxnanckan nouna n Hchanuu. Hcoxonu-
mo ino hpcncfannnfi, ufo cfonknoncnun ynyf hpoucxonufi na
oipomnom hpocfpancfnc, hosfomy cncnonano occhcuufi sqqck-
funnyk u nancxnyk nocfanky nkncu u fcxnuku. K fomy xc fchcpi
pcui mna yxc nc hpocfo o nununx fpanmcu, hycfi naxc u cfoni
hpofnxcnnix, kak fpanmcu Mapni u Iinnc, a o fakux cchpc-
ncninix ipanuuax, kak ipanuua nccio Concfckoio Coksa unu nccx
mopckux hpocfopon. Hcoxonumo ino fakxc hpcncfannnfi, ufo n
nocnnic ohcpauuu yncf nonncucno u ipaxnanckoc naccncnuc, ko-
fopoc nonxno occhcuunaficn pccypcamu nnn honccnncnnou xusnu,
koncuno, oipanuucnnimu hofpcnocfnmu apmuu u nocnnimu pas-
pymcnunmu, onnako nocfafounimu nnn honncpxanun nc cnumkom
nuskoio yponnn xusnu (ufoi on nc cmoi chponouuponafi nccoi-
nacuc c xcpfnamu, cnnsannimu c nocnnimu ncucfnunmu). B hpo-
funnom cnyuac cnuncfncnnou anifcpnafunou ino i nannsinanuc
fakux xcpfn cunou u nihonncnuc uacfik apmuu nc nocnnix sa-
nau, a cnnsannix c honncpxanucm omccfncnnoio hopnnka. Hako-
ncu, ncoxonumo ino fakxc icfpo hocfpoufi n nauoncc honxo-
nnmux mccfax nancxnic ycxuma of ycfpamakmux nosnymnix
nahancnuu, hpcnnasnaucnnix nnn foio, ufoi hoccnfi hanuky cpc-
nu ipaxnanckoio naccncnun u cnomufi choconocfi fina k cohpo-
funncnuk. B 1J i. ncc sfo ino cmc ncnocfafouno ncno, onnako
yxc ocosnano fcmu, kfo pasnnsinan unu ncn nouny.
Iomumo choconocfu icfpo nnccfu n ou iofonic k cpaxc-
nuk noopyxcnnic honpasncncnun (n sfou onacfu ncmui, iofo-
nunmuccn hcpnimu u nauoncc unfcncunno, onananu nccomncn-
nim hpcumymccfnom hpu ycnonuu, onnako, ufo nouna ocfanaci i
oipanuucnnou), onimoc snaucnuc umcn, cncnonafcnino, fcopcfu-
ucckuu hofcnuuan mounusauuu nauuonaninix pccypcon, kofo-
pim pachonaiana kaxnan cfpana. Ofof achckf hpcnnapufcninix yc-
nonuu, fpcycmix nounou, usyuancn pasnuunimu anfopamu c nc
nccina onunakonimu pcsynifafamu. Onnako ananus nckofopix
qakfopon cosnacf omymcnuc oipomnix macmfaon, nc ocfannnk-
mux comncnun ofnocufcnino sancucfnonannix cun.
J2O
B nannom cnyuac nocfafouno cpannufi fpu hapamcfpa: hpo-
mimncnniu hofcnuuan kaxnou us ncnukux ncpxan nakanync nou-
ni, nipaxcnniu n cpannumix cnunuuax usmcpcnun; nonk otcma
nauuonaninoio hpomimncnnoio hpousnoncfna kaxnou us ncpxan
ho ofnomcnuk k muponomy hpousnoncfny na onun u fof xc mo-
mcnf; coofnomcnuc mcxny nauuonaninim noxonom u pacxonamu
na oopony c fcm, ufoi oucnufi pasmcp pccypcon, nc hpcnnasna-
ucnnix nnn nocnnix ucncu, u nosmoxnocfi pocfa sfoio cckfopa
nnn kaxnou cfpani. Ofa nosmoxnocfi pocfa honfncpxnacfcn fakxc
nannimu, ofnocnmumucn k anuacfpocnuk, cfanmcmy pcmakmum
cfpafciuucckum sncmcnfom nouni, hpcxnc nccio n momcnf, koina
ona hpcnpafunaci us cnpohcuckou nouni n muponyk.
Hcoxonumo, fakum opasom, paccmofpcfi cncnykmuc fanuui.
+puonume:in~u npo+~u:enn~u nomenuuu:
(o iuuecmoe 0u:oooeo un0eicu o~cmynuem 0pumunciuu nomenuuu: 1' e.)
Ioni
Cfpani
CUA 46, 127,8 28,1 5JJ 528
Bcnukopufanun 7J,J 1OO,O 127,2 1J5 181
Icpmanun 27,4 71,2 1J7,7 158 214
panuun 25,1 J6,8 57,J 82 74
IoccunCCCI 24,5 47,5 76,6 72 152
Shonun 7,6 1J,O 25,1 45 88
Hfanun 8,1 1J,6 22,5 J7 46
Hcfounuk: XenneJy 1. TIc KIsc and IaII oI tIc Grcat Iowcrs. I. 2O1.
,o:n npo+~u:ennoeo npou:oo0cmou no omnouenuu i o0ue+y o0e+y
npou:oo0cmou o neiomop~x cmpunux
Ioni
Cfpani
CUA 4J,J J1,8 J5,1 28,7
CCCI 5,O 11,5 14,1 17,6
Icpmanun 11,1 1O,6 14,1 17,6
Bcnukopufanun ,4 1O, ,4 ,2
panuun 6,6 6, 4,5 4,5
Shonun 2,5 J,5 J,5 J,8
Hfanun J,J J,1 2,7 2,
Hcfounuk: Joynhee A. WorId In MarcI 1'3'. I. 4J.
188O 1OO 11J 128 1J8
12 1J2 1J7 1J8
J21
+oomnouenue +e0y pucxo0u+u nu o0opony u nuuuonu:in~+ 0oxo0o+
o 1'3? e.
Ioni Hauuonaniniu noxon Bocnnic pacxoni
Cfpani (n mnn non.) (n ')
CUA 68 1,5
Ipufanckan umhcpun 22 5,7
panuun 1O ,1
Icpmanun 17 2J,5
Hfanun 6 14,5
CCCI 1 26,4
Shonun 4 28,2
Hcfounuk: Yrighr Q. A Study oI War. CIIcago, 142.
B knuic Tounu, hocnnmcnnou cufyauuu n mupc nakanync
konqnukfa (usnannou n ccpuu Survcys oI IntcrnatIonaI AIIaIrs),
Xunnman, ocnoninanci na sfou xc camou conokyhnocfu nannix,
cqopmynuponan honnfuc cpannufcninoio nocnnoio hofcnuuana
(nipaxcnnoio n hpoucnfax ho ofnomcnuk k inoaninomy hofcnuu-
any, hpunnfomy sa 1OO') konuuccfna pccypcon, kofopic moxno
ino mounusonafi. Icui uncf o hpcnnapufcninix pacucfax, hosn-
ncc hpononxcnnix Ionom Kcnncnu n cio paofc Jhe 1ise unJ 1ull
of rhe Ureur 1owers, n kofopou concpxafcn nauoncc pchpcscnfafun-
nic cfafucfuucckuc nannic, hpcnohpcncnnnmuc ucxon konqnukfa.
Cfpani Bocnniu hofcnuuan kpyhncumux ncpxan (n ')
CUA 41,7
Icpmanun 14,4
CCCI 14,O
Bcnukopufanun 1O,2
panuun 4,2
Shonun J,5
Hfanun 2,5
Ofux nannix nocfafouno nnn foio, ufoi hokasafi, ufo iufnc-
ponckuu nocnniu hofcnuuan in ancknafcn cfonknoncnuk n pam-
kax Inpohi, n ofnomcnuu kofopoio Concfckuu Coks sanuman i
ncufpaninyk hosuuuk, no on nukoum opasom nc moi coofncf-
cfnonafi cufyauuu, hononou fou, ufo nosnukna hocnc 141 i.
Icnu cuufafi sfu nannic nocfoncpnimu (xofn onu u nonxni inu
i hpcfcphcfi uacfuunic usmcncnun na sfahc icpmanckou nncm-
nchonufuucckou skchancuu), anfuicpmanckan koanuuun, naxc
J22
ucknkuan panuuk, pachonaiana nocnnim hofcnuuanom n 65,'
inoaninoio nocnnoio hofcnuuana, a ufano-icpmano-nhonckan
foniko 2O,4', fo ccfi mcnimc, ucm fpcfik of hcpnoio. Hc fpcy-
cfcn hpuncpxunaficn nukakoio cfpoioio ncfcpmunusma, ufoi ho-
nnfi, ufo fakoc coofnomcnuc hpcnohpcncnnno ycnonun, n kofopix
pasnunancn inoaniniu konqnukf.
Ofu nannic nc umcnu i snauufcninou pcncnanfnocfu n cny-
uac, ccnu i mi ocnoninanuci na hpcnhonoxcnuu, ufo nnc cncpx-
ncpxani ocfanuci i nnc konqnukfa. Ho ccnu yuufinafi, ufo pc-
aninocfi ina conccm unou, fo onu cfanonnfcn kpacnopcuunimu.
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, hpousnonunmuc no nouni okono J fic. ca-
moncfon n ion, icfpo yncnuuunu ux nihyck no oncc ucm 6 fic.
camoncfon n 144 i. (us omcio uucna 275 fic. camoncfon, nihy-
mcnnix sa npcmn konqnukfa, us kofopix 4O fic. inu hocfannc-
ni coksnukam). Ipousnoncfno fankon n CUA, hpakfuuccku nc
cymccfnonanmcc no nauana nouni, nospocno c 14 fic. cnunuu n
141 i. no 21 fic. n 14J144 ii. Hcmui hpousnonunu nakanync
nouni okono 8 fic. camoncfon n ion; ufaninnui houfu 2 fic., a
nhonui okono 4,5 fic. Hcmuam u nhonuam (n mcnimcu cfchcnu
u sa mcnimuu cpok ufaninnuam) ynanoci yncnuuufi fcmhi cnocio
hpousnoncfncnnoio pocfa. Onnako pasnuuun cpannufcninix hofcn-
uuanon inu cfoni macmfanimu, ufo ionopunu camu sa ccn.
5.2. Hauato nownm w ee noctetcinwn
ttn nceto mwpa
5.2.1. HOCLE,CTBUH BOUHM ,LH EBPOHM
Hahancnuc ncmucn na Ionimy qopmanino nonnckno n nouny
panuuk u Bcnukopufanuk. 2 ccnfnpn Mycconunu sannun, ufo
Hfanun sannna hosuuuk ncyuacfun n nocnnix ncucfnunx xuf-
poymniu choco sannufi o ncufpanufcfc, nc cnumkom ckomhpomc-
fuponan ccn hcpcn ncmcukumu coksnukamu, c kofopimu Hfanun
ncna ocfpoc cohcpnuuccfno n fcxnuucckou u honufuucckou cqcpc.
B ofncf na sannncnuc Mycconunu ofnocufcnino ufaninnckux na-
mcpcnuu Iufncp hofpconan of ufaninnucn hcpcuucnufi fc nuni
cipin, kofopic ncoxonumi um nnn honiofonku k nounc. B Iumc,
hpu concucfnuu hpofunnukon yuacfun Hfanuu n nounc, in co-
cfanncn fakou nnunniu chucok fpconanuu, ufo ncmui nc moinu
paccmafpunafi cio nccpics. Chucok honyuun nasnanuc monuncno-
noio hcpcunn, hockoniky on concpxan nacfoniko onimuc fpco-
nanun ofnocufcnino sfoio nuna cipin, ufo onu hpcnocxonunu cio
muponoc hpousnoncfno u hpcncfannnnuci ofkponcnno upcsmcpnimu.
J2J
B fof momcnf pcaninic namcpcnun Mycconunu ino fpynno hpcn-
nuncfi. B hcpnic mccnui nouni on okasancn onnonpcmcnno pacfc-
pnnnim u cunino pasouaponannim kak n ofnomcnuu ncmucn, fak
u n ofnomcnuu nukoina nc ucucsanmcu y ncio nancxni na fo, ufo
konqnukf c Ionimcu yncf ncucfnufcnino oipanuucnnou ho mac-
mfaam nounou, u ufo, cncnonafcnino, ocfakfcn nosmoxnocfu nnn
nosononncnun mupnix unuuuafun.
B ocfaninix cfpanax Inpohi nouna nisnana onimyk fpcnoiy
ho honony cc ncponfnix hocncncfnuu. Ofo kacanoci nc cfoniko 3a-
hannou Inpohi (nknkuan Hchanuk u Iopfyianuk), of kofopou
nocnnic ncucfnun inu cmc nancko, ckoniko Ccncpnou Inpohi u
Iankan. Ianfuuckuc iocynapcfna omymanu na ccc kafacfpoquucc-
kuc hocncncfnun icpmancko-concfckoio coinamcnun. Imc n onimcu
cfchcnu fakuc hocncncfnun uyncfnonanuci n unnnnnuu, iocynap-
cfnc, na kofopoc Concfckuu Coks okasinan cuninoc nuhnomafu-
ucckoc nanncnuc nauunan c 1J8 i. u kofopoc concfcko-icpmanckuu
hakf hocfanun, ho mcnimcu mcpc, n ynsnumoc honoxcnuc.
Iankanckoc pannonccuc ino yxc napymcno coifunmu 1J8 i.
u mapfa-ahpcnn 1J i. Bouna moina hpcnncmafi numi nonic nc-
cuacfin. C sfou fouku spcnun ufaninnckoc ncyuacfuc iapanfupona-
no, ufo xofn i na fof momcnf Kiocnanun moina nc onficn yipos.
Onnako na nccm honyocfponc nnoni pachpocfpanunaci afmocqcpa
cfpaxa u ncyncpcnnocfu, hocfchcnno oxnafinanman ncc cfpani pc-
iuona (sa ucknkucnucm Bcnipuu, hpononunmcu honufuky skchan-
cuonusma). Hncn ykpchncnun cymccfnykmux cokson u houck no-
nix, kofopic paspcmunu i nckofopic inyunnic hpofunopcuun
u occhcuunu i mup n pciuonc, xunmcm n hocfonnnom cocfonnuu
konqnukfa unu nouni, ninamunanaci ionamu, onnako nc nanana
nukakux pcsynifafon.
Ona nnoni cfana akfyaninou, n fom uucnc u naionapn hpcn-
hpunnfou Concfamu n mac 1J i. unuuuafunc ho cosnanuk omc-
io anfuicpmanckoio qponfa Iankanckux iocynapcfn u Typuuu. Ofa
unuuuafuna okasanaci cspcsynifafnou hpcxnc nccio hofomy, ufo
ona cfpcmunaci usonuponafi Bcnipuk u concucfnonafi cnuxcnuk
Ioniapuu co cfpanamu Manou Anfanfi, hoyxnan cc k ofkasy of
cnoux pcnusuonucfckux hpcfcnsuu n ofnomcnuu houfu nccx coccn-
nux iocynapcfn. B ufoic, saknkucnuc concfcko-icpmanckoio hakfa
hponcmoncfpuponano honopof concfckou honufuku, hocnc kofopoio
CCCI yxc concpmcnno nc in saunfcpcconan n coxpancnuu srurus
quo na Iankanax.
Yuufinan sfo nonoc honoxcnuc ncmcu, pymini u kiocnani
hohifanuci nonccfu no konua hpockf ykpchncnun Iankanckou An-
fanfi 1J4 i. 1 ccnfnpn munucfpi unocfpannix ncn ocux cfpan
J24
Iaqcnky u Hunuap-Mapkonuu paspaofanu hnan, hpcnycmafpunan-
muu yuacfuc Ioniapuu n Anfanfc n omcn na onsafcnicfno npyiux
cfopon ynonncfnopufi fcppufopuaninic fpconanun Coquu n fom
cnyuac, ccnu honufuka ymupofnopcnun yncf hpunnfa oniapckum
hpanufcnicfnom, hpcncfannnnmum ncc honufuucckuc cuni cfpani.
Ukkpk Capanxoiny, fypcukuu munucfp unocfpannix ncn, kofo-
piu umcnno n fc ncncnu nonxcn in ohpcncnufi mcxnynaponnic
hcpchckfuni cnocu cfpani, ofhpannnnci n Mockny, honyuun sana-
nuc hpomyhafi ucpcs Monofona hosuuuk Concfckoio Coksa n of-
nomcnuu pymincko-kiocnanckoio hpockfa (nc cncnycf sainafi o
fom, ufo cio mai in nciufumusuponan yuacfucm Typuuu n Ian-
kanckou Anfanfc). Ionyucnniu um hpucm nc ocfannnn nukakux
comncnuu. Concfi onimc nc inu saunfcpcconani n ykpchncnuu
Anfanfi u yuacfuu n ncu Ioniapuu. Hfo kacacfcn ocfaninoio, fo
onu nauanu honnumafi nohpoc o Icccapauu, kofopiu ncckoniko
hosnncc hpuncn ux k oocfpcnuk konqnukfa c Iyminucu.
Ofu nonic coifun cmc oncc ucfko hokasanu, ufo cfpani
Iankanckoio pciuona yxc nc moinu uyncfnonafi ccn samumcnni-
mu ncncncfnuc icpmano-concfckoio cohcpnuuccfna, a nonxni inu,
nahpofun, omymafi na ccc yiposy of ncnanncio cionopa. Hx na-
ncxni ocfananuci cnnsannimu foniko c ncyuacfucm Hfanuu, ho-
ckoniky csncucfnuc Bcnukopufanuu no ccnfnpn 1J i. u ouc-
nunnic safpynncnun panuuu n ohpcncncnuu cnoux pcaninix
nncmnchonufuucckux unfcpccon nc ocfannnnu npyiux anifcpnafun.
Ofo hpuncno k minoncnnomy cnuxcnuk c Hfanucu naxc fcx
cfpan, kofopic, kak, nahpumcp, Ipcuun, u, n mcnimcu cfchcnu,
Iyminun, nccina ncckoniko nucfanuuponanuci of ncc. Kpomc foio,
ufaninnckan hosuuun ncufpanufcfa n fcucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn
pasnunanaci fakum opasom, ufo ncnana hpannohononim cosnanuc
noka ncufpaninix cfpan, opucnfuponannoio na ufaninnckyk nncm-
nkk honufuky u honkpchncnnoio pufanckum mopckum hpucyf-
cfnucm n Bocfounom Cpcnuscmnomopic.
C npyiou cfoponi, pumckoc hpanufcnicfno fakxc co ncc oni-
mum ohaccnucm nanknano pcsynifafi coinamcnun Monofon-Iu-
cnfpoh, kofopoc moino ofkpifi Concfckomy Coksy hyfi k Ian-
kanckomy honyocfpony, cosnan n sfom pciuonc (nnoanok k yxc
umcnmcmycn momnomy icpmanckomy hpucyfcfnuk) cmc onnoio co-
hcpnuka, choconoio yipoxafi unfcpccam Hfanuu u oipanuuufi
cqcpy cc nnunnun uyfi nu nu onnou Ananucu. Ipockf cosnanun
ncufpaninoio noka nc oucnunancn nciafunno naxc ncmcukou cfo-
ponou, hockoniky cuufanoci, ufo koopnunupykman poni Hfanuu
ho ofnomcnuk k ncufpaninim ankanckum iocynapcfnam, n koncu-
nom cucfc, yncf nokuponafi hocncncfnun skonomuucckou nocnnou
J25
honufuku aninuuan. Onnako, koina Huano ofhpanuncn n Icpnun nnn
foio, ufoi Iucnfpoh u Iufncp pastncnunu cmy snaucnuc icpma-
no-concfckux coinamcnuu, on ycniman of qkpcpa: Hfanun sfo
cfpana, kofopan nonxna cfafi aconkfnim xosnunom Cpcnuscm-
nomopin, onanan icicmonucu no nccx cfpanax Iankanckoio hony-
ocfpona, nchocpcncfncnno nixonnmux na Cpcnuscmnoc mopc u
Anpuafuky. Ofa qopmynuponka umcnno fak ohucinana cqcpy
hpcnhonaiacmoio nnunnun Hfanuu, oipanuuunan cc numi uacfik
Kiocnanuu, Ananucu u Ipcuucu, n fo npcmn kak ycfpcmncnun
ufaninnckux qamucfon nccina inu iopasno oncc omupnimu.
5.2.2. HOCLE,CTBUH BOUHM BA HPE,ELAMU EBPOHM
3a hpcncnamu Inpohi nouna c camoio cc nauana nochpunuma-
naci nccima ho-pasnomy. Amcpukanui inu ho-hpcxncmy osanauc-
ni u houfu pasouaponani ncchoconocfik cnpohcuucn honnfi, k
kakou cocfncnnou kafacfpoqc onu unyf. Hcckoniko uacon chycfn
hocnc ncfyhncnun n nouny Bcnukopufanuu u panuuu (J ccnfn-
pn 1J i.) Iysncnif opafuncn k amcpukanckomy napony ho panuo
n onnou us cnoux snamcnufix cccn y kamuna: Hama cfpana co-
xpanuf ncufpanufcf, ckasan on, no n nc moiy fpconafi, ufo-
i ncc amcpukanui ocfananuci mopanino ncufpaninimu. On u
nanimc ocfanancn ycxncnnim n fom, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi
nonxni inu coxpannfi ncufpanufcf. Bhpoucm, u omccfncnnoc
mncnuc uchifinano cuninoc nnunnuc usonnuuonucfon, n fakou
xc cfchcnu, kak u hpofunopcuunic umhynici, cnnsannic c nauuo-
naninim hpoucxoxncnucm nckofopix us mnoiouucncnnix amcpu-
kanckux sfnuucckux ipyhh. Iohynnpnocfi hpcsuncnfa ocnonina-
naci na cio choconocfu sanocnafi honncpxky sfux ipyhh, sauacfyk
hpunanncxanmux k naumcncc hpununciuponannim cnonm.
B ccpcnunc ccnfnpn Iysncnif nahpanun n konipccc hocnanuc,
kofopoc nonxno ino nauafi nuckyccuk ho ucfncpfomy sakony o
ncufpanufcfc, ncfyhunmcmy n cuny hocnc cio onopcnun 4 nonpn
1J i. Iocnanuc Iysncnifa hpccncnonano nnounyk ucni: coxpa-
nufi ncufpanufcf, a fakxc nochpchnfcfnonafi hocnc Icpmanuu.
3akon nonxcn in ifi hcpccmofpcn fakum opasom, ufoi cnc-
nafi oncc nancxnim coxpancnuc mupa, onnako mup, ionopun ioc-
cckpcfapi Kopnysnn Xsnn, cfancf nosmoxcn foniko n fom cnyuac,
ccnu nouny niuipakf panuun u Bcnukopufanun. Ho ccnu nouny
niuipacf Icpmanun, fo oucni ncponfno, ufo fakxc u |amcpukanui]
ynyf ninyxncni nocnafi. Takan occhokocnnocfi ofpasunaci n
nonou qopmynuponkc hpunuuha smapio na noopyxcnun, coinacno
kofopomy hpcnycmafpunanoci, ufo sahannic coksnuku moinu ho-
J26
kyhafi cio y Cocnuncnnix Ufafon na ocnonc hpanuna cush unJ
curry (hnafcx nanuunimu u hcpcnoska sa cucf hokyhafcnn). Ofo
osnauano usmcncnun, naiohpunfnic nnn ocymccfnncnun ucncu
Bcnukopufanuu, cnnsannix co cpounou nuknunauucu ofcfananun
of Icpmanuu n honiofonkc k nounc.
Hnou ina cufyauun n npyiux uacfnx mupa. B afunckou Amc-
pukc, inc sanucumocfi of Cocnuncnnix Ufafon uacfo hopoxnana
anfuamcpukanckuc u anfupufanckuc nacfpocnun, ncmui u ufani-
nnui pasncpnynu nnymufcninyk hpohaiannucfckyk ncnfcninocfi
ho hponuknoncnuk n ococnnocfu n cpcny smuipanfckux coo-
mccfn, cnnsannix hpoucxoxncnucm c sfumu nnymn cfpanamu. Ofa
ncnfcninocfi hpunccna cnou hnoni, ho kpauncu mcpc n Apicnfunc
u Ipasunuu, inc ncmcukuc unfcpcci, a hosnncc u ufaninnckuc,
nochpunumanuci cs npaxncnocfu, a uacfo c fakou noncu cum-
hafuu, ufo namunifonckoc hpanufcnicfno ino ninyxncno cosnafi
chcuuaninoc kpo, hpcnnasnaucnnoc nnn hpohaianni honufuku
nouni, hpononumou coksnukamu, u, hpcxnc nccio, nnn qopmupona-
nun hpofunoncca mhuonckou ncnfcninocfu Icpmanuu. B fcucnuc
nccu nouni hocncnnnn ocfananaci nnn coksnukon ofkpifou u nc-
nukafnou hponcmou n ococnnocfu, n cnyuac c Apicnfunou.
Ionufuuccku nauoncc akfunnan uacfi naccncnun kononuu ho-
numana, ufo nouna usmcnuf ofnomcnun Inpohi co nccm ocfaninim
mupom. Oipanuucnnan nouna cosnana i numi kpafkocpounic
hponcmi. Onnako n fom cnyuac, ccnu n nouny ncucfnufcnino inu
i nonncucni panuun, Bcnukopufanun, Icniiun, Ionnannun u
Hfanun, sfo ofpasunoci i na Aqpukc, Inuxncm u Cpcnncm Boc-
fokc u Kio-Bocfounou Asuu. Iosfomy ncoxonumo ino nnuma-
fcnino paccmofpcfi hcpchckfuni, nifckakmuc us nonix coifuu.
B Aqpukc, ncponfno, foniko cfpani, umcnmuc nixon k Cpcnuscm-
nomopik, cospcnu nnn nnuxcnun sa ncsanucumocfi, a Iiuhcf yxc
hponcmoncfpuponan n 1J6 i. nackoniko ocfpim ino cio xcnanuc
cpocufi pufanckyk ohcky.
Ha Inuxncm u Cpcnncm Bocfokc honufuka ncpxan-mannafapu-
cn cosnanana hponcmi kak nnn aninuuan, fak u nnn qpanuyson.
Onnako umcnno aninuuanam hpumnoci cfonknyficn c hofcnuuani-
nimu puckamu hpcxnc nccio n Hpakc, inc ino cunino ncmcukoc
hpucyfcfnuc, u n Ianccfunc, inc konqnukf ho honony cnpcuckou
ummuipauuu cosnan inyokuu paspin mcxny ncpxanou-mannafapu-
cm u apackum naccncnucm. Ofof paspin nc cmoina sahonnufi
naxc Icnan knuia, ohynukonannan aninuuanamu n mac 1J i.
Ipufanckuu nokymcnf ocman Ianccfunc ncsanucumocfi n fcucnuc
nccnfu ncf u xccfko oipanuuunan cnpcuckyk ummuipauuk 75 fic.
ucnonck n ion n fcucnuc hnfu ncf, hocnc ucio pcmcnuc nohpoca
J27
o ncu nonxno ino sanuccfi of coinacun apaon. Onnako sfu yc-
fyhku hokasanuci apaam sahosnanimu. Onu nc usmcnunu hon-
chynnyk fcnncnuuk hanccfunckoio nauuonanusma (u n ucnom, na-
uuonanusma npyiux apackux cfpan) k onopcnuk uncu hopaxcnun
Ipufanuu. Hc yuufinan foio, ufo hocncnncc honncpino i ux fnio-
fam nonoio kononuanusma, nosmoxno, oncc xccfokoio, onu honaia-
nu, ufo hopaxcnuc numuf Bcnukopufanuk snauufcninou uacfu cc
umhcpuu unu, ho kpauncu mcpc, pciuonon, kofopic inu hpucoc-
nuncni k ncu foniko hocnc Icpnou muponou nouni.
Hmcnno sfa cufyauun ncnana cfoni ncycfouuunou u cfpafciu-
uccku naxnou hosuuuk Typuuu (kakum i nu in niop cokson
co cfoponi Concfon), hockoniky nonninocfi fypok n ofnomcnuu
3ahana, hycfi u oipanuucnnan hosuuucu ncufpanufcfa, ofncnuna
i Iankanckuu honyocfpon co nccmu cio hpofunopcuunmu of
Inuxncnocfounoio pciuona, hpchnfcfnyn pasnufuk nckonfponupyc-
mix hpoucccon u honfopcnuk omuok, hononix fcm, ufo inu
concpmcni n 114 i. Offomanckou umhcpucu. Bhpoucm, hosuuun
Typuuu ina naxna u n cnnsu c Hpanom, fakxc conknanmum
ncufpanufcf. Bo inanc cfpani n fo npcmn naxonuncn max Icsa
Icxncnu I, nochpuumuuniu k nauucfckou hpohaiannc u maccupo-
nannomy icpmanckomy hpucyfcfnuk n cnocu cfpanc, ncqfnnic pc-
cypci kofopou inu, onnako, ncoxonumi Bcnukopufanuu.
Hc mcncc ncycfouuunou ina cufyauun n Hnnuu. B xcmuyxu-
nc pufanckou koponi nnuxcnuc sa ncsanucumocfi naupano
cuny c nauana ncka u ykpchunoci n hcpuon mcxny nnymn nounamu,
n ococnnocfu hocnc foio, kak hapfun Hnnuuckuu nauuonaniniu
konipccc, hpcncfannnnman unnycckoc naccncnuc, u Mycynimanckan
nuia, hpcncfannnnman ucnamckoc naccncnuc, hpumnu k saknkuc-
nuk hakfa o cnuncfnc ncucfnuu. onnonckoc hpanufcnicfno, nc
iofonoc k poxncnuk cuninoio nauuonanucfuucckoio nnuxcnun,
ninnuianmcio fpconanuc nc foniko mccfnou anfonomuu, no hon-
nou camocfonfcninocfu u naxc ncsanucumocfu, ho kpauncu mcpc,
n cfafycc nomunuona (kofopoio yxc nounuci cnic kononuu),
ofpcaiuponano xccfokumu pchpcccunmu u hocncnonanmum saknk-
ucnucm n fkpimy unnuuckux nauuonaninix noxncu. Onnako ho-
nnncnuc fakux quiyp, kak Moxannac Iannu, cnnsanmcio cnok honu-
fuucckyk opiy c qunocoqucu ncnacunun, no choconoio cnocu
xapusmou nounaficn mupouaumcu honncpxku, unu fakux, kak
xanaxapnan Hcpy, oncc nnumafcninoio k hponcmam honufuucc-
kou xusnu u nnunnuk ncuopucfon unu k concfckomy hpumcpy,
ninyxnano pufanucn ifi oncc ocfopoxnimu. Bhpoucm, Iannu,
hyfcmccfnyn ho Inpohc, xofn u nc mcn nu na kakuc komhpomucci,
nc koncnnci hpunuman hpuinamcnun qamucfckux noxncu, ufo nc
J28
cosnanano kakux-nuo konkpcfnix hponcm, no ykasinano na ho-
fcnuuaninic fcnncnuuu.
Iohifkou Ipufanuu uchpanufi cufyauuk cfano onaponona-
nuc n 1J5 i. 1nJiu Acr (3akona o yhpanncnuu Hnnucu), kofopiu
nonxcn in cfafi hcpnim maiom k hocfchcnnomy hpcnocfanncnuk
camoyhpanncnun sfou cfpanc. Onnako, koina J ccnfnpn 1J i. Bc-
nukopufanun otnnuna nouny Icpmanuu, pufanckuu nuuc-koponi
n Hik-cnu, mapkus unnufinoy, cs koncanuu sannun o ncfyh-
ncnuu fakxc u Hnnuu n cocfonnuc nouni, nc hosaofnci o kon-
cynifauunx c unnuuckumu honufuucckumu nuncpamu, hockoniky
cama Hnnun cmc qopmanino nc honyuuna cfafyc nomunuona. Ofo
in nocfafouno ncocfopoxniu xccf, paccuufanniu na nonninocfi
k Bcnukopufanuu, kofopan yxc nana, onnako, fpcmuny. Iapfun
Konipccca ofpcaiuponana na nicfyhncnuc nuuc-koponn sannncnu-
cm, ufo Hnnun cmoxcf honfncpnufi cnok conunapnocfi c mcfpoho-
nucu foniko hpu ycnonuu, ufo yncf hpusnana cc ncsanucumocfi u
yncf opasonano unnuuckoc nauuonaninoc hpanufcnicfno. Ipu
sfom nohyckanoci coxpancnuc na hcpuon nouni konfponn nan un-
nuuckumu nouckamu co cfoponi aninuuan.
Takan pcakuun, umcnman mccfo cmc no foio, kak hocncnykmuu
xon nouni hocfanun Hnnuk n knkucnoc nnn ucxona konqnukfa
honoxcnuc, nnnncfcn cnuncfcnicfnom fpynnocfcu, c kofopimu, ho-
mumo iufncponckou honufuku, cfonknynaci Bcnukopufanun sa
hpcncnamu cnocu fcppufopuu. Hnnuuckuc fpconanun inu ofncp-
inyfi, onnako yxc 18 okfnpn 1J i. n sannncnuu nuuc-koponn n
kauccfnc ucnu pufanckou honufuku yfncpxnanoci honyucnuc Hn-
nucu cnocio mccfa cpcnu nomunuonon, no ho okonuanuu nouni.
Tcm npcmcncm umhcpckoc hpanufcnicfno hpcnhpunnno c sfou ucnik
nanncxamuc mcpi, hopyuun ux paspaofky ipye:o+y cmo:y c yuacfu-
cm hpcncfanufcncu unnuuckux honufuucckux cun. Bcc sfo nc ino
pcmcnucm hponcmi, onnako sfo ino fo ncmnoioc, ufo occhcuuno
onnony honncpxky ncuopucfon, osaoucnnix hpcnocfanncnucm
Hnnuu ncsanucumocfu u nxonunmux c uknn 14O i. n hpanufcni-
cfncnnyk koanuuuk, nosinannnnmykcn Yuncfonom Hcpuunncm.
Ofu mcpi ncucfnufcnino saknaninanu ocnoni nnn usmcncnuu, ko-
fopic cfanonunuci ncuscxnimu c xonom nouni.
nymn nauoncc uyncfnufcninimu foukamu (kpomc Cuniahypa)
c yucfom ux cnpohcuckux cnnscu inu Hnnokufau u Hnnoncsuu-
ckuu apxuhcnai. B Hnnokufac qpanuysckan anmunucfpauun n hpcn-
mccfnonanmcc nccnfuncfuc ncmnoio cncnana nnn foio, ufoi no-
uficn cofpynnuuccfna mccfnix nnacfcu, ofnanan hpcnhoufcnuc
cucfcmc fmafcninoio nchocpcncfncnnoio konfponn, nahpanncnnoio,
n hcpnyk oucpcni, na ynonncfnopcnuc skonomuucckux u cfpafciu-
J2
ucckux unfcpccon mcfpohonuu u mccfnix kononucfon. Icmcnuc
pcaiuponafi na pocf nauuonanusma n 2OJO-c ioni c hosuuuu
cuni, ninyxnan mccfnyk ohhosuuuk yufu na ncncianinoc hono-
xcnuc u chococfnyn, fakum opasom, hpcnpamcnuk Kommynucfu-
ucckou hapfuu Bicfnama n onny us nauoncc nnunfcninix honufu-
ucckux cun Kio-Bocfounou Asuu, ino oycnonncno ncnocfafouno
pcanucfuunou oucnkou cufyauuu u ncoocnonannou hcpcoucnkou
cuni qpanuysckoio kononuanusma. Iapuxckoc hpanufcnicfno nc
xcnano u nc ino chocono ninnufi u nanncxamum opasom hpu-
nncui mccfnic snufi k ocymccfnncnuk cnoux hnanon u, fakum o-
pasom, yhycfuno nosmoxnocfi ocymccfnufi hnanniu hcpcxon k ho-
nufukc hcpcnauu nnacfu, kofopiu hpcnpafun i hpofunnukon
panuuu us nchocpcncfncnnix npaion n hofcnuuaninix hapfnc-
pon unu, ho mcnimcu mcpc, n ncufpaninix nanknafcncu.
Hc cunino ofnuuanaci cufyauun n ionnannckux nnancnunx n
Hnnoncsuu. B konuc Icpnou muponou nouni ionnannui nauanu
cosnanafi sncci hpcncfanufcninic opiani nnacfu, onnako n ucnom
cucfcma yhpanncnun, ocnonannan na omux kpufcpunx nchpnmoio
hpanncnun c ohopou na fpanuuuonnyk nnacfnyk ucpapxuk, ocfa-
nanaci hafcpnanucfckou u anfopufapnou. Ona ina ncchocona
cuufaficn c hponnncnunmu, napnny c npyiumu hocncncfnunmu cn-
pohcusauuu, pacfymux ycfpcmncnuu opasonannix snuf, opaso-
nannix ho-cnpohcucku, u hpofunopcuuu mcxny numu u fpanuuuo-
nanucfckumu cnonmu omccfna. Zccfko hpucckanaci nkan qopma
nauuonanusma; n JO-c ioni inu apccfonani u nchopfuponani
nauuonaninic nuncpi, hpcncfannnnmuc, kak Cykapno u Xaffa, fy
uacfi opasonannou snufi, kofopan moina cfafi nauoncc honcs-
nim hapfncpom nnn ionnannucn. Ofo hpuncno, n konuc konuon, k
ycuncnuk nauuonanusma u yhpoucnuk hosuuuu cfoponnukon npax-
ncnoio ofnomcnun k mcfpohonuu.
Takum opasom, oospcnan sfy hanopamy ncufpaninoio mupa n
momcnf nchimku konqnukfa n Inpohc, nc kacanci hoka pciuona,
inc nouna yxc honixana n fcucnuc nnyx ncf, a umcnno, pciuona,
inc ncucfnonana Shonun, moxno samcfufi kak pachpocfpannnuci,
hycfi u c pasnuunimu nkancamu, ofionocku hpoucxonunmcio
cfonknoncnun, nc nisinan nchocpcncfncnnix hocncncfnuu, no
hpunonn n nnuxcnuc cuni, kofopic nhocncncfnuu ynyf ncucfno-
nafi ncc oncc yckopcnnimu fcmhamu.
Icpmanun nahana na Ionimy c ucnik hpunccfu n nnuxcnuc
uchi usmcncnuu, choconix pcmufi hponcmi onimux hpo-
cfpancfn, kofopic Iufncp cuufan ncoxonumimu nnn ocymccfnnc-
nun cnocio inoaninoio hpockfa. Onnako Iufncp nc ynannunan
foio, ufo hpcnnuncnu kak amcpukanui, fak u aninuuanc n kauccfnc
JJO
ofnancnnoio pcsynifafa kpusuca, a umcnno foio, ufo ncci mup
omyfuf hocncncfnun cnpohcuckou ipaxnanckou nouni, naxc
ccnu ona oipanuuufcn macmfaamu Ionimu u Icpmanuu.
Coifun n Shonuu pasnunanuci hapanncnino icpmanckum, no
ncsanucumo of nux. Oc cfpani inu cnnsani omum unfcpccom
nocnafi c Concfckum Coksom u kommynusmom nauunan c hon-
hucanun Anfukomunfcpnonckoio hakfa 25 nonpn 1J6 i. Ofo
conhancnuc unfcpccon, koppcnuponanmcc fakxc c ninnuianmumucn
hapanncnino hpockfamu cosnanun oipomnix cqcp ucknkuufcninoio
nnunnun (nnn nhonucn n Kufac u n Tuxom Okcanc), oipanuuuna-
noci nnymn nnyfpcnnumu hpofunopcuunmu. Icpnoc kacanoci pas-
nuuun n konuchuunx ofnomcnuu c Bcnukopufanucu. nn Icpma-
nuu hocnc 1J8 i. sfu ofnomcnun hcpccfanu nocufi hosufunniu
xapakfcp, u Bcnukopufanun hpcnpafunaci n hpofunnuka nomcp
onun. nn Shonuu coxpannnuci ncusmcnnimu mofunauuu, cncnan-
muc n 1O2 i. nosmoxnim anino-nhonckuu u anfupycckuu coks.
Ipufanckoc hpucyfcfnuc n Tuxom okcanc nnnnnoci onnonpcmcnno
oipanuuufcncm u ofhpannou foukou nnn nhonckou honufuku, ninnu-
ianmcu ucnu, conmccfumic c ucnnmu Bcnukopufanuu, kofopix ona
houfu nccina hocncnonafcnino hpuncpxunanaci nhnofi no 141 i.
Bfopou sncmcnf pacxoxncnuu in hpcncfanncn, xofn u npc-
mcnno, pasnou cfchcnik iukocfu n ofnomcnuu Concfckoio Co-
ksa. nn Icpmanuu uapckan Ioccun unu Concfckuu Coks nccina
nnnnnuci kak honcsnim coksnukom, fak u hpofunnukom, honnc-
xamum ynuufoxcnuk. B 1J i. hakf o ncnahancnuu honoxun na-
uano sfahy cofpynnuuccfna, kofopoc, xofn u ino npcmcnnim,
hpcncfannnnoci ohacnim u konfphponykfunnim nnn nhonckux un-
fcpccon. nn Shonuu, ipanuua kofopou na Asuafckom konfuncnfc
hpocfupanaci of Maniuxypuu no Kufan, CCCI in fpanuuuon-
nim hpofunnukom.
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi fakxc nnnnnuci hofcnuuaninim hpchnf-
cfnucm nnn nhonckoio skchancuonusma. Onnako nhnofi no 141 i.
ux cohcpnuuccfno hpomno ucpcs ncckoniko sfahon, hosnonnnmux
hpocmafpunafi ckpinacmyk npcmcnnimu pasnoinacunmu conmcc-
fumocfi ux inyunnix unfcpccon u nosmoxnocfi naufu qopmyni
cocymccfnonanun. Cufyauun usmcnunaci c 141 i., koina n Shonuu
nosonananu skchancuonucfckuc cuni, cnnsannic hpcxnc nccio c
nocnno-mopckumu kpyiamu. Bcn ucfopun XX ncka cnuncfcnicfnycf
o ncnosmoxnocfu hpumupufi nhonckuc unfcpcci n Asuu c concf-
ckumu unfcpccamu, ufo u ofpasunoci n 1J i. na nhonckou hosu-
uuu n ofnomcnuu cnpohcuckou nouni. Iosfomy, koina Iufncp
honhucan noionop o ncnahancnuu c Concfckum Coksom, pcakuun
nhonucn nifckana n hcpnyk oucpcni us oucnku puckon, kofopim
JJ1
honncpianaci Shonun ncncncfnuc ncoxunannoio panukaninoio us-
mcncnun cufyauuu. Iakf IucnfpohaMonofona ofncnnn pasnu-
fuc coifuu n pciuonc, inc nomunuponana Shonun, of coifuu,
ofnocunmuxcn k pciuony c hpconananucm cnpohcuckux ncpxan.
nc nouni, kofopic n 141 i. nonxni ynyf cnuficn n cnunoc
cfonknoncnuc c hpofunnukamu, kofopic houfu nccina inu omu-
mu, n 1J i. cmc hpcncfannnnu coou pasncninic konqnukfi.
Hcnisn fakxc c yncpcnnocfik yfncpxnafi, ufo n ccnfnpc 1J i.
fokuuckoc hpanufcnicfno honncpxunano icpmano-concfckyk hoc-
ny nan Ionimcu. Hahpofun, cymccfnycf onimc honfncpxncnuu
opafnoio.
5.3. Hopa:enwe Hotnmw w nonme
tepmano-coneicxwe cottamenwn. Bwmnnn nowna
5.3.1. MOLHUEHOCHAH BOUHA B HOLBTE
Monnucnocnan nouna, chnanuponannan ncmuamu, honnocfik
ynanaci. Ionickuc noucka, sanyxnanmuccn ofnocufcnino nosmox-
nocfu okasinafi cohpofunncnuc icpmanckou nocnnou mamunc c
homomik ycfapcnmcio noopyxcnun, inu ohpokunyfi fankamu
Tpcficio pcuxa. Boopyxcnnic cuni u iopona ncmui paspymunu
omapnuponkamu. 25 ccnfnpn konponou omapnuponkc honncpi-
naci Bapmana. Ha cncnykmuu ncni cfonuua Ionimu ina n pykax
ncmucn. Ionickoc hpanufcnicfno ykpinoci n onnonc, cfan hcpnim
hpanufcnicfnom n usinanuu.
Mcxny fcm hcpcn ncmuamu ncfana hponcma hosuuuu Concf-
ckoio Coksa. Iufncp nancnncn na icfpoc yuacfuc CCCI n nocn-
nix ncucfnunx, hockoniky honnomacmfanan icpmano-concfckan
conunapnocfi cncnana i nnn ncio nosmoxnim ho okonuanuu nou-
ni n Ionimc nauafi mupnoc nacfyhncnuc na aninuuan u qpanuy-
son. nn concfckou cfoponi cymccfnonanu nnc fpynnocfu. Icpnan
cocfonna n fom, ufo n momcnf honhucanun hakfa c ncmuamu Mock-
na nc hpcncfannnna ccc, kak o sfom cnuncfcnicfnykf ucfounuku,
ufo nahancnuc na Ionimy ino cfoni ncofnpafumim u, cncnona-
fcnino, nc hpcnhpunnna nocnnix hpuiofonncnuu, ncoxonumix
nnn coinaconannix ncucfnuu. Bfopan fpynnocfi nifckana us qop-
maninou cufyauuu n concfcko-honickux ofnomcnunx, kofopic nc
nananu hpcnnoia nnn nncsahnoio otnnncnun nouni. C 1J2 i. oc
cfpani inu cnnsani noionopom o ncnahancnuu, ononncnnim
28 nonpn 1J8 i. u nohonncnnim hocncnykmumu coinamcnunmu
n nckapc 1J8 i. u n nnnapc 1J i. B sfux ycnonunx houck qopmy-
ni, kofopan, xofn i n omcm nunc, ohpanninana napymcnuc on-
JJ2
safcnicfn o ncnahancnuu, hpcncfannnncn nccima fpynnim. Mono-
fon u icpmanckuu hocon n Mocknc, ciipanmuc inannyk poni n oh-
pcncncnuu ycnonuu u npcmcnu ncucfnuu Concfckoio Coksa, ocy-
nunu qopmyny, n coofncfcfnuu c kofopou ncucfnun Kpacnou apmuu
moinu i ifi ohpannani ncoxonumocfik samufi ykpaunckux u
cnopycckux mcnimuncfn of icpmanckou yiposi. H foniko c oni-
mum fpynom qon Uyncnypi nouncn foio, ufo sfa mofunuponka
ina samcncna hpospaunou mcfaqopou, namckanmcu na ncoxonu-
mocfi nmcmafcnicfna c ucnik samufufi ykpaunckux u cnopyc-
ckux paficn of nanucmcu nan numu yiposi us-sa uchonisonanun
fpcficu ncpxanou (unfcpccno, kakou) n cufyauuu xaoca, nos-
nukmcu n Ionimc.
C fakum oocnonanucm 17 ccnfnpn concfckuc noucka hcpcccknu
honickyk ipanuuy u nimnu na hosuuuu nnoni nunuu, ycfanonncn-
nou cckpcfnimu aniycfonckumu hpofokonamu. Ocfananaci hponcma
hpunafi sfum nocnnim akuunm okonuafcninoc honufuucckoc oqopm-
ncnuc, pcmun, n fom uucnc, nonxno nu coxpanuficn kakoc-fo ho-
nouc honickoio hpanufcnicfna. Inannou nnnnnaci oncc oman
hponcma: kakoc snaucnuc cncnycf hpunanafi nauucfcko-concfcko-
my hakfy, kofopiu umcnno n fof momcnf moi hpcnpafuficn us npc-
mcnnoio coinamcnun, ocnonannoio na nsaumoniionnix unfcpccax,
n coinamcnuc, hpcnycmafpunakmcc noniocpounic onsafcnicfna.
Concfi namcpcnanuci uchonisonafi hakf n kauccfnc fpamhnuna c
ucnik concpmcnun honopofa n cnocu nncmncu honufukc of sfaha
nixunanun k sfahy napacfakmcu akfunnocfu. Hcmui, n cnok
oucpcni, nochonisonanuci cnyuacm nnn foio, ufoi occhcuufi ccc
oncc nnufcninyk u nancxnyk honncpxky na Bocfokc, choconyk
hpunccfu hnoni nc foniko n cnnsu c nounou hpofun Ionimu, no
fakxc u n konfckcfc inoaninix hnanon Iufncpa, nc coupanmciocn
ofkasinaficn of cnoux oncc noniocpounix cfpafciuucckux hnanon.
5.3.2. FEPMAHO-COBETCKUE COFLATEHUH
28 CEHTHBPH 1939 t.
Iponcma ina pcmcna c homomik nonix coinamcnuu, hon-
hucannix Iucnfpohom n Mocknc 28 ccnfnpn. Icpniu noionop
kacancn nonou ipanuui coofncfcfnykmux cqcp nauuonaninix
unfcpccon, ohpcncnnn, ufo kaxnan us cfopon ycfanannunacf hopn-
nok n ofncncnnou cu sonc ho cocfncnnomy ycmofpcnuk. Io cpan-
ncnuk c 2J aniycfa icpmanckan ipanuua hcpcnnuianaci no nunuu
of Bucni no Iyia fak, ufo ona conhanana na hpakfukc c nunucu
Kcpsona 11 i. Tcm camim Concfam hpcnocfannnnaci nosmoxnocfi
hpcfcnnonafi na fcppufopuk, kofopyk onu hpuopcnu i u n cnyuac
JJJ
hopaxcnun Icpmanuu (ufo onu foina xc hpcnycmafpunanu u ufo
umcnno hpousomno n 145 i.). Kpomc foio, Icpmanun honyuana pc-
iuon, nasinanmuucn fpcyioninukom Cynanku (cs iopona Aniyc-
fon), na ipanuuc mcxny Bocfounou Ipyccucu u ufnou. B omcn
ufna, n ofnuuuc of foio, ufo ino hpcnycmofpcno mccnucm pani-
mc, hcpcnananaci n concfckyk cqcpy nnunnun.
Tcppufopuaninic coinamcnun cohponoxnanuci pnnom hocnc-
nykmux honufuucckux u fopionix noionopcnnocfcu, kacanmuxcn:
a) cnoonnooio hcpcmcmcnun coofncfcfnykmcio sfnuucckoio nacc-
ncnun us onnoio pciuona n npyiou; ) pcmcnun o ncnohycfumocfu
honickou aiufauuu u o koncynifauunx, n cnyuac ncoxonumocfu, c
ucnik cc nuknunauuu; n) onsafcnicfna saknkuafi fopionic coina-
mcnun (kofopic inu honhucani hosnncc, n qcnpanc 14O i.)
o hocfankax concfckou cfoponou pasnuunix nunon cipin c ohna-
fou icpmanckumu hpomimncnnimu fonapamu; i) coinacun CCCI
na uchonisonanuc cio xcncsnix nopoi nnn icpmanckoio fpansufa c
Iyminucu, Hpanom, Aqianucfanom u aninum Bocfokom. Ofu u
npyiuc oncc mcnkuc coinamcnun pacmupnnu snaucnuc nnycfopon-
ncio coinamcnun u naxc hpunananu cmy nun nocnnoio coksa, nc-
hocpcncfncnno nahpanncnnoio hpofun panuuu u Bcnukopu-
fanuu, na kofopic n noionopcnnocfnx o honanncnuu nosmoxnoio
cohpofunncnun honnkon nosnaianaci ofncfcfncnnocfi sa napymc-
nuc nonoio hopnnka, ycfanonncnnoio n Hcnfpaninou Inpohc.
28 ccnfnpn Icpmanun honyuuna ucknkuufcniniu konfponi
nan uacfik Ionimu, hosnonnnmuu cu hpcncfannnfi ccn n yny-
mcm n kauccfnc ncpxani, iochoncfnykmcu na houfu nccx sfnuucc-
ku honickux fcppufopunx, u, cncnonafcnino, ncpxani, kofopan n
cnyuac saknkucnun komhpomuccnoio mupa moina i coinacuficn c
nospoxncnucm nconimou Ionimu. B kpafkocpounom hnanc sfof
pcsynifaf in naxcn nnn Iufncpa, iofonunmciocn nauafi cnoc
mupnoc nacfyhncnuc n ofnomcnuu sahannix ncpxan. Bmccfc c
nnymufcninimu skonomuucckumu ycfyhkamu sfo otncnncf, houc-
my qkpcp coinacuncn c concfckou icicmonucu n Ianfuuckom mopc.
B camom ncnc, hpunnfucm cfafcu, kacanmuxcn ufni, Concfckuu
Coks, hpononxanmuu fcm npcmcncm okasinafi nanncnuc na un-
nnnnuk, ncmoncfpuponan nahpanncnuc, n kofopom yncf pasnunafi-
cn cio skchancuonucfckan honufuka. Ofo ino nahpanncnuc, yka-
sannoc uapckou fpanuuucu u fonkanmcc CCCI na hyfi konqnukfa c
sahannimu ncpxanamu, no nc ocfannnnmcc n hokoc fakxc u ncmucn.
Hcxcnanuc Cfanuna fcpnfi npcmn hponcmoncfpuponan fof qakf,
ufo cio hpanufcnicfno cpasy nannsano Ipuanfuuckum iocynap-
cfnam honhucanuc noionopon o nsaumohomomu (c Ocfonucu umcn-
no 28 ccnfnpn, c afnucu 5 okfnpn u c ufnou 1O okfnpn),
JJ4
ho kofopim fpu cfpani hpcnocfannnnu Concfckomy Coksy hpano
pasmcmafi nocnno-nosnymnic u nocnno-mopckuc asi na ux fcp-
pufopunx c ucnik samufi mancnikux iocynapcfn of ohacnocfu
aipcccuu. Ipu sfom nc yfounnnuci konuuccfno u mccfopachonoxc-
nuc fakux as, ufo nonxni inu ohpcncnufi hocncnykmuc coina-
mcnun. oionop c afnucu hpcnycmafpunan ncmcnncnnoc cosnanuc
as Kpacnou apmuu na nafnuuckou fcppufopuu. Buninkc u Buni-
nkcckan onacfi ucknkuanuci us honickou soni, okkyhuponannou
pycckumu, u hcpcnananuci ufnc. Ofo cmc nc ino qopmaninou an-
nckcucu fpcx Ipuanfuuckux iocynapcfn Concfckum Coksom (sfo
hpousomno n kopofkuc cpoku n ukncaniycfc 14O i. na ocnonc
nopononinou hpocii ux hpanufcnicfn), u, cncnonafcnino, na
fof momcnf onu coxpannnu cnok ncsanucumocfi. Onnako qakfu-
ucckan okkyhauun, kofopou honncpinuci sfu fpu iocynapcfna, hon-
nocfik hocfanuna hon concfckuu konfponi kxnoc hocpcxic Ian-
fuuckoio mopn. Bcncn sa sfum nacfyhuna oucpcni unnnnnuu.
5.3.3. BUMHHH BOUHA
Ipanuua mcxny unnnnnucu u Concfckum Coksom, ohpcncncn-
nan n okfnpc 12O i. Kpicnckum (Tapfyckum) noionopom, hpoxonu-
na ncmnoium mcnimc ucm n fpunuafu kunomcfpax of cnunipana
(Cankf-Icfcpypia), fo ccfi na paccfonnuu naninocfu ncucfnun
kpyhnokanucpnou apfunncpuu. Icfccfncnno, nc ino ocnonanuu
hpcnhonaiafi, ufo unnnnnun nahancf na Concfckuu Coks, pasnc
ufo n cnyuac, ccnu i ona cfana nocnnou asou kakou-nuo npyiou
ncpxani, nahpumcp, Icpmanuu, ucio ncnisn ino ucknkuufi no
2J aniycfa 1J i. Onnako n hcpuon nnyxncfncio cymccfnonanun
icpmano-concfckoio coksa sfo hpcncfannnnoci ncncponfnim.
Takon in konfckcf, n kofopom Mockna nosononuna n okfnpc
1J i. hcpcionopi, hpcpnannic n hpcninymcm iony, fpcyn, ufoi
unnnnnun ycfyhuna uacfi Kapcnickoio hcpcmcuka u coinacunaci
na cosnanuc concfckux nocnno-mopckux as na cnocu fcppufopuu.
Ohif Ipuanfuuckux iocynapcfn in cnumkom cncx n hamnfu, a
nunun qunckoio hpanufcnicfna cnumkom ofnuuanaci of ux hosu-
uuu nnn foio, ufoi xcnicunkckoc hpanufcnicfno coinacunoci na n
omcm-fo ymcpcnnic concfckuc fpconanun. Mockna cqopmynupo-
nana unck omcna fcppufopunmu, onnako Xcnicunku hpononxan
yhopcfnonafi. Cfanun in pasnpaxcn nchpumupumocfik sfou ma-
ncnikou cfpani, ocmcnunmcucn pocufi nison moiymccfncnnomy
coccny. B nauanc nckapn on hpusnan hpanufcnicfno unnnnn-
ckou cmokpafuucckou Icchynuku, cqopmuponannoc ipyhhou
smuipanfon, kofopic co npcmcn pcnonkuuonnou nonni hpoxunanu
JJ5
n CCCI, u nosinannncmoc Offo Kyycuncnom, nannum ncnfcncm Ko-
munfcpna qunckou nauuonaninocfu. Hmcnno c sfum hpanufcni-
cfnom Concfi honhucanu nyxniu um noionop u hpucfyhunu k cio
nihonncnuk.
Bocnnic ncucfnun nauanuci 2 nonpn u inu hpononxcni c
onimcu akfunnocfik nauunan co 2 nckapn. Xcnicunkckoc hpanu-
fcnicfno hpucino k homomu uiu Hauuu, nimcnmcu na minonc-
nuc us ncfapiuucckoio cocfonnun, n kofopom ona hpcinana, nnn
foio, ufoi nipasufi cnoc nciononanuc u hpunnfi 14 nckapn 1J i.
pcmcnuc o ucknkucnuu Concfckoio Coksa. Tcm npcmcncm Kpac-
nan apmun fcphcna fnxcnic ncynauu, hockoniky ina ocfanonncna
qunckumu nouckamu, nanccmumu cu pnn ynusufcninix hopaxcnuu.
3umnnn nouna umcna naxnic honufuucckuc hocncncfnun. Akf
aipcccuu, cam ho ccc nocfouniu coxancnun, nisnan nonny hon-
ncpxku unnnnnuu co cfoponi mnoiux cfpan mupa nc foniko
ncmokpafuucckux, no fakxc u Hfanuu (inc nouna paccmafpunanaci
kak cnocio pona pcnanm ho ofnomcnuk k coksnuky Icpmanuu) u
naxc camou Icpmanuu. Cfana oucnunnou kpaunnn cnaocfi concf-
ckou apmuu, a hosfomy u cccmicncnnocfi unfu na cnumkom oni-
muc ycfyhku Mocknc. Ofo ino oucnunno sahannim ncpxanam, no,
hpcxnc nccio, ncmuam, kofopic houyncfnonanu ccn cnoonnimu
n cnoux ncucfnunx, ucm onu u cmoinu nochonisonaficn n nuxau-
mcm ynymcm. Ipousomno usmcncnuc n coofnomcnuu cun, kofopoc
cfano hponnnnficn co ncc onimcu oucnunnocfik.
Iosfomy, xofn n nauanc mapfa 14O i. pycckum ynanoci hpo-
pnafi nunuk Manncpicuma, fo ccfi qunckyk nunuk ooponi,
ocfanonunmyk ux nacfyhncnuc, Cfanun pcmun pachycfufi hpanu-
fcnicfno Kyycuncna u 12 mapfa 14O i. saknkuun mup c unnnn-
nucu na ycnonunx, hpcnnoxcnnix cmc n okfnpc: ycfyhka uacfu
Kapcnickoio hcpcmcuka c ioponom Biopiom u nckofopix nocn-
no-mopckux as na qunckou fcppufopuu. B ucnom, sfo in ynusu-
fcniniu mup nnn concfckux pykononufcncu, kofopic, mounusonan
apmuk, n pcsynifafc numi hponcmoncfpuponanu cc cnaocfi. Hmcn-
no sfof achckf nauan okasinafi nnunnuc na noniu sfah nouni, k
kofopomy iofonuncn hcpcufu Iufncp.
5.3.4. MUPHOE HACT.HLEHUE FUTLEPA
U AHFLO-!PAHU.BCKUU OTBET
Bo npcmn honickou kamhanuu aninuuanc u qpanuysi nc xofc-
nu u nc moinu hpofunocfonfi n nocnnom ofnomcnuu ncucfnunm
ncmucn, nauan nacfyhncnuc na sahannou ipanuuc. Onu nc cfanu
hpcnhpunumafi maiu n sfom nahpanncnuu hpcxnc nccio ho cfpafc-
JJ6
iuucckum coopaxcnunm, hockoniky qpanuysckuu icncpaniniu
mfa in honiofonncn k ooponufcninou, a nc k monnucnocnou
nounc. Onu nc cncnanu sfoio u hofomy, ufo y nux nc ino nos-
moxnocfu ncucfnonafi cnocnpcmcnno. B coofncfcfnuu c qpanko-
honickumu nocnnimu hpofokonamu qpanuysckuc noucka nonxni
inu nauafi nocnnic ohcpauuu 1 ccnfnpn. K sfou nafc nc foni-
ko cocfonnoci concfckoc nmcmafcnicfno n ncna Ionimu, no u
Ionima n ucnom yxc hofcphcna hopaxcnuc. Kpafkonpcmcnnic
ohcpauuu, nnunmuccn ncncnk, c 6 ho 12 ccnfnpn, hpofun nunuu
3uiqpuna, pachonoxcnnou nnoni qpanko-icpmanckou ipanuui,
inu ofpaxcni cohpofunncnucm ncmucn, sacfanunmum icncpana
Iamcncna hpckpafufi hohifku nacfyhncnun. Hc inu naxc uc-
honisonani nocnno-nosnymnic cuni, hockoniky Hcmcpncn xofcn
uscxafi ofncfnix ncucfnuu hpofun aninuuckux hpcnhpunfuu, pa-
ofanmux n honnyk cuny, u honaian, ufo (kak on ionopun ananic)
Ionima hofcpnna n nkom cnyuac. Toniko na mopc hpoucxonunu
oncc samcfnic cfonknoncnun, cnnsannic c ofncfom ncmucn na
otnnncnuc panuucu u Aninucu nokani Icpmanuu. Onnako u n
sfou onacfu nocnnic ohcpauuu nukoina nc nixonunu sa ohpcnc-
ncnnic hpcncni. Ofu hpcncni inu oycnonncni ncxcnanucm
ncmucn concpmufi n fof momcnf ufo-nuo nchohpanumoc no foio,
kak yncf pasiipana hocncnnnn nuhnomafuucckan kapfa. Iockoni-
ky konqnukf in oipanuucn kpyiom ncckonikux ncpxan u hpak-
fuuccku fcppufopucu Ionimu, hocfoniky sfof hyfi ocfanancn
ofkpifim.
Takou ina ocfanonka, n kofopou Iufncp hponosinacun 6 ok-
fnpn 1J i. mupnoc nacfyhncnuc. On cncnan sfo n cnocu hpo-
nonxufcninou pcuu n pcuxcfaic, no npcmn kofopou hocnc hpc-
nosncccnun ncmcukou hocni n Ionimc on nauan pasnunafi,
kak ynfo i sa sfo npcmn nuucio nc hpousomno, cnok apiymcnfa-
uuk, opamcnnyk k sahannim ncpxanam. Konqnukf nosnuk us-sa
honickoio nohpoca. Tchcpi honickuu nohpoc pcmcn, u Icpmanun
cknonna honncpxunafi noccosnanuc honickoio iocynapcfna hpu yc-
nonuu, ufo ono nacf iapanfuu foio, ufo nc cfancf ucnfpom unfpui,
nahpanncnnix hpofun Icpmanuu u CCCI. Icpmanuu ncucio fpc-
onafi of sahannix ncpxan, ona saofufcn numi o qopmuponanuu
cfauninoio mupa. Iufncp sancpnn, ufo on nc xoucf npyiux usmc-
ncnuu na honufuucckou kapfc Inpohi. a, on fpconan nosnpafa
kononuu, no nc ncnan us sfoio ynifumafunnoio ycnonun. On nic-
kasan hoxcnanuc cosina skonomuucckou konqcpcnuuu ho pckon-
cfpykuuu u cfaunusauuu n Inpohc u hpcnnoxun, ufoi ncc sfo
ino ocyxncno na konqcpcnuuu ncnukux cnpohcuckux ncpxan.
B hpofunnom cnyuac Icpmanun hpononxuf nouny no konua u ncc-
mu umckmumucn y ncc cpcncfnamu.
JJ7
Ofa pcui cfana naxnim shusonom n ncnfcninocfu Iufncpa. Ona
hocfanuna hcpcn cfpanamu-hpofunnukamu inannic hponcmi. Xofn
cio hpcnnoxcnuc nocuno ofkponcnno hponokauuonniu xapakfcp,
ono nc moxcf paccmafpunaficn n ofpinc of omcu cfpafciuucckou u
hpoipammnou konuchuuu Iufncpa konuchuuu, kofopan yxc na-
uunana hpcnanuponafi nan coopaxcnunmu uucfo nocnnoio xapakfc-
pa. B coofncfcfnuu c sfou konuchuucu Bcnukopufanun nnnnnaci
inannim hpofunnukom Icpmanuu no fcx hop, hoka ona ocfananaci
no inanc ipomannou umhcpuu u moina pachonaiafi fakum pcscpnnim
cfpafciuucckum apccnanom, kak Cocnuncnnic Ufafi.
Icnu i Bcnukopufanun homna na cnuxcnuc c Icpmanucu,
cmupunmuci, n cuny ocfonfcnicfn, c ymcnimcnucm cnoux pasmc-
pon u cofpynnuuan c Icpmanucu n hocfpocnuu nonou muponou cu-
cfcmi, ocnonannou na nosnpamcnuu ncmcukou cfoponou kononuu,
yfpaucnnix hocnc Icpnou muponou nouni, Iufncp oxofno ncpnyn-
cn i k cnocu inannou uncc. A ona hpcnycmafpunana houck xus-
ncnnoio hpocfpancfna nnn Icpmanuu na Bocfokc u, cncnonafcnino,
kak cofpynnuuccfno c Ionimcu (kofopoc Iufncp hpcnnoxun, kak
on cuufan, ycnufcninim opasom n hcpuon, hpcnmccfnonanmuu
kpusucy), fak u ofkas of icpmano-concfckoio hakfa u icfpoc na-
uano kamhanuu hpofun Concfckoio Coksa. Mup, fakum opasom,
in i hcpcycfpocn umcnno sa cucf Concfckoio Coksa, nnnnnmc-
iocn, c fouku spcnun Iufncpa, xpyhkum konoccom, kofopomy yipo-
xanu sfnuucckuc pasnuuun u ncycfouuunan cufyauun n cfpykfypax
nnacfu nnyfpu cfpani. B konfckcfc fakoio hcpcycfpoucfna u Bcnu-
kopufanun moina coxpanufi cnok snauufcninyk poni, koncuno,
oncc naxnyk, ucm panuun; panuuu n hnanax Iufncpa hpcnnas-
nauanaci poni coksnuka, honuuncnnoio Icpmanuu.
B sfou konuchuuu nouna hpofun Ionimu ncucfnufcnino hpcn-
cfannnna coou foniko nckyk unfcpmcnuk, hosnonunmyk Icpma-
nuu hponcmoncfpuponafi nck cnok nocnnyk momi u hokasanmyk
co nccu oucnunnocfik aipcccunnocfi, no onnonpcmcnno u honufu-
ucckyk, u nocnnyk cnaocfi CCCI. Ofy unfcpmcnuk moxno ino
sancpmufi; n okfnpc nuckypc, hocfanncnniu hon comncnuc n
aniycfc, moi ifi nosononncn fak, kak ynfo i nuucio nc hpo-
usomno, unu, founcc, hpousomnu foniko coifun, cncnanmuc Icp-
manuk ncpmufcncm cync n Hcnfpaninou Inpohc. Ipufanckuc un-
fcpcci, ho noiukc iufncponckou konuchuuu, nc inu safponyfi, n
fo npcmn kak Icpmanun cfana oncc cuninou nnn foio, ufoi na-
cfaunafi na hpunnfuu omcio komhpomucca (kofopiu mnoio pas
nipuconinancn n ncqopmaninix hcpcionopax, hpoxonunmux mcx-
ny nnymn hpanufcnicfnamu hocnc Mknxcna) kak ho kononuaninou
hponcmc, fak u n skonomuucckou onacfu.
JJ8
Ofu hpcnnoxcnun Iufncpa yxc saknkuanu n ccc anfuconcf-
ckyk nahpanncnnocfi, hockoniky akucnf na ncoxonumocfu hcpc-
cmofpa nauuonaninix hponcm, kacanmuxcn iocynapcfn Kxnou u
Kio-Bocfounou Inpohi, ofnocuncn k pciuony, n kofopom nccina
nccima uyncfnufcnino safpaiunanuci unfcpcci Concfckoio Coksa
(n cmc onimcu cfchcnu sfo hponnufcn k 14O i.). Ocyxnafi sfu
hponcmi c sahannimu ncpxanamu osnauano hpcnhonaiafi ohpcnc-
ncnnic xcpfni co cfoponi Concfckoio Coksa. Takum opasom, n
hpcnnoxcnuu Iufncpa umhnuuufno concpxanaci uncn komhpomucc-
noio mupa n omcn na noccosnanuc oncc ymcnimcnnou u oncc ho-
kopnou Ionimu u poxncnuc onimou anfuconcfckou koanuuuu.
nn foio ufoi aninuuanc u qpanuysi honcpunu ocmanunm
Iufncpa, nyxni inu honufuucckuc ycnonun, yxc nc cymccfno-
nanmuc, u nocnnic ycnonun, cmc nc cymccfnonanmuc. B nocnnom
hnanc cmc nc ino oucnunnoio hpcnocxoncfna Icpmanuu. H yxc
nc ino, sa ucknkucnucm yskux pufanckux u qpanuysckux kpy-
ion, noncpun k honufuucckum hpcnnoxcnunm Iufncpa. Cnumkom
mnoio pas hocnc 1J6 i. qkpcp sannnnn o cnocm cfpcmncnuu k
mupy u cofpynnuuccfny, uyncfnc ynonncfnopcnnocfu u ofkasc of
oncc nancko unymux fpconanuu, a safcm hon nanymannimu
hpcnnoiamu nosnpaman ccc n nyxniu momcnf cnoony ncucfnuu,
ufoi hpannmuc kpyiu Iapuxa u onnona ncc cmc ncpunu cmy.
Bcponfno, aninuuckuc u qpanuysckuc yuacfnuku hcpcionopon ho-
mnunu, kak ux ncnciauuu hpuinu na hcpcionopi n Mockny yfpom
2J aniycfa nnn ycfpancnun hocncnnux pasnoinacuu n ofnomcnuu
iapanfuu, kofopic cncnycf hpcnocfanufi Ionimc, u ycnimanu,
ufo Iucnfpoh n cnok oucpcni foxc hpuin n Mockny. Takuc
ncoxunannic honopofi coifuu npanunuci Iufncpy, u onu kasa-
nuci cmy concpmcnno ccfccfncnnim ux xonom. Onnako fomy, kfo
nc pasncnnn cio nuhnomafuucckuu cfuni (a sfo in ncci ocfaninou
mup, nknkuan ufaninnckux u nhonckux coksnukon), nc cocfannnno
fpyna ynuncfi n mupnix hpcnnoxcnunx ncmcukoio nukfafopa foniko
hpcnnoi nnn foio, ufoi sahannic ncpxani coinacunuci c ucucs-
noncnucm Ionimu, a Icpmanun honyuuna nocfafouniu hpomcxy-
fok npcmcnu nnn sancpmcnun cnoux nocnnix hpuiofonncnuu fc
fpu iona, o kofopix Huano, Iucnfpoh, Mycconunu u Iufncp
nccina nc cs ocnonanun ionopunu.
B hononou afmocqcpc ino fpynno u naxc ncnosmoxno hpu-
nnfi sfu mupnic hpcnnoxcnun. Cpasy xc hocnc nauana nouni,
hocnc ncynau, cnnsannix c hponcncnucm honufuku ymupofnopcnun
aipcccopa, qpanuysckoc u pufanckoc hpanufcnicfna honncpinuci
uacfuunim usmcncnunm n hnanc ycuncnun cfoponnukon nchpumu-
pumou hosuuuu. B Bcnukopufanuu Yuncfon Hcpuunni nomcn
JJ
n hpanufcnicfno n kauccfnc nocnno-mopckoio munucfpa, a Anfonu
Hncn munucfpa ho ncnam nomunuonon. Bo panuuu Ionnc,
cuufanmuucn akfunnim hpuncpxcnucm komhpomucca, ocfanun mu-
nucfcpcfno unocfpannix ncn, a ananic honyuun cio hopfqcni.
Hakoncu, nauanu hpcnhpunumaficn hohifku opianusonafi conmccf-
nic ncucfnun. 12 ccnfnpn nhcpnic copancn anino-qpanuysckuu
nocnniu concf, u icncpan Iamcncn honyuun hocf inannokomannyk-
mcio coksnimu nouckamu na sahannom qponfc. Hcfipc pufan-
ckuc nunusuu, nicanunmuccn no panuuu, inu pachonoxcni
nnoni ipanuui c Icniiucu.
B ucnom hpconanana nonn k cohpofunncnuk, a Iufncp concp-
mun onny us omuok, kofopic on uacfo concpman c hpucymum
cmy sioucnfpusmom. Iufncp, xofn cmy ynananoci fonko u ncpno
hpocuufinafi honufuucckuc komunauuu n ofncninix cnyuanx, nc
ymcn oucnunafi, hockoniky sfo ino cmy inyoko uyxno, nnunnuc
hpoucccon usmcncnun omccfncnnoio mncnun hpu ncmokpafuucc-
kom pcxumc. On nc nuncn n Bcnukopufanuu nuucio, kpomc nc-
ckonikux iocynapcfncnnix ncnfcncu u nuhnomafon, onananmux
fcphcnucm, fcphumocfik u iofonnocfik k konfakfam. On u pancc
nc sanyminancn, nc nchomnun u n fof momcnf o ypokax ohifa mo-
nonoio Hahoncona ncncponfnom yhopcfnc, c kofopim aninuuanc
ncfpcfunu nouny, u sacfanunu hocuufaficn c ux apiymcnfamu unu,
ccnu yionno, unfcpccamu, nc unn nu na kakuc komhpomucci. Hc
xofcn on yuufinafi u poni, kofopyk n ooponc Bcnukopufanuu u
opic hpofun nauusma moinu uipafi Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, oia-
fan, nc honncpiakmancn yiposc omcxck, hcpcnonan n nayunom u
fcxnonoiuucckom ofnomcnuu cfpana.
Icpniu oquuuaniniu ofncf na pcui Iufncpa hocncnonan 1O ok-
fnpn of qpanuyson, koina ananic honfncpnun, ufo coksnuku
coinacnfcn na saknkucnuc mupa foniko n fom cnyuac, ccnu onu ho-
nyuaf iapanfuu csohacnocfu. Icsohacnocfu, kofopan nc yncf cfa-
nuficn hon comncnuc kaxnic mccfi mccnucn. Ofncf Ipufanuu in
nan 12 okfnpn Hcmcpncnom n pcuu n hanafc omun. Bcnukopu-
fanun, ckasan on, nu hpu kakux ycnonunx nc hpumcf mup, ocno-
nanniu na hpusnanuu sanocnanuu Icpmanuu. Mup nonxcn ifi
honnunnim, hpounim u iapanfuponannim, hosfomy on nc moxcf
ocnoninaficn na ocmanunx hpanufcnicfna, kofopomy nukfo onimc
nc noncpncf. Hc honyuun ycnufcninix nokasafcnicfn n nunc ucf-
kux ncucfnuu u sqqckfunnix iapanfuu uckpcnnocfu cfpcmncnun
k mupy c ncmcukou cfoponi, ncmokpafuucckuc ncpxani hponon-
xaf nouny. Onnako fakuc nokasafcnicfna ofcyfcfnonanu, hockoniky
n pcuu qkpcpa nc yhomunanoci o fom, kakum opasom ynyf uc-
hpanncni ncchpancnnunocfu, concpmcnnic n ofnomcnuu Hcxocno-
nakuu u Ionimu.
J4O
Icakuun na hpcnnoxcnuc Iufncpa ina, ncponfno, hpocuufana.
Ona hpcnocfanuna ncmcukomy nukfafopy nosmoxnocfi n hpohaian-
nucfckux ucnnx nosnoxufi ofncfcfncnnocfi sa nouny na sahannic
ncpxani. Onnako ocfananaci ofkpifou hponcma koina, inc u kak
ynyf cncnani cncnykmuc maiu, u kcm onu ynyf cncnani.
5.3.5. CTPAHHAH BOUHA.
BOEHHME ALBTEPHATUBM FUTLEPA
Icmcnuc hpononxufi nouny na 3ahanc ino hpunnfo Iufncpom
cmc no nauana nocnnix ncucfnuu. Tcm nc mcncc ofkas aninuuan u
qpanuyson of mupnoio hpcnnoxcnun hocfanun hponcmy niopa
cpokon nnn ncucfnuu. Koncanun, cohponoxnanmuc sfof niop,
ofpaxanu kak ncnocfafounyk honiofonky ncmucn, fak u cnaocfu
honoxcnun panuuu. Iino oucnunno, ufo n nocnnom ofnomcnuu,
yuufinan nanuuuc nnyx ooponufcninix cucfcm na qpanko-icp-
manckou ipanuuc (nunuu Maxuno u nunuu 3uiqpuna), cfpafc-
iuuccku nauoncc ynsnumimu ocfananuci ncufpaninic Ionnannun
u Icniiun. 3ahannic ncpxani mnoio pas iapanfuponanu hpanu-
fcnicfnam ooux cfpan, ufo n cnyuac nouni onu nc ynyf hifaficn
cosnanafi cs coinacun saunfcpcconannix cfopon ooponufcninic
nunuu unu ocnic hopnnku nnn nacfyhncnun na ux fcppufopuu.
Onnako cchpunuuhnocfi Iufncpa sacfannnna, ho mcnimcu mcpc,
comncnaficn n fom, ufo on saxoucf numuficn fakoio ncikoio u fa-
koio hpunnckafcninoio hyfu nnn concpmcnun nkoio nocnnoio
mancnpa n ofnomcnuu panuuu. Icui mna, cncnonafcnino, o npc-
mcnu nahancnun u hosuuuu, kofopyk saumyf n cnnsu c sfum Icni-
iun u Ionnannun.
C nocnnou fouku spcnun Iufncp nicfyhan sa ncoxonumocfi
ncucfnuu. Imc no foio, kak in onapononan ofpuuafcniniu ofncf
coksnukon, on honiofonun mcmopannym, namcfunmuu cfpafciuucc-
kuc nupckfuni, kacanmuccn nocnnix ncucfnuu. Ofo ina ncoxo-
numocfi, hponukfonannan ohaccnunmu, cnnsannimu c csncnfcni-
nocfik, u onsnik foio, ufo n ocux cfpanax moxcf sakpchuficn
hpofunnuk, hpcnpafun ux n asi, c kofopix ynyf hpononuficn
nosnymnic nancfi na cfpafciuucckuc hpcnhpunfun Iypa u Icun-
ckou onacfu. Bocnnan ncpxymka ofpuuafcnino ofnocunaci k fakou
hocfanonkc hponcmi, hockoniky cuufana, ufo Icpmanun onanacf
ncnocfafounim konuuccfnom nocnno-nosnymnix u nascmnix cun,
cocpcnofoucnnix n onnom mccfc. Hckofopic us cc hpcncfanufcncu
naxc nauanu honiofonky iocynapcfncnnoio nocnnoio hcpcnopofa,
kofopiu ycfpanun i Iufncpa u hpuncn k nnacfu Icpunia, ncponf-
noio hpofaionucfa npyioio mupnoio hpockfa. B cocfanncnuu sfoio
J41
hnana nc yuacfnonanu in exrremis inannokomannykmuu cyxohyfni-
mu cunamu qon Ipayxuu, xononniu u csnukuu kpokpaf, a fakxc
icncpan Ianincp, nauaninuk Icncpaninoio mfaa apmuu. Onu hon-
uununuci nonc Iufncpa, fpconanmcio, ufoi okono 8O nunusuu,
iofonic k nacfyhncnuk na 3ahanc, nauanu ncucfnonafi 12 nonpn.
Hx ocfanonuna foniko nncsahnan pcskan hcpcmcna hoioni, nu-
munman ncmcukyk poncfcxnuky u camoncfi nosmoxnocfu icf-
poio mancnpa.
Konucnfpauun ncmcukux nouck na ipanuuc Ionnannuu u Icni-
iuu nc hpomna ncsamcucnnou. B cnnsu c fcm, ufo nauano ocnix
ncucfnuu ino ofnoxcno, nosnuk nckuu hpomcxyfok npcmcnu nnn
hpcnofnpamcnun hpcnhonaiacmix ncucfnuu ncmucn. Bohpoc cno-
nuncn k fomy, ufoi cniiuuckoc hpanufcnicfno, uspanmcc n no-
npc 1J i. honufuky ncufpanufcfa, fchcpi coinacunoci opafuficn
c hpociou o samufc k qpanuysam, ufo hpcncfannnnoci noiuunim
hcpcn nuuom oucnunnou icpmanckou yiposi.
Chokoucfnuc ino napymcno unuuncnfom, hpoucmcnmum n
hcpnix uucnax nonpn, koina ncckoniko ncmcukux camoncfon hpo-
ncfcnu nan cniiuuckou fcppufopucu. Ipkcccnickoc hpanufcnicfno
ncoxunanno ocosnano ohacnocfi hpucyfcfnun onimoio konuuc-
cfna ncmcukux nunusuu na ipanuuc cfpani. Icniiuuckuu koponi
cohonin III honaian, ufo ncmui hpccncnonanu foniko ucnu ycf-
pamcnun. Onnako uacfi cio hpanufcnicfna u, n hcpnyk oucpcni,
munucfp unocfpannix ncn Ioni-Anpu Chaak nc pasncnnnu cio
ohfumusma. Hc pasncnnna cio u koponcna Huncpnannon Buniicni-
muna, kofopan fcm npcmcncm hpcnhpunnna nuhnomafuucckyk unu-
uuafuny, hopyucnnyk munucfpy unocfpannix ncn nan Kncqcncy u
umcnmyk ucnik opafuficn ko nccm nokkmum ncpxanam c hpusi-
nom k mupy. Hc cncnonano cfpoufi unnksuu, cuufanu ionnannui,
ofnocufcnino pcakuuu Iufncpa na sfof hpusin. Onnako on, ho
kpauncu mcpc, hpcnocfanuf nckofopyk ofcpouky, kofopan hosno-
nuf coinaconafi ncoxonumic nocnnic konfpmcpi c qpanuysamu.
Iosfomy 8 nonpn conmccfniu mai cniiuuucn u qpanuyson
in hpchonncccn kak hynuunoc hpcnnoxcnuc nopix ycnyi. On
sacfan npachnox kak coksnukon, fak u ncmucn. Coksnuku ycmaf-
punanu n ncm aconkfnoc ofcyfcfnuc pcanusma, yuufinan fo, ufo
concpmun k sfomy momcnfy Iufncp. Ipunnfi hpcnnoxcnuc osnaua-
no i, ho mncnuk qpanuysckoio hpcsuncnfa cpcna, onopufi
fpuymq ncchpancnnunocfu. Hcmui ofncfunu yknonuuno. Onnako
namcpcnun Iufncpa xopomo usnccfni. Toniko hpuponnic hpuuu-
ni, fo ccfi hoionnic usmcncnun nochpchnfcfnonanu fomy, ufoi
ofncf n coofncfcfnuu c hnanamu qkpcpa in nan 12 nonpn.
J42
Ofcpouka nocnnix ncucfnuu na kopofkoc npcmn cosnana unnk-
suk ofnancnun yiposi. B nnnapc 14O i. cniiuuckuu nnop ysnan
ucpcs hpunucccy Mapuk Zosc, cccfpy koponn cohonina u xcny
ufaninnckoio nacncnnoio hpunua Ymcpfo Canouckoio, ufo, co-
inacno unqopmauuu, hocfyhunmcu of ipaqa Huano, nahancnuc
ncmucn ino ncuscxnim. Ioncc foio, ono nasnaucno na 14 nnna-
pn. B afmocqcpc cmnfcnun u pacfcpnnnocfu cocfonncn omcn mnc-
nunmu u hpcnhonoxcnunmu, n pcsynifafc kofopoio nonxcn in
nosnuknyfi hpcncnfunniu hpusin o homomu co cfoponi cni-
iuuucn k qpanuysam. Iinu nu n ncucfnufcninocfu fakonimu namc-
pcnun cohonina III, nhocncncfnuu ino hocfanncno hon comncnuc
(u nc cs ocnonanun) cniiuuckou ucfopuoipaqucu. Hccmofpn na
nnoucfncnnocfi cufyauuu, qpanuysi nonxni inu hpunnfi pcmc-
nun ho nannomy honony. B fcucnuc ncckonikux nncu ux noucka ocfa-
nanuci n cocfonnuu ocnou iofonnocfu. 1 nnnapn Chaak pastncnun
nnycmicncnnocfi cufyauuu. Hukfo n ncucfnufcninocfu nc umcn
namcpcnun hpocufi qpanuyson o homomu. Bhpoucm, hoionnic yc-
nonun inu ncc cmc fakoni, ufo ncnanu ncnosmoxnimu nocnnic
ncucfnun ncmucn, u Iufncp opucnfuponancn na npyiuc cfpafciuucc-
kuc akuuu. o fcx hop, hoka Iufncp nc pcmun nauafi ncucfnonafi,
na cniiuuckom qponfc nc hpousomno nuucio nonoio. A hpousomno
ncc n nuhnomafuucckom u nocnnom konfckcfc, nacfoniko yxynmun-
mcmcn nnn qpanuyson, ufo cnocnpcmcnnic konfpncucfnun cfanu
ncnosmoxnimu. Ohfumucfuucckan haccunnocfi cniiuuucn ocfana-
naci ncotncnumou. Hfo kacacfcn ncchoconocfu qpanuyson ohpc-
ncnufi pcaninic nocnnic mcpi, fo ona honfncpxnana hpccmcfncn-
nocfi qpanuysckou ooponufcninou cfpafciuu.
5.3.6. HAHA,EHUE HEMUEB HA HOPBEFUL
Iufncp umcn concpmcnno ohpcncncnnic hnani, kofopic cio
sacfanunu ofnoxufi foniko icpmanckuc nocnauaninuku u hoion-
nic ycnonun. Hfo xc hnanuponanu coksnuku nnn foio, ufoi ncu-
cfnufcnino opoficn c num, kak onu fopxccfncnno sannnnnu, of-
ncpian cio mupnoc hpcnnoxcnuc B cnnsu c ofcpoukou ncmuamu
nauana nocnnix ncucfnuu aninuuanc u qpanuysi pcmunu n kakou-
fo momcnf nmcmaficn n concfcko-qunnnnnckuu konqnukf ufoi
hpofunocfonfi cio nnunnuk na sony Ianfuuckoio mopn. Onnako
mcnnufcninocfi, c kofopou ocymccfnnnncn sfof samiccn, cncnana
ncnosmoxnimu kakuc-nuo ncoxunannic ncucfnun, safnnyn hpu-
nnfuc ncnkoio pcmcnun no momcnfa ncoxunannoio concfckoio na-
cfyhncnun u saknkucnun mockonckoio mupa n mapfc 14O i. Takum
opasom, pyxnyna unnksun o ofkpifuu qunckoio qponfa, kofopoc,
J4J
nhpoucm, nc okasano i cymccfncnnoio nnunnun na hpcncfonmyk
ncmcukyk kamhanuk n 3ahannou Inpohc.
B fof momcnf hpuopcna akfyaninocfi hponcma Ckannunanckux
iocynapcfn, kofopic, coxpannn cnocu ncufpanufcf u ocymccfnnnn
snauufcninic hocfanku xcncsnou pyni n Icpmanuk mopcm, n oc-
nonnom us ccncpnoio nopncxckoio hopfa Hapnuk, nc hponnnnnu
xcnanun chococfnonafi ncny sahannix ncmokpafuu. Hncn akfunu-
sauuu n ckannunanckom pciuonc c ucnik nokuponafi hocfanku
mncnckou xcncsnou pyni nc ina, cncnonafcnino, saifa ananic,
nnnnnmumcn, nmccfc c Yuncfonom Hcpuunncm camim yhopnim
cfoponnukom nmcmafcnicfna n konqnukf n unnnnnuu. B ccpcnu-
nc mapfa 14O i. ananic nounancn nauana nocnnix ncucfnuu n
Hopnciuu, nahpanncnnix na fo, ufoi ycfpanufi hcuxonoiuucckuc
hocncncfnun concfcko-qunnnnnckou nouni u hponcmoncfpupo-
nafi, ufo coksnuku choconi nsnfi na ccn unuuuafuny u ncpnyfi
noncpuc na nnyfpcnncm qponfc, ocnancnnom csncucfnucm u sq-
qckfom icpmanckux hocn. Cfpax nopncxucn u qpanuyson hcpcn
Icpmanucu cfanonuncn apiymcnfom n honisy sncpiuunix nocnnix
ncucfnuu, naxc ucnou hpuncccnun n xcpfny nopncxckoio ncufpa-
nufcfa.
ananic cqopmynuponan sfu hpcnnoxcnun kak ucxonn us
otckfunnix hpuuun nocnnoio xapakfcpa, fak u n cuny nnyfpcn-
nux ocfonfcnicfn. B camom ncnc, on honncpiancn n hapnamcnfc
hpofunopcuunim nahankam: co cfoponi fcx, kfo honfankunan k
oncc sncpiuunomy ncncnuk nouni, u co cfoponi fcx, kfo honfan-
kunan k komhpomuccy c Icpmanucu. Onnako uncu qpanuyson inu
nchpucmncmi nnn pufanckoio hpanufcnicfna, osaoucnnoio pcak-
uucu, kofopyk ux akuuu nisonyf n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax u fpyn-
nocfnmu, cnnsannimu c nocnnimu ncucfnunmu. Hncc nauafi ncu-
cfnonafi n Hopnciuu nonnonckoc hpanufcnicfno hpofunohocfanuno
unck ycfanonku mun na ncmcukux pckax u, n ococnnocfu, na Icu-
nc, ufo hapanusonano i pcunyk nanuiauuk n Icpmanuu. Onnako
sfa uncn umcna n inasax qpanuyson fof ncnocfafok, ufo hnan non-
xcn in ocymccfnnnficn n nchocpcncfncnnou nusocfu of fcppufo-
puu panuuu u hosfomy faun n ccc nchocpcncfncnnyk yiposy cu.
Zcpfnou sfou cufyauuu nocnnoio maxa cfan cam ananic, ni-
nyxncnniu honafi n ofcfanky 1 mapfa 14O i., ycfyhun kpccno
hpcmicp-munucfpa Ionk Icuno, kofopoio cuufanu oncc anfopu-
fcfnim u oncc choconim akfunusuponafi nocnnic ycunun. a-
nanic, onnako, ocfancn n hpanufcnicfnc n kauccfnc munucfpa oo-
poni u hpononxan cncpxunafi cnocio hpccmnuka, kofopiu, nhpo-
ucm, ynyuu uspannim hapnamcnfckum onimuncfnom nccio n
onun ionoc, honfncpxnan fcm camim honufuucckyk nchpounocfi
J44
cnocu hosuuuu. Iosfomy ofcfanka ananic nc cfana hpchnfcfnucm
nnn ocyxncnun hnana ncucfnuu n Hopnciuu, kofopiu in hpco-
pasonan n hpcnnoxcnuc cosnafi ccfi munnix honcu n nopncxckux
nonax fakum opasom, ufoi cyna, nahpannnnmuccn us Hapnuka,
inu ninyxncni nixonufi n ofkpifoc mopc, inc iochoncfnonana
Bcnukopufanun.
Bohpoc ocyxnancn n xonc saccnanun Bcpxonnoio coksnoio co-
ncfa, cocfonnmciocn n onnonc 28 qcnpann. Ofo ino naxnoc sa-
ccnanuc, hockoniky n xonc ncio Icuno, xofn u nouncn hpunnfun
qpanuysckux nocnnix hnanon, coinacuncn hcpccmofpcfi hpcxnuu
ofkas saknkuufi honufuucckoc coinamcnuc mcxny nnymn cfpana-
mu, onsinanmcc ux nc saknkuafi cchapafno mup unu hcpcmupuc
u nocfuinyfi honnoio coinacun ofnocufcnino ycnonuu nsaumnou
csohacnocfu no nauana nkix hcpcionopon mupc. Ipunnn sfy ho-
nufuucckyk hpcnhocinky, coksnuku hpumnu k coinacuk ofnocu-
fcnino ocymccfnncnun ux nocnnix hnanon: kak foio, ufo kacancn
munuponanun ncmcukux pck, fak u hnana munuponanun nopncx-
ckux fcppufopuaninix non. C sfou ucnik cncnonano n nauanc ahpc-
nn hpcnyhpcnufi nopncxckoc hpanufcnicfno o hpunnfom pcmcnuu,
u 5 ahpcnn nauafi ycfanonky mun. Hs-sa ocfanmuxcn pasnoinacuu
ho nohpocy o cnocnpcmcnnocfu munuponanun ncmcukux pck ncu-
cfnun n ofnomcnuu Hopnciuu inu ofnoxcni no 8 ahpcnn, koina
Ocno in hpounqopmuponan ofnocufcnino fpcx mopckux son n
nopncxckux fcppufopuaninix nonax, n kofopix ynyf ycfanonncni
muni c fcm, ufoi ninyxnafi cyna nixonufi n ofkpifoc mopc.
nn Iufncpa sfo okasanoci ynaunim conhancnucm, hosnonunmum
cmy hpcncfanufi n kauccfnc ooponufcninoio pcmcnuc, cospcnmcc
yxc nanno, o nahancnuu na anuk u Hopnciuk 12 uacon chycfn
hocnc npyucnun anino-qpanuysckou nofi n Ocno.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, nnumanuc Iufncpa nc ino ckonucnfpu-
ponano na Ckannunanckux iocynapcfnax. B coofncfcfnuu c cio hna-
namu ux ncufpanufcfa ino nocfafouno nnn nocfuxcnun inannou
ucnu icpmanckoio nacfyhncnun, kofopou, ho kpauncu mcpc, nauu-
nan c nnnapn-qcnpann 14O i., cfano nahancnuc na panuuk ucpcs
fcppufopuk Huncpnannon u Icniiuu. Hsmcncnuk sfoio hnana
chococfnonana n hcpnyk oucpcni sumnnn nouna. cucfnufcnino,
Iufncp ncmoncfpuponan, ufo on noonymcnncn concfckou hocnou u
cuufacf cc uyfi nu nc hocnou camou Icpmanuu. Onnako sa sfou
nncmncu hosuuucu kpinoci inyokoc ncnononicfno snaucnucm u
hocncncfnunmu hponnuxcnun Concfckoio Coksa. B camom ncnc,
ino ncfpynno samcfufi, ufo nouna u annckcuu fcppufopuu inu n
hcpnyk oucpcni nahpanncni na ykpchncnuc CCCI ho ofnomcnuk k
camou Icpmanuu, u numi no nfopyk na ycuncnuc concfckoio
J45
hpucyfcfnun n Ianfuuckom mopc u cio nnunnun na Ckannunanckuc
cfpani, nhnofi no pachpocfpancnun sfoio nnunnun uyfi nu nc na
Afnanfuky.
Iosfomy honnuncn hnan, n hcpnyk oucpcni n icpmanckux nocn-
no-mopckux kpyiax, honnoio sanocnanun Hopnciuu u anuu c fcm,
ufoi honyuufi nancxniu konfponi nan hyfnmu k Ianfuuckomy
mopk. Icpmanckoc anmupanfcucfno cfano hponnuiaficn n sfom na-
hpanncnuu c okfnpn 1J i., ucxonn us uncu conmccfnoio icpma-
no-concfckoio nanncnun na Hopnciuk. Anmupani cnuu u Icncp
yxc foina hpcnnoxunu Iufncpy sfof napuanf ncucfnuu, no um nc
ynanoci hpunncui cio nnumanuc. Icspasnuuuc qkpcpa ucucsno
hocnc foio, kak inu ofnoxcni nocnnic ncucfnun hpofun pan-
uuu. Ipcnnoxcnnan anmupanamu uncn nnymana onimc noncpun,
ucm hpockf nauucfckux ncnfcncu ofnocufcnino mupnoio nocfuxc-
nun nannou ucnu naionapn cofpynnuuccfny Bunkyna Knucnunia,
noxnn hapfuu Hauuonaninoc otcnuncnuc (ûsfonul umling),
yxc nanno umcnmcio cnnsu c Ioscncpiom, fcopcfukom nauuonan-
couuanusma. Knucnuni iofon in concpmufi iocynapcfncnniu hc-
pcnopof, kofopiu occhcuun i houfu csoncsncnniu hcpcxon
Hopnciuu na cfopony Tpcficio pcuxa.
B nckapc Knucnuni ofhpanuncn n Icpmanuk, inc ncfpcfuncn c
Icncpom, a naionapn cio hocpcnnuuccfny, u c Iufncpom. Ha
ncfpcuc on honucpknyn ncoxonumocfi nicfyhncnun ncmucn no
nauana qpanko-pufanckux ncucfnuu. Ha sfof pas Iufncp c oni-
mum nnumanucm ofncccn k sfou ohacnocfu u 1J nckapn 1J i.
ofnan hpukas o honiofonkc hnanon okkyhauuu Hopnciuu. Ofo nc
ina nupckfuna ohcpafunnoio xapakfcpa, n fom uucnc u hofomy,
ufo Iufncp n fc ncncnu, koina cmc coxpannnaci nosmoxnocfi pas-
ncpfinanun nacfyhncnun na panuuk, ohacancn uchonisonafi no-
opyxcnnic cuni n mcncc naxnix ohcpauunx. Toniko hocnc foio,
kak sfa ucni okasanaci ncocymccfnumou, Hopnciun cfana hponc-
mou hcpnoio hnana, ufo ino fakxc cnnsano c xonom nouni n
unnnnnuu. 1 mapfa Iufncp honhucan okonuafcninyk nupckfuny
o nfopxcnuu n Hopnciuk u anuk. Hcpcna ofcpouck hpuncna k
fomy, ufo cio ncucfnun hcpcccknuci c maiamu qpanko-pufancko-
io noka. Hauafyk ahpcnn nocnnyk ohcpauuk hpofun anuu u
Hopnciuu moxno ino hpcncfanufi nc kak pcsynifaf cfapoio hna-
na, paspaofannoio ncckoniko mccnucn nasan, a kak ofncf na na-
pymcnuc qpanko-pufanckum nokom nopncxckoio ncufpanufcfa.
H xofn n nanincumcm xon coifuu hokasan nccocfonfcninocfi
sfux apiymcnfon, onu hpcncfannnnu, kak i fo nu ino, anuu.
Bocnnic ncucfnun ncnuci c monnucnocnou icfpofou. anun
ina nc n cocfonnuu cohpofunnnficn. Koponi hpukasan naccncnuk
J46
nc okasinafi cohpofunncnun u honuunuficn icpmanckum nnacfnm.
B Hopnciuu ncmcukuc noucka, nocfanncnnic manofonnaxnimu
cynnamu u honfonamu, nicanunuci cchpchnfcfncnno u onnancnu
hopfamu u cfpafciuucckumu foukamu ho nccu cfpanc. Toniko nok-
pyi Ocno ino opianusonano cohpofunncnuc, nnunmcccn ncnonio,
no cncnanmcc nosmoxnim ninnuxcnuc ncckonikux honufuucckux
unuuuafun. B camom ncnc, ncucfnun Icpmanuu cohponoxnanuci nc
otnnncnucm nouni, a nuhnomafuucckou nofou, n cnyuac hpunn-
fun kofopou nopncxckan fcppufopun okasinanaci hon ncmcukum
konfponcm hpu coxpancnuu qopmaninoio cyncpcnufcfa koponn
Xokona VII. Hofa ina ofncpinyfa koponcm, hpanufcnicfnom u
onimuncfnom hapnamcnfa, hokunynmumu Ocno u ykpinmumucn n
oncc ofnancnnou of qponfa mccfnocfu.
Tcm npcmcncm Knucnuni hponosinacun ccn hpcmicp-munu-
cfpom u otnnun, ufo sakonnoc hpanufcnicfno nusnoxcno. Icp-
manckuu hocon nonxcn in, fakum opasom, nccfu hcpcionopi
unu c mapuoncfounim hponauucfckum hpanufcnicfnom unu c kopo-
ncm. Iocncnnuu ofkasancn hpusnafi kakyk i fo nu ino nnacfi
hyfuucfa u hpcnafcnn u ninynun ncmucn ofkpifi ux kapfi.
15 ahpcnn ynapnic qpanko-pufanckuc cuni, nmccfo foio,
ufoi munuponafi nopncxckuc fcppufopuaninic noni, nicanu-
nuci n ccncpnix pauonax Hopnciuu, u nocnnic ncucfnun hpuopc-
nu sncci snauufcniniu pasmax. 24 ahpcnn Icpmanun otnnuna nou-
ny Hopnciuu, u noucka, ncpnic koponk, hpononxanu cpaxaficn no
fcx hop, hoka yxynmcnuc cufyauuu no nannpuu u no panuuu nc
ninynuno coksnukon snakyuponafi cnou nounckuc konfunicnfi.
uknn ocfanmuccn nopncxckuc cuni inu ninyxncni kahufynu-
ponafi. Koponk Xokony u cio hpanufcnicfny ynanoci ykpificn n
onnonc, foina kak nokpyi Knucnunia cipyhhuponanuci hponauucf-
ckuc sncmcnfi, honncpxunanmuc cio c camoio nauana, onnako icf-
po ocosnanmuc cnok usonnuuk n cfpanc.
nn oosnaucnun hcpuona c okfnpn ho mau 1J14O ii. uc-
honisonanoci nipaxcnuc droIc dc gucrrc, (fo ccfi cfpannan nou-
na, myfounan nouna), umcnmcc hpcncpcxufcniniu cmicn, kak
i osnauakmuu, ufo coksnuku hpcnocfanunu Iufncpy npcmn nnn
concpmcnun nkix maion ho cio ycmofpcnuk nauunan c nio-
pa npcmcnu no niopa mccfa ncucfnun. Tak ufo nchpumupumocfi, c
kofopou ofncpianuci mupnic hpcnnoxcnun nauucfckoio nukfafo-
pa, ina aconkfno cchnonna, nipaxan pcmumocfi pufanucn,
no fakxc u ncyncpcnnocfi qpanuyson. Hfoi ncckoniko ho-unomy
nsinnnyfi na sfu oucnku, cncnycf yuccfi fo, o ucm ionopunoci no
cux hop. Mccnui, ucfckmuc c hopaxcnun Ionimu no nahancnun
na panuuk, hpomnu n myuufcninix houckax chocoon, kakumu
J47
moxno ino nafi sqqckfunniu ofncf. Icnu nnn Icpmanuu cnaua-
na ciymcnuc fyu nan Icniiucu, safcm nouna Concfckoio Coksa c
unnnnnucu (c unccu nosmoxnoio qpanko-pufanckoio nmcma-
fcnicfna), nakoncu, nahancnuc na anuk u Hopnciuk u inu
hponnncnucm koncanuu unu pasnoinacuu, cnnsannix c ncncnucm
ocnix ncucfnuu, fo nnn sahannix cfpan sfo inu ccpicsnic ho-
noni nnn houckon nixona us fyhuka, n kofopom onu okasanuci.
Iocnc foio, kak hponnuncn pcaniniu nocnniu hofcnuuan nc-
mcukou apmuu, qpanuysam onimc nc hpcncfannnnaci nosmoxnou
nacfyhafcninan nouna hpofun Icpmanuu, u n sfom cmicnc onu
okasinanuci ynsnumimu nnn kpufuku, hockoniky ncmoncfpupona-
nu unnksuu, na kofopix ocnoninanaci ux nocnnan honufuka, no
fakxc u ohpannannic ocnonanun cnocu nnanuafuncfncu occhoko-
cnnocfu hponcmou csohacnocfu. Onu okasanuci n cufyauuu,
koina inu 0o:n~ oxunafi unuuuafuny co cfoponi ncmucn nnn
foio, ufoi copasmcpufi c ncu cnou ofncf. Onu ncnanu sfo n
cnoxnou nnyfpuhonufuucckou ocfanonkc: honufuucckuc cuni na
ncnom qnanic okasanuci packonofi hpcnafcnicfnom Concfon. Iapux
in hofpnccn oucnunnou ncynaucu nnanuafu ncf nuhnomafuucckux
omuok. Tc, kfo honncn i n fof momcnf ufoi qpanuysckou nncm-
ncu honufuku mcxny nnymn nounamu, nacuufan i ncmicnumoc
konuuccfno omuok u suisaion. Onnako ncc sfo nc hosnonncf nafi
foniko ofpuuafcninyk oucnky. panuysckuu kpusuc umcn iny-
okuc honufuucckuc u uncfufyuuonaninic hpuuuni, kofopic
numi ohocpcnonanno ofpaxanuci na nocnnix ncucfnunx.
Hfo kacacfcn Bcnukopufanuu, fo kpufuucckoc ocyxncnuc cnc-
nycf hcpccmofpcfi cmc oncc kafciopuuno. Ipufanui nc inu
honiofonncni k fomy fuhy nouni, kofopiu hponcmoncfpuponanu
ncmui, cymcn nanccfu hopaxcnuc Ionimc. Onu, ncponfno, inu
iofoni uchonisonafi cnoc mopckoc hpcnocxoncfno, no nnn foio,
ufoi sfo hpousomno, nano ino, ufoi hpcncfanunuci honxonn-
muc ocfonfcnicfna. A onu no uknn 14O i. nc hpcncfannnnuci.
Aninuuanc sncpiuuno cosnananu cnou nocnno-nosnymnic cuni, no
cmc nc inu choconi cohpofunnnficn chocoam ncncnun nouni
ncmuamu, u ux hpcxncnpcmcnnoc nicfyhncnuc nanccno i ymcp
nccu ux honiofonkc. Onu moinu yuacfnonafi n oipanuucnnix nocn-
nix ncucfnunx na cymc, kak n fom cnyuac, koina onu pasncpnynu
cnou noucka nnoni cniiuuckou ipanuui unu hocnanu ux cpaxaficn
na nopncxckou fcppufopuu. Onnako nc cymccfnonano cyxohyfnou
pufanckou apmuu, choconou sqqckfunnim opasom honncpxafi
hcpcxon qpanuyson k ofkpifomy cfonknoncnuk c fcm, ufoi po-
cufi nison Icpmanuu n fo npcmn, koina ona ina sancucfnonana n
npyiux mccfax.
J48
Cfpannan nouna, cncnonafcnino, honcmuucckoc u cunak-
mcc c fonky nipaxcnuc, hnon iopcuu hopaxcnun, ohacnocfi kofo-
poio nanucna nan panuucu, u kofopoc mnoiuc omymanu kak nc-
uscxnocfi. Icccumusm omccfncnnoio cosnanun hcpcn nuuom
icpmanckux hocn hoponun hopaxcnuccfno no panuuu u n coks-
nix cu cfpanax konfuncnfa. Ho sfo cmc nc ino cmupcnuc, coxpa-
nnnaci nancxna na fo, ufo ynacfcn hpcononcfi fpynniu momcnf,
ccnu foniko nipnafi unuuuafuny y Iufncpa. Oucnka cfpannou
nouni hosfomy nonxna ifi hcpccmofpcna, yuufinan, ufo hohif-
ku nipnafi unuuuafuny y ncmucn ncnanuci mnoio pas, no csychcm-
no, hockoniky aipcccopy ynananoci coxpanufi cnoc hpcumymccfno.
Bouna ocfanaci cs cpaxcnuu. Ho sfo nc osnauano ofkasa of
nouni co cfoponi aninuuan, nccomncnno. Icui moina unfu
foniko o fakom ofkasc kpaunux ipyhhuponok qpanuysckou honu-
fuucckou cucfcmi, ocnancnnou nncsahnim conhancnucm hosuuuu
hpanix u kommynucfon, nonninix cfanunckomy nukfafy.
5.4. Boennoe nopa:enwe !panuww
5.4.1. HACT.HLEHUE HA !PAHUUL
1O man 14O i. nauanoci nacfyhncnuc ncmucn na panuuk.
Iufncp uacfuuno usmcnun cnou hnani occnu 1J i., ckohuponannic
c hnanon ocnix ncucfnuu 114 i., n coofncfcfnuu c kofopimu on
namcpcnancn nanccfu panuuu ynap c fcppufopuu Icniiuu. B qcn-
panc 14O i. on hpunnn hpcnnoxcnun kpyhncumux snafokon fanko-
nou nouni icncpanon Manmfcuna u Iyncpuana, honckasanmux cmy
unck hpopnafi qponf hpofunnuka n mccfc cocnuncnun qpanuysckux
u cniiuuckux nunuu ooponi, n pauonc Apncnn.
Koina cohpofunncnuc qpanuyson ino cnomncno, ncmcukuc
poncfankonic cuni ofkpinu ccc hyfi nnn concpmcnun mancnpon
ho nnym nahpanncnunm. Icpniu n ccncpnom nahpanncnuu, ho
okpyxcnuk anino-qpanuysckux nouck nnusu cniiuuckou ipanu-
ui, u nfopou n kxnom nahpanncnuu, ho okpyxcnuk nouck,
pachonoxcnnix nnoni nunuu Maxuno. Iicfpofa mancnpa cfana
sanoiom hocni, a cio cfpafciuucckum nocfouncfnom ino fo, ufo
on pacuncnun qponf hpofunnuka, numun cio nosmoxnocfu cohpo-
funnnficn. K sfomy mancnpy Iufncp noanun nnc naxnic nupckfu-
ni nahancnuc na Huncpnanni u, cpasy xc hocnc sfoio, na
Icniiuk. Takum opasom, on cfpcmuncn hpunncui qpanko-aninuu-
ckuc cuni c fcm, ufoi okpyxufi ux c kia, u nauafi nacfyhncnuc
no nannpuu no uscxanuc ohacnocfu honncpinyficn nahancnuk
qpanuyson sa chunou y nouck, cocpcnofoucnnix n pauonc Apncnn.
J4
Ofu ncucfnun icfpo yncnuanuci honnim ychcxom. Cnoxnocfi
cufyauuu ycyiyuna nnyfpuhonufuucckan ocfanonka no panuuu.
man n cnnsu c pasnoinacunmu ofnocufcnino mcfonon ncncnun
nouni mcxny ananic u icncpanom Iamcncnom, c onnou cfoponi,
u Icuno c npyiou, hocncnnuu ymcn n ofcfanky, Toniko nacfyhnc-
nuc ncmucn homcmano nauany hpanufcnicfncnnoio kpusuca, ncno
oipanuuunoci hpocfimu hcpccfanonkam n hpanufcnicfnc. B fof xc
ncni n onnonc ymcn n ofcfanky Hcmcpncn, cmcfcnniu kpufukou
n cnnsu c nocnnimu ncucfnunmu n Hopnciuu. opmuponafi hpanu-
fcnicfno ino hopyucno Yuncfony Hcpuunnk, c sfoio momcnfa cy-
mcnmcio cfafi onuucfnopcnucm nonu pufanucn k cohpofunncnuk
u nosinanunmcio hpanufcnicfno nauuonaninoio cnuncfna, n kofo-
pom inu hpcncfanncni nyumuc ncnfcnu cfpani.
Hcmcukoc nacfyhncnuc hpuncno k honnomy okpyxcnuk ncuf-
paninou u nchoniofonncnnou k nounc Ionnannuu. Iocnc xccfo-
uaumcu omapnuponku Ioffcpnama uacfnmu nkqfnaqqc 15 man
ionnannckoc nocnnoc komannonanuc ofnano hpukas o hpckpamcnuu
oinn; fcm npcmcncm koponcna Buniicnimuna u cc hpanufcnicfno
uscxanu hncna, ykpinmuci na pufanckom kpcuccpc, nocfanun-
mcm ux n onnon.
Hcmcukuc noucka, nosinannncmic qon Iynmfcnfom, nciko cno-
munu cohpofunncnuc hpofunnuka n Apncnnax u hpuiofonunuci k
nacfyhncnuk n nnyx namcucnnix nahpanncnunx n coofncfcfnuu co
cpokamu, hpcnycmofpcnnimu n cfpafciuucckux hnanax Iufncpa.
Ocosnan nck ocfpofy kpusuca, Hcpuunni 16 man ofhpanuncn n Ia-
pux, inc omyfun macmfa kafacfpoqi u ncnosmoxnocfi konfpnac-
fyhncnun us-sa ofcyfcfnun pcscpnon. 3ncci oosnauunaci nuncmma,
kofopan nckopc cfancf knkucnou nnn ofnomcnuu n pamkax coksa c
panuucu: niop hpuopufcfon mcxny samufou pufanckou scmnu
of ncmcukux nosnymnix afak u ncoxonumocfik uchonncnun on-
safcnicfn, nanaiacmix koanuuucu n ofnomcnuu coksnuka, naxo-
nunmciocn, kasanoci, na kpak iucnu. To ccfi pcui mna o oucnkc
puckon hpuncccnun cchoncsnix xcpfn panu yxc hpouipannou
ufni. Onnako Hcpuunni nonxcn in yuufinafi ncnosmoxnocfi
unfu na ncohpannannic pucku, u hosfomy hpusnan cnoux konnci n
Iapuxc paccmofpcfi nohpoc o nosmoxnom ninonc pufanckux
nouck c qpanuysckou fcppufopuu.
Icpcn nuuom oucnunnoio hopaxcnun Icuno hifancn ykpchufi
cnou honufuucckuc hosuuuu c homomik cmc onnou hcpccfanonku
n kauncfc munucfpon, upcnafou hofcnuuaninimu hocncncfnunmu.
Ha sfof pas on hpuinacun n hpanufcnicfno n kauccfnc nuuc-hpcncc-
nafcnn concfa munucfpon mapmana unuhha Icfsna, cnuncfncnnoio
ocfanmciocn n xunix us icncpanon-yuacfnukon Icpnou muponou
J5O
nouni, xunoio cumnona nauuonaninou cnani. Kpomc foio, on
cmccfun icncpana Iamcncna u nasnauun ncpxonnim inannokoman-
nykmum noopyxcnnix cun icncpana Makcuma Bcuiana, nocnnoio,
nnn kofopoio inu xapakfcpni nicokuu ocnou nyx, no fakxc u
onimou pcanusm.
Icpnim pcsynifafom sfux hcpccfanonok cfana hohifka ocfano-
nufi nacfyhncnuc ncmucn, ncfyhun no nsaumoncucfnuc c cniiuuc-
kumu nouckamu, sakpchunmumucn na cpciy pcku Hscp. Konfpnac-
fyhncnuc hponanunoci, u 24 man nauanoci omcc ofcfyhncnuc. Tcm
npcmcncm mcxny aninuuanamu u qpanuysamu napacfanu pasnoina-
cun ho honony namcpcnun pufanucn ninccfu noucka Cocnuncnnoio
koponcncfna c qpanuysckou fcppufopuu u snakyuponafi ux na pu-
fanckyk scmnk. B camom ncnc, hon naxumom ncmucn coksnic noucka
iofonunuci k cosnanuk ohopnoio hnaunapma mcxny Kanc u kn-
kcpkom. nn qpanuyson sfo ino cpcncfno offnnyfi noucka hpofun-
nuka, nnn aninuuan coxpannfi cnoonnim hyfi k ofcfyhncnuk.
Icnu i n fof momcnf Iufncp hpukasan hpononxafi nocnnic
ncucfnun no konua, fo anino-qpanuysckoc hopaxcnuc ino i
honnim. Onnako on nan hpukas cnoum icncpanam o fpcxnncnnou
haysc nnn hcpcipyhhuponku nouck, haysc, hosnonunmcu nouckam
hpofunnuka ykpchuficn n pauonc knkcpka, a aninuuanam ncp-
nyfi na ponuny, xofn u hon omamu, houfu ncci ux skchcnuuuon-
niu kophyc, a fakxc nincsfu ncckoniko nccnfkon ficnu qpanuyson.
Omcc uucno snakyuponannix cocfanuno houfu J5O fic. ucnonck,
ufo n ocfanonkc nccomcu kafacfpoqi kasanoci houfu uynom.
Ofnocufcnino hpuuun hcpcnimku, hpcnocfanncnnou Iufncpom,
ninnuianuci pasnic iuhofcsi, cnnsannic c hpcnhonoxcnucm, ufo
Iufncp chococfnonan ninony pufanckux nouck ho honufuucckum
coopaxcnunm. Onnako hpu sfom yckonisakf honnunnic hpuuuni
foio, ufo xan yka Annpc ohpcncnncf kak onny us camix ccpics-
nix omuok, nohymcnnix |Iufncpom] n xonc konqnukfa. C npyiou
cfoponi, n nnu hcpcnimku ncmui ninynunu k kahufynnuuu fakxc
u Icniiuk. Koponi cohonin III, ofkasanmuci hokunyfi cfpany,
opafuncn k ncmuam c hpociou o hcpcmupuu, u sfo hpuncno k
paspiny mcxny monapxom u hpanufcnicfnom. Ionhucan akf o ka-
hufynnuuu, cohonin III nciufumusuponan hocny ncmucn u sano-
xun ocnoni nonoio honufuucckoio kypca. 3akonnoc hpanufcnicfno
Icniiuu no inanc c Kcpom Iicpno (munucfpom unocfpannix ncn n
ncm in Chaak) hcpcpanoci n onnon nnn foio, ufoi hpononxafi
opiy.
Iocnc nuknunauuu knkcpkckoio mcmka ncmui cfanu ona-
nafcnnmu nccu ccncpnou panuuu. 5 uknn onu nauanu nacfyhnc-
nuc na qpanuysckyk nunuk ooponi na pckc Commc (kyna Bcuian
hcpcmccfun noucka, pancc pachonoxcnnic nnoni nunuu Maxuno),
J51
u c sfoio nnn nocnnic ncucfnun pasnunanuci ho onnou cxcmc: ho-
paxcnuc qpanuyson, sannfuc ncmuamu 14 uknn Iapuxa, hcpccsn
qpanuysckoio hpanufcnicfna cnauana n Typ, a safcm n Iopno.
Iapanncnino n omccfncnnom mncnuu napacfano omymcnuc hopa-
xcnun u hpousomno ykpchncnuc nnunnun hapfuu cfoponnukon hc-
pcmupun. O fakou nosmoxnocfu nauanu ionopufi 25 man. B camom
ncnc, nu Bcuian, nu Icfsn nc chococfnonanu nospoxncnuk uyn-
cfna nauuonaninou iopnocfu, kofopoc nonxno ino nafi unu moi-
no, ncponfno, nafi qpanuysam cuni okasinafi cohpofunncnuc. Ha-
hpofun, umcnno of nux ucxonunu nauoncc nnnic hopaxcnucckuc
nacfpocnun. Bcuian in pasouaponan ncnosmoxnocfik nouficn
sqqckfunnou honncpxku pufanucn nnn ooponi Commi; Icfsn,
uchonncnniu hcccumusma, fakxc nc nospaxan hpofun komhpo-
muccnoio coinamcnun c hocnunmcu Icpmanucu.
Iocnc hopaxcnun na Commc naxc nchpumupumiu Icuno na-
uan koncaficn. Hahpacno Hcpuunni n xonc ncckonikux cnoux nu-
sufon no panuuk hifancn cio honncpxafi. B ncucfnufcninocfu
on nc moi cncnafi cnuncfncnnou ncmu, o kofopou mcufanu qpan-
uysi occhcuufi ncmcnncnnoc u momnoc pufanckoc nmcma-
fcnicfno. Oncpiuu nonu n fof momcnf okasanoci ncnocfafouno nnn
hpanufcnicfna cfpani, uin fcppufopun nc ina samumcna ccfc-
cfncnnimu apicpamu. nn foio, ufoi ncpnyfi qpanuysam cuny k
cohpofunncnuk, ncnocfafouno ino u hpcnnoxcnun, cqopmynupo-
nannoio in exrremis 16 uknn qpanko-aninuuckum cpaxakmumcn
komufcfom, u honxnaucnnoio Hcpuunncm, o ncmcnncnnom cosna-
nuu qpanko-pufanckoio coksa, kofopiu otcnunun i oopony,
nncmnkk honufuky, skonomuky u iocynapcfncnnic uncfufyfi
nnyx iocynapcfn. B ncucfnufcninocfu sfo hpcnnoxcnuc hcpchncfa-
noci c nuckyccucu ofnocufcnino coinacun pufanucn na fo, ufoi
qpanuysi, nccmofpn na coinamcnuc, honhucannoc 28 mapfa, hpocu-
nu o cchapafnom hcpcmupuu. Icuno, kofopiu nonxcn in oucnufi
ncohpcncncnnocfi pufanckoio hpcnnoxcnun n momcnf cfoni
cfpamnoio kpusuca, foina xc, 16 uknn, ofcfyhun. On ofhpanuncn k
hpcsuncnfy cpcny u honan n ofcfanky. Iio ncmcnncnno cmcnun n
kpccnc inani hpanufcnicfna mapman Icfsn, okpyxunmuu ccn ncnfc-
nnmu fuha Ionysna na hocfy munucfpa unocfpannix ncn, Bcuiana
munucfpa ooponi u apnana nocnno-mopckoio munucfpa.
5.4.2. HEUTPALUTET UTALUU
1O uknn 14O i. n momcnf, koina hocnc hpopina ncmucn na
Commc hopaxcnuc qpanuyson kasanoci ncuscxnim, Mycconunu
honoxun koncu koncanunm Hfanuu u npyuun qpanuysckomy
J52
u pufanckomy hocnam n Iumc nofi c otnnncnucm nouni. Hc-
ckoniko uacon chycfn n pcuu n Uapnofcnunnc (mfaf Bupnxunun)
Iysncnif, kofopiu n sfou cufyauuu noncn no noiuucckoio konua
cnok honncpxky anino-qpanuysckoio noka, sakncumun pcmcnuc
nyuc kak ynap n chuny (stab In tIc bacI) panuuu. Tpynno nc
coinacuficn c xccfkocfik fakoio ohpcncncnun, kofopoc concpxano
ocyxncnuc uunusma qamucfckoio nukfafopa u, kak sfo nu hcuani-
no, hpcnpamano fo, ufo on xofcn ninafi sa xufpocfi n nyxc Maku-
ancnnu, n saypnnnoc hpusnanuc cnauu cnoux hosuuuu hcpcn nuuom
ncoxonumocfu. B camom ncnc, n fof momcnf u n fcx ycnonunx
ncfyhncnuc Hfanuu n nouny nc moino umcfi npyioio cmicna.
Hcyuacfuc Hfanuu n nounc hpomno pasnuunic sfahi. B hcp-
nic ncncnu ufaninnui nancnnuci, ufo hocna nan Ionimcu ncu-
cfnufcnino yncf osnauafi fpuymq fcsuca o oipanuucnnou u
kpafkonpcmcnnou nounc. Hahpacnan nancxna, nisnannan mupnimu
hpcnnoxcnunmu Iufncpa, ina pacccnna pcanunmu qpanko-ani-
nuuckoio cohpofunncnun, ocmanmcio cfafi iopasno oncc ccpics-
nim, ucm sfo hpcncfannnnoci. B sfux ycnonunx ufano-icpmanckuc
ofnomcnun hcpcxunanu n fcucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn hcpuon
yhanka, ufo hponnunoci n nnyx cmcxnix cqcpax, kacanmuxcn, on-
nako, pasnix ckxcfon. Icpnan ina cnnsana c fmcfnou hohifkou
cosnafi ankanckuu nok ncufpaninix cfpan, ufo pcmuno i sna-
uufcninyk uacfi ufaninnckux hponcm n onnou us son, xusncnno
naxnix nnn nncmncu honufuku nyuc. pyian kacanaci oocfpc-
nun nahpnxcnnocfu n ofnomcnunx c Icpmanucu ho nohpocy o nos-
moxnocfu cnoonnoio niopa ipaxnancfna xufcncu Anifo-Anunxc.
Cpasy xc hocnc anmnkca, n kauccfnc honfncpxncnun cfpcmncnun
cuufafi okonuafcninou nonyk ipanuuy c Hfanucu, inu nocfuinyfi
noionopcnnocfu o fom, ufo xufcnu Kxnoio Tuponn, kofopic sfo-
io saxofnf, moiyf hcpcpaficn na xufcnicfno n Icpmanuk, u ufo
ncmcukoc hpanufcnicfno homoxcf um coofncfcfnykmum opasom
hpu hcpcccncnuu. Bihonncnuc coinamcnun hpuncno k pnny oc-
noxncnuu, hpcxnc nccio nnn hponauucfckou hpohaianni, kofopyk
ncmcukuc aicnfi hpononunu n Anifo-Anunxc. Ofa hpohaianna n
coucfanuu c mcnncnnocfik hpouccca hcpcccncnun sacfannnna ny-
mafi o cymccfnonanuu npyiux ucncu, fcm oncc ufo cmc nc hcpc-
cxanmuc hcpcccncnui, nc cuufanmuc oncc nyxnim honuunnficn
ufaninnckomy sakononafcnicfny, concpmanu ncucfnun, hpunuman-
muc ncc oncc ohacniu xapakfcp.
Icpcionopi ho sfomy hpcnmcfy inu hopyucni nnym nuhnoma-
fam c ucknkuufcninim ohifom hpakfuucckoio pcmcnun hononix
nohpocon Amcnco xannunu of Hfanuu u Kapny Knonuycy of
Icpmanuu. B fcucnuc nccu nfopou hononuni 1J i. sfof nohpoc
J5J
nnnnncn hpcnmcfom nuckyccuu u hcpcionopon, uchifinanmux cuni-
noc nnunnuc nonocfcu us Ioniuano. B coofncfcfnuu c numu ncm-
ui nnn foio, ufoi nouficn hncucuufapnoio noncustnnncnun c
oucnunnim honufuucckum cmicnom, hpucianu ko ncnkoio pona
nanncnuk, nhnofi no foio, ufo honncpxunanu cnyxu o ncuscxnom
hpucocnuncnuu Anifo-Anunxc k Icpmanuu. Hmcnno sfof momcnf
in nauoncc nahpnxcnnim n ufano-icpmanckux ofnomcnunx. Hc
cncnycf sainafi, ufo cpasy xc hocnc anmnkca ufaninnckuu icnc-
paniniu mfa ofnan hpukas o nauanc cfpoufcnicfna cucfcmi yk-
pchncnuu nnoni ipanuui c Icpmanucu, kak i hpcnnunn nosmox-
nocfi nahancnun ncmucn na Hfanuk. umi n nckapc 1J i. ho
nohpocy o hcpcccncnuax inu nocfuinyfi oncc founic hpakfu-
ucckuc noionopcnnocfu, nc homcmanmuc, onnako, fomy, ufoi sfa
fcma ocfananaci nafcnfnim mofunom nnn pasnoinacuu n fcucnuc
nccio hcpuona cymccfnonanun ufano-icpmanckoio coksa.
pyiuc hpuuuni pasnoinacuu mcxny nnymn cfpanamu kpinuci
n skonomuucckux ofnomcnunx. Mycconunu oocnoninan ufaninn-
ckuu ncufpanufcf ncnocfafkom nckofopix nunon cipin, kofopimu
Hfanun nonxna ina occhcuunafi ccn us-sa ipanuui us camou
Icpmanuu unu naxc cfpan, npaxncnix Icpmanuu. B sfou nnou-
cfncnnou opucnfauuu ufaninnckou fopionnu concpxanaci hpuuuna
ncc oncc inyokux pasnoinacuu. B camom ncnc, ncmui inu nc n
cocfonnuu hocfanufi ufaninnuam fo, ufo onu hpocunu, a aninuua-
nc nc moinu fcphcfi, ufoi Hfanun ncna fopionnk c uchonisona-
nucm mopckux hyfcu u fakum opasom ykpchnnficn, nosmoxno, c
ucnik ncncnun nouni c Bcnukopufanucu. Mopckou hyfi us Hfa-
nuu u n Hfanuk hohanan, n konuc konuon, n nonymky, f.c. n ccfu
mopckou nokani, nahpanncnnou hpofun Icpmanuu, n ococnnoc-
fu hocnc foio, kak 21 nonpn nonnonckoc hpanufcnicfno n ofncf
na ncoipanuucnnoc uchonisonanuc mainufnix mun ncmcukou cfo-
ponou sannuno o nokanc icpmanckoio qnofa. Ofo ina houfu
honnan nokana, u hosfomy houfu ncc hocfanku us Hfanuu u n
Hfanuk nonxni inu ocymccfnnnficn ho xcncsnou nopoic, uny-
mcu ucpcs Ipcnncp. C onnou cfoponi, ncmui ocmanu hocinafi
n Hfanuk ncc onimcc konuuccfno cipin u, n ococnnocfu, yinn, a
c npyiou, um nc ynanoci nihonnufi cnoc onsafcnicfno, ho-
ckoniky ncmcukuu yioni moi hcpcnosuficn n nocfafounix konuuc-
cfnax foniko mopckum hyfcm.
Io sfomy nohpocy ncoxonumo ino nckoc monuanunoc coinacuc
anino-qpanuysckoio noka, nosmoxnoc n cncfc hcpchckfuni ofna-
ncnun Hfanuu of Icpmanuu, a fakxc n ucnnx homcmafi ncmuam
ofopnafi of noka coksnukon noniu sncmcnf u oncc fccno hpu-
nnsafi Hfanuk k cnocu akfunnocfu, yncnuuun yxc cymccfnykmuu
J54
paspin mcxny Hfanucu, Bcnukopufanucu u panuucu, paspin,
kofopiu xofcnu ymcnimufi hpofunnuku ncfyhncnun Hfanuu n
nouny. Topionic u honufuucckuc coopaxcnun hpconananu nan
hponcmamu nocnnou cfpafciuu. Ocmanun ncmucn, hpuncnmuc k
saknkucnuk skonomuucckoio coinamcnun 24 qcnpann 14O i.,
inu nahpanncni na ycfpancnuc koncanuu ufaninnucn u na fo,
ufoi honfonknyfi Mycconunu sannfi hosuuuk, ofkponcnno
npaxncnyk n ofnomcnuu mopckou nokani. Mopckan nokana, n
cnok oucpcni, cnyxuna hpcnyhpcxncnucm ofnocufcnino fpynnocfcu,
c kofopimu Hfanun cfonkncfcn, ccnu ncfyhuf n nouny, u nmccfc c
honufuucckumu hocynamu moina honfonknyfi Mycconunu k panno-
ynancnnocfu, a safcm, nosmoxno, u k honnomy honopofy qponfa.
Onnako onimc nccio nyuc in occhokocn ofnomcnunmu mcx-
ny Icpmanucu u Concfckum Coksom, ufo ciipano snauufcninyk
poni n ohpcncncnuu ufaninnckou hosuuuu ncyuacfun, u ufo
hpononxano okasinafi nnunnuc na cfpafciuucckuc oucnku Mycco-
nunu ofnocufcnino ynymcio ufaninnckou skchancuu, kofopyk on
cuufan ncc cmc nosmoxnou naionapn nounc, xofn fchcpi u safpyn-
ncnnou pycckum nanncnucm na Iankani.
To, kakum opasom ufaninnui ofnccnuci k sumncu nounc,
nicfyhun, nohpcku oxunanunm u namcpcnunm Mycconunu, n hon-
ncpxky mancnikoio qunckoio napona, ino hpusnakom ncnoncpun
k Icpnuny, nocfuimcio n konuc 1J nauanc 14O i. cnocio aho-
icn. Hfaninnckan cfopona ofncpiana hpohaianny Komunfcpna n
honncpxky icpmano-concfckoio coinamcnun, nahpanncnnyk hpofun
ypxyasnix iocynapcfn. 16 nckapn ipaq Huano, hifanmuucn n
fof momcnf namcfufi ofpin Hfanuu of Icpmanuu n anfuconcfckux
ucnnx, hpousncc pcui n hanafc qamu u kophopauuu, kofopan, kak
humcf Annpc, oosnauuna onun us nauoncc naxnix momcnfon n
ucfopuu ufaninnckoio ncyuacfun u hpcncfannnna coou, cs co-
mncnun, ahoicu ycunuu qamucfckoio munucfpa unocfpannix ncn
ho yinyncnuk pasnoinacuu c Icpnunom no fakou cfchcnu, kofo-
pan cncnana i ncnosmoxnim unu, ho kpauncu mcpc, kpaunc
cnoxnim ncfyhncnuc Hfanuu n nouny na cfoponc Icpmanuu.
Icui Huano numi nochpousnonuno xponuky hocncnncio hcpuo-
na ufano-icpmanckux ofnomcnuu, of hpcnnapufcninix hcpciono-
pon ho honiofonkc Cfaninoio hakfa no camix hocncnnux coi-
fuu. Kpomc foio, on ohycfun ncnkyk kpufuky sahannix ncpxan u
ncno ninnun cnok anfuconcfckyk opucnfauuk.
B pycnc noiuku sfou pcuu, hpousncnmcu inyokoc nhcuafnc-
nuc, no fakxc nisnanmcu npocfnyk pcakuuk qon Iucnfpoha,
naxonunaci u hocncnonanman safcm cmc oncc naxnan ufaninnckan
unuuuafuna hucimo, kofopoc Mycconunu nahpanun Iufncpy
J55
5 nnnapn 14O i. Ofo hucimo hpcpinano hcpuon ucfipcxmccnunoio
monuanun u concpxano nnunnoc u honponoc usnoxcnuc ufaninn-
ckux konuchuuu. Xofn Mycconunu u honfncpxnan namcpcnuc ncu-
cfnonafi n pamkax coksnuucckoio hakfa, apiymcnfauun, kofopan
pasnunanaci n hucimc, ncmoncfpuponana, ufo Hfanun ncucfnycf :u
npe0e:u+u coksa.
Mycconunu ocfanonuncn, hpcxnc nccio, na nnyx momcnfax: nc-
nosmoxnocfu honnou hocni nan Bcnukopufanucu u hocncncfnunx
nanincumcio cnuxcnun mcxny Icpmanucu u Concfckum Coksom.
B ofnomcnuu hcpnoio momcnfa Mycconunu ocnoninancn na akcuo-
mc, n coofncfcfnuu c kofopou ino i naunno honaiafi, ufo Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi ynyf haccunno hpucyfcfnonafi hpu honnom ho-
paxcnuu ncmokpafuu. B ofnomcnuu nfopoio momcnfa Mycconunu
hoxnannncn honumanucm fakfuucckux hpuuun nauucfcko-concf-
ckoio hakfa, samcuan hpu sfom: B Ionimc u na Ianfukc Ioccun
cs cnunoio nicfpcna onimc nccx niuipana of nouni. B sfou
cufyauuu kak moxno ino hpunccfu n xcpfny anfuccmufckuc u
anfuonimcnucfckuc hpunuuhi, usnauanino hpucymuc nauusmy,
nc ofncpian ucnnocfcu, sa kofopic oponuci n fcucnuc nnanuafu
ncf 4 mccnua nasan Ioccun ina npaiom no+ep o0un; ona nc moxcf
cfafi u nc nnnncfcn 0pyeo+ no+ep o0un.
Iucimo hpcncfannnno coou ofkpifiu hpusin nc nosonon-
nnfi kpyhnomacmfanix nocnnix ncucfnuu u cncnafi nosmoxnim
ufaninnckoc hocpcnnuuccfno, kofopoc n nonou cufyauuu yncf
umcfi ychcx. Hccmofpn na fo, ufo apiymcnfauun nyuc cfana n Icp-
nunc hpcnmcfom nnumafcninoio usyucnun, ofncf sancpxancn na-
nonio no 1O mapfa 14O i. On in nan numi ucpcs ncckoniko
nncu hocnc foio, kak Iufncp yxc ofnan hpukas o nahancnuu na
anuk u Hopnciuk, honoxun nauano nocnnim ohcpauunm, kofo-
pic hofom cs hcpcpina ynyf hpononxaficn na 3ahanc hpofun
Ionnannuu, Icniiuu u panuuu. Cncnonafcnino, ccnu Mycconunu
xofcn hpcnocfanufi Iufncpy nosmoxnocfi u kanan nnn nosononnc-
nun nuhnomafuucckoio hocpcnnuuccfna, fo ncucfnun Iufncpa, n
cmc onimcu cfchcnu, ucm cnona, cnuncfcnicfnonanu, ufo fakan
ucni ina uyxna cmy cmc no foio, kak hpuopcna oncc konkpcfnic
oucpfanun. Ioncc foio, fon ofncfa qkpcpa osnauan nacfonmuu ho-
nopof n cfoni npyxcckux ofnomcnunx nnyx nukfafopon. B camom
ncnc, Iufncp nhcpnic opafun nnumanuc Mycconunu na cyponyk
pcaninocfi nonou cufyauuu, na npcn hosuuuu Hfanuu u na ohacno-
cfu, c kofopimu cu hpuncfcn cfonknyficn n nanincumcm. Iufncp
ocfonfcnino ohponcpi apiymcnfauuk Mycconunu. On ofncpi yhpc-
ku n hpcxncnpcmcnnocfu nouni, nc ninnuian hpu sfom apiymcnfa o
nchpcnnuncnnou pcakuuu qpanko-pufanckoio noka, a yfncpxnan
J56
cnoc mncnuc, ufo Bcnukopufanun yxc pcmuna no konua opoficn
c nukfafopckumu pcxumamu. Iosfomy ncmuam ncoxonumo uc-
honisonafi naiohpunfniu momcnf, cnnsanniu c nanuuucm y nux
oncc concpmcnnou nocnnou honiofonku. Hfo kacacfcn Concfckoio
Coksa, fo Iufncp yfncpxnan, ufo unconoiuucckuu nohpoc cncnona-
no npcmcnno ofnoxufi. Hcoxonumo hocmofpcfi na pcsynifafi
skonomuucckoio cofpynnuuccfna, kofopoc yxc hpunocuf ccpicsnic
hnoni, u yncf hpunocufi ux n ynymcm. Cncnonano fakxc yuufi-
nafi, ufo concfckuu pcxum yfpafun ucpfi hnamcnnoio hoopnuka
kommynusma u nnoni hpuopcn xapakfcp pycckoio nauuonanusma, c
kofopim Icpmanun mnoio pas sqqckfunno cofpynnuuana. Hu onun
us fcsucon Mycconunu nc in hpunnf, u, oncc foio, ncmcukuu
nukfafop hocfanun nyuc hcpcn anifcpnafunou, nc ocfannnnmcu mc-
cfa nnn nancxn. B camom ncnc, hponcma cocfonna nc n fom, ufoi
hcpccfpoufi coksi, hockoniky Iufncp, nccmofpn na comncnun
Mycconunu, in yncpcn n hocnc, a n fom, ufoi nipafi, naxo-
nuficn nu ok o ok c hocnufcncm unu xc ofnanuficn of ncio u
ifi npaxncnim cmy.
Hcmcukuu nukfafop usnoxun sfo cs ncnkux nnycmicncnnocfcu:
ymak, ufo ho onnomy nohpocy nc moxcf ifi nukakoio comnc-
nun: ucxon sfou nouni pcmacf fakxc u ynymcc Hfanuu! Icnu sfo
ynymcc paccmafpunacfcn Bamcu cfpanou foniko kak ynckoncuuna-
nuc cymccfnonanun n kauccfnc cnpohcuckoio iocynapcfna co ckpom-
nimu hpcfcnsunmu, fo foina n omuancn. Ho ccnu ynymcc pac-
cmafpunafi ho mcpkam iapanfuu nnn cymccfnonanun ufaninnckoio
napona c ucfopuucckou, icohonufuucckou u mopaninou fouck spc-
nun, fo ccfi n coofncfcfnuu c hofpcnocfnmu, cnnsannimu c hpanom
Bamcio napona na xusni, fo fc xc npaiu, kofopic ccionnn nokkf
c Icpmanucu, ynyf u namumu hpofunnukamu.
S ncpk, hpononxan Iufncp yipoxakmum fonom hpopoka,
ufo cynia ninynuf nac, pano unu hosnno, cpaxaficn nmccfc. Ko-
pofko ionopn, Iufncp nahucan foina Mycconunu, ufo cio hpocfpan-
cfno nnn niopa yxc cokpafunoci no hpcncna: unu c Icpmanucu-ho-
cnufcninuucu na ncmcukux ycnonunx unu cncncnuc ponu Hfanuu
k nfopocfchcnnou n kauccfnc cnpohcuckoio iocynapcfna co ckpom-
nimu hpcfcnsunmu. cpxannan honufuka Mycconunu hofcphcna
ncynauy umcnno n fof momcnf, koina nonck ocfonfcnicfn on in
ninyxncn hpunnfi camoc fpynnoc pcmcnuc no nccu cio nncmncu
honufukc.
Iucimo Iufncpa ino npyucno nuuno Mycconunu 1O mapfa
14O i. qon Iucnfpohom, cohpononunmum nahucannoc ycnufcni-
nou nocnnou u nuhnomafuucckou apiymcnfauucu. cucfnufcnino,
Iucnfpoh noanun, ufo pcmumocfi qkpcpa ocfacfcn ncusmcnnou
J57
u ufo nouna no hocnnoio konua c sahannimu ncpxanamu ncus-
cxna: kpcp nc ncpuf n nosmoxnocfi mupa |...], on pcmuncn
pasufi cfpcmncnuc hpofunnukon hpunocufi cncfnun, u hosfomy
nahancf na panuuk u Aninuk n momcnf, kofopiu coufcf cnocn-
pcmcnnim. Ofnocufcnino ucxona cxnafku ncf comncnuu: pan-
uun yncf hocxncna no nauana occnu, a aninuuanc ocfanyfcn na
konfuncnfc foniko n kauccfnc nocnnohncnnix. Iosfomy nkic
hohifku hocpcnnuuccfna nc umckf cmicna. Hcoxonumo ncnafi
cfanky na hocny Icpmanuu u na coxpancnuc ponu Hfanuu n Inpohc
pnnom c hocnonocnou Icpmanucu unu xc nipafi ncufpanufcf,
nncmnc conunapniu, no ho cyfu npaxncniu. Hcoxonumo pc-
mafi, cfafi nu nfopimu n Inpohc hpu iochoncfnc nauusma, unu
ncufpaninimu u mapiunaninimu us-sa ncnihonncnun Cfaninoio
hakfa.
5.4.3. BCT.HLEHUE UTALUU B BOUH.
Ssik Iufncpa u qon Iucnfpoha in nccima niuypnim u nn-
nnncn chocoom hpcncfanncnun concpmcnno qanicuquuuponannou
pcaninocfu. Onnako macmfa nocnnix ychcxon u yncpcnnocfi n
choconocfu icfpo cnomufi cohpofunncnuc qpanuyson hpunana-
nu apiymcnfauuu Iufncpa nccima ycnufcninyk cuny. 18 mapfa on
ncfpcfuncn c Mycconunu n Ipcnncpc u honfopun cmy cnok nck-
uuk. Cynia Hfanuu ina yxc ncpaspinno cnnsana c cyniou
Icpmanuu: unu oc ynyf hocnufcninuuamu unu hocxncnni-
mu. Inuncfncnnou nuhnomafuucckou ohcpauucu, kofopyk hohi-
fancn foina chnanuponafi Mycconunu, ina hohifka hpunncui
Iufncpa k samufc unfcpccon Hfanuu na Iankanax. Onnako Iufncpa
nc ynanoci saunfcpcconafi sfou hponcmou. Icpmanun u Ioccun n
skonomuucckom ofnomcnuu nohonnnnu npyi npyia, u hosfomy qkpcp
sannun o pcmumocfu coxpannfi n ynymcm nanccina npyxccfncn-
nic ofnomcnun c sfou cfpanou. B fof momcnf, no nauana nocnnix
ncucfnuu hpofun anuu u Hopnciuu, ohfumucfi (unu hcccumuc-
fi, n sanucumocfu of fouku spcnun) moinu cmc cfpoufi unnksuu
ofnocufcnino foio, ufo sa nauucfckum hopinom ckpinanoci numi
axnanicfno. Iocncnnuc coifun, onnako, nanonunu na micni, ufo
Mycconunu yxc ocfanun ncnkyk nancxny na komhpomuccniu mup
u nauan iofonuficn k nounc houfu nancpnnka ok o ok c Icp-
manucu, xofn u c nckofopimu micncnnimu oionopkamu ofnocu-
fcnino sqqckfunnoio ncncnun nocnnix ncucfnuu.
B hocncnykmuc ncncnu sancpmunuci camic hocncnnuc hohifku
oipanuuufi macmfa cfonknoncnun. Iysncnif hocnan n Inpohy samcc-
fufcnn ioccckpcfapn Csmncpa Ysnncca c muccucu ocymccfnncnun
J58
sonnaxa n Iumc u n Icpnunc, nc umcnmcu nukakux cymccfncnnix
pcsynifafon. Hakanync nosononncnun nocnnix ncucfnuu na 3ahanc
n Ium hpuin Maupon Tsunop, nuuniu hpcncfanufcni Iysncnifa
hpu hahc Iuc XII. On fakxc, ho noionopcnnocfu c honfuqukom,
hohifancn okasafi cuniniu naxum na Mycconunu. yuc, onnako,
n sfof momcnf cncnonan ho cnocmy hyfu, nc opaman nnumanun
naxc na sahosnanic hpcnnoxcnun o cnuxcnuu co cfoponi pan-
uuu u moi numi honuunnficn icpmanckou unuuuafunc. J1 mapfa
on honiofonun cckpcfncumyk hamnfnyk sahucky, n kofopou, hon-
fncpxnan, ufo hpcnhoufufcninou ucnik nnn Hfanuu ocfacfcn kom-
hpomuccniu mup, yfncpxnan:
Hfanun nc moxcf ocfaficn ncufpaninou na ncci hcpuon nouni,
nc ofkasanmuci of cnocu ponu, nc nuckpcnufuponan ccn, nc cncnn
ccn no yponnn Uncuuapuu, ymnoxcnnou na nccnfi. Iponcma co-
cfouf, cncnonafcnino, nc n fom, ufoi snafi, ncfyhuf nu Hfanun n
nouny; pcui uncf foniko o fom, ufoi snafi, koina sfo hpousouncf
u kak; pcui uncf o fom, ufoi, coxpanun uccfi u nocfouncfno, kak
moxno nonimc offnnyfi momcnf namcio ncfyhncnun n nouny.
Koina nauanuci nocnnic ncucfnun, u inu saxnaucni Huncp-
nanni, Icniiun u panuun, cfano ncno, ufo Mycconunu okasancn
n npamafuucckou cufyauuu hcpcn ncoxonumocfik icfpo hpu-
nnfi pcmcnuc o fom, ufo on nancnncn ofnoxufi na nosmoxno o-
ncc nnufcniniu cpok. Bcn koncfpykuun qamucfckou nncmncu
honufuku ina hocfanncna n sanucumocfi of sfoio pcmcnun. Myc-
conunu nancnncn, ufo ccpicsnoc cohpofunncnuc qpanuyson homoxcf
cmy niufu us safpynnufcninou cufyauuu. Ho nckopc cfano oucnun-
no, ufo panuun nc moxcf hpofunocfonfi nahopy ncmcukoio na-
cfyhncnun u ufo, cncnonafcnino, n konfuncnfaninou Inpohc ocfa-
naci cnuncfncnnim ncufpaninim iocynapcfnom Hfanun, coksnuua
nauucfckou Icpmanuu. K fomy xc n Hfanuu, kak ino usnccfno,
umcnuci anfuicpmanckuc fcucnun, nc yckonisanmuc of nnumanun
nauucfon.
B sfof momcnf Mycconunu hpumnoci hpunnfi pcmcnuc, cfan-
mcc yxc ncuscxnim. 26 man on coomun nocnauaninukam, ufo
Hfanun ncfyhuf n nouny n nauanc cncnykmcio mccnua, ncponfno,
5 uknn. O kpafkou ofcpoukc hohpocun Iufncp. 1O uknn Mycconunu
hpuinacun qpanuysckoio u pufanckoio hocnon nnn foio, ufoi
coomufi um o pcmcnuu Hfanuu. Cpasy xc hocnc sfoio on opa-
funcn k fonhc, copanmcucn na hnomanu Bcncuuu, cfpcmnci cnocu
smouuonaninou pufopukou nisnafi snfysuasm, kofopiu, ho cyfu,
in numi honcpxnocfnim. 3a fonkou oonoukou nancxni na ho-
cny ckpinancn cfpax, cnnsanniu c hocncncfnunmu nouni, kofo-
pan nnn panuuu nckopc sakonuufcn, n fo npcmn kak Hfanun yncf
J5
cpaxaficn na npyiux qponfax. cucfnufcnino, hocnc saknkucnun
ufano-qpanuysckoio hcpcmupun 24 uknn nouna hpononxunaci c
Bcnukopufanucu.
B nannou cnnsu cncnycf ofmcfufi, ufo ncfyhncnuc Hfanuu n
konqnukf hpuncno k hcpnomy snauufcninomy yncnuucnuk hpofn-
xcnnocfu qponfon, kofopic no foio nnn inu oipanuucni fcp-
pufopunmu, hpuncxamumu k Icpmanuu. To ocfonfcnicfno, ufo
Hfanun nnnnnaci kononuaninou umhcpucu, pacmupnno ipanuui
cfonknoncnun no Iankanckoio honyocfpona, Bocfounoio Cpcnu-
scmnomopin u Aqpuku. Iockoniky Hfanun iochoncfnonana nan
Ananucu, fo c sfoio momcnfa u Ananun okasanaci nonncucnnou n
nouny, nc c coccnnumu cfpanamu, a c nanckum hpofunnukom.
Tcm nc mcncc, sfo in hcpniu mai n pacmupcnuu konqnukfa na
Iankani c hcpchckfunou cio yinyncnun. B Bocfounom Cpcnuscm-
nomopic onananuc onckanccom fcopcfuuccku hosnonnno Hfanuu
yipoxafi pufanckum hosuuunm, xofn apxuhcnai u nc in hpcnpa-
mcn n nacfonmyk nocnnyk asy.
Ioncc naxnimu okasanuci hocncncfnun, hpnmic u kocncnnic,
nnn Aqpuku. Hfaninnckuc nnancnun n Bocfounou Aqpukc (Oquo-
hun, Opufpcn u Comanu) inu okpyxcni pufanckumu u qpan-
uysckumu kononunmu. Iosfomy cufyauun n Hfaninnckou Bocfounou
Aqpukc sapancc hpcnohpcncnnnaci fpynnocfnmu kommynukauuu,
ncuscxno ocymccfnnnnmuxcn ucpcs Cysu u Iupanfap, kofopic
naxonunuci hon pufanckum konfponcm. Hnou ina cufyauun n
unuu, ipanuuunmcu na sahanc u na kic c kononunmu panuuu,
naxonunmcucn n kpusucc. Of nux n kpafkocpounou hcpchckfunc nc
nonxno ino ucxonufi nukakou ohacnocfu. Onnako na nocfokc
unun coccncfnonana c Iiuhfom, fcopcfuuccku ncufpaninim, onna-
ko cnnsannim c Bcnukopufanucu noionopom 1J6 i., hosnonnnmum
aninuuanam nccfu fam nocnnic ncucfnun. Takum opasom, ofkpina-
noci nna qponfa: Bocfouno-aqpukanckuu, inc cynia ufaninnckux
nouck ina hpcnpcmcna (ucknkuan cnyuau honnncnun kakux-nuo
nchpcnnuncnnix ocfonfcnicfn), u qponf mcxny Iiuhfom u unu-
cu, kofopomy n fcucnuc nnufcninoio npcmcnu cyxncno yncf uipafi
ucnfpaninyk poni n ufaninnckou nounc u n opic sa hpcnocxoncfno
n Cpcnuscmnomopic.
Onnako, ncponfno, oncc naxnimu, ucm nocnnic, inu cpcn-
nccpounic u noniocpounic honufuucckuc hocncncfnun, k kofopim
hpuncn konqnukf. B camom ncnc, on ninnunyn na hcpniu hnan nn-
ncnun u hponcmi, ocfananmuccn no foio momcnfa nafcnfnimu,
hockoniky sacfanun kopcnnic naponi n cfpanax, yxc oxnaucnnix
nnunfcninimu nnuxcnunmu sa ncsanucumocfi, sannfi hosuuuk n
ofnomcnuu cnoux ccfccfncnnix npaion, fo ccfi kononuaninix
J6O
hpanufcnicfn, nc ncfanan n fo xc npcmn na cfopony pcxumon, ko-
fopic, koncuno, nc moinu hoxnacfaficn ncsahnfnannou pchyfauu-
cu cfoponnukon nckononusauuu n hpomnom (nahpumcp, Hfanun,
xccfoko honannnna hocnc Icpnou muponou nouni nnuxcnuc sa
ncsanucumocfi unuu unu foniko ufo nocnana c Oquohucu, onnum
us nnyx cymccfnonanmux foina ncsanucumix uqpuiunciux iocy-
napcfn sfo ina hocncnnnn kononuaninan nouna n hpomnom;
unu xc Icpmanun, nnyfpu kofopou xofn ona u ncucfnonana non-
nc c ucnik hpoynufi u oxunufi anfupufanckuu nauuonanusm
no nccm kononuaninom mupc nomunuponanu honufuucckuc cuni,
n uicu hpuncpxcnnocfu hpany na camoohpcncncnuc oocnonanno
sacfannnnu comncnaficn coifun). Hnimu cnonamu, xofn nocnnoc
snaucnuc ncfyhncnun Hfanuu n nouny u ino nccima oipanuucn-
nim, hocncncfnun pcmcnun Mycconunu honncknu sa coou n kono-
nuaninom mupc uchi usmcncnuu, kofopic yxc ncnosmoxno ino
ocfanonufi nhnofi no ccpcnuni 7O-x ionon.
5.4.4. KAHUT.LHUUH !PAHUUU
Ipocia qpanuyson o hcpcmupuu ina hcpcnana ncmuam ucpcs
hocpcnnuuccfno Hchanuu. 16 uknn Ionysn opafuncn k hocny
panko ckcpuka c hpociou ysnafi o ycnonunx, kofopic ncmui
ninnunyf n omcn na hpckpamcnuc nocnnix ncucfnuu. Ananoiuu-
noc hocnanuc ino ofhpanncno na cncnykmuu ncni ucpcs Bafukan
n Hfanuk. Ioufu n fo xc camoc npcmn, 18 uknn Iufncp u Mycco-
nunu ncfpcfunuci n Mknxcnc, u noionopunuci, ufo hpckpamcnuc
nocnnix ncucfnuu moxcf cocfonficn foniko n fom cnyuac, ccnu
panuun coinacycf ycnonun hcpcmupun nc foniko c Icpmanucu, no
fakxc c Hfanucu.
Icmcnun qpanuysckoio hpanufcnicfna nukfonanuci npamafu-
ucckou ncuscxnocfik nocnnoio hopaxcnun u cfpaxom, ufo nc-
mcukuc noucka moiyf hponnunyficn naxc no Iopno, inc ykpinoci
hpanufcnicfno, cmc no foio, kak yncf coinaconan nohpoc o hpc-
kpamcnuu nocnnix ncucfnuu. Icui mna o ncncikux pcmcnunx, ho-
ckoniky hoka coxpannnaci fouka spcnun, coinacno kofopou cncno-
nano hokunyfi fcppufopuk mcfpohonuu u hcpcpaficn n Anxup
(naxc puckyn honncpinyficn nahancnuk Hchanuu, cnnsannou co
cfpanamu Ocu) nnn foio, ufoi hpononxufi fam nouny. Iapan-
ncnino c sfou foukou spcnun, kofopyk honncpxunan Icuno no u
hocnc cnocu ofcfanku, ncfanana hponcma cynii qpanuysckoio
qnofa. Hcmui n nkom cnyuac hohifanuci i sannancfi um unu,
ho mcnimcu mcpc, ncufpanusonafi cio, onnako y qpanuysckou cfo-
poni cymccfnonan ucfkuu hnan, nahpanncnniu na fo, ufoi qnof
J61
nc hohan n pyku ncmucn. Bo-hcpnix, qnof uipan cnumkom oni-
myk poni nnn ocymccfnncnun konfponn nan mopnmu, u nosmox-
nocfi cio hcpcxona k ncmuam cchokouna kak aninuuan, fak u fcx
xc amcpukanucn. Bamunifonckoc hpanufcnicfno nomno naxc no
yipos ofnocufcnino foio, ufo ccnu qpanuysckoc hpanufcnicfno nc
hpumcf ncoxonumix mcp, ufoi nochpchnfcfnonafi fakou nos-
moxnocfu, fo ono okonuafcnino yfpafuf npyxy u conunapnocfi
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Bhpoucm, munucfp nocnno-mopckoio qno-
fa anmupan apnan, ncucfnonanmuu n coofncfcfnuu c cocfncnnou
ncsanucumou noiukou, yxc nanno hpunnn ncoxonumic mcpi nnn
foio, ufoi homcmafi nncsahnomy nahancnuk ncmucn u ncucfno-
nafi, n cnyuac ncoxonumocfu, naxc u hpofun nonu hpanufcnicfna,
kofopoc, nhpoucm, no npcmn hocncnncio nusufa pufanucn n Iopno
1 uknn nipaofano fakyk xc noionopcnnocfi c aninuuanamu.
Ofu nnc hponcmi (hponcma qnofa u hcpcmupun c Hfanucu)
cocfannnnu, cncnonafcnino, nauoncc cnoxnic momcnfi kahufynn-
uuu u cs foio hpcncfannnnmcucn ncncikou. C ohosnanucm na nc-
ckoniko nncu inu cqopmuponani nnc ncnciauuu. panuysi ho-
nyuunu uncfpykuuu hpcpnafi hcpcionopi n fom cnyuac, ccnu yncf
hofpconana ninaua qnofa, okkyhauun samopckux fcppufopuu
panuuu u okkyhauun nccu fcppufopuu qpanuysckou mcfpoho-
nuu. Hcmui iofonunuci nukfonafi cnou xccfkuc, no nc upcsni-
uauno cyponic ycnonun na ncfpcuc, cocfonnmcucn 21 uknn. Cumno-
nuuno, ufo Iufncp saxofcn, ufoi ona hpoxonuna n Komhicnckom
nccy, inc mapman om n 118 i. n snamcnufom xcncsnonopoxnom
naionc na cfanuuu Icfonn npyuun ycnonun hcpcmupun ncmuam.
Iufncp u inannic nauucfckuc ncnfcnu hpunnnu yuacfuc n hcpnou
uacfu paofi, a qkpcp sakonuun cnoc nicfyhncnuc yfncpxncnucm,
ufo Icpmanun nc namcpcnacfcn sanumafi xccfokyk hosuuuk n of-
nomcnuu honcpxcnnoio npaia. 3afcm hcpcionopi hpononxunuci
hon pykononcfnom icncpana qon Kcufcnn of ncmucn u icncpana
Xknfuuicpa of qpanuyson. Ocyxnanuci 24 cfafiu ncmcukux hpcn-
noxcnuu; Xknfuuicpy onu hokasanuci mccfamu nnycmicncnnimu,
no nc nchpucmncmimu. Hacfonmum hpchnfcfnucm cfano fpconanuc
cunxponnocfu c ufaninnckum hcpcmupucm.
Ha concmanuu 22 uknn n Iopno qpanuysckoc hpanufcnicfno
ocynuno hpunuuhuaninic nohpoci. Ono hohifanoci nouficn
nckofopix usmcncnuu n ofnomcnuu qnofa, xofn ncmui nc fpco-
nanu cio cnauu, no numi cocpcnofoucnun n ohpcncncnnix hopfax.
Kpomc foio, ono hifanoci ninnunyfi fpconanuc o ncninauc no-
cnnix hpccfyhnukon, a fakxc uscxafi hpunnsku qpanko-icpman-
ckoio hcpcmupun k hcpcmupuk c Hfanucu. Hu onno us sfux fpc-
onanuu nc ino hpunnfo, xofn afmocqcpa hcpcionopon houfu nu
J62
pasy nc oocfpnnaci fak, kak moxno ino i oxunafi, yuufinan
nocnnic ocfonfcnicfna.
B Iopno hpanufcnicfno couno, ufo uncn hpononxafi cohpofun-
ncnuc, hcpcmccfunmuci n Anxup, ncocymccfnuma us-sa nocnnou
cnaocfu qpanuyson n Ccncpnou Aqpukc. B fof xc ncni 22 uknn,
ncucpom hcpcmupuc ino honhucano. Ono hpcnycmafpunano, ufo
ncmui okkyhupykf nck ccncpnyk u sahannyk oanuuk, nknkuan
Afnanfuucckoc hocpcxic nhnofi no yapi, c ioponamu Iyafic u
Typ. Onnako Canoun, uon u ncn kxnan panuun ocfananuci hon
nnacfik qpanuysckoio hpanufcnicfna (hcpcnccmcio cnok pcsuncn-
uuk n kypopfniu ioponok Bumu), kofopoc n sfou sonc moino pac-
honaiafi cocfncnnimu noopyxcnnimu cunamu uucncnnocfik no
12O fic. ucnonck. Ionufuucckuc smuipanfi, naxonunmuccn no
panuuu, nonxni inu ifi hcpcnani ncmuam, a ncmcukuc no-
cnnohncnnic nosnpamcni ncmcnncnno, n fo npcmn kak qpanuysc-
kuc foniko hocnc saknkucnun mupnoio noionopa. nof nonxcn
in cocpcnofouuficn n ykasannix hopfax u foniko hocnc nouni
nosnpamcn panuuu. nn iapanfuponanun nihonncnun coinamcnuu
cosnananaci komuccun ho hcpcmupuk, cocfonnman us onnux ncmucn,
hpu kofopou, onnako, qpanuysi moinu umcfi cnok ncnciauuk.
Huucio nc ionopunoci o ynymcm nu panuuu, nu cc samopckux
fcppufopuu. B sfom nipaxanaci nnoucfncnnocfi iufncponckou ho-
nufuku, hpcnycmafpunanmcu pachnafy sa ynusufcninoc hopaxcnuc,
honcccnnoc qpanuysamu, onnako nocfafouno iukou nnn foio, ufo-
i honnfi, ufo hpu ohpcncncnnix ycnonunx panuun cmoina i
nnccfu nknan n hopnnok, kofopiu nauucfi xofcnu ycfanonufi n
Inpohc, samcnun hpu cnyuac kak Hfanuk, fak u Concfckuu Coks.
Ocfanancn nohpoc o hcpcmupuu c Hfanucu. panuysckoc hpa-
nufcnicfno nonxno ino cmupuficn c ynuxcnucm, otnnun ccn
hpouipanmum nouny, kofopan cocfonna numi us ncmnoiux hpuipa-
nuunix cfonknoncnuu. Bhpoucm, Mycconunu uchifan cuninoc
nanncnuc ncmucn c fcm, ufoi fpconanun k panuuu nc concpxa-
nu nchpucmncmix ycnonuu. Icpcionopi hpomnu n Iumc, na nunnc
Hnuusa, 2J uknn u sakonuunuci n fof xc ncni. Hfaninnckuc fpc-
onanun, n ucnom ckpomnic, oipanuuunuci okkyhauucu ncckoni-
kux yuacfkon fcppufopuu nnoni anihuuckou ipnni u ncmunufapu-
sauucu 5O-kunomcfponou hoipanuunou soni kak na fcppufopuu
mcfpohonuu, fak u na ipanuuc mcxny unucu u aqpukanckumu
kononunmu panuuu, a fakxc hpcnocfanncnucm Hfanuu hpana uc-
honisonafi hopf xuyfu u xcncsnyk nopoiy xuyfuAnuc-
Aca n Hfaninnckou Bocfounou Aqpukc.
Icpcmupuc ino honhucano 24 uknn u ncfyhuno n cuny n
noui c 24 na 25. C foio momcnfa nocnnic ncucfnun no panuuu
J6J
hpckpafunuci u cpasy xc nauan ocymccfnnnficn cnoxniu komhnckc
nuhnomafuucckux unuuuafun (n hpofunohonoxnom nahpanncnnuu)
c uchonisonanucm fcx nosmoxnocfcu nnn mancnpa, kofopic hcpc-
mupuc c Icpmanucu ocfannnno yucncnmcmy qpanuysckomy hpanu-
fcnicfny. Ofo ina nc csoionopounan kahufynnuun, a hcpcmupuc,
kofopoc moino cfafi hpcnknucu kak k mupy, fak u k coifunm, o
kofopix n fof momcnf ncnisn ino u homicnufi.
5.4.5. !PAHUUH HOCLE HOPA+EHUH:
ME+,. HPABUTELBCTBOM BUTU U ,E FOLLEM
Hakanync nouni panuun ina nfopou kononuaninou ncpxa-
nou n mupc. Ic nnancnun n nunc kononuu u hpofckfopafon sanumanu
omupnic fcppufopuu hpcxnc nccio n Aqpukc (Anxup, Mapokko,
Tynuc, panuysckan 3ahannan Aqpuka, Oknafopuaninan Aqpuka,
Toio, Kamcpyn, panuysckoc Konio, panuysckoc Comanu, Mana-
iackap), n Asuu (Hnnokufau u pnn apxuhcnaion n Tuxom okcanc),
na Inuxncm Bocfokc (mannafi n Cupuu u unanc). Kpomc foio,
ona umcna ncckoniko kononuu na amcpukanckom konfuncnfc, mcni-
mux ho hnomanu, no, koncuno, nc mcncc naxnix nnn inoaninou
konuchuuu qpanuysckoio umhcpuanusma. B fof momcnf, koina
qpanuysckoc hpanufcnicfno, xofn u nc hpckpafunmcc cnoc cymc-
cfnonanuc, ino pasnanncno nocnnim hopaxcnucm, hponcmi
kpunuucckoio xapakfcpa nc nosnukanu, hockoniky cymccfnonana
qopmaninan hpccmcfncnnocfi mcxny Tpcficu pcchynukou u nu-
mucfckou panuucu (xofn sfu nna iocynapcfncnnix opasonanun
u pasncnnna inyokan honufuucckan hpohacfi), onnako, c fouku
spcnun honufuucckou, hponcmi inu oipomnic u onu oucni i-
cfpo ycyiynnnuci c pasnufucm coifuu.
Inannim n hpoucmcnmux nnn panuuu cufyauuu ino fo, ufo
ncckoniko nncu chycfn, koina cfanu ncni hocncncfnun ncfyhncnun
Hfanuu n nouny nnn kononuaninoio mupa, n npyiux, omupncu-
mux uacfnx mupa in ycniman ofsnyk cnpohcuckux coifuu, u
macmfa konqnukfa pacmupuncn no nccmupnoio cmc no foio, kak
coifun 141 i. hpunanu sfomy nnncnuk sakonucnniu cmicn. Tc-
opcfuuccku qpanuysckuc kononuu naxonunuci n cocfonnuu nouni
c Icpmanucu u, cncnonafcnino, nonxni inu nihonnnfi pcmcnun,
kacakmuccn hcpcmupun. Onnako fo, ufo sa ncmnoiuc ncncnu
qpanuysckan ncpxana hofcphcna n Inpohc kpax, nc moino, koncu-
no, ocfaficn cs hocncncfnuu nnn umhcpuu. 3a ucknkucnucm amc-
pukanckux kononuu, ocnonafcnino nknkucnnix n amcpukanckyk
cucfcmy (xofn qpanuysckuc nocnnic, nucnouuponannic n sfom pc-
iuonc, honuunnnuci numucfckomy hpanufcnicfny), u cmc nc safpo-
J64
nyfix (unu houfu nc safponyfix) cfpcmncnucm k ncsanucumocfu,
ncn ocfaninan uacfi umhcpuu ina osaoucna inannim nohpocom
o xapakfcpc cnnsu mcxny ncu u panuucu n ynymcm, o fom, yuc-
nccf nu sfa cnnsi, u o onukc mcfpohonuu, o coxpancnuu ncpnocfu
kofopou uncf pcui. Icnu n Aqpukc kxncc Caxapi sfa fcma omy-
manaci numi ofnancnno, fo ona hpuopcfana, nahpofun, knkucnoc
snaucnuc nnn fcppufopuu, umcnmux nixon k Cpcnuscmnomopik.
B Tynucc, Mapokko, Cupuu u unanc, inc fpanuuuonnic honufu-
ucckuc cuni nixunu naionapn nuo coinamcnunm o hpofckfopa-
fc, nuo coinamcnunm o mannafax, hpoxonunu nccima cnoxnic
hpouccci. Binnunaci onna fcnncnuun k conunapnocfu c Bumu
c fcm, ufoi okasaficn hon samufou of hocncncfnuu nouni, kofo-
pyk Hchanun, coksnuua ocu moina nauafi us Hchanckoio Ma-
pokko. Ipofunohonoxnan fcnncnuun, n ococnnocfu n Cupuu u n
unanc, inc nnunnuc nnuxcnun Cohpofunncnun no inanc c Uap-
ncm nc Ionncm cfano hpconanakmum nauunan c 141 i., k hpc-
npamcnuk kononuu n pcaninyk ofhpannyk fouky nnn nospoxnc-
nun panuuu. A sfo moino hpousoufu foniko ccnu honacf hpumcp
Anxup, inc mnoiouucncnnoc qpanuysckoc naccncnuc moino i
nosinanufi u mounusonafi cuni, nocfafounic nnn noccfanun. Ha-
koncu, u, hpcxnc nccio, cnaocfi, hponcmoncfpuponannan pan-
uucu, cfana cnocio pona hononom k pasmimncnunm u ncucfnunm
nnn nccx nnuxcnuu sa ncsanucumocfi, n fcucnuc nccnfuncfuu cy-
mccfnonanmux na sfux fcppufopunx, u oxunanmux cnyuan nnn
foio, ufoi nicfyhufi hpofun Iapuxa, unu ofkpifo unu c ucnik
ncncnun hcpcionopon ofnocufcnino cnocu ynymcu ncsanucumocfu
c hpanufcnicfnom, ocnancnnim hopaxcnucm.
Takum opasom, nauunan c konua uknn 14O i. fcppufopun
qpanuysckux kononuu panimc, ucm fcppufopun mcfpohonuu, cfana
fcafpom ncc oncc ocfpoio cfonknoncnun mcxny umcnmumucn fam
fcucnunmu. Ofckna fo snaucnuc, kofopoc kaxnan opkmancn
cfopona hpunanana kak ofnomcnunm c Bumu, fak u ofnomcnunm c
ionnucfckum cohpofunncnucm, a fakxc nosnuknoncnuk anfukono-
nuaninix nnuxcnuu.
Ofnocufcninan ymcpcnnocfi, kofopou Iufncp pykononcfnonan-
cn hpu qopmynuponanuu cfafcu hcpcmupun c panuucu, kpacno-
pcuuno nipaxana ocosnanuc ncmuamu inoaninoio snaucnun hopa-
xcnun panuuu. Ona cnuncfcnicfnonana o fom, ufo n Icpnunc
hpcnhonaianu uchonisonafi n kauccfnc piuaia ocfafku amuuuu u
pachonoxcnnocfi k cofpynnuuccfny nonix (u cfapix) qpanuys-
ckux hpanufcncu, kofopic, nhpoucm, hpcncfannnnu mncnuc anfo-
pufapnix u hpoqamucfckux kpyion qpanuysckoio honufuucckoio
mupa, nnn pachpocfpancnun ychcxa, nocfuinyfoio n Inpohc, sa
hpcncni konfuncnfa u hpcnpamcnun qpanuysckou kononuaninou
J65
cucfcmi n asy nnn nocnno-mopckux ohcpauuu iopasno oncc mu-
pokoio macmfaa.
B hcpuon, hocncnonanmuu cpasy xc sa honhucanucm coinamc-
nun o hcpcmupuu, hpanufcnicfno Bumu hpcinano n inyokom ho-
fpnccnuu of nocnnoio hopaxcnun. Cncnonafcnino, ino ncpcani-
no oxunafi of ncio nipaofku kpafkocpounix hnanon ncucfnuu,
kofopic nixonunu i sa hpcncni cukmunyfnix mcp n ofnomcnuu
kpusucnou cufyauuu. Ofa safpynnufcninan cufyauun nc moina
ifi hpcononcna no konua c homomik nkou honufuucckou unu-
quafuni, hpcnhonaianmcu hpunanncxnocfi k fou cucfcmc, n kofo-
pou iochoncfnonana Icpmanun. cucfnufcnino, fakuc hpcnnoxcnun
asuponanuci na honumanuu ponu panuuu n Inpohc, inyoko
hpofunopcuunmcm nccu ucfopuucckou fpanuuuu cfpani. Hnimu
cnonamu, cfpafciun pckoncfpykuuu panuuu, nc umcnman n kauc-
cfnc ucxonnoio hocfynafa qpanuysckoc hcpncncfno n Inpohc, na-
cfoniko hpofunopcuuna qpanuysckou kynifypc u ucfopuu, ufo cosna-
nana konuchfyaninic u hcuxonoiuucckuc oipanuuufcnu, ncnanmuc
ncnosmoxnim ccpicsnoc paccmofpcnuc hononix konuchuuu. On-
nako ocfonfcnicfna sacfanunu qpanuyson us Bumu u us Cnoon-
nou panuuu (cipyhhuponanmuxcn n onnonc hon pykononcfnom
icncpana nc Ionnn) houfu ho myuufcninomy hyfu nicfpaunanun
ofnomcnuu kak c ncnannumu hocnufcnnmu, fak u co cfapimu co-
ksnukamu, hyfu, ucnukom nahpanncnnomy na fo, ufoi munumusu-
ponafi ymcp u hohifaficn naufu nixon us cosnanmcucn cufyauuu.
Ofhpannou foukou nnn nccx paccyxncnuu ina oucnka, nc of-
nuuakmancn of fou, ufo Mycconunu ninyxncn in cncnafi ofno-
cufcnino cynii Hfanuu. Icnu ucxonufi us foio, ufo ncmui ye
o~uepu:u oouny, ufo hopaxcnuc Ipufanuu ncuscxno unu ho kpau-
ncu mcpc ncnosmoxno nosnpamcnuc aninuuckux noopyxcnnix cun
n Inpohy fo, fakum opasom, ncmicnumo hocfpocnuc cnpohcuckou
cucfcmi mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu, nc ocnonannoc na hpcnoc-
xoncfnc Icpmanuu. Icnu xc ofnanafi ccc ofucf n fom, ufo hocna
Icpmanuu ncnosmoxna, fo hosfomy, nnn samufi uccfu u honufu-
ucckoio ynymcio panuuu, ncoxonumo okasinafi cohpofunnc-
nuc no hocncnncio, cofpynnuuafi c aninuuanamu no nccx nosmox-
nix cufyauunx, hpchnfcfnonafi ncmuam n pachpocfpancnuu ux
konfponn nnc son, okkyhuponannix ho ycnonunm hcpcmupun, n
pacmupcnuu ux nnunnun na npyiuc soni n kxnou panuuu u n
kononunx, kofopic moinu i hpcnocfanufi icpmanckum noopyxcn-
nim cunam nonic asi nnn nocnnix ncucfnuu n Afnanfuucckom
okcanc, Hcnfpaninom u Bocfounom Cpcnuscmnomopic.
C camoio nauana ncmnoiuc qpanuysi, ofkasinanci hpusnafi
hopaxcnuc u cxafi sa hpcncni mcfpohonuu, cmc hufanu kakuc-fo
J66
nancxni. Icncpany nc Ionnk nc ynanoci cpasy hpuopccfu mupo-
kyk ohopy. B hcpnic ncncnu opii cio cuna cocfonna foniko n
hpounocfu cio nuunix ycxncnuu u n honncpxkc, kofopyk cmy
icfpo, c uknn 14O i., hpcnocfanun Yuncfon Hcpuunni, ufo nnu-
noci cncncfnucm fncpnou honufuku, kofopyk pufanckoc hpanu-
fcnicfno pcmuno hpononufi n ofnomcnuu panuuu Icfsna.
B sfux ycnonunx opucnfupom nnn qpanuysckou honufuku, ho
kpauncu mcpc, na ncci ion, hpcnmccfnonanmuu nahancnuk ncmucn
na Concfckuu Coks, cfanu n onimcu cfchcnu ncmui (u, n iopas-
no mcnimcu ufaninnui), ucm pufanui unu amcpukanui. cu-
cfnufcnino, momcnfi nahpnxcnnocfu u kpusuca hocnc saknkuc-
nun hcpcmupun houfu nacunino fonkanu hpanufcnicfno Bumu k
Icpmanuu fakum opasom, ufo numi ofuacfu u c fpynom sfomy
cmoinu nochpchnfcfnonafi Cocnuncnnic Ufafi. Tak no npcmcnnou
cfonuuc panuuu pasnuncn nccima ocfpiu konqnukf ncncncfnuc
honufuucckux pacxoxncnuu nnyfpu konccpnafunnoio u ofkponcn-
no hpoqamucfckoio fcucnun, a fakxc nuunoio cohcpnuuccfna u
pasnuuun n oucnkax cufyauuu n cfpanc.
Icfsn u onimuncfno munucfpon honumanu hcpcmupuc kak
hpcnhocinky honufuku nixunanun, kofopan, chacan cfpany of sk-
cfpcmucfckux kpaunocfcu, hpuncncf panuuk k hosuuuu ncufpa-
nufcfa. Hx nsinnni na ofnomcnun c ncmuamu cmc nc ohpcncnu-
nuci okonuafcnino, no nhucinanuci n omuu hcuxonoiuucckuu
konfckcf, coinacno kofopomy Icpmanun yxc niuipana nouny, a Bc-
nukopufanun coxpanuf nosmoxnocfi cohpofunnnficn numi n fcuc-
nuc ncmnoiux ncncni. Iosfomy pasnuuuc mcxny hosuuucu Icfsna
u hosuuucu Bcuiana (f.c. oniman nchpumupumocfi munucfpa,
ucm inani iocynapcfna) ocnoninanoci na ncpc n fo, ufo moxno nc-
cfu hcpcionopi c ncmuamu c hosuuuu cuni. B fo xc npcmn, na-
hpofun, fcsuc konnaopauuonucfon, inannim hpuncpxcnucm kofo-
poio in Iicp anani, ocnoninancn na fncpnou honufuucckou
ycxncnnocfu n ncoxonumocfu foio, ufoi panuun ncfana na
cfopony Ocu, pcqopmuponan cnou honufuucckuc cfpykfypi n an-
fopufapnom hnanc, fcm camim cosnan hpcnhocinku nnn yuacfun
panuuu na pannix.n cosnanuu nonoio cnpohcuckoio hopnnka.
Ofu hosuuuu n fcucnuc nonioio npcmcnu cfankunanuci u hpu-
nonunu k pasnim pcsynifafam, ufo, n koncunom cucfc, nc ncno k
ynyumcnuk cufyauuu unu onciucnuk hocncncfnuu nocnnoio ho-
paxcnun. 3nauufcninoc nnunnuc na nux okasana ypnan u xccfkan
pcakuun Bcnukopufanuu. 22 uknn Hcpuunni sannun o ncsakonnocfu
hcpcmupun, saknkucnnoio cs coinacun pufanucn, u hponosina-
cun, ufo nc hpusnacf nciufumnocfi hpanufcnicfna Iopno. B fo xc
npcmn Hauuonaniniu komufcf Cnoonnou panuuu hpusnanancn
J67
opianom, hpcncfannnkmum nccx cnoonnix qpanuyson |...], pc-
munmux hpononxafi nouny, ufoi nihonnufi mcxnynaponnic on-
safcnicfna, nsnfic na ccn panuucu.
Cyfi pufanckou hosuuuu cocfonna n nnounou osaoucnnocfu:
hokasafi, ufo hopaxcnuc panuuu nukoum opasom nc ocnauno
nonk k opic c ncmuamu no hocncnncio n kauccfnc omcio cfpcm-
ncnun; u n ncoxonumocfu, o kofopou mnoio pas ionopunoci n
hpomnom, homcmafi hcpcxony qpanuysckoio qnofa hon ncmcu-
kuu konfponi, ufo hpunano i Icpmanuu nocnno-mopckyk momi,
kofopan hosnonnna cu pocufi nison hpofunnukam n Cpcnuscmno-
mopic u n Ccncpnou Afnanfukc.
Hmcnno nnn foio, ufoi ncno hokasafi sfy osaoucnnocfi (nc
yuufinanmyk sancpcnun apnana), Hcpuunni ofnan hpukas pu-
fanckomy qnofy n Cpcnuscmnom mopc hpcnhpunnfi icfpo chna-
nuponannyk ohcpauuk. J uknn aninuuckan sckanpa yxc ina na
pcunc Opana, y cpcion Anxupa, nnn foio, ufoi ninnunyfi ynifu-
mafym, fpconanmuu of qpanuysckux nocnnix kopancu cncnafi
niop mcxny ucfipimn nosmoxnocfnmu: otcnunuficn c pufan-
ckumu cunamu nnn ncncnun nouni; ofhnifi n pufanckuc hopfi;
ofhpanuficn hon konnocm n Bccf-Hnnuk, inc onu ynyf pasopyxc-
ni; honncpinyficn nahancnuk pufanckoio qnofa.
Ipcntnnncnniu ynifumafym hpakfuuccku nc ocfannnn nixona
us honoxcnun. panuysckuu qnof honyuun hpukas okasafi cohpo-
funncnuc, u J uknn hocnc honynnn nauanoci kopofkoc mopckoc
cpaxcnuc n Mcpc-sni-Kcupc, no npcmn kofopoio qpanuysckan sc-
kanpa ina qakfuuccku ynuufoxcna, u foniko onnomy kopank
ynanoci nsnfi kypc na Tynon. Tcm npcmcncm pufanckoc anmupan-
fcucfno hocfanuno hon cnou konfponi qpanuysckuc kopanu, asu-
ponanmuccn n Bcnukopufanuu u n Iiuhfc. 3a sfou hcpnou ohcpa-
uucu hocncnonanu npyiuc, fakxc n nonax Opana, safcm n akapc.
JO uknn ino otnnncno o nncncnuu mopckou nokani hpofun
panuuu-mcfpohonuu u qpanuysckux fcppufopuu n Ccncpnou Aq-
pukc u na Inuxncm Bocfokc. Hcckoniko nncu chycfn, 7 aniycfa,
Hcpuunni u nc Ionni honhucanu coinamcnuc o nocnnom cofpynnu-
uccfnc, hpusnananmcc sa qpanuysckumu noopyxcnnimu cunamu
snauufcninyk anfonomuk. B hocncnykmuc ncncnu k ionnucfckomy
nnuxcnuk cfanu hpucocnunnficn fcppufopuu umhcpuu of Ok-
nafopuaninou Aqpuku u Taufu no qpanuysckux nnancnuu n Hn-
nuu, no Honou Kancnonuu, hocncnonanmcu sa Honimu Icpunamu.
Hmcnno n sfou afmocqcpc oqopmunaci uncn hohifaficn nica-
nufi anino-qpanuysckuu (ionnucfckuu) nccanf n akapc, hopfy,
kofopiu sanuman ucknkuufcnino naxnoc cfpafciuucckoc honoxc-
nuc n Afnanfukc. 2J ccnfnpn momniu pufanckuu qnof honnuncn
J68
na pcunc hopfa nnn hpukpifun nicanku aninuuckoio u ionnucf-
ckoio nccanfa. 24 nauancn ocfpcn akapa c mopn, honanncnniu
oincm c qpanuysckoio nunkopa Iumcnic, ocfanmciocn na cfopo-
nc pcxuma Bumu. Cfonknoncnuc hpononxanoci n fcucnuc cncnyk-
mcio nnn, oc cfoponi nccnu hofcpu, hoka, nakoncu, 25-io, hocnc
honynnn Ipufanckuu nocnniu komufcf nc hpukasan hpckpafufi
ocnic ncucfnun. Ofo osnauano fnxcnoc hopaxcnuc nnn nc Ionnn,
sacfanunmcc cio usmcnufi ucnu u mccfo cnoux ncucfnuu, kofopic
on c sfoio momcnfa hcpcncc na qponf oncc nuskuu k ucnfpy
pufanckux nocnnix ohcpauuu Inuxnuu Bocfok. Bhpoucm,
ufna sa qpanuysckuu qnof, umcnman ccpicsnic honufuucckuc
hocncncfnun u okasanman nnunnuc na hpanufcnicfno Bumu, ina
ho cymccfny niuipana pufanuamu. Aninuuanam ynanoci homc-
mafi ncmuam uchonisonafi qpanuysckuu qnof unu, ho kpauncu
mcpc, cncnafi fak, ufoi fc counu cnumkom puckonannim uchoni-
sonafi cio n nocnnix ucnnx (kak n cnyuac c qnofom, naxonunmcmcn
n Bccf-Hnnuu, nonninim hpanufcnicfny Bumu, no hapanusonan-
nim cfpaxom hcpcn amcpukanckumu ofncfnimu mcpamu).
Ycunun Icfsna ho nipaofkc cocfncnnou hpoipammi ncu-
cfnuu inu hocfanncni hon ccpicsnoc comncnuc ncncncfnuc ncu-
cfnuu Bcnukopufanuu u ionnucfckoio Cohpofunncnun, hoynun-
mux mapmana hpcnocfanufi cnoony ncucfnuu sncmcnfam, oncc
naiocknonno nacfpocnnim k ncmuam, n hcpnyk oucpcni ana-
nk. Iocncnnuu hpcncfanun n nauanc uknn 14O i. hpockf sakona,
hpcnycmafpunanmuu hcpcnauy nccu honnofi nnacfu Icfsny u ho-
pyuanmuu cmy honiofonufi nonyk koncfufyuuk, kofopan usmcnu-
na i n anfopufapnom cmicnc koncfufyuuk, cymccfnonanmyk c
1875 i. u ncxanmyk n ocnonc Tpcficu pcchynuku. 1O uknn n o-
cfanonkc nccomcio cmnfcnun, xapakfcpnou nnn Bumu, u n ofcyf-
cfnuc nnunfcninix honufuucckux nuncpon, qpanuysckoc Hauuo-
naninoc copanuc hpunnno hpockf sakona, cosnananmcio noniu
pcxum, ocnonanniu na pnnc koncfufyuuonnix akfon, usnannix
Icfsnom u opucnfuponannix kak na nokfpuny Moppaca, fak u na
qamucfckuc hpunuuhi. Ofo cosnanano ccpicsnic kpunuucckuc
hponcmi, hockoniky osnauano paspin fou uncfufyuuonaninou
hpccmcfncnnocfu, kofopou Icfsn in onsan honnomouunmu, ho-
snonunmumu cmy saknkuufi hcpcmupuc, u kofopan cocfannnna
qynnamcnf cio nciufumnocfu. Icanusauun paspina, cosnanan snc-
mcnf nuhnomafuucckou hyfanuui (ococnno nnn cfpan, kofopim
ncoxonumo ino ohpcncnufi cnou ofnomcnun c nonim qpanuysc-
kum iocynapcfnom), hpcncfannnna coou fakxc u honufuucckyk
omuky, hockoniky npyuana snamn nciufumnocfu fcm, kfo honono
nc Ionnk nc hpusnanan uncfufyuuonaninix usmcncnuu, nannsan-
nix n ocfanonkc hpunyxncnun.
J6
Ipcnhocinku konnaopauuonucfckou honufuku cocfonnu n
nancxnc na fo, ufo Iufncp saxoucf ofnccfu panuuu snauufcninoc
mccfo n cnoux hnanax na ynymcc Inpohi, u ufo, cncnonafcnino,
honono fomy, kak on nc nannsan cnumkom cyponix ycnonuu hcpc-
mupun, on yncf ncucfnonafi hocncnonafcnino c fakou xc ymcpcn-
nocfik, hpcnocfannnn panuuu ohpcncncnnyk camocfonfcninocfi
u ohpcncncnnyk honufuucckyk cnoony, u fcm camim nanan nos-
moxnocfi houfu honcpufi n fo, ufo panuun moxcf samcnufi
Hfanuk n cc hcpncncfnykmcu ponu n konfuncnfaninix coksax
qkpcpa.
To, ufo pcui mna o ncoocnonannix pacucfax, cfano ncno
oucni ckopo. Cpasy xc hocnc Mcpc-sni-Kcupa honcncnuc ncmucn
hokasano, ufo ohaccnun Bcnukopufanuu inu nccsocnonafcni-
nimu. Onu fpconanu, n omcn na hpckpamcnuc pasopyxcnun
qpanuysckoio qnofa (pasopyxufi qpanuysckuu qnof xofcn Iufncp
n kauccfnc ofncfa na ncucfnun pufanucn), hpcnocfanncnun nnn
hpofunocfonnun amcpukanuam pnna nocnno-nosnymnix as n pauo-
nc Kacananku, nosmoxnocfu uchonisonafi xcncsnyk nopoiy Ty-
nucIaaf, qpanuysckuc hopfi n Cpcnuscmnomopic u qpanuysckuc
cyna nnn fpanchopfuponku ipyson na ncmcukuc asi n Mapokko.
Inan cocfonn n fom, ufoi pachpocfpanufi nocnnic ncucfnun na
Cpcnuscmnomopic, a safcm na Afnanfuky. Onnonpcmcnno ncmui
hcpcnccnu iocynapcfncnnic famoxnu na ipanuuy Onisaca u ofa-
puniuu 114 i. u nncnu pnn skonomuucckux oipanuucnuu u nano-
ion kak na okkyhuponannou qpanuysckou fcppufopuu, fak u na
fcppufopuu, ocfanncnnou hon nnacfik Bumu. Camim fnxcnim us
sfux oipanuucnuu ino ycfanonncnuc omcnnoio kypca ncmcukou
mapku k qpanuysckomy qpanky 2O k 1 nnn hcpccucfa qpanuysckoio
nknana n pacxoni na okkyhauuk, coofnomcnuc, kofopoc nckopc
cosnacf qpanuysam oipomnic qunanconic fpynnocfu, cncnan ux
otckfom cucfcmafuucckou skchnyafauuu co cfoponi ncmucn.
B ucnnx hponcncnun cufyauuu, cnnsannou c nnounim nanncnu-
cm, kofopoc okasinanoci na hpanufcnicfno Bumu (nanncnuc Ipu-
fanuu u iopasno oncc cuninoc nanncnuc hocnunmcu icpmanckou
apmuu), Icfsn hohifancn ncfyhufi n hcpcionopi nchocpcncfncn-
no c Iufncpom no npcmn nnyx ncfpcu, cocfonnmuxcn 22 u 24 okfn-
pn n Monfyapc, nnusu qpanko-uchanckou ipanuui. Icpcionopi
hpoxonunu hocnc foio, kak concpmuncn onimou honopof n cfpa-
fciuucckux hnanax Iufncpa. kpcp honaian, ufo cpasy xc hocnc
hopaxcnun panuuu Bcnukopufanun moxcf houfu na coinamcnuc,
hpcnocfanun cmy snauufcninyk cnoony mancnpa, ufo cncnacf nos-
moxnim nahancnuc na Concfckuu Coks. Icakuun aninuuan hokasa-
na, onnako, nackoniko ncoocnonannim ino sfo hpcnhonoxcnuc.
J7O
Iuhofcsa nosnpamcnun Bcnukopufanuu (u Cocnuncnnix Ufafon)
k honufukc canufapnoio kopnona (corJon suniruire) hpofun Co-
ncfckoio Coksa ina numcna ocnonanun. Tcm nc mcncc, Iufncp
ofnan hpukas o cfpoufcnicfnc nnymufcninoio qnofa n hpcnnncpuu
ynymcio cfonknoncnun c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u Bcnukopu-
fanucu, nosononun fakum opasom honufuky napamunanun mopc-
kux noopyxcnuu, hpcpnannyk n nauanc nocnnix ncucfnuu.
3a sfum pcmcnucm cpasy xc hocncnonano hcpcmcmcnuc ucnfpa
nocnnix ncucfnuu n Cpcnuscmnoc mopc c ucnik komhcncuponafi
sancpxky c ocymccfnncnucm hpockfa nfopxcnun na pufanckyk
fcppufopuk u usinanun aninuuan us Cysua u Iupanfapa. Ofo
hpcnhonaiano yuacfuc Hchanuu n nounc (kofopoc hosnonuno i
nkqfnaqqc uchonisonafi kak asi na Kanapckux ocfponax, fak u
qpanuysckuc asi n Mapokko). Io sfou hpuuunc Iufncp iofonun-
cn k ncfpcuc c icncpanom panko n Onnac, ynyuu yncpcnnim n
fom, ufo ycnuf uchanckoio nukfafopa ofkasaficn of hosuuuu
cfpoioio ncufpanufcfa, kofopyk on sannn ion chycfn hocnc okon-
uanun ipaxnanckou nouni.
Bcfpcua panko c Iufncpom, cocfonnmancn 2J okfnpn, na npy-
iou ncni hocnc onnou us ncfpcu (u nakanync npyiou) n Monfyapc,
sakonuunaci, onnako, ncynaucu nnn qkpcpa, hockoniky icncpan
panko, ocosnanan cnaocfi Hchanuu u fo, ufo nouna yncf hpo-
nonxaficn nonio, a cc ufoi nc fak oucnuncn, kak sfo kasanoci n
ccpcnunc uknn, nipan hyfi iukoio ncufpanufcfa, hoocman
hpucocnunuficn k Anfukomunfcpnonckomy hakfy u ncfyhufi n
nouny n honxonnmuu momcnf, onnako, nc ykasinan nukakoio cpo-
ka, n fcucnuc kofopoio on nihonnuf sfu ocmanun.
Iufncp ncfpcfuncn c Icfsnom no nfopou pas na opafnom hyfu
24 okfnpn, hpu nc cnumkom naiohpunfnix ocfonfcnicfnax, ho-
ckoniky ncoxunanniu ofkas panko cfan nccima iopikum pasoua-
ponanucm n konfckcfc inannoio nahpanncnun ynymcu icpmanckou
nocnnou cfpafciuu. Tcopcfuuccku sfo nonxno ino hpunccfu k
nospacfanuk snaucnun cofpynnuuccfna c panuucu, na hpakfukc
xc hpuncno k opafnomy pcsynifafy. Iufncp honfncpnun snauc-
nuc, kofopoc on hpunanan qpanko-icpmanckomy cofpynnuuccfny,
onnako Icfsn nc nimcn sa pamku ocmanuu omcio xapakfcpa,
ncnanmux nosmoxnimu numi hpunuuhuaninic noionopcnnocfu, a
nc konkpcfnic pcmcnun. Bhpoucm, qpanuysckuu mapman nc moi
hpcnnoxufi cnoc nocnnoc cofpynnuuccfno n honoxcnuu honnou
honuuncnnocfu ncmcukum nocnnim hpukasam, hockoniky cio ucnu
cocfonnu n noccfanonncnuu, a nc ymcnimcnuu hpocfpancfna, kofo-
poc ofnonunoci panuuu n iufncponckux hnanax. Ofo osnauano, ufo
n Monfyapc cocfonnoci nc cnuxcnuc, a ncynanmcccn hponcncnuc
J71
hosuuuu, a, cncnonafcnino, yinyncnuc kpusuca pcxuma Bumu.
Hs sfou cufyauuu hohifancn usnncui niiony anani, nasnaucnniu
fcm npcmcncm nuuc-hpcnccnafcncm concfa munucfpon u munucfpom
unocfpannix ncn, kofopiu hohifancn cnoumu nuunimu ncucfnun-
mu hpunafi noniu umhynic konnaopauuonucfckou honufukc.
J1 okfnpn anani ncfpcfuncn n Iapuxc c ncmcukum hocnom
Offo Acucm u hpcncfanun cmy hpockf nacfoniko nccotcmnkmcio
coinamcnun, ufo hpakfuuccku pcui mna o honnom coksc. nn foio,
ufoi hpunafi onimc nocfoncpnocfu cnocmy hpcnnoxcnuk, a-
nani cohpononun cio nnymn naxnimu pcmcnunmu: hcpcnccfu n
Icpmanuk naxniu hakcf qpanuysckux akuuu, cnnsannix c cipic-
nimu mccfopoxncnunmu n Kiocnanuu, u, iopasno oncc fpynniu
mai hcpcnafi ncmuam sonofo, kofopoc Icniiuuckuu ank hcpc-
ncs n akap (ufo nnnnnoci fpcnoxnim hpcucncnfom nnn sonofix
sahacon Ionimu u Ianfuuckux iocynapcfn, fakxc xpanunmuxcn na
qpanuysckou fcppufopuu).
Ofncf Iufncpa na sfu unuuuafuni in numi npcmcnno hosu-
funnim. Iachpocfpancnuc nocnnix ncucfnuu of Afnanfuku u Cpc-
nuscmnomopin no Iankanckoio honyocfpona u unuu ncncncfnuc
nahancnun Hfanuu na Ipcuuk u hocnonocnoio nacfyhncnun ani-
nuuan na ufaninnckuc noucka n unuu, hpuncno k cnuxcnuk un-
fcpcca k fomy, ufo hpcnnaian anani.
Ipusnaku sfoio honopofa cfanu oucnunni n ncoxunannom
hponanc anann. Ipofunnukam icpmanoqunickou hosuuuu ynanoci
ninynufi cio honafi n ofcfanky u homccfufi na ncckoniko nncu
hon apccf. Iio mccfo sannn Iicp Oficn nanncn, hpusnanniu
ychokoufi fpcnoiy ncmucn, no fakxc u ufoi cncpxafi konnao-
pauuonucfckuc umhynici. B nckapc 14O i. cufyauun n Bumu
fpancqopmuponanaci n kpusuc pcxuma. Bison ncmuam, kofopiu
hpcncfannnno coou ynancnuc anann, ofpasuncn na honufukax,
okpyxanmux Icfsna, ninyxncnnoio honnocfik hcpcmcmafi cnou
honufuucckuc kapfi u coinacuficn na nasnaucnuc upcsniuaunoio
fpuymnupafa no inanc c apnanom, nanncnom u Xknfuuicpom n
kauccfnc cio uncnon. Hm hopyuanoci cnona hohifaficn nocfuui
komhpomucca c ncmuamu.
apnan in hpunnf Iufncpom n ncni Ioxnccfna 14O i. c kpau-
ncu xononnocfik fak nipaxanaci mccfi sa ynancnuc anann, a
kpomc foio Iufncp yxc ofkasancn of uncu sqqckfunnoio cofpyn-
nuuccfna c panuucu. cno nc usmcnunu ofcfanka nanncna u
nasnaucnuc apnana nuuc-hpcnccnafcncm concfa munucfpon u mu-
nucfpom unocfpannix ncn, a fakxc hpccmnukom Icfsna. apnan
homcn na nauoncc cymccfncnnic ycfyhku ncmuam, hosnonun icp-
manckou komuccuu ho hcpcmupuk pachpocfpanufi cnou konfponi
J72
na Mapokko u coinacunmuci hcpcnafi qpanuysckuc poncfankonic
cpcncfna ncmcukum nouckam n unuu, cs ncnkou cymccfncnnou
komhcncauuu, sa ucknkucnucm ocnooxncnun ncckonikux nccnf-
kon ficnu qpanuysckux hncnnix.
Toniko n mac 141 i., koina ufano-ncmcukuc noucka nnoni no-
sononunu cnou ncucfnun n Ccncpnou Aqpukc u n Hpakc, Iamun
Anu ani-Iaunanu hohifancn honnnfi anfupufanckoc noccfanuc,
nohpoc o mannafnix honnomouunx qpanuyson n Cupuu u unanc
nnoni hpcnocfanun apnany nosmoxnocfi nocfuinyfi coinamcnun
c ncmuamu. 11 man on in hpunnf Iufncpom n Icpxfcciancnc, na
npyiou ncni hocnc honhucanun coinamcnuu, kacanmuxcn konfponn
nan nnymn nuxncnocfounimu fcppufopunmu uchonisonanun
hopfa Iuscpfa nnn cnaxcnun aqpukanckoio kophyca u onsafcni-
cfna hpcnocfanufi hopf akap nnn nyxn ncmucn, kak foniko qpan-
uysckuc cuni ynyf nocfafouni nnn foio, ufoi samufufi cio.
Ofo ina nauoncc honnan conunapusauun c ncmcukumu hosu-
uunmu, ocymccfnncnnan ncnfcnnmu Bumu unu, founcc, nuuno ap-
nanom. cucfnufcnino, ncpnynmuci na ponuny, on cfonknyncn c
ohhosuuucu fcx, kfo nc pasncnnn cio honufuku. Ipofun pafuqu-
kauuu coinamcnuu akfunno oponuci hpcxnc nccio fc, kfo, kak
Bcuian, konfponuponan noucka, pasmcmcnnic n Ccncpnou Aqpu-
kc. Bhpoucm, oman kapfuna, n pamkax kofopou pasnopauunanaci
ncnfcninocfi hpanufcnicfna Bumu, hpcfcphcnana inyokuc usmc-
ncnun. Hcmui iofonunuci k nahancnuk na Concfckuu Coks, u n
sfux ycnonunx ncc ux nnumanuc ino hpunncucno k hponcmam
nonoio qponfa. Tak, qpanko-icpmanckuc coinamcnun 6 man 141 i.
inu onopcni n Bumu hpu ycnonuu, ufo Icpmanun hpumcf pnn
fpconanuu qpanuyson, nacfoniko nancko unymux, ufo ncmui
naxc ofkasanuci ux ocyxnafi.
Ykpchncnuk hosuuuu qpanuyson n ux houckc anfonomnoio ho
ofnomcnuk k Icpmanuu hpocfpancfna no mnoiom chococfnonana
ncnfcninocfi, kofopyk hpononuna n Bumu amcpukanckan nuhno-
mafun. Hc ncc n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax naiocknonno ofnocunuci k
unuuuafunc, kofopyk Iysncnif noncpun hocny, nasnaucnnomy na-
munifonckum hpanufcnicfnom hpu hpanufcnicfnc Bumu (anmupany
Yuninmy . ciu), hockoniky ncmokpafi, nacfpocnnic oncc an-
fuqamucfcku, coxancnu o honufuucckou nnoucfncnnocfu sfoio
niopa u hocncncfnunx, umhnuuufno n ncm hpucyfcfnonanmux.
Onnako nuhnomafuucckuu pcanusm honckasinan amcpukanuam, ufo
nc cncnycf ocfannnfi panuuk na munocfi ncmucn. Icnu paspin
Icfsna c Aninucu in houfu honnim u, onimc foio, oosnaucn
nocnnimu cfonknoncnunmu occnu 14O i., fo ncufpaninim Cocnu-
ncnnim Ufafam nukfo nc moi homcmafi ypannonccufi nccnnacfuc
J7J
hocnufcncu n cncfc honiofonku nosmoxnoio u hpcnckasycmoio amc-
pukanckoio yuacfun n nounc. B sfom cnyuac konfponi nan panuys-
ckou Aqpukou cfan i ncsamcnumou foukou ohopi.
ciu, nnnnnmuucn onnum us inannix nocnnix u honufuucckux
concfnukon Iysncnifa, pasncpnyn kpohofnunyk ncnfcninocfi ho
nanaxunanuk anino-qpanuysckux ofnomcnuu. On nochonisonancn
concucfnucm mononoio nuhnomafa, concfnuka hoconicfna Iocpfa
Mcpqu, kofopomy hopyuun, hon hpcnnoiom hponcpku amcpukanckux
koncynicfn no qpanuysckou Aqpukc, nananufi cnnsu c ofncninimu
anfopufcfnimu ncnfcnnmu u, n ococnnocfu, c Bcuianom. B nnnapc
141 i. Mcpqu hocnan cnoum pykononufcnnm noknan, kofopiu pu-
conan ohfumucfuucckyk n ucnom kapfuny ynymcio: Bcuian nc
houncf na ncnyxniu puck, no yncf, cs comncnun, hpchnfcfno-
nafi hohifkam ncmucn oocnonaficn n Aqpukc, hosfomy on sacny-
xunan ncnucckou homomu.
Bamunifon hocncnonan concfy Mcpqu u sfo icfpo hpuncno
k hcpcionopam, sancpmcnnim n qcnpanc u onopcnnim n Bumu
1O mapfa 141 i. Coinacno noionopcnnocfnm, amcpukanui onsi-
nanuci hocnafi n Mapokko hcpnooucpcnnyk skonomuucckyk ho-
momi n konuuccfnc, kofopoc nc fpconano qopmuponafi konnou, u
hpu ycnonuu, ufo hocinacmic fonapi nc ynyf hcpcnani cfpanam
Ocu. panuysi coinacunuci na hocinky amcpukanckux cnyxa-
mux, kofopic hpocncnunu i sa hpuifucm ipyson ho nasnaucnuk.
Oipanuucnnoc snaucnuc sfoio coinamcnun nc nonxno nnonufi
n sanyxncnuc. Ono umcno cymccfncnnoc honufuucckoc snaucnuc,
hockoniky, c onnou cfoponi, ykpchnnno choconocfi qpanuyson k
cohpofunncnuk ncmcukum hohifkam hponuknoncnun n Aqpuky, a,
c npyiou, saknaninano ocnoni nnn unqpacfykfypi mafcpuanino-
fcxnuucckoio occhcucnun nouck, kofopan yncf uipafi naxnyk
poni n nonpc 142 i., koina amcpukanckuc noucka okaxyfcn n Cc-
ncpnou Aqpukc.
5.5. Cipaietwuecxwe atniepnaiwnm Fwitepa
nocte nopa:enwn !panuww
5.5.1. HLAHM BTOP+EHUH B AHFLUL
B fcucnuc ncfa 14O i. nacfyhncnuc ncmucn na sahanc nocfuino
nccx cnoux naxncumux ucncu. Iufncp nonxcn in fchcpi pasnu-
nafi cnou ncucfnun, hpunuman hpunuuhuaninic pcmcnun: nccfu
nu nouny c Bcnukopufanucu u ccnu nccfu, fo kak; kak cfpoufi
ofnomcnun c Hfanucu; kak pcmafi hponcmy ofnomcnuu c Concf-
ckum Coksom, uin skchancuonucfckan honufuka hocnc saxnafa
J74
Ipuanfuku opafunaci k Iankanckomy pciuony. Coinamcnun 2J
aniycfa 1J i. hpcnohpcncnunu nahpanncnuc concfckux ncucfnuu:
Iyminun. B ncucfnufcninocfu onu cnuncfcnicfnonanu o honnou
ncsaunfcpcconannocfu ncmucn n sfux onacfnx (cfoni nnou-
cfncnnan qopmynuponka ocfannnna cnoony nnn mnoxccfna unfcp-
hpcfauuu).
Ofu hponcmi hponnunuci onnonpcmcnno, u ux pcmcnuc co-
ncpxano n saponimc pasnufuc coifuu ynymcio iona. 26 uknn
concfckoc hpanufcnicfno hpcntnnuno Iyminuu ynifumafym c fpc-
onanucm ofnafi Icccapauk u, kpomc foio, Ccncpnyk Iykonuny,
apiymcnfupyn sfo fcm, ufo hcpnan fcppufopun ina ofncncna of
Concfckoio Coksa n momcnf mcxnynaponnoio kpusuca cpasy hocnc
Icpnou muponou nouni u pcnonkuuu, u fcm, ufo nfopan fcppufo-
pun sfnuuccku hpunanncxana k Ykpaunc. Iymini icfpo ocosna-
nu honnyk usonnuuk, n kofopou okasanuci. Concf ncmucn cocfonn
n fom, ufoi ycfyhufi concfckum fpconanunm, u ncucpom 27 Iy-
xapccf hokopuncn cynic, yiofonannou Iyminuu coccnnumu ncnu-
kumu ncpxanamu.
Hcoxunannim n concfckux fpconanunx ino, onnako, fo, ufo
onu, oxonn ykny, ccnu nc camy cyfi, coinamcnuu 1J i., noanu-
nu k fpconanuk hpucocnuncnun Icccapauu fakxc fpconanuc
hpucocnuncnun Ccncpnou Iykonuni, pciuona, n kofopom Icpmanun
umcna konkpcfnic skonomuucckuc u cfpafciuucckuc unfcpcci.
Iufncp hohifancn nochpchnfcfnonafi concfckomy nacfyhncnuk, no
okasancn cnnsan ncohpcncncnnou qopmou onsafcnicfna, honhucan-
noio n 1J i. Iucnfpohom. C qopmaninou fouku spcnun cmy nc-
ucio ino nospasufi Cfanuny. C sfoio momcnfa on, oucnunno, nauan
honumafi, ufo ucna, sahnaucnnan Concfam, cfanonunaci ncc oncc
nicokou; oncc foio, ona yxc cfana cnumkom nicoka.
B sfo npcmn icpmanckuc apmuu honomnu k a-Manmy u Cc-
ncpnomy mopk, n ncckonikux nccnfkax muni of pufanckux cpc-
ion cpcion cnuncfncnnou cfpani, ncucfnufcnino hpononxan-
mcu nccfu nouny hpofun cfpan Ocu. Icpcn Iufncpom ncfanan
inanniu cfpafciuucckuu nohpoc: hpononxafi nu nouny hpofun Bc-
nukopufanuu nhnofi no nfopxcnun na cc fcppufopuk unu xc
ncpnyficn k cnoum hcpnonauaninim ucnnm. Ofu ucnu hpcnycmaf-
punanu sanocnanuc Icpmanucu xusncnnoio hpocfpancfna sa cucf
Concfckoio Coksa u yuacfuc n inoaninom hcpcpachpcncncnuu co-
ofnomcnun cun, kofopoc, xofn u oipanuuunano momi Ipufanuu,
no hosnonnno cu nixufi u naxc hpcnhonaiano n kauccfnc ucnu
komhpomucc, kofopoio cncnycf nocfuui hpcxnc, ucm Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi cmoiyf sancucfnonafi cnou pccypci u hpcnohpcncnufi ho-
nopof n nocnnix ncucfnunx.
J75
Konuchuuu Iufncpa n nannou cnnsu umcnu inyokuc kopnu,
onnako ux pcanusauun sanuccna of pnna hcpcmcnnix ncnuuun, nc
ncc us kofopix inu cmy honnnacfni. C camoio nauana nouni on
in osaoucn fcm, ufoi hpononufi kpaunc ocfpoxniu kypc n of-
nomcnuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, hockoniky, xofn on u nc hpusna-
nan sfoio ofkpifo, no ofnanan ccc ofucf (u nayuuncn honumafi
sfo n 1J14O ii.) n fom, ufo kak foniko cynia Bcnukopufa-
nuu okaxcfcn n ohacnocfu, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi pocnf ncc cnoc
nnunnuc na uamy aninuuckux nccon nnn foio, ufoi uscxafi us-
mcncnuu, choconix nchocpcncfncnno safponyfi amcpukanckuc
unfcpcci n Inpohc, a fakxc u n Asuu. Apiymcnfi, na kofopix
ocnoninanaci iufncponckan cfpafciun, inu hokasani co nccu
oucnunnocfik Xuniipycpom, ofmcuakmum, ufo monnucnocnoc
hopaxcnuc panuuu nonxno ino cohponoxnaficn honkonnou
cncnkou c Bcnukopufanucu na asc pasncna mupa c ucnik
oipanuuufi honufuucckyk u nocnnyk poni Cocnuncnnix Ufafon,
ycunun usonnuuonucfckuc fcnncnuuu n sfou cfpanc. Iufncp n un-
fcpnik amcpukanckomy xypnanucfy hpcncfannnn hcpcqopmynupo-
nanniu napuanf nokfpuni Monpo n coofncfcfnuu c nosyniom
Amcpuka nnn amcpukanucn, Inpoha nnn cnpohcuucn. Onnako
umcnno sfa hpcnhocinka, ofkponcnno hpohaiannucfckan, oycnon-
nunana cio ncxcnanuc nounaficn hocnc hopaxcnun panuuu fakxc
u hopaxcnun Aninuu.
Icnu mi pasotcm n nocnnom ofnomcnuu Aninuk, yfncpx-
nan on 1J uknn 14O i., fo pufanckan nccmupnan umhcpun, ko-
ncuno, hofcphuf kpax. Onnako Icpmanun nc usnncucf us sfoio nu-
kakou niioni. Hcnou ncmcukou kponu mi noicmcn ucio-fo, ucm
nochonisykfcn foniko Shonun, Amcpuka u npyiuc.
B uknc 14O i. hcpcn nuuom amcpukanckou pcakuuu na kpax
panuuu u ohacnocfu, nanucmcu nan Aninucu, Iufncp ycnun
ccn, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi inanniu npai Icpmanuu, no ufo
onu nc cmoiyf ncfyhufi n opiy no 142 i., nafi, no kofopou cnc-
nonano hocfanufi Iysncnifa hcpcn cncpmunmumucn qakfamu. Hcni
sfa moina ifi nocfuinyfa foniko kocncnnim opasom, yuufinan
ofnancnnocfi u cuny Amcpuku. Kocncnniu hyfi cocfonn n napa-
munanuu cuni Shonuu, kofopan cncpxunana i Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi n Tuxom okcanc, u n nahancnuu na Concfckuu Coks, yuufi-
nan nnc mofunauuu: occhcuufi honncpxky nhonuam hcpcn nuuom
amcpukanucn u numufi Bcnukopufanuk hofcnuuaninoio coksnu-
ka na konfuncnfc. Koina ncmui nciko pasoikf Concfi (kak, sa-
nyxnanci, honaian Iufncp n 14O i.), Bcnukopufanun okaxcfcn
usonuponannou hcpcn nuuom Icpmanuu, iochoncfnykmcu nan nccu
Inpohou, cs nosmoxnocfu honyuufi homomi co cfoponi amcpu-
J76
kanucn, sannfix ofpaxcnucm nhonckou yiposi u ncchoconix, co
cnocu cfoponi, nocnafi na nna qponfa, fo ccfi n Afnanfukc u n
Tuxom okcanc. Iosfomy Bcnukopufanun yncf ninyxncna hpunnfi
icpmanckuc ycnonun mupa. Hcpuunni yncf hocxncn, a n Aninuu
honnumcfcn oipomnan nonna anfuamcpukanusma, kofopan honfonkncf
sfy cfpany n pnni opuon Inpohi hpofun Amcpuku. Koncunou
ucnik nnnnnoci qopmuponanuc nonou muponou cucfcmi c nomu-
nuponanucm ncpxan Tpoucfncnnoio hakfa. Iocncnnuu in saknk-
ucn, umcnno n pamkax nimcusnoxcnnoio cfpafciuucckoio hnana,
27 ccnfnpn 14O i. mcxny Icpmanucu, Shonucu u Hfanucu c namc-
pcnucm cnnsafi fpcx coksnukon nc hucimcnnim, a honufuucckum
onsafcnicfnom nauafi ncucfnonafi n fom cnyuac, ccnu Shonun unu
Icpmanun honncpinyfcn nahancnuk. Takum opasom nouna, kofo-
pyk n ccnfnpc 1J i. Iufncp hpcncfannnn kak kpafkyk u oipanu-
ucnnyk xupypiuucckyk ohcpauuk hpofun Ionimu, onapyxuna
cnou hofcnuuanino inoaniniu macmfa.
Kakumu i nu inu snaucnuc u hocncnonafcninocfi sfoio
cfpafciuucckoio hnana (nokpyi kofopoio n ucfopuoipaquu hosnncc
hpoxonuna cnoxnan nuckyccun), hpcnhpunnfic Iufncpom hocnc
hocni nan panuucu hocncnonafcninic unuuuafuni cncnycf pac-
cmafpunafi umcnno n cio pamkax. 3ncci cpasy xc nosnukacf nohpoc,
honumanaci nu koina-nuo ohcpauun SccIuwc (Mopckou ncn) fo
ccfi hnan, cocfonnmuu n fom, ufoi opianusonafi ocany Bcnukopu-
fanuu, honncpinyfi cc xccfokum nosnymnim omapnuponkam, a
safcm ocymccfnufi maccuponanniu nccanf kak pcaninan nocn-
nan anifcpnafuna unu xc ona cnyxuna ckopcc nnn sahyiunanun,
nnn hpunanun onimcio ncca ocymccfnnnnmcmycn onnonpcmcnno
hcuxonoiuucckomy u nuhnomafuucckomy nacfyhncnuk. Bcfacf fak-
xc nohpoc ofnocufcnino foio, pcmun nu Iufncp iofonufi nahanc-
nuc na Concfckuu Coks yxc n momcnf, koina on umufuponan
qponfaninoc honufuucckoc u nocnnoc nacfyhncnuc na Bcnukopu-
fanuk. Ofo osnauano i, unimu cnonamu, ufo no0:unn~e hnani
Iufncpa nukoina nc mcnnnuci.
Xofn u fpynno otncnufi coifun konqnukfa, hononoio
fomy, ufo in pasnnsan ncmuamu n 1J i., fcm, ufo onu inu hno-
nom pcanusauuu cfpafciuucckoio samicna, pasnopauunanmciocn c
fouku spcnun cio fcmhon u cio snonkuuu kak ycfanonka, kofopyk
cncnycf hpcfnopnfi n pcaninic qakfi, ncc-faku cymccfnykf cumh-
fomi u fcnncnuuu, kofopic moiyf hpuopcfafi hpopoucckuu
cmicn. Bcc honufuucckuc ncnfcnu usciakf cnoxnix cufyauuu,
koina hcpcn numu okasinacfcn onun cnuncfncnniu hyfi nixona, u
nicfpaunakf cnok cfpafciuk kak ucpcnonanuc pcmcnuu ho niopy
mcxny nosmoxnimu na hpakfukc cfpafciuucckumu anifcpnafunamu.
J77
Takon in mcnfanufcf ccnu nc Mycconunu, fo Iufncpa, ufo nc uc-
knkuacf hpcnhoufcnuu ofnocufcnino niopa, kofopiu cncnycf
ocymccfnufi n oncc naiohpunfnom konfckcfc.
Ananufuucckuu honxon homoiacf hponcnufi sfof knkucnou nnn
ucfopuu Bfopou muponou nouni hcpuon. Oucnka nauucfcko-co-
ncfckoio hakfa kak fakfuucckoio coinamcnun nocxonuf hpnmo-faku
k J1 aniycfa 1J i. Xofn sfum cnuncfcnicfnam u ncnisn hpunanafi
cnumkom onimoio snaucnun, no n mcmyapax qon Icnona, homom-
nuka Iufncpa ho nohpocam nkqfnaqqc, ohucinacfcn cocfonnman-
cn n sfof ncni ncsainacman cucna, n kofopou Iufncp nipaxan
cnoc coxancnuc ho honony npaxncnocfu Ionimu. Ipcnnoxcnuc,
cncnannoc Bapmanc o cosnanuu conmccfnoio anfuconcfckoio coksa,
ino uckpcnnum. Ocnonnou ucnik ina Ioccun. Bcc npyiuc cpa-
xcnun hpusnani inu cosnafi iapanfuu nnn nocfuxcnun inannou
ucnu, cocfonnmcu n opic c onimcnusmom. Hcckoniko mccnucn
chycfn, 2J nonpn 1J i., cfonknynmuci c ohhosuuucu nocnona-
uaninukon n ofnomcnuu hnana ncmcnncnnoio nahancnun na pan-
uuk, Iufncp ckasan qon Icnony, ufo on xofcn ncucfnonafi ncmcn-
ncnno, hockoniky cmy nyxna ina cio apmun k nccnc 14O i. nnn
nauana onimou ohcpauuu na nocfokc hpofun Ioccuu.
Koncuno, sfo cnumkom pasposncnnic nhcuafncnun u samcua-
nun nnn foio, ufoi cnyxufi honfncpxncnucm cymccfnonanun na-
cfonmcio cfpafciuucckoio samicna. Onnako cmc no kahufynnuuu
qpanuyson Iufncp nosnpamancn k sfomy ckxcfy c napacfakmum
yhopcfnom. On ncnan sfo nauunan c konua man, hpononxan n
uknc, apiymcnfupyn cnoc yfncpxncnuc konuchuucu, coinacno ko-
fopou pufanckan kahufynnuun ina i ncnosmoxnou cs nani-
ncumcio yfncpxncnun konfuncnfaninou momu Icpmanuu. 25 uknn,
n ncni saknkucnun Komhicnckoio hcpcmupun, on ckasan qcnin-
mapmany qon Kcufcnk: Tchcpi mi hokasanu, na ufo mi choconi
|...]. Kamhanun hpofun Ioccuu yncf ho cpanncnuk c sfum ncfckou
uipou. Xofn ho nannomy honony ofcyfcfnykf honnocfik nocfo-
ncpnic cncncnun, pnn ucfounukon cxonufcn n fom, ufo n konuc
uknn nauanc uknn 14O i. Iufncp nan cnou hcpnic ykasanun ho
honiofonkc ncfaninix hnanon nahancnun na Concfckuu Coks.
21 uknn qkpcp coomun inannokomannykmcmy cyxohyfnimu
cunamu qon Ipayxuuy cnok oucnky cocfonnun concfckou apmuu,
hpu sfom on oncc ucm ohfumucfuuno oucnunan icpmanckoc hpc-
nocxoncfno. Hakoncu, J1 uknn nohpoc in paccmofpcn na concma-
nuu nicmcio komannonanun noopyxcnnix cun (OKW), n xonc ko-
fopoio nocnnic ycnunu Iufncpa n ncnosmoxnocfu sakonuufi
kamhanuk hpofun CCCI no sumi u, cncnonafcnino, n ncoxonu-
mocfu ofnoxufi cc na cncnykmuu ion. Onnako Iufncp honfncpnun
J78
cnok pcmumocfi ofnocufcnino hpuopufcfa concfckou ucnu. Bcnu-
kopufanun, samcfun on, ycfpcmuna cnou nsop na Concfckuu Coks
kak na hocncnncio hofcnuuaninoio coksnuka na konfuncnfc: Ho
ccnu Ioccun yncf honcpxcna, paccccfcn hocncnnnn nancxna Ani-
nuu. Ofo nnckno sa coou mnoxccfno hocncncfnuu: ofkas nocnafi
ncmcnncnno u pcmufcninim opasom hpofun Bcnukopufanuu; of-
knaninanuc okonuafcninix pcmcnuu; pcmcnuc, nosmoxno nc
okonuafcninoc, nocnafi n 141 i. na nocfokc; a fcm npcmcncm hpu-
ncncnuc n ncucfnuc mcxanusma sahyiunanun c fcm, ufoi ycnufi
aninuuan n ncnosmoxnocfu okasinafi cohpofunncnuc n oxunanuu
amcpukanckou homomu.
Ofa noiuucckan hocncnonafcninocfi ina honfncpxncna xonom
nuhnomafuucckux u nocnnix ohcpauuu na sahannom qponfc. Icnu
coinacuficn c fcm, ufo pcmcnuc nahacfi na CCCI ino hpunnfo n
konuc uknn nauanc uknn 14O i., fo nocfafouno noanufi k
sfomy xpononoiuk icpmanckux unuuuafun na sahanc nnn foio, ufo-
i cncnafi ncoxonumic saknkucnun. Yxc na npyiou ncni hocnc
honhucanun hcpcmupun c panuucu ncmcukou cfoponou inu
hpcnhpunnfi nckofopic oquuuaninic unuuuafuni nnn noso-
nonncnun nuhnomafuucckoio nuanoia c onnonom. Hx ofpuuafcni-
niu pcsynifaf nan honnfi Iufncpy, ufo iuhofcsa o kahufynnuuu
Bcnukopufanuu ncoocnonanna. Toniko n fof momcnf ina hpu-
nnfa no nnumanuc cfpafciuucckan hponcma ocymccfnncnun nfop-
xcnun na Ipufanckuc ocfpona, onnako Iufncp ho-hpcxncmy nc
pcmancn cncnafi cnou niop. 2 uknn on ofnan hpukas o nauanc nc-
oxonumix mcpohpunfuu nnn nicanku nccanfa, no nchoniofonncn-
nocfi nocnno-mopckux cun, na kofopyk ykasan anmupan Icncp, sa-
cfanun qkpcpa usnafi 16 uknn nonic nupckfuni, hcpcnocunmuc
nauano ohcpauuu na hcpuon hocnc 15 aniycfa, hpu ycnonuu, ufo
nkqfnaqqc nocfuincf fcm npcmcncm honnoio konfponn nan nos-
nymnim hpocfpancfnom. Bcc sfu ofcpouku, cnnsannic c fcxnuucc-
kumu u honufuucckumu hpuuunamu, honnunnu safcm na okonua-
fcninoc pcmcnuc ofnoxufi ohcpauuk, ufo cfanuno n ucnfp icp-
manckou cfpafciuu concfckyk hponcmy.
B fakom konfckcfc pcui Iufncpa, hpousncccnnan n pcuxcfaic
1 uknn, hpuopcfacf concpmcnno ohpcncncnniu cmicn. Icui
mna o hocncnncm hpusinc k mupy, numcnnom konkpcfnoio concp-
xanun, no nahonncnnom honufuucckum cmicnom. cucfnufcnino,
ucnik pcuu ino hokasafi, ufo aninuuanc naxonnfcn n onnom pnny
c fcmu, kfo ofkasinacfcn of sona pasyma, u, fakum opasom, ona
cnyxuna hpcnknucu k nkomy nahancnuk ncmucn na Bcnukopu-
fanuk. Onnako fo ocfonfcnicfno, ufo Iufncp hpcnnaian Bcnuko-
pufanuu mup hocnc foio, kak on pcmun iofonuficn k nounc c Co-
J7
ncfckum Coksom, ykasinacf na hopnnok hpuopufcfon u pamku, n
kofopix paccmafpunanaci ohcpauun Mopckou ncn. C konua uknn
ohcpauun ofknaninanaci ncckoniko pas: cnauana na ccpcnuny ccn-
fnpn, safcm na nccny 141 i.
Moxcf hokasaficn, ufo ofcpouka ohpcncnnnaci nocnnimu co-
opaxcnunmu n onimcu cfchcnu, ucm honufuucckumu. B nocnnom
hnanc ycnonunmu ychcxa nnnnnaci honiofonka noopyxcnnix cun u
cpcncfn nccanfuponanun, kofopic nc inu honiofonncni, a fakxc
coofncfcfnykmcu honncpxkou c mopn, kofopyk anmupan Icncp nc
iapanfuponan. Ofo ninynuno icncpaniniu mfa oipanuuufi sony
ocnix ncucfnuu pauonom, nchocpcncfncnno hpumikakmum k
Ianpy u Kanc, c ncmnoiumu hnaunapmamu n Ipaufonc, Hcfopnc,
Iauc u onkcfonc. Onnako ychcx sanuccn hpcxnc nccio of choco-
nocfu honnocfik konfponuponafi nosnymnoc hpocfpancfno. A umcn-
no n sfou onacfu ncmuam hpumnoci nhcpnic cfonknyficn c cufya-
uucu ofkpifoio nisona.
Icpmanckyk anuauuk opucnfuponanu na nna nuna ucncu: nocn-
nic u ipaxnanckuc. B nauanc aniycfa ino otnnncno o nauanc
kpyhnoio nosnymnoio nacfyhncnun hpofun nocnno-nosnymnix as
hpofunnuka u sanonon, hpousnonnmux anuauuonnyk hponykuuk.
Iufna nauanaci 1J aniycfa, no oucni icfpo ncmcukoc komannona-
nuc nonxno ino hpusnafi, ufo ucni ninccfu us cfpon KAI (1oyul
Air 1orce Xopo:eociue ooenno-oo:0yun~e cu:~) nc ina nocfuinyfa,
ncncncfnuc ucio ofcyfcfnonanu hpcnhocinku nnn nfopxcnun. B na-
uanc ccnfnpn, nc honyuan hpounqopmauuk, kak on oxunan, o
fom, ufo afaku na pufanckuc asi nauunakf hpunocufi cnou
hnoni u choconocfi Ipufanuu cohpofunnnficn ocnacnacf, Iuf-
ncp pcmun cmcnufi ucnu u nauan ocymccfnncnuc foio, ufo hosnncc
honyuuno nasnanuc momu:inun oounu. Bhnofi no sfou nafi, nc-
cmofpn na ncckoniko omapnuponok aninuuckou anuauucu Icp-
nuna, kofopic honncknu sa coou numi ncsnauufcniniu ymcp u
nononino oipanuucnnoc uucno xcpfn ipaxnanckoio naccncnun,
qkpcp ofncpian unck nancccnun ncmcnncnnoio ofncfnoio ynapa
ho onnony. 7 ccnfnpn pufanckan cfonuua honncpinaci hcpnou
maccuponannou napnapckou omapnuponkc, ufo cfano nauanom
hpononxanmuxcn cs hcpcpina no ccpcnuni 141 i. omapnuponok,
hpuncnmux k oipomnim paspymcnunm n cfonuuc u npyiux pufan-
ckux ioponax. Cumnonom ufni sa Aninuk cfan iopon Koncnfpu,
kofopiu nkqfnaqqc cponnnnu c scmncu 14 nonpn 14O i.
B nauanc nonpn Icpuni honcuufan, ufo camoncfi nkqfnaqqc
yxc cpocunu na onnon 15 872 fonn om, n fo npcmn kak pufan-
uam ynanoci cpocufi na Icpnun foniko J1 fonny om. Ho umcn-
no sfu uuqpi nnnnnuci nauoncc founim hokasafcncm snaucnun
J8O
napnapckux omapnuponok (kofopic, nhpoucm, hosxc uchonisykf
c sfou xc ucnik coksnuku hpofun Icpmanuu): onu nipaxanu nc-
choconocfi unu ncnosmoxnocfi nocfuui hpnmoio nocnnoio pcmc-
nun u ncmoncfpuponanu ocosnanuc Iufncpom foio, ufo on moxcf
opoficn c aninuuanamu foniko c homomik ycfpamakmux om-
apnuponok unu xc cncnyn oncc cnoxnim hyfcm, hpcnhonaian-
mum hopaxcnuc Concfckoio Coksa. B hpunuuhc nohpoc o sfom
nfopom hyfu in pcmcn n konuc uknn 14O i. Okonuafcninoc
hpunnfuc pcmcnun Iufncpom sanuccno of choconocfu Ipufanuu
k cohpofunncnuk u of pasnufun ofnomcnuu c Concfamu, kofopic
inu hocfanncni hon comncnuc no npcmn hocncnncu ccpicsnou
nuhnomafuucckou nuckyccuu mcxny nnymn cfoponamu n xonc nusu-
fa Monofona n Icpnun 121J nonpn 14O i.
5.5.2. .X.,TEHUE FEPMAHO-COBETCKUX OTHOTEHUU
Iocsnka Monofona n Icpnun hpoxonuna n afmocqcpc, yxc sna-
uufcnino yxynmunmcucn n cnnsu c hpoucmcnmumu usmcncnunmu.
Icpmanun ho-hpcxncmy nc xofcna, ufoi Iankanckuu pciuon cfan
fcafpom nocnnix ncucfnuu, hockoniky sfo panimc npcmcnu cosna-
no i cnoxnocfu n ofnomcnunx c Concfckum Coksom u cncnano
oucnunnim conhancnuc concfckux unfcpccon c aninuuckumu. On-
nako Iankani inu oxnaucni inyokum cchokoucfnom, hopox-
ncnnim nonncnunmu, umcnmumu mccfo n 1J8 i., u cmc oncc ycu-
nunmumucn hocnc foio, kak Icpmanun hoconcfonana Iyminuu
hpunnfi concfckuu ynifumafym ho honony Icccapauu u Ccncpnou
Iykonuni. Cfpax, ufo sfo ino hpcnknucu k nonim concfckum
fpconanunm, hcpcn kofopimu Iyminun okasanaci i cccuninou,
ycyiyuncn nnn yxapccfckoio hpanufcnicfna fcm ocfonfcnicfnom,
ufo ychcx concfckoio pcnusuonusma honnun macna n oioni nnyx
fpanuuuonnix pcnusuonusmon n pciuonc, cfpcni kofopix ho-
cfonnno inu nahpanncni hpofun Iyminuu: Ioniapuu, fpconan-
mcu nosnpamcnun Ccncpnou opynxu, u Bcnipuu, fpconanmcu
nosnpamcnun Tpancuninanuu, hcpcnannou pyminam ho Tpuanon-
ckomy noionopy. Icnu oniapckuu pcnusuonusm nc nisinan
onimux ohaccnuu, hockoniky coquuckoc hpanufcnicfno ino o-
ncc nocfyhno nnn hpusinon ufaninnucn u ncmucn k ymcpcnnocfu
u, kak i fo nu ino, fpconano oipanuucnnou fcppufopuaninou
pcnusuu, fo ncnicpckuu pcnusuonusm, nahpofun, ncc n ccc pas-
pymufcniniu sapnn nnn nccu cufyauuu na Iankanax, hockoniky on
cfpcmufcnino u aipcccunno nounancn pcsynifafon, kofopic hono-
pnanu i cnoxunmcccn ycfpoucfno pciuona.
J81
Ioniapun u Bcnipun sacchokounuci cpasy xc hocnc concfcko-
io ynifumafyma Iyminuu. Hcmui u ufaninnui cncnanu ncc nos-
moxnoc nnn cncpxunanun nanncnun ncnipon; onnako honnocfik
hpofunocfonfi um ino ncnosmoxno, hpcxnc nccio hofomy, ufo
ncnicpckuu hpcmicp-munucfp Tcncku u cio munucfp unocfpannix
ncn Haku ncmoncfpuponanu fofaninyk ncfcphumocfi, nhnofi no
yipos nauafi noopyxcnnic ncucfnun n cnyuac, ccnu nc ynyf hpu-
nnfi ux fpconanun.
B ukncaniycfc 14O i. hpomna nuxopanounan ucpcna ufano-
icpmanckux koncynifauuu c ucnik nipaofku omcu hosuuuu, a
fakxc koncynifauuu pumckoio u cpnunckoio hpanufcnicfn c hpa-
nufcnicfnamu fpcx saunfcpcconannix cfpan c ucnik naufu mup-
niu nixon us honoxcnun. Iufncp okasan nanncnuc na pyminckoio
koponn Kaponn, opuconan cmy ohacnocfu, cnnsannic c hcpchck-
funou usonnuuu Iyminuu, c fcm, ufoi sacfanufi cio houfu na
ycfyhku. Bsamcn on hpcnnoxun ncmcukuc fcppufopuaninic iapan-
fuu nnn nccx nonix pyminckux ipanuu (nknkuan ipanuuy c Concf-
ckum Coksom). Mycconunu u Huano nanu fakuc xc concfi. Iymi-
ni okasanuci, cncnonafcnino, hcpcn fpynnim niopom, n fo npcmn
kak ncnipi uyncfnonanu ccn cuninimu, fak kak moinu chponouu-
ponafi umcnno fy cufyauuk, kofopou Iufncp cfapancn nkou ucnou
uscxafi, hockoniky ona cnumkom hpofunopcuuna cio unfcpccam.
Chop c Ioniapucu in pcmcn c ofnocufcninou ncikocfik.
Iufncp u Iucnfpoh sancpunu oniapckoio hpcmicp-munucfpa
unona u cio munucfpa unocfpannix ncn Iohona, ufo Icpmanun
ynifumafunnim opasom honncpxuf fpconanun ncpnyfi ipanuuy c
Iyminucu k pycxy 11J i. J1 uknn oniapckuc fpconanun inu
hpcncfanncni Iyxapccfy, a 1 aniycfa n Kpauonc copanaci konqc-
pcnuun, kofopan sancpmunaci icfpim saknkucnucm coinamcnun
(7 ccnfnpn), hpcnycmafpunanmcio honnoc coinacuc pymin c pcnu-
suonucfckumu fpconanunmu Coquu.
Bcnicpcko-pyminckuu konqnukf kacancn, nahpofun, fcppufo-
puu oncc ucm 1OO fic. kn. km c naccncnucm, iopasno oncc cmc-
mannim n sfnuucckom ofnomcnuu u cio hpcncfonno paspcmufi c
homomik ncckonikux nuhnomafuucckux maion. Icpnunckomy u
pumckomy hpanufcnicfnam ynanoci hpunynufi oc cfoponi nauafi
hcpcionopi, onnako onu fnnynuci n nahpnxcnnou afmocqcpc, u
pcsynifafon nc hpcnnuncnoci. Ioncc foio, n konuc aniycfa onu
inu hpcpnani hpu honnom coxpancnuu pasnoinacuu. 28 aniycfa
Huano ncfpcfuncn c Iufncpom n Icpxfcciancnc. Onu coinacunuci
okasafi makcumaninoc nanncnuc c ucnik uscxafi pasnnsinanun
konqnukfa n ynaucko-Iankanckom pciuonc. Huano u Iucnfpoh
honaianu, ufo foniko nannsan hocpcnnuuccfno nnyx ncpxan ocu,
J82
moxno ino icfpo nocfuui komhpomucca. Bcnipi u pymini
inu hpuinamcni n Bcny, u fam JO aniycfa oc cfoponi inu ni-
nyxncni coinacuficn c pcmcnucm apufpaxa, nccima cyponim nnn
Iyminuu, hockoniky ono nnckno sa coou hofcpk nccu ccncpnou
uacfu Tpancuninanuu (okono 4J fic. kn. km), ufo cocfannnno nc-
mnoium mcncc hononuni nccio pauona, na kofopiu hpcfcnnonanu
ncnipi. Onnonpcmcnno ncmcukoc u ufaninnckoc hpanufcnicfna ia-
panfuponanu nchpukocnoncnnocfi pyminckou nauuonaninou fcp-
pufopuu.
Ofof nfopou ncnckuu apufpax nnno nocun ofhcuafok iufnc-
ponckoio icicmonusma. Onnako fof choco, kakum in nocfuinyf
pcsynifaf, honfncpxnan cmc onny ucpfy nuhnomafuu qkpcpa:
hpcnpachonoxcnnocfi k uinopuponanuk onsafcnicfn, cymccfno-
nanmux hcpcn npyiumu ncpxanamu. cucfnufcnino, icpmano-concf-
ckuu hakf of 2J aniycfa 1J iona hpcnycmafpunan n cf. J onsa-
fcnicfno hpononufi conmccfnic koncynifauuu ho nccm nohpocam,
hpcncfannnkmum nsaumniu unfcpcc. Iufncp, nahpofun, ofncccn k
Cfanuny, kak n cnoc npcmn hofom yncf ofnocuficn k Mycconunu:
ncucfnyn cso ncnkux koncynifauuu u, xyxc foio, noannnn k cno-
um ncucfnunm hpcnocfanncnuc iapanfuu pyminckou fcppufopuu,
ufo ino akfom, ofkponcnno nahpanncnnim hpofun ynymux hpc-
fcnsuu Concfckoio Coksa (fak kak ncnipi, kofopix yxc sacfanunu
monuafi, nc cmoinu i onimc u haniucm mcncninyfi cs onopc-
nun ncmucn). Ha sahosnanic hpofccfi concfckou cfoponi Iufncp
ofncfun, ufo Icpmanun onanacf n Iyminuu xusncnnimu unfc-
pccamu (qopmynuponka, kofopan hpofunopcuuna cspasnuuuk, sa-
qukcuponannomy n cckpcfnom hpofokonc 2J aniycfa 1J i.). Ofo
nonxno ino nacfopoxufi Concfi, hockoniky pcui mna o hcpnom
qopmaninom sannncnuu ncmcukou hosuuuu n ofnomcnuu Iankan,
ufo fpconano ccpicsnoio hponcncnun n kauccfnc ycnonun coinacun
mcxny nnymn ncpxanamu. Iocsnka Monofona n Icpnun nonxna
ina hocnyxufi, n fom uucnc, u fakomy hponcncnuk.
Tcm npcmcncm pymini ycnoxnunu cufyauuk (no hpu sfom yh-
pocfunu cc nnn unfcphpcfauuu), cncnan cmc oncc nnnou cnok
hpoicpmanckyk opucnfauuk, xofn u n momcnf, koina koponi Ka-
poni, concpmun iocynapcfncnniu hcpcnopof u hpusnan k nnacfu
icncpana Hona Anfonccky, inany nocnnou ohhosuuuu, hcpckpin
hyfi k pcanusauuu amuuuu hponauucfckou Zcncsnou inapnuu.
Anfonccky, cpasy xc honyuunmuu nck honnofy nnacfu, yhpasnnun
koncfufyuuk, cymccfnonanmyk c 1J8 i., ninynun Kaponn ofpcui-
cn n honisy mnanmcio cina Muxan u nauan hpononufi honufuky,
kofopan hpuncna nhocncncfnuu k coinacuk Iyminuu hpunnfi n
okfnpc ncmcukyk nocnnyk muccuk, fo ccfi k coinacuk na camyk
J8J
nacfonmyk nocnnyk okkyhauuk pyminckou fcppufopuu, ufo cfano
hpcnknucu k hpucocnuncnuk camou Iyminuu k Tpoucfncnnomy
hakfy.
Ha sahosnanic hpofccfi Mockni ho honony hocinku icpman-
ckux nouck n Iyminuk Iucnfpoh ofncfun, ufo pyminckan hpoci-
a ina ynonncfnopcna n cnnsu c ncoxonumocfik samumafi pc-
iuon, inc icpmanckum unfcpccam yipoxana pufanckan akfunnocfi.
Oucnunnan hpcfcnuuosnocfi sfoio ohpannanun hpuncna numi k
ycuncnuk ncnoncpun pycckux. B fakou afmocqcpc ino honiofon-
ncno pastncncnuc, c kofopim moino ifi cnnsano u pcmcnuc o
nahancnuu na CCCI n 141 i.
1J okfnpn Iucnfpoh nahpanun Cfanuny nnunnoc hucimo, n
kofopom concpxanuci nckofopic nxunic cncncnun ofnocufcnino
inannix ucncu icpmanckux ncucfnuu. Mncnuc qkpcpa nkoi co-
cfonno n fom, ufo ynymcc nonxno qopmuponaficn na ocnonc co-
inamcnun ucfipcx ncpxan: Icpmanuu, Hfanuu, Concfckoio Coksa
u Shonuu. Kaxnan us nux cmoxcf umcfi cocfncnnoc xusncnnoc
hpocfpancfno n mupc. Iosnncc Iufncp hponcnuf cmicn sfoio hna-
na, n coofncfcfnuu c kofopim Icpmanun nonxna yncf opafufi
nnumanuc, homumo konfuncnfaninou Inpohi, na fcppufopuu hpc-
xnux ncmcukux kononuu n Hcnfpaninou Aqpukc; Hfanun nonxna
yncf pacmupufi cnoc nnunnuc n Ccncpnou u Bocfounou Aqpukc;
Shonun na anincm Bocfokc, a Concfckuu Coks n Asuu nnn
foio, ufoi honyuufi nixon k fchnim mopnm.
Ofa konuchuun honnocfik uinopuponana concfckyk fouky spc-
nun u pcsynifafi concfckoio hponnuxcnun n Inpohc, fak, kak yn-
fo i hocncnncc ino cnyuaunim hponnncnucm unfcpccon CCCI,
cnnsannim n onimcu cfchcnu c naiohpunfnimu ocfonfcnicfna-
mu, ucm c ocnonnimu nahpanncnunmu pasnufun. B ncucfnufcnino-
cfu iufncponckuu hpockf hpcnhonaian ohpcncncnnyk konuchuuk
nccio ynymcio muponoio ycfpoucfna.
B sfou konuchuuu concfckuc unfcpcci n Inpohc honnocfik
uinopuponanuci, u CCCI ofnonunoci mccfo n pciuonc, inc n fof
momcnf y Icpmanuu nc ino cfpafciuucckux hcpchckfun. Icnu i
ona ina hpunnfa, fo cfana i oucnunnou iofonnocfi Concfckoio
Coksa nhucaficn n iufncponckuc hpockfi.
Oucnunno fakum opasom, ufo Iufncp hnoxo honuman nncm-
nkk honufuky Cfanuna. On nc honnn cmicna honopofa k skchan-
cuu, nauanmciocn n 1J i., u nc honnn, ufo fakou honopof nipaxan
hpunuuhuaninoc cspasnuuuc Cfanuna k cnoucfnam cnoux cocccn-
nukon, yni fo npysin unu npaiu. Onnako Cfanun n fof momcnf na-
uan nnuiaficn n nahpanncnuu, kofopoc hpcnycmafpunano honnoc
ycfpancnuc ncnkux ocfafkon anfuconcfckoio canufapnoio kopnona
J84
u cosnanuc cnocio cocfncnnoio, anfuicpmanckoio kopnona, u ho-
sfomy oncc nccio nosmoxnoio na sahanc, of unnnnnuu no Ian-
kan, n coofncfcfnuu co cfpafciuucckum nuncnucm, ycfpcmncnnim n
nocfafouno ofnancnnyk hcpchckfuny.
Hcyxcnu Iufncp sfoio nc honuman Icui uncf nccio numi o
iuhofcsc, kofopou moxno hpofunohocfanufi concpmcnno hpofuno-
honoxnyk unfcphpcfauuk, hpunonnmyk, onnako, k fcm xc camim
ninonam: Iufncp sfo honuman u umcnno hofomy opafuncn k pyc-
ckum c hpcnnoxcnunmu, kofopic, n cnyuac ux hpunnfun, honuunu-
nu i CCCI ncmcukou noiukc, cncnan fmcfnimu pufanckuc na-
ncxni na konqnukf mcxny nnymn npcmcnnimu coksnukamu. Icnu
xc onu nc inu i hpunnfi, fo sfo ykpchuno i yxc cymccfnyk-
myk pcmumocfi ynuufoxufi Concfckuu Coks cunou.
Takan anifcpnafuna ncno ninnunaci no npcmn ncoquuuaninix
hcpcionopon 12 u 1J nonpn mcxny Monofonim u icpmanckumu
noxnnmu. B fo npcmn, kak Iufncp u Iucnfpoh hpononxanu usna-
iafi cnou inoaninic hnani, nhnofi no hpcnnoxcnun CCCI hpu-
cocnunuficn k Tpoucfncnnomy hakfy (ufo cankuuonuponano i
umcnno fo honuuncnuc, kofopoc umhnuuufno concpxanoci n fcsu-
cax Iufncpa), Monofon ocfanancn fncpn n cnocm namcpcnuu ocyx-
nafi cnpohcuckuc hponcmi, nacfaunan na xcnanuu Concfon cnccfu
okonuafcninic cucfi c unnnnnucu naxc ucnou nouni, hpofun
kofopou kafciopuuccku nicfyhan Iufncp; na concfckux unfcpccax
n Kxnou Iykonunc (ufo hpofunopcuuno ufano-icpmanckum iapan-
funm pyminckux ipanuu, iapanfunm, hpofun onnocfoponnocfu ko-
fopix nipasun hpofccf Monofon); u n oncc omcm hnanc na
saunfcpcconannocfu no nccm, ufo hpoucxonuno na Iankanckom ho-
nyocfponc: of Iyminuu no Bcnipuu, Kiocnanuu u Ipcuuu, u nako-
ncu, no hpockfa hcpccmofpa konncnuuu Monfpc 1J6 i. ho cynoxon-
cfny n hponunax (honcsno samcfufi, ufo Monofon hpcnnapun fcsuc
Cfanuna, ninnunyfiu um na Snfunckou konqcpcnuuu 145 i.).
Hcmui nacfaunanu na ncoxonumocfu omcio coinamcnun ucfipcx
ncpxan, nknkuan Hfanuk u Shonuk, n pamkax kofopoio nonxni
inu ifi oosnaucni ipanuui coofncfcfnykmux cqcp nnunnun,
foina kak concfckan cfopona nacfaunana na ncoxonumocfu saknk-
uufi coinamcnuc mcxny nnymn ncpxanamu, kacakmcccn coofncf-
cfnykmux unfcpccon n Inpohc, a safcm ocyxnafi nosmoxnic co-
inamcnun c Hfanucu u Shonucu.
Iosuuuu cfopon nc moinu ifi oncc nanckumu npyi of npyia,
u hcpcionopi sancpmunuci qopmanino n ccpncunou ocfanonkc,
onnako ho cymccfny hponanom. Concfi cuufanu, ufo sa homomi,
kofopyk onu okasinanu, hpukpinan Iufncpa na nocfokc of Bcnu-
kopufanuu, onu moiyf oxunafi of ncio oncc nicokou hnafi.
J85
Cfanun, nackoniko sfo cncnycf us umckmcucn unqopmauuu, nc
ofnanan ccc ofucfa n pcaninom snaucnuu Icpnunckux hcpcionopon.
To ccfi on nc ynonun (unu nc saxofcn ynonufi) cmicna hosuuuu
ncmucn, cocfonnmcio n fom, ufo icpmanckan hocna ina hpcnohpc-
ncncna. Concfckuu Coks, fakxc kak Hfanun u panuun, umcn cnou
pacucf nnn okonuafcninoio hpucocnuncnun k icpmanckum hosuuu-
nm. B noniocpounom hnanc Cfanun, oucnunno, in hpan, no on nc
honnn, ufo n kpafkocpounom hnanc anifcpnafunou coinamcnuk
ina nouna.
5.5.3. HO,FOTOBKA HLAHA BAPBAPOCCA
18 nckapn 14O i. Iufncp honfncpnun pachopnxcnun, yxc of-
nannic n uknc, pasocnan cnok nupckfuny N 21, hpukasinan-
myk icpmanckum noopyxcnnim cunam k 15 man 141 i. sancpmufi
hpuiofonncnun, ncoxonumic nnn foio, ufoi pasufi Concfckyk
Ioccuk n monnucnocnou kamhanuu cmc no okonuanun nocnnix
ncucfnuu c Bcnukopufanucu. Tak nauunancn n ohcpafunnom hna-
nc fak nasinacmiu hnan Iapapocca, cfanmuu kynimunauuon-
nim momcnfom nauucfckou nocnnou hpoipammi u, nccmofpn na
ncc koncanun, hpcnmccfnonanmuc cio ocymccfnncnuk, pcaninou
ucnik iufncponckou cfpafciuu. Io sfomy honony Annps humcf:
Iynyuu xosnunom na konfuncnfc, Iufncp hpononxan yfncpx-
nafi, ufo nouna yxc niuipana ncpxanamu Ocu, onnako n ncu-
cfnufcninocfu on nc nuncn hcpcn coou hyfu nnn nocfuxcnun
okonuafcninou hocni u uyncfnonan, ufo c ncofnpafumocfik non-
nckacfcn n nouny na ucfomcnuc, kofopan ina uyxna cio konuch-
uunm u ncc ohacnocfu kofopou on xopomo honuman.
Bhpoucm, nc pcanusonanaci fakxc anifcpnafuna hponnuxcnun n
nahpanncnuu Hchanuu, yuufinan, ufo 7 nckapn icncpan panko
nc paspcmun hpoxon ncmcukux nouck k Iupanfapy. B fakom kon-
fckcfc cfanonufcn ncnim, ufo uncn nahancnun na Concfckuu Coks
naxc nohyckan, ufo n hcpnic momcnfi cc paspaofku ona ina
nccio numi onnum us mnoiouucncnnix napuanfon, ofkpinmuxcn
nnn ncucfnuu ncmucn, hpcnpafunaci, n konuc konuon, n ncuscx-
niu hyfi nixona us fyhukonou cufyauuu. Ofa oucnka, nhpoucm, nc
moxcf paccmafpunaficn n ofpinc of hocncnonafcninou nacfouuu-
nocfu, c kofopou Iufncp cfpcmuncn ocymccfnufi cnou inoaninic
samicni; n pamkax cio konuchuuu hpomcxyfounic pcmcnun
(nponc hpcnnoxcnun o hpucocnuncnuu CCCI k Tpoucfncnnomy
coksy) umcnu numi nchomoiafcniniu u hcpcxonniu xapakfcp.
Icnu hocmofpcfi nnumafcnino, hponukan sa nncmnkk cfopony
coifuu, fo oucnunno, ufo Iufncp cfpcmuncn k honnou icicmonuu
J86
Icpmanuu, pcanusonannou naionapn hpcnpamcnuk ncmcukou ncp-
xani n cuny, nomunupykmyk n Inpasuu, cuni, okpyxcnnou
cnoxnou cucfcmou sanucumix ofnomcnuu, kofopic hosnonnnu i
cu unu nchocpcncfncnno konfponuponafi cnok umhcpckyk cucfc-
my, unu iochoncfnonafi nan ocfafkamu kpyhnix cnpohcuckux um-
hcpckux cucfcm hocpcncfnom honuuncnun coofncfcfnykmux mcf-
pohonuu: aninuuckou, qpanuysckou, ionnannckou, cniiuuckou,
hopfyianickou, ufaninnckou u, nc n hocncnnkk oucpcni, concfckou.
B sfou cucfcmc nhonui moinu i cuufafi cnocu cqcpou nnunnun
sony Tuxoio okcana, n fo npcmn kak nnunnuc Cocnuncnnix Ufa-
fon ino i oipanuucno ucknkuufcnino cqcpou nokfpuni Mon-
po, fo ccfi ipanuuamu amcpukanckoio konfuncnfa. B konuc 14O i.
nocfuxcnuc sfou ucnu kasanoci nc cfoni nanckum, xofn ocfananuci
ncncnimu chocoi, kakumu ona yncf nocfuinyfa, u xofn ufaninnc-
kan hapanncninan nouna hcpcmna ohacniu pycx, sa kofopim
ninnunuci hponcmi u ncohpcncncnnocfu, choconic honnunfi n
ynymcm u na cyniy nauusma.
5.6. Boennme tewcinwn Uiatww
5.6.1. BOUHA B LUBUU
Iicfpoc okonuanuc nouni no panuuu hocfanuno hpanufcni-
cfno nyuc n concpmcnno ocoyk cufyauuk. Iocnc hpckpamcnun
nocnnix ncucfnuu na nccm cnpohcuckom konfuncnfc, sa ucknkuc-
nucm pufanckux omapnuponok Icpmanuu u ncmcukux Bcnu-
kopufanuu, qponfamu, na kofopix moinu cmc hpoucxonufi ca-
mic nacfonmuc nocnnic cfonknoncnun, inu fc, ufo yncpxunanu
ufaninnckuc noucka, unu fc, ufo Mycconunu pcmun ofkpifi ho
cocfncnnou unuuuafunc. Ipu sfom on cfpcmuncn hponcmoncfpu-
ponafi, ufo ufaninnckan nouna nc oipanuuunacfcn foniko hapan-
nou nounou c panuucu unu ckpomnimu cpaxcnunmu n Ccncp-
nou Aqpukc, u ufo nknan Hfanuu ncmanonaxcn, u n fo xc npcmn
oosnauufi honufuucckuc ucnu cnocu nouni. Bnyfpu Ocu hosu-
uun Hfanuu hpcncfannnnaci, cncnonafcnino, kak ofkpifan pana,
kofopyk nancnnuci sakpifi oipanuucnnimu cunamu, no ona, on-
nako, nckopc cfana cnaim sncnom n cucfcmc cokson Icpmanuu.
Binnnnnuci hpofunopcuun, kofopic nnuianu Mycconunu. Icnu
ncucfnufcnino Hfanun ina nc iofona k nounc no 142 i., fo ona
nonxna ina ifi ynonncfnopcna icfpou hocnou nan panuu-
cu. Ho hockoniky sfa hocna umcna nun mpaunou kapukafypi,
hpccfux nyuc fpconan, ufoi on hokasan ncmcukomy coksnuky,
ufo Hfanun chocona nnccfu sqqckfunniu nknan n omuu ychcx.
J87
Ofo moino hpousoufu kak n Aqpukc, fak u na Iankanckom honyocf-
ponc, inc Hfanun pachonaiana cuninim u xopomo konfponupyc-
mim ohopnim hnaunapmom Ananckum koponcncfnom, annckcu-
ponannim n ahpcnc 1J i.
cucfnufcnino, nna nocnnix qponfa, ofkpifix hocnc saknkuc-
nun hcpcmupun c panuucu, sfo qponf n Hfaninnckou Bocfou-
nou Aqpukc u qponf nnoni nunuucko-ciuhcfckou ipanuui. C uknn
ho okfnpi 14O i. sfo inu nacfonmuc ocnic qponfi Bfopou
muponou nouni (nc cuufan ncucfnun nhonucn n Kufac u Hnnoku-
fac). Icnu ufaninnckuc noucka n Bocfounou Aqpukc inu pacho-
noxcni oucni ncynauno n cuny icoipaquucckoio honoxcnun inan-
nou ufaninnckou kononuu, fo iopasno oncc ncikum, ho kpauncu
mcpc, fcopcfuuccku, moi hpcncfannnficn hnan nauafi hcpcxon uucfo
ufaninnckux nouck n nacfyhncnuc of unuuckou ipanuui na fcp-
pufopuk Iiuhfa. Iocncnnuu ocfanancn qopmanino ncufpaninim,
no, nccmofpn na sfo, cfanonuncn honcm ufni. (Cncnycf samcfufi,
ufo na ncckoniko ncncni Bfopan muponan nouna umcna n kauccfnc
cnuncfncnnoio fcafpa nocnnix ncucfnuu fcppufopuk sfoio ncsa-
nucumoio u ncufpaninoio iocynapcfna, xofn u cnnsannoio noiono-
pom o nsaumohomomu c Bcnukopufanucu).
B konuc aniycfa mapman Iononiqo Ipauuanu, komannonanmuu
ufaninnckumu cunamu n Ccncpnou Aqpukc, honyuun hpukas n fc-
ucnuc ncckonikux nncu nauafi nacfyhncnuc nnoni ciuhcfckoio ho-
cpcxin n nahpanncnuu Anckcannpuu. Hacfyhncnuc, otncnnnmcc-
cn xcnanucm Mycconunu hpcnnapufi nosmoxnyk nicanky ncmucn
n Bcnukopufanuu, nauanoci ccnfnpn n nauxynmux ycnonunx c
fouku spcnun mafcpuanino-fcxnuucckou honiofonku. Hfaninnckuc
noucka hponnunynuci na ncckoniko nccnfkon kunomcfpon no
Cunu-sni-Iappanu, safcm um hpumnoci ocfanonuficn nnn hcpc-
ipyhhuponku cun. B ncucfnufcninocfu nacfyhncnuc moino i
umcfi onimuu ychcx, ccnu i Mycconunu ho oucnunnim hpun-
uuhuaninim coopaxcnunm nc ofkasancn of homomu ncmucn, ko-
fopic homoinu i, ho mcnimcu mcpc, nocfuui iopona Mcpca-Maf-
pyx, ofhpannou fouku nnn nacfyhncnun na Anckcannpuk. Onnako
ono ocpnynoci oipanuucnnim u sqcmcpnim ychcxom, hockoniky
n nauanc nckapn pufanckuc noucka hon komannonanucm icncpana
Ysuncnna hcpcmnu n konfpnacfyhncnuc, ncpnynu yfpaucnnyk fcp-
pufopuk u hpononxunu hponnuxcnuc n unuu nhnofi no Iapnuu.
Ofo in momcnf, koina honnocfik sakonuunaci unnksun ufaninn-
ckou hapanncninou nouni, u nocnnic ncucfnun n Aqpukc hpc-
npafunuci numi n onun us achckfon konqnukfa, kofopiu Mycco-
nunu u Huano saxofcnu pasxcui n Bocfounom Cpcnuscmnomopic u
na Iankanax, nccmofpn na ncc cohpofunncnuc ncmucn.
J88
5.6.2. HAHA,EHUE UTALUU HA FPEUUL
Hncn ofkpifi qponf na Iankanckom honyocfponc ninamuna-
naci Mycconunu u cio inannimu copafnukamu c hcpnix ncncni
nouni c ucnik homcmafi fomy, ufoi nnunnuc honufuku Iufncpa
n ynaucko-Iankanckom pciuonc nosonanano nan ufaninnckumu
unfcpccamu. Tcopcfuuccku ino nna nahpanncnun nocnnix ncu-
cfnuu: nahancnuc na Kiocnanuk u nahancnuc na Ipcuuk. C naua-
na uknn inu ofnani pachopnxcnun o nocnnou honiofonkc n oo-
ux nahpanncnunx u nauancn houck coinacun, ccnu nc honncpxku
ncmucn. Ofo ocfonfcnicfno hokasinano nck cnaocfi ufaninn-
ckou hosuuuu, uo Iufncp nosncpxunancn of koncynifauuu c co-
ksnukom hcpcn fcm, kak hpunumafi cocfncnnic pcmcnun.
Bhpoucm, fakoc coinacuc ofcyfcfnonano. Io yxc usnoxcnnim
hpuuunam Iufncp in hpofun nocnnix ncucfnuu na Iankanax u
hosfomy ofncfun camim kafciopuunim ofkasom na hpcnnoxcnuc,
cqopmynuponannoc Huano 7 uknn o nacfyhncnuu na Kiocnanuk.
B fo xc npcmn on nc ninnunyn nospaxcnuu hpofun oipanuucnnou
ufaninnckou ohcpauuu na ipcucckux ocfponax n Honuucckom mopc
(n hcpnyk oucpcni na Kopqy). B cncfc fakou hosuuuu ncmucn
honiofonka nahancnun na Kiocnanuk samcnnunaci. Hahpofun,
honiofonka ohcpauuu hpofun Ipcuuu, nc ina hpuocfanonncna, nc
foniko n ofnomcnuu Honuucckux ocfponon, no fakxc u n ofnomc-
nuu cc konfuncnfaninou fcppufopuu. Hfo kacacfcn Ipcuuu, fo
ufaninnckuc hnani hpcnycmafpunanu ncucfnun ho okkyhauuu kak
uacfu, fak u nccu fcppufopuu cfpani, cnnsannic c samicnom fau-
nim nmcmafcnicfnom honufuko-unconoiuucckoio xapakfcpa nis-
nafi hancnuc aqunckoio hpanufcnicfna u hpuxon k nnacfu ho-
cnymnoio ufaninnuam hpanufcnicfna, iofonoio, cncnonafcnino,
cpasy xc ofkasaficn of ncnkoio cohpofunncnun.
Biop mcxny nnymn fcafpamu nocnnix ncucfnuu hpcncfannnncn
n fof momcnf hpcnpcmcnnim, n ococnnocfu, hockoniky hosuuun
Iufncpa n ofnomcnuu kiocnanckoio cnyuan nnnnnaci nchpcononu-
mim hpchnfcfnucm u hockoniky ncucfnun hpofun Ipcuuu hnanu-
ponanuci kak nncsahnoc nahancnuc oipanuucnnimu cunamu, u ncn
ohcpauun nonxna ina ifi sancpmcna n fcucnuc hpunusufcnino
hnfnanuafu nncu. Ha nocnnom concmanuu, cocfonnmcmcn n Iumc
1J14 aniycfa c yuacfucm Mycconunu, Huano, namccfnuka n Ana-
nuu Skomonu, komannykmcio nouckamu n sfom pciuonc icncpana
Buckonfu Ipacka u nauaninuka icncpaninoio mfaa mapmana Ia-
nonio, sfof oipanuucnniu xapakfcp ohcpauuu in ucfko oosna-
ucn, u Buckonfu Ipacka hofpconan ncsnauufcninoc honkpchnc-
nuc, ucxonn us hpcnhocinku, ufo, ncponfno, hpuncfcn nccfu cnocio
pona monnucnocnyk nouny.
J8
Momcnfom, honfonknynmum Mycconunu k ofkasy of ocfopox-
nocfu u of conkncnun coinamcnuu, honfncpxncnnix nuuno Iuf-
ncpom no npcmn ncfpcuu n Ipcnncpc 4 okfnpn, ino pcmcnuc
ncmucn nnccfu noucka n Iyminuk. Takxc kak u pycckuc, ufaninn-
ui inu nchocpcncfncnno safponyfi sfou akuucu, n ofnomcnuu
kofopou, nccmofpn na fo, ufo hpcnycmafpunan Cfaninou hakf, c
numu, fakxc kak u c pycckumu, nc hpokoncynifuponanuci. Mycco-
nunu pcmun hosfomy ofhnafufi Iufncpy fou xc moncfou, fo ccfi
nahacfi na Ipcuuk, hpcnnapufcnino nc hpounqopmuponan cio.
Icui uncf o pcmcnuu, hpunnfom nncsahno, hon nosncucfnucm
pcakuuu pasnpaxcnun ho honony mnoiokpafnoio napymcnun Iuf-
ncpom nsnfix onsafcnicfn. Hfaninnckuc noucka n Ananuu inu
iofoni k ooponufcninou nounc, a nc k nacfyhncnuk. Ipanna, co-
inacno cnyxam, kofopic honncpxunan Huano, n Aqunax nonxcn
in hpousoufu hpoufaninnckuu iocynapcfncnniu hcpcnopof. Bcc
ufaninnckuc nocnauaninuku inu hpckpacno ocncnomncni o hon-
nunnou nocnnou cufyauuu u honnou nchoniofonncnnocfu k na-
cfyhncnuk. Cam Ianonio nc onncn nickasinafi cnou comncnun n
ncqopmaninou ocfanonkc ofncninim ncnfcnnm qamucfckou
ucpapxuu. Hu y koio, onnako, nc xnafano myxccfna unu yma nnn
foio, ufoi ckasafi Mycconunu hpanny, nosmoxno hofomy, ufo ncc
cuufanu, ufo ipcku ncucfnufcnino hpofunohocfannf nfopxcnuk
numi cumnonuucckoc cohpofunncnuc, nosmoxno hofomy, ufo hpu-
niuka k ccpnunusmy numuna copafnukon nyuc sncpiuu, ncoxonu-
mou nnn foio, ufoi cncpxafi cio chcci.
B sfou ocfanonkc nahancnuc na Ipcuuk ino nasnaucno na
28 okfnpn 14O i. Mycconunu hpounqopmuponan o ncm Iufncpa,
koina fof naxonuncn n hocsnkc ho Kxnou panuuu c ucnik ncfpc-
fuficn c panko u Icfsnom, nnunnim hucimom, hocnannim c na-
mcpcnnim sahosnanucm, n kofopom otncnnnaci ufaninnckan ho-
suuun kak ho ipcucckomy nohpocy, fak u ho npyium cnpohcuckum
hponcmam. Cpcnu nux ofnomcnun c numucfckou panuucu u
ncncnuc nouni. Hfaninnckan hosuuun pastncnnnaci n hucimc fa-
kum opasom, ufo nc ocfananoci nukakux comncnuu n nanuuuu
inyokux pasnoinacuu. Iufncp cucn foina ncoxonumim nuuno
ncfpcfuficn c Mycconunu, u sfa ncfpcua cocfonnaci no nopcn-
uuu, foina xc, 28 okfnpn, ucpcs ncckoniko uacon hocnc foio, kak
ufaninnckuc noucka nauanu cnou ohcpauuu n Ipcuuu. B sfof mo-
mcnf qkpcpy nc ocfananoci nuucio npyioio, kak cncnafi xopomyk
muny hpu hnoxou uipc u usnncui us ncc niiony nnn foio, ufoi
ocnoonuficn of cocfncnnou ofncfcfncnnocfu sa hpomnoc, u,
kpomc foio, ufoi sacfanufi Mycconunu coinacuficn c icpman-
ckou honufukou n ofnomcnuu panuuu u Hchanuu. Ipcucckuu
JO
nohpoc ocfancn na nfopom hnanc; oa coksnuka hpononxanu omc-
nunaficn xufpoymnimu hpcnafcnickumu xonamu, n fo npcmn kak,
coinacno nuhnomafuucckum qopmynuponkam, iochoncfnonano ca-
moc honnoc coinacuc.
Hfaninnui inu xccfoko pasouaponani xonom nocnnix ncu-
cfnuu. Oxunanmuccn honufuucckuc usmcncnun nc hpousomnu, u
ipcucckuc noucka hocnc hcpnix nncu pacfcpnnnocfu nauanu oka-
sinafi cohpofunncnuc. B nauanc nonpn choconocfi ufaninnucn
nccfu nacfyhafcninic ncucfnun okasanaci ucucphannou. Hauuna-
naci myuufcninan nouna na ucfomcnuc, no npcmn kofopou ufani-
nnui inu ynuxcni mancnikou ipcucckou apmucu u ninyxncni
inu nauafi hocfchcnnoc ofcfyhncnuc, cosnanmcc, n konuc kon-
uon, yiposy nnn hopfa Banoni, mopckou asi, ncoxonumou nnn
occhcucnun hocfanok nnn apmuu us Hfanuu. B noncpmcnuc nccio
11 u 12 nonpn pufanckuc camoncfi-fophcnonocui afakonanu
mopckyk asy n Tapanfo, inc um ynanoci hofohufi ufaninnckuu
nuncuniu kopani u nanccfu ccpicsnic honpcxncnun nnym npy-
ium, a fakxc hopasufi nna kpcuccpa u nconimuc cyna. Cufyauun
n nosnymnom u mopckom hpocfpancfnc Cpcnuscmnomopin ina cc-
picsno uchopucna, xofn aninuuanc cmc nc iochoncfnonanu n ncm.
Konfpnacfyhncnuc hon pykononcfnom pufanckoio icncpana
Ysuncnna na ccncpo-aqpukanckom hocpcxic cncnano coifun cmc
oncc npamafuunimu. 1 nckapn icncpan Kananncpo, noniu na-
uaninuk ufaninnckoio icncpaninoio mfaa, ofkasanmuci of iop-
nou hosuuuu, sanumacmou no cux hop, in ninyxncn cpouno
hohpocufi ncmucn o homomu nnn foio, ufoi hpcnofnpafufi hpc-
npamcnuc ofcfyhncnun n Aqpukc n kafacfpoqy. B noncpmcnuc
yxynmcnun nocnnix hosuuuu Hfanuu n konuc mapfa 141 i. ona
hofcphcna fnxcnoc hopaxcnuc na mopc. 3nauufcninan uacfi ufani-
nnckoio qnofa naxonunaci 27 mapfa n mopc y mica Mafahac, ca-
mou kxnou fouku Ipcuuu. Ionnnfic ho fpcnoic cckpcfnimu
cnyxamu, pacmuqponanmumu hpukasi ufaninnckoio komannona-
nun, pufanckuc mopckuc u nosnymnic cuni nncsahno afakonanu
ufaninnckyk sckanpy, n pcsynifafc ona hofcpnna hnfi kpcuccpon u
fpu sckanpcnnix munonocua. H xofn nunkopy Buffopuo Bcncfo,
camomy conpcmcnnomy us ufaninnckux kopancu, ynanoci chac-
fuci, ufaninnckuu qnof onimc nc cmoi ncpnyfi ccc unuuuafuny
u ycfanonufi konfponi nan Cpcnuscmnomopicm.
Hcckoniko ncncni ocnix ncucfnuu ninnunu, ufo nchoniofon-
ncnnocfi Hfanuu n nocnnom ofnomcnuu (o kofopou cfoni nacfou-
uuno ionopunoci nccnou 1J i.) nc ina ycfpancna sa onun ion.
a sfo u ncnosmoxno ino cncnafi, unnksuu xc hpofunohonox-
noio xapakfcpa, cocfonnmuc n fom, ufo ncmcukuc hocni moiyf
J1
hofnnyfi sa coou hocni ufaninnucn, okasanuci ncoocnonan-
nimu. 3a mccnu c nconimum Hfanun hofcphcna ccpicsnic nocn-
nic hopaxcnun, kofopic honopnanu cc hpccfux n pamkax Ocu u
hponcmoncfpuponanu, hpcxnc nccio, ufo ufano-icpmanckan koanu-
uun noncc nc ina nchocnumou. Hfanun hokasana, ufo, kak u
hpcnnuncnu mnoiuc, ona hpcncfannncf coou camoc cnaoc sncno
iufncponckou cucfcmi, na kofopoc npaiu Ocu moiyf nosncucfno-
nafi c nauonimum ychcxom.
C sfoio momcnfa cfano oucnunno, ufo pachpocfpancnuc nocn-
nix ncucfnuu sa hpcncni Inpohi noncc nc nnnnnoci ynaunou unu-
uuafunou Mycconunu, hockoniky ono honoxuno nauano hcpnim
ncynauam cfpan Ocu. Iosuuun Hfanuu nnyfpu fpoucfncnnou ko-
anuuuu ina n pcsynifafc sfoio cunino ocnancna, a Iufncp, xofn
u hpononxan hponnnnfi hokasnyk yufunocfi n ofnomcnuu camoio
Mycconunu, nauan ofnocuficn k Hfanuu kak k camomy nacfonmc-
my cafcnnufy, kofopiu nonxcn honuunnficn ucnnm icpmanckou
honufuku. Takum opasom, ncmnoiux nncu nouni xnafuno, ufoi
paspymufi unnksuk Mycconunu o fom, ufo Hfanun nnnnnaci nc-
nukou ncpxanou. B ncucfnufcninocfu ona fakonou nukoina nc
ina, u cu nc ynanoci uchonisonafi no konua pccypci, honnunmu-
ccn c usmcncnucm nuhnomafuucckou cufyauuu n mcxnocnnoc nnan-
uafuncfuc.
5.6.3. BOEHHOE BMETATELBCTBO FEPMAHUU
HA BALKAHAX
B sfou nonou cufyauuu, a fakxc c yucfom hosuuuu Concfon,
panno kak u hpunuuhuaninix pcmcnuu Iufncpa, honhucanmcio
18 nckapn nupckfuny N 21 ofnocufcnino nahancnun na Concf-
ckuu Coks, hponcma ymcnimcnun nccfauninocfu na Iankanax
hpcncfanana ho-nonomy. Icpnuny ino yxc mano skchancuu Bcni-
puu, honuuncnun Ioniapuu, okkyhauuu Iyminuu. Hyxno ino
csofnaiafcnino pcmafi hponcmi Ipcuuu u, n cmc onimcu cfc-
hcnu, Kiocnanuu, ccnu ncmui xofcnu nc nohycfufi, ufoi aninu-
uanc uchonisonanu cufyauuk n sfom pciuonc nnn pasncpfinanun
nacfyhncnun. B pamkax sfoio nonoio honxona nnoni hpuopcnu ak-
fyaninocfi hponcmi Bocfounoio Cpcnuscmnomopin (inc fcm npc-
mcncm aninuuanam, pachonoxunmum asi na ipcucckux ocfponax
cmnoc u Kpuf, ynanoci ykpchufi cnou hosuuuu). Iufncp icfpo
hcpccmofpcn hnani, u 12O nnnapn 141 i. coomun o nux Myc-
conunu. Onu hpcnycmafpunanu icfpic ncucfnun ncmucn, kofo-
pic c fcppufopuu Iyminuu, hpomnu i ucpcs oniapckyk fcppu-
fopuk u ncfyhunu i n Ipcuuk. Monuanunoc coinacuc Ioniapuu
J2
nonxno ino ifi honyucno c homomik ocmanun hpcnocfanufi
cu nixon k mopk sa cucf Ipcuuu. Tpynncc ino honyuufi coinacuc
Concfon, ccnu foniko nc uchonisonafi oiunic hpucmi ncsun-
qopmauuu.
Ofu hnani cmc nc kacanuci Kiocnanuu, inc hpunu-pcicnf Ia-
ncn u hpanufcnicfno .Hncfkonuua hifanuci n fcucnuc ncckoni-
kux mccnucn nanuponafi n afmocqcpc oucnunnoio ufano-ncmcukoio
cohcpnuuccfna. 3a hcpuon c konua 14O i. no hcpnix ncncni 141 i.
inu usyucni pasnuunic qopmi noionopcnnocfcu, kofopic moi-
nu i ynonncfnopufi kak ncmcukuc, fak u ufaninnckuc fpcona-
nun n omcn na ocmanuc, ufo, n cnyuac honhucanun hakfa o nc-
nahancnuu co cfpanamu Ocu u coinacun na ncmunufapusauuk
anpuafuucckoio hocpcxin, Kiocnanun hocnc hopaxcnun Ipcuuu
honyuuf hopf Canonuku. Kpomc foio, nnn ykpchncnun cofpynnuuc-
cfna c Kiocnanucu ncmui hofpconanu hpucocnuncnun Icnipana k
Tpoucfncnnomy coksy, k kofopomy 2O nonpn hpucocnununaci
Bcnipun, a 2J nonpn cc hpumcpy hocncnonana Iyminun.
Cufyauun n Kiocnanuu cfanonunaci c kaxnim nncm ncc cnox-
ncc u npamafuuncc. B konuc qcnpann ncmui nauanu hcpcpaci-
nafi cnok apmuk ucpcs oniapckyk fcppufopuk n nahpanncnuu
Ipcuuu. Hcckoniko nncu chycfn, 4 mapfa hpunu Iancn ofhpanuncn
n cfpoxaumcu faunc k Iufncpy n Icpxfcciancn, onnako onu nc
hpumnu nu k kakomy coinamcnuk. Iufncp ckopcc nahyian cnocio
cocccnnuka, yipoxan, ufo nchpucocnuncnuc Kiocnanuu k Tpou-
cfncnnomy hakfy yncf chococfnonafi saxnafy Canonuk fpcficu
ncpxanou. B fof momcnf n Kiocnanuu paspasuncn ocfpcumuu
kpusuc. Icicnf u hpcmicp-munucfp nacfaunanu, ufoi ycnonun
ncmucn inu hpunnfi n omcn na iapanfuk fcppufopuaninou uc-
nocfnocfu Kiocnanuu, onnako mncnun uncnon hpanufcnicfna ho
sfomy nohpocy pasncnunuci. Tpu munucfpa 2O mapfa honanu n of-
cfanky. Hcfipc nnn chycfn Hncfkonuu u munucfp unocfpannix ncn
Hunuap-Mapkonuu honhucanu n Bcnc coinamcnuc o hpucocnunc-
nuu k Tpoucfncnnomy hakfy. Onnako, nmccfo foio, ufoi pcmufi
hponcmi cfpani, sfof nncsahniu mai numi ycyiyun ux. 27 mapfa
n noopyxcnnix cunax nauancn mnfcx, nosinanncnniu komannyk-
mum anuauucu icncpanom Cumonuucm, kofopiu in honncpxan
naponnimu nicfyhncnunmu. Cumonuuy ynanoci cncpinyfi hpanu-
fcnicfno Hncfkonuua, hocnc ucio on ninynun hpunua-pcicnfa ho-
kunyfi cfpany u hpusnan na fpon mononoio koponn Icfpa. Hs
Mockni n sfo npcmn hpumno usnccfuc o saknkucnuu noionopa o
npyxc c Concfckum Coksom, numcnnoio k nannomy momcnfy
ncnkoio cmicna.
Hmcnno sfu coifun hokasanu, ufo kiocnanckyk cufyauuk
ncnisn nsnfi hon konfponi foniko c homomik honufuko-nuhnoma-
JJ
fuucckux mcfonon. B fof xc ncni, 27 mapfa Iufncp co cnocu cfopo-
ni hpunnn konfpmcpi. B ucnnx occhcuufi hpcncfonnmcc nckopc
nahancnuc na CCCI u ynauniu ucxon nahancnun na Ipcuuk fpc-
onanoci ymupofnopcnuc Kiocnanuu. Hcoxonuma ina, cncno-
nafcnino, nocnnan akuun, kofopan hpccckna i ncnkoc cohpofun-
ncnuc. Iufncp pcmun nauafi nacfyhncnuc ncmcnncnno, 5 ahpcnn.
Mycconunu in cpasy xc hpounqopmuponan o sfom pcmcnuu u o
nfopocfchcnnix sanauax, kofopic ofnonunuci ufaninnckum nouc-
kam: hpukpinafi hpaniu qnani ncmcukou apmuu u samumafi cc-
ncpnic ipanuui Ananuu. Bcnipon fakxc hpuinacunu yuacfnonafi
n nocnnix ncucfnunx, onnako, xofn ynahcmfckoc hpanufcnicfno
ino fccno cnnsano c hpanufcnicfnamu cfpan Ocu, hpcmicp-mu-
nucfp Tcncku nc namcpcnancn honcfpaunafi cnok honufuky hon
honufuky ncmucn, xofn i hofomy, ufo noncc nc in yncpcn n nc-
uscxnocfu icpmanckou hocni. Kpomc foio, Bcnipun u Kiocna-
nun ncsanonio no sfoio, 12 nckapn honhucanu hakf o ncunou
npyxc, napymcnuc kofopoio Tcncku cuufan ccuccfnim. On ho-
hifancn niuipafi npcmn u naufu honncpxky unu, ho kpauncu mcpc,
honumanuc n onnonc, onnako in ofcfpancn of nnacfu cnoumu
nocnauaninukamu, cpasy nsnnmumu na ccn unuuuafuny cofpynnu-
uccfna c ncmuamu u nauanmumu hponnuxcnuc sa hpcncni ncnicp-
ckou ipanuui c fcm, ufoi sancpmufi okpyxcnuc Kiocnanuu. Tc-
ncku, ynyuu ucnonckom uccfu, hokonuun c coou n noui co 2-io
na J-c ahpcnn, koina ncmcukuc noucka ncfyhunu na ncnicpckyk
fcppufopuk, hponnuianci k Kiocnanuu, hocnc ucio Bcnipun hpu-
cocnununaci k ohcpauunm ncmucn.
Okasannancn n honnom okpyxcnuu, Kiocnanun honncpinaci na-
hancnuk, honfncpnunmcmy cuny icpmanckux poncfankonix u no-
cnno-nosnymnix cun. ocfafouno ino 12 nncu, ufoi sacfanufi
koponn u hpanufcnicfno 17 ahpcnn hokunyfi cfpany u nouficn
kahufynnuuu kiocnanckou apmuu. Onnonpcmcnno c sfum u fakumu
xc fcmhamu pasnunanoci nacfyhncnuc na Ipcuuk. 2O ahpcnn ipc-
ucckoc komannonanuc opafunoci k ncmuam c hpcnnoxcnucm ka-
hufynnuuu, onnako fc hofpconanu, ufoi fakan xc hpocia ina
nahpanncna ufaninnuam. Kahufynnuun ina honhucana 2 ahpcnn,
hocnc foio, kak koponi Icopi II ykpincn n Kaupc. Ha cncnykmuu
ncni ncmui cosnanu n Aqunax mapuoncfounoc hpanufcnicfno. Tcm
npcmcncm icpmanckuc noucka 2O man 1 uknn sancpmunu ohcpa-
uuu ho saxnafy Kpufa nc cfoniko n nuny hpcncfonmux ncucfnuu
hpofun Iiuhfa, ckoniko nnn samufi Iankanckoio honyocfpona u
cosnanun hpchnfcfnun nnn nosmoxnix hpoxonon aninuuckoio u
concfckoio qnofon ucpcs hponuni.
Yuacfi hocxncnnou Kiocnanuu ina camou fnxcnou ho cpan-
ncnuk co nccmu Iankanckumu cfpanamu. Cosnannan, kak u Hcxo-
J4
cnonakun, na Iapuxckou konqcpcnuuu, ona, fak xc kak u Hcxoc-
nonakun, ina paspymcna n osnamcnonanuc fpuymqa pcnusuonus-
ma. Xopnafckuc cchapafucfi hocnunu, nounmuci hpusnanun
cnocu ncsanucumocfu. Honoc iocynapcfno, kofopoc nonxno ino
hpocfupaficn of ucfopuucckou Xopnafuu (sa ucknkucnucm hoc-
pcxin anmauuu, hcpcnannoio Hfanuu) no Iocnuu-Icpucionuni,
nncpnnoci noxnk qamucfckoio qopmuponanun ycfamcu Anfc Ia-
ncnuua, c 2O-x ionon cofpynnuuanmcio cnauana c ufaninnuamu, a
safcm c ncmuamu. Onnako nnn foio, ufoi ynonncfnopufi ufaninn-
ckuc ycfpcmncnun, ino pcmcno, ufo Xopnafun hpcnpafufcn n ko-
poncncfno onnoio us hpunucn Canouckoio noma. B ncucfnufcnino-
cfu monapxom cfan icpuoi Choncfckuu, mnanmuu paf icpuoia
nÀocfa, inmcio n fo npcmn iycpnafopom u samufnukom unfcpc-
con ufaninnckou umhcpuu n Oquohuu. Icpuoi-koponi n coofncf-
cfnuu c mccfnimu fpanuuunmu honyuun umn Tomucnan I. On, on-
nako, nc xofcn u nc moi ncfyhufi n hpana onananun cnoum kopo-
ncncfnom, xofn i hofomy, ufo koponauun ina ofnoxcna no okon-
uanun nouni. Hfo kacacfcn fcppufopuu ocfaninou Kiocnanuu, fo
ona ina nosnpamcna Ccpuu n ipanuuax 114 i., no c usmcncnun-
mu ipanuui n honisy Ioniapuu (n pauonc Iupofa). Ioniapun ina
nosnaipaxncna sa cnoc cofpynnuuccfno annckcucu houfu nccu Ma-
kcnonuu u houfu nccu pakuu, sa ucknkucnucm Canonuk, kofo-
pic ocfanuci y Ipcuuu. B ccncpnou uacfu pacuncncnnou Kiocna-
nuu onacfi Ianaf ocfanaci hon ncmcukum yhpanncnucm, a Cnonc-
nun ina pasncncna na ccncpnyk, annckcuponannyk Icpmanucu, u
kxnyk, c knnnou, annckcuponannyk Hfanucu. Hfanun annck-
cuponana fakxc uacfi anmauuu, ocfanun Xopnafuu Iaiysy (y-
ponnuk) u hpupcxnyk honocy k kiy of uymc. Iauoni 3apa, Ccc-
nuko, Chanafo, Kaffapo inu hcpcnani Hfanuu n apcnny na 25 ncf.
Iononom nnn ckpomnoio ynonncfnopcnun nunacfuucckux amuuuu
cfano noccfanonncnuc Hcpnoiopuu n kauccfnc ncsanucumoio, no
honuuncnnoio ufaninnckou koponc iocynapcfna, hockoniky kopo-
ncna Hfanuuu ina noucpik inmcio koponn Hcpnoiopuu.
Hccmofpn na ofcpouky na mccnu nahancnun na Concfckuu Coks,
Iufncp in, onnako, iofon k sfomy cncnykmcmy maiy n pcanusa-
uuu cnocu hpoipammi. H xofn cnaocfi Hfanuu numi honpcnuna
nncmncmy umunxy Ocu, monnucnocnic hocni na Iankanax
honfncpnunu momi icpmanckou nocnnou mamuni. Kasanoci, nono-
ni cuni honfncpxnakf mofunauuu honufuku Iufncpa. B pcanusa-
uuu cnocu anfuconcfckou honufuucckou hpoipammi on nuncn noh-
nomcnuc nokfpuni icpmanckoio xusncnnoio hpocfpancfna. Ipcn-
hpunuman cnou ncucfnun, Iufncp nyman o Icpmanuu, choconou
yfncpnufi cnok iochoncfnykmyk poni nan nccu Inpohou, a fakxc
J5
cnok inoaninyk poni n pamkax onimux muponix hpocfpancfn.
Ha nihonncnuc sfou hpoipammi on pocun ncc pccypci cfpani u
ncucfnonan c cchpunuuhnocfik, icfpofou u nacunucm cs hpa-
nun u oipanuucnuu, kacakmuxcn hocncncfnuu nouni nnn ipaxnan-
ckoio naccncnun. Bcc honuunnnoci ucnu nocnnoio fpuymqa, u ncnkoc
ncucfnuc, naxc camoc nuskoc n mopaninom hnanc, kak, nahpumcp,
ucfpcncnuc pcaninix unu xc noopaxacmix npaion, hpcncfannn-
noci pauuonaninim c fouku spcnun samicna sanocnanun muponoio
iochoncfna, kofopoc n ccpcnunc 141 i. Iufncp cuufan cmc nocfu-
xumim. Ofu mcfoni icfpo hpuncnu k nosnuknoncnuk momnoio
nnuxcnun cohpofunncnun, kofopoc hpu honnncnuu hcpnix hpu-
snakon icpmanckou cnaocfu hpcnpafufcn n noopyxcnnyk opiy
hpofun yincfafcncu.
Hfo kacacfcn oipanuucnnocfu sfou konuchuuu, fo Iufncp hpc-
kpacno snan nosmoxnocfu amcpukanucn u yhopcfno aninuuan, no
on honaian, ufo cmoxcf hocnufi ux, sainan oc ncpxani n fyhuk,
cnuncfncnnou anifcpnafunou kofopomy ina icpmanckan icicmo-
nun. On hpumufunno ncnooucnunan hpoucxonunmcc n Concfckom
Coksc, cuufan, ufo concfckuu konocc cfouf na inunnnix noiax u
ufo icfpiu ynap moxcf cio cokpymufi. On nc cymcn ynonufi us-
mcncnuu inoaninou pcaninocfu. On nc honnn, ufo c nauana ncka
Ioccun (unu CCCI) u Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nocfuinu macmfaa
cncpxncpxan, u iofonuncn nocnafi, ncpn n fo, ufo qakfop npcmcnu
homoxcf cmy oncpxafi hocny hpcxnc, ucm koanuuun hpofunnu-
kon cymccf konconunuponaficn. Iio fakfuucckou hponuuafcninoc-
fu u fonkocfu cio nuhnomafuucckux u nocnnix maion hpofunopc-
uun ipyiu u ncohpcncncnniu opas, kofopim on ohcpuponan n
cfpafciuucckom hnanc nnn nonou Icpmanuu. Cqopmuponanmuci n
pamkax ycfapcnmcio u honcpxnocfnoio honxona, on nc samcfun, ufo
ynymcc hpunanncxano cncpxncpxanam u naponam, honnunmumcn
us csnccfnocfu kononuanusma. Hahanan na Concfckuu Coks, on
iofonuncn nanccfu camiu cokpymufcniniu ynap ho hocncnnum
pccypcam cnpohcuckoio hpconananun n muponou honufukc.
6.1. Hanatenwe Fepmanww na Coneicxww Cos
6.1.1. FUTLEP U COBETCKUU COLB
Icpmanckuc noopyxcnnic cuni nahanu na Concfckuu Coks
22 uknn 141 i. B coofncfcfnuu c samicnom Iufncpa sfa nouna pc-
mana naxnic hponcmi, no nc umcna ohpcncnnkmcio snaucnun.
kpcp ncc cmc nancnncn ninynufi Shonuk ofkasaficn of ncufpa-
nufcfa u nahacfi na CCCI c nocfoka c fcm, ufoi sa ncckoniko
ncncni sancpmufi nocnnyk kamhanuk. B fakom cnyuac ucxon
cxnafku in i nciko hpcnckasycm. Bosmoxno, Yuncfon Hcpuunni
in i cmcfcn hauuqucfamu, a Bcnukopufanun ina i ninyx-
ncna noufu n cqcpy nnunnun Icpmanuu. Bosmoxno, aninuuanc
hpononxunu i cohpofunncnuc nmccfc c nonim, nacfonmum npa-
iom Icpmanuu, Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, uiu hnani hpcnpamcnun
n inoaninok ncpxany inu yxc oucnunni u koux foniko ccuuac
Iufncp nauan cuufafi inannim hpchnfcfnucm na hyfu Icpmanuu k
ychcxy.
Hc cnyuauno, 14 uknn, mcnimc, ucm ucpcs mccnu hocnc nauana
ocymccfnncnun hnana Iapapocca, Iufncp ofnan hpukas o usmc-
ncnuu n hpoipammax hcpcnoopyxcnun. B nascmnix noopyxcnunx
onu nonxni inu kocnyficn hpcxnc nccio poncfankonix cun,
choconix icfpo hcpcnnuiaficn ho oipomnou fcppufopuu Conc-
fon, onnako hpcnhoufcnuc nonxno ino ifi ofnano nocnno-mop-
ckomy qnofy u anuauuu (kofopan yncnuuunanaci n ucfipc pasa) c
fcm, ufoi ocymccfnufi inoaniniu hnan, nahpanncnniu yxc nc
na ynuufoxcnuc CCCI ufo nochpunumanoci kak camo coou pa-
symckmcccn, a na nouny no hocnnoio konua c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu. Ofu hnani hpcnycmafpunanu saxnaf Iupanfapa, Asopc-
kux u Kanapckux ocfponon, a fakxc ocfponon 3cncnoio Mica. Onu
fakxc hpcnycmafpunanu hpcnpamcnuc Mapokko n ncmcukuu acfu-
on c fcm, ufoi konfponuponafi ccncpniu cpci Aqpuku nhnofi
no akapa. B Cpcnuscmnom mopc hnanuponanoci, nauan c unuu u
Ioniapuu, saxnafufi Iiuhcf u npyiuc aninuuckuc hosuuuu na Inux-
ncm Bocfokc, u, hpounn ucpcs Typuuk, Kankas, Hpan, nocfuui
Aqianucfana nnn foio, ufoi yipoxafi Ipufanckou umhcpuu n
Hnnuu c ccncpo-sahana. Okpyxcnuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon nonxno
ino noncpmufi cofpynnuuccfno c Shonucu.
Ftana mecian
LLOBALBHAH BONHA
Ofof hnan, paccuufanniu na ofcyfcfnuc kakux i fo nu ino
oipanuuufcncu nnn icpmanckux hocn, moi hokasaficn ohpannan-
nim n cncfc foio, ufo hpousomno n hcpnic nnanuafi mccnucn nou-
ni. Onnako on cfpouncn na nckofopix hpcnhocinkax, okasanmux-
cn ncpcaninimu. B fcucnuc nconimoio ofpcska npcmcnu, koina
sfu hpcnhocinku hponnunuci, honnocfik usmcnunaci inoaninan
honufuucckan cufyauun, u ncmcukan Inpoha okasanoci n cufyauuu
usonnuuu, a ucnfp fnxccfu muponou nuhnomafuu cmccfuncn of
Icpnuna unu, ccnu yionno, of unuuuafun Iufncpa, nonnc, fo ccfi n
onnon, Bamunifon, Mockny, Tokuo. Omuouno ino paccuu-
finafi na nicfyhncnuc Shonuu hpofun CCCI; omuouno ino
ncpufi, ufo Hcpuunni nc onanan hpounou honncpxkou honannnk-
mcio onimuncfna aninuuan; omuouno ino cuufafi, ufo amcpu-
kanui nc naunyf ncucfnonafi cmc no foio, kak ncfyhnf n nouny.
Onnako, hpcxnc nccio, okasancn numcnnim ocnonanun pacucfckuu
ohfumusm, c kofopim kak honufuucckuu mup, fak u icpmanckuc
nocnnic oucnunanu choconocfi CCCI k cohpofunncnuk. cnin-
mapman qon Ipayxuu hpcnycmafpunan, ufo kamhanun hpofun Co-
ncfckoio Coksa hponnufcn of ucfipcx no mccfu ncncni, u ufo ho-
nanoufcn 8O1OO ncmcukux nunusuu, kofopim pycckuc cmoiyf
hpofunohocfanufi numi 5O7O ionnix nunusuu. Ionopka pacu-
cfckux uufaf, ncnooucnunanmux choconocfi Concfon k cohpofun-
ncnuk, u usopaxanmux CCCI n kauccfnc konocca na inunnnix
noiax, cfoni omupna, ufo cfana cfcpcofuhom, cknosi kofopiu
hpoinnninakf numi nckofopic cnna samcfnic comncnun.
To ocfonfcnicfno, ufo pycckuc okasanu cohpofunncnuc ncmcu-
komy nacfyhncnuk u ufo nhonui nc nmcmanuci n anfukomunfcp-
nonckyk nouny, cncnycf paccmafpunafi nc foniko c fouku spcnun
cio nocnno-honufuucckoio snaucnun, no fakxc, u hpcxnc nccio, n
cncfc honopofa, hpoucmcnmcio hon cio nosncucfnucm n mcxnyna-
ponnix nuhnomafuucckux ofnomcnunx. Ofo in okonuafcniniu
honopof, hpcnpafunmuu Inpohy us cytckfa, nomunuponanmcio n
muponou honufukc, n cc otckf. Hauunan c ncfa 141 i. fo, ufo
hpoucxonuno n Inpohc, umcno snaucnuc numi hocfoniky, hockoni-
ky ofpaxano hpoucxonunmcc sa cc hpcncnamu. A sa cc hpcncnamu
qopmuponanoci coofnomcnuc cun u hponcmi, kofopic cfanyf no-
munupykmumu n hocncnocnnnic nccnfuncfun.
Mcxny ccnfnpcm 1J u ukncm 141 i. hponnuxcnuc ncmcu-
kux nouck cohponoxnanoci fpuymqaninimu ychcxamu icpmanckou
nuhnomafuu. Icmcnun qkpcpa nnunnu na xusni nccio konfuncnfa
u hpocuuponanu cnpohcuckyk momi (xofn u hpu yxc nauunanmcm
hponnnnficn cohpofunncnuu) na ncci ocfaninou mup. Inoaninan
honufuucckan cufyauun hpcncfannnnaci oycnonncnnou, nahpannnc-
J7 Ftana 6. Ftoatnnan nowna
J8
mou unu opucnfuponannou noncu ncmcukoio nukfafopa, fo ccfi
uchonisycmou um n cocfncnnix unfcpccax choconocfik yhpan-
nnfi cyniamu camoio momnoio nnpa honufuucckux u skonomuucc-
kux cun, cymccfnonanmcio n mupc, yuufinan fof qakf, ufo Iufncp
moi, ho kpauncu mcpc, na ymaic konfponuponafi nc foniko mcfpo-
honuk, no fakxc u uacfi omupnix kononuaninix umhcpuu cnpo-
hccuckux cfpan, sa ucknkucnucm Bcnukopufanuu. B sfom cmicnc
moxno ionopufi o upcsniuaunom pachpocfpancnuu cnpohcuckou
icicmonuu, cocpcnofoucnnou n onnom nnuxymcm ucnfpc. Onnako
pcui mna o sqcmcpnou icicmonuu, hocfpocnnou na nncmnc pa-
uuonaninix pacucfax, oycnonncnnix coofncfcfnucm coifuu iuf-
ncponckomy samicny, fo ccfi conhancnucm honufuucckoio pacucfa
Iufncpa u pasnufucm konkpcfnix cufyauuu.
Takoc conhancnuc ino nosmoxno, hoka Iufncpy hpuxonunoci
cfankunaficn c pcaninocfik, coofncfcfnykmcu cio honiofonkc u
cio snanunm. Ono cfanonunoci n mcnimcu cfchcnu nosmoxnim,
koina cmy hpuxonunoci cousmcpnficn c cufyauunmu, n kofopix on
hnoxo pasupancn unu n cuny pacucfckoio hpcspcnun k otckfy
ananusa, kak n cnyuac c Concfckum Coksom (pycckuc hpcncfannnnu
nccio numi nusmyk pacy), unu xc us-sa cmccu pacusma u ncho-
numanun amcpukanckoio mcnfanufcfa no nccu cio cnoxnocfu.
Hnimu cnonamu, Iufncp moi nomunuponafi n cnpohcuckou nuhno-
mafuu u uunuuno usncnaficn nan uyncfnufcninocfik u cfpaxamu
hpcncfanufcncu ncmokpafuucckux ncpxan, no in nc n cocfonnuu
honnfi u hpcnnuncfi honunnyk pcakuuk nu pycckux, nu amcpu-
kanucn.
Koina ncmcukuu nukfafop pcmun nahacfi na Concfckuu Coks,
on hpcncfannnn ccc hnan Iapapocca kak ofnnckakmuu mancnp,
naxniu nnn Icpmanuu n ucnnx sanocnanun xusncnnoio hpocfpan-
cfna, no nfopocfchcnnoio ho ofnomcnuk k omcmy samicny no-
cnnix ohcpauuu. Cofpynnuuccfno c nhonuamu, c onnou cfoponi,
cncpxunano i amcpukanucn, a c npyiou, hocfanuno i Concfi
n xynmyk us nosmoxnix nocnnyk cufyauuk: ncoxonumocfu nc-
nufi ckynnic cuni mcxny nnymn onunakono naxnimu qponfamu.
Onnako, nahpofun, umcnno nauano sfux ncucfnuu nonxno ino n
honufuucckom hnanc hpunccfu k hponany nccx ncmcukux hnanon.
C uknn 141 i. choconocfi nomunuponafi nan npyiumu unu
nukfonafi um ux ncucfnun ucucsna. Hauan aipcccuk hpofun Concf-
ckoio Coksa, Iufncp ncpnyn unuuuafuny npyium: aninuuanam, ho-
chcmunmum hpofnnyfi pyky Cfanuny, amcpukanuam, kofopic cfa-
nu oncc unfcncunno cofpynnuuafi c Bcnukopufanucu. pyiumu
cnonamu, Iufncp hpuncn n nnuxcnuc qopmuponanuc koanuuuu, o~-
xo0nueu :u npe0e:~ Inpohi, hocfanunmcu ucnik ofnocnanuc Inpo-
J
hi, ocnooxncnnou of nauucfckoio iochoncfna, no okasanmcucn n
cufyauuu, kofopan hpcnhonaiana, ufo cc choconocfi ifi ocno-
nou nnn pachpcncncnun honufuucckou nnacfu n mupc yncf nanon-
io, ccnu nc nanccina, hocfanncna hon comncnuc. Binyxncnniu
ckonucnfpuponaficn na opic c Concfamu, fpconanmcu of Icp-
manuu ncoxunannix ycunuu, Iufncp okasancn hncnnukom samka,
kofopiu on cam ccc hocfpoun. Icpxfcciancn, opnunoc incsno
moxcf nochpunumaficn kak mcfaqopa sfoio samka u cio usonnuuu.
Tcafp nocnnix ncucfnuu pacmupnncn u cfanonuncn inoaninim
cmc no foio, kak nhonui concpmunu nahancnuc na Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi. Cncnycf oucni nnumafcnino ofnccfuci k sfomy honopofy,
hockoniky on osnauan nauano nonou shoxu n ucfopuu mcxnyna-
ponnix ofnomcnuu.
6.1.2. HEPBMU OTAH HEMEUKOU AFPECCUU
Inan Iapapocca nauan ocymccfnnnficn na paccncfc 22 uknn
141 i. Iufncp ninnunyn nhcpcn nnymufcninic cuni: 15J nunu-
suu, 6OO fic. mofopusonannix cpcncfn, J 58O fankon, 72OO apfun-
ncpuuckux opynuu, ncmnoium mcncc J fic. camoncfon. K sfou apma-
nc hpucocnununuci pyminckuc, qunckuc, ncnicpckuc, cnonaukuc
cuni u, ncckoniko hosnncc, fpu ufaninnckuc nunusuu u nunusun
uchanckux nopononiucn (IIvIsIon AzuI Ionyan nunusun). Ha-
hancnuc ino nncsahnim, naionapn ucmy nkqfnaqqc ynanoci ho-
pasufi concfckyk nocnnyk fcxnuky hpcxnc, ucm ona cmoina ofpca-
iuponafi. Mcxny fcm poncfankonic cpcncfna honcnu nacfyhncnuc
ninyi fcpppufopuu n coofncfcfnuu c fakfukou, ychcmno uchi-
fannou n Ionimc, panuuu u na Iankanax. B fc xc camic uaci
icpmanckuu hocon n Mocknc qon Uyncnypi npyuun Monofony
nnunnyk nofy, n kofopou Concfam in hpcncfanncn hcpcucni hpo-
fccfon ncmcukou cfoponi ho honony nconnokpafnix napymcnuu
hakfa 2J aniycfa 1J i., xapakfcpusonanmuxcn onnonpcmcnno kak
mancnpi c ucnik hpofunocfonfi hohifkc ncmucn ycfanonufi n
Inpohc hpouniu hopnnok, kak nipaxcnuc ncc oncc anfuicp-
manckou nncmncu honufuku u kak hponnncnuc cfpcmncnun nccfu
nouny c camou Icpmanucu:
Concfckoc hpanufcnicfno pasopnano cnou onsafcnicfna hcpcn
Icpmanucu u coupacfcn nonsufi nox n chuny Icpmanuu n fo npc-
mn, kak ona opcfcn sa cnoc cymccfnonanuc. Iosfomy qkpcp hpu-
kasan icpmanckum noopyxcnnim cunam hpofunocfonfi fakou ohac-
nocfu nccmu umckmumucn n ux pachopnxcnuu cpcncfnamu.
Iocny ncucio ino noanufi. B fo xc npcmn ananoiuunan cuc-
na pasnopauunanaci n Icpnunc, inc Iucnfpoh nisnan n 4 uaca
Ftana 6. Ftoatnnan nowna
4OO
yfpa concfckoio hocna ckanosona. B noncpmcnuc Iufncp n fc xc
uaci hocnan Mycconunu nnunnoc hucimo, n kofopom usnaian hpu-
uuni, kofopic hpuncnu cio k hpunnfuk camoio fpynnoio pcmc-
nun n cio xusnu, a umcnno, honoxufi koncu nuucmcpnou
uipc Kpcmnn. Bouna yncf fpynnou, onnako Iufncp nc comncnan-
cn n ychcxc. 3afcm on usnunnncn sa oucpcnnoc napymcnuc hakfa o
nsaumnix koncynifauunx: S nixunan no nacfonmcio momcnfa,
yuc, ufoi nahpanufi Bam sfo hocnanuc, hockoniky okonuafcni-
noc pcmcnuc ino hpunnfo numi ccionnn, n ccmi uacon ncucpa.
H noannnn, ofkpinan cyfi cnoux hnanon u hpusnanan n konuc ymccf-
nimu ocnonanun nnn ocfopoxnocfu Mycconunu n nnnapc 14O i.:
Hfo i nu cnyuunoci, yuc, namc honoxcnuc nc moxcf yxyn-
muficn n pcsynifafc sfoio maia, ona moxcf foniko ynyumuficn...
Tcm nc mcncc, ccnu Aninun nc usnncucf nonxnic ninoni us cypo-
nix qakfon, fo mi, umcn sa hncuamu nancxniu fin, cmoxcm c nos-
pocmumu cunamu opymuficn na hpofunnuka c ucnik cio ynuufo-
xcnun...
Iosnonifc mnc, yuc, ckasafi Bam cmc onno. Iocnc foio, kak n
opic c coou n hpumcn k sfomy pcmcnuk, n omymak ccn cnona
nnyfpcnnc cnoonnim. Cofpynnuuccfno c Concfckum Coksom, nc-
cmofpn na aconkfnyk uckpcnnocfi namux ycunuu c ucnik hpunfu
k okonuafcninomy hpumupcnuk, ino nnn mcnn nccima fniocfnim,
hockoniky fak unu unauc sfo okasinanoci n hpofunopcuuu co ncc-
mu moumu hcpnonauaninimu hosuuunmu, c moumu konuchuunmu
u moumu hpcxnumu onsafcnicfnamu. Tchcpi n nccima ynonncfno-
pcn fcm, ufo ocnoonuncn of sfoio mopaninoio pcmcnu.
Hahancnuc na Concfckuu Coks ino hpcnhpunnfo ncmuamu c
concpmcnno ncymccfnim ohfumusmom u ino sanymano Iufncpom
kak hcpniu mai na hyfu k ynuufoxcnuk hpofunnuka, kofopic
hpunanu nounc, yxc u cs foio ncoiuauno xccfokou, onuosniu
xapakfcp, cfanmuu nhocncncfnuu onnum us cc nauoncc hofpncak-
mux noopaxcnuc momcnfon. Ipuuuna ohfumusma saknkuanaci n
ycxncnnocfu n ohcpafunnom u fcxnonoiuucckom hpcnocxoncfnc
icpmanckux nooopyxcnnix cun. Hcnannuc cfanunckuc uucfku nic-
mcio komannnoio cocfana apmuu nananu ocnonanun cuufafi, ufo
concfckuc nooopyxcnnic cuni naxonunuci n cocfonnuu honnoio
pasnana. Ofo nc osnauacf, ufo n ncmcukou apmuu nc ino oquuc-
pon, n fom uucnc u nicokoio yponnn, cosnananmux puck, na kofo-
piu onu mnu, u ncponfnocfi foio, ufo sfof puck hpcniman nos-
moxnocfu ncmucn. Onnako onu inu honanncni nomunupykmum
fcucnucm, u kak i fo nu ino, opcucni na monuanuc us-sa hon-
noio iochoncfna cfpafciuucckux pcmcnuu Iufncpa u konfponn icc-
faho (Ueheime ruurspoli,ei), nuknunuponanmcio ncnkoc honouc nc-
coinacun.
4O1
Onuosniu xapakfcp nouni cfan oucnuncn naionapn hpucymum
cu c foio momcnfa ucnnm icnouuna. o fcx hop, hoka nouna ncnaci
co cfpanamu 3ahannou Inpohi, ncmcukuc noopyxcnnic cuni,
xofn u ncucfnonanu co sncpckou xccfokocfik, nc hpccncnonanu
ucncu cucfcmafuucckoio ynuufoxcnun naccncnun. Anfucnpcuckuc
hpccncnonanun, nauafic n Icpmanuu, inu skchopfuponani n ok-
kyhuponannic cfpani, u hpcxnc nccio n Ionimy, ucpcs cosnanuc
icffo u hcpnic macconic yuucfna (14O i.), onnako onu nc hpu-
opcnu cmc ucpf hpoipammi ynuufoxcnun naccncnun, kofopan
yncf cohponoxnafi nouny hpofun Concfckoio Coksa. Ofo usmcnc-
nuc umhnuuufno concpxanoci n nauucfckou konuchuuuu paci u n
anfucnpcuckou honufukc, no ono cmc nc hpuopcno oucpfanuu nc-
ncnun nouni hpofun napona nusmcu paci. Icpniu mai n sfom
nahpanncnuu in concpmcn J mapfa 141 i., koina icncpan apfun-
ncpuu Aniqpcn Honni, ucnonck, cfanmuu nmccfc c Iufncpom hcp-
nim yuacfnukom honiofonku hnana nahancnun na CCCI, usnoxun
Ocoic uncfpykuuu, kofopic, ho nonc qkpcpa, nonxni inu
hpunaiaficn k hpukasam ho hnany Iapapocca.
Ipcncfonman kamhanun, hucan Honni, yncf ucm-fo
onimum, ucm hpocfou noopyxcnniu konqnukf; ona yncf cxnaf-
kou mcxny pasnimu unconoiunmu. Yuufinan macmfai nonncucn-
nou fcppufopuu, sfa nouna nc sakonuufcn hpocfim hopaxcnucm
nooopyxcnnix cun hpofunnuka... Ionimcnucfcko-cnpcuckan un-
fcnnuicnuun nonxna ifi ynuufoxcna, hockoniky no cux hop ona
ina yincfafcncm napona.
Ofof nokymcnf cfan ocnonohonaiakmum n hcpnou ofkponcnnou
nupckfunc o macconom ynuufoxcnuu naccncnun, otnnncnnou Iuf-
ncpom na concmanuu inannokomannykmux u camix anfopufcfnix
nocnauaninukon nccx icpmanckux noopyxcnnix cun concmanuu,
cfanmcm onnum us momcnfon, uspannix Iufncpom nnn ninnuxc-
nun cnoux nosynion n xonc nouni. kpcp snan, ufo nc ncc nicmuc
oquucpi inu iofoni cncnonafi sa num ho hyfu icnouuna, kofo-
piu on namcpcnancn ocymccfnnnfi, u xofcn cnoumu saxuiafcnini-
mu nosyniamu u cnoumu ahcnnnuunmu k cfonknoncnuk nnyx uu-
nunusauuu saxcui nymu camix ncpcmufcninix u hocfanufi n
fpynnoc honoxcnuc fcx, kfo, kak on snan, npaxncno ofnocunuci
k cio konuchuunm nouni. Oquuuaninoio fckcfa sfou pcuu nc cy-
mccfnonano. Ho us sahucok icncpana Ianincpa cncnycf, ufo Iufncp
ckasan:
Bouna hpofun Ioccuu yncf nocufi fakou xapakfcp, ufo cc
ncnosmoxno yncf nccfu piuapckumu mcfonamu. Ofo opia
mcxny pasnuunimu unconoiunmu u pacamu, u cc hpuncfcn nccfu c
cchpcucncnfnou xccfokocfik, cchomannocfik u ncymonumocfik.
4O2
Bcc oquucpi nonxni ynyf usanuficn of cnoux ycfapcnmux uncu.
S snak, ufo fakoc ncncnuc nouni nixonuf sa hpcncni namcio ho-
numanun, icncpani, onnako n fncpno nacfaunak na fom, ufoi
mou hpukasi nihonnnnuci cs ocyxncnun. Komuccapi hpcncfan-
nnkf unconoiuk, concpmcnno hpofunohonoxnyk nauuonan-couua-
nusmy. Iosfomy komuccapi nonxni ifi ynuufoxcni. Connafi,
napymunmuc mcxnynaponnic sakoni, ynyf hpomcni... Ioccun nc
yuacfnonana n honhucanuu Iaaickou konncnuuu, cncnonafcnino,
ona nc umccf nukakoio hpana ahcnnuponafi k sfum sakonam.
Icpuni, honyuunmuu nonxnocfi kypafopa ho skonomuucckum
hponcmam, cnnsannim c okkyhauucu nocfounix fcppufopuu, yc-
fanonun, ufo hpousnoncfno hponykuuu na nauoncc hnonoponnix
scmnnx, okkyhuponannix ncmcukumu nouckamu, nc nonxno uc-
honisonaficn nnn cnaxcnun naccncnun hpomimncnnix pauonon.
Iaouux moxno opcui na iononnyk cmcpfi, a ocnonnan macca
hponononicfnun nonxna ifi hpcnnasnaucna ncmuam. B hpukasc
of 2J man 141 i. on yfounnn:
Bcnkan hohifka chacfu naccncnuc of cmcpfu us-sa ncnocna-
nun, umhopfupyn usnumku hponononicfnun us ucpnoscmnou soni
(camou hnonoponnou uacfu Ykpauni) nnunaci i ymcpom cna-
xcnuk Inpohi. Ona cnusuna i choconocfi Icpmanuu ynonncfno-
pnfi cnou cocfncnnic hofpcnocfu no npcmn nouni u nanccna i
ymcp choconocfu Icpmanuu u Inpohi cohpofunnnficn nokanc.
Ofo nonxno ifi ycnocno ncno u ncnnycmicncnno.
Takan konuchuun nocnnix ncucfnuu n ucnom ina onnonpc-
mcnno pachpocfpancna na hpcnycmofpcnnoc ynuufoxcnuc kommy-
nucfuucckux pykononufcncu u cnpccn. B hpcnnncpuu kamhanuu
hpofun CCCI inu cqopmuponani chcuuaninic ocnic ipyh-
hi, kofopic nonxni inu ncucfnonafi n finy apmuu u hon py-
kononcfnom nicmcio komannonanun CC (chur, ruffel) u honuuuu.
2 uknn Icunxapn Icunpux, mcq inannoio yhpanncnun umhcpckou
csohacnocfu, a fakxc inana honuuuu u cnyxi csohacnocfu
(C) pasocnan hpukasi, kofopic on ycfno honyuun of Iummncpa
ncsanonio no nauana ocymccfnncnun hnana Iapapocca. Cpcnu
hpoucio hynkf 4-u inacun:
Kasnu. Ionncxaf kasnu ncc qynkuuoncpi Komunfcpna (kak u
ncc hpoqcccuonaninic kommynucfuucckuc honufuku noomc),
nicmuc, cpcnnuc, mcnkuc qynkuuoncpi hapfuu, ucnfpaninix ko-
mufcfon, onacfnix komufcfon, naponnic komuccapi, cnpcu, sa-
numakmuc hapfuunic u iocynapcfncnnic nonxnocfu, u hpouuc
sncmcnfi |kofopic ynyf coufcni cchoncsnimu].
Ofu hpukasi kacanuci nusmux naponon u cnpccn. Onnako n
ofnomcnuu hocncnnux pcui mna foniko o hcpnom maic nchpcpinnix
4OJ
ioncnuu, kofopic ion chycfn hpuncnyf k hpunnfuk ncknapauuu o
okonuafcninom pcmcnuu. B pcuu JO nnnapn 142 i. n Icpnunc
Iufncp sannun:
Ham ncno, ufo nouna moxcf sakonuuficn foniko nuknunauucu
ncapuuckux naponon unu uyncucfna n Inpohc... Icsynifafom sfou
nouni yncf... ynuufoxcnuc uyncucfna.
3a ncckoniko nncu no sfoio, na hcuanino usnccfnou konqc-
pcnuuu, cocfonnmcucn n nomc N 5658 ho ynuuc Ipocccp Banscc
n Icpnunc, Icunpux otnnun hpcncfanufcnnm nccx saunfcpcconan-
nix opianon ncmcukou anmunucfpauuu o ncoxonumocfu opianu-
sonafi okonuafcninoc pcmcnuc cnpcuckoio nohpoca na nccu cn-
pohcuckou fcppufopuu, inc iochoncfnykf ncmui, ofkpin fakum
opasom hyfi k pachpocfpancnuk fakux ohcpauuu nc foniko na
hoipanuuniu pauon mcxny Ioccucu u Ionimcu, inc ino cocpc-
nofoucno nauonimcc uucno cnpohcuckux cnpccn, no u na ncci oc-
faninou konfuncnf, nknkuan 3ahannyk Inpohy. S nuxy foniko
onno pcmcnuc, sannnnn Iufncp, fofaninoc ynuufoxcnuc n
cnyuac, ccnu onu nc ycnyf nopononino. Takoni inu hpcnho-
cinku nnn cosnanun kpyhnix konucnfpauuonnnix naicpcu, nnn
cocpcnofoucnun macci nocnnohncnnix u cnpccn, safcm honncpiny-
fix ccnckfunnomy ynuufoxcnuk.
Bhpoucm, kafciopuunocfi sfux namcpcnuu c camoio nauana no-
cnnix ncucfnuu honyuana cxcnncnnic honfncpxncnun. nn foio,
ufoi hokonuufi c sfumu nymcpasnupakmumu uufafamu, kofo-
pic, mcxny fcm, nakf founyk xapakfcpucfuky chocoy, uspannomy
Iufncpom nnn hpononxcnnun nouni, nocfafouno nochpousnccfu
nupckfuni, kofopic cam qkpcp usnan ucpcs ncckoniko ncncni
hocnc 22 uknn, 2 ccnfnpn 141 i. hocnc cfonikux nunumix nocn-
nix ychcxon ncmucn, uchonisyn cnona, hpcnnasnauanmuccn nnn
ocooio cnyuan, a fakxc nnn iopona Mockni:
uupep peuu: cmepemi 1emep0ype (.enunepu0) c :uuu :e+:u.
anincumcc cymccfnonanuc fakoio kpyhnoio iopona nc hpcncfan-
nncf nukakoio unfcpcca hocnc foio, kak yncf ynuufoxcna Concfc-
kan Ioccun... On namcpcnacfcn okpyxufi sfof iopon u cponnnfi
cio c scmncu hpu homomu apfunncpuu u nchpcpinnix nosnymnix
omapnuponok... koc fpconanuc, kofopoc yncf ucxonufi of
anmunucfpauuu iopona, nonxno ifi ofncpinyfo; npo0:e+u o~u-
ounun nuce:enun u npo0:e+u npo0ooo:icmoun ne +oem u ne 0o:nu
oxo0umi o nuuy io+nemenuuu. B sfou nounc sa cymccfnonanuc mi
nuckoniko nc saunfcpcconani n chaccnuu naxc uacfu naccncnun
sfoio kpyhnoio iopona.
B hcpnic ncncnu, hocncnonanmuc sa 22 uknn, xon nocnnix
ncucfnuu, kasanoci, coofncfcfnonan camim ohfumucfuucckum oxu-
4O4
nanunm ncmucn. B ucnfpc ina sancucfnonana caman cuninan ipyhha
apmuu, na sfom nahpanncnuu ncmcukuc noucka okpyxunu Icno-
cfok u Munck, nsnnu J5O fic hncnnix u 16 uknn nocfuinu Cmo-
ncncka, inc sannsanu npyioc cpaxcnuc u niuipanu cio, nsnn cmc
J1O fic. hncnnix. JO uknn, koina ncmcukuc noucka naxonunuci n
ncckonikux nccnfkax kunomcfpon of Mockni, Iufncp ofnan hpukas
hcpcufu k ooponc, fo ccfi ocfanonufi nacfyhncnuc.
Mcncc npkumu inu ychcxu apmuu, hponnuianmuxcn na ccncp,
k cnunipany, u na ki, na Ykpaunc, n nahpanncnuu Cfanunipana
u Kpima. Ha ccncpc ncmcukuc noucka, hpounn ucpcs fcppufopuk
Ipuanfuuckux iocynapcfn, hponnuianuci k cnunipany, k kofo-
pomy onu nonxni inu honoufu c kio-sahana, n fo npcmn kak c
ccncpa hnanuponancn honxon qunckux nouck, onnako xcnicunkckoc
hpanufcnicfno hpcnycmofpufcnino samcnnuno ux hponnuxcnuc ho
fcppufopuu, yfpaucnnou ion nasan. Ha kic ncmcukan apmun nnuia-
naci k nchpy u k Kucny, cfonuuc Ykpauni.
Iasnan cfchcni ychcxa fpcx apmuu hpofunopcuuna nupckfunam,
nannim Iufncpom, coinacno kofopim ocnonnou naxum nonxcn
in okasinaficn na qnaniax. Cnoxunmcccn honoxcnuc fpconano
pcmcnun inannou cfpafciuucckou hponcmi, kacanmcucn niopa
nahpanncnun, na kofopom n hocncnykmuc ncncnu cncnonano ckon-
ucnfpuponafi ocnonnic ohcpauuu.
Ofof niop sanuccn kak of nacfpocnuu n icpmanckom nocnnom
komannonanuu u honufuucckom pykononcfnc u ux konuchuuu, fak
u of cocfonnun Kpacnou apmuu. Hfo kacacfcn Concfon, fo n pc-
synifafc nahancnun onu cpasy xc honccnu iuianfckuc hofcpu, ufo,
onnako, nc ynuufoxuno ux hofcnuuana u ux choconocfu k cohpo-
funncnuk. B momcnf nahancnun ncmucn oniman uacfi concfckux
nouck (okono 17O nunusuu) nucnouuponanaci na fcppufopunx, nc-
nanno hpuopcfcnnix na sahanc. K fomy xc n ucnom apmun nonxna
ina sancuunafi pani, nisnannic onimumu cfanunckumu uucfka-
mu 1J61J8 ii., ocsinanunmumu nocnnoc komannonanuc. nn
hponcncnun pcopianusauuu apmuu n 14O i. Cfanun opafuncn k
icncpany Tumomcnko, nasnaucnnomy naponnim komuccapom oo-
poni u mapmanom nccio n 45 ncf, nsamcn ncfcpana Bopomunona,
kofopomy hosnncc ino noncpcno komannonanuc ccncpnim qpon-
fom, n fo npcmn kak komannonanuc kxnim qponfom ino hopyucno
mapmany Iyncnnomy. B qcnpanc 141 i. icncpan Zykon, ychcmno
cpaxanmuucn n Kufac hpofun nhonucn, in nasnaucn nauaninu-
kom icncpaninoio mfaa. Ofu usmcncnun hokasinakf, ufo concf-
ckuc noopyxcnnic cuni naxonunuci n cfanuu hcpccfpouku. Icmcnun
Cfanuna inu umhponusuponannimu u, n pnnc cnyuacn, ncanck-
nafnimu, hponukfonannimu ncoxonumocfik hpunnfun ncofnox-
nix mcp.
4O5
Bhpoucm, n onacfu nooopyxcnuu ninnunuci fc xc hponcmi.
Io ofnomcnuk k omcmy uucny fankon, nocfuianmcmy na ymaic
2O fic., konuuccfno hpuionnix nnn ncncnun nouni c ncmuamu co-
cfannnno ncsnauufcniniu hpoucnf. Iosnncc mapman Koncn hpu-
snacf, ufo n camiu kpufuucckuu momcnf, koina ncmui hpunusu-
nuci k Mocknc, Concfi pachonaianu foniko 45 conpcmcnnimu
fankamu. Concfckuc nocnno-nosnymnic cuni n uucncnnom nipa-
xcnuu inu camimu kpyhnimu n mupc. Iocnc Mknxcna hpo-
usnoncfno n CCCI nocfuino 8OO-OO camoncfon n mccnu. B 142 i.
sanoni, hcpcncncnnic k nocfoky of Ypana, hpousnonunu J fic. ca-
moncfon n mccnu. B 141 i. concfckan anuauun onanana okono
5 fic. camoncfon, a n 145 i. oman uucncnnocfi ux nocfuina 2O fic.
occhoconix cnunuu. Onnako n momcnf ncmcukoio nahancnun
hcpcxon of cfapoio hpousnoncfna k nonomy in n honnom pasiapc.
Icscpni inu oipanuucni, fcxnonoiun ncynonncfnopufcnina. Kpo-
mc foio, ho ncmcukum oucnkam, foniko sa onun hcpniu ncni nouni
houfu 1 5OO concfckux camoncfon, naxonunmuxcn na scmnc, inu
nincncni us cfpon. Bocnnic ucfopuku honcuufanu, ufo k konuy
aniycfa concfckan anuauun hofcpnna n omcu cnoxnocfu okono 5 fic.
camoncfon, fo ccfi n fof momcnf y ncc onimc nc ino nosmoxnocfu
nccfu sqqckfunnic ocnic ncucfnun.
Onnako Concfi okasinanu cohpofunncnuc hpcxnc nccio na-
scmnimu cunamu. Iicfpoc hponnuxcnuc ncmcukux poncfanko-
nix nouck ocfannnno n finy okpyxcnnimu hncnnix u cxcnucn,
kofopic hosnncc cocfanunu cuni cohpofunncnun saxnafuukam. Ic-
scpni nnn sfoio inu ncucfomumi, xofn u ncsopianusonani. Onu
inu hnoxo noopyxcni, no nooonymcnncni xcnanucm cpaxaficn,
kofopoio ncmui nc oxunanu. Iaysa, otnnncnnnan Iufncpom na
ucnfpaninom qponfc, nana Cfanuny u cio icncpanam hcpnyk nos-
moxnocfi nnn yhopnnoucnun nocnnou cufyauuu.
Cfanun in sacfuinyf nahancnucm ncmucn npachnox. Xofn nos-
pacfakman nahpnxcnnocfi n ofnomcnunx mcxny nnymn cfpanamu
nonxna ina ncfpcnoxufi cio, a unqopmauun, hocfyhanman n
Mockny, honfncpxnana qakf cocpcnofoucnun ncmcukux nouck
nnoni concfckou ipanuui, on ofpcaiuponan na hcpnic nonocfu c
qponfa c ncnoncpucm u ofuannucm. Koina cio hpounqopmuponanu
o ychcxax ncmucn, nocfuinyfix sa hcpniu ncni nouni, on ucucs
c honufuucckou cucni u ynanuncn na cnok nauy n Kynucno, inc on
nccina noucnan. C 2J ho JO uknn honufuucckoc yhpanncnuc cfpa-
nou ofcyfcfnonano. Bocnnic ohcpauuu hpoxonunu hon pykonon-
cfnom Cfanku, inannoio mfaa ncpxonnoio inannokomannonanun
concfckumu noopyxcnnimu cunamu, cosnannoio 2J uknn u nnc-
pcnnoio pykononcfny mapmana Tumomcnko. Bcn ofncfcfncnnocfi
4O6
sa hcpnic ccmi nncu nouni hanacf na sfof opian. Cfanun ocfanan-
cn n fcnu. B hcpuon c 25 ho 2 uknn cio umn nc yhomunanoci nu n
onnou us concfckux iascf. Cfaqqopn Kpuhc, inmuu foina pu-
fanckum hocnom n Mocknc, u uncni aninuuckou nocnnou komuc-
cuu, hochcmunmuc n Mockny, inu hpunnfi foniko Monofonim,
xofn ncoxonumo ino ocynufi fcmi xusncnnou naxnocfu. Bo-
cnnic kommknukc nananu ncohpcncncnnyk u ncfounyk unqopma-
uuk. Hasinanuci mccfa ocn, no nc ionopunoci, na kakyk inyuny
hponnunynuci ncmui. B nckofopix cnyuanx ionopunoci naxc o
hocnax concfckux nouck.
Icfccfncnno, ufo o fakom honcncnuu Cfanuna ncnuci hosnncc
nuckyccuu n ucfopuoipaquu. Y ncio ccfi mnoxccfno unfcphpcfa-
uuu. Caman hpocfan cnonuf ncc k inyokomy kpusucy, kofopiu
Cfanun hcpcxun n fc nnu n ycnonunx kpaxa cio honufuucckou ncn-
fcninocfu, ohacnocfu, iposunmcu cio nuunou nnacfu, u ohacnoc-
fu, nanucmcu nan nccu cfpanou. Onnako, napnny c sfou unfcphpc-
fauucu, kofopan moxcf concpxafi sncmcnfi oocnonannocfu, ccfi
u npyiuc, sacfannnkmuc nymafi o oncc fonkux pacucfax. Macmfa
kafacfpoqi in oucnuncn, u Cfanun ofcfpanuncn, hockoniky of-
ncfcfncnnocfi sa hopaxcnuc hanana foniko na fcx, kfo snan, kak
cc uscxafi, fo ccfi na nocnnix. Onu, ncponfno, cmoinu i u,
nosmoxno, xofcnu hohifaficn ocymccfnufi hcpcnopof, kofopiu
numun i nukfafopa nnacfu. Onnako umcnno macmfa kafacfpoqi
nuckpcnufuponan ux cmc no foio, kak onu cmoinu ufo-nuo hpcn-
hpunnfi. C npyiou cfoponi, nuufo nc mcmacf hpcnhonaiafi, ufo
concfckuu nukfafop safnopuncn na nauc foniko nnn foio, ufoi cy-
mcfi nyumc oucnufi cufyauuk u hponymafi maiu, kofopic cncny-
cf concpmufi. H ccnu naxc kfo-fo u ninamunan hnani cio of-
cfpancnun of nnacfu, fo cmy hpumnoci of nux ofkasaficn, koina
Cfanun noccfanonun nchocpcncfncnniu konfponi nan cufyauucu.
cucfnufcnino, JO uknn Cfanun ncpnyncn n Kpcmni u c sfoio
nnn on honnocfik nsnn na ccn pykononcfno concfckum ofhopom
npaiy, uacfo omuanci n nocnnom hnanc, no ncmoncfpupyn choco-
nocfi k mounusauuu, ykpchnnnmyk cio hosuuuu hcpcn nuuom
nkix hponnncnuu nccoinacun nocnnoio unu honufuucckoio hna-
na u hpcnpamanmyk cio n icpon cohpofunncnun. B camom ncnc, n
fof xc ncni on cosnan Iocynapcfncnniu komufcf ooponi, nic-
muu opian yhpanncnun cfpanou, hpcnccnafcncm kofopoio cfan on
cam. 3amccfufcncm hpcnccnafcnn in nasnaucn Monofon, npyiumu
uncnamu cfanu Knumcnf Bopomunon, anpcnfuu Icpun u Icopiuu
Mancnkon.
J uknn, nhcpnic hocnc nahancnun ncmucn, Cfanun ho panuo o-
pafuncn c pcuik k cfpanc, kofopan hcpcn nuuom kafacfpoqi c nc-
4O7
honncninou fpcnoiou xnana us ycf cnocio noxnn onancxunakmc-
io opamcnun. Xofn mnoiuc u samcfunu nsnonnonannocfi u konc-
anun n cnonax Cfanuna, cmy ynanoci foina ocymccfnufi naxnyk
honufuucckyk ohcpauuk: hpcnpafufi nouny, sa kofopyk, hocnc
nccio, ufo cnyuunoci, cam on ncc snauufcninyk uacfi ofncfcfncn-
nocfu, n ofcuccfncnnyk nouny ho samufc nccu cfpani. Tonapumu!
Ipaxnanc! Ipafin u cccfpi! K nam opamakci n, npysin mou,
ckasan on. Iio hpusin in opamcn ko nccm coipaxnanam c fcm,
ufoi n momcnf ohacnocfu onu sainu omuku u pasnoinacun u
chnofunuci nokpyi hapfuu cnunaCfanuna. On sanan nohpoc,
nc ino nu omukou saknkucnuc hakfa c nauucfamu, no fyf xc
otncnun cio c homomik apiymcnfa, kofopiu nonio yncf umcfi
hpusnanuc: naionapn sfomy coinamcnuk Ioccun niuipana honfo-
pa iona mupa. On hpunnn ucfopuucckoc sannncnuc, cncnannoc
fcm npcmcncm Hcpuunncm n honncpxky conmccfnou opii u ho-
naionapun Cocnuncnnic Ufafi sa hpcnnoxcnun homomu. ancc,
ufo oncc cymccfncnno, on hpusnan, ufo ncn cfpana naxonufcn n
ccpicsnou ohacnocfu, c kofopou nano opoficn honckny; ufo nc-
oxonumo honnnficn na opiy naxc n finy y ncmucn, n yxc okky-
huponannix onacfnx (inc y ncio inu ocnonanun ohacaficn nos-
nuknoncnun cchapafucfckux nnuxcnuu), ufo ncoxonumo opoficn
no hocncnncio: Hama nouna sa cnoony namcio Ofcuccfna conicf-
cn c opiou naponon Inpohi u Amcpuku sa ux ncsanucumocfi u
sa ncmokpafuucckuc cnooni. Hcpcs ncckoniko nncu, n ccpcnunc
uknn Cfanun sannn nonxnocfi munucfpa ooponi, a 7 aniycfa
inannokomannykmcio, samcnun na sfom hocfy mapmana Tumomcn-
ko, kofopomy nncpnnoci komannonanuc ucnfpaninou ipyhhuponkou
concfckux nouck.
Hfak, hpcononcn nuuniu kpusuc (ccnu moxno ionopufi o nuu-
nom kpusucc), hpcononcn momcnf comncnuu u nchpcccuu, Cfanun
ncpnyn ccc ucnfpaninyk poni n concfckou xusnu. uknn Ipan-
na ohynukonana cfafik, n kofopou nnoni sasnyuana ncpa n noxnn,
nosponunmancn n pykononcfnc hapfuu: oniuc ioni xusnu Bcnu-
komy Cfanuny, nnoxnonufcnk u opianusafopy namux hocn! Ofo
osnauano, ufo camic fnxcnic n nuunom hnanc nnu inu hpcono-
ncni, u ufo Cfanun nnoni namcn hyfi nnn hcpcqopmynuponanun
cnocu honufuucckou cfpafciuu, hpuchocoun cc k nonou cufyauuu.
pyiumu cnonamu, hockoniky kahufanucfuucckuu mup hpcncfan-
nnncn cmy fchcpi oncc nuqqcpcnuuponannim ho cpanncnuk c
fcm, ucm on in no 22 uknn, ncoxonumo ino anahfuponaficn k
nonou cufyauuu.
Hncn cosnanun mcxnynaponnou cucfcmi, ocnonannou na hpu-
snanuu onimoio ychcxa Icpmanuu (hpofun kofopoio cncnonano
4O8
hpunnfi n nyxniu momcnf cnocnpcmcnnic mcpi, uchonisyn, n ua-
cfnocfu, fakfuky mupnoio cocymccfnonanun) nonxna ina ifi
samcncna unccu opii c ucnik nochpchnfcfnonafi nocfuxcnuk
onimoio ychcxa Icpmanuu. B sfof momcnf opia moina hoka-
saficn csnancxnou, a hocna ncnosmoxnou. Onnako koina Cfa-
nun nsinnnyn na muponyk hcpchckfuny, on ynuncn konfypi cnu-
xcnun n nuxaumcm ynymcm c Bcnukopufanucu u n oncc ofna-
ncnnom nosmoxnoio cnuxcnun c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu,
kofopoc hoponuf camyk cuninyk n mupc nocnnyk koanuuuk. nn
nccx cfpan Inpohi u Amcpuku ionopufi o cnoonc u ncmokpafuu
osnauano ocnoufi nosyniu amcpukanckou hpohaianni u nacfpoufi-
cn na fof xc nonnonou nuahason, ufo Iysncnif u Hcpuunni. Ofo
osnauano hpcncfannnfi ccc Icpmanuk okpyxcnnou nnyfpu cnpo-
hcuckou kpchocfu u pasnanncnnou inoaninou koanuuucu. B uknc
141 i. fakoc honoxcnuc moino hokasaficn foniko cnaou nancx-
nou. Onnako fo, ufo Cfanun cmoi cio hpcnnuncfi, cfano nnn ncio
hocnnim cfpafciuucckum niopom. To, ufo on cmoi nouficn of
cnocio napona fcphcnun u yhopcfna, ncoxonumix nnn cohpofun-
ncnun ncmcukomy nafucky osnauano, ufo on ncfyhun na hyfi, ko-
fopiu hocnc hocnonocnoio okonuanun nouni cncnacf Concfckuu
Coks cncpxncpxanou. Cfanun hponnun, fakum opasom, cnok
usompcnnocfi n kauccfnc hpofaionucfa ncpxannou honufuku.
Cfpafciuucckuc pcmcnun, houfu n fo xc camoc npcmn hpunn-
fic Iufncpom, hosnncc honfncpnunu hpanofy honufuku Cfanuna.
Bcc nicmcc icpmanckoc komannonanuc nicfyhuno sa hpononxcnuc
nacfyhncnun na Mockny nohpcku nupckfunam qkpcpa, no n coof-
ncfcfnuu c hpunuuhom, hpunnfim icpmanckum icncpaninim mfa-
om, inacunmum, ufo ucnik kaxnou nocnnou ohcpauuu nnnncfcn
ynuufoxcnuc noopyxcnnou cuni hpofunnuka. Hs sfoio hpunuu-
ha nifckana ncoxonumocfi hoxona na Mockny nnn paspymcnun
xusncnno naxnoio ucnfpa cohpofunncnun Concfon.
6.1.3. HECOCTOHBTUUCH BAXBAT MOCKBM
cucfnufcnino, camou naxnou ucnik no nacfyhncnun sumi,
cuufan Iufncp, in saxnaf nc Mockni, a Kpima u yionino-unnyc-
fpuaninoio oncukoio acccuna, a fakxc hpckpamcnuc hocfanok
ncqfu c Kankasa. Ha ccncpc ncoxonumo ino sancpmufi okpyxc-
nuc cnunipana. Tcm, kfo ofcfaunan fcsuc o ncoxonumocfu na-
cfyhncnun na Mockny, qkpcp ofncfun, ufo, nosmoxno, onu u inu
hpani c uucfo nocnnou fouku spcnun, no ufo n nounc nonxni yuu-
finaficn fakxc skonomuucckuc achckfi, a onu nukfonanu hcpno-
cfchcnnyk poni ohcpauuu na kxnom qponfc. Hukfo us ncmcukux
icncpanon nc napancn myxccfna ohponcpinyfi sfu ycfanonku.
4O
Takum opasom, honcmuka ho nohpocam cfpafciuu, ocfanonun-
man na ncckoniko ncncni nacfyhncnuc ncmucn, sancpmunaci fop-
xccfnom fcsuca, ofnananmcio hpuopufcf kxnomy qponfy. Hacfyh-
ncnuc ncmcukux apmuu na kxnom qponfc nauanoci ncmcnncnno.
1 ccnfnpn Kucn in saxnaucn c icfpofou, hpcnsomcnmcu oxuna-
nun, u 26-io cpaxcnuc sakonuunoci okpyxcnucm u cnaucu n hncn
65O fic. pycckux. Ofo in ipannuosniu fakfuucckuu ychcx, no on
osnauan fakxc u honopofniu hynkf nouni n Ioccuu. cucfnufcni-
no, sanocnan Ykpauny, Iufncp ofnan hpukas o fom, ufoi n nauanc
okfnpn nauanoci nacfyhncnuc na Mockny u cnunipan. C camoio
nauana nacfyhncnuc ino fpuymqaninim: ncmui honomnu k concf-
ckou cfonuuc na paccfonnuc mcnimc, ucm 1OO km. Onnako ncoxu-
nannan cmcna hoioni hpcnpafuna nopoiu n nchpoxonumyk ipnsi, a
safcm n ncn. Hacfyhncnuc samcnnunoci.
Cohpofunncnuc pycckux napacfano, u, xofn 24 nonpn ncmui
nocfuinu Hcfpi, pachonoxcnnou nccio n 4O km of Mockni, a nc-
mnoio hosnncc ofncninim honpasncncnunm ynanoci hpunusuficn
naxc na paccfonnuc mcnimc 2O km of ucnfpa iopona, na fof mo-
mcnf ncnkoc nanincumcc nacfyhncnuc ino ncmicnumo. 8 nckapn
Iufncp ofnan hpukas o hpuocfanonkc nacfyhafcninix ohcpauuu.
Ha kic ncmui fakxc hofcphcnu hcpnic hopaxcnun, a na ccncpc
nokana cnunipana ncfpcfuna nchpcononumoc cohpofunncnuc.
Bosmoxnocfi hopasufi npaia n ccpnuc c nocnnou fouku spcnun
ina hofcpnna nanccina. 3a kapfunou oucnunnou nocnnou hocni
nauanu hpocfyhafi hpusnaku fpynnocfcu, kofopic na cncnykmuu
ion panukanino usmcnnf cynii nouni. Cohpofunncnuc n finy
ncmcukoio qponfa cfanonunoci ncc oncc oxccfoucnnim, u hpo-
fun ncio, honncpxannoio n 142 i. cunamu hapamkfnix nccanfon
pciynnpnou Kpacnou apmuu, Iufncp nonxcn in uchonisonafi
snauufcninyk uacfi cnoux nouck. Inokana cnunipana nisnana
fnxcncumuc hocncncfnun nnn naccncnun, onnako sakonuunaci ho-
paxcnucm, hockoniky, nccmofpn na fpynnocfu, pycckum ynanoci
nocfannnfi nocnnic honkpchncnun u hponononicfncnnyk homomi
naccncnuk, ucfomcnnomy iononom u cfpananunmu, c homomik
kononn ipysonukon, hcpcnnuianmuxcn ho niny samcpsmcio anox-
ckoio oscpa.
C nacfyhncnucm nccni, n mac 142 i., Iufncpy nc ynanoci
onimc ocymccfnufi qponfaninoc nacfyhncnuc hpofun Mockni;
nhpoucm, cio cfpafciuucckuu niop in n sfof momcnf, kak nu-
koina, nahpanncn na kxniu qponf. 3ncci sancpmanaci okkyhauun
Ykpauni u Kpima, a ncfom inu pasncpnyfi nna kpyhnix na-
cfyhncnun n nahpanncnuu Kankasa, kofopoio ncmuam ynanoci
nocfuui, u n nahpanncnuu Cfanunipana (ccuuac Bonioipan). Ofo
41O
in onun us nauoncc naxnix cfpafciuucckux hynkfon kxnoio
qponfa, na ipanuuc mcxny cnpohcuckou u asuafckou Ioccucu,
yscn pcunix u xcncsnonopoxnix kommynukauuu, hpomimncnniu
u fopioniu iopon, konfponi nan kofopim hpcncfannnncn pcmak-
mum nnn ucxona opii. Hcmui nimnu na honcfyhi k Cfanun-
ipany 17 uknn, a ucpcs ncckoniko nncu onu nauanu cpaxcnuc c
ucnik okpyxufi u saxnafufi iopon. Ofo ino nauano nnufcninou
ufni, kofopan pcmuna n Ioccuu nocnniu ucxon nouni. cucfnu-
fcnino, n Cfanunipanc ncmui nocfuinu hpcncna cnocio hponnuxc-
nun. Iocnc sfoio nouna hpcnpafunaci n ucpcnonanuc nacfyhafcni-
nix u ooponufcninix cxnafok, nhnofi no foio momcnfa, koina
ona, nauunan c qcnpann 14J i., ocpnynaci kafacfpoquucckum of-
cfyhncnucm ncmucn.
6.1.4. HE.UACTUE HHOHUU
Tcm npcmcncm, nohpoc o pycckou kamhanuu n hocfanonkc Iuf-
ncpom hofcphcn omyfumoc hopaxcnuc fakxc u n nuhnomafuucckou
cqcpc. Inan Iapapocca nonxcn in cohponoxnaficn honufu-
ucckou honncpxkou, a safcm u nocnnim yuacfucm Shonuu, kofo-
poc ninynuno i Concfi k nounc na nna qponfa. Icpcionopi ho
sfou hponcmc nnunuci yxc nonio, no nu onna us cfopon nc chc-
muna ux sancpmufi. B nauanc uknn 141 i. sanaua, ofnonunmancn
ncmcukou nuhnomafucu Shonuu, cocfonna, hpcxnc nccio, n fom,
ufo hpcnycmafpunanoci Tpoucfncnnim hakfom: hpcnofnpamcnuc
ncfyhncnun n nouny Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u nosmoxnocfi skchan-
cuu n kxnou uacfu Tuxoio okcana.
Toniko hocnc nahancnun na Concfckuu Coks ncmui cmcnunu
fon. 1 uknn Iucnfpoh fcncipaquponan nhonckomy munucfpy
unocfpannix ncn Mauyokc, inannomy hoopnuky honufuku co-
fpynnuuccfna c Icpmanucu n Tokuo, ufoi fof nouncn ncmcnncn-
noio ncfyhncnun Shonuu n nouny: saxnafun Bnanunocfok, nhonc-
kuc noucka nonxni inu icfpo hponnunyficn n inyi fcppufo-
puu u na honhyfu cocnunuficn c ncmuamu no foio, kak suma hapa-
nusycf nocnnic ncucfnun. Koina Iufncp hosnncc, n ccpcnunc uknn
pcmun, ufo on yxc oncpxan hocny nan Concfckum Coksom u na-
uan honufuky mopckoio hcpcnoopyxcnun, ucnik kofopoio ino
ynymcc nahancnuc na Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, ncofnoxnocfi hpo-
ncncnun hosuuuu Shonuu cfana cmc oncc omyfumou. Iosuuuu
nansopa sa CUA, hpucyfcfnonanmcu no foio momcnfa n konuch-
uuu Iufncpa u nosnoxcnnou na Tpoucfncnniu hakf, ino yxc nc-
nocfafouno. Shonun nonxna ina fakxc iofonuficn k cxnafkc c
amcpukanuamu, a nnn sfoio ona nonxna ina umcfi iapanfuu of
ohacnocfu qopmuponanun anino-concfcko-amcpukanckoio noka.
411
B cocfanc nhonckoio hpanufcnicfna ino ncmano cfoponnukon
icpmanckux hpcnnoxcnuu, fakux, kak, nahpumcp, munucfp nnyfpcn-
nux ncn Xupanyma, npiu anfukommynucf, kofopiu naxc nimcn us
hpanufcnicfna, koina n 1J i. Icpmanun, n napymcnuc cfafiu 1
Anfukomunfcpnonckoio hakfa honhucana hakf o ncnahancnuu c
CCCI. Ha fakux xc hosuuunx cfonnu apmcuckuc pykononufcnu, n
fo npcmn kak hpcncfanufcnu komannonanun qnofom u anuauucu
koncanuci unu xc npaxncno ofnocunuci k usmcncnuk kypca na
skchancuk n nahpanncnuu Kufan u Hnnokufan.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, kak hokasinakf ncnannuc uccncnonanun,
knku k paspcmcnuk cufyauuu saknkuancn n cfchcnu ychcxa Icp-
manuu. Icnu i ncmui hponcmoncfpuponanu, ufo onu ncucfnu-
fcnino choconi saxnafufi Mockny u ynuufoxufi Concfi, fo foi-
na nhonui nmcmanuci i n konqnukf. Iosfomy n nauanc uknn
noucka n Maniuxypuu inu omyfumo ycuncni n hpcnnncpuu nos-
moxnoio nahancnun na Concfckuu Coks. Ho koina nhonui ocos-
nanu, ufo c ccpcnuni uknn ncmui hpakfuuccku ocfanonunuci y
nopof Mockni, fo nauanuci koncanun. Shonckuu icncpaniniu
mfa hpumcn k ninony, ufo ncpmaxf moi i, ncponfno, saxnafufi
concfckyk cfonuuy k konuy 142 i., no sfo noncc nc pcmuno i
ucxon nouni, hockoniky y Cfanuna nc ino nukakou hpuuuni ka-
hufynuponafi.
B sfux ocfonfcnicfnax ino hpunnfo pcmcnuc nnoni nauafi
hponnuxcnuc n Kio-Bocfounyk Asuk, u 24 uknn, c coinacun hpa-
nufcnicfna Bumu, nhonui hocnanu konfunicnf us 4O fic. ucnonck
n Cauion, sancpmun okkyhauuk Hnnokufan. 3a ncckoniko nncu no
sfoio hpunu Konos cqopmuponan nonoc, ofnuuanmcccn of hpcxnc-
io hpanufcnicfno, n kofopoc Mauyoka nc nomcn. B nauanc aniycfa
noniu munucfp unocfpannix ncn Touona ocman concfckomy hocny
hpuncpxunaficn oionopa o ncufpanufcfc, honhucannoio 1J ahpc-
nn 141 i. Hakoncu, aniycfa nhonckoc komannonanuc okonua-
fcnino pcmuno nc nmcmunaficn n icpmano-concfckuu konqnukf
nhnofi no konua 141 i. Shonui iofonunuci ohpcncnufi cnok ho-
nufuky n ofnomcnuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u namcpcnanuci yc-
nuficn camu, a nc co cnon csymnoio Iufncpa, ufo Concfi nc ynyf
nnnnficn hpchnfcfnucm. Hcmui inu hpounqopmuponani o sfom
pcmcnuu numi n nauanc okfnpn, koina onu coupanuci nauafi
cccmicncnnoc sumncc nacfyhncnuc na Mockny. Mcxny fcm, Sho-
nun pcmuna hpononxafi cnok hapanncninyk honufuky, pacmaf-
punan Kio-Bocfounyk Asuk kak sony skchancuu, a Kufau kak
honkonfponinyk fcppufopuk.
B Mocknc, naionapn unqopmauuu Iuxapna 3opic, noncpcnnoio
nuua icpmanckoio hocna n Tokuo, u onnonpcmcnno ncfcpana concf-
412
ckou pasncnku, sfu opucnfauuu inu, koncuno, usnccfni, u xofn
onu u moinu ocfannnfi comncnun o okonuafcninix namcpcnunx
Shonuu, ncc xc hosnonnnu Cfanuny nahpannnfi cnou pccypci na
sahan, nc cnumkom cchokonci o nocfounom nahpanncnuu. unu-
suu, pachonoxcnnic n Monionuu, u chcmno hcpcpomcnnic occ-
nik 141 i. na samufy Mockni, cfanu fomy honfncpxncnucm. Am-
uuuosnan iufncponckan cfpafciun nc nocfuina, cncnonafcnino,
ocux ucncu, kofopic ona ccc hocfanuna. Ofo cmc nc ino hopa-
xcnucm, no, nnnnnoci, ho mcnimcu mcpc, hcpnim xccfokum yna-
pom n cqcpc inoaninix mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu. Coifun
hponcmoncfpuponanu, ufo iufncponckuc samicni cfonknynuci yxc
c nncmnumu apicpamu, iopasno oncc nchpucfyhnimu, ucm fc,
kofopic ncmcukum nouckam hpuxonunoci hpcononcnafi no cux hop.
6.2. Oinomenwn me:ty antto-amepwxancxwmw
cosnwxamw w Coneiamw. Baxon o tent-twse
6.2.1. ,UHLOMATUUECKUE HOCLE,CTBUH
OC.TECTBLEHUH HLAHA BAPBAPOCCA
C 117 ho 1J i. u naxc c 1J ho 141 ii. onimcnusm nnnnn-
cn nnn onimcu uacfu pufanckux konccpnafopon u, koncuno, nnn
hpanufcncu cfpani ccchopnim hpofunnukom, c kofopim cncno-
nano nccfu opiy. Ofncninic hcpuoni nopmanusauuu ofnomcnuu
nc usmcnunu omcu nahpanncnnocfu mcxnynaponnou honufuku,
cocfonnmcu n fom, ufoi opoficn c nnunnucm Concfon u nosncu-
cfnucm kommynucfuucckou hpohaianni, hpofunocfonfi concfckou
cqcpc nnunnun u cncpxunafi cc. B noniocpounou hcpchckfunc pas-
nufun honufuucckoio hpouccca sfu pasnuuun moinu numi yiny-
uficn, sa ucknkucnucm pasnc ufo cufyauuu, hpu kofopou hpo-
usomnu i panukaninic usmcncnun n concfckou mcxnynaponnou
honufukc unu xc panukaninic fpancqopmauuu c fouku spcnun co-
ofnomcnun cun nnyfpu Ipufanuu. Iocncnnuc inu ncnosmoxni,
hockoniky ncuopucfckan hapfun, xofn u cnnsinana ccn c hpo-
ipammou inyokux couuaninix pcqopm, ina cmc mcnimc, ucm
konccpnafopi, pachonoxcna k coinacuk c fofanufapnimu mcfona-
mu cfanunusma, a n skonomuucckom hnanc hpcncfannnna couu-
aninic pcqopmi nc kak paspymcnuc pinounou skonomuku, no
kak cc hpuchoconcnuc k nonim hofpcnocfnm nkncu.
Ipumcpno fak xc niinnncno i ohucanuc cufyauuu c Cocnuncn-
nimu Ufafamu, kofopic naxc oquuuanino hpusnanu Concfckuu
Coks foniko n 1JJ i. u hocnc sfoio nc honncpxunanu ococnno
samcfnix ofnomcnuu c mockonckum hpanufcnicfnom. Icqopmucfckuc
41J
ucnu pysncnifonckoio Honoio kypca nc umcnu nuucio omcio co
cfanunckum hnanuponanucm. Kpomc foio, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi,
hpcononcn kpufuucckuu momcnf ncnukoio skonomuucckoio kpusu-
ca, iofonunuci cfafi nomunupykmum cytckfom mcxnynaponnou
qunanconou, fopionou u hpousnoncfncnnou cucfcmi, fo ccfi kak
i ohopou pinounou skonomuucckou cucfcmi mupa. B sfom hnanc
n onimcu cfchcnu, ucm hpaimafuunic unuuuafuni hpcsuncnfa,
inu snauumi konuchuuu ioccckpcfapn Kopnysnna Xsnna, fncpno-
io cfoponnuka honufuku honnou nucpanusauuu mcxnynaponnou
fopionnu, n nicmcu cfchcnu qynkuuonaninou ho ofnomcnuk k
samicnam noccfanonncnun Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu ux muponoio
skonomuucckoio iochoncfna.
B fakou ocfanonkc ucknkuufcninocfi Iufncpa hpcncfannn-
naci no 1J i. hoka on ocfanancn n hpcncnax, nohyckacmix Bc-
nukopufanucu, a, cncnonafcnino, Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, nu-
ncnmumu n onnonc cnocio inannoio cnpohcuckoio hapfncpa
ncsnauufcninim hononom nnn cchokoucfna. Toniko nauunan c
ncfnux mccnucn 1J i. iufncponckan ucknkuufcninocfi fpanc-
qopmuponanaci nnn nux n ohacnyk cpcci. Iocncnnnn umcna nnou-
nou cmicn: cnnsanniu coksom c Concfamu (pcmcnuc, hpunnfoc n
ymcp nnufcninim hcpcionopam ho honony nuhnomafuucckoio ypc-
iynuponanun c sahannimu ncpxanamu), u c umhynicom k pasnnsina-
nuk nouni, k kofopou cfpcmuncn nauucfckuu nukfafop, ocnchncn-
niu cnoum noimafusmom u ycxncnnocfik n fom, ufo on nonxcn
makcumanino yfncpnufi icicmonuk Icpmanuu n Inpohc u n mupc.
Hahancnuc ncmucn na Concfckuu Coks, nackoniko cio moxno
ino hpcnyianafi u oxapakfcpusonafi, nhucinanoci n fakou o-
muu honufuucckuu u skonomuucckuu konfckcf. Iocnc paspymc-
nun cnpohcuckou honufuucckou cucfcmi Iufncp nuknunuponan
canufapniu kopnon, cymccfnonanmuu nokpyi Concfckoio Coksa.
To ccfi on cosnan cufyauuk, c kofopou nu Bcnukopufanun, nu
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, inannim opasom ho hpuuunam honufuucc-
koio xapakfcpa, nc moinu cmupuficn, hockoniky ona saknaninana
ocnoni nnn hcpcxona konfponn sa mcxnynaponnou xusnik (no
nccx cc achckfax) us pyk aninocakconckux ncpxan u panuuu n
pyku icpmanckou ncpxani. Icpmano-concfckoc coinamcnuc ho of-
nomcnuk k sfomy pcsynifafy ino hpoxonnim unuuncnfom, on-
nako ono ckopcc ycununano, ucm hpcymcnimano (kak nancnncn
Iufncp) nchpunfuc Aninucu u Amcpukou iufncponckou honufuku.
B momcnf, koina sfa honufuka okasanaci nahpanncna na ycfpa-
ncnuc hocncncfnuu hpoxonnoio unuuncnfa, fo ccfi coinamcnun
mcxny nauusmom u kommynusmom, nocnnan cufyauun hocfanuna
aninocakconckuc ncpxani hcpcn ncofnoxnim niopom. Hukfo nc
414
moi ckasafi, cmoxcf nu CCCI, u ccnu cmoxcf, fo no kakoio mo-
mcnfa, cohpofunnnficn icpmanckomy nacfyhncnuk, no nahancnuc
ncmucn hpcnocfannnno Bcnukopufanuu u, mcncc nchocpcncfncn-
no, Cocnuncnnim Ufafam nosmoxnocfi, kofopyk ncnisn ino
yhyckafi. B fof momcnf cymccfnonano nnc iuhofcsi. uo CCCI
yncf honcpxcn Icpmanucu, u foina nauncfcn cxnafka sa muponoc
iochoncfno mcxny aninocakconckumu ncpxanamu u Icpmanucu, co-
ksnuucu Shonuu. uo CCCI cmoxcf okasafi cohpofunncnuc,
nixufi u, cncnonafcnino, chococfnonafi hopaxcnuk Icpmanuu.
B sfom cnyuac pckoncfpykuuk cucfcmi mcxnynaponnix ofnomc-
nuu n hocncnocnniu hcpuon nano yncf hnanuponafi, nknkuan
Cfanuna u concfckyk cucfcmy.
B uknc 141 i. mup okasancn na pachyfic, numcnnnim nos-
moxnocfu hpcnyianafi ucxon hpunumacmix pcmcnuu. Otckfunno
Bcnukopufanun u Concfckuu Coks oponuci fchcpi hpofun on-
noio u foio xc npaia. Y nux ina, cncnonafcnino, onna u fa xc
ucni hopaxcnuc Icpmanuu. Kakumu i nu inu nosmoxnic
hpoinosi ofnocufcnino xona nocnnix ncucfnuu, conhancnuc ucnu
ohpcncnnnoci ncnamu, a nc namcpcnunmu. Icsynifafi fakoio co-
nhancnun n cpcnnc- u noniocpounom hnanc ohpcncnnnuci cpokamu
u pcsynifafamu nocnnix ncucfnuu. Concpmcnno oucnunno, ufo
umcnno n fof momcnf nnn kpyhncumux hpcncfanufcncu sahannoio
mupa u nuncpa foio, ufo nccnfuncfun chycfn nasonyf pcaninim
couuanusmom, nosnukna hponcma ohpcncncnun nsaumoofnomc-
nuu, oycnonncnnan xonom nocnnix ohcpauuu, onnako fpcykman
u hponcncnun nnunnoio pnna nohpocon, kacanmuxcn choconocfu
cfoni pasnuunix ncpxan nccfu omyk nouny, choconocfu nymafi
o ynymcm cofpynnuuccfnc, choconocfu hpunnfi fo, ufo hpo-
usomno n 1J141 ii. naionapn honufukc Concfckoio Coksa.
nunniu hcpcucni nohpocon, na kofopic ncnosmoxno ino hony-
uufi ncmcnncnnic ofncfi, no kofopic cncnycf oosnauufi c sfoio
momcnfa, hockoniky k num nocxonnf mnoiuc hponcmi u konq-
nukfi, nosnukmuc hocnc hopaxcnun Icpmanuu.
Yuncfon Hcpuunni nc koncancn nu munyfi. B fof xc ncni,
22 uknn on sannun cs ncnkux koncanuu u ycnonuu: Mi okaxcm
Ioccuu u pycckomy napony nck nosmoxnyk homomi, kakyk foniko
cmoxcm. Mi opafumcn ko nccm namum npysinm u coksnukam no
nccx uacfnx cncfa c hpusinom hpuncpxunaficn fakoio xc kypca u
hpononufi cio fak xc cfouko u ncyknonno no konua, kak sfo y-
ncm ncnafi mi....
Hcmnoium oncc, ucm sa mccnu no sfoio, 1O man 141 i., samcc-
fufcni Iufncpa ho hapfuu Iynoniq Iccc, onun, ofhpanuncn na ca-
moncfc n Aninuk c xcnanucm ycnufi pufanckoc hpanufcnicfno
415
saknkuufi mup c Iufncpom u ynauno hpuscmnuncn n Uofnannuu.
Iccc ncckoniko hcpcoucnunan cnou choconocfu u honaian, ufo
cio muccun cocfonna n fom, ufoi, puckyn xusnik, saknkuufi
mup c Bcnukopufanucu u honoxufi koncu kponohponufuk, kak
on hucan n hucimc Iufncpy. Hchoniofonncnnocfi ohcpauuu u fpc-
noia, c kofopou Iufncp nochpunnn sfy nonocfi, nanonnf na micni,
ufo hpcnhpunfuc icpmanckoio ncnfcnn ino nixonkou onunouku,
numcnnou honufuucckoio cmicna. Onnako skcucnfpuunocfi un-
uuncnfa ocfannnna comncnun. Cnumkom usnccfna ina cknonnocfi
Ipufanuu k coinamcnuk c Icpmanucu nnn foio, ufoi ncnannuc
coksnuku ho ocfonfcnicfnam, fo ccfi Concfi, nc sahonospunu n
sfom mai, coinaconanniu c qkpcpom. B sfom nc ino nu ipamma
hpanni, u ncc-faku, koina Hcpuunni cncnan cnoc ucfopuucckoc
sannncnuc (uchonisyn cnona Cfanuna), shuson c Icccom cmc nufan
n nosnyxc, u ncoxunannnoc naioponcfno Ipufanuu ino nc cpasy
honnfo no nccm cio snaucnuu, saknkuanmcmcn n nipaxcnuu uc-
kpcnncio onciucnun ho honony foio, ufo nocnnic ncucfnun hpo-
fun CCCI osnauanu ofcpouky ncmcukoio nosnymnoio nacfyhncnun
u ofnannnu ohacnocfi of Bcnukopufanuu. Ohaccnun Mockni, a
fakxc npcmcnnoc ucucsnoncnuc Cfanuna otncnnkf ohosnanuc of-
ncfa concfckou cfoponi. 7 uknn Hcpuunni ofhpanun cmc onno ho-
cnanuc Cfanuny. B fo xc npcmn pufanckan nocnnan muccun hpu-
ina n Mockny. 12 uknn Monofon u Kpuhhc honhucanu kpafkuu
noionop, onsinanmuu oc cfpani okasinafi npyi npyiy homomi u
nc nccfu cchapafnix hcpcionopon c hpofunnukom u fcm oncc hon-
hucinafi cchapafniu mup. Onnako foniko 18 uknn Cfanun pcmun
ofncfufi pufanckomy hpcmicp-munucfpy. Ofo yxc ino cumhfo-
mom ncsnoponou ocfanonku, xapakfcpusonanmcu hcpnic maiu an-
ino-concfckoio coksa, ocnonannoio na ocosnanuu ncoxonumocfu
cofpynnuuccfna, no fakxc u na nsaumnom ncnoncpuu.
Ofa ncsnoponan ocfanonka hocfonnno cohponoxnana cofpyn-
nuuccfno Concfckoio Coksa c cio sahannimu coksnukamu, co-
fpynnuuccfno, kofopoc nukfonanoci pasnuunimu ucnnmu cfopon.
Koina Cfanun pcmun, nakoncu, ofncfufi Hcpuunnk, fo hpcxnc
nccio on hohpocun cio o ncmcnncnnom ofkpifuu nfopoio qponfa
no panuuu u o mopckux ncucfnunx na ccncpc c ucnik ocnaufi
nanncnuc ncmucn na nocfokc. C foio momcnfa u nhnofi no uknn
144 i. fcma nfopoio qponfa cfana ncufmofunom hpofccfon Cfanu-
na hpofun hpccnonyfou csncnfcninocfu 3ahana. Ho n 141 i. ona
nocuna cmicn npamafuucckou csofnaiafcninocfu: Ics sfux nnyx
nunon homomu (cosnanun nfopoio qponfa u pciynnpnic hocfanku
noopyxcnuu u nocnnou fcxnuku. 1e0.) Concfckuu Coks, hucan
Cfanun, nuo hofcphuf hopaxcnuc, nuo yncf ocnancn no foio,
416
ufo hofcpncf nanonio choconocfi okasinafi homomi cnoum coks-
nukam cnoumu akfunnimu ncucfnunmu na qponfc opii c iufnc-
pusmom. Icpcn nuuom honfopncmix u houfu ofuannnix hpusinon
Cfanuna, ninnuianmcio unck pufanckoio nmcmafcnicfna hocin-
kou skchcnuuuonnnoio kophyca us 25JO nunusuu ucpcs Apxan-
icnickuu hopf u ucpcs Hpan n nahpanncnuu kxnix pciuonon
CCCI unu n kakyk-nuo ankanckyk cfpany, Hcpuunni hpumcn k
ninony o fom, ufo cchoncsno nuckyfuponafi c ucnonckom, nuncn-
mum hponcmi n concpmcnno ncpcaninou hcpchckfunc.
Ofof omcn mncnunmu nocfafouno ncno hokasinacf cnoxnocfi
nonou cufyauuu. Cncnycf nchomnufi, ufo Iufncp nahan na CCCI,
nancnci pasipomufi cio sa ncckoniko ncncni; u cncnycf nchomnufi,
ufo ananoiuunoc ycxncnuc ino nocfafouno mupoko pachpocfpa-
ncno n sahannom mupc. B cncfc fakux hpcnhocinok hpusini Cfa-
nuna moinu ifi ucfonkonani ho-pasnomy. C onnou cfoponi, onu
hpunananu oocnonannocfi iufncponckum fcsucam u sacfannnnu
ohacaficn, ufo hpopouccfno ofnocufcnino hpnmoio cfonknoncnun
mcxny Icpmanucu u aninocakconckumu cfpanamu moxcf oucni icf-
po cfafi pcaninocfik; sfo hpunonuno k ninony o fom, ufo homo-
iafi yxc hocxncnnou cfpanc ino cchoncsno u ohacno. C npy-
iou cfoponi, maiu, hpcnhpunnfic Cfanunim, hpcncfannnnuci
fakxc kak apiymcnfi nnn oocnonanun fcsuca o cnocio pona ncnu-
nonnocfu Concfckoio Coksa n annckcunx 1J141 ii., concp-
mcnnix c coinacun (unu hpu ofcyfcfnuu nconopcnun) Iufncpa.
cucfnufcnino, ho yfncpxncnunm Cfanuna, foniko naionapn sfum
annckcunm cfano nosmoxno nocfafouno nnufcninoc cohpofunncnuc
ncmuam, hosnonunmcc Concfam onnum cncpxafi hcpnyk u nfo-
pyk nonny icpmanckoio nacfyhncnun. Ofcyfcfnuc pufanckou ho-
momu nciufumusuponano hpano Concfon na cosnanuc cocfncnnoio
canufapnoio koopnona. Hncn ofkpifi nfopou qponf no pan-
uuu u, cmc xyxc, n npyiux uacfnx Inpohi n 141 i., ion chycfn
hocnc knkcpka ina concpmcnno ncpcanina, kak ofmcuan cam
Hcpuunni. Onnako c fcucnucm npcmcnu sfof apiymcnf cfanonuncn
hpocfou ofionopkou, nahpanncnnou na fo, ufoi hcpcnoxufi inan-
nim opasom na Concfi fnxccfi ofhopa icpmanckomy nafucky.
6.2.2. COE,UHEHHME TTATM U HOBMU OTAH BOUHM
B EBPOHE
Ofu pacxoxncnun nnonunu n hponcmy, kofopan hpuopcna
ncofnoxniu xapakfcp ucpcs ion, hocnc ncfyhncnun n konqnukf
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, no usmcnuna cnou honufuucckuu cmicn.
C 1J ho 141 i. amcpukanckoc omccfncnnoc mncnuc u, n cmc
417
onimcu cfchcnu, pysncnifonckoc okpyxcnuc hponcnanu onimou
hyfi k ofcfyhncnuk of honufuku ncufpanufcfa. Bhnofi no nonpn
14O i. Iysncnif in cnnsan kamhanucu ho cio uspanuk na fpc-
fuu cpok hpcsuncnfom Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, n fcucnuc kofopou
ouni pasnuunix sfnuucckux ipyhh ocfpo omymanuci pysncnifon-
ckou koanuuucu (n ococnnocfu n fom, ufo kacanoci ipyhhi ufa-
no-amcpukanucn, n kofopou nomunuponanu hpoqamucfckuc ncnfc-
nu u kofopan ina pasnpaxcna xccfkou pcuik, hpousncccnnou
Iysncnifom n Uapnoffcnunnc hpofun ncfyhncnun Hfanuu n nou-
ny). Ho hocnc hpcononcnun fpynnocfcu, cnnsannix c niopamu,
hcpcn Iysncnifom ofkpinaci nocfafouno nnufcninan hcpchckfuna,
hpcnocfannnnman cnoony mancnpa, hpu kofopou honnunaci nos-
moxnocfi hpunumafi camic cmcnic pcmcnun. Ofu pcmcnun n nk-
om cnyuac nonxni inu nc honfopnfi nunicononckuc unnksuu, a
pcanucfuunim opasom cooofncfcfnonafi kak unfcpccam honnoio
nospoxncnun amcpukanckou skonomuku hocnc pcucccuu, fak u
hnanam ncyknonnnoio ycuncnun cc nnunnun n mupc; sfu pcmcnun
nonxni inu sanoxufi ocnoni nnn fccnoio cofpynnuuccfna c Bc-
nukopufanucu. B nckapcnnnapc 14O141 ii. ncofnoxnou
hponcmou ino okasanuc homomu Bcnukopufanuu, no hpu sfom
cncnonano uscxafi nosnpamcnun k sahyfannou cufyauuu mcxco-
ksnuucckux nonion. nn pcmcnun sfou hponcmi Iysncnif hpcn-
noxun, ufoi qunanconan honncpxka hpcnpafunaci n homomi ho-
cfankamu fonapon, sa kofopic Bcnukopufanun pachnauunanaci i
nafypou. Iysncnif hpunyman foina mcfaqopy, cfanmyk nhocncn-
cfnuu snamcnufou: ccnu iopuf nom coccna, fo chpancnnuno u na-
iopasymno, nc fpcyn hpcnnapufcninou ohnafi, ononxufi cmy pc-
sunoniu mnani, cocnuncnniu c cocfncnnim nacocom, nnn foio,
ufoi hoiacufi oioni. Coccn ncpncf noni, koina cmoxcf, no pac-
hpocfpancnun oinn ynacfcn uscxafi. B onnou us snamcnufix c-
ccn y kamuna, c kofopimu Iysncnif opamancn k amcpukanuam ho
panuo, pastncnnn cocfncnnyk honufuky, on uchonisonan cmc
onno nipaxcnuc: Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nonxni cfafi apccnanom
ncmokpafuu, homoian aninuuanam, naxc puckyn ifi nonncucn-
nimu n nouny.
6.2.3. BAKOH O LEH,-LUBE
B cnocm fpanuuuonnom hocnanuu O honoxcnuu cfpani,
hpousncccnnom n nnnapc 141 i., Iysncnif usnoxun hpockf, n co-
ofncfcfnuu c kofopim hofpconan of konipccca ncoxonumic ac-
cuinonanun nnn cosnanun nooopyxcnuu c ucnik uchonisonanun ux
hpofun iocynapcfn-aipcccopon u n honncpxky cfpan honncpimuxcn
418
nahancnuk c fcm, ufoi n konuc nouni onu ohnafunu honyucnnic
hocfanku npyiumu fonapamu unu ycnyiamu. Cocnuncnnim Ufafam
cncnonano nnccfu cnou nknan n yfncpxncnuc ucfipcx qynnamcn-
faninix cnoon: cnooni cnona u pcnuiuu, cnooni of nyxni u
cfpaxa.
Ocnoninanci na sfux hpcnhocinkax, Iysncnif hopyuun munu-
cfcpcfny qunancon honiofonufi hpockf sakona, nasnanniu 1enJ-
1euse Acr (sakon o ncnn-nusc). 3akon hpcnycmafpunan, ufo hpcsu-
ncnf hponacf, cnacf n apcnny u nacf n noni, na ycnonunx, kofopic
coufcf hpumncmimu, noopyxcnun, ochpuhaci, hponononicfncn-
nic fonapi u nkic npyiuc cpcncfna ooponi cfpanam, samufy
kofopix on coufcf xusncnno naxnou nnn Cocnuncnnnix Ufa-
fon. Amcpukanckuu qnof ne 0y0em sancucfnonan n konnouponanuu
fopionix cynon, sannfix hcpcnoskou fonapon, onnako cckpcfnic
coinamcnun, honhucannic c pufanckum anmupanfcucfnom no npc-
mn ocyxncnun sakona, hpcnycmafpunanu mcpi na ohpcncncnnic
cnyuau u saknaninanu ocnoni nnn conmccfnix ohcpauuu hocnc
ncfyhncnun Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n nouny.
3akon o ncnn-nusc nnuncn panukaninim honopofom ho ofno-
mcnuk k honufukc amcpukanckoio ncufpanufcfa u nafonknyncn na
cohpofunncnuc usonnuuonucfon u mnoiouucncnnix hponauucfckux
ipyhh Amcpuku. Onnako Iysncnify u onimuncfny konipccca yna-
noci nouficn naxnoio ychcxa, koina ucpcs ionoconanuc honannnk-
mum onimuncfnom ionocon sakon ncfyhun n cuny 11 mapfa 141 i.
Bcfyhun n cuny fcopcfuuccku, hockoniky fckcf nokymcnfa hpcnyc-
mafpunan, ufo hpcnocfanncnuk homomu nonxno hpcnmccfnonafi
pamounoc coinamcnuc mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u kaxnou
cfpanou-honyuafcncm homomu. A sfo cfanuno numi ho nunumocfu
qopmaninyk hponcmy, nauunan nchocpcncfncnno c pufanckoio
kasyca.
Xofn sfof momcnf u nc umccf hpnmoio ofnomcnun k fomy, kak
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi hpunuxanuci k nounc, cio cmicn fpcycf
kpafkoio samcuanun, homoiakmcio oncc founou fpakfonkc amcpu-
kanckux ycunuu, cnuncfcnicfnonanmux o cymccfnonanmcm yxc foi-
na cfpcmncnuu honncpxunafi fccnic skonomuucckuc cnnsu c In-
pohou u n hocncnocnniu hcpuon. Koina xon Mcunapn Kcunc ho
hopyucnuk nonnonckoio hpanufcnicfna ofhpanuncn ncfom 141 i. n
Bamunifon nnn coinaconanun c amcpukanckum hpanufcnicfnom
fcxnuucckux ycnonuu hpumcncnun sakona, Bamunifon hpcnnoxun
qopmynuponky, kofopan cpcnu hpoucio inacuna (cf. 7):
Ycnonun, pciynupykmuc homomi, hpcnocfannncmyk nnn oo-
poni Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu Amcpuku Cocnuncnnomy Koponcn-
cfny |...] hpcnycmafpunakf, ufo nu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi Amcpuku,
41
nu Cocnuncnnoc Koponcncfno nc ofkasinakfcn of umhopfa nko-
io hponykfa, kofopiu hpoucxonuf us npyiou cfpani, u honiofonnf
mcpi, nahpanncnnic na nocfuxcnuc sfux ucncu.
Ofa qopmynuponka hpakfuuccku hpcnycmafpunana koncu pc-
xuma niiofnix fopionix fapuqon, cymccfnonanmcio nnyfpu Co-
npyxccfna, u cio samcny pcxumom cnoonnou fopionnu, cosnanuc
kofopoio nnnnnoci inannou ucnik amcpukanckux skonomuucckux
fcopcfukon hpumcnufcnino k hocncnocnnomy hcpuony. Kcuncy sfa
qopmynuponka kasanaci skcfpanaianfnou u nchpucmncmou. Ic-
pcionopi inu hpcpnani u ofnoxcni no cncnykmcio iona (ufo,
nhpoucm, nc umcno hocncncfnuu nnn ofhpanku homomu, kofopan
fcm npcmcncm nauana okasinaficn sqqckfunno u maccuponanno).
Onnako, sfa cfafin hpcncfannnna cnocio pona hpcnnapcnuc manu-
qccfa, c homomik kofopoio amcpukanui coupanuci nicfpau-
nafi cnoc nmcmafcnicfno n cnpohcuckuc ncna. B ocnonc ncxano
cfpcmncnuc uscxafi honfopcnun cufyauuu hocnc Icpnou muponou
nouni, koina CUA okasanuci usonnuuonucfamu n honufuucckom
hnanc, no inyoko nonncucnnimu, hpuucm c hocpcncfncnnimu pc-
synifafamu, n qunanconom hnanc n ncna Cfapoio Cncfa.
C mapfa ho 22 uknn 141 i. sakon o ncnn-nusc akfunno uchoni-
sonancn ho mcpc napacfanun ohacnocfu, k kofopomy ncnu ychcxu
ncmucn n Inpohc. B ofncf na akfunusauuk honnonnou nouni, pas-
ncpnyfou ncmuamu n Afnanfukc, 1O ahpcnn Iysncnif sannun, ufo
Ipcnnannun nnnncfcn uacfik 3ahannoio honymapun u yncf samu-
maficn amcpukanuamu, kofopic cuufakf oipomniu ocfpon naxo-
nnmumcn hon cnoum konfponcm, nccmofpn na fo, ufo on hpunannc-
xuf anuu; hpanufcnicfno Kohcniaicna hon nanncnucm ncmucn
ochopuno sakonnocfi pcmcnun Iysncnifa. B fof xc ncni npyiou
nckpcf hpcsuncnfa otnnun o fom, ufo Kpacnoc mopc onimc nc
nnnncfcn sahpcfnou sonou nocnnix ncucfnuu nnn amcpukanckux
kopancu, a sfo ncnano nosmoxnim nocfanky homomu pufanckum
nouckam n Iiuhfc. H, nakoncu, 1O ahpcnn hpousomno hcpnoc mop-
ckoc cfonknoncnuc mcxny amcpukanckum munonocucm u ncmcukou
honnonnou nonkou.
anincumum maiom k nonncucnuk Amcpuku n nouny cfano
hpunnfoc n ccnfnpc 141 i. pcmcnuc hafpynuponafi konnou ho-
cfanok, nahpannnnmuccn n Bcnukopufanuk. Iafpynuponafi nn-
nnnoci ohpcncncnucm, cnna ckpinanmum namcpcnnoc usmcncnuc
foio, ufo hpcnycmafpunan sakon 11 mapfa, fo ccfi honoxcnun o
fom, ufo nc yncf amcpukanckoio cohponoxncnun konnocn, na-
hpannnkmuxcn n pufanckuc hopfi. Ofo ina ycfyhka usonnuuo-
nucfam, kofopyk ino oucni nciko hpcononcfi, yuufinan fof
qakf, ufo cs coofncfcfnykmcio cohponoxncnun amcpukanckan ho-
42O
momi nukoina i nc nomna no mccfa nasnaucnun, u uncn cfafi
apccnanom ncmokpafuu hpcnpafunaci i n xccfokyk myfky. Amc-
pukanckuu qnof n Afnanfukc ycununcn, u koina cnyuauno amcpu-
kanckoc fpanchopfnoc cynno ino hofohncno, Iysncnif nochoni-
sonancn cnyuacm nnn foio, ufoi otncnufi coipaxnanam macmfa
icpmanckou ohacnocfu u ncoxonumocfi napamunafi mopckuc
cuni Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. B cfpanc ino otnnncno upcsniuau-
noc honoxcnuc, u 14 uknn nimcn ykas o samopaxunanuu ncmcu-
kou u ufaninnckou cocfncnnocfu n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax. Ofo
in mai, sa kofopim nonxcn in hocncnonafi houfu honniu pas-
pin nuhnomafuucckux ofnomcnuu. Onnonpcmcnno amcpukanckoc u
pufanckoc npocnno-mopckuc komannonanun nauanu hpononufi
pciynnpnic ohcpafunnic koncynifauuu, kak sfo hpousomno no
npcmn oxofi sa ncmcukum nuncunim kopancm Iucmapk, o hc-
pcnnuxcnunx kofopoio n Afnanfuucckom okcanc amcpukanui pciy-
nnpno coomanu inannomy mfay pufanckoio qnofa.
6.2.4. PACHPOCTPAHUTB LU HOMOTB
HA COBETCKUU COLB?
Takona ina cufyauun, koina nauanoci ocymccfnncnuc hnana
Iapapocca, u namunifonckoc hpanufcnicfno okasanoci hcpcn nc-
oxonumocfik hpunnfun pcmcnuu o nknkucnuu CCCI n anfuiuf-
ncponckyk koanuuuk n fof momcnf ho nohpocy o hnanc homomu
ho ncnn-nusy, hosnncc n omcm hnanc. cucfnufcnino, nauunan
c nahancnun ncmucn na CCCI Iysncnif kocncnnim opasom nan
honnfi, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nc samcnnnf okasafi cnok ho-
momi fomy, kfo cpaxancn nmccfc c Bcnukopufanucu, naxc ccnu
sfo u nc osnauano nukakoio usmcncnun n amcpukanckou oucnkc
honufuucckux ucnnocfcu, kofopimu pykononcfnonancn concfckuu
kommynusm. 24 uknn nokuponanuc concfckux qunanconix ohcpa-
uuu n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax, nncncnnoc pancc, ino ofmcncno, u
26 uknn nnunfcniniu samccfufcni ioccckpcfapn CUA Camncp
Ysnnc ncfpcfuncn c concfckum hocnom Ymanckum nnn foio, ufoi
ocynufi n yskom kpyiy chocoi nocfanku amcpukanckou homomu.
Ofo cmc nc ino pachpocfpancnucm ncucfnun sakona o ncnn-nusc
na CCCI, no cfano naxnim maiom n sfom nahpanncnuu.
Iysncnifa cncpxunanu nna momcnfa: hocfonnnan cuninan ohho-
suuun amcpukanckux kafonukon hpofun ncnkou honncpxku concf-
ckoio kommynusma u ckchfuuusm ofnocufcnino nocnnou qopmi
Concfon. B Bamunifonc fakxc ino pachpocfpancno mncnuc, ufo
ncmcukoc nacfyhncnuc ychcmno sancpmufcn sa ncckoniko ncncni.
Ioncc foio, umcnno hpcnnunn fakou ucxon, Iysncnif uknn pac-
421
hopnnuncn, ufoi, homumo yxc hpcnycmofpcnnoio cosnanun oni-
moio qnofa, choconoio onnonpcmcnno cpaxaficn na nnyx okca-
nax, kofopic ominanu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, inu uchonisonani
ncc nosmoxnocfu hpomimncnnocfu nnn noopyxcnun macconou ap-
muu, uucncnnocfik no mnn ucnonck (sfo okono 215 nunusuu), u
nnn cosnanun nnymufcninoio nocnno-nosnymnoio qnofa, choco-
noio ocymccfnnnfi cfpafciuucckuc ohcpauuu na onimux paccfon-
nunx. B ocnonc hpcnhpunumacmix ycunuu ncxana iuhofcsa o fom,
ufo ncmuam ynacfcn cosnafi omupncumyk koanuuuk of Af-
nanfuku u no Shonuu, u ufo anino-amcpukanckuu coks nonxcn
yncf cpaxaficn c sfum hpofunnukom. A sfo hpcnhonaiano hocny
Iufncpa nan Cfanunim. Hmcnno nnn foio, ufoi hpofunocfonfi
hofcnuuaninou npaxcckou koanuuuu, Iysncnif 7 uknn hpukasan
okkyhuponafi Hcnannuk, fo ccfi uacfi afckoio koponcncfna, ko-
fopan, fakum opasom, nknkuanaci n amcpukanckyk sony csohac-
nocfu u hpumcncnucm cuni ninonunaci us ncoipanuucnnou ohcpa-
funnou soni icpmanckoio mopckoio komannonanun, kyna cc xofcn
nknkuufi Iufncp n mapfc n ofncf na onopcnuc sakona o ncnn-nusc.
Ofof hcpnonauaniniu hcccumusm in cmniucn u n snauufcni-
nou cfchcnu cnnf xonom ohcpauuu na concfckou fcppufopuu, fcm
ocfonfcnicfnom, ufo Shonun nc ncfyhuna n nouny na cfoponc
Icpmanuu u oucnkamu, kofopic nuxaumuu homomnuk Iysncnifa
Iappu Iohkunc hcpcnan n Bamunifon hocnc hoccmcnun Mockni n
konuc uknn. Cfanun fakxc honfopun Iohkuncy nacfouuunyk
hpociy o ncmcnncnnou homomu kak pufanckou, fak u amcpukan-
ckou. On nipasun hoxcncnuc honyuufi 2O fic hpofunofankonix
apfunncpuuckux opynuu, munnuon nunfonok, onimoc uucno kpyh-
nokanucpnix hyncmcfon u scnufok: aufc nam scnufku u annk-
munuu, u mi cmoxcm nocnafi ho mcnimcu mcpc fpu unu ucfipc
iona. Oucnunno, ufo sahpoc Cfanuna moi ifi numi hohifkou
hponcpufi amcpukanckuc namcpcnun, nc paccuufanniu na ncmcn-
ncnnic pcsynifafi, ufo ycununo ycxncnuc Cfanuna n ofcyfcfnuu
honnunnoio xcnanun Bamunifona homoui Concfckomy Coksy no
foio, kak on yncf occkponncn nounou c ncmuamu. Iohkunc, co
cnocu cfoponi, nc hpcmunyn pastncnufi, ufo cio muccun umcna
foniko unqopmauuonnic ucnu u nonxna ina yfounufi, ufo pu-
fanckoc hpanufcnicfno u amcpukanckoc hpanufcnicfno (of nuua
kofopoio on in yhonnomoucn ncnafi sannncnun) nc namcpcna-
nuci hocfannnfi Ioccuu fnxcnic noopyxcnun, fakuc kak fanku,
camoncfi u scnufnic opynun, no cosina concmanun fpcx hpanu-
fcnicfn nnn nipaofku nahpanncnuu coinaconannix ncucfnuu u
conmccfnoio inyokoio ocyxncnun cfpafciuucckux unfcpccon
kaxnoio qponfa u kaxnou cfpani. A sfo ncnosmoxno, samcfun
422
Iohkunc Cfanuny, no okonuanun ufni, kofopan uncf hon Mock-
nou. Onnako hocnannuk Iysncnifa hpuncs us Mockni nhcuafnc-
nuc, ufo hcccumusm in ncymccfcn. Xon nocnnix ncucfnuu, kofo-
piu on moi nanknafi nnusu, ycnun cio, ufo cynia nouni ina
iopasno oncc ncohpcncncnna, ucm nymanu mnoiuc, u ufo Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi moinu i ciipafi pcmakmyk poni. Bhpoucm, sfo
honfncpnun u Cfanun:
Momi Icpmanuu cfoni ncnuka, ufo xofn Ioccun cmoxcf samu-
maficn onna, Bcnukopufanuu u Ioccuu nmccfc yncf oucni fpynno
pasipomufi icpmanckyk nocnnyk mamuny. On ckasan, ufo nanccc-
nucm hopaxcnun Iufncpy, u, nosmoxno, cs cnunoio nicfpcna,
moxcf ifi foniko otnnncnuc Cocnuncnnnix Ufafon o ncfyhnc-
nuu n nouny c Icpmanucu.
Kpafkuu nusuf Iohkunca n Mockny umcn mnoxccfno hocncn-
cfnuu u in oucni honcscn nnn Iysncnifa. Iomumo nhcuafncnuu u
unqopmauuu o choconocfu Concfckoio Coksa k cohpofunncnuk,
hocnannuky hpcsuncnfa ynanoci honnfi hpupony concfckou cucfc-
mi nnacfu, omyfufi cc aconkfnoc cocpcnofoucnuc n pykax Cfa-
nuna. Ofo nonxno ino ccpicsno honnunfi na pcakuuk Cocnuncn-
nix Ufafon. C foio momcnfa onu ocosnanu, ufo nouna yncf ncc-
fuci u yncf niuipana naionapn cunc koanuuuu c Concfckum Co-
ksom. Onnako c kakum Concfckum Coksom u kakoc mccfo cncnycf
ofnccfu Concfckomy Coksy n Inpohc hpu nuknunauuu icicmonuu
Icpmanuu
Cncnycf hopasmicnufi nan hocfanonkou sfou hponcmi n o-
ncc mupokom honufuucckom konfckcfc ncfom 141 i., n momcnf,
koina nano ino pcmufi, kakum opasom nknkuufi CCCI n anfu-
nauucfckuu coks. Icnu, c onnou cfoponi, hpouccc qopmuponanun
sfou nonou koanuuuu honfncpxnan hponan nocnnix u nuhnomafu-
ucckux hnanon Iufncpa, fo, c npyiou, cama nonan koanuuun
cfpounaci na ncohpcncncnnix u ncycfouuunix ocnonanunx. Co-
ncfckuu Coks honyuun cumnonuucckuc ocmanun homomu, kofo-
pic n hcpnic nnu umcnu foniko hcuxonoiuucckoc snaucnuc, houfu
kak cfumyn k nosmoxno oncc noniomy cohpofunncnuk n ncmunyc-
mo hpouipannou nounc. 3afcm, hocfchcnno, no nmccfc c fcm nocfa-
founo icfpo, sfa cufyauun usmcnunaci, u CCCI cfana okasi-
naficn homomi n cuny cio nonionpcmcnnoio yuacfun n kauccfnc
hapfncpa n nonou koanuuuu, c camix hcpnix maion honfauunac-
mou hpofunopcuunmu mcxny fpcmn anfuiufncponckumu ncpxana-
mu. Ooponufcninan hosuuun Bcnukopufanuu concpxana nnnic
nnycmicncnnocfu u ina nconnoponna us-sa hpofunopcuunix mo-
funauuu, hpucymux umhcpckou cucfcmc. Concfckan hosuuun oyc-
nonnunanaci nnymn momcnfamu: coxpannkmcucn nocnnou u skono-
42J
muucckou cnaocfik, kofopan hosnonnna cohpofunnnficn Iufncpy,
no nc pasipomufi cio, kak sfo hpusnanan cam Cfanun; u coofno-
mcnucm mcxny fcppufopunmu, okkyhuponannimu Concfckum Co-
ksom n 1J141 ii., u fcmu scmnnmu, kofopic sahannic ncpxa-
ni iofoni inu hpusnafi hpunanncxamumu Mocknc hocnc okon-
uanun nocnnix ncucfnuu, fo ccfi n konuc nouni, nauafou panu
samufi cymccfnonanun Ionimu (no, nhpoucm, nc cc fcppufopu-
aninou ucnocfnocfu).
Ofu nna momcnfa nnunnu na hosuuuk Iysncnifa, kofopiu, xofn
u aqumuponan unfcpnauuonanucfckuc ycfpcmncnun, hpunanan nc
mcnimcc snaucnuc hponcmc pcaninoio cooofnomcnun cun. Io-
nono fomy, kak on nciufumusuponan cnok hosuuuk cnoonnou
fopionnu, a ho cymccfny, amcpukanckoio hpcnocxoncfna n ofnomc-
nuu Bcnukopufanuu, on nonxcn in sannfi hosuuuk u n ofno-
mcnuu ponu Concfckoio Coksa. B fof momcnf, koina cam Cfanun
hpusnan, ufo foniko Cocnuncnnic Ufafi choconi paspcmufi
konqnukf u nanccfu hopaxcnuc Icpmanuu hpu homomu hpocfou
ncknapauuu (hpcnhonoxcnuc, naxc cnumkom ohfumucfuunoc), on
hpusnan inoaninoc amcpukanckoc hpcnocxoncfno. Kakan poni of-
nonunaci Concfckomy Coksy Cfanun in cnumkom xufcp, ufoi
cpasy xc ocyxnafi hcpchckfuni, ofkpinakmuccn n pcsynifafc
hopaxcnun Icpmanuu. Bhpoucm, n fcucnuc nccio 142 i. ino
mano hohifok ocyxnafi sfy fcmy. H ncc xc ino oucnunno, ufo,
ccnu nc hpousouncf ncoxunannix honopofon, Concfckuu Coks
niuncf us nouni hocnufcncm n kauccfnc ncpxani-icicmona Boc-
founou u Hcnfpaninou Inpohi. Iomoui Concfckomy Coksy oncp-
xafi hocny osnauano, cncnonafcnino, homoui cmy yncpxafi fo,
ufo on saxnafun (houfu nccina c homomik nuhnomafuu) sa hcpuon
coksa c Icpmanucu Oucnunno, ufo hopaxcnuc pcuxa hpuncncf k
yfpafc Icpmanucu ponu konfuncnfaninou ncpxani, yfpafc, kofo-
pan cosnacf honufuucckuu nakyym. Kfo cio sahonnuf Iocnc hopa-
xcnuu 14O i. fpynno ino hpcncfanufi, ufo panuun okaxcfcn
choconou ncpnyficn k samicnam konfuncnfaninou icicmonuu. Hc
nyxno ino hpousnonufi ococnno founix pacucfon nnn foio,
ufoi hpcncfanufi, ufo homoiafi CCCI niuipafi nouny osnauano
fakxc chococfnonafi cio hpcnpamcnuk n nauoncc snauumyk
konfuncnfaninyk ncpxany. Ofo osnauano sanoxufi ocnoni ynymcu
nahpnxcnnocfu, hockoniky uncn concfckou icicmonuu nisnana i
cnumkom ypnyk pcakuuk n ocfaninou uacfu Inpohi. Mnoiuc
ucfounuku nakf ocnonanuc honaiafi, ufo Iysncnif c camoio naua-
na sanyminancn nan sfumu nohpocamu u ufo on nc nanan na nux
ncmcnncnnoio ofncfa, hpcnocfannnn xony nocnnix ncucfnuu hpcn-
noxufi ycnufcninic qakfi. Takum opasom, ocfananoci ncncno,
424
ina nu homomi, cnauana ocmannan, a safcm u hpcnocfanncnnan
Concfam, hpcnnasnaucna nnn foio, ufoi honncpxunafi cohpofun-
ncnuc camoio cnaoio sncna anfuiufncponckou koanuuuu unu xc
hcpnim maiom nonionpcmcnnoio cofpynnuuccfna nnyx ncpxan, of
ofnomcnuu kofopix sanuccno coofnomcnuc cun n mupc. B pys-
ncnifonckou ofcpoukc concpxanoci in nuce nocfafouno mofuna-
uuu nnn foio, ufoi hoponufi mnoiuc nnycmicncnnocfu.
6.2.5. ATLAHTUUECKAH XAPTUH
Iysncnifonckuu hpaimafusm cmc nc hoponun foio, ufo yncf
nasnano Bcnukuu 3amiccn (UrunJ 1esign) amcpukanckou honufu-
ku, no nnoxnonun konuchuuk hcpccfpouku inoaninix ofnomc-
nuu, ocnonannou na oncc iukux cfpykfypax, n ucnfpc kofopix
naxonunuci Cocnuncnnic Ufafi n kauccfnc nuncpa. Cncpxncpxa-
na in fieri nonnckanaci n konqnukfi, cfanonunmuccn inoaninimu,
u hocfchcnno cc pykononufcnu (nc onun ucnonck, kak n concfckom
cnyuac, a honufuko-skonomuucckan snufa, cnoxnan ho cocfany, no
chnoucnnan) ninnunynu ucni cosnanun cucfcmi mcxnynaponnix
ofnomcnuu, ocnonannix na nucpanino-ncmokpafuucckux hpun-
uuhax. Ofu hpunuuhi nipaxanuci, onnako, n qopmynax, hpcnho-
naianmux uncfufyfi mcxnynaponnoio cofpynnuuccfna, kofopic
fcopcfuuccku hosnonnnu npyium cytckfam muponou skonomuucc-
kou cucfcmi camocfonfcnino ohpcncnnfi nocfafouno onimuc
hpocfpancfna nnn mancnpa, xofn u qynkuuonaninic ho ofnomc-
nuk k cucfcmc skonomuucckou u qunanconou conmccfumocfu u
nsaumosanucumocfu u hosfomy hpcnocfannnkmuc nosmoxnocfu nnn
hponnncnun choconocfu k iukocfu u anahfauuu n sanucumocfu of
usmcncnun cufyauuu. Ofa cucfcma, choconan unfcipuponafi pas-
noopasuc pasnuunix honufuucckux qopm, cfpounaci n coofncf-
cfnuu c noiukou kahufanucfuucckou cucfcmi ona honpasymcna-
naci n pysncnifonckou konuchuuu u nc fpconana, kak fpconan
iufncponckuu icicmonusm u safcm cfanunckuu unfcpnauuonanusm,
mononufnoio cnunoopasun n coofncfcfnuu c hofpcnocfnmu ncp-
xani-icicmona.
Cnoxnocfi amcpukanckou honufuku u hofcnuuaninic opucn-
fauuu, kofopic n ncu yianinanuci, ofpasunuci n fak nasinacmou
Am:unmuueciou xupmuu. Iysncnif u Hcpuunni, kofopic c 14O i.
ncnu hocfonnnyk hcpchucky, hoka nc umcnu nosmoxnocfu ncfpc-
fuficn nuuno. Xofn onu u inu snakomi, ux hcpnan u cnuncfncn-
nan ncfpcua cocfonnaci cmc n 118 i., u foniko n nouny mcxny
numu cnoxunoci fccnoc ohcpafunnoc cofpynnuuccfno, kofopoc,
nccmofpn na fpynnocfu u pasnoinacun ho ofncninim nohpocam,
425
ciipano cfoni onimyk poni n cfanonncnuu ocoix nsaumoofnomc-
nuu (speciul relurionship) mcxny Aninucu u Amcpukou. Cnocnpcmcn-
nocfi yinyncnnoio omcna mncnunmu omymanu oa honufuka, u,
nakoncu, cnyuau hpcncfanuncn n nauanc aniycfa, hocnc nosnpamc-
nun Iohkunca us Mockni, koina nna iocynapcfncnnix ncnfcnn
ncfpcfunuci n nonax Hikqaynnncnna, n IIaccntIa Bay, na kpcuccpc
Ayiycfa u n fcucnuc ucfipcx nncu c ho 1J aniycfa umcnu nos-
moxnocfi ocynufi kak ncofnoxnic nohpoci, fak u inoaninic
hponcmi honufuucckoio hnanuponanun. Hfo kacacfcn ncofnoxnoio,
fo nauoncc naxnoc coinamcnuc paspcmuno hponcmy cohponox-
ncnun konnocn c homomik nnn Bcnukopufanuu. Iino pcmcno,
ufo amcpukanckuu nocnniu qnof yncf fchcpi cohponoxnafi, a
nc foniko hafpynuponafi konnou aninuuckux unu amcpukanckux
kopancu, nocfannnnmux hocfanku n pufanckuc hopfi. Iysncnif
xc, nahpofun, nc honnancn na nanncnuc, kofopoc okasinan Hcp-
uunni n honisy hponcncnun oncc sncpiuunou honufuku n ofno-
mcnuu Shonuu.
Bcfpcua na Ayiycfc ina naxna, hpcxnc nccio, hockoniky ona
honoxuna nauano nipaofkc Afnanfuucckou xapfuu, ohynukonan-
nou 14 aniycfa u concpxanmcu ncckoniko onsinakmux hpo-
ipammnix sannncnuu n ofnomcnuu hpunuuhon, n cooofncfcfnuu c
kofopimu oa iocynapcfncnnix ncnfcnn honumanu cnou honufu-
ucckuc onsafcnicfna n nanniu momcnf, a fakxc hcpchckfuni y-
nymcio mupohopnnka. Ofo in nokymcnf us nocimu hynkfon, nnox-
nonnnnmuucn n ucnom uncnmu Bunicona. Oc cfpani, sannnnn on
hpcxnc nccio, nc cfpcmnfcn k fcppufopuaninim hpuopcfcnunm.
Bfopou hynkf inacun: Onu nc coinacnfcn nu na kakuc fcppufopu-
aninic usmcncnun, nc naxonnmuccn n coinacuu co cnoonno nipa-
xcnnim xcnanucm saunfcpcconannix naponon. B fpcficm an-
fopi yfounnnu cfpcmncnuc k noccfanonncnuk cyncpcnnix hpan u
camoyhpanncnun fcx naponon, kofopic inu numcni sfoio na-
cunicfncnnim hyfcm. ancc xapfun ionopuna o cfpcmncnuu occ-
hcuufi nccm, hocnufcnnm unu hocxncnnim, cnoonniu nocfyh
na pannix ocnonanunx k fopionnc u ucfounukam cipin, ncoxonu-
mim nnn skonomuucckoio hpouncfanun sfux cfpan u ynyumcnun
ycnonuu xusnu fpynnmuxcn. B mccfom hynkfc Xapfuu nipaxanoci
hoxcnanuc, ufoi hocnc okonuafcninoio ynuufoxcnun nauucf-
ckou fupanuu ponuncn csohacniu, muponkuniu, cnoonniu of
cfpaxa u nyxni mup. Hakoncu, n ncu nickasinanoci hoxcnanuc
ofkasa of uchonisonanun cuni n kauccfnc cpcncfna nnn pcmcnun
mcxnynaponnix chopon.
Xofn nokymcnf sfof u nocun uucfo ncknapafunniu xapakfcp u
in onapononan cmc no ncfyhncnun Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n nouny,
426
on niinnncn ycnufcnino c fouku spcnun cio honufuucckoio snauc-
nun ho kpauncu mcpc n fpcx achckfax. Bo-hcpnix, on ncmoncfpupo-
nan anino-amcpukanckoc cofpynnuuccfno n opic c nauusmom,
qakfuuccku cfanmcc oucnunnim, no cmc nc sannncnnoc oquuu-
anino, fo ccfi hoka amcpukanckuc iocynapcfncnnic opiani nc
hpunnnu pcmcnun ho nannomy nohpocy. Ofo in, cncnonafcnino,
nison Iysncnifa ofcuccfncnnim usonnuuonucfam. Bo-nfopix, on
ncc cmicn nc ckpinacmoio nucfanuuponanun of Concfckoio Coksa
umcnno n fof momcnf, koina inu hpcnhpunnfi hcpnic konkpcf-
nic maiu nnn okasanun cmy homomu. Bfopou u fpcfuu hynkfi
ncknapauuu nc moinu nc nochpunumaficn fakxc u kak nconopc-
nuc annckcuu, concpmcnnix Concfamu no 22 uknn. B-fpcfiux,
Xapfun concpxana, c amcpukanckou fouku spcnun, naxnyk ycfyhky
co cfoponi pufanucn. To, ufo Kcunc hocuufan sa ncckoniko nncu
no sfoio skcfpanaianfnim, a umcnno, hpusnanuc cnooni fop-
ionnu, ino hpunnfo Hcpuunncm, ho kpauncu mcpc cumnonuuccku,
n kauccfnc hpunuuha, nnoxnonnnkmcio opiy hpofun nauusma.
Ofo ina uucfo qopmaninan ycfyhka, hpunnfan, nosmoxno, ufoi
nc paspymufi npyxccfncnnyk afmocqcpy n nahpnxcnniu momcnf,
u nnn foio, ufoi nc ycyiynnfi oucnunnic fpynnocfu, kofopic
hpcxncnpcmcnno hpunnfic onsafcnicfna cosnananu nnn Iysncnifa.
Onnako n ncu moxno ynuncfi fakxc u hocfonncfno yhopcfna, c ko-
fopim amcpukanckuc hpanufcnu ocymccfnnnnu cnok inoaninyk
skonomuucckyk cfpafciuk.
Okonomuucckuc hcpcionopi, ofnocnmuccn k hpumcncnuk sa-
kona o ncnn-nusc k Bcnukopufanuu, nauafic Kcuncom u hpc-
pnannic n cnnsu c nosnnukmum hpchnfcfnucm n nunc fpconanuu
cnooni fopionnu, hpononxanuci fakxc u hocnc ncfpcuu n IIaccntIa
Bay n nyxc ucfncpfoio hynkfa Afnanfuucckou xapfuu nhnofi no
honhucanun okonuafcninoio coinamcnun 2J qcnpann 142 i. Ha
sfof pas napuanf cfafiu 7, cncnanmcu coinamcnuc ncnosmoxnim n
uknc 141 i., in honcnamcn hyfcm hpcnpamcnun cc n hoxcna-
nuc, kacakmcccn nccu muponou fopionnu (no osnauano nu sfo ncu-
cfnufcnino honcnamcn) u noanncnucm sahnfou, ofknaninan-
mcu cc hpakfuucckoc nihonncnuc no fcxnuucckux hcpcionopon,
kofopic nonxni inu cocfonficn na cncnykmcm sfahc. Onnako n
ncu honfncpxnanoci onsafcnicfno Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u, hpcxnc
nccio, Bcnukopufanuu nuknunuponafi ncc qopmi nuckpumunauu-
onnix hpoucnyp n mcxnynaponnou fopionnc, cnusufi famoxcnnic
fapuqi u ncnkuc npyiuc oipanuucnun fopionnu n coofncfcfnuu
kak pas c ncknapauucu 14 aniycfa 141 i., na kofopyk ina cncnana
chcuuaninan ccinka. B sfux qopmynuponkax nuucm nc oipanuucn-
niu hpunuuh cnooni fopionnu in ohpcncncnnim opasom hc-
427
pcqopmynuponan, cfan hpcnhocinkou cucfcmi mnoiocfoponncio
cofpynnuuccfna. pyiumu cnonamu, cucfcmi, n kofopou aco-
nkfnan cnoona fopionnu opucnfuponanaci u nahpannnnaci cono-
kyhnocfik mnoiocfoponnux fopionix ofnomcnuu, choconou occ-
hcuufi anahfauuk skonomuku ofncninix cfpan k ncoxonumocfu
nipannunanun fopionoio ananca cs yiposi nnn coofncfcfnykmux
konkpcfnix cufyauuu. B sfom cmicnc aconkfnan cnoona fopionnu
pacfnopnnaci n pcinamcnfupykmux qopmynuponkax, nifckanmux
fakxc u us camou amcpukanckou honufuku êw 1eul, a fcnncnuun
chococfnonafi pannomy pachpcncncnuk niion of cnoonnou fop-
ionnu oipanuuunanaci amcpukanckum skonomuucckum hpcnocxon-
cfnom. Takum opasom, fcsuci, concpxanmuccn n Afnanfuucckou
xapfuu, moiyf unfcphpcfuponaficn nc foniko kak hnon ocfon-
fcnicfn, no u kak amcpukanckuu hpockf, cocfonnmuu n nannsina-
nuu pufanuam n omcn na ncoxonumyk foina nnn cohpofunnc-
nun ncmuam homomi, a hosnncc nnn hocni n nounc hocncnocn-
noio skonomuucckoio hopnnka, n kofopom Bcnukopufanun sannna
i mccfo mnanmcio hapfncpa. Ofnomcnun mcxny nnymn cfpanamu
inu ocoimu, no poncfncnnuku nc inu panni: onun paf
in cfapmuu, npyiou mnanmuu.
6.2.6. AMEPUKAHCKAH HOMOTB COBETCKOM. COLB.
Icmcnuc Amcpuku homoui Concfckomy Coksy cosnanano ccpi-
csnic honufuucckuc u qunanconic hponcmi, ofnocnmuccn k
kpunuucckomy oqopmncnuk fakou homomu. Hcmcnncnnoc hpumc-
ncnuc sakona o ncnn-nusc ino mano pcaninim, yuufinan inyo-
kyk npaxncnocfi, ncc cmc cymccfnonanmyk n amcpukanckom o-
mccfncnnom mncnuu n ofnomcnuu Concfon. Ofo hpchnfcfnuc mox-
no ino ooufu hyfcm hocinku homomu c ycnonucm ncmcnncnnou
ohnafi. Onnako concfckuc kahufani n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax inu
cnumkom oipanuucni nnn sfoio. Hcoxonumo ino hpcononcfi
hpchnfcfnuc oxonnim hyfcm. B konuc ccnfnpn n Mockny ina
hocnana muccun, nosinannncman A.Iapppumanom of Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon u nopnom Iuncppykom of Bcnukopufanuu, kofopan ncna
hcpcionopi co Cfanunim u Monofonim. nn sfoio cnyuan n kauc-
cfnc hcpcnonuuka in hpunncucn Makcum ufnunon, concfckuu
nuhnomaf, nauoncc nuskuu k 3ahany (kofopiu cpasy xc hocnc
sfoio in hocnan n Bamunifon co chcuuaninou nuhnomafuucckou
muccucu nnn nanaxunanun cnnscu, hponnunmcucn no 14J i.). 3a
ncckoniko nncu nahpnxcnnix hcpcionopon no npcmn kofopix
Concfi hponnunu ncci cnou ckchfuuusm n ofnomcnuu namcpcnuu
3ahana ino nocfuinyfo coinamcnuc, qopmanino honhucannoc
428
1 okfnpn, n kofopom ykasinanoci founoc konuuccfno noopyxcnuu,
kofopic ynyf hocfanncni Concfckomy Coksy no konua uknn 142
i.: 1OO omapnuponmukon u 5OO fankon n mccnu, scnufnic u hpo-
funofankonic opynun, pasnic nuni cipin, fpanchopfnic cpcn-
cfna, mcnukamcnfi. Ofo ina homomi homumo sakona o ncnn-
nusc, hpcnocfanncnuc kofopou nonxno ino hpoxonufi c onimumu
fpynnocfnmu fcxnuucckoio u honufuucckoio xapakfcpa. Toniko uc-
pcs mccnu Iysncnif sannun, ufo Cncfckuu Coks umccf hpano hony-
uafi homomi n qopmaninix kpunuucckux pamkax, hpcnycmofpcn-
nix nasnannim sakonom. H foniko hocnc ncfyhncnun Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon n nouny nnyfpcnnnn honcmuka hpckpafunaci.
Onnako fcma homomu cfana c foio momcnfa onnum us kpufuucc-
kux momcnfon conmccfnou opii fpcx kpyhncumux coksnukon.
Concfi nc yhyckanu nosmoxnocfu nickasafi coxancnuc ofnocu-
fcnino ncnocfafounocfu u mcnncnnix fcmhon hocinku ocmannix
mafcpuanon, amcpukanui hoccfonafi na fo, ufo concfckuc nnac-
fu ckpinakf of cnocio cocfncnnoio naccncnun hpoucxoxncnuc
sfux fonapon. Ofo ina onna us fcm cckoncunou honcmuku ofno-
cufcnino sacnyi u nknana kaxnou cfpani n ncno hocni nan Icp-
manucu. B nannou cnnsu cncnycf, onnako ofmcfufi, ufo na sfou u
na hocncnykmux sfahax nouni umcnno concfckan apmun u concf-
ckan hpomimncnnocfi hpcnocfannnnu nauonimuc pccypci. Tcm nc
mcncc n onnom us ncmnoiux oquuuaninix nokymcnfon concfckoio
hpoucxoxncnun, concpxamux nannic ho sfomy hpcnmcfy, moxno
hpouccfi, ufo na 11 uknn 144 i. CCCI honyuun foniko of Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon 6 4JO camoncfon, hnkc 2 442 pufanckux omap-
nuponmukon, J 7J4 fanka, 2O6 771 ipysonukon, hponononicfncnnix
hocfanok n omcu cnoxnocfu 2 1 OOO fonn.
B ucnnx ykpchncnun cofpynnuuccfna u, hpcxnc nccio, nnn pc-
mcnun sanau, cnnsannix c hocinkou homomu, ncoxonumo ino
ypciynuponafi pnn nuhnomafuucckux hponcm u nohpocon mafcpu-
anino-fcxnuucckoio occhcucnun. C foio momcnfa, koina cfano
oucnunno, ufo homomi Concfckomy Coksy osnauana homomi nc
ymupakmcmy npyiy, a npyiy, kofopiu numi naxonufcn n fnxcnom
honoxcnuu, ncc hponcmi nauanu hpuopcfafi npyioc snyuanuc.
B fcxnuucckom hnanc, kofopiu umcn, onnako, nchocpcncfncn-
nic honufuucckuc hocncncfnun, cymccfnonana hponcma hyfcu no-
cfanku homomu Concfckomy Coksy. Iockoniky hpnmou hyfi, fo
ccfi ucpcs ucpnomopckuc hponuni, in ncnosmoxcn, a uchoniso-
nanuc Tpanccuupckou xcncsnonopoxnou maiucfpanu cnumkom
cnoxnim us-sa cio hpofnxcnnocfu u nanncnun nhonucn, ocfana-
nuci numi nnc nosmoxnocfu: hyfi ucpcs Apxanicnick n Icnom
mopc, ucpcs Ccncpniu cnonufiu okcan, u hyfi ucpcs fcppufopuk
42
Hpana. Oa hyfu cosnananu conccm nc ncikuc nnn pcmcnun hpo-
ncmi. Apxanicnickuu hopf ho hpuuunc samcpsanun moi ncucfno-
nafi foniko mccfi mccnucn n iony. Iyfi ucpcs Hpan nonxcn in
hpoxonufi ho xcncsnou nopoic hocpcncfncnnoio kauccfna, Tpanc-
kankasckou, ho fcppufopuu ncufpaninoio iocynapcfna, oncc foio,
n snauufcninou mcpc nacfpocnnoio n honisy ncmucn. ocfafouno
nchomnufi, ufo n 1J i. 41' upanckux fonapon hpoxonunu ucpcs
Icpmanuk, ufo n Hpanc naxonunoci okono 2 OOO ncmcukux chc-
uuanucfon, onimuncfno kofopix inu nc kcm unim kak aicnfa-
mu iufncponckoio hpanufcnicfna u ufo cam max Icsa Icxncnu I
cuufancn nacfpocnnim anfupufancku. Bcc sfo, nauunan c uknn
141 i. umcno snaucnuc nc foniko nnn Bcnukopufanuu, omyman-
mcu yiposy n camom ucnfpc cnocu cqcpi nnunnun, no umcnno n
cnnsu c hponcmou fpansufa, fakxc u nnn cync nouni n ucnom.
Ohacanuci, ufo ncmcukuc chcuuanucfi moinu ho cnocmy xcnanuk
uunufi hpchnfcfnun u opianusoninafi akfi npcnufcnicfna na Tpanc-
kankasckou nopoic, hpcpinan inanniu kommynukauuonniu hyfi
nosnukakmcio onimoio coksa. Uaxy in ncmcnncnno hpcntnn-
ncn u safcm honfopcn ynifumafym c fpconanucm o nicinkc nc-
mcukux chcuuanucfon. Kafciopuucckuu ofkas honfonknyn pycckux
u pufanucn k onnou us ncmnoiux ckoopnunuponannix akuuu n
ux conmccfnou nounc.
25 aniycfa 141 i. pufanckuc noucka us Hnnuu u concfckuc us
Ascpaunxana nfopinuci na upanckyk fcppufopuk u n kopofkoc
npcmn hpcononcnu upanckoc cohpofunncnuc. Bcn cfpana ina pas-
ncncna na nnc soni: ccncpnan, okkyhuponannan u konfponupycman
pycckumu, ocfaninan uacfi aninuuanamu. Tcicpany hosnonunu
ocfaficn ncufpaninim n kauccfnc anknana n iocynapcfnc-hpofckfo-
pafc. Icsa I in ninyxncn ofpcuicn of hpccfona u hcpcnafi fpon
nnanuafunnyxncfncmy ciny Moxammcny Icsa, hpunnnmcmy max-
ckuu fpon hon umcncm Icsa Icxncnu II. On yncf hpanufi, sa
ucknkucnucm kpafkoio hcpcpina, no 17 i. Tcm npcmcncm ino
cqopmuponano nonoc hpanufcnicfno, n kofopom ofcyfcfnonanu
hponcmcuku nacfpocnnic sncmcnfi. C num cpasy xc nauanuci hc-
pcionopi. Onu hpuncnu k hpanonomy ypciynuponanuk cufyauuu,
nosnukmcu n pcsynifafc camoio nacfonmcio akfa nacunun, xofn u
ninyxncnnoio. Tpconanoci hpunccfu honoxcnuc n coofncfcfnuc c
hpunuuhamu, no umn kofopix, kak sannnnnu anfuiufncponckuc
ncpxani, ncnaci opia. 2 nnnapn 142 i. in honhucan fpcxcfo-
ponnuu noionop o coksc, n kofopom ycfanannunanoci, ufo anino-
concfckuc noucka, hpucyfcfnykmuc na upanckou fcppufopuu, nc
nnnnkfcn okkyhauuonnimu nouckamu; coksnukam hpcnocfannn-
noci hpano fpansufa ucpcs fcppufopuk Hpana, no n fo xc npcmn
4JO
honfncpxnanaci ncsanucumocfi Hpana u noannnnoci, ufo coks-
nic noucka ynyf nincncni us cfpani n fcucnuc mccfu mccnucn
hocnc okonuanun nouni hpofun cfpan Ocu. Takum opasom, cu-
fyauun n Hpanc ina hocfanncna hon konfponi, cncnanmuucn cmc
oncc sqqckfunnim n pcsynifafc foio, ufo n konuc 142 i. k anino-
concfckum nouckam noanunuci cuninic amcpukanckuc konfunicn-
fi c sanaucu ocymccfnnnfi ohcpauuu ho sakony o ncnn-nusc.
6.2.7. HOLUTUUECKUE HPOTUBOPEUUH
BH.TPU BOLBTOFO COLBA
Cnoxncc ino, onnako, pcmufi nohpoci uucfo honufuucckoio
xapakfcpa. C onnou cfoponi, ncoxonumo ino ycfanonufi kon-
fakfi mcxny concfckum hpanufcnicfnom u honickum hpanufcni-
cfnom n usinanuu, naxonunmumcn n onnonc, a c npyiou, nonccfu
hcpnic anino-concfckuc coinamcnun no oncc honnoio qopmafa.
Koncuno, ycfanonncnuc nopmaninix nuhnomafuucckux ofnomcnuu
mcxny Concfamu u Ionimcu ino houfu ncpcaninou sanaucu,
xofn sfa hponcma u ina naxnou nnn nccx saunfcpcconannix cfo-
pon, honickoc hpanufcnicfno uchifinano ocooc cchokoucfno
ofnocufcnino honickux nocnnohncnnix, naxonunmuxcn n pykax
pycckux (okono honyfopa munnuonon ucnonck). 5 uknn n onnonc
nauanuci hcpcionopi mcxny hocnom H.Mauckum u icncpanom
B. Cukopckum, honickum hpcmicp-munucfpom. Icpcionopi hpoxo-
nunu na qonc honnoio pacxoxncnun no nsinnnax na ynymcc. nn
honnkon ino ccchopnim, ufo cncnycf ncpnyficn k cufyauuu 1J i.,
n fo npcmn kak pycckuc nickasinanuci n honncpxky sfnuucckou
Ionimu. Iin nu nosmoxcn komhpomucc Hcpuunni honaian, ko-
ncuno, nc cfpon cnumkom onimux unnksuu, ufo honnkam cncnycf
honoxuficn na nopyk nonk Concfon n fom, ufo kacanoci yny-
mcio u nc fpconafi hucimcnnix iapanfuu. Komhpomucc in nau-
ncn c homomik qopmyni, ohyckanmcu ncnkuc namcku na konkpcf-
nic hponcmi u oipanuuunmcucn sannncnucm o hpckpamcnuu
ncucfnun coinamcnuu, honhucannix pycckumu u ncmuamu n aniyc-
fcccnfnpc 1J i. Ha sfou ocnonc coinamcnuc of JO uknn 141 i.,
noccfanannunano nopmaninic nuhnomafuucckuc ofnomcnun mcxny
Mocknou u honickum hpanufcnicfnom n usinanuu, naxonunmcmcn
n onnonc (qopmaniniu momcnf, no nocfouniu honfopnoio yho-
munanun us-sa cio naxnocfu n ynymcm). Hcckoniko ncncni chycfn
Cukopckuu hoccfun Mockny u ncfpcfuncn co Cfanunim, kofopiu
namcknyn na fo, ufo komhpomucc nosmoxcn na ocnonc hpomcxy-
founou nunuu ipanuui mcxny cymccfnonanmcu no nouni u fou,
ufo ina ycfanonncna coinamcnunmu 1J i. c ncmuamu. Cukop-
4J1
ckuu nc cucn nosmoxnim coinacuficn u, nosmoxno, concpmun cc-
picsnyk omuky.
C npyiou cfoponi, coksnuku, fo ccfi na fof momcnf aninuua-
nc, fakxc nc inu mcnpi na ocmanun. Hcpuunni u cio munucfp
unocfpannix ncn Hncn cfpcmunuci k nocfuxcnuk conunapnocfu c
Concfamu, xopomo honuman fpynnocfu hocncnocnnoio hcpuona
hocnc hocni nan qamusmom c fouku spcnun cynii Ionimu u
Iankan. Ha cncnykmuu ncni hocnc saknkucnun coinamcnun mcx-
ny Cukopckum u Mauckum Hncn sannun n hanafc omun, ufo cio
hpanufcnicfno nc hpusnacf annckcuu Concfckoio Coksa n 1J i.
Ho ufoi honnfi naxnocfi sfoio sannncnun, cncnycf nchomnufi,
ufo ho fomy xc honony Hncn honfopun hpcxnkk konuchuuk, n
coofncfcfnuu c kofopou Bcnukopufanun iapanfuponana ncsanucu-
mocfi Ionimu, a nc cc nonocnnic ipanuui. A sfo osnauano ofnu-
mafi onnou pykou fo, ufo nanana npyian. Bmccfc c fcm niop mcxny
nccymccfnykmcu Ionimcu u Concfckum Coksom, okasinanmum
ychcmnoc cohpofunncnuc ncmuam, nahpamunancn c ncofnpafumou
cunou ycxncnun.
Hfak, n nckapc pufanckoc hpanufcnicfno pcmuno, nakoncu,
otnnufi nouny unnnnnuu, Bcnipuu u Iyminuu, kofopic n
uknc 141 i. hpucocnununuci k Icpmanuu nnn ocymccfnncnun
hnana Iapapocca. Hcpcs ncckoniko nncu Hncn cam ofhpanuncn
n Mockny, kyna on hpuin 15 nckapn 141 i. c ucnik nauafi hc-
pcionopi o coinamcnuu, naucncnnom yxc na ynymcc. Io sfomy
cnyuak Cfanun npyuun cmy nnunniu chucok concfckux fpcona-
nuu, kofopic nonxni inu cfafi uacfik cckpcfnoio hpofokona,
hpunaianmciocn k noionopy o coksc. Ofo inu hpcnnoxcnun,
fpakfycmic n coofncfcfnuu c camou fpanuuuonnou noiukou ncp-
xannou honufuku. Cfanun fpconan, ufoi aninuuanc hpusnanu sa
CCCI ncc saxnaucnnoc um no ncfyhncnun n nouny, a fakxc pnn
fcppufopuaninix usmcncnuu n Hcnfpaninou Inpohc, kofopic ho-
nncknu i sa coou pacuncncnuc Icpmanuu u ycfanonncnuc concf-
ckou icicmonuu na Iankanax. B ofncf on in iofon hpusnafi nkic
hpcfcnsuu aninuuan na onananuc nocnnimu asamu n 3ahannou
Inpohc. Ofo ino pcmcnuc hponcmi, kofopoc Hncn nc moi hpu-
nnfi na npyiou ncni hocnc ncfyhncnun n nouny Cocnuncnnix Ufa-
fon (u kofopoc Cfanun, nosmoxno, hpcnnaian umcnno nnn foio,
ufoi hpcnofnpafufi nckofopic hocncncfnun sfoio coifun).
Monofon hohifancn ncpnyficn k sfou fcmc nccnou 142 i., ho-
ccfun, n cnok oucpcni, cnauana onnon, a hofom Bamunifon. On-
nako, xofn 26 man, hocnc nahpnxcnnix hcpcionopon cmy u ynanoci
honhucafi noionop o coksc mcxny Bcnukopufanucu u Concfckum
Coksom, no sfof nokymcnf nc nknkuan nu cnunoio yhomunanun
4J2
nohpoca o honickux ipanuuax. cucfnufcnino, noionop honfncpx-
nan nsaumnic onsafcnicfna nccfu nouny nhnofi no hopaxcnun
Icpmanuu u nc saknkuafi cchapafnoio mupa. K sfomy noannnnoci
onsafcnicfno coxpannfi coks n fcucnuc nnanuafu ncf u okasinafi
npyi npyiy nsaumnyk homomi, onsafcnicfno ncnmcmafcnicfna no
nnyfpcnnuc ncna fpcfiux iocynapcfn u ncyuacfun n koanuuunx u
noionopax, nahpanncnnix hpofun kakou-nuo us noionapunakmux-
cn cfopon. Coks in n hocncnykmcm paspymcn xonom coifuu,
onnako n fof momcnf on in sakpchncn honhucanucm naxnoio no-
ionopa mcxny nnymn hpanufcnicfnamu, nncmnc nnuxumimu nic-
mumu unconoiuucckumu unfcpccamu, no n ncucfnufcninocfu pyko-
noncfnonanmumucn ipyim hpaimafusmom.
3aknkucnuc noionopa osnauano, ufo hcpcn nuuom omcu ohac-
nocfu n ofnomcnunx nnyx ncnukux cnpohcuckux ncpxan, kofopic
nonxni inu nicfonfi n nounc, cfapan npaxna, yxonunman kopnn-
mu n ucfopuk npcmcnno hpcpnannan na nccnfuncfuc c 1O7 ho
117 i. u nosononncnnan c nonou ocfpofou naionapn unconoiu-
ucckum pasnoinacunm u xccfkomy hpofunocfonnuk honufuucckux
cucfcm, nauunan c Okfnpickou pcnonkuuu u hpononxanmancn no
141 i. fpancqopmuponanaci n coks. Bosmoxno, ufo u Hcp-
uunni, u Cfanun nymanu fakxc, ufo naionapn sfomy coksy oc
ncpxani cmoiyf conmccfno iochoncfnonafi n Inpohc (n hpofunoho-
noxnocfi fomy iochoncfny, k kofopomy cfpcmuncn Iufncp). B ncu-
cfnufcninocfu nu onna us nnyx cfopon nc ofnanana ccc cpasy
ofucf n fom, ufo fak pcsko usmcnunmancn cufyauun ncnana hpumu-
pcnuc yxc hpcononcnnim n momcnf, koina in honhucan noionop.
Iocna Concfckoio Coksa ina iopasno oncc ncnukou, ucm moi
ccc hpcncfanufi Cfanun n nauanc 142 i., a ymcnimcnuc nnunnun
Bcnukopufanuu iopasno oncc panukaninim, ucm fo, kofopoio
ohacancn onnon u kofopoc Hcpuunni hifancn hpcnofnpafufi, sa-
muman ycfou pufanckou umhcpckou cucfcmi. Coks cfan momcn-
fom pannonccun n nnuxcnuu nnyx ncpxan: onnou k sakafy, npy-
iou k nocxoxncnuk.
6.3. Boennme onepauww na tpytwx ieaipax
noennmx tewcinww nntoin to Otn-Atamewna
6.3.1. BOUHA B A!PPUKE
Kamhanuu hpofun Kiocnanuu u Ipcuuu cpasy xc hocnc naha-
ncnun Icpmanuu na Concfckuu Coks cfanu inannim fcafpom no-
cnnix ncucfnuu ho cpanncnuk c coifunmu na npyiux qponfax,
inc hpoucxonunu numi hcpcnnuxcnun nouck n oipanuucnnix mac-
4JJ
mfaax. Takoni inu qponfi, nchocpcncfncnno cnnsannic c yuac-
fucm Hfanuu n konqnukfc. Iocnc hopaxcnun Kiocnanuu u Ipc-
uuu Hfanun okasanaci sancucfnonana na qponfax n Bocfounou u
Ccncpnou Aqpukc. Ohcpauuu n Oquohuu nc umcnu, onnako, hpn-
mix hocncncfnuu n cfpafciuucckom hnanc u nocunu mapiunaniniu
xapakfcp cufyauun moina usmcnuficn numi n cnyuac snauumou
hocni ufaninnucn n Iiuhfc.
B sfom konfckcfc nouna n Oquohuu pasnunanaci ckopcc n hpo-
funopcuuu c ocnonnim xonom coifuu, ufo hponnnnnoci n cnaou
choconocfu ufaninnckux nouck k cohpofunncnuk, n fo npcmn kak
nocnnic ncucfnun na npyiux qponfax pasnunanuci ho-npyiomy.
Iocnc nckofopix hcpnonauaninix ynau ufaninnucn n hponnuxcnuu
ho fcppufopuu Cynana n nckapc 14O i. aninuuckuc noopyxcnnic
cuni nauanu pcmufcninoc nacfyhncnuc of umcnu umhcpafopa
Xaunc Ccnaccuc, cncpinyfoio ufaninnuamu n 1J6 i. Hacfyhncnuc
ino upcsniuauno cfpcmufcninim. B ahpcnc 141 i. icpuoi Amcnco
nÀocfa, ufaninnckuu nuuc-koponi u komannykmuu ufaninnckumu
nouckamu n Oquohuu, in ninyxncn ocfanufi cfonuuy Annuc-
Acy u ofcfyhufi na ccncp, na oncc ynonic nnn ooponi hosu-
uuu. 2O man, hocnc hohifku n fcucnuc nckofopoio npcmcnu oopo-
nnfi hocncnnkk ufaninnckyk hosuuuk, on in ninyxncn cnaficn.
Bcc ufaninnckuc cuni n Bocfounou Aqpukc hohanu n pyku pu-
fanucn, ncpnynmux na fpon hpcxncio umhcpafopa.
Iopasno oncc naxnim u oncc oiafim offcnkamu ino fo,
ufo hpoucxonuno na qponfc n Ccncpnou Aqpukc. Ioncc naxnim,
hockoniky na sfom qponfc ufaninnui nonxni inu honfncpnufi
cnok choconocfi nocnafi. Ioncc naxnim, hockoniky ohcpauuu n
Aqpukc pcmanu hponcmy mopckoio u nosnymnoio konfponn n
Cpcnuscmnomopic, fak kak sfo mopc ino cnuncfncnnim hyfcm,
ho kofopomy ufaninnui u ncmui moinu hocfannnfi us mcfpoho-
nuu ncc ncoxonumoc ux nouckam na qponfc n Ccncpnou Aqpukc,
a fakxc onnum us hyfcu, koncuno, camim kopofkum u camim
ynonim, ho kofopomy u aninuuanc moinu hohacfi us Iupanfapa
n Iiuhcf u na Inuxnuu Bocfok. Ioncc naxnim, nakoncu, ho-
ckoniky fo, ufo hpoucxonuno n Aqpukc, okasinano hpnmoc nos-
ncucfnuc nc foniko na honufuucckyk xusni Iiuhfa, no fakxc u
na nck conokyhnocfi nocnno-honufuucckux ofnomcnuu n apackom
mupc: of hanccfunckoio nohpoca no nohpoca o nonninocfu Hpaka,
Cupuu u unana n ofnomcnuu ncpxan-mannafapucn: Bcnukopufa-
nuu unu panuuu.
B nanincumcm nosnukanu u npyiuc hponcmi, hockoniky, ho
kpauncu mcpc, n ofnomcnuu qpanuyson, cncnonano pcmufi: ifi nu
nonninimu hpanufcnicfny Bumu unu ionnucfckomy cohpofunnc-
4J4
nuk. o fcx hop, hoka aninuuckuc noucka oncpxunanu ncpx nan
ufaninnckumu (kak sfo ino n konuc 14O nauanc 141 i.), sfu
momcnfi nc uipanu onimou ponu. Ho kak foniko ufaninnckuc
noucka, honncpxannic ncmcukumu u hocfanncnnic c qcnpann
141 i. hon komannonanuc icncpana Opnuna Iommcnn, nauanu noc-
cfanannunafi cnou nacfyhafcninic choconocfu, ncc ocnonnic
hponcmi cfanu ynnsinaficn c nanincumumu iufncponckumu hna-
namu, nahpanncnnimu na pachpocfpancnuc konqnukfa na camic
ynsnumic uacfu pufanckou cucfcmi u uchonisonanuc nnyfpcnnux
hpofunopcuuu sfou cucfcmi. C sfou fouku spcnun nuxncnocfou-
niu pciuon yxc foina hpcnocfannnn camic pasnoopasnic nos-
moxnocfu nnn niopa. Kpomc foio, c nocnnou fouku spcnun, on
hosnonnn Icpnuny u Iumy nipaofafi hnan mancnpa ho okpyxc-
nuk, kofopiu hpcnycmafpunan i cocnuncnuc cun, ncucfnykmux
c fcppufopuu Ykpauni n nahpanncnuu Kankasa, c fcmu, ufo, hpo-
nnuianci us unuu, moinu i hcpchpanuficn ucpcs Cysukuu kanan
u, hpu concucfnuu nckofopix apackux noxncu, nocfuui concfckux
ipanuu. Bcc sfo moino i hokasaficn hnonom cnumkom hpous-
noninix pacucfon, no n 142 i. onu inu ncnancku of foio, ufoi
cificn.
Hfano-ncmcukoc konfpnacfyhncnuc hpofun aninuuan ychcmno
nauanoci n unuu 25 mapfa 141 i. Onnako honnunmuucn ohfu-
musm in yfpaucn n cnnsu c kafacfpoquucckum ucxonom cpaxcnun
nosnc mica Mafahac, ninynunmum ufaninnckuu qnof hcpcufu k
ooponc u hpunanmum pufanckum (a safcm u coksnim) nannon-
nim cunam onimyk cnoony nocnnoio mancnpa. Cohpofunncnuc
aninuuanam moinu okasinafi foniko naxonunmuccn n mopc mnoio-
uucncnnic honnonnic nonku ufaninnucn u ncmucn unu mfypmonan
anuauun, kofopan npcmn of npcmcnu nanocuna ccpicsnic ynapi ho
kopannm na pufanckux pcunax.
Ofo cfpafciuucckoc ocnoxncnuc cncpxunano nauanmcccn na-
scmnoc nacfyhncnuc ufano-ncmcukux nouck u, oncc foio, oipa-
nuuuno cio pasmax. B fcucnuc ahpcnn 141 i. ncn fcppufopun,
yfpaucnnan n Kupcnaukc, ina nnoni sanocnana, sa ucknkucnucm
iopona-hopfa Topyk, inc noucka Conpyxccfna hpouno sakpchunuci
u ncpxanu yhopnyk oopony. Onnako sfo nc homcmano pasncpnyfi
nacfyhncnuc ufano-ncmcukux nouck ho ciuhcfckou fcppufopuu na
Oc-Cannym u nancc, nhnofi no Xanqauu, ninynunmcc safcm k cna-
uc fakxc u pufanckuc noucka, ocaxncnnic n Topykc. B honufu-
ucckom ofnomcnuu sfo in camiu cnoxniu hcpuon sa nck nouny
na Inuxncm Bocfokc, hockoniky on conhan c honufuucckumu u
nocnnimu nonncnunmu na aninuuckux u qpanuysckux honmannaf-
nix fcppufopunx. Ofu nicfyhncnun nisnanu na ncckoniko ncncni
4J5
oocnonannyk occhokocnnocfi ho honony choconocfu Ipufanuu
konfponuponafi fini ciuhcfckoio qponfa n fof momcnf, koina hc-
pcmcmcnuc fcafpa nocnnix ncucfnuu na Iankani u n Bocfounoc
Cpcnuscmnomopic nakanuno ocfanonky no nccm pciuonc.
6.3.2. BOEHHO-HOLUTUUECKAH CUT.AUUH
HA BLU+HEM BOCTOKE
Ckpifan npaxncnocfi n ofnomcnuu aninuuan cfana oncc of-
kponcnnou c nosnuknoncnucm hponcmi Ianccfuni, hockoniky
pufanckan mannafnan honufuka n pciuonc nisinana inyokoc nc-
nononicfno kak apackoio, fak u cnpcuckoio coomccfna. Bo npcmn
nouni cnpcu us coopaxcnuu ucnccoopasnocfu coinacunuci na
cnocio pona hcpcmupuc, hponukfonannoc ncoxonumocfik nccfu
nouny hpofun onimcu ohacnocfu, nauucfckou Icpmanuu, u oncp-
xafi nan ncu hocny. Apai, nahpofun, nc saxofcnu sannfi oncc
ymcpcnnic nauuonanucfuucckuc hosuuuu, nccmofpn na fo, ufo
pufanckoc hpanufcnicfno, usnan n 1J i. Icnyk knuiy, cncnano
snauufcniniu mai um nancfpcuy. C 1J6 i. apai nauanu camoc
nacfonmcc anfupufanckoc noccfanuc, kofopoc nosinanun inanniu
myqfuu Hcpycanuma Xcu Amun ani-Xycccun.
Ioncc ccpicsnyk ohacnocfi n kpafkocpounom hnanc hpcncfan-
nnn Hpak, hpanufcnicfno kofopoio, hounn na paspin n 1J i. c
Icpmanucu, n 14O i. nc hopnano c Hfanucu, ofuacfu us-sa mupoko
ifonanmcio uyncfna nosmymcnun ho honony honufuku Bcnukopu-
fanuu n ofnomcnuu apaon, ofuacfu us-sa honnfnoio nixunanun,
cnnsannoio c xonom nocnnix ncucfnuu n Iiuhfc. Hpak honyuun
ncsanucumocfi n 1J2 i., koina pufanckoc hpanufcnicfno honoxu-
no koncu mannafnomy yhpanncnuk, noncpcnnomy cmy uiou Ha-
uuu, nounmuci, onnako, of upakckoio hpanufcnicfna honhucanun
noionopa o coksc u nocnnom cofpynnuuccfnc, kofopomy akfunno
cohpofunnnnuci nauuonanucfuucckuc u anfununacfuucckuc cuni.
cpxani Ocu coxpannnu fakum opasom n finy hpofunnuka
ohopniu hynkf, honcsniu c fouku spcnun hpohaianni.
Iopaxcnun na Iankanckom honyocfponc u nosononncnuc ufa-
no-ncmcukoio nacfyhncnun n Kupcnaukc n nauanc ahpcnn honfonk-
nynu upakckoio honufuucckoio ncnfcnn Iamuna Anu ani-Iaunanu,
inmcio c mapfa 14O i. ho nnnapi 141 i. hpcmicp-munucfpom, k
hohifkc iocynapcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa. Inaionapn honncpxkc uac-
fu apmuu hcpcnopof ynancn. Ionufuku, nauoncc hpcnannic pu-
fanuam, u hpunu-pcicnf Anyn Hnnax inu ninyxncni cxafi n
Tpancuopnanuk. Aninuuanc hohifanuci oipanuucnnimu cunamu
cnocu noopyxcnnou ipyhhuponku cncpinyfi hponauucfckuu u hpo-
qamucfckuu pcxum, no ncfpcfunu ncoxunannoc cohpofunncnuc.
4J6
1 man cfonknoncnuc hcpcpocno n ofkpifyk nouny. Ipufanckuc no-
cnnic asi n Hpakc inu nsnfi n ocany, a Iamun opafuncn c
hpusinom k cfpanam Ocu, ufoi onu homoinu cmy n sakpchnc-
nuu cio y nnacfu. Icsynifafi konfakfon, ycfanonncnnix n Ankapc
c ncmcukum hocnom qon Iahcnom, okasanuci, onnako, pasouapo-
ninakmumu. Moxno noianinaficn, ufo ccnu i Iufncp moi, on
hohifancn i okasafi ncucfncnnyk honncpxky Iamuny. Ho n fc
nnu noopyxcnnic cuni Ocu, u n ococnnocfu, icpmanckuc,
inu sannfi honiofonkou nahancnun na Concfckuu Coks, nahanc-
nun na Kpuf, a fakxc ncucfnunmu na Iankanckom honyocfponc u
nacfyhncnucm na ccncpoaqpukanckom hocpcxic. Iamuny ina
hocnana numi cumnonuucckan homomi ucpcs fcppufopuk, konfpo-
nupycmyk hpanufcnicfnom Bumu. nanuafi ncmcukux camoncfon
inu hcpcncncni na asy n Mocync cnumkom mano, ufoi sfo
moxno ino cuufafi ncucfncnnou homomik.
Takum opasom, yuacfnuku iocynapcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa n
honisy cfpan Ocu cfanu otckfom pufanckoio konfpnacfyhnc-
nun, nauanmciocn c fcppufopuu Tpancuopnanuu u nosinannnnmc-
iocn apackum nciuonom hon komannonanucm Ina hamu, fo ccfi
icncpana xona Isiofa Inaa (hosnncc cfanmcio nopnom xc-
om), kofopomy ino hopyucno cqopmuponafi noucka smupa
Tpancuopnanuu Anannaxa u kofopomy ynanoci hpcnpafufi nciuon
n camyk sqqckfunnyk noopyxcnnyk cuny na nccm Inuxncm Boc-
fokc. 3a ncckoniko nncu sfu noucka, no nsaumoncucfnuu c naxo-
nunmumucn na ocaxncnnix asax u c ncmnoiumu honpasncncnun-
mu, hcpcpomcnnimu us Hnnuu n Iacpy, oncpxanu hocny nan
Iamunom ani Iaunanu. JO man Iainan in nsnf, a Iamun ani-Iau-
nanu u cio cfoponnuku cxanu n Icpmanuk. Takum opasom, mc-
cnu mau hpomcn hon snakom nocnnoio kpusuca, kofopiu moi cfafi
honufuucckum kpusucom-kafacfpoqou nnn Bcnukopufanuu.
Hmcnno nnn foio, ufoi hpcnofnpafufi ananoiuunic cufyauuu
u nyumc konfponuponafi hponnncnun anfupufanckux nacfpocnuu
n apackom mupc, pufanui pcmunu akfunusuponafi cnok ncn-
fcninocfi n nnyx pciuonax, inc hpucyfcfnuc nciufumnou nnacfu,
cnnsannou c hpanufcnicfnom Bumu, hpcncfannnno hofcnuuaninyk
ohacnocfi. Ofo ina ohcpauun naxnan nc foniko c nocnnou, no,
hpcxnc nccio, c honufuucckou fouku spcnun. panuysckumu iapnu-
sonamu n Cupuu u unanc komannonan icncpan cnu, hpcnanniu
pcxumy Bumu. Ipofun numucfon nicfyhunu noucka coksnukon, n
kofopix nhcpnic snauufcninyk uacfi cocfanunu cuni, ncpnic
nnuxcnuk Cnoonnan panuun Uapnn nc Ionnn. Hx nacuufi-
nanoci okono 5 fic. ucnonck, u um kak cumnonuucckomy ananiapny
noncpnnaci sanaua noccfanonufi nocnniu hpccfux panuuu, no
4J7
hpcxnc nccio hponcmoncfpuponafi, ufo icncpan nc Ionni honisycfcn
noncpucm coksnukon u nnnncfcn inannou quiypou n cohpofunnc-
nuu ncmuam. B Cupuu u unanc nocnnic ohcpauuu sancpmunuci
nccima icfpo. 21 uknn, nakanync nahancnun Icpmanuu na Ioc-
cuk, amack cnancn coksnukam u cunam Cnoonnou panuuu.
C sfoio momcnfa, ucknkuan kopofkuu hcpuon n 142 i., mcufa
o ocymccfnncnuu kpyhnou ohcpauuu ucpcs fcppufopuk Inuxncio
Bocfoka cfana houfu ncpcanusycmou. Inanniu myqfuu Hcpycanuma
honncpxan ncucfnun Iamuna ani-Iaunanu n Hpakc, a fakxc noopy-
xcnnyk opiy hpofun cuonucfon u ymcpcnnix apaon, cfpcmun-
muxcn k komhpomuccy c aninuuanamu. Hmcnno us-sa sfou cnocu
hosuuuu on in ninyxncn pasncnufi cyniy ani-Iaunanu u uc-
kafi ycxumc n Inpohc, inc on cofpynnuuan, kak u n hpomnom, c
ufaninnuamu u ncmuamu n ocymccfnncnuu anfupufanckou hpoha-
ianni, cfpcmnci hpunafi cu xapakfcp ofkpifoio honcfpckafcnicfna
k nocnnomy mnfcxy n honncpxky ncsanucumocfu apackux cfpan u
Hnnuu. Icui mna o hcpchckfunc, n ofnomcnuu kofopou mcxny
cfpanamu Ocu nc cymccfnonano honnoio conhancnun nsinnnon,
hockoniky Iufncp n iopasno mcnimcu cfchcnu, ucm Mycconunu
(nackoniko sfo ncno na nanniu momcnf us ucfounukon), in pac-
honoxcn uchonisonafi n cnoux unfcpccax unck anfupufanckoio
nauuonanusma.
Bcfyhncnuc n nouny Shonuu nnccno cmc onun noniu sncmcnf
u cncnano hcpchncfcnuc mofunauuu cmc oncc cnoxnim. Bhpoucm,
pcui mna numi o pokou hohifkc anfupufanckoio nicfyhncnun.
Icnu pufanui honckny n cnocu umhcpuu u na fcppufopunx, na-
xonunmuxcn hon ux nnunnucm, inu ninyxncni ncpxafi nauuo-
nanucfon hon cfpoium konfponcm (kak sfo hpoucxonuno u n Iiuh-
fc, inc koponi apyk ninyxncn in n qcnpanc 142 i. noncpufi
qopmuponanuc hpanufcnicfna Haxxac-hamc, hpcncfanufcnk
hapfuu Baqn, ymcpcnnomy nauuonanucfy hpopufanckou opucnfa-
uuu, n fo npcmn kak npyiuc nnunfcninic honufuucckuc quiypi
naxonunuci n saknkucnuu), fo cfpanam Ocu n ucnom ncnocfana-
no choconocfu ycnufi nnuxcnuc sa nauuonaninoc ocnooxncnuc
n kononuaninom mupc n cnocu uckpcnnocfu, uo onu hpusinanu k
cnoonc nnn npyiux n fof momcnf, koina camu hifanuci samumafi
umhcpuk, sanocnannyk xufpocfik u cunou n fcucnuc ncckonikux
hpcninymux ncf, a fakxc ocymccfnnnnu honufuky xccfokux pch-
pcccuu n fcx pauonax Inpohi, kofopic hohanu hon ux konfponi.
C sfou fouku spcnun honufuka Iufncpa u, n mcnimcu cfchcnu,
honufuka Mycconunu hpcnocfannnna nosmoxnocfi u uncfpymcnf,
no sfo nc iapanfuponano pcmcnuc hponcmi. B nuhnomafuucckom
hnanc cufyauun ocnoxnnnaci hpcnnamcpcnnim conhancnucm anfu-
4J8
pufanckoio noccfanun u ncucfnuu ufaninnucn u ncmucn n Aqpu-
kc. Iosfomy ncnosmoxno paccmafpunafi nck conokyhnocfi coi-
fuu nouni na ankanckom, a safcm u pycckom qponfax, nc yuufi-
nan fakxc fo, ufo hpoucxonuno unu xc ckpifo ypnuno n nuxnc-
nocfounom kofnc. Konfponi aninuuan n sfom pciuonc ocfanancn
cnaim no fcx hop, hoka nc cfano oucnunnim hopaxcnuc cfpan
Ocu. B ccpcnunc 141 i. ono cmc nc ino fakonim. Ono nc cfa-
no fakonim u k konuy 141 i., hocnc 18 nonpn, koina pufanckuc
noucka nauanu konfpnacfyhncnuc hpofun nouck Iommcnn, u um
ynanoci ofpocufi ux no ucxonnoio hynkfa n Oni-Aicuna na nu-
nuuckom hocpcxic.
6.3.3. OT BOLBTUX HA,E+, ,O HOPA+EHUH
HPU OLB-ALAMEUHE
Ofo in sqcmcpniu ychcx, hockoniky noucka Ocu cmc pac-
honaianu nocfafounimu pccypcamu nnn foio, ufoi hpcnhpunnfi
hocncnnkk hohifky nacfyhncnun. B qcnpanc 142 i. onu, n cnok
oucpcni, nauanu ofncfnic ncucfnun u konfpafakonanu c onimum
ychcxom, ncpnyn ccc nck fcppufopuk unuu u hponuknyn n inyi
ciuhcfckou fcppufopuu no Oni-Anamcuna, pachonoxcnnoio n nc-
ckonikux nccnfkax kunomcfpon of Anckcannpuu. Takum opasom
onu houfu nocfuinu mccfa, ncnanmcio ux xosncnamu Iiuhfa, hpu-
nusunuci k Cysukomy kanany u inu iofoni ycfpcmuficn na
Inuxnuu Bocfok umcnno n fof momcnf, koina n Ioccuu u na Yk-
paunc ncmui, pasncpnyn nacfyhncnuc, hponnunynuci no Kankasa.
Ho n konuc uknn 142 i., koina Iommcni nocfui Oni-Anamcuna,
cio pccypci inu yxc na hpcncnc: poncfankonic cuni nouck
cfpan Ocu cokpafunuci no ncckonikux nccnfkon fankon, a cpa-
xanmuccn hpofun nux aninuuanc u noucka Conpyxccfna pachona-
ianu iopasno oncc nnymufcninimu pccypcamu.
Hfo kacacfcn Ccncpnou Aqpuku u Hfanuu, fo nouna sncci
nocfuina cnocio ahoicn. Hacfyhncnuc Iommcnn ino ocfanonncno.
Konfponi nan Cpcnuscmnomopicm icfpo hcpcxonun k anino-amc-
pukanckum cunam. B konuc aniycfa Iommcni hpcnhpunnn nacfyh-
ncnuc, kofopoc nonxno ino nonccfu cio no Kaupa. Ho on nc
snan, ufo aninuuanc, co cnocu cfoponi, naionapn pacmuqponkc
ncmcukux u ufaninnckux konon, snanu o mancnpax cio nouck, a fak-
xc o hcpcnnuxcnunx qnofa, kofopiu nonxcn in nocfanufi ucpcs
Cpcnuscmnoc mopc ochpuhaci u hponononicfnuc, ncoxonumic
nnn ncncnun nocnnix ncucfnuu. B fcucnuc 48 uacon nacfyhncnuc
Iommcnn ino hapanusonano us-sa ofcyfcfnun iopkucio, nafonk-
nynmuci na sapancc honiofonncnnoc cohpofunncnuc pufanucn.
4J
Ofo ina hocncnnnn hohifka nacfyhncnun, hpcnhpunnfan ufano-
ncmcukumu nouckamu n Aqpukc.
2J okfnpn, koina aninuuanc, nosinannncmic icncpanom Monf-
iomcpu u honyuakmuc homomi of amcpukanucn u of nouck snauu-
fcninoio uucna cfpan Conpyxccfna, hcpcmnu n konfpnacfyhncnuc
onnonpcmcnno c amcpukanckumu ohcpauunmu ho nicankc nccanfa
n Mapokko u okkyhauuu panuysckou Ccncpnou Aqpuku, naua-
noci onno us xccfouaumux cpaxcnuu nouni. Oc cfoponi hpo-
nnunu ncoiuaunoc yhopcfno, onnako ucxon ufni ohpcncnuno
ncpannoc coofnomcnuc cun nokkmux. Cohpofunncnuc ufano-nc-
mcukux nouck hpononxanoci hnfi nncu, safcm nauanoci ux ofcfyh-
ncnuc, kofopoc icfpo hpuncno k hofcpc cunamu cfpan Ocu nccu
unuu u k ux ofuannnou ooponc na fynucckou fcppufopuu, sannfou
cpasy xc hocnc nicanku amcpukanucn n Mapokko. Takum opasom,
unnksuu ufaninnucn u ncmucn o fom, ufo onu nounuci nocnnoio
ychcxa, cpannumoio c ychcxamu ncmucn n Ioccuu n fof hcpuon, u
ufo ncc sfu ychcxu, nmccfc nsnfic, nananu ocnonanuc nnn hnanu-
ponanun onimoio oxonnoio mancnpa, samikakmciocn na Inux-
ncm Bocfokc, ocpnynuci n konuc konuon honopofom n xonc nocn-
nix ncucfnuu. B ckopom npcmcnu Hfanuu hpuncfcn cfonknyficn c
hocncncfnunmu cnocio hopaxcnun.
6.4. Hnoncxww sxcnancwonwsm w nauato nownm
na Twxom oxeane
6.4.1. OKCHAHCUOHUCTCKAH HOLUTUKA HHOHUU
B ABUU U HA TUXOM OKEAHE
7 nckapn 141 i. nhonckuc nocnno-nosnymnic u nocnno-mop-
ckuc cuni nahanu na amcpukanckuu qnof y Ianauckux ocfponon.
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi inu, fakum opasom, nonncucni n nou-
ny. Xofn nahpnxcnnocfi n ofnomcnunx mcxny nnymn cfpanamu n
hocncnncc npcmn nospocna no yipoxakmux hpcncnon, nahancnuc
sacfano amcpukanucn npachnox, u onu ncnocfafouno xopomo honu-
manu cio ucni. Honiu konqnukf noannnncn k fcm qponfam, kofo-
pic yxc inu ofkpifi n npyiux uacfnx cncfa. On moi honoxufi
nauano nonou hapanncninou nounc n fom cnyuac, ccnu i Icpma-
nun u Hfanun nc nanu pacmupufcninou fpakfonku sanau Tpou-
cfncnnoio hakfa, hpcnycmafpunanmcio okasanuc nocnnou homomu
numi n cnyuac nahancnun amcpukanucn. Onnako Iufncp u Mycco-
nunu oxunanu foniko no 11 ccnfnpn, ufoi cncnafi qafaniniu
mai u camum otnnufi nouny Cocnuncnnim Ufafam, paspcmun sa
Iysncnifa hponcmy, c kofopou on, yuufinan amcpukanckyk nnyf-
pcnnkk cufyauuk, ncponfno, nc cmoi i chpanuficn cam.
44O
C sfoio momcnfa ncc muponic konqnukfi inu otcnuncni.
Iasnnsannan nouna nonnckna houfu ncc konfuncnfi, ocfanun nc-
safponyfou hpakfuuccku foniko afunckyk Amcpuky, yuufinan,
ufo hocncncfnun konqnukfa omymanuci naxc fam, inc na hpakfukc
nouna nc ncnaci, kak, nahpumcp, na fcppufopunx CUA u Kanani
unu xc na fcppufopuu Ancfpanuu u Honou 3cnannuu. B camom
ncnc, nukoina ohpcncncnuc muponan nouna nc ino fak nusko k
pcaninocfu kak n sfof momcnf. H n fo xc npcmn pcmcnuc nhonucn,
hpunnfoc ncckoniko mccnucn chycfn hocnc saknkucnun 1J ahpcnn
141 i. nhono-concfckoio noionopa o ncufpanufcfc, ccnu u moino
hokasaficn cmc onnum qakfopom ocnancnun Bcnukopufanuu,
nahpofun, hpunanano anfuqamucfckomy qponfy fakou macmfa,
kofopiu saknaninan ocnoni ynymcu hocni.
B camom ncnc, conhancnuc hosuuuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u
Concfckoio Coksa cncnano ncnosmoxnim pcanusauuk iufncpon-
ckoio hnana paspcmcnun cnpohcuckou cufyauuu c homomik hocni
nan CCCI u honuuncnun Bcnukopufanuu n hpcnnncpuu hocncnyk-
mcu cxnafku c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu. B konuc 141 i. CCCI
nc in hocxncn u naxonuncn qakfuuccku n onnom pnny c Cocnu-
ncnnimu Ufafamu. Iufncp u Mycconunu moinu i, oucnunno, us-
cxafi hpnmoio cfonknoncnun c kpyhncumcu muponou ncpxanou.
Ho ncncncfnuc inyoko omuounou oucnku coofnomcnun cun, onu
concpmunu camonancnnniu hocfyhok, kofopiu cfanun ux hcpni-
mu hon ynap amcpukanckou momu, homnoxcnnou na momi Ipufa-
nuu. pyiumu cnonamu, Iufncp nanknan sa fcm, kak hpnmo na cio
inasax nosnukana koanuuun, kofopou on xofcn u nonxcn in usc-
xafi, nc ofnanan ccc ofucfa n fom, ufo na ohpcncncnnom sfahc
amcpukanckuu hofcnuuan yncf nahpanncn na ynuufoxcnuc na-
uusma n Inpohc hpcxnc, ucm na ynuufoxcnuc nhonckoio umhcpua-
nusma n Asuu. Ioncc foio, umcnno nahancnuc nhonucn honfonkny-
no nnc poxnanmuccn cncpxncpxani k otcnuncnuk cnoux cun n
sfom konqnukfc, yuacfuc n kofopom fpconano oipomnix pccyp-
con. B xonc nouni ncncponfno nospoc macmfa u sqqckfunnocfi
ux hpousnoncfncnnou ncnfcninocfu, honiofonnnn, kak i fo nu
ino, ynymcc, hpu kofopom cufyauun n Inpohc cfancf concpmcn-
no unou. Icpmanun hoka cmc, kak hpcncfannnnoci, naxonunaci na
hukc cnocu momu, no nonan cucfcma ofnomcnuu, nosnukanman n
xonc nouni, nacfoniko inyoko mcnnna cufyauuk, ufo nonxna
ina nanoxufi ncusinanumiu ofhcuafok na hcpchckfuny mcxny-
naponnix ofnomcnuu.
Icmcnuc Shonuu concpmufi nocnnoc nahancnuc na Cocnuncn-
nic Ufafi cocfonnoci hocnc nnufcninou nocnnou, honufuucckou
u nuhnomafuucckou honiofonku u cfano kynimunauuonnim mo-
441
mcnfom nisona nhonckoio umhcpuanusma kpyhncumcmy hpofunnuky
na Tuxom okcanc hocnc mnoiux ncf umhcpuanucfuucckou skchan-
cuu, hpcpinacmou nckofopimu haysamu u hcpuonamu ncyncpcn-
nocfu, no n ucnom onnosnauno naucncnnou na pcanusauuk hpockfa
nhonckou icicmonuu na nccm asuafckom konfuncnfc u n Kio-Boc-
founou Asuu.
B sfom cmicnc maniuxypckuu unuuncnf in numi hcpnim
maiom, us kofopoio nhonui moinu cncnafi ninon o fom, ufo onu
choconi n ohpcncncnnix hpcncnax pocufi nison hpucyfcfnuk
3ahana, usnnckan naxc niiony us nahpnxcnnocfu, chponouuponan-
nou n Inpohc iufncponckou honufukou. Iocnc sancpmcnun sfaha
hpanncnun honufuucckux hapfuu (1J7 i.) nnacfi n cfpanc nnoni
okasanaci n pykax kpokpafuucckou u nocnnou onuiapxuu, kofo-
pan n hcpnou hononunc nccnfuncfun hpcnocfanuna nosmoxnocfu
nnn hponcncnun ncmokpafuucckoio skchcpumcnfa. Hacfyhun hcpu-
on ocfpou honufuucckou opii, xapakfcpusonanmuucn cfiukamu,
xccfokumu nahancnunmu u ucpcnou honufuucckux yuucfn, ompa-
uanmux nhonckyk xusni n pcsynifafc nuunou opii mcxny hpcn-
cfanufcnnmu iochoncfnykmux ipyhh, cosnanun hapanocnnix qop-
muponanuu anfopufapnoio u hpoqamucfckoio xapakfcpa, a fakxc
hpofunopcuuu, cymccfnonanmux nnyfpu pasnix ponon noopyxcn-
nix cun.
Ofa cufyauun hpuncna k ohpcncncnnim mcxnynaponnim ho-
cncncfnunm. B konuc 1J6 i. Shonun pcmuna honhucafi Anfuko-
munfcpnonckuu hakf, ocnonnic ucpfi kofopoio nipuconinanuci
yxc nanno. Onnako numi snonkuun cnpohcuckou honufuku (qpan-
ko-concfckuu noionop, pcmunufapusauun Icunckou soni, ancfpuu-
ckuu kpusuc, ipaxnanckan nouna n Hchanuu) honfonknyna k cio
saknkucnuk. oionop, honhucanniu 25 nonpn 1J6 i. c Icpmanucu,
umcn ofucfnunyk anfuconcfckyk nahpanncnnocfi, hponosinaman
onsafcnicfno ifi ncfcphumimu k nmcmafcnicfny Hnfcpnauuo-
nana no nnyfpcnnuc ncna iocynapcfn u koopnunuponafi ycunun
hcpcn nuuom fakou ohacnocfu. oionop, onnako, in nohonncn
cckpcfnimu cfafinmu, hpcnycmafpunanmumu nsaumnic onsafcni-
cfna nc hpcnhpunumafi akuuu n honncpxky Concfckoio Coksa n
cnyuac, ccnu cmy yncf yipoxafi onna us nnyx honhucanmux noionop
cfopon, a fakxc onsafcnicfno nc honhucinafi honufuucckux noio-
nopon c Concfckum Coksom, hpofunopcuamux nyxy nannoio hakfa.
Coinamcnuc c Icpmanucu, k kofopomy 6 nonpn 1J7 i. hpu-
cocnununaci fakxc Hfanun (hpanufcnicfno Mycconunu nc ino
hpounqopmuponano o cckpcfnix uacfnx noionopa), nocuno nnno
anfuconcfckuu xapakfcp, u n 1J6 i. nc hpofunopcuuno cnpohcuckou
honufukc Iufncpa. kpcp cmc nc cncnan cnou anfupufanckuu
442
niop, cfanmuu pcsynifafom muccuu Iucnfpoha n onnon. o-
ionop hocnyxun Shonuu n kauccfnc ocnoni nnn cc hponnuxcnun n
Kufau.
Bnyfpcnnnn cufyauun n Kufac xapakfcpusonanaci inyokumu
hpofunopcuunmu mcxny hpanufcnicfnom Iomuninana no inanc c
Han Kaumu u komhapfucu Kufan. Ofu nnc honufuucckuc cuni
fccno cofpynnuuanu nhnofi no 127 i., no safcm pasomnuci us-sa
honufuucckux pasnoinacuu u us-sa amuuuu ho honony nauuo-
naninoio nuncpcfna. Ipanufcnicfno Iomuninana ninynuno kommy-
nucfon sannfi ooponufcninic hosuuuu, oipanuuun ux ncucfnun
ncmnoiumu konfponupycmic umu sonamu, kak, nahpumcp, pauon
Hsnncu. B cnocu honufuucckou nunuu kufauckuc kommynucfi py-
kononcfnonanuci konuchuucu, n kofopou hpcnanuponana moncni
couuanino-skonomuucckux hpcopasonanuu, cnoxunmancn hon
nnunnucm fcopcfuucckoio ananusa hpoucccon fpancqopmauuu asu-
afckoio chocoa hpousnoncfna. Hauunan c okfnpn 1J4 i. kufau-
ckuc kommynucfi hon nanncnucm hpanufcnicfncnnix cun, kofopic
fcm npcmcncm nocfuinu hcpcmupun c nhonuamu, nonxni inu of-
cfyhufi us Hsnncu ucpcs nck fcppufopuk nnyfpcnncio Kufan, co-
ncpmun fak nasinacmiu Bcnukuu hoxon. Ofof hcpcxon honncpi
uchifanuk choconocfi pykononnmcu ipyhhi kommynucfon k co-
hpofunncnuk, cqopmuponan cc asy, no sakonuuncn houfu kafacfpo-
qou, koina ocfafkam kommynucfuucckux ofpnnon ynanoci nocfui-
nyfi Uanxan, inc um ynanoci naufu ycxumc u inc onu cmoinu
noccfanonufi cnou cuni hon pykononcfnom Mao Hssnyna. B fcucnuc
1J ncf, c 1J5 ho 148 i. sncci naxonunoci cnnfunumc kommynu-
cfuucckou hapfuu, ohopnan asa nnn nnyfpcnncio noccfanun.
Tcm npcmcncm ncucfnun nhonucn ninynunu Komunfcpn oka-
safi nanncnuc na kufauckyk komhapfuk c fcm, ufoi ona hpckpa-
funa hpofunoopcfno c Iomuninanom u hpcnhouna i umhcpafun
opii hpofun Shonuu honufukc hocfpocnun kommynusma n Ku-
fac. Iponuknoncnuc nhonucn ncfpcfuno ncsnauufcninoc cohpo-
funncnuc, ufo hosnonuno um hponnunyficn n inyi kufauckou fcppu-
fopuu u cosnafi cnauana anfonomnoc hpanufcnicfno hon nhonckum
konfponcm no Bnyfpcnncu Monionuu (aniycf 1J5 i.), a safcm saxna-
fufi kufauckyk fcppufopuk n nahpanncnuu Ickuna u Tnniusunn
(nonpinckapi 1J5 i.). Bcc sfo fcphcn Han Kaumu, hockoniky
cuna ina na cfoponc nhonucn, no nc inu cknonni cnocufi pyc-
ckuc, kofopic n fof xc camiu hcpuon ncfyhunu n oxccfoucnnoc
cfonknoncnuc na ipanuuc Maniuxoy-Io c nouckamu Maniuxypuu
hon komannonanucm nhonckux oquucpon. B 1J6 i. Concfi honhu-
canu noionop o nsaumohomomu c Bncmncu Monionucu (Monioni-
ckou Haponnou Icchynukou).
44J
Honiu sfah nhonckoio nacfyhncnun hpoxonun, cncnonafcnino,
n ocfanonkc hcpcipyhhuponku kufauckux honufuucckux cun,
npaxncnoio ofnomcnun co cfoponi Concfckoio Coksa u honncp-
xku co cfoponi ncmucn, onnako hpu cspasnuuuu npyiux cnpohcu-
ckux ncpxan u occhokocnnocfu, no ncchoconocfu ufo-nuo
hpcnhpunnfi co cfoponi amcpukanucn. Ofof sfah konqnukfa, kofo-
piu qakfuuccku ofkpin na kufauckou fcppufopuu nouny hpofun
Shonuu cs cc qopmaninoio otnnncnun, nauancn n uknc 1J7 i.
ncncncfnuc unuuncnfa y mocfa Mapko Iono n (yioyuno), n okpccf-
nocfnx Ickuna, mcxny kufauckumu u nhonckumu nocnnimu hon-
pasncncnunmu. Konqnukf pachpocfpanuncn na npyiuc uacfu Ccncp-
noio Kufan, onnako hohifku nhonucn hponnunyficn n hponunuuu
Usnicu u Uanicu inu ocfanonncni cohpofunncnucm cun kufau-
ckux kommynucfon, fchcpi nicfyhanmux n coksc c ucnfpaninim
hpanufcnicfnom. Iosfomy, nohpcku ux hnanam, nhonuam hpumnoci
pacmupufi fcafp nocnnix ncucfnuu n nahpanncnuu Kxnoio Ku-
fan. Onu nicanunuci n Uanxac u hponuknu n inyi konfuncnfa
nnoni pcku Snusi no Hankuna (nckapi 1J7 i.). B hocncnykmuc
mccnui nhonui hpononxanu nocnnic ohcpauuu, hifanci cocnu-
nuficn c cunamu, honomcnmumu c Ccncpa, u sannnu Kanfon u
Xanikoy. Kufauckoc hpanufcnicfno ino ninyxncno cxafi us
cnocu pcsuncnuuu u ykpificn n inyunnom pauonc cfpani, n io-
ponc Hynuun, hpcnocfanun kommynucfam nccfu hapfusanckyk nouny
n finy nhonckux nouck.
Konqnukf osnauan hpofunocfonnuc nnyx cfpafciuu. Kufauckan
ocnoninanaci na noiukc onimux hpocfpancfn, ninyxnanmux nhon-
ucn pachinnfi cnou cuni u ofnannficn of nocnnix as. Shonckan
cfpcmunaci sakpchufi komhakfnic ocnic qponfi u hpunafi yc-
hcxam ycfouuuniu xapakfcp. Onnako naionapn cnocu mouninocfu
u fomy, ufo onu cpaxanuci n samufy cocfncnnou cfpani, kufau-
ui nc moinu nc nanocufi pciynnpnix hopaxcnuu nhonuam, uiu
hocni pas of pasa cfanonunuci ncc sqcmcpncc.
K konuy 1J8 i. fokuuckoc hpanufcnicfno ofkasanoci of na-
ncxn na honnyk hocny u oncc omupnic fcppufopuaninic hpu-
opcfcnun u hohifanoci houfu ho hyfu komhpomucca, kofopiu
qakfuuccku hocfanun i kufauckux hpanufcncu hon konfponi
Shonuu. Ofo ina nc ncikan sanaua, hockoniky hosuuuu nhonucn
fcm npcmcncm ocnanu n honufuucckom ofnomcnuu. Tpcnoia ho
honony kufauckux coifuu nipocna no fakou cfchcnu, ufo sacfa-
nuna pycckux sannsafi camic nacfonmuc ou c nhonckumu honpas-
ncncnunmu, kak sfo cnyuunoci n uknc 1J8 i., n cfonknoncnunx na
oscpc Xacan, pachonoxcnnom mcxny Maniuxoy-Io u Kopccu, koi-
na pycckum ynanoci oncpxafi hocny nan nhonckumu nouckamu.
444
Mcncc ocfpic cfiuku umcnu mccfo n mapfc-ccnfnpc 1J i.
na ipanuuc mcxny Monionucu u Maniuxypucu, y pcku Xankun-
Ion. Ofo in chcuuquucckuu choco ncncnun nouni, hockoniky
nu onna us nnyx cfpan nc xofcna hosnonufi nonncui ccn n macm-
fanic cfonknoncnun. Onnako cymccfnonanman nahpnxcnnocfi
cnuncfcnicfnonana o inyunnou hpuponc nhono-concfckux hpofu-
nopcuuu n Asuu u, cncnonafcnino, ncnana oucnunnou omuky, co-
ncpmcnnyk Iufncpom, honcpunmum, ufo on cmoxcf n ucnnx ocy-
mccfnncnun hakfa IucnfpohaMonofona 1J i. copucnfuponafi
nhonucn na hpoconcfckuc nacfpocnun.
Shonckuc mupnic hpcnnoxcnun, opamcnnic k Kufak n nc-
kapc 1J8 i. (nosononnnnmuc n oncc nacfouuunou qopmc ncko-
fopic hpcnnoxcnun, cncnannic ionom pancc) inu nahpanncni na
kapnunaninoc usmcncnuc kufauckux hosuuuu u, ho cymccfny, na
ux honuuncnuc Shonuu. B camom ncnc, onu hpcnycmafpunanu no-
cnnix coks nnyx cfpan, nahpanncnniu hpofun Komunfcpna; hpano
Shonuu pasmccfufi cnou iapnusoni no Bnyfpcnncu Monionuu u
Ccncpnom Kufac, n fom uucnc u sa cucf kufauckoio hpanufcnicfna;
konfponi nhonucn nan pcopianusauucu nccx kufauckux noopyxcnnix
cun, a fakxc nan kommynukauunmu. Kpomc foio, inu hpcnycmof-
pcni pasnuunic qopmi oncc fccnoio cofpynnuuccfna n skono-
muucckou u fopionou cqcpax.
Kufauckoc hpanufcnicfno sfu hpcnnoxcnun ofncpino, xofn
nauoncc akfunnic anfukommynucfuucckuc sncmcnfi n hpanu-
fcnicfnc u sannnu hponhonckyk hosuuuk. Ha nux ohupanoci To-
kuo n cosnanuu hpanufcnicfna, hpofunocfonmcio Han Kaumu. Ofo
hponhonckoc hpanufcnicfno nosinanun onun us ncmnoiux usnccfnix
ncnfcncu, kofopic coinacunuci cofpynnuuafi c saxnafuukamu,
Ban Hsunnsu, nuxaumuu copafnuk Cyni Sfccna, npaxncno of-
nocunmuucn k Han Kaumu us-sa ux cohcpnuuccfna ofnocufcnino
nuncpcfna n pcchynukanckom pcnonkuuonnom nnuxcnuu. Cnaua-
na Ban nc pcmuncn hpunnfi hpcnnoxcnun nhonucn, cxan n Hn-
nokufau, safcm nhonui ycnunu cio ncpnyficn n Hankun u cosnafi
fam kufauckoc nauuonaninoc hpanufcnicfno (JO man 14O i.), ko-
fopoc n nonpc ino hpusnano Shonucu, a safcm Icpmanucu, Hfa-
nucu, Hchanucu, Iyminucu u npyiumu icpmanckumu cafcnnufamu.
Hmhcpuanucfuucckan honufuka, hocfonnno hpononunmancn
Shonucu na asuafckom konfuncnfc, nc nisnana samcfnou pcakuuu
n Inpohc. B ccnfnpc 1J7 i. uia Hauuu honyuuna kufauckoc o-
pamcnuc, no ucniu ion pasnyminanaci nan pcmcnucm, u foniko n
ccnfnpc 1J8 i. hpunnna hocfanonncnuc o hpumcncnuu cankuuu,
ocfannnn nohpoc o ux konkpcfnom ocymccfnncnuu na ycmofpcnuc
ofncninix uncnon uiu. panuun, nhnofi no hopaxcnun n uknc
445
14O i., u Bcnukopufanun nonxni inu pcaiuponafi na icfpo
mcnnnmykcn nuhnomafuucckyk cufyauuk. o fcx hop, hoka hon-
nocfik nc ohpcncnunaci anfuicpmanckan hosuuun Ipufanuu, hpcn-
cfannnnoci ymccfnim uchonisonafi npcmn u ocfonfcnicfna nnn
foio, ufoi uscxafi oocfpcnun ofnomcnuu c Shonucu, hpcxnc
nccio yuufinan oipomnic skonomuucckuc unfcpcci n Bocfounou
Asuu. B konuc 1J8 i. haysa n nhonckom nacfyhncnuu n Kufac ho-
snonuna nancnficn na nosmoxnoc nauano hcpcionopon. Onnako
hpuxon n fokuuckoc hpanufcnicfno hpunua Konos, hoopnuka yc-
fanonncnun nonoio hopnnka n Asuu, sacfanun ofkasaficn of mno-
iux unnksuu. Bcnukopufanun, panuun u Cocnuncnnic Ufafi
hpcnocfanunu Kufak kpcnufi, a nhonui n ofncf okkyhuponanu
ocfpon Xaunani, mcxny kufauckum u unnokufauckum hocpcxicm,
safcm annckcuponanu kopannoniu apxuhcnai Chpafnu n Kxno-
Kufauckou mopc, nakoncu, safcnnu noniyk fnxy ho honony konfpo-
nn nan ccpcpnnimu pcscpnamu kufauckoio hpanufcnicfna, xpanun-
mumucn n pufanckou konucccuu n Tnnusunc fnxy, kofopan
hponnufcn no nauana omux nocnnix ncucfnuu.
Iopaxcnuc qpanuyson cmc oncc ocnoxnuno cufyauuk. Shonui
hofpconanu of hpanufcnicfna Icfsna hpcnocfanufi um c 18 uknn
14O i. nosmoxnocfi hocnafi cnok nocnnyk muccuk n Hnnokufau,
c oucnunnou ucnik hcpckpifi cmc ncucfnonanmuc hyfu coomc-
nun ucpcs fcppufopuk, konfponupycmyk Han Kaumu. C fou xc
ucnik fokuuckoc hpanufcnicfno hofpconano of Bcnukopufanuu
sakpifi ipanuuy c Ionkoniom, ninccfu pufanckuu iapnuson us
Uanxan u hcpckpifi nopoiy, kofopan mna us Iupmi n Kxniu
Kufau. Ipcnhpunnfic maiu cnuncfcnicfnonanu o fom, ufo nhon-
ckuc skchancuonucfi hoka nc namcpcnanuci hpofunocfonfi pu-
fanckum u cmc n mcnimcu cfchcnu amcpukanckum unfcpccam,
hpucian k hpumcncnuk cuni. Honau, nnnnnmuucn foina hpcmicp-
munucfpom, u cio munucfp unocfpannix ncn Apufa cfpcmunuci
nouficn pufanckou u qpanuysckou honncpxku cnoux fpcona-
nuu mupnimu cpcncfnamu. Ipu sfom cam Hcpuunni in cknoncn k
fakum ycfyhkam, kak fa, ufo ina cncnana n uknc hpckpamcnuc
na fpu mccnua hocinku pufanckux noopyxcnuu n Kufau. Onnako
umcnno niop mupnix cpcncfn hpuncn k hancnuk hpanufcnicfna
Honau, qopmuponanuk nonoio kauncfa Konos u nosnpamcnuk n
munucfcpcfno unocfpannix ncn inannoio cfoponnuka coksa c Icp-
manucu Mauyoka. Honoc hpanufcnicfno ycununo cnoc nanncnuc na
camoc cnaoc sncno, numucfckyk panuuk, kofopan ina ninyx-
ncna hocnc ynifumafyma honhucafi 2 aniycfa 14O i. coinamcnuc,
hpusnananmcc hpconananuc unfcpccon Shonuu na anincm Boc-
fokc kak n skonomuucckom, fak u honufuucckom hnanc. Iasnunan
nyx sfux noionopcnnocfcu, Shonun nahpanuna cnoc nanncnuc na
446
fo, ufoi nouficn konfponn nan pnnom as na unnokufauckou
fcppufopuu, a n fo xc npcmn nhonckan muccun ina hocnana n
Ionnannckyk Ocf-Hnnuk (Hnnoncsuk) nnn ncncnun hcpcionopon
o saknkucnuu skonomuucckux coinamcnuu, kacakmuxcn hpcxnc
nccio skchopfa ncqfu n Shonuk.
Inyokan iopcui u pasouaponanuc, nisnannic n Shonuu hon-
hucanucm concfcko-icpmanckoio hakfa (hpoucmcnmum kak ynfo
ho fcafpaninomy cucnapuk, cs conkncnun onsafcnicfn, hpcnyc-
mofpcnnix cckpcfnimu cfafinmu Anfukomunfcpnonckoio hakfa),
cmniuanuci, fakum opasom, umcnno fcm ocfonfcnicfnom, ufo
Shonun n momcnf cio honhucanun pasnopauunana cnoc nacfyhncnuc
n Kio-Bocfounou Asuu. B cc namcpcnun nc nxonuno cfonknoncnuc
nu c Concfckum Coksom, nu (n fof momcnf) c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu, ucnik ina numi opia, nahpanncnnan na uchonisona-
nuc n Asuu pcsynifafon ncmcukux hocn n Inpohc u ocnancnuc
cnpohcuckoio hpofunnuka Icpmanuu Bcnukopufanuu. Hmcnno
sfo cncnano nosmoxnim hpcononcnuc koncanuu hpcnmccfnonan-
mux mccnucn u honhucanuc 27 ccnfnpn 14O i. Tpoucfncnnoio
hakfa mcxny Shonucu, Icpmanucu u Hfanucu. Iakf hpusnanan ic-
icmonuk Icpmanuu u Hfanuu n Inpohc u Shonuu n Asuu; on-
sinan noionapunakmuccn cfoponi okasinafi npyi npyiy homomi n
cnyuac nahancnun co cfoponi cmc nc nokkmcu ncpxani; ycfanan-
nunan fakxc, ufo ofnomcnun, cymccfnonanmuc mcxny honhucanmu-
mu noionop cfoponamu u Concfckum Coksom, nc nonxni usmcnnfi-
cn npyiumu coinamcnunmu. Hnimu cnonamu, hakf hpcnocfannnn
Iufncpy nosmoxnocfi cofpynnuuafi co Cfanunim no fcx hop, hoka
on cuufan sfo honcsnim, a nhonuam nosmoxnocfi coxpannfi
cnou ncufpanufcf n ofnomcnuu Concfckoio Coksa nhnofi no 145 i.
Cnuxcnuc fpcx pcnusuonucfckux ncpxan, hpoucmcnmcc n
1J61J7 ii. na ocnonc otcnunnnmcio ux hpofunocfonnun mupo-
nomy kommynusmy, mcnnno, cncnonafcnino, cnou xapakfcp, hockoni-
ky hpofunnukom, hpofun kofopoio ono ino nahpanncno, nnnnnoci
fchcpi nc hpanufcnicfno Mockni, a hofcnuuaniniu anino-amcpu-
kanckuu coks. Spkum honfncpxncnucm fakou fpakfonku cfan honhu-
canniu 1J ahpcnn 141 i. noionop o ncufpanufcfc mcxny Shonucu
u Concfckum Coksom, oucpfunmuu Iufncpy ipanuui ocymccfnnc-
nun cofpynnuuccfna c Shonucu, ipanuui, nhpoucm, umcnmuc sna-
ucnuc nnn qkpcpa numi nakanync nahancnun na Concfckuu Coks,
yuufinan, ufo ncmcukan hosuuun ocnoninanaci na yfncpxncnunx o
cnaocfu Concfon u houfu cmcxofnopnou ncikocfu hocni nan
Kpacnou apmucu. Ionnunnim npaiom n ynymcm inu Cocnuncn-
nic Ufafi u, xofn Shonun cmc nc nipana founou opucnfauuu
n nannou cnnsu, saknkucnuc Tpoucfncnnoio hakfa ocfannnno nos-
moxnocfi foniko nnn fakou unfcphpcfauuu.
447
6.4.2. KOH!LUKT ME+,. COE,UHEHHMMU TTATAMU
U HHOHUEU
B hcpnic mccnui 141 i., n fo npcmn kak Iufncp oncpxunan
cnou sqqckfnic hocni na Iankanckom honyocfponc, no ninyx-
ncn in hofcphcfi ccpicsnic cfpafciuucckuc ncynauu na Inuxncm
Bocfokc, nhonui iofonunuci pcanusonafi kynimunauuonniu sfah
cnocio hpockfa ycfanonncnun icicmonuu n Asuu. Onu nonxni
inu cncnafi niop ncucfnonafi nu hocpcncfnom komhpomucca c
Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu unu xc hyfcm ofkpifoio cfonknoncnun.
Ofo cfano cmc pas hpcnmcfom kpafkou nuckyccuu nnyfpu nhon-
ckux hpannmux ipyhh, oycnonncnnou pcmumocfik, hponnncnnou
Iysncnifom nknkuan u usupafcninyk kamhanuk hcpcn niopamu
nonpn 14O i., homoiafi Bcnukopufanuu nkimu nosmoxnimu
chocoamu, hpcxnc nccio, hocpcncfnom skonomuucckux u fopionix
mcp, nahpanncnnix na cokpamcnuc hofcnuuana nocnnoio hpous-
noncfna Shonuu. B sfom hnanc nauano (cpasy xc hocnc ncmcukoio
nacfyhncnun 141 i.) cckpcfnix koncynifauuu mcxny amcpukan-
ckum u pufanckum icncpaninimu mfaamu hosnonuno sapancc
ohpcncnufi qopmi ofncfa na ncponfnyk nhonckyk aipcccuk u
cfano ocnonou niopa, n coofncfcfnuu c kofopim inannim hpo-
funnukom n conmccfnou nounc yncf Icpmanun.
Bcci 141 ion nchpcpinno mcnnnuci hosuuuu Tokuo n ofno-
mcnuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, us kofopix cncnonano nipafi
onny. B nauanc iona nhonckoc hpanufcnicfno cqopmynuponano pnn
ncoquuuaninix hpcnnoxcnuu, kofopic inu npyucni anmupany
Homypc, ofhpanunmcmycn n qcnpanc n Bamunifon n kauccfnc no-
noio hocna n nancxnc na fo, ufo usnccfnan npaxncnocfi anmupana
n ofnomcnuu honhucanun Tpoucfncnnoio hakfa cncnacf cio xc-
nannim cocccnnukom nnn amcpukanucn. Iocnc ccpuu honiofonu-
fcninix ncoquuuaninix ncfpcu n nauanc ahpcnn ioccckpcfapk
Xsnny in hpcncfanncn pnn komhpomuccnix hpcnnoxcnuu, kofo-
pic hpcnycmafpunanu oipanuuufcninyk fpakfonky Tpoucfncnnoio
hakfa; qopmuponanuc koanuuuonnoio hpanufcnicfna n Kufac; oh-
pcncncnnyk iofonnocfi nhonucn oipanuuufi cnoc nnunnuc n Kufac
nhnofi no hpusnanun hpunuuha ofkpifix nncpcu (onnako hpu
ycnonuu, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi hpusnakf annckcuk Maniu-
xoy-Io u hpckpafnf okasinafi cnok honncpxky Iomuninany).
Kynimunauucu nccio sfoio ino hpcnnoxcnuc ncfpcuu Iysncnifa c
hpunucm Konos. Xsnn nc ofncpi sfu hpcnnoxcnun, no hohpocun,
ufoi onu inu cqopmynuponani nchocpcncfncnno hpanufcni-
cfnom Tokuo, xofn i u nc oquuuaninim opasom. Mcxny fcm,
Xsnn honucpknyn, ufo honufuka Cocnuncnnix Ufafon asupycfcn
448
na ucfipcx hpunuuhax: 1) ynaxcnuu fcppufopuaninou ucnocfnoc-
fu u cyncpcnufcfa nccx iocynapcfn; 2) ncnmcmafcnicfnc no nnyf-
pcnnuc ncna npyiux iocynapcfn; J) hpunuuhc ofkpifix nncpcu,
fo ccfi pancncfnc cfpan, n ococnnocfu n cqcpc nopm, kacakmuxcn
mcxnynaponnou fopionnu; 4) ofkasc of ocymccfnncnun usmcncnuu
na Tuxom okcanc nacunicfncnnimu chocoamu.
Takum opasom, ninnunoci ohpcncncnnoc cnuxcnuc hosuuuu,
k kofopomy munucfp unocfpannix ncn Mauyoka ofnocuncn inyo-
ko npaxncno. Cnuxcnuc cfano nosmoxno, hockoniky Mauyoka
nc ino n Shonuu n sfo npcmn: on ofhpanuncn c nusufom n Icpma-
nuk u ocfaninyk uacfi Inpohi. Ho ho nosnpamcnuu on nauan mc-
nnfi hapamcfpi nuhnomafuucckoio nuanoia. Mauyoka coinacuncn c
fpconanucm (hpunnfim u ocfaninou uacfik nhonckoio hpanu-
fcnicfna) yfounufi n nofc, nahpanncnnou Bamunifony, nhonckuc
hosuuuu. Onnako, on usmcnun hcpnonauaninic namcpcnun u hpc-
npafun hpcnnoxcnuc coinamcnun ofnocufcnino fpakfonku Tpou-
cfncnnoio hakfa n onsafcnicfno nc okasinafi homomu naxc fona-
pamu ncpxanam, nokkmum n Inpohc (fo, ufo ncnanu Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi n ofnomcnuu Bcnukopufanuu). On fakxc coinacuncn us-
mcnufi xapakfcp ypciynuponanun n Kufac n oncc naiohpunfnyk
nnn hpanufcnicfna Ban Hsunnsn cfopony. Kpomc foio, on choco-
cfnonan hponany hpcnnoxcnun o ncfpcuc Konos c Iysncnifom.
Xsnn hofpconan of nhonucn hpcncfanufi hpanufcnicfncnnic
hpcnnoxcnun nc hofomy, ufo on pasncnnn mnoiuc uncu Homypi,
no nnn foio, ufoi ycnuficn n fom, n kakou cfchcnu fof onanacf
pcaninim nnunnucm u, kpomc foio, nnn foio, ufoi nixnafi npc-
mn, hoka pasnoinacun nnyfpu nhonckou onuiapxuu nc hocfannf n
fpynnoc honoxcnuc ipyhhuponky cfoponnukon nouni. Icpcionopi
hpononxunuci, onnako n uknc onu samnu n fyhuk, hockoniky Xsnn
sannun, ufo nukakoc coinamcnuc nc yncf nosmoxno no fcx hop,
hoka usnccfnic nhonckuc honufuucckuc ncnfcnu ynyf cnnsani c
honufukou honncpxku nauucfckou Icpmanuu (kak sfo ncmoncfpu-
ponan munucfp Mauyoka, koina namcuan hyfi k honnomacmfanomy
cofpynnuuccfny c Icpmanucu).
Hauano ocymccfnncnun hnana Iapapocca hocfanuno nhonucn
n nonyk cufyauuk. Mauyoka in nacfpocn n honisy nmcmafcni-
cfna, kofopoc, xofn u ncfyhano n hpofunopcuuc c foniko ufo saknk-
ucnnim noionopom o ncufpanufcfc, hpcnycmafpunano nahancnuc
na Concfckuu Coks. Bcpxonnoc komannonanuc ino, onnako, na-
cfpocno ofpuuafcnino n ofnomcnuu sfou uncu. Cfonknoncnun
hpcninymux ncf hokasanu, ufo fpynno oncpxafi hocny nan pyc-
ckumu, ncnn nocnnic ncucfnun co cfoni ofnancnnix as na asuaf-
ckou fcppufopuu u nc umcn nancxnoio fina n Kufac.
44
Takum opasom, ina nosononncna yxc usnccfnan nuckyccun
nnyfpu nhonckoio hpanufcnicfna o nahpanncnuu, n kofopom
cncnycf ocymccfnnnfi honufuky skchancuu. Iosuuun Mauyoku
hofcphcna hopaxcnuc, u ino pcmcno, ufo okonuafcniniu niop
yncf sanuccfi of xona ncmcukux nocnnix ohcpauuu na pycckou
fcppufopuu. Iino pcmcno fakxc, ufo nhonckuc noopyxcnnic
cuni n Maniuxoy-Io ynyf ycuncni, no ufo onu ocfanyfcn n oc-
nou iofonnocfu no foio, hoka nocnnan cufyauun n Inpohc nc hpo-
ncnufcn (onnako, ncckoniko nncu chycfn ino pcmcno, ufo nuka-
koio ncfyhncnun n nouny c Concfamu nc yncf no 142 i.). Tcm
npcmcncm ina hpononxcna u ycuncna honufuka cosnanun cqcpi
nccomcio cohpouncfanun n Kio-Bocfounou Asuu. 2 uknn um-
hcpckan konqcpcnuun, fo ccfi saccnanuc hpanufcnicfna n hpucyf-
cfnuu umhcpafopa Xupoxufo, cankuuonuponana sfo pcmcnuc. Ma-
uyoka okasancn n usonnuuu. 16 uknn Konos honan n ofcfanky c
fcm, ufoi cpasy xc hocnc sfoio cqopmuponafi npyioc hpanufcni-
cfno, n kofopom munucfcpcfno unocfpannix ncn hnanuponanoci
ofnafi anmupany Touonc, n fo npcmn kak icncpan Tonsuo ocfancn
no inanc nocnnoio munucfcpcfna.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, hopaxcnuc Mauyoku nc nnckno sa coou
ofkas of umhcpuanucfuucckou honufuku, a osnauano numi hohif-
ky copucnfuponafi cc n mcncc ohacnom nahpanncnuu, no ofnkni
nc n nahpanncnuu, oncc hpucmncmom nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon.
Ohupanci na nocnnic asi, saxnaucnnic n 14O i., nhonui na
sfof pas okasanu pcmufcninoc nanncnuc na hpanufcnicfno Bumu u
hpcntnnunu cmy ynifumafym c fpconanucm okkyhauuu nhonckumu
nouckmu nccio Hnnokufan, nknkuan Cauion. 24 uknn anmupan
apnan nickasancn sa hpunnfuc sfoio pcmcnun n kauccfnc npc-
mcnnou mcpi nnn samufi Hnnokufan of ionnucfon, aninuuan u
kufauucn. B camom ncnc, naionapn founou unqopmauuu, kofopou
pachonaianu amcpukanckuc cckpcfnic cnyxi ofnocufcnino nuc-
kyccuu nnyfpu umhcpafopckoio kauncfa Tokuo, Bamunifony ino
xopomo usnccfno, ufo sfof mai umcn ucnik nanincumyk skchan-
cuk Shonuu n nahpanncnuu Cuniahypa c fcm, ufoi nanccfu ynap
n nauoncc ynsnumom mccfc ho pufanckou fopionnc na Tuxom
okcanc u cncnafi Shonuk apufpom cufyauuu no nccu Kio-Boc-
founou Asuu.
Konfpmcpi nc sacfanunu ccn xnafi. 21 uknn pufanckoc u
amcpukanckoc hpanufcnicfna hpunnnu pcmcnuc o samopaxunanuu
nccx nhonckux kpcnufon, qakfuuccku otnnun honnoc smapio na
nhonckyk nncmnkk fopionnk. 28 uknn Bcnukopufanun u ion-
nannckoc hpanufcnicfno, naxonunmcccn n usinanuu n onnonc, nc-
noncuponanu coofncfcfnykmuc fopionic noionopi c Shonucu.
45O
Onnonpcmcnno c sfum namunifonckoc hpanufcnicfno cncnano sann-
ncnuc fokuuckomy hpanufcnicfny o sakpifuu nnn nhonckux cynon
Ianamckoio kanana u o nknkucnuu noopyxcnnix cun unuhhun
n amcpukanckyk apmuk u cosnanuu Komannonanun amcpukanckumu
noopyxcnnimu cunamu na anincm Bocfokc no inanc c icncpanom
yinacom Makapfypom. B fo xc camoc npcmn hpu hpanufcnicfnc
Han Kaumu nauana paofy amcpukanckan nocnnan muccun.
cfo 141 i. hpomno n hohifkax ananusa pasnuunix nuhnoma-
fuucckux hyfcu nixona us kpusuca. Amcpukanui nc xcnanu coina-
cuficn c iochoncfnom Shonuu n Hnnokufac, u ux hpofunoncucfnuc
honfonknyno fokuuckoc hpanufcnicfno k hohifkc nosononufi
hpnmic hcpcionopi. B aniycfc hocon Homypa hpcncfanun Kopncnny
Xsnny nonic hpcnnoxcnun, kofopic hpcnycmafpunanu camooipa-
nuucnuc nhonckou skchancuu, nknkuan ninon nouck us Hnnoku-
fan hocnc paspcmcnun kufauckoio kpusuca, no fpconanu nsamcn
amcpukanckou honncpxku honufuucckoio chocoa ypciynuponanun
pasnoinacuu c Kufacm na ocnonc hpusnanun ocoou hosuuuu Sho-
nuu. Icui mna, n oucpcnnou pas, o hohifkc hponcnufi cufyauuk,
ohupanci na hosuuuk cuni unu, ccnu hpcnhouccfi oncc yskyk
unfcphpcfauuk, o hohifkc hpcnnoxufi cnocio pona omuu
komhpomucc na ocnonc pasncna cqcp nnunnun mcxny Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu u Shonucu n Asuu. Takona ina uncn, kofopyk Konos
nonxcn in usnoxufi Iysncnify n cccnc, hpcnnoxcnnou nhonuamu
na nauano aniycfa. Onnako, hoxoxc, ino yxc hosnno.
Xsnn nochpunnn hnan xononno. Ioncc foio, ucpcs ncckoniko
nncu Iysncnif ncfpcfuncn n yxfc Apnxcnfun c Yuncfonom Hcp-
uunncm. Icsynifafom ux nuckyccuu cfana Afnanfuucckan xapfun, a,
cncnonafcnino, u ucfkan hosuuun n ofnomcnuu honufuku Shonuu.
Iysncnif u Xsnn cpasy xc hocnc ncfpcuu npyuunu Homypc ncknapa-
uuk, nccima ymcpcnnyk ho fonaninocfu, no fncpnyk ho cymccfny,
uo ona hpcnocfcpciana nhonucn of hpononxcnun ux skchancuo-
nucfckou honufuku. B hpofunnom cnyuac hpanufcnicfno Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon namcpcnanoci hpunnfi ncoxonumic konfpmcpi,
nc ucknkuan naxc uchonisonanuc cuni. Hcpuunni, co cnocu cfo-
poni, sannun, ufo, ccnu nuhnomafuucckuc ycunun ocfanyfcn cspc-
synifafnimu, Bcnukopufanun yncf cofpynnuuafi c Cocnuncnni-
mu Ufafamu. Ipcnnoxcnuc ncfpcuu c Konos nc ino ofncpinyfo,
no nnn foio, ufoi ona nc hpuncna k cnocio pona asuafckomy Mkn-
xcny, of nhonucn hofpconanu founo ohpcncnufi ux hosuuuu ho
fpcm nohpocam: ofnomcnuc k Tpoucfncnnomy hakfy (of kofopoio
Shonuu hpumnoci i nucfanuuponaficn); mupnoc ypciynuponanuc
kufauckou cufyauuu; ucfkoc ohpcncncnuc pycxcu u ucncu, kofo-
pic nhonui cfanunu hcpcn coou n Kio-Bocfounou Asuu.
451
Icpcionopi hpononxanuci ho sfum fpcm nohpocam, u sa nc-
ckoniko ncncni cfano ncno, ufo fokuuckoc hpanufcnicfno iofono
ofkasaficn of honufuku skchancuu n Kufac u n Kio-Bocfounou
Asuu. Konos naxonuncn n cnoxnou nnyfpcnncu cufyauuu, ho-
ckoniky, hoka on uckan komhpomucc c amcpukanuamu, na ncio
nnyfpu cfpani okasinanu nanncnuc nocnnic, honfankunanmuc k
cunonomy pcmcnuk. B cnok oucpcni Xsnn nc ofkasinancn of cnocu
fncpnou hosuuuu, umcnno hofomy, ufo snan o nnyfpcnnux pasnoina-
cunx n nhonckom hpanufcnicfnc u o nchpunfuu camum umhcpafopom
Xupoxufo nocnnoio pcmcnun. 2 okfnpn yncpcnnocfi amcpukanucn
ina hponcmoncfpuponana n xccfkou nofc, ofhpanncnnou n Tokuo,
n kofopou pastncnnnoci, ufo cnuncfncnniu choco honoxufi koncu
pasnoinacunm cocfonn n hpunnfuu n kauccfnc ucxonnix ucfipcx
hynkfon, cqopmynuponannix amcpukanuamu n ahpcnc. Icsynifaf
okasancn hpofunohonoxnim oxunacmomy. Konos in ninyxncn
honafi n ofcfanky. 16 okfnpn hpcmicp-munucfpom cfan icncpan
Tonsuo, nauoncc nnunfcniniu nocnauaninuk, a munucfpom uno-
cfpannix ncn inmuu hocon n Mocknc Toio, n cnoc npcmn nicfy-
hanmuu hpofun honufuku cnuxcnun c Icpmanucu. B pykax icnc-
pana Tonsuo cocpcnofouunaci ncn honufuucckan u nocnnan nnacfi,
ufo hosnonnno cmy hpunumafi icfpic u sqqckfunnic pcmcnun.
B nauanc nonpn umhcpafopckoc hpanufcnicfno Tokuo copa-
noci na ncckoniko saknkuufcninix saccnanuu. Iino pcmcno hpo-
nonxufi nuhnomafuucckuu nuanoi c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, uc-
xonn us hpcnhocinku, ufo Shonun onimc nc houncf na ycfyhku.
5 nonpn concmanuc hpu umhcpafopc ycfanonuno n kauccfnc hocncn-
ncio cpoka nnn ofncfa amcpukanucn 25 nonpn. Shonckuc hpcnno-
xcnun, nahpanncnnic hocny Homypc, inu cqopmynuponani n
nnyx pasnuunix nokymcnfax, nasnannix coofncfcfncnno mcmopan-
nym A u mcmopannym I . Onu nonxni inu ifi hpcncfanncni
onun sa npyium, c oucnunnim hpcnhoufcnucm n ofnomcnuu mc-
mopannyma A. 7 nonpn Homypa ncfpcfuncn c Xsnnom u usnoxun
cmy fpu hynkfa mcmopannyma A: 1) Shonun nc yncf nanafi pac-
mupufcninou fpakfonku Tpoucfncnnomy hakfy; 2) nhonckuc noucka
ocfanyfcn na okkyhuponannou kufauckou fcppufopuu (Ccncpniu
Kufau, ocfpon Xaunani u Bnyfpcnnnn Monionun) na coinaconan-
niu hcpuon npcmcnu, fo ccfi nonxcn in yfounufi Homypa
hpunusufcnino na 25 ncf; n fcucnuc nnyx ncf onu nonxni ynyf
hokunyfi ocfaninyk kufauckyk fcppufopuk; na kufauckou fcppu-
fopuu yncf hpumcnnficn hpunuuh ofcyfcfnun nuckpumunauuu n
cqcpc fopionnu, ccnu fakou hpunuuh yncf hpunnf fakxc u n oc-
faninom mupc; J) Shonun ynaxacf fcppufopuaninyk ucnocfnocfi
Hnnokufan, no nosimcf na ccn onsafcnicfna ho nannomy nohpocy
foniko hocnc saknkucnun coinamcnun c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu.
452
Hncfpykuuu Tokuo Homypc, pacmuqponannic amcpukanckumu
cckpcfnimu cnyxamu, hoponunu honospcnun, ufo sfu hpcnnoxc-
nun nocunu xapakfcp hpononouck, sfo sacfanuno Xsnna kafciopu-
uccku ux ofncpinyfi. 2O nonpn in hpcncfanncn mcmopannym I,
cocfonnmuu us 5 hynkfon, iopasno oncc cyxux, ucm hpcninymuc,
u ho cymccfny nahpanncnnix na fo, ufoi nouficn hpusnanun
cymccfnykmcu cufyauuu, sa ucknkucnucm ncsnauufcninix ycfy-
hok nhonucn u onsafcnicfna noccfanonufi pciynnpnic fopionic
ofnomcnun.
6.4.3. HEPL-XAPBOP
Oa hpcnnoxcnun inu nacfoniko nancku of fcsucon, mnoio-
kpafno honfopcnnix amcpukanuamu, ufo ocyxnafi ux ccpicsno nc
umcno cmicna. Mcmopannym I nocun hponokauuonniu xapak-
fcp, Xsnn ohpcncnun cio hpnmo-faku kak nainiu. Iocncnnuc
hohifku amcpukanckoio munumfpa qunancon Icnpu Mopicnfay
cqopmynuponafi hpucmncmiu komhpomucc, fakxc kak u hpusin,
opamcnniu Iysncnifom k Xupoxufo 6 nckapn, nc hpuncnu nu k
kakum usmcncnunm. Hahpofun, 1 nckapn saccnanuc umhcpafopc-
koio hpanufcnicfna oquuuanino hpunnno pcmcnuc nauafi nocn-
nic ncucfnun c nncsahnoio nahancnun 7 nckapn, n uac nnn ho na-
munifonckomy npcmcnu. Amcpukanckuc cckpcfnic cnyxi ysnanu
o pcmcnunx Tokuo, no nonpcmn nc nincnunu mccfo nhonckou ak-
uuu. Bhpoucm, n sfof momcnf hohifka usmcnufi xon coifuu
ina i ncnosmoxna.
Ioncc hosnnnn honcmuka ofnocufcnino foio, ufo Iysncnif snan
o namcpcnunx cnoux hpofunnukon u nc hpcnhpunnn maion nnn ux
hpcnyhpcxncnun u fcm camim yknonuncn of nihonncnun koncfu-
fyuuonnix onsannocfcu, kacanmuxcn ncfyhncnun Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon n nouny, ho cymccfny numcna ocnonanuu. Hmcfi unqop-
mauuk o aipcccunnou honufukc nc osnauacf ifi cc coyuacfnu-
kom, n ococnnocfu, ccnu sfo nipaxanoci n hpocfom hpunnfuu
cncpmunmciocn qakfa. Bcponfno, Iysncnif moi hpcncfanufi ccc,
ufo nahancnuc hpousouncf fam, inc inu cocpcnofoucni inannic
amcpukanckuc cuni, fo ccfi n Icpn-Xapop, na Ianaunx. Ho, nc-
ponfno, on moi umcfi u hpofunohonoxnoc mncnuc, fo ccfi, ufo
nhonui nc pcmafcn nahacfi na cfoni naxnyk ucni. Tof qakf, ufo
nhonckoc nahancnuc na Icpn-Xapop u hocncnonanmcc otnnnc-
nuc nouni (hocny Homypa ino hopyucno npyuufi sfo otnnncnuc
foniko sa 2O munyf no namcucnnoio nauana nocnnix ncucfnuu)
cfano honnou ncoxunannocfik. Xofn ono nc ino ipomom cpcnu
ncnoio nca nnn amcpukanucn, no sacfuino ux npachnox n ofnomc-
45J
nuu mccfa, inc ono hpousomno, ufo umcno hocncncfnun, kafacfpo-
quucckuc nnn amcpukanckou nocnnou mamuni.
C camoio hcpnoio nnn u n fcucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn kasa-
noci, ufo nhonui moinu honfopufi na Tuxom okcanc kamhanuk,
kofopyk nauucfi hponcnu n Inpohc. Hahancnuc na Icpn-Xapop,
hpoucmcnmcc onnonpcmcnno c nahancnunmu na npyiuc amcpukan-
ckuc asi, honnckno sa coou fnxcncumuc hofcpu co cfoponi
amcpukanucn. Hc nnananci sncci n ncfanu nocnnoio xapakfcpa,
hpuncncm nckofopic nannic, kofopic ionopnf camu sa ccn. 3a
ncckoniko munyf ino hofohncno ucfipc nunkopa, ucfipcm in
nancccn ccpicsniu ymcp, 11 npyiux nocnnix kopancu ino ho-
fohncno unu nincncno us cfpon, n fo npcmn kak 188 camoncfon
ino ynuufoxcno na scmnc. Shonui xc honccnu nuufoxnic ho-
fcpu. Onnonpcmcnno c Icpn-Xapopom honncpinuci nahancnuk
amcpukanckuc asi na ocfponax Iyam, Ysuk u Munysu. B ufoic n
hcpniu ncni nocnnix ncucfnuu us ncnnfu amcpukanckux nunko-
pon, choconix ncucfnonafi na Tuxom okcanc, n cfpok ocfanuci
foniko nna, hpofun kofopix nhonui moinu nicfanufi cnou nccnfi.
B fcucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn nocnnic ncucfnun na Tuxom
okcanc pasnunanuci c onnocfoponnum niuipimcm, nccmofpn na
chopanuuccku hponnnnnmuccn cnyuau cohpofunncnun. Shonckoc
nacfyhncnuc hpunnno xapakfcp mupokomacmfanou nocnnou skc-
hancuu no nccu Kio-Bocfounou Asuu, a fakxc n nahpanncnuu An-
cfpanuu u Hnnuu. Bnauanc ono saxnafuno unuhhuni, icfpo
honncpimuccn okkyhauuu, sa ucknkucnucm honyocfpona Iafan u
ykpchncnnoio ocfpona Koppcxunop, inc cohpofunncnuc hpononxa-
noci no man. Tcm npcmcncm nhonui okkyhuponanu Taunann, honc-
nu nacfyhncnuc n cfopony Iupmi, nahanu na Iopnco u saxnafunu
cio, nsnnu Ionkoni, nicanunuci n Honou Inuncc, hponnunynuci n
nahpanncnuu Cuniahypa, sanocnan hocnc nnyxncncninoio cohpo-
funncnun ncci Manauckuu honyocfpon. Onu hponnunynuci n inyi
ocfpona Sna u hocfchcnno okkyhuponanu nck Ionnannckyk Ocf-
Hnnuk, cohponoxnan cnou ncucfnun nc hpomcnmcu cccncnno an-
fukononuanucfckou hpohaiannou (Asun nnn asuafon), nahanu na
Iupmy u okkyhuponanu cc, a fakxc iofonunu nahancnuc na Hnnuk
hpu honncpxkc unnuuckux nopononiucn no inanc c ohhosuuuon-
nim nuncpom hapfuu Hauuonaniniu konipccc Hannpou Iocom.
Icpnic hpusnaku samcnncnun nhonckoio nacfyhncnun u nospa-
cfanun choconocfu amcpukanucn k cohpofunncnuk c homomik
aninuuan u nouck asuafckux cfpan Conpyxccfna honnunuci na
mopc. Onsafcnicfno hpuopufcfa opii hpofun Icpmanuu, hpu-
nnfoc Iysncnifom u Hcpuunncm nauunan c konqcpcnuuu n pauonc
Hikqaynnncnna (IIaccntIa Bay), oipanuuunano macmfa amcpukan-
454
ckoio konfpnacfyhncnun na Tuxom okcanc. Onnako n mac 142 i.
nauanoci hcpnoc anuauuonno-mopckoc cpaxcnuc n Kopannonom
mopc, sakonuunmcccn cspcsynifafno. B nauanc uknn anuauuonno-
mopckum cunam amcpukanucn ynanoci hcpckpifi nopoiy momnomy
nhonckomy qnofy (86 nocnnix kopancu, nknkuan ucfipc anua-
nocua), coupanmcmycn onnancfi apxuhcnaiom Munysu, u nanccfu
cmy fnxcnoc hopaxcnuc, cfanmcc honopofnim momcnfom n nounc
na okcanc. Bcc ucfipc nhonckux anuanocua inu hofohncni amc-
pukanckou anuauucu nmccfc c JOO camoncfamu ucnok iopasno mcncc
ccpicsnix hofcpi. Ipusnaku honopofa honnunuci fakxc u n nascm-
nix ohcpauunx, koina amcpukanui n nauanc aniycfa nicanunuci na
ocfponc Iyanankanan, n apxuhcnaic Conomononix ocfponon. Ofo
nauano konfpnacfyhncnun conhano c momcnfom, koina nacfyha-
fcninan choconocfi nhonucn yxc ucucphana ccn. C ccnfnpn
142 i. ux noucka inu ninyxncni oipanuuunaficn hcpcnnuxcnu-
nmu mcnimcio macmfaa u ooponufcninimu ohcpauunmu. Ico-
ipaquucckoc pachonoxcnuc okkyhuponannix fcppufopuu hosnonu-
no nhonuam yncpxunafi snauufcninyk ux uacfi no konua nouni.
Ho ncc xc occnik 142 i. Bfopan muponan nouna xapakfcpusona-
naci, c fouku spcnun nocnnix ohcpauuu, ucucphanucm nacfyha-
fcninou choconocfu nouck Tpoucfncnnoio hakfa u oucnunnim
hponnncnucm kpusuca Ocu, nauanmciocn c camoio cnaoio qpon-
fa ufaninnckoio. Bouna mcnnna cnou xapakfcp. Yiposa icicmo-
nuu anfopufapnix ncpxan ofnannnaci.
6.5. Uetw nownm c iouxw spenwn Coetwnennmx
Tiaion, Betwxopwianww w Coneicxoto Cosa
6.5.1. KAKOBM BMLU UELU BOUHM?
B konuc 141 i. nouni, kofopic ncnuci usonuponanno, otnn-
ncnnic nouni, ckpific konqnukfi ncc onu cnunuci n onnom
inoaninom cfonknoncnuu, n kofopom ofucfnuno hpocmafpunanuci
nna hpofunohonoxnix qponfa. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, Concfckuu
Coks u Bcnukopufanun inu n ucnfpc anfuiufncponckoio coksa,
hockoniky umcnno onu nccnu nocnniu u skonomuucckuu ipys
nouni. Icpmanun u Shonun nomunuponanu n nokc cfpan, pasnn-
sanmux konqnukf u hponouuponanmux cio pacmupcnuc. Ho nc-
cmofpn na otnnncnuc nouni Cocnuncnnim Ufafam co cfoponi
Icpmanuu u Hfanuu, nouni, kofopic ncnu nnc kpyhncumuc ncp-
xani nonoio hopnnka, ocfananuci ncc-faku ho cymccfny usonu-
ponannimu. Hahancnuc nhonucn, kofopoc moino i sacfanufi pyc-
ckux nocnafi na nna qponfa, nc cocfonnoci, hockoniky nhonui nc
455
uyncfnonanu ccn choconimu cio ocymccfnufi u hockoniky hpo-
ncncnun inyunnix ucncu nouni nnn coofncfcfnykmux cfopon
cmc nc hpousomno. Tpu ncpxani umcnu omupnic pcnusuonucf-
ckuc hnani, no nc umcnu omcio inoaninoio hpockfa, chocono-
io cncnafi ux opiy cnunou. Toniko cnyuauno nouna Icpmanuu u
nouna Shonuu cfanu hapanncninimu, u foniko cnumkom icfpoc
pasnufuc nafucka Icpmanuu cosnano omcio npaia: Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi. Icpmanun moina nccfu c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu foniko
honnonnyk nouny, n fo npcmn kak Shonun nc ina chocona u nc
namcpcnanaci nocnafi hpofun Concfckoio Coksa. Ofo cymccfncnnoc
hpofunopcuuc ncnano qamucfckyk koanuuuk nccima ycnonnou, u
hosfomy honufuucckuc ofnomcnun nnyfpu ncc moxno nasnafi cny-
uaunimu.
C npyiou cfoponi, qopmuponanuc onimou anfuqamucfckou
koanuuuu ninnuiano oucni naxnic nuhnomafuucckuc, honufuucc-
kuc u nocnnic hponcmi, a fakxc hopoxnano nohpoci, of pcmc-
nun kofopix sanuccno hocncnocnnoc ycfpoucfno. C nocnnou fouku
spcnun inannou hponcmou ncc cmc ocfananaci hponcma otcnu-
ncnun u koopnunauuu ycunuu n opic hpofun npaia. Iopia nc-
naci na fpcx qponfax: concfcko-icpmanckom, ccncpoaqpukanckom
u nocfounoasuafckom. K sfomy noannnnaci nouna cs ipanuu, no
honnan konapcfna, nouna c uchonisonanucm mopckou anuauuu,
kofopan c icfpim nncnpcnucm fcxnonoiuucckux unnonauuu hpu-
opcfcf sa ncckoniko ncf ncc oncc naxnoc snaucnuc. Inannan
hponcma cocfonna n fom, ufoi fpancqopmuponafi nck sfy cono-
kyhnocfi usonuponannix noun c concpmcnno pasnimu ucnoncucc-
kumu hofcpnmu n cnunyk opiy. Iino nu sfo nosmoxno Inc u
kak cncnonano nccfu conmccfnyk nouny Takum in hcpniu noh-
poc, ncfanmuu hcpcn nonou koanuuucu, opasonannou houfu cny-
uauno, no choconou nknkuufi, homumo Bcnukopufanuu, camic
cuninic ncpxani mupa.
Kpomc foio, napnny c nocnnou hponcmou, ncfanan nohpoc ho-
nufuucckuu: sa kakuc npyiuc omuc ucnu, kpomc hocni nan
nauu-qamucfckum umhcpuanusmom, cfouf cpaxaficn, yuufinan,
ufo ncnosmoxno ino hpcncfanufi ccc, ufoi nouna fakoio mac-
mfaa moina cnccfuci foniko k cfonknoncnuk mcxny cohcpnuuak-
mumu umhcpuanusmamu Ofo ina hponcma, kofopan, yuufinan
umcnmuccn hpcucncnfi, nisinana pnn nohpocon oipomnou snauu-
mocfu, hockoniky ninnnnna hpofunopcuun mcxny hpunuuhamu u
unfcpccamu, mcxny kpufcpunmu ncpxannou honufuku u kpufcpun-
mu opii sa nocfuxcnuc uncanon, sanuccnmcu of camou oikno-
ncnnou nunamuku nouni u hcpchncfanmcucn c ncu. Ofu nnc cqc-
pi ncnfcninocfu unu fcopcfuucckoio ananusa ncnciko pasncnufi,
456
hockoniky cnumkom uacfo onu hpcncfananu kak ncpaspinnic, kak
nnc cfoponi onnou mcnanu. B camom ncnc, kak ofncnufi fcmy
chpancnnunoio mupa of fcmi nancxnoio mupa Ipumcp 11 i.
in cfoni nusok ho npcmcnu, ufo fpynno ino hpcncpcui cio
ypokamu.
Ionufuucckuc ucnu u omuc samicni oycnonnunanu xon no-
cnnix ncucfnuu. Icnu no npcmn nouni (kak u no ncnkom nocnnom
konqnukfc) hopou kasanoci, ufo cfpafciuucckuc u fakfuucckuc
ucnu ohpcncnnnu honufuucckuc pcmcnun, fo oncc nnumafcniniu
ananus hokasinacf, nahpofun, ufo konkpcfnic pcmcnun moiyf u
nonxni ifi cncncni k omum honufuucckum samicnam (xofn u n
coofncfcfnuu c ococnnocfnmu kaxnoio ofncninoio cnyuan u chc-
uuqukou, nanaiacmou ocfonfcnicfnamu). Onna cnuncfncnnan ucpfa
otcnunnna coksnukon: nukfo us fpcx kpyhncumux cfpan (u, ouc-
nunno, nukfo us manix) nc ncfyhun n nouny ho cocfncnnou nonc,
sa ucknkucnucm Icpmanuu. axc Bcnukopufanun ina nonncucna
n konqnukf ncncncfnuc iapanfuu, nannix Ionimc, honncpimcucn
nahancnuk ncmucn. Ofckna cncnycf oncc omuu ninon o fom,
ufo nahancnuc ncmucn nisnano nouny fakxc u co cfoponi pufan-
ucn, a nc naoopof, kak moina i honckasafi qopmaninan noiuka.
Tpynno yfncpxnafi, ufo, cpaxanci c Icpmanucu, Bcnukopufanun
hpccncnonana cocfncnnic skchancuonucfckuc ucnu. Ipufanckan
nouna ina ho cymccfny ooponufcninou, nounou sa nosnpaf k
hpcxncmy mupoohopnnky. Ic ucni cocfonna n noccfanonncnuu na
cnpohcuckom konfuncnfc cucfcmi ofnomcnuu mcxny iocynapcfna-
mu, kofopyk ohpokunyna iufncponckan aipcccun. Moxno ino i
noanufi nc n founocfu fof xc hopnnok, ufo cymccfnonan n 1J7 i.,
hockoniky hpu ohpcncncnnix ycnonunx aninuuanc inu cknonni
k komhpomuccnim pcmcnunm. Onnako naxnim nnn Bcnukopufanuu
ino ynuufoxcnuc icicmonucfckoio skchancuonusma, yipoxanmcio
csohacnocfu camoio Cocnuncnnoio Koponcncfna, u cfpcmunmciocn
k usmcncnunm c homomik cnpohoucnfpucfckou umhcpckou cucfc-
mi, mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu n ucnom.
Cpaxanci sa honickyk, a safcm sa qpanuysckyk, cniiuuckyk
u ionnannckyk ncsanucumocfi, Bcnukopufanun samumana co-
cfncnnyk ynymyk csohacnocfi u cymccfnonanuc cocfncnnou
umhcpuu. B sfom fakxc nc hpocmafpunanuci unic namcpcnun, ucm
ooponufcninic, ho kpauncu mcpc, no ncfyhncnun n nouny Hfa-
nuu. Ioxoxc, ufo n uknc 14O i. pufanui u qpanuysi namcpcna-
nuci pacmupufi cnou umhcpckuc nnancnun sa cucf ufaninnucn, yf-
ncpnun cnoc ccchopnoc iochoncfno n Cpcnuscmnomopic. Onnako
pcui uncf o nccima mapiunaninom achckfc ho cpanncnuk c ocnon-
nimu ycfpcmncnunmu, kofopic cnuncfcnicfnykf o hpunuuhuanino
ooponufcninou nahpanncnnocfu pufanckou nouni.
457
Koncuno, samumafi camyk kpyhnyk umhcpuk, cymccfnonan-
myk foina n mupc, osnauano samumafi hpununciuponannoc hono-
xcnuc n ofnomcnuu nisonon, ucxonunmux nc foniko of Icpma-
nuu, no fakxc u of anfukononuaninix nnuxcnuu. Ho umcnno nnn
foio, ufoi oncc sqqckfunno konfponuponafi sfu nnuxcnun, Bc-
nukopufanun n coofncfcfnuu c fpanuuucu, umcnmcu, nhpoucm,
nckonic ucfopuucckuc kopnu, nyxnanaci n cokpymcnuu icpmanckou
momu.
Tcma hpcncfannncfcn oncc cnoxnou, ccnu cc paccmafpunafi c
fouku spcnun Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, hocncnnux cpcnu fcx, kfo
in nonncucn n konqnukf, no, koncuno, nc hocncnnux cpcnu fcx,
kfo hpunuman n ncm yuacfuc n unix, ucm hpnmic nocnnic ncu-
cfnun, qopmax. nn mnoiux amcpukanucn cnpohcuckan nouna nnnn-
naci cncncfnucm cchopnnka, kofopiu hcpcxunan Cfapiu cncf
hocnc Icpnou muponou nouni u nccocfonnmcucn pckoncfpykuuu
sqqckfunnou skonomuucckou cucfcmi hocnc ncnukoio kpusuca.
Hcchoconocfi n nnanuafic ioni paccmafpunafi hponcmi mcxnyna-
ponnix qunancon kak conokyhnocfi nsaumosanucumix qcnomcnon
hpuncna k kpusucy u chococfnonana umhopfuponanuk amcpukan-
ckoio kpusuca n Inpohy, us pasnupakmux hpofunopcuuu kofopoio
cnpohcuuam nc ynanoci naufu conmccfnoio nixona. Ocnonnimu
nahpanncnunmu cnpohcuckoio chocoa nixona us kpusuca inu: c
skonomuucckou fouku spcnun honufuka ncqnnuuu, c fouku spcnun
fopionnu hpofckuuonucfckan honufuka, couuaninou cokpa-
mcnuc pcaninou sapaofnou hnafi u c honufuucckou ycuncnuc
nauuonanusma. Kaxnan cnpohcuckan cfpana hcpcxuna ncnukyk
nchpcccuk, samknynmuci n cocfncnnix unfcpccax unu opafun-
muci k houcky pccypcon n fpanuuuonnix nnycfoponnux cnnsnx.
Bcponfno, foniko iufncponckan Icpmanun honomna k pcmcnuk
fcmi osnoponncnun skonomuku c homomik honufuku hpunynu-
fcninix unnccfuuuu, fo ccfi honufuku dcIIcIt spcndIng, onnako
opucnfuponannou hpcumymccfncnno na hpccfuxnic omccfncn-
nic paofi, a fakxc na yckopcnnoc hcpcnoopyxcnuc. Bcc sfo moi-
no honoxufi koncu cspaofuuc, no nc ncno k skonomuucckomy
osnoponncnuk u moino numi sanoxufi ocnoni skonomuku xccf-
koio hnanuponanun n cncfc ninnuianmuxcn nocnnix ucncu.
Amcpukanui n cnocm fcopcfuucckom ananusc ncnanu akucnf
umcnno na sfou oipanuucnnocfu, u cmc no foio, kak Cocnuncn-
nic Ufafi okasanuci nonncucnnimu n konqnukf, oncc foio, cmc
no camoio nauana nouni onu hpcnnaianu n kauccfnc nancxnoio
cpcncfna of nipoxncnun, cnnsannoio c hpofckuuonusmom, cnou
pcuchf, cocfonnmuu n pasnufuu nnyfpcnncio hpousnoncfna u n
couuaninix pcqopmax (êw 1eul), a n mcxnynaponnom hnanc
458
n nacfouuunom yfncpxncnuu hpunuuha ofkpifix nncpcu (cfoni
snauumoio n fcucnuc nccio hcpuona nahpnxcnnoio nuhnomafuucc-
koio cfonknoncnun c nhonuamu). ciko samcfufi, ufo sfo cpcn-
cfno nnnnnoci qynkuuonaninim ho ofnomcnuk k hofpcnocfnm
amcpukanckou skonomuku hcpuona hocnc pcucccuu u k ucnnm
fpynnoio hpouccca pckoncfpykuuu. Onnako sfo qynkuuonaninoc
coofncfcfnuc nc ifi cnnsano c xapakfcpom, kofopiu hocfchcnno
hpunumana mcxnynaponnan ncnfcninocfi Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n
ofnomcnuu coifuu nouni.
Onopcnuc sakona o ncnn-nusc n mapfc 141 i., u n cmc onimcu
cfchcnu, conmccfnoc c Bcnukopufanucu pcmcnuc o ohynukona-
nuu n aniycfc Afnanfuucckou xapfuu nnnnnuci fakxc u hokasafc-
nnmu amcpukanckux hpcncfanncnuu o mcxnynaponnom skonomu-
ucckom hopnnkc u muponom hopnnkc rour courr. Hcfncpfiu u hnfiu
hynkfi Afnanfuucckou xapfuu, yfncpxnanmuc hpunuuh cnoo-
ni mcxnynaponnou fopionnu u ucni occhcuufi nnn nccx oncc
nicokuu yponcni xusnu, skonomuucckoc pasnufuc u couuaninyk
samufy, c ocfopoxnocfik fpakfonanuci aninuuanamu, kofopic
honucpkunanu oipanuucnniu xapakfcp hpumcncnun cfafiu, uino-
puponanmcu cymccfnykmuc coinamcnun (fo ccfi cucfcmy umhcp-
ckux niiof, ycfanonncnnyk konqcpcnuucu n Offanc n 1J2 i.), no
onnosnauno onopnnuci amcpukanuamu (u fcmu aninuuanamu, kfo
n mcnimcu cfchcnu in saaniaxuponan c fouku spcnun samufi
oquuuaninix hosuuuu). Koina nokymcnf in ohynukonan, samcc-
fufcni ioccckpcfapn Camncp Ysnncc yfncpxnan: Ohoxa umhcpua-
nusma sakonuunaci. Cncnycf hpusnafi hpano nccx naponon na cno-
ony... Cncnycf occhcuufi nccmy mupy honisonanuc hpunuuhamu
Afnanfuucckou xapfuu na nccx okcanax u nccx konfuncnfax.
A hosnncc noanun: Afnanfuucckan ncknapauun osnauacf, ufo
kaxnan nauun umccf hpano nancnficn, ufo cc sakonnoc hpano na
fopionnk nc yncf napymcno u ymcmncno hpchnfcfnunmu n nunc
homnun, famoxcnnix niiof, nuckpumunauuonnix mcp unu nciu-
kux nnycfoponnux ofnomcnuu. Bo npcmn ccpicsnoio ocyxncnun
snaucnun hpunuuhon, ohpcncncnnix nmccfc c amcpukanuamu, ca-
mic nnunfcninic pufanckuc kommcnfafopi ofnananu ccc ofucf
n fom, ufo xpyhkuc apicpi umhcpckou hpcqcpcnuuaninou cucfc-
mi fakxc ynyf ohpokunyfi cfpoium hpumcncnucm nonix kon-
uchuuu. cucfnufcnino, kommcnfuponana 1inunciul Jimes,
ncc sfo pciynupycfcn ohpcncnnkmum honoxcnucm o ynaxcnuu
cymccfnykmux onsafcnicfn. Onnako, nccomncnno, honpasymcna-
cfcn, ufo koina sfu coinamcnun nounyf n hpofunopcuuc c nyxom
nonoio anino-amcpukanckoio coinamcnun, fo onu ynyf usmcncni
kak moxno icfpcc.
45
Hnauc ionopn, fof choco, kakum Cocnuncnnic Ufafi iofonu-
nuci ncfpcfufi nocnnyk ohacnocfi, oucnunnim opasom ohpcncnnn-
cn nomunupykmcu konuchuucu muponoio hopnnka, ninnuianmcu
hponcmi nc foniko hcpcn hpofunnukamu n nounc, no u hcpcn co-
ksnukamu. Hahpnxcnnan ocfanonka, cohyfcfnonanman honiofonkc
coinamcnun ho sakony o ncnn-nusc hpumcnufcnino k Ipufanuu,
ninnuna hofcnuuaninyk anfunomuk, c fou oionopkou, onnako, ufo
amcpukanckuc fcsuci inu cqopmynuponani kak manuqccf, kak
inancncfnykmuu hpunuuh.
Takum opasom, cfanonufcn honnfno, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufa-
fi ncnu nahpnxcnnyk nuhnomafuucckyk nysni c Shonucu ho noh-
pocy o honufukc ofkpifix nncpcu n Kufac u n Bocfounou Asuu,
ucxonn us cnocu omcu konuchuuu mcxnynaponnoio hopnnka u
cnocio honumanun hpanun, kofopic nyumc nccio moinu occhcuufi
unfcpcci pasnufun nospoxnakmcucn amcpukanckou skonomuku.
Shonckan sakpifocfi ncnana komhpomucc ncnosmoxnim u hpuna-
nana ncfyhncnuk Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n nouny (n fom uucnc u
naionapn fomy, ufo nhonui ohpcncnnnu cnou ucnu hpcumymc-
cfncnno n coofncfcfnuu c fcppufopuaninimu u nocnnimu kpufc-
punmu) xapakfcp opii sa yfncpxncnuc nccomux hpunuuhon.
Amcpukanckan ooponufcninan nouna nc umcna nunumix ucncu.
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nc cfpcmunuci k sanocnanunm unu k samufc
ohpcncncnnix fcppufopuu. Onu cfpcmunuci k yfncpxncnuk oncc
ofkpifix u oncc niionnix hpunuuhon n pamkax xopomo qynk-
uuonupykmcu u nccomcu cucfcmi pinounou skonomuku. Iys-
ncnif nc hpcnnaian, kak sfo ncnan Bunicon, onimux unconoiuucc-
kux, uucfo amcpukanckux manuqccfon. Hckofopoc npcmn chycfn
naionapn cknapauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu yncf nocfuinyf ho-
nufuucckuu komhpomucc. Ipunanuc nounc xapakfcpa opii sa
ncmokpafuk u cnoony snauufcnino ooiafuf mofunauuu amcpu-
kanckoio yuacfun n nounc. Icui mna nc o houckc omyfumix pc-
synifafon, a o cfpcmncnuu k mcxnynaponnomy hopnnky, fo ccfi o
opic sa yfncpxncnuc ncocnsacmou ucnu, no fakou, kofopan cmcc-
fuf n cfopony Cocnuncnnix Ufafon fouky ohopi skonomuucckou,
qunanconou u honufuucckou muponou cucfcmi.
Icnu cohocfanufi ucnu nouni Bcnukopufanuu, Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon u Concfckoio Coksa, fo cfanonufcn oucnunnim, ufo c ca-
moio nauana nnyfpu coksa cymccfnonanu inyouaumuc pasnuuun n
ycfpcmncnunx. Hackoniko omumu u ooponufcninimu inu ucnu
Ipufanuu, omumu u ncocnsacmimu ucnu Amcpuku, nacfoniko
ohpcncncnnimu, ocnsacmimu u founimu inu ucnu Concfon. o
1J8 i. Concfckuu Coks honncpiancn nanncnuk 3ahana u Icpma-
nuu. o 1J8 i. ncc oncc yfonucnnic u ncc oncc yipoxakmuc
46O
napuanfi honufuku canufapnoio kopnona yipoxanu Concfckomy
Coksy n nchocpcncfncnnou nusocfu. B aniycfc 1J i. Cfanun pc-
mun ccucpcmonno hcpcncpnyfi cufyauuk u nochonisonaficn
cnyuacm, kofopiu hpcncfanuncn cmy c usonnuucu Iufncpa, nnn cosna-
nun canufapnoio kopnona naoopof, fo ccfi n unfcpccax samufi
Concfckoio Coksa, a nc 3ahana of kommynucfuucckou ohacnocfu.
B nannou cnnsu nc fak naxno nosnpamcnuc k nohpocy o ucfo-
puoipaquucckou ocnonafcninocfu cfanunckou u concfckou apiy-
mcnfauuu n ucnom. Baxno foniko, hoxanyu, ofmcfufi fo cymc-
cfncnnoc ocfonfcnicfno, ufo n hcpuon c 1J ho ukni 141 i.,
naionapn oncc unu mcncc oxofnomy cofpynnuuccfny Icpmanuu,
CCCI ynanoci nknkuufi n cnok cqcpy nnunnun fcppufopuu, hpo-
cfupanmuccn of Ianfuuckoio no Hcpnoio mopn, ncpnyn fo, ufo
ino ofnnfo y uapckou Ioccuu hocnc 117 i., a, nosmoxno, u nc-
ckoniko onimc. Iufncponckan aipcccun uknn 141 i. u oopona
Concfckoio Coksa, oopona n onunouccfnc hpofun nauusma n fc-
ucnuc nnufcninoio hcpuona npcmcnu nciufumusuponanu hnani co-
xpancnun fakxc u foio, ufo ino sanocnano nauunan c ccnfnpn
1J i., u nosmoxnoio pacmupcnun cqcpi sanocnannoio n Inpo-
hc u na Inuxncm Bocfokc, n nahpanncnuu Hpana u Typuuu, n
Hcpnom mopc. Hcnu nouni, kofopic hpccncnonan Cfanun, hponn-
nnnuci sncci ococnno konkpcfno u ocnoninanuci, cncnonafcnino,
na ynuufoxcnuu Icpmanuu n kauccfnc ncpxani-icicmona n Inpohc
u na cosnanuu cucfcmi, asupykmcucn na coofnomcnuu cun, ko-
fopoc nanccina ycfpanuno i ohacnocfi aipcccuu co cfoponi an-
fukommynucfuucckux u anfuconcfckux cun. Ofo ina ncpxannan
honufuka, nicfpaunacman ho fpanuuuonnim cxcmam u honncpxu-
nacman sa hpcncnamu Concfckoio Coksa mupokou ccfik honufu-
ucckux cun, cnnsannix nchocpcncfncnnim opasom u n snauufcni-
nou mcpc nnoxnonnncmix concfckum hpumcpom u ypokamu. Icpnan
ucni hpuncncf k poxncnuk nonou, ohacnou u iopasno oncc nny-
mufcninou, icicmonucfckou cuni. Bfopan hpunacf nonou co-
ncfckou hcpchckfunc (yuufinan, ufo CCCI niuipan nouny c Icp-
manucu) konfuncnfaniniu macmfa. Iponcma xc usmcncnun
mcxnynaponnoio skonomuucckoio hopnnka nc cfonna hcpcn concf-
ckumu pykononufcnnmu nukoum opasom.
6.5.2. ,EKLAPAUUH OBLE,UHEHHMX HAUUU
Ofoio cohocfanncnun ycfpcmncnuu nocfafouno nnn foio, ufoi
ninnufi fpynnocfu sanau, kofopic nonxcn in hocfanufi hcpcn
coou noniu coks. Cpasy nccfu nuckyccuu o omux ucnnx nouni
osnauano ocyxnafi ynymcc Ionimu u npyiux cnpohcuckux fcp-
461
pufopuu, hoinomcnnix Concfckum Coksom. A sfo hpuncno i k
nspiny oucnunnix nnyfpcnnux hpofunopcuuu. Icmcnuc saknkua-
noci, cncnonafcnino, n hpunnfuu nnycmicncnnix qopmynuponok,
hpuionnix nnn nkou unfcphpcfauuu, u n ncnomonnkax u cncp-
xannocfu, hosnonnnmux ofnoxufi no mcncc kpufuucckux momcn-
fon nuckyccuk o pasnoinacunx u, ccnu nosmoxno, houcku ux hpc-
ononcnun. Biuipafi nouny c ncpxanamu ocu u Shonucu ino
inannim umhcpafunom, kofopomy inu honuuncni ncc npyiuc
hponcmi. Tcm npcmcncm mcn houck komhpomuccnix pcmcnuu
unu pacmupufcninix qopmynuponok. Icpnim maiom na sfom
hyfu cfano honhucanuc 1 nnnapn 142 i. cknapauuu Otcnuncn-
nix Hauuu. okymcnf, pasnunan konuchuuu Afnanfuucckou xap-
fuu, honfncpxnan ycxncnnocfi n fom, ufo
honnan hocna |Otcnuncnnix Hauuu] nan ux npaiamu ncoxo-
numa nnn samufi xusnu, cnooni, ncsanucumocfu u pcnuiuosnou
cnooni u nnn coxpancnun ucnoncucckux hpan u chpancnnunocfu
kak n ux cocfncnnix cfpanax, fak u n npyiux cfpanax
u hpononxan:
1) Kaxnoc hpanufcnicfno onsycfcn yhofpcufi ncc cnou pc-
cypci, nocnnic unu skonomuucckuc, hpofun fcx uncnon Tpou-
cfncnnoio hakfa u hpucocnununmuxcn k ncmy, c kofopimu sfo
hpanufcnicfno naxonufcn n cocfonnuu nouni.
2) Kaxnoc hpanufcnicfno onsycfcn cofpynnuuafi c npyiumu
hpanufcnicfnamu, honhucanmumu cuc |ncknapauuk], u nc saknk-
uafi cchapafnoio hcpcmupun unu mupa c npaiamu.
cknapauun ina honiofonncna n xonc nonioio concmanun
Hcpuunnn u Iysncnifa hon kononim nasnanucm Apkanun u nc-
mcnncnno honhucana pnnom cfpan, cpcnu kofopix hcpnimu ho
snauumocfu inu Concfckuu Coks u Kufau. cknapauun otnnnn-
naci ofkpifou nnn hpucocnuncnun k ncu coofncfcfnykmux opia-
non nnacfu, nc umckmux cfafyca hpanufcnicfna, fcm camim of-
kpinan hyfi nnn yuacfun n ncu nnuxcnun Cnoonnan panuun.
cucfnufcnino, umcnno n sfu nnu ncoxunanno hpuopcna ocfpofy
fcma ofnomcnuu mcxny icncpanom nc Ionncm u coksnukamu.
Bo npcmn konqcpcnuuu Apkanun (cm. nuxc) nocnno-mopckuc
cuni, ncpnic nc Ionnk, nicanunuci na ocfponax Ccn-Iicp u Mu-
kcnon, nnnnnmuxcn qpanuysckumu kononunmu, pachonoxcnnimu
honusocfu of Hikqaynnncnna u okasanmuxcn hon nnacfik hpa-
nufcnicfna Bumu, c kofopim Cocnuncnnic Ufafi honncpxunanu
pciynnpnic nuhnomafuucckuc ofnomcnun. Bicanka nouck ina
ynaunou, u n xonc pcqcpcnnyma naccncnuc c snfysuasmom hpoiono-
conano sa hpucocnuncnuc k Cnoonnou panuuu. Onnako sfof
shuson napyman hnani Iysncnifa, a fakxc Kopncnna Xsnna, hon-
462
ncpxunanmux ofnomcnun c Bumu, hockoniky nuhnomafuucckuc
konfakfi c num, hycfi u nnycmicncnnic, inu naxni nnn nani-
ncumcio pasnufun coifuu n Ccncpnou Aqpukc. B sfou cufyauuu,
nccmofpn na iopnuyk honncpxky Hcpuunnn, n konuc nckapn Kop-
ncnn Xsnn sannun o cnocm ocyxncnuu ncnfcninocfu fak nasinac-
mix cnoonnix qpanuyson u hocnc pcuu Hcpuunnn hoconcfonan
hpcsuncnfy ucknkuufi ionnucfckuc cuni us amcpukanckux hna-
non, kacakmuxcn Ccncpnou Aqpuku (ynyman ohcpauun Topu).
Bonopasncn mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u Cnoonnou pan-
uucu, no foio cnna hponnnnnmuucn u houfu ncnunumiu, cfan
oucnuncn. C fcx hop n fcucnuc nccu cnocu honufuucckou xusnu nc
Ionni omyman na ccc pcmn sfoio honoxcnun usinannuka, n ko-
fopom hponnnnnaci ncnooucnka amcpukanuamu ponu Cnoonnou
panuuu, n uacfnocfu, u panuuu, n ucnom.
Ionhucanuc Concfckum Coksom cknapauuu Otcnuncnnix
Hauuu, kofopan oucnunnim opasom ocnoninanaci na hpunuuhax
Afnanfuucckou xapfuu, nnnnnoci onnum us chocoon, hosnonnn-
mum ocfanufi ofkpifimu honufuucckuc hponcmi nnyfpu coksa.
CCCI cpasy xc okasinancn n pannom honoxcnuu c kpyhnimu sa-
hannimu ncpxanamu, no hpu sfom chopnic hponcmi mackupona-
nuci sa xccfkumu ho nunumocfu, a ho cymccfny iukumu qopmy-
nuponkamu. B ncucfnufcninocfu, pcmcnuc hponcmi nahonncnun
coinamcnuu omcio xapakfcpa u nocnnix onsafcnicfn oncc kon-
kpcfnim concpxanucm okaxcfcn iopasno oncc fpynnim u qak-
fuuccku saumcf ncc ioni nouni, nhnofi no foio momcnfa, koina
concmanun inan iocynapcfn u hpanufcnicfn fpcx kpyhncumux co-
ksnix ncpxan nc naunyf mcncc cnyuaunic komhpomuccnic qop-
mynuponku, mcncc oycnonncnnic xonom nocnnix ncucfnuu.
Icpnan hohifka n sfom nahpanncnuu ina hpcnhpunnfa n fof
camiu momcnf, koina Cocnuncnnic Ufafi ncfyhunu n nouny.
Ipufanckuu munucfp unocfpannix ncn Hncn ofhpanuncn n cnou
hcpniu nusuf n Mockny 7 nckapn 141 i., umcnno n ncni nahanc-
nun na Icpn-Xapop, ufo hpunanano cio nusufy iopasno onimcc,
ho cpanncnuk c hcpnonauaninimu hnanamu, snaucnuc
1
. Iio ucnik
ino nohonnufi coinamcnuc, honhucannoc Kpuhhcom u Monofonim
n uknc hpomnoio iona, noanun k ncmy ncoxonumic honufuucckuc
honoxcnun, nc qopmynupyn, onnako, hpcnnoxcnun, kacakmuccn
okasanun ncmcnncnnou nocnnou homomu. Ipanna, ina hposonnu-
ponana nosmoxnocfi hocnafi ncckoniko sckanpunuu aninuuckux
omapnuponmukon c nocnnix as na Inuxncm Bocfokc na concf-
1
Anfop nohyckacf ncfounocfi. B ncucfnufcninocfu A. Hncn ofhpanuncn n
Mockny na opfy kpcuccpa Kcnf 8 nckapn 141 i. u hpuin n concfckyk cfo-
nuuy 15 nckapn. 1pu+. pe0uiuuu.
46J
ckuu kxniu qponf, onnako nhonckoc nahancnuc ninynuno pu-
fanckuu icncpaniniu mfa ocfanufi cnou naiuc namcpcnun.
B Mocknc Hncn cqopmynuponan nocfafouno ucfkuc fpcona-
nun. Concfi chpancnnuno sannnnnu hpufcnsuu na honnoc coinaco-
nanuc hocncnykmux nocnnix ohcpauuu coksnukon u na coofncf-
cfnykmuc ncucfnun, onnako Cfanun nc nacfaunan na fpconanuu
okasafi ncmcnncnnyk homomi, hockoniky na sfo cmy moinu ofnc-
fufi, ufo nyumum chocoom otcnunufi ycunun ino i otnnnc-
nuc Concfckum Coksom nouni Shonuu. C npyiou cfoponi, umcn-
no n sfu nnu ncmcukoc nacfyhncnuc ninoxnoci, u Cfanun ncpun n
ychcx konfpnacfyhncnun, kofopoc concfckuc noucka nauunanu pas-
ncpfinafi. Hnimu cnonamu, concfckuu nukfafop nancnncn, ufo
camiu fpynniu momcnf yxc hpomcn. Bcponfno, n 142 i. ynyf
npyiuc fpynnocfu, onnako fcm npcmcncm pycckuu qponf yncf
samopoxcn n oxunanuu nosmoxnix honufuucckux pcmcnuu,
us kofopix ncnisn ino ucknkuufi naxc komhpomuccniu mup c
Icpmanucu. Cfanun nc cuufan, ufo pcmumocfi Iufncpa paspymufi
concfckyk cucfcmy cfana cchonopofnou u, ncponfno, honaian (na-
ckoniko hosnonnkf cncnafi ninon umckmuccn n namcm pachopn-
xcnuu nokymcnfi), ufo cmc ina nosmoxnocfi ncpnyficn k ofno-
mcnunm, ananoiuunim, ccnu nc uncnfuunim fcm, ufo cymccfnonanu
no uknn 141 i. Iosfomy on nyman o hponcmax mupa, fpakfyn ux
n cnnsu co cfpcmncnucm Concfckoio Coksa coxpanufi makcumym
us sanocnanuu, concpmcnnix hocnc 1J i., nnc sanucumocfu of
honufuucckoio ucxona konqnukfa. 3nyuanuc nocnnix hponcm
ino, fakum opasom, hpuinymcno, u Cfanun, ncucfnyn c aniycfa
1J i. c uncaninou hocncnonafcninocfik, ncnnycmicncnno sannun
Hncny, ufo hpcncfannncf ccc noniu cnpohcuckuu hopnnok c hpu-
snanucm ipanuu CCCI, cymccfnonanmux no ncmcukoio nahancnun.
Bsamcn on ocman honncpxafi pufanckuc fpconanun honyuufi
nocnnic asi na afnanfuucckom hocpcxic 3ahannou Inpohi, of
panuuu no Hopnciuu. Ics conkncnun sfux ycnonuu, sannun on,
Concfckuu Coks nc honhumcf nukakoio noionopa o coksc.
Hncn snan, ufo n konuc hocnonocnou nouni Concfckuu Coks
nonxcn honyuufi omyfumoc nosnaipaxncnuc, n fom uucnc u sa
cucf Ionimu. Ofo honpasymcnanoci n nkou komhpomuccnou qop-
mynuponkc, nipaafinacmou n onnonc kak hpumcnufcnino k
Iufncpy no 141 i., fak u hpumcnufcnino k Cfanuny hocnc 141 i.:
iapanfuponafi honickyk ncsanucumocfi nc osnauano fakxc mcxa-
nuuccku iapanfuponafi fcppufopuaninyk ucnocfnocfi Ionimu,
kakou ona ina n 1J i. Onnako ocfonfcnicfna nusufa n Mockny
inu fakoni, ufo hpchnfcfnonanu saknkucnuk nkoio hononoio
coinamcnun, hockoniky namcpcnun amcpukanucn inu ncusnccfni,
464
a choconocfi Concfon niuipafi nouny hoka cmc nisinana cuni-
nic comncnun. C honufuucckou fouku spcnun, hocsnka Hncna sa-
ncpmunaci qakfuuccku nuucm. Ioncc foio, ucpcs ncckoniko nncu
hocnc oftcsna aninuuckoio munucfpa us Mockni Cfanun ohynu-
konan 2J qcnpann hpukas o hpasnnonanuu nnn Kpacnou apmuu, n
kofopom yhofpcun iopasno mcncc nnycmicncnnic nipaxcnun.
Hnoina onfakf n unocfpannou hcuafu, sannun Cfanun,
ufo Kpacnan apmun umccf cnocu ucnik ucfpcufi ncmcukuu napon u
ynuufoxufi icpmanckoc iocynapcfno. Ofo, koncuno, inyhan pcxnn...
Y Kpacnou apmuu ncf u nc moxcf ifi fakux unuofckux ucncu.
Kpacnan apmun umccf cnocu ucnik usinafi ncmcukux okkyhanfon
us namcu cfpani u ocnoonufi concfckyk scmnk of ncmcuko-qa-
mucfckux saxnafuukon. Oucni ncponfno, ufo nouna sa ocnooxnc-
nuc concfckou scmnu hpuncncf k usinanuk unu ynuufoxcnuk
knuku Iufncpa. Mi hpuncfcfnonanu i hononiu ucxon. Ho ino
i cmcmno ofoxnccfnnnfi knuky Iufncpa c icpmanckum naponom,
icpmanckum iocynapcfnom. Ohif ucfopuu ionopuf, ufo iufncpi
hpuxonnf u yxonnf, a napon icpmanckuu, a iocynapcfno icpmanckoc
ocfacfcn.
Ofu cnona hokasinakf, kakum opasom Cfanun paccmafpunan n
fo npcmn hponcmy Icpmanuu, u ufo n cio cosnanuu icpmanckuu
nohpoc concpmcnno oucnunno coxpannn ucnfpaninoc mccfo u nnn
hocncnocnnoio hcpuona. B fof momcnf Cfanun, k fomy xc, in
pachonoxcn k ncncnuk hcpcionopon c ncmuamu, cuufan ncponf-
nim, ccnu nc iapanfuponannim hancnuc Iufncpa. Toniko hocnc
foio, kak cfpafciuucckuc pcmcnun aninuuan u amcpukanucn cfanu
oucnunnimu, u hocnc foio, kak ncmcukoc nacfyhncnuc na concf-
ckou fcppufopuu n mac 142 i. ninnuno pcaninic namcpcnun Iuf-
ncpa, cospcnu ycnonun nnn foio, ufoi sfux ncnomonnok cfano
mcnimc u ufoi onu houfu honnocfik pastncnunuci. Onnako co-
nccm onu nc ucucsanu nukoina.
6.5.3. KOH!EPEHUUH APKA,UH
B cnnsu c ncfyhncnucm n nouny Cocnuncnnix Ufafon nfopou
onimou hponcmou cfana ncncnocfi anino-amcpukanckou nocn-
nou cfpafciuu. B konuc nckapn 141 i. nauanc nnnapn 142 i.
ona ina ohpcncncna oncc ucfko, xofn u nc conccm onnosnauno.
Hcnfpaninou ocfananaci hponcma hpuopufcfa nouni na Tuxom
okcanc unu nouni n Afnanfukc n coofncfcfnuu c fcmu opucnfauu-
nmu, kofopic inu namcucni n nauanc 141 i. no npcmn cckpcfnix
hcpcionopon n Bamunifonc mcxny mfaamu noopyxcnnix cun Ani-
nuu u CUA. ponf n Ccncpnou Aqpukc in mano cnnsan c ocfani-
465
nimu fcafpamu u hpuopcfan snauumocfi foniko hpu ycnonuu, ufo
ohcpauun n Aqpukc moina i cfafi ofhpannou foukou nnn akfun-
nix ncucfnuu na Inuxncm Bocfokc u na Iankanckom honyocfponc.
Ofy ycfanonky honfncpnunu Iysncnif u Hcpuunni na konqcpcnuuu
c ycnonnim nasnanucm Apkanun, kofopan hpoxonuna n Bamuni-
fonc c 22 nckapn 141 i. ho 14 nnnapn 142 i. u ina hocnnmcna
ananusy nonix hponcm, nosnukmux ncncncfnuc paspacfanun nou-
ni u ncoxonumocfu oncc sqqckfunno cpaxaficn c Icpmanucu.
Cfanun n hcpnom xc hocnanuu Hcpuunnk cfanun nohpoc o of-
kpifuu nfopoio qponfa, f.c. ykasinan na ncoxonumocfi nccfu
nacfyhncnuc na Icpmanuk nc foniko na nocfounom nahpanncnuu, a
ninynufi cc pasncnufi cnou pccypci u nccfu nnc hapanncninic
nouni. Ofo hosnonuno i Concfam cokpafufi hofcpu, honicufi
cnok occhoconocfi u, safcm, hcpcufu n konfpnacfyhncnuc. o nc-
kapn 141 i. hocfanonka nannoio nohpoca, yuufinan honoxcnuc
Aninuu, ina ncpcanucfuunou, no ncfyhncnuc n nouny Cocnuncn-
nix Ufafon mcnnno cufyauuk, u hponcma nfopoio qponfa cpasy
hpuopcfana konkpcfnic oucpfanun. Hcoxonumo ino ofkpifi
nfopou qponf hpofun Icpmanuu, no inc, koina u kak Moxno cka-
safi, ufo n nocnnom ofnomcnuu sfo ina inannan hponcma nouni n
Inpohc, a n honufuucckom sfof naxniu nohpoc okasinan nnunnuc
na mcfoni ncncnun nouni u na hocncnocnnoc mupnoc ycfpoucfno.
Konqcpcnuuk Apkanun hnanuponanoci hponccfu cpasy xc
hocnc nahancnun Shonuu u ona ina honiofonncna n kpafuaumuc
cpoku. Y Hcpuunnn n sfu nnu honnunaci nosmoxnocfi ykpchufi
nuunic npyxcckuc ofnomcnun c Iysncnifom, ufo n nanincumcm
onciuuno ux conmccfnyk paofy, homoino hpcononcfi pasncnnn-
muc ux hpofunopcuun, cnnsannic c nnymn pasnimu konuchuunmu
nouni. Iysncnif in snauufcninou nuunocfik, on uchoncnonan
ncnukuc iymanucfuucckuc uncani u cosnanan inoaninic hpockfi.
On in aconkfno ycxncn, ufo nouna ohpcncnuna nnn Cocnuncn-
nix Ufafon poni muponoio nuncpa, no cmy fakxc ino hpucymc
uyncfno pcaninocfu, npoxncnnoio hpaimafusma, u sfo hosnonnno
cmy oxonufi honnonnic puqi noimafusma, cnoucfncnnoio Buni-
cony, u paspaofafi ncnukuc cfpafciuucckuc hpockfi, ocnonan-
nic na cnunnuu pcanucfuucckoio honxona u cfpcmncnun k uncany.
Hcpuunni in cumnonom pufanckou cfoukocfu u nonu k opi-
c no umn chaccnun ncnuuun umhcpuu. Ofof ohifniu honufuk
hpomcn ucpcs sfahi nchpunfun qamusma u konuchuuk ymupof-
nopcnun. Iio cncnanu hpcmicp-munucfpom Bcnukopufanuu, ho-
fomy ufo cuufanu fncpnim u pcmufcninim ucnonckom, kofopiu
noncncf no konua opiy c nauucfckou Icpmanucu. B fo xc camoc
npcmn cio pcanusm homoi cmy ynuncfi u honnfi, ufo Cocnuncnnim
466
Ufafam u Concfckomy Coksy hpunanncxuf poni hcpnix ncucfnyk-
mux cytckfon n nounc u hosxc na muponou apcnc, a, cncnonafcni-
no, Bcnukopufanuu ncoxonumo ino hcpccmofpcfi cnou ucnu u
oxunanun. Ho n fof ucfopuucckuu momcnf on hpcncfannnn cnoon-
nyk Inpohy, hofomy ufo oniman uacfi hpanufcnicfn, kofopix
nauucfi ninynunu cxafi us cnoux cfpan, inu noccosnani n
onnonc, inc onu hpononxanu na sakonnom ocnonanuu cnok mcx-
nynaponnyk ncnfcninocfi.
Konqcpcnuun n Bamunifonc honfncpnuna hpuopufcf opii c
Icpmanucu u ncoxonumocfi konucnfpauuu nocnnix ycunuu na
sfom nahpanncnuu, u coksnuku onsanuci nauafi konfpnacfyhnc-
nuc hpofun Shonuu foniko hocnc hopaxcnun Icpmanuu. Ofo pc-
mcnuc ino naxnou ocnonou nnn nkoio ynymcio coinamcnun o
cofpynnuuccfnc c Concfckum Coksom. Iocnc nusufa Hncna Cfanu-
ny inu ofhpanncni coomcnun, honnic ncyncpcnnocfu u konc-
anuu, no onno nc nisinano comncnuu y pykononufcncu Aninuu u
CUA ncoxonumocfi opoficn c omum npaiom no hocnnoio
konua. C npyiou cfoponi, foniko kpufuucckoc hcpcocmicncnuc
cncnannoio niopa, ucio nukoina nc ino, moino i usmcnufi ho-
nonyk opucnfauuk.
Kak foniko nosnukana hofpcnocfi ocynufi konkpcfnic choco-
i pcanusauuu umcnmuxcn samicnon, cpasy xc ncfananu u safpynnc-
nun. Hcpuunni hpcncfanun na konqcpcnuuu Apkanun concpmcnno
ohpcncncnniu hpockf: n ucnnx hocfchcnnoio okpyxcnun Icpma-
nuu hponccfu cfpafciuucckyk ohcpauuk, kofopan hpcnycmafpuna-
na i saxnaf nccio ccncpoaqpukanckoio hocpcxin (nknkuan u fy
uacfi, ufo naxonunaci hon konfponcm Bumu) u nacfyhncnuc ho-
nckny, inc foniko ino nosmoxno of Hopnciuu no panuuu u
Hfanuu c fcm, ufoi nisnafi noccfanuc anfunauucfckux cun,
nc ncfyhan nchocpcncfncnno n cfonknoncnuc c oipomnim icpman-
ckum ncpmaxfom.
Ho sfu pufanckuc hpcnnoxcnun nc cfanu hpcnmcfom mupoko-
io ocyxncnun ncncncfnuc nospaxcnuu icncpana Mapmanna, nauani-
nuka icncpaninoio mfaa apmuu CUA, ohacanmciocn konfpynapa
Icpmanuu ucpcs Hchanuk. B pcsynifafc nc ino hpunnfo nukakoio
konkpcfnoio pcmcnun, sa ucknkucnucm hocfanonncnun o cosna-
nuu nocnno-koopnunauuonnoio opiana (Otcnuncnnoio komufcfa
nauaninukon mfaon), n komhcfcnuuk kofopoio nxonuna nipaof-
ka cfpafciuu u conmccfnoc pykononcfno ohcpauunmu noopyxcnnix
cun CUA u Aninuu.
B hocncnykmuc hocnc Apkanuu ncncnu amcpukanui fmafcni-
no usyuanu hocfanncnnic hponcmi, a icncpany yaufy . Ouscn-
xayspy ino hopyucno hpoananusuponafi pasnuunic napuanfi
467
cfpafciuucckux pcmcnuu. Icnu nukfo nc ofncpi pufanckuu hnan,
fo sfo nc osnauacf, ufo on in hpunnf. B pcsynifafc amcpukan-
ckux nocnnix paspaofok ponuncn concpmcnno unou hpockf. Iino
hpusnano, ufo nanccfu nauoncc sqqckfunniu ynap ho Icpmanuu
u onnonpcmcnno ocnoonufi Afnanfuky of yiposi icpmanckux
honnonnix nonok ucnccoopasncc nccio us nauoncc nuskou fouku,
f.c. us Aninuu, kofopan nonxna ina cfafi cnocio pona ipomannim
anuanocucm, ynonim nnn nauana maccuponannoio nacfyhncnun
hpofun icpmanckou apmuu no panuuu u nanincumcio hponnuxc-
nun nchocpcncfncnno k Icuny.
Iponcncnuc sfou ohcpauuu, honyuunmcu kononoc nasnanuc
Iaynnah, a safcm nonoc ycnonnoc oosnaucnuc Ohcpauun Oncp-
nopn, hnanuponanoci na ahpcni 14J i. Iysncnif cuufan sfof hpo-
ckf kak n nocnnom, fak u n honufuucckom ofnomcnuu oncc sq-
qckfunnim, ucm hpcnnoxcnniu Hcpuunncm. B nauanc ahpcnn 142 i.
on cfan ycxncnnim cio cfoponnukom, no c fcx hop u n fcucnuc
nccio 14J i. mnu chopi, n snauufcninou mcpc uckyccfncnnic, o
sqqckfunnocfu pufanckoio u amcpukanckoio hnanon. Iasnufuc
coifuu u amcpukanckoc hpcnocxoncfno hpuncnu k fomy, ufo ni-
op in cncnan n honisy samicna Iysncnifa.
Onnako amcpukanckan cfpafciun sanuccna of pcakuuu nnyfpu
cfpani na ncfyhncnuc CUA n nouny. Amcpukanckuc nocnnic kpy-
iu (ofpaxanmuc omccfncnnoc mncnuc) inu hpofun unuuuafun,
kofopic honncpianu i ohacnocfu xusni onimoio uucna connaf,
u hpu paspaofkc hnanon nocnnix ohcpauuu onu yncnnnu onimoc
nnumanuc nosmoxnocfu cokpamcnun ucnoncucckux hofcpi u fomy,
ufoi ncc coksnuku nihonnnnu cnou onsafcnicfna. Ofo honucp-
kunano u honucpkunacf macmfai nknana u xcpfn, kofopic fpco-
nanuci of Concfckoio Coksa (u ninyxnanu Iysncnifa ofknaninafi
nkic ocyxncnun ynymcio mupnoio ypciynuponanun n Inpohc,
ufoi nc honopnafi nocnnix ycunuu Concfon, a fakxc cosnanano
oipanuucnun nnn pasnufuu ofnomcnuu c Aninucu).
Ipufanui cuufanu, ufo ncoxonumo nipaofafi fakyk cfpafc-
iuk, kofopan hosnonuna i icfpo sancpmufi konqnukf n Inpo-
hc, a safcm hcpcpocufi amcpukanckuc noopyxcnnic cuni n Tuxo-
okcanckuu pciuon (umcnno fam oniman uacfi amcpukanckoio o-
mccfncnnoio mncnun nuncna sony nauonimcio pucka). Onu kpufu-
uccku oucnunanu sqqckfunnocfi cfpafciuu, hpcnnoxcnnou CUA,
fak kak comncnanuci n choconocfu amcpukanucn nochonisonaficn
nosmoxnocfnmu, ofkpinanmumucn n xonc nocnnix ohcpauuu.
Ofo hpuncno k nchonumanuk u naxc k cohcpnuuccfny mcxny
nnymn coksnukamu, ufo hoponuno ncmano ncnopasymcnuu. Onno
us fakux ncnopasymcnuu umcno onimoc snaucnuc n hnanc mcxny-
468
naponnix ofnomcnuu. B ccpcnunc ahpcnn Iysncnif, ynyuu ync-
pcnnim n onopcnuu aninuuan, nahpanun cpounoc coomcnuc
Cfanuny, n kofopom hpocun cio hocnafi n Bamunifon concfckoio
munucfpa unocfpannix ncn Monofona u nocnnoio hpcncfanufcnn,
nnn ocyxncnun nccima naxnoio nocnnoio hpcnnoxcnun, cnnsan-
noio c uchonisonanucm |anino-amcpukanckux] noopyxcnnix cun
fakum opasom, ufoi onciuufi kpufuucckoc honoxcnuc na |co-
ncfckom] sahannom qponfc. Cnoum hpuinamcnucm Iysncnif qop-
cuponan cufyauuk, hofomy ufo iofonuncn ocyxnafi c Monofonim
nohpoc o nfopom qponfc, nc ocynun cio c Hcpuunncm. Ofncf Cfa-
nuna in ncsamcnnufcninim. Monofon nonxcn in hpuifi n cc-
pcnunc man n Cocnuncnnic Ufafi u ho hyfu ocfanonuficn n
onnonc.
B sfo npcmn Concfi ofkasanuci of nnycmicncnnoio xapakfcpa
oucnok. C nacfyhncnucm nccni hpoynuncn nouncfncnniu nyx
ncmucn, u Cfanun ynuncn, ufo pasnuuun, kofopoc on ncnan mcxny
nauucfckumu inanapnmu u Icpmanucu nc cymccfnycf. B pcuu, hpo-
usncccnnou na fpanuuuonnom hpasnnonanuu 1 man 142 i., on ucf-
ko ykasan, ufo pasufi Iufncpa cfano ncoxonumo u ncc cuni
Concfon nonxni ifi nahpanncni na nocfuxcnuc sfou ucnu. Ha-
uanaci ycuncnnan hpohaianna cpcnu concfckux nkncu opii c na-
uusmom u camou Icpmanucu, kofopan cfana, nakoncu, nacfonmum
npaiom Concfckoio Coksa. Bcnkoc pasnuuuc ino ofpomcno, u
ncc ncmui inu sakncumcni kak ncnanucfnic npaiu.
6.5.4. COBETCKUU COLB
U HPOBLEMA BTOPOFO !POHTA
Busuf Monofona n onnon u Bamunifon, hcpniu nusuf inani
concfckoio nuhnomafuucckoio ncnomcfna n coksnic cfpani, hpo-
xonun n ocfanonkc concpmcnno ofnuunou of fou, n kofopou hpo-
xonuna hocsnka Hncna n Mockny. Hcnfpaninim cfan nohpoc o of-
kpifuu nfopoio qponfa. Hcpuunni hpcncfanun nohpoc ofkpifo,
hponcmoncfpuponan saunfcpcconannocfi u onsafcninocfi, no
nmccfc c fcm nc nanan hochcmnix ocmanuu. Bnoni opcfcnnoc
noncpuc cncnano nosmoxnim honhucanuc coksnoio noionopa, ho
honony kofopoio ncn hcpcionopi Hncn, xofn cfoponi oipanuuu-
nuci cfafinmu omcio xapakfcpa, nc concpxanmumu u namcka na
fpconanun Concfon hpusnafi ipanuui 141 i. (nhpoucm, hpanu-
fcnicfno onnona yxc foina ino iofono hpusnafi concfckyk nnacfi
n cfpanax Ianfuu).
Cfoponi fakxc honfncpnunu onsafcnicfno nccfu conmccfnyk
opiy u nc saknkuafi cchapafniu mup. B npyiux cfafinx ionopu-
46
noci o fom, ufo coks saknkuacfcn na nnanuafi ncf, o nsaumohomo-
mu n cnyuac nonou nouni c Icpmanucu, o onsafcnicfnc nc nmc-
munaficn no nnyfpcnnuc ncna fpcfiux cfpan u nc yuacfnonafi n
koanuuunx unu noionopax, nahpanncnnix hpofun onnou us noiona-
punakmuxcn cfopon. Icui mna o onsafcnicfnax omcio xapakfc-
pa, nchpcmcnno nknkuanmuxcn n hononic noionopi, onu nc pc-
manu nu onny us sanau foio npcmcnu, no onu hpunananu hpanonyk
qopmy fomy, ufo yxc cymccfnonano n ncucfnufcninocfu.
B Bamunifonc, kyna Monofon hpuin 2 man, hcpcionopi no-
cunu oncc konkpcfniu xapakfcp. Ananus pcaninix hponcm couc-
fancn c ocyxncnucm hpoipammi nocnnou homomu Concfckomy
Coksy, u Monofon hpcncfanun kapfuny fnxcnoio nocnnoio honoxc-
nun cnocu cfpani. Kynimunauucu ncfpcuu cfan fof momcnf, koina
Iysncnif n coofncfcfnuu c ncoxonumocfik kak moxno icfpcc sa-
ncpmufi cnpohcuckyk hapfuk hopyuun Monofony coomufi
Cfanuny, ufo amcpukanui nanckfcn na ofkpifuc nfopoio qponfa
n 142 i. c nicankou nccanfa na konfuncnfc ucpcs a-Manm.
Xofn hosxc nconnokpafno ocyxnanoci pcaninoc snaucnuc
nannoio ocmanun, npnn nu cfouf comncnaficn, ufo Iysncnif umcn
n nuny momniu nccanf u ninnunyn sfo hpcnnoxcnuc, ufoi nipa-
sufi cnok conunapnocfi u yhpouufi npyxcckuc ofnomcnun co
Cfanunim, n fo xc camoc npcmn honfonknyfi Hcpuunnn k fakum
ncucfnunm, kofopic on cmc nc in iofon onopufi. Ha opafnom
hyfu Monofon cnona ocfanonuncn n onnonc, u cnona, c kofopimu
k ncmy opafuncn Hcpuunni, inu iopasno oncc ocfopoxnimu:
nnn nicanku nccanfa na konfuncnf no konua 142 i. yncf cncnano
ncc nosmoxnoc, no ncnisn nafi ohpcncncnnix ocmanuu.
6.5.5. AHFLO-AMEPUKAHCKAH ,UCK.CCUH
O BMBOPE BOEHHOU CTPATEFUU
Hcpuunni honuman, ufo Iysncnif n ohpcncncnnom cmicnc ni-
mcn sa hpcncni nocfuinyfix noionopcnnocfcu, u hochcmun nuuno
hpuifi n Bamunifon, ufoi hponcncnufi cufyauuk. Icpcionopi
hpomnu c 18 ho 26 uknn, a ocyxncnuc cfpafciuu hpononxanoci u
hocnc oftcsna hpcmicp-munucfpa. Bhcpnic nahpnmyk ocyxnancn
oucni cnoxniu nohpoc, honnnfiu Iysncnifom cmc n okfnpc 141 i.:
hpockf uccncnonanuu, nahpanncnnix na cosnanuc afomnou omi,
nan kofopim yucnic ocux cfpan (kak u yucnic Icpmanuu) pao-
fanu c 1J i.
Icpcionopi conhanu c camim fnxcnim momcnfom n ucfopuu
nsaumoofnomcnuu coksnukon sa npcmn nouni: nacfyhncnuc Iommc-
nn n Iiuhfc, cnaua kpchocfu Topyk u nosononncnuc nacfyhncnun
47O
Icpmanuu na concfckou fcppufopuu. B nuckyccuu o mccfc ofkpi-
fun nfopoio qponfa nknununuci naxnic coifun na fcafpc nocn-
nix ncucfnuu. Tcm nc mcncc, Hcpuunni nouncn koc-kakux pcsyni-
fafon, n uacfnocfu, nosononncnun nuckyccuu o mccfc u npcmcnu
nacfyhafcninix ohcpauuu. Bicanka nccanfa nonxna hpousoufu
fam, inc yncf nauoncc ynono n sanucumocfu of nocnnou cufya-
uuu. Coksnuku, kasanoci, ofkasanuci of samicna ncoxunannoio u
kpchkoio ynapa (n fcucnuc nckofopoio npcmcnu ocyxnanaci ohc-
pauun Cncnxxsmmcp
1
, kofopyk nonxni inu ocymccfnufi, n oc-
nonnom, aninuuckuc noucka), hocnc nusufa Hcpuunnn n Bamuni-
fon nosponunaci uncn nicanku nccanfa n Ccncpnou Aqpukc.
Ofo inu pcmakmuc ncncnu nnn ohpcncncnun nocnnou cfpafc-
iuu coksnukon. Aninuuanc nokasinanu, ufo ofkpifuc nfopoio
qponfa ucpcs a-Manm ncnosmoxno no occnu 14J i. unu naxc no
144 i., onu co nccu ohpcncncnnocfik sannunu, ufo upcsniuaunan
ohcpauun, fuha Cncnxxsmmcp, sakonuufcn cchoncsnim kpono-
hponufucm. Comncnun amcpukanucn inu hpcononcni Iysncnifom,
kofopiu honnn, ufo n 142 i. n nocnnom u honufuucckom ofnomcnuu
nacfyhafcninan ohcpauun cfana ncoxonumou, no nicanka nccanfa
no panuuu unu xc hcpcpocka nouck n Tuxookcanckuu pciuon
inu ncnosmoxni, a hofomy qakfuuccku coinacuncn na napuanf,
hpcnnoxcnniu Aninucu.
15 uknn 142 i. hpuopcna pcaninic oucpfanun uncn ohcpauuu
Topu. Ona ocyxnanaci Iappu Iohkuncom, icncpanom Mapman-
nom u anmupanom Kuniom n onnonc na hcpcionopax c aninuu-
ckum nocnnim pykononcfnom. Yuacfnuku hcpcionopon, niupan
mcxny nocnnou akuucu na Inuxncm Bocfokc u nicankou n Ma-
pokko u Anxupc, hpcnhounu nccanf n Ccncpnou Aqpukc kak mcncc
ohacniu. 14 aniycfa icncpan Ouscnxaysp in nasnaucn ncpxonnim
komannykmum coksnimu nouckamu, yuacfnonanmumu n ohcpauunx
n Ccncpnou Aqpukc.
Ocnonnan fnxccfi ohcpauuu ncina, n hcpnyk oucpcni, na amc-
pukanucn, a aninuuanc nonxni inu okasafi nocnno-mopckyk
honncpxky u hpcnocfanufi cyna nnn nicanku n Opanc u Anxupc.
ccanf nonxcn in ifi honkpchncn konfpnacfyhncnucm aninuu-
ckou apmuu n Iiuhfc. Inanuponanoci okpyxufi Iommcnn c nnyx
qponfon. Bocnno-honufuucckou saiankou ino ofnomcnuc qpan-
uyson, hpcnannix Bumu, u uchanucn. Ofa ohcpauun n honufuucc-
kom hnanc naxonunaci n fccnou cnnsu c ofkasom coksnukon of-
kpifi nfopou qponf n Inpohc n 142 i. u pcakuucu Cfanuna na
sfo pcmcnuc.
1
Ohcpauun Cncnxxsmmcp hpcnycmafpunana nicanky coksnukon n Ucpypc,
na honyocfponc Kofanfcn, nnakmcmcn n hponun a-Manm. 1pu+. pe0uiuuu.
471
Ofnocufcnino sfoio nohpoca ncoxonumo cncnafi ncckoniko
samcuanuu. Bosmoxno, n hcuxonoiuucckom ofnomcnuu ocmanuc
nfopoio qponfa, hochcmno cncnannoc Iysncnifom, nano Concfam
pcaniniu apiymcnf nnn hocncnykmux onuncnuu coksnukon n sa-
ncpxkc nihonncnun cnoux onsafcnicfn u n ncpannom pasncncnuu
nocnnoio pcmcnu. Ofof nohpoc cncnycf ouucfufi of nacnocnuu
npcmcnu, opasonanmuxcn n xonc ucfopuoipaquucckux nuckyccuu
u honufuucckou honcmuku n hocncnocnnic ioni, n ococnnocfu, n
hcpuon xononnou nouni. Concpmcnno ncpno, ufo nkoc nocnnoc
pcmcnuc oiuno hponukfonano oncc omcu honufuucckou nunu-
cu, no nncccnnic koppckfuni nc nonxni ifi hnonom qanfasuu,
onu moiyf ifi cncnani foniko n coofncfcfnuu c omcu kapfunou
coifuu u xapakfcpom hpunnfix pcmcnuu.
3amiccn Hcpuunnn hponccfu nnauanc ohcpauuu n Cpcnuscmno-
mopic, a safcm nicanky nccanfa no panuuu, uacfo paccmafpunan-
cn kak cncncfnuc cio cfpcmncnun hpcnofnpafufi upcsmcpnoc pac-
mupcnuc concfckoio nnunnun na Inuxncm Bocfokc, n Bocfounom
Cpcnuscmnomopic u na Iankanckom honyocfponc. Ho ccnu nnuma-
fcnino hpocncnufi xpononoiuk coifuu, fo cfancf ncno, ufo pu-
fanckuu hnan ponuncn cmc n nauanc 142 i., koina nauonimcc
cchokoucfno ino nisnano fcm, cmoxcf nu Concfckuu Coks hpo-
nonxafi cpaxaficn c icpmanckumu nouckamu hon Mocknou, n Kpi-
my u na Kankasc. Micni o fom, ufo Kpacnan apmun cmoxcf okpch-
nyfi u hpoufu fpuymqaninim mapmcm ucpcs Inpohy u Iankani,
kasanaci foina yfohuunou unu us paspnna cnumkom ohfumucfuucc-
kux oxunanuu. Ocnonnyk yiposy Iankanam u Cpcnuscmnomopik n
fof momcnf hpcncfannnna Icpmanun, a hofomy anfuconcfckuu achckf
pufanckoio hnana cncnycf paccmafpunafi kak nccymccfncnniu.
Iocnc 141 i. n nounc nacfyhun sfah, n ofnomcnuu kofopoio
kpufuka nnyx naxnix cfpafciuucckux pcmcnuu (sancpxku ofkpi-
fun nfopoio qponfa u niopa fcafpa nocnnix ncucfnuu) conmcma-
cfcn, honucpkunan fcm camim nnyfpcnnuc hpofunopcuun n namc-
pcnunx amcpukanckoio hpanufcnicfna. Hckofopic amcpukanckuc
honufuku (cpcnu nux u ynymuu hpcsuncnf Tpymsn) cpasy xc
nickasanu hoxcnanuc, ufoi nauucfi u kommynucfi nsaumno
occkponunu npyi npyia, ufo homoino i chacfu mup of ocux
ohacnocfcu, a hofomy amcpukanui nonxni nknkuuficn n nocnnic
ncucfnun foniko n nauoncc honxonnmuu momcnf. Ofu cyxncnun
moiyf hocnyxufi hononom nnn hpohaiannucfckux oucnok sancpxku
ofkpifun nfopoio qponfa. Onnako hpu sfom nc yuufinacfcn fof
qakf, ufo n nauanc 142 i. y amcpukanucn nc ino nacfonmux no-
cnnix cun, a hofomy ocmanuc uchonisonafi ux n nounc ino
nuo ynonkou, naucncnnou na fo, ufoi oonpufi coksnuka n fn-
472
xcniu nnn ncio momcnf opii, nuo ipyou omukou n oucnkc
cocfncnnix nosmoxnocfcu.
B 142 i. nfopou qponf n Inpohc nc moi ifi ofkpif, pasnc
foniko na nfopocfchcnnom fcafpc nocnnix ohcpauuu u hpu naio-
hpunfnix ocfonfcnicfnax, nahpumcp, yuacfuu panuuu. Cufya-
uun cfana mcnnficn foniko c konua 142 i. u, ho kpauncu mcpc, no
ccpcnuni 14J i. cmc nc ino ncno, ufo yhopnoc cohpofunncnuc,
a safcm hocna concfckux nouck hon Cfanunipanom ofkpokf Co-
ncfckomy Coksy hyfi n Hcnfpaninyk u ynaucko-Iankanckyk In-
pohy. Ofa hponcma hpuopcna pcaninic oucpfanun foniko n kon-
uc 14J144 ii., koina ino hpunnfo pcmcnuc o ohcpauuu
Oncpnopn. C sfoio npcmcnu aninuuanc hpononxanu yfncpxnafi,
c oncc unu mcncc nipaxcnnim anfuconcfusmom, ufo ncoxonumo
nicfyhufi na Iankanax, kofopic Hcpuunni nasinan mnikum hon-
pkmicm Inpohi. Aninuuanc hpononxanu nokasinafi, ufo nc
cncnycf hpcncpciafi nosmoxnocfnmu, kofopic hpcnocfannnnu no-
cnnic ncucfnun n Cpcnuscmnomopic u, n uacfnocfu, ncucfnun n
Hfanuu.
Maukn Ionapn, ucfopuk Bcnukopufanuu, yfncpxnacf, ufo
cnuncfncnnim hcpuonom hpofunopcuuu mcxny cfpafciucu CUA u
Aninuu ino npcmn ohcpauuu uancma (hponnuxcnuc coksnukon
na ccncp Hfanuu hocnc nsnfun Kaccuno u ocnooxncnun Iuma),
koina, kasanoci, nipuconinanaci nosmoxnocfi pasnufi n cfpafciu-
ucckom hnanc ychcmnic ncucfnun n Hfanuu. Io mncnuk Ionapna,
foniko ofnocufcnino sfoio hcpuona moxno otckfunno ionopufi o
cpcnuscmnomopckou cfpafciuu. Toniko foina ninnunuci snauu-
fcninic hpofunopcuun mcxny Aninucu u CUA, hockoniky aninu-
uanc nmccfo foio, ufoi pcmufcnino hponnuiaficn k Iananckou
pannunc, nonxni inu hcpcpocufi mccfi cnoux nunusuu nnn
yuacfun n ohcpauuu Onnun (f.c. n nicankc na kic panuuu).
Ho n sfux cfpafciuucckux hnanax nc ino anfuconcfckux na-
mcpcnuu n cuny hocncnonafcninocfu pufanckou honufuku ho of-
nomcnuk k Inpohc. Ipunusufcnino no ccpcnuni 14J i. opun
Oqquc cuufan, ufo nosmoxni conmccfnic ncucfnun Concfon u sa-
hannix ncpxan n Inpohc, u naxc onyminan nosmoxnocfi omcio
nocnno-komannnoio opiana nnn okkyhauuonnix nouck n cfpanax,
kofopic ynyf hocfchcnno ocnooxncni of nauusma. Tcm nc mc-
ncc, koina nacfyhanmuc concfckuc noucka honomnu k ipanuuam
Ionimu, hosuuun Aninuu cfana mcnnficn n cfopony fpanuuuon-
nou nonocnnou opucnfauuu ofnocufcninoio pannonymun k co-
ifunm n Hcnfpaninou u ynaucko-Iankanckou Inpohc, n pciuo-
nax, kofopic Bcnukopufanun honaiana nnn ccn ofnancnnimu.
Aninuuanc cuufanu, ufo y nux ccfi ncckoniko ocnonnix ucncu
n sfou sonc. Bo-hcpnix, oxpana fopionix hyfcu, ncnymux na
47J
Inuxnuu Bocfok, u conkncnuc pcxuma cynoxoncfna n hponunax;
no-nfopix, coxpancnuc n Ipcuuu honufuucckoio pcxuma, fccno
cnnsannoio c Bcnukopufanucu; n-fpcfiux, honufuucckuu pcxum n
Kiocnanuu u Bcnipuu nc nonxcn in ifi npaxncnim n ofno-
mcnuu Bcnukopufanuu, no, koncuno, hpucmncmim nnn Concfon.
onnon honaian, ufo Ioniapun u Iyminun ncuscxno hohanyf hon
nnunnuc Concfckoio Coksa. Ionima u Hcxocnonakun cfanyf xus-
ncnno naxnou uacfik ynymcu cucfcmi concfckou csohacnocfu n
Inpohc hpu ycnonuu, ufo fakan cucfcma yncf ocnonana na xccf-
kux u sacnyxunakmux noncpun konnckfunnix iapanfunx.
Hs nimc ckasannoio cncnycf, ufo y aninuuan nc ino honu-
fuucckux hpuuun, kofopic ninyxnanu i ux niupafi fakyk
nocnnyk cfpafciuk, kofopan hpofunopcuuna i omcu cfpafc-
iuu coksnukon. Hncn ohcpauuu na Iankanax ocfanaci n ymax na-
uaninukon icncpaninix mfaon u samimnnnaci umu kak honncpxka
concfckux ohcpauuu (cfouf nahomnufi, ufo Cfanun hpononxan no
occnu 144 i. nacfaunafi na fom, ufoi noucka coksnukon nnuia-
nuci i us Hfanuu k Cnoncnuu, ufoi homoui hpcononcfi cohpo-
funncnuc Icpmanuu). Toniko n ucfopuoipaquu ohcpauun paccmaf-
punanaci kak sqqckfunnan anifcpnafunnan cfpafciun. Coksnuku
nc cmoinu i hpofunoncucfnonafi concfckomy nnunnuk na Ianka-
nax u ohcpcnufi hponnuxcnuc concfckux nouck n pciuonc, nc pac-
honaian nocfafounimu cunamu na sfom fcafpc nocnnix ncucfnuu.
Ioncc foio, onu cokpafunu no ncoxonumoio munumyma ocnic
qopmuponanun n Hfanuu, ufoi ckonucnfpuponafi ncc nocnnic
pccypci nnn nfopxcnun n Hopmannuk. Ofo hosnonncf yfncpxnafi,
ufo, nccmofpn na nccomncnniu anfukommynusm Hcpuunnn, y ani-
nuuckoio hpcmicp-munucfpa ino nocfafouno pcanusma, ufoi nc
ninnuiafi anifcpnafunnix cfpafciuucckux hpockfon, ncxcnafcni-
nix nnn coksnukon, a hofomy u nc cocfonnmuxcn. Ohcpauun
Topu n Cpcnuscmnomopic, kofopan ina ofknoncnucm of hnanon
nicanku no panuuu, cfana hcpnim sfahom nocnnix ncucfnuu co-
ksnukon. Ona pcmana cpasy nnc hponcmi, cnnsannic c ncoxonu-
mocfik nauafi n 142 i. namcucnnic ohcpauuu: nihonnufi, ho
kpaunc mcpc uacfuuno, nsnfic onsafcnicfna u pcanusonafi ux n
fom pciuonc, inc moxno ino i nouficn samcfnix pcsynifafon,
ohpannafi hcpcpocky n Aqpuky ohpcncncnnoio konfunicnfa
nouck, iofonunmuxcn k nicankc no panuuk.
6.5.6. OHEPAUUH TOPU
Yuncfon Hcpuunni n fpync Bfopan muponan nounn npko paccka-
san o cnocm hcpnom hpucsnc n Mockny nnn ncfpcuu co Cfanunim,
ufoi coomufi cmy, ufo n 142 i. anino-amcpukanckuc noucka
474
naunyf ohcpauuu nc n Inpohc, a foniko n Aqpukc. Hcpuunni hpu-
in n Mockny 12 aniycfa 142 i. u hponcn n concfckou cfonuuc
hnfi nncu, sa sfo npcmn on cmoi nanknafi ncc fonkocfu nuhno-
mafuucckoio mcfona Cfanuna. Bo npcmn hcpnou ncfpcuu nnyx iocy-
napcfncnnix ncnfcncu, kofopic nukoina panimc nc nuncnuci,
pufanckuu hpcmicp-munucfp coomun Cfanuny, ufo ohcpauun
Cncnxxsmmcp nc cocfoufcn u ufo ho Icpmanuu yncf nancccn
kocncnniu ynap n Aqpukc (nmccfo nicanku n Inpohy).
Cfanun cpasy honnn honoxufcninic u ofpuuafcninic momcn-
fi sfou ohcpauuu. Iommcni honyuuf ynap n chuny; Hchanun yncf
hocfanncna n safpynnufcninoc honoxcnuc; ncmui, nosmoxno, ok-
kyhupykf numucfckyk panuuk, ufo hpuncncf k akfunusauuu
cun Cohpofunncnun; Hfanun, nakoncu, okaxcfcn nchocpcncfncnno
nknkucnnou n nouny fakoni inu hpcumymccfna. Ohacnocfi
saknkuanaci n cnaom konfponc nan Iupanfapom u n fom, ufo nu-
mucfckan panuun moxcf okasafi cohpofunncnuc n Aqpukc.
Ofo in hcpniu u chokouniu omcn mncnunmu, safcm hocnc-
nonanu sakpific hcpcionopi, no npcmn kofopix concfckuu nukfa-
fop mnoio u c yhpckom ionopun o aconkfnou ncoxonumocfu
nicanku no panuuu. Afmocqcpa na hcpcionopax cfanonunaci npc-
mcnamu ncnnnou, npcmcnamu ypnou, co nspinamu nsaumnoio nc-
iononanun u onuncnunmu n fpycocfu u nnynuuuu (ncoxonumo
hpunnfi no nnumanuc, ufo umcnno n sfu nnu Cfanun in noncncn
no kpaunocfu fpaiuucckumu coomcnunmu us Cfanunipana). H foni-
ko n hocncnnuu ncni u, n ococnnocfu, no npcmn sacfonin, hpoxo-
nunmcio nouik 16 aniycfa, oa ncnfcnn cmoinu nouficn nsaumo-
honumanun. Hm hpcncfanunaci nosmoxnocfi cohocfanufi cnou
ucnoncucckuc kauccfna u honufuucckuc choconocfu. Onu, nosmox-
no, honnnu, ufo y nux mnoio omux cknonnocfcu k hpaimafusmy u
makuancnnusmy. B momcnf paccfananun Hcpuunni in yncpcn, ufo
cymcn ycnufi Cfanuna n hpcumymccfnax ohcpauuu Topu.
Cfanuna nc ycxnanu apiymcnfi, nickasinacmic cmy npyiu-
mu, no on yuufinan otckfunnic qakfi, cfpcmnci usnncui us nux
niiony. Hccomncnno, ufo n fof momcnf ohcpauun Topu hpcnoc-
fannnna cmy oipomnic hpcumymccfna, hockoniky hpunanana no-
honnufcniniu cfumyn opic sa Cfanunipan u yipoxana cfpafciuu
Icpmanuu na Inuxncm Bocfokc. Inuncfncnniu hynkf, kofopim
Cfanun in ynonncfnopcn numi uacfuuno, kacancn ocmanun, ufo
pufanckuc noucka nanccyf ynap oipanuucnnimu cunamu ho qpan-
uysckomy hocpcxik ucpcs a-Manm. Ocmanuc coxpanunoci, no,
kak sfo nu hapanokcanino, ninunoci n nonoc honfncpxncnuc nc-
oxonumocfu nnufcninou honiofonku.
475
1 aniycfa ncmnoium oncc 6 fic. ucnonck hpcumymccfncnno
kananui u aninuuanc nicanunuci na hocpcxic panuuu n
ichhc, saxnafunu cio u yncpxunanu n fcucnuc mccfu uacon. Ohc-
pauun ynanaci numi uacfuuno ucnou oipomnix hofcpi: anuauun sa
ncckoniko uacon hofcpnna 1O6 camoncfon; hpunusufcnino fpu
ucfncpfu yuacfnukon nccanfa hoiunu, inu pancni unu hpohanu
cs nccfu; mnoiuc hohanu n hncn. Xofn Hcpuunni yfncpxnan, ufo
pcun osnauan nocnniu ychcx, n ncucfnufcninocfu on hokasan pcani-
nic fpynnocfu nicanku no panuuu. o ohcpauuu Topu ino na-
ncko, a hohifka saxnafa ichha okasanaci oucni kpacnopcuunou.
Ioncncnuc qpanuysckux nnacfcu n Aqpukc, o kofopom nc ino
nuucio usnccfno, umcno nnonkoc snaucnuc, hofomy ufo ono hoka-
sano i nackoniko cunina nnacfi hpanufcnicfna Bumu, a fakxc
hpcncni u cfchcni nnunnun pasnuunix pykononufcncu qpanuys-
ckoio Cohpofunncnun. Ofa ncusnccfnocfi cfanuna n fnxcnoc hono-
xcnuc amcpukanucn, hofomy ufo hpanufcnicfno CUA honncpxu-
nano hocfonnnic nuhnomafuucckuc ofnomcnun c hpanufcnicfnom
mapmana Icfsna u nonxno ino (unu xofcno) nccfu nocnnic ncu-
cfnun c monuanunoio unu nnnoio coinacun inani qpanuysckoio io-
cynapcfna, ufo, nnuny sanucumocfu pcxuma Bumu of Icpmanuu,
niinnncno nononino naunno.
panuysckuc nnacfu n Ccncpnou Aqpukc houfu ncc sannunu o
cnocu hpcnannocfu pcxumy Bumu, sa ucknkucnucm ipyhhi oqu-
ucpon no inanc c icncpanom Uapncm Macfom, komannykmum ap-
mucu n Anxupc, kofopic ncncnnu fauniu hnan cohpofunncnun.
Icanusonafi sfof hnan nonxcn in icncpan Anpu Zupo, sanocnan-
muu hohynnpnocfi cpcnu qpanuysckux anfuqamucfon hocnc hocia
us ncmcukoio konunaicpn. Zupo, hponcnn cckpcfnic koncynifa-
uuu, coinacuncn nosinanufi anfunauucfckoc noccfanuc u nasnauun
icncpana Macfa cnoum hpcncfanufcncm n Ccncpnou Aqpukc.
Ofo cfano usnccfno Iocpfy Mspqu, icncpaninomy koncyny
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n Anxupc, kofopiu c sfoio momcnfa ni-
nyxncn in nccfu uipy na ncckonikux cfonax. Imy hpcncfonno co-
xpanufi n aconkfnom cckpcfc amcpukanckuc hnani, honncpxu-
nafi ofnomcnun c hpanufcnicfnom Bumu u nc nafi qpanuysckomy
Cohpofunncnuk honona nnn pasouaponanuu. nn honnofi kapfu-
ni cncnycf noanufi, ufo nu Zupo, nu Macf, nu amcpukanui nc
ncfyhunu n konfakf c nc Ionncm, kofopiu, koncuno, nc coinacuncn
i ocfaficn nchpuuacfnim k hpcncfonnmum coifunm.
Ioniofonufcninic hcpcionopi, hpoxonunmuc c mapfa ho an-
iycf, nocfuinu nauoncc cnoxnoio sfaha hocnc foio, kak aninuu-
ckoc nacfyhncnuc hon Oni-Anamcunom (2J okfnpn) hokasano, ufo
pcmakmuu momcnf nusok. Amcpukanckomy icncpany Mapky Knap-
476
ky, samccfufcnk Ouscnxayspa, ino hopyucno cnnsaficn c Zupo,
ocfopoxno hpounqopmuponafi cio o cufyauuu u ycnufi ocfanufi
fcppufopuk panuuu, ufoi hcpcpaficn n Aqpuky na opfy hon-
nonnou nonku k momcnfy nicanku coksnukon u k iuhofcfuuccko-
my nsnfuk nnacfu. Ofo cnuncfcnicfnycf o fom, ufo niupan mcxny
nc Ionncm u Zupo n kauccfnc nuncpa qpanuysckoio Cohpofunnc-
nun, amcpukanui hpcnhouufanu cofpynnuuafi co nfopim, nc sany-
minanci o pcakuuu hcpnoio u cc hocncncfnunx.
8 nonpn 142 i. nauanaci ohcpauun ho nicankc anino-amcpu-
kanckux nouck, kofopic cfonknynuci c kopofkum u houfu cumnonu-
ucckum cohpofunncnucm n Opanc u Kacanankc, hpononxanmumcn
no 11 nonpn. nn amcpukanucn okasanoci aconkfno ncoxunan-
nim u nchpcnnuncnnim hpucyfcfnuc n Anxupc anmupana apnana,
inannokomannykmcio noopyxcnnimu cunamu Bumu. Iocnc usncc-
fun o nicankc coksnukon apnan hpukasan ncmcnncnno apccfo-
nafi nccx saionopmukon, n fom uucnc Mspqu houfu kak sanoxnuka
n nuny hcpcionopon, n ofnomcnuu kofopix apnan hponnun hon-
nyk iofonnocfi hpu nncmncm nconopcnuu u faunom coinacuu
Icfsna, ufo hpuncno k hcpcmupuk, hosnonunmcmy anmupany co-
xpanufi nunumocfi nnacfu.
Hacfyhuno honufuucckoc samcmafcnicfno, koina hon yiposou
okasanuci nuhnomafuucckuu hpccfux Mcpqu u noncpuc anfuqa-
mucfon k hpanufcnicfny, kofopoc, ofpocun mchcfuninocfi, honc-
no hcpcionopi c ncnanucfnimu hpcncfanufcnnmu qpanuysckoio
konnaopauuonusma. Iaspcmufi cufyauuk homoi, n nckofopom
cmicnc, cnyuau. Hakanync poxnccfna 142 i. nnoc saionopmukon
yunu apnana, u, fakum opasom, ocfanoci foniko nnoc qpanuys-
ckux hpcfcnncnfon na yhpanncnuc Aqpukou u pykononcfno Cohpo-
funncnucm. B fo npcmn, kak Icpmanun 11 nonpn nauana okkyha-
uuk nccu fcppufopuu, naxonunmcucn hon konfponcm Bumu,
nknkuan Kopcuky u Tynuc, a CUA hifanuci otcnunufi qpanuy-
son, nonninix k Bumu u hpuncpxcnucn apnana, nc Ionni n ccpc-
nunc nonpn hocnan n Anxup cnocio smuccapa, ufoi ycfanonufi
konfakfi c Zupo u cosnafi honnunniu anfuqamucfckuu qponf.
Cmcpfi apnana ycfpanuna nauoncc cnoxnoc nnycmicncnnoc
hpchnfcfnuc. C cnocu cfoponi, Zupo nacfaunan na honncpxanuu
ohpcncncnnix cnnscu c hpanufcnicfnom Bumu, kofopoc hpononxano
qynkuuonuponafi n pcxumc okkyhauuu. Ofo honopnano noncpuc
k ncmy coksnukon nacfoniko, ufo cncnano nosmoxnim saknkuufi
J uknn 14J i. coinamcnuc o cosnanuu panuysckoio komufcfa
nauuonaninoio ocnooxncnun, kofopiu nosinanunu na pannou oc-
nonc nc Ionni u Zupo, no anfopufcf nc Ionnn cfan hpconanak-
mum. B konuc 14J i. Zupo honan n ofcfanky, u nc Ionni cfan
477
cnuncfncnnim nuncpom qpanuysckoio Cohpofunncnun, nokpyi ko-
fopoio otcnununuci ncc fc, kfo sa hpcncnamu okkyhuponannou
fcppufopuu cfpcmunuci noccosnafi nocnnyk cuny, choconyk cpa-
xaficn c Icpmanucu u ncpnyfi panuuu mccfo cpcnu coksnix
ncpxan-hocnufcninuu nauusma.
Tpu naxnix coifun hpousomnu sa kopofkoc npcmn. Iocnc
hopaxcnun Iommcnn n cpaxcnuu hon Oni-Anamcunom nauanoci
hocfchcnnoc u oncc mcnncnnoc, ucm nancnnuci aninuuanc, of-
cfyhncnuc ufano-ncmcukux nouck ho fcppufopuu Tynuca, kofo-
pic, cocnunun cnou cuni, sakpchunuci nosnc iopona Tynuca u ka-
hufynuponanu foniko n mac 14J i. Boucka Ocu inu usinani
us Aqpuku.
C nicankou coksnukon n Anxupc u Mapokko sancpmunaci
ohcpauun Topu. B pcsynifafc honufuucckan poni pcxuma Bumu
nnn Icpmanuu ino yfpaucno. Hchanun okasanaci hapanusonana u
nc moina ncfyhufi n nouny na cfoponc Ocu, cc ncufpanufcf ho-
cfchcnno cfanonuncn mcncc naiohpunfnim nnn Icpmanuu, xofn
ncmcukuc noucka cfonnu nnoni ipanuui y Iupcnccn. Hchanui
naxc hponnunu nfaunc iofonnocfi nc hpchnfcfnonafi anino-amcpu-
kanckum nocnnim ohcpauunm u pachonoxcnnocfi k cofpynnuuc-
cfny c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu.
Hacfyhncnuc icpmanckux nouck ino, nakoncu, ocfanonncno
hon Cfanunipanom. Iocnc noniou opii sa iopon u kahufynnuuu
nauucfckou apmuu 2 qcnpann 14J i. nauanoci pcmufcninoc concf-
ckoc konfpnacfyhncnuc. Bcc fpu coifun kopcnnim opasom us-
mcnunu xon nouni. C fcx hop coksnuku hcpcmnu of nohpoca o
ncoxonumocfu okasafi cohpofunncnuc u konfpafakonafi nacfy-
hanmuc noucka Icpmanuu, k hponcmc koopnunauuu ncucfnuu no-
opyxcnnix cun, a fakxc nipaofkc cfpafciuucckux u fakfuucckux
nupckfun, ufoi nouficn nonix nocnnix ychcxon.
B sfou cnnsu naxnoc snaucnuc umcna konqcpcnuun n Kaca-
nankc, hpoxonunman c yuacfucm Hcpuunnn u Iysncnifa c 14 ho
2 nnnapn. Ona ina nisnana hofpcnocfik ohpcncnufi nanincu-
myk cfpafciuucckyk nunuk, fak kak ofnocufcnino mcnncnnoc
pasnufuc ohcpauuu n Ccncpnou Aqpukc honnckno sa coou sancp-
xky c pcanusauucu ohcpauuu Oncpnopn, ufo ncuscxno nisnano
cfonknoncnuc co Cfanunim ho sfomy nohpocy. B Hfanuu cfanu
honnnnficn hpusnaku ipnnymcio ncuscxnoio kpaxa qamucfckoio
pcxuma.
Mcxny fcm, kpomc cfpafciuucckux pcmcnuu o ynymux fcafpax
nocnnix ncucfnuu, nauoncc naxnim momcnfom konqcpcnuuu
cfano nncsahnoc u ncoxunannoc sannncnuc, cncnannoc nuuno Iys-
ncnifom 26 nnnapn, o fom, ufo coksnuku hpusnakf foniko csoiono-
478
pounyk kahufynnuuk hpofunnuka. Ofo cfano hpcnmcfom faunix
hcpcionopon na hpofnxcnuu nccu paofi konqcpcnuuu (a fakxc u
panimc, hpu honiofonkc hpockfon hcpcmupun, kofopic moinu i
ifi hpcnnoxcni fcm, kfo cio sahpocuf). Tcm nc mcncc, hynuu-
noc sannncnuc o nocfuinyfom coinacuu ino ncoxunannocfik nnn
Hcpuunnn, kofopomy hpumnoci cncnafi xopomyk muny hpu hno-
xou uipc u coinacuficn c qopmynuponkamu, xofn ux concpxanuc
ino ncnocfafouno ucfko hpohucano. Ha fpconanuc pastncncnuu
Iysncnif ofncfun, ufo hocxncnnic nonxni ynyf hcpcnafi ccn n
pyku hocnufcncu, kofopim n ynymcm yncf hpunanncxafi hon-
nofa nnacfu n honcpxcnnix cfpanax. B qopmynuponkax ino mno-
io ncncnoio u nnoucfncnnoio, hosfomy fpconanoci ocyxncnuc
concpxanun kaxnou qopmynuponku n ofncninocfu.
Ho n fo xc npcmn onimoc snaucnuc umcno sannncnuc o iapan-
funx Concfckomy Coksy, ufo, nccmofpn na ncc sancpxku c ofkpi-
fucm nfopoio qponfa, cchapafniu mup c Icpmanucu saknkucn nc
yncf u ufo ycnonun cc kahufynnuuu ynyf nccomncnno coinaconani
c CCCI, fakxc kak ycnonun kahufynnuuu Shonuu. B ncucfnufcni-
nocfu, sa ucknkucnucm Icpmanuu, hcpcmupun, saknkuanmuccn c
hocxncnnimu cfpanamu, nukoina nc hpcnycmafpunanu csoiono-
pounyk kahufynnuuk.
6.6. Hatenwe Myccotwnw w nepemwpwe c Uiatwew
6.6.1. BMCA,KA COLBHUKOB B UTALUU
Hfanun icfpcc npyiux cfpan houyncfnonana nocnnic u honu-
fuucckuc hocncncfnun nouni, hockoniky ona nccina ina nauo-
ncc cnaim sncnom nauucfckou cucfcmi. K fomy xc, Hfanun n
ococnnocfu, ccnu yuccfi cc icoipaquucckoc honoxcnuc, naxonu-
naci hon yiposou nahancnun coksnukon. Iucninoc ofcfyhncnuc
ho ccncpoaqpukanckomy hocpcxik a Mycconunu mcufan noufu
n Anckcannpuk c fpuymqom kak hocnufcni, csxanocfno ona-
xuno u pancc usnccfnyk ucfuny, ufo Hfanun nc ina iofona k
konqnukfy muponoio macmfaa. Bosmoxno, ona nc ina i iofona
naxc n fom cnyuac, ccnu i nouna nauanaci n 142 i., hofomy ufo
hopaxcnuc cfano pcsynifafom nc cnyuaunix ncynau, a cfpykfypnix
ustnnon, kofopic ncnisn ino ycfpanufi nfopohnx.
Iocnc kahufynnuuu n Tynucc 1O man 14J i. cfano ncno, ufo
ufaninnui, usinannic us Aqpuku, ynyf hcpnimu, kfo honncpi-
ncfcn nfopxcnuk coksnukon oncc foio, ufo ufaninnckan ohcpa-
uun coksnukon nc yncf pasncncna na nna ofncninix qponfa, a
yncf omum anino-amcpukanckum nicfyhncnucm hon komannona-
47
nucm icncpana Ouscnxayspa, nasnaucnnoio ncpxonnim inannoko-
mannykmum coksnimu apmunmu.
B ncucfnufcninocfu sfo conhancnuc ino ckopcc pcsynifafom
cnoxunmuxcn ocfonfcnicfn, a nc cfpafciuucckux pacucfon. Coks-
nuku inu ocnancni n onimcu mcpc, ucm ino hpcnycmofpcno
ohcpauucu Topu. Ionchynnoc ncnononicfno, cymccfnonanmcc n
Hfanuu c hcpnix mccnucn nouni, cnuncfcnicfnonano o nacfpocnu-
nx n hpannmcu ncpxymkc, cknonnou k saknkucnuk cchapafnoio
mupa. Occnik 142 i. onu hpcnpafunuci n momnoc honufuko-nuh-
nomafuucckoc fcucnuc. Ioufu ncc nicmcc honufuucckoc pykonon-
cfno Hfanuu cfpcmunoci ycfanonufi konfakfi c hpcncfanufcnnmu
nuhnomafuucckoio u qunanconoio mupa, a fakxc apmuu coksnu-
kon, ufoi coomufi o pacfymcm ncnononicfnc, pasncnnnmcm
Mycconunu u omccfncnnoc mncnuc cfpani u, n cmc onimcu
mcpc, ufo u hpannmuc kpyiu chcmunu ofmcxcnaficn of nyuc.
Xofn n cfpanc nc cymccfnonano ofkpifoio nnuxcnun sa ncmo-
kpafuucckoc nospoxncnuc, no u koponcnckuu nnop, u pnn kpyhnix
hpomimncnnukon, nuhnomafon u nicmux oquucpon u naxc of-
ncninic nunnic pykononufcnu qamucfckou hapfuu sannnnnu o
cnocm namcpcnuu cmccfufi Mycconunu, u fcm camim ofkpifi
hyfi k hcpcmupuk u cchapafnomy mupy nhnofi no hcpcxona na
cfopony coksnukon. Ofu nacfpocnun nocfuinu ahoicn, koina ux
nipasufcncm cfan mapman Iicfpo Ianonio, n hpomnom komannyk-
muu icncpaninim mfaom ufaninnckux noopyxcnnix cun, nus-
kuu copafnuk Mycconunu u, ufo cmc naxncc, umcnmuu pchyfauuk
ucnoncka, oucni nuskoio k koponk Bukfopy Ommanyuny III, sa
kofopim ocfananoci hpunnfuc okonuafcninix pcmcnuu. Ofu qak-
fi cnuncfcnicfnonanu o fom, ufo Hfanun ina nuska k kpaxy u
ufo cc nicmcc pykononcfno hifanoci niufu us nouni c naumcni-
mumu hofcpnmu, cncnan Icnufo Mycconunu cnuncfncnnim nunon-
nukom honufuucckou cfpafciuu 1J14O ii. (ufo, nosmoxno, u
ino ncpno, xofn snfysuasm, c kofopim qamucfckuc ucpapxu u
mnoiuc ufaninnui hpuncfcfnonanu hocni Icpmanuu, ionopuf o
opafnom).
6.6.2. HA H.TU K HA,EHUL !ATUCTCKOFO PE+UMA
Ha konqcpcnuuu n Kacanankc Hcpuunni u Iysncnif ocyxnanu
nohpoc o hpononxcnuu ohcpauuu n Cpcnuscmnomopic u pcmunu
iofonuficn k nicankc nccanfa na Cuuunuu, nc kacanci hocncn-
cfnuu hononou akuuu. Kpomc foio, cama qopmynuponka o csoio-
nopounou kahufynnuuu ocnannna nanncnuc, okasinacmoc na
Mycconunu, hockoniky, kasanoci, cfanuna hon nohpoc nc foniko
48O
qamucfckuu pcxum, no u cymccfnonanuc Hfaninnckoio koponcn-
cfna, ufo hosnonnno hpcnnuncfi honncumyk uncfufyuuonaninyk
fpancqopmauuk Hfanuu n pcchynuky. Ofo otncnncf koncanun
Bukfopa Ommanyuna III u cio nuxaumux cfoponnukon, a fakxc
comncnun qamucfckux ons, kofopic nc moinu yncnufi samicni
coksnukon.
Scnocfu nc ino u cpcnu coksnukon, hosfomy Hcpuunni cnona
hpuin n Bamunifon, inc c 12 ho 25 man 14J i. cocfonnaci (cpasy
hocnc kahufynnuuu ncmcuko-ufaninnckux nouck n Tynucc) hpo-
nonxufcninan konqcpcnuun hon kononim nasnanucm Tpauncnf.
H n sfof pas cnona hponnunaci cknonnocfi Aninuu uchonisonafi
nosmoxno honncc ychcmnic pcsynifafi aqpukanckux ohcpauuu u
ocymccfnufi nicanky n Hfanuu. Kpomc foio, ona hpcnnaiana oka-
safi naxum na Typuuk, kofopan, ncfyhun n nouny, nonxna ina
i ofkpifi noniu qponf sa chunou y ncmucn u homoui konfpnac-
fyhncnuk Concfon hpofun icpmanckux nouck, nauanmux ofxonufi
of Cfanunipana u Kankasa.
Amcpukanui inu aconkfno nc coinacni c sfumu hnanamu,
fak kak Iysncnif, Mapmann u ux copafnuku cuufanu, ufo yxc ohc-
pauun Topu hpuncna k hofcpc npaioucnnoio npcmcnu, cfano nc-
nosmoxno hpcnhpunnfi nicanky no panuuu n 14J i. u ncoxo-
numo ofnoxufi cc na 144 ion. anincumcc hponnuxcnuc n Hfa-
nuk hocnc saxnafa Cuuunuu cmc onimc samcnnuf honiofonky k
nccanfy no panuuu u hpuncfcn ofkasaficn of sfou ucnu. B konuc
konuon, aninuuanc ninyxncni inu coinacuficn c sfum mncnucm,
nancnci, ufo coifun n Hfanuu sacfannf coksnukon ncucfnonafi
ho unomy hnany.
Iopaxcnuc n Aqpukc ycununo kpusuc qamusma. oncpuc Buk-
fopa Ommanyuna III k Mycconunu ino honopnano. Koponi yxc c
nnnapn 14J i. cfan hnanuponafi cio cmcmcnuc; yckopcnuk kpusu-
ca chococfnonano hcpchncfcnuc nocnnix u honufuucckux coi-
fuu. 3annancn Aqpukou, coksnuku ycununu omapnuponku nocn-
nix u ipaxnanckux otckfon n Hfanuu u iofonunuci k nicankc n
Cuuunuu. 11 u 12 uknn onu nicanunuci na ocfponax Ianfcnncpun
u amhcnysa, saxnafun hcpnyk, hycfi nconimyk, uacfi ufaninn-
ckou fcppufopuu. B noui c na 1O uknn nauanaci nicanka n Cu-
uunuu. Hccmofpn na xnacfoncfno Mycconunu, kofopiu ocman
ufaninnuam, ufo coksnuku ynyf ofpomcni cmc no foio, kak
cfyhnf na scmnk Hfanuu, anino-amcpukanckuc noucka nicanunuci
icfpo u ychcmno. Bcn Cuuunun ina okkyhuponana sa mccfi nc-
ncni, u coksnuku n pcsynifafc momnou akuuu nomnu n Inpohy, na
fcppufopuk onnou us cfpan Ocu. Ionufuucckuc hocncncfnun
nicanku coksnukon okasanuci cmc naxncc nocnnix. Ona nokasana
481
cnaocfi ooponi Hfanuu u fo, ufo cfpany oxunakf npamafuucc-
kuc coifun.
Mycconunu ncfpcfuncn c Iufncpom 1 uknn n cnifpc (onacfi
Bcncfo). Bcfpcua, kak oxunanoci, nonxna ina cfafi pcmakmum
momcnfom nnn Mycconunu: cmy hpcncfonno otncnufi qkpcpy ho-
noxcnuc Hfanuu, ocfpo nyxnanmcucn n mupc unu xc n fakou
momnou nocnnou honncpxkc, kofopan homoina i hcpcnomufi cu-
fyauuk. Ho Mycconunu, honcpinyfiu n yninuc hocnc hopaxcnun,
ncn ccn haccunno. Bcfpcua hpcnpafunaci n mononoi Iufncpa, ko-
fopiu sannnnn o cnocu yncpcnnocfu n hocnc Icpmanuu.
Hmcnno n sfof ncni, nhcpnic hocnc nauana nouni, anuauun
coksnukon hpucfyhuna k omapnuponkam nocnnix u ipaxnanckux
otckfon n Iumc. Ofo ina snamcnafcninan akuun, kofopan nisnana
mcxnynaponniu pcsonanc, hofomy ufo ncc kafonuucckuc cfpani
opafunuci k pykononcfny coksnix ncpxan c hpusinom coxpanufi
iopon pcsuncnuuk Cnnfoio hpccfona, cnyxunmcio cumnonom
nnn kafonukon nccio mupa. B omapnuponkc noomc-fo nc ino
ncoxonumocfu, ona ncnaci kak cnocio pona hpcnyhpcxncnuc u n
sfom cmicnc nocfuina xcnacmoio sqqckfa.
Iponan ncfpcuu n ncpxax n cnifpc u omapnuponka Iuma yc-
kopunu pasnufuc cufyauuu. amucfckuc ipyhhuponku yxc nc-
ckoniko mccnucn iofonunu saionop c ucnik cmcmcnun Mycconunu.
Onu honaianu, ufo sfo cnuncfncnnoc cpcncfno chacfu camux ccn
u yncpxafi konfponi nan cfpanou. C coinacun koponcnckoio nnopa
u hpanufcnicfna onnona onu yckopunu honiofonky hcpcnopofa.
Onny us ipyhh saionopmukon nosinannnnu uno Ipannu, munucfp
kcfuuuu, n hpomnom hocon n onnonc, Iancauuo Huano, kofo-
piu, n qcnpanc 14J i., yfpafun hocf munucfpa unocfpannix ncn,
cfan hocnom Hfanuu n Bafukanc u nc ckpinan cnocu ncnanucfu k
ncmuam, u xyschhc Ioffau, onun us nauoncc npkux hpcncfanu-
fcncu qamucfckou ucpapxuu.
Io ux nacfonnuk Mycconunu nasnauun na ncucp 24 uknn
14J i. saccnanuc Ionimoio qamucfckoio concfa, nicmcio opiana
qamucfckou hapfuu, kofopiu nyuc nc cosinan yxc mnoio ncf. Ha
cocfonnmcmcn saccnanuu uncni concfa honncpinu kpufukc Mycco-
nunu sa concpmcnnic omuku u hpcnnoxunu hpockf pcsonkuuu,
coinacno kofopomy of nyuc fpconanoci noccfanonufi hopnnok,
hpcnycmofpcnniu cfafyfom Hfaninnckoio koponcncfna u ncpnyfi
koponk komannonanuc nccmu noopyxcnnimu cunamu, kofopoc Myc-
conunu hpunnn na ccn n nauanc nouni. Ofo nipaxcnuc ncnonc-
pun umcno naxnoc honufuucckoc snaucnuc u cnuncfcnicfnonano o
honnom hponanc Mycconunu, c num ocfanuci numi nckofopic
hpcnannic cfoponnuku.
482
Koponi Bukfop Ommanyun III hpunnn pcmcnuc cmccfufi Myc-
conunu u samcnufi cio hpanufcnicfnom nocnnix. Yfpom 25 uknn,
koina nyuc nnuncn na aynucnuuk k koponk, on in apccfonan y
nncpcu koponcnckou pcsuncnuuu u hcpcncscn cnauana n nocnnyk
kasapmy, a safcm n faunoc ykpifuc. Koponi hopyuun mapmany Ia-
nonio cqopmuponafi hpanufcnicfno nocnnix, onnum us hcpnix
pcmcnuu kofopoio cfan pochyck qamucfckou hapfuu. Hfaninnui
hpunnnu c snfysuasmom hancnuc qamucfckoio pcxuma, hponcmon-
cfpuponan fakum opasom inyokuu paspin mcxny naponnimu mac-
camu u qamusmom u nipasun nancxny na noccfanonncnuc mupa.
Ianonio nc in iofon ncucfnonafi icfpo u pcmufcnino. Hcm-
ui, hpcnyhpcnun, ufo iofonufcn ccpicsnan ohcpauun, nahpanunu n
Hfanuk nonic kpyhnic cocnuncnun, kofopic inu hpcncfanncni
kak coksnuucckuc, a n ncucfnufcninocfu hpcnnasnauanuci nnn
konfponn nan cufyauucu, ccnu hpanufcnicfno Iuma hponnuf cna-
ocfi u cknonnocfi k ycfyhkam. Icpcn Ianonio n momcnf hpunn-
fun honnomouuu cfonna nnonkan sanaua: c onnou cfoponi, hynuu-
no sannufi, ufo nouna na cfoponc Icpmanuu hpononxacfcn, a c
npyiou hpucfyhufi k fpynnim konfakfam, ufoi cncnafi nuc-
fanuuponanuc Hfanuu of Ocu nauoncc csoncsncnnim. Ofa
sanaua oucni ocnoxnunaci n cnnsu c hponosinamcnucm qopmyni
csoionopounan kahufynnuun.
Coifun n Hfanuu concucfnonanu pocfy honufuucckou pacfc-
pnnnocfu n naicpc coksnukon. Icnu saxnaf Cuuunuu hokasan, ufo
anino-amcpukanckuc noucka nciko moiyf sanocnafi nck Hfanuk,
fo, n fakom cnyuac, hpanunino nu cuufafi hpuopufcfnou ohcpauuk
Oncpnon Concpmcnno oucnunno, ufo ofncf moi ifi foniko of-
puuafcninim. C hpononxcnucm nocnnix ohcpauuu n Hfanuu nos-
nukan nfopou nohpoc: kak hpumcnnfi honnfuc csoionopounan
kahufynnuun
Iocnc usnccfun o hancnuu Mycconunu, Hcpuunni nicfyhun c
opamcnucm k kommynam (mccfnim opianam nnacfu), sannun, ufo
ino i omukou paspymufi nck cfpykfypy ufaninnckoio iocy-
napcfna (kak hpcnhonaianoci n coofncfcfnuu c honnfucm csoiono-
pounan kahufynnuun). Iysncnif, nahpofun, hpuncpxunancn oncc
xccfkou hosuuuu ofnocufcnino nanincumcio pasnufun honufuucc-
kou xusnu n Hfanuu, hosfomy on honfopun fpconanuc o csoio-
nopounou kahufynnuuu, sannun, ufo c okonuanucm nouni ufani-
nnckuu napon cmoxcf cncnafi cnou niop na ocnonc hpunuuhon
cnooni u pancncfna. Ofo osnauano foniko, ufo pcmcnuc o cynic
monapxuu ofonnuianoci na ncci hcpuon hpononxcnun nocnnoio
konqnukfa, a nc ofkas hocfanufi na ocyxncnuc uncfufyuuonani-
nyk qopmy ufaninnckoio iocynapcfna.
48J
Ofu honufuucckuc pacxoxncnun ninnunu, ufo Aninun iofona
okasafi honncpxky ufaninnckou monapxuu, no napnny c numu cy-
mccfnonanu pasnoinacun o macmfaax hpcncfonnmux nocnnix ohc-
pauuu. Iicfpoc hpunnfuc pcmcnuu hosnonuno i nokuponafi
hponuknoncnuc icpmanckux nouck na Ahcnnunckuu honyocfpon u
sannfi nck fcppufopuk Hfanuu nhnofi no Iananckou pannuni,
fpynno ino hpcnnuncfi hocncncfnun fakoio pcmcnun na ncci xon
nouni. Tncpnoc namcpcnuc amcpukanckux nocnnix cuufafi hpu-
opufcfnimu ohcpauuu na a-Manmc homcmanu hnanuponanuk
mupokomacmfanix akuuu n Hfanuu. Ofkas of samicna nccanfa
na Capnunuk hosnonun nocnnim ocyxnafi hnani nicanku kxncc
Hcahonn, no ucfkux pcmcnuu n cnnsu c sfum hpunnfo nc ino.
6.6.3. KAHUT.LHUUH UTALUU
Ianonio nasnauun munucfpom unocfpannix ncn hocna n Ankapc
Iaqqasnc Iyapunin, ohifnoio u hpcnannoio koponk nuhnomafa.
2 uknn 14J i., koina Iyapunin hpuin n Ium, ino hpunnfo pc-
mcnuc ycfanonufi konfakfi c coksnukamu. Hfaninnckum smucca-
pom in nasnaucn icncpan xyschhc Kacfcnnano, kofopiu hpuin
n uccaon, ufoi ysnafi, kakuc ycnonun kahufynnuuu coksnuku
namcpcni ninnunyfi. axc ccionnn fpynno ckasafi, ina nu hpo-
ucnypa, kofopou hpuncpxunanuci coksnuku, oycnonncna ofno-
cufcninou cfpcmufcninocfik pasnufun coifuu n Hfanuu, nuo
pcsynifafom founoio pacucfa.
3aknkucnuc hcpcmupun c Hfanucu qakfuuccku honpasymcnano
nna napuanfa. Ipu hcpnom napuanfc hpcncfanufcni Hfanuu non-
xcn in honhucafi oiunoc hpocfoc nocnnoc hcpcmupuc. Coinac-
no nfopomy napuanfy, hpcncfanufcni ufaninnckux honufuucckux
nnacfcu nonxcn in i honhucafi snauufcnino oncc cnoxniu
nokymcnf, inc inu i pasncpnyfo ohucani qopmi hpucyfcfnun
coksnukon n Hfanuu u honnomouun, kofopimu pachonaianu i
okkyhauuonnic nnacfu, unu honnomouun, kofopic onu hpcnocfan-
nnnu mccfnim honufuucckum nnacfnm.
Ofa hponcma foniko nncmnc kasanaci uucfo fcxnuucckou. Ona
umcna naxnoc honufuucckoc snaucnuc, hofomy ufo hcpniu noky-
mcnf (honyuunmuu hosxc nasnanuc kpafkuc ycnonun hcpcmupun)
hpcnhonaian hpckpamcnuc npaxncnoio ofnomcnun k coksnukam
u pcmcnuc honcpnyfi ocfafku ufaninnckux cun hpofun ncmucn. Bo
nfopom cnyuac (hpocfpannic ycnonun kahufynnuuu) pcui mna nc
foniko o pcinamcnfauuu anmunucfpafunnix u honufuucckux hpo-
ncm, no u hpcnhonaianoci cymccfnonanuc hapfncpa, choconoio
nihonnufi sfu onsafcnicfna, f.c. nanincumcc hpcinanuc y nnacfu
484
koponn u hpanufcnicfna Ianonio ino nosmoxno foniko n kauccfnc
iapanfon kahufynnuuu, kofopan, onnako, nonxna ina i ifi
csoionopounou. Tcpmunonoiuucckoc hpofunopcuuc ino ycfpanc-
no, naionapn pcmcnuk ofnoxufi na hocncnocnnoc npcmn honufu-
ucckoc ycfpoucfno cfpani, a hoka hpusnafi n kauccfnc sakonnix
hpanufcncu Hfanuu Canouckyk nunacfuk u hpanufcnicfno Ianonio,
ufoi Hfanun otnnuna nouny Icpmanuu.
noucfncnnocfi hpunnfix pcmcnuu hoponuna nuckyccuk nco-
iuaunou cnoxnocfu. Ic pannumu hpcnnccfnukamu cfana hcpnan
konqcpcnuun Hcpuunncn u Iysncnifa n Kncckc (kononoc naumc-
nonanuc Knanpanf), hpoxonunman c 14 ho 24 aniycfa hpu yuac-
fuu hpcncfanufcncu Otcnuncnnoio komufcfa nauaninukon mfa-
on. Onu ocyxnanu mccfo Hfanuu ofnocufcnino hocnufcncu u
niop honufuucckou cfpafciuu coksnukon na Ahcnnunckom hony-
ocfponc. Io hcpnomy nohpocy ino pcmcno, ufo Hfanun, hocnc
honhucanun hcpcmupun u otnnncnun nouni Icpmanuu, moina
cuufafi ccn conokkmcu cfoponou a nc coksnuucu Ani-
nuu u CUA n opic c Icpmanucu.
pyian hponcma ina fccnim opasom cnnsana c fcm, kak fcx-
nuuccku ocymccfnufi hcpcmupuc. Hfaninnckan cfopona hpocuna,
ufoi hcpcmupuc cohponoxnanoci hcpcpockou nouck mopckum
hyfcm unu nosnymnim nccanfom kak moxno ccncpncc Iuma. Ofo
ino ncoxonumoc ycnonuc, hockoniky hpunanano ncc hcpcmupuk
u concucfnonano hcpcmcmcnuk nunuu qponfa, ufo u fpconanoci
n coofncfcfnuu c konuchuucu conokkmcu cfoponi. Ofo hosno-
nuno i koponk u hpanufcnicfny ocfaficn n cfonuuc, nc honncpia-
nci konfpafakam co cfoponi Icpmanuu.
Coksnuku ncnu xapkyk honcmuky ho sfomy honony, hpucian
k nnycmicncnim apiymcnfam, ufo, nosmoxno, otncnncfcn fcm,
ufo coksnoc komannonanuc nc umcno coofncfcfnykmux pccypcon
nnn nosnymnou honncpxku nocnnix ohcpauuu, kofopic pasnopauu-
nanuci ccncpncc Cancpno. Coinacno hnanam coksnukon, hcpcmupuc
ino cocfannou uacfik ohcpauuu ho nicankc nccanfa n Cancpno
u, cncnonafcnino, sanuccno of cc pcsynifafunnocfu. Cosnanan fpyn-
nocfu ohcpauuu, coksnuku hpunananu onimoc snaucnuc ccho-
pnnkam, kofopic nisoncf n Hfanuu otnnncnuc o hcpcmupuu.
B konuc konuon ufaninnckoc hpanufcnicfno coinacunoci hon-
hucafi kpafkuc ycnonun hcpcmupun (sfo hpousomno J ccnfnpn
14J i. u cfano usnccfno 8 ccnfnpn), nancnci na ncmcnncnnoc ni-
cfyhncnuc anino-amcpukanckux nouck n pauonc Iuma. Ofoio nc
hpousomno, a hofomy hpanufcnicfno u koponcnckan ccmin ho-
chcmno cxanu n hopf Opfona na Anpuafuucckom hocpcxic, of-
kyna ux safcm hcpchpanunu n Ipunnusu, ocnooxncnniu nakanync
485
coksnukamu, n fo npcmn hpcnhpunnnmumu pnn ohcpauuu ho ni-
cankc na konfuncnfaninyk fcppufopuk cfpani.
C sfoio momcnfa hpanufcnicfno Ianonio cfanonufcn oquuu-
aninim hapfncpom coksnukon. Hs sannncnun, cncnannoio yuacf-
nukamu konqcpcnuuu n Kncckc, on ysnan o cmniucnuu ycnonuu
hcpcmupun n cnnsu c yuacfucm Hfanuu n nounc hpofun ncmucn, u
ufo cmy hopyucno yhpanncnuc nckofopimu ufaninnckumu hponun-
uunmu. Ianonio hpuin 2 ccnfnpn na Manify, inc nhcpnic cmy
inu coomcni hpocfpannic ycnonun hcpcmupun, kofopic hpak-
fuuccku cfanunu Hfanuk hon honniu konfponi coksnoio hpannc-
nun. Hfaninnckuu hpcmicp-munucfp hohifancn nouficn cmni-
ucnun nckofopix cfafcu u naxc hohpoonan honyuufi coinacuc
coksnukon na nknkucnuc n hpanufcnicfno hpcncfanufcncu ipyhhi
qamucfon-nuccuncnfon (n hcpnyk oucpcni uno Ipannu). On nc
nouncn nukakux ycfyhok u honnn, ufo Hfanun yncf yhpannnficn
hon nansopom Konfponinou komuccuu.
Bcn ohcpauun Ianonio ina naucncna na chaccnuc ynymcio
Canouckou nunacfuu, a sfo sanucuno of pcmcnuun CUA hocfa-
nufi nohpoc o uncfufyuuonaninom ycfpoucfnc Hfanuu na napon-
noc ionoconanuc. Binyxncnnoc hochcmnoc cicfno koponn us
Iuma cmc oncc ocnoxnnno cufyauuk. Takum opasom, nixon us
nouni onnou us nnyx ncpxan Ocu hpousomcn nccima cchopn-
nouno. Oipanuucnnocfi coksnuucckux nocnnix onsafcnicfn ho-
mcmana chonna nochonisonaficn hocnou.
Hcyncpcnnocfi coksnukon u pcmufcniniu ofncf nauucfon
hpuncnu k yfpafc honxonnmcio momcnfa nnn pasncpfinanun ufani-
nnckoio qponfa, kofopiu moi i offnnyfi na ccn uacfi ncmcukux
noopyxcnnix cun, cnnfix c inannix qponfon u hcpcpomcnnix
na hpofunohonoxnoc nahpanncnuc. B pcsynifafc ofnocufcnino nc-
onimoc uucno ncmucn nokuponano n Hfanuu houfu n fcucnuc
nnyx ncf snauufcninoc uucno anino-amcpukanckux connaf, kofopic
moinu ifi uchonisonani oncc sqqckfunno n cfpafciuucckom of-
nomcnuu.
Ofa cufyauun hosnonuna nnoni nchnifi fakomy honufuky kak
Mycconunu (nc cs fpyna ocnooxncnnoio us fkpimi u nocfan-
ncnnoio n Icpmanuk, safcm nnoni hcpchpanncnnoio n Hfanuk) u
cfafi no inanc hpanufcnicfna Hfaninnckou couuaninou pcchynu-
ku, ofnuuanmcucn anfumonapxuucckou nahpanncnnocfik. Ccpics-
nic nnyfpcnnuc hpofunopcuun nnoni cosnannoio qamucfckoio io-
cynapcfna numunu cio u fou nconimou honncpxku, kofopou ono
pachonaiano, u hocfanunu n honncumyk sanucumocfi of icpman-
ckoio nocnnoio iochoncfna, xofn u na sfahc cio chana. Iicfpoc pas-
nufuc nnuxcnun Cohpofunncnun cunino honnunno na nnyfpcnnkk
xusni Hfanuu u ocnoxnuno cyniy fcx, kfo nyman, ufo hancnuc
Mycconunu osnauano nacfyhncnuc mupa.
Ha kic Hfanuu coksnuku nhcpnic nonxni inu nokasafi
cnok choconocfi yhpannnfi sanocnannimu unu ocnooxncn-
nimu cfpanamu, kofopix hpcncfonno hpunccfu k ncmokpafuu.
Hakanync hcpnou onimou hocni um hpcncfonno naufu choco
hpcnpafufi cc us hocni anino-amcpukanckux nouck n omyk ho-
cny anfunauucfckou koanuuuu. Onu nonxni inu cousmcpufi
hpunncucnuc Concfon k nohpocam yhpanncnun Hfanucu. K hponc-
mam, inc u kak niuipafi npyiyk nouny hpofun fcx xc npaion, cfanu
hpuannnficn nohpoci, kacanmuccn mcfonon conmccfnou ncnfcni-
nocfu ho cosnanuk cucfcmi nnufcninoio mupa. Ioncc nnufcninoio,
ucm sqcmcpniu mup 11 i.
486 Uacin 2. Biopan mwponan nowna
7.1. Boennme tewcinwn n 1943 t.
7.1.1. BOUHA B EBPOHE
Iocnc sancpmcnun nocnnix ohcpauuu n Aqpukc u kahufynn-
uuu Hfanuu uucno fcafpon nocnnix ncucfnuu cnona cokpafunoci.
Iponnuxcnuc na ccncp Ahcnnunckoio honyocfpona ncmnoiouuc-
ncnnix nunusuu coksnukon, ocfanncnnix n Hfanuu, ino fpyn-
nim u mcnncnnim. o nccni 144 i., nccmofpn na nicanky nccanfa
sa chunou y ncmucn na hocpcxic y Anuuo, coksnuku nc moinu
hpopnafi ncmcukuu qponf y pcku Iapuninno, kxncc Monfckaccu-
no. Toniko n nauanc uknn 144 i. anino-amcpukanui nomnu n
Ium, a nakanync sumi 144145 ii. onu nocfuinu Iofckou nunuu
ooponi ncmucn, f.c. camoio ccncpnoio xpcfa Ahcnnun.
Tcm npcmcncm hpononxanaci honiofonka k nicankc n Hopman-
nuu, u ocnoxncnun, cnnsannic c nounou n Cpcnuscmnomopic, cnc-
nanu ncuscxnou cc ofcpouky. B 14J i. sfa ohcpauun cfana ncnos-
moxna, nccmofpn na ncc oncc pcskuc hpofccfi Cfanuna. Iufncp
namcpcnancn samumafi fak nasinacmiu afnanfuucckuu nan ncc-
mu cunamu u cpcncfnamu nosmoxnou ooponi. Ofo fpconano of
komannykmcio nouckamu coksnukon (foniko n konuc 14J i. na
sfof hocf in nasnaucn icncpan Ouscnxaysp, kofopiu ocfanun ko-
mannonanuc n Cpcnuscmnomopic) fmafcninou honiofonku. Iino
ncoxonumo cocpcnofouufi na kic Bcnukopufanuu okono fpcx
munnuonon ucnonck, ficnuu nocnnix u fpanchopfnix cynon nnn
ocymccfnncnun nicanku, nccnfku ficnu omapnuponmukon u uc-
fpcufcncu.
Bcc sfo hpcncfonno uchonisonafi cnauana kak ynapnyk momi,
a safcm kak okkyhauuonnic cuni na ocnooxncnnou qpanuysckou
fcppufopuu nnn nacfyhncnun na Icpmanuk. Bocnnic ucfopuku
uacfo humyf o fpynnocfnx honiofonku ohcpauuu Oncpnopn, hpo-
nusannou fpcnoiou u ohaccnunmu hponana. Ofa osaoucnnocfi
otncnncf cfpcmncnuc coksnukon hpononufi honiofonky hocfc-
hcnno, napamunan omapnuponku icpmanckou fcppufopuu. Ofck-
na u fpynnocfu n ohpcncncnuu nafi nicanku, kofopan ofknanina-
Ftana cetnman
HOBELA COBHNKOB N HOLLOTOBKA
HOCLEBOEHHOLO .CTPONCTBA
488
naci c ncncnu na ncncnk, hoka nc ino pcmcno nauafi nfopxcnuc
6 uknn 144 i., Hopmannun ina ohpcncncna mccfom nicanku nc-
canfa.
Bcnkuu pas hpuxonunoci ycxnafi Cfanuna, ufo sancpxku cnn-
sani c otckfunnimu hpuuunamu. Concfi, nauan konfpnacfyhnc-
nuc n qcnpanc 14J i. hon Cfanunipanom, hpcononcnanu oxccfo-
ucnnoc cohpofunncnuc icpmanckux honuum u k konuy 14Ji. cmc
nc cmoinu ocnoonufi nck cnok fcppufopuk, npaxcckuc apmuu
ncc cmc cfonnu y cnunipana. H foniko c hpunuxcnucm nicanku
coksnukon n Hopmannuu ofcfyhncnuc ncmcukux nouck homno o-
ncc icfpimu fcmhamu. B aniycfc 144 i. Concfi ocfanonunu cnou
noucka y cfcn Bapmani. Ipckpamcnuc ux nacfyhncnun hpuncno k
fomy, ufo ipomannic ycunun honickux hafpuofon-nauuonanucfon
inu pacfpaucni nhycfyk, xofn nmccfc c concfckumu nouckamu
onu moinu oncpxafi ncpx nan nauucfckumu napnapamu. Ofo pcmc-
nuc Concfon nisnano nconnosnaunyk oucnky. 3afcm Concfi hpo-
nonxunu nacfyhncnuc u honomnu k ipanuuc Icpmanuu, na kofo-
pyk okasinanoci nanncnuc c nnyx cfopon. Onnonpcmcnno onu
nimnu k Iankanam u 12 ccnfnpn hpunynunu k kahufynnuuu Iy-
minuk. K konuy iona concfckuc noucka saxnafunu houfu ncci
Iankanckuu honyocfpon, sa ucknkucnucm Ipcuuu, kofopyk ocno-
onunu aninuuanc.
7.1.2. BOUHA B ABUU
Hapnny c ocnonnimu nocnnimu ncucfnunmu n Inpohc u Aqpu-
kc, onimoc snaucnuc hpuopcnu cfpafciun u ocymccfnncnuc no-
cnnix ohcpauuu hpofun Shonuu. B Tuxookcanckom pciuonc cfpa-
fciuucckuc sanauu Aninuu u CUA conhananu foniko uacfuuno.
Shonui, pasnunan nacfyhncnuc, nocfuinu fcppufopuu Hnnuu, ufo
nisnano cfpax n cfpanc u hpuncno k pocfy pasnoinacuu n hapfuu
Hnnuuckuu nauuonaniniu konipccc. Ipumcp nuuc-hpcnccnafcnn
hapfuu Hannpi Ioca moi okasaficn sapasufcninim. Ioc in nau-
oncc nnunfcninim nuncpom cnianickux nauuonanucfon; hocnc
nnufcninoio hpcinanun n Icpmanuu n nauanc 14J i. on in noc-
fanncn na Manaiackap, a safcm hcpcpancn honuxc k ipanuuam
Hnnuu c ucnik opianusonafi anfupufanckyk apmuk us naxonun-
muxcn n pykax nhonucn unnuuckux saknkucnnix. Shonui ncnu
nouny hon nosyniom Asun nnn asuafon: nosyni nc nisinan oni-
moio noncpun y fcx, kfo xopomo snan nhonckuu umhcpuanusm, no
in oucni sqqckfunnim kafanusafopom nnn naspcnanmcio anfu-
kononuaninoio nnuxcnun. Iosfomy aninuuanc cfpcmunuci ofonnu-
48
nyfi nocnnic ncucfnun of unnuuckux ipanuu u ho nosmoxnocfu
chococfnonafi ofkpifuk nonix qponfon, ufo onu u hpcnnoxunu
na konqcpcnuuu Knanpanf n Kncckc, koina nicfyhunu c hna-
nom nfopxcnun na ocfpon Cymafpa, sfo concucfnonano i cmcmc-
nuk ucnfpa nocnnix ohcpauuu k Hnnoncsuuckomy apxuhcnaiy.
Amcpukanui inu saunfcpcconani n ykpchncnuu hosuuuu
Kufan c fcm, ufoi pasmccfufi na cio fcppufopuu nosnymnic
asi u fakum opasom cosnafi oncc naiohpunfnic ycnonun nnn
nahancnun na Shonuk c nosnyxa. Amcpukanui cuufanu nahancnun
c nosnyxa nauoncc sqqckfunnim cpcncfnom nnn hopaxcnun hpo-
funnuka c foio momcnfa, koina cnoxunaci konuchuun hocfchcnno-
io sanocnanun cckpaunux asuafckux fcppufopuu, sannfix Shonu-
cu: nnn cc ocymccfnncnun fpconanoci cckoncuno mnoio npcmcnu.
Hfoi nouficn sfou ucnu amcpukanui hpcnnaianu hpousnccfu
nfopxcnuc n Iupmy c fcppufopuu Hnnuu, a us Iupmi honccfu na-
cfyhncnuc na Kxniu Kufau, ufo hosnonuno i noccfanonufi
kommynukauuu mcxny nnymn cfpanamu u cosnafi fcppufopuaniniu
konfunuym. Ofa akuun hpunana i cuni cohpofunncnuk cfopon-
nukon Han Kaumu, a fakxc sqqckfunnocfi nccm ncucfnunm coks-
nukon. Kpomc sfoio, amcpukanui hpcnnaianu nicanufi nccanfi
na cfpafciuuccku nauoncc naxnic ocfpona nnoni nunuu, cocnu-
nnnmcu ux c pcscpnamu, pachonoxcnnimu na ancfpanuuckux asax.
Takum hyfcm amcpukanui namcpcnanuci ofnocnafi Iyanan-kanan u
Conomononi ocfpona, a fakxc ocymccfnufi nicanky na Honyk
Inunck.
Coinaconafi hosuuuu ocux cfpan ino oucni fpynno. Aninu-
uanc cuufanu, ufo ohcpauuu n Iupmc hpuncnyf k cccmicncnnou
iucnu nkncu u cchoncsnou pacfpafc cpcncfn; amcpukanui hpu-
snananu hpconananuc pufanckux kononuaninix unfcpccon n Hn-
nuu, no nc hpunananu sfomy onimoio snaucnun. Iacxoxncnun nc
inu ycfpancni nhnofi no hocncnncio sfaha nouni, u cnuncfncn-
niu hynkf, ho kofopomy ynanoci nouficn coinacun ino nasna-
ucnuc nopna . Maynfcffcna na hocf inannokomannykmcio otc-
nuncnnimu cunamu coksnukon n Tuxookcanckom pciuonc, a na
hocf cio samccfufcnn amcpukanckoio icncpana xoscqa Cfuny-
snna. Bocnnic ohcpauuu na nocfounom fcafpc nocnnix ncucfnuu
hpuopcnu ncoxonumyk sqqckfunnocfi foniko n 144 i., koina
ocnonnic sanauu nouni c Icpmanucu inu pcmcni, u hcpchckfu-
na hocni cfana nuskou. B sfux ycnonunx nouna hpofun Shonuu
n cnoux fakfuucckux achckfax fccnim opasom hcpchncfanaci c
honufuko-nuhnomafuucckumu unfcpccamu n iopasno onimcu mcpc,
ucm sfo ino na cnpo-aqpukanckom fcafpc nocnnix ncucfnuu.
Ftana 7. Hoeta cosnwxon w nottoionxa noctenoennoto...
4O
7.2. Hpotemm aniwamwcicxoto cosa
nocte xanwiytnuww Uiatww. Mocxoncxan
w Tetepancxan xonepenuww
7.2.1. MOCKOBCKAH KOH!EPEHUUH
MUHUCTPOB UHOCTPAHHMX ,EL
Icpcnom n nounc, hpoucmcnmuu n konuc 142 i. (cio hocncn-
cfnun cfanu honnocfik omyfumi n ccpcnunc 14J i.), nnoni nincn
honufuucckuc hponcmi na hcpniu hnan. Ofu hponcmi nukoina
nc ucucsanu, no inu hocfanncni n sanucumocfi of pcsynifafon
nocnnix ncucfnuu, a c hpunuxcnucm hocni nosnukna nacymnan
ncoxonumocfi ux paccmofpcnun. Hnauc ionopn, ccnu no ccnfnpn
14J i. pasnoinacun nc ocyxnanuci, fak kak nyxno ino cpaxaficn
nmccfc hpofun omcio npaia, fo hpu hcpnix hpusnakax ipnnymcu
hocni hponcmi ohpcncncnun coksnukamu cocfncnnix ucncu n
nounc u, n cmc onimcu mcpc, ncoxonumocfi naufu komhpomuccnic
pcmcnun cfanonunuci ncc oncc ncofnoxnimu.
Ipumno npcmn nmccfc iofonuficn k hpunuxakmcmycn mupy,
ufoi honnfi, nackoniko pcsynifafi nouni hpucmncmi nnn nccx,
u n kakou mcpc sanauu hocfpocnun nonou mcxnynaponnou cucfcmi,
usanncnnou of cfpaxa hcpcn nauu-qamucfckum unu umhcpuanu-
cfuucckum nacunucm, conmccfumi c nacfouuunim cfpcmncnucm k
hponcncnuk ncpxannou honufuku.
Kahufynnuun Hfanuu nisnana hcpnic nuckyccuu, fak kak iny-
oko honnunna na ofnomcnun mcxny Concfamu u iocynapcfnamu
3ahana. Cfanun c ncnoncpucm ofncccn k fomy, ufo anino-amcpu-
kanui nsnnu na ccn honhucanuc hcpcmupun c Hfanucu, no on nc
moi ocfanaficn cspasnuunim k hocncncfnunm yxona ufaninnckux
okkyhauuonnix cun c Iankanckoio honyocfpona, u n ococnnocfu
us Kiocnanuu, inc ux cmcnunu icpmanckuc noucka. Ofkpifo ni-
paxan cnoc nccoinacuc c coksnukamu, Cfanun 22 aniycfa 14J i.
nahpanun hocnanuc Iysncnify c fpconanucm cqopmuponafi fpcx-
cfoponnuu opian, kofopiu moi i konnciuanino paccmafpunafi
hponcmi, nosnukakmuc ho mcpc kahufynnuuu coksnukon Icpma-
nuu. Cfanun n nononino xccfkux nipaxcnunx yhpckan coksnukon
n fom, ufo onu nc hponcnu c num koncynifauuu ho nohpocy kahu-
fynnuuu Hfanuu u, koncuno, nc coinacuncn c ncoxonumocfik
hpunnfun coksnukamu cpounix pcmcnuu n cnnsu c icfpim pas-
nufucm cufyauuu n Hfanuu.
Cfanun ionopun o konkpcfnix hponcmax, kofopic moinu hpu-
opccfu onimoc snaucnuc, ococnno, na Iankanckom honyocfponc,
inc ncuscxno nonxni inu nosnuknyfi cufyauuu, hononic
41
ufaninnckou. Iosfomy cio hpcnnoxcnuc o ncfpcuc fpcx munucfpon
unocfpannix ncn cfpan-coksnuu ino oncc, ucm ohpannano, ho-
ckoniky moino hpcnocfanufi nosmoxnocfi nnn paspcmcnun npc-
mcnnix fpynnocfcu u inyokoio ananusa cnoxunmcucn cufyauuu.
Kpomc foio, sfo hpcnnoxcnuc pacuumano hyfi nosmoxnou (cc uncn
yxc nocunaci n nosnyxc) ncfpcuc n ncpxax mcxny fpcmn pykononu-
fcnnmu cfpan-coksnuu, nnoc us kofopix, Cfanun u Iysncnif, cmc
nukoina nc ncfpcuanuci.
Tak ponunaci uncn hponcncnun n Mocknc hcpnou anino-concfc-
ko-amcpukanckou ncfpcuu c yuacfucm munucfpon unocfpannix ncn
Xsnna, Hncna u Monofona. Konqcpcnuun, hpoxonunman c 18 ho
JO okfnpn 14J i., ninnuna pasnoinacun n namcpcnunx ncpxan-ho-
cnufcninuu. C nauana ncfyhncnun CUA n nouny Iysncnif nyman,
ufo hocnc hocni nccmupniu hopnnok nonxcn ifi ocnonan na
nonix uncfufyfax u na macmfanom cofpynnuuccfnc kpyhncumux
ncpxan, kofopic, ncucfnyn conunapno, moinu i iapanfuponafi
coxpancnuc mupa. Ofof samiccn cfan usnccfcn kak te:uiuu n:un
Iysncnifa, n kofopiu nxonuno cosnanuc nonou opianusauuu, cho-
conou ynacncnonafi ncc fo honoxufcninoc, ufo ino n paofc
uiu Hauuu, ofpocun cc ncnocfafku u cnaocfu.
Xofn ncfyhncnuc CUA n nouny ino cnnsano c hpuopufcfom
Bcnukopufanuu n amcpukanckou cucfcmc cokson, no Iysncnif u
amcpukanckan nuhnomafun ncci sfof hcpuon nhnofi no 145 i. cnc-
nanu ncc nosmoxnoc u naxc oncc foio, ucm fpconanu unfcpcci
CUA, ufoi Concfi nc cmoinu sahonospufi Amcpuky u Aninuk n
hpcnnapufcninom cionopc, u naxc hifanuci cosnafi nhcuafncnuc,
ufo onu ofkpifi nnn cofpynnuuccfna. cucfnyn n sfom knkuc,
Iysncnif hnanuponan hpcnnoxufi cnoum coksnukam cncnafi sann-
ncnuc of umcnu ucfipcx ncpxan (ucfncpfou nonxcn in cfafi
Kufau) o ncoxonumocfu cosnafi nonyk opianusauuk, ocnonan-
nyk na nnyx pasnuunix, no nsaumocnnsannix hpunuuhax: na pa-
ncncfnc cyncpcnnix hpan nccx nauuu u ocoou ofncfcfncnnocfu
ncnymux ncpxan n ncnc coxpancnun mupa.
B sannncnuu fakxc hpcnycmafpunanoci, ufo ucfipc ncpxani
nonxni conmccfno ocymccfnnnfi okkyhauuk inmux npaxcckux
fcppufopuu u cosnafi komuccuk nnn koopnunauuu nocnnoio co-
fpynnuuccfna. Ofu hpunuuhi, hpcnnoxcnnic Iysncnifom, inu
onapononani n nauanc aniycfa, koina no hcpcmupun c Hfanucu u
honcmuku co Cfanunim ino cmc nancko. Onu hocnyxunu usnm-
nim cnonccnim opamncnucm, cohponoxnanmum hosxc ncc hpak-
fuucckuc pcmcnun ncnukux ncpxan, hockoniky hpcncfannnnu co-
ou cmcci uncanusma u pcanusma, xapakfcpnix nnn mcnfanufcfa
Iysncnifa.
42
Onnako sfy konuchuuk nc pasncnnnu nu Concfi, nu Aninun.
Hncn u opun Oqquc paspaofanu hpcninymum ncfom pcanucfu-
ucckuc hnani cofpynnuuccfna c Concfamu, kofopic nonxni inu
ifi hponcpcni na hpakfukc, n hcpnyk oucpcni hocpcncfnom co-
snanun konfponinix opianon nnn hponcncnun conmccfnou honufu-
ku n Inpohc (ofckna cosnanuc 1oponeuciou ioncy:imumuonou io-
+uccuu) u, n uacfnocfu, nnn pcanusauuu hcpcmupun n Hfanuu.
Icnu i sfu pcanucfuunic u pasymnic hpcnnoxcnun inu ocymc-
cfnncni, fo ynanoci i uscxafi n nanincumcm ncnopasymcnuu u
oxccfoucnnou honcmuku. Ho onu nc inu hpunnfi uacfuuno ho
nocnnim coopaxcnunm (us-sa ohhosuuuu Ouscnxayspa, nc xcnan-
mcio sanuccfi of fakux qopm konfponn nan ufaninnckumu kommy-
nukauunmu, kofopic inu i nannsani cunam, sannfim n nocn-
nix ncucfnunx), uacfuuno n cnnsu c oocfpcnucm honcmuku mcxny
Concfamu u aninuuanamu ho cnpohcuckum hponcmam. Yxc n fo
npcmn nosnukanu cnoxnic momcnfi, nisinanmuc chopi u upcna-
fic konqnukfom, kak, nahpumcp, honoxcnuc n Ionimc unu Kio-
cnanuu, ocyxncnuc kofopix ino hpcxncnpcmcnnim.
Anifcpnafuna mcxny fccnim cofpynnuuccfnom u ucfkum pasnc-
ncnucm cqcp nnunnun cmc nc hpopuconinanaci c nocfafounou ucf-
kocfik, no Hncn iofonun k konqcpcnuuu n Mocknc iopasno oncc
hpaimafuunic hpcnnoxcnun, ucm kypc opun Oqquc n ucnom.
Iosuuun Aninuu nc ococnno ofnuuanaci of hosuuuu Concfckoio
Coksa, kofopiu c hpunuxcnucm hcpcionopon u hpcxnc, ucm nfo-
pou qponf yncf ncucfnufcnino ofkpif, a concfckan fcppufopun
honnocfik ocnooxncna of icpmanckux nouck, ohacancn hpunnfun
ncnaiohpunfnix pcmcnuu. Iosfomy Concfi cfpcmunuci sahony-
uufi kak moxno onimc iapanfuu foio, ufo coksnuku ncucfnu-
fcnino ocymccfnnf ohcpauuk Oncpnopn, u cmniuufi ncckpinac-
myk honospufcninocfi 3ahana n cnnsu c concfckumu hnanamu
yncpxafi honickuc fcppufopuu k nocfoky of nunuu Kcpsona.
Konqcpcnuun n Mocknc n okfnpc 14J i. ina hcpnou ncfpc-
ucu fpcx munucfpon. Onu yxc inu snakomi npyi c npyiom naio-
napn nnycfoponnum ncfpcuam, no nukoina nc ncfpcuanuci nfpocm,
fcm oncc n momcnf ohfumusma u suqopuu pykononufcncu coks-
nukon. Xofn na konqcpcnuuu hpcncfonno ocynufi ocfpic hpo-
ncmi u nohpoci, ho kofopim umcnuci inyokuc pacxoxncnun, nc
cncnycf sainafi, ufo ona hpoxonuna hocnc kahufynnuuu onnou us
nnyx cfpan Ocu u nnunaci nuhnomafuucckum sancpmcnucm nocn-
nou hocni. Konqcpcnuun cfana naxnim momcnfom ninnncnun
namcpcnuu na ynymcc, a fakxc honncncnucm ufoion hpomnoio.
B oncc omcm hnanc, n ucnfpc nnumanun konqcpcnuuu inu
hpcnnoxcnuc Iysncnifa o honiofonkc sannncnun ucfipcx ncpxan
4J
(nknkuan u Kufau) u nohpoci, cnnsannic c ocymccfnncnucm hcpc-
mupun n Hfanuu, kofopoc paccmafpunanoci kak hpcucncnf nnn
ananoiuunix cufyauuu, a onu moinu nosnuknyfi n npyiux pciuo-
nax, hpcxnc nccio na Iankanax. B nocnnom hnanc camou xunofpc-
hcmymcu hponcmou ocfananoci ofkpifuc nfopoio qponfa. 3ahan-
nic ncpxani honfncpnunu cnou onsafcnicfna, no ux sancpcnun
nc nisnanu onimoio noncpun, hofomy ufo cmc nc inu pcmcni
nnc ocnonnic hponcmi, kacanmuccn nicanku: nafa cc hponcncnun
(n kakom mccnuc nccni 144 i.) u nohpoc o nicmcm komannona-
nuu. K fomy npcmcnu Iysncnif nc pcmun, komy noncpufi omcc
pykononcfno: icncpany xopnxy Mapmanny, nauaninuky amcpu-
kanckoio icncpaninoio mfaa u hpckpacnomy nocnnomy opianusa-
fopy, unu icncpany Ouscnxayspy, kofopiu ofnuuno hponnun cnou
choconocfu n Cpcnuscmnomopckou kamhanuu u no npcmn nfopxc-
nun n Hfanuk.
Bocnnic hponcmi ocfanuci ncpcmcnnimu, onu inu, qak-
fuuccku, ofnoxcni no hocncnykmcu ncfpcuu pykononufcncu fpcx
ncnukux ncpxan. Ipuuunou hocnyxuno fo, ufo n nauanc hcpciono-
pon aninuuckuc nocnnic hpcncfanufcnu nicfyhunu c hpcnnoxcnu-
cm, hoounim ofnocufcnino ohcpauuu Oncpnopn, o okasanuu
nanncnun na Typuuk, ufoi sacfanufi cc ncmcnncnno ncfyhufi n
nouny. Ofo nnocuno ccpicsnic usmcncnun n paspaofannyk cfpafc-
iuk u, qakfuuccku, nanano nosmoxnocfi Concfam cfafi apufpom
n hpunnfuu pcmcnun o fom, ufo naxncc hponccfu nu ohcpauuk
Oncpnopn unu nochonisonaficn usmcncnucm cufyauuu, kofopoc
hpousomno n Cpcnuscmnomopic u na Iankanax hocnc hopaxcnun
Hfanuu. Ipcnnoxcnuc aninuuan nc honyuuno coofncfcfnykmcio
pasnufun, u fpu munucfpa unocfpannix ncn honfncpnunu hpuopu-
fcf nicanku n Hopmannuu; fcm nc mcncc, n konuc konqcpcnuuu
Monofon u Hncn coinacunuci, ufo ncfyhncnuc Typuuu n nouny nc-
oxonumo no konua 14J i.
7.2.2. BOHPOC O COLBHOU KOHTPOLBHOU KOMUCCUU
Hauoncc naxnimu n honufuucckom ofnomcnuu inu hponc-
mi, cnnsannic c Ionimcu, Ancfpucu u ocymccfnncnucm hcpcmu-
pun n Hfanuu. Monofon nc ckpinan namcpcnuu Concfckoio Coksa
ofnocufcnino Ionimu u honnn, ufo cio cocccnnuku sannnu yknon-
uunyk hosuuuk. Hncn nickasan unck (honckasannyk cmy naxo-
nunmumcn n usinanuu honickum hpcmicp-munucfpom Mukonauuu-
kom) macconoio noccfanun honnkon hpofun ncmucn n fo npcmn,
koina concfckuc noucka honounyf k Bapmanc, ufo concpmcnno nc
coofncfcfnonano namcpcnunm Concfon, hofomy ufo cfoni momnoc
44
nospoxncnuc honickoio nauuonaninoio nyxa hpchnfcfnonano i
concfckum hnanam ycfanonncnun cocfncnnoio iochoncfna n
Ionimc. Hfo kacacfcn Ancfpuu, fo in paccmofpcn nohpoc o cc
noccosnanuu kak ncsanucumoio iocynapcfna u o ofnomcnunx Bcni
c Iankanckumu cfpanamu.
Hauoncc ocfpic chopi nisinana cufyauun n Hfanuu, kofopan
ina upcnafa ccpicsnimu hocncncfnunmu. Iocfchcnniu ofxon sa-
hannix ncpxan of uncu cosnanun +ou:nou ionmpo:inou io+uccuu,
kofopan, nihonnnn poni nicmcio konfponupykmcio opiana n
Hfanuu, nonxna ina cocfonfi us hpcncfanufcncu nc foniko Co-
cnuncnnix Ufafon u Bcnukopufanuu, no fakxc u Concfckoio
Coksa, otncnnncn nocnnimu, no u oncc inyokumu honufuucc-
kumu coopaxcnunmu.
Choco qopmuponanun Komuccuu moi i oncc unu mcncc of-
ucfnuno hponcmoncfpuponafi choconocfi fpcx coksnukon ncu-
cfnonafi coinaconanno u cooma n mupnoc npcmn, xofn nocnnic
ohcpauuu onu ocymccfnnnnu pasncnino. On cfan i cnocio pona
uchifafcninim honuionom u moncnik, n coofncfcfnuu c kofopou
n nanincumcm nonxni inu i cosnanaficn komuccuu nnn manix
cfpan-yuacfnuu Ocu. Kopouc ionopn, pcmcnun, hpunnfic ofnocu-
fcnino Hfanuu, cosnananu i fo, ufo n ucfopuoipaquu honyuuno
hofom nasnanuc ufaninnckuu hpcucncnf n nohpocax, kacanmuxcn
pcxuma hcpcmupun u, kocncnno, qopmuponanun son nnunnun.
Monofon yuacfnonan n hcpcionopax, hpcnhonaian, ufo hosuuun
Aninuu c uknn mccnua nc usmcnunaci, a hofomy hpcncfanun noky-
mcnf, n kofopom hcpcuucnnn pachninuafo u ncohpcncncnno hpun-
uuhi ocymccfnncnun ncqamusauun Hfanuu. Moxno chpocufi,
in nu concfckuu munucfp pasouaponan unu nononcn ninnunmumcn
nonim ofnomcnucm 3ahana. Hacfi ucfopuoipaqon hpuncpxunacfcn
foio mncnun, ufo Concfi oxofno ofkasanuci of cnoux nacfouuunix,
no hokasnix fpconanuu, ofnan hpcnhoufcnuc unfcpccam ncpxannou
honufuku, a nc hnanam muponoio skchopfa couuanusma. Tcm nc
mcncc, sfof fcsuc concpmcnno nc yuufinacf pcaninocfu nocnnou
cufyauuu konua 14J i., koina Concfi, nacfaunanmuc na yuacfuu
n konfponinix komuccunx, kofopic nonxni inu ifi cosnani n
cfpanax, okkyhuponannix sahannimu apmunmu, nochpunumanuci
kak nnoxnonufcnu pcnonkuuonnix samicnon, yxc hoxoponcnnix
cfanunusmom. Ho pcnonkuuonnic nancxni cmc coxpannnuci y
ohpcncncnnou uacfu cnpohcuckoio hponcfapuafa.
Cncnyn pcanucfuucckou noiukc, Monofon nc pacfcpnncn, ysnan
o nonix hpcnnoxcnunx coksnukon. On in ynonncfnopcn fcm, ufo
cio hpunuuhi ncqamusauuu inu hpunnfi kak pykononcfno nnn
honufuku coksnukon n Hfanuu. Monofon fakxc coinacuncn, ufo
45
konfponi nan ocymccfnncnucm hcpcmupun hopyuacfcn Coksnou
konfponinou komuccuu, n kofopou Concfam ofnonunaci uucfo cum-
nonuucckan poni (iofonn fakoc xc mccfo coksnukam n konfponinix
komuccunx n Iankanckux cfpanax, hpcxnc nccio, n Iyminuu).
Iopikan hunknn ina honcnamcna naionapn cosnanuk nnyx
npyiux opianon (founic honnomouun kofopix cfanu hpcnmcfom
hocncnykmux nuhnomafuucckux hcpcionopon, fakxc hpoxonunmux
n nahpnxcnnou ocfanonkc). Icpnim us nux in Xoncy:imumuo-
n~u cooem no oonpocu+ 1mu:uu, f.c. opian, n kofopom Concfckuu
Coks nonxcn in ifi hpcncfanncn yxc nc cumnonuuccku, a nmccfc
c fcmu cfpanamu, kofopic honncpinuci nocnnomy nahancnuk Hfa-
nuu. B cio komhcfcnuuk nxonuna paspaofka omux hpunuuhon
honufuku coksnukon, no on qakfuuccku hpcnpafuncn n opian nnn
cspcsynifafnix nuckyccuu u cchoncsnix yhpckon.
Bfopim opianom, cosnannim fpcmn munucfpamu unocfpannix
ncn, cfana 1oponeuciun ioncy:imumuonun io+uccun. Io samicny
aninuuan, ona nonxna ina ncucfnonafi fakum opasom, ufoi
cncpxunafi cfpcmncnuc Concfon hpcnpafufi fcppufopuu, kofopic
ynyf umu okkyhuponani n ynymcm, us cqcp nnunnun n conc-
fusuponannic soni. Ona nonxna ina paspaofafi omuc honoxc-
nun nnn pykononcfna umu n nanincumcm hpu saknkucnuu hcpcmu-
puu c npaxcckumu iocynapcfnamu u hpu hponcncnuu coksnuucckou
honufuku n Inpohc. Ho Komuccun qakfuuccku cymccfnonana foni-
ko na ymaic, unu, founcc ionopn, cc ncnfcninocfi cncnaci k cum-
nonuucckomy qopmanusmy. Ona icfpo ucucphana cnou sanauu, n
ococnnocfu, na Iankanax pciuonc, ocfanun ofkpifim ncc cmc ocf-
piu nohpoc o qopmc ocymccfnncnun kahufynnuuu Icpmanuu u o
nanincumcm yhpanncnuu fcppufopucu honcpxcnnoio hpofunnuka.
B cymnocfu, sfof hcpniu konfakf hpcncfanufcncu fpcx ncpxan
anfuiufncponckou koanuuuu npko ninnun ckpific fpynnocfu u
ohacnic momcnfi, cnnsannic kak c ncoxonumocfik conmccfno
hpononxafi nouny, fak u coinaconanno ncucfnonafi nnn nocfuxc-
nun mupa. Cpaxaficn cooma osnauano ncucfnufcnino cfpcmuficn
k omum ucnnm.
Ofkas Concfon honncpxafi unck honickoio noccfanun honfncp-
nun oocnonannocfi onuncnuu co cfoponi Icpmanuu n fom, ufo
onu nccyf ofncfcfncnnocfi sa macconoc yuucfno houfu 15 OOO honi-
ckux oquucpon, uiu fcna inu nauncni u usnncucni us scmnu nc-
mcukumu nouckamu n Kafinu, n fom pauonc nocfounou Ionimu,
kofopiu pancc in sannf concfckumu nouckamu. Ho foina onunc-
nuc ino ofncpinyfo kak mcpskuu oman iufncponckou hpohaianni.
Hcckoniko ncf chycfn snohonyunoc onuncnuc honyuuno honfncpx-
ncnuc. Ofo nokasinano, ufo Cfanun, nc mann naxc fcx, kfo n fof
46
momcnf qopmanino nicfyhan saonno c CCCI, xccfko u ncyknonno
cfpcmuncn k ucnnm, kofopic n hocncnykmuc nna iona cfanu ouc-
nunnimu.
B sfux ycnonunx unuuncnf hpuncn k paspiny nuhnomafuucckux
ofnomcnuu mcxny hpanufcnicfnom Mockni u naxonunmumcn n
onnonc honickum hpanufcnicfnom n usinanuu, kofopoc nc hon-
ncpxano yfncpxncnuc o ncnunonnocfu Concfon, n pcsynifafc ucio
ino onuncno Mocknou n uipc na pyky ncmuam. Hfak, n 14J i.
ofnomcnuc Concfon k Ionimc u pannonymuc k ncu sahannix ncp-
xan hpcnnocxufunu cufyauuk, kofopan cnoxunaci hocnc nouni n
coofncfcfnykmux cqcpax nnunnun.
Tcpmun cqcpi nnunnun n oncc hosnncu ucfopuoipaquu u
hynuuucfukc cnnsinancn c pcmcnunmu, hpunnfimu n qcnpanc
145 i. na konqcpcnuuu n Snfc. B ncucfnufcninocfu yxc foina
cfanu namcuaficn cqcpi nnunnun, kaxnan ho cnoum ohpcncncn-
nim hapamcfpam. axc pcmcnuc anino-amcpukanucn nc nohycfufi
Concfi n kakou-nuo qopmc yuacfnonafi n konfponc nan ocymc-
cfnncnucm hcpcmupun n Hfanuu co nccu oucnunnocfik cnuncfcni-
cfnonano o oipanuucnnocfu coinacun mcxny yuacfnukamu Bcnu-
koio coksa. Ho n sfom coinacuu, kak ncusmcnniu konfpahynkf,
hpucyfcfnonano nsaumnoc ncnoncpuc, cfpcmncnuc ofcfaunafi co-
cfncnnic unfcpcci.
Icnu nnn Concfckoio Coksa hcpnooucpcnnoc cfpafciuucckoc
snaucnuc umcna Ionima, fo Hfanun ina u ocfananaci ohopnim
hynkfom nnn nospoxncnun nnunnun Bcnukopufanuu n Cpcnuscm-
nomopic. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi n fo npcmn cmc nc uipanu nomunu-
pykmcu ponu n pcmcnuu cnpohcuckux hponcm. Takum opasom,
hcpnic maiu na hyfu cosnanun nonou cucfcmi mcxnynaponnix
ofnomcnuu hocnc nouni nc ofncuanu hpunuuham inoaninoio co-
fpynnuuccfna. B ncucfnufcninocfu, umcnno na Mockonckou konqc-
pcnuuu ino honoxcno nauano pasncna mupa na cqcpi nnunnun.
Tcm nc mcncc, Mockonckan konqcpcnuun, c fouku spcnun nu-
xaumcu hcpchckfuni, ina ychcxom mcxnynaponnou nuhnomafuu.
Bo npcmn hcpnou ncfpcuu fpu ncpxani-coksnuui honyuunu nos-
moxnocfi honnfi macmfai cnoux pasnoinacuu, no onu cymcnu
ohpcncnufi u hponcmi, hpcncfannnkmuc nsaumniu unfcpcc, u
paccmofpcnu ocnonnic nohpoci, kofopic hpcncfonno pcmafi n y-
nymcm, fo ccfi nohpoci, kofopic moinu ifi pcmcni foniko na
nicmcm honufuucckom yponnc. B cnoxunmcucn ocfanonkc cfano
pcaninim hpcnnoxcnuc, ocyxnanmcccn n fcucnuc hpcninymux
ncncni, o ncfpcuc n ncpxax mcxny Cfanunim, Iysncnifom u Hcp-
uunncm. Ocyxnanuci npcmn u mccfo ncfpcuu. Cfanun nacfaunan
na fom, ufoi mccfo ncfpcuu ino nipano honuxc k Concfckomy
47
Coksy, mofunupyn coopaxcnunmu nocnnoio xapakfcpa, kofopic
ckchfuuccku inu nochpunnfi npyiumu. Iysncnif nkcsno coina-
cuncn nsnfi na ccn nauonimuu fpyn, cnnsanniu c hcpcncfom.
Tak niop han na Tcicpan, inc fpu pykononufcnn ncnukux ncpxan
hponcnu ncfpcuy c 28 nonpn ho 1 nckapn 14J i.
7.2.3. KOH!EPEHUUU B KAUPE U TEFEPAHE
Hnuuuafopom ncfpcuu n ncpxax in, n ocnonnom, Iysncnif, ko-
fopiu honfankunan k sfomy Cfanuna u Hcpuunnn, cfapanci k fomy
xc hokasafi concfckomy nukfafopy, ufo amcpukanckan nuhnomafun
ncucfnonana concpmcnno ncsanucumo of aninuuckou. Kpomc foio,
Iysncnif xofcn, ufoi ncfpcua us fpcxcfoponncu hpcnpafunaci i
n ucfipcxcfoponnkk, u, nc coomun nu Cfanuny, nu Hcpuunnk,
hpuinacun inany Iomuninana Han Kaumu yuacfnonafi n hpcnnapu-
fcninou ncfpcuc, n kofopou of Concfckoio Coksa nonxcn in yua-
cfnonafi Monofon.
Bcfpcua nonxna ina cocfonficn n Kaupc, kofopiu paccmafpu-
nancn kak sfah na hyfu amcpukanckoio hpcsuncnfa n upanckyk
cfonuuy. Iysncnif namcpcnancn concpmcnno nnno cnnsafi asuafc-
kuc nocnnic hponcmi c hponcmamu inoaninoio coksa, ufoi
nonncui Cfanuna n nouny c Shonucu. K fomy xc, n oncc mupokom
hnanc on cfpcmuncn ycunufi honufuucckoc nnunnuc Kufan, ufoi
hpunafi onimuu ncc sannncnuk ucfipcx ncpxan c opucnfauucu
na cosnanuc n ynymcm mcxnynaponnou opianusauuu, n kofopou
Kufau cmoi i sannfi mccfo ucfncpfou ncucfnufcnino ncnukou
ncpxani.
Iohifka Iysncnifa hponanunaci. Koina Concfi ysnanu of
Hcpuunnn, ufo n Kaup hpucncf Han Kaumu, Monofon, kofopiu
yncnomun o cnocm yuacfuu, ofmcnun sfo pcmcnuc. Takum opasom,
Kaupckan konqcpcnuun, hpoxonunman c 22 ho 26 nonpn 14J i.,
hpcnpafunaci n anino-kufaucko-amcpukanckyk ncfpcuy unu, fou-
ncc ionopn, n nuanoi mcxny Iysncnifom u Hankaumu. Icpcn fpcmn
yuacfnukamu cfonnu kak honufuucckuc, fak u nocnnic sanauu.
Ipuopufcfnimu inu nocnnic hponcmi, hockoniky onu fpco-
nanu cpounoio pcmcnun, k fomy xc ino ncoxonumo ykpchufi
hosuuuu kufauckux nauuonanucfon, ocnancnnic hopaxcnunmu u
nosononncnucm packona c kommynucfamu.
Ha ymaic kufauckan apmun pacucnunanaci kak caman cuninan
n mupc, a n ncucfnufcninocfu ona ina honnocfik ncsopianusona-
na u ina nc chocona hcpcufu n nacfyhncnuc. Kasanoci, ncoxo-
numo cpouno ycfanonufi cyxohyfnic cnnsu ucpcs Iupmy, a fakxc
noccfanonufi konfponi nan mopckum cynoxoncfnom n Icnianickom
48
sanunc, nccmofpn na hpucyfcfnuc nhonucn n Cuniahypc. Io sfomy
nohpocy pasncpnynuci noniuc nuckyccuu, mano koncfpykfunnic,
hofomy ufo napamunanuc onsafcnicfn coksnukon n Asuu ino i
n ymcp hpuopufcfy nocnnix ohcpauuu n Inpohc. 3naucnuc Kaup-
ckou konqcpcnuuu okasanoci naxnim n honufuucckom ofnomc-
nuu, fak kak ona hocfanuna sanauy ykpchncnun mafkoio honoxc-
nun Han Kaumu.
Kufauckuu hpcsuncnf, kofopiu fakxc nhcpnic ncfpcuancn c
Iysncnifom, umcn c num hpononxufcninyk cccny, no npcmn kofo-
pou hpcfcnsuu Kufan na poni ucfncpfou ncnukou ncpxani inu
honkpchncni nacfouuunimu fpconanunmu nosnpamcnun yfpaucn-
nix fcppufopuu. Maniuxypun, aupcn, Iopf-Apfyp, opmosa,
Icckanopckuc ocfpona nonxni inu ofoufu k Kufak. Kopcn nonx-
na ina cfafi ncsanucumim iocynapcfnom, a ncn nhonckan co-
cfncnnocfi n Kufac nonxna ina hcpcufu nauuonanucfuucckomy
hpanufcnicfny n qopmc pchapauuu napnny c nhonckum fopionim
qnofom u uacfik fcppufopuu, kofopic Shonun honyuuna n kauc-
cfnc fcppufopuu of uiu Hauuu. B nohonncnuc ko nccmy sfomy
kufauui ninnunynu, no oncc cncpxanno, fpconanun hpusnanun
ux cyncpcnufcfa nan Monionucu u Tucfom, a fakxc hohpocunu
amcpukanckou honncpxku n hpofunocfonnuu aninuuckomy umhc-
puanusmy u nanncnuk co cfoponi Concfon. B omcn Kufau non-
xcn in honncpxafi ycunun amcpukanucn ho cosnanuk nocnno-
nosnymnix as na cnocu fcppufopuu u pcopianusonafi kufauckuc
noopyxcnnic cuni n nuny ux yuacfun n anfunhonckom nacfyhnc-
nuu, a safcm u n saxnafc fcppufopuu honcpxcnnou Shonuu. Ofo
inu nccima omupnic fpconanun, us kofopix Iysncnify ynanoci
ycfpanufi anfuconcfckuu achckf, ninynun Han Kaumu coinacuficn
c fcm, ufo aupcn u Bncmnnn Monionun cfanyf yhnafou sa yny-
mcc ncfyhncnuc Concfon n nouny hpofun Shonuu.
B saknkuufcninom kommknukc konqcpcnuuu foniko uacfi
sfux fpconanuu, kacakmancn Maniuxypuu, opmosi u Iccka-
nopckux ocfponon, ina hpusnana oquuuanino. Ofnocufcnino Ko-
pcu ionopunoci o nosmoxnou ncsanucumocfu. Kpomc foio, Shonun
nonxna ina numuficn nccx ocfponon n Tuxom okcanc, sanocnan-
nix hocnc 141 i., u nccx nacunino okkyhuponannix fcppufopuu,
k fomy xc n ofnomcnuu Hmhcpuu Bocxonnmcio Connua in hon-
fncpxncn hpunuuh csoionopounou kahufynnuuu.
Ofo ino nauanom fccnoio cofpynnuuccfna mcxny nauuonanuc-
fuucckum hpanufcnicfnom Kufan u Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, k
kofopomy aninuuanc nonxni inu hpucocnunuficn n omcn na
hpusnanuc cnoux hpan na Ionkoni u Cuniahyp. Cofpynnuuccfno
c Kufacm okasanoci pokonim nnn amcpukanckoio hpucyfcfnun
n Asuu. Xofn Iysncnif cfpcmuncn hpononufi honufuky, ofnuunyk
4
of fpanuuuonnou honufuku pufanckoio kononuanusma, on oka-
sancn cnnsannim c nauoncc fpanuuuonanucfckou cunou n Kufac,
ycfyhun nhonuam nosmoxnocfi ofkpifo nicfyhafi hpofun cnpo-
hcuckux mcfpohonuu.
Hcpuunni u Iysncnif 27 nonpn 14J i. hpuinu n Tcicpan. Ha
cncnykmuu ncni nauanuci nuhnomafuucckuc hcpcionopi co Cfanu-
nim: cocfonncn pnn ncfpcu nfpocm n hpucyfcfnuu mnoiouucncnnix
ncnciauuu, a fakxc hpomnu nnycfoponnuc ncfpcuu, n uacfnocfu
mcxny Iysncnifom u Cfanunim. Amcpukanckuu hpcsuncnf nkun
nuunyk nuhnomafuk u xofcn, ufoi Cfanun houyncfnonan, ufo on
ncncf hcpcionopi c honufukom, nocfounim noncpun u cfpcmn-
mumcn k uckpcnncmy cofpynnuuccfny no umn ynymcio. Iosfomy
on fmafcnino u ocfopoxno iofonun sfu nuunic konfakfi fak, ufo
naxc nisnan pasnpaxcnuc y Hcpuunnn, c kofopim in cnnsan hon-
nomacmfanim honufuucckum coksom, no kofopoio numun n fc
nnu, kak yxc ino no npcmn Kaupckou konqcpcnuuu, nosmoxnocfu
ncfpcfuficn c inasy na inas no uscxanuc honospcnuu co cfoponi
ncnoncpuunoio kpcmncnckoio nukfafopa.
B ucfopuu nuhnomafuucckux konqcpcnuuu hcpuona nouni Sn-
funckyk konqcpcnuuk, hpoxonunmyk n qcnpanc 145 i., hpunnfo
cuufafi ucnfpaninim u pcmakmum coifucm. Xofn ncfpcua nisi-
nacf mnoxccfno chopon u hpcncfannncf nauonimuu unfcpcc nnn
ucfopuoipaquu, cnocu ncicnnapnou usnccfnocfik ona onsana
ckopcc fomy, ufo hpoxonuna n ocoou cufyauuu n kanyn okonua-
nun nouni, ucm fomy, ufo n ucnfpc ocyxnanmuxcn na konqcpcn-
uuu nohpocon cfonnu hponcmi cosnanun hocncnocnnou mcxnyna-
ponnou cucfcmi.
B sfom hnanc, xapakfcp Tcicpanckou konqcpcnuuu, na kofopou
ino paccmofpcno onimoc uucno hponcm u hpunnfo mnoxccfno
pcmcnuu unu hocfanonncnuu, namcucnnix n omux ucpfax, a n
nanincumcm fpancqopmuponannix n honnoucnnic pcmcnun, ho-
snonncf yfncpxnafi, ufo hcpnan ncfpcua fpcx kpyhncumux nocnnix
coksnukon ina onnonpcmcnno u camou naxnou. Hu onna us hpo-
ncm, kacanmuxcn ncncnun nouni, unu cnnsannix c nck honufu-
ucckux hponcm, nc inu oouncni nnumanucm. Io mnoium noh-
pocam hpousomcn numi omcn mncnunmu. Ho ccnu cpannufi nic-
kasannic na konqcpcnuuu cyxncnun c hpunnfimu n nanincumcm
pcmcnunmu, fo moxno samcfufi, ufo yxc foina n nuckyccunx hpo-
ncmi ocyxnanuci nc foniko n omux ucpfax, a ho cymccfny u n
honnom otcmc, ufo namno ofpaxcnuc n hocncnykmux noionopcn-
nocfnx.
Hcf nyxni ionopufi, ufo n konuc 14J i. n ucnfpc nnumanun
na hcpcionopax in nohpoc o hpononxcnuu nouni no hocni.
5OO
Iysncnif c yncpcnnocfik sannnnn, ufo Icpmanun yncf pasufa.
Bosmoxno, cio cnpohcuckuc konnciu nickasinanuci ncckoniko
mcncc yncpcnno, hockoniky onu nchocpcncfncnno uchifinanu yi-
posy icpmanckou okkyhauuu unu nosnymnix omapnuponok. Moc-
konckan konqcpcnuun munucfpon unocfpannix ncn ocfanuna n na-
cncncfno Tcicpanckou ncfpcuc ocfpic nohpoci o niopc cfpafciuu
na sancpmakmcm sfahc nouni. B Mocknc Concfi c onimum nnu-
manucm ofnccnuci k hpcnnoxcnuk Bcnukopufanuu okasafi nan-
ncnuc na Typuuk c fcm, ufoi ona ncfyhuna n nouny. B Tcicpanc
xc, nahpofun, c hcpnoio nnn ninnunoci, ufo, nccmofpn na fncpnic
sannncnun Hcpuunnn u cio cofpynnukon, Cfanun nc pasncnnn oh-
fumusma Monofona u Hncna ho honony nosmoxnocfu hpunnfun
Typuucu hononoio pcmcnun. Xofn n pufanckux hpcnnoxcnunx
concpxanaci nosmoxnocfi okasafi oncc cymccfncnnyk nocnnyk
homomi kommynucfuucckum hapfusanam hon komannonanucm Tufo
n Kiocnanuu, fcm nc mcncc concfckuu nuncp fncpno sannun o hpu-
opufcfc ohcpauuu Oncpnopn.
Hauano ohcpauuu hnanuponanoci na 1 man 144 i., u foniko n
cnyuac sancpxku na nna unu fpu mccnua moxno ino naufu npcmn
nnn ofnnckakmcu ohcpauuu u okasafi nanncnuc na Typuuk unu
homoui hapfusanam Tufo. Ocfanancn ofkpifim nohpoc o ncpxon-
nom inannokomannykmcm. Iysncnif cmc nc otnnun, koio on na-
snauacf na sfof hocf, ufo sacfanuno Cfanuna u Concfi ycomnuficn
n pcaninocfu nonix cpokon, ycfanonncnnix coksnukamu. Ho sfu
comncnun pacccnnuci, kak foniko Iysncnif na opafnom hyfu n
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi coomun o nasnaucnuu Ouscnxayspa. Hcp-
uunnk nuucio nc ocfananaci kak nccfu apicpiapnnic ou u nanc-
nficn, ufo c nonpn 14J i. ho mau 144 i. coksnuucckuc noucka
nc ynyf sancucfnonani u ux nccina moxno yncf icfpo uchoni-
sonafi n Cpcnuscmnomopic.
Hacfouuunocfi aninuuan nc foniko nisinana honospcnun y
Concfon, no u pasnpaxana amcpukanucn, xofn hpunannan hosxc
sfum fpconanunm anfukommynucfuucckan okpacka nccima chopna.
opun Oqquc in nanno yncpcn, a co npcmcncm yncpcnnocfi nos-
pacfana, ufo hocnc nouni oniman uacfi Iankanckoio honyocfpona
okaxcfcn hon concfckum iochoncfnom. Icnu u moxno ino nccfu
nuhnomafuucckyk opiy, fo sfo inu ou apicpiapnnoio xapakfc-
pa. Iosfomy cfpcmuficn ninnufi, ufo ckpinanoci sa namcpcnunmu
Hcpuunnn, hpcncfannncfcn usnumnum, ho kpauncu mcpc, cncnycf
yuufinafi nc foniko unconoiuucckuc achckfi.
Koncuno, concfckoc nacfyhncnuc n Inpohc nc moino nochpu-
numaficn c ynononicfnucm nuncpom pufanckux konccpnafopon;
cfoni xc ncpno u fo, ufo kpomc Ipcuuu u n mcnimcu mcpc Kio-
cnanuu u Bcnipuu, aninuuanc hufanu cnaiu unfcpcc k ynaucko-
5O1
Iankanckomy pciuony. Ionaiafi, ufo hpousomnu nncsahnic hc-
pcmcni, nymacfcn ncymccfno. Yuufinan, kakou cfanuu nocfuinu
nocnnic ohcpauuu n konuc 14J i., iopasno oncc ycnufcninimu
hpcncfannnkfcn saknkucnun, ocnonannic na iuhofcsc o pufanc-
kux ohaccnunx yfpafufi nosmoxnocfu, kofopic ofkpinanuci n
cnnsu c kahufynnuucu Hfanuu. Iino i nocfafouno nconimux
ycunuu, ufoi ouucfufi of ncmucn ncci honyocfpon u icfpo noufu
no Iananckou pannuni, kofopan moina i cfafi uncaninou asou
nnn nkix nocnnix ohcpauuu, naucncnnix na Iankani, no, n cmc
onimcu mcpc, nahpanncnnix hpofun Kxnou Icpmanuu. Toniko n
konuc konqcpcnuuu Hcpuunni ofkasancn of cnoux oionopok u hon-
nocfik hpucocnununcn k amcpukanckum cfpafciuucckum hnanam.
pyian naxnan nocnnan hponcma, kofopan ocyxnanaci n Tcic-
panc, kacanaci concfckoio yuacfun n nounc c Shonucu, u Cfanun
honfncpnun fo, o ucm pancc n Mocknc sannun Monofon. Concfckuu
Coks cmoxcf ncfyhufi n nouny c Shonucu (moxno ckasafi, ofkpocf
cnou nfopou qponf, ofcyfcfnuc kofopoio cosnanano coksnukam
ncmanic fpynnocfu n nounc na Tuxom okcanc, inc anino-amcpu-
kanui ocfananuci onnu n opic c Shonucu) kak foniko yncf
sakonucna nouna c Icpmanucu, no Cfanun ucfko nc ohpcncnun yc-
nonun cnocio yuacfun.
Ocyxncnuc honufuucckux nohpocon hpoxonuno nononino xao-
fuuno, sa ucknkucnucm hponcm, nc nisinanmux chopon. Cpcnu
nux inu u hponcmi omcio xapakfcpa, n uacfnocfu, cnnsannic
c sannncnucm ucfipcx ncpxan u c ponik panuuu n mcxnynapon-
nou xusnu hocnc nouni. Iysncnif honcnun, ufo sannncnuc hocny-
xuf saponimcm nnn ynymcio naxnoio uncfufyfa Upeunu:uuuu
U0e0unenn~x Huuuu, kofopou nanncxuf ocpciafi mup. B sfou
cnnsu amcpukanckuu hpcsuncnf nicfyhun co cnocu unccu uem~pex
no:uueuciux, ucfipcx ncnukux ncpxan, kofopic naionapn nnufcni-
nomy coinamcnuk cmoiyf uipafi poni iapanfon coxpancnun mupa.
Cfanun nc ckpinan cnocio ckchfuuusma u hponnun osaoucn-
nocfi (ccnu moxno fak ckasafi), ufo Konipccc CUA nc saxoucf
okasaficn nonncucnnim n ynymuc cnpohcuckuc chopi, unu ufo
hononiu samiccn ninynuf Cocnuncnnic Ufafi ncpxafi cnou
noopyxcnnic cuni n Inpohc. Ho Iysncnif cio sancpun (ccnu mox-
no fak ckasafi), ufo sfa sanaua yncf nosnoxcna na Bcnukopufa-
nuk u Concfckuu Coks. On hpcnhonaian, ufo n ynymcm Inpo-
hcuckuu konfuncnf yncf honcncn na pufanckyk u concfckyk
cqcpi nnunnun (on nc hpcncfannnn u nc moi hpcncfanufi, ufo sfu
nnc ncpxani nc cmoiyf cofpynnuuafi).
Hfo kacacfcn panuuu, fo cc ynyman poni nc ina coinaconana.
Iysncnif cuufan nc Ionnn qamucfom u umhcpuanucfom; Cfanun
5O2
cs fpyna pasncnnn sfo mncnuc u yfncpxnan, ufo honnunnim hpcn-
cfanufcncm panuuu ino hpanufcnicfno Bumu. Hcpuunni in
foina cnuncfncnnim, kfo ofcfaunan unfcpcci Cnoonnou pan-
uuu, u sfo in onun us ncmnoiux nohpocon, ho kofopim aninu-
uanc n nanincumcm oncpxanu ncpx. Opianusauun mupa, cosnanuc
Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu u opia hpofun kononuanus-
ma ho sfum nohpocam Cfanun u Iysncnif hpumnu k coinacuk n
cccnax nacnunc. Hcoxonumo ino hpofunohocfanufi nhonckum
nosyniam fc xc mcfoni, kak cncnanu sfo amcpukanui, hoocman
ncsanucumocfi unuhhunam, unu xc hnanupyn nknkuufi n Ycfan
Otcnuncnnix Hauuu sannncnuc o ncsanucumocfu cfpan.
oknani ho naxncumum hponcmam nc homcmanu fpcm nunc-
pam coksnix ncpxan konkpcfno u ucncnahpanncnno paccmofpcfi
hponcmi, faunmuc n ccc inyokuc hpuuuni nnn ynymcio hpo-
funocfonnun. Icpnou n pnny fakux hponcm ina Ionima, panu
chaccnun ncsanucumocfu kofopou, nahomnun Hcpuunni, Aninun
ncfyhuna n nouny. Ho hpcmicp-munucfp n cccnc co Cfanunim c
inasy na inas, nc koncnnci, sannun, ufo ncsanucumocfi nc osnaua-
cf fakxc ucnocfnocfi u ncusmcnnocfi ipanuu. Aninuuckoc hpanu-
fcnicfno onsinanoci noccosnafi Ionimy kak iocynapcfno, no nc
coxpanufi cc nonocnnic ipanuui. Baxncumum nohpocom, ckasan
Hcpuunni, nnnncfcn concfckan csohacnocfi. Cncnonafcnino, cmc-
mcnuc na sahan honickou ipanuui ino pcmcnucm, nc nisinan-
mum fpynnocfcu. unun Kcpsona 11 iona yxc namcuana pasncn
ho sfnuucckomy hpunuuhy, sa ucknkucnucm nconimux hohpanok
n honisy Ionimu, kofopan honyuana komhcncauuk, kak hpcnno-
xun Hncn 28 nonpn, n nunc ycfyhku ncmcukou fcppufopuu no
Oncpa. Iin nu coinaccn Cfanun Ofncf moi ifi foniko honoxu-
fcninim: CCCI cncnan ncc nosmoxnoc, ufoi honnku honyuunu
fakou pcsynifaf. Iysncnif hpuncpxunancn fou xc hosuuuu.
1 nckapn no nfopou hononunc nnn Iysncnif ncfpcfuncn co
Cfanunim n hpucyfcfnuu Monofona, Iappumana u hcpcnonuukon.
Amcpukanckuu nuncp ckasan, ufo n 144 i. hpcncfonf hpcsuncnf-
ckuc niopi u ccnu nouna yncf sakonucna, on nc cmoxcf nnoni
ninnunyfi cnok kannunafypy, a n cufyauuu nouni on nonxcn y-
ncf uchonnufi cnou noni. B cnnsu c niopamu Iysncnif fpconan
hpunnfi no nnumanuc, ufo n Amcpukc umcnoci mccfi unu ccmi
munnuonon usupafcncu honickoio hpoucxoxncnun, u on nc moi
hosnonufi ccc hofcpnfi ux ionoca. Amcpukanckuu hpcsuncnf no-
anun, ufo honncpxunacf hpcnnoxcnuc hcpcnnunyfi sahannyk ipa-
nuuy Ionimu k sahany no Oncpa. Iysncnif fakxc nancnncn, ufo
Cfanun houmcf, ufo n fo xc npcmn on nc moi yuacfnonafi n ka-
kom-nuo hynuunom coinamcnuu, kofopoc cankuuonuponano i
5OJ
fakoc usmcncnuc ipanuu. Cfanun honnn. Ho cynia honickux fcp-
pufopuu ina yxc hpcnpcmcna.
Hfo kacacfcn honufuucckoio ycfpoucfna Ionimu, fo Cfanun
hocfapancn ninnunyfi na anancucny cnoux cfanncnnukon n oxuna-
nuu, koina Kpacnan apmun ncfyhuf na fcppufopuk coccnncu cfpa-
ni. Ioka on in ninyxncn ycfyhufi anino-amcpukanckomy nannc-
nuk u nopmanusonafi ofnomcnun c honickum hpanufcnicfnom n
usinanuu. Bsamcn on hofpconan of honnkon coinacun, ufo nocfou-
nou ipanuucu Ionimu cfancf ipanuua, ycfanonncnnan n 141 i.
Concfamu. Ofo ina nunun IucnfpohMonofon, kak cnko samc-
fun Hncn, a Monofon nasinan cc nunucu Kcpsona. Of nasnanun
ipanuui sanuccno noccfanonncnuc nuhnomafuucckux ofnomcnuu,
hcpcionopi o kofopom, nhpoucm, hpononxanuci ncckoniko mccn-
ucn. Ofoio npcmcnu ino nocfafouno, ufoi Concfi cosnanu n
Ionimc honufuucckuu opianusm, honnocfik of nux sanucumiu.
Ha konqcpcnuuu n Tcicpanc paccmafpunanaci fakxc cynia
Icpmanuu, hockoniky sfou hponcmc nc ino yncncno nocfafouno-
io nnumanun no npcmn Mockonckou ncfpcuu. Ofo ino cncnano n
Tcicpanc. Ipcncfonno pcmufi, pacuncnufi unu ncf npaxcckyk
cfpany. Cfanun u Hcpuunni inu cknonni hpunnfi pasncn Icpma-
nuu. Iosxc Cfanun pastncnun, ufo CCCI fpcycf hpcnocfanncnun
fcppufopuaninix ycfyhok, kofopic nknkuanu i annckcuk Kc-
nuiccpia. Iysncnif osnakomun yuacfnukon ncfpcuu co cnoum hna-
nom pasncna Icpmanuu na hnfi son, kaxnan us kofopix nonxna
ina ifi ncsanucumou. Han nckofopimu fcppufopunmu Kuni-
ckuu kanan, hopf Iamypi, onacfu Iyp u Caap hpcnnaianoci
ycfanonufi mcxnynaponniu konfponi. Takon in honxon k ocyx-
ncnuk naxnou hponcmi, hponcmoncfpuponanmuu opucnfauuk
hocnufcncu; cc pasncpnyfoc pcmcnuc ino hopyucno Inpohcu-
ckou koncynifafunnou komuccuu. Ionimux usmcncnuu na kapfc
Inpohi nc hnanuponanoci, sa ucknkucnucm usmcncnun ipanuu
Ionimu u pasncna Icpmanuu. Bcc ocfaninoc c nconimumu ho-
hpankamu nonxno ino ncpnyficn k nonocnnomy honoxcnuk: sfo
kacanoci manix cfpan u cpcnnux ncpxan panuuu u Hfanuu.
Ionufuucckan snauumocfi nuckyccuu o manix cfpanax ina
mcncc macmfanou, no onu n pannou mcpc cnuncfcnicfnonanu o
namcpcnunx ncnymux coksnix ncpxan. Cfanun sannun, ufo annck-
cun Concfckum Coksom Ipuanfuuckux iocynapcfn nc honncxuf
ocyxncnuk, u naxc Iysncnif ho cymccfny nc nospasun cmy. Cfa-
nun sannun fakxc, ufo unnnnnun nonxna ncpnyficn c nconimu-
mu usmcncnunmu k cocfonnuk ipanuu na mapf 14O i. u, kpomc
foio, nihnafufi nccomic pchapauuu Concfckomy Coksy (nosmcc-
fufi 5O' ymcpa, honcccnnoio ncncncfnuc nahancnun unnnnnuu).
5O4
Toniko Hcpuunni nickasan nckofopic comncnun. Iysncnif hpo-
monuan.
Concfckuu Coks sannun o cnoux unfcpccax ofnocufcnino cyno-
xoncfna n pauonc hponunon, u n sfom nohpocc Iysncnif hpcnnoxun
ocymccfnufi honncumyk nucpanusauuk, nnc sanucumocfu of
foio, yncf nu yuacfnonafi Typuun n ynymcm n nounc unu ncf. Io
sfou hponcmc aninuuanc u Concfi hpcnhounu conknafi monua-
nuc. Coksnuku nciko hpumnu k coinamcnuk ofnocufcnino sann-
ncnun, kofopoc onsinano fpu ncnymuc ncpxani homoui Hpany n
hpcononcnuu skonomuucckux safpynncnuu, hopoxncnnix nounou,
u iapanfuponafi cmy ncsanucumocfi u ucnocfnocfi fcppufopuu
hocnc okonuanun nocnnix ncucfnuu. Hakoncu, kak aninuuanc, fak
u Concfi hpusnanu ncoxonumocfi okasanun maccuponannou hon-
ncpxku hapfusanam Tufo, k fomy xc aninuuanc yncnomunu o cnocm
namcpcnuu yuacfnonafi n ocnooxncnuu Ipcuuu.
Oucni ncmnoioc us sfux nuckyccuu nomno n saknkuufcninoc
kommknukc konqcpcnuuu numi onsafcnicfno nauafi ohcpa-
uuk Oncpnopn u naumcncc snauufcninic nohpoci. Tcm nc mc-
ncc, na konqcpcnuuu in oucni ucfko namcucn opas ncucfnuu
fpcx ncnymux ncpxan n ofnomcnuu ynymcio Inpohi. Bo nccm
sfom hopaxacf nc cfoniko xccfkuu pcanusm Cfanuna unu konk-
pcfniu honxon Hcpuunnn, ckoniko hpconanakman poni Iysncnifa
n pcmcnuu nauoncc ocfpix hponcm n honisy Cfanuna u Concfon.
Ofnocufcnino ynymcio ocfananoci foniko yfounufi fcxnuucckuc
ncfanu nuo paccmofpcfi nonic hponcmi, nosnukmuc n xonc no-
cnnix ohcpauuu. Yuacfnuku konqcpcnuuu, hponosinaman hpun-
uuhi nonoio muponoio hopnnka, c ncikocfik u ccucpcmonnocfik
paccyxnanu o cyniax ucnix naponon. Bosmoxno nuhnomafuucckuu
ufoi ncfpcuu moxcf nnccfu n sanyxncnuc, no ananus hpofokonon
Tcicpanckou konqcpcnuuu nc moxcf nc nisnafi samcmafcnicfna.
Iysncnif u Hcpuunni hokunynu Tcicpan 2 nckapn u nahpanu-
nuci n Kaup, inc um hpcncfonno ncfpcfuficn c fypcukumu pykono-
nufcnnmu, kofopic snanu, ufo hosuuun ux cfpani ina otckfom
nuckyccuu n upanckou cfonuuc. Typku inu oucni osaoucni u
cfapanuci kak usnoxufi cnok fouky spcnun, fak u honnfi samic-
ni coksnukon. B Kaup hpuinu hpcsuncnf Typuuu Hcmcf Hncnk
u munucfp unocfpannix ncn Hyman Mcncmcnnxuoiny.
Hcpuunni hpcnhpunnn hocncnnkk hohifky oxunufi uncu, yxc
hoxoponcnnic n Tcicpanc, u okasan sncpiuuniu naxum na fy-
pcukux pykononufcncu c fcm, ufoi Typuun ncfyhuna n nouny.
On nounancn foio, ufoi Ankapa paspcmuna ycfanonufi na cno-
cu fcppufopuu asi nnn pufanckux panapon, kofopic moinu i
uchonisonaficn n nanincumcm nnn hpucnannix n Typuuk nosnym-
5O5
nix sckanpunuu. Ho hofcnuuan sfux cun in cnumkom oipanu-
ucnnim, ufoi ofnccfuci c noncpucm k hpcnnoxcnunm aninuuan
(kofopic Iysncnif ncxofn honncpxan).
Hncnk honnn, ufo ofkpifuc nfopoio qponfa nccnou 144 i.
oipanuuuf nosmoxnocfu coksnukon nnn opianusauuu nocnnix
ncucfnuu n Typuuu. On c ncikocfik ofncfun Hcpuunnk, kofopiu
ycuncnno honucpkunan onsafcnicfna cfopon ho anino-fypcukomy
noionopy, ufo fypku nc usmcnunu cnoux npyxcckux uyncfn ho of-
nomcnuk k Bcnukopufanuu u ho-hpcxncmy ycxncni n hocnc
coksnukon. Ioncc foio, Typuun iofona ncfyhufi n nouny na cfopo-
nc coksnukon, no foniko nnn yuacfun n mupokomacmfanix
ohcpauunx, fak kak n npyiom cnyuac cfpana okaxcfcn cssamufnou
hcpcn pchpcccunnimu akuunmu ncmucn, ufo nc nacf coksnukam
nukakux hpcumymccfn. Bhpoucm, Hncnk snan, ufo nnc sanucumoc-
fu of yuacfun n nounc, Bcnukopufanun n nkom cnyuac n yny-
mcm ncfancf na samufy Typuuu kak hpofun Icpmanuu, fak u hpo-
fun Concfon. Iosfomy fypku hokunynu ciuhcfckyk cfonuuy, nc
cncnan nukakux ycfyhok u ococnno nuucm nc puckyn, no onu pac-
ccnnu hocncnnuc nancxni aninuuan naunyumum opasom uchoni-
sonafi nosmoxnocfu, nosnukmuc n cnnsu c kahufynnuucu Hfanuu.
7.3. Uiatnnncxww npeueteni w eto noctetcinwn.
Costanwe Optanwsauww Oretwnennmx Hauww
7.3.1. BELUKUU COLB U UTALBHHCKUU KAB.C
Ioniofonka k ohcpauuu Oncpnopn mna honnim xonom. Iom-
apnuponku c nosnyxa Icpmanuu u fcppufopuu, okkyhuponannix
ncmuamu, hpuopcfanu paspymufcniniu xapakfcp. Concfckuc nou-
cka hcpcmnu cfapyk ipanuuy 1J i. u ncfyhunu na fcppufopuk
Ionimu, a na kxnom nahpanncnuu onu hpunuxanuci k Iymi-
nuu. Bnyfpcnnnn cufyauun n sfou cfpanc cfanonunaci ncc oncc
cnoxnou, u hpcnnoxcnun cchapafnoio mupa pasnananuci fcm uamc,
ucm icfpcc hpunuxanuci concfckuc noucka.
B hcpnom honyionuu 144 i. ninnunoci mnoxccfno hpofunopc-
uuu, kofopic inu ckpifi sa nncmnum coinacucm, nocfuinyfim n
Tcicpanc. Hcncnocfu u nnycmicncnnocfu, oncc unu mcncc namc-
pcnnic, hponcnunuci u hokasanu, ufo sfo coinacuc ino, ho oni-
mcu uacfu, honcpxnocfnim, hofomy ufo nukfo nc namcpcnancn
nccpics ofkasaficn of cnoux cfpafciuucckux ucncu. Amcpukanui
cfpcmunuci k pcanusauuu noniocpounix hpoipamm, kacanmuxcn
pcopianusauuu muponou cucfcmi. Aninuuanc xofcnu coxpanufi
ncusmcnnim konfponi nan cnocu umhcpucu u cnoc nnunnuc n In-
5O6
pohc of panuuu, cmc okkyhuponannou ncmuamu, u nhnofi no
Hfanuu, yxc uacfuuno ocnooxncnnou a fakxc na nccm Inux-
ncm Bocfokc.
Cnoxunmancn cufyauun nc ina ncoxunannocfik, hockoniky
ona kacanaci yxc usnccfnix namcpcncu u fcppufopuu. Iino mcncc
usnccfno, onnako, n kakux hpcncnax Concfi namcpcni ocymccfnnnfi
cnoc nnunnuc. Iynyf nu onu ynonncfnopcni, kak ocfopoxno nanu
honnfi Monofon u Cfanun na konqcpcnuunx n Mocknc u Tcicpanc,
fakum mupohopnnkom, kofopiu occhcuuf csohacnocfi Concfon,
unu ynyf ocymccfnnnfi oncc pcmufcniniu nafuck na 3ahan,
ufoi nouficn cnocio hpucyfcfnun n Inpohc, choconoio sahon-
nufi nakyym, ocfanncnniu honcpxcnnou Icpmanucu
Icpniu fpcnoxniu cuinan ho sfomy honony in honyucn co-
ksnukamu n mapfc 144 i., koina hpanufcnicfno CCCI ncoxunan-
no sannuno o noccfanonncnuu nchocpcncfncnnix ofnomcnuu c
Hfanucu. Hu hpoucnypa, nu honufuucckuc ycnonun pcanusauuu
sfou concfckou unuuuafuni nc hponcnnnu namcpcnuu Mockni
ofnocufcnino Hfanuu, ufo nisnano occhokocnnocfi coksnukon,
cuufanmux, ufo sfof pciuon nonxcn ocfanaficn ccchopnou sonou
pufanckoio u amcpukanckoio iochoncfna.
nycmicncnnocfi nokpyi ufaninnckou cufyauuu nosnukna cmc
no Mockonckou konqcpcnuuu, koina fpconanoci ohpcncnufi ofncf-
cfncnnocfi sa konfponi pcanusauuu hcpcmupun n Hfanuu. Icmcnuc
o cosnanuu nnyx hapanncninix opianon, f.c. +ou:nou ionmpo:inou
io+uccuu u Xoncy:imumuonoeo cooemu no oonpocu+ 1mu:uu, ino
hpunnfo cs ucfkoio pasipanuucnun ux honnomouuu. nn anino-
amcpukanucn u okkyhauuonnix nocnnix nnacfcu n Hfanuu ino
aconkfno ncno, ufo cnuncfncnnim opianom, onananmum pcani-
nou nnacfik, nnnnnaci Konfponinan komuccun. Hmcnno ona nonx-
na ina ohpcncnnfi u nahpannnfi ncnfcninocfi hpanufcnicfna
Ianonio, a fakxc nkoio npyioio ufaninnckoio hpanufcnicfna, ko-
fopoc hpuncf cmy na cmcny.
Concfi nicfyhunu hpofun fakoio honumanun sanau Konf-
poninou komuccuu, onu nanno nasnauunu cnoum hpcncfanufcncm n
Koncynifafunniu concf onnoio us nunnix ncnfcncu concfckou no-
+eni:umyp~ Annpcn Bimunckoio, inmcio foina samccfufcncm
munucfpa unocfpannix ncn, no usnccfnoio n kauccfnc inannoio
onunufcnn na cyncnix hpoucccax n xonc uucfok konua fpunua-
fix ionon. Hasnaucnuc Bimunckoio hpcnhonaiano uchonncnuc um
ocoix honufuucckux qynkuuu, a nc foniko yuacfuc n koncynifa-
uunx. Concfi namcpcnanuci hpunafi cnocmy hpucyfcfnuk n Hfanuu
u noomc n Cpcnuscmnomopic (hockoniky n komhcfcnuuk Koncyni-
fafunnoio concfa nonxcn in noufu ncci sfof pauon) snauumocfi
5O7
honnunnoio yuacfun n pcmcnuu naxncumux honufuucckux nohpo-
con n sfom pciuonc n pamkax Bcnukoio coksa.
Ha Mockonckou konqcpcnuuu nhcpnic honnunaci nosmox-
nocfi hponcnufi hosuuuu coksnukon. Ipu conpcmcnnom cocfon-
nuu nokymcnfaninou asi fpynno ckasafi kak Concfi oucnunanu
namcpcnun coksnukon u kakuc onu ncnanu ninoni. Iosfomy hpc-
inanuc Bimunckoio n Hfanuu n nauanc nnnapn 144 i., koina na-
uan paofy Xoncy:imumuon~u cooem no oonpocu+ 1mu:uu, moxcf
paccmafpunaficn kak nipaxcnuc nopou nonu n ofnomcnuu namc-
ucnnoio hpoucnypnoio hpouccca, a nosmoxno, u kak cnoxniu ho-
nufuucckuu mancnp c ucnik ooufu hosuuuu anino-amcpukanucn.
B honisy nfopoio ucfonkonanun cnuncfcnicfnykf nna ocfon-
fcnicfna: ccconcpxafcniniu xapakfcp nuckyccuu n xonc paof
Koncynifafunnoio concfa, inc nckopc Bimunckoio cmcnun hocon
Ioiomonon, a fakxc fo, ufo concfckuu hpcncfanufcni, nochoniso-
nanmuci cnyuacm, pasncpnyn akfunnyk ncnfcninocfi ho ycfanonnc-
nuk anfonomnix konfakfon c ufaninnckou nuhnomafucu. K fomy
xc hpousomno ykpchncnuc hosuuuu Hfaninnckou kommynucfuucc-
kou hapfuu, ufo nc moino nc cchokoufi coksnukon. Bimunckuu
ncfpcfuncn c icncpaninim cckpcfapcm munucfcpcfna unocfpannix
ncn Hfanuu Icnafo Ipynacom. On ocynun c num nosmoxnocfu
ynyumcnun ofnomcnuu mcxny nnymn cfpanamu, nicnyman cio xa-
noi ho honony foio, ufo Hfanun okpyxcna cnocio pona kufau-
ckou cfcnou, nicfpocnnou coksnukamu, ufo hpchnfcfnonano ka-
kum-nuo ncucfnunm n honisy omcu opii hpofun nauucfon, u
ocynun nohpoc o usmcncnuu cnoxunmcucn cufyauuu.
Hsmcncnuc moino hpousoufu n nnyx nahpanncnunx: concfckoc
hpanufcnicfno nonxno ino usyuufi nosmoxnocfu ycfanonncnun
hpnmix ofnomcnuu c Hfanucu n honnom otcmc (nohpcku hcpc-
mupuk, kofopoc ono honhucano u kofopoc cfanuno hon konfponi
nkyk nuhnomafuucckyk unuuuafuny Hfanuu), a ufaninnckoc
hpanufcnicfno hcpccfano i uunufi hpchnfcfnun nosnpamcnuk n
Hfanuk ncnymcmy pykononufcnk ufaninnckou komhapfuu Iani-
mupo Toninffu. On hpusnan in cfafi nipasufcncm nonoio honu-
fuucckoio kypca: nc hpofunocfonnuc anfuqamucfckux hapfuu Ca-
nouckou nunacfuu u Ianonio, ofncfcfncnnix n hpomnom sa fau-
niu cionop c Mycconunu, a cofpynnuuccfna no umn omcu opii
c nauusmom. Cnauana niuipafi nouny, a hofom ocyxnafi honufu-
ucckoc ynymcc Hfanuu.
Icsynifafom sfoio honufuucckoio coinamcnun cfano concfckoc
sannncnuc of 11 mapfa 144 i. o hpusnanuu hpanufcnicfna Hfanuu u
nosnpamcnuc Toninffu n Hfanuk n konuc foio xc mccnua. B konuc
ahpcnn ino cqopmuponano hcpnoc ufaninnckoc hpanufcnicfna,
5O8
cocfonnmcc nc foniko us uunonnukon u nocnnix, no u hpcncfanu-
fcncu nccx anfuqamucfckux hapfuu, kofopic nomnu n hpanufcni-
cfno ncncncfnuc honopofa, hponosinamcnnoio Toninffu n honufukc
Xo+umemu nuuuonu:inoeo ocoo0o0enun (KHO), koopnunuponanmc-
io ncnfcninocfi anfuqamucfckux honufuucckux hapfuu. Bcc sfu
coifun cnuncfcnicfnonanu o fom, nackoniko nciko Concfi cmoinu
ooufu konfponi coksnukon u nisnafi n honufuucckou cucfcmc
Hfanuu panukaninic hcpcmcni, hpu sfom anino-amcpukanui nc
cymcnu nuucio hpofunohocfanufi Mocknc, kpomc nipaxcnun cnocio
nconopcnun unu pasouaponanun.
Tcm nc mcncc, n ofnomcnunx mcxny ncnukumu ncpxanamu sfu
coifun ocfanunu inyokuu cncn, hofomy ufo onu hokasanu, ufo
mcnoniu mccnu onimou fpouku, hpofckanmuu n hcpuon mcxny
Mocknou u Tcicpanom, sancpmuncn. Icnu anino-amcpukanui ncu-
cfnonanu no hponcncnun konqcpcnuuu ho cocfncnnomy ycmofpc-
nuk n paspaofkc honufuucckou nunuu n Hfanuu, fo fchcpi founo
fakxc hocfyhanu Concfi kak na ocnooxncnnix umu cnpohcuckux
fcppufopunx, fak u n fou xc Hfanuu.
Iocynapcfncnniu cckpcfapi Cocnuncnnix Ufafon Xsnn c io-
pcuik u fpcnoiou ofmcuan hpusnaku sfux hcpcmcn, y ncio cknani-
nanoci nhcuafncnuc, ufo concfckoc hpanufcnicfno nc cknonno ui-
pafi koncfpykfunnyk poni kak honnohpanniu uncn ccmiu nauuu,
kak yuacfnuk mcxnynaponnoio cofpynnuuccfna. Cfuni onnocfo-
ponnux unuuuafun moxcf nanccfu numi npcn, samcfun Xsnn, a
coifun pasnunakfcn cfoni icfpo, ufo concfckomy hpanufcnicfny
hpcncfouf niupafi mcxny pasnufucm u pacmupcnucm mcxnyna-
ponnoio cofpynnuuccfna n kauccfnc ncnymcio hpunuuha hocncno-
cnnoio mupoycfpoucfna, u onnocfoponnumu u noncnimu mcfonamu
pcmcnun hponcm, n ococnnocfu fcx, ufo hpcncfannnnu unfcpcc
nnn Concfckoio Coksa.
Mcfoni, kofopic Concfi uchonisonanu nnn nipaxcnun cnocio
hpusnanun hpanufcnicfna Ianonio, cnuncfcnicfnonanu o namcpc-
nuu ooufu ncfo coksnukon u nouficn naxnoio onnocfoponncio
ychcxa, ufo concucfnonano pacmupcnuk concfckoio nnunnun n
Hfanuu u Cpcnuscmnomopic, n pciuonc, ucknkuufcnino naxnom n
cfpafciuucckom hnanc. Ofo hpoucxonuno nakanync ofkpifun nfo-
poio qponfa u hcpcn napamunanucm homomu kiocnanckum hapfu-
sanam. Iononic ncucfnun cfanu hpcnnccfnukom hocncnocnnoio
honufuucckoio kypca. Onu inu fakxc nipaxcnucm xcnanun Co-
ncfon ofhnafufi coksnukam.
Ha hpofccfi hpofun onnocfoponncio pcmcnun Concfi ofncfu-
nu fcm, ufo homnu na nunumiu komhpomucc, coinacno kofopomy
omcn hocnamu c Hfanucu nonxcn in hpousoufu kak hpocfou akf,
5O
nc cohponoxnanmuucn nacfonmcu nuhnomafuucckou akkpcnufauu-
cu. Ipu sfom Concfi sannunu, ufo cymccfnonanuc Konfponinou
komuccuu numano Concfi nosmoxnocfu ycfanonufi hpnmic kon-
fakfi c ufaninnuamu, a sfo cfanuno hpanufcnicfno Mockni n nc-
pannoc honoxcnuc, ckoppckfuponafi kofopoc nonxno ino hpu-
snanuc hpanufcnicfna Hfanuu. Takum opasom cfano ncno, ufo hpu-
snanuc ino foniko hcpnim sfahom fou ncnfcninocfu, kofopyk
Concfi iofonunuci pasncpnyfi n Hfanuu, sfo nc moino nc ncfpc-
noxufi coksnukon.
Iappuman, hocon Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n Mocknc, ofmcuan:
S cuufak, ufo mi nc nonxni hosnonnfi Concfam ncucfnonafi
cfoni ipyimu mcfonamu, ncoxonumo nafi um honnfi, ufo sfo
nisinacf coofncfcfnykmyk pcakuuk y nac u n amcpukanckom o-
mccfncnnom mncnuu. Concfckan unuuuafuna, hpononxan on,
honpinacf nyx cofpynnuuccfna, kofopiu mi namcpcnanuci co-
snafi na konqcpcnuunx n Mocknc u Tcicpanc, hosfomy, kasanoci,
ncsnauufcninoc coifuc cfanonufcn nccima naxnim, hockoniky
kacacfcn mcfonon ncnfcninocfu... Ipcncfouf noniuu u fpynniu
hyfi, ufoi sacfanufi Concfi honumafi, kak nccfu ccn n uununu-
sonannom mupc. Coifuc u nhpanny ncsnauufcninoc. Ho pcakuun
amcpukanucn cnuncfcnicfnonana o fom, kakuc ofknuku hononic
ncucfnun nisinanu u moinu nisnafi n ynymcm. Ohacnocfi inyokux
pasnoinacuu, hpcononcnnan n fcucnuc ncckonikux ncncni, pcsko oc-
noxnuna pcmcnuc hcpnoio us cfonnmux n honccfkc nnn nohpocon.
7.3.2. HOLBTA U P.MMHUH
Hauano ohcpauuu Oncpnopn cfano nauanom hancnun nauusma.
pyiuc hponcmi, kofopic pcmanuci n Tcicpanc fakum opasom,
ufo ocfannnnu Cfanuny cnoony mancnpa (nuo omymcnuc, ufo on
moxcf pachonaiafi honnou cnoonou mancnpa), cnona cfanu ak-
fyaninimu cnuncfcnicfno ccpicsnix pacxoxncnuu n Bcnukom
coksc. Icpnim fakum nohpocom ino honoxcnuc Ionimu. Hc-
ckoniko mccnucn Concfi cfpcmunuci cncnafi Tcicpanckuc coina-
mcnun oncc ucfkumu, onnako onimcu uacfik csychcmno, sa uc-
knkucnucm hponcmi Hcxocnonakuu.
Ofnomcnun mcxny Hcxocnonakucu u Concfckum Coksom nccina
inu xopomumu, naxc fcppufopuaninic chopi nc hpuncnu k ux
yxynmcnuk, a opia hpofun nauusma u Icpmanuu chnofuna ux
cmc onimc. Takum opasom, 12 nckapn 14J i. hpanufcnicfna
ocux cfpan honhucanu noionop o npyxc u nsaumohomomu n hocnc-
nocnnoc npcmn, a 8 man cncnykmcio iona onu nohonnunu noionop
nocnnim coinamcnucm, kofopoc ohpcncnnno hpunuuhi honcncnun
51O
npyxccfncnnix concfckux nouck, koina onu naunyf ocnooxnc-
nuc fcppufopuu Hcxocnonakuu.
Ofa ohcpauun ina yxc nuska. Onnonpcmcnno c nicankou co-
ksnix nouck n Hopmannuu Concfi pasncpnynu momnoc nacfyhnc-
nuc na ucnfpaninom qponfc, naionapn kofopomy onu hpcononcnu
Kaphafi u ncfyhunu na fcppufopuk Ionimu. Icpcn Mocknou
ncfan nohpoc o ofnomcnunx c naxonunmumcn n onnonc honi-
ckum smuipanfckum hpanufcnicfnom u, ufo ino nonim momcn-
fom, o ofnomcnunx nonnonckoio hpanufcnicfna c Ionickum ko-
mufcfom nauuonaninoio ocnooxncnun, kofopiu in cosnan hon
konfponcm Concfon n ioponc knunc. Ofa hponcma oocfpnnaci
ho mcpc hponnuxcnun concfckux nouck ninyi fcppufopuu Ioni-
mu, a c 1 aniycfa ona hpuopcna npamafuuniu xapakfcp, hockoniky
honickoc nocnnoc honhonic, cnnsannoc c smuipanfckum hpanu-
fcnicfnom, ofkpifo hpusnano k noccfanuk n Bapmanc hpofun ncm-
ucn. B fc nnu concfckuc noucka naxonunuci na paccfonnuu n nc-
ckoniko nccnfkon kunomcfpon of honickou cfonuui. Onu moinu
hpuufu na homomi noccfanmum, nuo n coofncfcfnuu c nacfonnun-
mu coksnukon hosnonufi um cosnafi na fcppufopuu, konfponupyc-
mou Concfamu, nosnymnic asi, c kofopix moxno ino i oka-
sinafi homomi honickum honcfanuam.
Bcc sfo, onnako, cfano ncnosmoxno us-sa usnypufcninoio ho-
nufuucckoio chopa, kofopiu pasnunancn hapanncnino c nocnnimu
ncucfnunmu u sa npcmn kofopoio ncnoionopcnnocfu u nsaumniu
oman hpuncnu k fpaicnuu. Icpnim k yknonuunocfu u ncnoiono-
pcnnocfu hpucinyn Iysncnif. Hakanync nicanku n Hopmannuu
on hponcn pnn ncfpcu c Mukonauuukom, inanou honickoio smui-
panfckoio hpanufcnicfna. Bo npcmn sfux ncfpcu amcpukanckuu
hpcsuncnf nan honnfi, ufo cmy fpynno sannfi ohpcncncnnyk hosu-
uuk, no n fo xc npcmn on ncycfanno honfopnn nuncpy smuipanf-
ckoio hpanufcnicfna, ufo ncoxonumo ncfpcfuficn u noionopuficn
co Cfanunim. Ionnku, ionopun Iysncnif, nonxni ifi iofoni
houfu na ycfyhku.
Iysncnify c fpynom ynanoci nouficn of concfckoio nukfafopa
coinacun hpunnfi honickoio hpcmicp-munucfpa, kofopiu nincfcn
n Mockny 27 uknn. Imc no hpuifun Mukonauuuka n Mockny,
Cfanun coomun o cnoux xopomo usnccfnix hosuuunx ho fcppufo-
puaninomy nohpocy u o mcncc usnccfnix nsinnnax na ofnomcnun
mcxny smuipanfckum hpanufcnicfnom u Komufcfom nauuonanino-
io ocnooxncnun. Concfi coinamanuci hpusnafi honickoc non-
nonckoc hpanufcnicfno foniko n fom cnyuac, ccnu cio uncnamu cfa-
nyf mnoiuc yuacfnuku Komufcfa nauuonaninoio ocnooxncnun u
ccnu ono usanufcn of fcx cnoux hpcncfanufcncu, kfo nauoncc
511
nuckpcnufuponan ccn u nccnu nauonimyk ofncfcfncnnocfi sa
hponcncnuc hpoqamucfckou honufuku, nknkuan Mukonauuuka.
B sfux ycnonunx nusuf n Mockny in cchoncsnim u ynusu-
fcninim nnn honickoio honufuka, kofopiu hpcnhpunnn cio hon
nanncnucm Iysncnifa u Hcpuunnn. J aniycfa, n fo npcmn kak n Bap-
manc ymcnano noccfanuc, Mukonauuuk ncfpcfuncn n Mocknc co
Cfanunim. On hohpocun cpouno okasafi homomi, no Cfanun yknon-
uuno ofncfun, ufo cmy nuucio ncusnccfno o fom, ufo hpoucxonuf n
Bapmanc u hosfomy on nc moxcf nsnfi na ccn nukakux onsa-
fcnicfn. nn Cfanuna ino naxno, ufoi Mukonauuuk hpunnn cio
honufuucckuc u fcppufopuaninic ycnonun, ocfaninoc hpcncfonno
ocynufi c Komufcfom nauuonaninoio ocnooxncnun no inanc c Io-
nccnanom Icpyfom, hpcnannim uchonnufcncm concfckux hpukason.
aniycfa Cfanun cnona ncfpcfuncn c honickum munucfpom u
ocman cmy, ufo usyuuf nosmoxnocfu homoui honcfanuam, kofo-
pic fcm npcmcncm icpouuccku oponuci sa ocnooxncnuc Bapma-
ni. Hcckoniko nncu chycfn Cfanun hpumcn k ninony: noccfanuc
nosinannnnu anfuconcfckuc sncmcnfi, u ono nc sacnyxunano nuka-
kou homomu. Cfanun cncnan fakou ninon, ynuncn pannonymuc
Iysncnifa u Hcpuunnn k honickou hponcmc, kofopoc hponnunoci
na konqcpcnuuu n Tcicpanc. K fomy xc, Cfanun snan, ufo nakany-
nc niopon Iysncnif mcncc ucm koina-nuo cmoxcf hpousnccfu
xofi cnono hpanni o fom, ufo hpoucxonuno n Ionimc, inc napon,
myucnuk nouni, hpcfcphcnan uchifanun u ccuucncnnic hpcna-
fcnicfna, ynyuu sanoxnukom honufuku ncnukux ncpxan.
Toniko n ccnfnpc Cfanun hosnonun uchonisonafi concfckuc
asi nnn homomu honcfanuam. Mcxny fcm concfckuc noucka yxc
hpunuxanuci k napmanckomy hpcnmccfik Ipaic u 15 ccnfnpn
nomnu n ncio. B fo xc npcmn onu ocfananuci na honcfyhax k Bap-
manc no fcx hop, hoka J okfnpn honickuc honcfanui ninyxncni
inu kahufynuponafi hcpcn ncmuamu, fcmu camimu ncmuamu, ko-
fopic fchcpi hon nahopom Kpacnou apmuu iofonunuci ocfanufi
cfonuuy Ionimu. Koncuno, amcpukanui u aninuuanc cosnananu
cnok ofncfcfncnnocfi. B fc xc camic mccnui onu honnocfik
inu sannfi nihonncnucm hcpnoio sfaha ohcpauuu no panuuu.
Xofn ncucfnun Concfon inu sakonnimu u paccuufannimu, onu
nanccnu nonyk, cmc oncc inyokyk fpanmy coksnuucckum ofno-
mcnunm. Hcpuunni nacfaunan na opianusauuu nonou ncfpcuu n
ncpxax, no Iysncnif nc xofcn sfoio (kak ho nuhnomafuucckum co-
opaxcnunm, fak u nnuny hpcncfonnmux niopon).
Inna sancpmuncn napmanckuu kasyc, kak nauancn pyminckuu,
fakxc nisnanmuu nonyk nonny nsaumnix ncnohonumanuu. C ncfa
14J i. pymini (kofopic inu sancucfnonani n nounc foniko na
512
concfckom qponfc) nauanu sonnuponafi nosmoxnocfi saknkucnun
cchapafnoio mupa. Zccfkuu konfponi co cfoponi Icpmanuu u
cynia Ccncpnou Hfanuu nonxni inu ycnufi ux, ufo nounafi-
cn sfoio ncucnccoopasno. Mcxny fcm, n aniycfc 144 i. Concfi
ychcmno hponcnu ipannuosnoc nacfyhncnuc na ucnfpaninom
qponfc. Bckopc onu ncoxunanno nauanu maccuponannoc nacfyhnc-
nuc ho nccmy 6OO-kunomcfponomy qponfy, kofopiu nknkuan ncci
Iankano-ynauckuu pciuon u hpunuxancn, hpcxnc nccio, k fcp-
pufopuu Iyminuu. Cufyauun ninyxnana koponn uckafi hyfu cha-
ccnun monapxuu. 2J aniycfa on hpukasan apccfonafi pyminckoio
nyuc mapmana Hona Anfonccky u cmcnufi cio hpanufcnicfno no-
nim kauncfom, n kofopiu i nxonunu hpcncfanufcnu honufuucc-
kux cun, cmc ocfananmuxcn n Iyminuu.
Kak u n Hfanuu, no inanc hpanufcnicfna koponi hocfanun hpc-
nannoio cmy icncpana Koncfanfuna Csncfccky, okpyxun cio mu-
nucfpamu cs hopfqcnn, cpcnu kofopix nincnnnuci inana nauuo-
naninou kpccfinnckou hapfuu Knuy Manuy, nuncp nucpaninou
hapfuu Koncfanfun Ipsfuany u nuncp couuan-ncmokpafuucckou
hapfuu Tufcni Icfpccky. Ipcncfanufcnn nconimou kommynucfu-
ucckou hapfuu Iyminuu fakxc nknkuunu n nonoc hpanufcnicfno,
hcpnooucpcnnou sanaucu kofopoio ino hpocufi Mockny ncmcn-
ncnno honhucafi hcpcmupuc. Icakuun Concfon ina oonpnk-
mcu: 25 aniycfa hpumno coomcnuc o naiocknonnom ofnomcnuu
Mockni.
Onnako coinamcnuc o kahufynnuuu Iyminuu ino honhucano
foniko 12 ccnfnpn, hocnc foio, kak anino-amcpukanui nickasanu
cnoc onopcnuc u hoxcnanuc, ufoi n Iyminuu ina cosnana +o-
u:nun ionmpo:inun io+uccun, ananoiuunan fou, ufo n cnoc npcmn
ina cqopmuponana n Hfanuu. 3amiccn conhanan ho qopmc, no nc
ho concpxanuk: Concfi namcpcnanuci nsnfi na ccn n Iyminuu
fc xc qynkuuu, kofopic sahannic coksnuku ocymccfnnnnu n
Hfanuu. Onu sannnu nck fcppufopuk Iyminuu u ycfanonunu fam
xccfkuu konfponi, k kofopomy panu hpoqopmi in cnauana nohy-
mcn hpcncfanufcni Aninuu, a safcm u CUA, hpuinmuu n Iyxa-
pccf. Concfckuu hpcncfanufcni icncpan Bunoipanon unuuuponan
hcpnyk cmcny hpanufcnicfncnnoio kauncfa, usinan us ncio n cpc-
nunc okfnpn Manuy u Ipsfuany, nmccfo nux n hpanufcnicfno
inu nknkucni ncnfcnu, nc umcnmuc honufuucckoio ncca. Ofo
ino foniko nauano hpnmoio honufuucckoio nmcmafcnicfna, kofo-
poc n 145 i. hponnunoci cmc oncc npko. Kpomc foio, sfu coi-
fun cnuncfcnicfnonanu o fom, kak fpynno u cnoxno ino coksnu-
kam nipaofafi omyk honufuucckyk nunuk.
51J
7.3.3. PABPABOTKA .CTABA OOH:
,.MBAPTOH-OKC
B nanincumcm cmc oncc fpcnoxnic hpusnaku sfux fpynnocfcu
ninnunuci n xonc paof ho honiofonkc hpockfa Ycfana Opianusa-
uuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu. Cosnanuc nonou onimou mcxnyna-
ponnou opianusauuu ino ocnonnou honufuucckou ucnik amcpu-
kanucn, kofopic nicfyhanu sa pccfpykfypusauuk mcxnynaponnix
ofnomcnuu n muponom macmfac. Iaccyxnafi o hponcmc csohac-
nocfu acfpakfno, n uucfo kpunuucckux fcpmunax, kak sfo ncnan n
11 i. Bunicon, osnauano ckpinafi pcaninoc honufuucckoc snauc-
nuc kpunuucckux qopmynuponok unu oxonufi cio, ufo nccina
iposuf hponanom nkou unuuuafuni.
Bohpoci csohacnocfu u iapanfuu mupa nc moiyf acfpaiupo-
naficn of chcuuquku honufuucckou pcaninocfu: nacncnuc nouni,
nanuuuc hofcnuuaninoio npaia, unu naoopof, omcc yuacfuc n
ofcfaunanuu ohpcncncnnou cucfcmi mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu,
paccmafpunacmou kak pcsynifaf hpoucxonnmcio cfonknoncnun.
C sfou fouku spcnun, unfcpcci ncnymux coksnix ncpxan hpcnho-
naianu nknkucnuc n pasmimncnun o ynymcm uncfufyuuonaninix
mcxanusmon, hpusnannix occhcuufi nocfuxcnuc ux honufuucc-
kux ucncu csohacnocfu u mupa. Iosfomy cosnanuc nonou mcx-
nynaponnou opianusauuu, n hcpnyk oucpcni, ofpaxanmcc konuch-
uuk 1o:iuoeo npoeimu Iysncnifa, ofncuano hofpcnocfnm npyiux
hofcnuuaninix hocnufcncu, cfapanmuxcn sakpchufi pcsynifafi
cnoux nocnnix ychcxon.
Hncfufyuuonaninic qopmyni hpcnnaianu hpunnckafcninyk
anifcpnafuny n cpanncnuu c hpocfim nosnpamcnucm k qopmynam
cunonou honufuku. Bosmoxno, Hcpuunni u Cfanun nc pasncnnnu
honnocfik nckofopic amcpukanckuc ycfanonku, fcm nc mcncc, onu
foxc honumanu, nackoniko naxno uununusonafi mcxnynaponnic
ofnomcnun, ninccfu ux na oncc nicokuu yponcni, koina mcxanus-
mi hocpcnnuuccfna hpcnofnpafnf cfonknoncnun unfcpccon, ufo y-
ncf concucfnonafi coxpancnuk csohacnocfu. Hncn uem~pex no:u-
ueuciux, ninnunyfan Iysncnifom, safcm fpancqopmuponanaci
n hocfynaf hpounoio coinacun mcxny coksnimu ncpxanamu,
yuacfnuuamu Bfopou muponou nouni, u ina nahonncna pcaninim
concpxanucm, ufo hocnyxuno ocnonou nnn uncfufyuuonaninix
mcxanusmon, kofopic ynanoci paspaofafi coksnukam.
Io sfomy nohpocy cymccfnonano ucfkoc onsafcnicfno, hpunn-
foc n Mocknc n okfnpc 14J i., cosnafi kak moxno icfpcc kon-
qcpcnuuk skchcpfon, kofopan usyuuna i hpockfi, hpcncfanncn-
nic kaxnou us fpcx ncpxan; ho mncnuk Iysncnifa, k num nonxcn
514
in hpucocnunuficn Kufau. Konfakfi n cnnsu c cosinom hono-
nou konqcpcnuuu nauanuci n qcnpanc 144 i., a n ahpcnc cocfonncn
hcpniu omcn mncnunmu, n xonc kofopoio ina nocfuinyfa noio-
nopcnnocfi, ufo honiofonufcninan konqcpcnuun skchcpfon hpu-
cfyhuf k paofc n aniycfc 144 i. Mccfom cc hponcncnun cfana
oniman nunna ymapfon-Okc n xopnxfaync, onnom us knapfa-
non Bamunifona. Bunna nana nasnanuc u konqcpcnuuu, ofkpin-
mcucn 21 aniycfa u hpononxanmcucn no 2 ccnfnpn. B xonc hcpcio-
nopon na ocnonc cohocfanncnun pasnuunix, no n ocnonnom cxonnix
hpcnnoxcnuu, in paspaofan komhnckc coinaconannix nopm. Hc-
knkucnuc cocfannnnu ofncninic nohpoci, kacanmuccn naxncumux
honufuucckux momcnfon ncnfcninocfu nonou opianusauuu, a fak-
xc nckofopix hpcumymccfncnno fcxnuucckux achckfon, onnako nc
numcnnix honufuucckoio snaucnun.
Iacxoxncnun ho ofncninim nohpocam cnuncfcnicfnonanu o
fpynnocfnx nipaofku cnunoio honumanun ynymcio mupoycfpou-
cfna. Bo-hcpnix, sfo inu nohpoci, cnnsannic c nccomum xa-
pakfcpom opianusauuu, hockoniky Concfi fpconanu nknkucnun n
ncc nccx 16 pcchynuk, nxonunmux n cocfan CCCI. Bo-nfopix,
pasnoinacun kacanuci pcxuma nccamocfonfcninix fcppufopuu u, n
uacfnocfu, fcx, na kofopic pachpocfpannnaci cucfcma ohcku, ana-
noiuunan pcxumy mannafon uiu Hauuu.
B xonc nuckyccuu nauoncc cnoxnim n honufuucckom ofno-
mcnuu okasancn nohpoc o hopnnkc ionoconanun n pamkax ynymcu
opianusauuu. Bcc homnunu, ufo hpanuno cnunoinacun qakfuuccku
hapanusonano paofy uiu Hauuu. B cnnsu c sfum ninnunaci hpo-
ncma coofnomcnun mcxny kpunuucckum pancncfnom nauuu n
mcxnynaponnom hnanc u ncpancncfnom ofncfcfncnnocfu, nifckak-
mum us pasnuuun honufuucckoio ncca kaxnou us nux, u pasnoio
pasmcpa pacxonon, kofopic ncnukuc ncpxani nonxni inu nccfu
n cnyuac hponcncnun mcxnynaponnix akuuu.
B nanincumcm nohpoc cmc oncc ocnoxnuncn. cucfnufcnino,
nncncnuc hpanuna onimuncfna n opianusauuu, inc Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi nccima ncponfno cfanyf iochoncfnykmcu cunou, osnauano,
ufo onimuncfno, cocfan kofopoio hpcnohpcncncn, cfancf n yny-
mcm nahpannnfi ncnfcninocfi opianusauuu. Ofo nc cosnanano i
hponcm no fcx hop, hoka coxpannnoci i hpounoc coinacuc, cy-
mccfnonanmcc, kasanoci, n fof hcpuon mcxny ncnukumu ncpxana-
mu, no nisinanmcc comncnuc y kaxnoio, kfo pcanino cmofpcn na
ncmu u n nosnukanmux konqnukfax nuncn ncponfnocfi kpusuca
sfoio coinacun.
Ipu ofcyfcfnuu ocoou cucfcmi iapanfuu, kofopan sacfannn-
na i ncnymuc ncpxani ionoconafi nmccfc unu nc ionoconafi,
515
ncn cucfcma opianusauuu okasanaci i ncsqqckfunnou cmc no cc
poxncnun. Concfi nc moinu saifi, ufo hocncnncc naxnoc pcmc-
nuc, hpunnfoc uiou Hauuu kacanoci usinanun ux us sfou opia-
nusauuu n nckapc 1J i. Concfckoio Coksa kak nunonnuka ai-
pcccuu hpofun unnnnnuu, ono hpusinano iocynapcfna-uncni
uiu okasafi homomi cfpanc, honncpimcucn nahancnuk. C panu-
kaninim usmcncnucm cufyauuu fpynno ino hpcnhonoxufi, ufo
Concfi cmoiyf yuacfnonafi n opianusauuu, kofopan nc nanana i
um iapanfuu, ufo onu nc ynyf sanuccfi of uyxux unfcpccon. B fof
momcnf, koina onu cfanunu cnoc yuacfuc n sanucumocfi of hono-
nix iapanfuu, Concfi saknaninanu ocnoni cosnanun chcuuaninoio
opiana, paofa kofopoio ohpcncnnnaci coinacucm cio yuacfnukon.
pyiumu cnonamu, onu nncfncnno nipasunu cnok nacfopoxcn-
nocfi unu, founcc, cnoc ncnoncpuc n ofnomcnuu coksnukon.
Bohpoci, kofopic inu hpcnmcfom ocyxncnun n ymapfon-
Okcc u ocfanuci ncpcmcnnimu, kacanuci nc foniko ysko opianusa-
uuonnix achckfon; nahpofun, onu safpaiunanu camo honufuucckoc
cymccfno ynymcu mcxnynaponnou opianusauuu. Ioniofonufcni-
nic paofi ho cc cosnanuk sancpmunuci ofcpoukou. Ho ino
ncno, ufo hponcmi moiyf ifi pcmcni foniko honufuucckum hy-
fcm na nfopou ncfpcuc pykononufcncu fpcx ncnukux ncpxan, f.c. na
konqcpcnuuu n Snfc.
7.3.4. HPOUEHTHAH C,ELKA ME+,. CTALUHMM
U UEPUULLEM
B oxunanuu sfou ncfpcuu n ncpxax nosnukno mnoxccfno hpu-
uun nnn pasnoinacuu mcxny coksnukamu, u ohaccnun ncycfouuu-
nocfu koanuuuu ycununuci. Occnik 144 i. Iysncnif in cnum-
kom sannf cnocu kamhanucu ho niopam na hocf hpcsuncnfa CUA
na ucfncpfiu cpok u nc moi nckofopoc npcmn nchocpcncfncnno
yuacfnonafi n chopax co Cfanunim. C npyiou cfoponi, yxynmcnuc
cufyauuu ino cfoni nncfncnnim, hpcxnc nccio n honickom nohpo-
cc u ho ankanckum hponcmam, ufo Hcpuunnk kasanoci ncoxonu-
mim nmcmaficn u kananusuponafi pasnoinacun n pamku pasymnoio
komhpomucca. B cnnsu c sfum ponunaci uncn hocsnku aninuuckoio
hpcmicp-munucfpa n Mockny nnn ncfpcuu c inasy na inas co Cfa-
nunim. Amcpukanui hpunnnu n sfom yuacfuc foniko n kauccfnc
nanknafcncu u inu hpcncfanncni cnoum hocnom n CCCI Anc-
pcnnom Iappumanom.
Kak u Snfunckan konqcpcnuun, ncfpcua n Mocknc, hpoxonun-
man c ho 1 okfnpn 144 i., nnnncfcn onnou us usnkncnnix fcm
ucfopuoipaquu ckannaninix ccncauuu. Onun us cc yuacfnukon,
516
Hcpuunni, nc hpcmunyn kpacouno ohucafi cc n cnocu knuic tmo-
pun +upooun oounu, ufo hocnyxuno fonukom nnn ncckonuacmou ho-
ncmuku o hpccnonyfou ncpxannou honufukc u o iochoncfnc kon-
uchuuu pasncna mupa na cqcpi nnunnun, npkum u uunuunim
hpumcpom kofopix cfana Mockonckan ncfpcua. B ncucfnufcninoc-
fu, xofn ho cymccfny shuson, o kofopom nchomunacf Hcpuunni
(f.c. hpoucnfniu pasncn na cqcpi aninuuckoio u concfckoio nnu-
nnun ynaucko-Iankanckoio pciuona Inpohi) usnoxcn founo, on
ocfacfcn concpmcnno nchonnfnim, ccnu cio cnccfu hpocfo k anck-
nofy. Icccni c inasy na inas inu pcsynifafom nccima cnoxnou
honufuku u hpcnknucu k iopasno oncc ccpicsnim hcpcionopam u
k oncc onsinakmum noionopcnnocfnm, panu kofopix pufan-
ckan nuhnomafun paofana n fcucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn.
3a npcmn, hpcnmccfnonanmcc ncfpcuc n Mocknc u hocncnonan-
mcc sa ncu, Kpacnan apmun hpononxana akfunno hponnuiaficn na
sahan, ufo nisnano pasnoopasnic hocncncfnun. 3annn nck Iymi-
nuk, Concfi nochonisonanuci nnyfpcnnum xaocom n Ioniapuu
hocnc cmcpfu uapn Iopuca (aniycf 14J i.) u hpuxona k nnacfu
scmncncniucckou hapfuu, kofopou hpofunocfonna oniapckan kom-
mynucfuucckan hapfun, ufoi 5 ccnfnpn 144 i. otnnufi nouny
Ioniapuu u fyf xc nnccfu na cc fcppufopuk cnou noucka. Kak pas
n sfof momcnf n pcsynifafc naponnoio noccfanun inu apccfonani
pcicnf knnsi Kupunn, paf uapn Iopuca, u hpanufcnicfno, ncncn-
cfnuc ucio cnoxunuci ycnonun nnn hpocii o hcpcmupuu, kofopyk
Concfi c iofonnocfik hpunnnu.
Tcm npcmcncm, Kpacnan apmun hpunuxanaci k ucnfpaninomy
pciuony Iankan, nauanaci ocana Icnipana u Iynahcmfa. B fo xc
npcmn ncmui nncsahno ypanu pcicnfa Xopfu, nuna kofopoio cocfon-
na n fom, ufo on opafuncn k Concfam c hpociou o hcpcmupuu.
Imc no npcmn Mockonckou ncfpcuu aninuuckuc noucka, nicanun-
muccn 5 okfnpn n Ipcuuu, nsnnu 14 okfnpn Aquni, inc onu
cqopmuponanu Bpcmcnnoc hpanufcnicfno nauuonaninoio cnuncfna.
C nauana 14J i., co npcmcnu hopaxcnun ncmucn hon Cfanuni-
panom, nnn opun Oqquc cfano ncno, ufo concfckoc nacfyhncnuc
moxcf hpcnpafufi Iankani n fcafp nocnnix ncucfnuu, u n cfpafc-
iuu sahannix ncpxan nc ino hpcnycmofpcno nuucio, ufo moxno
ino i hpofunohocfanufi Concfam. Icpcn aninuuanamu ncfana
hponcma, kak hpcnofnpafufi nacunicfncnnic couuanino-honufu-
ucckuc hcpcmcni ncncncfnuc okkyhauuu Concfamu ankanckux
cfpan, f.c. concfckoc hpucyfcfnuc na Iankanax nc nonxno ino an-
fomafuuccku hpunccfu k iochoncfny kommynucfuucckux hapfuu
(honufuucckuu ncc kofopix in cam ho ccc ncsnauufcniniu) u
concfusauuu. Ofy ucni, conhananmyk c xcnanucm coxpanufi co-
517
fpynnuuccfno c Mocknou u hocnc nouni, moxno ino ocymc-
cfnufi pasnuunimu hyfnmu, nahpumcp, c homomik coinaconanun
cfpanamu honufuucckou ncnfcninocfu n 1oponeuciou ioncy:imu-
muonou io+uccuu.
Mcxny fcm, mcfon coinaconanun, nccima cnoxniu u mnoioac-
hckfniu, yxc ninnun n cnyuac c Hfanucu cnok ncsqqckfunnocfi,
u aninuuanc ninyxncni inu usmcnufi cnou hnani. Icnu coina-
conannan ncnfcninocfi ina ncnosmoxna, fo nnn aninuuan ocfa-
nancn cnuncfncnniu choco samufi ux unfcpccon na Iankanax u
hpcnofnpamcnun concfusauuu ycnufi Kpcmni, ufo sahannic
ncpxani namcpcni yuufinafi concfckuc fpconanun csohacnocfu.
Hfak, Mockonckyk ncfpcuy cncnycf paccmafpunafi umcnno n
sfom knkuc, a nc kak mai na hyfu k uunuunomy u okonuafcni-
nomy pasncny Iankan na cqcpi nnunnun; ona ckopcc ofpaxana ho-
hifky ohpcncnufi coofncfcfnykmuc hosuuuu na hcpcxonnom sfahc
hcpcmupun, no honnoio hopaxcnun Icpmanuu u nhnofi no saknk-
ucnun mupa. Ofu samcuanun umckf cnocu ucnik otncnufi, ufo
hocncnykman cfanunusauun ankanckoio pciuona Inpohi ina
nciafunnim pcsynifafom nc Mockonckux noionopcnnocfcu, a cko-
pcc, naoopof, ux ncynaunou pcanusauuu.
Hcpuunni pacckasan n cnocu knuic, ufo ncucpom n ncni hpucsna
n Mockny u n ofcyfcfnuc Iappumana on icfpo napocan na nuc-
foukc ymaic cyfi coinamcnun u hcpcnan cio Cfanuny, kofopiu
ynuncn fanuuy, hpcncfannnnmyk n hpoucnfnom coofnomcnuu co-
ofncfcfnykmuc nonu concfckoio u anino-amcpukanckoio nnunnun,
u onopun cc hfuukou cunum kapannamom. oionopcnnocfu kacanuci
hnfu cfpan: ino ofmcucno, ufo n Iyminuu na O' ycfanannuna-
cfcn concfckoc nnunnuc u na 1O' sahannoc, n Ipcuuu, naoopof,
hpconanakmcc nnunnuc 3ahana na O' u na 1O' concfckoc;
n Ioniapuu coofnomcnuc ycfanannunanoci n honisy Concfckoio
Coksa 75' u na nonk sahannix ncpxan 25'; a n Bcnipuu u
Kiocnanuu pasncn hpousnonuncn hoponny na 5O' concfckoc
nnunnuc u na 5O' sahannoc.
Hcpuunni npko ohucinacf, kak fyf xc hohpocun ynuufoxufi
sfy ymaxky, kofopan, fcm nc mcncc, no cux hop naxonufcn n pu-
fanckux apxunax. On xc cam na cncnykmuu ncni yfounnn n cnocu
hcpchuckc c hpanufcnicfnom n onnonc u n hpockfax, kofopic
nonxni inu ifi hpcncfanncni na ocyxncnuc Concfam, ufo mc-
fonuka honcucfa n hpoucnfax ina uchonisonana foniko nnn foio,
ufoi cosnafi nosmoxnocfu nnn oncc founoio usnoxcnun cnoux
coopaxcnuu na omcnocfyhnom nsikc, u hpcnnasnauanaci nnn
foio, ufoi cnyxufi foniko npcmcnnim pykononcfnom na nuxau-
mcc ynymcc n xonc nouni, a nc nnn foio, ufoi cfafi ocnonou
cucfcmi xccfkoio pasncna na cqcpi unfcpccon.
518
Iosxc, 18 nnnapn 145 i., Hcpuunni n cnocu pcuu n hanafc o-
mun ofmcfun: Ofo coinamcnuc nc concpxano naxc munumaninoio
pasncna fcppufopuu unu cqcp nnunnun na hocncnocnniu hcpuon.
Iio ucni saknkuanaci n fom, ufoi uscxafi fpcnuu mcxny ncny-
mumu ncpxanamu n fc kpufuucckuc nnu. Iosfomy cucfcma hpo-
ucnfnoio pasncncnun nc pacucnunanaci kak xcncsnan iapanfun
hpohopuuu nnunnun n ohpcncncnnix konfponinix opianax unu
uncfufyfax. Ona cnyxuna nckum kpufcpucm, foukou ofcucfa, yka-
sinanmcu hpcncni, kofopix, kak hpcnnaiana Bcnukopufanun,
cncnonano hpuncpxunaficn kaxnou us cfopon na hcpcxonnom sfahc
no honhucanun coinamcnuu o hcpcmupuu unu mupnix noionopon.
Bcc sfo cfanonufcn cmc oncc oucnunnim, ccnu onimc nc
paccmafpunafi omcn sahuckamu mcxny Hcpuunncm u Cfanunim
kak cnyuaunoc nuo usonuponannoc cncpxcckpcfnoc coifuc. Ofo
in foniko momcnf, kofopiu kfo-fo nasnan mcfaqopuunim, n
noniou nuckyccuu aninuuckux u concfckux pykononufcncu c hpu-
nuxcnucm mupa, ocyxnanmux u ohpcncnnnmux mcfoni ofcfauna-
nun cnoux unfcpccon, hpu sfom hpconanano cfpcmncnuc aninuuan
nc hosnonufi Kpcmnk ycomnuficn n namcpcnuu sahannix ncpxan
conknafi unfcpcci csohacnocfu CCCI.
Bohpoc kacancn nc foniko mcfonon ocymccfnncnun hcpcmupun
u qopm paofi pasnuunix konfponinix komuccuu (pyminckou,
oniapckou u ncnicpckou). B nanincumcm ho sfum hponcmam nc
ino ncnocfafka n pasnoinacunx. Ha hcpcionopax n Mocknc fakxc
ocyxnancn hocncnnuu sfah nouni u hcpniu hocncnocnniu hcpu-
on. pyiumu cnonamu, paccmafpunanoci cocfonnuc nahpnxcnnocfu,
cnoxunmcccn n 144 i., kofopoc c hpunuxcnucm qunaninou qasi
muponoio konqnukfa u c nonou hocnou Iysncnifa na hpcsuncnfc-
kux niopax n CUA pckomcnnonanoci ocynufi na nonou ncfpcuc
n ncpxax.
7.4. Oinomenwn me:ty enponewcxwm tnw:enwem
Conpoiwntenwn w cosnwxamw n 19441945 tt.
7.4.1. COHPOTUBLEHUE U COLBHUKU
Mockonckan ncfpcua mcxny Hcpuunncm u Cfanunim, nccmofpn
na ncc samcuanun o fom, ufo cc ncoxonumo paccmafpunafi n ohpc-
ncncnnom ucfopuucckom konfckcfc, ofpaxana fpynnocfu u ohacc-
nun, kofopic nospacfanu c hpunuxcnucm konua nouni. o sfoio
momcnfa coksnuku inu sannfi hcpuqcpuunimu nohpocamu u
hpononxanu sanumaficn umu u n hocncnykmuc ncncnu, nccmofpn
na cnou nopic namcpcnun. Ho onu cosnananu, ufo ncoxonumo
51
nipaofafi hosuuuu ho inannomy us cnpohcuckux nohpocon icp-
manckomy oncc ucfko, ucm sfo ino cncnano na Tcicpanckou
konqcpcnuuu. B fof ucfopuucckuu momcnf onu honumanu, ufo sa-
naua naufu coinaconannoc pcmcnuc cfouf, hpcxnc nccio, hcpcn
Bcnukopufanucu u Concfckum Coksom. K fomy xc, Iysncnif nco-
nnokpafno sannnnn, ufo amcpukanckuc noucka ynyf nincncni us
Inpohi nc hosnncc, ucm ucpcs nna iona hocnc okonuanun nouni, n
fof momcnf, koina amcpukanckuc ipaxnanc hcpccfanyf honumafi,
houcmy ux apmun naxonufcn nancko of ponuni n mupnoc npcmn u
hocnc pasipoma nauusma.
Amcpukanui paspaofanu fakuc konuchuuu, ufo icpmanckuu
nohpoc hpuopcn unoc snaucnuc. Munucfp qunancon Icnpu Mop-
icnfay n aniycfc 144 i. hpcnnoxun hnan, coinacno kofopomy unny-
cfpuaninan momi Icpmanuu nonxna ifi ynuufoxcna nhnofi no
paspymcnun onimou uacfu ncmcukux hpomimncnnix hpcnhpun-
fuu, safohncnun nckofopix maxf u hpcnpamcnun cc n cfpany c
hpcumymccfncnno aipapnou skonomukou. Ofncfcfncnnocfi sa yc-
fanonncnuc nauusma u pasnnsinanuc nouni, coinacno sfomy hna-
ny, nosnaianaci na ncci ncmcukuu napon. Cfoni panukaniniu
hnan Mopicnfay nc in hpunnf iocynapcfncnnim nchapfamcn-
fom u nocnnim munucfcpcfnom, cio samcnunu nupckfunou Otc-
nuncnnoio komufcfa nauaninukon mfaon (usnccfnou hosxc kak
nupckfuna 1O67), kofopan nocuna cpcnnccpouniu xapakfcp, ina
cyponou, no koncfpykfunnou u nahpanncnnou na nospoxncnuc nc-
mokpafuucckou Icpmanuu. K fomy xc ona oionapunana, ufo CUA
nc hponnnnkf unfcpcca k konuchfyaninou paspaofkc kpafkocpou-
nix icpmanckux hponcm. H xofn co npcmcncm sfa hosuuun amc-
pukanucn ina hcpccmofpcna, nosmoxno, hon nnunnucm camou no-
iuku coifuu, no n konuc 144 i. u n hcpnic mccnui 145 i. ona
kasanaci hpcnnapufcninim ycnonucm hpu nkom honxonc k pcmc-
nuk icpmanckou hponcmi.
K ocnonnim hponcmam noanunuci nocnnic u honufuucckuc
nohpoci, fpconanmuc ncmcnncnnoio pcmcnun. B nocnnom ofno-
mcnuu koncu 144 i. in ofmcucn konfpynapom ncmcukux nouck n
Apncnnax u oxccfoucnnim cohpofunncnucm Icpmanuu concfckomy
nacfyhncnuk c nocfoka. 3amuman fcppufopuk cnocu ponuni,
ncmui cpaxanuci c nospacfakmum yhopcfnom, ococnno n hoipa-
nuunix c Ionimcu pauonax, inc inu hpcumymccfncnno pasmc-
mcni konucnfpauuonnic naicpn cmcpfu. Cfanun honospcnan, ufo
sa sfum cohpofunncnucm ncmucn ino ckpifo namcpcnuc opoficn
c npaiamu nnonkum opasom: c onnou cfoponi, nccfu oxccfoucnnyk
opiy na nocfokc, ufoi yhopno samumafi kaxnyk cnok hosu-
uuk; c npyiou, nounaficn c homomik mancnpon nocnnoio hpopina
52O
na 3ahanc (n ococnnocfu no u hocnc shusona n Apncnnax). Cfa-
nun nuncn n sfou fakfukc mancnpon cfpcmncnuc Iufncpa cosnafi
ycnonun nnn kahufynnuuu n nna sfaha u, nosmoxno, naxc chpono-
uuponafi packon anfuqamucfckou koanuuuu. Ofu honospcnun
inu nc numcni ocnonanun; fcm nc mcncc, Cfanun onnocfoponnc
fpakfonan xon cpaxcnuu.
Iufncp ncc oncc ycxnancn, ufo y ncio ncf unix pccypcon,
kpomc kak nouficn ncoxunannoio ychcxa n ionkc sa hpuopufcfom
n cosnanuu pcakfunnix pakcf ay-1 u ay-2. Iosfomy c occnu
144 i. on nauan hpumcnnfi fakfuky, kofopyk uchonisonan pun-
pux Bcnukuu n Ccmuncfncu nounc, koina fof, chacanci of hopaxc-
nun, pasunan npaion hooucpcnno onnoio sa npyium, nnocn n ux
pnni honufuucckuc pasnoinacun. B ncucfnufcninocfu, nc Iufncp,
a nckofopic us cio copafnukon, cpcnu kofopix in naxc Ium-
mncp, nosinannnnmuu noucka CC, nahpannnnu n okfnpcnonpc
144 i. ocfopoxnic cuinani n pasnic cfoponi c hpcnnoxcnunmu
cchapafnou kahufynnuuu u honopofa nunuu qponfa. Ha fom sfahc
nu onna us sfux ucncu nc ina nocfuinyfa, no konfakfi nc inu
hpcpnani u hpononxanuci no momcnfa honnou kahufynnuuu. Ofo
osnauacf, ufo k hponcmam, hopoxnanmum pacxoxncnun n anfu-
iufncponckou koanuuuu, fchcpi hpuanunuci cmc u honospcnun
Cfanuna, cnnsannic c namcpcnunmu Iufncpa noanufi knun n pas-
noinacun, kofopic yxc ncnisn ino ckpifi, cncnafi ux nnnimu u
hpcnpafufi ux n hocncnncc chacufcninoc cpcncfno icpmanckou
nuhnomafuu.
7.4.2. FPEUUH, UTALUH, BELBFUH U LFOCLABUH
Ipofunopcuun ncnisn ino onimc ckpinafi, hockoniky onu
kacanuci nocnno-honufuucckux cfonknoncnuu n Ipcuuu, n Hfa-
nuu, n Icniiuu u, n mcnimcu cfchcnu, n Kiocnanuu. Yxynmcnuc
cufyauuu ino nochpunnfo kak hokasafcni yponnn ofnomcnuu
mcxny coksnukamu. 5 okfnpn aninuuanc nicanunuci nnusu
Aqun u hocfchcnno c homomik cun ipcucckoio Cohpofunncnun
ocnoonunu nck cfpany, n kofopou ina noccfanonncna monapxun
u n oxunanuu nosnpamcnun koponn ino cqopmuponano npcmcn-
noc koanuuuonnoc hpanufcnicfno hon hpcnccnafcnicfnom hpcncfa-
nufcnn ymcpcnnix Icopia Iahannpcy.
Kommynucfi nxonunu n cocfan Hauuonanino-ocnoonufcninoio
qponfa Ipcuuu (OAM), opianusauuu, kofopan nnccna nauonimuu
nknan n opiy c ufano-ncmcukumu okkyhauuonnimu cunamu. Ipc-
ucckuc kommynucfi nukoum opasom nc xofcnu hofcpnfi nosmox-
nocfu, kofopic honnunuci n hcpcxonniu hcpuon, u paccuufinanu
521
honnocfik nsnfi nnacfi. 6 nckapn honufuucckuc hpofunopcuun
hpunnnu qopmy nocnnoio cfonknoncnun: n Aqunax hpousomnu
cfiuku mcxny aninuuckumu okkyhauuonnimu nouckamu u hapfu-
sanckumu ofpnnamu kommynucfon. Hauanaci xccfokan opia, n
kofopou oc cfoponi uchonisonanu ofnkni nc nxcnfnimcnckuc
mcfoni, u naxc aninuuckuc ncuopucfi nicfyhanu n hanafc o-
mun c kpufukou cnocio hpanufcnicfna. Toniko n ccpcnunc nnnapn
145 i. cfonknoncnun sancpmunuci hpunnfucm komhpomucca, f.c.
cosnanucm nonoio koanuuuonnoio hpanufcnicfna no inanc c icnc-
panom Hukonacom Inacfupacom, kofopomy aninuuanc okasanu
honnyk honncpxky, a Cfanun hponnun aconkfnoc pannonymuc n
coofncfcfnuu c Mockonckumu noionopcnnocfnmu.
C fcx hop Ipcuun cfana cumnonom ohacnocfu, kofopan moina
yipoxafi coksnukam n hcpcxonniu hcpuon n Inpohc (no ccnu ho-
cmofpcfi nnumafcnincc, fo u Concfam, pcmanmum hponcmi ho-
cnocmy). Ofa ohacnocfi nospacfana n cnnsu c fcm, ufo kak n Ipcuuu
u Hfanuu, fak u n Kiocnanuu cuni Cohpofunncnun nauusmy hpu-
opcnu snauufcniniu ncc u, n ococnnocfu n Kiocnanuu, hpcfcn-
nonanu na pykononnmyk poni. Ipumcp Ipcuuu hokasan, ufo fam,
inc cuni kommynucfon n cnnsu c hpucyfcfnucm sahannix nouck nc
honyuanu nocfafounou honncpxku nnn napamunanun cnocio nnun-
nun, onu cfpcmunuci nochonisonaficn smouuonaninim hontcmom
u nonncnunmu, kofopic ncuscxno cohponoxnanu ocnooxncnuc
of ncmcukou okkyhauuu, ufoi cunou hpuufu k nnacfu. Ofo moino
hpunccfu k fomy, ufo ncc cfpani Cpcnuscmnomopin hohanu i n
pyku kommynucfon.
Bcc ckasannoc o Ipcuuu homoiacf honnfi, houcmy coksnuku
inu osaoucni fcm, kak hpcnofnpafufi ananoiuunic coifun n
Hfanuu, inc k ccncpy of Iofckou nunuu cqopmuponanoci cuninoc
hapfusanckoc nnuxcnuc, honufuucckoc pykononcfno kofopim ocy-
mccfnnnno anfonomnoc ofncfnncnuc Xo+umemu nuuuonu:inoeo ocoo-
0o0enun (cosnannoio n Iumc), nasinanmcc ccn Xo+umemo+ nuuuo-
nu:inoeo ocoo0o0enun +eoepnou 1mu:uu (KHOCH). Iykononnmyk
poni n KHOCH uipanu ncnic cuni, iofonic, cynn ho ux nsinnnam,
hpononxafi opiy naxc hocnc okonuanun nouni c Icpmanucu,
ufoi hpcnpafufi Hfanuk n couuanucfuucckyk pcchynuky.
Hmcnno n nuny sfou yiposi hpcncfanufcnu coksnukon n Hfa-
nuu inu osaoucni honhucanucm (n konuc nckapn 144 i.) ucfkux
nocnnix coinamcnuu c hapfusanamu Ccncpnou Hfanuu n ucnnx
koopnunauuu nocnnix ncucfnuu u yncnuucnun homomu noopyxcn-
nomy Cohpofunncnuk. Kpomc foio, hapfusani nonxni inu nsnfi
na ccn onsafcnicfno hponccfu icfpoc u honnoc pasopyxcnuc
nocnnix hapfusanckux ofpnnon cpasy hocnc okonuanun nouni.
522
B kauccfnc iapanfuu sfux coinamcnuu coksnuku hofpconanu of
hpanufcnicfna n Iumc (hockoniky ono qopmanino hpcncfannnno
Xo+umem nuuuonu:inoeo ocoo0o0enun) ohpcncnufi ofnomcnun co
cnoum opianom, ncucfnykmum n Ccncpnou Hfanuu. Hcoxonumo
ino ucfko sannufi, ufo KHOCH honuunncfcn Iumckomy komufc-
fy, kofopiu hopyuun KHOCH hpcncfannnfi nonyk sakonnyk nc-
mokpafuucckyk Hfanuk na fcppufopunx, cmc sannfix nauucfamu.
Ho sfu qynkuuu nonxni ifi cnona hcpcnani Iumy, kak foniko
hapfusani u coksnuku nanccyf hopaxcnuc ncmuam.
B fom xc knkuc cncnycf paccmafpunafi ncc fo, ufo hpousomno
n Icniiuu 2 nckapn 144 i., koina pufanckuc okkyhauuonnic
cuni nmcmanuci n hponcncnuc momnou anfumonapxuucckou nc-
moncfpauuu, opianusonannou kommynucfuucckou hapfucu c ucnik
sakncumufi monuanuc koponn cohonina III no npcmn ncmcukou
okkyhauuu.
Hfaninnckuc coifun okasanuci cmc oncc hokasafcninimu.
B konuc nonpn nauanc nckapn 144 i. hpanufcnicfno no inanc
c Hnanos Ionomu ino ninyxncno yufu n ofcfanky n cnnsu c ho-
ncmukou mcxny honufuucckumu hapfunmu ofnocufcnino honnomo-
uuu namccfnuka koponn hpunua Ymcpfo Canouckoio, kofopomy
ofcu ncnciuponan qynkuuu inani iocynapcfna no hponcncnun na-
ponnoio noncustnnncnun. B sfux ocfonfcnicfnax amcpukanui,
nihonnnn honufuucckoc pcmcnuc, ochapunacmoc aninuuanamu,
hokasanu, ufo ux pannonymuc ofnocufcnino ynymcio ycfpoucfna
Inpohi ino nahycknim, a ux ucfunnoc ofnomcnuc aconkfno
unim, ufo ncoxonumo yuufinafi cnpohcuckum coksnukam.
Ofnomcnun mcxny coksnukamu honncpinuci uchifanuk, xofn
u nc cfoni hpnmo kak n nimc hpuncncnnix cnyuanx, n Kiocnanuu
u panuuu. B Kiocnanuu hocnc hopaxcnun n 141 i. u cicfna n
onnon hpanufcnicfna koponn Icfpa II ccpckuu icncpan paxa
Muxaunonuu, nocnniu munucfp smuipanfckoio hpanufcnicfna,
opianusonan hcpnic ipyhhi Cohpofunncnun n iopnix pauonax
Ccpuu. Snpo sfux ipyhh cocfannnnu ucfnuku, ofnocunmuccn k
nauoncc konccpnafunnou u nauuonanucfuucckou uacfu ccpon,
kofopan nicfyhana nc foniko hpofun ncmucn, no u hpofun xopna-
fon u ocnuuckux mycyniman, ufo chococfnonano pasnponcnuk
ohhosuuuu inannomy npaiy u pocfy nnyfpcnncio packona, nccina
cymccfnonanmcio n cfpanc, ucm hocfapanuci nochonisonaficn ncm-
ui u ufaninnui. Hapnny c ucfnukamu nckopc nauanu ncucfnonafi
kommynucfuucckuc qopmuponanun no inanc c Hocuhom Iposom,
hposnannim Tufo, xopnafom ho hpoucxoxncnuk, cfoponnukom
kiocnanckou iocynapcfncnnocfu.
52J
Oa fcucnun kiocnanckoio Cohpofunncnun ncucfnonanu oucni
xccfko n ofncf na sncpckuc pchpcccuu iufncponucn, no ux pasncnn-
nu pasnuuun honufuucckux hpoipamm. Hconnokpafnic hohifku
nocfuxcnun komhpomucca mcxny numu inu csychcmnimu, a na-
hpnxcnuc mcxny sfumu ipyhhuponkamu nospacfano. Kpomc foio,
ucfnuku, kofopic ncucfnonanu n Hcpnoiopuu, hosnonunu nonncui
ccn n faunic konfakfi c ufaninnckumu okkyhanfamu, n cnok
oucpcni cfapanmumucn nochonisonaficn pasnoinacunmu mcxny nny-
mn fcucnunmu n hapfusanckom nnuxcnuu.
Ofu konfakfi ufaninnucn u ofnocufcnino ychcmnic hohifku
ncmucn ycfanonufi ux n npyiux pauonax Kiocnanuu hpuncnu k of-
kpifomy packony cpcnu hapfusan. Io mncnuk Tufo u cio Hapon-
no-ocnoonufcninoio qponfa, opasonanmcio safcm Anfuqamucf-
ckoc ncuc naponnoio ocnooxncnun Kiocnanuu (c nonpn 142 i.),
ucfnuku nounanuci cnoma kiocnanckoio iocynapcfna, sa coxpanc-
nuc kofopoio oponcn Tufo. Ychcmnan hapfusanckan nouna, kofo-
pyk on ncn ho nccu cfpanc, hosnonuna cmy nouficn ncochopumoio
nocnnoio hpcumymccfna, a fakxc konfponn nan onimcu uacfik
kiocnanckou fcppufopuu. B 144 i., koina concfckuc noucka hpu-
nuxanuci k Kiocnanuu, cc oniman uacfi ina yxc ocnooxncna
cunamu Cohpofunncnun. K fomy npcmcnu hon snamcnamu Tufo
ino okono 8OO OOO ucnonck.
Coksnukam hpcncfonno sannfi ohpcncncnnyk hosuuuk ofnocu-
fcnino sfoio nnuxcnun. Ofnomcnun, kofopic inu hcpnonauanino
ycfanonncni c smuipanfckum hpanufcnicfnom, inu honopnani
coomcnunmu o nnynuuuu ucfnukon. Tcm nc mcncc, honanounoci
ncckoniko mccnucn u honopof n mcxnynaponnou honufukc, ufoi
cufyauun honnocfik hponcnunaci. B fcucnuc 14J i. u nhnofi no
Mockonckou u Tcicpanckou konqcpcnuuu aninuuanc xopomo
hpcncfannnnu, naionapn cnoum unqopmauuonnim cnyxam, ncu-
cfnufcninoc coofnomcnuc cun n Kiocnanuu u pasnuuuc n hpo-
ipammax honufuucckux cun. Iocnc konqcpcnuuu aninuuanc cncna-
nu pcmufcniniu niop, pocun Muxaunonuua na nonk cynii, u
ncfanu na cfopony Tufo kak hpcncfanufcnn ynymcu Kiocnanuu.
Ofo in cnuncfncnniu hyfi, hosnonnnmuu hpcnhpunnfi hohifku
ycfanonufi ofnomcnun mcxny hapfusanckumu cunamu u koponcn-
ckum hpanufcnicfnom. Ipcmicp-munucfpom monapxuucckoio hpanu-
fcnicfna c 1 uknn 144 i. cfan Hnan Uyamuu, smuipuponanmuu
n Cocnuncnnic Ufafi c nauanom nauucfckou okkyhauuu, kofo-
poio cuufanu macfcpom honufuucckoio pannonccun, snafokom an-
kanckux hponcm.
B sanauy Uyamuua nxonuno nouficn coinamcnun c Tufo of-
nocufcnino ynymcio Kiocnanuu. B nonpc hcpcionopi c Tufo
hpuncnu k coinamcnuk, kofopoc hpcnycmafpunano cosnanuc pcicnf-
524
ckoio Concfa, cocfonnmcio us fpcx ucnonck. Concf nonxcn in ho-
cfanufi na nccnaponnoc ionoconanuc pcmcnuc nohpoca o nosnpa-
mcnuu koponn Icfpa n Kiocnanuk. Koponi ohpofccfonan sfo pc-
mcnuc. Ho Uyamuu usnoxun Tufo cnoc hpcnnoxcnuc o fpuymnu-
pafc u honyuun coinacuc Tufo ofnocufcnino nnyx cio yuacfnukon,
u xofn Tufo ofncpi fpcfik kannunafypy, sfo nc hpuncno k paspiny
noionapunakmuxcn cfopon.
Icpcionopi cnuncfcnicfnonanu o fom, ufo c fouku spcnun
mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu cufyauun n Kiocnanuu ina nc hoxo-
xa na honoxcnuc nu n Hfanuu, nu n Ipcuuu. B Hfanuu aninuuanc
nannsinanu (unu hifanuci nannsafi) cnok nonk; n Ipcuuu onu
hpofunohocfanunu kommynucfuucckum sncmcnfam cuny; n Kiocna-
nuu n cuny nocnnix ocfonfcnicfn, a fakxc panu coxpancnun ho-
nufuucckoio pannonccun onu coinacunuci na nnoucfncnnyk cufya-
uuk, hpcnmccfnonanmyk komhpomuccy. Hcsqqckfunnocfi hono-
noio komhpomucca ninnunaci foniko n konuc nouni, no sfo nc
safponyno ofnomcnuu mcxny ncnukumu ncpxanamu, hockoniky
hpoucxonunmcc n Kiocnanuu oipanuuunanoci pamkamu nnyfpuho-
nufuucckou opii n cfpanc, inc hpoucxonuna konucnfpauun nnac-
fu n pykax Tufo.
7.4.3. ,E FOLLB U COLBHUKU
HOCLE OCBOBO+,EHUH HAPU+A
Conccm npyiou xapakfcp umcnu hponcmi, cnnsannic c pan-
uucu, inc hocnc ocnooxncnun, hocncnonanmcio sa nicankou coks-
nukon, nosononunaci nopmaninan honufuucckan xusni. C onnou
cfoponi, panuysckuu komufcf nauuonaninoio ocnooxncnun
cfpcmuncn cosnafi n cfpanc nonic uncfufyfi, c npyiou, ocfananaci
ncnanucfi, nocfanmancn n nacncncfno of konnaopauuonusma ho-
nufukon Bumu.
3a ncckoniko nncu no nicanku coksnukon Komufcf cfan nasi-
naficn Bpcmcnnim hpanufcnicfnom, nc honyuun, onnako, nchoc-
pcncfncnnoio hpusnanun co cfoponi ncnymux coksnix ncpxan.
Hcnfpaninan quiypa nc Ionnn nisinana npaxncnocfi Iysncnifa,
xofn y icncpana nc ocfananoci cohcpnukon hocnc ucknkucnun
Zupo us cocfana KHO u no honnncnun pykononufcncu nauuo-
naninoio macmfaa us pasnuunix honufuucckux hapfuu. Toniko
hocnc fpynnoio nusufa n Cocnuncnnic Ufafi u nc mcncc fpynnou
ncfpcuu c Iysncnifom nc Ionnk ynanoci nouficn 11 uknn hpusna-
nun 0e quimo hpanufcnicfncnnix qynkuuu Komufcfa nauuonani-
noio ocnooxncnun. Hcckoniko ncncni chycfn, n nauanc aniycfa
hpanufcnicfna onnona u Bamunifona coinacunuci hpusnafi cio
honnomouun kak npcmcnnoio hpanufcnicfna.
525
25 aniycfa Iapux in ocnooxncn, a 26 aniycfa cuni qpanuys-
ckoio ocnooxncnun no inanc c icncpanom nc Ionncm c iopnocfik
hpomnu hon Tpuymqaninou apkou u ho Inuccuckum honnm, hpo-
ncmoncfpuponan cnuncfno nnuxcnun Cohpofunncnun u opcfcnuc
uncnfuunocfu cnoonnou panuuu.
Onnako no konua iona panuun cmc ocfananaci honcm on.
B cfpanc yxc cymccfnonano sakonnoc Bpcmcnnoc hpanufcnicfno,
cqopmuponannoc 8 ccnfnpn 144 i. us honufuucckux ncnfcncu,
yuacfnonanmux n nnuxcnuu Cohpofunncnun, u nuu, namcnmux
hpucxumc n Anxupc. Ho mcxnynaponnic hosuuuu cfpani, kofo-
pan cuufana ccn pannou npyium ncnymum coksnim ncpxanam, oc-
fananuci nchpounimu, hpcxnc nccio us-sa ofkasa amcpukanucn
hpusnafi, ufo cnoonnan panuun uipacf fakyk xc poni, kak u n
nonocnnoc npcmn.
Iocnc cosnanun Bpcmcnnoio hpanufcnicfna u sannncnuu nc
Ionnn o fom, ufo ckopo cocfonfcn niopi n Yupcnufcninoc copa-
nuc, kak Aninun, fak u CUA nasnauunu n Iapux cnoux hocnon.
Ocfananoci nincnufi mccfo panuuu n coksnix mcxanusmax.
Iina nu panuun onnou us ncnukux ncpxan Ipumcf nu nc Ionni
yuacfuc n ynymcu ncfpcuc n ncpxax 3annncnun o oquuuaninom
hpusnanuu Bpcmcnnoio hpanufcnicfna hpumnoci xnafi no 2J ok-
fnpn. K yuacfuk n Inpohcuckou koncynifafunnou komuccuu pan-
uun ina nohymcna foniko 11 nonpn, koina sanauu sfoio opiana
inu ucucphani: ncc sfo cnuncfcnicfnonano o hpofunoncucfnuu
amcpukanucn fomy, ufoi panuun uipana fakyk poni, kakyk, ho-
naian nc Ionni, on sanocnan. B nckapc on saxofcn hponcmoncfpu-
ponafi, nu onimc, nu mcnimc kak honnocfik nosnpamcnnyk cno-
ony mancnpa, u hpcnhpunnn hocsnky n Mockny, no npcmn kofopou
1O nckapn honhucan noionop o coksc u nsaumnou homomu, na-
hpanncnniu hpofun Icpmanuu. Cpok ncucfnun noionopa in ycfa-
nonncn n 2O ncf c hocncnykmum anfomafuucckum hponncnucm. Of
amcpukanucn nc moino yckonisnyfi fo, kak icfpo Cfanun sain
nipaxcnun, kofopimu on nccio numi ion nasan xapakfcpusonan
nuncpa qpanuysckoio Cohpofunncnun.
7.5. Htiwncxan xonepenuwn
7.5.1. HOLUTUUECKUE HPE,HOCMLKU KOH!EPEHUUU
Mnoioopasuc nonix sncmcnfon, usmcnunmux kapfy nocnnix
ohcpauuu, u nosnuknoncnuc nonix hponcm cncnanu ncoxonu-
mim hponcncnuc nonou ncfpcuu n ncpxax, ufoi yfounufi nohpo-
ci, ocyxnanmuccn n Tcicpanc, no nc pcmcnnic okonuafcnino.
526
Takona ina ocfanonka, n kofopou ponunoci pcmcnuc o hponcnc-
nuu Snfunckou konqcpcnuuu, honyuunmcu nasnanuc of kpimcko-
io kypopfa, inc c 4 qcnpann hpoxonuna ncfpcua mcxny Hcpuunncm,
Cfanunim u Iysncnifom. Mccfo ino nipano n hpcncnax Concfc-
koio Coksa, fak kak Cfanun ncusmcnno ofkasinancn naxonuficn
nnanu of nunuu qponfa (ho nocnnim coopaxcnunm, n oocnonan-
nocfu kofopix cio hapfncpi hpononxanu comncnaficn).
Ho nnn foio, ufoi hpuifi n Snfy, Iysncnif nonxcn in co-
ncpmufi hyfcmccfnuc, cnumkom yfomufcninoc nnn cio cnaoio
snoponin. Kfo hpusnacf hopfpcfi n kauccfnc ucfopuucckoio uc-
founuka, fomy nocfafouno pocufi nsinnn na qofoipaquu pykono-
nufcncu fpcx ncnukux ncpxan n Tcicpanc u n Snfc, ufoi cncnafi
nanncxamuc ninoni o qusuucckom cocfonnuu Iysncnifa, kofopiu
coinacuncn hpcnhpunnfi nonoc ncoxonumoc ycunuc nnn foio, ufo-
i ohpcncnufi koncunic ucnu nouni. B 14J i. no Icpmanuu
ino cmc nancko, u no hocni, nccmofpn na cytckfunnyk ync-
pcnnocfi n cc ncuscxnocfu, otckfunno foxc nancko. B qcnpanc
145 i. cfano ncno, ufo hancnuc Iufncpa foniko nohpoc npcmc-
nu, ncnanckoio npcmcnu, u hocnufcnu nonxni ifi iofoni nsnfi
na ccn ofncfcfncnnocfi sa kpax nauusma n Inpohc c fcm, ufoi
honcpnyfi cnou cuni na sancpmakmyk ufny c Shonucu.
B oiunix pasionopax u n nckofopix nayunix monoipaqunx
Snfunckan konqcpcnuun pacucnunacfcn kak cnocio pona nonopas-
ncn n ucfopuu mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu: kynimunauuonniu
momcnf n ncpxannou honufukc cfpan-hocnufcninuu, kofopim of-
mcucn pasncn mupa na cqcpi nnunnun. Hccmofpn na uckaxcnun,
hpuhucinakmuc ncfpcuc n ncpxax n qcnpanc 145 i. fakoc concp-
xanuc, kofopoc nc umcno nuucio omcio c ncucfnufcninocfik, cc
honnunniu cmicn u snaucnuc (naxc us pnna non nixonnmcc) yc-
konisakf, ccnu sfo coifuc paccmafpunafi n ofpinc of pasnunan-
mciocn honufuucckoio hpouccca. Cufyauun ina foina fakou, ufo
nouna cxcnncnno nnocuna cnou koppckfuni. Ofo fpconano of py-
kononufcncu hocnonocnou koanuuuu yfounufi ncc fo, ufo no npc-
mn konqcpcnuuu n Tcicpanc nc moino ifi ncccfoponnc paccmof-
pcno. Toina cmc nc hpucfyhunu k ocymccfnncnuk ohcpauuu
Uoep:op0, cmc nc hpomnu hpcsuncnfckuc niopi n CUA, hon-
fncpnunmuc honnomouun Iysncnifa, nmccfc c kofopim nuuc-hpc-
suncnfom in uspan manousnccfniu ccnafop us Muccypu Iappu
Tpymsn.
3a ucfckmuu ion kaxniu us hpofaionucfon cmoi nyumc ohpc-
ncnufi cnok cfpafciuk n hocncnocnniu hcpuon. Tcm nc mcncc,
ino i omukou yfncpxnafi, ufo Snfa osnauana honopof ofno-
cufcnino pcmcnuu, hpunnfix n Tcicpanc. Hsmcnuncn knumaf.
527
3ahannic coksnuku nc uyncfnonanu ccn ofncfcfncnnimu sa sa-
ncpxky n ofkpifuu nfopoio qponfa, naoopof, onu uyncfnonanu
ccn ycununmumucn naionapn namymcnmum hocnam.
Cfanun, n cnok oucpcni, moi iopnuficn momnim hponnuxcnu-
cm Kpacnou apmuu of concfckou ipanuui no Iankanckoio honyoc-
fpona u fcppufopuu Icpmanuu nhnofi no honcfyhon k Icpnuny,
founo fakxc on moi iopnuficn honncpxkou, okasannou sahannim
coksnukam no npcmn ncmcukoio nacfyhncnun n nckapc 144 i. n
Apncnnax. Xofn amcpukanui nc ofkasanuci of cnocio namcpcnun
hpcnocfanufi cnpohcuuam ocnonnyk ofncfcfncnnocfi sa noccfa-
nonncnuc mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu n konfuncnfaninou Inpohc
n hocncnocnniu hcpuon, onu nauanu comncnaficn n hocncncfnunx
sfoio pcmcnun.
Ioniofonufcninic paofi n ymapfon-Okcc, koncuno, sano-
xunu ocnoni oncc momnou mcxnynaponnou opianusauuu. Ho cc
sqqckfunnocfi sanuccna of coinacun mcxny fpcmn ncnukumu ncp-
xanamu, n hpounocfu kofopoio nckofopic nauanu comncnaficn.
Aninuuanc u amcpukanui nipaxanu iofonnocfi hpusnafi concf-
ckuc fpconanun csohacnocfu. Tcm nc mcncc, xofn u inu mockon-
ckuc noionopcnnocfu okfnpn 144 i., nc nocfanano ucfkux ykasa-
nuu na hpcncni sfux fpconanuu, u coifun, hpousomcnmuc no u
hocnc ncfpcuu mcxny Cfanunim u Hcpuunncm, nisinanu sakonnoc
cchokoucfno.
Ionufuka Concfon n ofnomcnuu Ionimu ina hpucmncmou n
nohpocc o fcppufopunx, no ona nisinana nchpunfuc, koina concfckoc
hpanufcnicfno, ofkasan n hpusnanuu honickomy smuipanfckomy
hpanufcnicfny, hpcpnano hcpcionopi c Mukonauuukom. C hosno-
ncnun Mockni knunckuu komufcf hponosinacun ccn Bpc-
mcnnim hpanufcnicfnom Ionimu, u, oncc foio, 5 nnnapn 145 i.
on in hpusnan Concfamu. Takum opasom, na Snfunckou konqc-
pcnuuu Ionima honyuuna nnounoc hpcncfanufcnicfno: smuipanf-
ckoc hpanufcnicfno, onananmcc honnomouunmu n cuny hpanonou
hpccmcfncnnocfu, u hpanufcnicfno, ncucfnykmcc n cfpanc in loco
hpu cunonou honncpxkc Concfon. Icnu konuchuun csohacnocfu,
kofopou hpuncpxunanuci Concfi, hpuopcfana fakuc kpaunuc
qopmi, fo y coksnukon ona nc moina nc nisinafi fpcnoiu.
o nauana paofi Snfunckou konqcpcnuuu na ocfponc Mani-
fa, inc amcpukanui nonxni inu ocfanonuficn ho hyfu n Kpim,
cocfonnaci ncfpcua mcxny nauaninukamu aninuuckoio u amcpukan-
ckoio mfaon nnn coinaconanun nocnnou cfpafciuu, ufoi nicfy-
hufi cnunim qponfom n ofnomcnuu Concfckoio Coksa, noucka
kofopoio nimnu k Oncpy, ynymcu sahannou ipanuuc Ionimu.
Bcncn sa concmanucm nocnnix 2 qcnpann hocncnonanu ncqopmani-
528
nic ncfpcuu mcxny Iysncnifom u Hcpuunncm. H sfo cfouf ofmc-
fufi. Hakanync Tcicpanckou konqcpcnuuu Iysncnif yhopno usc-
ian ckoniko-nuyni ccpicsnoio omcna mncnunmu c aninuuckum
hpcmicp-munucfpom, ufoi nc cosnanafi y Cfanuna nhcuafncnun o
hpcnnapufcninom coinamcnuu, kofopoc nonxcn in i hpoino-
fufi coksnuk, naxonunmuucn n fpynnom honoxcnuu. Tchcpi co-
ksnuk nc uchifinan onimc fpynnocfcu, oncc foio, ino i
ucnccoopasno hponcmoncfpuponafi, ufo mcxny aninuuanamu u
amcpukanuamu ncf cfoni inyokux pasnoinacuu, kak fc, ufo nos-
nuknu ho ufaninnckomy nohpocy u n cnnsu c ofnomcnucm k nc
Ionnk, u nosmoxno hpcnnapufcninoc coinamcnuc, kofopoc honcs-
no nnn cmniucnun honospufcninocfu u pacfymcio ncnoncpun.
B camom ncnc, ncnisn ckasafi, ufo fpu yuacfnuka hpcncfonmcu
ncfpcuu n ncpxax sanumanu onunakonic honufuucckuc hosuuuu.
Cfpafciun Cfanuna honfncpxnacf, ufo on in osaoucn nnymn
hponcmamu: kak occhcuufi cnocu cfpanc cfoni niionnic ycno-
nun mupa n Inpohc u Asuu, kofopic cncnanu i cc ncynsnumou n
cnyuac nkoio nosononncnun icpmanckou aipcccuu unu nospoxnc-
nun anfukommynucfuucckux nokon, u, nmccfc c fcm, hosnonunu i
cmy noccfanonufi, nosmoxno, c sahannou qunanconou homomik,
concfckyk skonomuky, pasopcnnyk nounou. Icui mna o conunnix
u ucfkux ucnnx ho cnocmy xapakfcpy, xofn ux macmfa ocfanancn
nc nccn.
Hakanync ncfpcuu ino ncusnccfno, kak Cfanun ofnocufcn k
hnanam, namcucnnim um n Tcicpanc, f.c. cmc ncnisn ino ohpcnc-
nufi, inc icoipaquuccku hpoxonuf nunun concfckou csohacnocfu u
kakon cc cmicn nnn nnyfpcnncu honufuku cnpohcuckux iocynapcfn.
Hccomncnno, Cfanun hpcnuyncfnonan, ufo hocna nan Icpmanucu
nacf CCCI nosmoxnocfi cfafi ncnymcu cnpohcuckou ncpxanou.
Ho ino ncncno, namcpcn nu on ncnufi sfy poni c panuucu, ko-
fopan ncnanno, n nckapc 144 i., hpucocnununaci k anfuiufncpon-
ckou koanuuuu. K fomy xc, nosinanun pykononcfno cfpani nc
Ionni, honufuk, y kofopoio xnafuno cmcnocfu ofkasaficn of ncfpc-
uu c Iysncnifom n Anxupc n ofmccfky sa nccocfonnmcccn hpuina-
mcnuc panuuu n Snfy. Hcusnccfno ino, coinacufcn nu Cfanun
pasncnufi sfy poni u c Bcnukopufanucu, cnpohcuckuc unfcpcci
kofopou Hcpuunni nc ckpinan, no kofopic inu nccina ucfko
oucpucni, sa ucknkucnucm cc unfcpccon ofnocufcnino Icpmanuu.
B fo xc npcmn, yuufinan unfcpcci Concfon n Asuu u hpunu-
xcnuc momcnfa ncfyhncnun CCCI n nouny c Shonucu, xcnafcnino
ino hponcnufi, kak cknaninakfcn ofnomcnun Concfckoio Coksa
c kufauckumu nauuonanucfamu u c kommynucfuucckou hapfucu
Kufan, kofopix onimc nc cnnsinanu unfcpcci opii c omum
52
npaiom. Hcoxonumo ino fakxc yfounufi (xofn n Tcicpanc nc
ino ncnocfafka n hcpnix namckax na ynymuc ycnonun), ufo Cfa-
nun hofpcycf n kauccfnc komhcncauuu sa yuacfuc n asuafckou
nounc.
Kpomc foio, hpcncfannncfcn ncuscxnim ninon: ccnu concf-
ckuu nuncp yuufinan macmfai nnyfpcnnux hponcm cnocu cfpa-
ni, fo on nyxnancn n nnufcninom hcpuonc mupa, ufoi noccfanonufi
paspymcnnoc nounou u hpucfyhufi k moncpnusauuu concfckou
skonomuku. Bocnnic hofpcnocfu oipanuuunu onacfi moncpnusa-
uuu foniko nocnnim cckfopom hpomimncnnocfu; fchcpi xc nco-
xonumo ino hponccfu pccfpykfypusauuk nccu concfckou skono-
muucckou cucfcmi, a cc ychcx sanuccn u of ymcnun hpanufcnicfna
Mockni ocymccfnufi fakyk pckonncpcuk, u of iofonnocfu sahan-
nix ncpxan okasafi CCCI ncoxonumyk homomi. Oosnauuncn nu
hpcncn nnunnun Bcnukoio coksa, cnoxunmciocn no npcmn nou-
ni, unu oncpxanu ncpx honpinanmuc cio hpofunopcuun, fak
unu unauc amcpukanui ofkasanuci honncpxafi npyiyk moncni pc-
koncfpykuuu, ufoi cfana oucnunnou ncchoconocfi Concfon hc-
pccfpoufi cnok skonomuky c yhopom na ipaxnanckuc ofpacnu.
Biop, kofopiu Cfanuny hpcncfonno cncnafi n nuxaumcm
ynymcm, sanuccn of pcmcnuu hpcncfonnmcu ncfpcuu n ncpxax, a
fakxc ohpcncnnncn hpccfuxcm, hpuopcfcnnim um naionapn
ponu Kpacnou apmuu n hocnc nan Icpmanucu, kofopan cfana noc-
hpunumaficn, xofn u csocnonafcnino, kak cumnon nospoxncnun
pcnonkuuu. Kpomc foio, cnpo-asuafckoc honoxcnuc Concfckoio
Coksa occhcuunano cmy hofcnuuaninyk nosmoxnocfi pacmu-
pnficn no inoaninix macmfaon, ucmy chococfnonan napacfanuc
ncnix pcnonkuuonnix nnuxcnuu n mupc u ncuscxniu nspin anfu-
kononuanusma, mnoiouucncnnic hpusnaku kofopoio inu ofmcucni
no npcmn nouni. Ho hpcnhoufcf nu Cfanun cfpafciuk coxpancnun
u ykpchncnun sanocnannix hosuuuu unu honufuky nospoxncnun
unfcpnauuonanusma
Hcpuunni cnonom u ncnom pastncnnn ucnu Bcnukopufanuu n
Inpohc u mupc. On nc moi ninnuiafi cnumkom amuuuosnic
ucnu. Bcnukopufanun k konuy nouni cfana cfpanou-cumnonom
hocni nan nauusmom. Ofncfcfncnnocfi u hopoku honufuku y+u-
pomoopenun inu hcpcucpknyfi pcmufcninocfik, c kofopou ani-
nuuanc, nauunan c occnu 1J i., nccmofpn na nicfunic concfi
hohifaficn naufu oncc ncikuc u mcncc nopoiocfonmuc pcmcnun,
fncpno mnu k ucnu k honnou hocnc nan nauu-qamusmom.
Hcni ina nuska, no upcnafa mnoiumu ohacnocfnmu. Icpnan
ina cnnsana c yiposou, ufo na cmcny cfapomy cnpohcuckomy icic-
monusmy hpuncf npyiou, cmc oncc momniu concfckuu icicmonusm.
5JO
Icnu Iufncp co cnoumu hnanamu u nocnnimu akuunmu no 141 i.,
kasanoci, in nusok k fomy, ufoi cunou nannsafi otcnuncnuc
Inpohi u nonoc coofnomcnuc cun n muponom macmfac, fo fchcpi
Cfanun, cfanmuu hocnufcncm fakxc naionapn fomy, ufo nnauanc
on saknkuun coks c nauucfamu, hpcnnaian cnoxniu cnpohcuckuu
konnomunuym, kofopomy Inpoha moina hpofunohocfanufi numi
cnaic apicpi n cufyauuu nccfauninocfu.
Hcpuunni cfanun cnocu sanaucu na nuxaumcc ynymcc cosnafi
n Inpohc fakoc coofnomcnuc cun, kofopoc ino i hpucmncmim
nnn Cfanuna, no nc nacfoniko, ufoi ono yipoxano csohacnocfu
iocynapcfna u Ipufanckou umhcpuu. Ofo hponnunoci n ohpcncncnuu
ankanckou honufuku n coofncfcfnuu co cncnkou, saknkucnnou
n Mocknc n okfnpc 144 i., a fakxc n houckax fakoio pcmcnun
icpmanckou hponcmi, kofopoc homcmano i Cfanuny hpcnpafufi
Icpmanuk n cio inanniu hocnniu fpoqcu. ouficn sfou ucnu
camocfonfcnino Aninun nc moina, kak nc moina paccuufinafi (n qcn-
panc 145 i.) na hpucyfcfnuc amcpukanucn n ynymcm n Inpohc,
hosfomy ona ina saunfcpcconana n nospoxncnuu cnocio cfapoio
cnpohcuckoio coksnuka panuuu.
Hmcnno sfo sacfannnno Hcpuunnn ofnocuficn conccm unauc,
ucm Iysncnif, k nohpocy o nknkucnuu panuuu n uucno ncnymux
muponix ncpxan u k hponcmc coxpancnun, xofn u n ohpcncncnnix
ipanuuax, panuysckou umhcpuu. Toniko ononncnnan panuun
moina i cofpynnuuafi c Bcnukopufanucu u hpofunocfonfi co-
ncfckou honufukc na Iankanax u n Ccncpnou Inpohc, a fakxc moi-
na i homoui hpcnofnpafufi concfckoc iochoncfno n Icpmanuu.
panuun umcna hpano na cnou ionoc n nohpocc o ynymcm Icpma-
nuu onimc, ucm kakan-nuo npyian cfpana. Cofpynnuuccfno c
panuucu ino ncoxonumo aninuuanam, ufoi ypannonccufi fc
nonic sncmcnfi, kofopic nosnuknu n cnpohcuckou honufukc hocnc
hopaxcnun nauusma.
Hakoncu, inannou ucnik aninuuckoio hpcmicp-munucfpa ino
chacfu Ipufanckyk umhcpuk, xofn u c nckofopimu usmcncnunmu.
B Cpcnuscmnomopic sfa ucni hpunumana xapakfcp nanincumcio
ykpchncnun aninuuckoio hpucyfcfnun, xofn ino concpmcnno nc-
usnccfno, nackoniko hpounim ono yncf n ynymcm. Yfpafa Hfa-
nucu cfafyca ncnukou ncpxani u honncpxka ufaninnckoio honufu-
ucckoio pcxuma, cnnsannoio c onnonom, f.c. choconoio ncpnyficn
k fpanuuunm, cymccfnonanmum no 1J6 i., moinu ypannonccufi nc-
uscxnic pufanckuc ycfyhku Iiuhfy, hcpcmcni n apackom mupc,
fpancqopmauuk umhcpckux cnnscu u, n hcpchckfunc, ncsanucu-
mocfi Hnnuu. Tak Hcpuunni, kofopiu cfan cumnonom hocni,
nmccfc c fcm, ocfanancn honufukom, kofopiu ncc na cnoux hncuax
fnxcniu ipys ncpcmcnnix hponcm.
5J1
O Iysncnifc n Snfc nahucano ncmano ucfopuucckux paof u
ncmano honcmuucckux cfpanuu. Hc ocfanoci cs nnumanun cio qu-
suucckoc cocfonnuc; inu usyucni cio uncu; hpcnmcfom oxunncn-
nou honcmuku cfanu cio ohfumucfuucckuc honufuucckuc hpcnno-
xcnun ofnocufcnino ofnomcnuu c Concfckum Coksom; kpufukc
honncpianaci cio upcsmcpnan cnucxonufcninocfi k Cfanuny. Bcc
sfu uucfo uoipaquucckuc unu honufuko-uoipaquucckuc achckfi
oncc ucnccoopasno ananusuponafi ofncnino, ufoi hohifaficn
honnfi, kak Iysncnif hpcncfannnn ccc hocncnocnniu hcpuon, u
snaucnuc nnn ncio ncfpcuu n ncpxax, k kofopou on iofonuncn.
Ipunuman no nnumanuc ofnocufcninyk cnoxnocfi honufuucckux
hnanon Iysncnifa, cncnycf yuccfi, ufo onnonpcmcnno c honufuko-
kpunuucckumu hcpcionopamu o cosnanuu nonou mcxnynaponnou
opianusauuu aninuuanc u amcpukanui hpucfyhunu k hcpcionopam
o qunanconou cqcpc ynymux mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu u o
ohpcncncnuu cnnsannix c ncu ycnonuu fopionnu. Hnauc ionopn,
ananus konuchuuu Iysncnifa u CUA nakanync Snfi foniko panu
ynocfna usnoxcnun moxno pacuncnufi na pasnuunic achckfi;
nuhnomafuucckan ncnfcninocfi hpcsuncnfa ina nauoncc samcf-
nou cfoponou pcanusauuu cio hpockfa cosnanun nonix cfpykfyp
nnn kaxnou cqcpi mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu no nccmupnom
macmfac.
Hs usnoxcnnoio cncnycf, ufo Bcnukuu coks c yuacfucm CCCI
in pcsynifafom nc hpcnpcmcnnoio niopa, a cncncfnucm ocfon-
fcnicfn, cnoxunmuxcn n xonc nouni. Iysncnif cmoi nouficn nc-
kofopoio honumanun u nuunoio noncpun Cfanuna, no nc cncnycf
nymafi, kak cuufanu hpuncpxcnui anfukommynucfuucckou ucfc-
puu, nouapunmcucn n Amcpukc n hcpuon xononnou nouni, ufo
umcno mccfo unconoiuucckoc cnuxcnuc mcxny hpcsuncnfom, hpo-
nonunmum Honiu kypc, u concfckum kommynusmom. Honiu kypc
in pcqopmucfckum cpcncfnom nospoxncnun pinounou skonomuku
c ucnik cc moncpnusauuu u yncnuucnun hpousnoncfna. B ncm nc
ino nuucio nu konnckfunucfckoio, nu anfukahufanucfuucckoio,
pasnc ufo fakonimu counu anfumonohonucfuucckoc pciynuponanuc
u pacmupcnuc cqcpi couuaninix ycnyi.
Hfak, Bcnukuu coks in kontknkfypnim achckfom muponou
honufuku, ncoxonumim nnn opii c camou ccpicsnou yiposou, c
kofopou mup no fcx hop nc cfankunancn c yiposou iufncponcko-
io qanafusma c cio manucu ncnuuun u uynonumnimu hponnncnun-
mu pacucfckoio skcfpcmusma. Hcnu Bcnukoio coksa inu houfu
nocfuinyfi, u hosfomy nacfyhun momcnf sanymaficn o ynymcm
ucnoncuccfna u hpcnnoxufi ncnukuu hpockf, yuufinakmuu amc-
pukanckuc unfcpcci, n kauccfnc koncfpykfunnoio nknana n qop-
muponanuc nonoio mcxnynaponnoio hopnnka.
5J2
Hsnaian cnou uncu u hnani, Iysncnif nicfyhan nc kak usonu-
ponanniu honufuk. Iio unconoiun ofpaxana unfcncunniu hpo-
uccc hcpcocmicncnun mcxnynaponnix hponcm, hpoucxonunmuu n
hcpuon mcxny nounamu u, n ococnnocfu, hocnc nchpcccuu. Mcx-
ny fcm, Iysncnif nncc n sfu konuchuuu cnou nuuniu cfuni n nuh-
nomafuu, moxno ckasafi, houfu koponcnckuu honxon k pcmcnuk
hponcm. Hc cnyuauno amcpukanckan ucfopuoipaqun, ohupanci na
cnou ohif, moina hofom ionopufi o umhcpckom hpcsuncnfcfnc.
B nuhnomafuucckom cfunc Iysncnifa hpucyfcfnonana mynpan
cmcci inoaninix hpockfon u nnumafcninoc ofnomcnuc k fomy,
kak u koina onu usnaiakfcn, a fakxc yuufinanuci ycfyhku, kofo-
pic inu ncoxonumi n cnnsu c kontknkfypou momcnfa. Kfo-fo
moi ynuncfi n sfux ycfyhkax hpaimafusm unu naxc uunusm nypno-
io homua. Ho onu ofpaxanu oncc otcmnoc nuncnuc ncmcu,
cnuncfcnicfnonanu o yncpcnnocfu, ufo ucpcs nckofopoc npcmn
ycfyhku ncnukoncpxannou honufukc, hpusnanuc hpanomcpnocfu
nckofopix hpakfuucckux fpconanuu momcnfa nonxni ycfyhufi
mccfo ocnonnim nnuxymum cunam n cucfcmc mcxnynaponnix of-
nomcnuu, unu founcc, cunam, hpuncncnnim n nnuxcnuc ncnfcni-
nocfik Cocnuncnnix Ufafon na mcxnynaponnou apcnc.
Iysncnif in hoinomcn sfou ncnfcninocfik. On cuufan nosnpaf
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon k usonnuuonucfckou honufukc nauonimcu
yiposou nnn ynymcio mupa n mupc u honaian, ufo pckoncfpykuuk
mcxnynaponnou cucfcmi cncnycf ocymccfnnnfi na ocnonc omux
honoxcnuu, choconix hpuinymufi cfpcmncnun k packony u usonn-
uuu, kofopic hpunonnf k hpofckuuonusmy u nounc.
Bcnukan nchpcccun ocfanuna n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax cnumkom
inyokuu cncn, ufoi hpofaionucfi nospoxncnun nc honnnu hpu-
uun hpoucmcnmcio u ncoxonumocfi hpcnofnpafufi honfopcnuc
sfoio n ynymcm. Iosfomy konuchuuu omcio xapakfcpa cfanu of-
paxcnucm nonou amcpukanckou pcaninocfu, cnoxunmcucn n pc-
synifafc nouni. Icnu ohacnocfi hpcncfannnn usonnuuonusm, fo
ofncf Iysncnifa saknkuancn n fom, ufoi hpu honncpxkc ocux
hapfuu hpcnpafufi usonnuuonucfon n mapiunanon, ufo hosnonuno
i cmy ysakonufi cosnanuc nonou mcxnynaponnou opianusauuu,
kofopan cfana i onsafcninim uncfufyfom nnn mupnoio pcmcnun
chopnix nohpocon. Icnu ohacnocfi hpcncfannnn hpofckuuonusm,
fo n ofncfc Iysncnifa nipaxanoci fpconanuc ncoxonumocfu
fpancqopmauuu mcxnynaponnou skonomuucckou cucfcmi fak,
ufoi Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nc uipanu i numi poni anapuuno-
chacafcninou cnyxi n momcnfi oocfpcnun kpusuca unu cfano-
nunuci xcpfnamu kpaxa mcxnynaponnoio pinka. Iysncnif xofcn,
ufoi CUA nicfyhanu n kauccfnc mofopa mnoiocfoponncu ynu-
5JJ
ncpcaninou cucfcmi, cosnannou c ucnik nocfuxcnun hpomimncn-
noio hpouncfanun u skonomuucckoio pocfa, n pamkax kofopou
ncucfnonanu i opiani, chococfnykmuc hpcononcnuk kontknk-
fypnix kpusucon n ohpcncncnnix cfpanax. B cnyuac nosnuknonc-
nun ocoix hponcm n ofncninix pciuonax u cfpanax, Iysncnif
cuufan nosmoxnim nounaficn nc nocfuxcnun komhpomucca ofno-
cufcnino ipanuu cqcp nnunnun, a cncnonanun omum kpufcpunm,
onsafcninim nnn saunfcpcconannix cfopon, kofopic nonxni
nccfu ofncfcfncnnocfi sa cnoc honcncnuc hcpcn mcxnynaponnim
coomccfnom.
Moxcf hokasaficn, ufo fakoc hpcncfanncnuc o ocnonax nonoio
mcxnynaponnoio hopnnka ino cmyfnim u pachninuafim. Hucfo
hpaimafuucckan oucnka ofncninix coifuu kak hpofunopcuamux
konuchuuu ncnukoio hpockfa moina hoponufi ckchcuc ofnocu-
fcnino nancxn, cnnsannix c samicnom Iysncnifa. Ho cfpafciuucc-
kuc hnani ncnisn oucnunafi n kpafkocpounom macmfac npcmcnu,
ux cncnycf oucnunafi n coofncfcfnuc c ux pasmaxom n macmfac
nnufcninoio npcmcnu. Takum opasom, ncnfcninocfi Iysncnifa n
Snfc ina oiafa offcnkamu, no ona ina nahonncna uncnmu, co-
cfanunmumu konuchuuk mcxnynaponnoio hopnnka, kofopan nc-
ckoniko nccnfuncfuu chycfn honyuuna naxnoc honfncpxncnuc.
Ona hpcnhonaiana hcpcncccnuc honufuucckoio u qunancono-sko-
nomuucckoio ucnfpa fnxccfu muponou cucfcmi us Bcnukopufa-
nuu n Cocnuncnnic Ufafi. Kpomc foio, hpcnhonaianoci hpumc-
nnfi hpanuna, kofopic ucpcs nckofopoc npcmn moinu i homcmafi
coxpancnuk cucfcmi umhcpckux hpcqcpcnuuu, ufo concucfnonano
i pasnufuk hpouccca nckononusauuu u ocnauno i honufuucc-
kyk momi cfpan, nauoncc fccno cnnsannix c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu.
Ofo ncno k yckopcnuk pasnufun nauanmuxcn ncopafumix
hpoucccon u saknaninano ocnoni hcpcxona k nonou mcxnynapon-
nou cucfcmc, kofopiu nonxcn in sancpmuficn n honisy mupoho-
pnnka, ocnonannoio na pinounou skonomukc. Hc cncnycf nymafi,
ufo Iysncnif ucfko nuncn n Snfc ncc hocncncfnun cnocio icncpani-
noio hnana, no ncoxonumo homnufi, ufo n Snfc on, cnuncfncn-
niu us Ionimou fpouku, nicfyhan c hpcnnoxcnunmu, umcnmumu
muponoc snaucnuc, a nc kak samufnuk yskux hpaimafuucckux un-
fcpccon. Conhancnuc hpcnnoxcnuu Iysncnifa, umcnmux inoani-
noc snaucnuc, c omumu unfcpccamu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon ino
cnnsano c fcm, ufo CUA, ococnno n ioni nouni cfanu inannou
muponou ncpxanou, of pcmcnuu kofopou sanuccno nccomcc yny-
mcc. B sfom knkuc cncnycf paccmafpunafi xponuky paofi Snfun-
ckou konqcpcnuuu.
5J4
7.5.2 PABOTA HLTUHCKOU KOH!EPEHUUU
Inannan hponcma, kofopyk hpcncfonno paccmofpcfi Ionimou
fpoukc, kacanaci ynymcio Icpmanuu hocnc cc csoionopounou ka-
hufynnuuu. B Tcicpanc ncoquuuanino yxc cfanuncn nohpoc o pac-
uncncnuu Icpmanuu u ycfyhkc onimcu uacfu cc nocfounou fcp-
pufopuu Ionimc u Concfckomy Coksy. Tchcpi hpcncfonno pc-
mufi, hpunnfi nu sfof hnan, umcn n nuny honnoc ucucsnoncnuc
icpmanckoio iocynapcfna; nonxna nu Icpmanun nihnauunafi pcha-
pauuu; nonxni nu hocnufcnu okkyhuponafi nck cc fcppufopuk u
cncnycf nu nknkuufi panuuk n uucno okkyhauuonnix ncpxan.
Io hcpnomy us sfux nohpocon nc ino hpunnfo okonuafcnino-
io pcmcnun. B fof momcnf Iysncnif cuufan, ufo honnoc pacuncnc-
nuc Icpmanuu na camocfonfcninic iocynapcfncnnic cnunuui
ino i nyumcu iapanfucu hpofun nospoxncnun icpmanckou
ohacnocfu. Ho u Cfanun, u Hcpuunni nc inu coinacni. Cfanun
fakxc ckoppckfuponan cnoc honumanuc icpmanckou hponcmi,
ynuncn n hpcncfanncnnix hpcnnoxcnunx samanuunic nosmoxnocfu
nnn Concfckoio Coksa. Iosfomy hcpcionopi mcxny fpcmn nuncpa-
mu o nosmoxnocfu icfpoio pcmcnun hponcmi pacfnnynuci na
ncckoniko nncu, hoka nc in nauncn hcpcxon of konuchuuu pac-
uncncnun k konuchuuu pasncna Icpmanuu na soni okkyhauuu.
B momcnf kahufynnuuu (fakono ino okonuafcninoc pcmcnuc,
coinaconannoc mcxny nuncpamu Ionimou fpouku) Icpmanun nonx-
na ifi pasncncna na fpu soni okkyhauuu. Ofu fpu soni moinu
hpcnpafuficn n ucfipc, ccnu qpanuysi (kak hofom u hpousomno)
coinacnfcn nsnfi na ccn yhpanncnuc cnocu okkyhauuonnou sonou,
kofopyk hpcnhonaianoci nikpoufi us son, ofncncnnix Bcnuko-
pufanuu u Cocnuncnnim Ufafam, hocnc foio kak Iysncnif hon-
ncpxan pufanckoc sannncnuc o naxnocfu ykpchncnun hosuuuu
panuuu n ofnomcnuu Icpmanuu. 3ancpmufi paofy ho ohpcncnc-
nuk ipanuu okkyhauuonnix son nonxna ina 1oponeuciun ion-
cy:imumuonun io+uccun, kofopan yxc hponcnana snauufcninyk
uacfi paofi.
Cynia son nc ina ucfko oionopcna, fak kak Hcpuunni nc xo-
fcn, ufoi n saknkuufcninom nokymcnfc Snfunckou konqcpcnuuu
ionopunoci o pacuncncnuu Icpmanuu, onnako on coinacuncn na fo,
ufo sfof napuanf yncf hpcncfanncn n onnom us hynkfon nokymcn-
fa o csoionopounou kahufynnuuu Icpmanuu. Icmcnuc hponc-
mi ino ofnoxcno no foio npcmcnu, koina ynyf nickasani oncc
ucfkuc coopaxcnun u oncc ohpcncncnnic namcpcnun, f.c. hocnc
hcpcmupun. B kommknukc Snfunckou konqcpcnuuu nc concpxuf-
cn pcmcnun nohpoca o cynic Icpmanuu, coxpannnaci ncncnocfi
5J5
ofnocufcnino hponcmi Icpnuna, kofopiu ocfanancn n pamkax co-
ncfckou soni okkyhauuu. Bohpoc o fom, nonxna nu cymccfnonafi
koopnunauun mcxny ucfipimn sonamu u kak cc ocymccfnnnfi, in
fakxc ofnoxcn no hpckpamcnun nocnnix ncucfnuu.
Hapnny c hpunuuhamu ncnauuqukauuu Icpmanuu u hpumcnc-
nucm nccx ncoxonumix mcp, hpchnfcfnykmux fomy, ufoi n y-
nymcm ona nnoni hpcncfannnna yiposy nnn csohacnocfu u mupa n
Inpohc, in honnnf nohpoc o pchapauunx, kofopiu kacancn yny-
mcio skonomuucckoio cfafyca Icpmanuu. Iysncnif, nnumafcnino
ofnocunmuucn k sfomy nohpocy, cuufan, ufo ncnisn unfu ho cfoni
xc puckonannomy hyfu, kak n 11 i. Concfi, fcm nc mcncc, fpc-
onanu, ufoi Icpmanun honnocfik komhcncuponana noccfanonnc-
nuc nccio foio, ufo ino paspymcno ho cc nunc. Hnauc ionopn,
nohpoc o kahufanax, ncoxonumix nnn noccfanonncnun concfckoio
xosnucfna, in nacfoniko ocfpim, ufo Cfanun nc moi nc paccuu-
finafi na ncmcukuc pchapauuu n mafcpuaninom unu ncncxnom
nipaxcnuu.
B nohpocc o pchapauunx nc ino hpunuuhuaninix pacxoxnc-
nuu. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi ux nc fpconanu, a Hcpuunni cuufan,
ufo ncmui nc n cocfonnuu hnafufi ux, no Cfanun hpcnnoxun npy-
ioc pcmcnuc: sacfanufi ncmucn hnafufi nafypou hyfcm ustnfun c
fcppufopuu Icpmanuu hpcnhpunfuu unu fonapon nnn ofhpanku n
Concfckuu Coks unu n npyiuc cfpani, cfanmuc xcpfnamu icpman-
ckou aipcccuu. B fo npcmn Concfi fpconanu hpcnocfanncnun fo-
napon n cucf pchapauuu na cymmy n 1O mnpn. nonnapon. Iino pc-
mcno yupcnufi komuccuk ho pchapauunm, hcpcn kofopou ina
hocfanncna sanaua ohpcncnufi cymmi, qopmi u cpoku hnafcxcu.
Amcpukanckan cfopona nc nospaxana hpofun foio, ufo Icpmanun
nonxna nihnafufi pchapauuu na omyk cymmy n 2O mnpn nonna-
pon, hononuna kofopix nonxna houfu CCCI. Hcpuunni nc coina-
cuncn c fakou hocfanonkou nohpoca u nospaxan hpofun ohpcncnc-
nun cpokon sancpmcnun hnafcxcu. Iosfomy, nccmofpn na uacfuunyk
honncpxky amcpukanucn, n nohpocc o pchapauunx ino hpunnfo
ucfkoc pcmcnuc foniko o fom, ufo Icpmanuk cncnycf sacfanufi
nihnauunafi ux, no ncc ocfaninoc ocfananoci ncncnim.
Hfak, n Snfc nohpoc o Icpmanuu in pcmcn nc honnocfik,
ncoxonumo ino mnoioc yfounufi ho cymccfny hponcmi. Ho-
nim n cpanncnuu c Tcicpanom in ofkas of uncu pacuncncnun
Icpmanuu. Iosuuun Aninuu, ohupanmancn na naxnocfi nsaumo-
cnnsu mcxny Icpmanucu, panuucu u cnpohcuckou csohacnocfik,
ina cnumkom ohpcncncnnou, ufoi nohycfufi honnunnoc pac-
uncncnuc Icpmanuu, f.c. ncufo fakoc, ufo nixonuno i sa pamku
ypcsanun unu nosnpafa fcppufopuu c onsafcninim qukcuponanucm
5J6
n ynymcm mupnom noionopc, a ncmuam cncnonano hpunnfi sfo
hpu honhucanuu csoionopounou kahufynnuuu.
Ionickuu nohpoc, n snauufcninou mcpc pcmcnniu, kak cnc-
nonano us ncqopmaninix coinamcnuu n Tcicpanc u nccio foio, ufo
hpousomno hosnncc, no nnnapn 145 i., ohpcncnnn u fcppufopuk
Icpmanuu, u hoponun hcpnic ccpicsnic pasnoinacun nnyfpu Bc-
nukoio coksa. Ofo inu hcpnic pasnoinacun ho oucni naxnou
hponcmc, fak kak Ionima ina snakonim pcsynifafom nouni, no n
fo xc npcmn knkucnim sncmcnfom concfckou csohacnocfu. Cfpcm-
ncnuc coinaconafi sfu nna ocfonfcnicfna c qopmuponanucm ncmo-
kpafuucckoio hpanufcnicfna, npyxccfncnnoio Concfckomy Coksy,
cosnanano nonic hponcmi, kofopic n onimcu mcpc, ucm kakuc-
nuo npyiuc, ofpaxanu inyokuc hpofunopcuun, cfanmuc hpcnmcfom
hcpcionopon mcxny yuacfnukamu Ionimou fpouku.
cucfnufcnino, hpcnocfanufi Ionimc cnoony n pcmcnuu co-
cfncnnix hponcm osnauano houfu nancfpcuy nonnonckomy hpanu-
fcnicfny, kofopoc Concfi ofkasinanuci hpusnanafi, u, kak cncn-
cfnuc sfoio, chococfnonano nosnuknoncnuk na concfckou ipanuuc
oncc unu ckopcc mcncc oocnonannou (yuufinan coofnomcnuc
cun), no honufuuccku ncmanonaxnou hponcmi nnn csohacnocfu
CCCI. Hnauc ionopn, Concfi nc moinu nohycfufi, ufoi hocnc
hocni n nounc na ux sahannou ipanuuc nnoni cqopmuponanoci
npaxncnoc hpanufcnicfno. Iopikuc nochomunanun o chopax, nis-
nannix onapyxcnucm moiun n Kafinu unu Bapmanckum noccfa-
nucm, inu cmc oucni cncxu, ufoi mcxny nnymn cfpanamu moina
nncsahno nosnuknyfi afmocqcpa noncpufcninoio cofpynnuuccfna u
ccpncunou npyxi. Cymccfnonanu, kak nukoina, ycnonun nnn foio,
ufoi hpousomno opafnoc.
Ofu naxnic samcuanun fccno cnnsani c hcpcionopamu n Snfc
ho honickomy nohpocy. Iysncnif nc moi no konqcpcnuuu ofkpo-
ncnno coomufi ho yxc yhomunanmumcn hpuuunam, cnnsannim c
niopamu, smuccapam hpanufcnicfna Mukonauuuka cnoc mncnuc o
ynymcm fcppufopuaninom ycfpoucfnc Ionimu. Koina n nnnapc
145 i. sfo cfano nosmoxno, smuipanfckoc honickoc hpanufcnicfno
ofncpino hpcnnoxcnun coksnukon, u Mukonauuuk honan n ofcfan-
ky. B Snfc cnoxunoci fakoc honoxcnuc, ufo nonnonckoc hpanu-
fcnicfno ino numcno nciufumnocfu u nosmoxnocfu ncucfnonafi.
Takum opasom, hcpcionopi mcxny yuacfnukamu Ionimou
fpouku ho fcppufopuaninomy nohpocy hpomnu, n ucnom, nciko,
hofomy ufo onu sakpchunu pcmcnun, namcucnnic n omux ucpfax
n Tcicpanc: ipanuua mcxny Ionimcu u Concfckum Coksom ycfa-
nannunanaci ho nunuu Kcpsona 11 i., paccmafpunanmcucn kak
nunun pasmcxcnanun ho nauuonaninomy hpusnaky, sa ucknkucnucm
5J7
nconimux hohpanok. Hfo kacacfcn sahannou ipanuui, fo Ionima
honyuana nck Iomcpanuk u Cuncsuk nhnofi no pck Oncp u Hcucc
n kauccfnc komhcncauuu sa yfpaucnnic na nocfokc fcppufopuu.
Onnako mcxny coksnukamu nosnuknu pacxoxncnun ho nohpocy o
fom, cncnycf nu hpononufi ipanuuy ho 3ahannou unu Bocfounou
Hcucc: sfo pasnuuuc n honumanuu ino cnnsano c ncoxonumocfik
hcpcmcmcnun snauufcninou macci ncmcukoio naccncnun, c ucm
Hcpuunni nc xofcn coinacuficn. Io sfomy nohpocy pcmcnuc kon-
qcpcnuun nc hpunnna, ono ino ofnoxcno no paccmofpcnun noh-
poca honickum hpanufcnicfnom u no mupnou konqcpcnuuu (kofo-
pan fak nukoina nc ina cosnana).
uckyccuu o honickom hpanufcnicfnc cpasy hpunnnu ocfpiu
xapakfcp. Concfi hpcopasonanu knunckuu komufcf no Bpc-
mcnnoc hpanufcnicfno u hpusnanu cio. Oocfpcnuc hponcmi
ino cnnsano c fcm, ufo Kpacnan apmun sanumana nck fcppufopuk
Ionimu; nonnonckoc hpanufcnicfno camo hocfanuno ccn nnc
uipi, ocnaun fcm camim nosmoxnocfu sahannix ncpxan nicfy-
hufi n cio honncpxky, u knunckuu komufcf n cnoxunmcucn cu-
fyauuu in iofon nsnfi na ccn ofncfcfncnnocfi. K fomy xc, Co-
ncfi cuufanu nohpoc o honickom hpanufcnicfnc ysnonim hynkfom
hponcmi cnocu csohacnocfu.
Ipoinofufi fo, ufo Concfi hpuiofonunu ho sfomy nohpocy,
ino ncnosmoxno. nn Hcpuunnn samufa hpan honnkon n smuipa-
uuu ina nohpocom uccfu; Iysncnif fakxc nc moi sanumafi
unyk hosuuuk. Tcopcfuuccku, pcui mna o coinaconanuu hponc-
mi concfckou csohacnocfu c nohpocom ncmokpafuu n Ionimc.
Cfanun ucxonun us foio, ufo pcmcnuc hpcnhonaiacf ycfpancnuc
nnunnun qamucfckux sncmcnfon na omccfncnnyk xusni n
Ionimc, no snaucnuc, kofopoc Cfanun hpunanan sfomy nipaxc-
nuk, osnauano ycfpancnuc nccx nc hpokommynucfuucckux hapfuu.
Concfckuu nukfafop cpannunan unfcpcc CCCI k Ionimc c unfc-
pccom Bcnukopufanuu k panuuu. Ho on nc yhyckan cnyuan hon-
ucpknyfi, ufo ccnu coksnuku xofcnu i nannsafi honnkam nonoc
hpanufcnicfno, fo um nc cncnonano sainafi, ufo Ionima n fof
momcnf naxonunaci hon concfckum nocnnim konfponcm.
Icpchncfcnuc hcpcionopon ho honickomy nohpocy c ocyxnc-
nucm ynymcu Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu ofkpino hyfi
k komhpomuccy, hockoniky Cfanun hponnun iofonnocfi hpunnfi
amcpukanckuc hpcnnoxcnun ho nohpocy o ionoconanuu n Concfc
Icsohacnocfu qopmupykmcucn opianusauuu. Cfanun hcpccfan
fpconafi hpusnanun coksnukamu knunckoio hpanufcnicfna n
cio hpcxncm cocfanc u hpcnnoxun, ufoi ono ino hohonncno
sncmcnfamu honickou smuipauuu na ocnonc coinamcnuu, paspa-
5J8
ofannix komuccucu, kofopyk Ioniman fpouka moina i cosnafi
n Mocknc. Bipaxcnuc sncmcnfi honickou smuipauuu osnauano
hpcncfanufcnu nonnonckoio hpanufcnicfna hpu ycnonuu, ufo onu
nnnnkfcn uckpcnnumu ncmokpafamu, sfof snqcmusm uchoniso-
nancn nnn hpunanun cnonccnim oopofam onimcu yknonuunocfu.
Bohpoc o hpanufcnicfnc cnnuiancn fakum opasom n npyiyk
hnockocfi: nonxno nu honickoc hpanufcnicfno ifi cqopmupona-
no na ocnonc hohonncnnoio knunckoio hpanufcnicfna unu xc n
Ionimc cncnycf cosnafi nonoc hpanufcnicfno, kak honaian Iys-
ncnif, na asc knunckoio hpanufcnicfna c nknkucnucm ncmok-
pafuucckux sncmcnfon, umcnmuxcn kak nnyfpu cfpani, fak u sa cc
hpcncnamu. Ofo ino hpofunocfonnuc qopmynuponok, kofopoc of-
paxano cymnocfnic pacxoxncnun mcxny coksnukamu, unu, founcc,
namcpcnuc Iysncnifa u Hcpuunnn nc hpunumafi fo, ufo qakfuuccku
ino yxc concpmcno Concfamu.
Okonuafcnino hpunnfan qopmynuponka ofpaxana fpynnocfu
onnocfoponncio nixona us fyhuka. B saknkuufcninom kommknukc
hpcnycmafpunanaci ncoxonumocfi cosnafi nonoc Bpcmcnnoc
Ionickoc Ipanufcnicfno, kofopoc umcno i oncc mupokyk asy,
ucm sfo ino nosmoxno panimc, no ncnanncio ocnooxncnun sa-
hannou uacfu Ionimu: sfa qopmynuponka nknkuana hpcnnoxcnuc
3ahana o ncoxonumocfu opasonanun nonoio hpanufcnicfna. a-
ncc n nokymcnfc ionopunoci: cucfnykmcc ninc n Ionimc Bpc-
mcnnoc Ipanufcnicfno nonxno ifi hosfomy pcopianusonano na
oncc mupokou ncmokpafuucckou asc c nknkucnucm ncmokpafu-
ucckux ncnfcncu us camou Ionimu u honnkon us-sa ipanuui. Ofo
nonoc hpanufcnicfno nonxno ino honyuufi nasnanuc Ionickoc
Bpcmcnnoc Ipanufcnicfno Hauuonaninoio Inuncfna.
B sfom pasncnc kommknukc qopmanino hpusnanancn knun-
ckuu komufcf n cnnsu c coinamcnucm o qopmuponanuu hpanu-
fcnicfna na oncc mupokou ocnonc. B Mocknc nonxna ina ifi
cosnana komuccun, kofopan nknkuana Monofona u hocnon CUA u
Aninuu n CCCI A. Knapka Kcppa u Ancpcnna Iappumana, nnn kon-
cynifauuu saunfcpcconannix cfopon. Micnunoci, ufo nonoc Bpc-
mcnnoc hpanufcnicfno nauuonaninoio cnuncfna, cosnannoc n pc-
synifafc fakux koncynifauuu, nonxno yncf hponccfu kak moxno
icfpcc cnoonnic niopi na ocnonc nccomcio usupafcninoio
hpana hpu faunom ionoconanuu. B sfux niopax moiyf yuacfnonafi
kannunafi nccx anfunauucfckux u ncmokpafuucckux hapfuu.
Bnoni cosnannoc Bpcmcnnoc hpanufcnicfno honyuuf nuhnomafu-
ucckoc hpusnanuc fpcx ncnukux ncpxan.
Hipa cnonamu, uchonisonannan hpu pcnakfuponanuu pasnc-
na saknkuufcninoio nokymcnfa, hpunccna ynonncfnopcnuc nccm
5J
yuacfnykmum cfoponam. Ocmanuc hponccfu cnoonnic niopi
nanano Iysncnify (kofopiu hofom ckasan, ufo hononic niopi
nonxni ifi nnc ncnkux honospcnuu, kak xcna Hcsapn) qop-
maninic iapanfuu hnkpanucfuucckoio u hpcncfanufcninoio nc-
mokpafuucckoio pcmcnun; honoxcnuc o nohyckc nccx anfunauucf-
ckux u ncmokpafuucckux cun hpcnocfanuna Concfam nckofopic
nosmoxnocfu nnn mancnpa, ufo cosnano ncmano xnohof nuhnoma-
fam, sannfim cosnanucm nonoio hpanufcnicfna.
Bipannan qopmynuponka ofpaxana kak nuxaumuc hnani
Cfanuna, fak u hpoipammnic samicni Iysncnifa. ounmuci of
Cfanuna nosononncnun ocyxncnun nohpoca o hpanufcnicfnc, ko-
fopiu concfckuu nuncp in nhpanc cuufafi sakpifim, fak kak cu-
fyauun naxonunaci hon honnim nocnnim konfponcm Mockni u
ino cosnano Bpcmcnnoc hpanufcnicfno, nknkuanmcc hpcnannix
kommynusmy nkncu, Iysncnif namcn mcni, a cc mupuna sanuccna
of nanincumcio xona cnpohcuckou xusnu. Ipu xccfkom ofnomc-
nuu Cfanuna k honickomy nohpocy sfo ino yxc nc mano.
K sfomy naxnomy pcsynifafy ncfpcuu moxno noanufi pasncn
saknkuufcninoio kommknukc, concpxanmuu cknapauuk o oc-
nooxncnnou Inpohc. Tckcf ncknapauuu in hpcncfanncn amcpu-
kanckou ncnciauucu n nauanc konqcpcnuuu u honyuun onopcnuc
foniko na saknkuufcninom sfahc paofi. On concpxan omuc
honoxcnun, kacanmuccn fou uacfu Inpohi, kofopan ina ocno-
oxncna of nauucfckoio uia; fcopcfuuccku onu inu hpumcnumi
fakxc nnn Hfanuu u nccx npyiux iocynapcfn-cafcnnufon Ocu.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, cknapauun sanyminanaci nnn hpcnofnpamc-
nun ynymcu concfckou honufuku n Inpohc. B cknapauuu hon-
fncpxnanoci onsafcnicfno o nsaumnix koncynifauunx n hcpc-
xonniu hocncnocnniu hcpuon u ionopunoci, ufo hcpcycfpoucfno
honufuko-skonomuucckou xusnu Inpohi nonxno ifi nocfuinyfo
fakum hyfcm, kofopiu hosnonuf ynuufoxufi hocncnnuc cncni na-
uusma u qamusma u cosnafi ncmokpafuucckuc yupcxncnun ho
cocfncnnomy niopy ocnooxncnnix naponon.
B coofncfcfnuu c hpunuuhamu Afnanfuucckou xapfuu (hokasa-
fcnino camo opamcnuc k num) fpu hpanufcnicfna onsinanuci
nounaficn hocfanncnnou ucnu, homoian nkomy cnpohcuckomy
iocynapcfny u nccm inmum iocynapcfnam-cafcnnufam Ocu,
ccnu sfoio hofpcykf ocfonfcnicfna, cosnanafi ycnonun nnyfpcn-
ncio mupa; ...cosnanafi npcmcnnic hpanufcnicfncnnic nnacfu, mu-
poko hpcncfannnkmuc ncc ncmokpafuucckuc sncmcnfi naccncnun
u onsannic nosmoxno ckopcc ycfanonufi hyfcm cnoonnix nio-
pon hpanufcnicfna, ofncuakmuc nonc napona. Tpu hpanufcnicfna
onsinanuci chococfnonafi, inc sfo okaxcfcn ncoxonumim, hpo-
54O
ncncnuk fakux niopon. Kpomc foio, onu n omcu qopmc onsi-
nanuci koncynifuponaficn ofnocufcnino hponcncnun ncoxonumix
mcp n coofncfcfnuu c sannncnnimu hpunuuhamu.
Amcpukanui hpcnnaianu ncmcnncnno cosnanafi cucfcmy kon-
fponn, choconyk occhcuufi nihonncnuc sannncnnix n ncknapa-
uuu hpunuuhon, ufo, oucnunno, hpunano i cu onsafcniniu xa-
pakfcp. Kak aninuuanc, fak u, hpcxnc nccio, Concfi, cfapanuci
ocnaufi sfo hpcnnoxcnuc u cnccfu cio k onsafcnicfny koncyni-
fuponaficn n cnyuac ncoxonumocfu, f.c. na hpakfukc cnccfu na
ncf nosmoxnocfi ncmcnncnnoio konfponn nan ocymccfnncnucm
hpunuuhon, sannncnnix n ncknapauuu.
Oucni uacfo sfa cknapauun, nmccfc c coinamcnunmu o Ioni-
mc, pacucnunacfcn kak hponnncnuc cnaocfu sahannix coksnukon
n ofnomcnuu Cfanuna u nipaxcnuc cfpcmncnun hpusnafi pasncn
Inpohi na cqcpi nnunnun. B ncucfnufcninocfu, kak ananus noky-
mcnfa, fak u usyucnuc ocfonfcnicfn, n kofopix on in hpunnf,
hpunonnf k unomy ninony. Iomumo oucnunnou pachninuafocfu
nipaxcnun ncmokpafuucckuc sncmcnfi (kofopoc nanano nosmox-
nocfi nnn mupokux unfcphpcfauuu, hockoniky Concfi cuufanu
ncmokpafuucckumu n Bocfounou Inpohc, hpcxnc nccio, fcx, kfo
iofon in honuunuficn nonc hpanufcnicfna Mockni), cknapauun
ina snauufcninim maiom nhcpcn ho cpanncnuk c ncpxannou ho-
nufukou, nipaxcnucm kofopou cfan komhpomucc, nocfuinyfiu Cfa-
nunim u Hcpuunncm n okfnpc 144 i. ho ankanckum hponcmam.
Mnoiuc anfopi hucanu, ufo n cknapauuu inu sanoxcni n
ohpcncncnnom cmicnc ocnoni koncfufyuuonnix hpunuuhon, ko-
fopimu n ynymcm nonxna ina pykononcfnonaficn ncmokpafun n
Inpohc. cucfnufcnino, ccnu i cknapauun conknanaci hon-
nocfik, ona hocnyxuna i ocnonou nnn honnncnun n Inpohc, n
ococnnocfu na Iankanax (kofopic hpomnu ucpcs ohif anfopu-
fapnix, nukfafopckux, nocnnix pcxumon, nanckux of ncmokpafuu),
pnna iocynapcfn, honufuucckuu cfpou kofopix cosnanancn i n co-
ofncfcfnuu c hpunuuhamu Afnanfuucckou xapfuu, f.c. c conkncnu-
cm hnkpanusma, honumacmoio n coofncfcfnuu c anino-cakconckou
honufuucckou micnik. Ipu sfom hpuxonunoci acfpaiuponaficn
of hponcm csohacnocfu, nnunnmux na cc nihonncnuc.
cknapauun noncc nc ina ycfyhkou unu hpusnakom cnaocfu,
ona cfana hpcnnapufcninim ycnonucm u foukou ofcucfa. Ic ocymc-
cfnncnuc hokasano i choconocfi hocnufcncu paspaofafi o-
muc honoxcnun hcpcycfpoucfna ocnooxncnnou Inpohi, nc hon-
ncpian ohacnocfu fpconanun csohacnocfu. B cnyuac ncnosmox-
nocfu cc pcanusauuu ona cfana i opasuom honcncnun n ynymcm
u moncnik pcmcnun nuhnomafuucckux chopon. Ipu sfom nc yuu-
541
finakfcn omuku u ofncfcfncnnocfi, cnnsannic c cc ncnihonncnu-
cm. Bhpoucm, Cfanun nan coinacuc na cc onopcnuc n cncnykmux
cnonax: Mi moxcm pcanusonafi cc ho-cnocmy. To, ufo ncucfnu-
fcnino naxno, fak sfo coofnomcnuc cun.
Iocncnnuu nohpoc, cnnsanniu c pcmcnucm ocoix sanau, ho-
poxncnnix nounou, in kiocnanckuu. Ioniman fpouka, ysnan o
nocfuinyfom n nonpc 144 i. Tufo u Uyamuucm coinamcnuu o
yupcxncnuu pcicnfcfna, hpumna k komhpomuccy, n coofncfcfnuu c
kofopim pcmcnuc hponcmi hcpcnananoci honufuucckum cunam n
camou Kiocnanuu. B saknkuufcninom kommknukc Snfunckou
konqcpcnuuu concpxanoci hoxcnanuc o ncmcnncnnom ncfyhncnuu
n cuny coinamcnunn, opasonanuu nonoio kiocnanckoio hpanu-
fcnicfna. Kpomc foio, pckomcnnonanoci cpasy xc hocnc cqopmupo-
nanun hpanufcnicfna pacmupufi Anfuqamucfckoc Bcuc Haponnoio
Ocnooxncnun Kiocnanuu, opian Cohpofunncnun, sa cucf nknk-
ucnun uncnon hocncnncio hapnamcnfa cfpani +iynuun~, kofo-
pic nc ckomhpomcfuponanu ccn cofpynnuuccfnom c npaiom, u fa-
kum opasom cosnafi Bpcmcnniu hapnamcnf. Bcc sakononafcninic
akfi, hpunnfic Anfuqamucfckum Bcuc Haponnoio Ocnooxncnun
Kiocnanuu, honncxanu hocncnykmcmy yfncpxncnuk Yupcnufcni-
nim Copanucm.
Kak nunum, n hcpnic nnu hcpcionopi n Snfc kacanuci pcmc-
nun nohpocon, nisnannix xonom nocnnix ncucfnuu. B sfom cmic-
nc, ho cymccfny nc ino nuucio nonoio n cpanncnuu c fcm, ufo
pcmunu unu namcfunu pcmufi n Tcicpanc. Hcknkucnucm cfan pnn
qopmaninix iapanfuu, kofopic n noanncnuc k ycfyhkam 14J i.
Cfanun cncnan ho nacfonnuk Iysncnifa, a fakxc ofkas of hpunuu-
ha pacuncncnun Icpmanuu unu, ho kpauncu mcpc, coinacuc ofno-
xufi okonuafcninoc pcmcnuc sfoio nohpoca. Ofo hpcnncmano ho-
nopof, hpoucmcnmuu n hocncnykmuc mccnui u cfanmuu nonim
momcnfom ho ofnomcnuk k hpcnnapufcninim hnanam, kofopiu
cnuncfcnicfnonan o usmcncnuu xapakfcpa ofnomcnuu mcxny ho-
cnufcnnmu n hocncnocnnoc npcmn.
3nauufcninan uacfi paofi Snfunckou konqcpcnuuu ina ho-
cnnmcna hpcononcnuk honufuucckux fpynnocfcu, mcmanmux pac-
cmofpcnuk inannoio nnn Iysncnifa nohpoca, kacanmciocn ynymc-
io u cnuncfncnnoio cnnsannoio nc c nounou, a ckopcc c nancxnou
na hpcnofnpamcnuc npyiux noun. Ionnfno, ufo pcui uncf o Upeu-
nu:uuuu U0e0unenn~x Huuuu. B hpunuuhc nohpoc in hocfanncn
yxc n Tcicpanc, u foina Iysncnif ofmcfun, ufo honufuucckou hpcn-
hocinkou nnn cosnanun opianusauuu nnnnnoci nnufcninoc coinacuc
mcxny uem~pi+n no:uueuciu+u, f.c. mcxny ncnukumu ncpxanamu,
cnyxunmcc iapanfucu honncpxanun mupa. Ocfananuci hpchnfcfnun
542
fcxnuucckoio u honufuucckoio xapakfcpa, nosnukmuc no npcmn
honiofonufcninix paof n ymapfon-Okcc.
Bohpoc o Icncpaninou Accamncc, cnnsanniu c hpanom yuac-
fun n OOH, kofopoc hpcnocfannnnoci cfpanam, otnnunmum nouny
Icpmanuu, hpcfcphcn usmcncnun n cnnsu c hpcnnoxcnucm Concfon
nknkuufi n uucno cc yuacfnukon ncc 16 concfckux pcchynuk, ufo
ncno k fpconanuk hpcncfanufcnicfna, ho kpauncu mcpc, 0o+unuo-
noo, nxonunmux n cocfan Ipufanckou umhcpuu. Iysncnif in ni-
nyxncn hpunnfi komhpomuccniu napuanf, kofopiu hpcnycmafpu-
nan yuacfuc Icnopyccuu u Ykpauni n kauccfnc camocfonfcninix
uncnon napnny c CCCI.
pyiou chopniu nohpoc kacancn hpoucnypi ionoconanun n uc-
honnufcninom opianc OOH Concfc Icsohacnocfu. Icui mna o
ycfanonncnuu nc cfoniko hpanuna cnunoinacun hocfonnnix unc-
non hpu hpunnfuu pcmcnuu, kacakmuxcn nchpoucnypnix nohpo-
con (fak nasinacmoc hpano ncfo), ckoniko cnyuacn, koina onnou us
chopnmux cfopon okasinacfcn onun us hocfonnnix uncnon Concfa
Icsohacnocfu cncnycf nu n sfom cnyuac yuufinafi cio ionoc. Io
sfomy nohpocy oc sahannic ncpxani nnauanc cuufanu nosmox-
nim maxopufapnoc ionoconanuc, no sa hpomcnmuu no Snfi hc-
puon u no npcmn kpimckux hcpcionopon Hcpuunni u Iysncnif yc-
nunuci, ufo ino i omukou, hpofunopcuamcu unfcpccam ux
cfpan hpusnafi unou, ucm cnunoinacuc, kpufcpuu ionoconanun ho
cymccfncnno naxnim nohpocam. Coinacuc ino nocfuinyfo, no o
ncm nc coomanoci, hosfomy hcpcn konqcpcnuucu, kofopan nonx-
na ina ifi cosnana 25 ahpcnn n Can-panuucko, ina hocfan-
ncna sanaua honiofonufi Ycfan nonou opianusauuu.
Iocncnnuu nohpoc, ocfanmuucn ofkpifim n ymapfon-Okcc,
kacancn pcxuma kononuu, cio pcmunu cs ocoix chopon. Iin
hpunnf hpunuuh, coinacno kofopomy hpakfuka ohcku oipanuuuna-
naci foniko hpcxnumu mannafamu uiu Hauuu, inmumu kono-
nunmu npaxcckux iocynapcfn u fcppufopunmu, kofopic nopo-
nonino hpumyf noniu pcxum. Tak Iysncnif nouncn ccpicsnoio
pcsynifafa, naxnoio nnn cio honufuucckoio hpockfa yuacfun
CCCI n ynymcu mcxnynaponnou opianusauuu, nahpanncnnou na
coxpancnuc mupa.
Bohpoc o ncfyhncnuu Concfckoio Coksa n nouny c Shonucu nc
nnnnncn cocfannou uacfik omux hcpcionopon, no nccomncnno
in c numu cnnsan. Cfanun honfncpnun, ufo Concfi ncfyhnf n
nouny ucpcs nna-fpu mccnua hocnc okonuanun nouni n Inpohc.
B omcn na sfo n cckpcfnom coinamcnuu, honhucannom ofncnino
of saknkuufcninoio kommknukc Snfunckou konqcpcnuuu, inu
ohpcncncni ycnonun, ninnunyfic CCCI: iapanfun ncsanucumocfu
54J
Bncmncu Monionuu; hcpcnaua Concfckomy Coksy kxnou uacfu
ocfpona Caxanun; unfcpnauuonanusauun hopfa aupcn u noccfa-
nonncnuc apcnni CCCI na nocnno-mopckyk asy Iopf-Apfyp;
opianusauun Concfcko-Kufauckoio Omccfna nnn occhcucnun
conmccfnou skchnyafauuu Kufauckou Hanuynickou xcncsnou no-
poiu; hcpcnaua Concfckomy Coksy Kypunickux ocfponon. Bcc sfo
cohponoxnanoci ycnonucm o nocfuxcnuu concfcko-kufauckoio co-
inacun (Iysncnif onsinancn okasafi n sfom concucfnuc) ofnocu-
fcnino cfafcu, safpaiunanmux unfcpcci Kufan.
7.6. Haxanyne oxonuanwn nownm n Enpone
7.6.1. BOBHUKHOBEHUE LATEHTHOFO HAHPH+EHUH
Snfunckuc coinamcnun cnuncfcnicfnonanu o yncpcnnocfu n
hocnc u o namcpcnuu unfu ho hyfu komhpomucca, nccmofpn na
pacfymuc fpynnocfu. C qcnpann ho mau 145 i. pacmupuncn
chckfp sfux fpynnocfcu. Ipcxnc nccio, nosnukna honcmuka ho ho-
nony hohifok Icpmanuu (Iummncpa ucpcs cio smuccapon n Unc-
uuu u ucpcs pykononufcncu CC n Hfanuu) honhucafi cchapafniu
mup na 3ahanc unu, ho kpauncu mcpc, n Hfanuu. Takou napuanf
hpunnckan sahannic ncpxani, hofomy ufo ocman nocfafouno nci-
kuu hpouccc hcpcnauu nnacfu, no npcmn kofopoio nc honncpianuci
i ohacnocfu hpomimncnnic hpcnhpunfun, a kpomc foio, numan
yuacfnukon ufaninnckoio Cohpofunncnun nosmoxnocfu nouficn
opcona hocnufcncu sfoio onnuci aninuuckuc u amcpukanckuc
nocnnic u honufuku, hamnfyn o hpumcpc Ipcuuu. Iosfomy uncn
hpnmou hcpcnauu nnacfu n pyku coksnuucckux cun hpcncfannnnaci
naunyumum cpcncfnom uscxafi sfux ohacnocfcu.
Ofof hyfi hpunnckan Icpmanuk, fak kak ofpaxan nc ococnno
ckpinacmoc ck namcpcnuc pasncnufi sahannix coksnukon u CCCI
u naxc chponouuponafi mcxny numu konqnukf, ufo moino i
hpunccfu k ncoxunannomy paspiny coksa. Ofo inu unnksuu, no
nc numcnnic ocnonanuu, n ococnnocfu, ccnu yuccfi, ufo sahan-
nic ncpxani nc unqopmuponanu cnocnpcmcnno hpanufcnicfno
Mockni o hpcnnoxcnunx, hocfyhanmux of nauucfon, sacfannnn
fcm camim pacucnunafi iofonnocfi anino-amcpukanckux cckpcf-
nix cnyx nccfu hcpcionopi c ncmuamu kak hponnncnuc faunoio
samicna saknkuufi cchapafniu mup.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, pcui mna o onnom unuuncnfc, nosnuk-
mcm cpasy hocnc Snfi u hponcnunmcmcn foniko n nauanc ahpcnn,
kofopiu hpuncn k pocfy ncnoncpun. Ionospufcninocfi honkpch-
nnnaci fakxc u nocnnimu coomcnunmu o icfpom hponnuxcnuu
544
nouck sahannix coksnukon k nauoncc oiafou u naxnou uacfu
Icpmanuu, n fo npcmn kak ncmcukuc connafi samumanu kaxnyk
hnni cnocu scmnu na nocfokc: sfo numi honfncpxnano namcpcnun,
koncuno, cymccfnonanmuc n icpmanckom mfac, no kofopic nc
hpunumanu nccpics nu nocnnic, nu honufuku coksnix ncpxan.
Hauoncc fnxcnim coifucm nnn anfunauucfckou koanuuuu
cfana nncsahnan cmcpfi Iysncnifa ncucpom 12 ahpcnn. Iysncnif,
nccomncnno, in ninakmumcn yuacfnukom Ionimou fpouku. Iio
konuchuun mupa nc ymna nmccfc c num. Ioncc foio, cio cmcpfi
snamcnonana coou hpunuxcnuc honopofnoio momcnfa. Iappu
Tpymsn, cmcnunmuu cio nuuc-hpcsuncnf, kofopoio hokouniu hpc-
suncnf u nusko nc honhyckan k hpunnfuk naxnix pcmcnuu ho
hponcmam nouni, hpononxun honufuky cnocio hpcnmccfncnnuka.
Ho cfuni cio honufuku in unim; cfpafciun mcncc iukou u o-
ncc hpnmonuncunou; iofonnocfi pcmafi honufuucckuc pasnoina-
cun c homomik xopomux nuunix ofnomcnuu hpohana.
Hs fpouku IysncnifHcpuunniCfanun ymcn ncnfcni, uic umn
cfano cumnonom poxncnun nonoio mupa. umi kommynucfuucckuc
unnksuu hosnonnnu saifi xccfkocfi u uunusm, hponnncnnic
Cfanunim sa ncckoniko mccnucn no Snfi; foniko fof, kfo nocxu-
mancn hpucymcu Hcpuunnk honufuucckou noncu samufnuka Ipu-
fanckou umhcpuu, moi saifi cio yskuu umhcpckuu konccpnafusm
u fncpnyk ncpxannyk honufuky. Co cmcpfik Iysncnifa cnacna na-
ncxna, ufo ipnnyman hocna osnamcnycf coou nauano nonou shoxu.
Io nosnpamcnuk us Snfi, 2 qcnpann, Iysncnif nicfyhun n
Konipcccc, hcpcn ocumu hanafamu, u coomun o pcsynifafax kon-
qcpcnuuu. Ipcsuncnf uchonisonan sfy nosmoxnocfi, ufoi nipa-
sufi cnok nancxny na opianusauuk, kofopan nonxna ifi cosnana
na konqcpcnuuu n Can-panuucko: Kpimckan konqcpcnuun cfana
honopofnim momcnfom n namcu ucfopuu, a hofomy u n muponou
ucfopuu. Ckopo Ccnafy Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u amcpukanckomy
napony yncf hpcncfanncno naxnoc pcmcnuc, kofopoc ohpcncnuf
cyniy Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u mupa nnn ynymux hokonc-
nuu... nanuafi hnfi ncf fomy nasan amcpukanckuc connafi xnanu,
ufo iocynapcfncnnic ncnfcnu noncnyf no konua cnok paofy ho
opianusauuu mupa, no umn kofopoio onu cpaxanuci u cfpananu.
Hcni nc ina nocfuinyfa. Mi nc moxcm nohycfufi nonou omuku
u nancnficn, ufo mup cnona nixuncf. Kpimckan konqcpcnuun...
nonxna osnamcnonafi koncu cucfcmi onnocfoponnux akuuu, co-
kson uspannix, cqcp nnunnun, pannonccun cun u nccx npyiux
cpcncfn, kofopic uchonisonanuci nckamu u nccina hpunonunu k
hopaxcnuk. Mi hpcnnaiacm samcnufi ncc sfu cucfcmi ynuncp-
caninou opianusauucu, k kofopou moinu i hpucocnunuficn ncc
naponi, cfpcmnmuccn k mupy n mupc.
545
Konqcpcnuun n Can-panuucko nauana cnok paofy, kak u
ino hpcnycmofpcno, 25 ahpcnn, no yxc nakanync hpousomno co-
ifuc, kofopoc npko ofpaxano noniu knumaf n mcxnynaponnix
ofnomcnunx. Cfanun, kofopiu, nosmoxno, c uckpcnnum coxanc-
nucm nochpunnn cmcpfi Iysncnifa, pcmun nahpanufi n Can-pan-
uucko ncnciauuk ofnkni nc nuskoio yponnn, kofopyk nosinanun
nc hocon n Bamunifonc mononou Ipomiko (nasnaucnniu n snak
ncnononicfna ncnanncu honcmukou o kahufynnuuu ncmucn n Hfa-
nuu), a cam Monofon.
2J ahpcnn Monofon in hpunnf Tpymsnom, kofopomy on hcpcnan
cooncsnonanun Cfanuna u nipasun nancxny, ufo cofpynnuuccfno
mcxny nnymn cfpanamu yncf hpononxaficn u n ynymcm. Tpymsn
ofncfun n fom xc fonc. Ho ncnnycmicncnno honcnun, ufo ncoxo-
numim ycnonucm uckpcnncio cofpynnuuccfna nnnncfcn conkncnuc
Snfunckux coinamcnuu, kofopic Concfi, ho mncnuk amcpukanckou
nuhnomafuu, nc nihonnnkf n founocfu. (Ofo honfncpxnanoci fcm,
kak Bimunckuu hofpconan of koponn cmcnufi hpcmicp-munucfpa
Ianccky u nasnauufi na cio mccfo Icfpy Iposa, kofopiu nc in
kommynucfom, no nosinanun hpanufcnicfno c hpconananucm kom-
mynucfon; o sfom cnuncfcnicfnonanu hpoxonunmuc n Mocknc hc-
pcionopi o qopmuponanuu npcmcnnoio honickoio hpanufcnicfna.)
Amcpukanckuu hpcsuncnf ncmnoiocnonno, no fncpno (mnoiuc
cuufanu, ufo cnumkom fncpno) sannun Monofony, ufo Concfam
ncoxonumo cmcnufi kypc, ccnu onu xofnf coxpanufi nocfuinyfic
n qcnpanc coinamcnun. Monofon, ncucfnufcnino, in hopaxcn fo-
nom cnocio cocccnnuka, no ncnisn ncnooucnunafi ym u ohif co-
ncfckoio munucfpa u cuufafi, ufo on in ynunncn fcm, n kakux
nipaxcnunx sfo ino ckasano. Ofof shuson, kofopiu hosxc in
hpcyncnuucn nacfoniko, ufo n ncm ycmofpcnu hcpnic hpusnaku
honufuucckoio honopofa, ucio n ncucfnufcninocfu nc ino, cnunc-
fcnicfnonan o nosnuknoncnuu nonix fpynnocfcu.
7.6.2. HOPA+EHUE FEPMAHUU
Tcm npcmcncm n Inpohc nouna mna k konuy. Koina Iufncp ysnan,
ufo 28 ahpcnn Mycconunu, hohanmuu n hncn k yuacfnukam Cohpo-
funncnun, in kasncn cs cyna u cncncfnun, on hokonuun xusni
camoyuucfnom, u nnacfi nsnnu nocnnic. 3a ncckoniko nncu no
sfoio hpousomna ncfpcua concfckux u amcpukanckux nouck n Top-
iay, cohponoxnanmancn onimumu hpasnnonanunmu. Iasnana Bc-
nukoio coksa nc hpousomno, oncc foio, Ouscnxaysp no konua
cncpxunan fcmhi hponnuxcnun cnoux nouck, ufoi nunun okky-
hauuu conhanana c coinaconannou mcxny nocnnim komannonanucm
apmuu coksnukon.
546
B sfou ocfanonkc anmupan cnuu cfan icpmanckum hpcmicp-
munucfpom u cpasy xc ycfanonun konfakf c coksnim komannona-
nucm. Icnu y ncio ocfananuci kakuc-fo unnksuu ofnocufcnino nc-
uscxnou csoionopounou kahufynnuuu, fo onu inu pacccnni
Bcpxonnim inannokomannykmum coksnimu nouckamu icncpanom
Ouscnxayspom. 8 man 145 i. ncmcukuu smuccap icncpan Honni
honhucan n Icumcc n mfa-knapfupc coksnukon hpofokon o kahu-
fynnuuu Icpmanuu. Ha cncnykmuu ncni ananoiuuniu nokymcnf
in honhucan n Icpnunc n hpucyfcfnuu mapmana Zykona.
Tak sakonuunaci nouna n Inpohc: uapuna nancxna, ufo uyno-
numnan kafacfpoqa hpckpafunaci. Bunonnuku nouni inu icfpo
ocyxncni unu saknkucni n fkpimy n oxunanuu cyncnix hpo-
ucccon, fakux kak n Hkpncpic. Iinu packpifi sncpcfna, concp-
mcnnic nauucfamu, n ococnnocfu hocnc 142 i., n konucnfpauu-
onnix naicpnx. Io nopoiam Icpmanuu n npyiuc cfpani Inpohi
nnuianuci kononni cxcnucn, kofopic nosnpamanuci k ccc no-
mou, a fakxc pcnu ncmui, uiu scmnu inu ofnani Ionimc, n
houckax cnocio mccfa hpoxunanun. Io nopoiam, paspymcnnim
nounou, mnu ocfanmuccn n xunix ncfcpani, oopnannic, ionon-
nic u usnypcnnic, onu cfpcmunuci, uchonisyn nkic cnyuaunic
fpanchopfnic cpcncfna, nopaficn nomou.
Inpoha, fa uacfi Inpohi, inc ncnaci nouna, inc ipanuui ho-
mnunu nauoncc ocfpic momcnfi ocn, inc omapnuponku u, n
ococnnocfu, omapnuponku coksnukamu Icpmanuu u Ccncpnou
Hfanuu, nc nccina ohpannannic n nocnnom ofnomcnuu, nyxnic
foniko nnn foio, ufoi ocnaufi nauucfckuu fin, sfa Inpoha
cmofpcna na nacfyhunmuu mup, nuncna oipomnic macmfai hpcn-
cfonnmcio noccfanonncnun u cc oxnafinano panocfnoc nonncnuc,
kofopoc nccno c coou cnono mup.
7.7. Hoctenoennan nanpn:ennocin
7.7.1. KAB.C TPUECTA U HOLBCKAH HPOBLEMA
Koncu cpaxcnuu n Inpohc nc pcmun, koncuno, honufuucckux
hponcm u nc osnauan koncu muponou nouni. Hfoi cnpohcuckan
cufyauun xofn i munumanino nopmanusonanaci, ino ncoxonu-
mo hpucfyhufi k pcmcnuk nohpocon, ho kofopim n Snfc nc ino
nocfuinyfo honnou noionopcnnocfu, n hcpnyk oucpcni, sfo kaca-
noci icpmanckou hponcmi. Hfoi mup ycfanonuncn no nccm
mupc, nyxno ino sacfanufi Shonuk kahufynuponafi.
Concfckan honufuka n Ionimc u Bocfounou Inpohc hopoxna-
na onimyk fpcnoiy na 3ahanc. Yxc fof qakf, ufo noucka Tufo
547
saxnafunu Tpuccf no foio, kak n iopon Knun Hcsapn nomna apmun
coksnukon, u ofkasanuci cio hokunyfi, nccmofpn na hpukasi ncp-
xonnoio komannykmcio coksnimu nouckamu icncpana Anckcannc-
pa, kofopomy qopmuponanun Tufo qopmanino honuunnnuci, in
hnoxum hpcnsnamcnonanucm. Cocymccfnonanuc coksnix nouck u
hapfusan Tufo cpasy okasanoci fpynnim ncnom u cfano cmc oncc
cnoxnim n cnnsu c fcm, ufo coksnuku hpunnnu pcmcnuc, hpcnna-
pnn ycfanonncnun ynymcio mupnoio noionopa hponccfu nunuk
okkyhauuu ho nonocnnou ipanuuc.
Ho naxc ccnu ofpocufi sfof qopmaniniu achckf, kiocnanc-
kuc hapfusani inu nacfpocni kpaunc npaxncno ho ofnomcnuk
k Hfanuu. Ofkas kiocnanckux hapfusan ocfanufi Tpuccf pciynnp-
nim okkyhauuonnim cunam nisinan honnunnoc nciononanuc. Ha-
hpnxcnuc nocfuino nicokou cfchcnu n nocnnom u nuhnomafuucc-
kom ofnomcnuu u iposuno ninuficn n noopyxcnnoc cfonknoncnuc.
Tufo nyman, ufo moxcf honnocfik paccuufinafi na honncpxky co-
ncfckux nouck, kofopan cmy okasinanaci, onnako no ohpcncncnnoio
momcnfa, u nosmoxno sfo cfano ofpaxcnucm pacxoxncnuu mcxny
nauuonanucfuucckumu nacfpocnunmu nuncpa kiocnanckux hapfu-
san u oncc mupokumu unfcpccamu concfckou honufuku. B sfou
cufyauuu hcpcionopi cfanu ncoxonumi, no foniko n ccpcnunc
uknn nocnnan anmunucfpauun coksnukon ycfanonuna cnok nnacfi
n ioponc u hopfy Tpuccfa, a kiocnanckuc hapfusani ymnu, ckpchn
ccpnuc, n iopi, okpyxanmuc iopon.
Icpcionopi n Mocknc ho honickomy nohpocy hpoxonunu fakxc
fpynno u nisnanu nouncfncnniu ofknuk n amcpukanckou hpcccc.
Ho n sfom nohpocc Tpymsn honcn ccn kak nacncnnuk Iysncnifa u
cfoponnuk komhpomucca, on coinacuncn ncfpcfuficn n uknc co Cfa-
nunim n Inpohc. Hfoi honnku nc mcmanu hcpcionopam, Tpymsn
hpunnn pcmcnuc, kofopoc ofpaxano cio cfpcmncnuc nc yinynnfi
pasnoinacun. On pcmun hocnafi n Mockny Iappu Iohkunca, oucni
nuskoio cofpynnuka Iysncnifa u honufuka, kofopiu hcpnim hpu-
in n Mockny n 141 i. c ocmanucm amcpukanckou homomu u ko-
fopiu, fakum opasom, nohnoman cfpcmncnuc noionopuficn co
Cfanunim: cio muccun oxununa na nckofopoc npcmn nyx Snfi.
Mcxny Cfanunim u Iohkuncom cocfonncn ofkponcnniu omcn
mncnunmu. Cfanun ckasan, ufo samcfun n namcpcnunx aninuuan
cfpcmncnuc hpcnpafufi Ionimy n cnocio pona noniu canufapniu
kopnon hpofun CCCI. Iohkunc nospasun u sannun, ufo Cocnuncn-
nic Ufafi hpusnakf unfcpcci concfckou csohacnocfu u nipa-
xakf hoxcnanuc, ufoi n Bapmanc ino cosnano npyxccfncnnoc
CCCI koanuuuonnoc hpanufcnicfno. Onnako CUA nc moiyf co-
inacuficn c fcm, ufoi fakonim cfano knunckoc hpanufcnicfno,
kofopoc honncpxunakf Concfi.
548
B kauccfnc komhpomucca Cfanun hpcnnoxun cosnafi npcmcn-
noc hpanufcnicfno, hpu honncpxkc Mockni, kofopoc cfano i ko-
anuuuonnim, u n cio cocfan nomnu i hpcncfanufcnu ipyhh, npy-
xccfncnnix kak coksnukam, fak u Concfckomy Coksy: ucfipc
hnfi nonix munucfpon na 18-2O uncnon hpanufcnicfna. Ofo in
cnaiu komhpomucc, hofomy ufo munucfpam (nc kommynucfam)
ofnonunaci numi ucfncpfi mccf n hpanufcnicfncnnom kauncfc.
Tcm nc mcncc, Tpymsn coinacuncn c num, ufoi nipasufi cnoc
pachonoxcnuc u nancxny, ufo n pcsynifafc niopon cfancf nos-
moxno cqopmuponafi hpanufcnicfno n coofncfcfnuu c nnunnucm
honufuucckux cun, ncucfnykmux n Ionimc. Takum opasom, pca-
nusm Snfi, honkpchncnniu qopmaninim komhpomuccom, cpao-
fan n honisy cfanunckou honufuku.
Honoc hpanufcnicfno ino cqopmuponano 2 uknn n coofncf-
cfnuu c hpunnfimu noionopcnnocfnmu. Iio nosinanun hpokommy-
nucfuuccku nacfpocnniu couuanucf Ocyka-Mopanckuu; Muko-
nauuuk coinacuncn hpunnfi yuacfuc n skchcpumcnfc, nccmofpn na
ohhosuuuk icncpana Anncpca, komannykmcio honickumu nocnni-
mu cunamu, cpaxanmumucn nmccfc c coksnukamu, u couuanucfa
Apuumcnckoio, cfanmcio nonim hpcmicp-munucfpom smuipanf-
ckoio hpanufcnicfna n onnonc. Hipa Mukonauuuka okasanaci hpo-
uipimnou, no on nc xofcn yhycfufi hocncnnuu manc n nuny hpu-
nuxanmuxcn niopon, kofopic n coofncfcfnuu c Snfunckumu co-
inamcnunmu, nonxni inu nckopc cocfonficn, no kofopic inu
hponcncni foniko n nnnapc 147 i. n concpmcnno unix ycnonunx.
7.7.2. HOTC,AMCKAH KOH!EPEHUUH
Iofcnamckan konqcpcnuun, caman hpononxufcninan cpcnu
konqcpcnuuu coksnukon n hcpuon nouni, hpoxonuna c 17 uknn
ho 2 aniycfa 145 i. n nconimom ioponkc n nocfounom hpuioponc
Icpnuna. Ha xon konqcpcnuuu onimoc nnunnuc okasana nonan
cufyauun, n kofopou okasanuci coksnuku. Toniko Cfanun, ynyuu
ncfcpanom, yuacfnonan n paofc konqcpcnuuu of nauana no konua.
Y Tpymsna nc ino ohifa yuacfun n mcxnynaponnix ncfpcuax n
ncpxax; on cmc nc ychcn ycfanonufi noncpufcninix ofnomcnuu c
Hcpuunncm u hufan chonfannoc ncnoncpuc k Cfanuny. Hcpuunni
in oucni ckonan hpcncfonnmumu n Bcnukopufanuu niopamu.
Hmcnno hosfomy 25 uknn konqcpcnuun ina hpcpnana, a koina
ona nosononuna cnok paofy, fo mccfo Hcpuunnn sannn hocnun-
muu na niopax n Aninuu nuncp ncuopucfon Kncmcnf Offnu, ko-
fopiu hpucyfcfnonan u na hcpnom sfahc paof. Bmccfc c num n
konqcpcnuuu yuacfnonan noniu munucfp unocfpannix ncn Opnccf
54
Icnun. Ha cmcny amcpukanckomy munucfpy unocfpannix ncn Cfcf-
funuycy, cohponoxnanmcmy Iysncnifa n Snfc, hpumcn oncc anfo-
pufcfniu Iupnc. Cfanuna ho-hpcxncmy cohponoxnan Monofon.
Tak kak nouna n Inpohc ina okonucna, a cohpofunncnuc Sho-
nuu ino yxc nohpocom npcmcnu, fo u ocnano cfpcmncnuc Ioni-
mou fpouku k houckam coinacun. Kpomc foio, ofcyfcfnuc panuuu,
kofopan, n coofncfcfnuu c Snfunckumu coinamcnunmu, yuacfnonana
n paofc Coksnoio konfponinoio concfa ho Icpmanuu, moino hpu-
nccfu k fomy, ufo saknkuufcninic pcmcnun ho inannomy ocyx-
nanmcmycn nohpocy o ynymcm Icpmanuu moinu ochapunaficn.
pyiuc nohpoci, honncxanmuc paccmofpcnuk, kacanuci mupnix
noionopon c hocxncnnimu cfpanamu u, n hcpnyk oucpcni, c mnan-
mumu coksnukamu Icpmanuu, a fakxc inu cnnsani c mnoiouuc-
ncnnimu fpconanunmu, ninnunyfimu pykononufcnnmu Ionimou
fpouku, n ococnnocfu Cfanunim.
Ofcyfcfnuc Iysncnifa, koncuno, uyncfnonanoci. Tpymsn, ynyuu
oncc oquuuaninim, ncn nuckyccuu c oncc xccfkux hosuuuu,
snauufcnino mcnimc in cknoncn k noncpufcninim ofnomcnunm
no npcmn nnycfoponnux ncfpcu u n cccnax hocnc ocnon, kofopic
inu uyxni cio cfunk xusnu; koina on yuacfnonan n saccnanunx
unu pykononun umu, fo nc saofuncn o fom, ufoi cinanufi ocfpic
yini. K fomy xc, n sfof hcpuon Cocnuncnnic Ufafi onimc nc
nyxnanuci n ycfyhkax co cfoponi Concfckoio Coksa, c kofopim
nonxni inu foniko yfounufi nohpoci, nc pcmcnnic n Snfc. Ho
fchcpi amcpukanui ncucfnonanu c hosuuuu cuni, ucmy choco-
cfnonana ncnanno oncpxannan hocna n nounc, a fakxc u ychcmnoc
uchifanuc 16 uknn n Anamoiopno (mfafa Hik-Mckcuko) hcpnou
afomnou omi.
Ocyxncnuc icpmanckou hponcmi hpoxonuno n nahpnxcnnou
afmocqcpc c camoio nauana c 18 uknn (cmc no foio, kak n Icpnun
hpumna honponan unqopmauun o ychcxc amcpukanckux yucnix,
kofopyk Tpymsn honyuun foniko 21 uknn). Zccfkan honcmuka
pasncpnynaci u ho nohpocy o honoxcnuu n Iankanckux cfpanax,
okkyhuponannix Concfamu, a fakxc ho nkomy fpconanuk, nin-
nunyfomy Cfanunim.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, nccmofpn na cc hpononxufcninocfi, na
konqcpcnuuu ino hpunnfo nna naxnix noka pcmcnuu, kacan-
muxcn icpmanckou hponcmi u hcpcionopon o mupnix noionopax.
Ocyxncnuc mupnix noionopon, cnnsannoc c hpanonim achckfom
honufuucckoio u fcppufopuaninoio ycfpoucfna hocncnocnnou In-
pohi, ino ofnocufcnino ncikum. Iykononufcnu fpcx ncnukux
ncpxan pcmunu cosnafi chcuuaniniu opian Concf munucfpon
unocfpannix ncn (CMH), kofopiu nonxcn in honiofonufi hpo-
55O
ckf mupnoio noionopa nnn kaxnou us saunfcpcconannix cfpan.
B cio cocfan nonxni inu nxonufi hpcncfanufcnu iocynapcfn, hon-
hucanmux hcpcmupuc c inmcu npaxcckou cfpanou kak n Inpohc,
fak u n Asuu. Ipu sfom panuun paccmafpunanaci kak cfpana,
honhucanman hcpcmupuc c Hfanucu, ufo hosnonnno qpanuysckum
hpcncfanufcnnm yuacfnonafi n honiofonkc hpockfa mupnoio noio-
nopa c Hfanucu u fcm camim uscxafi pacxoxncnun honufuucckux
hosuuuu n CMH. onnon in uspan mccfom hpcinanun Conc-
fa, hpucfyhunmcio k paofc 1 ccnfnpn 145 i. Icpniu noionop,
kofopiu CMH hpcncfonno honiofonufi (fak ino pcmcno n
konuc paofi konqcpcnuuu), kacancn Hfanuu, hcpnou us cfpan
Ocu, kahufynuponanmcu hcpcn coksnukamu. Icmcnun ho hpouc-
nypnim nohpocam hokasanu, ufo cpcnu yuacfnukon coksa, cnoxun-
mciocn no npcmn nouni, hpcnanuponano cfpcmncnuc cnocnpcmcnno
honiofonuficn k nacfyhunmcmy mupy.
Ocyxncnuc xc icpmanckoio nohpoca ninnuno inyokuc pac-
xoxncnun mcxny coksnukamu. B nuckyccunx o ynymcm Icpmanuu
coksnuku cfonknynuci co cnoxnimu fcppufopuaninimu, anmunu-
cfpafunnimu u qunancono-skonomuucckumu hponcmamu. B Snfc
ino pcmcno, ufo ipanuua mcxny Ionimcu u Icpmanucu ycfanan-
nunanaci ho pckam Oncp u Hcucc, no nc ino pcmcno founo, ho
Bocfounou unu 3ahannou Hcucc. Mcxny nnymn pckamu pachono-
xcn hnonoponniu ccnickoxosnucfncnniu pauon, sannfiu n fo
npcmn concfckumu nouckamu (ufo ycnoxnnno cufyauuk), u Cfanun
nacfouuuno fpconan, ufoi ipanuua hpoxonuna ho 3ahannou Hcu-
cc. Hccmofpn na oxccfoucnniu xapakfcp nuckyccuu c Hcpuunncm,
ux ucxon in hpcnohpcncncn cufyauucu, cnoxunmcucn n sfom pauo-
nc. Ho ncc ocfaninoc ino nc cfoni ccchopnim.
Iino pcmcno, ufo n anmunucfpafunnom hnanc Icpmanun nonx-
na ifi pasncncna na ucfipc soni okkyhauuu, yhpannnkmuccn
coofncfcfncnno fpcmn ncnukumu ncpxanamu u panuucu. Icpnun
nonxcn in ifi usonuponan nnyfpu concfckou soni u, n cnok
oucpcni, pasncncn na ucfipc cckfopa, hpcncfonno ycfanonufi, kak
fcxnuuccku yncf pcmaficn nohpoc o cnoonc kommynukauuu mcx-
ny inmcu cfonuucu Icpmanuu u sahannimu sonamu okkyhauuu.
Koopnunauun anmunucfpafunnou ncnfcninocfu n honufuucckom
hnanc hopyuanaci coksnomy konfponinomy concfy ho Icpmanuu,
honnomouun kofopoio ohpcncnnna Inpohcuckan koncynifafunnan
komuccun. On nonxcn in sancpmufi pasopyxcnuc u ncmunufapu-
sauuk Icpmanuu u ocymccfnnnfi konfponi nan icpmanckumu hpcn-
hpunfunmu, kofopic moxno ino i uchonisonafi nnn nocnnoio
hpousnoncfna; ycnufi ncmcukuu napon n ncoxonumocfu hcpcnocufi
fniofi hocncncfnuu nocnnoio hopaxcnun; hponccfu ncnauuqukauuk
551
Icpmanuu; honiofonuficn k pckoncfpykuuu icpmanckou honufu-
ucckou xusnu na ncmokpafuucckou ocnonc u k sncnfyaninomy
mupnomy cofpynnuuccfny Icpmanuu n mcxnynaponnou xusnu.
Bcc okkyhauuonnic nnacfu nonxni inu pykononcfnonaficn
cnunimu kpufcpunmu u chococfnonafi pasnufuk ncmokpafuucckux
qopm camoyhpanncnun, no sfo honoxcnuc usnaianoci n cnumkom
omux nipaxcnunx, ufo cosnanano nosmoxnocfi nnn onnocfopon-
ncio fonkonanun. opmaniniu achckf npcmcnnou opianusauuu
okkyhuponannou Icpmanuu in, onnako, aconkfno nfopocfchcn-
nim n cpanncnuu c oncc naxnimu nohpocamu, kacanmumucn, n
hcpnyk oucpcni, hponcmi pchapauuu, kofopan nc ina okonua-
fcnino pcmcna n Snfc, u hponcmi ohpcncncnun pcxuma hpousnon-
cfna u omux skonomuucckux hpunuuhon nospoxncnun Icpmanuu.
Tpymsn nc umcn n nuny nakasanuc Icpmanuu, kak fo hpcnyc-
mafpunanoci pcsonkuucu 1O67 amcpukanckoio Otcnuncnnoio ko-
mufcfa nauaninukon mfaon, okasinanmcu nnunnuc na honufuky
CUA no Snfi. Io nohpocy o pchapauunx on sanuman cmc oncc
xccfkyk hosuuuk, ucm Iysncnif, u ofncpian pcmcnun, kofopic
cfanunu Icpmanuk n ycnonun kpauncu nyxni u honcpianu cc n co-
uuaniniu xaoc, a, cncnonafcnino, fonkanu n otnfun Concfon. Kpo-
mc foio, y ncio nc ino nu mancumcio namcpcnun nnoni cosnafi
ocfanonky, nahomunanmyk cufyauuk n nohpocc o pchapauunx
hocnc Icpnou muponou nouni. B Snfc Hcpuunni nc in cknoncn
ycfyhafi concfckum fpconanunm. B Iofcnamc cmy hpumnoci hpu-
cnymaficn k fpconanunm panuuu nouficn of Icpmanuu xofn
i uacfuunoio nosmcmcnun ymcpa, hpuuuncnnoio nounou. Io-
sfomy on cmc oncc yncpcnno hpofunocfonn fpconanunm Concfon,
kofopic, opamanci k coinamcnuk, nocfuinyfomy n Snfc, honio-
fonunu hpcnnapufcninic pacucfi, coinacno kofopim Icpmanun
nonxna ina nihnafufi 2O mnpn. nonnapon pchapauuu, hpuucm
hononuna sfou cymmi nonxna ina unfu Concfckomy Coksy.
B Iofcnamc Cfanuny hpumnoci cfonknyficn c omcu anino-
amcpukanckou hosuuucu ho sfomy nohpocy. Hckofopic ynuncnu n
sfom hcpniu pcsynifaf honnunmcucn yncpcnnocfu n cnocu cso-
hacnocfu amcpukanckoio hpcsuncnfa hocnc ychcmnoio uchifanun
afomnou omi. uckyccuu ho sfou hponcmc nosononunuci sa
ncckoniko mccnucn no sfoio, u usmcncnuc amcpukanckou hosuuuu
nc ino ncoxunannocfik, ono cfano pcsynifafom ckopcc hocfc-
hcnnoio cnuxcnun amcpukanckoio u aninuuckoio honxona k hpo-
ncmc hocnc Snfi n cuny fcxnuko-skonomuucckux hpuuun, a nc n
cnnsu c nocfuxcnucm cfpafciuucckoio pannonccun. Bpnn nu moxno
cuufafi, ufo nonan hosuuun CUA cfana cncncfnucm hcpccmofpa
amcpukanckou cfpafciuu ofnocufcnino ynymcio Icpmanuu, kofo-
poc hpousomno hocnc honhucanun akfa o kahufynnuuu n mac.
552
Takum opasom, koina Cfanun hofpconan honfncpxncnun cym-
mi n 2O mnpn nonnapon, fo cfonknyncn c xccfkum ofkasom u c
hpcnnoxcnucm paccuufinafi pchapauuu na asc nosmoxnix ustn-
fuu us ncmcukou hpomimncnnocfu hyfcm ncmonfaxa u ninosa
icpmanckux hpomimncnnix hpcnhpunfuu, nc hpcnnasnaucnnix
nnn occhcucnun ncmuam munumaninoio xusncnnoio yponnn, nc
hpcnimanmcio yponcni npyiux cnpohcuckux cfpan. Ofof nohpoc
sanuman ucnfpaninoc mccfo n paofc konqcpcnuuu, hofomy ufo
ncmcukuc pchapauuu inu onnum us naxnix sncmcnfon, na ocnonc
kofopix Cfanun hnanuponan hponccfu pckoncfpykuuk concfckou
hpomimncnnou cucfcmi. Ionufuka panukaninoio ncmonfaxa u ni-
nosa hpcnhpunfuu u fonapon, nauafan Concfamu cmc no ofkpifun
konqcpcnuuu, a fakxc nosyxncnuc connaf Kpacnou apmuu, usi-
manmux y ncmucn camic sncmcnfapnic hpcnmcfi hofpcncnun,
nananu hpcncfanncnuc o numcnunx (usnccfnix na 3ahanc), hcpcnc-
ccnnix concfckumu nknimu no npcmn nouni, a, nosmoxno, u
panimc, u o fpynnocfnx noccfanonncnun skonomuku.
Cfanun nchpumupumo ofcfaunan cnou hosuuuu, nanan honnfi,
ufo of coinamcnun ho sfou hponcmc sanuccno pcmcnuc honufu-
ucckux nohpocon, kofopic cfonnu hcpcn konqcpcnuucu. C npyiou
cfoponi, cio hosuuun ina ocnancna n momcnf paccmofpcnun
nohpoca u hpunnfun pcmcnun ninyxncnnim hcpcpinom n paofc
konqcpcnuuu (25-28 uknn) n cnnsu c niopamu n Aninuu. Kpomc
foio, na paofy konqcpcnuuu okasano nnunnuc nacfpocnuc Tpyms-
na, c ncfcphcnucm cfpcmunmciocn ncpnyficn nomou, hockoniky
nonan cufyauun, cnoxunmancn n cnnsu c hpcncfonnmum ncfyhncnu-
cm Concfon n nouny c Shonucu (nc hosxc 8 aniycfa) u cfoni xc
hpcnckasycmou kahufynnuucu Shonuu ncncncfnuc ncmunycmix
afomnix omapnuponok, fpconana hpucyfcfnun n CUA hpcsu-
ncnfa u iocynapcfncnnoio cckpcfapn.
B hocncnnuc nnu paofi konqcpcnuuu nacfyhun camiu xccf-
kuu sfah hcpcionopon, sancpmunmuucn komhpomuccom, nc ofnc-
uanmum nancxnam Cfanuna, no, ho kpauncu mcpc, nananmum cmy
ohpcncncnnyk cnoony mancnpa. Ocnonou coinamcnun cfan ofkas
of ucfkoio ohpcncncnun cymmi pchapauuu, ycfanonncnuc kofopou
ino ofnoxcno no nauana paofi cosnananmcucn Komuccuu ho pc-
hapauunm (n ncu nonxna ina yuacfnonafi fakxc u panuun),
snaucnuc nonoio opiana ino nuufoxnim n nuny nosnukmux n
145 i. pasnoinacuu. Kaxnan us okkyhauuonnix ncpxan moina na-
uafi ninos hpcnnasnaucnnoio cu hpomimncnnoio oopynonanun
us cnocu soni, u hockoniky sahannic soni okkyhauuu inu oncc
pasnufimu, fo CCCI ina hpcnocfanncna nosmoxnocfi honyuafi
nohonnufcnino 1O' hpomimncnnoio oopynonanun us sahannix
55J
son, a fakxc 15' fakoio oopynonanun n omcn na hponononi-
cfncnnic fonapi u yioni, honyucnniu us Cuncsckoio acccuna.
Komhpomucc n nohpocc o pchapauunx ofpocun ncc npyiuc fpc-
onanun Concfon skonomuucckoio xapakfcpa: fpcfi sonofoio saha-
ca Icpmanuu, cosnanuc mcxnynaponnoio opiana nnn yhpanncnuc
Iypom, fpcfi umckmuxcn hpomimncnnix pcscpnon Icpmanuu. Ic-
mcnun ho sfum nohpocam nonxni inu ofncuafi omum kpufcpu-
nm, kofopimu pykononcfnonanuci Coksniu konfponiniu concf u
coksnic nnacfu noomc n nohpocax conmccfnoio yhpanncnun Icp-
manucu. Ofo hpcnhonaiano ofncf na nohpoc, ocfanmuucn ofkpi-
fim n Snfc: nonxna nu Icpmanun ifi ucnocfnim iocynapcfnom
unu cncnycf cosnafi ycnonun nnn okonuafcninoio pasncna ncmcu-
kou fcppufopuu Ipcnnoxcnun, honiofonncnnic Inpohcuckou
koncynifafunnou komuccucu u hochcmno hpunnfic n Iofcnamc,
honfncpxnanu hpunuuh, coinacno kofopomy n hcpuon okkyhauuu
Icpmanun yncf paccmafpunaficn kak cnunoc skonomuucckoc uc-
noc. Iosfomy okkyhauuonnic ncpxani onsanuci cncnonafi o-
mum hpanunam no nccx cqcpax ncmcukou skonomuucckou xusnu:
of iopnonoinakmcu hpomimncnnocfu no honufuku n onacfu
sapaofnou hnafi, fpanchopfa u npyiux ocnonnix ofpacncu sko-
nomuku.
Ofof hpunuuh, honoxcnniu n ocnony coinamcnuu ho hponc-
mam skonomuku Icpmanuu u pcmcnun hponcmi pchapauuu, uc-
honisonancn houfu cccosnafcnino fpcmn pykononufcnnmu ncnukux
ncpxan (kofopic n hocncnnuc nnu paofi konqcpcnuuu onnonpc-
mcnno cspcsynifafno hifanuci pcmufi pnn mcncc snauumix hpo-
ncm, n uacfnocfu, nohpoc o mupnom hcpcccncnuu ncmcukoio na-
ccncnun c fcppufopuu, hcpcnannix Ionimc), no hpucymuc cmy
cnoxnocfu cfanu nunni foniko co npcmcncm. Cam hpunuuh hpcn-
honaian coxpancnuc Icpmanuu: hpcncfonno ohpcncnufi cc ipanuui
u cfchcni cyncpcnufcfa.
Tcm nc mcncc, Icpmanun coxpannnaci kak cyncpcnnoc iocynap-
cfno, nccmofpn na hopaxcnuc u ncc hpockfi pacuncncnun, cymc-
cfnonanmuc no sfoio. Ioncc foio, coinacno ycfanonncnnomy hopnnky,
ncc sfu hpanuna ncucfnonanu na hcpuon okkyhauuu, a sfo osnaua-
no, ufo u nocnnan okkyhauun n ohpcncncnniu momcnf, kofopiu
hpcncfonno ohpcncnufi, hpckpafufcn. B sancpmcnuc yfncpxnanoci,
ufo c sfoio npcmcnu cymccfnycf skonomuucckoc ucnoc, nasinacmoc
Icpmanucu, kofopan nonxna yhpannnficn na ocnonc coinaconannou
omcu honufuku. K sfomy momcnfy Icpmanun ina numcna n
cpanncnuu c 1J7 i. cnoux nocfounix hponunuuu u Bocfounou
Ipyccuu, a hofomy moxno ino hpcncfanufi cc ynymyk fcppufo-
puk, sa ucknkucnucm sncnfyaninix usmcncnuu n Caapc.
554
Bcc sfo osnauano, ufo, cosnafcnino unu nc cosnanan no konua
snaucnuc cocfncnnix pcmcnuu, hpunnfix hochcmno no npcmn
konqcpcnuuu, kofopan hpononxanaci oucni nonio u na paofy ko-
fopou okasinana nnunnuc cufyauuu na Tuxom okcanc, pykononufc-
nu fpcx ncnukux ncpxan kapnunanino usmcnunu cnou nsinnn na
icpmanckyk hponcmy. cucfnufcnino, konuchuun skonomuku
Icpmanuu kak cnunoio ucnoio hpcnhonaiana ncnosmoxnoc ko-
opnunauuk ncucfnuu coksnukon unu honnoc coinacuc mcxny
numu. B cnyuac nocfuxcnun honnoio coinacun sfo osnauano i,
ufo Concfi (kak u nyman Cfanun), naionapn cnocmy honufuuccko-
my nnunnuk cmoiyf yuacfnonafi n konfponc nan skonomuucckou
xusnik nccu Icpmanuu, f.c. cmoiyf i okasinafi skonomuucckoc u
(cncnonafcnino) honufuucckoc nnunnuc na nck cfpany no pcunckou
ipanuui. B hpofunnom cnyuac icpmanckoc iocynapcfno cfano i
apcnou cfonknoncnun pasnuunix fonkonanuu kak konuchuuu sko-
nomuucckoio yhpanncnun, fak u cnuncfna Icpmanuu.
Yxc n Iofcnamc moxno ino nuncfi, ufo Concfi u sahannic
coksnuku (sa ucknkucnucm panuuu, n honufukc kofopou hpcna-
nuponano cfpcmncnuc k nosmcsnuk) hpuncpxunanuci concpmcnno
pasnuunix kpufcpucn. Bof houcmy koina onu yfncpxnanu, ufo na-
mcpcni ncucfnonafi coinaconanno n nohpocax yhpanncnun ncmcu-
kou skonomukou, fo ionopunu o ncmax, hpofunopcuunmux ncu-
cfnufcninocfu, u namcuanu kypc, kofopim onu nc moinu cncnonafi;
n pcsynifafc napacfanu yxc cymccfnykmuc pasnoinacun. Takum
opasom, ninnuiafi konuchuuk omcu skonomuucckou honufuku
osnauano hpuncpxunaficn omux fcopcfuucckux honxonon k noh-
pocam skonomuku: unnksun icfpo ucucsnynman na hpakfukc.
Hmcnno komhnckc sfux unnksuu cnuncfcnicfnonan, ufo hocncn-
nnn us ncnukux konqcpcnuuu hcpuona nouni sancpmunaci n o-
cfanonkc, hponusannou hpofunopcuunmu. Bcnukuu coks mcn ho
nucxonnmcu: of onimux nancxn n Tcicpanc k pcanusmy Snfi u
nsaumnomy omany n Iofcnamc. Cfanun iofonuncn k nounc c Sho-
nucu u hpucfyhun k pcmcnuk hponcmi skonomuucckou pckoncf-
pykuuu CCCI, honnocfik ofnanan ccc ofucf n hpcncfonnmux
fpynnocfnx. B fo xc npcmn on cfapancn coxpanufi honoxcnuc mupo-
nou ncpxani, kofopoio Concfckuu Coks nouncn naionapn hocnc.
Hcpuunnk u Offnu, cmcnunmcio cio hocnc hocni ncuopuc-
fon na niopax, hpcncfonno opoficn sa pcanusauuk fpynnou sana-
uu cosnanuk n Bcnukopufanuu nonoio iocynapcfna Yelfure
rure, f.c. iocynapcfna nccomcio naiococfonnun, a fakxc chacfu
fo, ufo cmc moxno ino chacfu n umhcpckou cucfcmc, hponukny-
fou fcnncnuunmu k qpaimcnfauuu. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, houfu
nc uchifanmuc ypona of nouni, iofonunuci hocfpoufi cucfcmy,
555
ocnonannyk na hpanunax, kofopic Iysncnif hocfchcnno ohpcnc-
nun nnn cnocu cfpani kak ucni n nounc, u kofopyk Tpymsny hpcn-
cfonno pcanusonafi unu xc ycfanonufi hpcncni ocymccfnncnun
sfux hpanun. Hucxonnman nunun pasnufun cmc nc hpcnpafuna
Bcnukuu coks n cucfcmy, upcnafyk nnyfpcnnumu konqnukfamu
muponoio macmfaa. Tcm nc mcncc, ona hosnonnna ynuncfi honnoc
ncusnccfnocfu ynymcc.
7.8. Hoctetnww sian nownm na Twxom oxeane
7.8.1. HOCLE,HUU OTAH BOUHM HA TUXOM OKEAHE
Mcxny fcm, n nounc c Shonucu hpousomcn ccpicsniu honopof
n honisy anino-amcpukanucn. Ocnonnoc pasnuuuc mcxny nounou n
Tuxookcanckom pciuonc u nounou n Inpohc cocfonno, c onnou
cfoponi, n oipomnom hcpumcfpc nocnnix ncucfnuu c Shonucu; c
npyiou, n onimom paccpcnofoucnuu fcafpa nocnnix ncucfnuu.
Iocncnncc ocfonfcnicfno cnauana ino na pyky nhonuam, oncc
honiofonncnnim k nounc naionapn hpcnocxoncfny na mopc u n
nosnyxc u fpanuuuonnomy hpcumymccfny n konfponc nan fcppufo-
punmu. Onnako nnn okonuafcninou hocni ino ncoxonumo, ufoi
fakoc hpcnocxoncfno coxpannnoci no nocfuxcnun ychcxa u ufoi
anfukononuaninic u anfucnpohcuckuc nacfpocnun okkyhuponan-
nix naponon uchonisonanuci nocfafouno icfpo. Ho nu onno us
sfux ycnonuu nc ino nihonncno: hocnc hcpnix ychcxon n nauanc
nouni u ncc nospacfakmux fpynnocfcu, c kofopimu nhonui cfon-
knynuci no npcmn nacfyhncnuu ccpcnuni 142 i., n fcucnuc 14J i.
hpousomcn honopof, ninynunmuu ux hcpcufu k ooponc.
B konuc 14J i. amcpukanckuu nocnno-mopckou qnof ncpnyn
yfpaucnnoc hpcnocxoncfno, honyuun onimoc uucno anuanocucn,
choconix nocfanufi ynapnyk momi n camic ofnancnnic hynkfi
cpaxcnuu. Shonui, co cnocu cfoponi, houyncfnonanu, ufo nchpo-
nymanno pachincnnic nocnnic ycunun hpuncnu k fomy, ufo onu
ninyxncni inu ofpaxafi konfpnacfyhncnun na pasnix qponfax.
B 144 i. anino-amcpukanui pasncpnynu nacfyhncnuc ho fpcm na-
hpanncnunm. Komannonanuc hcpnim nahpanncnucm, ohupanmcmcn
na nascmnic cuni, ino hopyucno icncpany yinacy Makapfypy,
ono nauunanoci n kxnou uacfu Tuxoio okcana, f.c. c as, pacho-
noxcnnix n Ancfpanuu unu nokpyi ncc, u pasnunanoci n nahpannc-
nuu k Honou Inuncu u Hnnoncsuu.
Bfopoc nahpanncnuc ino paspaofano c yucfom amcpukancko-
io mopckoio hpcnocxoncfna, komannykmum in nasnaucn anmupan
Humuu, kofopomy n 144 i. ynanoci hpcnhpunnfi cmcnic nccanfi
556
u saxnafufi onny sa npyiou ocnonnic ipyhhi ocfponon n ucnfpani-
nou uacfu Tuxoio okcana of ocfponon Iuncpfa no Mapmannonix
u Mapuanckux ocfponon, a fakxc ocfpona Iyam. Tpcfic nahpannc-
nuc ynapa ino namcucno n pciuonc mcxny Iupmou u Kxnim
Kufacm. Ipucyfcfnuc Shonuu n Kufac sacfannnno coksnuucckuc
noucka, naxonunmuccn hon komannonanucm aninuuan, cpaxaficn n
fpynncumux ycnonunx, hpcononcnafi hpcipani na kommynukauunx
mcxny upmanckum u kufauckum qponfamu. Ofo hpuncno k xccfo-
kum onm, hpononxanmumcn no nccni 145 i. u ninnuno cnaocfi
kufauckux nauuonanucfuucckux cun, pykononumix Han Kaumu.
B ccpcnunc 144 i. Makapfyp u Humuu otcnununu cnou cuni,
nccmofpn na pasnuuuc n cfpafciuu, nnn saxnafa unuhhun. Biui-
pan onimoc mopckoc cpaxcnuc n sanunc cufc, onu cpasy nauanu
nicanky nccanfa u n uknc 145 i. sakonuunu ocnooxncnuc nccio
apxuhcnaia. Tcm npcmcncm amcpukanckuc mopckuc u nosnymnic
cuni nounuci nonix naxnix ychcxon, onu oncpxanu 1 qcnpann
145 i. hocny na Hnonsumc u saxnafunu hocnc nnufcninou opi-
i, c 1 ahpcnn 145 i. ho 21 uknn, ocfpon Okunany, onny us nax-
ncumux finonix as nhonucn n sonc Tuxoio okcana.
Hcnaiohpunfniu xon nocnnix ohcpauuu u hponan umhcpckux
hnanon, nnoxnonnnnmux Shonuk hpcnhpunnfi nahancnuc na Co-
cnuncnnic Ufafi, hocfanunu nhonucn n fnxcnoc honoxcnuc,
ofniomcnnoc fcm, ufo c nonpn 144 i. amcpukanui nauanu cucfc-
mafuucckuc omapnuponku Tokuo u nccu nhonckou fcppufopuu,
kofopic cfanonunuci ncc unfcncunncc u hpuopcnu kafacfpoqu-
ucckuu xapakfcp. Koncuno, cufyauun n Shonuu ina concpmcnno
unou, ucm n Icpmanuu. Hmhcpucu Bocxonnmcio Connua pykono-
nun nc usompcnniu nukfafop, a ipyhhi nnacfu, kofopic oponuci
mcxny coou nhnofi no nauana nouni. Munufapucfckan umhcpua-
nucfuucckan ipyhhuponka oncpxana ncpx n nckapc 141 i. u cmoi-
na nsnfi hon konfponi nnyfpcnnkk cufyauuk hocnc ninyxncnnou
ofcfanku anmupana Toio n uknc 144 i., nounmuci nasnaucnun na
hocf hpcmicp-munucfpa icncpana Kynuaku Kouco, npyioio hpcn-
cfanufcnn ncnymcu munufapucfckou ipyhhuponku.
Yxynmcnuc honoxcnun u hopaxcnuc na Hnonsumc u nacfyhnc-
nuc amcpukanucn na Okunany honcfcinynu cfoponnukon hpcononc-
nun kpusuca nuhnomafuucckumu mcfonamu, nknkuan umhcpafopa,
kofopic ofncpianu skcfpcmusm cnoux ohhoncnfon, hpusinanmux
hoxcpfnonafi xusnik n opic c npaiom, kak sfo ncnanu hunofi-
camoyuuui (fak nasinacmic kamukansc), nahpannnnmuc cnou
camoncfi na npaxcckuc kopanu. Iasnuunic honufuucckuc kpyiu
cchpcpinno hpcnhpunumanu hohifku cncpinyfi nnacfi munufa-
pucfckou ipyhhuponku, no nuunocfi umhcpafopa Xupoxufo nukoina
nc ofoxnccfnnnnaci c hpanufcnicfnom, oncc foio, cc nccina pac-
557
cmafpunanu ofncnino, kak pcscpn na kpaunuu cnyuau, koina nacfy-
huf fnxcniu momcnf. C onnou cfoponi, c num cnnsinanu nixon
us kpusuca, c npyiou on hpcncfannnn ccpicsnoc hpchnfcfnuc na
hyfu k cio hpcononcnuk. Shonui snanu, ufo ho ofnomcnuk k
num fakxc yncf hpumcncna qopmyna csoionopounou kahufynn-
uuu, kofopan honpinana honnomouun umhcpafopa u numana cio
nuunocfi, kak hpanufcnn umhcpuu Bocxonnmcio Connua, cnnmcn-
noio xapakfcpa. B sfom ino hpchnfcfnuc, c kofopim nocnnic,
honufuku u nuhnomafi nonxni inu cuufaficn, hoka nc in
nauncn komhpomucc.
B sfou cufyauuu cfoponnuku honufuucckoio nixona us kpusu-
ca oncpxanu ncpx nan munufapucfckou ipyhhuponkou u nounuci
7 ahpcnn cmcmcnun icncpana Kouco; nmccfo ncio in nasnaucn, n
ocfanonkc cfpaxa u ncyncpcnnocfu, npyiou nocnniu, anmupan
Kanfapo Cynsyku, kofopomy hopyuunu nnn nocfuxcnun komhpo-
mucca hohpoonafi opafuficn sa hocpcnnuuccfnom k Mocknc. nn
sfou ucnu on nipan munucfpa unocfpannix ncn Cuicnopu Toio
n hpomnom nhonckoio hocna n Mocknc.
Onnou ncfanu nocfafouno nnn ohucanun nonou honufuku nhon-
ckoio hpanufcnicfna: koina Cynsyku, ncckoniko nncu chycfn hocnc
cnocio nasnaucnun, ysnan o cmcpfu Iysncnifa, fo on nc pasncpnyn
anfuamcpukanckyk hpohaiannucfckyk kamhanuk, ufo ino xapak-
fcpno nnn munufapucfckux kpyion, a nipasun ho panuo cooncsno-
nanun amcpukanckomy napony (sfof qakf cfan usnccfcn foniko
hocnc nouni). Imc hpcncfonno nounaficn nuhnomafuucckoio
pcmcnun nocnnou hponcmi, a coksnuucckuc nosnymnic omap-
nuponku Shonuu hpunnnu fakou xc xccfokuu xapakfcp, kak u
Icpmanuu. Tak c mapfa ho 15 uknn amcpukanckuc omapnupon-
muku concpmunu 7OOO nincfon nnn omapnuponok nhonckux io-
ponon, houfu nc ncfpcuan cohpofunncnun u nccn ncsnauufcninic
hofcpu. Onun foniko nancf 1O man na Tokuo hpuncn, ho mcnimcu
mcpc, k 124 OOO xcpfn. Tchcpi, hocnc okonuanun nouni n Inpohc,
ncci noopyxcnniu hofcnuuan coksnukon moi ifi nahpanncn
hpofun cnuncfncnnoio ocfanmciocn hpofunnuka.
B sfou ocfanonkc nhonckan nuhnomafun nahpacno hifanaci
pasiipafi concfckyk kapfy. Cfanun iofonuncn k concpmcnno npy-
ium akuunm, kofopic moinu hpunccfu k omyfumim pcsynifafam.
Tcm npcmcncm hpcsuncnf Tpymsn osnakomun nhonckux hpanufcncu
co cnoum hpcncfanncnucm o nounc u mupc. Cpasy hocnc kahufynn-
uuu Icpmanuu on nicfyhun n hcuafu c cyponim opamcnucm k
Shonuu u hpcnnoxun cu csoionopounyk kahufynnuuk. Iio concf-
nuku pckomcnnonanu cmy yfounufi, ufo kahufynnuun nc osnauacf
ofcfpancnun of nnacfu umhcpafopckou nunacfuu. Tpymsn nc hpu-
cnymancn k sfomy concfy u oipanuuuncn fcm, ufo kahufynnuun yncf
558
osnauafi koncu nnunnun fcx nocnnix pykononufcncu, kofopic
hpuncnu Shonuk na kpau iucnu, no ona nc osnauacf ynuufoxcnuc
unu hopaomcnuc nhonckoio napona, oncc foio, ona hosnonuf ncp-
nyficn connafam u mopnkam k ux ccminm, k ux honnm, k ux paofc.
Toniko opamcnuc umhcpafopa moino i ofkpifi nopoiy k
mupy; no foio kak Xupoxufo sannun o cnocu hosuuuu, cnona Tpyms-
na kasanuci cchoncsnou hpohaiannou. Koncuno, uucno xcpfn na
nhonckou fcppufopuu nospacfano, no noucka Hmhcpuu Bocxonnmc-
io Connua sanumanu cmc oipomnic fcppufopuu Kufan u Kio-Boc-
founou Asuu. Iosfomy opamcnuc hpcsuncnfa nc hpousncno oxuna-
cmoio sqqckfa, u n amcpukanckom pykononcfnc nosononunaci nuc-
kyccun o ocnonnix cfpafciuucckux nahpanncnunx ynymux nocn-
nix ncucfnuu. Hamcpcnuc hpononxafi pciynnpnyk nacfyhafcninyk
nouny, usmafinakmyk hpofunnuka, osnauano hpoinosuponafi nocn-
nic ncucfnun na ncckoniko mccnucn nhcpcn, hpu sfom safpynnnnoci
ohpcncncnuc momcnfa nicanku na nhonckyk fcppufopuk u nosmox-
noc uucno ucnoncucckux xcpfn. Hccomncnno, ufo ncfyhncnuc CCCI
n nouny, kofopoc yxc hpunuxanoci, xofn cio founan nafa ina nc-
usnccfna, nonxno ino yckopufi cpoku hponcncnun ohcpauuu, no
naxc ono nc moino nanccfu pcmufcniniu ynap ho npaiy, onanan-
mcmy oucni hpounimu ooponufcninimu hosuuunmu.
Shonckan hponcma hpuopcfana ncc onimcc snaucnuc, fpco-
nana nonoio honxona, yucfa nonix honufuucckux u nocnnix mo-
mcnfon. Honic honufuucckuc momcnfi saknkuanuci n fom, ufo
ino ncoxonumo hcpccmofpcfi qopmy kahufynnuuu Shonuu. Xo-
pomo snan, ufo nhonui hpunakf quiypc umhcpafopa pcnuiuosno-
mucfuucckuu xapakfcp, coksnuku nonxni inu naufu fakyk qop-
myny, kofopan homoina i coxpanufi hpunuuh csoionopounou
kahufynnuuu, no qakfuuccku hosnonnna hoxcpfnonafi um hyfcm
nknkucnun n ynymuu noionop o kahufynnuuu cfafcu, hpcnycmaf-
punanmux coxpancnuc n ynymcm umhcpafopckou nunacfuu unu,
ho kpauncu mcpc, nc yipoxanmux cc cymccfnonanuk. Honic nocn-
nic nannic inu cnnsani c hpunuxcnucm momcnfa honnncnun y
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon afomnou omi. Hanuuuc sfoio opyxun ho-
kasano i nhonuam, ufo CUA onanakf hpcnocxoncfnom, ncnan-
mum nkoc cohpofunncnuc cchoncsnim.
7.8.2. AMEPUKAHCKUU .LBTUMAT.M
U ATOMHAH BOMBAP,UPOBKA
B cosnanmcucn cufyauuu nuhnomafuucckuc ycunun cfanu nax-
nou cfoponou honufuucckou ncnfcninocfu ncnymux hpcncfanufc-
ncu iocnchapfamcnfa, n hcpnyk oucpcni, ioccckpcfapn Cfcffunuyca,
55
samccfufcnn ioccckpcfapn Ipk, a fakxc nocnnoio munucfpa Icnpu
Cfumcona, onnoio us camix nnunfcninix ncnfcncu n amcpukanckom
hpanufcnicfnc. Bcc uckanu nipaxcnun, kofopic hosnonunu i
Tpymsny nnoni opafuficn k nhonuam u hpu sfom nc hpofunopc-
uufi camomy ccc. Ipcsuncnf, co cnocu cfoponi, pcmun, ufo on nc
n hpanc camocfonfcnino hpunumafi pcmcnuc u ufo cncnycf ocy-
nufi nohpoc c Hcpuunncm u Cfanunim, c kofopimu on ncfpcfuncn
ucpcs ncckoniko ncncni. Ofo pcmcnuc, kasanoci, ino honufuucc-
kum, no ho cymccfny na ncio okasanu nnunnun nonic nocnnic
nannic, fak kak Tpymsn hocfapancn, ufoi Iofcnamckan konqc-
pcnuun nauanaci n fof xc ncni, ufo u hcpnic uchifanun n Anamo-
iopno moncnu fou camou afomnou omi, kofopan n hocncnykmcm
moina ifi uchonisonana hpofun Shonuu. pyiumu cnonamu, Tpy-
msn ofknaninan hpunnfuc pcmcnuu ofnocufcnino Shonuu no foio
momcnfa, koina u n nuhnomafuucckom (ncfpcua Ionimou fpouku),
u n nocnnom hnanc cio hosuuun cfancf cfoni hpounou, ufo on
cmoxcf hpcntnnufi Shonuu nacfonmuu ynifumafym. Toniko c ho-
suuuu cuni, honaian on, moxno ino ionopufi c Shonucu u co
nccm ocfaninim mupom.
Tpymsn ncmcnncnno honyuun coomcnuc n omux ucpfax o
ychcmno hpomcnmcm uchifanuu 16 uknn n Anamoiopno. 21 uknn
on honyuun oncc honponyk unqopmauuk. 24 uknn hocnc ocna
co Cfanunim u Monofonim Tpymsn coomun um c naxnim nu-
nom, ufo amcpukanui onanakf nonim opyxucm, aconkfno no-
nim, us pnna non nixonnmum fuhom omi. Io cnuncfcnicfny
Monofona, on ionopun fak, kak ynfo i xofcn hopasufi u nisnafi
uyncfno honanncnnocfu y cnoux cnymafcncu. Cfanun pcaiuponan
oucni chokouno. On nc nyxnancn n pastncncnunx, hofomy ufo xo-
pomo snan, na ufo namckan Tpymsn (f.c. pcui mna o fom fuhc opy-
xun, nan kofopim u n Concfax paofanu yxc c nauana 14J i.). Hc-
hocpcncfncnniu ofknuk na honnnfiu nohpoc sfum u oipanuuuncn.
Amcpukanui hpucfyhunu k koncynifauunm c coksnukamu o
cocfanncnuu opamcnun, kofopoc hpcncfonno nahpanufi nhonuam:
26 uknn Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, Bcnukopufanun u Kufau honhuca-
nu ncknapauuk, CCCI n fo npcmn cmc nc in n cocfonnuu nouni c
Hmhcpucu Bocxonnmcio Connua. Ofof ynifumafym nonio ocyxna-
nu, ufoi naufu nauoncc founiu yipoxakmuu fon, n mcpy of-
kponcnno nafi honnfi nhonuam o cymccfnonanuu nonoio opyxun
u ykasafi na hocncncfnun ux nosmoxnoio ofkasa.
Ipumno npcmn nnn Shonuu pcmufi, ionopunoci n ncknapa-
uuu, yncf nu ona ho-hpcxncmy naxonuficn hon nnacfik fcx
yhopnix munufapucfckux concfnukon, ncpasymnic pacucfi kofo-
pix hpuncnu nhonckyk umhcpuk na hopoi ynuufoxcnun unu ona
56O
houncf ho hyfu, ykasinacmomy pasymom. Bcfafi na sfof hyfi os-
nauano ycfpanufi fcx, kfo nncpi Shonuk n hyuuny nouni; hpu-
snafi, ufo fcppufopun Shonuu yncf okkyhuponana no noccfanon-
ncnun mupa u cosnanun nonoio muponoio hopnnka. Ofa fcppufo-
pun, kak yxc ino pcmcno na Kaupckou konqcpcnuuu, nonxna
ifi oipanuucna kpyhncumumu Shonckumu ocfponamu u fcmu mc-
ncc kpyhnimu, kofopic ynyf ykasani; nhonckum noopyxcnnim
cunam, hocnc foio kak onu ynyf pasopyxcni yncf paspcmcno
ncpnyficn na ponuny u nccfu mupnyk xusni. B ofnomcnuu nhon-
ucn nc ino namcpcnun hopaofufi ux, no cyponoc nakasanuc
xnano nocnnix hpccfyhnukon. Shonckoc hpanufcnicfno nonxno
ycfpanufi ncc hpchnfcfnun k ycfanonncnuk cnoonnix u ncmokpa-
fuucckux uncfufyfon. cknapuponanoci coxpancnuc hpomimncn-
nocfu, paofakmcu n mupnix ucnnx, ufoi nafi nosmoxnocfi
nhonuam nihnafufi nocnnic pchapauuu; nnn nopmaninou skonomu-
ucckou xusnu nhonuam paspcmancn nocfyh k cipicnim pccypcam,
ncoxonumim nnn mupnoio hpousnoncfna. Hakoncu, okkyhauuon-
nic noucka coksnukon ynyf ofncncni us Shonuu, kak foniko
ynyf nocfuinyfi sfu ucnu u kak foniko yncf yupcxncno mupno
nacfpocnnoc u ofncfcfncnnoc hpanufcnicfno n coofncfcfnuu co
cnoonno nipaxcnnou noncu nhonckoio napona. Anifcpnafunou
hpunnfuk sfux ycnonuu kahufynnuuu in honniu pasipom nhon-
ckux noopyxcnnix cun u ohycfomcnuc camou Shonuu.
Cncnycf opafufi nnumanuc na nna achckfa sfoio nokymcnfa.
Bo-hcpnix, nccmofpn na yiposy oipomnix paspymcnuu n ncm nc
ino naxc kocncnnoio namcka na afomnyk omy, cio ofcyfcfnuc
cfano pcsynifafom noniux ocyxncnuu n amcpukanckou anmunucfpa-
uuu, cohponoxnanmux paofy nan fckcfom nokymcnfa. Bo-nfopix,
n ncm nc ino yhomunanun o cynic umhcpafopa nu iapanfuu
cio ynymcio, nu sannncnun o fom, ufo cmy ncf mccfa n ynymcm.
Opamcnuc ino pcskum u ynifumafunnim, no nc numcnnim
nckofopou nnycmicncnnocfu. Ono nano noniu fonuok k yxc pas-
iopcnmumcn n Tokuo chopam o hpononxcnuu nouni. Hmhcpafop
Xupoxufo nc ckpinan cnocio inyokoio cfpcmncnun nocfuui kom-
hpomucca unu hcpcionopon, on no hocncnncio momcnfa nancnncn
na concfckoc hocpcnnuuccfno. Ho on nc moi naxc hpunnfi no nnu-
manuc ynifumafym, n kofopom nc ino iapanfuu ofnocufcnino
ponu umhcpafopa, ocnoni mopanino-honufuucckou cucfcmi ucn-
nocfcu n nhonckou xusnu. Iosfomy Iofcnamckan ncknapauun,
hpcntnnncnnan Shonuu n nunc ynifumafyma, ina ofncpinyfa cs
nnufcninoio ocyxncnun. Ipcmicp-munucfp Cynsyku in honan-
ncn hochcmnocfik, c kofopou nocnnic sannunu o cnocm ofkasc
ucpcs konfponupycmyk umu hcuafi. Cam Cynsyku xpanun honnoc
561
monuanuc: nonoc sannncnuc nnn ncio ino pannocunino Kaupckomy,
u on ocfanun cio cs kommcnfapucn. Bhpoucm, foniko Xupoxufo
moi hponukfonafi cnou pcmcnun ho sfomy nohpocy.
Ofkas nhonucn unu, founcc, ux monuanuc pacucnunanuci n Ba-
munifonc kak oquuuaniniu ofkas. opoia k pcmufcninomy ynapy
ina ofkpifa. Iocnc uchifanuu n Anamoiopno nnc afomnic om-
i inu honiofonncni nnn ncmcnncnnoio uchonisonanun. Yfpom
6 aniycfa 145 i. na asponpomc, pachonoxcnnom na ocfponc Tunuan,
onna us sfux om ina saipyxcna n camoncf :no:u 1eu, kofopiu
nonxcn in nocfanufi cc k ykasannou ucnu. B 8.15 yfpa oma
ina cpomcna na iopon Xupocuma. Ic paspymufcninan momnocfi
cocfanuna 2O OOO fonn fpunufpofonyona. Xupocuma ina paspymc-
na, a xcpfni panuoakfunnoio hopaxcnun ymupanu cmc nonioc npc-
mn. Hc cymccfnycf founou cfafucfuku, no ho nauoncc nocfoncp-
nim honcucfam uucno hoiumux nocfuiacf 1OO OOO ncncncfnuc
nspina u panuauuu u houfu cfoniko xc ymcpno n hocncnykmuc
ioni ncncncfnuc panuoakfunnoio hopaxcnun. Hacfyhuna nonan
shoxa n honufuucckou u nocnnou ucfopuu ucnoncuccfna. Cam hpc-
suncnf Tpymsn, pastncnnn, ufo n Xupocumc in hpumcncn noniu
fuh omi, ckasan: Cuna, kofopan nacf sncpiuk connuy, ina uc-
honisonana hpofun fcx, kfo pasnnsan nouny na Bocfokc. Tpymsn,
omyman ipys ofncfcfncnnocfu, fcm nc mcncc, yfncpxnan, ufo akf
macconoio ynuufoxcnun hpousomcn hocnc foio, kak nhonui cs
hcpcionopon ofncpinu ynifumafym of 26 uknn. Takum opasom,
onu nc ycpcinu cnok cfpany of paspymcnuu, yxc hpuuuncnnix u
cmc nosmoxnix, hockoniky nc ino nano coinacuc na ncmcnncn-
nyk kahufynnuuk.
7.8.3. BCT.HLEHUE CCCP B BOUH. C HHOHUEU
U EE KAHUT.LHUUH
Afomnan omapnuponka nonxna ina hpousnccfu, hpcxnc ncc-
io, hcuxonoiuucckuu sqqckf, fak kak mafcpuaninic paspymcnun,
yuufinan nocnnyk ocfanonky u ofcyfcfnuc founix snanuu o ho-
cncncfnunx panuoakfunnix ocankon, nc ofnuuanuci of paspymcnuu
hpu macconix omapnuponkax. Baxno ino nafi honnfi nhonuam,
ufo nc cymccfnonano npyioio nixona, kpomc kahufynnuuu. Xupo-
xufo 8 aniycfa honyuun coomcnuc o ncucfnufcninou momnocfu
nspina u ncmcnncnno ofnan hpukas okonuufi nouny. Ho hoka
nhonckoc nocnnoc komannonanuc hofpynunoci copaficn nnn hpu-
nnfun pcmcnun, nna nonix coifun cncnanu cufyauuk, ccnu sfo
ino nosmoxno, cmc oncc myuufcninou n honufuucckom u cmc
oncc fnxcnou n nocnnom ofnomcnuu. B honufuucckom hnanc
562
n cnnsu c fcm, ufo 8 aniycfa pycckuu hocon unqopmuponan hpanu-
fcnicfno Tokuo o ncfyhncnuu CCCI n nouny c Shonucu aniycfa;
n nocnnom hnanc hockoniky Shonun monuana, fo amcpukanui
aniycfa cpocunu nfopyk omy na iopon Haiacaku, kofopan
hpousncna cfoni xc momnic paspymcnun, ufo u hcpnan, xofn u c
mcnimum uucnom xcpfn.
cucfnufcnino, koc-kfo n nicmux nocnnix kpyiax Shonuu co-
hpofunnnncn kahufynnuuu, u foniko yfpom foio xc aniycfa
cocfonnoci saccnanuc Bicmcio umhcpafopckoio nocnnoio concfa n
onnom us csohacnix mccf Tokuo. On copancn nnn osnakomncnun
c pcmcnucm Concfckoio Coksa, no no npcmn paofi in hofpnccn
usnccfucm o nonou omapnuponkc Haiacaku. Iasncpnynuci iopn-
uuc, no iopikuc ncafi. Cynsyku hpcnnoxun ncmcnncnno hpunnfi
Iofcnamckyk ncknapauuk u hofpconafi of coksnukon iapanfuu
coxpancnun nhonckoio nauuonaninoio cnuncfna u umhcpafopckou
ccmiu. Bocnniu munucfp icncpan Kopcfuka Anamu c qanafusmom
ofcfaunan fcsuc o nosmoxnocfu u ncoxonumocfu cohpofunnnficn
no hocncnncio connafa. B ofucfax o sfom saccnanuu ionopufcn o
houcfunc npamafuucckux chopax, hoka umhcpafopa nc hohpocunu
cncnafi cnou ninoni. Toina Xupoxufo usnoxun cnok hosuuuk,
concpxanmyk ycnonun honhucanun mupa: S inyoko usyuun cufya-
uuk, cnoxunmykcn na ponunc u sa pycxom u hpumcn k saknkuc-
nuk, ufo hpononxcnuc nouni osnauacf hponncnuc kponohponufun
u xccfokocfu u ynuufoxcnuc nauuu. S nc moiy onimc hcpcno-
cufi cfpananun mocio napona. Ionoxufi koncu nounc nof cnun-
cfncnniu choco noccfanonufi mup no nccm mupc u ocnoonufi
cfpany of opymunmuxcn na ncc xccfokux cn... S c onik nymak
o fcx, kfo mnc fak hpcnanno cnyxun, o connafax u mafpocax, yu-
fix unu pancnnix n nanckux ufnax, o ccminx, hofcpnnmux ncc
cnoc umymccfno u scmnu a sauacfyk u cnok xusni no npcmn
omapnuponok. Hc cfouf u ionopufi, kak nnn mcnn ncninocumo
hpucyfcfnonafi hpu pasopyxcnuu xpapix u uccfnix nhonckux nc-
fcpanon. H founo fakxc ncninocumo, ufo fc, kfo hpcnanno cny-
xun mnc, nonxni ifi nakasani kak honcfpckafcnu nouni. Ho
nacfyhun momcnf, koina nano hcpcnccfu fo, ufo ncninocumo. Koina
n nchomunak uyncfna mocio ncnukoio ncna, umhcpafopa Msunsu, n
hcpuon fpoucfncnnoio nmcmafcnicfna |n 185 i.]
1
, fo inofak cncsi
u nak coinacuc hpunnfi ncknapauuk coksnukon.
1O aniycfa cfano usnccfno pcmcnuc umhcpafopa. Ono nipaxano
iofonnocfi hpunnfi ncc fpconanun hocnufcncu, n ncm fakxc co-
1
Hmccfcn n nuny conmccfnan pckomcnnauun fpcx ncpxan: Ioccuu, panuuu
u Icpmanuu, kofopan ninynuna Shonuk ofkasaficn of uacfu fcppufopuaninix
hpuopcfcnuu ho Cumoncckckomy noionopy 185 i. c Kufacm. 1pu+. pe0uiuuu.
56J
ncpxanoci hoxcnanuc iapanfuu ofnocufcnino ynymcio umhcpa-
fopckou ccmiu u cc hpcpoiafun. Icpniu ofncf coksnukon in yk-
nonuunim u n nckofopom cmicnc hoxonun na ofncf ufaninnuam n
14J i. Kahufynnuun ina hpunnfa. C momcnfa honhucanun hcpc-
mupun nnacfi umhcpafopa u nhonckoio hpanufcnicfna sanuccnu of
Bcpxonnoio inannokomannykmcio noopyxcnnimu cunamu coksnu-
kon. Of umhcpafopa hofpconanu oinacufi pcckpuhf o kahufynn-
uuu u ofnafi coofncfcfnykmuc hpukasi o qopmc hpanncnun co-
inacno Iofcnamckou ncknapauuu.
B sfom nc ino ofkponcnnoio hpusnanun ponu umhcpafopa.
Ho n cpanncnuu c ncknapauucu of 26 uknn sncci nohyckanoci, ufo
foniko umhcpafop onanacf nocfafounou nnacfik, ufoi hpuka-
safi nhonckum nouckam ocfanonufi nouny. K cuacfik, co cfoponi
coksnukon nc ino nospaxcnuu, koina 14 aniycfa cfan usnccfcn
ofncf nhonucn n nunc hpukasa, ofnannoio umhcpafopom cnoum
nouckam n coofncfcfnuu c Iofcnamckou ncknapauucu, hpckpafufi
nouny u honuunuficn pachopnxcnunm Bcpxonnoio komannykmcio
noopyxcnnimu cunamu coksnukon. Hmcnno sfa qopma hpcnhona-
iana coxpancnuc nnacfu umhcpafopa. Iocnc ncckonikux uacon
oxunanun hpumcn honoxufcniniu ofncf of amcpukanucn. Icncpan
Makapfyp in nasnaucn Bcpxonnim inannokomannykmum noopy-
xcnnimu cunamu coksnukon u oncucn honnomouunmu hpunnfi
akf kahufynnuuu Shonuu, kofopiu nonxcn ifi honhucan kak
moxno icfpcc.
Bocnnic ohcpauuu fcm npcmcncm inu hpckpamcni. cucfnu-
fcnino, xccfokocfi ynapon, nancccnnix nnymn afomnimu oma-
mu, u pcmcnuc umhcpafopa u cio hpcmicp-munucfpa sanoxunu oc-
noni nnn omcio cfpcmncnun honoxufi koncu yxacam nouni,
hpononxcnuk usnypufcninix, safnxnix cpaxcnuu. Shonun ina
chaccna of kponohponufnoio nfopxcnun, xofn cu hpcncfonno uc-
hifafi hocncncfnun nocnnou okkyhauuu. Tcm npcmcncm in hon-
iofonncn akf o kahufynnuuu, honhucanniu 2 ccnfnpn na opfy
nunkopa Muccypu n Tokuuckom sanunc, hocnc foio kak qnof co-
ksnukon cosnan fam cnou nconimou hnaunapm. Hauoncc naxnan
n honufuucckom ofnomcnuu cfafin nokymcnfa kacanaci qopmi
hpanncnun. B ncu ionopunoci, ufo Bcpxonniu inannokomannyk-
muu coksnix ncpxan yncf ocymccfnnnfi cnou honnomouun ucpcs
hpanufcnicfncnnic cfpykfypi u nhonckuc nnacfu, nknkuan umhcpa-
fopa, n fou mcpc, n kakou sfo yncf ofncuafi ucnnm Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon. Shonckoc hpanufcnicfno yncf hpononxafi nihonnnfi
cnou oiunic yhpanncnucckuc qynkuuu n nohpocax nnyfpcnncu
anmunucfpauuu, hofomy ufo coksnuucckan honufuka saknkuanaci
n fom, ufoi uchonisonafi cymccfnykmyk qopmy hpanncnun, a
nc honncpxunafi cc. na iona nocnnou okkyhauuu n npyiux cfpanax,
564
nauunan c ccnfnpn 14J i. n Hfanuu, nayuunu, nakoncu, koc-ucmy
fncpnonoix nocnnix kpokpafon aninocakconckux iocynapcfn.
Ionhucanuc akfa o kahufynnuuu nc honoxuno cpasy koncu
nounc. B iocynapcfna soni Tuxoio okcana coomcnuc o oquuu-
aninou kahufynnuuu Shonuu hpumno foniko 12 ccnfnpn. umi n
ccpcnunc ccnfnpn inu nocfuinyfi coinamcnun o pasncnc fcppu-
fopuu Kopcu na nnc soni okkyhauuu: concfckyk k ccncpy of J8-u
hapanncnu u amcpukanckyk k kiy of ncc.
7.9. Aiomnan npotema
Ipumcncnuc nnyx afomnix om pcmuno nohpoc o kahufynn-
uuu Shonuu. Icnu sfo coifuc paccmafpunafi, pykononcfnynci
noiukou Bfopou muponou nouni, fo ono yncf kasaficn ychcxom n
cohcpnuuccfnc c yuacfucm nccx nokkmux cfopon, hockoniky ono
hokasano fakoc fcxnonoiuucckoc hpcnocxoncfno CUA u ux coksnu-
kon, kofopoc usmcnuno pannonccuc n fpanuuuonnix noopyxcnunx:
nocfafouno nchomnufi o ofkpifunx n pacmuqponkc nocnnix cck-
pcfon, o uchonisonanuu panapon, o nonix chocoax uchonisonanun
cnauana ucfpcufcninou, a safcm u omapnuponounou anuauuu, o
uchifanunx u sahyckc fcncyhpannncmix pakcf. Ofof ychcx nnuncn
pcsynifafom houckon pcmakmcio opyxun, choconoio icfpo u
ohpcncncnno honoxufi koncu nounc sfou ounc, nnununmcucn
houfu mccfi ncf u ynccmcu munnuoni xusncu. Tcm nc mcncc, c
fcucnucm npcmcnu u c nanincumum pasnufucm nncpnix noopyxc-
nuu sfof ychcx hpuopcn concpmcnno unoc snaucnuc. Xupocuma u
Haiacaku inu ustnfi us ucfopuucckoio konfckcfa, hoponunmcio
ux u chpocuuponannoio n ucfopuucckyk hcpchckfuny, kak cumnon
fpancqopmauuu mcxnynaponnou xusnu, nccomcio nosnpafa k
napnapcfny unu, n nyumcm cnyuac, kak snak nauana nonou shoxu n
ucfopuu mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu.
B nnnapc 1J i. n Hik-Hopk hpuin nafckuu yucniu Hunic
Iop, onun us ninakmuxcn qusukon nccx npcmcn. On ncfpcfuncn c
amcpukanckumu yucnimu u cnoumu konnciamu-smuipanfamu, fa-
kumu kak Onpuko cpmu, kofopic hokunynu Inpohy us-sa paco-
nix hpccncnonanuu nauucfon. On coomun um o pcsynifafax uc-
cncnonanuu ncmcukux yucnix, kofopix onu nounuci n konuc
1J8 i. n onacfu pacmchncnun afoma. Ofu cncncnun hocnyxunu
momnim fonukom nnn amcpukanckux uccncnonafcncu, paofanmux
n Ipuncfonc, Hik-Hopkc u Hukaio. Bocnnic hocncncfnun ofkpi-
fuu n onacfu afomnix uccncnonanuu inu cmc nc oucni ncni,
no yucnic hpunananu um pcnonkuuonnoc snaucnuc. Mcxny fcm,
pocf mcxnynaponnou nahpnxcnnocfu hopoxnan cfpax, ufo Iufncp
565
cmoxcf cfafi hcpnim onanafcncm cfoni hcpcnonou fcxnonoiuu,
kofopan cncnacf ocfaninou mup kpaunc ynsnumim. Bcncncfnuc
sfoio inu yckopcni uccncnonanun n onacfu pacmchncnun afoma
panuoakfunnoio ypana; onu hpunccnu cpmu n 1J i. hcpnic ho-
noxufcninic pcsynifafi. Yucnic cpmu, co Cuunapn, Icpcpf
. Anncpcon n Konymuuckom ynuncpcufcfc n Hik-Hopkc nou-
nuci nonix hosufunnix pcsynifafon; n nonpc 142 i. n chcuuani-
nix naopafopunx, cosnannix n Hukaio, nauan paofafi hcpniu
afomniu pcakfop.
O snaucnuu uccncnonanuu u ux nocnnom hofcnuuanc amcpu-
kanckan anmunucfpauun ina hpounqopmuponana nanno. B uknc
14O i., n fo npcmn, koina ncmui nfopinuci no panuuk, hpcsu-
ncnf Iysncnif hopyuun unxcncpy u mafcmafuky Banncnapy Iymy,
onananmcmy onimumu opianusauuonnimu choconocfnmu, py-
kononcfno Hauuonaninim komufcfom ho nayunim uccncnonanunm
n ucnnx ooponi (ÎKC). Iym nonxcn in occhcuufi Cocnu-
ncnnim Ufafam konfponi nan sahacamu ypana (kofopiu foina no-
inanu n Kafanic, onnou us hponunuuu Icniiuuckoio Konio) u
hocfanufi ux n pachopnxcnuc hpockfa uchnan pcakuun, qunan-
cupycmoio Hauuonaninim komufcfom. B uknc 141 i. ho pachopn-
xcnuk Iysncnifa ino opasonano Yhpanncnuc ho pykononcfny
nayuno-uccncnonafcnickou ncnfcninocfik nnn koopnunuponanun
nccu nayunou paofi, pasncpnyfou n nocnnix ucnnx; ono nonxno
ino fakxc ycfanonufi cnnsi c aninuuckumu yucnimu, paofan-
mumu nan fcm xc hpockfom n Bcnukopufanuu.
B nauanc 142 i. hpcsuncnf opianusonan Komuccuk ho afom-
nou sncpiuu (AIC), kofopan n cfpoiom cckpcfc hpononxuna fcopc-
fuucckuc uccncnonanun n ucnnx ux ynymcio hpakfuucckoio uc-
honisonanun u n nocnnom hnanc. 3anaua saknkuanaci n fom, ufoi
nc foniko niuipafi y ncmucn noniocpounyk, kak foina cuufanu,
ionky, no fakxc u ooinafi Concfi. Iufncp na camom ncnc nc cuu-
fan nncpnic uccncnonanun hpuopufcfnimu, u n uknc 142 i. hpu-
kasan hpuocfanonufi ux u cocpcnofouuficn na uccncnonanunx n
onacfu pakcfocfpocnun. Akfi ckpifoio caofaxa na ycfanonkax
ho hpousnoncfny fnxcnou noni, kofopyk ncmcukuc yucnic namc-
pcnanuci uchonisonafi n kauccfnc cpcni nnn hponcncnun nncpnoio
pacmchncnun, cosnananu nohonnufcninic fpynnocfu u occkypa-
xunanu naxc camix yhopnix uccncnonafcncu.
Concfckuc yucnic fakxc hpucfyhunu k uccncnonanunm n ona-
cfu nncpnou sncpiuu, no nahancnuc Icpmanuu n 141 i. hapanuso-
nano ux paofy. Cfanun snan o honiofonufcninou paofc amcpu-
kanckux yucnix naionapn unqopmauuu, hcpcnannou cckpcfnimu
aicnfamu, hponukmumu n Komuccuk ho afomnou sncpiuu. Kak
566
nchomunacf Monofon, cpasy hocnc Cfanunipanckou ufni, f.c. n
nauanc 14J i., Cfanun, hponcnn cspcsynifafnic hcpcionopi co
ckchfukamu Icfpom Kahuucu u Apamom Hoqqc, hopyuun qusu-
ky Hiopk Kypuafony opianusonafi n Concfckom Coksc hapanncni-
nic uccncnonanun na ocnonc unqopmauuu, honyucnnou of cckpcf-
nix cnyx. Ho foniko ncfom 145 i. concfckuc yucnic honyuunu
nocfafounoc konuuccfno ypana, ufoi ux paofa hpuopcna oncc
konkpcfnoc concpxanuc. B ncucfnufcninocfu cuufanoci, ufo onu
ofcfananu of amcpukanucn hpunusufcnino na 57 ncf.
Xofn na hcpnom sfahc paofi Komuccuu ho afomnou sncpiuu
nocunu hpcumymccfncnno fcopcfuucckuu unu skchcpumcnfaniniu
xapakfcp, nckopc cfano ncno, ufo n cnyuac cnocnpcmcnnoio u naio-
hpunfnoio ucxona Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, nosmoxno, hpu cofpynnu-
uccfnc c aninuuanamu, cmoiyf cosnafi nncpnoc opyxuc, momnocfi
kofopoio fpynno hpocuufafi. Bohpoc o cofpynnuuccfnc c aninuuana-
mu nisinan nckofopic comncnun y amcpukanckou anmunucfpauuu
ho hpuuunam csohacnocfu, cpokon u cfpcmncnun k aconkfnomy
hpuopufcfy. xcumc Konanf, hpcsuncnf Iapnapnckoio ynuncpcufcfa
u samccfufcni Iyma, sncpiuuno ofcfaunan sfo mncnuc. Ho fpyn-
nocfu inu hpcononcni naionapn honufuucckomy coinamcnuk,
cymccfnonanmcmy mcxny Iysncnifom u Hcpuunncm, u ycxncnuk,
ufo pachincnuc cun hpuncncf k hononunuafomy pcsynifafy.
Bcc honufuucckuc hpofaionucfi u mnoiuc yucnic, yuacfnonan-
muc n onimom afomnom hpockfc (kofopiu safcm cfan nasinaficn
Manxsffcnckum hpockfom), ocosnananu honufuucckoc snaucnuc
foio, nan ucm onu paofanu, nc foniko n konfckcfc fckymcu nou-
ni, no u nnn oncc ofnancnnoio ynymcio. Oquuuaninic ucfopu-
ku Komuccuu ho afomnou sncpiuu hucanu: Kak Iysncnif, fak u
Hcpuunni snanu, ufo ux nuhnomafun ocnonana na cfoni pcnonkuu-
onnom fcxnonoiuucckom ofkpifuu, ufo cio snaucnuc hpcnocxonuf
kponohponufnyk sanauy hcpcnccfu nouny na nauucfckyk fcppufo-
puk. Hnimu cnonamu, onu snanu, ufo afomnoc opyxuc cmoxcf
usmcnufi xapakfcp nouni, a, cncnonafcnino, u xapakfcp mcxnyna-
ponnix ofnomcnuu. Yxc n momcnf cnocio poxncnun afomnan hpo-
ncma umcna fcxnonoiuucckuc, nocnnic u honufuucckuc achckfi.
3ncci ncymccfno hpocncxunafi sfahi pasnufun fcxnonoiuu,
hpuncnmuc k ychcxy uchifanuu n Anamoiopno 16 uknn 145 i.,
koina Icpmanun ina yxc pasufa, u hpofunocfonnuc c ncu ino
niuipano c homomik fpanuuuonnix noopyxcnuu. Onnako nocn-
nic u honufuucckuc hponcmi ncoxonumo hpoananusuponafi.
Baxncuman hponcma saknkuanaci n usyucnuu nonoio xapakfcpa
afomnoio opyxun, n oucnkc hocncncfnuu, k kofopim ono moxcf
hpunccfu, u, cncnonafcnino, n ncoxonumocfu pcmufi, nosmoxno
567
nu uchonisonafi hpofun uununusonannoio hpofunnuka cpcncfno
cfoni paspymufcninou momnocfu.
Io mcpc foio, kak yucnic ncc onimc ofnananu ccc ofucf o
pcsynifafax, k kofopim moxcf hpunccfu nspin afomnou omi,
pocnu comncnun n ucnccoopasnocfu cc hpumcncnun unu n cc uc-
honisonanuu cs hpcnnapufcninoio uchifanun n hycfinnou mccf-
nocfu u cs hpcnyhpcxncnun nhonucn o ohacnocfu, kofopan um
iposuf, ccnu onu nc coinacnfcn na ncmcnncnnyk kahufynnuuk. Io
sfum nohpocam nosnuknu iopnuuc nuckyccuu, kofopic, onnako, nc
nimnu sa hpcncni nayunoio coomccfna. Y Iysncnifa nc ino nu-
kakoio comncnun n fom, ufo oma cosnana nnn uchonisonanun
hpofun npaion.
Tpymsn no cnocio ncfyhncnun n nonxnocfi hpcsuncnfa nuucio
nc snan o cymccfnonanuu hpockfa. Bocnniu munucfp Cfumcon os-
nakomun cio c noknanom Iyma u Konanfa, n kofopom namna ofpa-
xcnuc osaoucnnocfi yucnix. Cfumcon honpono ohucan Tpymsny
cufyauuk u nosmoxnocfi nosnuknoncnun nocnno-honufuucckux
ocnoxncnuu n cnnsu c uchonisonanucm afomnou omi, a fakxc
nnunnun nonoio opyxun na ynymuc ofnomcnun c Concfckum Co-
ksom. On in cknoncn hpumcnufi omy hpofun Shonuu, no nc
ucknkuan nu nosmoxnocfu ncmoncfpauuonnix uchifanuu, nu
nosmoxnocfu ynymcio mcxnynaponnoio cofpynnuuccfna n afom-
nou onacfu. Tpymsn us cio noknana hpcxnc nccio honnn, ufo n
Cocnuncnnix Ufafax ckopo hpounyf uchifanun opyxun, choco-
noio n kopofkuc cpoku honoxufi koncu nounc c Shonucu.
Ofy unqopmauuk Tpymsn honyuun nakanync hopaxcnun Icp-
manuu, u fakoc coomcnuc on moi ncfpcfufi c csoionopounim
onopcnucm. Icui mna o omc, nspinnan momnocfi kofopou co-
cfannnna ho kpauncu mcpc 1O OOO fonn fpunufpofonyona, ccnu nc n
nna pasa onimc. Ona n kopofkoc npcmn cncnana cio hpcsuncnfom
cfpani, hocnunmcu n nounc u iochoncfnonanmcu n mupnoc npc-
mn. Hncn hpcnyhpcnufcninoio uchifanun n nasunanuc nhonuam,
kofopan nonioc npcmn ocyxnanaci honufukamu u yucnimu, ina
ofncpinyfa. Ioccckpcfapi xcumc Iupnc ofmcfun, ufo nc in ync-
pcn nu n ychcxc uchifanuu, nu n fom, ufo onu hpousncnyf na
nhonucn oxunacmoc hcuxonoiuucckoc nosncucfnuc. Iocpf Ohhcn-
icumcp, usnccfniu yucniu-afommuk, pasncnnn sfu comncnun.
B ucfopuucckom hnanc cncnycf hpunnfi no nnumanuc npyiyk
naxnyk nocnnyk hponcmy. cucfnufcnino nu ino ncoxonumo n
nocnnom ofnomcnuu cpacinafi afomnyk omy, ufoi hocnufi
nhonucn, u hpuciafi k cc uchonisonanuk, nc hpcnyhpcnun, xofn
i na cnonax, o iposnmcu um ohacnocfu B cnnsu c sfum cfouf
honucpknyfi, ufo hapfun nhonckux munufapucfon oponaci sa hpo-
568
nonxcnuc nouni u hocnc omapnuponku Xupocumi. Iosfomy
moxno hpcnhonoxufi, ufo cnonccnan yiposa foniko ycununa i
nnunnuc sfou naxonunmcucn y nnacfu ipyhhuponku u moina i
hokasaficn hycfim axnanicfnom hcpcn Shonucu, y kofopou nnn
ooponi umcnuci momnic cuni, hpcxnc nccio, 5 OOO camoncfon c
ncfuukamu-kamukansc, choconix nokuponafi hpunuxcnuc amc-
pukanckoio qnofa k nhonckum cpciam.
B omcm sfy hponcmy nc cncnycf paccmafpunafi usonuponan-
no, nnc ucfopuucckoio konfckcfa hpousncncnnou afomnou omap-
nuponku, u oucnunafi cc snaucnuc nnn ynymcio, kofopoc cmc
nukfo nc moi c founocfik hpcnnuncfi; nnn oncc inyokoio usyuc-
nun cc ncoxonumo ananusuponafi n coofncfcfnykmcm ucfopuucc-
kom konfckcfc. pyiumu cnonamu, ncnosmoxno c homomik uckyc-
cfncnnix konuchuuu ofncnnfi afomnic omapnuponku of xona
nouni c Shonucu.
Ofo osnauacf, ufo n cnoxunmcucn foina ocfanonkc nacfonmuu
nohpoc cocfonn n cncnykmcm: hpumcncnuc nonoio opyxun, kofo-
poc moino hpunccfu k mupokomacmfanim honufuucckum u fcx-
nonoiuucckum hocncncfnunm c ncncnimu pcsynifafamu, okasano
i nosncucfnuc na nouny c Shonucu u kakoc Hccomncnno, ufo no
honnncnun afomnou omi, kofopyk moxno ino i ncucfnufcni-
no uchonisonafi, cohpofunncnuc Shonuu hpcncfannnnoci nonium
u yhopnim. Ipanna, Cynsyku hifancn naufu hyfu nnn saknkucnun
mupa c homomik npyxcckoio concucfnun CCCI. Ho fakxc ncpno
u fo, ufo sfu hohifku ocfanuci cspcsynifafnimu, hockoniky
Cfanun n fo npcmn iofonuncn nihonnufi nconnokpafno nannoc co-
ksnukam ocmanuc ncfyhufi n nouny c Shonucu ucpcs fpu mccnua
hocnc okonuanun nouni n Inpohc, f.c. no 8 aniycfa. Icnu ncni,
kofopiu nicpcf Cfanun, ocfanancn ncusnccfnim, fo cpok hpunn-
fun pcmcnun in ohpcncncn founo. Iosfomy hpcfcnsuu nhonucn,
ufo na nux nahanu n fof momcnf, koina onu inu iofoni k hcpc-
ionopam, csocnonafcnini, fak kak CCCI n fo npcmn iofonuncn nc
k hcpcionopam, a k otnnncnuk nouni.
Hfo kacacfcn foio, kak nonio nhonui cmoinu i okasinafi co-
hpofunncnuc, fo nukfo nc moi sfo pcanino hpcnnuncfi; n omcm,
ino pachpocfpancno mncnuc, ufo coksnuku cmoiyf hpcnhpunnfi
nfopxcnuc na fcppufopuk Shonuu nc panimc nonpn 145 i. u
ufo nouna hponnufcn ho kpauncu mcpc cmc ion. Ofo honnckno i
sa coou mnoiouucncnnic xcpfni kak co cfoponi Shonuu, fak u
CUA, Aninuu u CCCI n nouckax u cpcnu ipaxnanckoio naccnc-
nun ncncncfnuc xccfokux omapnuponok. C sfou fouku spcnun,
afomnic omapnuponku, nccomncnno, hpousncnu momniu hcuxo-
noiuucckuu sqqckf. Onu nanu honufuucckum ncnfcnnm, cknonnim
56
k kahufynnuuu, oncc ncucfncnnic apiymcnfi, ufoi honnunfi na
umhcpafopa Xupoxufo u sacfanufi cio cncnafi niop mcxny uyn-
cfnom nocnnou uccfu u coxpancnun hpccfuxa umhcpafopckou nu-
nacfuu u fou xyfkou ohacnocfik, kofopan iposuna cio napony.
Kahufynnuun, ho kpauncu mcpc, ycfpannna cfpax, saccnmuu, ko-
ncuno, n ymax u nhonckux, u amcpukanckux hpanufcncu, ufo fcp-
pufopun Shonuu yncf okkyhuponana nc anino-amcpukanuamu, a
Kpacnou apmucu, ucio n Tokuo onnuci cmc onimc.
Takum opasom, onnum us honufuucckux pcsynifafon afomnou
omapnuponku cfan hochcmniu komhpomucc mcxny fpconanun-
mu coxpanufi nckofopic qopmaninic hpcpoiafuni umhcpafopa u
namcpcnucm amcpukanucn nochpchnfcfnonafi fomy, ufoi concf-
ckoc nmcmafcnicfno numuno i ux nanpon hocni n nounc (n oco-
cnnocfu, n cnyuac nouni na fcppufopuu Shonuu), kofopyk amc-
pukanui oncc npyiux cuufanu cnocu nounou u n sancpmcnuc
kofopou onu nnccnu pcmakmuu nknan.
Snnoc conhancnuc honnncnun afomnou omi u cosnanun no-
noio mcxnynaponnoio honufuucckoio ycfpoucfna hocfanuno nohpoc
o snaucnuu nncpnoio hofcnuuana nnn ynymux ofnomcnuu c Co-
ncfckum Coksom. Iocnc foio kak nnc afomnic omi inu cpo-
mcni na Xupocumy u Haiacaku, kakoni nonxni inu ifi fcmhi
u ucnu hpousnoncfna nonix om Tpconana nu cymccfnykman
mcxnynaponnan pcaninocfi onananun nonim nncpnim opy-
xucm unu sno, kofopoc ino cmc cncxo n hamnfu, cnona nc hony-
uuno i nonxnoio ofhopa
Iysncnif ocyxnan co cnoumu copafnukamu honufuucckuc ho-
cncncfnun honnncnun afomnoio opyxun, u xofn ofcyfcfnykf noky-
mcnfi, hpnmo ofpaxakmuc cio mncnuc o hocncnocnnou nncpnou
shoxc, cio honcncnuc no npcmn nouni nncfncnno cnuncfcnicfnycf o
fom, ufo on in namcpcn coxpannfi n inyokom cckpcfc fcxnono-
iuucckuc nannic, ncoxonumic nnn hpousnoncfna afomnou omi.
Cosnanan, kakuc honufuucckuc ocnoxncnun n mcxnynaponnix of-
nomcnunx nisoncf sfo nonmccfno (hpanna, ionopn o sfux ncmax,
cncnycf yuccfi, ufo Iysncnif ymcp, nc ynuncn pcsynifafon hcpnoio
afomnoio skchcpumcnfa u hcpnix afomnix nspinon), on nc moi nc
cnnsinafi cio co cnoumu ipannuosnimu hpockfamu muponoio hc-
pcycfpoucfna. Iockoniky on pasmimnnn o ynymcm Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon u o qunancono-skonomuucckou pcopianusauuu mupa n co-
ofncfcfnuu c hpanunamu qynkuuonuponanun pinounou skonomu-
ku u n unfcpccax CUA, fo on nc moi nc unfcipuponafi nocnnic
nohpoci ynymcio ucnoncuccfna n sfof nccotcmnkmuu hpockf.
Xofn sfo foniko hpcnhonoxcnuc, no nhonnc nosmoxno, ufo ono
otncnncf, houcmy Iysncnif nuucio nc ckasan Cfanuny ofnocufcnino
57O
afomnoio opyxun. B sfom knkuc moxno coinacuficn c yfncpxnc-
nucm Ucpnuna, ufo y hpcsuncnfa, ino fncpnoc ycxncnuc, ufo
konfponi nan mupom no nccm mupc nosmoxcn ucpcs nocfuxcnuc
oipomnou nocnnou momu, u ono cfano naxnim komhoncnfom cio
hnanon hocncnocnnoio ycfpoucfna. Ho sfo nohycfumo hpu ycno-
nuu, ufo Iysncnif honaian nosmoxnim nknkuufi afomnyk momi n
omuu nocnniu hnan, hpcncfanncnniu na onopcnuc amcpukan-
ckum nanoiohnafcnimukam, kofopic, onnako, npnn nu c panocfik
ofnccnuci i k ncoxonumocfu u n mupnoc npcmn nccfu onimuc
nocnnic pacxoni.
Hnim ino honoxcnuc Tpymsna, hockoniky cmy hpuxonunoci
pcmafi nc foniko fcopcfuuccku, no u hpakfuuccku, kakyk poni
yncf uipafi afomnan oma n ofnomcnunx c Concfckum Coksom.
Hccomncnno, ufo honnncnuc afomnou omi n kopnc napymano
cymccfnonanmcc hpcxnc pannonccuc, hockoniky numano Concfi
yncpcnnocfu n fom, ufo onu onanakf camou cuninou n mupc no-
cnnou mamunou u, cncnonafcnino, cfanuno ux n honoxcnuc hofcn-
uuaninou cnaocfu unu, ho kpauncu mcpc, hufano ux komhnckc
nchonnoucnnocfu, hocfonnno hpucyfcfnonanmuu n ofnomcnuu
sahannix ncpxan. Ofo ocfonfcnicfno hoponuno mnoio chckynn-
funnix konuchuuu o snaucnuu pasnuunix momcnfon, kofopic
hpuncnu k uchonisonanuk afomnix om. Hckofopic amcpukanc-
kuc ucfopuku naxc hucanu, ufo afomnan oma ina hpumcncna
nc cfoniko hpofun yxc hocxncnnou cfpani, kakou ina Shonun
n aniycfc 145 i., ckoniko hpofun ncfyhanmcio n nouny coksnuka
Concfckoio Coksa, ufoi cnusufi snaucnuc cio yuacfun u, hpcxnc
nccio, ufoi ofpocufi cio na nfopocfchcnnic n nocnnom ofnomc-
nuu hosuuuu.
Tof qakf, ufo Concfckuu Coks nc honhucan Iofcnamckyk
ncknapauuk c fpconanucm kahufynnuuu Shonuu, pacucnunancn n
ucfopuoipaquu kak hokasafcni cfpcmncnun anino-amcpukanucn
ucknkuufi Concfi us qunaninoio sfaha opii c nhonuamu u
naxc kak hohifka sacfanufi nhonucn kahufynuponafi panimc, ucm
CCCI ncfyhuf n nouny, f.c. no 8 aniycfa. Ofof nfopou apiymcnf
aconkfno numcn ocnonanuu ho kpauncu mcpc ho nnym hpuuunam.
Bo-hcpnix, c qopmaninou fouku spcnun, Concfckuu Coks nc na-
xonuncn n cocfonnuu nouni c Shonucu, a hofomy cio yuacfuc n
honhucanuu ynifumafyma nc umcno cmicna u ino i ncsakon-
nim. Bo-nfopix, namcpcnuc ofhpanufi ynifumafym nhonuam nc
ino cckpcfom, fmafcnino oxpanncmim sahannimu coksnukamu n
Iofcnamc; sfof nohpoc mupoko ocyxnancn, u Cfanun in, nccom-
ncnno, n kypcc hpoucxonunmux nuckyccuu, hosfomy, ccnu i on
saxofcn hpucocnunuficn k ynifumafymy, fo nocfafouno ino ho-
571
fpconafi sfoio, ninynun aninuuan u amcpukanucn coinacuficn c
cio yuacfucm.
Koncuno, snumunuponanuc hpcfcnuuosnou apiymcnfauuu nc
cnumacf ocnonnyk hponcmy, f.c. fo ocfonfcnicfno, ufo onnocfo-
ponncc onananuc afomnou omou pcsko mcnnno nsaumoofnomc-
nun mcxny hocnufcnnmu. Hmcnno onnocfoponncc onananuc, fak
kak Tpymsn nc cncnan nuucio, ufo hosnonnno i ionopufi o cio
namcpcnuu osnakomufi Concfi c fcmu afomnimu cckpcfamu, ko-
fopic onu, nhpoucm, yxc n snauufcninou mcpc snanu. Iponcma
cocfouf n fom, ufoi oucnufi, moina nu afomnan monohonun us-
mcnufi u usmcnuna nu ona hocncnocnnyk cufyauuk. Ho u n sfom
nohpocc cncnycf pasnuuafi ohaccnun, cfpaxu u chckynnuuu qakfa-
mu. Amcpukanckoc nocnnoc hpcumymccfno occhcuunano Cocnu-
ncnnim Ufafam nosmoxnocfi nukfonafi cnok nonk ofnocufcnino
nonoio muponoio hopnnka. Hacfo cpannunakf xon Snfunckou kon-
qcpcnuuu c konqcpcnuucu n Iofcnamc u ncnakf ninon, ufo no
npcmn hcpnou us nux Iysncnif in oncc cknoncn k komhpomuccy
n cnnsu co cnaocfik hosuuuu sahannix ncpxan, n fo npcmn kak n
Icpnunc Tpymsn cfanonuncn ncc oncc nchpumupumim ho mcpc
hocfyhncnun unqopmauuu o macmfaax ychcxa uchifanuu n Ana-
moiopno. B hocncnykmuc hocnc Iofcnamckou konqcpcnuuu nnu
amcpukanckan honufuka cfana cmc oncc xccfkou n cuny nnoni o-
pcfcnnou yncpcnnocfu n csohacnocfu. Ofo nkoi cnuncfcnicfnona-
no o fom, kak icfpo afomnan monohonun okasana nnunnuc na ho-
nufuky Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, cncnan ux mcncc cknonnimu k nua-
noiy c Concfamu, f.c. hpcnpafuna Tpymsna n inannoc ncucfnykmcc
nuuo kypca na yxccfoucnuc, kofopiu hpuncn k xononnou nounc.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, sfo samcuanuc kaxcfcn ncoocnonannim.
Iasnuuuc mcxny Snfou u Iofcnamom saknkuanoci n fom, ufo no
npcmn konqcpcnuuu n Kpimy sahannic ncpxani nonxni inu
okasinafi nanncnuc na Cfanuna, ufoi ycnufi cio cncnafi ncko-
fopic ycfyhku n ofnomcnuu foio, ucm on yxc onanan, u fcx pc-
mcnuu, kofopic sanuccnu foniko of ncio. Bo npcmn Icpnunckou
konqcpcnuuu cufyauun ina concpmcnno unou, hofomy ufo sa-
hannic ncpxani nc nonxni inu onimc hpocufi o ucm-nuo, a
Cfanun nonxcn in nounaficn ycfyhok, na kofopic sahannic
ncpxani nc coinamanuci. Hfak, cohocfanncnuc nnyx konqcpcnuuu
moxcf hpunccfu k pasnuunim ninonam, ccnu yuccfi, ufo na pcmc-
nun, hpunnfic n Iofcnamc, nosmoxno, honnunno ocosnanuc amc-
pukanuamu cnocu nonou momu ncncncfnuc monohonuu na afomnoc
opyxuc. B camom ncnc, ccnu i Tpymsn saxofcn ncmcnncnno uc-
honisonafi noniu ananc cun n nuhnomafuucckom hnanc, fo on ho-
ncn i ccn c Concfamu concpmcnno unauc, a on n omcm nononino
572
ymcpcnno ncpxancn u n ofnomcnuu nihonncnun Snfunckux coina-
mcnuu.
B uknc Tpymsn nc hofpconan of Cfanuna conkncnun onsa-
fcnicfn, hpunnfix n Snfc hpu honhucanuu ncknapauuu o Ocnoox-
ncnnou Inpohc, nccmofpn na oxccfoucnnyk honcmuky, pasncnnnmyk
cfoponi ho nohpocam nocnnou anmunucfpauuu na okkyhuponan-
nix fcppufopunx Iankanckoio honyocfpona. Ofo ocfonfcnicfno
cnuncfcnicfnycf o fom, ufo n fof momcnf on cmc nc in namcpcn
(ccnu koina-nuo in namcpcn) uchonisonafi afomnyk monoho-
nuk kak uncfpymcnf nanncnun na Concfi, ufoi sacfanufi ux cnc-
nonafi amcpukanckum konuchuunm unu sahannou fpakfonkc onsa-
fcnicfn, honhucannix n Snfc. Hcnisn ckasafi, ufo y Tpymsna nc
ino fakou nosmoxnocfu.
Imc n uknc, koina onu co Cfumconom ocyxnanu nonyk cufya-
uuk, nosnukmyk naionapn afomnou monohonuu, onu honaianu,
ufo n nuhnomafuucckom hnanc oma moxcf hpousnccfu ncmcn-
ncnniu hofpncakmuu sqqckf u ufo nonoc opyxuc pcmuf, nu
onimc nu mcnimc, honickyk, pyminckyk, kiocnanckyk hponc-
mi u nohpoc o Maniuxypuu. Ofo ionopuf o fom, ufo hpcsuncnf
ofnuuno honuman, kakyk cuny cmy nanana afomnan oma n honu-
fuucckom hnanc. Hccmofpn na sfo, on uscian okasinafi ynifuma-
funnoc nanncnuc na Cfanuna u qakfuuccku hosnonun cmy cnoonno
ycfanannunafi cnoc iochoncfno na Iankanckom honyocfponc, oipa-
nuuunanci no u hocnc Xupocumi fpanuuuonnimu nuhnomafuucc-
kumu hpofccfamu. Iononoc ofnomcnuc cnuncfcnicfnycf o fom,
ufo Tpymsn nc namcpcnancn unu nc in iofon usnncui honufuucc-
kuc hpcumymccfna n cnnsu c onananucm afomnou monohonucu, fo
ccfi amcpukanckan cfopona foina nc uchonisonana afomnoc hpc-
nocxoncfno n nuhnomafuucckom hnanc.
Iosfomy nannuu nohpoc: ina nu afomnan oma uchonisonana
n onimcu mcpc nnn foio, ufoi sahyiafi Concfi, ucm ufoi pas-
ipomufi Shonuk fpcycf onnosnaunoio ofncfa, kofopiu nifc-
kacf us foio, ufo ino usnoxcno no cux hop. Hccomncnno, ufo oc-
nonnan sanaua saknkuanaci n yckopcnuu kahufynnuuu Shonuu, no
n fo xc npcmn ncnosmoxno ofpuuafi, ufo cam qakf hpumcncnun
afomnou omi hpuncn k hcpcmcnam n ofnomcnunx mcxny hoc-
nufcnnmu u hoponun nonic hponcmi n coxpancnuu coksa, yxc
nanmcio fpcmuny n hocncnocnnoc npcmn.
3a sfum nc hocncnonano nchocpcncfncnnoc nipaxcnuc xcna-
nun amcpukanucn honuunufi Concfckuu Coks, no sa sfum coi-
fucm cfonno namcpcnuc hokasafi nccmy mupy, kfo ncucfnufcnino
naxonufcn n ucnfpc nonou mcxnynaponnou cucfcmi, cnoxunmcucn
hocnc nouni. Ofof ninon moxno usnoxufi n mcncc ocfpou qopmc,
57J
opafunmuci k cnonam nupckfopa afomnix naopafopuu Hukaio
Apfypa Komhfona, ckasannim um n uknc 145 i. Cfumcony, ufoi
otncnufi hpuuuni cio coinacun c hpumcncnucm afomnou omi:
Icnu oma nc yncf hpumcncna n sfou nounc, mup nc ysnacf, ufo
cio moxcf oxunafi n cnyuac nosnuknoncnun nonou nouni. Ofcu
nonoponnou omi Onnapn Tcnncp, kofopiu n 145 i. in hpofun
cpacinanun afomnou omi na Xupocumy, hucan cnocmy konncic
Cuunnapny: Hama cnuncfncnnan nancxna cocfouf n fom, ufoi
hpcncfanufi nknnm honyucnnic pcsynifafi... Ofo moino i yc-
nufi nccx, ufo cncnykman nouna moxcf cfafi qafaninou... A hofo-
my hpumcncnuc omi no npcmn sfou nouni moino i cfafi nau-
nyumum pcmcnucm.
pyiou nohpoc saknkuacfcn n fom, kak aninuuanc u amcpukan-
ui uchonisonanu onananuc afomnim cckpcfom. Onu snanu, ufo
umckf hpcumymccfno nan Concfamu, no snanu fakxc, ufo sfo hpc-
umymccfno ucucsncf ucpcs ncckoniko ncf. Hfak, ncfan nohpoc o
nanincumcm uchonisonanuu afomnou sncpiuu na ycnonunx nsaum-
nou csohacnocfu, hofomy ufo anifcpnafunou moina cfafi csym-
nan ionka k nocfuxcnuk nonoio pannonccun cun, kofopoc honufuku
safcm nasnanu pannonccucm cfpaxa. Ho ho hpomccfnuu cfonikux
ncf ncnisn nc ofmcfufi, ufo hpoinosi, cncnannic Komhfonom,
Tcnncpom u mnoiumu npyiumu yucnimu, inu nc numcni ocnona-
nuu, hofomy ufo ocosnanuc ohacnocfu, kofopyk ncccf nonan nouna,
ccnu u nc ocfanonuno ionky n cosnanuu cncpxconpcmcnnix noopy-
xcnuu, fo homcmano ux hpumcncnuk u hofpconano of honufukon
no nccm mupc pancc ncmicnumou ocfopoxnocfu hpcxnc, ucm hpu-
nnfi cfpafciuucckuc pcmcnun, choconic usmcnufi cymccfnyk-
myk cufyauuk.
7.10. Amepwxancxwe npoexim
noctenoennoto ycipowcina
7.10.1. PABPABOTKA HOCLEBOEHHOU
BHETHEU HOLUTUKU COE,UHEHHMX TTATOB
Ofnomcnun cfpan-hocnufcninuu no Bfopou muponou nounc
inu ofmcucni cohcpnuuccfnom n nncpnou onacfu, kofopoc nos-
nukno n 145 i. u coxpannnoci n hocncnykmuc nccnfuncfun. Onna-
ko ono nc nonxno safmcnafi fo ocfonfcnicfno, ufo okonuanuc
nouni cohponoxnanoci naxnimu uncfufyuuonaninimu hcpcmcna-
mu, kofopic nipaxanu cymnocfi ncnukoio hpockfa Iysncnifa u
inu naxncc nocfuxcnuu n nncpnou onacfu.
574
Hcnisn nc ofmcfufi, ufo amcpukanckan anmunucfpauun cymcna
icfpo u hnanomcpno anahfuponafi cnou hpoipammi n coofncf-
cfnuu c pasnufucm coifuu: cnauana k fpconanunm napacfakmcio
mcxnynaponnoio kpusuca, a safcm n cnnsu c ncoxonumocfik nipa-
ofafi ancknafnyk nonomy konfckcfy nncmnkk honufuky cfpani.
C sfou ucnik iocynapcfncnniu nchapfamcnf opasonan n 1J i.
koncynifafunniu komufcf (komufcf ho honiofonkc hocncnocnnou
nncmncu honufuku), no inanc kofopoio in hocfanncn C. Ysnncc u
n kofopom hpunnnu yuacfuc ninakmuccn skchcpfi Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon n onacfu couuanino-kynifypnou xusnu. B cocfan komu-
fcfa nomnu nuhnomafi, kpucfi, skonomucfi, qunancucfi, honu-
fuku, hpcncfanufcnu hpoqcccypi, sanumanmuccn kak paspaofkou
cfafcu Ycfana opianusauuu, kofopan nonxna ina hpuufu na cmc-
ny uic Hauuu, fak u usyucnucm honufuucckux, qunancono-sko-
nomuucckux, fcppufopuaninix u mnoiux npyiux hponcm, hopox-
nacmix nounou u sacfanunmux Cocnuncnnic Ufafi hpunccfu
cnok nncmnkk honufuky n coofncfcfnuc c nonou pcaninocfik,
cnoxunmcucn n pcsynifafc nouni.
Ofof komufcf, ncucfnonanmuu no 145 i., honiofonun nnn Kop-
ncnna Xsnna oipomnoc konuuccfno chpanok u hpcnnoxcnuu, cfan-
mux ocnonou nnn nipaofku nonix konuchuuu, kofopimu nonxcn
in pykononcfnonaficn iocynapcfncnniu nchapfamcnf. H xofn
Xsnn nc nonxcn in ocfanaficn no inanc amcpukanckou nuhnoma-
fuu no konua nouni cio cmcnun cnauana O. Cfcffunuyc, a ho-
fom x. Iupnc pcsynifafi sfoio ipannuosnoio fpyna inu nhc-
uafnnkmumu. Kpomc foio, xofn Iysncnif nc hcpchopyuan npyium
qopmynuponanuc okonuafcninix pcmcnuu ho nohpocam honufu-
ucckou ncnfcninocfu hpcsuncnfa, on cuufancn c mncnucm ninak-
muxcn concfnukon, paofanmux n komufcfc, yupcxncnnom Xsnnom,
fcm oncc ufo n komufcf nomnu nuua, fmafcnino ofopannic na-
ionapn ux nusocfu k hpcsuncnfy, kofopiu pykononun cfpanou n
hpucymcu foniko cmy mancpc. Iosfomy cuufafi onimou hpockf
Iysncnifa hnonom numi nuunix uncu u xusncnnoio ohifa hpcsu-
ncnfa, koncuno, hpanunino, no ino i nc koppckfno hpcncpc-
iafi fcm, ufo hononic uncu ponunuci nc n onnou iononc, a inu
pcsynifafom paofi nccu amcpukanckou anmunucfpauuu u umcnno
hosfomy honyuunu mupokyk honncpxky u onopcnuc.
Inannoc mccfo cpcnu nohpocon, nan kofopimu paofan komu-
fcf, sanumana hponcma kak hpcnofnpafufi nosnuknoncnuc hocnc
okonuanun nouni cufyauuu, kofopan, hpu honnom hponanc uiu
Hauuu, moina i homcmafi cosnanuk cucfcmi mcxnynaponnou
csohacnocfu, choconou chacfu mup. Honiu mcxnynaponniu ho-
pnnok, cnoxunmuucn hocnc nouni, fpconan ycfpancnun oipanu-
uufcncu u yipos, cnnsannix c yfpaucnnou cnpohcuckou icicmonucu
575
u hpofunopcuunmu Bcpcanickou cucfcmi, kofopic nc inu pcmcni
muponim konqnukfom. Honiu hopnnok nonxcn in ohupaficn na
nonic mcxnynaponnic uncfufyfi inoaninoio xapakfcpa, choco-
nic pcmufi n coofncfcfnuu c konuchuunmu, kynifypou u unfcpc-
camu ncpxani, kofopan nomunuponana n koanuuuu hocnufcncu,
hponcmy coxpancnun mupa n mupc. Onu nonxni inu concucfnonafi
osnoponncnuk skonomuku, hcpcnccmcu yxaci nouni, ycfanonnc-
nuk qunancono-fopionou cucfcmi, n pamkax kofopou pinounan
skonomuka cmoina i occhcuufi mupy makcumanino nosmoxniu
pocf u hpouncfanuc skonomuku n afmocqcpc ncmokpafuu u cnooni
fopionnu.
Ofo in nccoxnafinakmuu hpockf, kofopiu ahpuopno nc uc-
knkuan nu onny us cfpan mupa u, oncc foio, hpcnhonaian oncc
unu mcncc ckopyk nuknunauuk ofnomcnuu sanucumocfu, hpucy-
mux cucfcmc umhcpckux hpcqcpcnuuu, a fakxc yuacfuc sakpifix
cucfcm c xccfkou hnanonou skonomukou concfckoio fuha, hony-
uanmux fakum opasom nosmoxnocfi sancuufi pani, nancccnnic
nounou, u ncpnyficn k cucfcmc mupnoio cofpynnuuccfna c ocfani-
nim mupom. Ipockf Iysncnifa nknkuan opasonanuc nckofopix
kpyhncumux opianusauuu Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu,
Mcxnynaponnoio nankfnoio qonna, Mcxnynaponnoio anka pc-
koncfpykuuu u pasnufun, a fakxc saknaninan ocnoni nnn cosna-
nun Mcxnynaponnou opianusauuu fopionnu, hocnyxunmcu sapo-
nimcm ynymcio Icncpaninoio coinamcnun ho fapuqam u fopionnc
(IATT). K num cncnycf noanufi Opianusauuk ho nohpocam hpo-
nononicfnun u ccnickoio xosnucfna (AO), cosnannyk oquuuanino
n okfnpc 145 i., no cfanmyk nacncnnuucu nnyx opianusauuu:
umcnmcio onimou ohif paofi Mcxnynaponnoio uncfufyfa ho
nohpocam ccnickoio xosnucfna (ocnonannoio n 1O8 i. u ncucfno-
nanmcio no 146 i. c mccfohpcinanucm n Iumc) u qynkuuonupo-
nanmcu c 14J i. n fcucnuc nchpononxufcninoio npcmcnu n Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafax Bpcmcnnou komuccuu otcnuncnnix nauuu ho
nohpocam hponononicfnun u ccnickoio xosnucfna. Hmcnno nnufcni-
niu ohif mcxnynaponnoio cofpynnuuccfna n onacfu hponononi-
cfnun u ccnickoio xosnucfna hosnonun hpunnfi n 14 i. pcmcnuc
o pasmcmcnuu mfa-knapfupi AO n Iumc, cmc no foio kak Hfa-
nun ina nohymcna n Opianusauuk Otcnuncnnix Hauuu.
7.10.2. COB,AHUE OPFAHUBAUUU
OBLE,UHEHHMX HAUUU
Opianusauun Otcnuncnnix Hauuu ina opasonana na ocnonc
coinamcnuu, nocfuinyfix n Snfc mcxny Hcpuunncm, Cfanunim u
Iysncnifom, u n pcsynifafc honiofonufcninix paof, hponcncnnix
576
skchcpfamu no npcmn konqcpcnuuu n ymapfon-Okcc. 5 mapfa
145 i. hpanufcnicfno Bamunifona fakxc u of umcnu aninuuckoio,
concfckoio u kufauckoio hpanufcnicfn nahpanuno n coofncfcfnuu c
ycnonunmu, hpunnfimu n Snfc, nccm fcm cfpanam, kofopic otn-
nunu nouny Icpmanuu no mapfa, hpuinamcnuc hpunnfi yuacfuc n
konqcpcnuuu, kofopan ofkpinanaci 25 ahpcnn 145 i. n Can-pan-
uucko, nnn hpunnfun okonuafcninoio pcmcnun o ycfanc nonou
opianusauuu. panuuu nc ino cpcnu hpuinamakmux us-sa yhop-
noio ncxcnanun nc Ionnn hpucocnunuficn k coomnukam, ofncf-
cfncnnim sa Snfunckuc coinamcnun, xofn qpanuysckan ncnciauun
yuacfnonana n honiofonufcninix paofax u nccima icfpo coinacu-
naci c ponik ncnukou ncpxani, kofopyk hpcnocfannnn cu paspaa-
finanmuucn ycfan. Yupcnufcniniu akf o cosnanuu OOH honhucanu
n omcu cnoxnocfu 4 cfpan, k kofopim n hpoucccc pafuqukauuu
noanunaci Ionima, uic Bpcmcnnoc hpanufcnicfno ino yxc hpu-
snano aninuuanamu u amcpukanuamu.
cafi n Can-panuucko hpononxanuci nna mccnua no hpunn-
fun 26 uknn 145 i. ycfana nonou opianusauuu. Onu nc hpcnpafu-
nuci n haccunnoc coinacuc c pcmcnunmu, pancc onopcnnimu
Ionimou fpoukou, oncc foio, manic cfpani, n ococnnocfu nc-
nanno cosnannic iocynapcfna, oucni akfunno honncpxunanu ofncni-
nic honoxcnun u ofcfaunanu pannohpanuc nnyfpu opianusauuu.
Ofo in ysnonou momcnf nccu cufyauuu, hockoniky of hpunnfix
pcmcnuu sanuccn xapakfcp opianusauuu: cfancf nu ona honfopcnu-
cm uiu Hauuu, f.c. opianusauucu, honyuunmcu n kpunuucckom
hnanc mupokuu pcsonanc, no manosqqckfunnou n pcmcnuu mcx-
nynaponnix chopon, nuo opianusauucu, onanakmcu, ho kpauncu
mcpc, n hpunuuhc, honnomouunmu, nocfafounimu nnn foio, ufoi
ona moina ncucfnonafi camocfonfcnino, xofn u hpu coxpancnuu
coinacun mcxny hnfik ncnukumu ncpxanamu.
Ipunuuh kpunuucckoio pancncfna cytckfon mcxnynaponnou
xusnu safpynnnn pcanusauuk sqqckfunnocfu opianusauuu, sa ko-
fopyk nanno nicfyhanu CUA u Concfckuu Coks. Iinu ofncpinyfi
ncnucckuc hohifku okasafi nanncnuc u nouficn hcpcpachpcncncnun
honnomouuu mcxny opianamu OOH, fak xc kak inu ofpomcni
nospaxcnun hpofun hpcnocfanncnun chcuuaninix honnomouuu
(fak nasinacmoio hpana ncfo) hnfu ncpxanam, hocfonnnim unc-
nam Concfa Icsohacnocfu. Io npyium nohpocam ncafi okasanuci
oucni pcsynifafunnimu.
B hcpnyk oucpcni sfo kacanoci nohpoca o nccamoyhpannnk-
muxcn fcppufopunx, hockoniky nuckyccuu ninnunu oucni cuninic
anfukononuaninic nacfpocnun. Ofo hpuncno k fomy, ufo n Ycfan
OOH inu nknkucni pasncni o mcxnynaponnou ohckc, n kofopix
577
ino ofmcucno, ufo ncpxana, yhpannnkman honohcunou fcppufopu-
cu, nonxna chococfnonafi nocfuxcnuk cc ncsanucumocfu. Kpomc
foio, Ycfan yhopnnouunan n ucnom nohpoc o nccamoyhpannnkmux-
cn fcppufopunx, f.c. o kononunx, n coofncfcfnuu c hpunuuhom, ufo
ncpxani, yhpannnkmuc honohcunou fcppufopucu, nonxni pyko-
noncfnonaficn, n hcpnyk oucpcni, unfcpccamu honohcunoio nacc-
ncnun, ynaxafi cio honufuucckuc ycfpcmncnun u concucfnonafi
pasnufuk n nahpanncnuu camoyhpanncnun. Cfoni xc oxunncnnan
nuckyccun pasiopcnaci ho nohpocy o Okonomuucckom u Couuani-
nom Concfc, kofopomy ofnonunaci poni onnoio us inannix opia-
non OOH.
Zapkuc ocyxncnun pasncpnynuci u ho nohpocy o honnomouunx
Concfa Icsohacnocfu u hopnnkc ionoconanun nnyfpu ncio. Hmcnno
sfof nohpoc ncnacf ncoxonumim, n nuny cio hocncnykmcio pasnu-
fun, oncc founoc usnoxcnuc kpunuucckou cfpykfypi opianusa-
uuu, cosnannou na konqcpcnuuu n Can-panuucko.
Ycfan, honhucanniu 26 uknn u ncfyhunmuu n cuny hocnc pafu-
qukauuu ofncninimu cfpanamu-yuacfnuuamu 24 okfnpn 145 i.,
cocfonn us hpcamyni u 111 cfafcu, otcnuncnnix n 1 inan.
B hpcamync ofmcuanuci iymanufapnic u hauuqucfckuc hpunuu-
hi, kofopimu pykononcfnonanuci hpu honhucanuu Ycfana. Cfafin 1
ohpcncnnna sanauu Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu kopofkou
u nipasufcninou qpasou: Ionncpxunafi mcxnynaponniu mup u
csohacnocfi; c sfou ucnik namcuanoci hpunumafi ncoxonumic
konnckfunnic mcpi, kofopic inu nonxnim opasom hcpcuucnc-
ni. Hmcnno hpuopufcf sanauu honncpxanun mupa cncnan OOH fa-
kou opianusauucu, hcpcn kofopou cfonnu ocoic sanauu n shoxy
napacfanun nahpnxcnnocfu.
Inannimu opianamu OOH inu u ccfi Accamncn, Concf
Icsohacnocfu u Icncpaniniu cckpcfapi. Ionnomouun Accamncu,
n kofopou pannohpanno hpcncfanncni ncc cfpani-uncni OOH,
nknkuanu ocyxncnuc nkix nohpocon u nipaofky pckomcnna-
uuu. Hsnauanino sfo in honufuucckuu opian, no numcnniu
ohcpafunnix nosmoxnocfcu, sa ucknkucnucm fcx, kofopic inu
cmy ncnciuponani unu moinu ifi hpuopcfcni sa npcmn paofi.
Concf Icsohacnocfu nipaxan kpunuucckyk, honufuucckyk u
uchonnufcninyk cyfi cucfcmi OOH, hofomy ufo na ncio ina
nosnoxcna inannan ofncfcfncnnocfi sa honncpxanuc mcxnynapon-
noio mupa u csohacnocfu (cf. 24). B cocfan Concfa nxonuno 11
(c 165 i. 15) uncnon: hnfi hocfonnnix (Aninun, Kufau, Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi, Concfckuu Coks u panuun), ocfaninic usupa-
nuci ho oucpcnu na nna iona us npyiux iocynapcfn-uncnon OOH.
Concf nonxcn in hpunumafi u mupnic u nocnnic mcpi nnn hon-
578
ncpxanun mupa. Takum opasom, Concf Icsohacnocfu cosnanancn
kak cnuncfncnniu opian, kofopiu in nhpanc hpunumafi pcmc-
nun of umcnu nccu opianusauuu. pyiumu cnonamu, umcnno hcpcn
Concfom Icsohacnocfu cfouf sanaua yhpannnfi Otcnuncnnimu
Hauunmu.
Iio hocfanonncnun fpconanu chcuuaninou hpoucnypi ionoco-
nanun, hosfomy, sa ucknkucnucm hpoucnypnix nohpocon, hpcnho-
naianoci, ufo onimuncfno, hpunumakmcc pcmcnun, nccina nonxno
ino nknkuafi ionoca hocfonnnix uncnon. Inuncfncnnoc uc-
knkucnuc (nipaofannoc hocnc noniux ncafon) kacanoci chopon,
hpcnycmafpunakmux mupnoc ypciynuponanuc, hpuucm cfopona,
yuacfnykman n chopc (cf. 27), nonxna nosncpxaficn hpu ionocona-
nuu, naxc ccnu nnnncfcn hocfonnnim uncnom. Tak cfano nopmou
honufuucckoc coinamcnuc, onopcnnoc n Snfc, coinacno kofopomy
Otcnuncnnic Hauuu hpunumakf pcmcnun foniko hpu cnunoinacuu
ncnukux ncpxan, f.c. n cnyuac ofcyfcfnun mcxny numu konqnukfa.
H naoopof, konqnukf mcxny hnfik ncnukumu ncpxanamu hapa-
nusonan i (kak, n camom ncnc, u cnyuunoci) ncnfcninocfi OOH u
cc choconocfi nihonnnfi cnou qynkuuu, hpcnycmofpcnnic cf. 1.
Hfoi ycunufi, xofn i n hpunuuhc, honnomouun Concfa Ic-
sohacnocfu, Ycfan hpcnycmafpunan, ufo kaxnan cfpana-yuacfnuua
opianusauuu nonxna hocfonnno ncpxafi n pachopnxcnuu OOH
chcuuaniniu konfunicnf cocfncnnix cun, kofopic uchonisona-
nuci i n coofncfcfnuu c pcmcnunmu Concfa u ho pckomcnnauunm
Bocnno-Ufanoio Komufcfa, cosnanuc kofopoio ino hpcnycmof-
pcno cf. 47 (cfafin, kofopan no 2OO2 i. nc ina nihonncna). Iino
oucnunno, ufo fcxnuucckan pcanusauun cfafcu ofnocufcnino co-
snanun anfonomnix noopyxcnnix cun OOH honnocfik sanuccna
of nonu saunfcpcconannix cfopon ncucfnufcnino hpcnocfanufi
Opianusauuu fakyk anfonomuk, kofopou ona nonxna ina pacho-
naiafi, no kofopan, qakfuuccku, hpofunopcuuna honnomouunm,
hpcnocfanncnnim cf. 27 hnfu ncnukum ncpxanam.
Tpcfuu opian Icncpaniniu cckpcfapi, nnnnkmuucn inannim
anmunucfpafunnim nonxnocfnim nuuom opianusauuu (cf. 7) u
nasnauacmiu Icncpaninou Accamnccu ho pckomcnnauuu Concfa
Icsohacnocfu. Icmcnuc oipanuuufi cio qynkuuu foniko anmunuc-
fpafunnou cqcpou ino hponukfonano namcpcnucm nc honfopnfi
foio, ufo cnyuunoci n uic Hauuu, f.c. nc nohycfufi, ufoi Icnc-
paniniu cckpcfapi hpuopcn cocfncnnyk nnacfi. Tcm nc mcncc,
sfa nnacfi kocncnno cmy hpcnocfannnnaci, hockoniky cckpcfapi
onanan hpanom (cf. ) nononufi no cncncnun Concfa Icsohacnocfu
o nkix nohpocax, kofopic, ho cio mncnuk, moiyf yipoxafi hon-
ncpxanuk mcxnynaponnoio mupa u csohacnocfu. Anmunucfpafun-
57
nic qynkuuu fakum opasom nahonnnnuci honufuucckum concpxa-
nucm, u ux snaucnuc sanuccno of nuunocfu ofncninix icncpaninix
cckpcfapcu.
B Ycfanc ina fmafcnino paspaofana hpoucnypa mupnoio pc-
mcnun chopnix nohpocon hyfcm hcpcionopon, ocncnonanuu, un-
chckuuu, hocpcnnuuccfna, hpumupcnun, apufpaxa, kpunuucckoio
ypciynuponanun unu opamcnun k pciuonaninim opianusauunm,
nuo unimu mupnimu cpcncfnamu, ohpcncncnnimu conmccfno
(in. VI). B cnyuac nosnuknoncnun cufyauuu, yipoxanmux mcxnyna-
ponnou csohacnocfu, napymanmux mup u npyiux akfon aipcccuu n
Ycfanc hpcnycmafpunanuci mcpi, cxonnic c fcmu, ufo inu hpc-
nycmofpcni uiou Hauuu. Onu hpcnhonaianu qopmi nmcmafcni-
cfna c nospacfanmcu cyponocfik nhnofi no nicmcu, cnnsannou c
pcmcnucm o hpumcncnuu cuni, cocfncnnou unu hpcnocfanncnnou
ofncninimu uncnamu opianusauuu (in. 7, cf. 41 u hocncnykmuc).
Ofnocufcnino hpana na camooopony Ycfan nohyckan (in. 71) o-
pasonanuc pciuonaninix ooponufcninix cokson, choconix
hpunumafi hpunynufcninic mcpi homumo Concfa Icsohacnocfu n
cnyuac camoooponi of npaxcckoio iocynapcfna. Ofa cfafin, kasa-
noci i, mapiunaninan ho cnocmy snaucnuk, hosxc, n ioni opa-
sonanun nokon, cfana oucni naxnou.
Cpcnu mcncc snauumix opianon in Okonomuucckuu u Couu-
aniniu Concf, kofopiu ofkpinan hcpcn Otcnuncnnimu Hauunmu
omupnoc honc ncnfcninocfu. Hakoncu, inu nccima naxni ho-
noxcnun Ycfana ho kononuaninomy nohpocy. B ofnuuuc of Ycfana
uiu Hauuu, Ycfan OOH paccmafpunan n omcu qopmc nohpoc o
nccamocfonfcninix fcppufopunx (in. XI), n ofnomcnuu kofopix
inu cqopmynuponani omuc honoxcnun o nocfounom yhpannc-
nuu, hpcxnc nccio n unfcpccax naccncnun ofncninix fcppufopuu,
u, ho kpauncu mcpc, ino ycfanonncno onno ucfkoc hpanuno. Ono
concpxanoci n hynkfc e cf. 7J u onsinano cfpani, yhpannnkmuc
honohcunimu fcppufopunmu, hcpcnanafi Icncpaninomy cckpcfapk
nnn unqopmauuu, no pciynnpno noknani, concpxanmuc cfa-
fucfuucckuc nannic u npyiuc cncncnun chcuuaninoio xapakfcpa,
ofnocnmuccn k skonomuucckum, couuaninim ycnonunm, a fakxc
ycnonunm opasonanun na fcppufopunx, sa kofopic onu nccyf of-
ncfcfncnnocfi.
Ofa onsannocfi ina cqopmynuponana oucni fymanno u fak,
ufo kononuaninic ncpxani, kofopic xofcnu of ncc yknonuficn,
moinu nciko ooufu sfo hpanuno. Tcm nc mcncc, c fcx hop n fcuc-
nuc ncckonikux ncf ono nanano nosmoxnocfi OOH nmcmunaficn n
yhpanncnuc kononunmu cnauana c ucnik concucfnun pocfy uucna
honohcunix fcppufopuu, a safcm n cnnsu c hpnmou, cs hpomcxy-
founix sfahon, u honnou nckononusauucu.
58O
Icxum yhpanncnun honohcunimu fcppufopunmu, kak u manna-
fi uiu Hauuu, nonxcn in cnyxufi moncnik hocfchcnnoio hc-
pcxona k nckononusauuu u pciynuponancn chcuuaninou inanou Yc-
fana (XII), n kofopou paccmafpunanoci oucni nconimoc uucno
cnyuacn, ufo ncnano cio mano snauumim, sa ucknkucnucm cosnan-
nou um qopmi konfponn. Tcppufopuaninan ohcka ina sanymana
kak hcpcxonniu sfah k ncsanucumocfu honohcunix fcppufopuu u
moina hpumcnnficn foniko n ofnomcnuu fpcx kafciopuu kononuu:
u) inmux honmannafnix fcppufopuu uiu nauuu, nc cfanmux
cmc ncsanucumimu, ufo na hpakfukc oipanuuunano ux uucno
honmannafnimu cfpanamu fuha t u +, hofomy ufo fc, ufo nomnu n
fuh A, ncc k 146 i. honyuunu ncsanucumocfi, sa ucknkucnucm
ocooio cnyuan Ianccfuni; h) kononuu, offopinyfix of npaxcc-
kux iocynapcfn n pcsynifafc nouni, ufo cncnoci, hocnc ncckonikux
ncf cchoncsnix nuckyccuu k hpocfomy hpcnocfanncnuk npcmcn-
nou ohcku nan Hfaninnckum Comanu fou xc Hfanuu cpokom na
nccnfi ncf (c 15O ho 16O i.); c) fcppufopuu, nopononino nknk-
ucnnix n cucfcmy ohcku iocynapcfnamu, ofncfcfncnnimu sa ux yh-
panncnuc. Iocncnnuu hynkf nukoina nc in pcanusonan, fak kak n
ncucfnufcninocfu ohcka ina ocymccfnncna na fcx ncmnoiux fcp-
pufopunx, o kofopix ionopunoci n hynkfc u). Ho sfof uncfufyf
umcn ohpcncncnnoc snaucnuc, hofomy ufo n cnnsu c num in opa-
sonan chcuuaniniu konfponiniu opian Concf ho ohckc, ona-
nanmuu ucfko ohpcncncnnimu honnomouunmu, kofopic icfpo
cfanu moncnik, uchonisonanmcucn Otcnuncnnimu Hauunmu nnn
nkou kononuaninou anmunucfpauuu.
3anymannan kak uncfpymcnf honncpxanun mupa (umcnno ho-
sfomy ohpcncncnnan kafciopun fcppufopuu, ofnannix hon ohcky,
ina ustnfa us-hon konfponn Concfa ho ohckc u hcpcnana Concfy
Icsohacnocfu, hockoniky nknkuana fcppufopuu, cuufanmuccn
cmpumeeuueciu+u, pachonoxcnnic ucknkuufcnino n Tuxookcanc-
kom pciuonc u naxonunmuccn hon amcpukanckou ohckou), Opia-
nusauun Otcnuncnnix Hauuu onanana nohonnufcninimu kauc-
cfnamu, ycununanmumu cc hofcnuuan u choconimu hpcnofnpa-
fufi hponan, kofopiu hofcphcna uia Hauuu. Ipcxnc nccio, n
ncu yuacfnonanu ncnymuc cfpani mupa u, n hcpnyk oucpcni, cncpx-
ncpxani, kofopic cuufanuci honnunnimu hocnufcnnmu n nounc
Concfckuu Coks u Cocnuncnnic Ufafi. Bpcmcnnoc ofcyfcfnuc n
fof hcpuon hofcphcnmux hopaxcnuc cfpan nc ococnno honpina-
no nccoxnafinakmuu xapakfcp opianusauuu.
Cfpcmncnuc coucfafi n Ycfanc kpunuucckuu momcnf mcxnyna-
ponnoio pancncfna iocynapcfn, c honufuucckum, ofpaxakmum pas-
nuunyk cfchcni ofncfcfncnnocfu ncnymux ncpxan u npyiux uncnon
581
OOH, nisinano ohpcncncnnoc noncpuc k opianusauuu, qynkuuo-
nuponanuc kofopou hpcnycmafpunano honncpxanuc pannonccun
mcxny ncnukumu hpunuuhamu u pcaninou ncoxonumocfik coxpa-
ncnun nnufcninoio coinacun mcxny inannimu hocnufcnnmu.
Hccomncnno, ufo Ycfan, nccmofpn na hohpanku, nncccnnic na
konqcpcnuuu n Can-panuucko, in hponykfom aninocakconckou
hpanonou kynifypi u uncfpymcnfom samufi unfcpccon sahannix
cfpan, hpcxnc nccio Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, kofopic moinu pac-
cuufinafi na houfu csoionopounyk honncpxky oncc 4O us omc-
io uucna 51 cfpan-yuacfnuu. Hcf comncnun, ufo concfckoc yuacfuc
ino nchocpcncfncnno cnnsano c hpanom ncfo, f.c. c hpanom ha-
panusonafi ncnfcninocfi OOH, ccnu npyiuc ncpxani hohifakfcn
uchonisonafi cc n ucnnx, nchpucmncmix c concfckou fouku spc-
nun. Bcc sfo ofpaxano nosmoxnocfu u oipanuucnnocfi nonou
opianusauuu, kofopou hocnufcnu noncpunu honncpxanun mupa no
nccm mupc.
7.10.3. OKOHOMUUECKUE UHCTUT.TM
HOCLEBOEHHOFO BPEMEHU
Iaccmafpunafi Otcnuncnnic Hauuu kak ncufo ofncninoc of
uncfufyfon, kofopic amcpukanckuc u aninuuckuc hpockfuponmuku
(no, hpcxnc nccio, hcpnic) cosnanu n onacfu skonomuku, qunan-
con u fopionnu osnauano i ofpaxafi numi onny cfopony mcnanu.
Ofo osnauano i nc yuufinafi, kak sfo ncnacfcn n ucfopuoipaquu,
fo, ufo sfa nfopan ipyhha uncfufyfon okasanaci n cpcnnccpounou u
nnufcninou hcpchckfunc iopasno oncc iukou, ucm mcxnynapon-
no-hpanonic uncfufyfi n pcmcnuu kak kpusucnix momcnfon, fak
u honccnncnnix hponcm. B 2OO2 i. moxno ckasafi, ufo n fo npcmn
kak Otcnuncnnic Hauuu cmc naxonnfcn na hcpcxonnom skchcpu-
mcnfaninom sfahc, Mcxnynaponniu nankfniu qonn, Mcxnyna-
ponniu ank u IATT (fchcpi BTO) hpcncfannnkf coou nauoncc
sqqckfunnic u qynkuuonaninic mcxanusmi pinounou skonomu-
ku u occhcuunakf cc nsaumocnnsi.
Ohif pasnufun skonomuku hocnc Icpnou muponou nouni u
hpofckuuonusma, hocncnonanmcio hocnc ncnukou nchpcccuu, oka-
sanu inyokoc nnunnuc na uncunic ycfanonku anfopon hocncnocn-
nix hpockfon. Iino oucnunno, ufo sanaua pckoncfpykuuu ina
oucni fpynnou, hofomy ufo skonomuucckuu kpusuc okasancn oucni
inyokum, ypon, nancccnniu xosnucfny, oipomnim, snauufcninic
mafcpuaninic ucnnocfu ucucsnu, ncnisn ino c hpcncpcxcnucm
ofnccfuci k hponcmc Concfckoio Coksa kak k ofncninomy kasycy,
hockoniky, ho kpauncu mcpc, n hpunuuhc, ona hpcncfannnna coou
582
ncoftcmncmiu sncmcnf nkix pcmcnuu. Ipcncfonno pcmufi fpu
hponcmi: cnooni fopionnu, ncquuufa nonnapon u ncoxonumocfu
kahufanon nnn pckoncfpykuuu.
Onna us sfux hponcm ina n ucnfpc nnumanun mcxnynapon-
nou skonomuucckou honufuku Xsnna c momcnfa cio nasnaucnun
Iocynapcfncnnim cckpcfapcm. Ona fakxc ina hpcnmcfom nuckyc-
cuu kak no npcmn paofi nan Afnanfuucckou xapfucu, fak u n hc-
puon paspaofku coinamcnuu o hpumcncnuu sakona o ncnn-nusc, n
ococnnocfu na sfahc ocyxncnun cf. 7 anino-amcpukanckoio co-
inamcnun, kacanmcucn hocfchcnnou ofmcni cucfcmi hpcqcpcn-
uuu. Ho concpmcnno oucnunno, ufo sfo coinamcnuc nc moino pac-
cmafpunaficn n ofpinc of nankfnoio achckfa hponcmi, hofomy
ufo napymcnuc fopionoio u nankfnoio pannonccun nnnnkfcn nny-
mn cfoponamu hponcmi fopionoio omcna. Takum opasom, kam-
hanun n honncpxky cnooni fopionnu nocfuina cnocio ahoicn u
hcpcpocna n kamhanuk sa usickanuc nankfnix cpcncfn, kofopic
hpunanu i cnoonc fopionnu pcaninoc concpxanuc, nahpanncn-
noc nc na honuuncnuc, a na nocfuxcnuc nsaumosanucumocfu.
Ocnonnan ucni amcpukanucn n onacfu mcxnynaponnou skono-
muku saknkuanaci n pckoncfpykuuu mnoiocfoponncu cucfcmi mu-
ponou fopionnu. Hcfopuku mcxnynaponnix skonomuucckux ofno-
mcnuu ionopnf o mnoiocfoponnocfu, a nc o cnoonc fopionnu,
hofomy ufo mnoiocfoponnocfi nc osnauacf ofmcny nccx fopionix
apicpon (knof u homnun), a foniko ux cokpamcnuc. nn hocfa-
nonku hponcmi uchonisykfcn nc aconkfnic, a ofnocufcninic
fcpmuni u sfo osnauacf, ufo fopionic apicpi hpu mnoiocfo-
ponncm pcxumc nonxni hpumcnnficn n pannou mcpc ko nccm nxo-
nnmum n ncio cfpanam. Mnoiocfoponnocfi nochpunumanaci kak
oncc pcanucfuuniu u mcncc acfpakfniu napuanf aconkfnou
cnooni fopionnu, kofopan, ynyuu ocymccfnncnnou yknanino,
hpuncna i k ccuucncnnim napymcnunm pannonccun u k ucnonou
nuckpumunauuu. Bohpoc o ycfpancnuu nuckpumunauuu cfan
nnpom amcpukanckou konuchuuu mnoiocfoponnocfu, hockoniky
on in fccno cnnsan c saofamu o ynymcm muponoio pinka, ko-
fopiu nonxcn in cnyxufi nnn cifa amcpukanckou hpomimncn-
nou hponykuuu u cpcncfnom honncpxanun honufuucckux ofnomc-
nuu, sanuccnmux of cymccfnykmux qopm fopionoio omcna.
Aninuuanc snanu, ufo hpohaianna cnooni fopionnu ina ho
onimcu uacfu cnnsana c nchpunfucm cnpohcuckoio hpofckuuo-
nusma fpunuafix ionon, a fakxc cucfcmi umhcpckux hpcqcpcnuuu
n pamkax Ipufanckoio conpyxccfna nauuu, ycfanonncnnou n 1J2 i.
na konqcpcnuuu n Offanc. Ho onu fakxc snanu, ufo honufuko-sko-
nomuucckuc ysi c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, cnoxunmuccn n hcpuon
58J
nouni, fpconanu anahfauuu k amcpukanckum honxonam. Bhpoucm,
konuchuun mnoiocfoponnocfu ocfannnna nocfafouno hpocfpan-
cfna nnn houcka komhpomucca, k kofopomy n nicmux aninuuckux
kpyiax inu iofoni. cucfnufcnino, oipanuucnun na cnoony fop-
ionnu noomc cosnananu hpchnfcfnun nnn aninuuckou skonomuucc-
kou xusnu, kofopan sanuccna of umhopfa. axc n honufuucckom
hnanc ycfouuunocfi pufanckux hosuuuu sanuccna of nchpcpinnoio
hpufoka hponononicfnun us-sa pycxa, u sfoio ocfonfcnicfna oka-
sanoci nocfafouno, ufoi hpcononcfi cohpofunncnuc cfoponnukon
csoionopounoio coxpancnun cucfcmi umhcpckux hpcqcpcnuuu.
Takoni inu hpcnhocinku nauanmuxcn n pasiap nouni anino-
amcpukanckux hcpcionopon, k kofopim hosxc hpucocnununuci
npyiuc Otcnuncnnic Hauuu. C amcpukanckou cfoponi n nux
yuacfnonan Icnpu Yauf, nicokohocfanncnniu uunonnuk n munu-
cfcpcfnc qunancon, a co cfoponi Aninuu xon M. Kcunc, kofopiu
n fcucnuc nccio hcpuona nouni in nmccfc c uoncncm Ioun-
com inannim concfnukom aninuuckoio hpanufcnicfna ho nohpocam
skonomuku. Yauf cmc n 142 i. paspaofan cmcniu hnan opasonanun
onna cfaunusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu u Ianka pckoncfpyk-
uuu. Ofu nna uncfufyfa, nauano ncnfcninocfu kofopix kofopix
hnanuponanoci na koncu nouni, hpusnani inu hpcnofnpafufi
paccfpoucfno nankfnou cucfcmi u konnahc ncncxnou u kpcnuf-
nou cucfcmi; occhcuufi nospoxncnuc mcxnynaponnou fopionnu;
hpcnocfanufi onimoc konuuccfno kahufanon, ncoxonumix hpak-
fuuccku no nccm mupc nnn pckoncfpykuuu, honncpxku u skonomu-
ucckoio nospoxncnun. Ha qonc konuchuuu mnoiocfoponnocfu
Xsnna hpockf ofpaxan namcpcnuc munucfcpcfna qunancon (Yaufa,
no fakxc u Mopicnfay) hpononufi honufuky akfunnoio nmcma-
fcnicfna, nccima nanckyk of hpunuuha luisse, fuire, hpucymcio a-
conkfnou cnoonc fopionnu, u nochpunnnmyk uncu kcuncuancfna.
B cnok oucpcni Kcunc honiofonun k hcpcionopam c amcpukan-
uamu hpockf, cxonniu c hnanamu cosnanun Amcpukanckoio qonna.
Ipockf hpcnycmafpunan opasonanuc knupunionoio coksa unu
komhcncauuonnou hanafi, kofopan moina i hpcnocfannnfi kpc-
nufi cnoum uncnam, ufoi homoui um hpcononcfi qunanconic
safpynncnun n cqcpc mcxnynaponnou fopionnu. Takum opasom,
konuchuun mnoiocfoponnocfu na hpakfukc cfankunanuci c nc-
oxonumocfik occhcucnun cc nankfnou asou. Kcunc hpcnhona-
ian fakxc opasonanuc Opianusauuu mcxnynaponnou fopionnu,
kofopan nonxna ina ohpcncnufi ycnonun n pamkax nancxnou cuc-
fcmi mcxnynaponnou fopionnu.
3ncci nc mccfo nnn inyokoio ananusa hcpcionopon ho sfou
hponcmc, no concpmcnno oucnunno, ufo of nux nc n mcnimcu cfc-
584
hcnu, ucm of hcpcionopon ho honufuucckum u hpanonim nohpo-
cam, sanuccnu cynii mupa hocnc nouni. cucfnufcnino, opianu-
sauuonnic u nankfnic achckfi mcxnynaponnou fopionnu moinu
okasafi nnunnuc na noccosnanuc snoponou pinounou skonomuku
u, nosmoxno, na nospoxncnuc choconocfu sfou skonomuucckou
cucfcmi nknkuufi kak kononuaninic fcppufopuu, kofopic moinu
cfafi c fcucnucm npcmcnu ncsanucumimu, fak u cfpani c hnano-
nou skonomukou, kofopic moinu ifi ninyxncni yuccfi fpcona-
nun muponoio pinka. Bcc sfo, cfouf ofmcfufi, nocfuianoci ucnou
cckoncunix chopon u fpconanuu, hofomy ufo n fof hcpuon na
hpunnfuc pcmcnuu okasinano cuninoc nnunnuc hpcnocxoncfno
amcpukanckou skonomuku (k kofopomy noannnnoci hocfonnno pa-
cfymcc n 142145 ii. nocnno-honufuucckoc hpcumymccfno).
Bhpoucm, camu amcpukanui xopomo honumanu snaucnuc hpo-
ncmi. Bnyfpcnnuu nokymcnf amcpukanckou anmunucfpauuu,
ohynukonanniu Iuuapnom Iapnncpom, npko ofpaxacf cc nsinnni u
cocfonnuc ncn: Iicfpiu pocf otcma muponou fopionnu n hocnc-
nocnnoc npcmn nccima naxcn nnn nocfuxcnun honnou u sqqckfun-
nou sannfocfu n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax u npyiux cfpanax, nnn coxpa-
ncnun uacfnou unuuuafuni u nnn ychcxa cucfcmi mcxnynaponnou
csohacnocfu, cosnannou nnn hpcnofnpamcnun noun n ynymcm.
C ucnik cosnafi naiohpunfnic ycnonun nnn makcumanino
nosmoxnoio pocfa mcxnynaponnou fopionnu na ocnonc pannohpa-
nun ncoxonumo, ufoi iocynapcfna ofkasanuci of hpakfuku oipa-
nuucnun fopionnu, pachpocfpancnnou n mcxnocnniu hcpuon, u
cofpynnuuanu n ucnnx cnuxcnun fopionix apicpon, cosnannix n
fo npcmn hpanufcnicfnamu. Mcxnynaponnan fopionnn nc cmoxcf
pasnunaficn nonxnim opasom, ccnu nc ynyf cymccfncnno cokpa-
mcni unu ofmcncni upcsmcpnic homnuni, konuuccfncnnic oi-
panuucnun skchopfa u umhopfa, konfponi nan omcnom nankf.
Kpomc foio, ccnu nc hpunnfi mcp n sfom nahpanncnuu, fo moxcf u
nanimc ycununaficn fcnncnuun, yxc no nouni nocfafouno cuninan
no mnoiux cfpanax, k ycfpancnuk uacfnou unuuuafuni us cqcpi
mcxnynaponnou fopionnu u samcnc cc xccfkum iocynapcfncnnim
konfponcm...
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nnnnkfcn cnuncfncnnim iocynapcfnom,
kofopoc n cocfonnuu nsnfi na ccn unuuuafuny napamunanun o-
mux ycunuu, nahpanncnnix na cnuxcnuc mcxnynaponnix fopio-
nix apicpon. Inaionapn ofnocufcnino onimou skonomuucckou
momu, naiohpunfnomy cocfonnuk hnafcxnoio ananca u snaucnuk
ux pinka nnn naiococfonnun nccio mupa, nnunnuc Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon na honufuky n cqcpc muponou fopionnu hpcnocxonuf nnun-
nuc nkoio npyioio iocynapcfna. Xofn cofpynnuuccfno c Cocnuncn-
585
nim Koponcncfnom naxno nnn ychcxa nkou omupnou hpoipam-
mi, cfannmcu cnocu ucnik cnuxcnuc fopionix apicpon, nhonnc
ncponfno, ufo hocnc nouni Cocnuncnnoc Koponcncfno cmoxcf ia-
panfuponafi cnoc yuacfuc foniko, ccnu yncf yncpcno, ufo Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi cmoiyf sncpiuuno ocymccfnnnfi cnoc nuncpcfno.
Xofn hpouccc ycfpancnun fopionix apicpon hpofckan nononino
mcnncnno n cpanncnuu c pasnufucm qunanconoio cofpynnuuccfna
(fcm oncc, ufo ina ofpomcna uncn cosnanun Mcxnynaponnou
fopionou opianusauuu u samcncna omum coinamcnucm, kofopoc
nonxno ino ncfyhufi n cuny foniko n 147 i., no qakfuuccku
cmoino okasinafi cnoc ocooc nnunnuc foniko c ccpcnuni hnfunc-
cnfix ionon umccfcn n nuny IATT), no c konua 14J i. no ccpc-
nuni 144 i. skchcpfi nounuci snauufcninix ychcxon n hpoucccc
cosnanun Mcxnynaponnoio nankfnoio qonna u Mcxnynaponnoio
anka pckoncfpykuuu. B ahpcnc 144 i. onu ohynukonanu conmccf-
noc anino-amcpukanckoc sannncnuc o ncoxonumocfu opasonanun
onna, u n uknc 144 i. n Ipcffon Byncc, n Hik-Icmhmupc, naua-
na paofy konqcpcnuun Otcnuncnnix Hauuu nnn ocyxncnun
okonuafcninou cfpykfypi opianusauuu. Tak, hapanncnino c opaso-
nanucm OOH nauancn noniuu hyfi, kofopiu hpuncn n uknc 145 i.
k onopcnuk yupcnufcninix coinamcnuu, kacakmuxcn kak onna,
fak u Ianka.
Ipcffonnynckuc coinamcnun u cosnanuc Mcxnynaponnoio na-
nkfnoio qonna (MB) ofpaxanu omyk pcmumocfi hcpcufu k
nonou cucfcmc mcxnynaponnou fopionnu, kofopan ocnoninanaci
i n qunanconom ofnomcnuu na nccmupnom pcxumc qukcuponan-
nix, no pciynupycmix nankfnix kypcon. Bankfniu hapufcf non-
xcn in ifi ycfanonncn n sonofom nipaxcnuu. On moi ifi us-
mcncn foniko n fom cnyuac, ccnu onn pcman, ufo sfo ncoxonumo
nnn koppckfuponku napymcnun ocnonnoio pannonccun. pyiumu
cnonamu, in cosnan noniu opian, Mcxnynaponniu nankfniu qonn
(MB), n kofopom moinu yuacfnonafi ncc Otcnuncnnic Hauuu,
nnn kaxnou us nux ycfanannunancn pasmcp nsnoca n coofncfcfnuu c
ohpcncncnnimu otckfunnimu kpufcpunmu.
Hncn cosnanun pcscpna na ocnonc nauuonaninix nsnocon yuacf-
nukon cfana anifcpnafunou hpcnnoxcnuk Kcunca o yupcxncnuu
knupunionoio coksa. onn nonxcn in hpcnocfanufi akkymynu-
ponannic fakum opasom pccypci fcm cfpanam, kofopic, naxonnci
n cufyauuu qunanconoio kpusuca, moinu opafuficn k ncmy sa ho-
momik c ucnik nopmanusauuu cufyauuu u nocfuxcnun nankfnoio
hapufcfa, u nmccfc c fcm onsafi cfpani-yuacfnuui cnusufi cfc-
hcni ncypannoncmcnnocfu hnafcxnoio ananca u cokpafufi cc hpo-
nonxufcninocfi. MB honyuun hpano coomafi n nkou momcnf
586
cfpanam-yuacfnuuam cnoc mncnuc o fom, coofncfcfnycf nu ux sko-
nomuucckan cufyauun nopmafunam onna, a fakxc hpano oni-
muncfnom n nnc fpcfu hpunnfi pcmcnuc unqopmuponafi ucpcs
hynuuniu noknan o ccpicsnix napymcnunx n hnafcxnom a-
nancc sfux cfpan, ccnu ux skonomuucckuc hokasafcnu nakf nnn
sfoio ocnonanun. Tcm camim onny hpcnocfannnnoci hpano nmc-
munaficn no nnyfpcnnkk skonomuucckyk honufuky ofncninix
cfpan, xofn u n pamkax sannncnun o kpusucnom cocfonnuu.
Hapnny c sfou cucfcmou nankfnix komhcncauuu (ncucfnonan-
mcu nhnofi no nauana ccmunccnfix ionon n coofncfcfnuu c ycno-
nunmu, nipaofannimu n Ipcffon Byncc n 144 i.) in yupcxncn
opian, kofopiu nonxcn in cfumynuponafi pckoncfpykuuk, cuu-
fanmykcn foina camou cnoxnou hponcmou. Mcxnynaponniu ank
pckoncfpykuuu u pasnufun (MIII) in hcpnonauanino sanyman
kak inanniu uncfpymcnf cfumynuponanun kahufanonnoxcnuu, ko-
fopic safcm ocymccfnnnnuci n npyiux qopmax. Iio nauaniniu ka-
hufan in ycfanonncn n 1O mnpn nonnapon, a choconocfi ocymc-
cfnnnfi unnccfuuuu nccima oipanuucna. Ho foniko c fcucnucm
npcmcnu, koina akucnfi cmccfunuci c fcpmuna pckoncfpykuun
na fcpmun pasnufuc, packpinoci snaucnuc Ianka.
Oqqckfunnocfi sfux nnyx uncfufyfon n pamkax omcu hpo-
ipammi muponoio hcpcycfpoucfna sanuccna of foio, kakum opasom
ofncninic cfpani cmoiyf n ncu yuacfnonafi. Koina Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi pafuquuuponanu coinamcnun, onu hpunnnu sakon, inc
ino saqukcuponano ycnonuc, ufo MB yncf ncucfnonafi n coof-
ncfcfnuu c unfcpccamu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Ofo hpconananuc
CUA n qonnc cfano hpuuunou, n cuny kofopou Concfckuu Coks
u cnnsannic c num cfpani nonioc npcmn nc yuacfnonanu n opianu-
sauuu, kofopan ina cosnana nnn koopnunauuu pasnuunix qopm
yuacfun c ucnik nocfuxcnun nsaumosanucumocfu n pamkax pinou-
nou skonomuku. Bcnukuu hpockf, ynyuu inoaninou konuch-
uucu, onapyxun sanoxcnnic n ncm camom oipanuucnun. Ioncc-
nncnnan xusni n hocncnocnnoc npcmn hokasana, nackoniko fpynno
yhopnnouufi fof fuh yhpanncnun skonomukou, kofopiu cocfannnn
kynifypno-honufuucckuu konfckcf Ipcffonnynckux coinamcnuu.
Tcm nc mcncc, n hcpuon skonomuucckoio pocfa, kofopim inu
ofmcucni hcpnic hocncnocnnic nccnfuncfun, u n cnnsu c sfum hc-
pcmcmcnun qunanconix pinkon us onnona n Hik-Hopk, sfof
pciynupykmuu mcxanusm ncucfnonan ofnuuno u homoi kahufanu-
cfuucckou skonomukc hpcnofnpafufi mnoiuc kpusucnic momcnfi.
Uacin ipeinn
XOLOLHAH BONHA
Ftana nocnman
ELNHAH HOLNTNKA PEKOHCTP.KHNN
NLN HECKOLBKO HOLNTNK?
8.1. Hpotemm pexoncipyxuww
8.1.1. HOCLE,CTBUH BOUHM
U HPOBLEMM PEKOHCTP.KUUU
Hu onna us noun n ucfopuu nc hpuncna k cfoni omupnim u
inyokum hocncncfnunm kak Bfopan muponan nouna. Ofu hocncn-
cfnun ckasanuci nc cpasy, honanounoci ncckoniko ncf, ufoi onu
honnocfik hponnunuci. Onnako nc yncf hpcyncnuucnucm ckasafi,
ufo c okonuanucm nouni n 145 i. ino yxc ncnosmoxno ncpnyficn
k nonocnnomy cocfonnuk 1J i. Mi cfpcmumcn hpoananusuponafi
nc foniko couuonoiuucckuu u ncmoipaquucckuu, no u iymanufapniu
achckf kpusuca. Bocnnoc cfonknoncnuc nchocpcncfncnno safponyno
cofnu munnuonon myxuun u xcnmun. Tc, kfo, ho cuacfik, nc inu
cio akfunnimu yuacfnukamu, nuo oucnunuamu noopyxcnnou opi-
i na cnocu scmnc, houyncfnonanu cc kocncnnoc nosncucfnuc
sfo sacfanuno ux hcpccmofpcfi konuchuuu couuaninoio ycfpou-
cfna u ucnnocfu, kofopic onu, nc sanyminanci, pasncnnnu hpcxnc.
Hfak, iymanufapnic hocncncfnun. Onu nknkuakf mopaninoc u
mafcpuaninoc nosncucfnuc nouni na muponoc coomccfno. Ocnon-
noc cncncfnuc nouni sfo yxacakmc oipomnoc uucno xcpfn; nun
hocncncfnuu nouni nisinan cncsi: ncxamuc n pyunax cofnu iopo-
non, paspymcnnic sanoni u ccna. Icpnun, pcsncn, Tokuo, cnun-
ipan, Mockna, Cfanunipan, onnon, Munan, Xupocuma, Haiacaku u
ficnuu npyiux ioponon inu hpcnpamcni n ipyni pasnanun, cpcnu
kofopix kohomunuci, kak n mypancunukc, usiononanmuccn nknu.
Bcnkuu, komy noncnoci nuncfi sfo spcnumc, yxc nukoina nc cmo-
xcf usinafi us cnocu hamnfu uyncfna yxaca, nuni, cfpananun, cc-
cunun of ncnosmoxnocfu ncpnyfi fo omccfno, n kofopom xusni
588
ina i nocfounou. Touno fak xc, nu onun us fcx, komy noncnoci
nuncfi fo, ufo fnopunoci n nauucfckux konunaicpnx, unu cnimafi
o fom, kak Iufncp u cio honpyunic ucfpcnnnu munnuoni cnpccn
unu nc apuuucn, nc moi nc sanymaficn, ufo sahanniu ucnonck,
kofopiu cymcn cosnafi camoc usickannoc, yfonucnnoc u hpounc-
fakmcc omccfno n ucfopuu, okasancn chococn ohycfuficn n csnni
sna n houckax ohpannanun unu pasymnoio otncncnun hpousomcn-
mcio.
Hcnosmoxno c yncpcnnocfik ckasafi, kakono ino konuuccfno
xcpfn nouni. B CCCI hoiuno 7,5 mnn nocnnocnyxamux, nos-
moxno, cfoniko xc ipaxnanckux nuu; uucno ymcpmux of ionona u
ucfomcnun nc yuufinacfcn. B ucnom, moxno ckasafi, ufo hpumcp-
no 27 mnn hoiumux fakona nani concfckux nkncu nounc: k
sfum xcpfnam cncnonano i noanufi nccx fcx, kfo in ohancn
nounou, unu uiu ccmiu inu hoiyncni, kak sfo hpousomno u n
Icpnyk muponyk nouny. Bcc sfu couuaninic qcnomcni honfopu-
nuci n upcsniuauno nospocmux macmfaax. Ionima okasanaci
cfpanou, kofopan n hpohopuuonaninom ofnomcnuu honccna nau-
onimuc ucnoncucckuc xcpfni hpunusufcnino 15' omcio na-
ccncnun cfpani: houfu 6 mnn. hoiumux, onimcu uacfik ipax-
nanckux nuu, hononuna us nux inu cnpcnmu, hpoxunanmumu n
nocfounou uacfu cfpani, onu honncpinuci ococnno sncpckum
hpccncnonanunm co cfoponi nauucfon. Hcmui hofcpnnu 4,5 mnn,
no onimc, ucm kfo-nuo npyiou, nonxni inu n konuc nouni uc-
hifafi cfpananun ninyxncnnix hcpcccncnucn, koina okono 11 mnn
ucnonck hokunyno fcppufopuu Ionimu u Concfckoio Coksa. Bo
npcmn nouni hoiuno oncc 2 mnn kufauucn, okono honyfopa mun-
nuona kiocnanon, houfu cfoniko xc nhonucn. Mcnimumu inu
hofcpu qpanuyson okono 6OO OOO ucnonck; ufaninnucn nc-
mnoium oncc 4OO OOO ucnonck; y amcpukanucn n omcu cnoxnocfu
hoiuno 4O6 OOO ucnonck.
B Inpohc nakanync nouni hpoxunano 2OO OOO cnpccn, a n cc
konuc ux nacuufinanoci J 8OO OOO. Bcc sfu nannic, naxc nc yny-
uu aconkfno founimu, hosnonnkf cosnafi omcc hpcncfanncnuc
o cufyauuu hocnc nouni. Coinacno cfafucfuucckum nannim, no
npcmn Bfopou muponou nouni na qponfax hoiuno houfu 4O mnn,
ufo nnnoc onimc, ucm no npcmn Icpnou muponou nouni. K sfum
hoiumum cncnycf hpuconokyhufi uucno xcpfn n nocnnix ncu-
cfnunx, kofopic ncnuci sa hpcncnamu Inpohi, kak, nahpumcp, n
cckoncuno noniou nounc n Kufac, ynccmcu cnimc 2O mnn xus-
ncu. Onnako ofnocufcnino sfoio fcafpa nocnnix ncucfnuu, kak u
nckofopix npyiux, ncnisn nasnafi founoc uucno xcpfn, moxno
hpunccfu numi omuc oucnku, hockoniky nouna oxnafuna pnn
cfpan, inc nc ncnuci founic honcucfi.
Uacin 3. Xototnan nowna
58
Ho cfouf nu n kpafkom oucpkc o cucfcmc mcxnynaponnix of-
nomcnuu ohucinafi sfu nnncnun u hpunonufi sfu cfafucfuucckuc
nannic Comncnuc moxcf ifi u sakonnoc, no ono cpasy ofhanacf
ho nnym coopaxcnunm: no-hcpnix, ccnu ofnomcnun mcxny nauu-
nmu hopoxnakf nc cucfcmy cocymccfnonanun, a cchpcucncnfnyk
ounk, fo sfo snauuf, ufo hpanuna ucnoncucckoio coomccfna nc-
qopmuponani n nicmcu cfchnu u ncuscxno hopoxnakf nnn ncio
oncsncnnic fpanmi; nuo sfo osnauacf, ufo pcmcnuc mnoiux
hponcm cnumkom nonio ofknaninanoci, fak ufo nosnuk sahyfan-
niu knyok ncpaspcmumix hpofunopcuuu, kofopiu pasym nc n
cocfonnuu pachyfafi, u foina opamakfcn k cunc, hocfchcnno oc-
nchnnkmcu Inpohy, a y cnpohcuucn pacfcf uyncfno cfpaxa numuficn
n ynymcm honoxcnun nnacfufcncu. pyiumu cnonamu, cnpohcuui
hosnonunu sahyiafi ccn kommynusmom u cfpaxom yfpafufi mupo-
noc iochoncfno; onu hohanu n ccfu hpofunopcuuu, us kofopix nc
cmoinu naufu nixona. B ufoic onu honuununuci cnuncfncnnou
ncpxanc, nc yfpafunmcu choconocfu iochoncfnonafi na konfu-
ncnfc u cfpcmunmcucn hon nonufcnicfnom Iufncpa nouficn icic-
monuu na konfuncnfc, nkou ucnou uchonisonafi honncpnynmuucn
manc, nc inymanci nukakumu mcfonamu.
Bfopoc coopaxcnuc cnnsano c yfpafamu iymanusma n nounc,
uo ona cohponoxnanaci oxccfoucnnou opiou, hopoxncnnou
cckomhpomuccnim unconoiuucckum konqnukfom. Bfopan mupo-
nan nouna ocfanuna cfoni inyokuc fpanmcu ncnanucfu, ufo, kasa-
noci, ux nukomy nukoina nc ynacfcn cponnnfi; nixunmuc honyuu-
nu fakoc fnxcnoc u fniocfnoc nacncncfno, ufo onimc nc xcnanu
honfopcnun iuianfckux cfonknoncnuu, kofopic nncpnoc opyxuc
moino i hpcnpafufi n camoynuufoxcnuc. B 145 i. nukfo nc moi
nymafi o nounc kak o cpcncfnc nospoxncnun naponon unu kak mc-
fonc ykpchncnun ipaxnanckoio u nauuonaninoio cosnanun. Bouna
cfana cunonumom sna. B nckofopom cmicnc, Bfopan muponan nou-
na sacfanuna sahnafufi fakyk nicokyk ucny, ufo n ncu nuncnu
hocncnnkk muponyk nouny. Ofo yfncpxncnuc moxcf nisinafi
nospaxcnun, hockoniky hocnc 145 i. n mupc hpoucxonuno oipom-
noc uucno konqnukfon, no onu numi honfncpxnakf, ufo mup n fc-
ucnuc nccio hocncnocnnoio hcpuona uchifinan ncyncpcnnocfi u
cfpcmuncn nouficn nccomcu csohacnocfu, naxc ucnou pannonc-
cun cfpaxa.
Bouna hpuncna k pasnoopasnim hocncncfnunm skonomuucckoio
xapakfcpa. Inpohc, Shonuu u Kufak ona hpunccna uynonumnic
paspymcnun. B Cocnuncnnix Ufafax ona conhana c hocncnnumu
ofionockamu ncnukou nchpcccuu u c nauanom uukna momnoio poc-
fa, kak nu n onnou npyiou muponou ncpxanc. Concfckuu Coks
Ftana 8. Etwnan notwiwxa pexoncipyxuww wtw necxotnxo notwiwx?
5O
nouna ofpocuna oncc, ucm na nccnfuncfuc nasan. Konucnfpauun
nocnnix ycunuu osnauana nnn CCCI nosnpaf xusncnnoio yponnn
naccncnun k nopcnonkuuonnomy. 17OO ioponon inu pasopcni
unu paspymcni, fo xc camoc moxno ckasafi hpunusufcnino o
7O' hpomimncnnix hpcnhpunfuu u 6O' fpanchopfnou unqpa-
cfpykfypi, okasanmcucn na fcppufopuu, okkyhuponannou ncmuamu.
B Icpmanuu hpomimncnnic hpcnhpunfun hpcfcphcnu mcnimuu
ymcp, ucm kasanoci, no honufuucckuu kpax mcman hpousnon-
cfncnnim momnocfnm paofafi n honnyk cuny. B 146 i. na icpman-
ckou fcppufopuu, sannfou coksnukamu, nanonou nauuonaniniu
hponykf cocfannnn mcncc onnou fpcfu n cpanncnuu c 1J8 i.; n Icp-
nunc 75' xunin ino paspymcno. B Hfanuu nauuonaniniu noxon
n 145 i. ymcnimuncn no hpunusufcnino 4O' of yponnn 1J8 i.;
n Shonuu n 146 i. on pannnncn 57' ho ofnomcnuk k ccpcnunc
fpunuafix ionon.
Ho naxc n cfpanax-hocnufcninuuax cufyauun cknaninanaci
npamafuuccku. Bo panuuu ucpcs ion hocnc ocnooxncnun nauuo-
naniniu noxon cocfannnn hononuny of yponnn 1J8 i.; c fnxcnimu
hponcmamu cfankunanaci Bcnukopufanun, xofn ona nc hocfpana-
na of okkyhauuu, a numi honccna ymcp of omapnuponok. Koina
ncuopucfi hpumnu k nnacfu n uknc 145 i., Kcunc xapakfcpusonan
honoxcnuc n cfpanc kak qunanconiu knkcpk. B Cocnuncnnix
Ufafax, nahpofun, skonomuucckan cufyauun nchpcpinno ynyuma-
naci. Tam n fcucnuc nccu nouni fcmhi hpomimncnnoio pocfa co-
cfannnnu 15' cxcionno. Banonou nauuonaniniu hponykf, usmcpn-
cmiu n hocfonnnom ncncxnom nipaxcnuu, nipoc c 88, mnpn
nonnapon n 1J i. no 1J5 mnpn nonnapon n 145 i. (22O mnpn
n conpcmcnnix ncnuuunax); xofn onimyk uacfi pacfymcio hpous-
noncfna cocfannnna nocnnan hponykuun (cc nonn n omcm hpous-
noncfnc nipocna c 2 no 4O' n hcpuon c 14O ho 14J i.), no u hpo-
usnoncfno fonapon mupokoio hofpcncnun yncnuuunoci nacfoniko,
ufo sacfanuno houfu nccx amcpukanucn saifi iopcui skonomuucc-
koio kpusuca.
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi cfanu camou oiafou cfpanou n mupc.
B konuc nouni ux sonofou sahac in pancn hpunusufcnino
2O mnpn nonnapon us JJ mnpn omcmuponoio sahaca; hpousnoncfno
fonapon mupokoio hofpcncnun n Amcpukc cocfannnno fpcfi omc-
muponoio, ufo ncuscxno hpcnpamano Cocnuncnnic Ufafi n ca-
myk momnyk fopionyk ncpxany mupa. Takum opasom, nosponu-
nuci fakuc honnfun kak Americun 1reum, Americun Yuy of 1ife, f.c.
amcpukanckan mcufa u amcpukanckuu opas xusnu, kak cunonumi
uncana u muqa, kofopic naionapn cpcncfnam macconou unqopma-
uuu cfanu usnccfni no nccm mupc. Boccfanonufi, pckoncfpyuponafi
51
cfano osnauafi hoionk sa amcpukanckou mcufou, cncnonanuc
skonomuucckou u nocnnou momu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. CUA, k
fomy xc, inu cnuncfncnnou ncpxanou, kofopan hocnc nouni nc
honyuuna fcppufopuaninix hpuopcfcnuu. B fo xc npcmn Concf-
ckuu Coks, nccmofpn na paspyxy, pacmupun fcppufopuk sa ipanu-
ui 1J i. u hponnunyncn k ucnfpy Inpohi naionapn annckcuu
uacfu fcppufopuu unnnnnuu, cfpan Ianfuu, hononuni Bocfounou
Ipyccuu, Bocfounou Ionimu, 3akaphafckou Ykpauni, Iykonuni u
Icccapauu, Kypun; cncnycf yhomnnyfi nocnnyk okkyhauuk uacfu
Icpmanuu u Ancfpuu, a fakxc Ccncpnou Kopcu.
Iasnoopasuc cufyauuu cnuncfcnicfnycf, ufo hponcma pckon-
cfpykuuu nchocpcncfncnno kacanaci Inpohi u uacfu Asuu u foniko
kocncnno ocfaninoio mupa. Ipu sfom honnfuc pckoncfpykuun
hpuopcfano nccima pasnoopasnic snaucnun. B cfpanax-hocnu-
fcninuuax sfo honnfuc honpasymcnano numi mafcpuaninic achck-
fi; n hocxncnnix xc cfpanax, kofopic honhucanu csoiono-
pounyk kahufynnuuk, ono nknkuano fakxc uncfufyuuonaninic
achckfi, hockoniky hpcnhonaiano qopmuponanuc nonix pcxumon,
hpusnannix samcnufi fc, ufo nccnu ofncfcfncnnocfi sa pasnnsina-
nuc nouni. Bhpoucm cfoni yhpomcnnoc pasnuuuc n fonkonanuu
honnfun pckoncfpykuun nc ucucphinano hponcmy honnocfik.
Tpanmi, nancccnnic nounou, okasanuci cfoni inyokumu, ufo ho-
ufu ncc cfpani Inpohi nyxnanuci u n hpcopasonanunx honufu-
ucckux uncfufyfon. Ohpcncncnuc pckoncfpyuponafi nukoina nc
osnauano nosnpafa k nonocnnomy cocfonnuk, nahpofun, ono nccina
saknkuano n ccc micni o nonom unu, ho kpauncu mcpc, npyiom
mupoycfpoucfnc.
B Bcnukopufanuu pckoncfpykuun osnauana n fo xc npcmn u
hcpniu ipannuosniu skchcpumcnf n cqcpc couuaninix hpcopa-
sonanuu, sanymanniu ncuopucfamu hocnc hocni na niopax; no
panuuu usmcnunaci koncfufyuun, u hocnc hcpuona hpanncnun
icncpana nc Ionnn, cfpana nnoni ncpnynaci k hapnamcnfckomy
cfpok, nc ococnno ofnuuanmcmycn of Tpcficu pcchynuku, no c
nonou koncfufyuucu, kofopan ofkpina shoxy Hcfncpfou pcchynu-
ku; n Icniiuu nohpoc o monapxuu nisnan oxccfoucnnyk opiy u
in pcmcn foniko c ofpcucnucm cohonina III; Hfanun fakxc
nonxna ina niupafi mcxny monapxucu u pcchynukanckum
cfpocm; fy xc camyk hponcmy pcmanu u ipcku. Bcn Bocfounan
Inpoha, sa ucknkucnucm (npcmcnno) Hcxocnonakuu u Bcnipuu,
hcpcxuna icfpiu hcpcxon of nonocnnix onuiapxuucckux pcxu-
mon k hpoconcfckum pcxumam, kofopic honncpxunanuci okkyha-
uuonnimu cunamu. B ucnfpc ux honufuucckux hpcopasonanuu
ocfanancn nakyym n Icpmanuu u, ho kpauncu mcpc, uacfuuniu
52
n Ancfpuu (hockoniky honoxcnuc n Ancfpuu ofnuuanoci nc ofcyf-
cfnucm ncmokpafuuccku uspannoio hpanufcnicfna, a ncohpcnc-
ncnnocfik mcxnynaponnou opucnfauuu cfpani hpu nanuuuu na
cc fcppufopuu okkyhauuonnix nouck ucfipcx ncpxan). Cufyauun,
cnoxunmancn n Icpmanuu, ncnana sfy cfpany naxncumum sncmcn-
fom nccfauninocfu na konfuncnfc: umcnno sncci, oncc, ucm inc-
nuo cmc, ina hocfanncna hon nohpoc choconocfi cfpan-hoc-
nufcninuu hpononxafi cofpynnuuccfno hocnc nouni.
Hc mcnimuc usmcncnun hpousomnu u sa hpcncnamu Inpohi.
B Ccncpnou Aqpukc coxpanunuci qpanuysckuc kononuu; unuu
hpcncfonno hnfuncfuc ncohpcncncnnocfu, kofopoc safcm hpuncno
cc k ncsanucumocfu; Iiuhcf honnocfik ncpnyn cyncpcnufcf n pc-
synifafc yhopnou opii hpofun aninuuan, hifanmuxcn coxpa-
nufi nckofopoc cfpafciuucckoc nnunnuc na sfo iocynapcfno; n
Oquohuu na fpon ncpnyncn umhcpafop Xaunc Ccnaccuc, cncpiny-
fiu ufaninnuamu n 1J6 i., n fo npcmn kak Opufpcn u Comanu
xnanu pcmcnun cnocu yuacfu.
Hfo kacacfcn Asuu, fo na Cpcnncm Bocfokc, xofn u coxpanu-
noci momnoc qpanko-pufanckoc nnunnuc, inu cosnani nonic
iocynapcfna u okpchnu iocynapcfna, nosnukmuc mcxny nounamu:
cpcnu hcpnix inu Cupun u unan, a cpcnu nfopix Hpak u
Hopnanun; fcm npcmcncm, oocfpuncn hanccfunckuu nohpoc. Hpan
c onimumu ycununmu ocnoonuncn of okkyhauuonnix nouck coks-
nukon, ufo honnckno sa coou pocf nauuonanucfuucckux nacfpoc-
nuu; Hnnun yxc ncfyhuna na hyfi, ncnymuu k honnou ncsanucumo-
cfu; Hcunon u Iupma fakxc nounuci camocfonfcninocfu. Bo nccu
Kio-Bocfounou Asuu cufyauun n fcucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn,
kasanoci, ncpnynaci k nonocnnomy cocfonnuk. Onnako aninuuckoc
iochoncfno n Manausuu, na Ccncpnom Iopnco, nckopc cfano nc-
hpounim; iochoncfno ionnannucn nan Hnnoncsuuckum apxuhcna-
iom npocfno ochapunanoci mccfnimu nauuonanucfamu, kofopim
nhonui namckanu na nosmoxnocfi camoyhpanncnun. Bo panuys-
ckom Hnnokufac, u ococnno no Bicfnamc, pasncpnynoci noccfa-
nuc hpofun noccfanonncnun hpanncnun qpanuyson; n fo xc npcmn
unuhhuni iofonunuci k ncsanucumocfu, kofopyk Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi coupanuci um hpcnocfanufi. Cnoxnim ino honoxcnuc n
Kufac: kak foniko cio hokunynu nhonui, nouna cpasy xc hcpcpoc-
na n opiy mcxny cunamu Iomuninana u nouckamu kommynucfon,
n cfpanc nacfyhuna nonan, saknkuufcninan qasa cfapoio hpofuno-
opcfna. Kopcn cnna cymcna ncpnyfi ncsanucumocfi, yfpaucnnyk n
nauanc ncka, kak okasanaci npcmcnno okkyhuponana amcpukancku-
mu u concfckumu nouckamu; ona oxunana ynymcio noccocnuncnun
cfpani (kofopoc nc concpmunoci u n 2OO2 i.). B Shonuu icncpan
5J
Makapfyp nochpchnfcfnonan hohifkc concfckux nouck yuacfnonafi n
nocnnou okkyhauuu, sncpiuuno u pcnnocfno ocymccfnnnn hocfan-
ncnnyk hcpcn num sanauy uckopcnufi munufapusm. On nonxcn
in hpcnpafufi cfpany us iocynapcfna nocnnou u skonomuucckou
onuiapxuu, honuunnnmciocn umhcpafopy kak houfu cncpxtccfc-
cfncnnou cunc, n ncmokpafuk hapnamcnfckoio fuha, n kofopou
quiypa umhcpafopa, xofn u numcnnan kpunuuccku cnnmcnnoio xa-
pakfcpa, fcm nc mcncc qakfuuccku cio coxpannna. Ofo ino nocfui-
nyfo naionapn hpccmcfncnnocfu umhcpafopckou nnacfu n nuuc
Xupoxufo; n fo xc npcmn ina hpunnfa nonan koncfufyuun, qop-
manino ocnonannan na hpunuuhax hnkpanusma u hauuqusma.
Kak nunno us sfoio kpafkoio usnoxcnun hocncnocnnix coi-
fuu, honckny, sa ucknkucnucm Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u Concfckoio
Coksa, nouna honnckna sa coou honufuucckuc u uncfufyuuonani-
nic hcpcmcni, kofopic n 145 i. cncnanu mup concpmcnno npyium
ho cpanncnuk c 1J i. Ho nocfafouno nu ino ocymccfnncnun
uncfufyuuonaninix hpcopasonanuu u cmcni honufuucckux snuf,
ufoi ofpasufi fniy k hcpcmcnam, kofopan no npcmn nouni sapox-
nanaci u pocna no mnoiux cfpanax, n ococnnocfu n ocnoonufcni-
nix nnuxcnunx
Iofpcnocfi n hcpcmcnax inyoko ykopcnunaci no nccm mupc n
fcucnuc ncckonikux nccnfuncfuu. Ohif u hpakfuka numi ykpchu-
nu sfu kopnu, concucfnyn hpouspacfanuk momnix hocion.
Yxc n 11411 ii. pocno uucno fcx, kfo honaian, ufo ncoxo-
numo opoficn hpofun honnunnix npaion, ufo cncnycf uckafi u
naxonufi inyoko ckpific hpuuuni noun, ninnnnn ux n iochon-
cfnykmux couuanino-skonomuucckux cfpykfypax, nicfyhan sa pa-
nukaninoc ononncnuc hocncnnux. Ococnno ocfpo sfo nochpunu-
manu opui c qamucfckumu pcxumamu, hockoniky oucnunanu ux
kak pcxumi pcakuuonnic, kak kpauncc nipaxcnuc kahufanusma,
onu nuncnu n nnuxcnuu cohpofunncnun cnauana nosmoxnocfi
ynuufoxufi sncumcio npaia, a safcm hpononxufi opiy sa pcno-
nkuuonnic ucnu nccomcio ocnooxncnun of kahufanusma u um-
hcpuanusma. Ho Bfopan muponan nouna, n ofnuuuc of Icpnou, nc
sancpmunaci inyunnim hpcopasonanucm omccfna n nonyk co-
uuaninyk cucfcmy. Bouny niuipana ncnyman kahufanucfuucckan
ncpxana mupa, kofopan okasana honncpxky cnoum cnpohcuckum co-
ksnukam, no cpaxanaci ona nmccfc c ncpxanou, kofopan cumnonu-
suponana coou pcnonkuuk. Ipucyfcfnonanu nu c concfckou cfo-
poni n nounc sncmcnfi pcnonkuuonnocfu, kofopic moinu i us-
mcnufi ucxon opii Ipucyfcfnonan nu n concfckou honufukc
umhynic k couuaninomy ononncnuk, kofopiu moi i cnyxufi
opucnfupom nnn cun, oponmuxcn sa pcnonkuuk u couuanusm
54
Icui uncf o hponcmc, kofopou ohpcncncnnan uacfi ucfopuo-
ipaquu yncnuna mnoio nnumanun. B ococnnocfu pcskou kpufukc
honncpianoci nc foniko cymccfno amcpukanckou honufuku, hpo-
nusannou umhcpuanucfuucckou noiukou, no fakxc u cfanunckan
honufuka, kofopan nnoxnonnnnaci numi saofou o concfckux na-
uuonaninix unfcpccax, u panu sfux unfcpccon nccina ina iofona
hoxcpfnonafi ncnom pachpocfpancnun couuanusma n mupc. Bpnn
nu cfouf nokasinafi, ufo sfu chopi nc umcnu cmicna.
Cfanun yxc nanno hcpccfan hpccncnonafi pcnonkuuonnic ucnu.
Bpnn nu moina ifi uckpcnncu uncn nospoxncnun couuanucfuucc-
kou pcnonkuuu, kofopan ucxonuna i of ncnfcnn, saknkuunmcio
concfcko-nauucfckuu hakf. Ananus honufuucckou ncnfcninocfu
Cfanuna no u no npcmn Bfopou muponou nouni hokasinacf, ufo
ona saknkuanaci nc cfoniko n hpohaiannc pcnonkuuonnix hpusi-
non, ckoniko n pasnufuu momnou u sncpiuunou konuchuuu concf-
ckou csohacnocfu, sanocninacmou nkimu cpcncfnamu, u, hpcxnc
nccio, cosnanucm nncmncio canufapnoio kopnona, naucncnnoio
hpofun kahufanusma, a nc hpofun Concfckoio Coksa. B sfom saknk-
uancn honufuucckuu cmicn nocnnou hocni Cfanuna n Inpohc.
Iosfomy honnfno, ufo nukfafop, koina hcpcn num ncfanana hponc-
ma niopa, no nccx cnyuanx, nc koncnnci, xcpfnonan pcnonkuuon-
nimu hcpchckfunamu hapfuu, cnnsannix c Concfckum Coksom,
panu unfcpccon camoio CCCI. Ofo osnauacf, ufo uncn pcnonkuu-
onnou pckoncfpykuuu nc umcna cmicna, ccnu honumafi cc kak
hpockf, cnnsanniu c concfckou pcnonkuucu, no ccnu paccmafpu-
nafi cc n oncc mupokom cmicnc, ona hpcnhonaiana inyokoc us-
mcncnuc hpcnmccfnykmcio couuanino-honufuucckoio pcxuma,
cucfcmi ucnnocfcu u opasa xusnu.
8.1.2. HOBMU ME+,.HAPO,HMU
HOLUTUUECKUU HOPH,OK
cucfnufcnino pcnonkuuonnic usmcncnun, ho cpanncnuk c
1J i., hpousomnu n cucfcmc mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu u n co-
ofnomcnuu cun nnyfpu ncc, f.c. hpcxnc nccio, n cqcpc honufuucc-
kux u honufuko-uncfufyuuonaninix ofnomcnuu. Xofn nckofopoc
npcmn hocnc nouni Bcnukopufanun cmc yncpxunana cnok kono-
nuaninyk umhcpuk, a panuun cfpcmunaci coxpanufi konfponi
nan yckonisakmumu us-hon cc nnunnun fcppufopunmu (nahpumcp,
Cupucu u unanom), numi nauoncc ohfumucfuunic unu nauo-
ncc honcpxnocfnic nanknafcnu coxpannnu unnksuu ofnocufcni-
no hpcxncu cnpohcuckou momu. Bfopan muponan nouna hpuncna k
fomy, ufo Inpoha okonuafcnino hcpccfana ifi ucnfpom, nokpyi
55
kofopoio npamanuci npyiuc yuacfnuku cucfcmi mcxnynaponnix
ofnomcnuu.
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nimnu us usonnuuu u coinacunuci uipafi
poni muponou ncpxani, ufo, ccchopno, u cncnano ux fakonou,
xofn n Bamunifonc nc ino ncnocfafka n hpuncpxcnuax nosnpafa
k hpomnomy. B konuc konuon, nocfafouno numi onnoio samcuanun
(hpu sfom namcpcnno ohyckakfcn qunancono-skonomuucckuc ac-
hckfi hponcmi), ufoi nonusna cufyauuu cfana oucnunnou: n
145 i. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi inu cnuncfncnnou ncpxanou, cho-
conou ocymccfnufi cnoc hpucyfcfnuc onnonpcmcnno na nccx kon-
funcnfax mupa: onu iochoncfnonanu na Amcpukanckom konfuncnfc;
nicfyhanu n ponu ocnoonufcnn u iapanfa n Inpohc; okasinanu
nnunnuc n Aqpukc, nccmofpn na fo, ufo fam uacfi fcppufopuu ocfa-
nanaci hon kpucnukuucu qpanuyson u aninuuan; hpucyfcfnonanu
na omupnix fcppufopunx n Asuu; sanumanu hpcumymccfncnnoc
honoxcnuc n Okcanuu. Iacmupcnun amcpukanckou fcppufopuu nc
hpousomno, oncc foio, nckopc ina hpcnocfanncna ncsanucumocfi
unuhhunam. Ho hopaxcnuc Shonuu, konnahc n Kufac; opia
panuuu n Hnnokufac, hpofunocfonnuc Bcnukopufanuu u Ma-
nauu ncc sfo honfncpxnano nnnoc hpcnocxoncfno CUA, kofopoc
afomnan monohonun moina foniko honkpchufi. K fomy xc OOH
noncpuna Cocnuncnnim Ufafam konfponi nan ocfponamu cfpafc-
iuucckoio xapakfcpa n Tuxom okcanc n nunc ohcku.
pyium iocynapcfnom, kofopoc ncucfnufcnino nimno us nouni
hocnufcncm, in Concfckuu Coks: no nc n cnnsu c hpuopcfcn-
nou momik, kofopan foina nc ina oucncna nonxnim opasom,
fak kak ina usnccfna ucna, sahnaucnnan sa hocny nan Icpmanu-
cu. Honan poni CCCI ina cnnsana, no-hcpnix, c nonou icohonu-
fuucckou cufyaucu, cnoxunmcucn n Inpohc u Bocfounou Asuu,
no-nfopix, inannim opasom, c pcmufcninou u ncciuacmou noncu
Cfanuna u cio nuxaumux copafnukon, kofopic cmoinu samufufi
CCCI of hohananun n cqcpy amcpukanckoio iochoncfna.
Hcnfpaniniu momcnf nonou cufyauuu saknkuancn n fom, ufo c
icohonufuucckou fouku spcnun Concfckuu Coks ynacncnonan momi
u poni Icpmanuu, hpuconokyhun ux k fomy hofcnuuany, kofopim
uapckan Ioccun pachonaiana pancc. Xofn Concfckuu Coks, n ofnu-
uuc of CUA, nc onanan nccmupnim nnunnucm: n 145 i. nnunnuc
CCCI na Amcpukanckom konfuncnfc ino nuufoxnim, n Aqpukc
uucfo cumnonuucckum, na Cpcnncm Bocfokc numi iuhofcfuucckum,
a na Tuxom okcanc ino oipanuucno pauonom kpauncio Ccncpa,
fcm nc mcncc CCCI n sfo npcmn onanan snauufcninim hpcumymc-
cfnom c icohonufuucckou fouku spcnun, fak kak umcn nosmoxnocfi
konfponuponafi ucnfp fnxccfu nccu mcxnynaponnou cucfcmi. Hs-
56
mcncnun honufuucckou kapfi mupa cmc nc hpousomno u xofn In-
poha hpcnpafunaci us cytckfa n otckf mcxnynaponnou honufu-
ku, cnpoasuafckuu pciuon ncc cmc ocfanancn (nmccfc c pciuonom
Tuxoio okcana) onnum us naxncumux hpu qopmuponanuu fcppu-
fopuaninoio hpconananun u muponou momu.
B ccnfnpc 145 i. pasopcnniu nounou Concfckuu Coks, na-
ccncnuc kofopoio iononano, fcm nc mcncc onanan cfoni momnou
nocnnou mamunou, ufo ona okasanaci choconou pasipomufi icp-
manckuu munufapusm. Ionuucuckan honufuucckan cucfcma CCCI
sacfanuna concfckux ipaxnan fcphcfi cfoni nuskuu yponcni xus-
nu, ufo cfpana cmoina ocymccfnufi noniu pinok n nakohncnuu
kahufana, hponccfu n kopofkuc cpoku pckoncfpykuuk nocnnoio
hofcnuuana u fcxnonoiuucckoc ononncnuc fnxcnou hpomimncn-
nocfu. Hmcnno fakou Concfckuu Coks cmoi houfu cs fpyna kon-
fponuponafi fcppufopuaniniu conrinuum of OncpaHcucc no Tpu-
ccfa, of ipcko-fypcukou ipanuui no Kankasa, of aqianckou ipanuui
no Maniuxypuu u Kypunickux ocfponon. Hfak, sfo in oipom-
niu, nncmnc onnoponniu pciuon, founcc hpcnpamcnniu n onno-
ponniu mcfonamu fcppopa. Hukfo nc moi cmy yipoxafi, nc sahna-
fun sa sfo nopoiyk ucny (sa ucknkucnucm hpumcncnun afomnoio
opyxun); n fcucnuc nnufcninoio mupnoio npcmcnu cio momi numi
nospacfana, konconunuponanaci u cfanonunaci iochoncfnykmcu
cunou n ccpnucnunc Inpohi, cmcnun n sfou ponu Icpmanuk. Ipu
fom, ufo ocfaninan uacfi Inpohi honyuana honncpxky usnnc, CCCI
cymcn nouficn hpconananun na Iankanax, nnunfi na cufyauuk
na Cpcnncm Bocfokc, pcmafi cyniy ipaxnanckou nouni n Kufac
u usnnckafi us sfoio niiony. Hfak, sfo ina ncpxana, kofopyk
moinu ocnaufi numi nnyfpcnnuc hpofunopcuun. B sfom saknkua-
noci snaucnuc hocni Concfckoio Coksa; na hcpniu nsinnn, sfa
hocna moina hokasaficn mcncc nnymufcninou, ucm hocna amcpu-
kanucn, no ona concpxana ncc hpcnhocinku nnn nosnuknoncnun
hpofunnuka, iofonoio u choconoio pocufi nison Cocnuncnnim
Ufafam.
Ococnnocfi pcnonkuuu, hpoucmcnmcu n mcxnynaponnou
cucfcmc, saknkuanaci n fom, ufo ucnfpi mcxnynaponnou momu
okasanuci nnc Inpohi u inu ckonucnfpuponani na nononino
nnufcninoc npcmn n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax u n Concfckom Coksc.
3apoxnanoci fo, ufo hosxc cfanu nasinafi uhonnpnou cucfcmou.
Ho sfo inu fpynnic u myuufcninic poni, hofomy ufo cfapim
umhcpuanucfuucckum ncpxanam hpcncfonno ocosnafi pcaninocfi
cnocio yhanka, a Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nonxni inu hpusnafi cy-
mccfnonanuc cohcpnuka n opic sa muponoc iochoncfno. Iocnc
nccnfuncfuu honiofonku hcpcn mupom hpcncfanu nna iuianfa, ko-
57
fopic uchonnoni ocnaunanu cnou nonic ponu u fchcpi nonxni
inu hokasafi, ufo onu choconi ux uchonnnfi. Cymccfnonano
fpu cqcpi, n kofopix cfpcmncnuc u nonn k cofpynnuuccfny coks-
nukon n nounc, honncpianuci uchifanunm: choconocfi occhc-
uufi qynkuuonuponanuc Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu; co-
snafi qunancono-skonomuucckyk cucfcmy, kofopan conmcmana i
amcpukanckuc hpockfi u concfckuc unfcpcci (a fakxc unfcpcci
iocynapcfn, nxonnmux n cucfcmy pinounou skonomuku); ohpcnc-
nufi qopmi cofpynnuuccfna nnn mupnoio uchonisonanun afomnou
sncpiuu n kauccfnc anifcpnafuni cohcpnuuccfny sa hpcnocxoncfno
n onananuu afomnou sncpiucu kak ucfounukom nocnnou momu.
8.1.3. OOH U HPE,ELM EE O!!EKTUBHOCTU
C pafuqukauucu Can-panuucckoio noionopa Opianusauun
Otcnuncnnix Hauuu nauana cnok ncnfcninocfi n nnnapc 146 i.,
koina chopi mcxny inmumu coksnukamu hpuncnu k honpiny no-
cnnoio cofpynnuuccfna. Ipounoc coinacuc, sanoxcnnoc n ocnony
sqqckfunnocfu OOH, pacccnnoci icfpcc, ucm ocymccfnncnuc fcx-
nuucckou paofi ho cosnanuk cfoni cnoxnoio uncfufyfa. Opianu-
sauun Otcnuncnnix Hauuu nauana paofafi n onnonc (nnnapi
146 i.), cmc nc ycfpounmuci na ohpcncncnnom cu mccfc: safcm
ono ino sakpchncno sa Hik-Hopkom. 1O nnnapn ino hponcncno
hcpnoc saccnanuc Icncpaninou Accamncu; 17 nnnapn cocfonnoci
hcpnoc saccnanuc Concfa Icsohacnocfu. na nnn chycfn, 1 nnnapn,
ncnciaf Hpana hpusnan Concf Icsohacnocfu opafufi nnumanuc na
cufyauuk n cio cfpanc n cnnsu c hpcinanucm fam concfckux nouck.
Hccmofpn na nocfuinyfic n 142 i. coinamcnun, kofopic hpcnyc-
mafpunanu ninon okkyhauuonnix nouck nc hosnncc, ucm ucpcs
mccfi mccnucn hocnc okonuanun nouni (cf. 6 noionopa, honhucan-
noio n nnnapc 142 i., csoionopouno ycfanannunana, ufo hononan
nafa nonxna ucuucnnficn of sancpmcnun nouni c Shonucu), co-
ncfckuc noucka, okkyhuponanmuc Hpanckuu Ascpaunxan, nmccfo
foio, ufoi iofonuficn k ninony, kasanoci, namcpcni inu hon-
ncpxafi cchapafucfckuc fcnncnuuu n ccncpnou uacfu cfpani u
okasinafi naxum na hpanufcnicfno Tcicpana.
Concfckuc hpcncfanufcnu pcmunu, ufo upancu nicfyhun ho
honckaskc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u Bcnukopufanuu, u n kauccfnc
ncmcnncnnou ofncfnou mcpi nnaxni opafunuci n Concf Icsohac-
nocfu. 21 nnnapn concfckuu hpcncfanufcni hofpconan ocynufi
honoxcnuc n Ipcuuu u sannun hpofccf hpofun hocfonnnoio hpu-
cyfcfnun fam aninuuckux nouck naxc hocnc okonuanun nouni, ufo
on knanuquuuponan kak ncsakonnoc nmcmafcnicfno no nnyfpcnnuc
58
ncna Ipcuuu; onnonpcmcnno hpcncfanufcni Ykpauni nicfyhun c
ananoiuunim opamcnucm ho honony cufyauuu n Hnnoncsuu, inc
pufanckuc noucka honncpxunanu hohifku ionnannucn noccfano-
nufi cnoc iochoncfno.
cnfcninocfi Concfa Icsohacnocfu cpasy xc nauanaci co cfonk-
noncnuu, ninnunmux cymccfnykmcc nahpnxcnuc. Ofo cmc nc ina
ofkpifan npaxncnocfi, no ncnoncpuc yxc napacfano. nn nnymuu-
nou paspaofku hpoucccyaninix nopm, kak ofmcuan kpucf Iynpuu,
ino mano npcmcnu, a Concf cpasy cfonknyncn c kpusucnimu cufya-
uunmu, ufo, concpmcnno oucnunno, mcmano cmy qynkuuonuponafi
na honnix oopofax. Kpomc foio, kak hucan cniiuuckuu nuhno-
maf, inmuu hpcncfanufcni n Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu,
paspaofanmuc Ycfan ncnukuc ncpxani hpcnyhpcxnanu, ufo cucfc-
ma konnckfunnou csohacnocfu nauana qynkuuonuponafi n fakou
ocfanonkc, kofopan ncuscxno nisoncf cc pasnan. Io fpcm opa-
mcnunm n Concf Icsohacnocfu hocnc ocyxncnun inu nipaofani
pcmcnun, no ux nc honncpxana onna us hnfu ncpxan c hpanom ncfo.
ounaficn ionoconanun ho sfum pcmcnunm osnauano ncsamcnnu-
fcnino nisnafi kpusuc mcxnynaponno-hpanonix cfpykfyp.
Icmcnuc cncnonano uckafi sa hpcncnamu OOH, ufoi hpu ni-
nnncnuu hosuuuu cfopon ho nimcnasnannim hponcmam coxpa-
nufi ncpnocfi hpounomy coinacuk. Ofo nc ino cncnano. Hpan-
ckuu nohpoc pcmcno ino paccmofpcfi na hcpcionopax, kofopic
oc cfoponi coinacunuci nauafi (nhpoucm, pcaninan nafa sancpmc-
nun ninona concfckux nouck moina i ifi ycfanonncna 2 mapfa,
ccnu ucxonufi us nafi okonuanun nouni c Shonucu). Ho no npc-
mn ocyxncnun nohpoca o Ipcuuu nc ino naxc sfoio kaxymciocn
ychcxa. Ipucyfcfnonanmuu hpu sfom honufuucckuu ncnfcni in
hofpnccn pcskou u ocfpou nuckyccucu mcxny concfckum hpcncfa-
nufcncm A. Bimunckum u aninuuckum munucfpom O. Icnunim.
3ancpmun nuckyccuk cs ionoconanun, onu oipanuuunuci fcm, ufo
hpunnnu k cncncnuk sannncnun cfopon ho ocyxnanmcmycn nohpo-
cy; ananoiuuno sancpmunoci u ocyxncnuc nohpoca o Hnnoncsuu.
Tak c camix hcpnix nncu namcfunuci nahpanncnun ncnfcninocfu
Concfa Icsohacnocfu na hpcncfonmuc noniuc ioni. Bmccfo foio,
ufoi cfafi uncfpymcnfom houcka mupnix pcmcnuu Opianusauun
Otcnuncnnix Hauuu nauana cnok ncnfcninocfi c ponu hynuu-
noio osnyuunanun hpofunopcuuu, kofopic napacfanu mcxny ncny-
mumu ncpxanamu. Ofo honyuuno nauoncc npkoc honfncpxncnuc
4 qcnpann. B sfof ncni ncnciafi Cupuu u unana opafunuci c
hpociou ocynufi cufyauuk, cnoxunmykcn n ux cfpanax, inc
hpononxanu naxonuficn qpanuysckuc u aninuuckuc okkyhauuon-
nic noucka. Iina nipaofana pcsonkuun, kofopan nipaxana ho-
5
xcnanuc ckopoio ninona nouck u nauana c sfou ucnik coofncf-
cfnykmux hcpcionopon. Icsonkuun honyuuna onimuncfno n ccmi
ionocon, no hockoniky cpcnu nux nc ino ionoca concfckoio ncnc-
iafa ona nc cuufanaci ncfyhunmcu n sakonnyk cuny. Tak nhcpnic
concfckuu ncnciaf ocymccfnun cnoc hpano ncfo. Ofo in hcpniu
cnyuau us nnunnou ccpuu hononix ionoconanuu, hpoucxonunmux
ncc npcmn, hoka CCCI ocfanancn n Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix
Hauuu n mcnimuncfnc, fcm nc mcncc opianusauun qynkuuonupo-
nana n coofncfcfnuu c amcpukanckumu ycfanonkamu, xofn u nc cs
fpynnocfcu.
Koncuno, sfo nc osnauacf, ufo yxc c hcpnix maion ncnfcni-
nocfi opianusauuu ina hapanusonana. B Concfc Icsohacnocfu u
n Icncpaninou Accamncc moxno ino nocfuinyfi, xofn u c fpy-
nom, coinacun, n uacfnocfu, koina ono kacanoci nipaxcnun omux
hosuuuu, kak, nahpumcp, hpu ionoconanuu 24 nnnapn 146 i. hpu
yupcxncnuu Icncpaninou Accamncu Komuccuu ho afomnou sncp-
iuu; no npcmn ionoconanun 14 nckapn foio xc iona pcsonkuuu,
kofopan ohpcncnnna omuc hpunuuhi pasopyxcnun; no npcmn io-
noconanun 12 nckapn pcsonkuuu, kofopan fpconana of nccx
cfpan-uncnon OOH ofsina ux nuhnomafuucckux hpcncfanufcnicfn
us Hchanuu, inc yfncpnuncn ncncmokpafuucckuu pcxum. Ho oni-
mcu uacfik sfu pcmcnun nipaxanu ofnomcnuc k cufyauunm n
hpomnom, u nc ohpcncnnnu koncfpykfunnix hosuuuu ho nohpocam
nacfonmcio unu ynymcio.
Io nonim hponcmam pacxoxncnun cfanonunuci ncc oncc
oucnunnimu. Iocnc 4 qcnpann 146 i. nauoncc npkum cumnonom
hapanuua ncnfcninocfu OOH ocfananoci ncfo; u hockoniky concf-
ckan ncnciauun uchonisonana cio c nnnapn ho ccnfnpi 146 i.
nopiu nccnfok pas, fo c fcx hop ono cfano cumnonom ofkasa co-
ncfckou ncnciauuu of koncfpykfunnoio cofpynnuuccfna n pamkax
Opianusauun Otcnuncnnix Hauuu. B pcsynifafc nuckyccun ckon-
ucnfpuponanaci na hponcmc ncfo: kak numufi concfckux ncncia-
fon nosmoxnocfu snoyhofpcnnfi um, uo onu hpcnpafunu cio n
cpcncfno, hopoxnakmcc nonic konqnukfi. Yhopnoc opamcnuc
concfckux ncnciafon k fakomy uncfpymcnfy, kak ncfo, ino cumh-
fomom inyokoio ncnyia, kofopiu hopasun mcxnynaponnyk xusni,
a fakxc ckoninan ncnfcninocfi opianusauuu, cosnannou nnn occ-
hcucnun mupa na mcxnynaponnou apcnc. Cnoxunmancn cufyauun
ionopuna o fom, ufo xcnanuc cofpynnuuccfna mcxny nnymn ncnu-
kumu ncpxanamu usxuno ccn.
Onun us nccima naxnix achckfon, safpynnnnmuu ncnfcninocfi
OOH c 15O i. u ho nacfonmcc npcmn, xofn, nosmoxno, u nc cfoni
npkuu, saknkuacfcn n ofkasc of hpumcncnun nopm, hpcnycmafpu-
6OO
nanmux cosnanuc cocfncnnix noopyxcnnix cun OOH us konfun-
icnfon, hpcnocfannncmix ofncninimu cfpanamu-yuacfnuuamu nc-
hocpcncfncnno n pachopnxcnuc Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Ha-
uuu. Iacccnnaci nancxna, ufo Opianusauun Otcnuncnnix Hauuu
cymccf hpuopccfu fy cncfckyk nnacfi, kofopou ncnocfanano
uic Hauuu. Coinacno cf. 47 Ycfana n qcnpanc 146 i. in yupcx-
ncn Ufanou Komufcf, kofopiu nonxcn in ohpcncnufi nocnniu
nknan ofncninix cfpan-yuacfnuu, onnako on nukoina nc moi hpc-
ononcfi ocnonnoc pacxoxncnuc mcxny concfckumu u amcpukancku-
mu ycfanonkamu ofnocufcnino kpufcpucn ohpcncncnun hononix
nknanon. uckyccuu nnunuci okono nnyx ncf u inu hpakfuuccku
hpcpnani n uknc 148 i. hocnc ofkponcnnoio hpusnanun Komufc-
fom cnocio cccunun. Ufanou Komufcf hpusnan, ufo nc moxcf
nocfuinyfi coinamcnun o ocnonnix hpunuuhax hpunnfun pcmc-
nuu, hosfomy ncci nohpoc in hcpcnan n Concf Icsohacnocfu.
Ofof opian, kak mi nuncnu panimc, in cmc mcncc chococn ni-
paofafi pcmcnun ho sfomy nohpocy, hockoniky n cio komhcfcn-
uuk nxonuno hpunnfuc ohcpafunnix pcmcnuu. Tak hponanunaci
hohifka hpunuuhuanino nonoio honxona n cpanncnuu c xcncnc-
kou nuhnomafucu, u c fcx hop ncc ohcpauuu ho honncpxanuk unu
ycfanonncnuk mupa, kofopic OOH nonxna ina i hpcnhpunnfi,
ocymccfnnnnuci naionapn nopononinomy nknany cfpan-yuacfnuu.
B Concfc Icsohacnocfu, ho kpauncu mcpc no 155 i. (n Icnc-
paninou Accamncc fak ocfananoci nccina), nc cfoniko nipaafi-
nanuci honufuucckuc pcmcnun, ckoniko ncnuci nuckyccuu mcxny
ncpxanamu, ufoi hpunafi um onimuu pcsonanc. Co npcmcncm
OOH hocfchcnno mcnnnaci. Hucno cc uncnon c 51 nnauanc nospocno
no 1O n 1 i.; foina cfanu qopmuponaficn ipyhhuponku onimun-
cfna, onnako, coxpannnuci nomunupykmuc fcnncnuuu k qpaimcn-
fauuu opianusauuu n pcsynifafc icfpo mcnnkmcucn ocfanonku.
Ho pcui uncf o oucni mcnncnnom hpoucccc, ckopcc opamcnnom
n ynymcc. B ioni xononnou nouni, o kofopix ionopufcn n nacfon-
mcu inanc, Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu nc ynanoci nihon-
nufi sanauy concucfnun coxpancnuk mupa, hocfanncnnyk hcpcn
ncu Ycfanom, oncc foio, nnn cc ncnfcninocfu inu xapakfcpni
nccfpykfunnic ucpfi. Hncfufyuuonaniniu hcpcxon k oncc nsaumo-
cnnsannomy u iukomy qynkuuonuponanuk mcxnynaponnou cucfcmi
nc in pcanusonan. Cnumkom oucnunnan icicmonun amcpukanucn
hpuncna k fomy, ufo concfckan cfopona u cc ncmnoiouucncnnic
coksnuku n fc ioni cfapanuci nosncpxunaficn of cnumkom onsi-
nakmcio yuacfun n opianusauuu, nopmi kofopou ckonanu i ux
nuucm nc oipanuucnnyk cnoony mancnpuponanun na mcxnynapon-
nou apcnc.
6O1
8.1.4. HOBAH ME+,.HAPO,HAH
OKOHOMUUECKAH CUCTEMA
Ioniman uacfi amcpukanckux konuchuuu n hocncnocnnoc npc-
mn ucxonuna us uncu cosnanun nonou mcxnynaponnou skonomu-
ucckou cucfcmi. Hmcnno ho nannou fcmc n ucfopuoipaquu umcno
mccfo onimoc uucno nuckyccuu, u camu amcpukanui nickasanu
ho sfomy honony mnoio unfcpccnix coopaxcnuu. Koncuno, hpcn-
noxcnnic konuchuuu cnuncfcnicfnonanu o honiofonkc amcpukan-
ucn k hocncnocnnou cufyauuu, u xofn n nckofopix kpyiax uacfo
ocyxnanu hononic nohpoci, sfo nc snauuf, ufo nickasannic
uncu nccina conhananu c hpakfuucckou ncnfcninocfik amcpukan-
ckux hpcncfanufcncu n honufuucckou u qunancono-skonomuucc-
kou cqcpc. H foina, u ccuuac ncnosmoxno ofpuuafi, ufo n 145 i.
mup cmofpcn na Cocnuncnnic Ufafi kak na cnuncfncnnyk ncp-
xany, choconyk nnoni hocfanufi na noiu muponyk skonomuucc-
kyk cucfcmy n coofncfcfnuu c konuchuucu onnoponnocfu mupa,
nuo n coofncfcfnuu c uncu, hpusnakmcu pcaninocfi cocymccfno-
nanun pasnuunix skonomuucckux cfpykfyp.
Ipononxufcninan ncnfcninocfi, unuuuuponannan sakonom o
ncnn-nusc, n konuc nouni ina safpynncna hpunnfucm amcpukan-
uamu onnocfoponnux u nocfafouno hpofunopcuunix pcmcnuu u
safcm hpcpnana, hockoniky ina koncfafuponana ncnosmoxnocfi
hnonofnopnoio nuanoia c concfckou cfoponou. 3akon o ncnn-nusc
in hpunnf c oionopkou, ufo on ocfacfcn n cunc no okonuanun co-
cfonnun nouni. Inna in honhucan akf o kahufynnuuu Icpmanuu,
ncucfnuc sakona ino hpuocfanonncno kak n ofnomcnuu CCCI,
fak u n ofnomcnuu Bcnukopufanuu u npyiux cfpan-honyuafcncu
homomu. Icui mna o fcxnuucckou omukc Oiuno nacfcn umcn-
no fakoc otncncnuc. Bouna ina cmc nc sancpmcna, u n fof mo-
mcnf, koina amcpukanckuc cyna honyuunu hpukas honcpnyfi nasan,
onu inu na hyfu n Concfckuu Coks, kyna nonxni inu hocfa-
nufi ipysi, ncoxonumic nnn nouni c Shonucu.
Icskoc hpckpamcnuc hocfanok chponouuponano fakyk ocfpyk
honcmuky, ufo hpanufcnicfno n Bamunifonc ninyxncno ino hc-
pcocmicnufi cufyauuk u nosononufi ofhpanky ipyson. Ho kak
foniko in honhucan akf o kahufynnuuu Shonuu, yxc nuufo nc
mcmano nnoni hpunnfi pcmcnuc o hpckpamcnuu hocfanok, ufoi
hokasafi aninuuanam u, hpcxnc nccio, Concfckomy Coksy, ufo
hpanufcnicfno CUA namcpcno uchonisonafi cnou skonomuucckuc
pccypci oucni pacucfnuno u coinacno ucfkum kpufcpunm. pyiumu
cnonamu, pcui mna o fom, ufoi nafi honnfi, kak n pamkax no-
nix skonomuucckux uncfufyfon unu nnc ux u n kakou cfchcnu
6O2
kahufanucfuucckuc cfpani Inpohi u Concfckuu Coks moinu i
paccuufinafi na qunanconyk honncpxky Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n
noccfanonncnuu cnocu skonomuku, pasopcnnou nounou. Iponcma
umcna onimoc skonomuucckoc u honufuucckoc snaucnuc, fak kak
ona moina i cfafi hapanuimou choconocfu k cofpynnuuccfny
mcxny pasnuunimu couuanino-skonomuucckumu cucfcmamu. Ipcx-
nc npaxncnic npyi npyiy, nosmoxno fchcpi onu ncfanu na hyfi
houcka mcfonon cocymccfnonanun u koohcpauuu, hockoniky nocn-
noc cofpynnuuccfno nayuuno ux, ufo honisi of cofpynnuuccfna
onimc, ucm of nsaumnoio ncnoncpun.
Bohpoc o hpcnocfanncnuu sauma Concfckomy Coksy ocyxnan-
cn no npcmn nouni ncckoniko pas. Yxc n 142 i. o sfom ionopun
Yauf, cofpynnuk Mopicnfay, kofopiu ncn hcpcionopi c Kcuncom
o cosnanuu Mcxnynaponnoio nankfnoio qonna u Mcxnynaponnoio
anka pckoncfpykuuu u pasnufun; Yuninm C.Iynnuf nnoni honnnn
sfof nohpoc n 14J i.; n 144 i. k ncmy ncpnyncn Ancpcnn Iappu-
man, ncnukuu qunancucf u kahufan unnycfpuu, kofopoio Iysncnif
nahpanun hocnom n Mockny. Ho hponcma ina cnoxnou u umcna
pnn achckfon. Bo-hcpnix, ncoxonumo ino ohpcncnufi, n kakou
qopmc sacm moi ifi skonomuuccku niioncn ocum cfoponam; no-
nfopix, ucnccoopasno ino nincnufi, na kakux ycnonunx concf-
ckan cfopona ina n ncm saunfcpcconana; n-fpcfiux, cncnonano
umcfi n nuny, kak u na kakux ycnonunx amcpukanckoc hpanufcni-
cfno ino i coinacno cio hpcnocfanufi. Hc nonxno ino ifi
comncnuu no nsaumnou niionc sauma: concfckan cfopona nyxna-
naci n pccypcax nnn pckoncfpykuuu u ina n cocfonnuu ncpnyfi
kpcnuf hocfankamu nafypou: cipicm, ncoxonumim nnn amcpukan-
ckou hpomimncnnocfu.
Hc ino nocfafounix ocnonanuu nnn uncu, ocyxnanmcucn n
sfu ioni, ufo sacm moi i cfafi hcpnim sfahom n hpnmom skono-
muucckom nsaumoomcnc, hockoniky, kpomc cipin, nc ino concf-
ckux hpomimncnnix fonapon, kofopic moinu i hpcncfannnfi
unfcpcc nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Kpomc foio, n cnnsu c pachpc-
ncnufcninim xapakfcpom concfckou cucfcmi, honnocfik ucnfpa-
nusonannou u pcinamcnfuponannou iocynapcfnom, cncnonano uc-
knkuufi micni, ufo CCCI cmoxcf cfafi oipomnim pinkom nnn
amcpukanckou hpomimncnnou hponykuuu, xofn c okonuanucm
nouni n CUA umcnuci ohaccnun, ufo hpuncfcn cnona cfonknyficn
c nonocnnimu hponcmamu hcpchpousnoncfna.
Ofu coopaxcnun nc inu ccchopnimu. Amcpukanckuc ananu-
fuku us Uffice of rruregic ervices, yucnic, nccima cncnykmuc n noh-
pocax concfckou skonomuku, cuufanu, ufo amcpukanckuu sacm in
i honcscn foniko n fom ofnomcnuu, ufo yckopun i na ncckoniko
6OJ
mccnucn pckoncfpykuuk n CCCI. H ncucfnufcnino, nckofopic ac-
hckfi noccfanonncnun concfckoio xosnucfna hocnc nouni nananu
ocnonanuc nnn hononoio nuainosa, xofn u nc yuufinanu safpafi
ucnoncucckux cun fpynnmuxcn sfou cfpani. Hsnccfniu amcpukan-
ckuu ucfopuk Iapusni Konko yfncpxnan opafnoc: Iocynapcfncn-
niu chapfamcnf snan, ufo cs homomu usnnc concfckan pckon-
cfpykuun ocymccfnnnnaci i snauufcnino oncc mcnncnno u oncc
fpynno, ina i hnonom nauuonaninix ycunuu napona, yxc ccpics-
no usmyucnnoio u usnypcnnoio. Ofo yfncpxncnuc hpcncfannncfcn
nccima kafciopuunim u hokasinacf, ufo nnyfpu iocynapcfncnnoio
nchapfamcnfa u amcpukanckoio hpanufcnicfna cymccfnonanu pas-
nuunic ycfanonku naxc ho nohpocy o honisc hpcnocfanncnun sauma.
Bccima kpacnopcuunim nnnncfcn fof qakf, ufo n Concfckom
Coksc coupanu cnyxu, hpocauunanmuccn us amcpukanckux ucfou-
nukon, hockoniky concfckoc pykononcfno ino nancko ncpannonym-
no k uncc kpyhnoio qunanconoio sauma. Yxc hcpnoc nankncnuc
cnuncfcnicfnycf o sfom: homomi nc ina xusncnno ncoxonumou,
no cc xnanu u ona ina i honcsnou, fak kak onciuuna i hpo-
ncmi qunancuponanun pckoncfpykuuu n CCCI. Monofon nhcp-
nic saionopun o saumc c Iappumanom n nckapc 14J i., namcknyn,
ufo otcm sauma moi i cocfanufi munnuapn nonnapon. Co cnocu
cfoponi, Yauf honaian, ufo sacm, ufoi on in ncucfnufcnino
sqqckfunnim, nonxcn in i nocfuinyfi, ho kpauncu mcpc, hnfu
munnuapnon nonnapon.
Cfanun pacckasan o cnoux uncnx ho honony sauma npyiomy amc-
pukanckomy qunanconomy ncnfcnk, hpcnccnafcnk Topionou hana-
fi Cocnuncnnix Ufafon Opuky xoncfony, kofopiu hpuin n
Mockny ncfom 144 i. u 26 uknn umcn hpononxufcninyk ncfpcuy
co Cfanunim. Bo npcmn sfou ncfpcuu cocccnnuku omcnnnuci
mncnunmu ho mupokomy kpyiy nohpocon. Cfanun ncncnn iuhofcfu-
ucckyk unck pinka, choconoio hoinofufi nkic amcpukanckuc
fonapn, sa kofopic moxno ino i sahnafufi kak cipicm, fak u
sonofom: S nc moiy hpcnnuncfi, ohfumucfuuno sannun on,
koina mi hcpccfancm nyxnaficn n ucm-nuo. Hfak, Cfanun, ccc-
nyn c ncnonim ucnonckom, ynnckan cio hcpchckfunou ncoipanuucn-
nix nosmoxnocfcu unfcipauuu, nc kacanci, koncuno, fcxnuucckux
qopm nsaumocnnscu u honufuucckux ycnonuu, hpu kofopix onu
moinu i umcfi mccfo. Takoc ymonuanuc ino nc cnyuauno, ho-
ckoniky hponcmi saknkuanuci umcnno n sfom.
Amcpukanckuc honufuucckuc ncnfcnu, nhpoucm, nukoina nc
pasncnnnu nna achckfa hponcmi. Kak n hcpuon mcxny nnymn nou-
namu, fak u no npcmn honiofonufcninix ocyxncnuu, hpoxonun-
mux n sfu mccnui n Ipcffon Byncc, hponcmafuka hpcnocfanncnun
6O4
sauma CCCI, a fakxc nccx npyiux saumon nkou npyiou cfpanc, nc
moina paccmafpunaficn n ofpinc of nuncnun hocncnocnnoio ycf-
poucfna, kofopoc amcpukanui yxc paspaafinanu. Ofo ina kap-
funa pcunfcipauuu muponou cucfcmi n cnuniu nsaumosanucumiu
komhnckc, kak founo ofmcuan, xofn u n npyiou cufyauuu, hpaponu-
fcni amcpukanckux ucfopukon-pcnusuonucfon Yuninm A. Buninmc.
Icsynifafi nouni hocfanunu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi n ucnfp
cucfcmi, hpunan um poni pciynupykmcio, xofn u nc onsafcnino
nomunupykmcio, sncmcnfa. Ofo in ocnonnou hynkf nkoio ana-
nusa cknaninakmcucn foina cufyauuu. akfuuccku, amcpukanckoc
hpcnocxoncfno sacfannnno ionopufi o umhcpuanucfuucckom kahu-
fanusmc. Ho sfa ncqunuuun hpcncfannncfcn yhpomcnnou, hockoni-
ky cfpcmufcn ohpcncnufi hpockf pcopianusauuu mcxnynaponnou
xusnu, ocnonanniu na iukom honxonc k mcxnynaponnim ofno-
mcnunm, uchonisyn hpu sfom fcpmun, kofopiu honyuun nciafun-
niu offcnok n ucfopuko-honufuucckou nckcukc npcmcn xononnou
nouni. Iononiu honxon nc cncnonano qopmynuponafi fcm, kfo
moi usnncui us ncio nauonimyk niiony. Iockoniky sfa cucfcma
hocfchcnno hpcnpamanaci n pcaninocfi, fo ncnisn nc honucpknyfi
cc ofkpifiu u iukuu xapakfcp, ufo cosnanano fpynnocfu nnn fcx,
kfo, kak Concfckuu Coks, moi coinacuficn na unfcipauuk foniko
n xccfko pciynupycmyk cucfcmy, hofomy ufo fakona ina honufu-
ko-skonomuucckan opianusauun CCCI. B fo npcmn, koina ocyx-
nanuci qunanconic achckfi hocncnocnnix hponcm, y ooux
cytckfon, niuipanmux nouny, nosnuknu hpcnckasycmic, no nc
ncuscxnic fpynnocfu n cfpcmncnuu nouficn cucfcmnoio cofpyn-
nuuccfna umcnno n cuny cfpykfypnix pasnuuuu, hpchnfcfnonan-
mux konncpicnuuu.
Hakanync konqcpcnuuu n Snfc, J nnnapn 145 i., Monofon us-
noxun Iappumany cnok hpociy o hpcnocfanncnuu sauma n 6 mnpn
nonnapon hpu cfankc n 2,5', naionapn kofopomy Concfckuu Coks
cmoi i pasmccfufi kpyhnic sakasi na amcpukanckom pinkc. Io-
nfopnn fcsuc mnoiux skonomucfon foio npcmcnu, Monofon hona-
ian, ufo fakou sakas hosnonuf skonomukc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon
oncc nciko hcpcufu of nocnnoio hpousnoncfna k mupnomy. Mono-
fon hpcncfanun cnok hpociy kak nsaumoniionnoc hpcnnoxcnuc,
no nc yucn hpu sfom nonix ananufuucckux nannix, kofopic, mcxny
fcm, snauufcnino hpuinymunu, ccnu nc honnocfik pasncnnu ohacc-
nun, ufo n amcpukanckou skonomukc nacfyhuf chan n hcpuon hc-
pcxona k hpousnoncfny mupnou hponykuuu. Kpomc foio, on cncnan
cnoc hpcnnoxcnuc ipyonafo, n kanyn Snfunckou konqcpcnuuu.
Icakuun Iappumana, a safcm u Iysncnifa, saknkuanaci n fom,
ufoi ofnoxufi pcmcnuc na npcmn hocnc sancpmcnun Kpimckou
6O5
ncfpcuu n ncpxax, a hoka hpuocfanonufi paccmofpcnuc hpcnnoxc-
nun kak c honufuucckou, fak u c fcxnuucckou fouku spcnun. Icnu
xccf Monofona, a fakxc pchnuku Cfanuna, hokasinanu, ufo Co-
ncfckuu Coks ncucfnufcnino saunfcpcconan n honyucnuu kpcnufa,
fo ino cmc nc ncno, kak u n kakou qopmc amcpukanui namcpcni
honoufu k paccmofpcnuk sfoio nohpoca. Mopicnfay hpononxan
hponnnnfi naiocknonnocfi u hpcnnaian yncnuuufi cymmy sauma
no 1O mnpn c paccpoukou nihnafi na J5 ncf, ufoi concucfnonafi
sakyhkc amcpukanckux fonapon. Hncn hpcnhonaiana honnyk un-
fcipauuk nnyx skonomuucckux cucfcm, no ona nc ncfpcfuna nco-
xonumou honncpxku. Takoio pona sacm fpconan pachyfinanun
cnoxnoio honufuucckoio ysna, fo ccfi nincncnun, hosnonuf nu
Concfckuu Coks nonncui ccn n pinounyk skonomuky na sahan-
nix ycnonunx. Hnauc ionopn, cymccfnonanu fcxnuucckuc achckfi,
ofnocnmuccn k ninnncnuk kosqquuucnfa okyhacmocfu, koina
cfoni conunnic unnccfuuuu ocymccfnnnkfcn n CCCI unu n npyiux
cfpanax hpu hocpcnnuuccfnc hpanufcnicfna unu nchocpcncfncnno
uacfnimu unnccfopamu. Ionufuucckuc achckfi saknkuanuci n
fom, kak nconnokpafno honucpkunan Iappuman, ufoi ohpcncnufi
nosmoxnocfi onnonpcmcnnoio qunanconoio u honufuucckoio co-
fpynnuuccfna.
B Snfc Iysncnif n pasionopc co Cfanunim nc kacancn sfou
ocoou fcmi, fak kak cuufanoci nosmoxnim ocyxnafi foniko na-
cymnic nohpoci: moxcf ifi, hosfomy fckymuc hponcmi n nuc-
kyccuu hpcnanuponanu nan cfpafciuucckumu. Bosmoxno, fakxc u
hofomy, ufo nuckyccun o icpmanckux pchapauunx sacfanuna sany-
maficn o cpannufcninix xapakfcpucfukax ncnn-nusa u pchapauu-
onnix hnafcxcu, nosmoxno u hofomy, ufo Iysncnif houyncfnonan
hofcnuuaninyk cnnsi mcxny amcpukanckum kpcnufom u pcanusa-
uucu coinamcnuu o Bocfounou Inpohc, saknkucnnix c Concfamu
umcnno n Snfc.
B sfux nohpocax Iappuman ciipan pcmakmyk poni. Hakanync
cmcpfu Iysncnifa on honiofonun kpafkyk sahucky c usnoxcnucm
cnoux hosuuuu, kofopan, koncuno, cunino honnunna na Tpymsna.
Hmcnoci fakxc mnoxccfno pcaninix nokasafcnicfn foio, ufo Co-
ncfi nccina hocfyhanu, pykononcfnynci cnoumu sioucfuucckumu
unfcpccamu. CCCI n konuc nouni pachonaian sonofim sahacom,
kofopiu ycfyhan numi sahacy Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, xofn in
snauufcnino mcnimc, ucm n CUA; y ncio ino oipomnoc konuuc-
cfno ncuchonisonannix mafcpuanon, honyucnnix ho ncnn-nusy; on
hocfapancn xccfoko oopafi okkyhuponannic fcppufopuu u ni-
ncs ncc, ufo moxno ino nincsfu. CCCI konfponuponan nnc-
mnkk fopionnk okkyhuponannix cfpan; on uchonisonan hpcnoc-
6O6
fanunmuccn nosmoxnocfu, ufoi nannsafi niionnic fopionic co-
inamcnun nccm npyium cfpanam mupa, nknkuan cfpani Kxnou
Amcpuku; u fcm nc mcncc, hpononxan hpocufi y Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon ncnucckyk homomi u concucfnuc, kofopix cuufan nos-
moxnim nouficn.
Iappuman, yuufinan ncc sfo, oocnoninan n cnocu sahuckc fc-
suc: ccnu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nonxni samumafi cnou unfcpcci,
fo cncnycf hpononufi honufuky, kofopan oncc sqqckfunno pca-
nusoninana i ux skonomuucckoc nnunnuc, ufoi kak moxno
mupc pachpocfpannfi cnou honufuucckuc uncu. Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi nonxni hpononxafi honncpxunafi npyxcckuc ofnomcnun c
Concfckum Coksom, no na ocnonc nsaumoniionnoio omcna. B of-
nomcnunx c CCCI sfo osnauano cnnsafi skonomuucckyk homomi
nchocpcncfncnno c honufuucckumu hponcmamu. Iosfomy Iappu-
man in cmc naioxcnafcnino nacfpocn n ofnomcnuu hpcnocfan-
ncnun sauma, no paccmafpunan cio kak uncfpymcnf nocfuxcnun
honufuucckux ycfyhok.
Kak ofmcuacf amcpukanckuu ucfopuk xon ikuc Isnnuc,
Concfi, uchonisyn ucknkuufcnino nnyfpcnnuc pccypci, moinu k
148 i. nouficn nonocnnoio yponnn unnccfuuuu kahufanon. Onna-
ko onu nc moinu cs amcpukanckou homomu icfpo pcanusonafi
amuuuosnic hpoipammi coxpancnun n nanincumcm icfpix fcm-
hon skonomuucckoio pocfa, kofopic onu ncncnnu. Bnyfpcnnnn
cnaocfi CCCI nanana nosmoxnocfi Cocnuncnnim Ufafam cnn-
safi sacm c honufuucckumu ycnonunmu u hpcnocfanufi cio foniko
hocnc ynonncfnopcnun qunanconix hofpcnocfcu 3ahannou Inpo-
hi. Ofu honufuucckuc ycnonun saknkuanuci n onsafcnicfnc Co-
ncfon ckpyhyncsno nihonnnfi Snfunckuc coinamcnun n nohpocax
o Ionimc u Bocfounou Inpohc sfo osnauano, ufo ux cncnonano
honumafi n nyxc sahannoio fonkonanun.
Takum opasom, nohpoc o saumc ocfanancn ofkpifim cmc n fc-
ucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn. B uknc, onnako, oman cymma kpcnufa,
na kofopyk inu coinacni amcpukanui, cokpafunaci no 1 mnpn
nonnapon, u Konipccc nc uunun hpchnfcfnuu ohcpauuu fakoio
macmfaa. Ipchnfcfnun nosnuknu n cnnsu c yxynmcnucm cufyauuu
na Iankanax. Ioka sfu hponcmi nc inu hpcononcni, nohpoc o
saumc ocfanancn n honncmcnnom cocfonnuu. Iofcnamckan konqc-
pcnuun nnccna nanincumyk ncnocfi. Icnu Tpymsn hocfchcnno
cknonnncn k ofkasy of komhpomucca ho icpmanckum pchapauunm,
na kofopiu coinamancn Iysncnif, fo sfo ino cnnsano c hocfyhan-
mumu cncncnunmu o fom, kak ncnu ccn Concfi na okkyhuponannou
umu icpmanckou fcppufopuu, kofopyk onu hpononxanu cucfcma-
fuuccku oupafi, ninosn ncc ckoniko-nuyni ucnnoc. Iocfanku na
6O7
ocnonc sakona o ncnn-nusc, onnaxni hpcpnannic, inu okonua-
fcnino hpckpamcni ncckoniko ncncni chycfn. Concfi nixumanu,
kak numon, icpmanckyk hpomimncnnocfi, nc coinamanci, onnako,
na honufuucckuc ycfyhku amcpukanuam, kofopic foina naxonu-
nuci n honoxcnuu aconkfnoio hpcnocxoncfna, ufo hosnonnno um
yknonnficn of hpcnocfanncnun cchnafnou qunanconou homomu
Concfam. Hncn sauma cfanonunaci ncc oncc fymannou. Ichapa-
uuu, usnncucnnic us Icpmanuu, cfanu honnunnou samcnou sauma.
Koina nakanync Iofcnama Iupnc cfan iocynapcfncnnim cckpc-
fapcm, cio hosuuun ho sfomy nohpocy ina yxc ncnou. Xofn nohpoc
ocfanancn ofkpifim nnn nuckyccuu no konua 145 i., on hpcnpafun-
cn ckopcc n honufuucckuu. C num cnnsinanu nosmoxnocfi nouficn
of Concfon ycfyhok kak n ofnomcnuu pafuqukauuu coinamcnuu,
nocfuinyfix n Ipcffon Byncc, of kofopou Cfanun ofkasinancn n
kauccfnc ofncfnou mcpi na ofcyfcfnuc hpcnnoxcnuu ho kpcnufy,
fak u n nuckyccuu o mupnix noionopax c manimu ncpxanamu Ocu.
Hccmofpn na fo, ufo k sfomy momcnfy honopof n amcpukanckou
honufukc n ofnomcnuu Concfckoio Coksa cmc nc ninnuncn hon-
nocfik, pacxoxncnun u pasnoinacun nakahnunanuci, ufo cncnano
hponcmafuunim hpcnocfanncnuc CCCI homomu cs honufuucc-
kux ycnonuu.
Muponan honufuka Cocnuncnnix Ufafon hcpcxunana n fcuc-
nuc ncckonikux mccnucn hcpuon hcpcocmicncnun, ufo hpuncno k
hpunnfuk ocnonohonaiakmux pcmcnuu, onapononannix n konuc
146 nauanc 147 i. Tcm npcmcncm pacccnnuci nosmoxnocfu noc-
fuxcnun skonomuucckoio coinamcnun mcxny nnymn ncpxanamu-
hocnufcninuuamu, kofopoc moino i ykpchufi ux hocncnocnnoc
cofpynnuuccfno u sanoxufi ocnoni nnn nsaumnoio niuipima. Bmcc-
fo sfoio qopmuponanuci noniocpounic cfpafciuu, n kofopix yxc
hpcnycmafpunanoci ynymcc pcmufcninoc hpofunocfonnuc nnyx
cucfcm. Kak n kpunuucckom hnanc (n ncnpax Opianusauuu Otc-
nuncnnix Hauuu), fak u n qunancono-skonomuucckom hnanc oc-
nonanun nnn ncnoncpun u konqnukfon hpcnanuponanu nan coopa-
xcnunmu cofpynnuuccfna u nsaumoncucfnun.
8.1.5. KOHTPOLB HA, H,EPHMM OP.+UEM
K sfum coopaxcnunm noannnnaci fpcfin ccpicsnan hpuuuna
nnn paspina, kofopan nc nifckana us cucfcmnix qakfopon, no
ycununana ux. nn amcpukanucn onananuc afomnou omou ino
pcsynifafom foniko ux kontknkfypnoio hpcnocxoncfna, no ono cfa-
nuno Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, hpcxnc nccio, hcpcn ncoxonumocfik
pcmufi, kak uchonisonafi hononoc hpcnocxoncfno, u ycfanonufi
6O8
pamku hpumcncnun afomnou sncpiuu hon mcxnynaponnim konfpo-
ncm. Kcfafu, unfcpccno ofmcfufi, ufo uyncfno nuni unu ofncf-
cfncnnocfu, kofopoc xapakfcpno nnn Bamunifona hcpuona amcpu-
kanckou monohonuu na nncpnic cckpcfi, hocnyxuno n fo npcmn
ocnonanucm nnn nuckyccuu n sahannou ucfopuoipaquu, onnako ono
nc hoponuno fakou xc osaoucnnocfu y concfckoio pykononcfna.
Hnauc ionopn, nohpoc o mcxnynaponnom konfponc nan uchoniso-
nanucm nncpnou sncpiuu nisinan ohaccnun ckopcc y amcpukan-
ucn, ucm y Concfon.
B ccnfnpc 146 i. Cfanun ckasan n unfcpnik xypnanucfy A. Bcp-
fy, ufo on nymacf o afomnou omc: Afomnic omi hpcnnasna-
ucni nnn ycfpamcnun cnaoncpnnix, no onu nc moiyf pcmafi
cynii nouni, fak kak nnn sfoio concpmcnno ncnocfafouno afom-
nix om. Koncuno, monohoninoc nnancnuc cckpcfom afomnou
omi cosnacf yiposy, no hpofun sfoio cymccfnykf, ho kpauncu
mcpc, nna cpcncfna: u) monohoninoc nnancnuc afomnou omou nc
moxcf hpononxaficn nonio; h) hpumcncnuc afomnou omi yncf
sahpcmcno.
Koncuno, ncnosmoxno snafi no kakou cfchcnu Cfanun in
ycxncn n fom, ufo ionopun, u n kakou cfchcnu cio cnona inu
paccuufani na amcpukanckyk hynuky, no cncnycf ofnafi nonxnoc
cio ncnosmyfumocfu. cucfnufcnino, foina nc ino ocnonanuu u
hpuuun, kofopic nanu i amcpukanuam nosmoxnocfi nmcmaficn u
uchonisonafi oipanuucnnoc uucno afomnix om n kauccfnc uncfpy-
mcnfa honufuucckoio nanncnun c ucnik ninynufi Concfi honuu-
nuficn nonc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon (nohyckak, ufo n Bamunifonc
hufanu fakuc nancxni). Kpomc foio, Cfanun hpckpacno snan, na
kakou cfanuu naxonnfcn amcpukanckuc uccncnonanun, hofomy ufo
cio unqopmafopi, hponuknyn n amcpukanckuc naopafopuu, coo-
manu cmy, ho kpauncu mcpc c 14J i., noncumuc cncncnun o nocfui-
nyfix amcpukanuamu pcsynifafax n sfou onacfu, u no 15O i. sfu
unqopmafopi (inannim us kofopix in usnccfniu qusuk Knayc
ykc) paofanu chokouno u ux cfano onimc ncckoniko nccnf-
kon. Iosfomy Cfanun ofnuuno snan, ckoniko y amcpukanucn om,
kakuc cmc ncfpcuakfcn fpynnocfu na skchcpumcnfaninou cfanuu,
u, hpcxnc nccio, on hpcnnuncn, ufo monohonun hponnufcn ncnonio.
Koina ionopnf o afomnou omc, fo oiuno cfapakfcn hon-
ucpknyfi, ufo umcnno n sfou onacfu amcpukanui hcpnimu naua-
nu hpononufi cocfncnnyk nocnnyk honufuky u ufo sfo hpuncno
k napymcnuk pannonccun n hosuuunx ncpxan-hocnufcninuu. Ha-
hpofun, hapamcfpi nuckyccuu inu sanani pcanusmom Cfanuna.
Cncpxannan nuckyccun n ohpcncncnnix pamkax ofnuuana nayunic
kpyiu CUA of nocnnix u of honufuko-nuhnomafuucckux cqcp.
6O
Ccionnn ona hpcncfannncfcn oncc unfcpccnou c fouku spcnun
amcpukanckoio mcnfanufcfa u foio, kak n Bamunifonc hpcncfannnnu
ynymuc ofnomcnun c Concfckum Coksom, ucm c fouku spcnun pac-
cyxncnuu o snaucnuu afomnou monohonuu nnn sfux ofnomcnuu.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, nuckyccun nauanaci cmc no hpumcncnun
nnyx afomnix om hpofun Xupocumi u Haiacaku. Bo nfopou ho-
nonunc 145 i., hoka hpononxanuci onnonckan ccccun CMH, a
safcm Mockonckan konqcpcnuun o mupnix noionopax, onimun-
cfno yucnix, paofanmux nan Manxsffcnckum hpockfom, nicfyhu-
nu sa mupokoc pachpocfpancnuc unqopmauuu, kofopou onu pac-
honaianu, u sa ckopcumcc ycfanonncnuc mcxnynaponnoio konfpo-
nn nan nncpnou sncpiucu. Bocnnic houfu cnunonymno sanumanu
hpnmo hpofunohonoxnyk hosuuuk u pckomcnnonanu uchonisonafi
afomnoc hpcnocxoncfno n honufuucckux ucnnx; nuhnomafi pasnc-
nunuci ho pasnuunim unconoiuucckum fcucnunm, no nukfo us nux
nc ucknkuan, onnako, honufuko-nuhnomafuucckoio ocyxncnun
sfou hponcmi c Concfamu.
Iocynapcfncnniu cckpcfapi Iupnc na hcpnom sfahc cnocu ncn-
fcninocfu na sfom hocfy, koina on cmc nc in honnocfik unqop-
muponan o macmfaax u ychcxax concfckoio mhuonaxa, in ycx-
ncn, ufo amcpukanckan afomnan monohonun hponnufcn, ho kpauncu
mcpc, 71O ncf u honaian, ufo knkucnim momcnfom nkix hcpc-
ionopon nonxcn ifi nohpoc o konfponc. Toniko yncpcnnocfi amc-
pukanucn, ufo onu ynyf snafi ncc o fom, ufo hpoucxonuf n npyiux
cfpanax, moina ycnufi ux packpifi uacfi cnoux cckpcfon. Aco-
nkfno hpofunohonoxnoio mncnun hpuncpxunancn samccfufcni io-
cynapcfncnnoio cckpcfapn un Auccon. On honaian, ufo cckpcfi
nncpnoio opyxun nc ynacfcn coxpannfi nonio, u cuufan ncoxonu-
mim nc cosnanafi y Concfon nhcuafncnun, ufo pcnnocfnoc ofnomc-
nuc amcpukanucn k monohonuu na afomnoc opyxuc umccf anfu-
concfckyk nahpanncnnocfi. On yfncpxnan: Hcnosmoxno, ufoi
concfckoc hpanufcnicfno, onanakmcc momik u cosnakmcc cc, nc
pcaiuponano i oucni xccfko na cnoxunmcccn honoxcnuc. Ono
nonxno yncf u, koncuno, cfancf ncucfnonafi nccima sncpiuuno,
ufoi komhcncuponafi yfpafy hpcxncu momu n cnoxunmcucn cu-
fyauuu.
Auccon hpanunino oucnunan pcakuuk Concfon, no cnumkom
ohacancn ounuunocfu Cfanuna. B ufoic, nauoncc pcanucfuucc-
kyk hosuuuk sanuman Tpymsn, kofopiu n okfnpc 145 i. nhcp-
nic nicfyhun n konipcccc ho nohpocy o afomnom opyxuu. On
honucpknyn, ufo fcopcfuucckuc snanun, na kofopix ocnonano hpo-
usnoncfno afomnoio opyxun, mupoko usnccfni. Iosfomy u npyiuc
iocynapcfna ucpcs kakoc-fo npcmn cmoiyf cosnafi cnok afomnyk
61O
omy, ufo osnauano i ofkpifi nopoiy csyncpxnou ionku noo-
pyxcnuu, kofopan chocona hpunccfu k kafacfpoqc. Inuncfncn-
nou anifcpnafunou sfou yiposc moino i cfafi coinamcnuc mcxny
nccmu cfpanamu, kofopic n cocfonnuu cosnafi afomnyk omy, o
ofkasc uchonisonafi cc n nocnnix ucnnx. Hcoxonumo ino kak
moxno icfpcc nauafi nuhnomafuucckuc hcpcionopi, u Tpymsn
sannun, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi ynyf nccfu ho sfomy nohpocy
hcpcionopi cnauana c aninuuanamu u kananuamu, c kofopimu amc-
pukanui inu cnnsani conmccfnimu ncucfnunmu no npcmn nou-
ni, a safcm u c npyiumu cfpanamu.
Takum opasom, hpunuuh ncncnun hcpcionopon nci n ocnony
amcpukanckou hosuuuu, u sanaua saknkuanaci n fom, ufoi ycfa-
nonufi cpoku u ycnonun hononix hcpcionopon. Bo npcmn ncfpcuu
c Offnu u c kananckum hpcmicpom Makcnsu Kuniom n ccpcnunc
nonpn 145 i. amcpukanui otnnunu hosuuuu, ho kofopim nos-
moxno nocfuxcnuc coinamcnun. Onu hpcnycmafpunanu ncoxonu-
mocfi yupcxncnun komuccuu hpu Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix
Hauuu (OOH n fo npcmn cmc nc nauana cnok paofy), ufoi nccfu
hcpcionopi na ocnonc ucfipcx hpunuuhon, kaxniu us kofopix
nonxcn in cnyxufi hpcnmccfnykmcu cfanucu nnn hcpcxona k
hocncnykmcu qasc hcpcionopon. B coofncfcfnuu c sfumu hpunuu-
hamu fpconanoci ycfanonufi honniu omcn unqopmauucu n na-
yunix ucnnx; ycfanonufi konfponi, ufoi iapanfuponafi mupniu
xapakfcp uchonisonanun afomnou sncpiuu; hpcnycmafpunanoci
ynuufoxcnuc afomnoio opyxun u nccx npyiux noopyxcnuu, cho-
conix hpunccfu k macconim paspymcnunm; cosnanuc sqqckfun-
nou cucfcmi konfponn c uchonisonanucm unchckuuu u npyiux
cpcncfn, ufoi iapanfuponafi cfpani, honhucanmuc fakuc coina-
mcnun, of ncuchonncnun cio npyiumu cfpanamu.
Baxno yuccfi sfof hynkf, coinacno kofopomy hpunuuh yupcx-
ncnun unchckuuu nifckan us pcmcnun ynuufoxufi ncc hpousnc-
ncnnoc afomnoc opyxuc. Ipockf in ymcpcnniu u ocfopoxniu, u
moxno ino uchonisonafi cio kak ocnony nnn hponykfunnou nuc-
kyccuu, fcm oncc, ufo na Mockonckou ccccuu CMH Iupnc cymcn
honyuufi honncpxky Concfon ho nohpocy o yupcxncnuu chcuu-
aninou komuccuu hpu Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu.
Iupnc hopyuun cnocmy samccfufcnk Auccony u anuny I. u-
nucnfank, pykononufcnk cfpoufcnicfna iunposnckfpocfanuuu na
pckc Tcnncccu, honiofonufi okonuafcniniu hpockf, ufoi hpcncfa-
nufi cio n cnnsu c nauanom ncnfcninocfu OOH. Iocnc hpunnfoio
Icncpaninou Accamnccu OOH n nnnapc 146 i. pcmcnun cosnafi
Komuccuk OOH ho afomnou sncpiuu Auccon u unucnfani paspa-
ofanu cnou hpockf. On hpcnycmafpunan cosnanuc Komuccuu Opia-
611
nusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu, kofopan hocnc hponcncnun yucfa
muponix pccypcon pacmchnnkmuxcn mafcpuanon nsnna i na ccn
konfponi nan nccmu sahacamu ooiamcnnoio ypana u fopun c
onsafcnicfnom hpcnocfannnfi pccypci foniko nnn mupnoio uc-
honisonanun. Hapymufcnu sfoio hpanuna honncxanu nakasanuk
coofncfcfnykmumu konfpmcpamu; Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nonxni
inu pcmufi n nanincumcm, kak u koina hpckpafufi hpousnoncfno
cnoux afomnix om.
nn hpcncfanncnun sfoio hnana n OOH Tpymsn nipan ncnfc-
nn, kofopiu, kak on nancnncn, onciuuf n nanincumcm hpoxoxnc-
nuc ucpcs konipccc nosmoxnix coinamcnuu. Icui mna o Icpnapnc
M. Iapyxc, nocimunccnfuncfncm qunancucfc, kofopiu okasinan
ohpcncncnnoc nnunnuc na hpouccc qopmuponanun nckofopix amcpu-
kanckux honufuucckux pcmcnuu. Ofof momcnf cncnycf honucpknyfi,
hofomy ufo oiuno ionopnf o hcpcionopax 146 i. ho nncpnomy
opyxuk kak o hcpcionopax ho hnany Iapyxa. B ncucfnufcninocfu
Iapyx honnuncn na honufuucckou cucnc n hocncnnuu momcnf u cio
ocnonnou nknan saknkuancn n fom, ufo on hofpconan nknkuufi n
hpockf Auccona-unucnfann hohpanky, coinacno kofopou nohpoci
o afomnom opyxuu nonxni inu i hpoxonufi ionoconanuc n
Concfc Icsohacnocfu cs hpumcncnun hpana ncfo, hockoniky onu
kacanuci hponcmi, safpaiunanmcu unfcpcci nccx cfpan mupa, a
nc foniko ncnukux ncpxan. Concpmcnno oucnunno, ufo hpcnnoxc-
nuc amcpukanckoio qunancucfa nnocuno usmcncnuc n hpockf ho
oucni naxnomy nohpocy u qakfuuccku ncnano ncnosmoxnim hpunn-
fuc cio Concfamu. C momcnfa, koina Concfi cfanu cosnanafi cnou
afomniu apccnan, y nux nc ino nukakux ocnonanuu coinamaficn
na konfponi, numanmuu ux nosmoxnocfu pcanusonafi hpano ncfo.
Tpymsn u Iupnc honumanu, ufo hohanu n fpynnoc honoxcnuc,
u uchifinanu nocany, ufo nipanu Iapyxa hpcncfanufcncm Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon n cfoni fonkom ncnc. Tcm nc mcncc, ino cnumkom
hosnno ufo-nuo mcnnfi u honcnonc hpumnoci hosnonufi Iapyxy
hpcncfanufi hpockf n usmcncnnom nunc, ufo on u cncnan 16 uknn
146 i. Kasanoci, amcpukanckuc hpcnnoxcnun n ncpcuu Iapyxa
inu oncc ofkpifimu u nunicononckumu, ucm napuanf, honio-
fonncnniu iocynapcfncnnim nchapfamcnfom, hofomy ufo ofmcnn-
noci hpano ncfo n nohpocc o konfponc nan nncpnou sncpiucu u
hpononunaci cnoonnan u honnan unchckuun, koina sfo hofpcy-
cfcn; napuanf Iapyxa occhcuunan fcopcfuuccku ncoipanuucnnyk
iapanfuk nccm cfpanam mupa.
B ncucfnufcninocfu on ofpaxan konuchuuu, xapakfcpnic nnn
amcpukanckux nocnnix kpyion. Ofo in i honnunno ofkpifiu
hpockf, ccnu i n fo npcmn ncc cfpani mupa onananu snanunmu,
612
ncoxonumimu nnn mupnoio unu nocnnoio uchonisonanun afomnou
sncpiuu. Onnako n fo npcmn, ucknkuan ncmucn, c onnou cfoponi,
foniko fpu iocynapcfna na 3ahanc yxc nounuci cymccfncnnix yc-
hcxon na hyfu cosnanun cnoux afomnix apccnanon, a c npyiou
foniko Concfi sncpiuuno cfpcmunuci nuknunuponafi paspin n no-
cnnix hofcnuuanax. Cosnafi anfopufcfniu mcxnynaponniu opian,
inc y Concfon nc ino i hpana ncfo, osnauano i nannsafi um, u
foniko um, onsafcnicfno hokasafi nccm, na kakou cfanuu naxo-
nnfcn ux nayunic uccncnonanun u honuunnficn hpanunam, ycfa-
nonncnnim sfum anfopufcfnim opianom. Koncynifanf Monofona
ho hponcmam nncpnou sncpicfuku mufpuu Ckocniuin cuufan,
ufo hnan Iapyxa ncnan ncnosmoxnim pasnufuc ncsanucumoio hpo-
usnoncfna, hockoniky konfponi nan pccypcamu in i hopyucn
mcxnynaponnou opianusauuu, naxonnmcucn, ncponfno, hon kon-
fponcm amcpukanucn. Ckocniuin yfncpxnan: Ofkaxcmcn of sfo-
io konfponn u yncm co nccu pcmufcninocfik hpononxafi namu
nayunic uccncnonanun u paofy ho honiofonkc namcio honnocfik
ncsanucumoio afomnoio hpousnoncfna fak xc, kak amcpukanui ho-
cfyhunu no npcmn nouni. Monofon pasncnnn sfy fouky spcnun.
Iosfomy nc nisinacf nukakoio ynunncnun, ufo nicfyhncnun
concfckoio hpcncfanufcnn n OOH Ipomiko inu xccfkumu u nc-
iafunnimu. On onunun amcpukanckyk ncnciauuk n namcpcnuu
honopnafi cnuncfno ncnukux ncpxan n Concfc Icsohacnocfu, fak
kak ona hpcncfannncf hpockfi, ncconmccfumic c unfcpccamu
Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu u hpcnnoxun anifcpnafunniu
hnan, coinacno kofopomy mcxnynaponnan konncnuun sahpcmana
i hpousnoncfno u hpumcncnuc afomnoio opyxun u hpcnycmafpu-
nana ynuufoxcnuc yxc hpousncncnnoio afomnoio noopyxcnun. Hfo
kacacfcn konfponn, unchckuuu, cankuuu u ofmcni hpana ncfo
ncc sfo pcmufcnino ucknkuanoci. Omuka Iapyxa hpcnocfannnna
Ipomiko nosmoxnocfi hokasafi, ufo Concfi inu ncucfnufcnino
hpofun afomnoio opyxun, hpcnnaian ynuufoxufi ncc yxc cymc-
cfnykmcc opyxuc, ufo cncnano i usnumnumu uncfpymcnfi kon-
fponn, hpofunopcuamuc cyncpcnufcfy iocynapcfn u nopmam OOH.
B ncucfnufcninocfu hpockf Auccona-unucnfann hocfanun i
Ipomiko n safpynnufcninoc honoxcnuc, hofomy ufo fpconan of
ncio oncc apiymcnfuponannoio oocnonanun hpunuuhuaninou
npaxncnocfu Concfon nccmy, ufo mcmano ux hnanam nocnnou u
skonomuucckou pckoncfpykuuu. B sfux ycnonunx nuckyccun ocfa-
naci cspcsynifafnou. Cosnanuc anfopufcfnoio opiana, iapanfupo-
nanmcio foniko mupnoc uchonisonanuc nncpnou sncpiuu, okasanoci
ncnosmoxnim. Icanusm Cfanuna in oocnonannim. Amcpukanui
yfpafunu nosmoxnocfi uscxafi ionku noopyxcnuu, o kofopou
61J
c ohaccnucm ionopun Tpymsn. K sfomy npcmcnu ncc honumanu fn-
xccfi hpcncfonmcio pcmcnu u cfchcni pucka, nifckakmuc us
cosnanmcucn cufyauuu u ocnoxnnkmuc honoxcnuc nc ynymcc,
yxc upcnafoc konqnukfamu.
8.1.6. HLPHBEPFCKUU HPOUECC
Of nccio foio, ufo moino i cocfanufi cymnocfi ipannuosno-
io hnana Iysncnifa, houfu nuucio nc coxpanunoci; ocfanuci numi
uncfufyuuonaninic qopmi OOH; ocfancn nsaumniu cfpax, ufo
onnu xofcnu i nomunuponafi nan npyiumu c uchonisonanucm
cuni; ocfanoci inyokoc ncnoncpuc, ofpaxcnnoc n honufuucckou
xponukc.
Iin foniko onun nohpoc, ho kofopomy ncpxani-hocnufcni-
nuui hpumnu k cumnonuucckomy coinacuk: nakasanuc inannix
nocnnix hpccfyhnukon. 8 aniycfa 145 i. onu honhucanu n onno-
nc coinamcnuc o yupcxncnuu Mcxnynaponnoio nocnnoio fpuy-
nana n Hkpncpic, kofopiu nauan cnok paofy 2O nonpn, a sa-
ncpmun cc houfu ion chycfn 1 okfnpn 146 i. Ipuionop in
nincccn 22 nauucfckum inanapnm, 12 us nux inu hpuionopcni k
cmcpfnou kasnu, 7 k pasnuunim cpokam fkpcmnoio saknkucnun
u J ohpannani. Cpcnu hpuionopcnnix k cmcpfnou kasnu inu
nicmuc nauucfckuc ncnfcnu (fakuc, kak Icpuni, qon Iucnfpoh,
qon Kcufcni, Ioscncpi, 3cuc-Hnknapf u Mapfun Iopman, cnun-
cfncnniu komy ynanoci uscxafi nakasanun).
Icmcnuc hocnufcncu cynufi hocxncnnix sa sncpcfna, co-
ncpmcnnic nauucfamu, nisnano u foina, u n hocncnykmcm mupo-
kyk nuckyccuk, hofomy ufo ncnosmoxno ofpuuafi cytckfunnocfi
usnoxcnnou noiuucckou apiymcnfauuu. Mcxny fcm, c oncc mupo-
kou ucfopuucckou fouku spcnun hpouccc osnauan naxniu sfah n
pasnufuu mcxnynaponnoio hpana, hofomy ufo in yfncpxncn
hpunuuh, coinacno kofopomy naxc no npcmn nouni cymccfnycf
hpcncn, ucpcs kofopiu ncnisn hcpccfyhufi; hpcncpcxcnuc ycfa-
nonncnnimu oipanuuufcnnmu osnauacf concpmcnuc nocnnoio
hpccfyhncnun, hpccfyhncnun, kofopoc n nkom cnyuac nakasycmo.
Iina copana oipomnan macca nokymcnfon u cnuncfcnicfn o sncp-
cfnax, concpmcnnix ho honcncnuk Iufncpa u ncnymux nauucfckux
ncnfcncu. Hsnanuc sfou nokymcnfauuu cocfannncf oncc 4O oipom-
nix fomon u nacf ucucphinakmyk qakfuucckyk asy, xapakfc-
pusykmyk aipcccunnyk iufncponckyk honufuky, a fakxc namc-
pcnnoc ucfpcncnuc cnpccn u npyiux nauuonaninix mcnimuncfn.
Bhcpnic in hponosinamcn hpunuuh, ufo unnunun nc nonxcn
honuunnficn hpukasam cnocio iocynapcfna, koina ono napymacf
614
ohpcncncnnic ycfanonncnun mcxnynaponnoio hpana. Hkpncpic-
kuu fpuynan sannun, ufo honnunnan cymnocfi nonix hpunuuhon
saknkuacfcn n yfncpxncnuu mcxnynaponnix nopm, kofopic nana-
iakf na unnununa onsafcnicfna, fpcykmuc of ncio hpcncpcui
honuuncnucm nauuonaninomy iocynapcfny. Icncpaninan Accam-
ncn OOH onopuna sfu hpunuuhi cnunoinacno 11 nckapn 146 i.
Bhpoucm onu nc honyuunu nchocpcncfncnnoio hpakfuucckoio hpu-
mcncnun u inu uchonisonani nfopou pas foniko hpofun nhon-
ckux nocnnix hpccfyhnukon, hpcnannix cyny chcuuaninoio fpu-
ynana, hpoxonunmcio n Tokuo c man 146 i. ho 12 nonpn 148 i.
Bhcpnic n mcxnynaponnoc hpano ino nncncno honnfuc, ufo
hpcnnamcpcnno aipcccunnan honufuka u ncncnuc nouni c ocoou
xccfokocfik u fcppopom nnnnkfcn hpccfyhncnunmu mcxnynapon-
noio xapakfcpa. Cam sfof hpunuuh cfan ocnonohonaiakmum nnn
mcxnynaponnoio coomccfna, naxonunmciocn na hopoic naxnix
hcpcmcn.
8.2. Hpwmeim teneswca xototnow nownm
8.2.1. WE NOW KNOW? TEHEPB MM BHAEM?
Hsnccfniu amcpukanckuu ucfopuk xon Isnnuc, ohucinan n
17 i. ucfopuk xononnou nouni na ocnonc pancc ncnocfyhnix
concfckux ucfounukon, nasnan cnok knuiy Ye ôw Xnow (Jenepi +~
:nue+), honpasymcnan, ufo hpcxnc mi nc snanu hpanni u, nako-
ncu, nam cfana usnccfna ucfuna. Bicokohapnocfi y ncio hpcnanu-
pycf nan kpufuucckum ofnomcnucm. Ccionnn mi snacm ncckoniko
onimc o hpoucxoxncnuu xononnou nouni. Tpynno yfncpxnafi,
ufo cfanu usnccfni honnunnic otncncnun. Ofo, nhpoucm, nc
ohpanninacf ncsnanun foio, ufo usnccfno us apxunon concfckoio
npcmcnu n fou mcpc, n kakou onu ninc nocfyhni.
B hcpuon mcxny ccnfnpcm 145 i. u nccnou 146 i. pacccnnaci,
kak nim, nancxna, ufo uncfufyuuonaniniu hyfi n honufuko-kpunu-
ucckou onacfu u mnoiohonkcniu honxon n qunancono-skonomuucc-
kou cqcpc cfanyf asou nnn pckoncfpykuuu nonou mcxnynaponnou
cucfcmi. Bmccfo mnoiohonkcnocfu nosnukna uhonnpnocfi. Ofo
osnauano, ufo cymccfnonan nc onun cnuncfncnniu choco pckon-
cfpykuuu mcxnynaponnou cucfcmi n inoaninom macmfac; ponu-
naci uhonnpnan cucfcma, hockoniky inu nnc ncpxani-hocnu-
fcninuui, u qopmi ux pckoncfpykuuu nahonnnnuci pasnuunim
concpxanucm: cnoxunuci nnc moncnu unu nna naicpn, kak hosxc
ckasan Cfanun. Tcopcfuucckoc oocnonanuc pasncncnuk na nna
naicpn ino nano n yupcnufcninom nokymcnfc Komunqopma; sfu
615
nna honkca cfpcmunuci otcnunufi nokpyi ccn ncc cnoonnoc
hpocfpancfno, no co npcmcncm opasonancn u fpcfuu naicpi
nchpucocnununmuxcn cfpan. Cpasy hocnc okonuanun nouni hpu-
uuni, hoponunmuc fpynnocfu u pasnoinacun, fpconanu nopou
nonu nnn houcka komhpomuccnix pcmcnuu, no onu hcpcpocnu n
ofkpific cfonknoncnun, kofopic, hocfchcnno oocfpnnci, cncna-
nu cufyauuk ncopafumou. B sfu mccnui cfano ncno, ufo pasipom
Icpmanuu u sakaf cnpohcuckou icicmonuu nc cmoinu snumunupo-
nafi cunonyk honufuky, onu foniko hpuncnu k cmcnc nckfopon.
Ananusuponafi sfu hponcmi osnauacf paccmafpunafi hpuuuni
ynymcu xononnou nouni, kak cfanu nasinafi oocfpcnuc ofnomc-
nuu mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u Concfckum Coksom n hcpu-
on c nauana 147 i. ho kpauncu mcpc no 155 i. (hpu oipanuuufcni-
nou fpakfonkc sfoio honnfun) unu no 18 i. (n fakom cnyuac sa
sfou mcfaqopou ckpinanaci oucni cnoxnan u qpaimcnfapnan kap-
funa). Ionoufu k ananusy sfoio konqnukfa ho cio cyfu nc ho-
snonnn hpcnanuponafi ccuucncnnomy konuuccfny shusonon unu
hpcnnsnfou unfcphpcfauuu coifuu, unu cckoncunou kpufukc,
oycnonncnnou yxc camou hponcmou, n ococnnocfu n ucfopuoipa-
quu, cnoonnou ocyxnafi hpomnoc c uchonisonanucm ucfounukon
u hpumcnnfi n honufukc ninoni us cnoux uccncnonanuu osnauacf
sannficn fpynnimu uccncnonanunmu n nokymcnfaninom u n konuch-
fyaninom hnanc.
Concfckuc ucfounuku cfanu nocfyhni nnn ucfopukon foniko
hocnc 1O11 ii., a no sfoio npcmcnu oniman uacfi concfckou
ucfopuoipaquu naxonunaci hon nnunnucm honufuucckou hpoha-
ianni; ncc sfu momcnfi cosnakf oipanuucnun nnn paofi ucfopu-
ka, kofopic moxno yncf hpcononcfi numi hocfchcnno. Iosfomy
hpuxonufcn oipanuuuficn nsinnnom usnnc, xofn u yuufinan co-
ifun n concfckou cucfcmc mcxny 185 u 11 ii., ufo nc moxcf nc
honnunfi na ananus hocncnocnnix coifuu. Ofof nsinnn usnnc
hpuopcfacf ohpcncncnnyk yhopnnounocfi, ccnu hpcncfanufi cio n
nunc ucfipcx hcpuonon pasnuunou unfcncunnocfu u hpononxu-
fcninocfu, nknkuakmux pasnuunic hponcmi, nhpoucm, sfu
hcpuoni cnnsani mcxny coou pasnufucm ucfopuucckou cufyauuu:
a) hcpuon no konua 145 i., koina Cocnuncnnic Ufafi usmc-
nunu nochpunfuc Concfckoio Coksa of ncnancxnoio coksnuka
nnauanc, safcm kak hpofunnuka u, nakoncu, kak npaia u n Inpohc,
u n Asuu;
) sfof hcpccmofp opasa CCCI in nisnan sakpifimu nca-
famu, hpoucxonunmumu n amcpukanckou anmunucfpauuu n hcpnic
mccnui 146 i., kofopic hpuncnu k cymccfncnnomy usmcncnuk
ofnomcnun Cocnuncnnix Ufafon k Concfckomy Coksy. Iasncn-
616
nuci nancxni na nocfuxcnuc komhpomucca u ucucsnu unnksuu
ocymccfnufi, nccmofpn nu na ufo, ynuncpcaniniu onimou hpo-
ckf, ocfanncnniu n nacncncfno Iysncnifom u hcpccmofpcnniu
Tpymsnom. Iocncnnuu in ycxncn, ufo ho ofnomcnuk k Concfam
nyxno hpononufi honufuky nucfanuuponanun u hpofunocfonnun,
kofopan honhufinanaci inyokum ncnoncpucm k cfpafciuucckum
hnanam Cfanuna u yncpcnnocfik n choconocfu 3ahana hpofuno-
cfonfi sfum samicnam u copnafi ux, noxnanmuci coofncfcfnykmcio
momcnfa;
n) n konuc 146 u nccnou 147 i. honopof n ofnomcnunx, naspc-
nanmuu n hpcninymuc mccnui, ofkpifo nipasuncn n sannncnunx
u akuunx n honufuko-nuhnomafuucckou u skonomuucckou cqcpc,
fak ufo cmicn nonix namcpcnuu cfan oucnunnim. Ofu namcpcnun
saknkuanuci n pcmumocfu nafi honnfi Concfam, ufo Cocnuncn-
nic Ufafi u uacfi 3ahannou Inpohi csycnonno ynyf pasnunafi
cocfncnnyk honufuky pckoncfpykuuu, kofopan hpunumana kak
ncuscxniu qakf, nanuuuc npyioio cytckfa, no mnoiux ofnomc-
nunx npaxncnoio;
i) n 14815O ii. k honufuucckum hponcmam noanunuci co-
ifun nocnnoio xapakfcpa n Inpohc u Asuu. Ionufuucckoc pasnc-
ncnuc mupa c fcx hop cfano packonom mupa na hpofunocfonmuc
npyi npyiy nocnnic noku, naucncnnic na nocfuxcnuc nocnnoio
hpcnocxoncfna.
Hfaninnckuu nuhnomaf Iicfpo Knaponu, onananmuu ncoi-
uaunim napom nankncnun, ynyuu hocnom n Mocknc, hucan n mac
145 i.: B nacfonmcc npcmn sncci iochoncfnycf upcsniuauno sio-
ucnfpucfckoc hpcncfanncnuc o cocfncnnou snauumocfu u co-
cfncnnou cunc, kofopoc nonxno hpunccfu k ymosaknkucnuk, ufo
panu npyxi c pycckumu nukakuc ycfyhku nc ynyf cnumkom
onimumu.
8.2.2. CTALUHCKAH UMHEPUH
Cfanun cfonn no inanc oipomnou ncpxani, nounmcucn hocni
n nounc, no cmc cnnsannou co cnoum ncnannum pcnonkuuonnim
hpomnim, u ccfccfncnno uchifinan ncnoncpuc ko nccmy, ufo nc
ofnocunoci k mupy pcaninoio couuanusma kak hosxc cfanu na-
sinafi concfckyk cucfcmy. B hocnc on opcn oocnonanuc nnn
konconunauuu nuunou nnacfu, nosnicunmuci fak, ufo okasancn
nnc kakoio-nuo konfponn u moi honanufi naxc mancumcc nccoi-
nacuc. On uchonisonan sfy nnacfi nnn nocfuxcnun nnyx ucncu n
mcxnynaponnom hnanc: samumafi csohacnocfi CCCI of nkou
yiposi u napamunafi ycuncnuc CCCI kak momnou muponou ncp-
617
xani. Huufo nc moino ocfanonufi cio ycfpcmncnun k nocfuxcnuk
sfux nncmnux ucncu, naxc ycnonun cymccfnonanun concfckux
ipaxnan. Iosfomy coinacno hnfuncfnum hnanam noccfanonncnun u
pckoncfpykuuu naponnoio xosnucfna pccypci pachpcncnnnuci fa-
kum opasom, ufo hofpcnocfu iocynapcfna hpcnanuponanu nan nc-
oxonumocfik honicufi yponcni xusnu concfckux nkncu. Hmhc-
pafun sfou honufuku cocfonn n ycfpancnuu ncnucckou, naxc camou
ofnancnnou yiposi.
Coinacno honcucfam Ancka Honc, onnoio us kpyhncumux uc-
cncnonafcncu concfckou skonomuucckou ucfopuu, n fcucnuc hnfu
ncf, c 145 ho 15O i., oniman uacfi umckmuxcn pccypcon mna na
pckoncfpykuuk u pasnufuc fnxcnou hpomimncnnocfu. Ofa fcn-
ncnuun usmcnunaci foniko hocnc cmcpfu Cfanuna. B ucnom, sa
ykasannoc hnfuncfuc 87,' kahufanonnoxcnuu hpcnnasnauanoci
nnn hpousnoncfna cpcncfn hpousnoncfna u foniko 12,1' nknanina-
noci n hpousnoncfno cpcncfn hofpcncnun, n fom uucnc hponykfon
hufanun. Takyk skonomuky ckopcc moxno ohpcncnufi kak nocn-
nyk, ucm kak skonomuky ipaxnanckou pckoncfpykuuu (noccfanon-
ncnun naponnoio xosnucfna). cucfnufcnino, hpcnycmafpunanoci k
15O i. ynnoufi hpousnoncfno cfanu, kofopoc n 145 i. cocfannnno
12,5 mnn fonn, ufo u ino nocfuinyfo. Honc paccuufan unnckc
nknckux safpaf: ccnu sapaofnyk hnafy n hpomimncnnocfu n 14O i.
hpunnfi sa 1OO, fo n 147 i. unnckc sapaofnou hnafi n pcaninom
ucuucncnuu (a nc n ncncxnom, ncqopmuponannom unqnnuucu) co-
cfannnn 51, f.c. houfu hononuny. B 15O i. unnckc nipoc na 17',
ufo ofpaxano nckofopoc honimcnuc yponnn xusnu, xofn u n mu-
numaninix pasmcpax. Toniko k 15J i. cpcnnnn sapaofnan hnafa
nocfuina unnckca 14J ho cpanncnuk c 14O i. Mcxny fcm, unnccfu-
uuu n nocnnoc hpousnoncfno hpononxanu pacfu. B 15O i. onu co-
cfannnnu 1' iocynapcfncnnoio knxcfa, a n 152 i. okono 25'.
Omymcnuc ohacnocfu, hpucymcc Cfanuny, sacfannnno cio nc-
nafi yhop na noccfanonncnuc concfckoio nocnnoio hofcnuuana,
naxc ucnou konoccaninix ycunuu co cfoponi concfckux nkncu.
Ono nipaxanoci n cio cfpcmncnuu nochpchnfcfnonafi nkimu
cpcncfnamu nosmoxnomy cnuxcnuk anfopufcfa Concfckoio Coksa
na mcxnynaponnou apcnc nuo us-sa cio nnyfpcnncu ofcfanocfu,
nuo us-sa pasopcnun, kofopoc cfpana hpcfcphcna ncncncfnuc icp-
manckou aipcccuu. Hmcnno nauuonanucfuucckoc uyncfno oocfpn-
no ncpxannyk honufuky Cfanuna u fonkano cio k ncucfnunm no
nccx nahpanncnunx. Hccmofpn na fo, ufo, qakfuuccku, CCCI cfan
icohonufuucckum konoccom, nomunupykmum n Inpasuu, Cfanun
nc yhyckan us nuny umcnmuccn, kak cmy kasanoci, nosmoxnocfu.
Ipccncnyn icohonufuucckuc ucnu, Cfanun cmc no okonuanun nouni
618
hpcnhpunnn pnn unuuuafun, nahpanncnnix na hpcononcnuc ncko-
nix apicpon u nocfuxcnuc makcumanino nosmoxnoio pacmupc-
nun cqcpi concfckoio konfponn. Tcppufopuaninoc hponnuxcnuc n
ccpnuc Inpohi hpuncno Concfi n Kcnuiccpi (hcpcumcnonanniu
n Kanununipan), a okkyhauun Bocfounou Icpmanuu, konfponi nan
Ionimcu u unnnnnucu hpuncnu k hpcnpamcnuk Ianfuuckoio
mopn houfu n concfckoc oscpo, xofn u nc nananu nixona n Ccncp-
noc mopc, ofkpifoc nnn nciko nocfyhnix c mopn fcppufopuu.
nn ofnomcnuu c Ionimcu u cfpanamu ynaucko-Iankancko-
io pciuona in xapakfcpcn hcpcxonniu hcpuon. On in oycnon-
ncn ofuacfu hcpcionopamu o mupnix noionopax u nuckyccunmu c
sahannimu coksnukamu o ponu coksnix konfponinix komuccuu,
ofuacfu hpofccfamu sahannix iocynapcfn n cnnsu co chopnou pca-
nusauucu nnfunckou cknapauuu o ocnooxncnnou Inpohc, of-
uacfu n cnnsu c oucni chcuuquucckou cufyauucu, cnoxunmcucn n
Hcxocnonakuu u Bcnipuu, inc ocfananuci koanuuuonnic hpanu-
fcnicfna c yuacfucm ypxyasnix honufuucckux hapfuu. Ho naio-
napn coinamcnuk c Kiocnanucu u c Ananucu, kofopoc foina nc
ochapunanoci, Concfi honaianu, ufo oomnu nohpoc o sakpifuu
hponunon n Cpcnuscmnoc mopc. K sfomy cncnycf noanufi anfu-
hpanufcnicfncnnyk nouny y ccncpnix ipanuu Ipcuuu, kofopyk
ncnu hpokommynucfuuccku nacfpocnnic hapfusani. Bcc sfu co-
ifun cfanunu nohpoc o fom, kak nancko xofcnu i Concfi pac-
hpocfpanufi cnou konfponi na Iankanax, nccmofpn na coinamc-
nun, honhucannic n Mocknc n okfnpc 144 i.
Concfi inu saunfcpcconani n ocyxncnuu nohpoca o pcxumc
cynoxoncfna n hponunax u n cknaninanuu cnoux ofnomcnuu c Typ-
uucu nchocpcncufncnno c Ankapou. Iocnc foio, kak na konqcpcn-
uuu n Tcicpanc Cfanun ofncpi hpcnnoxcnuc o nknkucnuu Typuuu
n nouny, concfckan hpohaianna onunnna hpanufcnicfno Ankapi n
namcpcnuu hponnufi nouny u n okasanuu ncmuam honncpxku na
Iankanax. Toniko n konuc nnnapn 145 i. fypcukoc hpanufcnicfno
sannuno o ofkpifuu hponunon nnn coksnuucckoio qnofa, kofo-
piu ocymccfnnnn hocfanku Concfckomy Coksy, u numi 2J qcnpann
otnnuno nouny Icpmanuu.
Ofa paccuufannan mcnnufcninocfi (n snauufcninou mcpc coina-
conannan c anino-amcpukanuamu) nana Mocknc honon nauafi hpofun
Typuuu hpcnyhpcxnakmuc nuhnomafuucckuc nicfyhncnun ho nccm
nahpanncnunm. Bo-hcpnix, 21 mapfa 145 i. Concfi ncnoncuponanu
noionop o npyxc u ncufpanufcfc, kofopiu cnnsinan oc cfpani c
125 i. (n unou qopmc, ucm noionop of 121 i.); no-nfopix, onu cfa-
nu hpcntnnnnfi fcppufopuaninic hpcfcnsuu, kacakmuccn nosnpafa
Concfckomy Coksy apmnnckux ioponon Kapc u Apnaian, kofopic
61
ho noionopy 121 i. ofxonunu k Typuuu, a fakxc hpcfcnsuu ofno-
cufcnino hcpccmofpa ipanuui c Ioniapucu n honisy hocncnncu.
Imc oncc snauufcninimu inu fpconanun ho nohpocy o pc-
xumc cynoxoncfna ucpcs hponuni, n ofnomcnuu kofopoio ninnu-
ianoci fpconanuc usmcncnun konncnuuu Monfpc of 1J6 i. u
hpcnocfanncnun CCCI nocnnix as n Iocqopc u apnancnnax. Ofo
ino foniko nauano nanncnun, kofopoc hpononxanoci n fcucnuc
houfu nccio 146 i., ufo nc moino nu nisnafi ohaccnuu y fypcukou
cfoponi. Ho ufo iopasno naxncc, ncci komhnckc concfckux fpco-
nanuu ncmoncfpuponan, ufo n sonc Bocfounoio Cpcnuscmnomopin
CCCI nc namcpcn onimc oipanuuunaficn haccunnou ponik. Cnc-
nycf yuccfi, ufo c camoio nauana hcpcionopon o mupnom noionopc c
Hfanucu concfckuc ncnciafi nounanuci, ufoi CCCI in i
hpcnocfanncn mannaf na yhpanncnuc fcppufopucu unuu unu, ho
kpauncu mcpc, Tpuhonufanuu. Ofu nomoiafcnicfna napnny c nannc-
nucm na Typuuk u usmcncnunmu, kofopic hpoucxonunu n sfo
npcmn n pauonc Anpuafuku, inc hpoconcfckuc cuni saxnafunu ioc-
honcfnykmuc hosuuuu, a fakxc napnny c fcm qakfom, ufo n aniycfc
145 i. CCCI nouncn hpana na yuacfuc n mcxnynaponnom yhpannc-
nuu Tanxcpom ncc nmccfc cosnanano momniu qponf concfckoio
hponnuxcnun. Cknaninanoci nhcuafncnuc, ufo Concfi coupakfcn
sannufi o cnoux unfcpccax n Cpcnuscmnomopic, koncuno, nc fa-
kux, kak na Ianfukc, no nocfafounix nnn foio, ufoi panukanino
usmcnufi coofnomcnuc cfpafciuucckux cun n pciuonc.
Aninuuanc, hpu honncpxkc qpanuyson u hpu ofnocufcninom
pannonymuu foina amcpukanucn, nonxni inu hpofunocfonfi no-
nou cufyauuu, koina nhcpnic hocnc 18JJ i., Ioccun hpcncfana kak
hofcnuuaniniu cohcpnuk aninuuckou icicmonuu n Cpcnuscmno-
mopic. B 145146 ii. pcui mna numi o ninnuxcnuu Concfamu
cnoux fpconanuu (sa ucknkucnucm Anpuafuucckoio mopn), no
umcnno sfu fpconanun ofpaxanu namcpcnuc uipafi nonyk, of-
nkni nc mapiunaninyk poni, kak sfo ino n hpomnom, ufo yipo-
xano aninuuckum cfpafciuucckum unfcpccam; ux samufa nisinana
mnoio hpofunopcuuu mcxny Aninucu u Hfanucu nhnofi no 14O i.
Xapakfcpucfuky nonou concfckou hosuuuu nohonnncf upanckuu
nohpoc. Ohaccnun, nickasannic n Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix
Hauuu, ofnocufcnino conkncnun cpokon ninona concfckux nouck
n fcucnuc mccfu mccnucn c momcnfa okonuanun nouni inu nc
csocnonafcnini. Iocnc okonuanun nouni n Asuu n Hpanckom
Ascpaunxanc, kofopiu nxonun n concfckyk sony okkyhauuu, na-
uanuci anfuhpanufcnicfncnnic ncmoncfpauuu, concfckuc noucka
nosncpxanuci of ux honanncnun, no naxc aninuuanc u amcpukanui
nc sannnu ho ofnomcnuk k num xccfkou hosuuuu. Bnoxnonncnnic
62O
sfum, hpcncfanufcnu ncmokpafuucckou hapfuu Ascpaunxana, fo
ccfi komhapfuu sfou hponunuuu, kak u kommynucfuucckou hap-
fuu, ncucfnonanmcu no nccm Hpanc (hapfuu Tync), n nckapc 145 i.
hpu honncpxkc ncckonikux ficnu nixonucn us coccnncio concf-
ckoio Ascpaunxana, cncpinu upanckoio hpanufcnn n Tcpusc u
hponosinacunu anfonomnyk pcchynuky. Hauanoci ocymccfnncnuc
couuaninix hpcopasonanuu ho concfckou moncnu. Ioncc foio, us
Ascpaunxana nonncnun hcpckunynuci n kypnckuc hponunuuu
Hpana.
Iofpnccnnoc sfumu coifunmu, upanckoc hpanufcnicfno sahpo-
cuno nmcmafcnicfno OOH, no nc nounoci pcaninoio pcsynifafa.
Bcncncfnuc sfoio n ahpcnc 146 i. hpanufcnicfno Tcicpana ino
ninyxncno saknkuufi coinamcnuc nchocpcncfncnno c hpanufcni-
cfnom Mockni, coinacno kofopomy n omcn na ocmanuc ninona
concfckux nouck (kofopoc hpousomno no man, na nna mccnua hosxc
usnauanino hpcnycmofpcnnoio cpoka) yupcxnanaci kamhanun co
c+euunn~+ kahufanom (51' akuuu hpunanncxan Concfam u 4'
upanuam) nnn skchnyafauuu ncqfnnix pccypcon pciuona, hpu sfom
hpusnananuci ocoic unfcpcci CCCI n sfou sonc. Kpomc foio,
maxckoc hpanufcnicfno hpcnnoxuno kommynucfuucckou hapfuu fpu
munucfcpckux hopfqcnn n hpanufcnicfnc Tcicpana. Bcc sfu coina-
mcnun u konucccuu inu honhucani hon nanncnucm ncnaiohpu-
nfnix ocfonfcnicfn n cufyauuu usonnuuu, n kofopou okasanuci
upanui. Bosmoxno, Cfanun packaunancn n cnoux hochcmnix ncu-
cfnunx, koina chycfn ncckoniko mccnucn noccfanuc n Ascpaunxanc
nchixnyno c nonou cunou, a hosxc mcnxnuc, upanckuu hapna-
mcnf, ofkasancn pafuquuuponafi coinamcnun ho ncqfnnim kon-
ucccunm. C fcx hop ofnomcnun mcxny Hpanom u Concfckum Co-
ksom yxynmunuci na nnufcninoc npcmn. B uchu icohonufuucckux
coifuu, kofopyk mi sncci hifacmcn noccfanonufi u oucnunnyk
nnn honufuucckux ncnfcncu fou shoxu, sfof shuson, cfanmuu hopa-
xcnucm nnn Cfanuna, noannnn cmc onno sncno, honfncpxnanmcc
cfpcmncnuc Concfon ofonnunyfi ipanuuy ux cqcpi nnunnun, ycfa-
nonncnnyk nounou n pciuonc Icpcunckoio sanuna, oiafoio ncqfik.
3afcm opafumcn k Asuu. Momnoc kommynucfuucckoc hponuk-
noncnuc nanknanoci n Iupmc, Taunannc u Bicfnamc: n hcpnix
nnyx cfpanax ofpnni hapfusan ncnu nouny n nxyninnx, no Bicfna-
mc opianusonannic cuni kommynucfon nocfannnnu mnoio xnohof
qpanuysam. Ofu fcppufopuu ipanuuunu nc c Concfckum Coksom, a
c Kufacm; fo, ufo hpoucxonuno n Kufac, nc moino nc nisinafi
fpcnoiu. Iockoniky Cfanun hpononxan hpusnanafi nauuonanucfu-
ucckoc hpanufcnicfno Han Kaumu, fo oocfpcnuc ipaxnanckou
nouni u samcfnic ychcxu kommynucfon n ycnonunx, koina y nnacfu
621
naxonunaci koppymhuponannan, cnaan n nocnnom ofnomcnuu u nc
choconan konconunuponaficn hapfun Iomuninan, hosnonnnu
hpcnnuncfi ipnnymuc ccpicsnic hcpcmcni. Kpomc fcppufopuu,
hcpcnannix, coinacno Snfunckum noionopcnnocfnm, Concfckomy
Coksy sa cucf Shonuu, coxpannnuci hponcmi n Ccncpnou Kopcc,
inc cknaninanaci cufyauun, hoxoxan na icpmanckyk, no inc Concfi
mcnimc uchifinanu nanncnuc mcxnynaponnoio konfponn u cymcnu
icfpo hocfanufi y nnacfu anmunucfpauuk kommynucfuucckoio
opasua.
Takum opasom, n ucnom, nhcuafncnuc, ufo Concfckuu Coks
nimcn us nouni oucni ocnancnnim u nonxcn in i honnocfik
cocpcnofouuficn na nohpocax nnyfpcnncu pckoncfpykuuu, cncnycf
ckoppckfuponafi, fak kak Cfanun cfpcmuncn ynonncfnopufi cnou
amuuuu n nocfuxcnuu aconkfnou csohacnocfu. Amuuuu n no-
cfuxcnuu aconkfnou csohacnocfu unu n nanincumcu skchancuu
concfckou ncpxani Cymccfnonana nu aipcccunnan honufuka CCCI
unu cymccfnonana foniko ncoxonumocfi konconunuponafi fo, ufo
yxc ino nocfuinyfo B fakux cnyuanx naxno, hpcxnc nccio, snafi,
kak hononan ncnfcninocfi nochpunumanaci inmumu coksnuka-
mu: um nc honanounoci mnoio npcmcnu, ufoi usmcnufi cnok
oucnky namcpcnuu concfckoio nukfafopa. Yxc ucpcs ncckoniko mc-
cnucn onu ynuncnu n cio ncucfnunx cfpcmncnuc k muponomy iochon-
cfny, kofopoc ohupanoci na ncnfcninocfi no nccm mupc kommynuc-
fuucckux hapfuu, cnnsannix c Mocknou u akfunno nicfyhanmux n
samufy honufuku, ocymccfnnnnmcucn kpcmncnckum nuncpom. axc
camic cncpxannic ananufuku us amcpukanckoio icncpaninoio mfa-
a yxc n qcnpanc 146 i. hpumnu k saknkucnuk, ufo ucnik Conc-
fon ino nc pcnonkuuonnoc couuaninoc noccfanuc, a csohacnocfi
CCCI. Concfckan konuchuun hpcnhonaiana occhcucnuc nicokoio
yponnn csohacnocfu: nocfuxcnuc samufi CCCI, kak hucan anu-
sni Ipiun, of nkoio nisona otcnuncnnix sahannix ncpxan.
Bcci sfof icohonufuucckuu achckf hpcncfanncn namu sncci nc-
ckoniko uckyccfncnno c ucnik hokasafi, ufo onnonpcmcnno hpouc-
xonuno n nocfafouno nanckux onacfnx u otncnufi, kak hapanncni-
no qopmuponancn ofncf 3ahana. Ofof ofncf, usnauanino unfyufun-
niu u ckopcc n qopmc ncckoopnunuponannix pcakuuu, kofopic
hnkpanucfuucckuc ncmokpafuu hpofunohocfannnnu ucnocfnomy
hnany cnunonuunoio hpanufcnn, ckonucnfpuponancn na kpufuucc-
kux hponcmax, nisnannix akuunmu Concfon n pasnix pciuonax.
Bcc sfo safcm hcpchncnoci c naxnou fcmou opii c kononuaninou
cucfcmou: snaucnuc sfou hponcmi Concfi honnnu nc cpasy u,
nosmoxno, hosxc amcpukanucn, no sfa hponcma n snauufcninou
622
mcpc honnunna na hpunnfuc pcmcnuu kak sahannimu hpanufcni-
cfnamu, fak u hpanufcnicfnom Mockni.
B Inpohc hokasafcninim cfan kasyc Icpmanuu, a n Asuu kasyc
Kopcu, y ipanuu kofopou hpoucxonunu ipannuosnic hpcopasonanun
n Kufac. Hmcnno nokpyi sfux nnyx naxnix hponcm pasncpnynuci
coifun muponoio snaucnun, kofopic n ocfanonkc pacfymcio na-
hpnxcnun sacfanunu ionopufi o xononnou nounc u chococfnonanu
hcpcpacfanuk ionku afomnix noopyxcnuu n copcnnonanuc sa fa-
koc nncpnoc hpcnocxoncfno, ufo konqnukf ncc onimc hpuopcfan
xapakfcp nocnnoio hpofunocfonnun. anincumcc pachpocfpancnuc
concfckoio nnunnun sacfannnno amcpukanucn sanymaficn, kak hpc-
opasonafi afomnoc hpcnocxoncfno n uncfpymcnf nocfuxcnun nc-
mcnncnnix pcsynifafon; f.c. ncoxonumo ino nincnufi, moxno
nu uchonisonafi hpofun Concfon afomnyk nuhnomafuk, ufoi
hocfanufi ux n safpynnufcninoc honoxcnuc.
8.2.3. MUPHME ,OFOBOPM
C MALMMU ,EP+ABAMU OCU
Icpniu ofncf na hocfanncnniu nohpoc in nan na ccccuu Co-
ncfa munucfpon unocfpannix ncn, cosnannou n onnonc 11 ccnfn-
pn 145 i. nnn ocyxncnun mupnoio noionopa c Hfanucu u manimu
iocynapcfnamu-coksnukamu Icpmanuu, f.c. Bcnipucu, Iyminucu,
Ioniapucu u unnnnnucu. oionop c Hfanucu honncxan paccmof-
pcnuk hcpnim, on safpaiunan nauoncc fpynnic honufuucckuc
nohpoci u nisnan oxccfoucnnyk nuckyccuk. Ofo ino cnnsano c
fcm, ufo noionop kacancn cpcnncu ho macmfaam cfpani, kofopan
moina iopnuficn houfu nnyxncfnumu coksnuucckumu ofnomcnun-
mu c iocynapcfnamu anfuiufncponckou koanuuuu. K fomy xc ona
hcpnan ocnoonunaci of qamusma u otnnuna nouny Icpmanuu u
Shonuu, nncnn n ncucfnuc pciynnpnyk apmuk u cuni Cohpofunnc-
nun na fcppufopuu Hfanuu u Kiocnanuu. Kopouc ionopn, nuckyc-
cun o noionopc c Hfanucu moina i nisnafi oxccfoucnnic chopi.
Ha oncc ofnancnnoc npcmn ina sahnanuponana nuckyccun ho
npyium mupnim noionopam. Iockoniky onu kacanuci cfpan, naxonun-
muxcn n sonc nocnnoio hpconananun Concfon, fo u ocyxnanuci
hpu sfom nc cfoniko mcxnynaponnic achckfi, ckoniko naxnic
honufuucckuc nohpoci, fak kak n kaxnou us sfux cfpan hapan-
ncnino hcpcionopam o mupc qopmuponanuci hpanufcnicfncnnic
koanuuuu, kofopic, ho mncnuk sahannix ncpxan, naxonunuci hon
xccfkum concfckum konfponcm.
Hmcnno n sfou cqcpc sahannic hpcncfanufcnu, n uacfnocfu
Iupnc, pasncpnynu nuhnomafuucckoc nacfyhncnuc. nn honccfku
62J
nnn ccccuu sahannic ncnfcnu honiofonunu chucok nohpocon, n ko-
fopom hcpnim hynkfom hpcnycmafpunanoci ocyxncnuc cufyauuu
n Iyminuu. Icui mna nc o mupnom noionopc, a o ananusc honc-
muku, nosnukmcu n Coksnuucckou konfponinou komuccuu, inc
Concfi n coofncfcfnuu c hpcucncnfom, cosnannim aninuuanamu u
amcpukanuamu n Hfanuu n 14J i., ncnu ccn aconkfno ncsanucumo,
nc opaman nnumanun nnauanc na xanoi, a safcm na ncc oncc
sncpiuunic hpofccfi aninuuckoio u amcpukanckoio hpcncfanufcncu,
u fakum nc oucni nxcnfnimcnckum opasom nannsanu concfckyk
nonk koponk Muxak.
Ipcnnoxcnuc ocynufi pyminckuu nohpoc nisnano oucni xccf-
kyk pcakuuk co cfoponi Monofona, kofopiu nouncn ofmcni
sfoio hynkfa, yipoxan n hpofunnom cnyuac nc yuacfnonafi n nuc-
kyccuu ho hpockfam, honiofonncnnim pufanuamu n ofnomcnuu
Hfanuu. Yxc c hcpnix maion ino ncno, ufo Iupnc u noomc
amcpukanui inyoko omuanuci, nancnci naufu n Concfax oncc
hoknanucfix hapfncpon ho xusncnno naxnim nnn nux nohpocam n
pacucfc nc hponouuponafi pcskyk pcakuuk nonou amcpukanckou
momu.
Hcnisn ckasafi, ufo sfu hcpnic maiu hpcnncmanu ynaunoc na-
uano onnonckou ccccuu. B fcucnuc cc paofi Iupnc hifancn
cmniuufi hosuuuk Monofona, no na ncc honfopnic hpocii Co-
ncfi ofncuanu n coofncfcfnuu c Snfunckou ncknapauucu o ocno-
oxncnnou Inpohc. Inuncfncnnoc, ucio nouncn Iupnc, fak sfo
foio, ufo onu honnnnu ucny sa cnoc cofpynnuuccfno, hofpconan
yupcnufi Coksnuucckyk konfponinyk komuccuk fakxc nnn Sho-
nuu, naxonunmykcn foina hon cnunonuunim yhpanncnucm icncpana
Makapfypa.
B sfou ocfanonkc nauanaci nuckyccun ho hpockfy, kacanmc-
mycn Hfanuu. Bcnukopufanuu ino hopyucno honiofonufi hpo-
ckf noionopa c Hfanucu, yxc n nauanc ccnfnpn ona osnakomuna c
nipaofannim fckcfom npyiuc saunfcpcconannic ncnciauuu. Ipo-
ncma saknkuanaci n fom, ufoi n ncm namno ofpaxcnuc ocman-
noc amcpukanuamu hpanufcnicfny Iuma, f.c. chpancnnuniu mup,
kofopiu yuufinan i nknan Hfanuu n opiy c nauusmom. Hc-
knkuan fcxnuucckuc pcmcnun onimou, no npcmcnnou snauumocfu
(ofnocufcnino pasopyxcnun, ncmunufapusauuu ohpcncncnnix uac-
fcu ufaninnckou fcppufopuu unu pchapauuu), nckofopic nohpoci
cfanu hponcpkou nnn hocnufcncu, cymckf nu onu naufu komhpo-
mucc nnn cufyauuu, n kofopic camu onu nc inu nonncucni.
B camom ncnc, n noionop c Hfanucu nxonunu honoxcnun, nc
umcnmuc hcpnocfchcnnoio snaucnun, no nisnanmuc ocfpic cho-
pi, ho kpauncu mcpc, sfo ofnocunoci k kononunm u k nohpocy yc-
624
fanonncnun ccncpnix ipanuu Hfanu: c panuucu, c Ancfpucu u,
hpcxnc nccio, c Kiocnanucu. C panuucu, hofomy ufo hpanufcni-
cfno Iapuxa, cmniuun nccnou 145 i. cnou hpcfcnsuu na Bannc-
Àocfa, oucni xccfko hofpconano nconimux fcppufopuaninix
usmcncnuu nnoni Anihuuckoio xpcfa, n pauonc Ipuia Tcnni,
u nacfaunano na sfom fpconanuu. Ionncpxka Hfanuu panuucu
ho nccm npyium nohpocam mupnoio noionopa ina oycnonncna
ynonncfnopcnucm sfoio fpconanun. Ipanuua c Ancfpucu hofo-
my, ufo n cnnsu c nospoxncnucm ncsanucumou Ancfpuuckou pcc-
hynuku, nosnuk nohpoc o ynymcm pauona Anifo Anunxc (Kxniu
Tuponi), kofopiu Concfi yhpnmo cuufanu ycfyhkou Ancfpuu, n fo
npcmn kak npyiuc ncpxani, n uacfnocfu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi,
cknonnnuci k pcmcnuk nohpoca hocpcncfnom hncucuufa. Ipanu-
ua c Kiocnanucu hofomy, ufo paspin mcxny chopnimu hosuuun-
mu fo ccfi namcpcnunmu Kiocnanuu u oxunanunmu Hfanuu,
inu nccima snauufcninimu.
Hfaninnui snanu, ufo ux oxunakf fcppufopuaninic hofcpu,
ufo hpcncfouf ncpnyfi Cnoncnuu u Xopnafuu fcppufopuu, inc
hpoxunanu cnoncnui u xopnafi; onu snanu fakxc, ufo nonxni
sahnafufi ucnou fcppufopuu u skonomuucckux hofcpi sa qamucf-
ckyk aipcccuk 141 i. Tcm nc mcncc, onu nancnnuci hpcononcfi sfu
fpynnocfu, uchonisyn sfnuucckuc nunuu, namcucnnic n 11 i.
amcpukanuamu, aninuuanamu u qpanuysamu, kofopic ocfannnnu
Hfanuu onimyk uacfi, ccnu nc ncc sahannoc hocpcxic Hcfpuu c
mnoiouucncnnimu nconimumu hopfamu, naccncnnimu onimcu
uacfik ufaninnuamu. Kiocnani, n cnok oucpcni, pcmufcnino ho-
fpconanu hcpcnauu um nccu onacfu Bcncfo-xynun, nhnofi no
Monqanikonc u Iopuuuu, a fakxc nconimou uacfu ufaninnckou
fcppufopuu n Tapnusuo. Hu onna us nnyx cfopon nc yuacfnonana
nchocpcncfncnno n sfou qasc hcpcionopon, no ufaninnckuc hpcnno-
xcnun namnu nocfafouno pcmufcninix samufnukon n nuuc sahan-
nix ncpxan, a kiocnani honyuunu fncpnyk honncpxky co cfoponi
Concfon, kofopic cuufanu hpuopcfcnuc npyxccfncnnou cfpanou
hopfa Tpuccf cfpafciuucckou ynaucu ucknkuufcninou naxnocfu.
Hapnny c sfumu nohpocamu ocyxnanoci ynymcc inmux ufani-
nnckux kononuu: Opufpcu, Comanu, unuu u ocfponon onckanc-
ca. Ha Opufpck ninnuiana cnou hpcfcnsuu Oquohun; onckancc
ho sfnuucckomy xapakfcpy naccncnun nonxcn in hcpcufu k Ipc-
uuu, nccmofpn na fo, ufo apxuhcnai no 112 i. hpunanncxan Offo-
manckou umhcpuu; ncohpcncncnnou ina cynia Comanu, k kofo-
pomy hponnnnnu unfcpcc aninuuanc, no yuacfnuku ccccuu CMH
ckopcc inu cknonni yuccfi hoxcnanun Hfanuu. Imc oncc ncnc-
nou ina cynia unuu, n ococnnocfu hocnc foio, kak Concfi,
625
ccinanci na hpunuuh komhcncauuu ymcpa, honcccnnoio ncncn-
cfnuc yuacfun Hfanuu n nauucfckou aipcccuu, fpconanu nc foniko
nosmcmcnun ypona of nocnnix ncucfnuu, no u hpcnocfanncnun um
ohcku nan sfou fcppufopucu unu npyiumu inmumu ufaninnckumu
kononunmu, ufoi honyuufi nosmoxnocfi hponuknyfi n Aqpuky
u, kak honospcnanu amcpukanui, hpunusuficn k konioncsckomy
ypany, no ncnkom cnyuac, honyuufi asi n Cpcnuscmnomopic n co-
ofncfcfnuu c nonou cfpafciucu hpucyfcfnun n sfom pciuonc.
Bohpoc o ipanuuax c Kiocnanucu u nohpoc o kononunx namc-
fun ucfkyk ncmapkauuonnyk nunuk mcxny fcm, ufo fpconanu
Concfi, u fcm, ufo sahannic ncpxani cknonni inu ycfyhufi.
cno ino yxc nc n noionopc c Hfanucu, a n fcx hocncncfnunx, ko-
fopic, n pcsynifafc ynonncfnopcnun concfckux fpconanuu, moinu
i honnunfi na cufyauuk, ococnno n Cpcnuscmnomopic, a fakxc
na honoxcnuc n Aqpukc u na konfponi nan noiucu muncpaninix
pccypcon noomc. Hahpnxcnuc icfpo napacfano, u yxc ncnos-
moxno ino nocfuinyfi kakoio-nuo coinamcnun, ocfananoci
numi hopyuufi ipyhhc skchcpfon usyuufi nohpoc o ufano-kio-
cnanckou ipanuuc. B nohpocc o kononunx sahannic ncpxani hpo-
nnunu fncpnocfi, aninuuanc u amcpukanui hocfapanuci nc nohyc-
fufi, ufoi n sfou cqcpc Concfi nounuci naxc munumaninoio
niuipima.
Icpcionopi o mupnom noionopc c Hfanucu ofpaxanu ncnos-
moxnocfi nocfuxcnun komhpomucca ofnocufcnino Iankanckux
cfpan. Hmcnno ho sfomy nohpocy no nfopou hononunc 145 i. nin-
nunuci ccpicsnic hpofunopcuun mcxny nnymn cfoponamu, ufo yk-
pchuno comncnun amcpukanucn n nosmoxnocfu cofpynnuuccfna c
Concfckum Coksom. Bohpoc safpaiunan nc foniko fpu cfpani,
inmux yuacfnuu Ocu, a nck Bocfounyk Inpohy, hockoniky co-
ncfckan honufuka paccmafpunanaci u oucnunanaci sahannimu ncp-
xanamu kak ncufo ucnocfnoc, kak hnon ncnukoncpxannix namcpc-
nuu u cnunoio hnana, a fakan honufuka fpconana opianusonanno-
io ofhopa, xofn otckfunno cfanunckan honufuka, nosmoxno, u
ina unou. Cncnycf honucpknyfi sfy cknonnocfi 3ahana nc nuncfi
pasnoopasun honxonon Concfckoio Coksa k hponcmam pasnuu-
nix cnpohcuckux cfpan, naxonnmuxcn hon cio konfponcm, ufo nano
pcsynifaf, hpofunohonoxniu xcnacmomy, f.c. sahannic ncpxani
honfonknynu Concfckuu Coks k qopmuponanuk n Bocfounou Inpo-
hc onnoponnoio noka, honnocfik pasncnnnmcio hosuuuu Cfanuna.
Icsynifaf sfof nc in cnuncfncnno nosmoxnim, u hpu unom
ofnomcnuu sahannix ncpxan on moi i ifi concpmcnno npyium.
Hnauc ionopn, ccnu ncnosmoxno ino ocyxnafi co Cfanunim
hponcmi occhcucnun csohacnocfu u nchpukocnoncnnocfu ipa-
626
nuu concfckux nnancnuu, fo ocfanancn ofkpifim nohpoc, ncus-
cxno nu ino cosnanuc hononoio noka unu in nohycfum nc-
kuu moJus proceJenJi, hpu kofopom mcxnynaponnoc hpconananuc
CCCI moino i coucfaficn c ofnocufcninim pasnuuucm cufyauuu
n cfpanax-cafcnnufax, ocfannnn um nckofopyk cnoony niopa ho
nnyfpcnnum nohpocam. Kopouc, ina nu ncuscxnou cfanunusauun
Bocfounou Inpohi unu unoc pasnufuc ofnomcnuu mcxny yuacf-
nukamu aionusupykmcio nocnnoio coksa homoino i uscxafi
hononoio pcsynifafa
Icnu ananus hponcmi u umcn mccfo n ioni xononnou nouni
u nhnofi no ncnanncio npcmcnu, fo ofncf na sfu nohpoci oiuno
inan ucfkum u onnosnaunim. Cfanun ckasan onnaxni Munonany
xunacy, onnomy us kpyhncumux ncnfcncu kiocnanckou komhap-
fuu u nuxaumcmy n fc ioni chonnuxnuky Tufo (xunac paccka-
sinacf o sfom n cnoux mcmyapax): Ofa nouna ofnuuacfcn of nccx
hpcninymux: kfo sanumacf fcppufopuk, fof ycfanannunacf cnou
cocfncnniu omccfncnniu cfpou. Kaxniu nnonuf cnok cucfcmy
fam, kyna ncfyhacf cio apmun. Hnauc u ifi nc moxcf.
Ha ocnonanuu sfou qpasi, ckasannou no npcmn noniou cccni,
concpxanmcu fakxc u ocfpoymnic ofncfi, inu cncnani kafcio-
puunic ninoni, ynfo i n sfou qpasc kpafko usnoxcna hpcnna-
pufcnino hponymannan konuchuun, a nc hpocfo cnyuaunoc paccyx-
ncnuc. Onnako, nu onna us iuhofcs nc moxcf ifi ucknkucna.
A posreriori, mononufnan unfcphpcfauun hpcncfannncfcn nauoncc
ncponfnou. Tcm nc mcncc, kak ncnanno ofmcfun Boufcx Macfni,
mcfoni qopmuponanun concfckoio noka inu nccima nancku of
foio, ufoi honfncpnufi cfoni hocncnonafcninyk u onnosnaunyk
ycfanonky. Cnumkom mnoio hpumcpon ncyncpcnnocfu u koncanuu
ionopnf o fom, ufo n ncucfnufcninocfu concfckoc nnumanuc k
cfpanam Bocfounou Inpohi ino pasnuunim ho cfchcnu saunfc-
pcconannocfu; Cfanun u Hcpuunni n okfnpc 144 i. hifanuci
hpcncfanufi sfo n hpoucnfnom coofnomcnuu. Ionima, Iyminun u
Ioniapun inu nnn Concfon aconkfnim hpuopufcfom; Hcxocno-
nakun, Bcnipun, Ananun, Kiocnanun u unnnnnun ofnocunuci k
npyiou kafciopuu, ufo u hponnunoci n hpakfuucckou honufukc.
8.2.4. HOLUTUKA CTALUHA B BOCTOUHOU EBPOHE
B Ionimc hocnc muccuu Iohkunca man 145 i. ino n uknc
cqopmuponano hpanufcnicfno, n cocfan kofopoio nomcn 21 mu-
nucfp, 16 us nux inu uncnamu knunckoio komufcfa, ocfaninic
hpcncfanufcnnmu smuipauuu, nuo npyiux ypxyasnix hapfuu.
Ipcsuncnfom pcchynuku cfan kommynucf Icpyf; hpcmicp-munu-
627
cfpom in nasnaucn couuanucf Ocyka-Mopanckuu, nuuc-hpcmic-
pamu nuncp kommynucfon Iomynka u inanniu hpcncfanufcni hpa-
nufcnicfna n usinanuu Mukonauuuk, kofopiu coinacuncn nuuno
hponcpufi ycfouuunocfi komhpomucca. 3nauufcninan uacfi hapfuu
yuacfnonana n qopmuponanuu hpanufcnicfna nopononino, npyian
uacfi nknkuunaci n honickyk honufuucckyk cucfcmy, nohnoman
hpockf komhapfuu o uchonisonanuu pasnix qopm u nnn coxpanc-
nun nunumocfu hnkpanusma.
Coinacno Snfunckum coinamcnunm, sfo hpanufcnicfno nonxno
ino opianusonafi kak moxno icfpcc nccomuc niopi. Kom-
mynucfi, kofopic n konuc 146 i. otcnununuci c couuanucfamu
n Ionickyk otcnuncnnyk paouyk hapfuk (IOII), hifanuci
nicfyhufi na niopax cnunim chuckom, nknkuun n ncio fakxc u
ypxyasnic hapfuu. Onnako um nc ynanoci ocymccfnufi cnou
namcpcnun n ofnomcnuu nauoncc anfopufcfnou hapfuu Ioni-
ckc cfpannuufno nknonc, kofopyk kak pas u nosinannnn Mukonau-
uuk. Iocfonnnan paofa n hpanufcnicfnc ninnuna u honhufinana
nosnukmuc pasnoinacun. Iocfchcnno, no nchpcknonno manuhynu-
pyn usupafcninimu chuckamu, konfponupyn cpcncfna hpohaianni,
hpucian k apccfam, IOII cfana ncnymcu hapfucu n ncmokpafu-
ucckom nokc, kofopiu iofonun niopi. Cufyauun ina hpofuno-
pcuunou: nncmnc kasanoci, ufo koanuuuonnoc hpanufcnicfno hpo-
funocfouf sfomy nanncnuk, qakfuuccku yxc no nfopou hononunc
145 i. Ionima okasanaci hon xccfkum konfponcm.
Bo umn samufi nicmux concfckux unfcpccon honickoc koanu-
uuonnoc hpanufcnicfno 1 ccnfnpn 145 i. honfncpnuno ncu-
cfncnnocfi oionopa o npyxc, nsaumnou homomu u hocncnocn-
nom cofpynnuuccfnc, honhucannoio knunckum hpanufcnicfnom
21 ahpcnn, f.c. no okonuanun nouni, u nahpanncnnoio hpofun Icp-
manuu. oionop concpxan cfafik, kofopan onsinana noionapu-
nakmuccn cfoponi, u n hcpnyk oucpcni Ionimy, nc honhucinafi
coinamcnuu c fpcfiumu cfpanamu, nahpanncnnix hpofun npyiou
cfoponi. Ho cufyauun n Ionimc ina ocoou: of Iysncnifa no
Hcpuunnn u Tpymsna ncc sahannic hpanufcnicfna nc nounanuci
of honickoio hpanufcnicfna, ufoi ono conknano hnkpanusm ho
cymccfny, a nc foniko ho qopmc. Takum opasom, cynia cfpani
ina hpcnohpcncncna co nfopou hononuni 14J i. Yxc n 144 i.
knunckoc hpanufcnicfno hpunnno nckpcf o nauuonanusauuu
hpomimncnnocfu; n uknc 146 i. nonoc koanuuuonnoc hpanufcni-
cfno hponcno pcqcpcnnym o nuknunauuu ccnafa u cosnanuu onno-
hanafnoio hapnamcnfa, o hpusnanuu nonix ipanuu Ionimu u
onopcnuu aipapnou pcqopmi, a fakxc o konquckauuu ocnonnix
ofpacncu skonomuku.
628
Mukonauuuk nicfyhun hpofun nuknunauuu Ccnafa, on honyuun
ho sfomy nohpocy honncpxky 75' yuacfnonanmux n pcqcpcnnymc u
hponanun hpcnnoxcnuc kommynucfon. Tcm nc mcncc, kommynucfu-
ucckuc pykononufcnu nochpchnfcfnonanu hpusnanuk honnunnix
pcsynifafon pcqcpcnnyma u cqapukonanu noxnic. 3afcm kommynu-
cfi, otcnununmuci c couuanucfamu, houyncfnonanu ccn nocfafou-
no yncpcnno nnn hocni na niopax, kofopic inu nasnaucni na
nnnapi 147 i. u occhcuunu O' mccf ncmokpafuucckomy noky.
Ohhosuuun ina hocfanncna n fakuc honufuucckuc ycnonun, ufo
Mukonauuuk, naxc ynyuu uspannim n hapnamcnf nmccfc c npyiu-
mu 26 nchyfafamu cnocu hapfuu, ninyxncn in hokunyfi Ionimy
n okfnpc foio xc 147 i.
opmanino unou ina cufyauun n Iyminuu u Ioniapuu, n
nnyx hocxncnnix cfpanax, n kofopix ocymccfnnnnaci nocnnan
okkyhauun hon yhpanncnucm coksnix konfponinix komuccuu.
B 145 i. nnyfpu sfux komuccuu amcpukanckuc hpcncfanufcnu hocnc
sfaha ux ofnocufcninoio pannonymun cfanu okasinafi nanncnuc,
ufoi nouficn nchocpcncfncnnoio yuacfun n pcopianusauuu hpa-
nufcnicfn Iyminuu u Ioniapuu. Ionoxcnuc ino, n cymnocfu,
ypciynuponano coinamcnucm mcxny Cfanunim u Hcpuunncm, on-
nako n ncm nc yuacfnonanu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi; amcpukanckuc
hpcncfanufcnu ahcnnuponanu onimc k nnfunckou cknapauuu o
ocnooxncnnou Inpohc. Ho sfof apiymcnf na hpakfukc in ncsq-
qckfunnim, cio ocnannnu nconnokpafnic sannncnun Concfon o
nosmoxnocfu hpumcnnfi k sfum nnym cfpanam fc xc kpufcpuu, co-
inacno kofopim Coksnan komuccun ncucfnonana n Hfanuu: fof,
kfo okkyhuponan, ncc nocnnyk ofncfcfncnnocfi u ocymccfnnnn kon-
fponi, fof u nonxcn in onanafi houfu ucknkuufcninou nnacfik.
Takum opasom, ninnunoci snaucnuc. ufaninnckoio hpcucncn-
fa, no cio honfopcnuc n nonom knumafc 145 i., ococnno hocnc
Snfi u hocnc konuuni Iysncnifa, nconnokpafno hopoxnano cfonk-
noncnun mcxny concfckumu nocnnimu u nuhnomafamu u amcpu-
kanckumu nocnnimu u nuhnomafamu, kofopix oncc unu mcncc
chonfanno honncpxunanu aninuuanc.
Icpniu konqnukf hpousomcn n Iyminuu, inc ino mnoio
hpuuun nnn fpcnuu, ococnno hocnc foio, kak 27 qcnpann 145 i.
concfckuu samccfufcni munucfpa unocfpannix ncn Bimunckuu,
nochonisonanmuci opianusonannimu na hnomanu ncmoncfpauunmu
hpofun ymcpcnnoio monapxuucckoio hpanufcnicfna icncpana Iancc-
ky, n ipyou u ynifumafunnou qopmc sacfanun koponn Muxan of-
hpanufi n ofcfanky Concf munucfpon, cmccfufi Ianccky u hocfanufi
no inanc kauncfa npyioio ypxyasnoio ncnfcnn Icfpy Iposa.
62
6 mapfa Iposa cqopmuponan koanuuuonnoc hpanufcnicfno, n kofo-
pom nomunuponanu kommynucfi. Amcpukanui ofkasanuci hpu-
snafi nonoc hpanufcnicfno, hpofccfyn hpofun mcfonon cio qopmu-
ponanun. Chycfn ncckoniko nncu hocnc cosnanun hpanufcnicfno
Iposa, uchonisyn nhonnc oocnonannic apiymcnfi, otnnuno
22 mapfa o hponcncnuu panukaninou aipapnou pcqopmi.
Amcpukanckan nuhnomafun csychcmno hifanaci usmcnufi ho-
noxcnuc ncmcu, honncpxunan koponn u cio cnaoc cohpofunncnuc
hpanufcnicfncnnim mcpam. Ho nkan hohifka pcopianusonafi
hpanufcnicfno Iposa, hpcnnoxcnnan amcpukanckumu hpcncfanufc-
nnmu n Konfponinou komuccuu, pcmufcnino ofncpianaci Concfamu.
Iocnc nahpnxcnnix chopon na onnonckou ccccuu Concfa munu-
cfpon unocfpannix ncn Tpymsn hopyuun amcpukanckomy hocny n
Mocknc Iappumany ncfpcfuficn nchocpcncfncnno co Cfanunim,
kofopiu n fo npcmn ofnixan n Kpimy. Ha sfou ncfpcuc, cocfonn-
mcucn 24 u 25 okfnpn 145 i., ino pcmcno cosnafi n nckapc n
Mocknc Concmanuc munucfpon unocfpannix ncn CCCI, CUA u
Bcnukopufanuu, no na cufyauuk n Iyminuu ono nc honnunno.
Bncmnnn pcchckfacninocfi hpanufcnicfna Iposa ina ompaucna
unuuncnfamu 8 nonpn 145 i., koina noopyxcnnic ofpnni ofkpi-
nu oioni ho ncckonikum ficnuam manuqccfanfon, ho fpanuuuu
cfonhunmumucn hon cfcnamu koponcnckoio nnopua, ufoi hpuncf-
cfnonafi koponn ho cnyuak cio umcnun. Ionufuucckuu xapakfcp
ncmoncfpauuu in oucnuncn, no cfoni xccfokuc pchpcccunnic
mcpi numi ycununu nhcuafncnuc, ufo hpanufcnicfno Iposa, na-
hpannncmoc Concfamu unu xcnakmcc um yionufi, nc ucpcmonufcn
n niopc cpcncfn. Ofu unuuncnfi nc chococfnonanu pasnufuk
nopix ofnomcnuu mcxny hocnufcnnmu. Onu hpousomnu hocnc
noionopcnnocfu nosononufi nuckyccuu ho mupnim noionopam, a
fakxc hocnc nicfyhncnun hpcsuncnfa Tpymsna 27 okfnpn n Hik-
Hopkc, inc on hpousncc cnok hcpnyk naxnyk hpoipammnyk pcui
ho nohpocam nncmncu honufuku.
Tpymsn n sfom nicfyhncnuu ofmcfun, n uacfnocfu, ufo pac-
xoxncnun no mncnunx u hpofunopcuun mcxny hocnufcnnmu hocnc
okonuanun nocnnoio konqnukfa nnnnkfcn ncuscxnimu, u nicka-
san coopaxcnuc, ufo mcxny hocnufcnnmu (n fof momcnf) nc
ino nukakux cfonknoncnuu unfcpccon, kofopic umcnu i na-
cfoniko inyokuc kopnu, ufo i ux ncnisn ino paspcmufi, co-
ucfan fcphumocfi u fncpnocfi. Mcxny fcm, on nincnun, kak
onun us ohopnix hynkfon cnocu mcxnynaponnou ncnfcninocfu,
cncnykmuu hpunuuh: Mi ofkasinacmcn hpusnanafi nkoc hpa-
nufcnicfno, cunou nannsannoc kakomy-nuo iocynapcfny npyiou
ncpxanou. B ohpcncncnnix cnyuanx inacf ncnosmoxno nochpc-
6JO
hnfcfnonafi nacunicfncnnomy ycfanonncnuk fakux hpanufcnicfn.
Ho Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nukoina nc hpusnakf ux.
Iosuuun Amcpuku ina hosuuucu nixunanun, amcpukanui
cnao pcaiuponanu na honickuc coifun, no nocfafouno pcsko na
pyminckuc unu na fo, ufo hpoucxonuno n Iankanckux cfpanax.
B Ioniapuu Iafpuofuucckuu qponf, kofopiu pykononun Cohpo-
funncnucm u n kofopom ncnymyk poni uipanu kommynucfi, cpasy
hocnc saknkucnun mupa cosnan hpanufcnicfno hafpuofuucckoio
cnuncfna hon pykononcfnom nocnnoio, honkonnuka Cumona Icop-
iucna, nixonua us ipyhhi 3ncno, pancc sanumanmcu kpaunc hpa-
nic hosuuuu, a safcm nicfyhunmcu nmccfc c kommynucfamu. Ofo
otcnuncnnoc hpanufcnicfno hpononxano cnok paofy no occnu
146 i., no cio cocfan hocfonnno usmcnnncn, n pcsynifafc ucio sa
kopofkuu cpok ono hohano hon konfponi kommynucfon. ocfafou-
no nchomnufi, ufo hocnc honhucanun mupnoio noionopa sanaua ho
honncpxanuk hopnnka ina hopyucna munuuuu, hpnmomy hopoxnc-
nuk Cohpofunncnun. Iicfpyk u panukaninyk uucfky ocymccfnunu
cs hpomcnncnun: cnimc 2OOO ocyxncnnix inu hpuionopcni k
cmcpfnou kasnu, cpcnu nux hpunu- pcicnf Kupunn.
Biopi inu honiofonncni icfpo, n nux yuacfnonanu hapfuu,
nc umcnmuc ucfkou opianusauuu, u nok hon nincckou Iafpuofu-
ucckuu qponf, kofopiu na niopax 18 nonpn copan houfu O'
ionocon. Ho umcnno sfu niopi, cfanmuc hpcnknucu k ycfanon-
ncnuk honnoio konfponn kommynucfon nan hpanufcnicfnom, ho-
cnyxunu nnn amcpukanucn ocnonanucm okasafi nanncnuc n cnnsu c
napymcnunmu, nohymcnnimu no npcmn usupafcninou kamhanuu.
Tcm nc mcncc, hocnufcnu n fcucnuc nccio hcpuona hcpcionopon o
mupnix noionopax, coxpannnu ofkpifiu xapakfcp pcxuma, mnoio-
hapfuunyk koanuuuk, kofopan onimc ho qopmc, ucm ho cymc-
cfny, cnuncfcnicfnonana o ofcyfcfnuu yxccfoucnun cfanunckoio
konfponn nan Coqucu.
Bnc concfckou fcppufopuu fakuc cfpani, kak Ioniapun, inu
cnnsani c Ioccucu fpanuuuonnimu ysamu; npyiuc cfpani ynau-
cko-Iankanckoio pciuona nonxni inu uspafi cnok cyniy, no
na hpakfukc sfo ofnocunoci foniko k Hcxocnonakuu u Bcnipuu.
B Ananuu hocnc ofxona hocncnnux icpmanckux connaf, hapfusa-
ni-kommynucfi konfponuponanu nck fcppufopuk, sa ucknkucnu-
cm ofncninix iopnix pauonon, kofopic yncpxunanu cfoponnuku
inmcio koponn 3oiy. C konua 144 i. kommynucfuucckuc ofpnni
usinanu sfu qopmuponanun, u onu hcpccfanu honisonaficn nnunnu-
cm. Icncpaniniu cckpcfapi hapfuu fpyna (f.c. kommynucfuucckou)
Onncp Xonxa, yncpcnniu, ufo konfponupycf nck cfpany, cosnan
cmokpafuucckuu qponf, kofopiu yxc 2 nckapn 145 i. oncpxan
6J1
hocny na niopax, honyuun onimuncfno n J' ionocon. C fcx
hop Xonxa cymcn hpofunoncucfnonafi saionopam cnoux hpofunnu-
kon (nahpumcp, nauaninuka honufuucckou honuuuu Kouu sonsc,
honisonanmciocn honncpxkou Cfanuna) u hohifkam honufuucckux
hcpcnopofon nhnofi no camou cnocu cmcpfu n 185 i. Hcnfpanuso-
nanniu ho cfanunckomy opasuy pcxum cymccfnonan no 1O i.,
koina hpanufcnicfno Tupani ncyncpcnno hpucfyhuno k hcpnim
pcqopmam, na kofopic okasana nnunnuc nccfauninan cufyauun n
Kiocnanuu.
Snfunckuc coinamcnun hpcnycmafpunanu fakxc nosnpaf Kio-
cnanuu k hnkpanusmy. B mapfc 145 i. mapman Tufo cqopmuponan
hpanufcnicfno nauuonaninoio cnuncfna, n kofopom hocf munucfpa
unocfpannix ncn sannn Uyamuu, a npyiuc hocfi inu ofnani
hpcncfanufcnnm pasnuunix nauuonaninocfcu Kiocnanuu. Ipakfu-
uccku us 28 munucfpon 2J inu kommynucfamu. Tufo uyncfnonan
ccn honnunnim ocnoonufcncm cocfncnnou cfpani of ncmucn u
nc in oncc cknoncn cncnonafi concfckum pckomcnnauunm, n
ococnnocfu hocnc kpusuca, cnnsannoio c sannfucm Tpuccfa. On
nc cuufan, ufo hpouccc yfncpxncnun cio nuunou nnacfu u icicmo-
nuu kommynucfuucckou hapfuu nonxcn hpoxonufi hosfahno u ho-
cfchcnno. B fcucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn ina hponcncna xccfkan
u cyponan uucfka u hpunnfi hcpnic nopmi, honannnkmuc cnoo-
ni. Ha 11 nonpn 145 i. inu nasnaucni niopi n Yupcnufcni-
nyk ckyhmuny, na kofopix hpcnnaiancn foniko onun chucok kan-
nunafon Haponnoio qponfa, u xofn 1O' usupafcncu nosncpxanoci
of ionoconanun, hocna Haponnoio qponfa ina fpuymqaninou
on honyuun O' ionocon yuacfnonanmux n niopax. 2 nonpn Yu-
pcnufcninan ckyhmuna na cnocm hcpnom saccnanuu hponosinacuna
poxncnuc cncpafunnou Haponnou Icchynuku Kiocnanuu.
Takum opasom, umcnno n Ananuu u Kiocnanuu concfckoc
nnunnuc nonxno ino i ifi mcnimum, no honufuucckoc pasnu-
fuc mno n nahpanncnuu ykpchncnun kommynucfuucckou mononuf-
nocfu. Iino nu sfo umcnno fo, k ucmy cfpcmunuci Concfi Yuu-
finan hpoucxonunmcc n Ionimc, Ioniapuu u Iyminuu, cncnycf
ofncfufi ncf. Iochcmnocfi nisinana fpcnoiy. B nnyx Iankanckux
cfpanax u, n ococnnocfu, n Kiocnanuu pchpcccuu Tufo hpofun
ohhosuuuoncpon, hpofun cnnmcnnukon noomc u hpofun xopnaf-
ckou kafonuucckou ucpknu, n uacfnocfu, nisinanu fpcnoiy u oha-
ccnun ofnocufcnino foio, ufo xc hononic pcxumi moiyf cmc
cncnafi na ocfaninou fcppufopuu, naxonunmcucn hon concfckum
nnunnucm. Ofo cosnanano fpynnocfu nnn nuhnomafuu Mockni, ko-
fopan cfapanaci ncpxafi ofkpifimu kanani hcpcionopon u ycnufi
amcpukanucn hpusnafi honickoc hpanufcnicfno (ufo u hpousomno
6J2
n okfnpc 145 i.), no n ococnnocfu hpanufcnicfna Iyminuu u
Ioniapuu, kofopic n nckapc 145 i. cmc nc inu hpusnani. Io-
chcmnocfi hnoxo coucfacfcn c sapancc hponymannim hnanom, ona,
ckopcc, hpofunopcuuf cmy, hockoniky nnn fakoio hnana xapakfcp-
ni hocfchcnnocfi u coofncfcfnuc snpanomy cmicny.
Kpacnopcuunimu hpumcpamu fakoio pona inu Hcxocnonakun
u, n cmc onimcu cfchcnu, Bcnipun. B camom ncnc, kasyc Hcxocno-
nakuu nc umcn u, kasanoci, nc nonxcn in umcfi ocoix xapak-
fcpnix ucpf. Ipaxckoc hpanufcnicfno hpunanncxano k ipyhhc
cfpan-hocnufcninuu, noccfanonncnnix hocnc nouni u pcmunmux
ncpnyficn k ncmokpafuucckomy hapnamcnfckomy pcxumy, a no
nncmncu honufukc k fccnomy cofpynnuuccfny c Concfamu. Bo
npcmn nusufa n Mockny Icncma n nckapc 14J i. in honhucan
noionop o npyxc, nsaumnou homomu u hocncnocnnom cofpynnu-
uccfnc mcxny CCCI u Hcxocnonakucu. Icncm nncsahno hpcnno-
xun Cfanuny u Monofony nsnfi Hcxocnonakuk hon concfckoc ho-
kponufcnicfno, ocman nc hpunumafi kakux-nuo pcmcnuu no
nncmncu honufukc cs hpcnnapufcninou koncynifauuu c hpanu-
fcnicfnom Mockni. Takum opasom, yxc foina inu sanoxcni oc-
noni coifuu 148 i.
B fakou cufyauuu Icncm n ahpcnc 145 i. ncpnyncn n cfpany u
hopyuun couuan-ncmokpafy upnunicpy pykononcfno koanuuuon-
nim hpanufcnicfnom, inc kommynucfam hpunanncxano 8 munu-
cfcpcfn us 25, (naxncumcc us nux munucfcpcfno nnyfpcnnux
ncn ino hopyucno Kncmcnfy Iofnaniny), kommynucfi honyuu-
nu fakxc munucfcpcfno unqopmauuu. 5 ahpcnn hpanufcnicfno
upnunicpa pachpocfpanuno hpoipammniu manuqccf honucpkny-
fo pcqopmucfckoio u ncmokpafuucckoio concpxanun. Biopi
inu hcpcncccni na mau 146 i., no honufuucckan xusni noso-
nonunaci n cnoux oiunix qopmax, nccmofpn na hocncnocnnyk
nahpnxcnnocfi u hocncncfnun ofncncnun Cnonakuu no npcmn nou-
ni. 3a nccm sfum hocncnonan cyn nan monccniopom Tucco, hpuio-
nopcnnim k cmcpfnou kasnu, u npyiumu konnaopauuonucfamu.
Hmcnno n cnnsu c sfumu coifunmu hponnunuci hcpnic cumhfomi
npaxncnocfu k kafonuucckou ucpknu u hcpnic hpusnaku ohpcnc-
ncnnou cknonnocfu k unknusufopckum mcfonam, kofopic hpcni-
manu hofpcnocfu anfuqamucfckou uucfku. Tcm nc mcncc 3ahan
cmofpcn na Hcxocnonakuk kak na moncni cocymccfnonanun, hoka-
sanmyk nosmoxnocfi yuacfun n hpanufcnicfnc fakux nkncu kak
Maccapuk, cin skc-hpcsuncnfa pcchynuku, kak Icncm n kauccfnc
inani iocynapcfna, nc hpcncfannnn, ufo sfu ncnfcnu chonfanno
cncnanu cnou niop, oycnonncnniu, nosmoxno, iopikumu nocho-
munanunmu 1J8 i.
6JJ
To xc camoc ofnocufcn u k ncnicpckum coifunm, hofomy ufo
hocnc nixona us nouni u concfckou okkyhauuu Bcnipun ina
cfpanou, inc nccmofpn na cymccfnonanmuu honufuucckuu nakyym,
ckpifoc nahpnxcnuc u nchpumupumocfi hapfuu, honufuucckan
xusni n fcucnuc nccio 145 i. pasnunanaci nocfafouno nopmanino
n coofncfcfnuu c fpconanunmu npcmcnu. B Bcnipuu, cnuncfncn-
nou us nccx cfpan Hcnfpaninou Inpohi, k kofopim ina opamc-
na nnfunckan cknapauun o Ocnooxncnnou Inpohc, nnaxni
hpomnu concpmcnno cnoonnic u chpancnnunic niopi u oa
pasa kommynucfuucckan hapfun hofcphcna cokpymufcninoc hopa-
xcnuc. Ona ina cnuncfncnnou cfpanou, n ofnomcnuu kofopou
pasnoinacun mcxny hpcncfanufcnnmu ncpxan n Konfponinou ko-
muccuu nc nocfuianu fakou ocfpofi, kak n ofnomcnuu Iyminuu
u Ioniapuu, ona ina fakxc cnuncfncnnou cfpanou, sa kofopou
cnunonymno cs kakux-nuo fpynnocfcu nccmu ncpxanamu in
hpusnan ccpfuqukaf na ncmokpafuunocfi. Bcnymuc hapfuu Bcn-
ipuu nocfuinu coinacun o ncoxonumocfu ocymccfnncnun aipapnou
pcqopmi u ckopcumcio hponcncnun niopon; k fomy xc kommynu-
cfi nc inu namcpcni cosnafi, kak oiuno, Haponniu qponf,
hockoniky n sfom nohpocc ux cncpxunanu Concfi.
22 nckapn 144 i. ino cqopmuponano Bpcmcnnoc nauuonani-
noc hpanufcnicfno, hponcpxanmcccn y nnacfu no 15 nonpn 145 i.,
cio nosinanun icncpan-honkonnuk ncnicpckou apmuu Icna Muk-
nom, a n cocfan nxonunu hpanufcnicfna cmc nnoc nocnnix u hpcn-
cfanufcnu pasnix hapfuu, n fom uucnc nnoc kommynucfon. B ok-
fnpc 145 i. cocfonnuci niopi n opiani ioponckoio yhpanncnun
Iynahcmfa. Kommynucfi, nosinannncmic Mafuacom Iakomu, na-
ncnnuci nouficn hokasafcninoio ychcxa, kofopiu ynnck i sa co-
ou nck cfpany, no na niopax hofcphcnu hosopniu hponan, cfoni
xc cokpymufcniniu, ckoni u ncoxunanniu. B fcucnuc nckofo-
poio npcmcnu onu namcpcnanuci hpucinyfi k cunc; safcm hifa-
nuci uchpanufi honoxcnuc, pcopianusonan hpanufcnicfno. Tchcpi
hocf munucfpa nnyfpcnnux ncn honyuun Iakomu, no cmy sfoio
ynanoci nouficn foniko hpu ycnonuu, ufo munucfpa qnankuponanu
nna iocynapcfncnnix cckpcfapn of npyiux hapfuu, onun us kofopix,
hpcncfanufcni hapfuu mcnkux ccnickux xosncn, kypuponan honu-
uuk: sfof komhpomucc homoi yncpxafi fpynno cnoxunmcccn pan-
nonccuc. Iapanokcanino, no cufyauun n Bcnipuu nc chococfnonana
ycuncnuk nahpnxcnnocfu mcxnynaponnou ocfanonku, a hpcn-
cfannnna onun us sncmcnfon nosmoxnoio coinacun u komhpomucca.
Bccomuc niopi, of yuacfun n kofopix inu ofcfpancni foni-
ko konnaopauuonucfi, cocfonnuci 4 nonpn 145 i. u hpunccnu
ychcx hapfuu mcnkux ccnickux xosncn (57' ionocon u 246 mccf),
6J4
n fo npcmn kak kommynucfi honyuunu foniko 7O mccf. Honoc hpa-
nufcnicfno, nosinannncmoc cnauana 3onifanom Tuninu, a c qcnpann
146 i. cpcnucm Hancm (nc hyfafi c hpcncfanufcncm kommynucfon
Hmpc Hancm), ino mnoiohapfuunim koanuuuonnim hpanufcni-
cfnom, ocfananmumcn y nnacfu no J1 man 147 i.
Takum opasom, nakanync nosononncnun paof Concfa munu-
cfpon unocfpannix ncn ncnicpckan cufyauun ina nccima nconno-
snaunou n cpanncnuu c honoxcnucm n npyiux cfpanax Bocfounou
Inpohi, u nc ofpaxana mncnuc, ufo ncnicpckuu kasyc nkoi in
okonuafcnino pcmcn u nc moino ifi u pcuu o nknkucnuu cfpani
n concfckyk opufy. Koncuno, concfckoc hpucyfcfnuc ino ioc-
honcfnykmum, no honoxcnuc n Bcnipuu (kak u n unnnnnuu)
hpcncfannnno onny us moncncu concfckoio honufuucckoio nnun-
nun, kofopoc ono moino i hpunumafi n ocfanonkc mcxnynapon-
noio cofpynnuuccfna. Hnauc ionopn, Bcnipun cfana opasuom nnn
fcx, kfo namcpcn in yfncpxnafi, ufo cfanunusauun soni concf-
ckoio nnunnun nc ina ncuscxnou. Ipcmicp-munucfp Hani sfo
hpckpacno honuman, koina hpcnnaian honncpxunafi kak moxno
oncc fccnic ofnomcnun c Ioccucu, nc nancnci na nocfafouno
sqqckfunnyk homomi 3ahana, u cosnanan, ufo, ychcx unu hponan
ncnicpckoio ncmokpafuucckoio skchcpumcnfa sanucnf okonuafcni-
no of cuni nonu, fo ccfi of snonkuuu ofnomcnuu mcxny ncnuku-
mu coksnimu ncpxanamu: ucm oncc nahpnxcnnimu onu ynyf,
fcm xyxc cfanyf ofnomcnun n Iynahcmfc mcxny ofncninimu kom-
honcnfamu hpanufcnicfncnnou koanuuuu (kak hucan Ipyno Ap-
uunuakono).
Omuc samcuanun o cfpanax, konfponupycmix unu naxonunmux-
cn n sanucumocfu of Concfckoio Coksa, nc nakf ucucphinakmcu
kapfuni foio, ufo hpoucxonuno n kaxnou us nux, no hosnonnkf
hpcncfanufi nocfafouno ucfko omyk kapfuny coifuu n kaxnou
us nux n nauanc nauoncc cnoxnou qasi hcpcocmicncnun nnyf-
pcnnux ofnomcnuu n oipomnom conpyxccfnc u n fo xc camoc npcmn
otncnnkf xon Mockonckoio concmanun munucfpon unocfpannix
ncn fpcx ncpxan.
8.2.5. K KOMHPOMUCC. O MUPHMX ,OFOBOPAX
C MALMMU ,EP+ABAMU
Iaofa Mockonckoio concmanunhpononxanaci c 16 ho 27 nc-
kapn 145 i. u, n ofnuuuc of onnonckou ccccuu CMH, sancp-
munuci nocfuxcnucm komhpomucca. Hfoi honnfi, houcmy sfo
coinamcnuc cfano nosmoxnim u kakona ina nisnannan um pcak-
uun, ncoxonumo yuccfi onno ocooc ocfonfcnicfno. Iocnc cnocio
6J5
honnoio hponana n onnonc Iupnc pcmun ofkasaficn of mcfona
afomnou nuhnomafuu u ncpnyficn k nuhnomafuu komhpomuccon,
kofopan ina pcsynifafunnou nnn ocux cfopon. On hpononxan
nnuiaficn n sfom nahpanncnuu n onunouky, hockoniky cio cofpyn-
nuuccfno c Tpymsnom ino ncncikum u ncnancxnim. Imc mcncc
on moi paccuufinafi na nopoc pachonoxcnuc iocynapcfncnnoio
nchapfamcnfa, inc uucno cfoponnukon xccfkou honufuku n ofno-
mcnuu CCCI hocfonnno nospacfano.
Iupnc, nahpofun, cuufan, ufo nccfu c Iankanckoio honyocfpona
hosnonnkf ynuncfi cnaiu nyu nancxni, xofn u nisinakf osao-
ucnnocfi. Hfoi nyumc honnfi pcaninocfi nc foniko ho oquuu-
aninim noknanam, on pcmun hocnafi occnik 145 i. chcuuaninyk
muccuk n Ioniapuk, Iyminuk u CCCI, kofopan cocfonna us nnyx
cio hpcncfanufcncu Mapka Ofpunxa, xypnanucfa u honufuka
:u0epu:in~x nsinnnon u c onimum ohifom, u nmccfc c num Cupu-
na Inska, mononoio ucfopuka us Ipuncfona. Iocnc nnufcninou
hocsnku n cfpani, naxonunmuccn hon concfckum konfponcm, onu
hpcncfanunu Iupncy oncc ucm hcccumucfuucckuu noknan. Iio
cyfi saknkuanaci no qpasc, kofopan ohpcncnnna kak ohacnyk u
ncpcaninyk nkyk hohifky komhpomucca c Concfamu n ofnomc-
nuu kakou-nuo okkyhuponannou umu fcppufopuu. Toniko xccf-
kan honufuka moina i hpunccfu nckofopic pcsynifafi, hofomy
ufo unix cpcncfn sacfanufi Mockny sanymaficn nc ino.
Iupnc nc noncn sfof noknan no cncncnun omccfncnnocfu, na-
hpofun, honaian, ufo n ncm concpxanuci sncmcnfi, hosnonnkmuc
ocymccfnufi nckofopiu mancnp. On cuufan, ufo n coofncfcfnuu c
nunucu honcncnun, nipaofannou Iysncnifom, nosmoxno nouficn
cymccfncnnoio ychcxa u noccfanonufi knumaf Snfi, usmcnufi xon
coifuu, ncnymuu k konqnukfam, u nsnfi kypc na nocfuxcnuc
komhpomucca. Ofo, ho cio mncnuk, hosnonuno i nauafi nuanoi
mcxny cfpanamu-hocnufcninuuamu nc foniko n ofnomcnuu Ian-
kanckux cfpan unu Hfanuu, no u ho fakomy cnoxnomy nohpocy
kak mupniu noionop c Icpmanucu, saknkucnuc kofopoio ino nc-
nosmoxno cs coofncfcfnykmux iapanfuu u nsaumnix ycfyhok.
Bo npcmn paofi Mockonckou concmanun Iupnc, ucxonn us
sfoio mncnun, hifancn nuuno ycnufi Cfanuna, ufo nosmoxni nc-
kofopic usmcncnun n pyminckom u oniapckom hpanufcnicfnax, u
sfo ycfpanuno i hpuuuni ux nchpusnanun Cocnuncnnimu Ufa-
famu Amcpuku; n omcn on ocman cosnanuc Coksnuucckou ko-
muccuu nnn Shonuu, n kofopyk nxonun i u Concfckuu Coks.
Ofo ina ho cymccfny cncnka, numcnnan konkpcfnoio concpxa-
nun, no ona nccima onciuuna nocfuxcnuc komhpomucca ho hpo-
ucnypc honiofonku mupnix noionopon, kofopic nonxni inu cfafi
6J6
cnunimu u hpcnpafufi noionop c Hfanucu n chcuuquucckuu kasyc
n cnnsu c cucfcmafuucckumu fpconanumu Concfon n ofnomcnuu
cfpan Bocfounou Inpohi. Iino pcmcno, ufo mupnan konqcpcn-
uun nnn okonuafcninoio honhucanun fckcfon noionopon cocfoufcn
n Iapuxc n mac 146 i.
Iupnc ncpnyncn nomou, ycxncnnim, ufo nouncn xopomux
pcsynifafon, k fomy xc hcpnan pcakuun omccfna u ofncninix nuu
honfncpxnana cio nhcuafncnuc. Kak humcf Iupnc n cnoux mcmya-
pax, Tpymsn, kofopiu saxofcn hpunnfi cio cpasy hocnc nosnpamc-
nun n Bamunifon, nconnokpafno nipaxan cnoc onopcnuc; us nccx
concfnukon hpcsuncnfa foniko anmupan ciu nipasun ncnononicfno
komhpomuccom, nocfuinyfim ofnocufcnino Ioniapuu u Iyminuu.
Y Iupnca ino mano npcmcnu, ufoi ocmicnufi sfy pcakuuk, ho-
fomy ufo hocnc kpafkoio hpcinanun na ponunc cmy hpcncfonno
ofhpanuficn n onnon, inc nonxno ino cocfonficn ofkpifuc
hcpnou ccccuu Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu. B ncucfnu-
fcninocfu y ncio ino mnoio hpuuun nnn cchokoucfna, hofomy
ufo umcnno n sfo npcmn oocfpunuci ncafi n amcpukanckou an-
munucfpauuu. On cam ncnonino chococfnonan sfomy, hounn na
komhpomucc c Mocknou. Iocncnnuu in oucncn kak ycfyhka, nc
honyuunman nocfounou komhcncauuu, cchoncsnan honufuucckan
akuun, sacnyxunanman hopuuanun, unu, kak nipasuncn xopnx
Kcnnan, sfo in quioniu nucfok ncmokpafuucckux hpoucnyp,
kofopiu hpukpinan cpam cfanunckou nukfafypi.
Coomcnun, hocfyhanmuc us Bocfounou Inpohi, xofn u inu
ncckoniko cmniucni unqopmauucu us Hcxocnonakuu u Bcnipuu
(no naxc onu nc inu numcni nckofopou osaoucnnocfu), sacfan-
nnnu hcpcocmicnufi ocnonnic nahpanncnun amcpukanckou nncm-
ncu honufuku u hocfchcnno ycnunu honannnkmyk uacfi amcpu-
kanckoio ucfsnummcnfa n ncoxonumocfu cmcni kypca.
Ofof honopof, koncuno, umcn inyokuc hpuuuni: oniman uacfi
amcpukanckoio ucfsnummcnfa hufana inyokyk nchpunsni n ofno-
mcnuu concfckoio kommynusma ona ina yncpcna, ufo nocnnoc
cofpynnuuccfno ino numi ninyxncnnim shusonom u cio ncoxo-
numo kak moxno icfpcc sancpmufi. Ofo mncnuc ino mupoko
pachpocfpancno n nnyx ipyhhuponkax amcpukanckoio omccfncnno-
io mncnun: na hpanom qnanic cio hpcncfannnna pcchynukanckan
hapfun, a na ncnom :u0epu:in~e ncmokpafi.
Icchynukanui honncpianu kpufukc Concfi u mnumyk cnaocfi
Tpymsna, no oncc nccio Iupnca. nn :u0epu:in~x ncmokpafon
inu nchpucmncmi kakuc-nuo komhpomucci n nohpocc o ncmokpa-
fuucckux nopmax. Ofu nacfpocnun honkpchnnnuci kak unqopmauu-
cu nuhnomafuucckoio xapakfcpa, fak u coomcnunmu o pasnufuu
6J7
coifuu nnyfpu concfckou cucfcmi. Zccfkocfi u ncuchonncnuc
nnfunckux noionopcnnocfcu; oucnunnan cknonnocfi concfckux
nnacfcu okasinafi honncpxky kommynucfuucckum hapfunm n okky-
huponannix cfpanax; hpunnfuc sakononafcnicfna o pcqopmax ho
concfckou moncnu fam, inc cknaninancn hcpcncc cun; concpmcnno
oucnunnic oipanuucnun pcnuiuosnou xusnu u, n nckofopix cny-
uanx, hpccncnonanun cnnmcnnukon u hpcncfanufcncu ucpkonnou
ucpapxuu; oipanuucnun honufuucckux cnoon ncc sfo mackupo-
nano ocnonnyk ucni concfckou honufuku: cfpcmncnuc k csohac-
nocfu, kofopim pykononcfnonancn Cfanun; ncc sfo hpunanano cio
honufukc xapakfcp ncohpannannoio hpousnona. Kasanoci, amcpu-
kanui haccunno nochpunumanu cnoxunmykcn cufyauuk, no n uc-
nom ux honufuka hpcnycmafpunana naxnic skonomuucckuc coina-
mcnun. akfuuccku cfpani Bocfounou Inpohi, a fakxc u CCCI,
ocfananuci nnc skonomuucckoio otcnuncnun hon amcpukanckou
siunou. Co cnocu cfoponi Concfckuu Coks saknkuun fopionic
coinamcnun n mapfc 145 i. c Ioniapucu, n mac c Iyminucu, n
aniycfc c Bcnipucu, kofopic hocnyxunu hpcnknucu k cosnanuk
n nnnapc 14 i. Concfa Okonomuucckou Bsaumohomomu, usnccf-
noio hon apcnuafypou COB.
8.2.6. K +ELEBHOM. BAHABEC.
Icpuon c nnnapn ho mapf 146 i. in ofmcucn ucpcnou kpusuc-
nix momcnfon. Koina Iupnc ncpnyncn us Mockni, Tpymsn hpunnn
cio, nc hponnnnn ncnononicfna, no y ncio yxc kohunaci nocana na
iocynapcfncnnoio cckpcfapn. Ipcsuncnf nc onopnn cio mcfoni,
yhpckan Iupnca n fom, ufo fof ncnocfafouno hocncnonafcnino ni-
honnnn nupckfuni Icnoio noma. Bosmoxno, sfo fak hpoucxonuno
ho hpuuunam nuunoio xapakfcpa (Tpymsn ysnan o hpcnnoxcnuu
sannfi hocf nuuc-hpcsuncnfa, koina oniman uacfi amcpukanckoio
honufuucckoio ucfsnummcnfa oxunana, ufo niop hancf na Iup-
nca), nosmoxno n cuny ncsanucumoio xapakfcpa camoio Iupnca,
kofopiu cuufan, ufo moxcf camocfonfcnino pcmafi nocfafouno
mupokuu kpyi nohpocon. Iosfomy nipaxcnuc hcpnonauaninoio
onopcnun icfpo cmcnunoci nickasinanunmu n concpmcnno
unom fonc, n ococnnocfu hocnc foio, kak Iupnc c onimum ohos-
nanucm foniko 2 nnnapn, u, moxno cmcno ckasafi, nohycfun nc-
kofopyk noninocfi, osnakomun Tpymsna c fckcfom noknana Ofpun-
xa, honiofonncnnoio n nauanc nckapn. B noknanc nipaxanaci
cfoni inyokan occhokocnnocfi n cnnsu c honoxcnucm n Inpohc,
ufo Iupnc pckomcnnonan nc pasinamafi concpxanuc nokymcnfa,
k fomy xc omuu cmicn noknana moxno ino i kpafko usnoxufi
6J8
n onnou qpasc, inc ionopunoci, ufo Concfi ncnu ccn kak umhc-
puanucfuucckan ncpxana xynmcio fonka.
3nakomcfno c nokymcnfom conhano c momnim xopom kpufuku
n anpcc honufuku Iupnca, pasnananmcucn co nccx cfopon of no-
cnnix nickasinancn anmupan ciu, of hpcncfanufcncu pcchynu-
kanucn nicfyhanu ccnafop Banncncpi, xon ocfcp anncc,
Knapa Iyf ikc. Bcc sfo u honfonknyno Tpymsna k honopofy n
honufukc. On nahucan xccfkoc hocnanuc, n kofopom nipaxan nc-
nononicfno upcsmcpnou ncsanucumocfik iocynapcfncnnoio cckpc-
fapn u cxafo usnoxun nck ckohunmykcn nchpunsni n ofnomcnuu
Concfon. Kynimunauucu hocnanun cfano pasnpaxcnnoc cyxncnuc:
Hc nymak, ufo mi nonxni hpononxafi houcku hyfu k komhpo-
muccy. 3a sfum cncnonan hcpcucni hosuuuu, ho kofopim houcku
komhpomucca cncnonano hpckpafufi (pcui mna o nohpocax, ocyx-
nanmuxcn c Concfamu), u n saknkucnuc hposnyuana ocfpoymnan
pchnuka Tpymsna, cfanman safcm kpafkum aqopusmom, nc numcn-
nim kmopa: S ycfan nnnuuficn c Concfamu.
Ofo in hcpuon pasnpaxcnun, hcpconanusuponanmciocn na
quiypc Iupnca, u ncncn sa hocnanucm Tpymsna (of 5 nnnapn) hocnc-
nonana uchi coifuu, kofopic, kak kycouku mosauku, qopmuponanu
nonyk cufyauuk. Hnqopmauun o xonc paof Icncpaninou Accamncu
u Concfa Icsohacnocfu OOH, nauanmuxcn n onnonc, nanana ho-
nnfi, ufo Concfckuu Coks nc namcpcn koncfpykfunno nknkuuficn
n mcxnynaponnyk cucfcmy csohacnocfu u cofpynnuuccfna. Cfonk-
noncnun ho hponcmam Inuxncio Bocfoka u Hpana, hpofunopcuun
ho nohpocam, cnnsannim co cfpanamu Asuu, nc cosnananu ununnu-
ucckou kapfuni mupnoio cofpynnuuccfna. Ipononxcnuc konqnuk-
fon nnc Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu ycununano pacfymyk
nchpunsni.
B qcnpanc 146 i. n Concfckom Coksc hpoxonunu niopi n
Bcpxonniu Concf. Bo npcmn usupafcninou kamhanuu ncnymuc
pykononufcnu BKI () nicfyhanu c pcuamu, onimcu uacfik
hpcnnasnauanmumucn nnn nnyfpcnncio hofpcncnun, sa ucknkuc-
nucm pcuu Cfanuna, kofopyk on hpousncc qcnpann n Ionimom
fcafpc n Mocknc u kofopan honyuuna ofknuk sa hpcncnamu cfpani.
Concfckuu nukfafop ho sfomy cnyuak honncn ufoiu Bfopou mupo-
nou nouni u ofmcfun ychcxu, nocfuinyfic naionapn honcccnnim
xcpfnam concfckux nkncu u cofpynnuuccfny c coksnukamu.
3afcm on ykasan ucnu pckoncfpykuuu: fpu hocncnonafcninix
hnfuncfnux hnana nhnofi no 161 i.; naionapn nihonncnuk ux
Cfpana Concfon cmoxcf noccfanonufi cnou hpomimncnniu hofcn-
uuan u ifi iapanfuponana of ncnkux cnyuaunocfcu. Ofo osnaua-
no, ufo usmyucnniu concfckuu napon nc honyuun i nosmoxnocfu
6J
hcpcnoxnyfi, a nocnnan nucuuhnuna nc snana i nu ocnancnun,
nu haysi. Iccypci cfpani nonxni inu ifi ckonucnfpuponani,
kak ocman Cfanun, n nayuno-uccncnonafcnickou cqcpc, hofcnuu-
an kofopou yncf icfpo pasnunaficn. S nc comncnakci n fom,
yfncpxnan Cfanun, ufo ccnu okaxcm nonxnyk homomi namum
yucnim, onu cymckf nc foniko noinafi, no u hpcnsoufu n nu-
xaumcc npcmn nocfuxcnun nayku sa hpcncnamu namcu cfpani.
Ofo cnuncfcnicfnonano o fou noonymcnncnnocfu, c kofopou Concfi
ncfyhanu n copcnnonanuc ho nncpnim uccncnonanunm. Concfckuu
nuncp ncpnyncn k nohpocy o ofnomcnunx mcxny kahufanucfuucc-
kou u couuanucfuucckou cucfcmamu n omcm hnanc. Bfopan mupo-
nan nouna paspasunaci ncncncfnuc pasnuui n yponnc u fcmhax sko-
nomuucckoio pasnufun kahufanucfuucckux cfpan. Ic moxno ino
i uscxafi, ccnu i cnoxunaci cucfcma hcpuonuucckoio hcpc-
pachpcncncnun mcxny ncpxanamu cipin u pinkon, no sfu mcfoni
ncconmccfumi c cymccfnonanucm kahufanusma; sfo osnauacf, ufo
foniko hpcopasonanuc muponou skonomuucckou cucfcmi homoino
i uscxafi noun n ynymcm, no onu ocfakfcn ncuscxnimu,
hoka cymccfnycf kahufanusm. Cocymccfnonanuc kahufanucfuucc-
kou u couuanucfuucckou cucfcm ncnosmoxno n fcucnuc nnufcni-
noio npcmcnu.
Ofa fcopun o ncuscxnocfu konqnukfa nosponunaci us hchna
pachymcnnoio Komunfcpna u ofpaxana uncunyk hpccmcfncnnocfi
mcxnynaponnou honufuku CCCI. Xofn u nc ino ncnocfafka n
fmafcninix unfcphpcfauunx cfanunckou pcuu, hpcnnasnaucnnou
nkoi nnn nochpunfun foniko nnyfpu concfckoio noka, cc mcxny-
naponniu pcsonanc okasancn snauufcninim. Iino nccima fpynno
ofncnufi sfo nicfyhncnuc of ncnfcninocfu kommynucfuucckux hap-
fuu n pnnc cfpan hopou ofkponcnno honpinnou, oucni uacfo nnou-
cfncnnou, no nccina naxonunmcu honncpxky n Mocknc, ufo ccuuac
mupoko honfncpxnacfcn nokymcnfamu us concfckux apxunon. Io-
nonan ncnfcninocfi nisinana ncnoncpuc u honospcnuc n cymccfno-
nanuu honpinnix hnanon muponoio macmfaa, o kofopix mcxnyna-
ponniu kommynusm nnoni ofkpifo sannun chycfn kopofkoc npcmn
hocnc ninyxncnnoio coksa c kahufanucfuucckumu ncpxanamu.
Hfak, nccmofpn na hpofunopcuunocfi cufyauuu, y sahannix
ncpxan, n uacfnocfu, y amcpukanucn, ino mnoio hpuuun nnn pas-
mimncnun nan pcaninimu ucnnmu concfckou honufuku. Moxcf
nu ona n ynymcm ifi conmccfumou c kpunuucckumu u skonomu-
ucckumu uncfufyfamu, kofopic nonxni inu i pykononufi hocnc-
nocnnou pckoncfpykuucu Icnu yxc foina nosnukanu comncnun n
concfckou nonninocfu n ofnomcnuu OOH, fo kak ino usanuficn
of micnu, ufo Concfi xofnf honnocfik coxpanufi cnok ncsanucu-
64O
mocfi, ufoi ncpnyficn na hyfi muponou pcnonkuuu (unu mupo-
nou icicmonuu, ccnu sfy uncunyk konuchuuk hcpcnccfu na nsik
ncpxannou honufuku)
Ananus cnoxunmcucn cufyauuu honyuun nipaxcnuc n nnyx nu-
nax akuuu: hcpnou ocnonnou u cckpcfnou; npyiux mymnix,
no hoka numcnnix ncucfncnnocfu. nn kpafkocfu nyumc nauafi c
hocncnnux. Yxc 28 qcnpann Iupnc ofncfun Cfanuny. Iocynapcfncn-
nomy cckpcfapk ncoxonumo ino honnnfi cnou nuuniu pcufuni,
honopnanniu kpufukou sa ycfyhku Concfam. B nicfyhncnuu n
Hik-Hopkc n Uverseus 1ress +luh on ionopun o paofc OOH u ni-
pasun ynonncfnopcnuc hpucyfcfnucm n OOH Concfon, cfpani, nc
hoxoxcu na npyiux. 3afcm on noanun: Hccmofpn na pasnuuuc n
opasc xusnu, nam napon ynaxacf cnoux coksnukon u xcnacf nu-
ncfi n nux npyscu u hapfncpon n coomccfnc, inc hpuymnoxakfcn
cnooni u honimacfcn yponcni xusnu. Tcm nc mcncc, n unfcpccax
mupa n nccm mupc u n unfcpccax namcu fpanuuuonnou omcu npyx-
i mi nonxni ucfko sannufi, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi namcpcni
samumafi Ycfan OOH. Hukfo nc moxcf u nc nonxcn uchoniso-
nafi cio panu cnocu niioni u, cncnonafcnino, nu onna cfpana nc
umccf hpana ncpxafi cnou noucka na fcppufopuu npyiou cfpani
cs coinacun hocncnncu (namck na cufyauuk n Hpanc); nukfo nc
onanacf hpanom cs ncoxonumocfu safniunafi hpouccc honiofonku
mupnix noionopon; nukfo nc umccf hpano onnocfoponnc usmcnnfi
srurus quo. Icnu mi nnnncmcn ncnukou ncpxanou, hpononxan
Iupnc, fo mi nonxni nccfu ccn kak fakonan: nc foniko occ-
hcuunafi namy cocfncnnyk csohacnocfi, no mi nonxni samu-
mafi mup no nccm mupc.
Cymccfnonana nu pcaninan ohacnocfi nnn mupa no nccm mupc
B fc nnu n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax naxonuncn Yuncfon Hcpuunni,
kofopiu foina n Bcnukopufanuu nc sanuman ofncfcfncnnoio ho-
cfa n hpanufcnicfnc, no ocfanancn nisinakmum nocxumcnuc nunc-
pom pufanckoio cohpofunncnun nauusmy. Hcpuunni hpononun n
Cocnuncnnix Ufafax ofhyck, no, ccfccfncnno, on ncfpcuancn c
Tpymsnom u npyiumu hpcncfanufcnnmu amcpukanckoio ucfsnum-
mcnfa. Hmcnno Tpymsn hpuinacun cio nicfyhufi na akancmuucc-
kou ucpcmonuu n ynfonc, mancnikom ioponkc n mfafc Muccypu,
ofkyna hpcsuncnf in ponom. Hcpuunni hpunnn hpuinamcnuc. On
hponcn koncynifauuu c amcpukanckumu honufuucckumu ncnfcnn-
mu, hpoucn fckcf cnocio nicfyhncnun Iupncy u anmupany ciu,
hocnan kohuk Tpymsny, kofopiu nonxcn in hpucyfcfnonafi na
ucpcmonuu. Hcpuunni ohucan honoxcnuc n Inpohc n oncc kpa-
counix fonax, ucm sfo oiuno ncnanu amcpukanckuc honufuku:
Of Ufcffuna na Ianfukc no Tpuccfa na Anpuafukc, ho cnonam
641
Hcpuunnn, xcncsniu sanancc ohycfuncn na konfuncnf. 3a sfou
nunucu coxpannkfcn ncc cokponuma npcnnux iocynapcfn Hcnf-
paninou u Bocfounou Inpohi. Bapmana, Icpnun, Ipaia, Bcna,
Iynahcmf, Icnipan, Iyxapccf, Coqun ncc sfu snamcnufic iopona
u naccncnuc n ux pauonax naxonnfcn n concfckou cqcpc, u ncc n fou
unu unou qopmc honuunnkfcn nc foniko concfckomy nnunnuk, no
n snauufcninou cfchcnu nospacfakmcmy konfponk Mockni.
Concfckuu Coks nc xofcn nouni, noanun Hcpuunni, no on
xoucf onnancfi hnonamu nouni u csipanuuno pachpocfpanufi
cnok momi u cnou nokfpuni. Cnoxunaci fakan cufyauun, kofo-
pan fpcycf konfpmcp panu chaccnun mupa. Hcpuunni ckasan: Iyc-
ckuc onimc nccio nocxumakfcn cunou, u ncf nuucio fakoio, k
ucmy i onu hufanu mcnimc ynaxcnun, ucm nocnnan cnaocfi. Io
sfou hpuuunc nama cfapan nokfpuna pannonccun cun nnnncfcn nc-
cocfonfcninou.
Hcpuunni ionopun o fom, ufo nyxno hpunnfi ncc mcpi hpofu-
noncucfnun, cosnafi pafckyk accouuauuk naponon, ionopnmux
na aninuuckom nsikc. Bcckoc sannncnuc Hcpuunnn n nanincumcm
n hohynnpnou ucfopuoipaquu hpuopcno unyk fpakfonky u pacuc-
nunanoci kak hcpnoc otnnncnuc Concfam xononnou nouni. Tcp-
mun xcncsniu sanancc, kofopiu Hcpuunni yxc houfu sa ion no
sfoio uchonisonan n hucimc k Tpymsny, nochpunumancn kak cum-
non kpccfonoio hoxona, kofopiu hpcncfonno hpcnhpunnfi, nuo
kak hpcnnamcpcnnan hponokauun. B ncucfnufcninocfu xc, cmy n
snauufcninou mcpc in hpunan npyiou cmicn, hockoniky pcui Hcp-
uunnn numi n nckofopix momcnfax conhanana c naxnimu pcmcnun-
mu, hpunnfimu hosnncc amcpukanuamu.
Ioni sfoio fcpmuna ckopcc nccio saknkuanaci n fom, ufoi
cnyxufi ncfonafopom nnn amcpukanckoio honufuucckoio mupa,
homoui cmy usanuficn of usonnuuonucfckux fcnncnuuu, oucni
momnix n momcnf sancpmcnun nouni, nuo hoponufi n Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafax fpcnoxnic nacfpocnun, cfoni pachpocfpancnnic
n Inpohc. Hcpuunni n fo npcmn in ckopcc nipasufcncm ohpcnc-
ncnnix nacfpocnuu, ncni on nc moi hpunumafi akfunnoc yuacfuc
n hpoucccc nipaofku pcmcnuu. Ipucyfcfnuc Tpymsna hpu hpous-
ncccnuu pcuu umcno ckopcc honufuucckoc snaucnuc, ono nochpu-
numanoci kak nipaxcnuc ynaxcnun k inmcmy coksnuky u nc
osnauano, ufo amcpukanckuu hpcsuncnf honnocfik pasncnncf ni-
mcckasannic honoxcnun. Ipcsuncnf osnakomuncn c fckcfom pcuu
numi nakanync u hpokommcnfuponan cc kak hpckpacnyk, kofopan
hpuncccf numi naio, naxc ccnu ona pasnopomuf ocunoc incsno.
Iopasno mcncc in usnccfcn pcaniniu hopnnok hpunnfun pc-
mcnuu nnyfpu nuhnomafuucckou ipyhhuponku, pykononunmcu
642
amcpukanckou nncmncu honufukou. On saknkuancn n pasnoopas-
nix ocyxncnunx, cucfcmafuuccku hpononunmuxcn hocnc hony-
ucnun n Bamunifonc n cnnsu c ncfo Cfanuna na pafuqukauuk
coinamcnuu n Ipcffon Byncc fcncipammi of xopnxa Kcnnana,
nuhnomafa pcnkoio ananufuucckoio naponanun, kofopoio yxc nan-
no cuufanu kpyhnim skchcpfom ho concfckum nohpocam. Ofo ina
fcncipamma n 8 OOO cnon, hofomy u cfanman usnccfnou kak nnun-
nan fcncipamma; cu ina cyxncna ocoan cynia, fak kak n hcpc-
paofannom nunc, c coxpancnucm cc ocnonnoio concpxanun ona
ina ohynukonana n 147 i. n uknickom nomcpc anfopufcfnoio
xypnana 1oreign Affuirs cs ykasanun umcnu anfopa (ckpinmciocn
hon hccnnonumom +ucmep) hon saiononkom Hcfounuku concfckoio
honcncnun. Ho umcnno qakf hynukauuu cfafiu n cfoni anfopu-
fcfnom xypnanc hocnc foio, kak inu hpunnfi qynnamcnfaninic
pcmcnun o honopofc no nncmncu honufukc CUA, a cfafin honnu-
naci u posreriori kak honufuucckan apiymcnfauun u fcopcfuucckuu
ananus nokfpuni cncpxunanun, honucpkunacf naxnocfi fcnc-
ipammi, hocnannou Kcnnanom n 146 i. Moxno yfncpxnafi, ufo
fcncipamma (koncuno, nc cama ho ccc, a kak uckpa n cnoxnom
hpoucccc saxuianun) snamcnycf coou nauano nonou cfpafciuu, na
kofopyk opucnfuponanaci ncn amcpukanckan nncmnnn honufuka n
hocncnykmuc nccnfuncfun.
Ofo yfncpxncnuc moino i hokasaficn usnumnum, no nc cncny-
cf sainafi, ufo ono kacacfcn komhnckca fcm, kofopim amcpukanui
hpunananu cfpykfypoopasykmcc snaucnuc n mcxnynaponnou xus-
nu: sqqckfunnocfi Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu; hpumc-
ncnuc hpunuuha camoohpcncncnun n coofncfcfnuu c Snfunckumu
coinamcnunmu; ncucfncnnoc yuacfuc n uncfufyfax, paspaofannix
n coofncfcfnuu c noionopcnnocfnmu n Ipcffon Byncc; nocfuxcnuc
honnunnix coinamcnuu o mcxnynaponnom konfponc nan uchoni-
sonanucm nncpnou sncpiuu. Ofnocufcnino mcxnynaponnoio hpana
u mcxnynaponnoio pinka pcui Cfanuna qakfuuccku numi hon-
fncpnuna cymccfnykmyk pcaninocfi, a fcncipamma Kcnnana namc-
funa noniocpounyk cfpafciuk, ncoxonumyk nnn hpcononcnun
hocncnocnnoio pasouaponanun u hopoxncnnoio um nahpnxcnun.
Tcncipamma Kcnnana ncnufcn na ncckoniko ucfkux pasncnon,
kacakmuxcn ocnonnix achckfon nncmncu honufuku Ioccuu. Of-
nomcnuc Concfon k hponcmam muponou honufuku ino hponuk-
fonano nc otckfunnim ananusom cufyauuu sa hpcncnamu cfpani,
a ocnonnimu nnyfpcnnumu hofpcnocfnmu Ioccuu. B ocnonc
ncnpacfcnuucckoio nsinnna Kpcmnn na mcxnynaponnic ncna ncxuf
fpanuuuonnoc u uncfunkfunnoc poccuuckoc uyncfno nanuuun
ohacnocfu, sfomy uyncfny concfckoc pykononcfno moino hpofuno-
64J
hocfanufi foniko honufuky nacfyhncnun, hocpcncfnom yhopnou
opii nc na xusni, a na cmcpfi sa honnoc ynuufoxcnuc hpofu-
nocfonmcu cuni, nukoina nc ncfyhan no nsaumoncucfnuc u n kom-
hpomucc c ncu.
Hfak, cocymccfnonanuc ino ncnosmoxno, a konncpicnuun oc-
nonnix hpunuuhon c concfckou unconoiucu moina numi ycunufi
Concfi; hosfomy nu o kakom komhpomuccc nc moino ifi u pcuu
no fcx hop, hoka kommynusm nc ucucphan cnoc cfpcmncnuc k mu-
ponomy iochoncfny, u foniko hocnc sfoio honnunaci i nosmox-
nocfi nauafi koncfpykfunnyk paofy. Iuhofcfuucckoc coinamcnuc
nc naxonuno nukakoio honfncpxncnun n concfckou moncnu qopmu-
ponanuu nncmncu honufuku. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nonxni inu
hpunfu k noiuucckomy saknkucnuk: Icskmupyn, mi umccm sncci
ncno c honufuucckou cunou, qanafuuno hpuncpxcnnou mncnuk,
ufo c CUA nc moxcf ifi nocfuinyf hocfonnniu modus vIvcndI,
ufo nnnncfcn xcnafcninim u ncoxonumim honpinafi nnyfpcn-
nkk iapmonuk namcio omccfna, paspymafi nam fpanuuuonniu
opas xusnu, nuknunuponafi mcxnynaponnoc nnunnuc namcio iocy-
napcfna c fcm, ufoi occhcuufi csohacnocfi concfckou nnacfu...
Cncnycf ofncfufi honufukou cncpxunanun. Iynyuu ncnochpuum-
uunou k noiukc pasyma, ona (concfckan nnacfi) oucni uyncfnufcni-
na k noiukc cuni.
Hs sfux paccyxncnuu cncnonano, ufo ncoxonumo okasafi co-
hpofunncnuc concfckou cunc. 3ahan nonxcn in otcnunuficn n
fccncumuu nok hon siunou Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Ocfananoci
fcphcnuc, oxunanuc, cncpxunanuc. B nanincumcm nnyfpcnnuc us-
mcncnun nonxni inu hpunccfu k monuqukauuu concfckou
nncmncu honufuku. Concfi fpakfonanu cnok honufuky noimafu-
uccku, houfu pcnuiuosnim opasom: onu nc cfanunu akfyaninix
hponcm, ux honncpxunano, kasanoci, fcphcnuc, cnoucfncnnoc
ucpknu. Hcoxonumo ino hpofunohocfanufi sfomy fcphcnuk of-
nomcnuc, pannoc ho cunc u hpofunohonoxnoc ho nahpanncnnocfu:
nc cfpcmnci k cfonknoncnuk, no u nc ocfannnn mccfa nnn ycfyhok.
Toniko hocnc 18 i. moxno ino n honnou mcpc oucnufi nani-
nonunnocfi sfux cfpafciuucckux ycfanonok, cmc oncc founo onu
inu hpcncfanncni n cfafic, honiofonncnnou na ocnonc fcncipam-
mi u ohynukonannou n 1oreign Affuirs. B 146 i. noknan Kcnnana
nochpunumancn hpnmo u nchocpcncfncnno, fckymuu kpusuc fpco-
nan nckofopou koppcnnuuu u cucfcmafusauuu n coofncfcfnuu c
hucimom Tpymsna Iupncy of 5 nnnapn: hpckpafufi nnnuuficn c
Concfamu. Hahucannan n konuc qcnpann, fcncipamma hocnyxuna
opucnfuponounim hnanom nnn ccpuu pcmcnuu, hpunnfix n hocnc-
nykmuc mccnui. Ipcxnc nccio, usmcnuncn choco pcmcnun hpo-
644
ncm: yxc nc houck komhpomucca, kak no npcmn concmanun n
Mocknc, a, nahpofun, ninnncnuc hynkfon pasnoinacuu u ofkas of
komhpomucca nhnofi no ncuscxnoio paspina.
Hcckoniko ncncni chycfn Tpymsn hopyuun onnomy us cnoux
nuunix noncpcnnix cofpynnukon Knapky Knuqqopny honiofonufi
noknan o ofnomcnunx mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u Concf-
ckum Coksom. Knuqqopn hcpcncn n ohcpafunniu hnan fo, ufo
Kcnnan hpoananusuponan c honufuucckou fouku spcnun. Oucnu-
nan honoxcnuc Kcnnana o ncnosmoxnocfu cocymccfnonanun kak
akcuomy, ohpcncnnkmyk fonkonanuc concfckou nncmncu honufu-
ku, Knuqqopn hpumcn k chcuuquucckomy ninony o ncoxonumocfu
pasnunafi coks c Bcnukopufanucu u npyiumu sahannimu cfpanamu,
ufoi nafi houyncfnonafi Mocknc snauumocfi nocnnoio nsika.
Io mncnuk Knuqqopna, ccnu yncf ncoxonumo, Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi nonxni ifi iofoni ncfyhufi n afomnyk nouny. Ho sfo
fpakfonanoci kak kpauncc cpcncfno, hofomy ufo ucnik amcpukan-
ckou nncmncu honufuku ocfananoci cfpcmncnuc ycnufi Concfi n
nosmoxnocfu mupnoio cocymccfnonanun.
Opuconanniu honopof n amcpukanckou honufukc saknaninan
hpcnhocinku nnn nnufcninoio, fpynnohpcononumoio fofaninoio
hpofunocfonnun Concfckomy Coksy, kofopoc hponnnnnoci hocfc-
hcnno. Ono hocfonnno fpconano nonix cpcncfn u nonix mcxnyna-
ponnix onsafcnicfn, a fakxc ymcnun ycnufi n ux ncoxonumocfu
konipccc u omccfncnnoc mncnuc, koncanmuccn mcxny usonnuuo-
nusmom u akfunnou mcxnynaponnou honufukou. Icpnic hpusnaku
sfux usmcncnuu n honufukc CUA hponnunuci no npcmn ocyxncnun
mupnix noionopon c manimu ncpxanamu Ocu, a fakxc ho mcpc
foio, kak oocfpnnaci hponcma mcxcoksnuucckou anmunucfpa-
uuu n Icpmanuu. Bosmoxno ncoxonumocfi coxpanufi munumym
nsaumohonumanun, ufoi kpunuuccku ypciynuponafi hponcmi,
nc pcmcnnic Concfom munucfpon unocfpannix ncn n Mocknc u
onnonc, hpuncna k nckofopou sancpxkc no nncmncm hponnncnuu
honopofa n honufukc CUA, cio hcpnic cumhfomi cfanu omy-
maficn omccfncnnocfik foniko n ccnfnpc 146 i. n cnnsu c icp-
manckum nohpocom.
8.2.7. MUPHME ,OFOBOPM
C MALMMU ,EP+ABAMU OCU
Icpcionopi, hpcpnannic n Mocknc, nosononunuci n Iapuxc
25 ahpcnn 146 i. Iupnc cmc nicfyhan n kauccfnc hpcncfanufcnn
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, no hpcxnc ucm nicxafi us Bamunifona on
645
npyuun 16 ahpcnn Tpymsny hucimo c hpociou o ofcfankc, n ko-
fopom koncfafuponanuci honufuucckuc u nuunic pacxoxncnun
mcxny numu. Iucimo hpcnycmafpunano ofcfanky Iupnca u nasna-
ucnuc Tpymsnom na cio hocf icncpana xopnxa Mapmanna hocnc
foio, kak fof sancpmuf cnok muccuk n Kufac; sfo osnauano hpo-
nncnuc hpcinanun Iupnca na cio hocfy no nnnapn 147 i.
Concf munucfpon unocfpannix ncn na ocnonc hpcnnapufcni-
nou paspaofku, kofopou samccfufcnu sanumanuci c nnnapn, pao-
fan nan pcnakuucu mupnix noionopon c ahpcnn ho ukni. 3afcm, c
2 uknn Concf in pacmupcn no macmfaon mupnou konqcpcn-
uuu, n kofopou yuacfnonana yxc 21 cfpana inmic xcpfni ai-
pcccuu c pasnou cfchcnik ux yuacfun n pcnakfuponanuu fck-
cfon, hosfomy paofa konqcpcnuuu hpononxanaci no okfnpn.
Okonuafcninan pcnakuun nokymcnfon ina sancpmcna CMH n
Hik-Hopkc n nonpcnckapc, u mupnic noionopi inu honhu-
cani n Iapuxc 1O qcnpann 147 i.
C nauana ahpcnn hcpcionopi hcpcmnu of ocyxncnuu hpouc-
nypnoio xapakfcpa k paccmofpcnuk cymccfna nohpocon, u yxc foina
houyncfnonanoci usmcncnuc knumafa n ofnomcnuu kak hponcm,
kacakmuxcn Hfanuu, fak u npyiux noionopon c manimu cfpanamu.
Icui mna yxc nc o cfiukax ho hpoucnypnim nohpocam unu honc-
muku n samufy fcx unu unix hpunuuhon, nosnuknu pcaninic hpo-
funopcuun ho ncucfnufcnino naxnim hponcmam.
Hfo kacacfcn noionopa c Hfanucu, hpousomcnmuc usmcncnun
ninnunu inyuny pasnoinacuu, kofopic inu ckpifi sa fohfanu-
cm na mccfc ho hpoucnypnim nohpocam. B ofnomcnuu fcppufopuu
ocyxnanuci ufaninnckuc ipanuui co nccmu fpcmn coccnnumu io-
cynapcfnamu (panuucu, Ancfpucu u Kiocnanucu). Cosnannan n
cnnsu c sfum komuccun ho ocncnonanuk ina nahpanncna n map-
fcahpcnc 146 i. n Tpuccf u n pasnuunic pauoni onacfu xynun.
B pcsynifafc komuccun hpcncfanuna ucfipc pasnuunix hpcnnoxc-
nun ho hponcncnuk hoipanuunou nunuu. unuu, hpcnnoxcnnic
amcpukanuamu, qpanuysamu u aninuuanamu inu aconkfno uncn-
fuuni no kia Tpuccfa, safcm hokunanu Hfanuk u hynkfupnou nu-
nucu yxonunu c nocfoka na sahan, chyckanci n pasnix mccfax k
mopk. Amcpukanckan nunun nixonuna k Huffanona n Hcfpuu, ufo
ino nauoncc naiohpunfnim nnn Hfanuu pcmcnucm, xofn ipanu-
ua u ofknonnnaci na sahan onimc, ucm nunun Bunicona n 11 i.
Concfckan nunun, nahpofun, samcfno yxonuna na sahan of cfapou
ipanuui Hfanuu c Ancfpo-Bcnicpckou umhcpucu u nixonuna k
mopk y Monqanikonc; hpcnycmafpunanoci, ufo ncn fcppufopun k
nocfoky of sfoio iopona (nknkuan, pasymccfcn, Tpuccf u Iopuuuk)
nonxna ofoufu k Kiocnanuu.
646
Ofnocufcnino ipanuui c Ancfpucu co cfoponi amcpukanucn
ninnuianoci hpcnnoxcnuc o hponcncnuu hncucuufa, a qpanuysi
hpuncpxunanuci n cnoux fpconanunx ymcpcnnix fcppufopuaninix
ycfyhok co cfoponi Hfanuu, kofopic naxc hpu hohifkc nchocpcn-
cfncnnou noionopcnnocfu o komhpomuccc cymccfncnno nc usmcnu-
nuci. Io nohpocy o kononunx coinamcnun nc ynanoci nocfuinyfi.
Ofa cufyauun ofpaxana ncycfouuunocfi hosuuuu u ina upcnafa
nosmoxnocfik nosnuknoncnun ofkpifoio konqnukfa mcxny CUA
u Concfamu. Icnu amcpukanui, kasanoci, inu cknonni k ycfyh-
uunocfu n nohpocc o nocfounou ipanuuc, fo u Concfi hponnnnnu
ycfyhuunocfi, koina ofncpianu unck hncucuufa ofnocufcnino
ufano-ancfpuuckou ipanuui, unu koina hponnnnnu cncpxannocfi n
nohpocc o pchapauunx. Amcpukanui u npyiuc sahannic ncpxani
ocmanu honncpxafi chpancnnuniu mup nnn Hfanuu, f.c. mup
cs kapafcninix mcp. Concfi cuufanu Hfanuk cfpanou, hpunannc-
xamcu k sahannomy naicpk, no, naxc hponouupyn no npcmn hcpcio-
nopon fpynnic cufyauuu, onu cncpxunanu cnok nchpumupumocfi n
nohpocc o kiocnanckou ipanuuc u hponnnnnu ycfyhuunocfi ho
mnoium npyium hponcmam.
umi no npcmn uknicko-uknickou ccccuu CMH nauan ni-
puconinaficn komhpomucc. B ofnomcnuu ccncpnou ipanuui no-
ionopunuci ofkasaficn of hponcncnun hncucuufa u honfncpnufi
nonocnnyk nunuk cc hpoxoxncnun; ino pcmcno, ufo nohpoc o
ncmcukom mcnimuncfnc n Hfanuu yncf pcmcn hyfcm hcpcionopon
mcxny saunfcpcconannimu cfoponamu. 5 ccnfnpn ino saknkuc-
no coinamcnuc, usnccfnoc ho umcnu nnyx cio unuuuafopon: c
Iachcpu, hpcnccnafcnn concfa munucfpon u munucfpa unocfpan-
nix ncn Hfanuu, u Ipycpa, munucfpa unocfpannix ncn Ancfpuu.
Onu honhucanu noionop, coinacno kofopomy ipanuui ocfananuci
ncusmcnnimu, sfnuucckomy ancfpuuckomy mcnimuncfny, ocfan-
mcmycn hon cyncpcnufcfom Hfanuu, hpcnocfannnnaci anmunucfpa-
funnan anfonomun u iapanfuu ynaxcnun nsikonix u kynifypnix
ococnnocfcu. B ofnomcnuu sahannou ipanuui inu hpunnfi
fpconanun qpanuyson.
Io nohpocy o nocfounou ipanuuc in nauncn komhpomucc na
ocnonc hpcnnoxcnuu, kofopic yxc nanno uupkynuponanu n kynyapax
konqcpcnuuu, no inu hpcncfanncni qpanuysckum munucfpom
Iuno kak cio cocfncnnic; n coofncfcfnuu c numu sahanniu yuac-
fok hoipanuunou nunuu hpoxonun ucpcs Iopuuuk u ocfannnn iopon
sa Hfanucu, safcm ipanuua mna k kiy u opasoninana nconimou
nicfyh no Monqanikonc, hpunanncxamuu Kiocnanuu. Ocfanmyk-
cn fcppufopuk qpanuysckan nunun ofnonuna Hfanuu, no yuacfok
of Monqanikonc no Tpuccfa, Kahonucfpuu u Huffanona n`Hcfpun
647
in ofnnf y Hfanuu u opasoninan Cnoonnyk fcppufopuk c oco-
im cfafycom, kofopiu nonxcn in honyuufi onopcnuc Concfa
Icsohacnocfu Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu. Ofof komhpo-
mucc nnauanc in oncsncnno nochpunnf Hfanucu, hockoniky numan
cc cyncpcnufcfa nan Tpuccfom, no hockoniky sfof nohpoc hcpcxo-
nun na paccmofpcnuc n OOH, fo qakfuuccku nancxni Kiocnanuu
cfanonunuci nccima unnksopnimu (sfo ino cmc onno scpnimko
na uamc nccon, napymanmcc ncycfouuunoc pannonccuc n ofnomc-
nunx mcxny Mocknou u Icnipanom).
Kpomc nohpoca o ipanuuax, in pcmcn nohpoc o kononunx,
hpuucm Hfanuu ino kafciopuuccku hpcnhucano honnocfik ofka-
saficn of nccx fcppufopuu, pancc naxonunmuxcn hon cc konfponcm,
okonuafcninoc pcmcnuc nohpoca ino ofonnunyfo na ion hocnc
ncfyhncnun n cuny mupnoio noionopa. B cnyuac nosnuknoncnun n
nanincumcm pasnoinacuu, ucfipc ncnukuc ncpxani onsinanuci
hpunnfi mcpi, hpcnnoxcnnic Icncpaninou Accamnccu OOH.
C hpunnfucm sfux u npyiux pcmcnuu, kacakmumcn manix ncp-
xan Ocu, paofa Concfa munucfpon unocfpannix ncn ho honio-
fonkc mupnix noionopon c numu qakfuuccku sancpmunaci. Kon-
qcpcnuun c 21 yuacfnukom ina cosnana foniko nnn foio, ufoi
nafi npyium saunfcpcconannim cfpanam nosmoxnocfi nipasufi
cnou mncnun, kofopic n ncucfnufcninocfu nc inu yufcni, ufo
ofucfnuno hponnunoci na hocncnykmuu ccccuu Concfa munucfpon
unocfpannix ncn n Hik-Hopkc n nonpcnckapc 146 i., koina
hpcnnoxcnnic cymccfncnnic hohpanku nc inu hpunnfi.
Tpynnocfu n nocfuxcnuu komhpomucca kacanuci kak pcmcnuu
naxnoio mcxnynaponnoio snaucnun, fak u onsafcnicfn, nanoxcn-
nix na Hfanuk, kofopic hpcnycmafpunanu, hpcxnc nccio, oipanu-
ucnuc noopyxcnuu (nc oncc 185 OOO connaf u 65 OOO cnyxamux n
honuuuu); nocnno-mopckou qnof nc oipanuuunancn nonousmcmc-
nucm n 65 OOO fonn u uucncnnocfik 25 OOO nocnnocnyxamux;
anuauun nc nonxna ina umcfi oncc 2OO ocnix camoncfon u 15O
fpanchopfnix, na kofopix cnyxunu i nc oncc 25 OOO ucnonck;
hocfonnnan ncmunufapusauun ipanuu c panuucu u Kiocnanucu;
oman cymma nihnaf ho pchapauunm cocfannnna J6O OOO nonnapon,
hpcxnc nccio Kiocnanuu, Ipcuuu u CCCI.
Cfafiu, kacakmuccn fcppufopuu panuuu u Ancfpuu, inu
onopcni. Coinamcnuc c Iachcpu Ipycp hpuncno k cosnanuk
soni c ocoim cfafycom Tpcnfuno Anifo Anunxc, inc nnacfu
onananu oionopcnnimu honnomouunmu u onsanuci hpcnocfanufi
ocoic iapanfuu ncmcukoionopnmum sfnuucckum ipyhham. Io
sfou hponcmc c 156 i. pasncpnynaci nnufcninan nuckyccun, cnn-
sannan c pcanusauucu hononix iapanfuu, ona sancpmunaci foniko
648
n 12 i., koina ncc onsafcnicfna Hfanuu inu honnocfik pcanu-
sonani.
Hfo kacacfcn kononuu, fo hpu ofcyfcfnuu coinacun mcxny ncnu-
kumu ncpxanamu nohpoc in hcpcnan na paccmofpcnuc n Opianusa-
uuk Otcnuncnnix Hauuu. OOH pcmuna n 15O i. hpcnocfanufi
ncsanucumocfi nccu unuu, koncfufyuponannou n koponcncfno
hon yhpanncnum nunacfuu Ccnycu; Opufpcn ina koncfufyuponana
n anfonomniu pauon hon nnacfik Oquohuu; Comanu cfana hono-
hcunou fcppufopucu hon yhpanncnucm Hfanuu na nccnfi ncf, f.c.
no 16O i.
Ycfanonncnun ho cosnanuk Cnoonnou fcppufopuu Tpuccf inu
oucni cnoxnimu. C 147 i. Concf Icsohacnocfu cfan sanumaficn
paspaofkou cc cfafyfa u nasnaucnucm yhpannnkmcio. Ocfpic
chopi sa konfponi nan hopfom Tpuccf samnu n fyhuk. Tcppufopun
3oni A, cosnannou hocnc noionopcnnocfcu c Icnipanom n uknc
145 i., qakfuuccku ocfanaci hon coksnuucckum nocnnim yhpannc-
nucm, a fak nasinacman 3ona I hon kiocnanckou okkyhauucu.
Bo npcmn paofi Concfa munucfpon unocfpannix ncn u, nako-
ncu, Iapuxckou konqcpcnuuu inu ohpcncncni cpoku honhuca-
nun mupnix noionopon c manimu ncpxanamu Ocu ncc onu
inu honhucani 1O qcnpann 147 i. Camiu hpocfou us sfux noio-
nopon kacancn Ioniapuu, kofopan naionapn honncpxkc Concfcko-
io Coksa cymcna coxpanufi kxnyk uacfi opynxu, saxnaucnnyk
n ccnfnpc 14O i. pyiuc cfafiu hpcnycmafpunanu oipanuucnuc
noopyxcnuu, pchapauuu n honisy Ipcuuu u Kiocnanuu.
Ioncc cnoxnim ino ohpcncncnuc nonoio ycfpoucfna Iyminuu
u Bcnipuu. Iponcma Bcnipuu cnonunaci k saknkucnuk mupnoio
noionopa, coinacno kofopomy ncnicpckoc iocynapcfno nosnpamanoci
n ipanuui 1J8 i., k noionopy noannnnuci cfafiu o nihnafc cymc-
cfncnnix pchapauuu coccnnum cfpanam, a fakxc cfafiu o pasopy-
xcnuu. Bohpoc ohpcncncnun pyminckou fcppufopuu in oncc
cnoxnim u fpconan oncc fmafcninoio honxona. Koncuno, Co-
ncfckuu Coks yncpxunan Icccapauk u Iykonuny, k kofopim no-
anunaci 3akaphafckan Ykpauna, hpunanncxanman no okfnpn
1J8 i. Hcxocnonakuu; fchcpi ona ina hcpcnana Concfam kak ia-
panfun nocfyha k cnonaukum nonunam
1
. Tcm nc mcncc, Iyminun
nosnpafuna ccc Tpancuninanuk, kofopyk ona ina ninyxncna
ycfyhufi n 14O i. Bcnipuu. Oiuno fcppufopuaninic cfafiu cnc-
nonanu sa nocnnimu u skonomuucckumu, sa ucknkucnucm onnoio
hapaipaqa: hpusnanuc sa CCCI hpana ncpxafi noucka na pymin-
1
3akaphafckan Ykpauna ofomna k Concfckomy Coksy ho noionopy mcxny
CCCI u Hcxocnonakucu of 25 uknn 145 i. 1pu+. pe0uiuuu.
64
ckou fcppufopuu, kofopic moinu ifi ncoxonumi nnn coxpanc-
nun kommynukauuu c concfckou sonou okkyhauuu n Ancfpuu.
Ocfananoci cmc honhucafi noionop c unnnnnucu, c homomik
kofopoio Concfi uacfuuno usmcnunu honoxcnuc, cnoxunmcccn n
14O i. Onu nosnpafunu ccc Kapcnuk, kofopyk hpucocnununu
panimc, u fcppufopuk k ccncpo-sahany of anoxckoio oscpa no
Biopia. Onu ofkasanuci of honyocfpona Xanko u ninynunu qun-
non cnafi um n apcnny honyocfpon Iopkkana-Ynn, a fakxc honocy
fcppufopuu n 1J km of Xcnicunku. Kpomc foio, onu hofpconanu
annckcuu soni Icfcamo, ufo hosnonnno CCCI umcfi nchocpcn-
cfncnnyk ipanuuy c Hopnciucu, a unnnnnuk numano nixona k
Ccncpnomy ncnonufomy okcany. Anannckuc ocfpona inu ncmunu-
fapusonani u, kak oiuno, noionop nohonnnnu nocnnic u skono-
muucckuc cfafiu.
Ionhucanuc mupnix noionopon snamcnonano coou sancpmcnuc
fpynnoio, no ncoxonumoio hpouccca. Ioufu nukfo us hocxncn-
nix nc in ynonncfnopcn fcm, ufo nonxcn in hnafufi cyponyk
ucny, no n cnnsu c pasncpnynmumucn ipannuosnimu coifunmu
oucni ckopo snauufcninan uacfi sfux noionopon yfpafuna cuny.
B ufoic onu numi hocfanunu fouky n cnoxunmcucn kapfunc mcxny-
naponnix ofnomcnuu, kofopan yxc nc coofncfcfnonana cocfonnuk
nouni unu nocnnou okkyhauuu. Mcxnynaponno-hpanonan nopma-
nusauun nonxna ina, kpomc foio, occhcuufi ncfyhncnuc hnfu
cfpan n Opianusauuk Otcnuncnnix Hauuu. Ho cfano oucnunno,
ufo nuckyccun o hnfu mupnix noionopax yxc osnamcnonanaci nos-
nukakmumu hpofunopcuunmu mcxny hocnufcnnmu. Onun ufani-
nnckuu nuhnomaf ofmcfun ofnocufcnino Tpuccfa: Chop ncncfcn
nc mcxny namu u Kiocnanucu, a mcxny Ioccucu, c onnou cfopo-
ni, u aninuuanamu u amcpukanuamu, c npyiou. Iocncnnuc yxc
nanno nananu honnfi, ufo namcpcni houfu na ofkpifiu paspin.
8.2.8. CHOPM O B.,.TEM FEPMAHUU
Hcnosmoxnocfi noionopuficn o conmccfnom yhpanncnuu Icp-
manucu cfana pcmakmum sncmcnfom paspina mcxny ucfipimn
ncpxanamu. Snfunckuc u Iofcnamckuc coinamcnun nc ucknkuanu
hponcmy pchapauuu, no pcanusauun ux nihnaf ina cnnsana c
nnymn naxnimu oipanuucnunmu: hcpnoc kacanoci nohpoca o xus-
ncnnix hofpcnocfnx ncmucn, a nfopoc fpconano yhpanncnun
skonomukou Icpmanuu kak cnunim ucnim. Ipu honxonc k icp-
manckomy nohpocy cncnonano n onimcu mcpc, ucm hpu pcmcnuu
hponcm npyiux cfpan, yuufinafi nocnniu achckf, cnnsanniu c
hpucyfcfnucm coksnuucckux okkyhauuonnix nouck na fcppufopuu
65O
inmcio npaxcckoio iocynapcfna. Bcc mupnic noionopi of 1O qcn-
pann 147 i. hpcnycmafpunanu ninon okkyhauuonnix nouck hocnc
ncfyhncnun n cuny pafuquuuponannix noionopon. Iponcma oc-
noxnnnaci fcm, ufo pcmcnuc ofnoxufi nuckyccuk ococnno hpo-
funopcuuno onsafcnicfny, o kofopom uacfo nahomunanu amcpu-
kanui, a umcnno o icfpom ninonc ux nouck us Inpohi, ufo
hpuncno i k nocnnomy hpcnocxoncfny Concfon na nccu icpman-
ckou fcppufopuu. Ofcyfcfnuc noionopcnnocfu mcxny cfpanamu-
hocnufcninuuamu ho sfomy nohpocy, onimc ucm ho kakomy-nuo
npyiomy, cfanonunoci ncc oncc oucnunnim. Icui mna nc foniko o
fpanuuuonnom packonc mcxny Concfamu u sahannimu ncpxanamu,
no fakxc u o samcfnom pacxoxncnuu nnyfpu sahannoio naicpn n
cnnsu c nccoinacucm unu hpofunoncucfnucm qpanuyson nkomy
pcmcnuk, kofopoc nohyckano unu ncnano nosmoxnim nospoxnc-
nuc Icpmanuu.
Hnauc ionopn, icpmanckuu nohpoc cfan ocnonnou apcnou opi-
i n Inpohc, hpu sfom ninnnnnaci choconocfi hocnufcncu pas-
paofafi omyk honufuky. Ho nccima icfpo onapyxunoci, ufo
fpynnocfu nocfuxcnun namcucnnix ucncu, cmc no npcmn nouni
mcmanmuc pcanusauuu coinaconannix pcmcnuu, safcm honncknu
sa coou nuo cxcnncnnic komhpomucci unu cfonknoncnun nnyf-
pu Konfponinoio concfa, nuo chopi o mcfonax yhpanncnun, kofo-
pix kaxnan ncpxana hpuncpxunanaci n coofncfcfnykmcu sonc.
cno n fom, ufo no nccx ucfipcx sonax unu no nccx sa ucknkuc-
nucm qpanuysckou okkyhauuonnic nocnnic u honufuucckuc
nnacfu uckanu nuskux ccc ho nyxy ncnfcncu, kofopim onu moinu
i noncpufi pachyfinanuc xufpochcfcnuu n honufuucckou u sko-
nomuucckou xusnu: of foio, kak cknaninanuci ofnomcnun mcxny
ucfipimn ncpxanamu, u sanuccno sfo pasnufuc.
Tak, Concfi ohupanuci hpcumymccfncnno na kommynucfon u
ncnix couuanucfon; aninuuckuc ncuopucfi inu cknonni co-
fpynnuuafi c couuan-ncmokpafamu, a amcpukanui hpcnhouufanu
cofpynnuuafi c naponno-kafonuucckou hapfucu u nucpanamu, nc
ofkasinanci fakxc u of konfakfon c couuan-ncmokpafamu; nanuuo
ina fcnncnuun cofpynnuuafi c nuskumu ho nsinnnam cunamu, no
sfo cmc nc ino xccfkum hpanunom. Iocnc csoionopounou kahu-
fynnuuu icpmanckoc iocynapcfno, n camom ncnc, hcpcxunano hcpu-
on pachana, u, kasanoci, nnyfpuhonufuucckuu hpouccc honnocfik
sanuccn of nonu okkyhauuonnix nnacfcu, f.c. of coofnomcnun ux
na mcxnynaponnou apcnc.
C sfou fouku spcnun pcsynifaf in concpmcnno pasouaponinak-
mum. Icnu amcpukanui u aninuuanc cfpcmunuci ocfopoxno noc-
cfanonufi cnnsykmuc fkanu mcxny coofncfcfnykmumu sonamu,
651
conknan pcmcnun, hpunnfic n Iofcnamc, fo qpanuysi oukofu-
ponanu nkic hocfanonncnun, kofopic nc yuufinanu ux hpockf
ofncncnun of Icpmanuu Caapa u Icunckou onacfu unu nc hpcnyc-
mafpunanu, ho kpauncu mcpc, unfcpnauuonanusauuk Iypa u kon-
fponi nan noccfanonncnucm hpousnoncfna n sfom pauonc.
Co cnocu cfoponi, Concfi ncmcnncnno hpucfyhunu k pcanusa-
uuu honufuku skonomuucckou fpancqopmauuu, cocfonnmcu nc
foniko n konquckauuu umymccfna nccx nauucfon, no fakxc n hpo-
ncncnuu aipapnou pcqopmi, kofopan pachpocfpanunaci houfu na
hononuny ccnickoxosnucfncnnix scmcni Bocfounou Icpmanuu, k
fomy xc ona hpcnycmafpunana konquckauuk nccu scmcninou co-
cfncnnocfu nnancniua, hpcnimakmcu 25O akpon, u cc hcpcpachpc-
ncncnuc mcxny mcnkumu cocfncnnukamu (hpunusufcnino 4O ak-
pon kaxnomy); sakpifuc nccx uacfnix ankon u nokuponanuc nccx
ankonckux cucfon uacfnix nuu; nauuonanusauuk onimcu uacfu
yucncnmux hpcnhpunfuu. Concfi, nc unqopmupyn coksnukon,
hpcnhpunnnu cucfcmafuucckuu ninos n CCCI us Icpmanuu n ka-
uccfnc nocnnix fpoqccn unu n cucf pchapauuu nccio foio, ufo yuc-
ncno hpcnhpunfuu, oopynonanun, cipin, sahuacfcu. Hx nknu
paofanu nchpcpinno ho cmcnam, ufoi honiofonufi k ninosy fo-
napi, cfoumocfi kofopix coksnuku oucnunanu n munnuapni nonna-
pon, no ofnocufcnino kofopix Concfi ofkasinanuci hpcnocfanufi
ofucfi.
Takum opasom, uncn yhpanncnun Icpmanucu kak cnunou skono-
muucckou cnunuucu ocfanaci na ymaic. Yxc no npcmn Mockonckoio
concmanun munucfpon unocfpannix ncn (nckapi 145) pacxoxnc-
nun o hpunuuhax yhpanncnun Icpmanucu hpuncnu k inyokum pas-
noinacunm. B nauanc 146 i. Iupnc csychcmno hifancn ycnufi
Iuno, munucfpa unocfpannix ncn panuuu, cmniuufi cio nchpck-
nonnyk hosuuuk. Haccncnuc Icpmanuu hocnc okonuanun nocnnix
ncucfnuu xuno n kpauncu nyxnc, a sahannic soni okkyhauuu
nonxni inu, kpomc foio, hpunnfi onimyk uacfi ncmcukoio na-
ccncnun, ninyxncnnoio hokunyfi Ipyccuk, Iomcpanuk unu Cu-
ncsuk, pauoni hcpcmcnmuc k Ionimc unu k CCCI (nc mcncc
8 mnn cxcnucn).
Konfponiniu concf foniko n konuc mapfa 146 i., houfu ion
chycfn hocnc okonuanun nouni, nouncn coinamcnun o yponnc
hpomimncnnoio hpousnoncfna n Icpmanuu. 28 mapfa ino ohy-
nukonano coinamcnuc, n kofopom sa ocnonnou unnckc noccfanon-
ncnun icpmanckoio hpousnoncfna ina hpunnfa nihnanka cfanu.
Yponcni hpousnoncfna cfanu nnn hpomimncnnocfu Icpmanuu yc-
fanannunancn n 7,5 mnn fonn, us nux 5,8 mnn fonn hpcnnasnaua-
noci nnn nnyfpcnncio hofpcncnun, a ocfaninoc nnn hocfanok
652
n cucf pchapauuu. Ho oucni ckopo cfano ncno, ufo sfof yponcni
hpousnoncfna in nuxc hofpcnocfcu Icpmanuu nnn occhcucnun
hpcnycmofpcnnoio n Iofcnamc camonocfafounoio pasnufun skono-
muku. Bohpoc o yponnc hpousnoncfna cfan niopom mcxny nuo
ofnomcnunmu ncnukux ncpxan, nuo mcxny hocncnnumu u ncmua-
mu, hofomy ufo kaxnan us okkyhauuonnix ncpxan hpuchocanuna-
naci k usmcncnunm, kofopic cuufana honcsnimu unu ncoxonu-
mimu nnn cocfncnnix unfcpccon unu nnn sanocnanun honncpxku
naccncnun, c fpynom nknkuanmciocn n cnoonnyk honufuucckyk
xusni.
Iasnufuc cufyauuu n Icpmanuu ncnoxmoxno ino ofncnufi o
omcu kapfuni nsaumocnnscu mcxny ncnukumu ncpxanamu, oncc
foio honoxcnuc n Icpmanuu okasanoci onnum us nomunupykmux
achckfon ux ofnomcnuu. Ionopof, nauafiu n mapfc 146 i., ofpa-
suncn u na Icpmanuu. Iinu ninnncni ocnonnic nohpoci: mcfoni,
uchonisonannic Concfamu nnn honyucnun pchapauuu, kofopic, kak
onu honaianu, hpunanncxanu um; coofnomcnuc mcxny sfumu mc-
fonamu u onsafcnicfnom coksnukon hcpcnafi uacfi ocfanmuxcn n
Icpmanuu hpcnhpunfuu Concfckomy Coksy; hponcma yponnn xus-
nu ncmucn; no, hpcxnc nccio, ncoxonumo ino ninnufi, nosmox-
no unu ncf ohpcncnufi omyk skonomuucckyk honufuky. B fo
npcmn kak n skonomuucckom hnanc amcpukanui u aninuuanc pc-
munu hpuocfanonufi ncmonfax hpcnhpunfuu, hpcnycmofpcnniu
coinamcnunmu 145 i., ioccckpcfapi Iupnc sannncn fcm, ucmy oiu-
no nc yncnnnoci nocfounoio nnumanun honiofonkou honufuucc-
koio coinamcnun ho Icpmanuu. Ono okasanoci camou naxnou ho-
hifkou, concpmcnnou amcpukanuamu nnn noccosnanun omcio
knumafa onimoio coksa ho icpmanckomy nohpocy, nccmofpn na
fo, ufo n hpockf ino nknkucno honoxcnuc, panukanino mcnnnmcc
noionopcnnocfu o ninonc amcpukanckux nouck c Inpohcuckoio
konfuncnfa, cnna sfo cfancf nosmoxnim hocnc honhucanun mup-
nix noionopon c inmumu hpofunnukamu.
Ipockf Iupnca in nc pcsynifafom umhponusauuu, sanyman-
nou nnn ocnancnun pacfymcio nahpnxcnun u cmniucnun hosuuuu
Concfon, a cncncfnucm fmafcninou honiofonku, k kofopou c konua
ncfa 145 i. amcpukanckuu ioccckpcfapi hpunnck hpcsuncnfa Tpy-
msna, cio hpanufcnicfno u amcpukanckuc honufuucckuc cuni. Iina
hpounqopmuponana fakxc pcchynukanckan ohhosuuun, kofopou
pykononun n sfo npcmn ccnafop Apfyp Banncncpi, hpcncfannnn-
muu camoc unfcpnauuonanucfckoc kpino hapfuu, n hpofunoncc
usonnuuonucfam hon pykononcfnom Iocpfa Taqfa.
Hncn Iupnca hpcnycmafpunana, n hcpnyk oucpcni, icfpoc
honhucanuc mupnoio noionopa c Icpmanucu, k ncmy hpucocnunnnoci
65J
hpcnnoxcnuc noionopa o iapanfunx ncmunufapusauuu Icpmanuu
ucfipcx okkyhauuonnix ncpxan, kofopiu hpcncfannnn i coou
nccomiu honufuucckuu uncfpymcnf, onanakmuu nocfafounou cu-
nou, ufoi honanufi nkyk hohifky nospoxncnun aipcccunnou
honufuku co cfoponi Icpmanuu. Ipockf hpcnycmafpunan, ufo
hpanufcnicfna ucfipcx okkyhauuonnix ncpxan nonxni coxpanufi
n Icpmanuu konfunicnfi unchckuuonnix cun, choconic hpcnof-
npafufi pckonncpcuk nkoio nocnnoio hpousnoncfna. oionop
fakxc ohpcncnnn hpoucnypnic nopmi, coinacno kofopim moxno
ino i hofpconafi of icpmanckoio hpanufcnicfna nihonncnun
hpcntnnncnnix fpconanuu, u coxpannn sa ucfipimn ncpxanamu
hpano hpumcnnfi nkic mcpi, hpusnannic ncoxonumimu nnn
occhcucnun sqqckfunnocfu ykasannix iapanfuu. Kpomc foio,
ncfyhncnuc n cuny mcp, hpcnycmafpunacmix noionopom, nc ino
cnnsano c onsafcninim coinacucm nccx ucfipcx iapanfon, fak kak
hpockf ucfko qopmynuponan, ufo pcmcnun moiyf hpunumaficn
onimuncfnom c fcm, ufoi homcmafi komy-nuo us yuacfnukon
nokuponafi, kak nahucan n cnoux mcmyapax Iupnc, conmccf-
nic ncucfnun.
Ycnunmuci n nanuuuu ncoxonumou nnyfpcnncu honncpxku,
Iupnc n qcnpanc 146 i. osnakomun c fckcfom cnocio hpcnnoxcnun
saunfcpcconannic cfoponi: Mockna, Iapux u onnon honyuunu
kohuu hpockfa noionopa, kofopiu on paspaofan. Icnun u Iuno
ofpcaiuponanu icfpo u hosufunno, oucnun naxnoc hpcnnoxcnuc
kak ocnony nnn nuckyccuu. Monofon cnauana nikasan cncpxannoc
ofnomcnuc, safcm, no npcmn onnou us hapuxckux ccccuu Concfa
munucfpon unocfpannix ncn, 28 ahpcnn, nipasun cnou hcpnic ccpi-
csnic comncnun u nicfyhun c kpufukou hpcnnoxcnun kak coina-
mcnun, naucncnnoio na fo, ufoi ofcpouufi honnoc pasopyxcnuc
Icpmanuu. On nc nan nnno ofpuuafcninoio ofncfa, no hpocun kak
moxno nyumc onymafi nohpoc.
Icsynifafi hocncnykmux pasmimncnuu inu oinamcni Mo-
nofonim no npcmn uknicko-uknickou (146 i.) ccccuu Concfa mu-
nucfpon unocfpannix ncn. On concpmcnno ncoocnonanno pac-
kpufukonan hpokf noionopa, hpcnnoxcnniu Iupncom. Ipcxnc,
ucm ionopufi o cosnanuu icpmanckoio hpanufcnicfna, ufo ino
nknkucno n iapanfuu ho hpockfy Iupnca, ino i ncoxonumo,
cuufan on, occhcuufi honyucnuc Concfckum Coksom cio nonu
pchapauuu, f.c. 1O mnpn nonnapon. ancc cncnonano oionopufi co-
ofncfcfnykmuc iapanfuu, ufo i cosnanacmoc icpmanckoc hpanu-
fcnicfno ino nocfafouno ofncfcfncnnim u nocfafouno ncmo-
kpafuucckum sfoio moxno ino i nouficn, hpcnycmofpcn
hpononxcnuc pcxuma okkyhauuu.
654
Kpomc foio, Monofon pachpocfpanun sannncnuc, n kofopom ocfpo
honcmusuponan c coksnukamu, onunnn ux n kapafcninou honufu-
kc hpofun ncmcukoio napona, a cam nicfyhun n ponu cfoponnuka
nospoxncnun icpmanckoio iocynapcfna, of kofopoio, nc hpucian k
hncucuufy, ncnosmoxno ofncnufi kakyk-nuo uacfi fcppufopuu,
nknkuan Iyp, kofopiu nonxcn in ocfaficn ncmcukum, xofn i u
hon konfponcm coksnukon. On kpufukonan hpockfi cosnanun icp-
manckoio iocynapcfna na qcncpafunnou ocnonc u yfncpxnan, ufo
honhucanuc c num mupnoio noionopa ino i nosmoxno foniko
ucpcs nckofopiu uchifafcniniu cpok, hpusnanniu hokasafi cho-
conocfi icpmanckoio hpanufcnicfna uckopcnufi qamusm u ni-
honnnfi cnou mcxnynaponnic onsafcnicfna; hpu sfom on hpo-
spauno namckan na nihnafi ho pchapauunm.
3annncnuc nc ofncpiano hpnmo hpcnnoxcnuc Iupnca, no ofo-
nnuian nafy honhucanun mupnoio noionopa, hpcnhonaiano fakxc
ofkas of noionopa o iapanfunx. pyiumu cnonamu, ono ofncpiano
hpcnnoxcnuc, hpcnycmafpunakmcc amcpukanckuc onsafcnicfna n
Inpohc n kauccfnc iapanfuu hpofun nospoxncnun ohacnocfu co
cfoponi icpmanckoio iocynapcfna. Hmcnno sfof hynkf nyumc ncc-
io pastncnnn hpuuuni cncpxannocfu Concfon u homoian honnfi
pcaninoc snaucnuc hpcnnoxcnun Iupnca. Ipockf Iupnca o cosna-
nuu nocnnou cuni kak hocfonnnou iapanfuu hpofun nospoxncnun
ncmcukou ohacnocfu, ocnoninancn na ofkasc of fpanuuuonnou
amcpukanckou ycfanonku usonuponaficn of Inpohi. Hahpofun, on
nipaxan namcpcnuc amcpukanucn coxpanufi kak moxno nonimc
cnoc yuacfuc n honncpxanuu cnpohcuckoio pannonccun nhnofi no
nchocpcncfncnnoio hpucyfcfnun amcpukanckux nouck na Inpohcu-
ckom konfuncnfc n mupnoc npcmn.
Hncn, hpcnnoxcnnan ioccckpcfapcm occnik 145 i., honpasymc-
nana houck komhpomucca c Concfamu (kak cnyuunoci hosxc na conc-
manuu n Mocknc); sfo usmcncnuc hosuuuu Bamunifona nc moxcf
cpasy u anfomafuuccku pacucnunaficn kak nipaxcnuc honopofa k
anfuconcfckomy kypcy. Bosmoxno umcnno fakum hyfcm amcpukan-
ui namcpcnanuci cmniuufi osaoucnnocfi qpanuyson, hofomy ufo
ho cymccfny noionop numi nochpousnonun iapanfuu, yxc nannic
panuuu n 11 i. u safcm yfpafunmuc cuny n cnnsu c nccocfonn-
mcucn pafuqukauucu Bcpcanickoio noionopa co cfoponi ccnafa
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Hc cnyuauno Iupnc in osaoucn, cmoxcf
nu on honyuufi ncoxonumyk nnyxhapfuunyk honncpxky cnocio
hpockfa. Mcxny fcm, c fcucnucm npcmcnu, ucfopuucckuu xapak-
fcp iapanfuu, hpcnnoxcnnix hpcxnc nccio qpanuysam, cfan mcncc
oucnunnim n cnnsu c nosnuknoncnucm concfcko-amcpukanckux
hpofunopcuuu u hocnc nicfyhncnuu Cfanuna, Iupnca u Hcpuunnn
655
n qcnpancmapfc 146 i. Moxno c yncpcnnocfik ckasafi, ufo xa-
pakfcp iapanfuu, hpcnnoxcnnix ioccckpcfapcm, usmcnun nahpan-
ncnnocfi u honufuucckoc snaucnuc n konfckcfc snonkuuu mcxny-
naponnou ocfanonku. cfom 146 i. Monofon cmoi hpouccfi fam
fo, ufo u hpcnhonaian naufu. B camom ncnc, iapanfuu hpcnpafunuci
us cpcncfna hpcononcnun cohpofunncnun qpanuyson n uncfpymcnf
usmcncnun honufuku Cocnuncnnix Ufafon ho ofnomcnuk k Icp-
manuu.
Iosnncc Iupnc hucan o cnocu yncpcnnocfu, ufo Concfi nc xc-
nanu iapanfuu, hofomy ufo nc xofcnu amcpukanckoio hpucyfcfnun
n Inpohc. Xofn Cfanun naioxcnafcnino ofnocuncn k coxpancnuk
cnuncfna Icpmanuu, no ycnonucm ocymccfnncnun cio samicna non-
xcn in cfafi xccfkuu honufuucckuu konfponi co cfoponi Concfon
nan nccu fcppufopucu Icpmanuu. Ipcnnoxcnuc Iupnca ninnunyno
na hcpniu hnan hponcmy nospoxncnun Icpmanuu hpu nchocpcn-
cfncnnou honncpxkc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, u kak cncncfnuc sfo-
io, pckoncfpykuuu Inpohi, inc amcpukanckoc hpucyfcfnuc, naxc n
nocnnom ofnomcnuu, cfano i cmc oncc snauufcninim, ucm Co-
ncfi moinu ccc hpcncfanufi.
Onnako n uknc 146 i. namcfunmuucn hpouccc nc cfan cmc
ncopafumim, u unoc ofnomcnuc Concfon moino i hpunafi cuni
fcm, kfo n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax n fof momcnf hpofununcn usmc-
ncnuk honufuucckoio kypca. Ofoio nc cnyuunoci, hockoniky sann-
fan foina Monofonim hosuuun anfomafuuccku ncna k omcny nsa-
umnimu onuncnunmu. Icncpan ikmuyc Kncu, amcpukanckuu
hpcncfanufcni n Coksnom konfponinom concfc, u cio concfnuk
nuhnomaf Iocpf Mspqu, pcmufcnino ofpocun hpcninymuc hpo-
ckfi noionopa, honiofonunu nnn Iupnca nonoc hpcnnoxcnuc, co-
ncpxanuc kofopoio on noncn no hynuku na cncnykmuu ncni hocnc
nicfyhncnun Monofona. Ho hpcxnc ioccckpcfapi sapyuuncn hon-
ncpxkou nnyx amcpukanckux ccnafopon ccnafopa-ncmokpafa
Konncnnu u pcchynukanua Banncncpia, kofopic n sfu nnu inu
n Iapuxc.
B cymnocfu, noniu hpockf Iupnca nccn: n oxunanuu coinamc-
nun ucfipcx cfanonunoci ncnosmoxno hpononxafi hpcxnkk ho-
nufuky. Okonomuucckan cufyauun Icpmanuu ina fakonou, ufo
fpconana cpounoio nmcmafcnicfna, hosfomy Cocnuncnnic Ufafi
hpcnnoxunu npyium okkyhauuonnim ncpxanam, kofopic pcmunu
hpucocnunuficn k ux unuuuafunc, coinacuficn na conmccfnoc yh-
panncnuc coofncfcfnykmumu sonamu okkyhauuu. Ha hpakfukc sfo
osnauano ofkas, naxc fcopcfuucckuu, of hpunuuha coxpancnun
skonomuucckoio cnuncfna nccu Icpmanuu, ocfanmciocn numi na
ymaic, u samcny cio hpunuuhom otcnuncnun fcx okkyhauuonnix
656
son, kofopimu moina yhpannnfi conmccfnan anmunucfpauun. Io-
noxufcninoio ofncfa Concfon xnafi nc hpuxonunoci; qpanuysi
fakxc nc cospcnu nnn hpunnfun pcmcnun hononou snauumocfu.
Icnun, nahpofun, nc koncnnci, sannun, ufo pufanckoc hpanu-
fcnicfno iofono hpunnfi amcpukanckyk unck cosnanun Iuso-
nuu. Ho c foio momcnfa nkic concfckuc hnani ofnocufcnino
ynymcio Icpmanuu (fak xc kak ncc qpanuysckuc hnani) nonxni
inu ifi hcpccmofpcni, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi cfanu akfunno
hponnuiafi cnok unck otcnuncnun fpcx sahannix son Icpmanuu,
offccnun na nfopou hnan ncoxonumocfi coinaconanuc hononou
pcopianusauuu c Concfckum Coksom.
B fo npcmn kak amcpukanui u aninuuanc ocyxnanu c honufu-
ucckumu hpcncfanufcnnmu coofncfcfnykmux son okkyhauuu hnani
ux cnunnun, ncmcukuu xpucfuanckuu ncmokpaf Konpan Ancnaysp
nipasun um cnok honnyk honncpxky. Ipcnnapufcnino on ycnun-
cn n fom, ufo pufanckuc nocnnic nnacfu namcpcnanuci cosnafi
3cmnk, f.c. nonoc anmunucfpafunnoc otcnuncnuc, kofopoc nknk-
uano i nck ccncpnyk uacfi Icunckou onacfu u Bccfqanuk, a
sfo qakfuuccku numano qpanuyson nancxni na konfponi nan Iy-
pom. B fo xc npcmn ncnymuu hpcncfanufcni couuan-ncmokpafon
Kypf Uymaxcp cknonnncn k mcncc panukaninim mcfonam pcmcnun
hponcmi.
Bicfyhun 6 ccnfnpn 146 i. n Ufyfiapfc, Iupnc sannun o no-
nix amcpukanckux onsafcnicfnax n ofnomcnuu Icpmanuu (u nccu
Inpohi). Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, ckasan ioccckpcfapi, coxpannkf
ncpnocfi pcmcnunm, hpunnfim n Iofcnamc o skonomuucckom
cnuncfnc Icpmanuu, no n nacfonmuu momcnf sfu pcmcnun ncni-
honnumi, u n cnnsu c sfum ncnosmoxno nospoxncnuc icpmanckoio
hpousnoncfna, cfoni ncoxonumoio nnn nocfuxcnun hpucmncmoio
yponnn xusnu. Iockoniky honnoc skonomuucckoc otcnuncnuc
Icpmanuu n nannou cufyauuu okasanoci ncnosmoxnim, ncoxonu-
mo hpuchocouficn u nounaficn makcumanino nosmoxnoio, fo
ccfi nauafi c otcnuncnun fcx son pufanckou u amcpukanc-
kou, kofopic iofoni k cnunnuk. K ncucfnunm n sfom nahpan-
ncnuu honfankunanu fakxc qunanconic u nankfnic hofpcnocfu:
oman qunanconan honufuka xapakfcpusonanaci ianohupykmcu
unqnnuucu, a hofomy ococnno ocfpim okasancn nohpoc o hponc-
ncnuu panukaninou ncncxnou pcqopmi. 3afcm Iupnc noanun sa-
mcuanuc, kofopoc umcno naxnic hocncncfnun: B fo npcmn, kak
Icpmanun nonxna ifi iofona honcnuficn cnoumu pccypcamu yinn
u cfanu c nyxnakmumucn n nux cfpanamu ocnooxncnnou Inpo-
hi, ncoxonumo cosnafi ycnonun, hosnonnkmuc cu camou uchoni-
sonafi cocfncnnyk sncpiuk u pccypci, ncoxonumic nnn pocfa
cc hpomimncnnoio hpousnoncfna.
657
Ofoio nacfonfcnino fpconanu sanauu cnpohcuckou pckoncfpyk-
uuu: Icpmanun nnnnnaci uacfik Inpohi, u pckoncfpykuun nccu
Inpohi cs Icpmanuu ocymccfnnnnaci i oncc mcnncnno. Iupnc
safponyn fakxc honufuucckuc achckfi icpmanckou hponcmi. On
hocfanun hon nohpoc ipanuuy c Ionimcu u ofmcfun honumanuc
Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu foio, ufo Iyp nonxcn ocfaficn uacfik
Icpmanuu; on paccyxnan c nckofopou nahimcnnocfik o pasnuuuu
mcxny ncmcukum naponom u nauusmom u noanun, ufo chycfn ion
hocnc nouni nacfyhun momcnf nnn ucfkoio niopa: cncnycf hpcno-
cfanufi ncmuam nosmoxnocfi camoyhpanncnun.
Kasanoci, sfo hpofunopcuuf hpucyfcfnuk amcpukanckux nouck
na icpmanckou fcppufopuu, kofopoc amcpukanui cfapanuci cncnafi
naumcncc opcmcnufcninim, no n ofcyfcfnuc mupnoio noionopa c
Icpmanucu nohpoc ncnisn ino pcmufi unauc. Cocnuncnnic Ufa-
fi hpcnnaianu, ufoi cio honhucanuc hpousomno n ucfko ohpcnc-
ncnnic cpoku, no, kak honcnun ioccckpcfapi, sfo okasanoci ncnos-
moxno, hosfomy honnunaci ncoxonumocfi hpcnhpunnfi onnocfo-
ponnuc unuuuafuni: Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nc moiyf onciuufi
cfpananun, nancccnnic Icpmanuu nounou, kofopyk pasnnsanu cc
nuncpi. Ho Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nc namcpcni nukoum opasom
nu yncnuuunafi sfu cfpananun, nu hpchnfcfnonafi ncmuam uckafi
cnou nixon us sfoio fnxkoio cocfonnun hpu ycnonuu, ufo onu ynyf
conknafi hpunuuhi cnooni u cncnonafi ho hyfu mupa. Amcpu-
kanckoc hpanufcnicfno namcpcno ncpnyfi ncmcukomy napony hpa-
nufcnicfno Icpmanuu. Amcpukanckuu napon namcpcn homoui nc-
mcukomy napony ncpnyfi cmy nocfounoc mccfo n mcxnynaponnom
conpyxccfnc cnoonnix u mupnix iocynapcfn.
Icui mna o xccfkom ofncfc, ucnik kofopoio ino namcpcnuc
otnnufi o honnunnom usmcncnuu coksnuucckou opucnfauuu
unu, ho kpauncu mcpc, o naxnom honufuucckom honopofc. Ipu
sfom ocfananaci nckan nosmoxnocfi nnn comncnuu, nnnncfcn nu
pcui Iupnca ncnim hponnncnucm okonuafcnino cncnannoio niopa.
H ncucfnufcnino, 12 ccnfnpn munucfp fopionnu anmunucfpauuu
Tpymsna u skc nuuc-hpcsuncnf Iysncnifa, Icnpu Yonncc, nicfy-
hun c pcuik, kofopan honyuuna mupokuu honufuucckuu pcsonanc;
on kpufukonan Iupnca u xccfkuu anfuconcfckuu kypc. Hckofopoc
npcmn chycfn cfano usnccfno, ufo fckcf pcuu in hpocmofpcn u
onopcn Tpymsnom sfo sacfanuno comncnaficn n hocncnonafcni-
nocfu hpcsuncnfckou honufuku. Iupnc hocfanun cnocio pona noh-
poc o noncpuu, u, xofn mncnuc Yonncca honyuuno ohpcncncnnyk
honncpxky n amcpukanckom honufuucckom mupc (nahpumcp, nnoni
Iysncnifa Onconopi), Tpymsn sannun, ufo on hochcmun onopufi
fckcf, kofopiu cam cnna ychcn hpocmofpcfi, no ycfanonku kofopo-
658
io nc hpucmncf; n fo xc npcmn on pasncnncf konuchuuu, kofopic
Iupnc usnaian n Ufyfiapfc. Yonncc honan n ofcfanky u ymcn us
hpanufcnicfna, ncnoniuc pasnoinacun icfpo ccn ucucphanu. Oc-
fancn foniko ofsnyk pasnuunix fonkonanuu, fo ccfi fcni comnc-
nun, ynfo Tpymsn xofcn ocfanufi sa coou sahacnou nixon na
cnyuau nononino manoncponfniu ufo pcakuun na pcui n
Ufyfiapfc yncf honnocfik nciafunnou.
Bicfyhncnuc Iupnca ino numi hcpnim hynuunim sannnc-
nucm o usmcncnuu kypca, kofopoc nispcnano n fcucnuc ncckoni-
kux mccnucn. 3a sfo npcmn usyuanoci cio snaucnuc u hocncncfnun,
honopof kypca paccmafpunancn kak anifcpnafuna coinamcnuk uc-
fipcx u hpockfy iapanfuu, paspaofannix ioccckpcfapcm n pc-
synifafc on nipaxan koncu ohpcncncnnou qasi amcpukanckou
nncmncu honufuku u nauano hcpcmcn.
Bncmnum hponnncnucm sfoio honopofa cfano honhucanuc 12 nc-
kapn 146 i. noionopa, kofopiu hpuncn k honnomy otcnuncnuk
pufanckou u amcpukanckou son n Icpmanuu, cosnanuk anino-
amcpukanckou Iusonuu u k pacmupcnuk nosmoxnocfcu icpman-
ckou honufuucckou xusnu. Hmcnuci u nnyfpcnnuc achckfi honio-
fonku coofncfcfnykmux kpyion n CUA u Inpohc k unuuuafunam,
kofopic hpanufcnicfno Cocnuncnnix Ufafon pcmufcnino hpcn-
hpunnno hocnc nasnaucnun n nauanc nnnapn 147 i. na hocf ioc-
cckpcfapn icncpana xopnxa K. Mapmanna. Mapmann in ncfcpa-
nom ncynanmcucn muccuu n Kufau, nahpanncnnou na cncpxunanuc
unu snumunuponanuc kommynucfuucckux cun. Hfak, on hpunnn na
ccn onsannocfu ioccckpcfapn, sapancc honiofonunmuci k sfou
ponu u xopomo honuman kpusucnyk cufyauuk, cnoxunmykcn kak
n Inpohc, fak u n Asuu.
8.3. Honopoi amepwxancxow notwiwxw n Enpone
8.3.1. HPE,HOCMLKU HOBOPOTA
Imc no nasnaucnun Mapmanna na hocf iocynapcfncnnoio cck-
pcfapn amcpukanckan nuhnomafun nicfyhuna c ccpucu unuuuafun,
nahpanncnnix na okasanuc homomu n hponcncnuu pckoncfpykuuu
u na ykpchncnuc hosuuuu anfukommynucfuucckux hapfuu n cfpanax
3ahannou Inpohi, na kofopic nc pachpocfpannncn nchocpcncfncn-
niu konfponi Kpacnou apmuu. Icui uncf o akuunx, hpcnhpunu-
manmuxcn nacfoniko fonko, ufo ux ncnosmoxno pckoncfpyuponafi
ananufuucckum hyfcm. Ococnno naxni inu honufuucckuc ncu-
cfnun, nahpanncnnic na ymcnimcnuc nnunnun kommynucfuucckux
unu ncno-couuanucfuucckux hapfuu n 3ahannou Inpohc, a fakxc na
65
cofpynnuuccfno co nccmu npyiumu honufuucckumu qopmuponanun-
mu, yuacfnonanmumu n cnpohcuckux hpanufcnicfnax. Inannan co-
cfannnkman hocncnocnnoio nacncnun saknkuanaci n yuacfuu hpcn-
cfanufcncu kommynucfuucckux hapfuu n hpanufcnicfnax kpyhncu-
mux cnpohcuckux cfpan: panuuu, Hfanuu, Icniiuu, Hopnciuu.
Ionopof CUA no nncmncu honufukc in naucncn na chnoucnuc
nccx konccpnafunnix cun: ypxyasnix, pcqopmucfcko-ncmokpafu-
ucckux, a fakxc fcx, kfo nicfyhan sa pckoncfpykuuk snoponix
skonomuucckux cucfcm, cnnsannix c pinounou skonomukou. Ica-
nusonafi sanymanniu amcpukanuamu honopof okasanoci nononino
fpynnim, naxc ncocymccfnumim ncnom, hoka kommynucfi yua-
cfnonanu n hpanufcnicfnax fcx cfpan, o pasnufuu kofopix saofu-
nuci amcpukanui. nn ychcmnou pcanusauuu nanincumux honu-
fuucckux unuuuafun nchpcmcnnim ycnonucm cfano usmcncnuc
hpanufcnicfncnnix koanuuuu. Tpynno ionopufi o hpockfc, paspa-
ofannom n fumu kauncfon; amcpukanuam, nahpofun, ckopcc cnc-
nonano sanymaficn o cio pcanusauuu n honufuucckou hpakfukc,
hockoniky onu nc moinu nc yuufinafi pcaninocfu, u ncnanu ncc
nosmoxnoc, nai sacfanufi anfukommynucfuucckuc cuni 3ahan-
nou Inpohi hpcononcfi koncanun u hpunnfi amcpukanckyk unu-
uuafuny honufuucckux hcpcmcn n ymcp anfuqamucfckomy coksy
c mccfnimu kommynucfuucckumu hapfunmu.
C occnu 146 i., koina inu sanoxcni ocnoni sfoio hpouccca,
ho mau 147 i., koina on sancpmuncn, n 3ahannou Inpohc u qakfu-
uccku n icpmanckou Iusonuu ina honiofonncna houna nnn sqqck-
funnoio nsaumoncucfnun c nonim kypcom amcpukanckou honufuku.
Onnonpcmcnno, c konua 146 i. no ccpcnuni 147 i., usmcncnun
hpoucxonunu u n Inpohc, naxonunmcucn hon concfckum nnunnucm:
no nccx cfpanax, sa ucknkucnucm Hcxocnonakuu, concpmuncn icf-
piu hcpcxon of hnkpanusma, uacfo hokasnoio, cymccfnonanmcio n
hcpnic hocncnocnnic mccnui, k ofkpifomy iochoncfny kommynu-
cfon. Toniko n Bcnipuu cufyauun ocfananaci ncusmcnnou oncc
nnufcninoc npcmn nhnofi no niopon 24 uknn 147 i., na kofopix
hocny oncpxan Hauuonaniniu qponf. Onnako kommynucfuucckan
hapfun ina nc n cocfonnuu ocymccfnufi honniu konfponi (kak
sfo ino n nokax u qponfax npyiux cfpan) no uknn 148 i.,
koina hocncnnuu hpcncfanufcni hnkpanucfuucckoio pcxuma, hpc-
suncnf pcchynuku 3. Tuninu, in ninyxncn yufu n ofcfanky.
Cmcnunmuu Iupnca na hocfy iocynapcfncnnoio cckpcfapn
CUA Mapmann okasancn ncnfcncm, mcncc sanucumim of honufu-
ucckoio okpyxcnun (Mapmann in nauaninukom Icncpaninoio
mfaa amcpukanckou apmuu no npcmn nouni u honisonancn honu-
fuucckum anfopufcfom u nicokum hpccfuxcm, kofopic nukfo nc
66O
moi ochopufi). Iofomy on sncpiuuno pacuuman hyfi nnn oncc
ohcpafunnoio hpunnfun pcmcnuu.
3ancpmcnuc hcpcionopon o mupnix noionopax c manimu ncp-
xanamu u nnnan ncnosmoxnocfi icfpoio saknkucnun noionopa c
Icpmanucu co nccu oucnunnocfik hponcmoncfpuponanu, ufo cufya-
uun upcnafa puckom. Concfi nc namcpcnanuci cuufafi okonuafcni-
nou nunuk, hponcncnnyk n pcsynifafc nouni, fo ccfi ipanuui
coofncfcfnykmux son nocnnou okkyhauuu fo, ufo Hcpuunni
npko ohpcncnun kak xcncsniu sanancc. Onu cfpcmunuci pacmu-
pufi ho hcpumcfpy cnok cucfcmy csohacnocfu u cnoc nnunnuc no
nccu Icpmanuu, a fakxc n nkom npyiom pciuonc mupa, inc onu
moinu sfo cncnafi cs ocooio pucka. Hmcnno fak n Bamunifonc
pacucnunancn ofkas of noionopa ucfipcx ncpxan o iapanfunx, co-
ncfckan honufuka n Kopcc u ncucfnun kommynucfon n Kufac. Hna-
uc ionopn, icpmanckuu kpusuc hocnyxun cnocio pona ncfonafopom
nnn ucnou ccpuu ohacnix cufyauuu, hockoniky on kacancn cfpa-
ni, kofopan icohonufuuccku nomunuponana n Inpohc. Hc ino
ncoxonumocfu n ncmcnncnnou u nchocpcncfncnnou pcakuuu amc-
pukanucn n Icpmanuu. Amcpukanckan honufuka ina honufukou
muponoio macmfaa, u amcpukanui moinu sannufi o ccc n nkom
mccfc, inc onu hocuufanu i sfo cnocnpcmcnnim u ncoxonumim.
B ocnonc cmcni CUA honufuucckoio kypca, hpcnpafunmcu
nuhnomafuucckuu konqnukf c Concfckum Coksom n ofkpifoc ho-
nufuucckoc, unconoiuucckoc u skonomuucckoc cfonknoncnuc, houfu
n nouny, no n nouny cs hpumcncnun opyxun, ino naxnoc honufu-
ko-cfpafciuucckoc pcmcnuc, nchocpcncfncnno ohupanmcccn na kon-
uchuuu, cqopmuponanmuccn n koncunou qasc Bfopou muponou nou-
ni u n hcpnic mccnui hocnc nouni. Hancxna na muponyk, n ucnom
nsaumocnnsannyk, cucfcmy cmcnunaci pcaninocfik pasncncnun
mupa na nna naicpn. aicpi, n kofopom nomunuponan cfanunckuu
Concfckuu Coks, cfpcmuncn k honufuucckou nnacfu, nnn kofopou
ino xapakfcpno ncucfomumoc fniofcnuc k konconunauuu, csohac-
nocfu u nccomncnno k skchancuu. Ipononxafi nixunafcnino pc-
aiuponafi na cknaninanmykcn cufyauuk nnn amcpukanckoio honu-
fuucckoio ucfsnummcnfa c nccni 146 i. ino ncnosmoxno. Ho
komhnckc hpuuun, ohucannix na hpcninymux cfpanuuax, otnc-
nncf, houcmy ncncn sa ncnim ananusom nc hocncnonan ncmcnncnno
fncpniu ofncf.
B konuc 146 i. sfof hcpuon nixunanun u ocmicncnun sancp-
muncn, nauunancn noniu sfah. Mnoiuc pacucnunanu sfof noniu
sfah, fo ccfi nauano honufuku cncpxunanun, kak nipaxcnuc aipcc-
cunnou honufuku. B ncucfnufcninocfu kak nc inu nchpcmcnno
aipcccunnimu, a foniko skchancuonucfckumu, concfckuc namcpc-
661
nun, founo fak xc nc in aipcccunnim hnan fcx, kfo cfpcmuncn
nsnfi na ccn ofncfcfncnnocfi nochpchnfcfnonafi paspymcnuk
cnoonnoio mupa, ocfanonufi pacmupcnuc cqcpi, naxonunmcucn
hon konfponcm Concfon. Ofo hpuncno k fomy, ufo ynuncpcanucf-
ckuc konuchuuu inu samcncni uacfnou konuchuucu ona ka-
canaci numi onnoio naicpn; naicpn, kofopiu yhpomcnno in oh-
pcncncn kak sahanniu, xofn sfo ohpcncncnuc nc umccf nukakoio
icoipaquucckoio cmicna. Hcoxonumo ino konconunuponafi sa-
hanniu naicpi no nccm mnoioopasuu cio honufuucckux u skono-
muucckux qopm (no umcnno sfo mnoioopasuc ino xusncnno
naxnou xapakfcpucfukou hnkpanusma), ufoi uscxafi cio kpy-
mcnun, kofopoc nannuianoci us Icpmanuu, Ccncpnou Ipcuuu, a
fakxc us Hfanuu, inc ncycfouuunan cufyauun moina concucfnonafi
pachpocfpancnuk kpusuca na nck cucfcmy pinounou skonomuku.
Hapnis Ioncn, onun us amcpukanckux nuhnomafon-skchcpfon
ho concfckou hponcmafukc u onun us inannix hpofunnukon pas-
pina c hpanufcnicfnom Mockni, namcn naxnyk u nccfnmyk
qopmynuponky, n kofopou hpoananusuponan nonyk cufyauuk:
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nonxni onnancfi muponou cufyauucu, ko-
fopan concpmcnno ofnuuacfcn of fcx iuhofcs, na ocnonc kofopix
in cqopmynuponan amcpukanckuu niop. Iocnc nouni mcxny
ncnukumu ncpxanamu nmccfo cnuncfna, kak honufuucckoio, fak u
skonomuucckoio, nosnukno honncumcc pacxoxncnuc mcxny Concf-
ckum Coksom c cio cafcnnufamu, c onnou cfoponi, u ocfaninim
mupom, c npyiou. Kopouc, opasonanuci nna mupa nmccfo onnoio
cnunoio. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, cfonknynmuci c sfum nchpunfnim
qakfom, moiyf inyoko coxancfi o ncm, no panu ux cocfncnnix
unfcpccon u panu ux csohacnocfu, a fakxc panu csohacnocfu nc-
concfckoio mupa, nonxni hcpccmofpcfi cnou honufuucckuc ucnu...
oiuka cufyauuu sacfannncf ncconcfckuu mup, uchonisyn ncc cpcn-
cfna, kofopimu on pachonaiacf, fccno otcnunuficn honufuuccku,
skonomuuccku, n qunanconom u nocnnom ofnomcnuu c fcm, ufoi
cymcfi sqqckfunno hpofunocfonfi concfckomy nafucky. Toniko
fakum opasom cnoonniu u ncconcfckuu mup moxcf nancnficn
nixufi n ycnonunx ucnfpanusonannix u csxanocfnix ncucfnuu
concfckoio mupa.
Hfak, cncnonano cpouno ncucfnonafi, hofomy ufo ohacnocfi
nochpunumanaci kak ncuscxnan, u ncucfnonafi cncnonano c pac-
ucfom na nnufcniniu hcpuon, kak u hpcnhonaian Kcnnan. Haua-
naci paofa ho konconunauuu sahannoio mupa, na ufo fpcona-
nuci mnoiuc ioni, u kofopan moina sancpmuficn foniko, koina
nnyfpu cucfcmi pcaninoio couuanusma nosnuknu hpofunopcuun,
yipoxanmuc cmy c momcnfa nosnuknoncnun.
662
C 145 i. hpanufcnicfna Iapuxa u onnona ocyxnanu nos-
moxnocfi honhucafi noionop o nnycfoponnux iapanfunx, kofopiu
n nauanc hcpcionopon umcn anfuicpmanckyk nahpanncnnocfi u
onsafcnicfno o nsaumnom cofpynnuuccfnc, ufo hpcnofnpafuno i
nosnpaf k hocfonnnim nonocnnim fpcnunm. C fcucnucm npcmcnu
xapakfcp ocyxnacmoio nohpoca usmcnuncn. Icpmanckan hponcma
nc moina nc ifi nknkucna n omcm nunc n ofnomcnun c Concf-
ckum Coksom. Cncnycf ofmcfufi, ufo koina 4 mapfa 147 i. pan-
uun u Bcnukopufanun honhucanu knkcpkckuu noionop, f.c.
noionop o nsaumnix iapanfunx hpofun nospoxncnun icpmanckou
yiposi, cymnocfi nsnfix umu na ccn onsafcnicfn opcna kak no-
nyk qopmy, fak u concpxanuc. Co cfoponi qpanuyson sfof in
choco nknkuuficn n hpcncfonmuc hcpcmcni n amcpukanckou ho-
nufukc. Coinamcnuc, saknkucnnoc n nckapc 146 i. o cosnanuu
Iusonuu, honucpkunano ocooc usonuponannoc honoxcnuc qpan-
uyson n sahannom mupc n cnnsu c hponcmou Icpmanuu. nn ani-
nuuan u nnn Icnuna, n uacfnocfu, knkcpkckuu noionop umcn
cymccfncnnoc snaucnuc, on pacucnunancn kak kpacyioniniu ka-
mcni nonioxnannoio sahannocnpohcuckoio otcnuncnun n yc-
nonunx, koina nc ino coinacun o ucfipcxcfoponnux iapanfunx,
hpcnnoxcnnix Iupncom. B fakom cnyuac nnycfoponnuu noionop
hpcncfannnn coou sfah oncc omupnoio hpouccca u nmccfc c fcm
cnuncfcnicfnonan o fom, ufo ccnu nnc kpyhncumuc cfpani 3ahannou
Inpohi opucnfupykfcn na cofpynnuuccfno, fo ux csohacnocfi
snauufcninim opasom ykpchufcn.
B sfou cufyauuu hpcsuncnf I. Tpymsn 12 mapfa 147 i. usnoxun
cnok nokfpuny n konipcccc na otcnuncnnom saccnanuu hanaf.
Ofo ino hcpnoc foxccfncnno cqopmynuponannoc sannncnuc o
cmcnc kypca, sfo in cuinan nnn fcx, kfo oxunan okonuanun konc-
anuu amcpukanucn. Ionopof amcpukanckou honufuku ofnocuncn
foniko k nnym kpusucnim pciuonam Ipcuuu u Typuuu; kpomc
foio, nokfpuna ina cnnsana c ocoou qunanconou cufyauucu,
cnoxunmcucn n sfu mccnui n Bcnukopufanuu. Ofof oipanuucn-
niu kpyi nohpocon nc mcnnn, fcm nc mcncc, inoaninoio snaucnun
cncnannoio sannncnun.
8.3.2. AMEPUKAHCKUU KPE,UT
U BPUTAHCKUU !UHAHCOBMU KPUBUC
Cufyauun c Ipcuuu nncsahno ocnoxnunaci n cnnsu c ncoxunan-
nim sannncnucm o fom, ufo pufanckoc hpanufcnicfno hcpcxunacf
qunanconic fpynnocfu, kofopic ninyxnakf cio nc foniko hpuoc-
fanonufi konncpfupycmocfi qynfa cfcpnunion, no fakxc npcmcnno
66J
hpckpafufi homomi Ipcuuu u ninccfu pufanckuc noucka (no
21 qcnpann 147 i.). Hauanmuucn fakum opasom kpufuucckuu sfah
sacnyxunacf nnumafcninoio paccmofpcnun kak hapanuima ucnoio
pnna ananoiuunix cufyauuu n ynymcm, umcnmux mccfo n pasnix
uacfnx mupa. Ipu sfom ninnunuci usmcncnun nnyfpu anino-amcpu-
kanckou koanuuuu, a fakxc nonan poni, ofninc ofncncnnan Cocnu-
ncnnim Ufafam n Bocfounom Cpcnuscmnomopic, a safcm u n mupc.
Ipufanckuu qunanconiu kpusuc, nosmoxno, ncckoniko us-
numnc npamafusuponanniu aninuuanamu, ufoi nananufi na
amcpukanucn u yckopufi ux nmcmafcnicfno, cfan snakonim mo-
mcnfom n usmcncnuu ofnomcnuu mcxny cnpohcuckumu cfpanamu u
Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu. C okonuanucm nouni u hocnc hpuocfa-
nonncnun ncucfnun sakona o ncnn-nusc cnpohcuckuc cfpani hcp-
nimu nonxni inu cfpcmuficn noccfanonufi cocfncnnyk skono-
muky, ocnoninanci ho hpcumymccfny na cocfncnnix pccypcax
unu na ncpciynnpnou homomu, hpcnocfannncmou mcxnynaponnimu
opianusauunmu, fuha KHIIA (Opianusauun ho okasanuk homo-
mu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu), qunancupycmimu houfu ucknkuu-
fcnino Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu. Ofo kacanoci Hfanuu, sahannix
son Icpmanuu, Ionimu u npyiux manix cfpan, no, hpcxnc nccio,
ofnocunoci k panuuu u Bcnukopufanuu, kofopic cfpcmunuci
noccfanonufi (panuun) unu coxpanufi (Bcnukopufanun) ycfou-
uuniu konfponi nan cucfcmamu cnoux hpcqcpcnuuu.
B sfom hnanc camim hoyuufcninim okasancn pufanckuu ka-
syc. cuopucfi hocnc hpuxona k nnacfu nauanu ocymccfnnnfi ho-
nufuky couuaninoio iocynapcfna, fo ccfi cucfcmi couuaninoio
occhcucnun of konicnu no moiuni, kofopan hpusnana ina
homoui nauoncc cnnim cnonm pufanckoio omccfna hpofu-
nocfonfi cyponim npcmcnam. Hcoxonumocfi nahpanufi pccypci
na pcqopmucfckyk hpoipammy hocfanuna n fpynnoc honoxcnuc
pufanckyk cucfcmy hpousnoncfna n hcpuon hcpcxona of nocnnou
skonomuku k skonomukc mupa. Aninuuckan hpomimncnnocfi uc-
hifinana ocfpyk hofpcnocfi n oopynonanuu, cipic, snckfpo-
nnuiafcnnx u n npyiux cpcncfnax hpousnoncfna, fpcykmux unncc-
fuuuu. 3akyhufi ncc sfo oopynonanuc moxno ino foina foniko
na cnuncfncnnom pinkc, choconom cio hocfanufi, fo ccfi n Co-
cnuncnnix Ufafax. 3akyhka sfux fonapon fpconana nonnapon, ko-
fopix y aninuuan nc ino, no, hpcnnunn sfy cufyauuk, aninuuanc
cfpcmunuci pasnoifi ux, u cmc no okonuanun nouni nauanu
honiofonky nnycfoponncio noionopa ho honony honyucnun oipom-
noio amcpukanckoio sauma.
Ccpicsnic hcpcionopi nauanuci n ccnfnpc 145 i., safcm
inu hpononxcni c aninuuckou cfoponi nopnom Kcuncom u sa-
664
ncpmunuci n nckapc foio xc iona coinamcnucm o hpcnocfanncnuu
sauma na J mnpn 75O mnn nonnapon, kofopoc ino pafuquuupona-
no ccnafom Cocnuncnnix Ufafon 1O man 146 i. (chycfn 2O nncu
hocnc cmcpfu Kcunca). Ho yxc n camom coinamcnuu concpxanuci
hpcnhocinku kpusuca 147 i., a n oncc omcu qopmc, moxno cka-
safi, ufo ono ofpasuno hcpcxon amcpukanckou skonomuucckou ho-
nufuku of unnksuu inoanusma k pcaninocfu nnycfoponnux oco-
ix ofnomcnuu unu k ofnomcnunm c pasnuunimu pciuonamu
mupa, cknonnimu hpunnfi ycnonun amcpukanckou homomu. Icpcn
Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, ncncncfnuc ncncnocfcu coinamcnuu n
Ipcffon Byncc (nosmoxno nu ino hpunafi um ncucfnufcnino ncc-
mupniu xapakfcp) cfonna hponcma nahonnufi konkpcfnim co-
ncpxanucm onsafcnicfna, nconnokpafno snyuanmuc no npcmn nou-
ni, o ncoxonumocfu concucfnonafi cnoonc fopionnu.
cnfcninocfi aninuuan, nccmofpn na onsafcnicfna, cnnsannic
c mupoko usnccfnou cf. 7 nnycfoponncio coinamcnun o hpumcnc-
nuu sakona o ncnn-nusc, hpuopcna hpofunopcuuniu xapakfcp.
Cfcpnunionan sona, kofopan cnnsinana cfpani Ipufanckoio Co-
npyxccfna, fcpnna cnok hpcxnkk nancxnocfi u cfanonunaci ys-
kum mccfom pufanckou honufuku, ufo ino nccima samcfno n
cpanncnuu c fopionou cucfcmou, cknaninanmcucn hon siunou Co-
cnuncnnix Ufafon. Topionic coinamcnun, honhucannic CCCI c
onimcu uacfik Iankanckux cfpan, u yfpafa unnksuu ofnocufcni-
no nosmoxnocfu honyucnun Concfckum Coksom amcpukanckoio
sauma hokasanu, ufo fopionan skchancun n sfom nahpanncnuu nc
umccf hcpchckfuni. Iosfomy coinamcnuc c Bcnukopufanucu
hpuopcfano nnn amcpukanucn ucnnocfi hapanuimi. Onun us nc-
nymux yuacfnukon qunanconix hcpcionopon foio npcmcnu Yuninm
Kncufon yfncpxnan, ufo cs pufanckou cucfcmi umhcpckux hpc-
qcpcnuuu mnoiocfoponnuc cnnsu iochoncfnonanu i na 8J' mu-
ponou fcppufopuu, oxnafinanu i 87' naccncnun u nknkuanu i
5' muponou fopionnu (Kufau, pasymccfcn, paccmafpunancn foina
kak uacfi cucfcmi), hosfomy anino-amcpukanckoc coinamcnuc
nonxno ino ohpcncnufi ynymcc nahpanncnuc muponou fopio-
nou honufuku. Ioniman uacfi amcpukanucn cuufana, ufo cncnona-
no i concucfnonafi aninuuanam n paspcmcnuu ux qunanconix
fpynnocfcu hpu ycnonuu, ufo camu aninuuanc coinacnfcn konncp-
fuponafi qynfi cfcpnunion nccio Ipufanckoio Conpyxccfna n
nonnapi, u sfo nuknunupycf inannoc hpchnfcfnuc k nospoxncnuk
muponou fopionnu.
Takono ino ycnonuc hpcnocfanncnun sauma. onnonckoc hpa-
nufcnicfno hpunnno ycnonuc cncnafi qynf cfcpnunion konncpfupyc-
mim n fcucnuc iona. Ho fo, ufo kasanoci uucfo opianusauuonnou
665
mcpou, n ncucfnufcninocfu cfano maiom, hpcnncmanmum ofkas an-
inuuan of honnoio konfponn nan cocfncnnou skonomukou u, o-
ncc foio, nan skonomukou Ipufanckoio Conpyxccfna. Konfponi nan
konncpfupycmocfik qynfa cnyxun uncfpymcnfom cncpxunanun
fopionoio ncquuufa n ofnomcnuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u samufi
pinka fpyna of yiposi ncqnnuuu (fo ccfi, niupan mcxny cokpa-
mcnucm umhopfa us Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u cnuxcnucm nnyfpcn-
nux pacxonon, ncuopucfckoc hpanufcnicfno nipano hcpniu hyfi,
pachpcncnnn konncpfupycmic qynfi cfcpnunion fak, ufoi oipa-
nuuufi hpufok amcpukanckux fonapon ho nuskum ucnam). Konncp-
fupycmocfi ohpokunyna sfy hpcipany, hofomy ufo ofkpina pinok
Bcnukopufanuu u Ipufanckoio Conpyxccfna nnn amcpukanckux
fonapon, ninynun ncuopucfckoc hpanufcnicfno oipanuuufi pacxoni.
Ofa mcpa umcna kafacfpoquucckuc hocncncfnun nnn Bcnuko-
pufanuu, cc choconocfu coxpanufi Cufu kak ucnfp qunanconix
u fonapnix pinkon, kofopic pachonaianu cnoonnimu nonnapamu
u moinu hcpchpannnfi ux n CUA. Kak u hpcnnuncn Kcunc, ani-
nuuanam hpumnoci sahnafufi nicokyk ucny, no nc ino unou
anifcpnafuni, kpomc fou, ufo uspanu Concfi, ocymccfnnnnmuc
pckoncfpykuuk ho cfanunckum kpufcpunm, xcpfnyn fonapamu mu-
pokoio hofpcncnun. 3acm nonxcn in i cmniuufi ynap, nanc-
ccnniu Bcnukopufanuu ofkpifucm cc pinkon. H ncucfnufcnino,
hocncncfnun sfux cfpykfypnix hcpcmcn inu fakoni, ufo ninynu-
nu onnonckoc hpanufcnicfno hpunnfi cpounic mcpi. Yxc n konuc
146 i. pufanckuu ananc ho nunumim cfafinm hnafcxcu hpcn-
cfannnn ncnochonnncmiu ncquuuf kak n cuny kontknkfypnix hpu-
uun, fak u ho nonc ncuopucfckoio hpanufcnicfna, nc xcnanmcio
fnxcnou sumou 146147 ii. ypcsafi coofncfcfnykmuc cfafiu
knxcfa, occhcuunanmuc cycunuu na hponononicfncnnic fonapi
u couuaninic ycnyiu. Hmcnno, ufoi canancuponafi sfy cufya-
uuk, pufanckoc hpanufcnicfno ninyxncno ino n fcucnuc nc-
ckonikux ncncni hpuocfanonufi konncpfupycmocfi (u foniko chycfn
11 ncf sfo hocfanonncnuc ino ofmcncno). Ipcxnc nccio, cncnona-
no cokpafufi nncmnuc, nc cfoni ncoxonumic onsafcnicfna, kak,
nahpumcp, pacxoni na concpxanuc pufanckux nouck n Ipcuuu.
Icmcnuc, otnnncnnoc 21 qcnpann, ino cncncfnucm skonomu-
ucckou kontknkfypi, nchpcnycmofpcnnou u ncoxunannou. Oko-
nomuucckan cufyauun hcpchncfanaci c honufuucckum honoxcnu-
cm, kofopoc cfanonunoci kpufuucckum. Ipufanckoc hpanufcnicfno
cckpcfno unqopmuponano amcpukanckoc, ufo ono hocnc mapfa
onimc nc n cocfonnuu hpononxafi mounusauuk pccypcon nnn
honncpxku ipcucckoio hpanufcnicfna, no hpu sfom noannnno, ufo
cs coofncfcfnykmcu honncpxku c amcpukanckou cfoponi Ipcuun
666
icfpo hohancf hon konfponi kommynucfon, hocncncfnun kofopoio
ncnosmoxno hpcnyianafi n ofnomcnuu nccu cufyauuu n Bocfounom
Cpcnuscmnomopic.
8.3.3. ,OKTPUHA TP.MOHA
B konuc 144 i. Ipcuun ina honnocfik ocnooxncna of nc-
mcukou okkyhauuu. Ipufanckuc noucka noccfanonunu koponcnckoc
hpanufcnicfno u homoinu cmy n nckapc foio xc iona honanufi
noccfanuc, honnnfoc kommynucfamu u ncnimu cunamu n Aqunax.
Ipyhhi hapfusan, yuacfnonanmuc n Cohpofunncnuu, ofkasanuci
cnafi opyxuc u ymnu n iopi na ccncpnou ipanuuc c Ananucu u
Kiocnanucu. nn ipcucckoio hpanufcnicfna sfo ina fpynnan cu-
fyauun, kofopyk ono nc moino hpcononcfi n cuny cocfncnnou
cnaocfu u ncncncfnuc cuninoio nnunnun na ncio pcqopmucfckux
sncmcnfon. Hcchoconoc camocfonfcnino niufu us fnxcnou cufya-
uuu, hpanufcnicfno Iahannpcy ninyxncno ino honafi n ofcfanky.
Bmcmafcnicfno coksnukon u nanncnuc Hcpuunnn chococfnonanu
nasnaucnuk pcicnfa n nuuc apxuchuckoha amackunoca, inani
hpanocnannou ipcucckou ucpknu, u qopmuponanuk hpanufcnicfna
Inacfupaca. B nauanc 145 i. ncucfnun hapfusan cfanu mcncc ak-
funnimu, ufo, onnako, nc hpuncno k kakomy-nuo sqqckfunnomy
hpumupcnuk. Ipanufcnicfno onunnnu n fom, ufo ono ncpxufcn
foniko naionapn hpucyfcfnuk pufanckux cun, u Concfi xccfko
kpufukonanu aninuuan sa coxpancnuc na fcppufopuu Ipcuuu ok-
kyhauuonnou apmuu, xofn ona ina onnou us cfpan, kofopic noc-
nanu na cfoponc koanuuuu hocnufcncu.
B sfou nahpnxcnnou cufyauuu c uacfou cmcnou hpanufcni-
cfncnnix kauncfon, J1 mapfa cocfonnuci hcpnic hapnamcnfckuc
niopi, na kofopix hocnuna hpanan naponnan hapfun, no inanc c
Koncfanfunom Hannapucom. Chycfn ncckoniko nahpnxcnnix nc-
ncni, on cqopmuponan hpanufcnicfno, inannou ucnik kofopoio
ino hponccfu pcqcpcnnym o iocynapcfncnnom ycfpoucfnc Ipcuuu.
Ofof pcqcpcnnym nc safpaiunan ocfpic skonomuucckuc u honufu-
ucckuc hponcmi cfpani, pasopcnnou nounou: n ufoic cmc oncc
pcsko hponnunuci hpofunopcuun mcxny pasnuunimu honufuuccku-
mu cunamu.
1 ccnfnpn cocfonncn nonioxnanniu pcqcpcnnym, onimun-
cfno na kofopom honyuunu monapxucfi, kofopic hnanuponanu
nosnpamcnuc k nnacfu koponn Icopiuoca II, nccmofpn na komhpo-
mcfupykmcc cio cofpynnuuccfno c nonocnnimu nukfafopckumu
pcxumamu. Bcpnynmuci na ponuny us nonnonckou smuipauuu, ko-
poni cfan quiypou hpufnxcnun nnn fcx, kfo ofcfaunan xccfkyk
667
pchpcccunnyk honufuky. cmokpafuucckuc honufuucckuc cuni
ofkasinanuci cofpynnuuafi c hpanufcnicfnom, kofopoc foina cmc
nosinannnn Hannapuc, u hcpcmnu n ohhosuuuk.
cnic ofncfunu hcpcxonom k hapfusanckou nounc, oncc foio
k nacfonmcu ipaxnanckou nounc, icfpo pachpocfpanunmcucn c
iop na onimyk uacfi ipcucckou fcppufopuu. Iasncpnynmuccn
hapfusanckuc ncucfnun, kak nincnuna chcuuaninan komuccun, ho-
cnannan ho ipcucckomy sahpocy Opianusauucu Otcnuncnnix Ha-
uuu, nchocpcncfncnno honncpxunanuci ananuamu, oniapamu u,
hpcxnc nccio, kiocnanamu. Ionoxcnuc ino cfoni cnoxnim, ufo
hpanufcnicfno Aqun moino yncpxunafi cufyauuk foniko naionapn
skonomuucckou homomu pufanucn u hpucyfcfnuk na ipcucckou
fcppufopuu okono 4O OOO aninuuckux connaf. Opamcnun n Opia-
nusauuk Otcnuncnnix Hauuu ocfananuci cspcsynifafnimu n
cnnsu c fcm, ufo Concfi uchonisonanu hpano ncfo. B Ipcuuu cno-
xunaci ncycfouuunan cufyauun: cuni hapfusan pasncnunuci na nnc
ipyhhi (OAM u OAC) u nc moinu hocnufi, a hpanufcnicfno
Aqun okasanoci ncchoconim yncpxaficn cs nncmncu honncpxku.
Ipufanckuu qunanconiu kpusuc u hponcmi qopmuponanun
mcxnynaponnou cucfcmi hcpchncnuci kasanoci ncoxunanno, no
nc conccm. B sfof onun us nauoncc kpufuucckux momcnfon mup
naxonuncn y ucfokon xononnou nouni. Hcoxonumo ino honnfi,
ohpannano nu cchokoucfno aninuuan u nackoniko honcsno, cnoc-
npcmcnno u nosmoxno nmcmafcnicfno amcpukanucn nmcmafcni-
cfno nc moino ifi pcsynifafom fmafcninoio hnanuponanun, ono
nonxno ino ifi nncsahnim u hpcncnino icfpim, hockoniky
ucfckan cpok, ykasanniu aninuuanamu. Mapmanny hpumnoci sncci
nhcpnic uchifafi noniu kypc, kofopiu amcpukanckan nncmnnn
honufuka cfana hpononufi hon cio pykononcfnom. Ho onsafcni-
cfna Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n sfom pciuonc mupa, cfoni nanno us-
nccfnom oiunim amcpukanckum ipaxnanam, nocunu xapakfcp
honnunnou pcnonkuuu nnn namunifonckoio hpanufcnicfna, hofomy
ufo ono nonxno ino samumafi cufyauuk, kofopyk moxno ino
hpusnafi nc nhonnc coofncfcfnykmcu ncmokpafuucckum hpunuu-
ham, u nicfyhufi hpofun cfpafciuucckoio hpofunnuka, ohacnocfi
kofopoio ocosnananu nc ncc cnou amcpukanckoio omccfna.
Ipouccc usmcncnun cfpafciuu iocynapcfncnnoio nchapfamcnfa
sancpmuncn nanno. Ocnonnoc hpchnfcfnuc na hyfu cio sakpchnc-
nun ino cnnsano c ncoxonumocfik qopmaninou noionopcnnocfu
c Concfamu o saknkucnuu mupnix noionopon, ono ino hpcononc-
no c ux honhucanucm 1O qcnpann 147 i. Ho ncnkan unuuuafuna n
sfom nahpanncnuu okasinanaci nahpacnou u nc ncfpcuana honuma-
nun, hoka nc cfana akfunnou paofa ho mounusauuu omccfncnnoio
668
mncnun, ufoi hpoynufi omymcnuc ohacnocfu. Icnu ynanoci i
nnymufi omymcnuc ncmunycmou yiposi co cfoponi concfckux
kommynucfon, fo unuuuafuna honyuuna i honncpxky, ncoxonu-
myk nnn foio, ufoi ohpcncncnnic amcpukanckuc kpyiu ofkasa-
nuci of cnoux ncousonnuuonucfckux hosuuuu u nknkuunuci i n
hpcnhpunfun nocfafouno mupokoio macmfaa, kofopic hoynunu
i Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nhcpnic akfunno ciipafi poni nccmup-
noio xannapma c hpumcncnucm cuni.
Hcoxonumo ino hocnafi momniu cuinan n sfom nahpannc-
nuu. H n camom ncnc, ncnymuc ncnfcnu amcpukanckou honufuku
yxc n fcucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn iofonunu ocymccfnncnuc sfoio
honopofa. Honan amcpukanckan honufuka cfanuna cnocu ucnik
usonnuuk Concfckoio Coksa u cfpcmunaci honcpnyfi k cofpyn-
nuuccfny c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu nc foniko ncnymuc cfpani
Inpohi, no fakxc unfcipuponafi fy uacfi mcxnynaponnou sko-
nomuucckou cucfcmi, kofopyk pcanino moxno ino chnofufi
nokpyi omcio, hycfi nccima icfcpoicnnoio, hpockfa, n kauccfnc
anifcpnafuni nnno ncynanmumcn inoaninim samicnam. B cnnsu c
sfum hpcncfannnnoci cnocnpcmcnnim u naxc ncoxonumim cnc-
nafi cuninoc sannncnuc o usmcncnuu amcpukanckou honufuku:
cfoni cuninoc, ufoi cio honnnu u Concfi, kofopix yxc cuufanu
hpofunnukamu, c kofopimu cncnonano opoficn c ofkpifim sa-
panom, u cnpohcuui, kofopix pacucnunanu kak onsafcninix yua-
cfnukon ynymcu honufuku cncpxunanun, panu ucio paofanu
amcpukanckuc honufuucckuc ncnfcnu u nuhnomafi. B sfom cmicnc
cufyauun n Ipcuuu u Typuuu moina hocnyxufi hononom u honxo-
nnmum momcnfom, ufoi hpunafi mcxnynaponnoc snyuanuc hono-
pofy n amcpukanckou honufukc.
Mcxny Mapmannom, samccfufcncm iocynapcfncnnoio cckpcfapn
Aucconom, amcpukanckumu nuhnomafamu, sanumakmumucn Inux-
num u Cpcnnum Bocfokom, ncnymumu hpcncfanufcnnmu ccnafckou
komuccuu ho nncmncu honufukc, cpcnu kofopix inu pcchynu-
kancu Banncncpi u ncmokpaf Konnsnnu, pasncpnynuci nuxopa-
nounic chopi. Auccon sncpiuuno ofcfaunan fcmy kommynucfuucc-
kou yiposi nccmy Cpcnuscmnomopik, ofmcuan hpu sfom ohacnocfi
ychcxa kommynucfon n Ipcuuu unu konfponn co cfoponi CCCI
nan apnancnnamu. Hcnosmoxno ino ohpcncnufi cfchcni kommy-
nucfuucckou yiposi nnn Ipcuuu, no ino mnoio ocnonanuu n cnn-
su c hcpcmcnamu n coccnnux Iankanckux cfpanax ohacaficn u naxc
hpcnnuncfi, ufo hpanufcnicfno Aqun ncfyhacf n hcpuon inyokoio
kpusuca, a sfo moxcf ofkpifi nncpu kommynucfam. Hccomncnno,
ufo y fypcukoio hpanufcnicfna in onimuu sahac hpounocfu kak
n nocnnom, fak u n nuhnomafuucckom ofnomcnuu nnn okasanun co-
66
hpofunncnun concfckomy nanncnuk; onnako hpcncfannnncn nccima
naiohpunfniu cnyuau, ufoi nnoni yfncpnufi nonocnnyk kon-
uchuuk, kofopan ofpuuana sa Concfamu kakoc-nuo hpano na nmc-
mafcnicfno n pciuonc Cpcnuscmnomopin.
Takona ina ocfanonka n mupc no npcmn honiofonku pcuu, ko-
fopyk Tpymsn hpousncc 12 mapfa 147 i. na conmccfnom saccnanuu
hanaf konipccca u kofopan safcm cfana usnccfna kak nokfpuna
Tpymsna. Mnoiuc, smouuonanino oucnunan sfof nokymcnf, nuncnu
n ncm nauano xononnou nouni, no n ncucfnufcninocfu Tpymsn n
cnocm nicfyhncnuu numi oquuuanino otnnnnn, ufo amcpukanui
ncnakf hcpnoc hpcnyhpcxncnuc Mocknc. Ipcsuncnf opafuncn n
konipccc c hpociou hpcnocfanufi 4OO mnn nonnapon nnn okasanun
homomu Typuuu u Ipcuuu na hcpuon no uknn 148 i. Ipckam cnc-
nonano hpcnocfanufi cpounyk homomi hponykfamu hufanun, pas-
nuunic nuni skonomuucckou homomu, a fakxc noopyxcnuc nnn
skuhuponku apmuu, cpaxanmcucn c hapfusanamu-kommynucfamu c
ucnik noccfanonufi konfponi nan fcppufopucu nccu cfpani; ho-
momi Typuuu nonxna ina ifi hpcnocfanncna n ucnnx coxpanc-
nun ucnocfnocfu fcppufopuu cfpani, ufo ino naxno nnn coxpa-
ncnun hopnnka na Cpcnncm Bocfokc.
Ipcsuncnf hpunan cnocmy nicfyhncnuk fuhuuniu xapakfcp
fopxccfncnnix hocnanuu, kofopic hcpuonuuccku namcuanu ofno-
mcnuc CUA k nncmnchonufuucckum nohpocam, ohpcncnnnu o-
muu kpyi hponcm, xapakfcpusonanu ncusmcnnic hosuuuu u hpo-
ucxonnmuc hcpcmcni. Iocnanuc hpcncfannnno coou nipaxcnuc
inoaninoio onsafcnicfna, kofopoc panu na ccn amcpukanui.
B ncm ohpcncnnnuci ucnu nncmncu honufuku Cocnuncnnix Ufa-
fon; onu saknkuanuci n cosnanuu ycnonuu xusnu, cnoonnix of
hpunyxncnun, hpononunoci ucfkoc pasnuuuc mcxny mupom ncmo-
kpafuu 3ahana u kommynucfuucckou cucfcmou. Cymccfnykf nna
inyoko pasnuunix opasa xusnu: Ccionnn ionopun Tpymsn,
houfu ncc iocynapcfna nonxni nipafi mcxny anifcpnafunnimu
opasamu xusnu, no nc nccina niop ocymccfnnncfcn cnoonno:
Onun opas xusnu ocnoninacfcn na nonc onimuncfna u nnn ncio
xapakfcpni cnoonnic uncfufyfi, hpcncfanufcninoc hpanufcni-
cfno, cnoonnic niopi, iapanfuu nuunou cnooni, cnoona cno-
na u pcnuiuu, cnoona of honufuucckoio yincfcnun. pyiou opas
xusnu ocnoninacfcn na nonc mcnimuncfna, cunou nannsannou
onimuncfny. On ohupacfcn na fcppop u yincfcnuc, na konfponu-
pycmyk hcuafi, na niopi, pcsynifafi kofopix hpcnohpcncncni,
u na honanncnuc nuunix cnoon.
Ionufuka Cocnuncnnix Ufafon nonxna ina ifi fakou,
ufoi samufufi ncmokpafuucckuc pcxumi u homoiafi cnoonnim
67O
naponam camum nipafi cnok cyniy, homomi nonxna ifi sko-
nomuucckou u qunanconou. Icnu cnoona niopa naxonufcn hon
yiposou, fo ncoxonumo nmcmaficn n coofncfcfnuu c hpunuuhamu
Ycfana Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu, kofopic sahpcmakf
aipcccuk unu honufuucckoc honuuncnuc kocncnnim hyfcm. Io-
sfomy, homoian cnoonnim naponam hpofunocfonfi of yipoxak-
mcu um ohacnocfu, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi foniko cncnykf hpunuu-
ham OOH. Icui sakanuunanaci nicokohapnim oopofom: Ccmcna
fofanufapusma hpopacfakf n numcfc u nyxnc. Onu pachpocfpann-
kfcn u nipacfakf na ckncpnou hounc cnnocfu u konqnukfon.
Onu nocfuiakf cnocio makcumaninoio pasnufun, koina napon yfpa-
uunacf nancxni na nyumyk xusni. Mi nonxni honncpxunafi sfy
nancxny. Cnoonnic naponi mupa cmofpnf na nac n nancxnc nau-
fu ohopy u samufy cnoux cnoon. Icnu y nac nosnukncf koncanuc
n namcu ncnymcu ponu, fo mi hocfanum hon yiposy mup no nccm
mupc u, koncuno, honncpincm ohacnocfu naiohonyuuc namcio
iocynapcfna. Oipomnan ofncfcfncnnocfi nosnoxcna na nac icfpo
fckymum npcmcncm. S ncpk, ufo konipccc chnoucnno hpumcf sfy
ofncfcfncnnocfi.
B sfou ocfanonkc Tpymsn hpcnnoxun hpockf sakona, kofopiu
hosnonnn cmy nahpanufi homomi Ipcuuu u Typuuu. Ha ocnonc
pcuu Tpymsna 22 man konipccc onopun, nc cs ohhosuuuu, cnn-
sannou kak c cohpofunncnucm usonnuuonucfon u nucpanon, fak u
n cnnsu c nospaxcnunmu fcx amcpukanckux honufukon, kofopic
cuufanu oncc ccpicsnou u sacnyxunakmcu ncmcnncnnoio nnuma-
nun cufyauuk n Kufac, kpafkuu fckcf sakona, n fpcficm hapaipaqc
kofopoio ionopunoci, ufo iocynapcfncnnan ucnocfnocfi u nixuna-
nuc sfux iocynapcfn (f.c. Ipcuuu u Typuuu) naxni nnn csohacnoc-
fu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u nccx naponon, hpuncpxcnnix mupy u
sanucnmux of hpcnocfanncnun homomu, pancc hpcnycmofpcnnou.
Takum opasom, ina ocymccfnncna naxnan ohcpauun: konuch-
uun csohacnocfu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, cqopmynuponannan n
182J i. n nokfpunc Monpo paspaofannan nnn 3ahannoio honyma-
pun, ina pachpocfpancna na Bocfounoc Cpcnuscmnomopic. Kasyc
c ofkasom Bcnukopufanuu okasafi honncpxky Ipcuuu hpcnocfa-
nun Cocnuncnnim Ufafam nosmoxnocfi nhcpnic yfncpnufi fckcf
sakona, sakpchnnkmuu inoaninoc pacmupcnuc ux onsafcnicfn.
Ho, kak humcf Icpcpf cuc, yfncpxncnun Tpymsna osnauanu
ofkas of nsinnna na otcnuncnnoc coomccfno mupnix iocynapcfn
kak ocnonannoc na pasnuuakmuxcn couuaninix cucfcmax u unco-
noiunx u fcm nc mcncc, hosnonnkmcc cymccfnonafi omccfnam
npyioio fuha. o sfoio momcnfa konuchuun packona mupa na hpo-
funohonoxnic naicpn hpunanncxana cfanunusmy; ninc Tpymsn
671
cncnan sfy konuchuuk cnocu u sannun, ufo kommynusm nano ncp-
xafi hon konfponcm u cpaxaficn hpofun ncio. Ofo hpuncno k oc-
fpomy u inyokomy konqnukfy, hpuuuni kofopoio inu ncnocfa-
founo ncni.
B camom ncnc, nc ina pastncncna cnnsi mcxny hpunuuhamu,
hponosinamcnnimu n pcuu hpcsuncnfa, u ncucfnufcninim honoxc-
nucm n Ipcuuu u n Typuuu. Cam Cfanun, kak cfano usnccfno, nc
hpunan onimoio snaucnun nicfyhncnuk hpcsuncnfa, hofomy ufo
honuman, kak humcf Macfni, ufo ono nc ofnocunoci k fou uacfu
Inpohi, kofopan naxonunaci hon konfponcm CCCI. H ncucfnu-
fcnino, ccnu cymnocfi nokfpuni Tpymsna otncnnfi oquuuaninimu
sannncnunmu hpcsuncnfa, fo ux oipanuucnnocfi cfancf oucnunnou.
Ho nokfpuna, homumo foio snaucnun, kofopoc ona hpcncfannnna
cama ho ccc, nipaxana cfpcmncnuc amcpukanucn nc nafi Bocfou-
nomy Cpcnuscmnomopik hohacfi no npaxncnic pyku, a fakxc
yncpxafi Cpcnnuu Bocfok, nan kofopim nanucna fa xc yiposa.
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, nccmofpn na hpunuuhi, kofopimu onu
pykononcfnonanuci n nounc, ofninc ofkpifo sannnnnu o honufukc
mcxnynaponnoio pcanusma, f.c. ncpxannou honufukc; fam, inc npy-
iuc iocynapcfna ncucfnonanu c nchpunyxncnnocfik, ynacncnonan-
nou of anfuunix fpanuuuu, amcpukanui cfankunanuci c safpynnc-
nunmu, cnnsannimu c hpucymcu um pancc unfcpnauuonanucfckou
sfukou, kofopyk onu fchcpi ofncpianu (nohycfumo, no nc paspc-
mcno fcsuc, ncpcanucfuuniu yxc n hpomnic npcmcna). C ho-
nonimu safpynncnunmu cfankunakfcn foina, koina ncoxonumo
oxapakfcpusonafi fo, ufo ncnacfcn no umn ncpxannou honufuku,
no ckasafi o sfom cncnonano fak, ufoi nc cnumkom hpofunopc-
uufi amcpukanckou fpanuuuu no nncmncu honufukc. Hmcnno c
sfou cfoponi nokfpuna Tpymsna honncpianaci kpufukc, hockoniky
sfo nnocuno ncyncpcnnocfi u koncanun n hpouccc qopmuponanun
nonou amcpukanckou honufuku na Cpcnncm Bocfokc. Hcyncpcnnan
u koncnkmancn honufuka hpononunaci n fou sonc, inc samufa nc-
mokpafuu cnumkom ofkponcnno hcpchncfanaci c ofcfaunanucm
npko nipaxcnnix ncqfnnix unfcpccon, kofopic inu honnfni
nccm. Hahpofun, amcpukanckan honufuka n 3ahannou Inpohc, xofn
u hpononunaci c fcm xc unconoiuucckum oocnonanucm, hpcncfan-
nnnaci oncc ucfkou u ncnou.
8.3.4. K UCTOKAM HLAHA MAPTALLA
Iocynapcfncnniu cckpcfapi CUA xopnx Mapmann 5 uknn
147 i. nicfyhun n Iapnapnckom ynuncpcufcfc c pcuik, n kofopou
otnnun o namcpcnuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon paspaofafi u ocymc-
672
cfnufi omupniu hnan homomu Inpohc. B sfou pcuu on nhcpnic
otnnun o hnanc Mapmanna, sfo coifuc cfano onnou us nomu-
nanf n hocncnocnnou mcxnynaponnou xusnu. Iocnc 147 i. ncnkuu
pas, koina xofcnu ofmcfufi hofpcnocfi mnoioncfncu homomu, na-
hpanncnnou na pcmcnuc cfpykfypnix skonomuucckux hponcm
mcxnynaponnoio coomccfna, cfano oiunim sannnnfi o ncoxo-
numocfu cnocio pona hnana Mapmanna kak ohfumaninou qopmy-
ni nnn hononoio skonomuucckoio concucfnun. Tak xc, kak nasna-
nuc Mknxcn cfano cumnonom ncchpancnnunocfu u ofcfyhncnun
hcpcn hpcnocxonnmcu cunou aipcccopa, fak u nipaxcnuc hnan
Mapmanna cfano oosnaucnucm hosufunnou u sqqckfunnou ncn-
fcninocfu, nahpanncnnou na paspcmcnuc cfpykfypnix kpusucon.
Ioncc chokouniu ucfopuucckuu honxon u usmcnunmancn ninc
mcxnynaponnan cucfcma hosnonnkf nincnufi n hnanc, hpcnnoxcn-
nom amcpukanckum ioccckpcfapcm, nc foniko qopmy usnoxcnun
hpockfa, no u concpxanuc, coofncfcfnykmcc hnanam pckoncfpyk-
uuu, u n ufoic sfof nokymcnf moxno cuufafi ocnonnim nknanom
kak n honufuko-skonomuucckyk xusni hocncnocnnou Inpohi, fak
u n ucfopuk konqnukfa mcxny Concfckum Coksom u Cocnuncn-
nimu Ufafamu. Inan Mapmanna, snauufcnino oncc concpmcn-
niu u ycnufcniniu, ucm nokfpuna Tpymsna, ucxonun us mofuna-
uuu u xapakfcpucfuk pasnuunoio pona, kofopic inu cncncni n
cnunoc hpcnnoxcnuc ho paspcmcnuk kpusucnou cufyauuu.
Koncuno, ncc nimcusnoxcnnoc nc nonxno cosnafi hpcncfannc-
nuc o hpockfc kak o concpmcnnou koncfpykuuu, poxncnnou amcpu-
kanckumu unuuuafopamu hnana; nc cncnycf cuufafi, ufo sfo in
ckasouno-ohfumucfuucckuu hnan, nnoxnonncnniu naioponcfnom
ncnukou nauuu, kofopan sanymana nosinanufi sahanniu nok. Bc-
nymuc amcpukanckuc honufuucckuc ncnfcnu nccnfuncfunmu hpu-
naianu ncmano ycunuu, ufoi hpunafi Cocnuncnnim Ufafam no-
munupykmyk poni n mupc, uchonisyn pasncncnuc skonomuucckux u
honufuucckux onsafcnicfn, nancnci cosnafi inoaninic cucfcmi,
cnnsannic c amcpukanckumu unconoiuucckumu oucnkamu mcxny-
naponnou xusnu, a fakxc c yfncpxncnucm skonomuucckou momu
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n mupc. Hakoncu, onu hpumnu k ohpcncnc-
nuk pcanucfuunoio hyfu nnn pckoncfpykuuu fou uacfu mcxnyna-
ponnou cucfcmi, kofopan moina ifi cnnsana c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu omnocfik honufuucckux uncfufyfon u skonomuucckux
unfcpccon. Hfak, ofkas of ocymccfnncnun inoaninoio hpockfa
hpuncn k oncc oipanuucnnim akuunm, no hpu sfom k oncc kon-
conunuponannim, a hofomy u k oncc sqqckfunnim.
B hcpnom honyionuu 147 i. cufyauun cfanonunaci aconkfno
kpufuucckou, ufo fonkano amcpukanckyk anmunucfpauuk csofna-
67J
iafcnino ninnunyfi honufuko-skonomuucckyk unuuuafuny. Ona
umcna ucfipc nahpanncnun: snonkuun icpmanckoio nohpoca; ho-
nufuko-skonomuucckuu kpusuc u unqnnuun, kofopic cxumanu n
fuckax cnpohcuckuc cfpani n oucni ncycfouuuniu momcnf ux pc-
koncfpykuuu; hponcmi mcxnynaponnou fopionnu u pucku, cnn-
sannic c ccpicsnim nucanancom mcxny nanuuucm nonnapon u ho-
fpcnocfik n nux pcmcnuc sfou hponcmi ino naxno nnn
skonomuucckux ofnomcnuu mcxny Inpohou u Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu; honufuucckuu niop, cncnanniu foina amcpukanckum
hpanufcnicfnom n fccnom cofpynnuuccfnc c pufanckum, ufoi
hponcnufi mcxnynaponnyk cufyauuk, n kofopou hpcnanuponana
fcnncnuun k yxynmcnuk. Bcc sfu sncmcnfi, cnunanci, hopoxnanu
hpouccc qopmuponanun nonix pcmcnuu, kofopiu nauancn n hcp-
nou hononunc 147 i., c konua ahpcnn no nauana uknn hpuopcn
cmcniu pufm, hpononxancn nakanync nicfyhncnun Mapmanna u
nc hpckpafuncn c usnoxcnucm cio hpoipammi. Ofo ino nc ufo
unoc, kak sannncnuc o namcpcnunx, hockoniky ofcyfcfnonano kon-
kpcfnoc concpxanuc, kofopoc nonxno ino ifi ohpcncncno nccmu
saunfcpcconannimu cfoponamu.
B ucfopuoipaquu k hnany Mapmanna in hponnncn snauufcni-
niu unfcpcc, u inu nickasani pasnuunic cio oucnku. Ocfpo
nciafunnic cyxncnun honufuucckux hpofunnukon Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon u nccu ucfopuoipaquu concfckoio pcxuma nc hpunumakfcn
namu no nnumanuc, hofomy ufo onu cfpounuci na ananusc hpcnan-
noio Cfanuny skonomucfa Inicnun Bapiu. Hcfopuku sfou mkoni
ohucinanu hnan Mapmanna kak hpockf, qynkuuonanino ofncuan-
muu hofpcnocfnm amcpukanckou cucfcmi hpousnoncfna, kofopan
na honnix hapax ocymccfnnnna hcpcxon of nocnnou k mupnou
skonomukc, cfankunanci co ckpifimu puckamu pckonncpcuu u hc-
pchpousnoncfna, nannsinan cfpanam-cafcnnufam honuuncnuc amc-
pukanckomy pinky. Bpcmn hokasano, nackoniko inu chpancnnu-
ni sfu kpufuucckuc samcuanun pcanusauun hnana nc hpuncna k
fopionou kononusauuu Inpohi co cfoponi Cocnuncnnix Ufafon,
xofn u cosnana fccnyk nsaumosanucumocfi mcxny skonomuucckumu
cucfcmamu, nnn kofopix inu xapakfcpni icfpic fcmhi pocfa u
pacmupcnuc fopionnu.
Hckofopic ucfopuku, nahpofun, nincnunu onny us ocnonnix
hpuuun, kofopic hpuncnu k hpunnfuk amcpukanckou hpoipammi,
cncnan hponcmy Icpmanuu cnuncfncnnim otncncnucm paspa-
ofku hpockfa. Ofof ananus hpcncfannncfcn cunino uckaxcnnim,
hockoniky hosnonncf numi uacfuuno otncnufi, houcmy icpman-
ckomy nohpocy ofnonunoci cfoni mnoio mccfa n honiofonufcninix
paspaofkax, a sfo hoponuno fcnncnuuk hpcnpafufi cio n inannoc,
674
ccnu nc ucknkuufcninoc, otncncnuc pcmcnuu, hpunnfix n Ba-
munifonc. B npyiux uccncnonanunx nc yuufinacfcn chcuuquka
amcpukanckoio hpouccca hpunnfun pcmcnuu (nocfafouno nchom-
nufi cnoxnoc hpoxoxncnuc sakona o ncnn-nusc n konipcccc), hon-
ucpkunacfcn hpunusufcniniu unu cnumkom omuu xapakfcp
hpcnnoxcnuu iocynapcfncnnoio cckpcfapn, ufoi cncnafi ninon,
ufo nacfonmcio hnana u nc cymccfnonano. Ipuufu k hpanuninomy
saknkucnuk conccm nchpocfo, hofomy ufo n uknc 147 i. hnan
cmc nc moi ifi honiofonncn honnocfik, hockoniky nnn cio qop-
muponanun ncoxonumo ino yuacfuc fcx cnpohcuckux ncpxan, ko-
fopic inu hpuinamcni paspaafinafi cio nmccfc c Cocnuncnni-
mu Ufafamu. Bcc sfo ncoxonumo yuufinafi, ufoi homnufi, ufo
panu yhpomcnun nc cncnycf sainafi o cnoxnocfu cufyauuu. Inan
Mapmanna in pcsynifafom cnoxnou cufyauuu, u, kak fakonou
moxcf ifi honnf, foniko ccnu onnonpcmcnno yuufinakfcn ncc
icncpupykmuc cio sncmcnfi, naxc ccnu nnn ananusa fpcycfcn ux
pacuncnufi.
Hcfipc ncnukuc ncpxani, kofopic paspaofanu mupnic noio-
nopi c manimu cfpanamu Ocu, nhcpnic ofncfcfncnno honomnu
k nohpocy o ynymcm Icpmanuu foniko hocnc honhucanun sfux
noionopon. 1O mapfa 147 i. n Mocknc nauanaci ccccun Concfa mu-
nucfpon unocfpannix ncn opiana, kofopiu sqqckfunno pao-
fan no nckapn 146 i. (ccccun n Hik-Hopkc) nan pcmcnucm ma-
nix hponcm, ufoi ocynufi oucni cnoxniu nohpoc o cynic
Icpmanuu u Ancfpuu. Ccccun ina oucni noniou, ona pacfnnynaci
onimc ucm na mccnu no 26 ahpcnn 147 i., no ninnuna inyokoc
u honnoc pasnuuuc no mncnunx cfopon u ncnosmoxnocfi nouficn
n fo npcmn nc foniko komhpomucca, no naxc cosnafi hpcnhocinku
nnn conmccfnou paofi. Kaxniu achckf ynymcio Icpmanuu cfa-
nonuncn nokasafcnicfnom hononix pasnoinacuu. Io nohpocy o
fom, kak nonxno ino i cosnanaficn Icpmanckoc iocynapcfno,
anino-amcpukanui, c onnou cfoponi, ninnuianu konuchuuk cosna-
nun cnunoio iocynapcfna, no pasncncnnoio na scmnu, onananmuc
snauufcninou anfonomucu (fakou, ufoi packonofi hofcnuuani-
nyk ohacnocfi u nc nafi, n cnyuac nospoxncnun skcfpcmucfckux
fcnncnuuu n onnou us onacfcu, um nosmoxnocfu pachpocfpanuficn
na nck cfpany), xofn u naxonnmuccn hon koopnunauucu ucnfpani-
noio hpanufcnicfna c oucni oipanuucnnimu honnomouunmu. Co-
ncfi hpcnnaianu cxcmy ucnfpanusonannoio iocynapcfna, yhpannnc-
moio na ocnonc ncmokpafuucckux niopon. panuysi, kofopic
foina onimc npyiux cnpohcuckux cfpan omymanu ohacnocfi nos-
poxncnun cnumkom cuninou Icpmanuu, inu hpofun concfckou
675
qopmyni, no u anino-amcpukanckoc hpcnnoxcnuc oucnunanu kak
saxonnmcc cnumkom nancko, hofomy ufo cuufanu, ufo ucnfpaninoc
hpanufcnicfno n ycnonunx qcncpafunnou cfpykfypi nonxno ino
pachonaiafi oucni oipanuucnnimu honnomouunmu.
uckyccuu o xapakfcpc iocynapcfncnnoio ycfpoucfna inu na-
hpnmyk cnnsani c nohpocom o pchapauunx u honufuucckom konfpo-
nc nan cfpanou. Concfi fpconanu ycfanonncnun ucnfpanusonan-
noio icpmanckoio hpanufcnicfna, hockoniky honaianu, ufo fakoc
hpanufcnicfno nyumc cymccf nihnafufi pchapauuu, o cnocm hpanc
na honyucnuc kofopix onu nconnokpafno sannnnnu, ohupanci na
Snfunckuc u Iofcnamckuc coinamcnun. Amcpukanui u aninuuanc
onunnnu Concfi n ninosc icpmanckoio umymccfna cncpx ncnkou
mcpi; qpanuysi yhpannnnu cnocu sonou okkyhauuu fakum opasom,
ufo pocf hpousnoncfna chococfnonan nc honimcnuk yponnn xusnu
naccncnun, a occhcuunan nosmoxnocfi nihnauunafi pchapauuu.
Ofo hcpchncfcnuc uncfufyuuonaninix u skonomuucckux hpo-
ncm oycnonuno nck cnoxnocfi cufyauuu. Hauoncc pasnufic n
hpomimncnnom ofnomcnuu sahannic onacfu Icpmanuu inu
ymcmncni nanoxcnnimu okkyhauuonnimu nnacfnmu oipanuucnu-
nmu na yponcni hpousnoncfna, kofopiu nc nonxcn in hpcnimafi
hofcnuuana hpcnhpunfuu, coxpanunmuxcn hocnc nouni n paoucm
cocfonnuu. Ofum onacfnm hpcncfonno pcmufi hponcmy pasmcmc-
nun cnimc 8 munnuonon hcpcccncnucn us Cuncsuu u Iomcpanuu,
ninyxncnnix cxafi n 3ahannyk Icpmanuk. Ipu ofcyfcfnuu nana-
xcnnou anmunucfpafunno-honufuucckou xusnu na okkyhauuonnic
nnacfu noxunaci onsannocfi cncnufi sa pasnufucm omccfncnnoio
mncnun, kofopoc ofpaxano paspon n ymonacfpocnunx: of pcnan-
mucfckux fcnncnuuu no kommynucfuucckux u couuanucfuucckux
nancxn. B ocfanonkc inyokux honufuucckux hcpcmcn nospoxna-
nuci ymcpcnno-ucnfpucfckuc cuni hon pykononcfnom Konpana
Ancnayspa, ynymcio kanuncpa cncpafunnou Icchynuku Icpma-
nuu, nuncpa Xpucfuancko-ncmokpafuucckoio coksa (XC).
B cufyauuu fyhuka, cosnannou hpofunopcuunimu hpcnnoxcnun-
mu, Mapmann ncpnyncn k uncc noionopa o ucfipcxcfoponnux ia-
panfunx, hpcnnoxcnnou Iupncom ion nasan cs ocooio ychcxa.
Kak Concfi, fak u qpanuysi oycnonunu cnoc hpucocnuncnuc k
honoxcnunm noionopa pcmcnucm hponcmi pchapauuu u fpcona-
nunmu, ninnunyfimu ocumu cfpanamu ho skonomuucckomy u
fcppufopuaninomy nohpocam, ufoi nochpchnfcfnonafi ccpicsnomy
nosononncnuk hcpcionopon. Aninuuanc u amcpukanui pcmunu
sannfi ncsanucumyk hosuuuk u, ohacanci yxynmcnun honufuucc-
kou cufyauuu n yhpannncmou conmccfno Iusonuu, hpcnnoxunu cy-
676
mccfncnnoc yncnuucnuc yponnn hpousnoncfna, paspcmcnnoio nnn
icpmanckou hpomimncnnocfu, n ococnnocfu hpousnoncfna cfanu,
kofopoc onu namcpcnanuci nonccfu houfu no makcumyma cymccfnyk-
mux momnocfcu. Concfi oycnonunu cnok honncpxky nknkucnucm
fckymcu hponykuuu n nihnafi ho pchapauunm. panuysi okasa-
nuci saxafimu mcxny pasnuunimu cunamu nanncnun. Bo panuuu
hpanufcnicfno Iamanic nonxno ino ncucfnonafi, yuufinan hpu-
cyfcfnuc kommynucfon n koanuuuonnom kauncfc, a fakxc samicni
ux usinanun us hpanufcnicfna. B Mocknc qpanuysckuu munucfp
unocfpannix ncn Z. Iuno puckonan okasaficn n usonnuuu unu ifi
pasnanncnnim, sanuman hosuuuu, nuskuc k concfckum, u hosfomy
nonxcn in ncucfnonafi c ocfopoxnocfik, ufoi nc napymufi
cnnscu c Bcnukopufanucu u Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, c kofopimu
on namcpcnancn hpunnfi conmccfnic pcmcnun nnc ccccuu. B ufoic
nuckyccun sancpmunaci cspcsynifafno.
Ioccckpcfapi Mapmann uchifinan nanncnuc n cnnsu c hpucyf-
cfnucm n ncnciauuu xona ocfcpa anncca, inannoio skchcp-
fa pcchynukanucn n onacfu nncmncu honufuku. Ofa nuunocfi
honisonanaci ipomannim anfopufcfom, uo ucm onimc omyma-
nuci pcsynifafi ychcxa pcchynukanucn na hpomcxyfounix nio-
pax n nonpc 146 i., fcm ncncc moxno ino hpcnnuncfi ychcx fcx
xc pcchynukanucn na hpcsuncnfckux niopax 148 i. u hpuxon
anncca na hocf iocynapcfncnnoio cckpcfapn. B ccpcnunc ahpcnn
Mapmann honnn cchoncsnocfi hcpcionopon u cfan ncucfnonafi n
coofncfcfnuu c nipaofannimu hpanufcnicfnom pckomcnnauunmu.
Ocyxnan c aninuuanamu namcucnnic pcmcnun, Mapmann xopomo
honuman ncoxonumocfi paspaofafi hnan, kofopiu hosnonun i
niufu us cnoxunmcucn fyhukonou cufyauuu. Ipcxnc nccio sfo
kacanoci nohpoca o skonomuucckou homomu, ofcyfcfnuc kofopou
pasnpaxano uyncfnufcninix qpanuyson, omymanmux ccn hpcnan-
nimu n cnnsu c hpusnanucm sa ncmuamu hpana na skonomuucckoc
u honufuucckoc noccfanonncnuc. Hmcnno sfo ocfonfcnicfno hon-
ckasinano, ufo nkou hpockf nonxcn paspaafinaficn kak hnan,
hpcnnasnaucnniu nc foniko nnn Icpmanuu; sanymanniu hnan
nano ino nhucafi n omuc pamku, ufoi icpmanckuu nohpoc in
conmccfum c fpconanunmu qpanuyson. Koina ccccun ina hpuocfa-
nonncna u hcpcncccna na occni foio xc iona, Cfanun nc nickasan
ynunncnun u naxc hcccumusma; oncc foio, on nyman, ufo haysa n
paofc homoxcf: chycfn ncckoniko mccnucn moxno yncf nocfuui
komhpomucca, ufoi nouficn pcanusauuu skonomuucckoio u ho-
nufuucckoio cnuncfna Icpmanuu. Ha opafnom hyfu n Bamunifon
Mapmann, hcpccckan Inpohy, honnn, ufo ncoxonumo cpouno hpu-
numafi pcmcnun.
677
Amcpukanuam u mnoium cnpohcuuam honoxcnuc n Inpohc n
nauanc nccni 147 i. kasanoci fpynnim, houfu nchohpanumim.
3uma ina fakou, ufo cc nchomunanu kak camyk cyponyk sumy
hocncnocnnoio npcmcnu. B nckofopix cfpanax, nahpumcp n Hfanuu,
nomnu no fouku u ninyxncni inu hpckpafufi pachpcncncnuc
hpcnmcfon hcpnou ncoxonumocfu us-sa ncnocfafka n cpcncfnax
ohnafi unu us-sa ncxnafku hponykfon. Omccfncnnic nacfpocnun
inu hponusani hcccumusmom u csnancxnocfik, kak ynfo nc-
nosmoxno ino noccfanonufi xusncchoconyk cnpohcuckyk sko-
nomuucckyk cucfcmy. Afmocqcpa hanuku u csymun oxnafuna nc-
kofopic soni cfpani, oxapakfcpusonan c Iachcpu cufyauuk n
Hfanuu sfux nncu, noanun, n pokux nymax nosonanan xccfo-
kuu anfuomccfncnniu uncfunkf siousma. Icuxonoiuuccku
moxno honnfi hosuuuk ypxyasnix cnocn, na hncuu kofopix ncina
fnxcnan ofncfcfncnnocfi fpynnoio skonomuucckoio u honufuucc-
koio niopa; moxno honnfi iopcui fcx, koio n fcucnuc nccnfunc-
fuu onunnnu n fom, ufo onu nunonni n numcfc, iononc, nounax.
Bosmoxno, mnoiuc us fcx, kfo hpunanncxan k skonomuuccku u co-
uuanino iochoncfnykmum cnonm, honumanu, ufo anfuypxyasnan
kpufuka co cfoponi couuanucfuucckoio u kommynucfuucckoio
nnuxcnun nc numcna ocnonanuu.
B ncucfnufcninocfu skonomuucckan cufyauun n 3ahannou In-
pohc nc ina cfoni csnancxnou, kak kasanoci fcm, kfo hcpcxun
hnfi fpynnix ncf nouni u houfu nna iona ncomyfumoio mupa. Yxc
nauanaci pckoncfpykuun u naxc c nckofopim ychcxom, kofopiu,
onnako, in oipanuucn ncoxonumocfik hpcononcnafi hpcnhpu-
numafcnickuu puck, ncxnafkou kahufanon nnn unnccfuuuu, ncqu-
uufom hnafcxnoio ananca, cnnsannoio c ncnosmoxnocfik cmc
onimc cokpafufi pacxoni, c fpynnocfnmu fakoio pona cfonk-
nynuci mnoiuc hpanufcnicfna, ohacanci napymufi couuanino-ho-
nufuucckoc pannonccuc. Mi cnona honfopncm: cncnycf yuccfi, ufo
foniko xccfko anfopufapnic pcxumi moinu nocfuui xcnafcninix
pcsynifafon, hocnc foio kak cnpohcuckuc naponi hcpcnccnu myuu-
fcninic xcpfni no npcmn nouni. Tpconafi nanincumcio camoho-
xcpfnonanun n ucnnx pckoncfpykuuu skonomuucckou cucfcmi
hpcncfannnnoci ncnosmoxnim, n ococnnocfu koina konuchuun
pckoncfpykuuu nc cohponoxnanaci ocmanucm pckoncfpykuuu-pc-
nonkuuu, a ina honufuucckum niopom 3ahana. Hnnckc usmcpc-
nun pckoncfpykuuu, nocfuinyfiu n kpyhncumux cnpohcuckux
cfpanax, moxcf ifi otckfunno paccuufan na ocnonanuu nannix,
honyucnnix us hynukauuu OOH IconomIc Survcys on Iuropc
678
Huuuonu:in~u 0oxo0: 0unu+uiu +e0y 1'3& u 1'4? ee.
(o 0o::upux 1' e.)
Icniiun 2,7 kkccmypi +J5,5
panuun 15,J Huncpnanni 5,4
3ahannan Icpmanun Bcnukopufanun 1,
Hfanun O,J Cocnuncnnic mfafi +62,5
Hauuonaniniu noxon na nymy naccncnun
Icniiun 4,8 kkccmypi +J,7
panuun 15,6 Huncpnanni 16,1
3ahannan Icpmanun Bcnukopufanun 6,
Hfanun 6, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi +4J,8
Ccnickoxosnucfncnnoc hpousnoncfno:
nunamuka mcxny 1J41J8 u 147148 ii.
(yponcni 1J41J8 ii. 1OO')
Icniiun u kkccmypi 85 Huncpnanni 87
panuun 77 Bcnukopufanun 1O8
3ahannan Icpmanun 64 Cocnuncnnic Ufafi 1J6
Hfanun 8
Ipomimncnnoc hpousnoncfno:
nunamuka mcxny 1J8 u 148 ii.
(yponcni 1J8 i. sa 1OO')
Icniiun 121 kkccmypi 145
panuun 1O8 Huncpnanni 11J
Caap 67 Bcnukopufanun 12
3ahannan Icpmanun 5O Cocnuncnnic Ufafi 217
Hfanun 6 CCCI 118
Ofu nannic, n ucnom, cnuncfcnicfnykf o fpynnom, no oucnun-
nom noccfanonncnuu hpomimncnnocfu n 148 i., koina inu cnna
omyfumi hcpnic pcsynifafi hnana Mapmanna. Ofu hokasafcnu cnc-
nycf nohonnufi nannimu o cspaofuuc n 146 u 147 ii. (n fic.
ucnonck).
Cfpana 146 147
Icniiun 48 J6
panuun 57 46
Hfanun 1J24 162O
Huncpnanni 8 47
Bcnukopufanun 2J7 J74
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi 227O 142
Iokasafcnu hnafcxnoio ananca cnuncfcnicfnonan u o fom, ka-
kum pcmcncm inu nncmncfopionic pacucfi yhomnnyfix sncci
ncnymux cfpan. Kaxnan uuqpa ofpaxacf munnuoni n nankfc coof-
67
ncfcfnykmcu cfpani, sa ucknkucnucm Icniiuu kkccmypia,
o kofopix mi pachonaiacm nannimu no qpanuysckux qpankax.
Cfpana 145 146 147 148
Icniiun 4625
panuun 146 2O4 1676 17J8
Hfanun (mnpn nup) 1J5 144 J55 +11
Huncpnanni 1J12 1667 1447 J12
Bcnukopufanun 87O 2JO J81 +26
Yponcni ucn hpcncfannncf coou inanniu unnukafop unqnn-
uuu n pasnuunix cnpohcuckux cfpanax u nnnncfcn mcpunom noc-
hpunfun hynukou fpynnou cufyauuu n cfpanc. Ofu nannic ninc-
ncni na ocnonc cucfcmi unnckcon, kofopan hosnonncf cpannufi
nonocnniu yponcni ucn c yponncm ucn hcpnix ncf pckoncfpykuuu
(12 i. hpunnf sa 1OO').
Cfpana 1J 145 146 147 148
Icniiun 76 J6J 41J 47O
panuun 1O8 J76 6J5 764 1OO
Icpmanun
Hfanun 1O4 2O58 2881 5154 54J7
Huncpnanni 1O6 181 181 175 178
Bcnukopufanun 7 157 152 15,1 65
Ofu nannic nc cosnakf onnoponnou kapfuni. B koncunom
cucfc, u cufyauun n cfpanax, pasopcnnix nounou, u n fcx, ufo nc
oucni hocfpananu, samcfno pasnuuanaci; nconunakonou ina u
skonomuucckan honufuka, kofopyk hpononunu hpannmuc hapfuu-
nic koanuuuu unu ofncninic hapfuu. Conokyhnocfi nannix cnu-
ncfcnicfnycf o mcnncnnix fcmhax hpomimncnnoio noccfanonncnun,
myuufcninom ncquuufc hnafcxnoio ananca, fo ccfi, sanucumocfu,
n uacfnocfu, of Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, u, n nckofopix cnyuanx,
ocfpou npamafuunocfu cufyauuu hon nanncnucm unqnnuuu. B oiu-
nic npcmcna nkan us cnpohcuckux cfpan moina i hocfchcnno
honnnficn, fak kak naccncnuc ino cknonno hoxcpfnonafi ncoxo-
numim, ufoi ckohufi kahufan nnn unnccfuuuu. Tak ino oiuno,
no nanncnuc Concfon cosnanano y ncnymux ncnfcncu pckoncfpyk-
uuu omymcnuc ncancknafnocfu cufyauuu. Cncnycf yuufinafi, ufo
hcpnoc honyionuc 147 i. cfano hcpuonom, koina ncc hponcmi
nochpunumanuci ococnno oncsncnno, a conhancnuc c oocfpcnucm
honufuko-skonomuucckux hponcm Icpmanuu ycununano omymcnuc
kpusuca.
68O
Onnum us inannix achckfon fpynnocfcu n skonomuucckou cpcnc
nnnnnoci cocfonnuc hnafcxnoio ananca, ofnuuanmciocn ccpicsnim
ncquuufom, kofopiu houfu honnocfik hpuxonuncn na Cocnuncn-
nic Ufafi. Amcpukanui cuufanu no 146 i., a n hcpchckfunc u
na 147 i., ufo cmoiyf nochonnufi nucananc. Onu nancnnuci n ko-
pofkuc cpoku nopmanusonafi honoxcnuc, hosfomy nc cuufanu nu
honcsnim, nu naiopasymnim hpononxafi nofuponafi cnpohcuckuu
ncquuuf n fopionnc c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, u honaianu, ufo
hpu ohpcncncnnix ycnonunx hopouniu kpyi moxcf ifi pasopnan.
Ocnonnic hokasafcnu inu cncnykmuc: c ccpcnuni 145 i. (cpasy
hocnc okonuanun nouni) u no uknn 147 i. Inpoha honyuuna of
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon homomi n otcmc, kofopiu hpcniman nc-
nuuuny, ycfanonncnnyk ho hnany Mapmanna. Ha nonk Bcnuko-
pufanuu hpuxonunoci 4,4 mnpn nonnapon, panuuu 1, mnpn
nonnapon, Hfanuu JJO mnn u na fpu cfpani Icnunkkca nmccfc
546 mnn.
Ha ocnonc ananusa qakfuucckux nannix u n cnnsu c nohpoca-
mu, nosnukakmumu n cnnsu c icpmanckou hponcmou, iocynap-
cfncnniu nchapfamcnf nicfyhun c unuuuafunou, kofopan naxc
hpcnocxonuna oxunanun Tpymsna, u nauan paspaafinafi pasnuu-
nic achckfi nosmoxnoio cnunoio hnana. Imc no otnnncnun hna-
na, amcpukanui ninnunynu ycnonuc, ufoi n cfpanax 3ahannou
Inpohi, inc n hpanufcnicfnax hoka yuacfnonanu hpcncfanufcnu
kommynucfon, inu i opasonani honufuuccku onnoponnic hpa-
nufcnicfna n cnnsu c ncoxonumocfik nosnpamcnun k nopmaninou
pinounou skonomukc, kak hpoipammuponanu amcpukanckuc chc-
uuanucfi.
C mapfa 147 i., hapanncnino c nokfpunou Tpymsna n ofnomc-
nuu Ipcuuu u Typuuu, amcpukanckan anmunucfpauun usyuana
hponcmy honufuucckux hocncncfnuu, kofopic moinu ifi hopox-
ncni fpynnocfnmu cnpohcuckou pckoncfpykuuu. Tpymsn nicfyhun
6 mapfa n Ynuncpcufcfc Isunop (n Ysuko, n Tcxacc) c pcuik, kak
oiuno ncchpancnnuno mano usnccfnou, n kofopou on hpcncfanun
honiofannunacmiu hnan: Ccionnn, kak n 2O-c ioni, ckasan Tpy-
msn, mi hcpcxunacm honopofniu momcnf n ucfopuu. Hauuo-
naninic skonomuku paspymcni nounou. Iynymcc honckny ncncno.
Okonomuucckan honufuka nchocncnonafcnina. B sfou afmocqcpc
comncnuu u koncanuu uyncfnom pcmufcninocfu onanacf fo ni-
cokoknaccnoc pykononcfno, kofopoc Cocnuncnnic Ufafi cmoinu
occhcuufi mupy. Mi nnnncmcn skonomuucckum iuianfom n mupc.
Xofum mi sfoio unu nc xofum, no cfpykfypa ynymux skonomuucc-
kux ofnomcnuu yncf sanuccfi of nac. Mup n oxunanuu cmofpuf na
nac, cfpcmnci ynuncfi fo, ufo mi coupacmcn cncnafi. Mi nonxni
681
nipafi namy ucni. Mi moxcm honccfu nauuu k skonomuucckomy
mupy, nuo nncpinyfi ux n skonomuucckyk nouny.
On nocxnannn skonomuucckyk u honufuucckyk cnoony naio,
kofopoc amcpukanui cuufakf camim naxnim n mupc. Cnoona
nonxna hponnnnficn, hpcxnc nccio, n mcxnynaponnou fopionnc,
inc hpoucxonuf cohocfanncnuc nnyx cucfcm: cucfcmi cnooni,
occhcucnnou niopom uacfnix nuu, u cucfcmou, inc niop nann-
san hpanufcnicfnom. Ofy cufyauuk moxno honnfi, no ncnisn hpu-
nnfi: Bo nccm mupc kaxnan cfpana naxonufcn hon skonomuucckum
nanncnucm. Cfpani, paspymcnnic nounou, cfpcmunuci noccfano-
nufi cnok hpomimncnnocfi. Hx hofpcnocfi n umhopfc n nu-
xaumuc mccnui yncf hpcnimafi ux choconocfi skchopfuponafi.
Iosfomy onu ninyxncni xccfko konfponuponafi umhopf... Icnu
sfa fcnncnuun nc yncf usmcncna, hpanufcnicfno Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon panimc unu hosxc okaxcfcn hon naxumom, ufoi uc-
honisonafi fc xc camic cpcncfna n opic sa iochoncfno na pin-
kax hponykuuu u n opic sa cipic... Ho c okonuanucm nouni mi
nccina cfpcmunuci uscxafi umcnno sfoio. Ofo nc amcpukanckuu
mcfon. Ofo nc hyfi k mupy. Ham napon cnun. On okasancn chococn
honnfi cnok ofncfcfncnnocfi. On iofon hpunnfi na ccn ncnymyk
poni. On pcmuncn ncucfnonafi no umn fakoio mcxnynaponnoio
ycfpoucfna, hpu kofopom mup u hopnnok nnnnkfcn nonionpcmcn-
nimu. Hcnciko nouficn mupa u cnooni. Hx ncnisn sanocnafi
cunou. Onu hpuxonnf naionapn nsaumohonumanuk u cofpynnuuc-
cfny, xcnanuk nccfu ccn uccfno no nccx skonomuucckux u honu-
fuucckux onacfnx co nccmu npyxccfncnnimu cfpanamu. Mi xcna-
cm hpononxafi unfu sfum hyfcm ccuuac u n ynymcm. Icnu npyiuc
cfpani mupa ynyf nccfu ccn fak xc, yncf nosmoxno nocfuinyfi
mupa u cnooni n mupc.
Cnona hpcsuncnfa, xofn u ofpaxakf nyx ynuncpcanusma, hosno-
nnkf ucfko honnfi nonk Cocnuncnnix Ufafon ncfafi no inanc
cnoonnoio mupa, u ohpcncnufi, ufo fcma cnooni u nopmanusa-
uuu fopionix ofnomcnuu, kak u n hpcninymuc ioni, ina u oc-
fanaci nomunupykmcu n amcpukanckou nncmncu honufukc; n nux
usnoxcna amcpukanckan konuchuun pckoncfpykuuu mupa, nknk-
uan 3ahannyk Inpohy.
Hcckoniko nncu chycfn iocynapcfncnniu cckpcfapi Auccon o-
pafuncn n Komufcf koopnunauuu amcpukanckux noopyxcnnix cun
(rure-Yur-ûvy +oorJinuring +ommirree, usnccfniu hon apcnuafy-
pou SW^CC) c hpociou hpoananusuponafi cufyauuk nmccfc c
iocynapcfncnnim kasnaucucfnom. On oucnunan cc n nipaxcnunx,
npaxncnix ho ofnomcnuk k CCCI, cfpcmunmcmycn nc nohyc-
kafi inoaninoio hpconananun CUA, k kofopomy Tpymsn nnoni
682
hpusinan. Komufcf paspaofan k 21 ahpcnn hpcnnapufcniniu nok-
nan, ocnoninanci na konuchuuu, ufo nyumuu choco ocfanonufi
kommynusm sfo uchonisonafi xnc u knncfcnu nnn ionocona-
nun, a nc hynu. Tcm npcmcncm u Yuninm Kncufon, kofopiu hoi-
nan n Inpohc u xopomo hpcncfannnn cc honoxcnuc, cocfanun cnou
hnan skcfpcnnoio nmcmafcnicfna, kofopiu 27 ahpcnn hpcncfanun
Tpymsny. na nnn chycfn, 2 ahpcnn, Tpymsn hopyuun Kcnnany
usyuufi nosmoxnocfu u mcfoni skcfpcnnou homomu Inpohc. Kcn-
nan pykononun foina komufcfom honufuucckoio hnanuponanun, f.c.
cnocio pona uccncnonafcnickum ucnfpom, kofopomy ino nano
sananuc paspaofafi ucxonnic hynkfi nnn hocncnykmcio amcpu-
kanckoio honufuucckoio nmcmafcnicfna. 3a mccnu paofa ina
nihonncna, u 2J man Mapmann honyuun kpafkoc usnoxcnuc ohc-
pafunnoio hnana.
Mcxny fcm, Auccon ho hopyucnuk Tpymsna opuconan nani-
ncumuc namcpcnun CUA, nicfyhun 8 man n Knunncnnc, n Muccu-
cuhu, c pcuik, kofopyk oiuno pacucnunakf kak cnocio pona
hpcnknuk k hnany Mapmanna, hpcncfanncnnomy hynukc mcncc
ucm ucpcs mccnu. Auccon coomun, ufo ho nosnpamcnuk us Mock-
ni, Mapmann ionopun nc cfoniko o unconoiuucckux u nocnnix
hponcmax, ckoniko o hufanuu, iopkucm u o ux coofnomcnuu c
hpomimncnnou pckoncfpykuucu n cnnsu c ofnomcnunmu Inpohi
c ocfaninim mupom. 3afcm on noanun: Ham skchopf fonapon u
ycnyi sa pycx n fcucnuc sfoio, 147 i., oucnunacfcn hpunusu-
fcnino n 17 mnpn nonnapon, ufo nnnncfcn camim nicokum yponncm
sa nkou mupniu hcpuon. o nouni nam skchopf fonapon u ycnyi
cocfannnn okono 4 mnpn nonnapon... n ion. Bsamcn.., coinacno na-
mum hpcnhonoxcnunm mi honyuum fonapon u ycnyi us-sa pycxa
na cymmy hpunusufcnino 8 munnuapnon nonnapon... Mi xofcnu
i, ufoi sfof umhopf in cmc onimc, no mup, paspymcnniu
nounou, nc n cocfonnuu hocfannnfi onimc.
Iasnuua cocfannnna hpumcpno 8 mnpn nonnapon, no hponcma
saknkuanaci n hnafcxax. Ha 147 i. moxno ino hpcnycmofpcfi
nanincumuc skcfpaopnunapnic mcpi, no ufo xc xnano n cncnyk-
mcm iony, koina sakononafcnicfno o upcsniuaunou homomu hc-
pccfano i ifi sqqckfunnim Auccon nan cnou ofncf: Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi nonxni sakyhafi sa pycxom kak moxno onimc
fonapon, ufoi ymcnimufi ncquuuf, cymccfnykmuu mcxny fcm, n
ucm mup nyxnacfcn, u fcm, sa ufo on moxcf sahnafufi. B sfom ncf
nukakoio munoccpnun. Icui uncf o snpanom cmicnc u niionnom
usnccc. Ccionnn ho iymanufapnim coopaxcnunm u n namux un-
fcpccax mi ninyxncni qunancuponafi sfof oipomniu ncquuuf
muponoio hnafcxnoio ananca. Inuncfncnniu nopmaniniu choco
68J
ycfpancnun sfoio ncquuufa sfo umhopf kak moxno onimcio
konuuccfna fonapon us-sa pycxa. Hukoina n mupc nu nnn koio us
nac nc yncf mupa u csohacnocfu, hoka sapycxnic cfpani nc
ynyf n cocfonnuu ohnauunafi fonapamu u ycnyiamu fo, ufo um
nyxno umhopfuponafi, a fakxc ocymccfnnnfi ohnafy cnoux ho-
fpcnocfcu n hpomimncnnom oopynonanuu us oncc nopmaninix
ucfounukon qunancuponanun.
Ohucinacmoc honoxcnuc onsinano Cocnuncnnic Ufafi hpo-
nonxafi okasinafi skcfpcnnyk qunanconyk homomi, ocymccfnnnn
hpu sfom konfponi sa cc pachpcncncnucm. B saknkucnuc Auccon
ckasan: Iockoniky muponou chpoc hpcnimacf namu nosmoxnoc-
fu, mi nonxni ckonucnfpuponafi namy upcsniuaunyk homomi n
fcx sonax, inc ona moxcf hpunccfu nuu0o:iuuu pe:y:imum 0:n yc-
munoo:enun no:umuueciou u iono+uueciou cmu0u:inocmu o +upe,
0:n pu:oumun coo0o0~ :uunocmu u 0e+oipumuueciux uncmumymoo, u
muie co0eucmoooumi no:umuie coo0o0~ mopeoo:u u yipen:enuu uo-
mopumemu Upeunu:uuuu U0e0unenn~x Huuuu.
Hfak, n cnocm hpaimafuucckom saknkucnuu on cncn omuc pac-
cyxncnun k ohpcncncnnou hponcmafukc; hcpcmcn of uucfo skono-
muucckux k skonomuko-honufuucckum nohpocam; ohpcncnun ipanu-
ui amcpukanckou akfunnocfu. Ofo hosnonnno cuufafi pcmcnnou
hponcmy, pancc ocfananmykcn ncncnou: paspaafinanmuccn hpock-
fi inu hpcnnasnaucni foniko nnn 3ahannou Inpohi unu nnn nccu
Inpohi. Bicfyhncnuc ofpaxano founiu samiccn, kofopiu nnox-
nonnnn amcpukanckuu niop. B saknkucnuc yfncpxnanoci, ufo qu-
nanconoc u fopionoc osnoponncnuc ino nc hponnncnucm amcpukan-
ckoio ncnukonymun, a hofpcnocfik skonomuucckou cucfcmi camux
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, cnnsannou nc c kpusucom hcpchpousnoncfna,
a c ncoxonumocfik qunanconoio u fopionoio osnoponncnun.
Toniko ccnu cnpohcuckan pckoncfpykuun yncf sancpmcna,
hucan Kcnnan cfancf nosmoxno pasnufuc muponou fopionnu, u
Inpoha u Cocnuncnnic Ufafi cmoiyf c ynonncfnopcnucm honncp-
xunafi nopmaninic nsaumoniionnic skonomuucckuc ofnomcnun.
Ohif hpomnix ncf hokasan, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nc moiyf
nacnaxnaficn xusnik n ocfanonkc oucnunnoio hpouncfanun, ccnu
mup naxonufcn n cocfonnuu nchpcccuu.
Bo nccx paspaofkax, honiofonncnnix sa kopofkoc npcmn anmu-
nucfpauucu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, hpucyfcfnonana n ocnonnom
apiymcnfauun uucfo skonomuucckoio xapakfcpa. Mcxny fcm, cncc-
fu nck hponcmy numi k fcxnuko-skonomuucckomy achckfy osna-
uano uckyccfncnno usonuponafi cc of okpyxanmcio honufuucckoio
konfckcfa, f.c. hpcncpcui cnnsnmu, kofopic Auccon cnna namcfun,
no kofopic cocfannnnu kynifyponoiuucckyk ocnony nccu cxcmi.
684
Xapakfcp honufuucckou occhokocnnocfu amcpukanucn in
npko ohucan camum Kcnnanom, na kofopoio n fo npcmn honnunno
ufcnuc mupoko usnccfnou paofi Iuona 1cmopun ynu0iu u pu:-
pyuenun 1u+ciou u+nepuu: anincumcc yxynmcnuc honoxcnun
moino okasaficn kafacfpoquucckum nnn Inpohi. Ono moino hpu-
nccfu k fakum numcnunm, k fakum hofcpnm, k fakou csnancxnou
opic sa konfponi nan ncnocfakmumu pccypcamu, ufo hoponuno
i ofkas of hpunuuhon, kofopic cocfanunu ocnony conpcmcnnou
cnpohcuckou uununusauuu u sa kofopic, kak ofnoxunoci n cosna-
nuu mnoiux, oponuci no npcmn nnyx muponix noun. Ipunuuhi
hpana, chpancnnunocfu, oipanuucnun n uchonncnuu honufuucckou
nnacfu, kofopimu yxc hpcncpcianu, moinu i ifi uckaxcni
nmccfc c numu u xusncnno naxniu hpunuuh, ufo ucnocfnocfi o-
mccfna... nonxna ohupaficn na ynaxcnuc u nocfouncfno ofncninoio
ipaxnanuna. Iocncncfnun sfoio kpusuca hcpcnccunu i omuc
ohaccnun, cnnsannic c yiposou kommynucfuucckoio konfponn.
Ipononxcnuc conpcmcnnou cufyauuu n Inpohc iposuf, nu onimc,
nu mcnimc, nosmoxnocfik, ufo cnpohcuui ofkaxyfcn of ucnnoc-
fcu unnununyaninou ofncfcfncnnocfu u honufuucckoio konfponn,
kofopic hpunanncxaf fpanuuuu ux konfuncnfa. Ofo paspymuno
i mnoionckonoc hpoipcccunnoc pasnufuc u nanccno i fakou
ymcp, ufo foniko hocncnykmuc ncka moinu i nosmccfufi honc-
ccnnic hofcpu.
Ipusnanan ohpcncncnnyk nicokohapnocfi pcuu, ncoxonumo
ofmcfufi, ufo ona ofpaxana cocfonnuc nyxa onnoio us anfopufcf-
ncumux nnoxnonufcncu hnana Mapmanna. B pcuu inu otcnuncni
nahpanncnun, pancc ocfananmuccn pasncncnnimu: oipanuucnnocfi
u nchocncnonafcninocfi cnpohcuckou pckoncfpykuuu; ncoxonu-
mocfi nouficn nc fpanmupykmcio mcfona ncncnun hcpcionopon
ho icpmanckomy nohpocy; honumanuc fpynnocfcu n nospoxncnuu
mcxnynaponnou fopionnu. Bcc sfu ocfonfcnicfna concucfnonanu
fomy, ufo amcpukanckan anmunucfpauun cncnana nc cnyuauniu, a
hponymanniu niop. K sfomy niopy ona hpusinana, kasanoci,
nccx cnpohcuucn, no, n ncucfnufcninocfu opamanaci foniko k
cfpanam, conmccfumim c cucfcmou pinounou skonomuku, samufa
kofopou cocfannnna nccomncnniu unfcpcc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon.
Xofn ocnona niopa nonou opucnfauuu ina skonomuucckou,
no ona ofncuana oncc omum honufuucckum fpconanunm, coof-
nocunaci c nonou nncmncu honufukou, kofopyk anmunucfpauun
Tpymsna paspaofana sa nnmnu0uumi ne0e:i (ohpcncncnuc, nan-
noc sfomy unfcncunnomy fnopucckomy hcpuony amcpukanckou
nuhnomafuu onnum us inannix yuacfnukon x. x. xoncom,
nxonunmum n uucno ncnymux cofpynnukon Mapmanna u Auccona).
685
Ofo inu hnfnanuafi ncncni, ohpcncnunmuc xapakfcp mcxnyna-
ponnou cucfcmi na copok ncf. Mcfon, c homomik kofopoio namc-
uanoci nosmoxnoc hpucocnuncnuc Concfon unu cfpan Bocfounou
Inpohi, in sanyman kak ohfumaniniu napuanf cnanufi na camu
Concfi hpoucmcnmuu packon Inpohi na noku, unu, nahpofun,
uchonisonafi cio (fcopcfuuccku sfo nc ucknkuanoci) nnn hpopina
xcncsnoio sanancca n naiohpunfnom nnn 3ahana cmicnc. B sa-
huckc Komufcfa honufuucckoio hnanuponanun of 2J man ino
ucfko ofmcucno, ufo hpcnnoxcnuc nonxno ino ifi opamcno
ko nccm cnpohcuckum cfpanam, no fakum opasom, ufoi iocynap-
cfna-cafcnnufi Ioccuu, ofkasanmuci hpunnfi hpcnnoxcnnic yc-
nonun, camu sannunu o cocfncnnom ofkasc, nuo hpcnnoxcnniu
mcfon hosnonun i um ofkasaficn of skcknksunnou opucnfauuu
ux skonomuku na CCCI. Kncufon, n cnok oucpcni, yfncpxnan,
ufo hnan nonxcn ifi cocfanncn na ocnonc fakux qopmynuponok,
ufo Bocfounan Inpoha cmoina i n ncm yuacfnonafi, no hpu ycno-
nuu ofkasa of ucknkuufcninou opucnfauuu cnocu skonomuku na
Concfi.
8.3.5. PEUB MAPTALLA U OTKLUKU HA HEE
5 uknn 147 i. Mapmann nicfyhun n Iapnapnckom ynuncpcufc-
fc c pcuik, n kofopou oomun honufuucckuc u skonomuucckuc
fpynnocfu momcnfa u ocfanonuncn na fcmc pckoncfpykuuu: Co-
ncpmcnno oucnunno, ckasan Mapmann, ufo osnoponncnuc
skonomuucckou cfpykfypi Inpohi hofpcycf oucni hpononxu-
fcninoio hcpuona npcmcnu u snauufcnino onimux ycunuu, ucm
sfo hpcnycmafpunanoci.
On ohucan cufyauuk n Inpohc u ofmcfun, ufo cu hofpcycfcn
amcpukanckan homomi n fcucnuc, ho kpauncu mcpc, fpcx unu uc-
fipcx ncf, ufoi sakyhufi, hpcxnc nccio na amcpukanckom pinkc,
hponykfi, ncoxonumic nnn nixunanun. Yxynmcnuc honoxcnun
moxcf nisnafi fnxcncumuu kpusuc n skonomuucckou, honufuucc-
kou u couuaninou cqcpax. Hcoxonumo pasopnafi sfof hopouniu
kpyi, ufoi uscxafi hocncncfnuu, iposnmux ofpasuficn fakxc u
na amcpukanckou skonomukc. Hcoxonumo ho-nonomy honoufu k
hponcmc: Ionnfno, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi ncnakf ncc, ufo
moiyf, ufoi ocymccfnufi nosnpaf k snoponou skonomukc, cs ko-
fopou nc moxcf ifi nu honufuucckou cfauninocfu, nu hpounoio
mupa. Hama honufuka nahpanncna nc hpofun kakou-nuo cfpani
unu nokfpuni, a hpofun ionona, numcfi, ofuannun u xaoca. Ic
ucnik nonxno cfafi nospoxncnuc n mupc sqqckfunnou skonomuku,
ufoi nosnuknu fakuc honufuucckuc u couuaninic ycnonun, n ko-
686
fopix moinu i qynkuuonuponafi cnoonnic uncfufyfi. Bpcmn
hannuafunnix mcp sakonuunoci, nacfano npcmn honnunnou fcpa-
huu. Bcc cfpani, kofopic nochpunnnu i sfu uncu, moinu pac-
cuufinafi na amcpukanckyk homomi; cuni, kofopic, nahpofun,
cfpcmunuci coxpanufi nancuno ucnoncucckyk numcfy, ufoi us-
nncui us ncc honufuucckyk unu kakyk-nuo unyk niiony, nafonk-
nynuci i na hpofunoncucfnuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon.
Icui mna o opamcnuu omcio xapakfcpa; Mapmann noanun
k ncmy ocnonnou honufuucckuu ninon: Ipcxnc, ucm hpanufcni-
cfno Cocnuncnnix Ufafon cmoino i houfu nanimc n cnoux ycu-
nunx onciuufi cufyauuk u okasafi honncpxky Inpohc na hyfnx pc-
koncfpykuuu, nonxno ifi nipaofano ohpcncncnnoc coinamcnuc
mcxny cfpanamu Inpohi. Ono nonxno ohpcncnufi ux hofpcnocfu
u nknan, kofopiu kaxnan us nux saxoucf nnccfu, ufoi hpunafi
onimyk sqqckfunnocfi unuuuafunc, kofopyk namc hpanufcni-
cfno cmoino i hpcnhpunnfi. nn nac ino i nc sqqckfunno u
nc ymccfno onnocfoponnc hpcncfanufi hpoipammy c ucnik skono-
muucckoio nospoxncnun Inpohi. Ofo sanaua cnpohcuucn. S ny-
mak, unuuuafuna nonxna hpuufu us Inpohi. Ioni |Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon] nonxna saknkuaficn n hpcnocfanncnuu npyxcckou hon-
ncpxku n fou mcpc, n kakou nnn nac yncf honcsno sfo cncnafi.
Ipoipamma nonxna cfafi omcu hpoipammou, pcsynifafom coina-
mcnun ccnu nc nccx, fo ohpcncncnnoio uucna cnpohcuckux cfpan.
Oiuno nincnnkf nna achckfa pcuu Mapmanna: cc pachninuafiu
xapakfcp u hpusin k omcu cnpohcuckou ncnfcninocfu. Hcohpcnc-
ncnniu xapakfcp pcuu paccmafpunancn foina, kak nciafunnan co-
cfannnkman hnana, houfu kak umhponusauun. Hahpofun, sfo in
pcsynifaf hpcnnamcpcnnoio pacucfa: hokasafi, ufo y CUA ncf na-
mcpcnun nukfonafi cnou ycnonun cnpohcuuam, ufo onu xofnf pas-
paofafi nmccfc c numu (unu c fou uacfik us nux, kfo hpumcf
hpcnnoxcnuc) hpoipammy ncoxonumou homomu. H ncucfnufcni-
no, n pcuu ino namcucno ucfkoc pasncncnuc onsannocfcu.
Hmcnno cnpohcuui nonxni inu ckasafi, n ucm onu onimc ncc-
io nyxnanuci, a amcpukanui moinu ofncfufi, n kakou cfchcnu onu
choconi inu ynonncfnopufi sfu hofpcnocfu. B konuc konuon,
hpockf nc concpxan uynoncucfncnnoio pcmcnun, on nihonnnn
ckopcc qynkuuk maxonuka, kofopiu packpyfun i fnxcno hixfn-
muu mofop cnpohcuckou pckoncfpykuuu.
Hfo kacacfcn omcu cnpohcuckou hpoipammi, fo cmicn hpcnno-
xcnun cfan nccn ucpcs nckofopoc npcmn, hockoniky ona concucfno-
nana ninnncnuk hofcnuuaninoio pacxoxncnun mcxny cfpanamu,
kofopic hpunnnu hnan, u fcmu, kfo of ncio ofkasancn (cfpani, na-
xonunmuccn hon concfckum nnunnucm); onnonpcmcnno sfo nocfa-
687
founo pcanucfuunoc hpcnnoxcnuc nanocuno hcpniu sncpiuuniu
ynap ho yfohuucckomy cnpohcusmy. Mapmann hpcnnaian cnpohcuuam
otcnunufi cnou ycunun c amcpukanckumu honufuucckumu unu-
uuafunamu n ucnnx oncc sqqckfunnou koopnunauuu, f.c. qop-
muponanaci hcpnan qasa hpouccca unfcipauuu 3ahannou Inpohi.
Inpohcusm nixonun us cocfonnun ncohpcncncnnocfu u fpancqop-
muponancn n honufuucckyk ncnfcninocfi n ofncf na amcpukanckyk
unuuuafuny, hpcnnaianmyk komhnckcnoc paccmofpcnuc omux
hponcm, nknkuan u nonic hpcnnoxcnun ho pcmcnuk icpmancko-
io nohpoca. Ipu fakom honxonc ocnonafcnino honpinanuci icic-
monucfckuc hpockfi Cfanuna, cnuncfncnnou ucnik kofopix ino
ykpchncnuc concfckou csohacnocfu n ymcp npyium cfpanam.
Ipcnnoxcnun Mapmanna cpasy xc hpunnnu Iapux u onnon.
Icnun in hpckpacno ocncnomncn o pcaninix namcpcnunx amcpu-
kanucn. Iuno hofpconan ncmcnncnno hocnafi Monofony hpuina-
mcnuc na hpcnnapufcninyk ncfpcuy. panuysckuu munucfp ncu-
cfnonan, pykononcfnynci nnyfpuhonufuucckumu coopaxcnunmu,
no u on honnocfik honuman snaucnuc honopofa n amcpukanckou
honufukc. B ccpcnunc uknn oa munucfpa ncfpcfunuci u hpuina-
cunu Monofona n Iapux na fpcxcfoponnkk ncfpcuy, kofopan
ina nasnaucna na 27 uknn. Concfckuu munucfp hpunnn hpuina-
mcnuc u hpuin n Iapux n cohponoxncnuu mnoiouucncnnou ncnc-
iauuu (nckofopic cnuncfcnicfna ofmcuakf okono cofnu, a npyiuc
okono JOO skchcpfon), ufo, nosmoxno, cnuncfcnicfnonano o uc-
kpcnncm namcpcnuu ocnonafcnino ocynufi amcpukanckuc hpcn-
noxcnun, kak cam Monofon honfncpxnacf n cnoux mcmyapax.
B ufoic, n fcucnuc ncckonikux nncu, c 27 uknn ho 2 uknn, Mo-
nofon yuacfnonan n nuckyccuu, coucfan cfpcmncnuc k cofpynnuuc-
cfny c sncmcnfamu pcskou kpufuku. Mcxny fcm, n fcucnuc nccx sfux
nncu on hifancn sacfanufi aninuuan u qpanuyson ofkasaficn of fou
qopmi ofncfa, na kofopou nacfaunan Mapmann: nmccfo omcio cn-
pohcuckoio hpockfa hpcnnaianoci cqopmynuponafi ofncninic ofnc-
fi, kacakmuccn nyxn kaxnou cfpani. Ofof nohpoc honnumancn
ncckoniko pas n oncc unu mcncc ocfpou qopmc, ufo ofpaxano na-
nuuuc koncanuu u n Mocknc. Hcfopuku fou shoxu nchomunakf,
ufo concfckuu munucfp naxonuncn n hocfonnnom konfakfc co Cfa-
nunim u Ionufkpo. Bo npcmn sfux konfakfon Monofon honyuun
unqopmauuk of concfckux cckpcfnix cnyx, ufo hnan nochpunuman-
cn aninuuanamu u amcpukanuamu kak samufa of concfckou yiposi.
B sfou cufyauuu nkoc koncanuc ino otncnumo. Ha sacc-
nanuu 2 uknn Monofon onunun Iuno u Icnuna n cfpcmncnuu uc-
honisonafi hpcnnoxcnun Mapmanna kak cpcncfno nnn cosnanun
nonou opianusauuu, kofopan nmcmunanaci i no nnyfpcnnuc ncna
688
cfpan-yuacfnuu u pykononuna i ux pasnufucm. Iomomi hpcnoc-
fannnnaci i foniko hpu ycnonuu hokopnocfu cfpan-yuacfnuu of-
ncfcfncnnim pykononufcnnm sfou opianusauuu. Ofo osnauano i,
n cymnocfu, ho oucnkc Monofona, nchpucmncmoc fpconanuc nmc-
mafcnicfna n cyncpcnnic hpana npyiux cfpan. On sannun, ufo hpu-
nnfuc hnana na sfou ocnonc hpuncno i k packony Inpohi na nna
noka, hosfomy n fakux ycnonunx on nc moxcf hpononxafi yua-
cfnonafi n nuckyccunx. Iuno u Icnun pcmunu unfu nanimc cnoum
hyfcm u cpasy xc hpuinacunu ncc cnpohcuckuc hpanufcnicfna, sa
ucknkucnucm concfckoio u uchanckoio (foina honncpianmciocn
ocfpakusmy, hofomy ufo n cfpanc iochoncfnonan nukfafopckuu pc-
xum qamucfckoio fuha), hpunnfi yuacfuc n konqcpcnuuu, kofo-
pan nonxna ina copaficn n Iapuxc nccnfi nncu chycfn.
Xofn no cux hop nc conccm ncni hpuuuni honcncnun Concfon,
no concpmcnno oucnunno, ufo onu homnu nancfpcuy namcpcnuk
amcpukanucn okasafi honncpxky pckoncfpykuuu numi fou uacfu
Inpohi, kofopan ina cnnsana c pinounou skonomukou. Cfpani,
naxonunmuccn hon concfckum iochoncfnom u n fou unu unou mcpc
sanuccnmuc of Concfckoio Coksa, naxonunuci n cuninom samcma-
fcnicfnc: amcpukanckoc hpcnnoxcnuc hpcncfannnnoci nccm kak
nosmoxnocfi honyucnun sqqckfunnou homomu.
Hcxocnonaukoc hpanufcnicfno hpunnno qpanko-pufanckoc
hpuinamcnuc 4 uknn, hocnc oftcsna Monofona us Iapuxa.
Ionickoc u kiocnanckoc hpanufcnicfna iofonunuci hocncnonafi
sfomy hpumcpy. Tcm nc mcncc, uknn ucxocnonaukuu hpcmicp-
munucfp kommynucf Iofnanin u munucfp unocfpannix ncn Macapuk
n onimou chcmkc hpuinu n Mockny nnn ncfpcuu co Cfanunim,
kofopiu hpnmo ckasan um, ufo sahannic ncpxani n ncucfnufcnino-
cfu cfapakfcn cosnafi nok, naucncnniu na usonnuuk Concfckoio
Coksa. Ioncc foio, n kauccfnc ocnonnoio nohpoca na kapfy
ina hocfanncna fcma concfckou npyxi: Icnu ni hocncfc n Ia-
pux, ckasan Cfanun, fo fcm camim nipasufc namcpcnuc yua-
cfnonafi n akuuu, nahpanncnnou na usonnuuk Concfckoio Coksa.
Bcc cnannnckuc iocynapcfna ofkasanuci of yuacfun, u naxc Ana-
nun umcna cmcnocfi ofkasaficn, nof hpuuuna, ho kofopou, kak mi
cuufacm, ni nonxni usmcnufi cnoc pcmcnuc. Ipu fakom oopofc
ncna cufyauun cfanonunaci csnixonnou naxc nnn ncsanucumix
ucxocnonakon. 1O uknn, hocnc nahpnxcnnoio saccnanun Concfa
Munucfpon, ux coinacuc na yuacfuc n Iapuxckou konqcpcnuuu
ino ofosnano; honnku u kiocnani n hpcninymuc nnu fakxc of-
kasanuci of namcpcnun nahpanufi cnoux hpcncfanufcncu n Iapux.
Iasncn Inpohi concpmuncn.
68
pyiuc hpuinamcnnic cfpani (Ancfpun, Icniiun, anun, Ipc-
uun, Hcnannun, Hpnannun, Hfanun, kkccmypi, Hopnciun, Hu-
ncpnanni, Iopfyianun, Uncuun, Uncuuapun, u Typuun, kpomc
foio, camo coou pasymccfcn, panuun u Bcnukopufanun) inu
hpcncfanncni na konqcpcnuuu, kofopan hpoxonuna c 12 uknn n
Iapuxc. Ocyxnanuci sahpoci cnpohcukux cfpan, mcfoni u hpun-
uuhi pcanusauuu amcpukanckoio hpcnnoxcnun. Cfpcmncnuc kax-
nou cfpani hpunncui nnumanuc, hpcxnc nccio, k cnoum hponcmam,
ncno k fomy, ufo hnan cfanonuncn hpocfim cocnuncnucm ofncninix
hpcnnoxcnuu (ufo coofncfcfnonano hoxcnanunm Monofona, fak
sncpiuuno ofncpianmumcn Icnunim u Iuno na nauaninom sfahc
nuckyccuu) u yfpauunan xapakfcp cnunoio ckoopnunuponannoio
cnpohcuckoio hpockfa. Cymmapnan oucnka omux hofpcnocfcu,
ycfanonncnnix n coofncfcfnuu c sfumu hpociamu, cocfanuna
otcnuncnniu sahpoc na okasanuc homomu na acfponomuucckyk
uuqpy n 2 mnpn nonnapon. Kncufon, kofopiu hpcncfannnn amcpu-
kanckyk cfopony, nacfaunan na oncc pcanucfuunom u hocfchcn-
nom mcfonc pcmcnun hponcm; kpomc foio, on hpcnnoxun cosnafi
opianusauuk, yhonnomoucnnyk honyuafi, ananusuponafi u hcpc-
nanafi hpcnnoxcnun u noknani o pcaninou cufyauuu n pasnuunix
cnpohcuckux cfpanax.
Ha sfou ocnonc n ahpcnc 148 i. ponunaci hcpnan opianusauun
cnpohcuckoio cofpynnuuccfna: Opianusauun cnpohcuckoio skono-
muucckoio cofpynnuuccfna (OIOC), k kofopou hosxc hpucocnunu-
nuci camu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi u Kanana. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi
nancnnuci, ufo sfou opianusauuu ynyf hopyucni nannauuonani-
nic sanauu, no umcnno ho sfomy nohpocy CUA nafonknynuci na
cfoukoc cohpofunncnuc kpyhncumux cnpohcuckux cfpan, pcnnocfno
ofnocunmuxcn k cnocu ncsanucumocfu u osaoucnnix fcm, ufoi
qunanconic hocfyhncnun us Cocnuncnnix Ufafon akkymynupo-
nanuci i ux chcuuaninix cucfax. Iosfomy xapakfcp nonou opia-
nusauuu in hpcumymccfncnno koopnunauuonno-fcxnuucckuu,
ona nauana cnok ncnfcninocfi n fof momcnf, koina hnan Mapmanna
kpunuuccku ncfyhun n cuny.
Iaofa konqcpcnuuu n Iapuxc hpononxanaci no 22 ccnfnpn,
koina in hpcncfanncn omuu saknkuufcniniu noknan, kofopiu
coofncfcfnonan hpcnnoxcnunm Mapmanna u honfncpnun hpcnnapu-
fcniniu ananus amcpukanckoio iocynapcfncnnoio cckpcfapn. Io
kpauncu mcpc uacfuuno sfof nokymcnf ofpasun amcpukanckuc nos-
paxcnun ofnocufcnino upcsmcpnix hpcfcnsuu, nosnukmux n xonc
konqcpcnuuu. Iponcma saknkuanaci nc n fom, ufoi nosnoxufi
foniko na Cocnuncnnic Ufafi pacxoni ho pckoncfpykuuu, a n
fom, ufoi sahycfufi mcxanusm cu+ono+ouu, ncoxonumiu ckopcc
6O
nnn noccfanonncnun hpousnonufcninocfu, ucm hpousnoncfna n mu-
pokom cmicnc. Amcpukanui nonxni inu ycfanonufi c coinacun
cnpohcuucn pasmcpi u mcfoni ux nmcmafcnicfna na ocnonc omux
pckomcnnauuu, hpcncfanncnnix n noknanc. Inpohcuckuc cfpani
nsnnu na ccn onsafcnicfno concucfnonafi konncpfupycmocfu na-
nkf u paspaofkc qopm famoxcnnoio coksa. Cfouf ofmcfufi, ufo
n fc xc camic mccnui n Zcncnc ocyxnancn nohpoc o fom, ucm
samcnufi Mcxnynaponnyk fopionyk opianusauuk (1nrernurionul
JruJe Urguni,urion), cc hnanuponanoci cosnafi n 144 i. nmccfc c
Ipcffon-Bynckumu coinamcnunmu, no ona fak u nc hpucfyhuna k
paofc. Iosfomy n konuc okfnpn ino onopcno Omcc coinamc-
nuc ho fapuqam u fopionnc (Uenerul Agreemenr on Juriffs unJ JruJe),
kofopoc nonxno ino uipafi poni apufpa n mcxnynaponnou fop-
ionnc, ucknkuan Concfi u ux cafcnnufon.
panuysi no npcmn konqcpcnuuu nconnokpafno nosnpamanuci
k icpmanckou hponcmc u ninnuianu cnou ycnonun, kacanmuccn
unfcpnauuonanusauuu Iypckou onacfu u konfponn panuuu nan
Caaapom. B ufoic ino hpunnfo komhpomuccnoc pcmcnuc, inacun-
mcc, ufo pckoncfpykuun Icpmanuu nccima naxna nnn nospoxncnun
Inpohi u nonxna naxonuficn hon konfponcm (OIOC), ufoi us-
cxafi haiynix hocncncfnuu nnn skonomuku u qunancon npyiux
cnpohcuckux cfpan. Ipockfi pckoncfpykuuu kacanuci nccx ofpac-
ncu hpousnoncfna u hpcnycmafpunanu pasniu pocf n pasnuunix
ofpacnnx: of munumaninoio n JJ' ofnocufcnino nonocnnoio yponnn
no makcumaninoio n 25O' sfo kacanoci noiuu yinn, hpousnon-
cfna snckfposncpiuu u cfanu u hcpcpaofku ncqfu.
Oman cymma, ncoxonuman nnn nocfuxcnun sfux ucncu u hpc-
ononcnun cnpohcuckoio ncquuufa, ina n omcu cnoxnocfu oucnc-
na n 1,J mnpn nonnapon, kofopic inu pachpcncncni na fpu iona.
Cymma sfa hpcnimana amcpukanckuc oucnku u, fcm nc mcncc, ina
ncnocfafounou, ufoi ynonncfnopufi oxunanun cnpohcuucn. Onna-
ko pasnuuuc honxonon ino ncuscxnim u, n konuc konuon, honcs-
nim, hofomy ufo homoiano anmunucfpauuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n
fpynnix ncafax c pcchynukanckum onimuncfnom n konipcccc.
Ipunuuhi, hpunnfic cnpohcuuamu, hpcncfannnnu cnocio pona
komhpomucc c amcpukanckumu ycfanonkamu, hockoniky onu hpu-
snananu ucnccoopasnim samcnufi hpofckuuonusm cofpynnuuc-
cfnom. Onnocfoponnuc hpocii o koncynifauunx c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu fpancqopmuponanuci n mnoiocfoponnuu mcxanusm pcanu-
sauuu hnana Mapmanna. Iinu sanoxcni ocnoni nnn hpcnpamcnun
hnana Mapmanna n sqqckfunnoc sakononafcnicfno u ucfko oqopm-
ncnnic uncfufyfi, choconic hpcnocfannnfi homomi.
61
Ofa uacfi hpouccca kacanaci houfu ucknkuufcnino Cocnuncn-
nix Ufafon. axc konipccc hponnun couyncfnuc k yiposc skono-
muucckoio kpusuca no panuuu, Hfanuu u Ancfpuu u onopun n
nonpc 147 i. hpoipammy upcsniuaunou homomu, nc noxunanci
ncfyhncnun n cuny omcio sakononafcnicfna ho hnany Mapmanna.
3umou 147/48 i. n sfu fpu cfpani ina nahpanncna upcsniuaunan
homomi n nunc fonapon hcpnou ncoxonumocfu, hpcxnc nccio hpo-
nykfon hufanun, na omyk cymmy n 57 mnn nonnapon.
Iocnc nocfafouno hpononxufcninoio honiofonufcninoio hc-
puona, n qcnpanc u ahpcnc 148 i. n konipcccc nauanuci ncafi,
sancpmunmuccn onopcnucm pnna sakononafcninix mcp, kofopic
hpcnycmafpunanu cosnanuc Anmunucfpauuu skonomuucckoio co-
fpynnuuccfna (1conomic +ooperurion AJminisrrurion 1+A) un-
cfufyfa nnn pykononcfna n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax pcanusauucu
hpoipamm mcxnynaponnou homomu. Iin cosnan fakxc uncfufyf
Ipoipamma cnpohcuckoio noccfanonncnun (1uropeun 1ecovery 1ro-
grum 111), hpusnanniu koopnunuponafi hocfyhncnuc hpcnyc-
mofpcnnix nnn Inpohi cxcionnix accuinonanuu n coofncfcfnuu c
sahpocamu n pamkax hpoipammi homomu ho hnany Mapmanna. 3a-
kon, honhucanniu Tpymsnom J ahpcnn 148 i., nanan hpano na ac-
cuinonanun n hcpniu ion 4,J mnpn nonnapon u hocfanky cmc na
munnuapn nonnapon fonapon ucpcs uacfnic kommcpucckuc kanani.
Bosinanufi 1+A in hpuinamcn Ion Xoqqman, n hpomnom hpcn-
hpunumafcni n onacfu anfomounccfpocnun, hpcsuncnf Cfyncc-
kcp kophopsumn; cnpohcuckoc ofncncnuc opianusauuu n Iapuxc
nosinanun Ancpcnn Iappuman. Hfak, hpcnocfanncnuc homomu nonx-
no ino ifi coinaconano ho ofncninim cfpanam na ocnonc sahpo-
con, usnoxcnnix n cnpohcuckou hpoipammc. Iomomi moina ho-
cfannnficn n nunc fonapon hcpnou ncoxonumocfu, hpcxnc nccio
hponykfon hufanun unu oopynonanun, hpcnocfanncnnix amcpu-
kanckum hpanufcnicfnom n nunc napa nnn pachpcncncnun mcxny
ofncninimu cnpohcuckumu cfpanamu.
Iomomi hpcnocfannnnaci csnosmcsnno unu xc hpcnpamanaci n
cycunuu na ohpcncncnnix ycnonunx, kofopic onsinanu cfpany
honyuafcni hocfannnfi fonapi na fy xc cfoumocfi npyiou cfpanc
OIOC, nc fpcyn ohnafi. Tonapi, hocfannncmic ho uacfnim ka-
nanam, nonxni inu hofom pcanusoninaficn na nnyfpcnncm pin-
kc ho honnou ucnc, a us honyucnnou hpuinu hpanufcnicfna qop-
muponanu komhcncauuonniu qonn, kofopiu uchonisonancn nnn
qunancuponanun cfpoufcninix hpockfon, pckoncfpykuuu unu hc-
pcoopynonanun hpcnhpunfuu, a fakxc nnn npyiux hpoipamm, ocy-
mccfnnnnmuxcn c coinacun hpcncfanufcnn 111 na mccfc. Amcpu-
kanckan honufuka, nahpanncnnan na yncnuucnuc hpousnoncfna,
62
umcnno ho sfomy nohpocy nafonknynaci na pasnic qopmi cohpo-
funncnun n pasnuunix cnpohcuckux cfpanax, kaxnan us kofopix
fpconana hpuopufcfnoio nnumanun k cocfncnnou skonomuucc-
kou cufyauuu.
C ahpcnn 148 i. ho ukni 151 i., koina skonomuucckan ho-
momi cnunaci c hocfankamu, pcanusycmimu na ocnonc Ipoipammi
nocnnou homomu( Jilirury Assisrunce 1rogrum), yupcxncnnou n cnn-
su c nounou n Kopcc, oman cymma, hpcnocfanncnnan n pachopn-
xcnuc 111 (cncnycf yuccfi fakxc sacm, hapanncnino ninanniu
Hchanuu) cocfanuna 12 mnpn 5J5 mnn nonnapon, houfu honnocfik
nihnaucnnix no konua uknn 151 i.
Hckofopic amcpukanckuc ucfopuku pcnusuonucfi yfncpxna-
kf, ufo, n omcm, hnan Mapmanna ninuncn n cfumynuponanuc po-
cfa cnpohcuckou skonomuku na ocnonc nuskou sapaofnou hnafi
(u hapanncninom honanncnuu hpoqcoksnoio nnuxcnun), u ufo
n nckofopix cnyuanx, kak n Hfanuu, hpuncn k skonomuucckomy
sacfok. Ofu yfncpxncnun numcni ocnonanuu, fak xc kak hpoha-
iannucfckuc fcsuci, kofopic nocxnannkf hnan Mapmanna kak noc-
xufufcniniu pcsynifaf amcpukanckou iymanufapnou honufuku,
naionapn kofopou cnpohcuckou skonomukc ynanoci uscxafi yi-
posi kpaxa.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, hnan Mapmanna, ccnu ofpocufi naunnyk
ncpy n uyncca, cmoi houfu ncsnc nnccfu pcmakmuu nknan n hpc-
ononcnuc ocfpoio kpusucnoio momcnfa (nauoncc fpynnou cufya-
uun ina sumou 147/48 i.) u chococfnonan nospoxncnuk, kofo-
poc uacfuuno nauanoci c 148 i. B hcpuon qynkuuonuponanun
hnana Inpoha sancpmuna hocncnocnnyk pckoncfpykuuk u ncfyhuna
n hcpuon fakoio skonomuucckoio pocfa (nknkuan Hfanuk), kakoio
panimc nc snana. Cfouf nahomnufi, ufo n 151i. hpomimncnnoc
hpousnoncfno n ncnymux cnpohcuckux cfpanax, honyuanmux concu-
cfnuc ho hpoipammc 111, nipocno (ccnu hpunfi hpousnoncfno n
1J8 i. sa asoniu unnckc 1OO) n Icniiuu no 142, no panuuu no
1J6, n 3ahannou Icpmanuu no 115, n Hfanuu no 1JJ, n Ionnannuu
no 145, n Bcnukopufanuu no 155. Inafcxnoc canino ofncninix
cfpan houfu honckny ino ypannoncmcno u honyuuno snauufcni-
nyk honncpxky hocnc cosnanun (occnik 14 i.) Inpohcuckoio
hnafcxnoio coksa (U11). Cosnanuc omcio ucnfpaninoio uncfufyfa
occhcuuno cucfcmy mcxcnpohcuckux komhcncauuu, cokpafuno
nnuxcnuc kahufanon mcxny cfpanamu u hosnonuno ocymccfnnnfi
nnuxcnuc fonapon cs nchocpcncfncnnou ohnafi n coofncfcfnyk-
mcu nankfc, ufo homoino cmniuufi kpusucnic momcnfi.
Hcni hnana Mapmanna saknkuanaci n fom, ufoi concucfno-
nafi, naionapn skonomuucckou pckoncfpykuuu 3ahannou Inpohi,
6J
nospoxncnuk ipyhhi iocynapcfn, kofopic pasncnnnu ucnnocfu u
ucnu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Iosfomy, kak ofmcuacf Munnopn, on
cohponoxnancn xcnanucm pachpocfpanufi no nccm mupc amcpu-
kanckuc hpunuuhi couuanino-skonomuucckux ofnomcnuu. Hc
cncnycf ynunnnficn fomy, ufo hnan cohponoxnancn akfunnou hpoha-
iannou n honisy cnoonnoio hpcnhpunumafcnicfna, nocxnancnucm
cio nyxa, sqqckfunnocfu u konkypcnuuu: fuhuunic sncmcnfi pi-
nounou skonomuku, cocfannnkmuc cfumyni cc pocfa. B hnanc
ina usnoxcna konuchuun hpousnonufcninocfu fpyna kak camono-
cfafounou skonomuucckou ucnu u kak kocncnnoio cpcncfna cmni-
ucnun knacconou opii. Amcpukanckuu ucfopuk Hapnis Maucp
ofmcfun snaucnuc sfoio sncmcnfa konuchuuu, kofopiu oucni
npko xapakfcpusycf cmicn amcpukanckoio nmcmafcnicfna, naxc
ccnu nc hpunumafi no nnumanuc pcsynifafi, ucfopuuccku nocfui-
nyfic n kaxnou cfpanc.
Kpomc sfoio, amcpukanckoc nmcmafcnicfno concucfnonano pac-
hpocfpancnuk n Inpohc cfpcmncnun k cofpynnuuccfny n pcmcnuu
hponcm, ufo cnyxuno anifcpnafunou konqnukfam, a fakxc ofpa-
xano nosmoxnocfi hpcononcnun nckonix apicpon, kofopic ncia-
funno nnunnu na xusni cnpohcuucn u hpononxanu cncpxunafi
pasnufuc konfuncnfa. Hinc, koina ocnonnou muponou hofcnuuan
cmccfuncn sa hpcncni Cfapoio Cncfa, anaxponuunimu hpcncfannn-
nuci konqnukfi, fuha hpofunocfonnun panuuu u 3ahannou Icp-
manuu. CUA nounanuci foio, ufoi 3ahannan Inpoha paccmafpu-
nana hononic konqnukfi kak nnyfpcnnuc hponcmi cocfncnnou
cucfcmi u uckana i pcmcnun, ofncuakmuc nsaumosanucumocfu,
kofopyk hifanuci cosnafi uncfufyfi fuha Inpohcuckoio hnafcx-
noio coksa u Opianusauuu cnpohcuckoio skonomuucckoio cofpyn-
nuuccfna. Kcfafu, hpumcp Icpmanuu in oncc, ucm oucnuncn. Ho
cfoni xc oucnuncn in u fof qakf, ufo hnan Mapmanna okasan pc-
makmcc nnunnuc na yinyncnuc xapakfcpa konqnukfa, kofopiu
pasncnun cfpany na nna iocynapcfna, ufo ocnoxnuno houcku pcmc-
nun icpmanckoio nohpoca.
8.3.6. PACKOL FEPMAHUU
Binnuxcnuc hnana Mapmanna u safcm cio hpcopasonanuc n
ohcpafunniu hpockf cosnanu ycnonun nnn nonoio honxona k icp-
manckomy nohpocy. Kak yxc ionopunoci, okonuanuc Mockonckou
ccccuu CMH nc osnauano ofkpifoio paspina, on in ofnoxcn
foniko na npcmn, fak kak ninnunaci ncnosmoxnocfi hpunfu k co-
inamcnuk. B hocncnykmuc ncncnu amcpukanckan cfopona nicfyhuna
c unuuuafunou noccosnafi n Icpmanuu nsaumosanucumyk cucfcmy,
64
ncnsupan na concfckuc hnani u, ho cymccfny, ofmcxcninanci of
nux. Onnako nukfo nc cuufan nosmoxnim ofkpifo sannufi o pac-
konc Icpmanuu, u ucfipc okkyhauuonnic ncpxani hpononxanu
nccfu nuckyccuu o pckoncfpykuuu otcnuncnnou Icpmanuu.
Tcm nc mcncc, cufyauun pasnunanaci n hpofunohonoxnom na-
hpanncnuu. Ha hcpnom sfahc paofi Iapuxckou konqcpcnuuu
Iuno samcfun n hpucyfcfnuu Monofona: Scno, ufo nnn nac ncnos-
moxno nymafi o konnckfunnom cnpohcuckom hpockfc |n ofncf
Mapmanny], kofopiu nc nknkuan i Icpmanuk. Iuno noanun k
sfomy yfncpxncnuk pnn ycnonuu, no nc cymcn ooufu oucnunnic
qakfi. Bohpoc o pchapauunx, kofopiu hpononxan ocfanaficn na
hcpnom hnanc n kaxnou nuckyccuu, hocnnmcnnou Icpmanuu, u of-
nocufcnino kofopoio ofkpifo chopunu mccfnic nnacfu nccx okky-
hauuonnix son u coofncfcfnykmuc okkyhauuonnic opiani coks-
nukon, ho mncnuk pnna anfopufcfnix ncnfcncu, yfpauunan cnoc
snaucnuc. Hahpumcp, Iappuman, yfncpxnan: Mi nc cmoxcm nos-
ponufi skonomuuccku camocfonfcninyk 3ahannyk Inpohy cs hpo-
uncfakmcu Icpmanuu, uipakmcu cnok poni n otcnuncnuu hpo-
usnoncfna u hofpcncnun. Iaspaofka omcio hnana cnpohcuckoio
noccfanonncnun, n kofopom namnoci i mccfo u nnn Icpmanuu,
cncnana i honufuuccku hpucmncmim skonomuucckoc u honufu-
ucckoc nospoxncnuc Icpmanuu, a nnc sfoio omcio hnana nnoni
oxunu i ncnannuc, cmc nc saific cfpaxu. Inpohcuckan cxcma
nauana yxc n fo npcmn qynkuuonuponafi nc foniko kak uncfpy-
mcnf usmcncnun mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu na konfuncnfc, no u
kak cpcncfno cmniucnun nosmoxnix hocncncfnuu pcmcnun icpman-
ckou hponcmi.
Hcckoniko nncu chycfn hocnc nicfyhncnun Mapmanna n Iap-
napnc, 1O uknn 147 i., hpousomno cnunnuc pufanckou u amcpu-
kanckou son okkyhauuu, opasonanaci Iusonun, qopmuponanuc
kofopou cohponoxnanoci cosnanucm Icpmanckoio skonomuucckoio
concfa u Hchonnufcninou komuccuu, nasnaucnnix scmcninimu
hapnamcnfamu (nannfaiamu) coofncfcfnykmux son. Icpnou sanaucu
Okonomuucckoio concfa ino hocnafi hpcncfanufcncu na Iapux-
ckyk konqcpcnuuk ho hnany Mapmanna. Imc nc ino ucfkoio
coinaconanun honufuucckux hosuuuu icpmanckux hapfuu (n uacf-
nocfu, Xpucfuancko-ncmokpafuucckoio coksa XC, u Couuan-
ncmokpafuucckou hapfuu CII) u okkyhauuonnix nnacfcu.
Aninuuanc n coofncfcfnuu c nupckfunamu nonnonckoio ncuopucf-
ckoio hpanufcnicfna opucnfuponanuci na hponcncnuc nauuonanu-
sauuu u couuanusauuu; amcpukanui koncanuci mcxny okasanucm
honnou honncpxku cnoonnomy hpcnhpunumafcnicfny u onopcnu-
cm nauuonanusauuu asonix ofpacncu. B ufoic cufyauun ocfananaci
65
ncycfouuunou, hofomy ufo hponnnnnoci cfpcmncnuc k occhcucnuk
sannfocfu u onnonpcmcnno ocymccfnnnncn, ho kpauncu mcpc na
ymaic, ncmonfax hpomimncnnix hpcnhpunfuu n cucf pchapauuu.
Onnako honoxcnuc ncckoniko nipannunanoci naionapn honufu-
kc sqqckfunnou amcpukanckou homomu. Inan upcsniuaunix mcp
ho okasanuk homomu amcpukanckou sonc okkyhauuu Icpmanuu
(Uovernmenr AiJ unJ 1elief in UccupieJ Areus GAKIOA) yxc nauan
pcanusoninaficn u hpcnycmafpunan hocfanku, naxc hpcnimanmuc
ho otcmy fc, ufo safcm hocfyhanu ho hnany Mapmanna. Ho noh-
poc, n cymnocfu, in honufuucckuu u kacancn nsaumoofnomcnun
mcxny hohifkamu koncfpykfunno usmcnufi nnyfpcnnkk cufya-
uuk n Icpmanuu u coxpancnucm pcxuma ucfipcxcfoponncu okky-
hauuu hon konfponcm Bcpxonnoio coksnuucckoio komannonanun.
Hnauc ionopn, n fo npcmn kak n ocfaninou Inpohc paspin mcxny
coksnukamu cfan oucnuncn u nonxcn in numi opccfu uncfufy-
uuonaninic qopmi, n Icpmanuu cmc coxpannnaci nunumocfi uc-
fipcxcfoponncio coinacun, ufo fopmosuno nkyk onnocfoponnkk
unuuuafuny.
Kpomc foio, sakpaninanaci ncyncpcnnocfi n cnnsu c mcnncn-
nim hpoucccom sakononafcninoio oqopmncnun hnana Mapmanna n
ohcpafunnyk hpoipammy. B hcpnou uacfu hnana hocfanok, na oc-
nonc kofopou ina cosnana Inpohcuckan hpoipamma pckoncfpyk-
uuu, ucfko ohpcncnnnaci knofa sfux hocfanok, hpcnnasnaucnnix
fakxc u 3ahannou Icpmanuu. Ho nmccfc c fcm cmc nonxna ina
ckasafi cnoc cnono nuhnomafun, kofopan ina sannfa houckamu
pcmcnuu, hoka ufo mano ycnufcninix.
Ccccun CMH n Mocknc hpckpafuna paofy n ahpcnc c onsa-
fcnicfnom hpononxufi cnou saccnanun occnik foio xc 147 i. Co-
ncf munucfpon unocfpannix ncn nosononun paofy n onnonc
25 nonpn 147 i. u sancpmun cc n ocfanonkc ofkpifoio paspina.
Bicfyhncnun ocux cfopon xccfko hpofunocfonnu npyi npyiy. Bcc
nsinanu k ncoxonumocfu cnunou Icpmanuu, no kaxniu puconan
cc ynymcc n coofncfcfnuu c cocfncnnim nuncnucm. Mapmann
hpumcn k ninony, ufo coinamcnuc ncnosmoxno u cchoncsno hpo-
nonxafi nuckyccuu. Monofon cnona pcsko honfopun, ufo amcpukan-
ui xofnf foniko onnoio ocnoonuficn of onsafcnicfn, nanaiac-
mix Snfunckumu u Iofcnamckumu coinamcnunmu. B cymnocfu, sfo
ino hpannou, hofomy ufo sahannic coksnuku k sfomy npcmcnu yxc
pcmunu hpucfyhufi k cosnanuk Tpusonuu. Munucfp unocfpannix
ncn panuuu Iuno, nccmofpn na fo, ufo cmy hpumnoci hpcononcfi
cuninoc nuunoc hpcnycxncnuc u hpofunoncucfnuc no panuuu, c
kofopim cmy, kak on u nyman, hpcncfonno cfonknyficn ho nosnpa-
66
mcnuk na ponuny, na hocncnncu cfanuu konqcpcnuuu nmccfc c
Icnunim u Mapmannom onsancn honncpxafi hpockf otcnuncnun
fpcx son. Ofo ino nc oquuuaninoc pcmcnuc, no naxnan hpcnho-
cinka u founoc ykasanuc nonoio kypca, kofopomy fchcpi namcpc-
ni inu cncnonafi sahannic coksnuku n icpmanckom nohpocc.
B hcpnou hononunc 148 i. inu cncnani pcmufcninic maiu n
sfom nahpanncnuu. qcnpann 148 i. aninuuanc u amcpukanui
hpumnu k coinacuk n nohpocc o cosnanuu npcmcnnoio icpmancko-
io hpanufcnicfna n Iusonuu. Bcncncfnuc nncsahnoio nicfyhncnun
kommynucfon n Ipaic hpcncfanufcnu qpanuysckoio, aninuuckoio u
amcpukanckoio hpanufcnicfn, noionopunmuci hpcxnc co cfpanamu
Icnunkkca o hponcncnuu konqcpcnuuu ho Icpmanuu, onapono-
nanu 6 mapfa sannncnuc, n kofopom otnnunu, ufo nocfuinu coina-
cun ycfanonufi fccnoc nsaumnoc cofpynnuuccfno c okkyhauuon-
nimu nnacfnmu 3ahannou Icpmanuu ho nccm nohpocam, cnnsannim
c paofou Inpohcuckou hpoipammi pckoncfpykuuu. Tounoio un-
cfufyuuonaninoio hpockfa cmc nc cymccfnonano, u hofomy qpan-
uysi cknonnnuci k opasonanuk icpmanckou konqcncpauuu, cnn-
sannou nononino nchpounimu ysamu. Ahoicu kpusuca hpumcncn
na 2O mapfa.
Iocnc hponana ccccuu Concfa munucfpon unocfpannix ncn, co-
cfonnmcucn n onnonc, Concfi hpononxanu conknafi qopmanino-
cfu ucfipcxcfoponncio konfponn, ufo nano um ocnonanuc nnn nipa-
xcnun pnna pcskux nuhnomafuucckux hpofccfon hpofun honufuku,
hpononumou sahannimu coksnukamu, n uacfnocfu, ho nohpocy o
sahpcmcnuu ncnfcninocfu otcnununmcu couuanucfuucckuc u kom-
mynucfuucckuc cuni Couuan-ncmokpafuucckou cnunou hapfuu Icp-
manuu, kofopan ina cosnana hon concfckum nnunnucm n sonc, ok-
kyhuponannou Kpacnou apmucu. Ipuuuni osaoucnnocfu sahannix
coksnukon inu ncni u saknkuanuci n ohaccnuu, ufo hpucyfcfnuc
hononou hapfuu moino i honnunfi na hosuuuu Couuan-ncmokpa-
fuucckou hapfuu Icpmanuu u kommynucfon n 3ahannou Icpmanuu.
Ofo iposuno ynncui ux unccu cosnanun cnunou couuanucfuucckou
hapfuu nnn nccu Icpmanuu, ufo chponouuponano i hponan yxc
sancucfnonannix hpockfon.
B mapfc 148 i. nohpoc ocyxnancn nconnokpafno u n oucni
ocfpix qopmax. 2O mapfa cocfonnoci saccnanuc Coksnoio kon-
fponinoio concfa, n kofopom yuacfnonanu amcpukanckuu icncpan
ikmuyc . Kncu, aninuuckuu icncpan Iocpfcon, qpanuysckuu
icncpan Kcnui u concfckuu mapman Cokononckuu. Tpcmn nnnmu
panimc in honhucan Ipkcccnickuu noionop, n kofopom namna
ofpaxcnuc nonan opucnfauun sahannou honufuku. Cokononckuu
cpasy xc hpcnnoxun, ufoi Coksniu konfponiniu concf ocynun
67
hpofccf concmanun munucfpon unocfpannix ncn Hcxocnonakuu,
Ionimu u Kiocnanuu hpofun honufuku sahannix ncpxan n Icp-
manuu. Ofo in ynoniu cnyuau nnn honcmuku, u honcmuka nc
sacfanuna ccn xnafi, nocfuinyn, kak oiuno, onimoio nakana.
Cokononckuu onunun sahannix hpcncfanufcncu n fom, ufo onu
paccmafpunakf ucfipcxcfoponnkk anmunucfpauuk kak ynonyk
mupmy, sa kofopou fauno hpcnhpunumakfcn onnocfoponnuc mcpi
hpofun unfcpccon mupnix cfpan u camux ncmucn, u hofpconan,
ufoi cmy coomunu o coinamcnunx, honhucannix fpcmn ncpxa-
namu ofnocufcnino Icpmanuu n onnonc ncckoniko nncu nasan.
Kncu, kofopiu hpunuman yuacfuc n hcpcionopax nmccfc c icncpa-
nom Iocpfconom, uchonisonan nckuu hpcnnoi nnn otncncnuu,
houcmy on nc moi cnocnpcmcnno coomufi o hpunnfix pcmcnunx.
B sfof momcnf concfckuu hpcncfanufcni paspasuncn nnunnou qu-
nuhhukou hpofun honufuku sahannix ncpxan; safcm, hpcxnc ucm
hpcnocfanufi npyium hpano nnn ofncfa, noanun n kauccfnc hpcncc-
nafcnicfnykmcio: Hc nuxy ocnonanun hpononxafi sfo saccnanuc
u otnnnnk cio na ccionnn sakpifim. Bcn concfckan ncnciauun
honnnnaci u ymna us sana saccnanuu. Iocnc sfoio ona ofhpanuna n
Mockny coomcnuc o nosmoxnocfnx hcpckpifi sahannim coksnu-
kam nocfyh n Icpnun.
B fof momcnf nukfo nc nyman, ufo sfof mcnonpamafuucckuu
yxon osnauan koncu paofi Coksnoio konfponinoio concfa. B na-
uanc ahpcnn n nonxnocfi cio oucpcnnoio hpcnccnafcnn ncfyhun ic-
ncpan Kncu. Icncpany Kcnuiy, nacfaunanmcmy na nosononncnuu
saccnanuu, on ofncfun ofpuuafcnino u sannun, ufo onimc nukfo
nc opamancn k ncmy c fakumu hpcnnoxcnunmu. Toniko foina cfano
ncno, ufo concmanuc 2O mapfa sfo hocncnncc saccnanuc Concfa;
ucfipcxcfoponncc cofpynnuuccfno ho Icpmanuu ino hpckpamcno,
u kaxniu us yuacfnukon houyncfnonan ccn cnoonnim of coina-
mcnuu, hpunnfix no npcmn nouni. B uacfnocfu, sahannic ncpxa-
ni omyfunu honnyk cnoony u hpononxunu honufuky unfcipauuu
fpcx son Icpmanuu, a fakxc nonncucnun 3ahannou Icpmanuu n
cknaninakmykcn cnpohcuckyk cucfcmy.
Konqcpcnuun mccfu iocynapcfn, nauanman cnok paofy n on-
nonc n hcpnix uucnax mapfa, hpononxanaci n ocfanonkc ncnoncpun
co cfoponi qpanuyson, ohacanmuxcn nospoxncnun cfapix yipos co
cfoponi Icpmanuu. Ona sancpmuna cnok paofy 2 uknn 148 i.,
hpunnn nokymcnf, kofopiu cocfonn us fpcx uacfcu: 1) fpu sahan-
nic soni Icpmanuu nonxni yuacfnonafi n Inpohcuckou hpoipam-
mc pckoncfpykuuu, ufo yckopuf nonncucnuc Icpmanuu n omuc
ycunun ho pckoncfpykuuu Inpohi; 2) ncmcukuu napon kak moxno
icfpcc nonxcn cqopmuponafi honufuucckuc opianusauuu u un-
68
cfufyfi, kofopic, ofncuan munumaninim fpconanunm coksnu-
ucckux okkyhauuonnix nnacfcu, occhcuunu i cmy camoyhpannc-
nuc, a safcm u ncsanucumocfi. Iosfomy hpcnccnafcnnm nannfaion
ino paspcmcno cosnafi yupcnufcninyk accamnck, inc ina i
paspaofana koncfufyuun, choconan cfafi ocnonou nnn qopmupo-
nanun cncpafunnou Icchynuku Icpmanuu, ocymccfnnnkman
ucnfpaninyk nnacfi u occhcuunakmcu hpana nuunocfu; J) yupcx-
nancn opian mcxnynaponnoio konfponn nan Iypom, n kofopiu
nomnu hpcncfanufcnu mccfu cfpan-yuacfnuu onnonckou konqc-
pcnuuu, no nc Icpmanuu. Ofo nc hpuncno k ofncncnuk Iypa of
Icpmanuu, a foniko k konfponk nan pachpcncncnucm yinn u cfa-
nu, hpousncncnnix n onacfu. 3anaucu konfponinoio opiana
ino hpcnofnpafufi hpousnoncfno n aipcccunnix ucnnx, a fakxc
concucfnonafi yuacfuk Icpmanuu n pckoncfpykuuu Inpohi. Ipu
hpunnfuu nannix pcmcnuu nc ina uchonisonana nosmoxnocfi
ucfipcxcfoponnux coinamcnuu. Concfckuu Coks fakum opasom
ofcfpannncn of mcxnynaponnoio konfponn nan Iypom.
Ofu pcmcnun cfanu hpuuunou hocncnonanmux safcm mcp co
cfoponi Concfon ho nokanc Icpnuna. Onu xc hpuncnu k cosi-
ny hapnamcnfckoio concfa (oncc mnikoc ohpcncncnuc n cpannc-
nuu c yupcnufcninou accamnccu), inc c 1 ccnfnpn 148 i. nonxcn
in ocyxnaficn Ocnonnou sakon (cmc onun snqcmusm, kofo-
piu honmcnnn fopxccfncnnoc cnono koncfufyuun), hpusnanniu
cfafi ocnonohonaiakmum nokymcnfom cosnakmcucn cncpafun-
nou Icchynuku. Concf, opasonanniu us 65 uncnon hnkc hnfi
hpcncfanufcncu of Icpnuna cs hpana ionoca, uspan hpcnccnafcncm
Konpana Ancnayspa, inany Xpucfuancko-ncmokpafuucckoio coksa
(XC) u hpononxan cnok paofy no nccni 14 i. 12 man 14 i.,
n ncni, koina sakonuunaci nokana Icpnuna, nocnnic iycpnafopi
fpcx sahannix son onopunu Ocnonnou sakon. Io sancpmcnuu cio
pafuqukauuu nannfaiamu coofncfcfnykmux scmcni 7 ccnfnpn
14 i. ino hponosinamcno cosnanuc cncpafunnou Icchynuku
Icpmanuu, kofopan 21 ccnfnpn ina hpusnana nocnnim komanno-
nanucm fpcx sahannix ncpxan.
Iapanncnino c sfum fpu okkyhauuonnic ncpxani ocyxnanu
nohpoc o kpunuucckom cfafycc okkyhauuonnix cun n cnnsu c o-
pasonanucm iocynapcfna 3ahannou Icpmanuu, kofopoc ncuscxno
honyuano oipanuucnnyk ncsanucumocfi u npcmcnniu mcxnynapon-
niu cfafyc. On hpcnycmafpunan ohpcncncnnyk cfchcni nmcmafcni-
cfna no nnyfpcnnkk xusni Icpmanuu, no yxc chycfn nna mccnua
(2J nonpn 14 i.) ona ina cmniucna Icfcpccpickumu hpofoko-
namu. Icpmanun honyuuna honnyk nccchoconocfi n mcxnynapon-
nom hnanc (n honufuucckux hpcncnax, oosnaucnnix opiou
6
mcxny CCCI u CUA), xofn na cc fcppufopuu hpononxanu cumnonu-
uccku naxonuficn okkyhauuonnic cuni u Coksniu konfponiniu
concf, kofopic moinu ifi ycfpancni foniko ho mupnomy noiono-
py. Ho sfu nchpunfnic oipanuucnun hocfchcnno ncfmanu. B sfu
mccnui ncfana hponcma hcpcnoopyxcnun Icpmanuu, cumnon pa-
nukaninix usmcncnuu, hpousomcnmux na mcxnynaponnou apcnc n
cnnsu c fcm, ufo konqnukf mcxny Concfamu u CUA us honufuko-
skonomuucckou pachpocfpanuncn u na nocnnyk cqcpy.
8.4. Po:tenwe Komwnopma
w noto:enwe n Bociounow Enpone
8.4.1. HPUUUHM XOLO,HOU BOUHM
Hfak, nocnniu coks nc hpcnpafuncn n mupnoc cofpynnuuc-
cfno. Aconkfnan ncnosmoxnocfi sacfanufi CCCI hpunnfi mcx-
nynaponnic hpanuna kahufanucfuucckou cucfcmi u amcpukanckyk
ncpcuk mcxnynaponnoio hpana usmcnunu nochpunfuc 3ahanom Co-
ncfckoio Coksa: us fpynnoio coksnuka on cnauana hpcnpafuncn n
hpofunnuka, a safcm n konapnoio npaia, kofopomy cncnonano oka-
safi camoc yhopnoc cohpofunncnuc. B cnoxunmcucn ocfanonkc
komhnckc mcp, of nokfpuni Tpymsna no hnana Mapmanna, hpuncn
3ahan k cfpcmncnuk cosnafi cnok cocfncnnyk opianusauuk, na-
ucncnnyk na cncpxunanuc npaxncnou cucfcmi n cfpoio ohpc-
ncncnnix ipanuuax, sa hpcncni kofopix ona nc moina i niufu.
Ipunnfuk sfoio pcmcnun chococfnonano fakxc ocosnanuc
pcaninocfu ocfanonku n Icpmanuu: ncoxonumo ino hpusnafi
pasncn cfpani, ufoi nochpchnfcfnonafi pachpocfpancnuk concf-
ckoio nnunnun ucpcs mcxanusm ucfipcxcfoponncio yhpanncnun
nhnofi no ipanuui c panuucu, nahpumcp, na Iypckuu yioniniu
u xcncsopynniu acccun. Takum opasom, qopmuponanaci cucfc-
ma, kofopan nonxna ina ofpasufi nosmoxnyk (nochpunumacmyk
kak pcaninyk) unu noopaxacmyk concfckyk aipcccunnocfi u pas-
ncnfi ohaccnun, ufo n sahannix cfpanax kommynucfuucckum hap-
funm, foina fccno cnnsannim c Mocknou u pykononumim ck, yna-
cfcn hapanusonafi nospoxncnuc xusncchoconou cnpohcuckou
skonomuucckou cucfcmi, kak ino sahpoipammuponano n hnanc
Mapmanna u cio konnci.
Ionufuka hpofunocfonnun ncna k konqponfauuu u hopou k
cfonknoncnunm u honyuuna nasnanuc xononnou nouni. Ic oc-
nonnim honcm cfana Inpoha, no cpaxcnun c hpumcncnucm noopy-
xcnnix cun pasnopauunanuci u n Asuu. Hcnu hpofunoopcfna
inu foina nc conccm ncni, no ccionnn onu aconkfno oucnunni:
7OO
choconocfi yfncpnufi honufuko-skonomuucckyk u couuaninyk
opianusauuk, nauoncc hpuionnyk (unu mcncc nchpuionnyk) nnn
pcmcnun hponcm, cnnsannix c hocncnocnnimu usmcncnunmu.
Ofu hponcmi kacanuci hpanun xusnu ucnoncucckoio coomccfna
u ofnomcnuu mcxny ncnymumu yuacfnukamu mcxnynaponnou cuc-
fcmi, ohupakmuxcn, kasanoci i, na nonic hpanonic nopmi, no
ncqopmuponannix opiou hpofunohonoxnix honufuucckux cun,
kofopic, nc ucpcmonnci n niopc cpcncfn, nc hpcncpcianu nu-
ucm, ufoi nouficn hpcumymccfna.
Mcxny 146 i. u hcpnim honyionucm 147 i. namcfunuci kon-
fypi sfoio konqnukfa. To, ufo hpousomno hosxc, ino numi
anahfauucu k mcnnkmumcn ocfonfcnicfnam, hpu sfom cfoponi
pykononcfnonanuci cfpcmncnucm hpcncfanufi cnok cocfncnnyk
cucfcmy nauoncc hpufniafcninou. Ho sfo ynananoci nc nccina. Ha
fof momcnf, n 146147 ii., y ocux cfopon hpcnanuponan honxon
uhonnpnoio hpofunocfonnun k honufukc u k coofncfcfnykmum
akuunm pasnopauunakmcucn opii. Ha ohpcncncnnoc hpcncfan-
ncnuc o concfckou yiposc cncnonana pcakuun amcpukanucn; na amc-
pukanckyk pcakuuk cncnonan concfckuu ofncf: xccfkuu, ncqop-
muponanniu n pnnc cnyuacn u hnoxo coinaconanniu c coksnukamu
Mockni, fak kak cufyauun n Bocfounou Inpohc cmc naxonunaci n
cfanuu konconunauuu.
8.4.2. COB,AHUE KOMUH!OPMA
Icpnim naxnim maiom n nahpanncnuu konconunauuu hocnc
hpusina k cfpanam Bocfounou Inpohi nc yuacfnonafi n hnanc
Mapmanna ino pcmcnuc cosnafi Komunqopm. Hcnosmoxno cka-
safi c founocfik, kakoni inu hpuuuni, kofopic fonknynu Cfa-
nuna u cio nuskoio chonnuxnuka Annpcn Znanona, ofncfcfncnnoio
sa unconoiuk u hpohaianny, nosponufi mcxnynaponnyk kommynu-
cfuucckyk opianusauuk, koopnunupykmyk ncnfcninocfi cnpo-
hcuckux kommynucfuucckux hapfuu, ananoiuunyk pachymcnnomy
n 14J i. Komunfcpny. Hacfo sfo concfckoc pcmcnuc ucfonkonina-
kf yhpomcnno, pacucnunan cio kak scpkaninoc hpofunoncucfnuc
amcpukanckou unuuuafunc.
Mcxny fcm, sfo yfncpxncnuc hpcnhonaiacf nanuuuc n Bocfou-
nou Inpohc n 147 i. mononufnoio noka, yxc hpouno konfponupyc-
moio Concfckum Coksom. B ncucfnufcninocfu Concfi nonxni
inu yuufinafi pasnoopasuc cufyauuu n nocfounocnpohcuckux
cfpanax, hpunumafi no nnumanuc pasnuuun, cymccfnonanmuc mcxny
komhapfunmu, a fakxc cnoxnyk fcopuko-hpakfuucckyk hponcmy,
cnonunmykcn k ncoxonumocfu coinaconanun couuanucfuucckoio
7O1
unfcpnauuonanusma (f.c. hpcnannocfu CCCI) c houckom nauuo-
naninix pcmcnuu sanau couuaninou fpancqopmauuu. B 146
147 ii. cfano ncno, ufo n Iyminuu u Ioniapuu konfponi kommy-
nucfon nocfafouno hpouniu, a n Hcxocnonakuu, Kiocnanuu u n
Bcnipuu on snauufcnino cnacc, a Ionimc xc cio hifanuci yncp-
xafi c onimum fpynom. Hnconoiuucckuc achckfi, hpakfuucckuc
hponcmi u honufuucckuu konfponi inu fccncumum opasom
cnnsani mcxny coou. Onnoponnoio honufuucckoio noka nc cy-
mccfnonano nuinc, amcpukanckuc unuuuafuni hpcnnaianu koncf-
pykfunnyk anifcpnafuny naponnim qponfam na 3ahanc.
Hncn nospoxncnun opiana, koopnunupykmcio ncnfcninocfi
kommynucfuucckux hapfuu, ina hpcnnoxcna Cfanunim nuncpy
Kiocnanuu Tufo cmc n ccpcnunc 146 i., fo ccfi hpcxnc, ucm no-
nan amcpukanckan nncmnnn honufuka cfana hpuopcfafi ucfkuc
qopmi u ncnoc concpxanuc. Cfanun cucn nyxnim hohifaficn hc-
pcxnafufi nncmnchonufuucckyk unuuuafuny yxc n uknc 147 i.
Ipcnhpunnfi ohpcncncnnic maiu cio sacfannnnu kak ocfonfcni-
cfna mcxnynaponnoio xapakfcpa, fak u nnyfpcnnuc hpuuuni, cnn-
sannic c cucfcmou concfckou csohacnocfu. Iocon n Bamunifonc
Hukonau Honukon, cyponiu u nnunfcniniu kpufuk amcpukanckou
honufuku, cio naxc nasinanu cnocio pona concfckum Kcnnanom, n
ccnfnpc 147 i. hpcncfanun concfckomy hpanufcnicfny sahucky, n
kofopou usnoxun cocfncnniu ananus amcpukanckoio umhcpuanu-
cfuucckoio hpockfa, nknkuanmcio nokfpuny Tpymsna u hnan Map-
manna, kofopic nipaxanu nna achckfa cnunou cfpafciuu (fak y
Honukona). Hs sfoio ananusa nifckano fpcnoxnoc saknkucnuc,
ufo ocymccfnncnuc nannix mcp ncnano nosmoxnim cfpafciuucckoc
okpyxcnuc Concfckoio Coksa: c sahana c yuacfucm 3ahannou
Icpmanuu u npyiux cfpan 3ahannou Inpohi; c ccncpa nunucu
as, pachonoxcnnix na ccncpnix ocfponax Afnanfuku, a fakxc n
Kananc u na Annckc; c nocfoka ucpcs Shonuk u Kufau; c kia
of Inuxncio Bocfoka no Cpcnuscmnomopin.
Ofof ananus nc concpxan nonix oucnok, no unfcipuponan amc-
pukanckuc unuuuafuni n cnuniu mcxnynaponniu samiccn. Ycu-
nun Concfon hpcnofnpafufi hononoc okpyxcnuc hponanunuci, u
sfo hocfanuno hponcmi csohacnocfu u konconunauuu n Bocfou-
nou Inpohc, inc naxc ncnfcnu kommynucfuucckux hapfuu, naxo-
nunmuxcn y nnacfu, nc nccina honnocfik pasncnnnu concfckuc ho-
suuuu, kak, nahpumcp, honnk Iomynka, oniapun Tpauuo Kocfon,
pymin ykpcuuy Isfpsmkany, hofomy ufo ncc onu cknonnnuci k
konuchuuu nauuonaninoio kommynusma. Kpomc foio, n cfpanax,
inc konfponi kommynucfon nc in aconkfnim, hpumcp 3ahannou
Inpohi moi ifi hpunnckafcninim, kak sfo hpousomno n Hcxo-
7O2
cnonakuu, Ionimc u n fou xc Kiocnanuu n ofnomcnuu hnana
Mapmanna.
B Hcxocnonakuu cymccfnonana cmc hnkpanucfuucckan pcchy-
nuka, inc hpcsuncnf Icncm fopxccfncnno yfncpxnan, ufo n cfpanc
cymccfnycf ncmokpafuucckuu pcxum. B Bcnipuu no inanc pcchy-
nuku cfonn ymcpcnniu honufuucckuu ncnfcni Tuninu, a kommy-
nucfuucckan hapfun Bcnipuu ina pasncncna na fcx, kfo cfonn na
hocncnonafcnino hpoconcfckux hosuuunx, u na cfoponnukon nauuo-
naninoio kommynusma, kak acno Iauk. B Iyminuu hoka cymc-
cfnonano monapxuucckoc hpanufcnicfno, u na mafkom yxc fponc
cmc cuncn koponi Muxau.
Hfak, uncn fccno chnoucnnoio hpoconcfckoio noka, yhpannnc-
moio xcncsnou pykou Mockni, ina cfcpcofuhom, poxncnnim na
3ahanc. B ncucfnufcninocfu ncnisn ino cmc ionopufi nu o hon-
nou cafcnnusauuu, nu o cfanunusauuu, hosfomy Concfi nc nahpac-
no c fpcnoiou ofnocunuci k ckpifim pasnoinacunm, kofopic ho-
fcnuuanino honpinanu hpounocfi ux iochoncfna. pyiumu cnonamu,
hocfonnnan nuncmma mcxny nauuonanusmom u unfcpnauuonanus-
mom, kofopyk kommynucfuucckuc unconoiu nancnnuci paspcmufi c
homomik qopmynuponku hponcfapckuu unfcpnauuonanusm, ina
ofnkni nc ycfpancna. Ioncc foio, yxc foina sfa anfunomun yipoxa-
na hpounocfu cucfcmi, hofomy ufo nauuonanusm iofon in, kak
cfoiononan iunpa, ninnuficn n camix ncmicnumix mccfax.
Icnu nnymaficn, fo ycfpcmncnun ocux cfopon cxonunuci n on-
nom hynkfc: ycuncnuk 3ahana hpofunohocfannnnoci ykpchncnuc
Concfon. Oa umhynica ncnu k onnomy ufoiy. Iocnc ncckonikux
mccnucn honiofonku c 21 ho 27 ccnfnpn 147i. n n mancnikom io-
ponkc Uknnpcka Iopcma, nus Bpounana n Ionimc, cocfonnaci
konqcpcnuun hpcncfanufcncu kommynucfuucckux hapfuu Bocfou-
nou Inpohi (ho ncusnccfnim hpuuunam nc ina hpuinamcna
foniko ananckan hapfun), a fakxc qpanuysckou u ufaninnckou.
Ofo ina ucknkuufcnino cnpohcuckan konqcpcnuun, of yuacfun n
kofopou inu ofcfpancni mapiunaninic kommynucfuucckuc hap-
fuu unu hapfuu, naxonunmuccn n nnoucfncnnou cufyauuu kak
CIII Bocfounou Icpmanuu, kommynucfuucckan hapfun Ipcuuu,
komhapfuu Ckannunanckux cfpan u np.
BKI() ina hpcncfanncna Annpccm Znanonim u Icopiucm
Mancnkonim; kommynucfuucckuc hapfuu Bocfounou Inpohi
naxnimu ncnciauunmu, no nc na camom nicokom yponnc. Bosmox-
no, n sfom nipasunoci ncxcnanuc nckofopix hapfuu ocyxnafi ux
cfpafciuucckyk nunuk (kak yfncpxnakf nckofopic anfopi), nuo
namcpcnuc Cfanuna nc hpunnckafi onimoio nnumanun k nospox-
ncnuk Kommynucfuucckoio Hnfcpnauuonana. Hfaninnckuc kommy-
7OJ
nucfi inu hpcncfanncni yunxu onio u Oynxcnuo Icanc
(inmum hocnom Hfanuu n Bapmanc, hosxc cfanmum nuccuncn-
fom, anfopom uacfuunoio ofucfa o paofax konqcpcnuuu), a qpan-
uysckuc Zakom kkno, samccfufcncm Mopuca Topcsa.
Oosnauunuci nnc fouku spcnun copanmuxcn. Icpnan ina
nipaxcna n nicfyhncnuu Znanona, kofopoc hposnyuano kak onu-
uufcninan pcui hpofun hosuuuu amcpukanckoio umhcpuanusma n
mupc u, n uacfnocfu, n Inpohc. Io cnonam Znanona, amcpukanckuc
ncucfnun inu hopoxncni ncoxonumocfik hpcnofnpafufi, uc-
honisyn honufuky aipcccuu u hcpcnoopyxcnun, skonomuucckuu
kpusuc, hpunuxcnuc kofopoio cocfannnno onno us honoxcnuu
concfckou konuchuuu kahufanusma. Tcopun nnyx naicpcu, umhc-
puanucfuucckoio u couuanucfuucckoio, na kofopic mup in nco-
pafumo pasncncn, hpcnycmafpunana, ufo hcpniu naicpi cfpcmuncn
k ycfanonncnuk amcpukanckoio muponoio iochoncfna, nfopou
in hpusnan ofpasufi konfpnacfyhncnuc kahufanusma, nuknunu-
ponafi ocfafku qamusma u ykpchnnfi ncmokpafuk. axc nc sainn-
ninan n ynymcc, n ofnuuuc of nickasinanuu Cfanuna n qcnpanc
146 i., Znanon, cuufan ncuscxnim cfonknoncnuc mcxny nnymn
naicpnmu, ofmcfun ccpicsnocfi honoxcnun u hocfanun hcpcn hap-
funmu 3ahannou Inpohi sanauy nsnfi n cnou pyku snamn samufi
nauuonaninou ncsanucumocfu u cyncpcnufcfa cnoux cfpan, ufoi
hpcnofnpafufi hopaomcnuc Inpohi. Iapanokcanino, no sanaua,
hocfanncnnan hcpcn sahannimu komhapfunmu ina hpofunoho-
noxnou fou, ufo ninnunynaci hcpcn komhapfunmu Bocfounou In-
pohi, kofopic nonxni inu opoficn c nauuonanusmom u fccncc
chnofuficn nokpyi Concfckoio Coksa n coofncfcfnuu c konuchuucu,
usnoxcnnou nckofopoc npcmn chycfn ncnipom Iakomu u saknk-
uanmcucn n fom, ufo ocnonnic ucpfi couuanucfuucckoio cfpou-
fcnicfna n Concfckom Coksc |umckf] ynuncpcaninyk ucnnocfi.
Bfopan fouka spcnun ina nipaxcna kiocnanamu xunacom u
Kapncncm, kofopic onunnnu ufaninnckux u qpanuysckux kommy-
nucfon n mnikofcnocfu, hponnncnnou n opic c kahufanucfuucckou
honufukou n cnoux cfpanax. Onu hpousnccnu xccfkyk onunu-
fcninyk pcui, kpufukyn ufaninnckux u qpanuysckux kommynucfon
sa ux nocfaniiuucckuc ycfpcmncnun ncpnyficn n hpanufcnicfncn-
nyk koanuuuk nmccfc c ypxyasnimu hapfunmu: Honan ncmokpa-
fun, ckasan Kapncni, nauunacfcn fam, inc paouuu knacc n
coksc c npyiumu maccamu fpynnmuxcn onanacf knkucnimu hosu-
uunmu nnacfu n iocynapcfnc. Ionufuucckoc snaucnuc sfux naha-
nok ino nnonkum: c onnou cfoponi, onu hokasinanu nancxnocfi
kiocnanckux onsafcnicfn ho ofnomcnuk k CCCI, n ucm n Mocknc
nauanu comncnaficn, c npyiou, nosmoxno, sfo in ofncf na konc-
anun Concfon ho nohpocy o nonninocfu kiocnanon. Ionfncpxnan
7O4
cnok hpcnannocfi, onu nmccfc c fcm hponcmoncfpuponanu, ufo sa-
nnnu hosuuuk, kofopyk n fof momcnf Cfanun nc pasncnnn no kon-
ua, no hosnonun kiocnanam nsnanufi na ccn ofncfcfncnnocfi sa
skcfpcmusm, kofopiu iposun um usonnuucu n paoucm nnuxcnuu,
ccnu packon Bocfok3ahan ncckoniko ocnaccf.
B cymnocfu, nihan kiocnanon in hpcnknucu k maccuponan-
nim nicfyhncnunm nccx hpucyfcfnonanmux hpofun nnyx sahan-
nix hapfuu, ux hpusinanu ofkasaficn of nancxni na komhpo-
mucc c ypxyasucu u hcpcufu k honufukc xccfkou nchpumupumou
ohhosuuuu. Tpynno ino ckasafi, kakoni ynyf pcsynifafi sfou
honufuku, hockoniky n fo npcmn nukfo nc moi hpcnnuncfi xapak-
fcp honufuucckux usmcncnuu na cnpohcuckom konfuncnfc. Tak, c
momcnfa cosnanun Honoio kommynucfuucckoio unfcpnauuonana,
honyuunmcio nasnanuc Komunqopm (cio pcsuncnuun naxonunaci
cnauana n Icnipanc, a c ccpcnuni 148 i. n Iyxapccfc), n cio hnaf-
qopmc yxc concpxanuci ocnonnic hpofunopcuun. C onnou cfopo-
ni, on onsinan sahannic hapfuu cfpcmuficn k ncnocfuxumim
ucnnm, ufo moino numi yxynmufi ux honoxcnuc u hpunccfu k uso-
nnuuu n cnoux cfpanax, a, c npyiou, ocnoninanci na fcopuu cnun-
cfna couuanucfuucckoio naicpn, ncpxan n ysnc komhapfuu Boc-
founou Inpohi. Iocnc cosnanun Komunqopma ufaninnckan u
qpanuysckan komhapfuu c ynunncnucm, no cspohofno hpunnnu
ninnunyfic hpofun nux onuncnun.
8.4.3. CTALUHUBAUUH BOCTOUHOU EBPOHM
B Bocfounou Inpohc, kak humcf Macfni, Komunqopm un n
naaf ho honony kakux-nuo hponnncnuu hnkpanusma, fo ccfi
nauanaci honnunnan cfanunusauun cucfcmi. B Iyminuu hocnc
ninyxncnnoio ofpcucnun koponn Muxan ina hponosinamcna pcc-
hynuka. B nnnapc 148 i. hocnc otcnuncnun couuanucfuucckou u
kommynucfuucckou hapfuu Icopiuy-cx u Anna Iaykcp honcnu
opiy c nauuonanucfom Isfpsmkany, kofopiu in cnnf co
nccx cnoux hocfon. B Bcnipuu Iakomu cfan inannim nipasufcncm
cfanunckou honufuku, on nauan hpononufi uucfku u nomcn no
foio, ufo onuuun Iauka kak hpcncfanufcnn amcpukanckux cckpcf-
nix cnyx, ofnan cio hon cyn, hpuionopunmuu nunnoio kommynu-
cfuucckoio ncnfcnn k cmcpfnou kasnu ucpcs honcmcnuc. B Ionia-
puu Kocfona xnana fa xc yuacfi. B Ionimc Iomynka, kofopiu yxc
no npcmn saccnanuu n Uknnpcka Iopcma hponnun samcfnyk ca-
mocfonfcninocfi cyxncnuu, in numcn nccx cnoux nonxnocfcu,
no nc in apccfonan, xofn u naxonuncn hon nankncnucm u hon
oxpanou.
7O5
Hauoncc namymcnmuc coifun umcnu mccfo n Hcxocnonakuu, n
Bocfounou Icpmanuu u n Kiocnanuu. B Hcxocnonakuu hpu honncp-
xkc Concfon n qcnpanc 148 i. kommynucfuucckan hapfun, osao-
ucnnan fcm, ufo pckoncfpykuun na 3ahanc okaxcfcn hpunnckafcni-
nou u nnn camou Hcxocnonakuu, couna cchoncsnim hpononxafi
skchcpumcnfuponafi c hnkpanusmom. Iockoniky n sfo npcmn na-
pacfan hpouccc ycuncnun mcxnynaponnou nahpnxcnnocfu, naic-
pn hpcnpamanuci n hpofunoopcfnykmuc noku, fo u komhap-
fun Hcxocnonakuu nochonisonanaci hcpnim ynonim cnyuacm nnn
yxccfoucnun cnocu hosuuuu. Ipanufcnicfncnnim onimuncfnom
ino hpunnfo pcmcnuc homcmafi munucfpy nnyfpcnnux ncn (kom-
mynucfy) ynonufi nnyx uunonnukon hpaxckou honuuuu, kofopic,
kak ohacanuci kommynucfi, moinu nochpchnfcfnonafi manuhynnuuu
pcsynifafamu usupafcninou kamhanuu. C hpofccfom nicfyhuna
kommynucfuucckan hapfun, ona ofkasanaci hpusnafi hpanufcni-
cfncnnoc pcmcnuc. Ofo nicfyhncnuc honfonknyno hpcncfanufcncu
nckofopix ypxyasnix hapfuu (naponnix kafonukon, ucmckux
couuanucfon u cnonaukux ncmokpafon) niufu us cocfana hpanu-
fcnicfna. Kpusuc in hpcncfanncn kommynucfamu kak hohifka
faunoio cionopa mcxny ncmokpafuucckumu hapfunmu u sahannimu
ncpxanamu u naxc kak saionop, ufoi cncpinyfi pcchynuky. Iinu
mounusonani hpoqcoksi u sanonckuc concfi nnn hponcncnun
macconix ncmoncfpauuu. Ionpasncncnun honuuuu, konfponupo-
nanmuccn kommynucfamu, hpuinu n Ipaiy, u 22 qcnpann naua-
nuci macconic apccfi ux honufuucckux hpofunnukon. 24 qcnpann
Iofnanin hpusnan k nccomcu saacfonkc, a fcm npcmcncm noopy-
xcnnic ipyhhi kommynucfon hpuinanu n cfonuuy. 3ammunucfpa
unocfpannix ncn CCCI Bancpuan 3opun nanknan sa ocfanon-
kou, naxonnci n Ipaic.
Ionufuucckuu kpusuc in paspcmcn n afmocqcpc cfpaxa u na-
cunun. Ipcsuncnf Icncm, oninou u honanncnniu, hpunnn of-
cfanky munucfpon-nckommynucfon u 2 qcnpann hpusnan cosnanuc
hpanufcnicfna, pykononumoio kommynucfamu. Hcckoniko nncu
chycfn, 1O mapfa, Sn Macapuk, cin onnoio us ocnonafcncu pcchy-
nuku u munucfp unocfpannix ncn, hokonuun c coou, nipocun-
muci us okna munucfcpcfna. Mnoiuc comncnanuci n camoyuucfnc
u hpcnhonaianu, ufo akf nacunun in concpmcn kommynucfamu,
fcm nc mcncc, y ucnoncka, kofopiu nuncn kpymcnuc nccx cnoux nc-
mokpafuucckux uncanon, ino oncc ucm nocfafouno hpuuun nnn
ofuannun.
Iocnc sfux coifuu kommynucfi cpasy hpunnnuci sa honiofon-
ky usupafcninou kamhanuu. Ipcncfonno uspafi JOO nonix uncnon
Hauuonaninou accamncu, cpcnu kofopix okasanoci 2J7 kommynuc-
7O6
fon. Kpyi samknyncn, a nmccfc c num yiacnu nancxni, ufo Hcxocno-
nakun cmoxcf ocfaficn cnnsykmum kananom mcxny nnymn npaxnc-
nimu mupamu u skchcpumcnfaninou cqcpou nnn hpoknaninanun
nauuonaninoio hyfu k ncmokpafuucckum u couuaninim pcqop-
mam. Omuka, concpmcnnan ucxocnonaukumu kommynucfamu (u ux
concfckumu cfoponnukamu), saknkuanaci n ncnooucnkc hcuxonoiu-
ucckux hocncncfnuu ux nicfyhncnun. Icnu no sfoio momcnfa concf-
ckan honufuka nochpunumanaci c ncnoncpucm, no c honumanucm,
fo c fcx hop cc cfanu oucnunafi oncc ucm cypono. Komunqopm
pcmun usnanafi cnok iascfy 3a hpouniu mup, sa naponnyk nc-
mokpafuk, no hpaxckuc coifun hocnyxunu hpofunonnucm n
onimux nosax hpofun hpohaiannucfckux hpusinon, kofopic sfo
usnanuc pachpocfpannno n Inpohc. Bosmoxno, nasnanuc iascfi
nipaxano pcaninic ohaccnun, ufo nonan amcpukanckan honufuka
naucncna na nouny, hockoniky sfa honufuka nnnncfcn pcsynifafom
afomnou nuhnomafuu, fo ccfi nuhnomafuu, ucxonunmcu us ycno-
nuu hpcnocxoncfna, cosnannix afomnou monohonucu, no sfum
ohaccnunm hpofunocfonnu coomcnun o macconix pchpcccunx no
nccx cfpanax Bocfounou Inpohi, na kofopyk u, n camom ncnc,
ohycfuncn xcncsniu sanancc.
Ichpcccuponanniu ucxocnonaukuu kommynucf Apfyp onnon n
cnocu knuic osnanuc pacckasan o xccfokux mcfonax pcxuma,
kofopomy honckny mcpcmunuci npaiu: n cocfncnnix pnnax u n
pnnax honufuucckux hpofunnukon. Icnu no qcnpann 148 i. fc, kfo
ncpun n cymccfnonanuc concfckou yiposi n Inpohc, inu n mcni-
muncfnc, fo hocnc sfoio uucno fcx, kfo honcpun n ncc, nipocno
ncumoncpno. Ipaxckuc coifun n snauufcninou mcpc honnunnu
na pcsynifafi niopon n Hfanuu 18 ahpcnn 148 i., inc kommynuc-
fi hofcphcnu ccpicsnoc hopaxcnuc, onu fakxc ofpasunuci u na
hosuuunx sahannix couuanucfon.
8.4.4. BLOKA,A BEPLUHA U COB,AHUE
!E,EPATUBHOU PECH.BLUKU FEPMAHUU
Ionoxcnuc Icpnuna nanano Concfam cmc onny nosmoxnocfi
okasafi cohpofunncnuc cosnanuk sahannoio noka, u n ococnnoc-
fu, homcmafi unfcipauuu mcxny Bcnukopufanucu, Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu, panuucu u 3ahannou Icpmanucu. Coinacno pcmcnu-
nm, hpunnfim n konuc nouni, n Icpnunc, kofopiu in okkyhu-
ponan nouckamu ucfipcx ncpxan, xofn u naxonuncn icoipaquuccku
nnyfpu concfckou soni, ncucfnonan pcxum, ananoiuuniu fomy,
ufo pachpocfpannncn na nck ocfaninyk Icpmanuk. Iopon fakxc
in honcncn na ucfipc cckfopa okkyhauuu, yhpannncmix kak cnu-
7O7
noc skonomuucckoc ucnoc ucfipcxcfoponncu Komcnnafypou. B ok-
fnpc 146 i. k ncu hpucocnununcn uspanniu nccomum ionocona-
nucm Icpnunckuu maiucfpaf, n kofopom 8O ' mccf hpunanncxanu
CII, XC u ucpanino-ncmokpafuucckou hapfuu, a hpoconcf-
ckan CIII pachonaiana mcncc ucm 2O'.
Cfoni cnoxnan cufyauun, ocnonannan na hpcnhocinkc nocfu-
xcnun ncikoio coinamcnun ucfipcx hocnufcncu (n hpofunnom
cnyuac cufyauun moina nciko hcpcpacfu n kpusucnyk), hopoxnana
nna ocnonnix nohpoca. Icpniu kacancn ofncfcfncnnocfu sa okasa-
nuc homomu naccncnuk iopona, paspymcnnoio nounou; nfopou
in cnnsan c hpcninymum u kacancn kommynukauuu mcxny sahanni-
mu cckfopamu Icpnuna u sahannimu sonamu okkyhauuu Icpmanuu.
Io hcpnomy us sfux nohpocon Concfi, osaoucnnic fpynnocfik
pcmcnun hponcmi, ofknonnnu, nosmoxno cnumkom hochcmno,
nkic hpcnnoxcnun, nosnaianmuc na nux okasanuc homomu, nc-
oxonumou nnn nixunanun naccncnun ucnoio iopona, u fpconanu,
ufoi kaxnan okkyhauuonnan ncpxana nsnna i na ccn cnaxc-
nuc naccncnun ofncncnnoio cu cckfopa.
Iononan fpakfonka hponcmi hpcnhonaiana coinamcnuc o
hocfankax homomu u n xccfkou qopmc cfanuna nohpoc o kommynu-
kauunx mcxny sahannimu cckfopamu Icpnuna u coofncfcfnykmu-
mu sonamu Icpmanuu. Io sfomy nohpocy nocnnic komcnnanfi
saknkuunu pnn coinamcnuu, naionapn kofopim k nonpk 145 i.
fpu sahannic ncpxani honyuunu nosmoxnocfi uchonisonafi xc-
ncsnonopoxnic hyfu, anfocfpani, pcunoc cynoxoncfno u fpu ucfko
oucpucnnix nosnymnix kopunopa nnn kommynukauuu, nc honncxa-
mux kakou-nuo qopmc konfponn. Ioncc foio, ho mncnuk amcpu-
kanckoio icncpana Kncn, ino coinaconano, ufo ncc hcpcnosku
nosnymnic, pcunic u xcncsnonopoxnic ...nc honncxaf kakou-
nuo qopmc konfponn unu unchckuuu co cfoponi famoxcnnix
unu nocnnix nnacfcu.
Hahpnxcnnic cufyauuu, nosnukanmuc sa hpcncnamu Icpnuna,
cucfcmafuuccku ofpaxanuci na ncnfcninocfu coksnou komcnnafy-
pi, a fakxc na ycnonunx xusnu iopoxan n sanucumocfu of pasnix
cckfopon okkyhauuu, pasncncnuc na kofopic cmc nc hpcnpafunoci
n xccfkuu packon, kak sfo hpousomno hosxc. Icpnic ocnoxncnun
nauanuci n mapfcahpcnc 148 i., koina concfckoc komannonanuc
unqopmuponano coksnukon, ufo c sfoio npcmcnu hcpcnnuxcnun
nkncu us sahannix son okkyhauuu Icpnuna u opafno honncxaf
konfponk, a hofomy fpcycfcn opamaficn c sahpocom na honyuc-
nuc paspcmcnun of concfckux nnacfcu. Ofo in hcpniu mai, sa
kofopim hocncnonanu cfoni xc onnocfoponnuc ncucfnun n fo npc-
mn kak konqcpcnuun mccfu n onnonc hpunuxanaci k nipaofkc
7O8
pcmcnun o cosnanuu cncpafunnou Icchynuku Icpmanuu. 11 uknn
ncckoniko pas npcmcnno hpcpinanoci nascmnoc nnuxcnuc n Icp-
nun u n camom ioponc. Ho nacfonmum honopofnim momcnfom cfano
pcmcnuc coksnukon hponccfu n 3ahannou Icpmanuu cocfncnnyk
ncncxnyk pcqopmy, kofopan hpcnycmafpunana omcn ncnci: hocnc
sfoio n nnyx uacfnx Icpmanuu honnunaci pasnan nankfa c pasnuu-
nou pcaninou hokyhafcninou choconocfik.
Icmcnuc nankfnoio nohpoca ino onnum us naxncumux mo-
mcnfom n osnoponncnuu skonomuucckou cufyauuu n Icpmanuu u n
cc nknkucnuu n cqcpy ncucfnun hnana Mapmanna. cucfnufcnino,
n nauanc 148 i. n cfpanc xonunu fpu nuna ymaxnix ncnci: cuni-
no ncnaninuponannan nonocnnan ncmcukan mapka; mapka, nahcua-
fannan okkyhauuonnimu nnacfnmu u hpusnannan na hapufcfnou
ocnonc kak nankfa c nomunaninou cfoumocfik; mapka, nahcuafan-
nan Concfamu na mafpuuax, hpcnocfanncnnix um coksnukamu, u
hymcnnan n Icpmanuu n oopof n ncusnccfno kakom konuuccfnc.
Okkyhauuonnic mapku, nahcuafannic Concfamu, umcnu fy xc
cfoumocfi, ufo u npyiuc okkyhauuonnic mapku, u fak xc moinu
omcnunaficn na ncmcukuc mapku n pcxumc nankfnoio hapufcfa.
Ofo coofncfcfnonano hpunuuhy pykononcfna icpmanckou skono-
mukou kak cnunim ucnim, no ncncxnan cucfcma nc honncxana nu-
kakomy sqqckfunnomy konfponk, u, oncc foio ykpchnnna pyni,
kofopiu n Icpnunc omcnunancn napannc c okkyhauuonnou mapkou
u, cncnonafcnino, c ncmcukou mapkou. Ohif hcpnix hocncnocnnix
ncf in cnumkom iopikum, ufoi hosnonufi coxpanuficn n kon-
fckcfc hpoucxonunmux honufuucckux usmcncnuu cchopnnky n
sfou naxnou cqcpc. Ofckna ponunaci hofpcnocfi n ncncxnou pc-
qopmc, kofopan hocfanuna i cufyauuk hon konfponi.
18 uknn cfano nncm ocymccfnncnun pcqopmi n sahannix so-
nax: ina nihymcna nonan mapka (sahannan mapka); cc moxno
ino omcnnfi ho kypcy onny mapky sa nccnfi nkix mapok, ko-
fopic xonunu na icpmanckom ncncxnom pinkc. ocfafouno ino
camou ho ccc pcqopmi, ufoi nisnafi npaxncnyk pcakuuk Co-
ncfon. Iponcma Icpnuna moina numi cc yxccfouufi. Hfo xc ncc-
faku hpousomno c nankfnim pcxumom n ioponc Anino-amcpu-
kanckuc hpockfi hpcnhonaianu nnn inmcu cfonuui ofncninyk
nankfy, no pcqopma nana mapmany Cokononckomy nosmoxnocfi
onunufi coksnukon n namcpcnuu paspymufi skonomuucckoc
cnuncfno Icpmanuu, hpcnycmofpcnnoc Iofcnamckumu coinamcnun-
mu, u safcm ofncpinyfi hpcnnoxcnuc sahannou nankfi nnn Icpnu-
na. Ipcnnaianoci, ufoi n ioponc hon ucfipcxcfoponnum konfpo-
ncm honyuuna i xoxncnuc ncncxnan cnunuua, kofopyk Concfi
uchonisonanu n cnocm cckfopc. Ioncc foio, Cokononckuu hpukasan
7O
nc nohyckafi xoxncnuc sahannou mapku n Icpnunc, hofomy ufo
iopon in skonomuuccku nknkucn n concfckyk sony okkyhauuu.
B ofncf 3ahan nahomnun, ufo nu onna us ucfipcx okkyhauuon-
nix ncpxan nc umcna hpana hpunumafi pcmcnun sa npyiux, u kax-
nan us nux nnonuna n cnocm cckfopc okkyhauuu nonyk ncmcukyk
mapky, nc pastncnnn, nnonufcn nu nonan ncncxnan cnunuua fakxc
u n concfckou uacfu Icpnuna.
Ichpcccanuu nc sacfanunu ccn nonio xnafi. Mcxny 22 u
25 uknn kommynucfi us CIII hpcnhpunnnu pnn hohifok noc-
hpchnfcfnonafi ncfyhncnuk n cuny pcmcnuu sahannix ncpxan n
cpnunckom maiucfpafc. Concfi otnnunu o nncncnuu cnocu nc-
mcukou nankfi u 22 hofpconanu, no cspcsynifafno, cc hpusna-
nun kak ncianinou nankfi fakxc u nnn 3ahannoio Icpnuna. B af-
mocqcpc nosnukmcu nahpnxcnnocfu hononic hpcnnoxcnun inu
ofncpinyfi, u foina Concfi honnocfik nokuponanu xcncsno-
nopoxnoc, nascmnoc u pcunoc coomcnuc mcxny Icpnunom u 3a-
hannou Icpmanucu. Onu nc nokuponanu nosnymnoc coomcnuc,
hofomy ufo sfo, oucnunno, nisnano i noopyxcnnic unuuncnfi.
B mupc ncc inasa inu ycfpcmncni na Icpnun, hofomy ufo cu-
fyauun, cknaninanmancn n hpcxncu icpmanckou cfonuuc, kasanaci
nspinoohacnou u, nmccfc c fcm, cumnonuunou. Bspinoohacnou,
hofomy ufo nahpnxcnuc moino i ninuficn n noopyxcnnoc cfonk-
noncnuc, ccnu hpunnfi no nnumanuc namcpcnuc Cfanuna nsnfi
iopon hon honniu konfponi. Cumnonuunou, hofomy ufo ofncf 3a-
hana na nokany packpin i pcaninyk ucnnocfi amcpukanckux
onsafcnicfn n Inpohc. Inokana osnauana ncnosmoxnocfi cnaxafi
cpnunucn, hpoxunakmux n sahannix cckfopax, uchonisyn nascm-
nic kommynukauuu. Cymccfnonana ohacnocfi, ufo c icfpim ucfo-
mcnucm sahacon, cpnunui ninyxncni ynyf coinacuficn c concf-
ckumu fpconanunmu, u foina sahannic cuni moiyf nuo hokunyfi
iopon nuo ocfanaficn fam n ynuxcnnom cocfonnuu, hofcphcn ho-
nufuucckoc hopaxcnuc.
Ofo in onun us fcx momcnfon, koina Tpymsn hponnun cfou-
kocfi. Hcoxonumo ino occhcuufi xufcnnm 3ahannoio Icpnuna
hocfanku fakoio konuuccfna homomu, kofopic copnanu i concf-
ckuc hnani. Iino honcuufano, ufo ncoxonumo ofhpannnfi n 3a-
hanniu Icpnun nnn nixunanun cio ipaxnan ho kpauncu mcpc
J 5OO fonn ipyson n ncni (hpcxnc nccio, hponykfon hufanun u io-
pkucio), u cnuncfncnno nosmoxnim hyfcm ocfananuci nosnymnic
kopunopi nononino ohacnic, hockoniky ux ncnisn ino napy-
mufi, nc puckyn usmcnufi xapakfcp kpusuca u hpcnpafufi cio us
honufuucckoio n nocnniu. B cuufannic ncncnu in honnocfik
ykomhnckfonan momniu nosnymniu qnof. B qcnpanc 14 i. ino
71O
honcuufano, ufo n aspohopfax 3ahannoio Icpnuna amcpukanckuu
camoncf hpuscmnnncn kaxnic nnc munyfi; n iopon nocfannnnoci
okono 78 ficnu fonn ipyson n ncni. Hfak, konqnukf, unuuuupo-
nanniu Concfamu, in niuipan n fcxnuucckom ofnomcnuu, u hnan
homcmafi cosnanuk cncpafunnou Icchynuku Icpmanuu unu, ho
kpauncu mcpc, nouficn usinanun sahannix coksnukon us Icpnu-
na, hponanuncn.
Bo npcmn nokani nuhnomafuucckuc konfakfi mcxny nnymn
cfoponamu, onnako, nc hpcpnanuci. B nauanc uknn 148 i. nocn-
nic iycpnafopi coksnix okkyhauuonnix son ncfpcfunuci c
mapmanom Cokononckum nnn houckon hyfcu nixona us kpusuca,
no ofncf mapmana in ucfkum: nokana yncf hpononxaficn, hoka
3ahan nc ofkaxcfcn of hnanon yupcxncnun hpanufcnicfna 3ahan-
nou Icpmanuu. Iocni fpcx sahannix cfpan n Mocknc, pykononu-
mic amcpukanucm Y.I. Cmufom, n aniycfc hofpconanu ncfpcuu co
Cfanunim u Monofonim. Bcfpcua cocfonnaci 2 aniycfa, concfckuu
nukfafop in xusncpanocfcn, n hpumupufcninom nacfpocnuu u
iofon hpcnnoxufi komhpomuccnic qopmynuponku ho fakum nohpo-
cam, kak, nahpumcp, ofcpouka yxc hpunnfix pcmcnuu, concfckoc
yuacfuc n konfponc nan Iypom, xoxncnuc n Icpnunc foniko mapku
concfckou soni. Concfi coinamanuci, na hpononxcnuc honiofonku
k cosnanuk cncpafunnou Icchynuku Icpmanuu, no nipaxanu
cnok nciafunnyk hosuuuk ho sfomy nohpocy, nc hpcnpaman cio,
onnako, n unipcnucnf cpnunckoio kpusuca. C xusncpanocfnocfik
u iukocfik Cfanuna konfpacfuponano honcncnuc Monofona, nc-
hpumupuman hosuuun kofopoio ycnuna sahannix nuhnomafon, ufo
cchoncsno hpononxafi nuanoi, u, nahpofun, nano uchonisonafi
nosmoxnocfu, hosnonnkmuc nouficn onimoio honufuucckoio
ychcxa.
Toniko n nauanc 14 i. cufyauun ina pasnokuponana. JO nn-
napn Cfanun n unfcpnik amcpukanckomy xypnanucfy nan honnfi,
ufo ccfi nancxna na nocfuxcnuc komhpomucca: nokana moina ifi
cnnfa hpu ycnonuu, ufo coksnuku ninccyf nohpoc o cosnanuu c-
ncpafunnou Icchynuku Icpmanuu na ccccuk Concfa munucfpon
unocfpannix ncn, kofopiu ocynun i icpmanckyk hponcmy. Hs-
mcncnuc ino oucni nconimum, no ucfkum: hpunuuhuaninan oh-
hosuuun n ofnomcnuu honufuku coksnukon ycfyhuna mccfo ycno-
nuk, kofopoc moino ifi nciko nihonncno npe0e, ucm ina i
cosnana cncpafunnan Icchynuka Icpmanuu. Cfanun nc ninnu-
nyn npyiux ycnonuu.
Bohpoc ocyxnancn n hcpuon mcxny qcnpancm u nauanom man
14 i. B kommknukc of 5 man, honhucannom hpcncfanufcnnmu uc-
711
fipcx okkyhauuonnix ncpxan, otnnnnnoci, ufo nokana sakonuuf-
cn 12 man, a 2J man nauncfcn ccccun Concfa munucfpon unocfpan-
nix ncn. Takum opasom, cufyauun icfpo nosnpamanaci k nop-
maninomy cocfonnuk. Bosmoxno, cnuncfncnnan honufuucckan
ucna, kofopan ina sahnaucna 3ahanom, in ofkas of honnoio
nknkucnun Icpnuna n 3ahannyk Icpmanuk. Iio uspannic hpcn-
cfanufcnu nonxni inu hpunumafi yuacfuc n saccnanunx qcnc-
paninoio hapnamcnfa (ynnccfaia), no cs hpana ionoca. Kpomc
foio, ucfipc cckfopa iopona ocfanuci hon cumnonuucckum conmcc-
fnim yhpanncnucm coksnukon. B sahannix cckfopax okkyhauun
ina onciucna, nackoniko sfo ino nosmoxno, u ocfanaci kak i
nncmnum hponnncnum hpucyfcfnun coksnukon, u n fo xc npcmn
nahomunanucm o hpomnom, kak iapanfun n cnnsu c hpucyfcfnucm
Concfon. 3ahannic coksnuku ocfanunu sa coou sanauu, cnnsan-
nic c pasopyxcnucm u ncmunufapusauucu, konfponcm nan nncm-
ncu honufukou u fopionncu, a fakxc konfponi sa qunanconimu
hofokamu.
Iocnc kpusuca Icpnun kopcnnim opasom usmcnuncn. C fcx
hop iopon in nanonio pasncncn na nnc uacfu: onna uacfi cfana
nufpunou sahannoio mcfona pcmcnun hponcm pckoncfpykuuu,
npyian uacfi scpkanino ofpaxana concfckuu honxon k pcmcnuk fcx
xc hponcm u hosnonnna Concfckomy Coksy naxonuficn n ccpnuc
Inpohi. Kommynukauuu mcxny nnymn uacfnmu iopona inu saf-
pynncni, a co npcmcncm okasanuci u noncc hapanusonannimu, ho-
pou onu hponouuponanu nonic munu-kpusuci. Hfak, n ucnfpc
Icpmanuu ocfananaci ofkpifou hponcma, kofopan hocfonnno
honncpxunana uyncfno ncyncpcnnocfu, cnyxuna unnukafopom o-
ncsncnnoio cocfonnun ocux uacfcu iopona.
Inokana Icpnuna honyuuna mupokuc ofknuku kak n Inpohc,
fak u no nccm mupc. Hmcnno n ncni okonuanun nokani nocnnic
iycpnafopi hpunnnu ocnonnou sakon, f.c. Koncfufyuuk cncpa-
funnou Icchynuku Icpmanuu. 2J man n Iapuxc nauanaci sahna-
nuponannan ccccun Concfa munucfpon unocfpannix ncn, kofopan
hpononxanaci no 2O uknn u sakonuunaci cspcsynifafno. Y Conc-
fon ina nosmoxnocfi hpcncfafi nauoncc fncpnimu cfoponnukamu
noccfanonncnun cnuncfna Icpmanuu, n fo npcmn kak 3ahan sannnnn
o ofkasc of ncmcnncnnoio nocfuxcnun cnuncfna. B ncucfnufcni-
nocfu, ho sancpmcnuk hpouccca pafuqukauuu Ocnonnoio sakona
nannfaiamu saunfcpcconannix scmcni cocfonnoci saccnanuc icpman-
ckoio qcncpaninoio hapnamcnfa, kofopiu hponosinacun cosnanuc
cncpafunnou Icchynuku Icpmanuu, a safcm uspan hcpnoio kan-
uncpa nonou pcchynuku inany XC Konpana Ancnayspa. 21 ccn-
fnpn coksnic nocnnic nnacfu hpusnanu nonoc hpanufcnicfno.
712
Iapanncnino n Icpnunc ino cosnano hpanufcnicfno sahannou
uacfu iopona.
Inokana honyuuna mupokuu muponou pcsonanc, xofn u nc sa-
fopmosuna pasnufuc nnyfpcnnux hpoucccon Icpmanuu. Hcpcs nc-
ckoniko ncncni hocnc hpaxckoio hcpcnopofa hpousomnu cpnun-
ckuc coifun, yxc naspcnan concfcko-kiocnanckuu konqnukf ncc
sfu kpusucnic momcnfi cosnananu na 3ahanc ohpcncncnniu opas
concfckou nnacfu, namcpcnnou homcmafi pckoncfpykuuu Inpohi,
otcnununmcucn hon siunou Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Cpcncfna, uc-
honisonannic n honufuucckou opic, kofopyk mnoiuc nicfpau-
nanu n cnunyk hocncnonafcninyk nunuk, cosnananu nhcuafncnuc
xccfkou aipcccunnocfu, pasxuianmcu anfukommynucfuucckuc na-
cfpocnun u cfpax hcpcn aipcccunnimu hnanamu Concfckoio Cok-
sa. Hc cnyuauno hcpcionopi ho saknkucnuk Ccncpoafnanfuucckoio
hakfa cocfonnuci hocnc nauana nokani Icpnuna u sancpmunuci
4 ahpcnn 14 i. Bosmoxno, cfpax cnpohcuucn in nc cfoni oocno-
nan, kak um kasanoci, no onu cuufanu ncoxonumim, ufoi sko-
nomuucckan unfcipauun, ocymccfnnnnmancn ho hnany Mapmanna,
honyuuna i cfoni xc sqqckfunnyk nocnno-honufuucckyk ohopy.
Ofo nc snauuf, ufo Afnanfuucckuu hakf in cosnan oc:e0cmoue
nokani Icpnuna, no nokana n snauufcninou mcpc oocfpuna
omymcnuc yiposi, kofopoc hpuncno k honhucanuk sfoio hakfa.
8.4.5. UCKLLUEHUE LFOCLABUU UB KOMUH!OPMA
Tpcfium naxnim shusonom, kofopiu ofpasun yxccfoucnuc
cfanunckux hosuuuu n cnnsu c usmcncnunmu n 3ahannou Inpohc,
cfan, kak sfo nu hapanokcanino, hcpniu kpusuc nnyfpu concfckoio
noka. On hpuncn k ofkpifomy paspiny mcxny Concfckum Coksom u
Kiocnanucu, sakpchncnnomy pcsonkuucu Komunqopma of 28 uknn
148 i. Ofof kpusuc c camoio nauana in hpcncfanncn kak pcsynifaf
unconoiuucckux pacxoxncnuu. Xofn sfof sncmcnf uipan snauufcni-
nyk poni n hpoucmcnmux coifunx, fcm nc mcncc, on hpcncfannn-
cfcn nfopocfchcnnim ho cpanncnuk c nohpocamu mcxnynaponnoio
xapakfcpa: sfu nohpoci nhcpnic onaxunu nccina hpucyfcfnonan-
muc n concfckou cucfcmc fpynnocfu coucfanun unfcpnauuonanusma
c nauuonanusmom.
Hnfcpnauuonanusm n 147148 ii. cfan (unu ocfanancn) cuno-
numom concpmcnncumcu hpcnannocfu concfckou honufukc, u c sfo-
io momcnfa u n nanincumcm, osnauan qopmuponanuc hpanufcnicfn,
coofncfcfnykmux cfanunckou moncnu u hokopnix nonc Mockni.
Hnfcpnauuonanusm cfan cunonumom sanucumocfu of CCCI kak no
71J
nnyfpcnncu, fak u n mcxnynaponnou honufukc. Takum opasom, cfa-
nunckan cucfcma yxc concpxana sncmcnfi cnaocfu, kofopic hosxc
cc packononu; onu saknkuanuci n ncchoconocfu hpunnfi pasnuu-
nic honufuucckuc qopmi, numi i onu inu conmccfumi co
cfpykfypnimu fpconanunmu cucfcmi. Icsynifafom hononoio yxc-
cfoucnun cfana honufuka nacunicfncnnix uucfok, hpononunmancn
nnyfpu kommynucfuucckux hapfuu Bocfounou Inpohi.
Ona ina mcncc samcfna n Kiocnanuu, inc hpucyfcfnuc Tufo
na hocfy inani kommynucfuucckou hapfuu safpynnnno kak hponc-
ncnuc uucfok, ncxcnafcninix nnn camoio nuncpa, fak u nannsina-
nuc concfckux nopm hapfuunou xusnu, kofopic nc conccm pasnc-
nnnuci n Icnipanc. Tufo u n camom ncnc cuufan ccn nc foniko
noxncm kiocnanckoio napona. Ipunn k nnacfu na nonnc hapfusan-
ckoio nnuxcnun, kofopim on pykononun no npcmn nouni nhnofi
no ocnooxncnun houfu nccu kiocnanckou fcppufopuu cmc no
hpuifun concfckux nouck, Tufo qakfuuccku xofcn, ufoi cio
cuufanu nfopim nuncpom hocnc camoio Cfanuna. H n fo npcmn kak
Cfanun, hoyxnacmiu hpuuunamu oncc mupokoio xapakfcpa, n
141147 ii. hpononun nocfafouno iukyk honufuky kak nnyfpu
concfckou cucfcmi, fak u n ofnomcnuu 3ahana, Tufo in iopasno
oncc xccfkum n cnocm csycnonnom hpofunocfonnuu 3ahany. Ofo
xc hponcmoncfpuponanu cio hpcncfanufcnu na konqcpcnuuu n
Uknnpcka Iopcma, cnusunmuci c panukaninimu nsinnnamu
Znanona n hpohaiannc fcopuu hpofunocfonnun nnyx naicpcu, na
kofopic ina pasncncna muponan cucfcma. Yxc sfo upcsmcpnoc pnc-
nuc hoccnno ccmcna ncnoncpun mcxny kommynucfuucckumu hapfun-
mu. Hc ncc inu coinacni c nuncu Komunqopma, naxc koina cnc-
nonanu cu.
Imc onimc pasnpaxana Cfanuna cknonnocfi Tufo cuufafi ccn
cnocio pona ncnymum nuncpom kommynucfuucckux hapfuu nccu y-
naucko Iankanckou Inpohi. Ionnunaci naxc uncn, ufo on xofcn
i nosinanufi couuanusm nccio pciuona, honicun cnou cocfncn-
niu hpccfux. On ofkasancn of haccunnoio coinacun c concfckumu
hpockfamu skonomuucckou pckoncfpykuuu, kofopic hpcnhonaianu
sanucumocfi of CCCI u xccfko ohpcncnnnu poni kaxnoio iocy-
napcfna-coksnuka, kiocnanckuu nuncp ninnunyn unck cosna-
nun qcncpauuu Iankanckux cfpan. Cfanun ncc sfo nochpunuman c
nckofopou osaoucnnocfik, hofomy ufo ycuncnnan akfunnocfi
moina i hpunccfu Tufo k nchpcnycmofpcnnim akuunm, kak, na-
hpumcp, annckcun Ananuu, kofopyk Cfanun n fcucnuc nckofopoio
npcmcnu nponc i onopnn. C 145 i. n cnnsu c kpusucom, chpono-
uuponannim saxnafom Kiocnanucu uacfu Tpuccfa, ho 148 i., koi-
714
na Tufo namcpcn in honncpxunafi ipcucckux hapfusan, a Cfanun
nc concfonan sfoio ncnafi, ncnocfafka n hpuuunax nnn pasnoinacuu
nc ino.
Bccx sfux hpuuun ino oncc, ucm nocfafouno, ufoi Cfanun
ncn ocfopoxnyk honufuky. o nauana 148 i. on koncancn n cno-
cm ofnomcnuu k Kiocnanuu; safcm nacfyhun momcnf hcpcxona k
ncucfnunm, kak u n Ipaic. B nnnapc 148 i. on hpuinacun n Mock-
ny Munonana xunaca, kofopiu in nuskum copafnukom Tufo,
cio hpanou pykou. xunac fak ohucinacf sfy ncfpcuy: c onnou
cfoponi, Cfanun nicfun cmy, nanan honnfi, ufo xofcn i hocfa-
nufi cio na mccfo Tufo, c npyiou, hcpcunn n nacfyhncnuc, pcsko
onunnn cio n fom, ufo Kiocnanun hpononuf honufuky, nahpan-
ncnnyk na cosnanuc ankanckou qcncpauuu. Of sfux hpockfon
cncnonano ofkasaficn. Kiocnanon fakxc yhpckanu sa fo, ufo onu
hpunumanu naxnic pcmcnun n onacfu nncmncu honufuku, nc co-
ncfynci c Concfckum Coksom. Bosnpafunmuci, xunac hpcnyhpc-
nun o yiposax, concpxanmuxcn n nickasinanunx Cfanuna, kofo-
pic nckopc honfncpnunuci.
27 mapfa 148 i. Cfanun u Monofon nahucanu Tufo hucimo,
kofopoc concpxano pcskyk nokfpunaninyk kpufuky kiocnanckou
honufuku u onuncnun xunaca n fom, ufo on nnnncfcn cfoponnu-
kom unconoiuucckux ofknoncnuu. Ofo ino, kommcnfuponan Tufo,
kak ipom cpcnu ncnoio nca. Iin cosnan Hcnfpaniniu Komufcf
Kommynucfuucckou hapfuu Kiocnanuu u in honiofonncn nnun-
niu ofncf, n kofopom onuncnun inu ofncpinyfi kak pcsynifaf
ncsunqopmauuu. Cfanun sannn cmc oncc nchpumupumyk hosu-
uuk u pcmun ypafi nuncpa Kiocnanuu c hapfuunix u iocynap-
cfncnnix hocfon; safcm hohifancn chnofufi hpofun Tufo npyiux
nunnix ncnfcncu kiocnanckou komhapfuu, no csychcmno. Iio o-
nuncnun hpofun Tufo inu pasocnani nccm hapfunm Komunqop-
ma, ufoi nnycfoponnuu chop hpcnpafufi n konqnukf c yuacfucm
nccio Komunqopma. Iocncnnuu copancn na concmanuc n Iyxapcc-
fc 28 uknn 148 i., kofopoc onopuno pcsonkuuk, ocyxnakmyk
unconoiuucckuu yknonusm Tufo u cio inannix copafnukon xu-
naca, Kapncnn u Iankonuua. 3noponic sncmcnfi kommynucfu-
ucckou hapfuu Kiocnanuu inu hpusnani cncpinyfi pykononufc-
ncu yknonucfon. 3afcm hapfun n nasunanuc ocfaninim ina
hynuuno ucknkucna us Komunqopma.
Kpusuc nosnuk nncsahno u nnn mnoiux in ncoxunannim.
Ipofunopcuun mcxny nnymn hapfunmu nocfuinu naunicmcu ocf-
pofi. Concfi nonioc npcmn hifanuci, no csychcmno, opianuso-
nafi nicfyhncnuc hpofun Tufo. Mcxny fcm, Tufo ofncpi onunc-
715
nun Komunqopma u ofkasancn houfu na ycfyhku hon nanncnucm
yipos n cio anpcc. Cfanun ionopun, ufo cmy ino i nocfafouno
homcncnufi musunucm, ufoi sacfanufi kiocnanckoio nukfafopa
honunonaficn, no on omuancn. Y Tufo in cuniniu cfumyn k ca-
moyfncpxncnuk u pcmumocfi ncpxafi nnacfi hon konfponcm. On
nc ofcfpanuncn uncuno of couuanucfuucckoio naicpn. Ioncc
foio, kak hokasinakf noncumuc ucfopuucckuc paofi, on hponon-
xan aqumuponafi nonninocfi n ofnomcnuu Cfanuna (fak humcf
Cfcqan Iannonuu). On ofomcn of couuanucfuucckoio naicpn o-
ncc nccio n onacfu mcxnynaponnou honufuku, ofnancnuc hpouc-
xonuno mcnncnno u hocfchcnno, fak ufo n fcucnuc ncckonikux mc-
cnucn honoxcnuc Kiocnanuu ino nacfoniko ncncnim, ufo Conc-
fi naxc onunnnu cc n hcpcxonc n umhcpuanucfuucckuu naicpi.
Toniko n 15O i. fufousm cfan qopmou ncsanucumoio kommynus-
ma, kofopiu 3ahan hifancn honcpnyfi hpofun Concfckoio Coksa.
Ftana tennian
OBPABOBAHNE BLOKOB
N OBOLHNH NX BBANMOOTHOTEHNN
9.1. Costanwe Aitaniwuecxoto naxia.
Enponewcicxan cociantnman
9.1.1. BPLCCELBCKUU HAKT
B hcpuon c ccpcnuni 147 no ccpcnuni 148 i. pasncncnuc
Inpohi ino, cncnonafcnino, sancpmcno. Zcncsniu sanancc, o
kofopom Hcpuunni ionopun n mapfc 146 i. kak o hofcnuuaninou
yiposc, cfan pcaninocfik. nc uacfu konfuncnfa inu pasncncni
kopcnnimu ofnuuunmu honufuucckux cucfcm u mcfonon hpannc-
nun. Concfckuu Coks, hycfi u c fpynom, hifancn yfncpnufi cnok
icicmonuk n Bocfounou Inpohc. Inan Mapmanna (1uropeun 1e-
covery 1rogrum) u qopmuponanuc honufuuccku onnoponnix hpanu-
fcnicfn no nccx cfpanax honoxunu nauano hpoucccy nospoxncnun
u unfcipauuu 3ahannou Inpohi (hpu sfom nauoncc snauumim
momcnfom cfano cosnanuc cncpafunnou Icchynuku Icpmanuu).
B cio ocnonc ncxana hpcnhpunnfan amcpukanuamu, no uchoniso-
nannan n cnoux unfcpccax pnnom cnpohcuckux iocynapcfncnnix ncn-
fcncu, hohifka chococfnonafi pckoncfpykuuu 3ahannou Inpohi
c homomik hocfchcnnou unfcipauuu, n kofopou mnoiuc ycmafpu-
nanu hcpnic maiu n nahpanncnuu otcnuncnun Inpohi. B camom
ncnc, n fof hcpuon cnpohcusm nimcn sa pamku yfohuu unu honu-
fuucckou hpohaianni u cfan onnou us mofunauuu, nnoxnonnnk-
mux hcpcycfpoucfno Inpohi cnpohcusm kak honufuucckuu u
skonomuucckuu hpockf u kak pcakuun na ohaccnun foio, ufo ak-
funnocfi Concfckoio Coksa hpuopcfcf yipoxakmuu xapakfcp n
nocnno-honufuucckom hnanc.
cucfnufcnino, amcpukanckan honufuka n ofnomcnuu Inpohi,
a fakxc u Concfckoio Coksa cfpounaci na nnyx hpcnhocinkax
nocnnoio u skonomuucckoio hpcnocxoncfna. Bocnnoc hpcnocxon-
cfno hpunanano honufuucckyk yncpcnnocfi, nocfafounyk nnn nin-
nuxcnun sqqckfunnou skonomuucckou cfpafciuu, ufo ino hpo-
ncmoncfpuponano nauanom ocymccfnncnun, ncncn sa npcmcnnou
homomik, hnana Mapmanna. Koc-kfo pacucnun sfu honufuucckuc
momcnfi kak pcsynifaf afomnou nuhnomafuu, fo ccfi ncnfcnino-
cfu, hponusannou yncpcnnocfik n ofcyfcfnuu hpchnfcfnuu. Onnako
hpcsuncnf Tpymsn xopomo honuman ncnosmoxnocfi uchonisonafi
amcpukanckuu nncpniu hofcnuuan nnn hocni nan Concfckum
Coksom; hosfomy amcpukanckan afomnan monohonun, kofopan nnun-
na na cufyauuk, ina numi qonom ncnfcninocfu, ohupanmcucn na
pccypci Cocnuncnnix Ufafon hpcumymccfncnno n skonomuucc-
kou onacfu. Hnimu cnonamu, n coofncfcfnuu c fpanuuucu cnocu
nncmncu honufuku amcpukanui hponcmoncfpuponanu, ufo onu
hpcnhouufakf qopmyni nc honufuucckux u nc hpnmix onsa-
fcnicfn. Ipcnnoxcnuc, opamcnnoc k cnpohcuckum iocynapcfnam,
ufoi onu camu conmccfnimu ycununmu cqopmynuponanu hpockf
ofncfa na pcui iocynapcfncnnoio cckpcfapn, ofpaxano kak pas na-
mcpcnuc nhucafi nnycfoponnuc cnnsu n omuu mcxanusm mnoio-
cfoponncio cofpynnuuccfna.
Bckopc, n konuc 147 u n hcpnic mccnui 148 iona, cfano ouc-
nunno, ufo macmfa sfux onsafcnicfn ncnocfafoucn. B Inpohc
pachpocfpanunoci ohaccnuc, ufo nocfuxcnunm hnana Mapmanna
hofcnuuanino yipoxacf pachpocfpancnuc concfckoio nnunnun u
naxc hpnman nocnnan yiposa, n ofnomcnuu kofopou sahannim
cfpanam ncoxonumo hpunnfi coofncfcfnykmuc mcpi. Ofof cfpax
kopcnuncn n onimcu cfchcnu n macconou hcuxonoiuu, ucm n pc-
aninou cufyauuu. Bcc usnccfnic hpcncfanufcnu sahannoio mupa,
ohpomcnnic ho ofncninocfu, inu iofoni sannufi, ufo concfckou
nocnnou yiposi nc cymccfnycf, u ncc-faku n fo xc npcmn onu ni-
ckasinanu ycxncnuc n ncoxonumocfu ynnsinafi skonomuucckuc
coinamcnun c nocnno-honufuucckumu noionopcnnocfnmu.
Tonukom n sfom nahpanncnuu hocnyxuno n hcpnyk oucpcni o-
pasonanuc Komunqopma. Iauuqucfckan hpohaianna, kofopyk Ko-
munqopm, ho hpukasy Cfanuna, pachpocfpannn n Inpohc hocpcn-
cfnom hcpuonuucckou hcuafu u ucpcs nnuxcnuc cfoponnukon
mupa, pacucnunanaci nc kak pcsynifaf occhokocnnocfu Concf-
ckoio Coksa ofnocufcnino ncucfnufcninou ohacnocfu nouni, no
kak cosnafcniniu oman, hpcnnasnaucnniu nnn omccfncnnoio
mncnun sahannix cfpan. Bhpoucm, n honfncpxncnuc oocnonan-
nocfu fakoio saknkucnun occnik 147 i. nauanoci nacfyhncnuc
kommynucfon n Hfanuu u no panuuu, nnoxnonnncmoc ycxncn-
nocfik, ufo hpofun otcnuncnun 3ahannou Inpohi hon siunou
amcpukanucn ncoxonumo opoficn, nknkuan u nchapnamcnfckuc
mcfoni. Ofo nacfyhncnuc, pasncpnyfoc na nonnc skonomuucckux u
honufuucckux saacfonok u hopou hpunumanmcc qopmy ofkpifoio
nicfyhncnun hpofun iocynapcfncnnou nnacfu, ino ofncfom na
pasnoio pona kpufuky, cohponoxnanmyk poxncnuc Komunqopma.
Onnako cio pcsynifaf okasancn konfphponykfunnim, hockoniky ono
717 Ftana 9. Opasonanwe toxon w snotuwn wx nsawmooinomenww
718
cnnunyno komhapfuu nnyx cnpohcuckux cfpan (panuuu u Hfanuu)
na hosuuuu, ncc oncc nanckuc of nosnpamcnun n hpanufcnicfno u
ncc mcncc onopncmic omccfncnnim mncnucm. Hnimu cnonamu,
skcfpcmucfckan hpohaianna hopoxnana cfpax nosmoxnoio paspy-
mcnun omccfna u ohaccnuc, ufo cunonic mcfoni ynyf hpchnf-
cfnonafi ocymccfnncnuk nauafix hpockfon u ofkpokf hyfi nnn
hpoconcfckux hpanufcnicfn.
Iocynapcfncnniu hcpcnopof n Ipaic noanun nonic mfpuxu n
sfy mpaunyk kapfuny. Kpomc foio, usnccfun o hcpnix uucfkax
nnyfpu komhapfuu cfpan Bocfounou Inpohi u o hpccncnonanunx,
kofopim honncpianoci n sfux cfpanax nyxoncncfno, n ococnnocfu
kafonuucckoc, cncnanu kapfuny cmc oncc fpcnoxnou.
Iponan ccccuu Concfa munucfpon unocfpannix ncn, cocfonn-
mcucn n onnonc n nonpcnckapc 147 i., honfonknyn hpanufcni-
cfna k honumanuk foio, ufo nnyfpcnnuc kpusuci hcpchncfakfcn c
mcxnynaponnimu hponcmamu. Ipchnfcfnun nnn hcpcycfpoucfna
Cfapoio Cncfa hpcncfannnnu ncc cmc cymccfnonanman n ucnfpc
Inpohi nccfauninocfi, ncoxonumocfi honfncpnufi coinacuc
qpanuyson na noccosnanuc icpmanckoio hpanufcnicfna u yfounufi
onsafcnicfna Bcnukopufanuu n nannou cufyauuu. Onnako hpcx-
nc nccio ncoxonumo ino hoynufi Cocnuncnnic Ufafi niufu
sa hpcncni uucfo honufuucckux u skonomuucckux onsafcnicfn, n
fom uucnc u nnn foio, ufoi nafi honnfi Concfckomy Coksy, ufo
ykpchncnuk cnpohcuckux iocynapcfn nc homcmacf sahyiunanuc co
cfoponi uncfpymcnfa, kofopiu cosnanancn Cfanunim n nunc Ko-
munqopma u kofopiu nochpunumancn kak upcsniuauno ohacniu.
Iino nu sfo, kak cuufacf Icucp ynncfan, hpuinamcnuc Cocnu-
ncnnim Ufafam cosnafi cnok umhcpuk n Inpohc annan ucfo-
puoipaquucckan fcma nyxnacfcn n nnufcninou nuckyccuu, kofopyk
sncci ncnosmoxno pasnunafi; samcfum numi, ufo Inpoha yxc n fc-
ucnuc nnanuafu hnfu ncf nnnnnaci honcm ncnfcninocfu amcpukan-
ckoio umhcpuanusma.
Icpnim maiom n nahpanncnuu cosnanun sahannocnpohcuckoio
noka, n kofopom panuun hpcononcna i cnou ohaccnun n ofno-
mcnuu nospoxncnun Icpmanuu hpu honncpxkc sfoio hpouccca co
cfoponi Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, a Bcnukopufanun hocfapanaci i
coxpanufi cnocio pona konfponi sa pannonccucm n nonou Inpohc,
cfano honhucanuc 4 mapfa 147 i. anino-qpanuysckoio noionopa n
knkcpkc. Coks in nahpanncn hpofun nocnnoio nospoxncnun
Icpmanuu, no n honufuucckom hnanc nipaxan namcpcnuc nnyx
cfpan otcnunuficn c ucnik ypannonccufi kak amcpukanckoc, fak
u concfckoc hpconananuc. B ncucfnufcninocfu naxnocfi sfoio co-
71
inamcnun, nocxonunmcio k hpockfam otcnuncnun, sanymannim
cmc n 14O i., ina cnnsana c hponcmou csohacnocfu n ofno-
mcnuu Icpmanuu, kofopan n fof momcnf nc umcna pcaninoio sna-
ucnun, n fo npcmn kak iapanfuu umcnu uucfo honufuucckyk ucn-
nocfi unu ofnocunuci k Concfckomy Coksy. Ofo inu, onnako,
cmc foniko sapoxnanmuccn hpouccci, kofopic cospcnu numi hocnc
Mockonckou u onnonckou ccccuu CMH.
B onnonc, no npcmn csychcmnoio ucfipcxcfoponncio conc-
manun, munucfpi unocfpannix ncn Aninuu, panuuu u Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon nauanu koncynifauuu ho nohpocam, cnnsannim c
fpynnocfnmu cufyauuu u ninnuxcnucm hcpnonauaninix hpockfon,
kacanmuxcn nocnno-honufuucckoio coksa. H na sfof pas amcpu-
kanui hpuncpxunanuci mncnun, ufo unuuuafuna moxcf ucxonufi
foniko of cnpohcuckux cfpan nmccfc nsnfix. A n nyxnoc npcmn
cnok poni ciipakf Cocnuncnnic Ufafi. Hcncno, ino nu fam
hpousncncno ucfkoc pasncncnuc sanau u coofncfcfnykmcc pachpc-
ncncnuc poncu u cpokon, no nanincumcc pasnufuc coifuu hosno-
nncf hpcnhonoxufi, ufo niop cpokon u mcfonon nnn pcmcnun
hponcmi nnnnncn hpcnmcfom fmafcninix koncynifauuu.
B sfou ocfanonkc hpu ucxonnou hpcnhocinkc, ufo sa cnpo-
hcuckou unuuuafunou hocncnycf amcpukanckuu ofncf nauanaci
honiofonka noionopa mcxny ncckonikumu ncpxanamu 3ahannou
Inpohi. Icpnim hynuunim cnuncfcnicfnom sfou akuuu, hcpcno-
nunmcu pasnoinacun c Concfckum Coksom n nonyk hnockocfi, cfa-
na pcui aninuuckoio munucfpa unocfpannix ncn Icnuna n hanafc
omun 22 nnnapn 148 i. B cnocu nncmncu honufukc Icnun pyko-
noncfnonancn ipyim hpaimafusmom, a fakxc xcnanucm honyuufi
nnn Bcnukopufanuu inannyk poni, hpaimafusmom, coucfakmumcn
c ocosnanucm oipanuucnnix nosmoxnocfcu Bcnukopufanuu, no u
nnoxnonnncmim cfpcmncnucm ypannonccufi amcpukanckoc hpco-
nananuc n pamkax oncc akfunnou honufuku ooponi 3ahana of
concfckou yiposi. B cnocu pcuu 22 nnnapn aninuuckuu iocynap-
cfncnniu ncnfcni ycnufcnino ocynun aipcccunniu xapakfcp co-
ncfckou nncmncu honufuku u c snfysuasmom hpusnan cnpohcuckuc
cfpani nafi coofncfcfnykmuu ofhop cfanunusmy. Hnuuuafuna
Icnuna umcna ho cymccfny nnonkuu cmicn, hockoniky hpusinana
cnpohcuucn k mounusauuu n nyxc cnpohcusma u n fo xc npcmn co-
ncpxana iopasno oncc hpakfuucckoc hpcnnoxcnuc, ufoi cno-
onnic cfpani 3ahannoio coksa ykpchunu cnou cnnsu hocpcn-
cfnom noionopon, hononix knkcpkckomy, fo ccfi hocpcncfnom
nuhnomafuucckux coinamcnuu, nnno nukfycmix hofpcnocfik
ninnunyfi na hcpniu hnan hponcmy csohacnocfu.
Ftana 9. Opasonanwe toxon w snotuwn wx nsawmooinomenww
72O
Ipockf Icnuna, hycfi u ncohpcncncnniu, cfan nocfafounim
fonukom nnn nauana hpouccca hcpcionopon cnoxnix hcpciono-
pon, hockoniky onu ofniomanuci nacncnucm hponcm, cnnsannix
c nounou, unu amuuunmu nnyx ncnukux cnpohcuckux ncpxan
cosnafi cfpykfypy, choconyk n hcpnyk oucpcni nipaxafi hofpc-
nocfu onnou us nux. nn Bcnukopufanuu pcui mna o coucfanuu cc
umhcpckux onsafcnicfn c ocoimu ofnomcnunmu, kofopic cnn-
sinanu cc c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, a fchcpi u c nonim cnpohcu-
ckum otcnuncnucm (n nannou cnnsu ionopunoci o fpcx kpyiax
pufanckou nncmncu honufuku, kofopic onnon, n coofncfcfnuu
c fpynno ocymccfnumim samicnom, xofcn i cncnafi naknaninak-
mumcn npyi na npyia). nn panuuu inanniu nohpoc cocfonn n
fom, ufoi cosnafi fakou sahanniu coks, kofopiu, nnnnnci ia-
panfucu hpofun Concfckoio Coksa, n fo xc npcmn hocfanun i
panuuk n ucnfp hononou cfpykfypi, ufo hosnonuno i cu hpu-
opccfu nomunupykmyk poni n noccosnanuu mcxcnpohcuckux of-
nomcnuu u, n ococnnocfu, n ocymccfnncnuu konfponn sa snonk-
uucu cufyauuu n Icpmanuu. B ucnom unuuuafuna Icnuna ina
cmc sauafounim hpockfom, kofopiu moi i hpunccfu k saknkuc-
nuk oipanuucnnoio noionopa, xofn u oncc mupokoio, ucm kn-
kcpkckuu, a moi i pasnunaficn n oncc macmfanoc otcnuncnuc c
yuacfucm nosmoxno onimcio uucna iocynapcfn 3ahannou Inpohi.
Ipouccc hcpcionopon nicncfun cocymccfnonanuc fpanuuuon-
nix momcnfon u nonoio konfckcfa pasnufun cufyauuu. Xofn Icnun
n cnocu pcuu hcpcuucnun houfu ncc cnpohcuckuc iocynapcfna, n
hcpcionopax, nmccfc c aninuuanamu u qpanuysamu, yuacfnonanu
numi fpu cfpani Icnunkkca. Iacmupcnuc coksa nc ino ckoni-
nuyni snauumim. Ono nnnnnoci fakonim c honufuucckou fouku
spcnun. 17 mapfa 148 i. n Ipkcccnc in honhucan yupcnufcniniu
noionop o coksc hnfu yuacfnukon, nasnanniu hosnncc 3ahannim
coksom. Icui mna o coksc, saknkuacmom na 5O ncf u nahpanncn-
nom hpofun nospoxncnun icpmanckou yiposi (ofkpifoio nisona
Cfanuny hpcnhouufanu usciafi). Coks hpcnocfanunnnn nsaumnic
iapanfuu nocnnou u honufuucckou homomu u concpxan onsafcni-
cfna hpcnhpunnfi ncoxonumic mcpi n cnyuac nosononncnun
Icpmanucu honufuku aipcccuu, unu xc n nkou cufyauuu, kofo-
pan moina i hpcncfannnfi yiposy mupy, inc i ona nu nosnukna.
Ofo hpunanano noionopy iopasno oncc mupokuu xapakfcp, ucm
cncnonano us usnoxcnun cio concpxanun ho hynkfam. Ipcnycmaf-
punanoci fakxc cosnanuc Koncynifafunnoio concfa u Iocfonnnoio
nocnnoio komufcfa, us kofopix moinu i nipacfu u npyiuc opia-
nusauuonnic cfpykfypi.
721
B hnanc hpakfuucckux hocncncfnuu Ipkcccnickuu hakf osnauan
hpcxnc nccio hcpcnomniu momcnf, ohpcncncnniu sfah ho ofno-
mcnuk k oncc mupokomy hpoucccy hcpcionopon, n nahpanncnuu
kofopoio hocfchcnno hponnuianuci saunfcpcconannic cfoponi,
nccmofpn na fo, ufo 148 ion in nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon ionom
niopon, u hcpcuspanuc Tpymsna hpcncfannnnoci concpmcnno nc
iapanfuponannim. Onnako ncoxonumo hpunnfi no nnumanuc, ufo
nonoc coinamcnuc (cpasy xc onopcnnoc Tpymsnom, n ncni cio hon-
hucanun hpcsuncnf sancpun hnfi cnpohcuckux cfpan n amcpukan-
ckou honncpxkc), xofn u ocnoninanoci na konuchuuu, fuhuunou
nnn honufuku ofncninix iocynapcfn, ncc cmc hpucymcu cnpohcuckou
fpanuuuu, nmccfc c fcm hpcnocfannnno nosmoxnocfi honnuficn, n
fom uucnc u n honufuucckom hnanc, nonnc cnpohcusma, nuncnmcio
n poxncnuu 3ahannoio coksa saponim qcncpanusma.
Ofof honxon cfanuf hponcmy unfcphpcfauuu hcpnoio sfaha
cnpohcusma. Ionunmuci us yfohuu c fcm, ufoi cfafi honufuucc-
kou hpakfukou, cnpohcusm, c cosnanucm n 147 i. OIOC
1
, honyuun
cuniniu sapnn skonomuucckoio qynkuuonanusma. Ic ncnfcninocfi
fakxc ina nnno cnnsana c pckoncfpykuucu sahannou cucfcmi.
Hnimu cnonamu, cnpohcusm fcx mccnucn poxnancn n nononopofc
cfonknoncnuu cnpohcuckux ncpxan. C momcnfa, koina on hpcnpa-
funcn n honufuucckyk pcaninocfi, conhananmyk c pasncncnucm
Inpohi na nna hpofunocfonmux noka, cfano fpynno ofncnufi cio
of sfoio konfckcfa u paccmafpunafi kak camocfonfcninoc nnuxc-
nuc, nnoxnonnncmoc ucknkuufcnino qcncpanucfckumu uncanamu.
Iino i fakxc omuounim fpakfonafi hontcm cnpohcusma hpocfo
kak uncfpymcnf ncpxannou honufuku sahannix cfpan. B fc ioni
cfpax hcpcn nounou, a fakxc ycxncnnocfi n ncoxonumocfu of-
ncpinyfi camopaspymufcninic fcnncnuuu n Inpohc honyuunu pac-
hpocfpancnuc n omccfncnnom mncnuu u, ufo oncc naxno, hon-
ncpxky pasnuunix honufuucckux cun, nacfouuuno ninnuianmux
unck cnpohcuckou unfcipauuu kak cnuncfncnnyk pcaninyk ani-
fcpnafuny fofaninomy nosnpamcnuk k hpomnomy. Cncncnuc cnpo-
hcusma 147154 ii. k hpocfomy uncfpymcnfy honufuku unfcipa-
uuu 3ahana, hpononunmcucn Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, yncno i
nac n nchpanuninom nahpanncnuu, xofn hopou sfu nnc fcnncnuuu
hcpchncfanuci. Inpohcusm otckfunno uipan poni nccima ycnu-
fcninoio opasa hpu pasnuunix napuanfax niopa mcxny Bocfo-
kom u 3ahanom, kofopic yni onu ofpaxcni ho-unomy hpcn-
cfanu i hcpcn cnpohcuuamu co nccu cnocu xccfokocfik.
1
OIOC Opianusauun cnpohcuckoio skonomuucckoio cofpynnuuccfna.
1pu+. nepeoo0uuiu.
722
9.1.2. HEPEHLETEHUH EBPOHEUBMA
Cfonknoncnuc unu, nosmoxno, nnnoc hcpchncfcnuc cnpohcucf-
ckux unuuuafun u hpanufcnicfncnnou nuhnomafuucckou ncnfcni-
nocfu hpousomno nckopc hocnc honhucanun Ipkcccnickoio hakfa.
B fcucnuc mnoiux mccnucn hpcncfanufcnu cnpohcuckoio nnuxc-
nun, nnoxnonufcncm kofopoio foina in Hcpuunni, a nnuxymcu
cunou ynkan Csnnuc, snfi Hcpuunnn u hpcncfanufcni pufan-
ckou konccpnafunnou hapfuu, paofanu nnn cosnanun hancnpo-
hcuckou opianusauuu, kofopan chococfnonana cosiny konipccca,
sanymannoio c ucnik koncfufyuponanun Inpohcuckoio yupcnu-
fcninoio copanun. Ofof samiccn xapakfcpusonancn oucnunnim
cfpcmncnucm aninuuckux konccpnafopon hpononufi honufuky ha-
panncninyk, no ofnuuakmykcn of honufuku ux nnyfpcnnux hpo-
funnukon ncuopucfon, nomunuponanmux naionapn Icnuny na
nuhnomafuucckou cucnc. Konccpnafopi cfpcmunuci cncnonafi n
kuninafcpc amcpukanckou akfunnocfu, nauano kofopou honoxun
hnan Mapmanna. B fcucnuc nccu nfopou hononuni 147 i. u hcp-
nix mccnucn 148 i. ncnaci yhopncuman paofa, sancpmunmancn n
nonpc 147 i. cosnanucm n Iapuxc Komufcfa ho cnnsnm nnuxcnuu
sa cnpohcuckoc otcnuncnuc. 3anaua Komufcfa cocfonna n mounu-
sauuu omccfncnnoio mncnun hyfcm honiofonku cio k nochpunfuk
ocyxnacmou fcmi otcnuncnuc, kofopoc fcopufuuccku nonxno
ino i pachpocfpanuficn na ncci konfuncnf, no kofopoc, c yucfom
hosuuuu Concfckoio Coksa moino oipanuuuficn numi 3ahannou
Inpohou. Hncfpymcnfom fakou mounusauuu nonxcn in cfafi
Inpohcuckuu konipccc n Iaaic 71O man 148 i.
cnfcninocfi hpanufcnicfn, honhucanmux noionop o 3ahannom
coksc, n ohpcncncnnom cmicnc hponcmoncfpuponana ux nochpu-
umuunocfi n ofnomcnuu konuchuuu cnpohcusma u n fo xc npcmn
cfpcmncnuc nochpchnfcfnonafi fomy, ufoi omccfncnnoc nnuxc-
nuc yckonisano us-hon cfpoioio konfponn nuhnomafuu. Ofo nisna-
no kak ncnoncpuc aninuuckux ncuopucfon k nonomy hpockfy, fak
u ofkas ncmanoio uucna hapnamcnfapucn npyiux cnpohcuckux cfpan
hpucocnunuficn k hpcnhpunnfou unuuuafunc. Iynymuc hpofaio-
nucfi cnpohcuckou nuhnomafuucckou unuuuafuni, fakuc, kak Io-
cp Uyman, c Iachcpu u Ancnaysp numi cncika hoyuacfnonanu n
honiofonkc Konipccca u nc hpunumanu yuacfuc n camom qopymc.
Koina on copancn, cfano oucnunnim nomunuponanuc hpcncfanu-
fcncu pufanckou konccpnafunnou hapfuu u nckofopix qpanuys-
ckux honufukon fakux, kak Ioni Icuno u Ioni Iamanic, kofo-
pic cfpcmunuci hpunafi Konipcccy onimou hpohaiannucfckuu
pcsonanc, no fakxc nahpanufi nnuxcnuc n csohacnoc pycno.
72J
Cam ho ccc konipccc n Iaaic umcn ncucfnufcnino oipomniu
mcxnynaponniu pcsonanc. Bhcpnic pnn nauoncc anfopufcfnix
hpcncfanufcncu houfu 2O cnpohcuckux cfpan sannunu o cnocm xc-
nanuu ncucfnonafi hapanncnino hpanufcnicfnam nnn foio, ufoi c
homomik nanncnun co cfoponi ipaxnan, honfankunafi ux n na-
hpanncnuu cosnanun cnpohcuckou qcncpauuu, ncoxonumou nnn
mupa mcxny naponamu. Onnako sa hponosinamcnucm nicokux ucncu
nc hocncnonano sqqckfunnix pcmcnuu. uckyccuu nocunu nnu-
fcniniu, usmafinakmuu xapakfcp, ninnnnn pasnuuun konuchuuu
u honufuucckux hpockfon, nnoxnonnnnmux yuacfnukon konipccca.
Mcxny fcmu, kfo hoyxnan k icfpomy cosiny cnpohcuckoio yu-
pcnufcninoio copanun, u fcmu, kfo cfpcmuncn munumusuponafi
pcsynifafi konipccca, in nocfuinyf komhpomucc. B coofncfcfnuu
c hpunnfou pcsonkuucu, of hpanufcnicfn saunfcpcconannix cfpan
hofpconanu cpounoio cosina cnpohcuckou accamncu, uspannou
hapnamcnfamu cfpan-yuacfnukon c ucnik hpononxufi honufuko-
hpohaiannucfckyk ncnfcninocfi u, oncc konkpcfno, paspaofafi
hnani, ncoxonumic nnn hocfchcnnou pcanusauuu honufuucckoio
u skonomuucckoio Inpohcuckoio coksa.
nn foio ufoi nc pacfcpnfi cuniniu pcsonanc, nisnanniu
konipcccom, opianusonanmuc cio koopnunafopi pcmunu kak mox-
no ckopcc koncfufyuponafi accamnck, oosnaucnnyk n kauccfnc
inannou ucnu n pcsonkuuu, saknkuanmcu paofy konipccca. Ofa
ycfanonka n uknc 148 i. nana fonuok ncnfcninocfu, kofopan n mac
14 i. hpuncna k pcmcnuk o cosnanuu Concfa Inpohi, accam-
ncu, cocfonmcu us hpcncfanufcncu, ncnciuponannix hapnamcnfamu
cfpan-yuacfnukon. Concfy hpunananuci foniko koncynifafunnic
qynkuuu; cio hcpnoc saccnanuc ofkpinoci 1O aniycfa 14 i.
Ocnonohonaiakmcc snaucnuc nannoio sfaha cnpohcuckou ho-
nufuku otncnncfcn nnymn coopaxcnunmu. Icpnoc kacacfcn foio
ocfonfcnicfna, ufo nnn monuqukauuu pcsynifafon ionoconanun
konipccca, opianusonannoio anfonomnimu honufuucckumu nnuxc-
nunmu, unuuuafopi cosnanun Concfa Inpohi nonxni inu ho-
ipysuficn n nuhnomafuk, nccfu hcpcionopi c cnpohcuckumu hpanu-
fcnicfnamu o hpuponc nonoio opianusma u koncfafuponafi honnoc
ncxcnanuc iocynapcfncnnix opianon ycfyhufi Concfy kakuc-nuo
qynkuuu, homumo uucfo koncynifafunnix.
Bfopoc coopaxcnuc kacacfcn foio, ufo hpouccc hcpcionopon o
cosnanuu Concfa hpuopcn n omccfncnnom mncnuu snaucnuc
nuckyccuu o ynymcm cnpohcuckux uncfufyfon. Ofa nuckyccun
fakxc umcna onimou pcsonanc n hpcccc, no ona hpoxonuna onno-
npcmcnno c hpoucccamu, kofopic fcm npcmcncm nispcnanu nnyfpu
3ahannoio coksa u hpuncnu k cosnanuk Afnanfuucckoio hakfa.
724
Icsynifafi sfoio conhancnun nknkuanu samcfnoc nanoxcnuc npyi
na npyia, oncc unu mcncc cosnafcninoc, nnyx hnanon pasnufun co-
ifuu. B hpcncfanncnunx omccfna, n ococnnocfu n Hfanuu u no
panuuu, hpouccc afnanfuucckux hcpcionopon kacancn nc usmcnc-
nun nocnno-honufuucckoio concpxanun 3ahannoio coksa, a n
onimcu cfchcnu pacmupcnun cio honufuucckou ccfannnkmcu
c ucnik hpcnpafufi cio n nnpo oncc mupokoio u nancncnnoio ncu-
cfnufcninimu honnomouunmu cnpohcuckoio opianusma. 3a sfumu
hpcncfanncnunmu, kak i hpukpinanci umu u sahyfinan hocncnyk-
muu xon coifuu, mcn afnanfuucckuu hcpcionopniu hpouccc.
Bhnofi no hcpnix mccnucn 14 i. nc hpcncfannnnoci oucnunnim,
ufo sfu nna pnna coifuu kacakfcn pasnuunix uncfufyfon. Inpo-
hcuckuu uncan ofpaxancn na hpoucccc afnanfuucckux hcpcionopon,
u ccnu kakum-fo opasom on n pcsynifafc hpcfcphcn usmcncnun,
fo, c npyiou fouku spcnun, ynanoci hpunafi hakfy cnpohcuckuu
achckf, kofopiu, nosmoxno, in nnn ncio uyxnim. Hcoxonumo,
cncnonafcnino, yuufinafi sfo hcpchncfcnuc hpu paccmofpcnuu
kak ucfokon hpouccca cnpohcuckou unfcipauuu, fak u ucfokon
qopmuponanun sahannix cokson.
9.1.3. KOHEU AMEPUKAHCKOFO UBOLHUUOHUBMA
Ipcopasonafi Ipkcccnickuu hakf n oncc mupokuu coks
cfpcmunuci aninuuanc, paccmafpunanmuc sfy nosmoxnocfi nnn
honfncpxncnun cnocu ponu hocpcnnuka mcxny Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu u Inpohou. panuysi nuncnu n ncm choco ykpchufi
cnoc hcpncncfno na konfuncnfc, hpcnpafun noniu coks n ofhpan-
nyk fouky nnuxcnun kak nnn konfuncnfaninou Inpohi, fak u nnn
nonou Icpmanuu, kofopan fcm npcmcncm nauunana cosnanaficn.
Tpymsn ocman 3ahannomy coksy amcpukanckyk homomi, onnako
nnn foio, ufoi ocmanuc fpancqopmuponanoci n pcaninocfi, cmy
nano ino pasnnsafi nckofopic kpufuucckuc ysni. Ofa hponcma
ncqopmaninim u cckpcfnim opasom ocyxnanaci n xonc ccpuu
ncfpcu (ccionnn usnccfnix kak hcpcionopi n Icnfaionc 1en-
rugon Julls) amcpukanckux, kananckux u pufanckux hpcncfanufc-
ncu (sa ucknkucnucm qpanuyson, sfum inyoko ouxcnnix) n
mapfcahpcnc 148 i. B xonc cocfonnmuxcn ncfpcu amcpukanui
cfpcmunuci honnfi, n kakou cfchcnu cnpohcuckan unuuuafuna
ina camonocfafounou, u nackoniko umcnno n sfom kauccfnc ona
moina nciufumusuponafi maiu, kofopic amcpukanckan anmunucf-
pauun nonxna yncf hpcnhpunnfi n nanincumcm. B sfom cmicnc n
pcsynifafc hcpcionopon amcpukanui hpumnu k ninony, ufo foniko
725
pacmupcnuc 3ahannoio coksa moxcf cncnafi pcaninim noionop o
ooponc, nahpanncnniu hpofun concfckou yiposi. A c npyiou
fouku spcnun, fc xc hcpcionopi nanu aninuuanam honon cfpc-
muficn k ncmcnncnnomy ykpchncnuk Ipkcccnickoio hakfa kak an-
fonomnou nocnnou cfpykfypi.
B sfou ocfanonkc Tpymsn u iocynapcfncnniu nchapfamcnf
moinu opucnfuponaficn na hpunnfuc nacfouuunix hpusinon cnpo-
hcuucn o fom, ufoi ocmannan homomi cfana ncucfncnnou, on-
nako n pamkax, kofopic hocfanunu i Bcnukopufanuk n mcncc
nomunupykmcc honoxcnuc, ycunun, nahpofun, konfuncnfaniniu
u ccncpoafnanfuucckuu xapakfcp coinamcnun. C sfou ucnik hpc-
suncnf, ninyxncnniu n fof momcnf cofpynnuuafi c konipcccom,
inc hpconanana pcchynukanckan ohhosuuun, hpcnhpunnn honu-
fuucckyk unuuuafuny, ncoxonumyk ufoi honyuufi honnomouun
nnn hponnuxcnun n xcnacmom nahpanncnuu. Inaionapn cofpynnu-
uccfny mcxny samccfufcncm ioccckpcfapn Iocpfom oncffom u
hpcnccnafcncm Komuccuu ho nncmncu honufukc amcpukanckoio
Ccnafa pcchynukanucm Apfypom Banncncpiom, hpuncpxcnucm
unfcpnauuonanucfckou muccuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u honncpx-
ku sfou muccuu co cfoponi nnyxhapfuunou koanuuuu, ina o-
cyxncna u safcm onopcna 11 uknn 148 i. fou xc Komuccucu ho
nncmncu honufukc pcsonkuun, kofopan hosnncc cfana usnccfna,
ho umcnu hpcnnoxunmcio cc ccnafopa, kak pcsonkuun Banncn-
cpia. B nokymcnfc hponosinamanuci nckofopic ocnonnic hpun-
uuhi amcpukanckou nncmncu honufuku u, n uacfnocfu, n kauccfnc
ucnu nnn hpcsuncnfa namcuanoci hpucocnuncnuc Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon, hocpcncfnom koncfufyuuonnou hpoucnypi, k fcm pciuo-
naninim u konnckfunnim coinamcnunm, kofopic asuponanuci
i na hocfonnnom u ncucfncnnom cfpcmncnuu k camosamufc u k
nsaumohomomu u safpaiunanu i unfcpcci nauuonaninou csohac-
nocfu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon.
Icsonkuun hpcncfannnna coou ucfopuucckuu honopof n amc-
pukanckou nncmncu honufukc, hockoniky hopinana c fpanuuucu,
nocxonunmcu k sancfy xopnxa Bamunifona, n coofncfcfnuu c
kofopou Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nc nonxni yuacfnonafi n cnnsi-
nakmux coksax sa hpcncnamu 3ahannoio honymapun. Icnpu Kuc-
cunnxcp n cnocu knuic uhnomafun, nahomunacf, ufo umcnno
nokymcnf iocnchapfamcnfa, hpcnnasnaucnniu nnn unnkcfpauuu
pasnuuuu mcxny Ccncpoafnanfuucckum noionopom u fpanuuuon-
nimu nocnnimu coksamu, pasnnsan nuckyccuk c uchonisonanucm
ucfopuucckoio ananusa ccmu noionopon, saknkucnnix mcxny 1815 i.
(Cnnmcnniu coks) u 1J i. (concfcko-nauucfckuu hakf). B ncu-
cfnufcninocfu nokymcnf pastncnnn, ufo Afnanfuucckuu hakf, ofnkni
726
nc nnnnnci coksom, asupykmumcn na unfcpccax, in coinamcnucm,
ocnonannim na hpunuuhax; on in pcsynifafom nc ananca cun
(hulunce of powers), a ananca hpunuuhon (hulunce of principles).
9.1.4. TP.,HME ATLAHTUUECKUE HEPEFOBOPM
Icsonkuun Banncncpia sanoxuna uncfufyuuonaninic hpcn-
hocinku nnn foio, ufoi Tpymsn cmoi cankuuonuponafi nauano n
Bamunifonc hpcnnapufcninix hcpcionopon (1xplorurory Julls on
ecuriry, kak ux foina nasinanu), ofkpinmuxcn 6 uknn 148 i. u
sancpmunmuxcn n mapfc 14 i., koina ncc hponcmi, ofnocnmuccn
k saknkucnuk Ccncpoafnanfuucckoio noionopa unu Afnanfuuccko-
io hakfa, inu pcmcni hocnc ncckonikux hcpcpinon, cnnsannix c
amcpukanckumu hpcsuncnfckumu niopamu u c momcnfom nccfa-
uninocfu, nisnannim samcnou Mapmanna na hocfy iocynapcfncn-
noio cckpcfapn Aucconom, no fakxc u c xonom camux hcpcionopon
ho kpufuucckum momcnfam. Ha hcpnom sfahc n paofc hpunnnu
yuacfuc hpcncfanufcnu cfpan 3ahannoio coksa, Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon u Kanani; safcm inu hponcncni koncynifauuu ananu-
fuucckoio xapakfcpa c nopncxckum, nafckum u ucnannckum hpa-
nufcnicfnamu; nopncxckuu hpcncfanufcni hpunnn yuacfuc n kon-
cynifauunx na hocncnncm sfahc. B ucnom, cncnonafcnino, moxno
ckasafi, ufo noionop nnuncn pcsynifafom cncncnun nocnuno fouck
spcnun amcpukanckou nuhnomafuu u nuhnomafuu cfpan 3ahannoio
coksa, a fakxc nckofopoio kocncnnoio yuacfun saunfcpcconannix
cfpan; hpu sfom Hfanun nu pasy nc umcna cnyuan nickasafi cnok
fouky spcnun xofn i ho ofncninim fcxnuucckum achckfam nuc-
kyccuu.
Inannic hponcmi, kofopic hcpchncnuci c fcxnuucckumu ac-
hckfamu hcpcionopon, kacanuci icpmanckoio nohpoca, nohpoca o
ohpcncncnuu chucka cfpan, c camoio nauana hpuinamcnnix k hon-
hucanuk hpockfupycmoio coksa, u nohpoca, kofopiu nc ocyx-
nancn, no na kofopom n onimcu mcpc nacfaunanu amcpukanui
o qopmynuponanuu cusus foeJeris.
Icpmanckuu nohpoc nnnnncn nomunupykmcu fcmou, hockoniky
on oycnonnunan kak xapakfcp onsafcnicfn qpanuyson, fak u ho-
nufuucckuc achkfi coksa. Hcyncpcnnocfi n nohpocc o ynymcm
Icpmanuu cosnanana ncyncpcnnocfi nnn nccu Inpohi; k fomy xc,
kak yfncpxnan Iocpf oncff, noniocpounic hnani cnpohcuckou
unfcipauuu, ccnu onu nc inu ynnsani c nohpocom o yuacfuu
Icpmanuu, ...inu nc pcanucfuuni. Ipouccc otcnuncnun fpcx
sahannix son okkyhauuu Icpmanuu nafankunancn foina na yipoxa-
kmyk pcakuuk Concfckoio Coksa (kak hokasana umcnno n sfu
727
mccnui nokana Icpnuna), no cio cncnonano hponnuiafi, hpcono-
ncnan hocfonnnic fpynnocfu fakxc u n cnnsu c ykopcnunmumcn
ncnoncpucm qpanuyson. Hahpofun, nnn amcpukanucn yxc c fcx hop
nu onun hpockf ooponufcninou opianusauuu n Inpohc nc in
nosmoxcn cs yuacfun Icpmanuu. Ofo ino nacfoniko naxno, ufo
ncnacf nccima hpannohononou unfcphpcfauuk, coinacno kofopou
cam Afnanfuucckuu noionop in sanyman nc foniko nnn ofncfa na
hpusin pnna cnpohcuckux cfpan, na fakxc u nnn foio, ufoi Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi cfanu hpnmim iapanfom cnpohcuckoio srurus quo, n
ococnnocfu n ofnomcnuu Icpmanuu, u fcm camim ina i hpu-
inymcna onna us hpuuun cohpofunncnun qpanuyson.
Ofa unfcphpcfauun ninnnncf onny us naxnix hponcm hcpcio-
nopon, no ona nc nonxna hoyxnafi sainafi npyiuc mofunauuu
omcio xapakfcpa, kofopimu pykononcfnonanuci cnpohcuckuc hpa-
nufcnicfna. B camom ncnc, icpmanckan hponcma nu nnn koio nc
ina nfopocfchcnnou, onnako nnn snauufcninou uacfu cfpan, hon-
hucanmux noionop, ona nc umcna fakoio yx onimoio snaucnun.
B cnoux mcmyapax Tpymsn ycnufcnino ykasinacf na hcpchncfcnuc
sfux pasnuunix mofunauuu: Cucfcma afnanfuucckou csohacnoc-
fu ina, ncponfno, cnuncfncnnim cpcncfnom, naionapn kofopomy
moxno ino i hoynufi qpanuyson coinacuficn c noccosnanucm
Icpmanuu. Takan cucfcma nonxna ina nafi nccm naponam cnoon-
noio mupa fo uyncfno yncpcnnocfu, n kofopom onu nyxnanuci nnn
hocfpocnun mupa u hpouncfanun na scmnc.
Iponcma icoipaquucckux pamok coksa hocfanuna n cnok ouc-
pcni pasnoio pona nohpoci u ina pcmcna numi nakanync sancp-
mcnun hcpcionopon. Konuchuun afnanfuucckou soni moina fpak-
fonaficn n oipanuuufcninom u pacmupufcninom cmicnax, onnako
honnunnan hponcma cocfonna n fom, ufoi cpasy xc hponcnufi,
ncc nu iocynapcfna, snauumic nnn hpockfa csohacnocfu 3ahannou
Inpohi, nonxni ifi hpunnfi n coks na pannom honoxcnuu.
Iponcma ncfanana n ofnomcnuu fakux cfpan, kak Hchanun, kofo-
pyk amcpukanckuc nocnnic oxofno nknkuunu i n noionop cpasy
xc, no n ofnomcnuu kofopou cymccfnonano ofkponcnnoc ncfo
cfpan c ncuopucfckum unu couuan-ncmokpafuucckumu hpanufcni-
cfnamu; n ofnomcnuu cfpan, kofopic moinu hpucocnunuficn k no-
ionopy, hockoniky onu inu uacfik amcpukanckou nocnnou cuc-
fcmi, kak, nahpumcp, Ipcuun u Typuun, no cuufanuci cnumkom
hcpuqcpuunimu ho ofnomcnuk k afnanfuucckou sonc. Ipofuno-
honoxnan hponcma ncfanana nnn fakux cfpan, kak Uncuuapun u
Uncuun, kofopic, nccmofpn na amcpukanckuc u cnpohcuckuc hpo-
ckfi, nc coinamanuci ofkasaficn of cnoux fpanuuuu ncufpanufcfa
n honisy afnanfuucckoio niopa.
728
Cfpana, n ofnomcnuu kofopou hcpcionopi hocfanunu camic
cnoxnic hponcmi u ncfpcfunuci c nauonimumu fpynnocfnmu,
ina Hfanun, u nc cfoniko us-sa cohpofunncnun nnyfpu camou
Hfanuu, ckoniko us-sa pasnoinacuu, cymccfnonanmux mcxny yuac-
fnukamu cosnananmciocn coksa. Hckofopic honaianu, ufo ncmo-
kpafuucckan cucfcma cmc ncnocfafouno inyoko ykopcnunaci n
Hfanuu, ufoi ifi ocnonanucm nnn cc hpucma n coks (n kofo-
piu, onnako, ina hpuinamcna Iopfyianun, yhpannnnmancn foina
nukfafopom nauuonan-kophopafunucfckoio fonka Canasapom); npy-
iuc honaianu nccnocnpcmcnnim pachpocfpancnuc noionopa na sony
Cpcnuscmnomopin u, kak u cam Tpymsn no qcnpann 14 i., hpony-
minanu nosmoxnocfi Cpcnuscmnomopckoio hakfa, kofopiu hpu-
kpin i hpaniu qnani cosnananmcucn cucfcmi; fpcfiu xc py-
kononcfnonanuci uyncfnamu, ykopcnunmumucn n xonc nouni.
Tcm nc mcncc, yuacfuc Hfanuu unu cc ofcyfcfnuc hpunanano
coksy cymccfncnno pasnuuakmuccn xapakfcpucfuku. Ics Hfanuu
noionop in i n yknaninom cmicnc mopckum noionopom, of-
nocnmumcn k Ccncpnou Afnanfukc. Bcc cfpani, hpuinamcnnic
cio honhucafi, sa nc oucni cymccfncnnim ucknkucnucm kkccm-
ypia, onananu nixonom n Afnanfuky u umcnu fcm camim nomu-
nupykmyk icoipaquucckyk sony cohpukocnoncnun. Kpomc foio,
coks, koncfpyupycmiu fakum opasom, hpcnycmafpunan i ucnf-
paninoc honoxcnuc Bcnukopufanuu u numun i panuuk kon-
funcnfaninoio honufuucckoio fina, kofopiu moi ypannonccufi
hocncncfnun cymccfnonanun fakoio ucnfpa.
Hc cncnycf uinopuponafi u nnyfpuhonufuucckuu achckf. Bccmu
npyiumu cnpohcuckumu iocynapcfnamu, namcucnnimu yuacfnuka-
mu, sa ucknkucnucm Iopfyianuu Bcnukopufanucu, anucu,
Hopnciucu, Hcnannucu yhpannnnu hapfuu couuan-ncmokpafu-
ucckou opucnfauuu, napyman n sfom hnanc honufuucckoc pannonc-
cuc, kofopoc no panuuu nc ino cfoni xc onnosnaunim. Kpomc
foio, uucfo mopckou coks in i cosnan us iocynapcfn hpofccfanf-
ckou pcnuiuosnou opucnfauuu unu xc nc kafonuucckou, sa uc-
knkucnucm Iopfyianuu u panuuu, ufo cncnano i iopasno
oncc fpynnim honyucnuc honncpxku hahckoio hpccfona, nnunnuc
kofopoio n fof momcnf nospacfano, hpcxnc nccio naionapn pcakuuu
na anfupcnuiuosnic hpccncnonanun n cfpanax Bocfounou Inpohi,
u nahpannnno no panuuu, Hfanuu u Icpmanuu kafonuucckoc o-
mccfncnnoc mncnuc. Onnako nhnofi no konua 148 i. hahckuu
hpccfon coxpannn hpoxnannyk hosuuuk n ofnomcnuu hpockfupyc-
moio coksa. Hakoncu, cncnycf yuccfi, ufo coks, ucknkuanmuu
Hfanuk kak cpcnuscmnomopckyk cfpany, nc foniko usonuponan i
72
Hfanuk u cosnanan nonic fpynnocfu nnn nchpounou ncmokpafuu,
kofopyk noccfanannunana koanuuun, nosinannncman ncmoxpucfua-
nunom c Iachcpu, no ho ohpcncncnuk ucknkuan i us soni, ia-
panfupycmou noionopom, fakxc aqpukanckuc fcppufopuu pan-
uuu, uacfi kofopix (anxupckuc nchapfamcnfi), n coofncfcfnuu c
qpanuysckum koncfufyuuonnim ycfpoucfnom, ina unfcipupo-
nannou uacfik nauuonaninou fcppufopuu panuuu.
Hahpofun, yuacfuc Hfanuu, hycfi u nafankunanci na ouni u
ncnoncpuc, cnna oosnauunmuccn, n snauufcninou cfchcnu ycfpa-
nuno i oipanuucnun, o kofopix mna pcui nimc. Coks hpuopcn
i mcncc mopckou u oncc konfuncnfaniniu xapakfcp; unimu
cnonamu, on cfan i oncc qpankoucnfpucfckum, no fakxc u o-
ncc ofkponcnno cnpohcuckum, choconim sancpmufi otcnuncnuc
cfpan, pachonoxcnnix nnoni xcncsnoio sanancca, n cucfcmy no-
cnno-honufuucckoio cncpxunanun, u cncnan i anfomafuucckum
pachpocfpancnuc iapanfuu na fcppufopuu panuuu sa hpcncnamu
mcfpohonuu. Hmcnno sfa conokyhnocfi hpuuun hoynuna qpanuys-
ckoio hocna n Bamunifonc Zopxa Ionns hocfanufi ufaninnckuu
nohpoc pcmufcninim u ynifumafunnim opasom u hpcncfanufi
ncoxonumocfi hpuinamcnun Hfanuu n kauccfnc hcpnonauaninoio
uncna n nonom coksc kak ycnonuc nnn yuacfun camou panuuu.
9.1.5. CEBEPOATLAHTUUECKUU ,OFOBOP
Hauoncc naxnic honufuucckuc ysni hpouccca hcpcionopon
inu pasnnsani k ccpcnunc mapfa 14 i. 2O mapfa noniu iocynap-
cfncnniu cckpcfapi Cocnuncnnix Ufafon un Auccon, ncnanno
cmcnunmuu icncpana Mapmanna, otnnun o hpcncfonmcm honhu-
canuu noionopa. Hcpcmonun cocfonnaci 4 ahpcnn 14 i. n Bamuni-
fonc c yuacfucm hpcncfanufcncu 12 cfpan: Cocnuncnnix Ufafon,
Kanani, Bcnukopufanuu, panuuu, Icniiuu, Huncpnannon, kk-
ccmypia, Iopfyianuu, Hfanuu, Hopnciuu, Hcnannuu u anuu.
oionop qukcuponan cosnanuc ooponufcninoio coksa cpokom
na 2O ncf c momcnfa cio ncfyhncnun n cuny. B fckcfc noionopa ohpc-
ncnnncn nohpoc o xapakfcpc cusus foeJeris u cfchcnu ofncfcfncnnoc-
fu, nosnaiacmou na uncnon coksa. B camom ncnc, cfafin 5 noionopa
inacuf: Cfoponi coinamakfcn n fom, ufo noopyxcnnoc nahancnuc
hpofun onnoio us yuacfnukon, concpmcnnoc n Inpohc unu n Cc-
ncpnou Amcpukc yncf paccmafpunaficn kak nahancnuc hpofun
nccx noionapunakmuxcn cfopon, u, ncncncfnuc sfoio, coinamakfcn
n fom, ufo ccnu fakomy nahancnuk honncpincfcn nkan us cfopon,
7JO
fo n pcanusauuu hpana na sakonnyk unnununyaninyk u konnckfun-
nyk oopony, hpusnanacmoio cf. 51 Ycfana Opianusauuu Otcnu-
ncnnix Hauuu, kaxnan us nux homoxcf yuacfnuky unu yuacfnukam,
honncpimumcn nahancnuk, hpcnhpunnn fakuc ncucfnun, kofopic
ona coufcf ncoxonumimu, nknkuan hpumcncnuc noopyxcnnou
cuni, ufoi noccfanonufi u occhcuufi csohacnocfi n pauonc
Ccncpnou Afnanfuku.
Bmccfc co cf. noionopa ona hpcnycmafpunana cosnanuc
Iocfonnnoio Concfa, choconoio coupaficn c ncoxonumou ohc-
pafunnocfik, u hpcnhonaiana cosnanuc fakux nohonnufcninix
opianon, kak Komufcf nocnnix hpcncfanufcncu sfa cfafin co-
ncpxana n saponimc u honufuucckuc hponcmi, u nosmoxnocfu
opianusauuonnou snonkuuu Ccncpoafnanfuucckoio noionopa. C ho-
nufuucckou fouku spcnun, qopmynuponka cf. 5 ncnana iapanfuk
nsaumnou ooponi nc anfomafuucckum onsafcnicfnom, ocfannnn
saunfcpcconannim cfoponam sanauy ohpcncncnun fcx ncucfnuu,
kofopic onu coufyf ncoxonumimu nnn ofpaxcnun nosmoxnoio
akfa aipcccuu. Ofo oipanuucnuc (ofnuuanmcc hakf of 3ahannoio
coksa, n kofopom onsafcnicfno nsaumnou nocnnou honncpxku
nccmu umckmumucn n pachopnxcnuu yuacfnukon cpcncfnamu nck-
napuponanoci n cf. 4) ino cnnsano c ycfanonncnunmu, kofopim
honuunnnaci amcpukanckan anmunucfpauun, nc hosnonnnmumu cu
hpunumafi pcmcnun o nosmoxnom otnnncnuu nouni cs onopc-
nun ccnafa CUA. Ho umcnno sfof achckf cosnanan hponcmy, nc
onun pas ncfananmyk nnyfpu Afnanfuucckoio coksa hponcmy
nancxnocfu amcpukanckux iapanfuu. Icnu nc hpcncfannnno comnc-
nuu, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, saknkuun Afnanfuucckuu noionop,
napymunu fpanuuuk cnocu nncmncu honufuku, nsnn na ccn on-
safcnicfno n honufuucckom hnanc iapanfuponafi cnpohcuckoc
ycfpoucfno of yipos cio hcpccmofpa, fo hpcncfannnnoci comnu-
fcninim, ufoi amcpukanckuu ccnaf moi hpunnfi icfpic u nc-
mcnncnnic pcmcnun n cnyuac konqnukfa, kofopiu on cucn i nc
fakum, ufoi cfanufi hon yiposy csohacnocfi Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon konuchuun ho cyfu cnocu cnnsannan c usmcncnucm ho-
nufuucckou cufyauuu.
H ncc-faku namcpcnun usnauanino cosnafi na asc coksa cio
cocfncnnyk opianusauuk u occhcuufi nosmoxnocfu cc pasnufun
ninnunu cnoc snaucnuc ncckoniko mccnucn chycfn, kak foniko
usmcncnun, hpoucmcnmuc c occnu 14 i. ho ukni 15O i. n mcx-
nynaponnou nocnnou cufyauuu, cmccfunu akucnfi us cqcpi hpc-
umymccfncnno honufuucckux iapanfuu n cqcpy ncoxonumix no-
cnnix iapanfuu.
7J1
9.2. Hoeta xommynwcion n Kwiae
w nowna n Kopee. Hnoncxww nonpoc
9.2.1. HOCLEBOEHHMU HEPUO,
BA HPE,ELAMU EBPOHM
B fcucnuc nnyx ncf cpasy hocnc nouni ocnonnoc honufuucckoc
hpofunoopcfno nnyx cncpxncpxan hpoucxonuno na cnpohcuckom
fcafpc ncucfnuu u n ccpnuc Inpohi, n Icpmanuu. H sfo concpmcn-
no honnfno, hockoniky hpcnhocinkou uhonnpnocfu in ncmon-
fax cnpohoucnfpusma u fpancqopmauun cnpohcuckou umhcpckou
cucfcmi n cucfcmi amcpukanckou u concfckou cqcp nnunnun.
3naucnuc cnpohcuckoio kpusuca u cio xpononoiuucckoc hcp-
ncncfno nc nonxni, onnako, hoyxnafi hpcnanafi sancnuk fof
qakf, ufo, nauunan ho kpauncu mcpc c JO-x ionon, n usmcncnunx
cucfcmi mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu nomunuponana fcnncnuun k
pacfymcu nsaumosanucumocfu mcxny pasnuunimu icoipaquuccku-
mu pciuonamu, na kofopic cncpxncpxani hpocuuponanu ofninc
cnok ncnfcninocfi.
Tak, afunckan Amcpuka nxonuna n cqcpy npcmcnnoio xccfko-
io mcxnynaponnoio konfponn co cfoponi Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, n
fom uucnc u naionapn Mcxamcpukanckomy noionopy o nsaumnou
ooponc of 2 ccnfnpn 147 i. (oncc usnccfomy kak Iakf Iuo), u
nckopc opasonannou Opianusauuu amcpukanckux iocynapcfn
(OAI), 2 man 148 i., hocnc oncc ucm mccnunix hcpcionopon,
hpoxonunmux n Ioiofc. Icnu Aqpuka cmc ina cnna safponyfa
hcpnimu hponnncnunmu anfukononuaninou opii, fo n sonc,
hpocfupakmcucn of Bocfounoio Cpcnuscmnomopin no anincio
Bocfoka, n pcsynifafc kpaxa na nannou fcppufopuu kononuaninou
cucfcmi u honnncnun nonix hpuuun nnn konqnukfon, in sahy-
mcn mcxanusm icfpix fpancqopmauuu, sa kopofkuu cpok panu-
kanino usmcnunmux coofnomcnuc honufuucckux cun n honocc io-
cynapcfn k kiy of Concfckoio Coksa.
Tcm nc mcncc, sfu usmcncnun unu xc ux ofcyfcfnuc nc umcnu
ncmcnncnnix hocncncfnuu ho ofnomcnuk k ocnonnou ocu uho-
nnpnocfu, nomunuponanmcu n mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnunx foio
hcpuona. B fo xc npcmn n Bocfounou Asuu u, n ococnnocfu, n
Shonuu, Kufac u Kopcc, fo ccfi n icoipaquucckux sonax, n ofno-
mcnuu kofopix Concfckuu Coks hponnnnn nchocpcncfncnnyk sa-
unfcpcconannocfi, omymanaci nsaumocnnsi fpanuuuonnoio hpu-
cyfcfnun pycckux co cfoni xc cuninim sahannim, hpcxnc nccio,
amcpukanckum hpucyfcfnucm. Icnu cnpohcuckuc konqnukfi nc
umcnu cpasy nunumix hocncncfnuu n sfom pciuonc, fo nnc cfoponi
7J2
concfckou u amcpukanckou nonncucnnocfu n coifun inu na-
cfoniko fccno cnnsani, ufo pasncnnfi ux ino i uckyccfncnno.
To, ufo hpoucxonuno n Inpohc, nnnnnoci hpcnnccfnukom, ccnu nc
moncnik, foio, ufo hpoucxonuno n Asuu; a fo, ufo hpoucxonuno n
Asuu, okasinano ncmcnncnnoc nosncucfnuc na ucnfpaninyk sony
konqnukfa, fo ccfi na Inpohy.
Hfo kacacfcn anincio Bocfoka, fo n hpofunohonoxnocfi fomy,
ufo ino coinaconano nnn ocnooxncnnou Inpohi, sncci nc
inu cqopmynuponani nonic hpunuuhi nnn pciynuponanun mu-
pohopnnka. B Snfc coksnuku honhucanu coinamcnun kononuani-
noio fuha, of kofopix noncc nc in cnooncn u Concfckuu Coks.
Hahpofun, n omcn na nmcmafcnicfno n nouny n Asuu on occhc-
uun ccc n ynymcm fcppufopuaninic komhcncauuu sa cucf camou
Shonuu u, hpcxnc nccio, cyncpcnnoio u coksnuucckoio Kufan,
okasanmciocn hcpcn nuuom hapanokcaninou cufyauuu ncoxo-
numocfu coinacuficn na oipanuucnun cyncpcnufcfa n fof camiu
momcnf, koina amcpukanckoc hpanufcnicfno nacfaunano, ufoi on
cfan yuacfnukom knya ncnukux ncpxan, nancncnnix hpanom
ncfo n Concfc Icsohacnocfu OOH. Cfanuny ynanoci fakum opa-
som ncpnyfi ncc hosuuuu, kofopimu onanana Ioccun no 1O5 i., u
naxc pacmupufi ux.
B ocnonc amcpukanckoio naioponcfna ncxanu nnc inannic
hpcnhocinku: hpcxnc nccio fak nasinacman kufauckan xcpfna:
ycfyhku kacanuci na camom ncnc unfcpnauuonanusauuu hopfa a-
nnni (aninuu) c conkncnucm concfckux unfcpccon, cnauu
CCCI n apcnny n kauccfnc mopckou asi Iopf-Apfypa u conmccf-
noio concfcko-kufauckoio yhpanncnun Kufauckou Hanuynickou
xcncsnou nopoiou, n omcn na hpusnanuc Concfckum Coksom pc-
xuma Han Kaumu. Bo-nfopix, ucni Icnoio noma cocfonna n hpc-
nofnpamcnuu, c onopcnun, ccnu nc hpu hpnmom yuacfuu Concf-
ckoio Coksa, hofcnuuaninoio pasnana cfpani. Bosmoxnocfi fakoio
pasnufun ncmoncfpuponana Kommynucfuucckan hapfun Kufan (KIK),
yfncpxnan c 144 i. cocfncnnyk nocnno-honufuucckyk nunuk,
ofnuunyk of nunuu Iomuninana, a fakxc hponnnnn ncc oncc nny-
mufcninyk choconocfi k konfponk nan fcppufopucu cfpani.
B ofnomcnuu Shonuu Cfanun nouncn n Snfc nosnpamcnun
kxnou uacfu ocfpona Caxanun (yfpaucnnou n 1O5 i.) u hpucocnu-
ncnun nconimoio apxuhcnaia Kypuni. Iocncnnuu in noanncn
n kauccfnc komhcncauuu sa monuanunoc coinacuc Cfanuna c amcpu-
kanckum hpcnnoxcnucm onnocfoponncio yhpanncnun Shonucu u
sanucumimu of ncc fcppufopunmu. Ofo nifckano us foio, ufo ho-
paxcnuc Shonuu ino houfu ucknkuufcnino pcsynifafom aninuu-
ckoio u, n ococnnocfu, amcpukanckoio nacfyhncnun, n fo npcmn
7JJ
kak hponcma yhpanncnun fcppufopunmu, cnanmumucn cs ncnkux
ycnonuu (unu houfu fak), hpcncfannnna onun us kpufuucckux mo-
mcnfon n ofnomcnunx mcxny coksnukamu, nauunan c ufaninn-
ckoio hpcucncnfa u konuan nynaucko-ankanckumu shusonamu.
Hmcnno sfu hpcucncnfi honckasanu amcpukanuam fakfuky hpc-
nyhpcxncnun nosmoxnix nospaxcnuu co cfoponi ux camoio cuni-
noio coksnuka, saknkuanmykcn n honncpxkc u, oncc foio, n
hpcnnocxumcnuu cio nosmoxnix fpconanuu.
B momcnf nspina hcpnou afomnou omi nan Xupocumou
(6 aniycfa 145 i.) u concfckoio nfopxcnun n Maniuxypuk ( aniyc-
fa 145 i.) nu pycckuc, nu amcpukanui, kasanoci, nc coupanuci
napymafi hpunnfic onsafcnicfna. B fcucnuc ncfa 145 i. nc ino
ncnocfafka n hokasafcnnx hpunuuhuaninou honncpxku Concfckum
Coksom honufuku Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n Kufac. Mano foio, ufo
KIK nc honyuana nukakou ofkpifou homomu of cnocio kommynu-
cfuucckoio hokponufcnn, camu ncucfnun Mockni honfncpxnanu,
ufo n Asuu, kak humcf A. Hpuuc, Cfanun nc namcpcnancn
paspymafi nnfunckoc ycfpoucfno.
Hfo kacacfcn okkyhauuu Shonuu, fo cmc no honhucanun hcpc-
mupun (2 ccnfnpn 145 i.) amcpukanui ykasanu, kakoio pona
nknana onu oxunakf of cnoux coksnukon nknana, qopmanino
saknkuanmciocn n hpunnfuu hpuinamcnun yuacfnonafi n Koncyni-
fafunnou komuccuu ho anincmy Bocfoky (qakfuuccku pchcfuuun
foio, ufo hpousomno n Inpohc, inc pasnuunic koncynifafunnic
komuccuu inu numcni hpana hpunumafi kakuc i fo nu ino
pcmcnun). B fo npcmn kak Bcnukopufanun u cfpani Conpyxccfna
ninnuianu nospaxcnun hpofun qopmyni, ucknkuanmcu ux yuacfuc
n ncmokpafusauuu Shonuu, Concfckuu Coks ncmcnncnno hpucoc-
nununcn k CUA u honfncpnun ycfouuunocfi concfcko-amcpukan-
ckoio komhpomucca. Concfckan honncpxka hosnonuna Icnomy nomy
hpcononcfi hpofccfi aninocakconckux coksnukon u honfncpnufi
hpunuuh onnocfoponnocfu.
Bo npcmn Concmanun munucfpon unocfpannix ncn n Mocknc n
nckapc 145 i. cosnanuc Coksnoio concfa ino oionopcno ycno-
nucm ocfanufi ncucfnufcninyk nnacfi n pykax ncpxonnoio koman-
nykmcio noopyxcnnimu cunamu CUA n Shonuu icncpana yinaca
Makapfypa. Coinacuc concfckou cfoponi nnnnnoci uacfik komhpo-
mucca, o kofopom n fc nnu noionopuncn Iupnc n cnnsu c pyminckou
u oniapckou hponcmamu, u ino cnnsano c xcnanucm ninccfu
hcpcionopi us fyhuka c ucnik saknkucnun mupnix noionopon.
Ofo hosnonuno amcpukanuam ocymccfnufi inyokoc nmcmafcnicfno
n xusni nhonucn, mcnnn ux fpanuuuu u uncfufyfi n coofncfcfnuu
c nonou koncfufyuuonnou moncnik, nnonunmcu qopmi hpanncnun
7J4
u honufuucckou xusnu hpu cuninom nnunnuu 3ahana. Onnako sfo
nmcmafcnicfno nc kacanoci cumnonuucckoio snaucnun umhcpafopa
n Shonuu (homumo foio, c ucm coinacuncn cmc umhcpafop Xupoxu-
fo), a fakxc cfpykfypi nauuonaninou skonomuku. Bocnnan anmu-
nucfpauun cfpcmunaci, cs ocooio ychcxa, uckopcnufi nckofopic
qopmi munufapucfckux unu hapasufuucckux ncnuauuu u koppyhuuu,
xapakfcpusonanmuc nhonckyk xusni no nouni. To, ufo ynanoci
cncnafi Makapfypy, fak sfo hpcnpafufi Shonuk (inc hpucyfcfnuc
nocnnix ino onnou us xapakfcpnix ucpf couuaninou cfpykfypi)
n cfpany, concpmcnno numcnnyk nocnnix amuuuu u hosfomy
cnoonnyk of onsafcnicfn nahpannnfi pccypci n nocnnyk hpo-
mimncnnocfi. B fom, ufo kacacfcn sfoio achckfa mcxnynaponnou
xusnu, Shonun ncuscxno sanuccna of Cocnuncnnix Ufafon.
Hnimu cnonamu, okkyhauun Shonuu hpcnpafunaci n hokasnyk
amcpukanusauuk Hmhcpuu Bocxonnmcio Connua, kofopan, xofn u
hoponuna honufuucckuc u nuhnomafuucckuc cnnsu, sakpchncnnic
chycfn ncckoniko ncf n mupnom noionopc, no numi cncika safpo-
nyna fpanuuuonnic inyokuc ocnonanun nhonckoio omccfna.
9.2.2. FPA+,AHCKAH BOUHA B KUTAE
Hfo kacacfcn Concfckoio Coksa, fo cio ofkas of nmcmafcnicfna
n yhpanncnuc hofcphcnmcu hopaxcnuc Shonucu in n nckofopou
cfchcnu cnnsan c xapakfcpnimu ucpfamu cufyauuu n Kufac. B ca-
mom ncnc, Kufauckan Icchynuka pocana ocum cncpxncpxanam
cnocio pona honufuucckuu nison, saknkuanmuucn n hponcmax uc-
knkuufcninou cnoxnocfu. nn foio, ufoi honnfi mofunauuu
pycckux u amcpukanucn u ux cfoni hpofunopcuunic usmcncnun,
ncoxonumo yuufinafi icohonufuucckuc u ncmoipaquucckuc mac-
mfai kufauckou hponcmi (fc xc camic, kofopic nfnnynu nhon-
ucn n cccmicncnnyk nouny).
Icpnim hponnncnucm namcpcnuu Cfanuna ho ofnomcnuk k
Kufak cfan nnycfoponnuu concfcko-kufauckuu noionop of 14 aniyc-
fa 145 i., hcpcnonunmuu n hpakfuucckyk hnockocfi Snfunckuc
coinamcnun, u nochpousnonunmcu ux concpxanuc. Ofo in ncc
cmc ncpannohpanniu noionop, nannsanniu Kufak, no hpunn-
fiu hpanufcnicfnom Han Kaumu n unfcpccax coxpancnun naio-
hpunfnix ofnomcnuu c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu nkou ucnou.
CUA cmc n ioni nouni, c nauana 142 i., cfpcmunuci uscxafi
foio, ufoi cfonknoncnuc mcxny iomuninanom u KIK hcpcpocno n
ipaxnanckyk nouny, u fchcpi nosononunu sfu hohifku. Baxnocfi,
hpunanacman sfum ycununm, honfncpxnanaci niopom ncnfcnn, ko-
fopomy ino hopyucno ux ocymccfnnnfi icncpana Mapmanna,
7J5
nhnofi no ncnanncio npcmcnu nnunfcnincumcio nauaninuka mfaa
coksnix nouck u ynymcio iocynapcfncnnoio cckpcfapn. Onnako
cio muccun, kak u npyiuc, sa ncu hocncnonanmuc, nc hpuncna k
hosufunnim pcsynifafam, u ocfanonka icfpo yxynmanaci, hcpc-
pacfan n ofkpifiu konqnukf.
Kak i fo nu ino, ncoxunannoc hponnncnuc asuafckoio na-
uuonanusma cfano qakfopom, honoipcnmum hpofunocfonnuc CUA
u CCCI u nnccmum n cfonknoncnun noniu sncmcnf, nc yuufinan-
muucn pancc u fcm oncc paspymufcniniu. Cuna u pcmufcninocfi
anfukononuaninix ocnoonufcninix nnuxcnuu sacfanu npachnox,
nosmoxno, pycckux naxc n onimcu mcpc, ucm amcpukanucn. nc
cncpxncpxani ofkasanuci of hcpnonauaninix hnanon yhpannnfi y-
nymum Bocfounou Asuu fpanuuuonnimu chocoamm u hocncnonanu
sa xonom coifuu, cfapanci uchonisonafi ux n cnoux unfcpccax.
Mapmann hpuin n Kufau n nckapc 145 i. c ucnik nipao-
fafi omyk hnafqopmy, naionapn kofopou Iomuninan u KIK
moinu i cofpynnuuafi n noccfanonncnuu cfpani. Iio hocpcnnu-
uccfno ino, onnako, ckomhpomcfuponano fcm qakfom, ufo Han
Kaumu, yncpcnniu n honyucnuu amcpukanckou homomu, sannn
nchpumupumic hosuuuu, ucknkuanmuc nuanoi c kommynucfamu.
Iocncnnuc, co cnocu cfoponi, uyncfnonanu oonpnkmyk honncpx-
ky naccncnun hponunuuu Xynani. Ono cuufano ux ocnoonufcnnmu
of pacfna aipapnix nafuqynnuu u uccfnimu anmunucfpafopamu.
knu Mao Hssnyna hponcmoncfpuponanu sfo hocnc foio, kak n
konuc Bcnukoio hoxona onu sakpchunuci n pciuonc, hpcnpafun
cio n asy nnn cnoux ohcpauuu u n ooponufcniniu ohnof hpofun
nhonucn, a fakxc n hcpniu kufauckuu pauon c kommynucfuucckum
hpanncnucm.
uhnomafun Bamunifona ina fakum opasom hapanusonana
ncnosmoxnocfik hpumupufi konccpnafunnoc u koppymhuponannoc
hpanufcnicfno, n kofopom onimuncfno cocfannnnu hpcncfanufcnu
Iomuninana no inanc c Han Kaumu, c pcnonkuuonnim, cosnan-
nim Mao Hssnynom. Bccnou 146 i. Mapmann cucn cchoncsnim
hpononxcnuc cnoux ycunuu u honoxun koncu cnocmy hocpcnnuuc-
cfny. On hpumcn k ninony, ufo ino ncnosmoxno hpononxafi ho-
moiafi hpanufcnicfny, nccocfonfcninomy n nocnnom ofnomcnuu u
cfoni koppymhuponannomy, ufo cmy nc ynanoci ocymccfnufi nu
onny us pcqopm, cfoni ncoxonumix, ho mncnuk amcpukanucn.
Ioncc foio, on nyman, ufo cio ocfopoxniu yxon co cucni cfancf
nnn nauuonanucfon yiposou usonnuuu, kofopou onu honncpianuci,
u hpuncncf k usmcncnuk ux honufuku. Kpomc foio, amcpukanckan
anmunucfpauun (kak u hpanufcnicfno Cfanuna) nc pcmanaci yxc
foina u n Asuu hopnafi c honufukou cofpynnuuccfna c Concfckum
7J6
Coksom, kofopan, ho kpauncu mcpc n Kufac, hpunocuna nckofo-
pic honoxufcninic pcsynifafi. uhnomafuucckuc muccuu cncno-
nanu onna sa npyiou u hocnc ncynauu Mapmanna, onnako nonix
qakfopon n nannou cufyauuu nc nosnukano, ccnu nc cuufafi, ufo
ccpicsnoc amcpukanckoc nmcmafcnicfno n Kufac ninunoci n nopo-
iocfonmcc u ncsqqckfunnoc hpocauunanuc sfo cfanonunoci
ncc oncc oucnunnim.
B uknc 147 i. houck komhpomucca in noncpcn icncpany Ani-
cpfy C. Bcncmcucpy. Y ncio cnoxunoci ucfkoc hpcncfanncnuc o
kpusucc nauuonanucfon u nacfyhncnuu kommynucfon; on pckomcn-
nonan hocinky nonou homomu Han Kaumu, no nc pcmuncn hpcn-
noxufi hpnmoc nocnnoc nmcmafcnicfno Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n
Kufac. Ickomcnnauun yncnuuufi hofok homomu nc ino hpunnfo
iocynapcfncnnim nchapfamcnfom. Mapmann ofkponcnno nicfyhun
hpofun: Iohifka honncpxafi kufauckyk skonomuky u iapanfu-
ponafi ycunun kufauckoio hpanufcnicfna, ionopun on n ccnafc
11 nonpn 147 i., hpcnpafunaci i n pcmn nnn skonomuku Co-
cnuncnnix Ufafon u n nocnnyk ofncfcfncnnocfi, kofopyk n nc
moi i pckomcnnonafi kak ucni ncucfnuu namcio hpanufcnicfna.
xon cufon Cfkapf, hocncnnuu amcpukanckuu hocon n na-
uuonanucfuucckom Kufac, nancnncn na pcqopmucfckuc usmcncnun
n honufukc Iomuninana, koina Han Kaumu, ncmoncfpafunno nuc-
fanuupynci of kpaunc hpanix cun, na kofopic on ohupancn, hpu-
nnn nasnaucnuc nuuc-hpcsuncnfom u 3onipcna, oncc pachono-
xcnnoio k komhpomuccy u oncc nnumafcninoio k pcqopmucfckum
hpcnnoxcnunm. Iocncnnuu ncucfnufcnino chococfnonan noso-
nonncnuk hcpcionopon mcxny hpcncfanufcnnmu Iomuninana u
KIK, iapanfuponannix fakxc yuacfucm concfckoio hocna Iomuna
u hpoxonunmux nccnou 14 i. umi ncfom 14 i. nancxna na no-
cfuxcnuc komhpomucca ina okonuafcnino yfpaucna. Yxc n ahpc-
nc kommynucfuucckuc nuncpi pcmunu hpcpnafi ncnkuc konfakfi
c hpcncfanufcnnmu Iomuninana. B uknc Mao Hssnyn ohynukonan
paofy hon nasnanucm O ncmokpafuucckou nukfafypc napona, n
kofopyk on nknkuun nosyni, cqopmynuponanmuu n hpocfcumcu
qopmc (kak sfo hofom yncf mnoio pas hpoucxonufi n kufauckou
xusnu, kak hpu Mao, fak u cs ncio) honufuucckuu niop cfpa-
ni: Kufau nonxcn naxonuficn na onnou cfoponc.
9.2.3. HOBE,A KUTAUCKUX KOMM.HUCTOB
Ofof ninon in fakxc pcsynifafom xona ipaxnanckou nouni.
B konuc 148 i. apmun Iomuninana honnocfik pasnoxunaci, u
kommynucfi hocfchcnno cfanonunuci honufuucckou cunou, hpc-
7J7
onanakmcu n kufauckou xusnu. Takum opasom ofhananu fakfu-
ucckuc hpuuuni houcka komhpomucca.
B fo xc npcmn amcpukanui paccfananuci co cnoumu unnksun-
mu, cmupnnci c hopaxcnucm Iomuninana, ofkasinanci of kakux
i fo nu in hnanon nuhnomafuucckoio nmcmafcnicfna, onnako
sannn u hosuuuk ofkponcnnou npaxncnocfu k nosmoxnocfu hpc-
onananun n Kufac KIK. nn Mapmanna fakoc pcmcnuc ino nc-
conmccfumo c ucnik cosnanun Kufan, cuninoio u npyxccfncnnoio
ho ofnomcnuk k Amcpukc. Ho fpcnoia, hopoxncnnan hocncncfnu-
nmu hcpcxona Kufan hon konfponi kommynucfon, nc ina nacfoni-
ko ncnuka, ufoi honfonknyfi hpanufcnicfno Bamunifona k oncc
ccpicsnomy nmcmafcnicfny. Tpymsn coxancn o sfom. Mapmann
in kafciopuuccku hpofun. Auccon ncnan noiuucckuc ninoni, ni-
fckanmuc us oipanuuufcncu amcpukanckou momu: Hauuonanu-
cfuucckoc hpanufcnicfno |Kufan], hucan on, nc pachonaiacf
nocnnou cunou, ncoxonumou nnn honncpxanun konfponn nan
Kxnim Kufacm n cnyuac pcmufcninoio nacfyhncnun kommynuc-
fon... Hcf hpuuun nymafi, ufo nanincumcc hpononxcnuc okasanun
homomu cmoxcf usmcnufi hcpchckfuni pasnufun kufauckux co-
ifuu. Hahpofun, cymccfnycf mnoio hpusnakon, hokasinakmux,
ufo naccncnuc Kufan ycfano of nouni, u n ncm hpconanacf cuni-
ncumcc xcnanuc nouficn mupa nkou ucnou. Okasanuc foniko
nocnnou u koncynifafunnou homomu hpuncno i k cnuncfncnnomy
pcsynifafy hpononxcnuk npaxncnocfu u cfpananuu, kofopic
kufauckuu napon nonxcn in i fcphcfi, ninamunan inyokoc
ncnononicfno hpofun Cocnuncnnix Ufafon.
B nocnno-honufuucckom hnanc nohpoc in pcmcn, koina KIK
hponosinacuna 1 okfnpn 14 i. Kufauckyk Haponnyk Icchynu-
ky, ofkasanmuci of nuhnomafuucckoio hpusnanun amcpukanuamu
(ufo ncmcnncnno ofpasunoci na ncnaiohpunfnom nnn KHI pcmc-
nuu o mccfc Kufan n Concfc csohacnocfu OOH). K sfomy noanu-
naci honncpxka amcpukanuamu hnana Han Kaumu ocfanufi mafcpu-
koniu Kufau u cxafi c hpcncfanufcnnmu Iomuninana na ocfpon
Taunani, a fakxc pcmcnuc Bamunifona o hpusnanuu foniko sa
num mcxnynaponnoio hpcncfanufcnicfna nccio Kufan. Hauancn
konqnukf, nnunmuucn nnanuafi ncf, ninynunmuu amcpukanckoc
hpanufcnicfno cmccfufi k 3ahany hcpumcfp cnocu ooponufcninou
soni. Kxnan Kopcn u Shonun hpuopcfanu cmc onimcc snauc-
nuc, ucm onu umcnu n hpomnom.
nn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon pcui mna o fnxcnom hopaxcnuu,
kofopoc sacfanuno ux hcpccmofpcfi cnok honufuky n Tuxookcan-
ckom pciuonc. nn naponnoio Kufan nauunancn sfah onimux na-
ncxn. KHI ncfyhuna n mcxnynaponnyk xusni n hcpuon onimux
7J8
fpynnocfcu, onnako c snfysuasmom nochpunuman sanauy concpmufi
inyokyk pcnonkuuk, kofopan hpcopasonana i skonomuky c
hpconananucm nafuqynnuu u ofcfanou hpomimncnnocfu n skchc-
pumcnfaninic kommynucfuucckuc moncnu. Ofo ina oipomnan
fpancqopmauun; kufauui iofonunuci cc ocymccfnufi, opamanci
k cnoum ccfccfncnnim coksnukam, no fakum opasom Ccncpo-
Bocfounan Asun honnocfik nonnckanaci n opufy xononnou nouni.
Ocnoni ofnomcnuu mcxny komhapfunmu Kufan u Concfckoio
Coksa xapakfcpusonanuci nnufcninou omcu opiou, no fakxc u
inyokumu pasnoinacunmu. Koina Kufau ocnoonuncn n 111 i. of
umhcpckou cucfcmi, paspymcnnou Hauuonaninou hapfucu (Io-
muninan), pcnonkuuonnic cuni Cyni Sfccna hpcncfannnnu coou
koanuuuk nccima pasnuunix ipyhh u fcucnuu. Komhapfun ina
ocnonana n 121 i., u c camoio nauana cc cymccfnonanuc xapakfc-
pusonanoci kak cnoxnocfik ofnomcnuu c Concfckum Coksom u
Komunfcpnom, fak u yfncpxncnucm nnyfpu KIK nnyx hpofunoho-
noxnix honufuucckux fcucnuu. Concfckuu ohif hoyxnan k ho-
ompcnuk honufuucckou opii hpcxnc nccio n cpcnc ioponckoio
hponcfapuafa u hpomimncnnix paouux. Hmcnno sfo fcucnuc,
nosinannnnmcccn fakumu unfcnnckfyanamu, kak k Uaouu, yny-
muu hpcsuncnf Haponnou Icchynuku, u u ucani, nckopc cfan-
muu cckpcfapcm hapfuu, ino hpconanakmum. Ofa honufuucckan
nunun hofcphcna ankpofcfno, hockoniky cu nc ynanoci sanocnafi
honncpxky n paoucu cpcnc kpyhnix kxnix ioponon, fakux, kak
Uanxau, ona onciuuna hohifky Han Kaumu ocnaufi kommynuc-
fon, kofopic cfpcmunuci k icicmonuu n Iomuninanc, u, oncc foio,
hcpcufu n ux ofnomcnuu k cucfcmafuucckum pchpcccunm, nauan-
mumcn n ahpcnc 127 i.
Ionufuucckan hnafqopma Mao Hssnyna, kofopou pchpcccuu co
cfoponi nauuonanucfon hpunanu onimyk ycnufcninocfi, ocno-
ninanaci na hpusnanuu hpcumymccfncnno aipapnoio xapakfcpa
kufauckoio omccfna u na cfpcmncnuu hapfuu hycfufi cnou kopnu
n sfou pcaninocfu, cfan nipaxcnucm pcnonkuuu, kofopan ucxonu-
na i us ncpcnnu u oxnafuna i nck cfpany. Ofo ina honufuucc-
kan nunun, nuamcfpanino hpofunohonoxnan nunuu na qopcupo-
nannyk unnycfpuanusauuk, kofopyk Cfanun hpononun n CCCI u
kofopyk Komunfcpn cfpcmuncn skchopfuponafi n ocfaninyk uacfi
mupa, fpcyn nonninocfu, ufo honfankunano cam Komunfcpn pcko-
mcnnonafi komhpomucc c Iomuninanom naxc na sfahc nauoncc
nnnou anfukommynucfuucckou honufuku Han Kaumu.
Bnunnuc Mao n fof hcpuon ino houfu ncsnauufcninim. Ha-
snaucnniu n 128 i. cckpcfapcm hapfuu u ucani hpcnnaian, nc-
cmofpn na honcccnnic hopaxcnun, nnoni akfunusuponafi honufu-
7J
ucckyk hpohaianny n cpcnc ioponckoio hponcfapuafa; n 1JO i.
cckpcfapcm hapfuu in uspan Ban Mun, ofkpifiu hpofunnuk
Mao, fcsuci kofopoio fcm npcmcncm nauanu onnancnafi hapfucu.
Onu hpuopcnu cmc onimyk sqqckfunnocfi, koina, nccmofpn na
fo, ufo oquuuaninoc pykononcfno hapfuu cknonnnoci k hpononxc-
nuk cnocu ncnfcninocfu n honhonic, n ycnonunx pcmakmcio na-
cfyhncnun Han Kaumu n 1J5 i., Mao nsnn na ccn komannonanuc
apmucu kommynucfon u honcn cc n ncicnnapniu Bcnukuu hoxon
no hponunuuu Xynani, ofkyna nauncfcn nospoxncnuc KIK. Hauu-
nan c 1J7 i. maoucfckan honufuucckan nunun csycnonno nosona-
nana, u Mao ncc oncc cfanonufcn quiypou, cumnonusupykmcu
hapfuk. Ho, koncuno, cio hpcnmccfnykmuu hyfi noncc nc iapan-
fuponan ynymyk hpounyk npyxy c CCCI, kofopou yipoxanu
unconoiuucckuc nonmccfna maoucfckou micnu ho cpanncnuk co
cfanunckou, a fakxc ncoxonumocfi noccfanonufi na nonix, oncc
pafckux ocnonanunx ofnomcnun, cqopmynuponannic n ncpan-
nohpannom noionopc, honhucannom n aniycfc 145 i. Han Kaumu.
C npyiou cfoponi, k coksy c CCCI hpumcnmcio k nnacfu Mao
honfankunanu fakxc mcxnynaponnic pcanuu, c kofopimu on non-
xcn in cuufaficn.
9.2.4. HOCLE,CTBUH COB,AHUH
KUTAUCKOU HAPO,HOU PECH.BLUKU
Haponniu Kufau poxnancn nccmofpn na amcpukanckuc hohifku
hpcnofnpafufi kpaunuc pcmcnun. Iofcpn Kufan nisnana n Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafax nonny pcakuuu, cosnanmyk ncmano fpynnocfcu
camomy Tpymsny, u ycununa ynifpakonccpnafunnic fcucnun, nipa-
sufcncm kofopix, nauunan c sfux mccnucn, nnnnncn ccnafop-pcc-
hynukancu xoscq Makkapfu, ynymuu hpcnccnafcni Komuccuu
ho anfuamcpukanckou ncnfcninocfu n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax. Imc
oncc nnymufcninou ncnana sfy pcakuuk konconunauun ipyhhi
nuu, kofopic, nnoxnonnncmic pasnimu unfcpccamu, cocfannnnu
fak nasinacmoc kufauckoc nou (+hinu 1ohhy) nnunfcninyk
cuny n samufc hpanufcnicfna Han Kaumu na Taunanc kak cnun-
cfncnnoio u nciufumnoio kufauckoio hpanufcnicfna. Amcpukan-
ckyk anmunucfpauuk honfankunanu k xccfkum pcmcnunm, fo ccfi
k oncc honnomy ocfpakusmy n ofnomcnuu nonoio Kufan. Ioufu
ncc sahannic coksnuku u snauufcninan uacfi ncsanucumix cfpan,
sa cymccfncnnim ucknkucnucm Bcnukopufanuu u Hnnuu, inu
hocfanncni hcpcn niopom mcxny nnymn Kufanmu u inu ni-
nyxncni ofkasafi n hpusnanuu Haponnomy Kufak.
Mcxnynaponniu ocfpakusm nomcn no skonomuucckoio smapio
(oquuuanino sakpchncnnoio n 152 i.) u no amcpukanckoio onsa-
74O
fcnicfna ncufpanusonafi Taunanickuu hponun u samufufi occnmcc
na ocfponc nauuonanucfuucckoc hpanufcnicfno.
Ofkpifan npaxncnocfi amcpukanucn ykpchuna namcpcnun no-
noio hpanufcnicfna Ickuna uckafi hokponufcnicfno Concfckoio
Coksa. Ono nauano ncucfnonafi nc cs ncnoncpun. Hu Mao, nu
Hxoy Oninau, cio inanniu copafnuk, nu Hxy s nc inu nknimu
Mockni. Mao hoccfun Concfckuu Coks hcpniu pas foniko n 14 i.,
hocnc hponosinamcnun Haponnou Icchynuku, koina n ccpcnunc
nckapn on ofhpanuncn n Mockny nnn hcpcionopon o noionopax,
kofopic hocfanunu i na nonyk ocnony ofnomcnun mcxny nnymn
cfpanamu. B nnnapc k Mao hpucocnununcn Hxoy Oninau, u c sfoio
momcnfa hcpcionopi, hcpcxunmuc nccima ocfpic momcnfi, icfpo
hponnunynuci k sancpmcnuk.
Iocnc honhucanun noionopon 14 qcnpann 15O i. n Mocknc
cynii nnyx cfpan kasanuci cnnsannimu ncpaspinno, xofn ocfa-
noci nckoc omymcnuc, honhufinacmoc Cfanunim, ufo, koncuno,
Kufau, ncnukuu npyi, no fakxc u cnocio pona ocoiu cafcn-
nuf CCCI. Ofo ina nnoucfncnnocfi, ciipanman, ncponfno, cnok
poni; u ona ofpaxanaci, nhpoucm, u n camux noionopax. Icpniu us
nux cnuncfncnniu, concpxanmuu nipaxcnun, hpocnannnnmuc
snaucnuc nonoio Kufan, nochpousnonun ho cymccfny fckcf coina-
mcnuu, honhucannix Concfckum Coksom co cfpanamu-cafcnnufa-
mu Bocfounou Inpohi. Iio cmicn saknkuancn n ooponufcninom
coksc hpofun nosononncnun nhonckou yiposi, no pachpocfpannn-
mcmcn u na ncnkyk npyiyk aipcccuk, nahpanncnnyk hpofun onnou
us nnyx cfopon. Coinamcnuc ho nsaumnou ooponc cohponoxna-
noci nauanom hcpuonuucckux koncynifauuu ho nohpocam, hpcn-
cfannnkmum omuu unfcpcc.
Io nfopomy noionopy Concfckuu Coks pan na ccn onsafcni-
cfno annynuponafi (no foniko hocnc saknkucnun mupnoio noionopa
c Shonucu) ycfyhku, honyucnnic of nauuonanucfuucckoio hpanu-
fcnicfna ho noionopy aniycfa 145 i. u coinaconannic n Snfc. Tpc-
fuu noionop kacancn skonomuucckux nohpocon u hpcnycmafpunan
hpcnocfanncnuc Kufak kpcnufa pasmcpom JOO munnuonon nonna-
pon, us 1' iononix, no nc nankfou, a fonapamu concfckoio hpous-
noncfna, kofopiu kufauui onsinanuci nosnpamafi cipicm ku-
fauckoio hpousnoncfna. B kynyapax ina ocyxncna cufyauun n
Kopcc, inc nuncp ccncpokopcuckou komhapfuu Kum Hp Ccn otn-
nun o namcpcnuu cunou otcnunufi cfpany.
Hccmofpn na hpohaiannucfckuc yfncpxncnun ofnocufcnino
poxncnun nonoio anfukahufanucfuucckoio coksa, cohyfcfnonanmuc
saknkucnuk noionopa, kufauui sahnafunu nocfafouno nicokyk
ucny sa pycckoc hokponufcnicfno. Ofcpouka na nchpcnnuncnno
741
nnufcniniu cpok nosnpamcnun kufauuam skcfcppufopuaninix
hpan, ocfannnna honncmcnnim sine Jie nacncnuc hocncnncio nc-
pannohpannoio noionopa. Otcm skonomuucckou homomu sna-
ucnuc kofopou ymcnimanoci cmc u fcm ocfonfcnicfnom, ufo Co-
ncfckuu Coks xofcn honyuufi nsamcn cipic, a nc hpomimncnnyk
hponykuuk, choconyk cfafi cfumynom nnn kufauckoio hpomim-
ncnnoio hontcma, ncno ykasinan na oipanuucnnocfi nosmoxnoc-
fcu Mockni.
axc ccnu nnyfpu coksa cymccfnonanu hofcnuuaninic mofuni
nnn cnna hponnunmuxcn pasnoinacuu, nonnc fcm nc mcncc ykpch-
nnncn opas Kufauckou Haponnou Icchynuku kak nonou hcmku n
inoaninou uipc CCCI. Ioncncnuc nonoio hckunckoio pcxuma n
ofnomcnuu Tucfa honfncpnuno fakoc nhcuafncnuc. Ofof pauon,
kofopiu nauuonanucfuucckomy hpanufcnicfny nukoina nc ynana-
noci nsnfi hon konfponi, n hocncnnuc nccnfuncfun honyuun qak-
fuucckyk anfonomuk, kopcnunmykcn, nhpoucm, n fcokpafuucckom
xapakfcpc hpanncnun Tucfom. Koina kommynucfuucckan apmun
honiofonunaci k nfopxcnuk n Tucf u hpunusunaci k cio cfonuuc
xacc, anau ama, fo ccfi inanniu hpcncfanufcni ynnucfckou
ucpapxuu, onananmuu makcumaninou pcnuiuosnou, mopaninou u
honufuucckou nnacfik n pciuonc, hohifancn hpofunocfonfi nfop-
xcnuk, no, nauucfo numcnniu nocnnix pccypcon, ninyxncn in
hpucinyfi k cpcncfnam nuhnomafuu, hohpocun n ucnnx camosamu-
fi o nmcmafcnicfnc Bcnukopufanuu u Hnnuu.
Onnako hpumupufcninan honufuka, kofopyk aninuuanc u un-
nuuui hpcnhounu hpononufi n ofnomcnuu nonoio Kufan, numun
cio nuhnomafuucckuc pccypci ncnkou sqqckfunnocfu. Ipofccfi
hpofun ncucfnuu Kufan (okfnpi 15O i.) inu ymcpcnnimu u sa-
pancc opcucnnimu na ncynauy. axc hocncnnnn hohifka anau
ami unfcpnauuonanusuponafi hponcmy, hpucinyn n nonpc
foio xc iona k OOH, hponanunaci, saannofuponannan n Concfc
Icsohacnocfu conmccfnim ncfo kufauckux nauuonanucfon c Tauna-
nn, sanumanmux foina mccfo Kufan n OOH, u Concfckoio Coksa,
npko konfpacfuponanmcio c hpunuuhuaninimu ncknapauunmu ho
anfukononuaninou opic, kofopyk Concfckuu Coks u Haponniu
Kufau nipanu n kauccfnc cnocio snamcnu.
9.2.5. KOPEUCKUU BOHPOC
Inoaninoc snaucnuc usmcncnuu, hpoucmcnmux n Kufac oyc-
nonuno nonyk hocfanonky nhonckou hponcmi, a cmc pancc ko-
pcuckoio nohpoca. Oucnunno, ufo no npcmn nouni sfof nohpoc nc
in n ucnfpc nnumanun coksnukon.
742
Iysncnif cuufan, ufo Kopcn, annckcuponannan Shonucu n 11O i.,
nc ina chocona ncmcnncnno noccfanonufi camoyhpanncnuc u
cmc na Kaupckou konqcpcnuuu n nonpc 14J i. hpcnnoxun cnoc-
io pona ucfipcxcfoponnuu mannaf na ncci Kopcuckuu honyocfpon.
Aninuuanc, kufauui u pycckuc foina hosufunno nochpunnnu sfo
hpcnnoxcnuc. Io nocnnim hnanam, ocnooxncnuc cfpani nonxno
ino hpoucxonufi hocpcncfnom conmccfnix ncucfnuu concfckux
noopyxcnnix cun c Ccncpa u amcpukanckux nccanfnix uacfcu c
Kia, nhnofi no uucfo nocnnou ncmapkauuonnou nunuu, kofopan
nonxna ina hpoxonufi ho J8-u hapanncnu.
Ha okonuafcninom sfahc nouni Concfckuu Coks in iofon
ncucfnonafi kak n Manuxypuu, fak u n Kopcc, yuufinan nusocfi
nnyx qponfon ocnix ncucfnuu k pauonam asuponanun Kpacnou
apmuu.
Amcpukanui nmcmanuci hosnncc, onnako nc cuufanu cufyauuk
csnancxnou. B camom ncnc, concfckuc noucka ocfanonunuci hcpcn
coinaconannou nunucu, ananoiuuno fomy, kak amcpukanui sfo
cncnanu n Icpmanuu. K fomy xc coksnuucckuc ofnomcnun nc ho-
snonnnu n fof momcnf Cfanuny houfu na npyiou niop. Bhocncn-
cfnuu hnani yhpanncnun Kopccu c homomik ucfipcxcfoponncu
komuccuu yfpafunu cmicn us-sa nnyfpcnncio kpusuca n nauuona-
nucfuucckom Kufac u ofkasa aninuuan hpunumafi na ccn nohon-
nufcninic mcxnynaponnic onsafcnicfna, kofopic moinu i
yxynmufi ux qunanconoc honoxcnuc. Xosncnamu honoxcnun ocfa-
nanuci concfckuc u amcpukanckuc noopyxcnnic cuni. Ha Moc-
konckom concmanuu n nckapc 145 i. ino hpunnfo pcmcnuc o
cosnanuu cmcmannou komuccuu, opasonannou us hpcncfanufcncu
nnyx saunfcpcconannix cfopon u yhonnomoucnnou sanoxufi ocno-
ni hocncnykmcu ncsanucumocfu Kopcu.
Tcm npcmcncm pycckuc ncucfnonanu na Ccncpc honyocfpona
fcmu xc mcfonamu, kofopic onu hocfchcnno ohpoonanu n Boc-
founou Inpohc. Concfi chococfnonanu noccosnanuk komhapfuu
hon pykononcfnom Kum Hp Ccna, n ofnuuuc of kufauucn iopnun-
mciocn cnoum nnufcninim hpcinanucm n CCCI u n Mocknc; cmy
ino noncpcno cosnanuc hpanufcnicfna cfanunckoio fuha n ccncp-
nou sonc okkyhauuu. Amcpukanui, co cnocu cfoponi, ohupanuci
na kopcuckuc nauuonanucfuucckuc cuni u namnu sqqckfunnoio
hapfncpa n nuuc hpcncfanufcnn camoio konccpnafunnoio kpina
sfux cun u Cin Mana. Ipcxnc ucm sfo pasncncnuc sakpchunoci,
umcn mccfo, fak xc kak u n Icpmanuu, hcpcxonniu hcpuon, no
npcmn kofopoio nnycfoponnnn komuccun okkyhauuonnix cun o-
cyxnana nosmoxnocfi hponnunyfi hpouccc nauuonaninoio noccoc-
nuncnun. Ho naxc u n sfom cnyuac ncfpcuu pycckux u amcpukanucn,
74J
nauanmuccn n mapfc 146 i., hpcnpamanuci n honon nnn nickasi-
nanun nsaumnix onuncnuu. Iycckuc onunnnu amcpukanucn n
chococfnonanuu cosnanuk anfukommynucfuucckoio pcxuma k kiy
of J8-u hapanncnu; amcpukanui hpofunohocfannnnu sfum onunc-
nunm yhpcku n ycfanonncnuu n Ccncpnou Kopcc onnohapfuunoio
pcxuma, ufo hpofunopcuuno onsafcnicfnam, hpunnfim Mocknou,
u konfpacfuponano c nunumim hnkpanusmom, cymccfnonanmcm na
Kic (nunumim, hockoniky hpanufcnicfno u Cin Mana ino, ho
cyfu, anfopufapnou nukfafypou, hpukpifou nckofopimu ncmokpa-
fuucckumu qopmamu).
B ccnfnpc 147 i. ho unuuuafunc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon ncno
ino hcpcnano Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu; Icncpaninan
Accamncn OOH hpoionoconana sa pckomcnnauuk (nc umcnmyk, n
ofnuuuc of pcmcnuu Concfa Icsohacnocfu, onsafcninou cuni),
coinacno kofopou n Kopcc kak moxno icfpcc nonxni inu co-
cfonficn cnoonnic niopi hon nankncnucm hpcncfanufcncu
OOH. Xapakfcp sfou pckomcnnauuu c kpunuucckou fouku spcnun
hosnonun Kum Hp Ccny ofkasaficn of hpucyfcfnun hpcncfanufcncu
OOH n Ccncpnou Kopcc. B mac 148 i. n Kxnou Kopcc cocfon-
nuci niopi, kofopic hpcncfanufcnu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu
otnnunu sakonnimu u kofopic hpunccnu honannnkmcc oni-
muncfno ionocon u Cin Many. 15 man 148 i. hocncnnuu hponos-
inacun cosnanuc Kopcuckou Icchynuku n kauccfnc cnuncfncnnoio
sakonnoio hpanufcnicfna na nccm honyocfponc, hockoniky numi
ono ino uspano hon mcxnynaponnim konfponcm.
Ha ccncpc Kum Hp Ccn hocncnonan cio hpumcpy, hponosinacun
hocnc hncucuufapnix niopon ccnfnpn 148 i. Kopcuckyk
Haponno-cmokpafuucckyk Icchynuky, cnuncfncnnyk honnunno
ncmokpafuucckyk, hockoniky n ncu ina sahpcmcna ncnfcni-
nocfi anfuncmokpafuucckux, fo ccfi anfukommynucfuucckux hap-
fuu. Hccmofpn na hocfonnnic fpcnun mcxny nnymn hpanufcni-
cfnamu, pasmccfunmumu cnou cfonuui coofncfcfncnno n Ccync
(Kxnan Kopcn) u n Ixcninnc (Ccncpnan Kopcn), kak pycckuc, fak
u amcpukanui counu nosmoxnim hocfchcnno ninccfu c fcppufo-
puu honyocfpona cnou noucka. Hc hpomno u iona hocnc poxncnun
nnyx kopcuckux iocynapcfn, kak pycckuc ocfanunu na ccncpc nc-
mnoium oncc JOOO ucnonck; na kic amcpukanui ncckoniko co-
fcn. unun ncmapkauuu mcxny nnymn sonamu nocnnou okkyhauuu
nauana hpcnpamaficn n hoipanuunyk nunuk mcxny nnymn houfu
ncsanucumimu iocynapcfnamu, pasncncnnimu cohcpnuuccfnom,
hopoxnanmum mnoiouucncnnic, onnako nokaninic, hoipanuunic
unuuncnfi.
Icpccmofp amcpukanckou nncmncu honufuku, hocncnonanmuu
sa konuom afomnou monohonuu u cosnanucm Kufauckou Haponnou
744
Icchynuku, cankuuonuponanniu n ahpcnc 15O i. onopcnucm pc-
sonkuuu N 68 Concfa Hauuonaninou Icsohacnocfu (CHI-68),
homumo foio, ufo nohonnun nokfpuny cncpxunanun nonimu qop-
mynuponkamu, hoynun fakxc amcpukanckux nocnnix u honufukon
hohifaficn oucpfufi cnocio pona founiu hcpumcfp xusncnnix
unfcpccon Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. B nauanc 15O i. fakuc anfopu-
fcfnic icncpani, kak Ouscnxaysp u Makapfyp, yfncpxnanu, ufo,
nccmofpn na usmcncnun n Kufac, Kopcn nc nnnncfcn cfoni naxnou
nnn ooponi Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, ufoi ifi nknkucnnou n
fakou hcpumcfp, yuufinan cc fcppufopuaninyk ofnancnnocfi u
hpuopufcf, ofnanacmiu n Asuu samufc Shonuu u kxnou soni
Tuxoio okcana. Ofu konuchuuu namnu ofpaxcnuc n pcuu, hpousnc-
ccnnou iocynapcfncnnim cckpcfapcm Aucconom 12 nnnapn 15O i.,
n kofopou on paccmofpcn hponcmi usmcncnuu n amcpukanckou
honufukc n Tuxookcanckom pciuonc u ohpcncnun hcpumcfp amc-
pukanckux onsafcnicfn n ucnnx samufi nauuonaninou csohac-
nocfu. Ofof hcpumcfp hpocfupancn of Ancyfckux ocfponon na cc-
ncpc no Shonuu, safcm k kiy of ocfponon Ikkk no unuhhun.
Kxnan Kopcn ocfananaci nnc sfou nunuu pasipanuucnun, oucp-
funmcu cqcpy ccchopnix unfcpccon Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, u sfo
n hcpuon kpyhnix usmcncnuu, kofopic moinu nisnafi poxncnuc
naponnoio Kufan.
B konuc 14 i. hpanufcnicfno Ixcninna, kofopoc n unconoiu-
ucckom hnanc hifanoci conmccfufi cnnsu c CCCI c konfakfamu c
kufauckou cfoponou, nauano honyuafi oiunic noopyxcnun of
nonoio Kufan, ufo ncfpcnoxuno pycckux u hoynuno ux hocinafi
cnoum kopcuckum cafcnnufam oncc conpcmcnnic noopyxcnun.
Onnako honopofniu momcnf cymccfnonanun Ccncpnou Kopcu umcn
mccfo n mapfc 15O i. n cnnsu c honiofonkou maccuponannou nocn-
nou ohcpauuu hpofun Kia u c honoxufcninim ofncfom, kofopiu
Kum Hp Ccn honyuun na hpociy, opamcnnyk k Mao, coinacufi-
cn, ufoi JO OOO kopcuckux connaf, ocfananmuxcn n Maniuxypuu
hocnc yuacfun n nounc hpofun nhonucn u hpofun nauuonanucfon,
cmoinu ncpnyficn n Kopck. Bosnpamcnuc sfux honpasncncnuu, xo-
pomo honiofonncnnix u ocnamcnnix, nanano Ccncpnou Kopcc
ynapnyk cuny, ncoxonumyk nnn konkpcfnou pcanusauuu hnana
aipcccuu hpofun Kia.
9.2.6. KOPEUCKAH BOUHA
B ucfopuoipaquu ocyxnacfcn cfchcni nonncucnnocfu Kufan u
Concfckoio Coksa n coifun: nokymcnfi, kofopic poccuuckoc
hpanufcnicfno cncnano nocfyhnimu hocnc 1O i., honfncpxnakf
745
onopcnuc Cfanunim ccncpokopcuckux hnanon, onnako ncc cmc
ncnosmoxno ucfko nuqqcpcnuuponafi cfchcni ofncfcfncnnocfu
nnyx kommynucfuucckux ncpxan. Oucnunnim hpcncfannncfcn fo,
ufo hponcma nacunicfncnnoio noccocnuncnun Kopcu ina nomu-
nupykmcu n ofnomcnunx mcxny Kum Hp Ccnom u cio concfckum
u kufauckum coksnukamu. Kum nauan ocyxnafi sfy fcmy n 14 i.
u Cfanun ncc npcmn cio cncpxunan, no nc occkypaxunan. Mao
hponnnnn onimyk cknonnocfi k pucky, xofn u ncpxancn ocfopox-
no, fak ufo okonuafcninoc pcmcnuc ino noncpcno umcnno ku-
fauckomy nuncpy.
B camom ncnc, Kum Hp Ccn hoccfun Mockny n ahpcnc 15O i. u
honyuun ocmanun snauufcninou nocnnou homomu, cohponoxnan-
muccn nnycmicncnnimu honufuucckumu onsafcnicfnamu. Iycckux
n fof momcnf cncpxunana ncoxonumocfi chococfnonafi copy
munnuonon honhuccu hon hpusinom k opic sa mup, pomcnnim
ipyhhou unfcnnckfyanon us Cfokionima, u Komunqopm ofnanan
hpcnhoufcnuc sfou qopmc hpohaianni hcpcn hnanamu nouni.
B mac Kum hoccfun Ickun, inc yfncpxnan, ufo honyuun of Cfanuna
cnoony ncucfnuu. Mao hohpocun pastncncnuu of camoio mockon-
ckoio noxnn u fof ofncfun: Yuufinan nonyk mcxnynaponnyk o-
cfanonky, on coinamancn c kopcuckum hpcnnoxcnucm, onnako yfou-
nnn, ufo okonuafcninoc pcmcnuc nonxno hpunumaficn conmccfno
kufauckumu u kopcuckumu fonapumamu c ycnonucm, ufo ccnu
Mao yncf uchifinafi comncnun, fo pcmcnuc ofknaninacfcn no
nonoio ocyxncnun. Ipcncfannncfcn, cncnonafcnino, nccomncnnim
fof qakf, ufo nocnnoc nahancnuc, nauanmcccn 25 uknn 15O i.
nnoni J8-u hapanncnu, ino pcsynifafom fmafcninou honiofonku
cun Ccncpnou Kopcu, sacfanmux npachnox nnno nc honiofonncnnoio
hpofunnuka. Hmcnno sfy nchoniofonncnnocfi nano yuufinafi,
koina uccncnycmi kopcuckuu kpusuc. Ccncpokopcuckuc pykononufc-
nu paccuufinanu na qakfop nncsahnocfu u na nosmoxnocfi pasufi
kxnokopcuckyk apmuk no honxona nosmoxnou homomu usnnc.
Ofof pacucf okasancn omuounim. Ocymccfnnnnmum nacfyhnc-
nuc ccncpokopcuckum nouckam ynanoci sanocnafi houfu nck Kx-
nyk Kopck, sa ucknkucnucm nconimoio hnaunapma nokpyi hopfa
Iycan, inc n ccnfnpc 15O i. sakpchunuci ocfafku kxnokopcu-
ckou apmuu u inc onu nauanu honyuafi hcpnyk mcxnynaponnyk
homomi, hpcxnc nccio amcpukanckyk. B ncucfnufcninocfu hpcn-
honoxcnuc o ofnocufcninom cspasnuuuu amcpukanucn k hpouc-
xonunmcmy ino concpmcnno ncoocnonanno. Ccncpnic kopcuui,
koncuno, nc snanu o pcsonkuuu CHI-68, onnako ona nnocuna cy-
mccfncnnic usmcncnun n amcpukanckuu ofncf na concfckuc unu-
uuafuni unu unuuuafuni, kofopic moinu i ifi uchonisonani
746
n unfcpccax CCCI. Ipousomcn hcpcxon of sfaha honufuucckoio
cncpxunanun k sfahy, koina ofncf nc ucknkuan hpumcncnun nocnnou
cuni. Hnimu cnonamu, ccnu kommynucfuucckan cucfcma ykpchnnna
cnou nocnniu (concfckuu afomniu) hofcnuuan u cnoc icohonufu-
ucckoc hpocfpancfno (honnncnuc Haponnoio Kufan u saknkucnuc
kufaucko-concfckux noionopon), fo cc nison mcnnn cnok hpupony.
Ofo ncnano ncoxonumimu nonic ofncfi, hockoniky n hpofunnom
cnyuac sanocnanun amcpukanucn n 14614 ii. n snauufcninou
mcpc yfpafunu i cnok snauumocfi.
Iuhonnpnoc hpofunocfonnuc hcpcmccfunoci na noniu fcafp u
hpuopcno nocnniu xapakfcp. Iponcmi Bocfounou Asuu nnnim
opasom cnnsinanuci fchcpi c hponcmamu 3ahannou Inpohi, ho-
ckoniky Concfckuu Coks, cncnyn nckonou fpanuuuu, hocnc foio,
kak on in npcmcnno ocfanonncn na 3ahanc, hifancn n kauccfnc
komhcncauuu ocymccfnufi cnoc hponnuxcnuc na Bocfokc. Ofo nc
ino hpnmoc hpofunocfonnuc mcxny CCCI u Cocnuncnnimu Ufa-
famu, no nouna ho noncpcnnocfu, kak ona foina nasinanaci amc-
pukanuamu. cufyauun n Kopcc cnumkom nchocpcncfncnno ofpaxana
cufyauuk n Icpmanuu, ufoi nc nisinafi ohaccnuu nosmoxnocfu
honfopcnun hononix unuuncnfon n Inpohc. Kak i fo nu ino,
ona hpcncfannnna ohacnocfi u ninnnnna momcnfi, kofopic moinu
i ho-nonomy hocfanufi camy hponcmy cnpohcuckoio hcpcycfpou-
cfna. Aipcccun Ccncpnou Kopcu fpconana ncmcnncnnoio ofncfa
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon: hcpumcfp, oosnaucnniu Aucconom, umcn
cmicn, no numi n fom cnyuac, ccnu Kxnan Kopcn ocfananaci i
cnnsannou c amcpukanckou cucfcmou n Tuxom okcanc. Icnu sfa
hpcnhocinka mcnnnaci, fo yxc nc Kopcn naxonunaci na hcpcnonom
pycxc kak nncmnnn samufa Shonuu, no cama Shonun okasina-
naci nchocpcncfncnno hpofunocfonmcu otcnuncnnou, hocnonoc-
nou u iposnou Kopcc Kum Hp Ccna.
Tpymsn ofpcaiuponan ncsamcnnufcnino. Bohpoc in cpasy xc
hocfanncn n Concfc Icsohacnocfu OOH, u 25 uknn (ho nik-uopk-
ckomy npcmcnu) onimuncfnom ionocon on hpunnn pcsonkuuk (fo
ccfi onsafcniniu nnn uchonncnun nokymcnf), ocyxnanmyk aipcc-
cuk u fpconanmyk of Ccncpnou Kopcu ncmcnncnno ofnccfu cnou
noucka. Ipu sfom ncuscxno ncfacf nohpoc, kak okasanoci nosmox-
nim ooufu concfckoc ncfo. cno n fom, ufo amcpukanui usnncknu
niiony us cymccfncnnou omuku n oucnkc cufyauuu, nohymcnnou
concfckou nuhnomafucu, pykononufcnu kofopou pcmunu nc yua-
cfnonafi n paofc Concfa Icsohacnocfu nauunan c nnnapn 15O i. n
snak hpofccfa hpofun ofknoncnun ux fpconanun o fom, ufoi mccfo,
sanumacmoc nauuonanucfuucckum hpanufcnicfnom Taunann, ino
hpcnocfanncno hpcncfanufcnk Je fucro (a nnn Concfckoio Coksa
747
fakxc u Je fure) kufauckoio napona. Hckofopic pacucnunu sfo of-
cyfcfnuc kak kocncnnoc nokasafcnicfno concfckou ncnunonnocfu
n honopofc k noopyxcnnim ncucfnunm n xononnou nounc, u, oncc
foio, kak honfncpxncnuc foio, ufo n ofcyfcfnuc concfckou ofncf-
cfncnnocfu, pcui moina unfu foniko o kxnokopcuckou aipcccuu,
honncpxannou Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu. Icui, onnako, uncf n
nannom cnyuac o qopmaninou apiymcnfauuu, nc hpunumakmcu no
nnumanuc ucfounuku.
cucfnufcnino, ionoconanuc Concfa Icsohacnocfu ino pcsyni-
fafom nchpcnnuncnnix u npcmcnnix ocfonfcnicfn, kofopic amc-
pukanui hocfapanuci makcumanino uchonisonafi. B camom ncnc,
hocnc amcpukanckoio hpukasa of 26 uknn (naxc cs koncynifauuu
c pufanckumu coksnukamu, kofopic inu na sfo hopnnkom ou-
xcni) ofhpanufi cpounyk homomi us Shonuu n Kopck. 27 uknn
CUA hocfanunu sfy fcmy na ocyxncnuc Concfa Icsohacnocfu.
Concf hpunnn k cncncnuk ncnihonncnuc cio pcmcnuu ccncpoko-
pcuckou cfoponou u munumaninim, no nocfafounim onimuncfnom
hpunnn pcsonkuuk o honuucuckux mcpax fo ccfi nocnnix mc-
pax, kofopic, no uchonncnuc cf.42 Ycfana, ocyxnanu aipcccuk kak
yiposy mcxnynaponnou csohacnocfu u hpuinamanu ncc iocynap-
cfna-uncni OOH nopononino hpcnocfanufi ux noopyxcnnic cuni
nnn noccfanonncnun mupa. Inaionapn sfou pcsonkuuu ncnfcni-
nocfi Cocnuncnnix Ufafon nauana pasnunaficn hon qnaiom OOH.
Ofo moino hpousoufu naionapn nnufcninomy ofcyfcfnuk concfcko-
io ncnciafa n CI.
B Shonuu hon pykononcfnom Makapfypa inu nauafi hpuio-
fonncnun k sqqckfunnomy konfpnacfyhncnuk u, n fo npcmn kak
amcpukanckuc noucka iofonunuci, npyiuc 16 cfpan (of Bcnukopu-
fanuu no Typuuu) fakxc sannunu o cnocm yuacfuu. 3auacfyk sfo
ino cumnonuucckoc yuacfuc, onnako ono hpunano amcpukanckomy
nounckomy konfunicnfy xapakfcp nacfonmcu mcxnynaponnou cuni,
kofopyk Concf Icsohacnocfu cnocu pcsonkuucu, hpunnfou 7 uknn
fakxc onimuncfnom ionocon, hocfanun hon komannonanuc icnc-
pana Makapfypa. Mcxny ukncm u ccnfnpcm, n fo npcmn kak kx-
nokopcuckuc u ncmnoiouucncnnic amcpukanckuc noucka c fpynom
ooponnnuci nokpyi Iycana, Makapfyp honiofonun cnok akuuk.
15 ccnfnpn ncoxunannim mancnpom on ocymccfnun maccuponan-
nyk nicanky nouck n Hnuxonc, ncnancko of Ccyna, n ncckonikux
cofnnx kunomcfpon k ccncpy of qponfa ocnix ncucfnuu. Ccncpo-
kopcuckuc noucka ncoxunanno okasanuci hcpcn yiposou okpyxcnun
u hochcmno ofcfyhunu na ccncp. 3a nnc ncncnu nocnnan cufyauun
usmcnunaci kopcnnim opasom, hockoniky noucka OOH nocfuinu
J8-u hapanncnu, nihonnun fakum opasom muccuk, hopyucnnyk
um Otcnuncnnimu Hauunmu.
748
Toina ncfan nohpoc o hpcncnax sanauu, hopyucnnou mcxnyna-
ponnim cunam, u amcpukanckan cfopona, kak u kxnokopcuckan,
counu sfy cufyauuk naiohpunfnou nnn hohifku ocymccfnufi fo,
ufo ino ncnosmoxno panimc, fo ccfi pckomcnnauuk OOH ho
noccocnuncnuk nnyx Kopcu. C homomik nocnnix cpcncfn moxno
ino ocymccfnufi fo, ucio nc ynanoci nouficn mupnimu cpcn-
cfnamu. Onnako sfo osnauano hpunanuc nmcmafcnicfny OOH no-
noio xapakfcpa u ncucfnun n npyiux nuhnomafuucckux ycnonunx,
hockoniky, ynuncn nccomncnnyk ncniionnocfi cnocu ncmoncfpa-
uuu hpofccfa, Concfckuu Coks c 1 aniycfa nnoni sannn cnoc mccfo
n Concfc Icsohacnocfu; u cpasy xc sa nauanom konqnukfa nauanu
hpcnhpunumaficn ycunun nnn houcka nuhnomafuucckoio pcmcnun,
ycunun, n kofopix inannyk poni uipan foina unnuuckuu hpcmicp-
munucfp Hcpy.
Iponcma Kopcu nisnana pasnoinacun nnyfpu 3ahannoio coksa,
onnako kak amcpukanckoc komannonanuc, fak u hpcsuncnf u na-
cfaunanu na fom, ufoi hpcncfanunmancn nosmoxnocfi nc ina
yhymcna. Kpomc foio, uacfi amcpukanckoio konccpnafunnoio o-
mccfncnnoio mncnun, honfankunacman kufauckum nou, ycmaf-
punana n nocnnom ychcxc Makapfypa nosmoxnocfi noccfanonncnun
n ucnom hosuuuu, yfpaucnnix n 14 i. Hcnocfafouno ino samu-
mafi Taunani c homomik 7-io amcpukanckoio qnofa, moxno ino
honfonknyfi Han Kaumu k hohifkam nicanuficn na kufauckou
fcppufopuu. B ucnom n CUA uapuno nacfoniko nosyxncnnoc na-
cfpocnuc, ufo n koncanunx Tpymsna ycmafpunanu hpusnak ncohpan-
nannou cnaocfu, a n umhcpckom nanncnuu Makapfypa hpcnnccf-
nuk nosmoxnoio usmcncnun nccu cufyauuu n Asuu.
H ncc-faku ofkpifi hyfi k otcnuncnuk Kopcu cunou moinu
numi Otcnuncnnic Hauuu, cnnsannic pcmcnunmu, hpunnfimu
n ukncuknc, a fchcpi fakxc u c yuacfucm nosnpafunmciocn co-
ncfckoio hpcncfanufcnn. Xopomo cosnanan ohacnocfi, kofopyk cosna-
nano sfo nosnpamcnuc, amcpukanui honiofonunu hpcnnoxcnuc,
hpcncfanncnnoc n aniycfc 15O i. u nahpanncnnoc na usmcncnuc
chocoa ionoconanun n Concfc Icsohacnocfu. B coofncfcfnuu c
sfum hpcnnoxcnucm, n cnyuac, ccnu Concfy nc ynacfcn ninccfu pc-
mcnuc ho hpuuunc ncfo, a knanuquuuponannoc onimuncfno cio
uncnon hpunnno pcmcnuc, unu xc ino cqopmynuponano fpcona-
nuc ohpcncncnnoio uucna uncnon Accamncu (nnyx fpcfcu), pac-
cmofpcnuc nohpoca moino ifi ustnfo y Concfa u hcpcnano camou
Accamncc, nknkuanmcu foina 6O uncnon co snauufcninim hpcona-
nanucm hpoamcpukanckux iocynapcfn. Icui mna o ynonkc, kofopan
n cnoc npcmn opafunaci hpofun camux cc unuuuafopon, no kofopyk
foina amcpukanuam ynanoci sacfanufi Icncpaninyk Accamnck
74
onopufi J nonpn 15O i. n nunc pcsonkuuu, nasnannou Otc-
nuncnuc no umn mupa (Uniring for peuce). B ncucfnufcninocfu, nocn-
nan cufyauun n Kopcc k sfomy momcnfy nnoni usmcnunaci u usmc-
nunaci panukaninim opasom.
Iocnc nosnpamcnun n Concf Icsohacnocfu concfckoio hpcncfanu-
fcnn nauanuci oxunncnnic nuckyccuu ofnocufcnino hpcnnoxcnun
ho komhnckcnomy pcmcnuk nanincnocfounix hponcm, kofopoc
nknkuuno i kak hpusnanuc Kufauckou Haponnou Icchynuku,
fak u saknkucnuc hcpcmupun n Kopcc. Ofo konuchuun ina, on-
nako, manohpunnckafcninou nnn amcpukanucn, ycmafpunanmux n
ncu ohacnocfi hoompcnun ccncpokopcuckou aipcccuu. Hahpofun,
Icncpaninou Accamnccu ino hpunnfo pufanckoc hpcnnoxcnuc,
hpcnycmafpunanmcc okonuanuc nocnnix ncucfnuu u opianusauuk
cnoonnix niopon hon konfponcm OOH; umcnoci n nuny noccoc-
nuncnuc nccu Kopcu (47 ionocon sa, 5 hpofun fo ccfi concfckuu
nok, u 7 nosncpxanmuxcn).
B nocnnom hnanc mcxnynaponnic cuni oxunanu ykasanun, ka-
cakmciocn okonuanun ux akfunnix ncucfnuu. Tpymsn koncancn.
C kufauckou cfoponi hocncnonanu nnnic hpcnocfcpcxcnun. Hxoy
Oninau sannun JO ccnfnpn, ufo Kufau nc yncf haccunno ofno-
cuficn k hcpcccucnuk nouckamu OOH J8-u hapanncnu. H xofn
cnona Hxoy inu ncnooucncni fcmu, kfo cuufan, ufo nnn kufau-
ucn n nkom cnyuac hpuopufcfnimu ocfananuci nnyfpcnnuc hpo-
ncmi noccfanonncnun cfpani, hpcnyhpcxncnun Ickuna nc moinu
ifi hpouinopuponani. Xofn n nannom cnyuac onu u ofnocunuci
k hponcmc J8-u hapanncnu, no cncnanniu amcpukanuamu niop
nc moi nc xapakfcpusonafi ux ynymcc ofnomcnuc k kufauckou
hponcmc.
Koncanun inu hpcononcni c homomik ynonku. 7 okfnpn
Makapfyp hpukasan kxnokopcuckum cunam hcpcccui J8-k hapan-
ncni, snan, ufo sa numu hocncnykf fakxc amcpukanckuc u mcxny-
naponnic cuni. Bcfpcua Tpymsna u Makapfypa na ocfponc Ysuk
15 okfnpn nc hocnyxuna hponcncnuk cfpafciuucckux ucncu hpo-
nonxcnun ocnix ncucfnuu.
Hahpofun, kufauui 16 okfnpn hokasanu, ufo ux sannncnun nc
inu hycfimu pasionopamu. C sfoio nnn honpasncncnun nopo-
noniucn, fo ccfi kufauckux nouck, qopmanino nc cnnsannix co
cnoum oquuuaninim komannonanucm, cfanu hpuinafi na fcppu-
fopuk Ccncpnou Kopcu. Hauanaci ocfpcuman cfanun konqnukfa.
B konuc nonpn cuni OOH honomnu k pckc Snyusnn, oosnauak-
mcu ipanuuy mcxny Kufacm u Kopccu. Makapfyp nacfaunan na ho-
nyucnuu paspcmcnun qopcuponafi cc, no amcpukanckuc nosnymnic
cuni yxc nfopinuci n kufauckoc nosnymnoc hpocfpancfno. Icnc-
pan in yncpcn, ufo nouna nusufcn k hocnonocnomy konuy.
75O
Onnako 26 nonpn nauanoci konfpnacfyhncnuc kufauckux u
ccncpokopcuckux cun n ncotnnncnnou nounc, n kofopou, naio-
napn kufauckomy uucncnnomy hpcnocxoncfny, ina n kopofkuu
cpok oncpxana hocna nan cunamu OOH. B sfof momcnf Makapfyp
hpunoxun makcumym ycunuu nnn yfncpxncnun cnoux hosuuuu. nn
foio ufoi ocfanonufi kufauckoc nacfyhncnuc, ino ncoxonumo
honncpinyfi omapnuponkam ccncpokopcuckuc cnnfinu u asi
nopononiucn na kufauckou fcppufopuu, fo ccfi cncnonano uc-
honisonafi cuni kufauckux nauuonanucfon u onopufi nuncpcuu
na fcppufopuu konfuncnfaninoio Kufan.
Xofn n hpcnmccfnykmuc mccnui naxc Tpymsn nyman o nos-
moxnocfu uchonisonafi afomnoc opyxuc hpofun kufauucn, fakou
napuanf oocfpcnun konqnukfa in ofpomcn, hohifku nanncnun
co cfoponi Makapfypa inu ofncpinyfi, hockoniky hpumcncnuc
afomnou omi chponouuponano i pacmupcnuc nouni no ino-
aninix macmfaon, yuufinan cymccfnonanuc concfcko-kufaucko-
io coksa u cfanmcc yxc oucnunnim namcpcnuc kommynucfuucckux
cfpan nc pocafi yipos na ncfcp. B fo xc npcmn, u coksnuku Co-
cnuncnnix Ufafon, hpcxnc nccio Bcnukopufanun, fakxc nananu
concfi hponnnnfi ocfopoxnocfi. B sfou cufyauuu napacfakmux
pacxoxncnuu nnyfpu amcpukanckoio nocnno-honufuucckoio pyko-
noncfna kufauui hpononxunu cnoc nacfyhncnuc u cnona hcpccck-
nu J8-k hapanncni, nhnofi no nunuu, kofopan n nnnapc 15O i.
hpoxonuna k kiy of Ccyna. Ickunckoc hpanufcnicfno naxc nc
yuno ocyxncnun, nipaxcnnoio ionoconanucm Icncpaninou Accam-
ncu OOH 1 qcnpann 151 i., kofopoc otnnnnno Haponniu Kufau
nunonnim n aipcccuu. Hahpofun, umcnno nonic amcpukanckuc
nocnnic ycunun nnoni canancuponanu cufyauuk n ahpcnc, ho-
ckoniky ynanoci offccnufi kufauckuc noucka ncmnoio k ccncpy of
J8-u hapanncnu, no nc nnoni cnunou nunuu, a ocfannnn uacfi kx-
nokopcuckou fcppufopuu n pykax hpofunnuka.
C fouku spcnun nnyfpcnncu honufuku Cocnuncnnix Ufafon
kpusuc nocfui foina nauoncc ocfpou qasi. 24 mapfa 151 i., hpo-
nnun oncc ucm comnufcninyk unuuuafuny, Makapfyp cncnan hy-
nuunoc sannncnuc, kofopoc concpxano yiposi n ofnomcnuu Ha-
ponnoio Kufan, u n fo xc camoc npcmn hpcnnaiano uucfo nocnnoc
coinamcnuc ho Kopcc. Hcmnoio hosxc nuncp ipyhhi pcchynu-
kanucn n hanafc hpcncfanufcncu xoscq Y. Mapfun pachpocfpa-
nun hucimo Makapfypa, n kofopom ionopunoci, ufo nc cymccfnycf
anifcpnafuni hocnc. Ofo in ofucfnuniu xccf nchonuuncnun
ho ofnomcnuk k hpcsuncnfy n fof camiu momcnf, koina ino ho-
noxcno nauano nuhnomafuucckou unuuuafunc c ucnik hpckpamc-
nun oinn. Tpymsn usnnck us sfoio nonxnic ninoni u 11 ahpcnn
751
ocnoonun Makapfypa of uchonncnun cio onsannocfcu. Bnyfpu
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon sfo chponouuponano kpusuc, kofopiu n nc-
manou cfchcnu ocnaun honufuucckuc hosuuuu hpcsuncnfa. Makap-
fyp onanan anfopufcfom nnunfcninoio hocnonocnoio icncpana, u
cam sfof qakf hpcncfannnn coou uncfufyuuonaninyk ohacnocfi.
Iinkuu hpucm, okasanniu icncpany ho cio nosnpamcnuu n Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi, ninnun cfchcni konnckfunnou ucfcpuu, nisnan-
nou unuuncnfom. B ncucfnufcninocfu Tpymsn uchonisonan, kak
on, kcfafu, oiuno sfo ncnan, cnou anfopufcf c uyncfnom mcpi u
myxccfnom, ycpcian cnok cfpany of hocncncfnuu cspaccynnix
samicnon.
Tcm npcmcncm na qponfc ohcpauuu okasanuci n fyhukc. Bocn-
nic ncucfnun hpononxanuci n nunc uacfix, no oipanuucnnix cfi-
uck nnoni J8-u hapanncnu. B konuc uknn 151 i. umcnno pycckuc
hpcnhpunnnu unuuuafuny, nahpanncnnyk na pasnokuponanuc cu-
fyauuu. Cncnanmuci pyhopom ccncpnix kopcuucn, onu sannunu,
ufo fc iofoni nauafi hcpcionopi o hcpcmupuu. Amcpukanckuu
hpcsuncnf coinacuncn, u hcpcionopi nauanuci 1O uknn n Ksconc.
Ofo ino mcnncnnoc u fpynnoc nauano, hpcpinacmoc uacfimu
haysamu u hpohaiannucfckou honcmukou, kofopan ninnnnna co-
xpancnuc inyokou npaxncnocfu u ncnoncpun. B aniycfc, hocnc
nncsahnoio hcpcpina hcpcionopi nosononunuci n Ianiminiuxonc,
mccfcukc, pachonoxcnnom na pannom paccfonnuu of nnyx nocnnix
qponfon. B ucnfpc honcmuku okasancn nohpoc o nocnnohncnnix u
ux hpanc niupafi, n kakou us nnyx uacfcu Kopcu um ocfanaficn.
Iponcma kacanaci, n uacfnocfu, hncnnix, concpxanmuxcn n naic-
pnx Ccncpnou Kopcu, inc, kak cuufanu amcpukanui, ncnaci paofa
ho ux unconoiuucckou opaofkc, kofopan nonxna ina hpunccfu
k nccomcu honncpxkc kommynucfuucckoio pcxuma. Co cnocu cfo-
poni, kufauui u ccncpnic kopcuui nacfaunanu na fom, ufoi
ncc hncnnic n naicpnx OOH inu nosnpamcni n mccfa ux hpoxu-
nanun, ncsanucumo of ux xcnanun, ufo nafankunanoci na cohpo-
funncnuc amcpukanucn us-sa ohaccnun, ufo nosnpamcnuc nccx cs
ofopa hpuncncf k ncoocnonannim hpccncnonanunm fcx, koio
coufyf ncnocfafouno hpcnannimu ncny Kum Hp Ccna.
3afnnynmuccn nuckyccuu nokpyi hcpcmupun n pcsynifafc ho-
nnunnu na hpcsuncnfckyk kamhanuk n Amcpukc 152 i. Tpymsn,
usnypcnniu fnxcnimu uchifanunmu, u cosnakmuu, ufo pcmcnun
ho honony ofcfanku Makapfypa cfounu cmy ncohpannannou ncho-
hynnpnocfu, cucn nosmoxnim nc nicfannnfi cnok kannunafypy
(hosnncc, c fakum xc hpcyncnuucnucm, ucfopuoipaqun cs konca-
nuu oucnuf Tpymsna kak camoio ncnukoio amcpukanckoio hpcsu-
ncnfa Honcumcio npcmcnu). Bhpoucm, pcchynukanckan hapfun
752
ninnunyna npyioio hohynnpnoio n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax icpon,
icncpana Ouscnxayspa, inmcio foina komannykmum nouckamu
HATO n Inpohc, n fo npcmn kak ncmokpafi uspanu Onnan O. Cfu-
ncncona, iycpnafopa Hnnunouca, oucni anfopufcfnoio honufuka-
unfcnnckfyana, onnako cio xapusma ina nccpannuma c xapusmou
hocnufcnn Iufncpa. K yxc cymccfnonanmum pasnuuunm Ouscnxaysp
cmoi noanufi n hocncnnuc ncncnu nccima uckycniu mfpux. On
sannun, ufo ccnu yncf uspan, fo honoxuf koncu nounc n Kopcc.
Icui uncf o paofc, fpcykmcu mocio hcpconaninoio nusufa n
Kopck. S concpmy sfo hyfcmccfnuc. S ofhpannkci n Kopck. On nc
yfounun, ofhpanufcn nu on nnn foio, ufoi hpunafi cuni nouckam,
kofopic nonxni hocnufi, unu xc ufoi nafi fonuok hcpcionopam
o hcpcmupuu, onnako oipomnoc onimuncfno amcpukanucn ucfon-
konano cio onsafcnicfno kak ocmanuc nuskoio mupa.
Ofo ino ocmanuc, kofopoc on cncpxan. Iocnc hocni na
niopax Ouscnxaysp ofhpanuncn n Kopck u hpunnn pcmcnuc o nc-
oxonumocfu hpononxcnun hcpcionopon. Toniko n cnyuac ux hpo-
nana amcpukanckuc noucka nonxni inu nauafi cpaxaficn no ho-
cni, uchonisyn fakxc u fakfuucckoc afomnoc opyxuc. B ahpcnc
15J i. nosononunuci hcpcionopi n Ianiminiuxonc, a 27 uknn
ino honhucano coinamcnuc o hcpcmupuu. Icui mna o npcmcn-
nom komhpomuccnom coinamcnuu, kofopoc nonxno ino ifi
nohonncno konqcpcnuucu nnn pcmcnun kopcuckou hponcmi.
Konqcpcnuun copanaci n Zcncnc n 154 i., hponcma nnoni o-
cyxnanaci n 155 i., onnako u n 2OO2 i. nnc Kopcu ocfakfcn pasnc-
ncnnimu (c nconimumu fakfuucckumu usmcncnunmu), kak sfo
ycfanonuno hcpcmupuc 15J i. ho nunuu, nnoni kofopou inu pac-
honoxcni noucka. Iina nauncna qopmyna nnn pcmcnun nohpoca o
hncnnix, a ocfaninoc ino ofnoxcno na ncohpcncncnnoc npcmn.
Bouna sakanuunanaci, cncnonafcnino, komhpomuccom. B Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafax noccfanonncnuc mupa u koncu ncckonuacmix uc-
noncucckux xcpfn (ho nc nhonnc honnfnim hpuuunam) honoxunu
koncu honcmukc. Ouscnxaysp honyuun nosmoxnocfi omyfufi nkyc
nauana cnocu hpcsuncnfckou ncnfcninocfu n kauccfnc mupofnopua;
nnoucfncnnocfi, hpuncnman cio k nnacfu, paspcmunaci n nahpan-
ncnuu, honfncpxncnnom npyiumu coifunmu oncc omcio hnana.
Onnako Kopcuckan nouna nc ocfanaci cs hocncncfnuu. Kufau-
ckoc nmcmafcnicfno oocfpuno ncnoncpuc n ofnomcnuu maoucf-
ckoio pcxuma u na fof momcnf ykpchuno kufaucko-concfckuu coks,
ocnaun cio hpofunopcuun u ofnoxun na ncckoniko ncf ux nonoc
oocfpcnuc. Ono nano mupy honfncpxncnuc nocnnou cuni kommy-
nucfuucckoio noka, onnako n coucfanuu c nnonufou anfuamcpu-
kanckou hpohaiannucfckou kamhanucu, kofopan ycxnana foniko
75J
cknonnix cu ncpufi, numi cncnana cmc oncc ucfkum omymcnuc,
ufo packon mupa in pcsynifafom aipcccunnou honufuku Concf-
ckoio Coksa u kommynucfon. Hccmofpn na fo, ufo fakoc nochpun-
fuc upcsmcpno yhpomano unfcphpcfauuk kopcuckoio kpusuca u nc
ycxnano snauufcninyk uacfi kononuaninoio mupa (kofopiu, na-
hpofun, ucfonkoninan amcpukanckoc nmcmafcnicfno kak hohifky
hpchnfcfnonafi akfunnocfu, nahpanncnnou na ocnooxncnuc cfpc-
mnmuxcn k ncsanucumocfu naponon), ono ofpasunoci na sahannou
koanuuuu kak sncmcnf, chococfnonanmuu unou hocfanonkc hpo-
ncmi afnanfuucckou conunapnocfu. Kopcuckan cufyauun ina
cnumkom hoxoxa na cufyauuk n Icpmanuu, ufoi nc hpocmafpu-
nanuci yiposi, nnno nifckakmuc us ananoiuu mcxny numu. Onna-
ko icfpofa amcpukanckou pcakuuu u sqqckfunnocfi ncucfnuu
mcxnynaponnou opianusauuu hponcmoncfpuponanu ancknafniu
choco hpofunocfonfi aipcccuu. Ynnsku, ccnu uchonisonafi oh-
pcncncnuc, pachpocfpanunmcccn nccnfuncfun chycfn, inu cnum-
kom oucnunnimu. Icnu kommynucfuucckuc ncpxani inu choco-
ni concpmafi aipcccuk fakxc u nocnnim hyfcm, fo ncoxonumo
ino hpofunohocfanufi fakou yiposc ancknafnic uncfpymcnfi
ooponi: na qponfc, kofopomy nchocpcncfncnno yipoxanu kopcu-
ckuc coifun, fo ccfi n Shonuu, u na qponfc, honncpianmcmycn
ananoiuunou yiposc, fo ccfi n Icpmanuu.
9.2.7. MUPHMU ,OFOBOP C HHOHUEU
Shonckuu kasyc nacf hpumcp foio, kak icfpan snonkuun amcpu-
kanckou honufuku n mupc, a founcc n Asuu, usmcnuna ofnomcnuc
hocnufcncu k cfpanc, hofcphcnmcu hopaxcnuc, nhnofi no panu-
kaninoio hcpccmofpa cokson. Hs okkyhuponannou cfpani-hpofun-
nuka n 145 i. ccmi ncf chycfn Shonun cfana n 152 i. cfpanou, cno-
onnou of ncnkou okkyhauuu, hpcnpafunmcucn n inanniu ohnof
nnunnun Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n Ccncpo-Bocfounou Asuu.
Icui mna, ho nccu nunumocfu, nc o hponymannom ncnukonymuu,
a ckopcc o nosononncnuu nuanoia u cofpynnuuccfna, kofopic
inu hpcpnani numi c nosonananucm nhonckoio umhcpuanucfu-
ucckoio skcfpcmusma n 141 i. Ofncfcfncnnocfi sa yhpanncnuc okky-
huponannou fcppufopucu ina nncpcna ncpxonnomy komannykmc-
my coksnimu nouckamu icncpany Makapfypy. Onnako nupckfuni
Komufcfa ho paspaofkc hocncnocnnou nncmncu honufuku, honio-
fonncnnic amcpukanckou anmunucfpauucu c yucfom ohifa samcc-
fufcnn ioccckpcfapn xoscqa Ipk, n fcucnuc mnoiux ncf inmcio
hocnom n Tokuo, Makapfyp ocymccfnnnn nc ucpcs Komuccuk co-
ksnukon (cymccfnonanmyk foniko na ymaic), kak sfo hpoucxonuno
754
n Inpohc, a c homomik nhonckoio hpanufcnicfna. Ofo hpanufcni-
cfno ncc cmc ncucfnonano hon pykononcfnom umhcpafopom Xupoxu-
fo u cocfonno us fcx xc camix munucfpon, ufo yhpannnnu cfpanou
panimc.
Onnako, us ncio inu ucknkucni nauoncc kpyhnic nocnnic
hpccfyhnuku, hpofun kofopix n nauanc 146 i. ofkpinaci ccpun
cyncnix hpoucccon, sancpmcnnan numi n konuc 148 i. ninccc-
nucm cmcpfnoio hpuionopa icncpany Xunsku Tonsuo u cmc hnfu
icncpanam, a fakxc hpuionopa k hoxusncnomy fkpcmnomy saknk-
ucnuk 16 icncpanam. pyiuc oquucpi honncpinuci cyny sa co-
ncpmcnuc nocnnix hpccfyhncnuu u inu hpuionopcni k nakasa-
nunm na pasnuunic cpoku. Kacfa nocnnix cfanonunaci xcpfnou,
hpuncccnnou nosnpamcnuk Shonuu n amcpukanckyk cucfcmy n
Asuu, nhnofi no foio, ufo n koncfufyuuu, honiofonncnnou fcm
npcmcncm n coofncfcfnuu c nupckfunamu Makapfypa, ina nncncna
nopma, sahpcmanman uchonisonanuc nhonckux noopyxcnnix cun
sa hpcncnamu cfpani. Makapfyp cfan na ncckoniko ncf cnocio pona
ulrer ego umhcpafopa, n fom cmicnc, ufo amcpukanckuu icncpan yh-
pannnn u pachopnxancn n coofncfcfnuu c uncfpykuunmu, ucxonun-
mumu of nhonckoio hpanufcnicfna, no fakxc u n coofncfcfnuu co
cnoum nuunim umhcpckum cfuncm, kofopiu hosnncc honfonknyn
cio k nocnno-honufuucckomy skcfpcmusmy, hponcmoncfpuponanno-
my no npcmn Kopcuckou nouni. Icpnocfchcnnou sanaucu Makap-
fypa ina hcpcpaofka nhonckou koncfufyuuu n ncmokpafuucckom
u hnkpanucfuucckom nyxc. uiypa umhcpafopa nc nhucinanaci n
nonyk honufuucckyk afmocqcpy. On ocfanancn cumnonom cnun-
cfna nauuu, onnako cio nnacfi nc umcna oncc oxccfncnnoio hpo-
ucxoxncnun, a ucxonuna of napona, honnunnoio onanafcnn cync-
pcnnix hpan. Ocfaninan uacfi koncfufyuuu kohuponana opasui,
pachpocfpancnnic n ocfaninom mupc.
Hcnfpaninou hponcmou pcqopm ina, onnako, nc uncfufyuuo-
naninan, ckopcc ck nnnnnaci couuanino-skonomuucckan hponcma.
nuxumic nnauanc kapafcninimu namcpcnunmu, hoxoxumu na fc,
kofopimu onu pykononcfnonanuci n ofnomcnuu Icpmanuu, amcpu-
kanckuc nuncpi icfpo ocosnanu, ufo ux hnani, kacakmuccn Sho-
nuu, moiyf umcfi ychcx numi na ocnonc osnoponncnun skonomuku.
B 146 i. kapafcninan honufuka fpancqopmuponanaci n honufu-
ky homomu. Coinacno amcpukanckomy hnany, nospoxncnuc (hpcn-
hocinka hocncnykmcio nhonckoio skonomuucckoio uyna) ocnoni-
nanoci na paspymcnuu kpyhnix qunanconix kapfcncu (nsauauy),
iochoncfnonanmux n nonocnnou skonomuucckou xusnu, na aipapnou
pcqopmc u cosnanuu sqqckfunnix hpoqcokson. Aipapnan pcqop-
ma hpuncna k ckpomnim ychcxam; hpoqcoksi cfanu na ncckoniko
755
nccnfuncfuu nnunfcninou cunou, hpcncfanncnnou n nhonckou honu-
fuucckou cucfcmc; honufuucckuu hnkpanusm n fcucnuc ncckonikux
ncf in xapakfcpcn nnn xusnu cfpani, no nckopc n ncu yfncpnunaci
icicmonun nucpanon, fo ccfi honufuucckou koanuuuu, hpcncfan-
nnnmcu mnoxccfncnnocfi skonomuucckux unfcpccon u nokasanmcu
hocnc cnoonnix niopon n ahpcnc 146 i., ufo ona nomunupycf n
nhonckou honufuucckou xusnu n fccnom coksc c ncsanucumimu
hpcncfanufcnnmu konccpnafunnoio nahpanncnun. cnic n omcu
cnoxnocfu sanocnanu ncmnoium oncc 2O' ionocon.
B onacfu qunancon in noccfanonncn konfponi nan nhonckum
omccfnom co cfoponi cfapix ipyhh, nomunuponanmux n xusnu
cfpani, k kofopim noanunuci nonic ipyhhi, uic nosnuknoncnuc
cfano nosmoxnim n pcsynifafc skonomuucckoio pocfa. cucfnu-
fcnino, n okfnpc 146 i. hocnc ncckonikux mccnucn paspaofku
ino usnano pachopnxcnuc, kofopoc nonxno ino uckopcnufi
skonomuucckyk nnacfi nsauauy u cncnafi ncnosmoxnou nkyk
upcsmcpnyk konucnfpauuk skonomuucckou nnacfu. Onnako hpa-
nufcnicfno Hocuna nc namno y amcpukanckux nocnnix nnacfcu
nocfafounou honncpxku nnn hponcncnun pcqopmi. Hauunan c
konua 147 i. u no hcpnix mccnucn 148 i. houfu ncc macmfanic
hpockfi nckapfcnusauuu, xapakfcpnic nnn skonomuucckou honu-
fuku hcpnix nnyx ncf amcpukanckou okkyhauuu, inu ofpomc-
ni. Kpufcpuu cfaunusauuu, hpunnfiu n kauccfnc ncoxonumoio
hpunuuha nnn nncncnun nhonckou skonomuucckou xusnu n nop-
maninoc pycno, na hpakfukc cncncn k hpccmcfncnnocfu ho ofno-
mcnuk k hpomnomy.
Takan icfpan cmcna akucnfon, xapakfcpnan nnn asuafckoio
usmcpcnun nonou amcpukanckou cfpafciuu, ina ncofnpafumo
cnnsana c cufyauucu n Hcnfpaninou u Kio-Bocfounou Asuu. Ha-
mcuakmancn hocna kommynucfon n Kufac hpcnpamana Shonuk n
acfuon hpofun kommynusma n Asuu. Ofu cnnuiu n paccfanonkc
cun honnocfik usmcnunu xapakfcp okkyhauuonnou honufuku. Icnu
Kufau iofonuncn cfafi npaiom Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, fo Shonun
cfanonunaci ncoxonumim coksnukom, a ccnu nc coksnukom, fo
foukou ohopi. Imc no saknkucnun qopmaninoio coksa nocfafouno
ino honnoio osnoponncnun skonomuku, ufoi hpcononcfi hpofu-
nopcuun u fpynnocfu hocncnocnnoio hcpuona. Ofa sanaua ina ho-
pyucna xoscqy onxy, amcpukanckomy ankupy opfonokcanino-
moncfapucfckoio nahpanncnun, kofopiu n fcucnuc iona nouncn
noccfanonncnun nhonckou cucfcmi hpousnoncfna c homomik ho-
nufuku xccfkoio cnuxcnun usncpxck hpousnoncfna, n ococnnocfu
na sapaofnyk hnafy, u pocfa hpousnonufcninocfu fpyna. ocfa-
founo ino fakxc nopmanusauuu nuhnomafuucckux ofnomcnuu
hocpcncfnom honhucanun mupnoio noionopa.
756
Hncn nauafi honiofonky fakoio noionopa, n fom uucnc u nnn
foio, ufoi onciuufi amcpukanckuc onsafcnicfna ho yhpannc-
nuk Shonucu, nocxonuna k uknk 147 i., koina Makapfyp n hcp-
niu pas hocfanun sfy hponcmy. B fof momcnf mupniu noionop
osnauan fakxc coinamcnuc c Concfckum Coksom, yuufinan, ufo
hapanncnino ncnuci fmcfnic hcpcionopi ho saknkucnuk mupa c
Icpmanucu. Onnako ananoiuuno fomy, ufo hpoucxonuno n Icpma-
nuu, safniunanuc nuanoia ncnano ncc mcncc ncikum hyfi k nocfu-
xcnuk mupa mcxny Shonucu u nccmu cc hocnufcnnmu. Anano-
iuunim opasom honnunaci uncn cchapafnoio mupa, k honhucanuk
kofopoio cncnonano hoynufi Concfckuu Coks (ccnu on hpumcf
sfy unck), no kofopiu n hpofunnom cnyuac cncnonano saknkuufi
u cs cio coinacun. Bouna n Kopcc cosnana ncc ycnonun nnn hono-
pofa n honufukc.
B uknc 15O i., hcpcn nahancnucm Ccncpnou Kopcu na J8-u
hapanncnu, xon ocfcp anncc in n Tokuo n kauccfnc koncyni-
fanfa iocynapcfncnnoio nchapfamcnfa c hopyucnucm usyuufi yc-
nonun nosmoxnoio mupnoio noionopa c Shonucu. Iocnc nauana
nocnnix ncucfnuu Tpymsn nasnauun anncca cnoum nuunim hpcn-
cfanufcncm n Tokuo c sanaucu hponccfu hcpcionopi o saknkucnuu
mupnoio noionopa. Ofa fcma nisinana ohhosuuuk Concfckoio
Coksa u Kufan, no fakxc u fpcnoiy fcx cfpan, kofopic, kak u-
nuhhuni, Ancfpanun u Honan 3cnannun, hcpcxunu nhonckyk ok-
kyhauuk (n hcpnom cnyuac) unu houyncfnonanu nchocpcncfncnnyk
nhonckyk yiposy. Iosfomy onsafcnicfna ooponufcninoio noiono-
pa c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu nicfyhanu nnn nux n kauccfnc hpcn-
napufcninoio ychokaunakmcio ycnonun nnn saknkucnun mupnoio
noionopa c Shonucu. anncc pasncpnyn unfcncunnyk ccpuk kon-
cynifauuu, n xonc kofopix cmy ynanoci naufu houny nnn komhpo-
mucca co nccmu saunfcpcconannimu cfpanamu, sa ucknkucnucm
CCCI, oycnonunmcio cnoc coinacuc yuacfucm Haponnoio Kufan.
Io sfomy nohpocy qponf inmux hpofunnukon Shonuu packononcn.
Mupnan konqcpcnuun ina cosnana n nauanc ccnfnpn 151 i.
n Can-panuucko. Iino hpuinamcno 55 iocynapcfn, sa ucknkuc-
nucm hpcncfanufcncu Kufan u Taunann. 52 us nux, nknkuan Co-
ncfckuu Coks, hpunnnu hpuinamcnuc, u 4 ccnfnpn nauanaci pa-
ofa konqcpcnuuu. Hcmnoium pancc, JO aniycfa, Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi honhucanu, coinacno hpunnfim onsafcnicfnam, noionop o
nsaumnom occhcucnuu csohacnocfu c unuhhunamu. 1 ccnfnpn
ananoiuunoc coinamcnuc ino honhucano c Ancfpanucu u Honou
3cnannucu (ono usnccfno kak noionop AH3KC u c fcx hop cfano
onnum us sncmcnfon sahannou ooponufcninou cucfcmi n Tuxom
okcanc).
757
B nauanc hocncnocnnoio hcpuona Tpymsn ocman nhonuam mup
chpancnnunocfu, a nc mccfu. B ncucfnufcninocfu, chycfn ccmi ncf
hocnc okonuanun nouni ocfanonka fak usmcnunaci, ufo cfano nc-
nosmoxnim honfopcnuc pasnoinacuu, xapakfcpnix nnn hcpcionopon
o saknkucnuu cnpohcuckux mupnix noionopon 1O qcnpann 147 i.
Concfckuu hpcncfanufcni Ipomiko csychcmno hifancn hpcncfa-
nufi fouky spcnun Haponnoio Kufan, onnako hcpcn nuuom nciafun-
nou hosuuuu npyiux ncnciauuu, oipanuuuncn ofkasom honhucafi
(a c num honickuu u ucxocnonaukuu hpcncfanufcnu) saknkuu-
fcniniu fckcf mupnoio noionopa. Coinamcnuc numi saqukcupona-
no cnoxunmykcn fcppufopuaninyk u honufuucckyk cufyauuk kak
n ofnomcnuu CCCI, fak u n ofnomcnuu CUA (xofn hocncnnuc u
hpusnanu qopmaniniu cyncpcnufcf Shonuu nan ocfponamu Ikkk u
Ionun). Ocfaninan uacfi noionopa ina cqopmynuponana fakum
opasom, ufo camu nhonui nochpunnnu cio kak nonniniu u na-
ioponniu.
Bhpoucm, k sfomy momcnfy usmcnuncn u xapakfcp nohpoca o
nsaumnou csohacnocfu, n cnnsu c kopcuckou cufyauucu oncc of-
ucfnuno ninnunaci ncoxonumocfi nohonnufi mupniu noionop
noionopom o csohacnocfu. Amcpukanui nyxnanuci n kpunuucc-
kom nokymcnfc, kofopiu hosnonnn i um concpxafi noucka u no-
cnnic asi na nhonckou fcppufopuu, u fakou nokymcnf in hon-
hucan 8 ccnfnpn 151 i. Mupniu noionop c Shonucu in safcm
pafuquuuponan amcpukanckum ccnafom u ncfyhun n cuny 28 ahpc-
nn 152 i. C fcx hop ofnomcnun mcxny Shonucu u Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu cfanu cfpouficn na unix ocnonanunx: nsaumnoio honu-
fuucckoio cofpynnuuccfna, sanucumocfu Shonuu n nocnnom hnanc
of amcpukanckou cucfcmi ooponi u konucnfpauuu nhonckux pc-
cypcon n unfcpccax skonomuucckoio pasnufun cfpani. Hchocpcn-
cfncnnoc omymcnuc nocnnou ohacnocfu onciuano cosnanuc n
Tuxookcanckom pciuonc cucfcmi honufuucckux iapanfuu n komh-
nckcc c nocnnimu iapanfunmu. B Inpohc hapanncniniu hpouccc
in oncc myuufcninim u nonium.
9.3. Mwtwiapwsauwn nepwota xototnow nownm
n Enpone
9.3.1. PEBOLLUUH CHB-68
Ha momcnf cio honhucanun 4 ahpcnn 14 i. Afnanfuucckuu
noionop paccmafpunancn amcpukanuamu kak ycfyhka ho ofnomc-
nuk k ounam u cfpaxam cnpohcuucn, kofopic CUA nc nccina
pasncnnnu. C okonuanucm afomnou monohonuu (n aniycfc 14 i.,
758
no amcpukanui coomunu o sfom foniko J ccnfnpn) u hponosina-
mcnucm Kufauckou Haponnou Icchynuku n Cocnuncnnix Ufa-
fax nauanoci unfcncunnoc u fpynnoc ocyxncnuc oipanuuufcncu
honufuku cncpxunanun u ncoxonumocfu nohonnufi honufuucc-
kuc uncfpymcnfi, na kofopix ona ocnoninanaci, npyiumu mcfona-
mu, oncc hpnmoio ncucfnun. Iasncpnynmancn nuckyccun ho sfomy
nohpocy hpuncna n ahpcnc 15O i. k hpunnfuk pcsonkuuu N 68
Concfa Hauuonaninou Icsohacnocfu nnunmcucn ocnonou hocncnyk-
mcio amcpukanckoio nocnnoio hpucyfcfnun n Inpohc, hpcnhocin-
ku nnn hcpcnoopyxcnun Icpmanuu u nnn fpancqopmauuu Afnanfu-
ucckoio hakfa n HATO opianusauuonnyk cfpykfypy, kofopan
hosnonuf cosnafi n Inpohc hocfonnnyk apmuk n mupnoc npcmn.
Ha hpcumymccfncnno honufuucckoc u skonomuucckoc hpofunocfon-
nuc hocfchcnno naknaninanoci hpofunocfonnuc nocnno-honufu-
ucckoc. Iponcmi noccfanonncnun skonomuku cfanu cuufaficn pc-
mcnnimu unu ofonnunyfimu na sannuu hnan ho cpanncnuk c oncc
ncofnoxnimu nohpocamu, fpconanmumu paccmofpcnun n cnnsu c
yiposou, kak cuufanoci, mcncc ofnancnnou u oncc ccpicsnou.
Imc n konuc 14 i. Tpymsn onopun nokymcnf CHI 48/2, ko-
fopiu pacmupun cqcpy hpumcncnun honufuku cncpxunanun n
Asuu. Ioncc yinyncnnan hpopaofka ina, onnako, hpcnhpunnfa
camum CHI hon pykononcfnom Iona Hufuc, samccfufcnn Kcnnana
n pykononcfnc Yhpanncnun honufuucckoio hnanuponanun. Honan
cfpafciuucckan cufyauun ofnumana y Tpymsna kosipnic kapfi,
kpcnuf noncpun, kofopim Cocnuncnnic Ufafi onananu naiona-
pn monohonuu na afomnoc opyxuc. Iycckuc nipanu n 146 i. hyfi
afomnoio copcnnonanun u n 14 i. hokasanu, ufo ymckf uipafi
cnoumu kapfamu.
Hacfana oucpcni Cocnuncnnix Ufafon ofncfufi kak n nocn-
nom, fak u n honufuucckom hnanc. B nocnnom hnanc onu cncnanu
sfo, hpunnn cfanmcc hpcnmcfom nuckyccuu pcmcnuc Tpymcna of
JO nnnapn 15O i. nauafi paspaofky nonoponnou omi u cpcncfn
nocfanku, ncoxonumix nnn cc hpumcncnun. C hpunnfucm sfoio
pcmcnun afomnoc hpofunocfonnuc cncnano cmc onun mai k cohcp-
nuuccfny, kofopoc moino hpunccfu k nchpcnckasycmim pcsynifafam
c fouku spcnun nocnnix nosmoxnocfcu. B camom ncnc, paspymu-
fcninan choconocfi nonoponnou omi (pycckuc nauanu usyuafi
sfy hponcmy c 146 i.) ncna k kauccfncnnomy ckauky n nncpnix
noopyxcnunx, koina onu hpcnpamanuci us noopyxcnuu, choconix
hopaxafi u ynuufoxafi oipanuucnnic ucnu, n noopyxcnun, ho-
fcnuuanino ohacnic nnn cymccfnonanun ucnoncuccfna. Honoc co-
hcpnuuccfno ninnuncf c ccpcnuni 5O-x ionon hponcmi nihancnun
panuoakfunnix ocankon u yucfa nncpnix puckon, ufo hpuncncf
75
k ocosnanuk ncoxonumocfu camooipanuucnun. Onnako n 15O i.
hofpcnocfi n fom, ufoi ncpnyfi hpcnocxoncfno nan okasanmumcn
oncc xccfkum u oncc fcxnuuccku honiofonncnnim, ucm sfo ka-
sanoci, hpofunnukom (kakonou, kak ohacanuci, cam cmoxcf hocnc-
nonafi sa amcpukanuamu ho hyfu cosnanun nonoio opyxun), fonka-
na n nahpanncnuu, ohacnocfcu kofopoio foina nc ocosnananu. Hc
cnymanu u hpcnyhpcxncnuu fakux yucnix, kak Iocpf Ohhcnicu-
mcp u xcumc Konanf, xofn u yuacfnonanmux n cosnanuu afomnou
omi, no ochapunanmux nahpanncnnocfi nonou amcpukanckou
nncpnou honufuku.
Ionufuucckuu achckf in ocncmcn na hpcscnfauuu Hufuc n
Concfc nauuonaninou csohacnocfu n qcnpanc u mapfc 15O i. cc-
puu nokymcnfon, sancpmanmux paspaofky amcpukanckoio ofncfa.
Ofu nokymcnfi inu ocyxncni no 2O ahpcnn u hpuncnu k yxc
uufuponanmcucn pcsonkuuu CHI-68, kofopyk ucfopuk anucni
Ipiun cuufacf onnum us ocnonnix nokymcnfon amcpukanckou hocnc-
nocnnou honufuku, hononix nnunnou fcncipammc Kcnnana
qcnpann 146 i. Icui mna o nonom u oncc komhcfcnfnom ananusc
ucncu concfckou nncmncu honufuku u hohifkc ninnufi koppcnn-
uuu mcxny unconoiucu, nnyfpcnncu honufukou u nncmncu honu-
fukou CCCI. Ton nokymcnfa in iopasno oncc fpcnoxniu, ucm
houfu cchpucfpacfniu nayuniu ananus, cncnanniu n cnoc npcmn
nnoxnonufcncm nokfpuni cncpxunanun (conruinmenr). Concfckuu
Coks, ionopunoci n ncm, n ofnuuuc of npyiux ncpxan, cfpcmun-
muxcn k icicmonuu, nnuxum qanafuunou ncpou, honfankunakmcu
cio k nannsinanuk cnocio nnunnun nccmy ocfaninomy mupy.
B fofanufapnom pcxumc, kakum nnnnncn concfckuu pcxum, ucni
Kpcmnn cocfouf n fofaninom honuuncnuu naponon, okasanmuxcn
hon cio konfponcm. Konucnfpauuonniu naicpi nnnncfcn hpofo-
fuhom omccfna, kofopoc sfa honufuka cfpcmunaci cosnafi, omc-
cfna, n kofopom nuunocfi unnununa saaniaxuponana u honuuncna,
nhnofi no foio, ufo unnunun cfanonufcn ycxncnnim coyuacfnu-
kom cocfncnnou ncipanauuu.
Hcuscxnan cnnsi mcxny fakum opasom hocfpocnnim concf-
ckum omccfnom u nncmncu honufukou CCCI ncna k cfoni xc
ncoiunim ninonam. Kpcmni in opcucn hpononufi nouncfnyk-
myk honufuky, nosinannnn muponoc pcnonkuuonnoc nnuxcnuc,
hockoniky on nnnnncn nacncnnukom pycckoio umhcpuanusma u ho-
ckoniky on hpcncfannnn coou fofanufapnyk nukfafypy. Cocfanu-
fcnnm pcsonkuuu ino concpmcnno ncno, ufo ucni Concfckoio
Coksa cocfonna n fom, ufoi hocfanufi ncci mup hon cnoc ioc-
honcfno, uchonisyn mcfoni xononnou nouni. Ofof samiccn fpc-
onan pasipoma Cocnuncnnix Ufafon hosfomy concfckuu nison
76O
CUA nonxcn in pacucnunaficn kak cmcpfcniniu nison. Hfo-
i umcfi hpcncfanncnuc o macmfac fakoio nisona, nocfafouno
ino cohocfanufi fc uacfu nauuonaninoio noxona, kofopic kax-
nan us cncpxncpxan hpcnnasnauana na nocnnic pacxoni: okono
1' CCCI u 6 unu 7' CUA. Okonomuka Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon, iopasno oncc momnan, ucm concfckan, moina nincnufi na
hcpcnoopyxcnuc no 2O' knxcfnix pacxonon, u umcnno fakoc na-
hpanncnuc pckomcnnonana pcsonkuun CHI-68.
Bhnofi no 14 i. hpcnanuponano mncnuc, ufo CCCI hpcncfan-
nncf nc hpnmyk nocnnyk yiposy, a numi kocncnnyk ohacnocfi.
Cuinan ohacnocfu, hocnanniu skchcpfamu Concfa Hauuonaninou
Icsohacnocfu, numi nohonnun n nocnno-honufuucckom hnanc ho-
nufuky cncpxunanun Ha ycuncnuc nocnnou yiposi cncnonano of-
ncfufi onimumu ycununmu.
Ofo saknkucnuc, kofopoc anmunucfpauun Tpymsna uchoniso-
nana n cocfncnnix unfcpccax, houfu nc ncfpcuan nospaxcnuu (sa
ucknkucnucm, nahpumcp, nccoinacun Kcnnana), hpuncno k pasnuu-
nim hocncncfnunm. Bnyfpu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon ono ninyxnano
cncnafi nccima fpynniu niop, kofopiu nonxcn in onopufi
konipccc. 3a pycxom ono ninnuiano honufuucckuc hponcmi, mc-
nnnmuc nckofopic hpcnhocinku amcpukanckux mcxnynaponnix
onsafcnicfn. Kopcuckan nouna chococfnonana fomy, ufo konipccc
ycnuncn n oocnonannocfu foniko ufo cqopmynuponannoio nuai-
nosa. Iknxcfnic nocnnic pacxoni nipocnu n 151 i. no 22,J mnpn
nonnapon, n 152 i. no 44 mnpn, n 15J i. no 5O,4 mnpn. Ofo
inu cpcncfna, hpcnnasnaucnnic nnn qunancuponanun nocnnix
ycunuu n Kopcc, no hpcxnc nccio nnn noccfanonncnun noopyxcn-
nix cun, kofopic amcpukanui hochcmunu cncpnyfi hocnc okon-
uanun Bfopou muponou nouni.
9.3.2. UHTEFPAUUH !E,EPATUBHOU FEPMAHUU
B BAHA,H.L CUCTEM.
B honufuko-nuhnomafuucckom ofnomcnuu pcsonkuun CHI-68
nnoni hpunonuna n nnuxcnuc hpouccc, nauafiu n Inpohc n 147 i.
u hpofckanmuu n nnyx nahpanncnunx: cnpohcucfckoc u hpcopaso-
nanuc Afnanfuucckoio hakfa hocpcncfnom hcpcnoopyxcnun Icpma-
nuu. Oucni uacfo sfu nna hpouccca paccmafpunakfcn kak pasnic,
a unoina naxc u concpmcnno nc conhanakmuc achckfi muponou
honufuku. B hcpchncfcnunx cnpohcusma u honufuku afnanfuucc-
kou conunapnocfu cknonni nuncfi ncufo cnyuaunoc unu xc n
cncika ofnuuakmcucn fpakfonkc honufuucckuc unuuuafuni
pasnoio hopnnka, ucxonunmuc us pasnuunix samicnon, no hopou
conhananmuc naionapn ocfonfcnicfnam.
761
Onnako sfo konuchfyaninoc pasnuuuc kaxcfcn nanymannim, u
sfu nna achckfa honufuucckou akfunnocfu n Inpohc c ccpcnuni
15O i. hpcncfannnkf nnc cfoponi onnou mcnanu, kak yxc ionopu-
noci o nokfpunc Tpymsna u o hnanc Mapmanna. Ocnonnou samiccn
hpcnycmafpunan qopmuponanuc cnpohcuckou uncfufyuuonaninou
cucfcmi, kofopan occhcuunana i ncc oncc fccnyk unfcipauuk
cfpan, cuufanmux ccn otckfom concfckou yiposi u n fo xc npc-
mn honaianmux ncoxonumim, ufoi n fakou unfcipauuu yuacfno-
nana cfpana n nauonimcu cfchcnu honncpiakmancn ohacnocfu
cncpafunnan Icchynuka Icpmanuu. Ipu sfom cncnonano, onna-
ko, usciafi foio, ufoi n hpoucccc unfcipauuu ocfananuci ncypc-
iynuponannic pasnoinacun. annoc ycnonuc, kofopoc nc nccina
nihonnnnoci, otncnncf, houcmy foniko onna us cfopon mcnanu
ina ofuckancna honnocfik, n fo npcmn kak npyian ocfanaci numi
hpunusufcnino namcucna; unimu cnonamu, otncnncf, houcmy
afnanfuucckoc otcnuncnuc ino sqqckfunnim n fcucnuc nnu-
fcninoio npcmcnu, n fo npcmn kak cnpohcuckan unfcipauun ncfpc-
funa na sfom sfahc nchpcononumic hpchnfcfnun.
Hnuuuafuna cnpohcusma pasnunanaci houfu onnonpcmcnno,
ccnu umcfi n nuny cosnanuc Inpohcuckoio otcnuncnun yinn u
cfanu (IOYC), a n nocnnom ofnomcnuu hcpcnoopyxcnuc Icpma-
nuu kak hpcnhocinky nnn cosnanun hocfonnnou cnpohcuckou ap-
muu mupnoio npcmcnu, kofopan nihonnnna i poni nocnnoio kom-
honcnfa Afnanfuucckoio coksa. Cosnanuc IOYC ino pcsynifafom
conhancnun kontknkfypnou cufyauuu u hponcm, fpcykmux ananu-
sa n konfckcfc oncc nonionpcmcnnix hpoucccon. Kontknkfypniu
kpusuc in oycnonncn nahpnxcnnocfik, honyuunmcu pasnufuc c
occnu 14 i. n ofnomcnunx mcxny panuucu u cncpafunnou
Icpmanucu ho nohpocy o Caapc, a fakxc n pcsynifafc nauanmciocn
momnoio hontcma hpousnoncfna n Iypckom yionino-mcfannypiu-
ucckom acccunc, kak foio xcnanu amcpukanui, u hpcnncmanmcio
nosmoxnoc hcpcnoopyxcnuc Icpmanuu, kak ohacanuci n Iapuxc.
Ipcnnoxcnuc, nickasannoc qpanuysckum munucfpom unocfpannix
ncn Iocpom Uymanom man 15O i., o cosnanuu anfopufcfnou
opianusauuu n onacfu hpousnoncfna yinn u cfanu (kofopan coina-
conana i qpanko-icpmanckuc hofpcnocfu u, onimc foio, cho-
cocfnonana i oncc honnomy hpumupcnuk nnyx cfpan n kauccfnc
hpcnhocinku nnn nanincumcio otcnuncnun Inpohi) nhucina-
noci, onnako, n oncc omyk hcpchckfuny, a nc foniko ino cnn-
sano c sfou kontknkfypnou cufyauucu.
Co npcmcn nouni Zan Monnc, paspaofuuk hnana moncpnusa-
uuu u ocnamcnun hpomimncnnocfu, ho kofopomy nonxno ino
hpononuficn noccfanonncnuc qpanuysckou skonomuku, cuufan
762
hponcmy Iypa xusncnno naxnou nnn icpmanckoio moiymccfna u
knkucnim sncmcnfom konfponn, kofopiu panuun nonxna ocymc-
cfnnnfi nan Icpmanucu n coofncfcfnuu c ycfanonkamu na hpcnpamc-
nuc camou panuuu n ncnymuu ucnfp cnpohcuckoio yionino-mcfan-
nypiuucckoio hpousnoncfna. Ococnnocfu honufuku okkyhauuu
Icpmanuu u xccfkan ohhosuuun amcpukanucn ho ofnomcnuk k
qpanuysckum hpockfam offccnunu ux na nfopou hnan, onnako onu
nc inu saifi. Koina onnonckan konqcpcnuun mccfu cfpan
occnik 148 i. ocyxnana nohpoc o cosnanuu sahannoicpmanckoio
iocynapcfna, unfcpnauuonanusauun Iypa ina ncusmcnnim hynkfom
qpanuysckux fpconanuu. H xofn sfu fpconanun inu n snauu-
fcninou uacfu hpunnfi, xcnacmic pcsynifafi nc inu nocfuinyfi.
Iontcm hpousnoncfna hpoucxonun n ncnaiohpunfnou honufuucc-
kou ocfanonkc u hpcncfannnncn sncmcnfom cmc oncc ccpicsnoio
konqnukfa, ccnu yuccfi cio conhancnuc c honcmukou ncmucn hpo-
fun cfafyca Caapa, kofopiu in houfu annckcuponan panuucu
(mapf 15O i.).
Hncn cosnanun yionino-mcfannypiuucckoio otcnuncnun honnu-
naci, cncnonafcnino, k konuy 148 i. unchupuponannan yxc usmc-
ncnnimu mofunamu ho cpanncnuk c hcpnonauaninimu hpockfamu
Monnc. Icaninomy qpanko-icpmanckomy cnuxcnuk chococfnonan
u fof qakf, ufo n konfckcfc nocnnix u honufuucckux usmcncnuu n
mupc k konuy 14 i. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi saxofcnu sakpchufi
ocoic ofnomcnun c Bcnukopufanucu (ufo hpcnhonaiano pacmu-
pcnuc Ccncpoafnanfuucckoio aninnca sa cucf nknana Conpyxccfna)
n kauccfnc oncc ancknafnoio ofncfa na yipoxakmuu concfckuu
nison. Ofu achckfi amcpukanckou honufuku, cohponoxnanmuccn
hpusnanucm ocooio honoxcnun soni qynfa cfcpnunion nnyfpu
cnpohcuckoio hnafcxnoio coksa, honfonknynu qpanuysckyk sko-
nomuucckyk honufuky, yxc pykononcfnonanmykcn n ucnom nu-
puxucfckumu ycfanonkamu, k cnnuiam n nahpanncnuu cosnanun
famoxcnnix cokson u hpcqcpcnuuaninix ofnomcnuu, kofopic
noccfanonunu i pannonccuc n nannou cufyauuu. Icnu panuun
nc xofcna okasaficn n onunouccfnc hcpcn nuuom Icpmanuu, cho-
conou icfpo ycfanonufi ocoic ofnomcnun c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu, ncoxonumo ino, ufoi Iapux ofnanan hpuopufcf
hpcnnoxcnunm, nahpanncnnim na ccpicsnoc cnuxcnuc c 3ahan-
nou Icpmanucu. Ipu sfom inu i ofpomcni cchnonnic ho-
hifku iochoncfna hcpuona nouni u cfan i nosmoxcn nsaumniu
konfponi.
Mcfannypiuucckan ofpacni, kak ho foniko ufo nasnannim uc-
fopuucckum hpuuunam, fak u ho naxnocfu, kofopyk ona hpuopc-
na n ioni noccfanonncnun cnpohcuckou skonomuku, hpcncfanana
76J
nauoncc honxonnmcu u nauoncc hponykfunnou nnn qpanuysckou
unuuuafuni. Ipcnnoxcnuc Uymana, cncnannoc man 15O i., ho-
hanano, cncnonafcnino, na iopasno oncc naionafnyk u mnoiooc-
makmyk houny, ucm sfo hpcnhonaiacf unfcphpcfauun, kofopan
paccmafpunacf cio foniko kak nipaxcnuc cnpohcucfckou honufuku
qpanuysckoio munucfpa unocfpannix ncn. Inan ucknkuan ncnkuu
sncmcnf honuuncnnocfu u samcnnn cio sncmcnfom nannauuonani-
nocfu. B sfom cmicnc on hpcncfannnn hpcnnocxumcnuc cnpohcucf-
ckoio hpockfa.
B camom ncnc, Uyman hpcnnaian ncmuam (pcmcnuc o nknkuc-
nuu Hfanuu u cfpan Icncnkkca ino hpunnfo hosnncc) cosnafi
nicmuu pykononnmuu opian, kofopomy inu i hpunani mupo-
kuc honnomouun no nccx nohpocax, kacakmuxcn yionino-mcfannyp-
iuucckoio hpousnoncfna. Ofo inu cmcnic uncu, ucncycfpcmncnno
nahpanncnnic na cosnanuc qpanko-icpmanckoio noka kak hpcn-
hocinku nnn cosnanun oncc mupokou opianusauuu, kofopan n
nanincumcm moina i cfafi ocnonou nnn honnou hcpccfpouku 3a-
hannou Inpohi. B sfom cmicnc hpockf, hycfi u umcnmuu cnou
ncnocfafku, naxonuncn n pycnc konfuncnfaninou cnpohcucfckou
honufuku, nahpanncnnou na ycfpancnuc inannou hpuuuni konqnuk-
fa n ccpnuc Inpohi hyfcm coinaconanun hosuuuu nnn conmccfnoio
yhpanncnun naxnimu nnn noccfanonncnun skonomuku pccypcamu.
Ofncf Ancnayspa in oucni naiocknonnim. panuysckuu
hnan hpcnocfannnn cmy nosmoxnocfi kak nixona us nnyfpcnnux
safpynncnuu, hockoniky on pachonaian ncsnauufcninim hapna-
mcnfckum onimuncfnom, fak u samcni mcxnynaponnoio konfponn
nan Iypom nannauuonaninim konfponcm, hpu kofopom ionoc Icp-
manuu snyuan i snauufcnino ipomuc.
Icpcionopi, nnufcninic u cnoxnic fakxc u ho hpuuunc hpn-
moio nmcmafcnicfna saunfcpcconannoio unnycfpuaninoio mupa,
ycununu sncmcnfi ofkasa of cyncpcnufcfa, ucio oucni xofcn Mon-
nc, u hpcncfannncfcn, ufo umcnno sfof achckf chococfnonan ofna-
ncnuk aninuuan. Yfncpxncnuc fckcfa yupcnufcninoio noionopa o
cosnanuu IOYC cocfonnoci n hcpuon c konua uknn 15O i. no ah-
pcnn 151 i. Ocfanonka, n kofopou hpoxonunu hcpcionopi, okasa-
na nosncucfnuc na ux xon. cucfnufcnino, paspasunmancn nouna n
Kopcc hpunana sahannim hpoipammam hcpcnoopyxcnun yckopcnuc,
yxc pckomcnnonannoc pcsonkuucu CHI-68 n ahpcnc, hocfanuna
nohpoc o hcpcnoopyxcnuu Icpmanuu u, cncnonafcnino, o cnpohcu-
ckom mcfannypiuucckom hpousnoncfnc. Kpomc foio, hpcononcnuc
ncfom 15O i. kopofkoio skonomuucckoio chana, nauanmciocn n
Cocnuncnnix Ufafax hpcninymcu occnik, hpunano umhynic chpo-
cy na mcfannypiuucckyk hponykuuk.
764
B xonc hcpcionopon pasnuuakmuccn unfcpcci u konuchuuu
hpofunocfonnu npyi npyiy. B uacfnocfu, cknonnocfi k nupuxusmy
u anfukapfcninan nahpanncnnocfi, hpcncfanncnnan Monnc u Uy-
manom, cfankunanuci c fpconanunmu uacfnou hpomimncnnocfu,
n ococnnocfu icpmanckou. Xon paofi in oycnonncn fakxc
qakfopamu, nncmnumu ho ofnomcnuk k konqcpcnuuu, no kofo-
pic nc moinu na ncc nc honnunfi. B camom ncnc, nohpoc o hcpc-
noopyxcnuu Icpmanuu in ofkpifo hocfanncn amcpukanuamu, u
qpanuysckoc hpanufcnicfno ofncfuno hnanom, hpcncfanncnnim
hpcnccnafcncm Concfa munucfpon Icnc Incncnom, na ocnonc kofo-
poio nauanuci hcpcionopi o cosnanuu Inpohcuckoio ooponu-
fcninoio coomccfna (IOC), sanymannoio ho opasuy IOYC.
B fakou ocfanonkc 18 ahpcnn 151 i. in onopcn fckcf noio-
nopa o cosnanuu Inpohcuckoio otcnuncnun yinn u cfanu, ncfyhun-
mcio n cuny hocnc sancpmcnun hpoucnypi pafuqukauuu 25 uknn
152 i. Ha hocf hpcnccnafcnn nicmcio opiana camoio IOYC in
cpasy xc nasnaucn Zan Monnc.
Komhpomucci u osaoucnnocfu nc cfanu hpchnfcfnucm nnn
ynonncfnopcnun onimcu uacfu fpconanuu qpanuyson, a fakxc
nnn omymcnun ynonncfnopcnnocfu nauoncc ycxncnnix n ncoxo-
numocfu cosnanun nannauuonaninix opianon cnpohcucfon nocfui-
nyfim pcsynifafom, kofopiu in hponnuxcnucm n xcnafcninom
nnn nux nahpanncnuu. B camom ncnc, noionop hpcncfannnncn kak
oucnunniu hcpniu mai k hpcononcnuk ucfopuucckoio cohcpnuuc-
cfna, nccina pasncnnnmcio Inpohy u fchcpi kananusuponannoio ho
hyfu uncfufyuuonanusauuu.
On osnauan nipaxcnuc n founix honnfunx ohpcncncnnoio o-
pasa mimncnun, kofopiu nauunan hpconanafi n Inpohc ho mcpc
foio, kak sainanuci oncsncnnoc cohcpnuuccfno u cfapan npaxna.
Ofof opas mimncnun hpcnhonaian ycxncnnocfi n fom, ufo pas-
pcmcnuc konqnukfon nnyfpu Inpohi cunou osnauacf numi camo-
paspymcnuc, u yncpcnnocfi n fom, ufo nkic hponcmi moiyf
cfafi hpcnmcfom hcpcionopon. oionop ofpaxan omcc honumanuc
foio, ufo nuufo nc moxcf ohpannafi xcpfni na anfapi nonix
noun, u ncc nonxno pcmaficn hyfcm hcpcionopon. Ipumupcnuc
mcxny Icpmanucu u panuucu hocpcncfnom saknkucnun noionopa
o IOYC ino hcpnim hpusnakom foio, ufo ofnomcnun mcxny
nnymn cfpanamu onimc nc cfanyf yiposou nnn mupa n Inpohc.
Hfo kacacfcn uncfufyuuonaninix achckfon, IOYC ohpcncnn-
noci kak omuu pinok nnn yionino-mcfannypiuucckou hpomimncn-
nocfu, hpusnanniu hpcnofnpafufi snoyhofpcncnun, cnnsannic c
kapfcnusauucu, u pcinamcnfuponafi coofncfcfnykmuc hpousnon-
cfncnnic knofi n konfckcfc skonomuucckou skchancuu u fcxno-
765
noiuucckou moncpnusauuu. Hauoncc naxnim n uncfufyuuonani-
nom ofnomcnuu ino cosnanuc nicmcio pykononnmcio opiana, fo
ccfi uchonnufcninoio opiana otcnuncnun; opiana, cocfonnmcio
us ncnnfu uncnon (nc oncc nnyx us nux moinu umcfi onno ipax-
nancfno) u onsannoio ncucfnonafi concpmcnno camocfonfcnino,
hpu ofkpifom sahpcfc cncnonafi ykasanunm nauuonaninix hpanu-
fcnicfn u hpu onsafcnicfnc nosncpxunaficn of ncnkux ncucfnuu,
hpofunopcuamux nannauuonaninomy xapakfcpy cio qynkuuu.
pyiumu opianamu inu Accamncn, Concf munucfpon, uin sanaua
cocfonna n iapmonusauuu ncnfcninocfu Bicmcio opiana c ncnfcni-
nocfik hpanufcnicfn u n qopmynuponanuu hpcnnoxcnuu u mcp
nnn hpcncfanncnun camomy Bicmcmy opiany; Cyn, kofopiu hpu-
snan in paspcmafi kpunuucckuc chopi, nosnukakmuc hpu hpu-
mcncnuu noionopa.
Ccionnn ucfopuoipaqun, kacakmancn IOYC, hpumna k cyxnc-
nunm, n kofopix n mcnimcu cfchcnu hpucyfcfnycf nicokohapnan
ahonoicfuka, xapakfcpnan nnn hcpuona cfanonncnun nannauuo-
naninoio cnpohcuckoio uncfufyfa. Onnako ncnosmoxno nc hpu-
snafi ychcx, nocfuinyfiu qpanuysamu n ocymccfnncnuu naxnou
uacfu ux hpcnnoxcnuu. Hancxna na cosnanuc nckocu nnacfu, nocfa-
founo sqqckfunnou nnn foio, ufoi kakum-fo opasom yhpannnfi
icpmanckou mcfannypiuucckou hpomimncnnocfik u omcu skono-
muucckou momik noccosnannou Icpmanuu, n ncucfnufcninocfu
ina hpcyncnuucna, fakxc kak ocfanaci ncpaspcmcnnou u hponc-
ma ncnoncpun qpanuyson ho ofnomcnuk k nosmoxnomy nospoxnc-
nuk ncmcukux icicmonucfckux hohonsnoncnuu. Chop ho honony
Caapa, kofopiu yncf pcmcn okonuafcnino numi n 155 i., ncc cmc
ocfanancn sncmcnfom kpusuca. H ncc xc, umcnno afmocqcpa cfpacf-
noio cfpcmncnun k unfcipauuu, xapakfcpnan nnn Inpohi n hcpu-
on, hocncnonanmuu cpasy xc sa nounou n Kopcc, chococfnonana
ykpchncnuk foio, ufo ino nauafo n 147 i. u fchcpi honyuuno
uncfufyuuonaninoc sancpmcnuc.
9.3.3. OT ATLAHTUUECKOFO HAKTA K HATO.
HEPEBOOP.+EHUE FEPMAHUU
Ipcnnoxcnuc Uymana hpcnnocxufuno cufyauuk, kofopan,
nhpoucm, yxc nhucinanaci n nonyk amcpukanckyk cfpafciuk
akfunusuponanoci fakxc u nocnno-honufuucckoc cofpynnuuccfno
(c mcnimcu nacfouuunocfik co cfoponi cnpohcuucn, no n pcsyni-
fafc pcmufcninoio naxuma co cfoponi Cocnuncnnix Ufafon).
Kopcuckuu kpusuc u hpcnmccfnonanmuc usmcncnun n coofnomc-
nuu cun n mcxnynaponnom macmfac hpuncnu k kpusucy afnanfu-
766
ucckou cucfcmi iapanfuu. Camo honhucanuc Afnanfuucckoio no-
ionopa n komhnckcc c amcpukanckumu iapanfunmu ncoxunanno
hpcncfano n honnunnom cncfc.
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi hpcnocfanunu 3ahannou Inpohc honufu-
ucckuc iapanfuu, occhcucnnic n fcxnuucckom hnanc amcpukan-
ckou afomnou monohonucu, a n nocnno-honufuucckom konuch-
uucu, coinacno kofopou hpocfoio sannncnun o fakou iapanfuu,
naxc nc honkpchncnnoio ycnufcninimu ncucfnunmu cfpafciuucc-
koio hnana, ino nocfafouno nnn hpcccucnun ncnkux hohifok ai-
pcccuu. Koncu afomnou monohonuu u nacfyhncnuc kommynucfon n
Kopcc sfo nna ocnonanun Afnanfuucckoio hakfa. Camu amcpu-
kanui nauanu hcpcocmicnunafi ncucfncnnocfi cnoux ocmanuu
(kak hokasana nuckyccun ho pcsonkuuu CHI-68). Kpomc foio,
cxoncfno cufyauuu n Icpmanuu u Kopcc honckasinano noiuky ncu-
cfnuu, iuhofcfuunix, onnako nc ncnosmoxnix, ufo okasano nnunnuc
na hpcncfonnmuc pcmcnun. Konuchuun nouni ho noncpcnnocfu,
fo ccfi nihonncnuc nocnnou sanauu hponcpufi sqqckfunnocfi
amcpukanckou momu cfpanamu, nponc Ccncpnou Kopcu, yncpcnno
hpunaianaci fakxc u k 3ahannou Inpohc, fpakfyn icpmanckyk cu-
fyauuk n kauccfnc ncikoio honn nnn cnocio hpakfuucckoio hpumc-
ncnun.
Ofo usmcnuno hosuuuk kak cnpohcuckux cfpan, fak u Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon. Co cfoponi cnpohcuckux hpanufcnicfn hpcnhpu-
numanuci cynopoxnic ycunun nnn foio, ufoi nouficn onimcio
hpucyfcfnun amcpukanucn n Inpohc, u ykpchnnnaci pcmumocfi k
hcpccmofpy cfpafciuucckux hnanon coksa. Iocncnnuc, ncc cmc
cnnsannic c paspaofkamu Ipkcccnickoio hakfa, hpcnycmafpuna-
nu, ufo nunun ooponi na cnyuau nosmoxnoio nahancnun Concf-
ckoio Coksa yncf pachonoxcna, ccnu sfo nosmoxno, nnoni Icuna,
no oncc pcanucfuuno occhcuuf hpukpifuc ncckonikux hnaunap-
mon n Inpohc, n uucno kofopix panuun nc onsafcnino nknk-
uanaci. Ofninc hpcnhoufcnuc ofnananoci hnanam, yuufinanmum
nonyk cufyauuk n Icpmanuu u cmcmanmum cfpafciuucckuc onsa-
fcnicfna HATO n cfopony ooponi cncpafunnou Icchynuku
nnoni ipanuui, hpoxonunmcu na nocfokc ho Onic.
Ho fcm camim cfanunaci hponcma yuacfun Icpmanuu n oopo-
nc cocfncnnou fcppufopuu u fcppufopuu 3ahannou Inpohi, Icp-
manuu, cnna nauanmcu cymccfnonafi u nc honhucanmcu cmc nu
onnoio mupnoio noionopa. Bohpoc ocyxnancn nuhnomafucu coks-
nukon nakanync saccnanun Afnanfuucckoio Concfa, sahnanuponan-
noio na ccpcnuny ccnfnpn 15O i. n Hik-Hopkc. Io sfomy cny-
uak amcpukanui hpcncfanunu cnok fouky spcnun. Ona yuufinana
fpconanun coksnukon ofnocufcnino onimcio hpucyfcfnun amc-
767
pukanucn n Inpohc, onnako oycnonnunana cio pcanusauuk ucfko
ohpcncncnnim hopnnkom hpuopufcfon. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi cymc-
cfncnnim opasom yncnuuaf cnoc nocnnoc hpucyfcfnuc n Inpohc u
ynyf yuacfnonafi n qopmuponanuu unfcipuponannix afnanfuucc-
kux noopyxcnnix cun, nsnn na ccn komannonanuc, no c ycnonucm,
ufo cnpohcuui hpumyf yuacfuc n cnpohcuckou apmuu nccnfik nc-
mcukumu nunusunmu, fo ccfi panuun hpcnnapufcnino coinacufcn
na hcpcnoopyxcnuc Icpmanuu. Ofo hpcnnoxcnuc hcpcknaninano na
Inpohy ofncfcfncnnocfi sa hpunnfuc fpynnix pcmcnuu, hopox-
nanmux ho kpauncu mcpc fpu hponcmi: hcpnyk ofnocufcnino
nanuuun ncucfnufcninoio xcnanun hcpcnoopyxufi Icpmanuk; nfo-
pyk ncuscxnic hocncncfnun, kofopic fakoc hpcnnoxcnuc ni-
soncf no nccu Inpohc, u n ococnnocfu n cfpanax, nchocpcncfncn-
no saunfcpcconannix (panuun, Ionima u Concfckuu Coks);
fpcfik chocoi, hocpcncfnom kofopix hpcncfouf ocymccfnnnfi
hcpcnoopyxcnuc, ccnu pcmcnuc o ncm yncf hpunnfo n hpunuuhc.
C fouku spcnun cufyauuu nnyfpu yxc cymccfnonanmcu oo-
ponufcninou cucfcmi amcpukanckan unuuuafuna cosnanana hpo-
ncmi nnn nccx cfpan, hpunanncxanmux k Afnanfuucckomy coksy.
Ho cfpanou, nnn kofopou amcpukanckoc hpcnnoxcnuc cosnanano
nauonimuc cnoxnocfu, ina panuun, safponyfan n camou uyn-
cfnufcninou foukc cnocu cnpohcuckou honufuku u, cncnonafcnino,
ninyxncnnan cfonknyficn c fpynnopaspcmumou hponcmou, yuu-
finan nnyfpcnncc u mcxnynaponnoc honoxcnuc cfpani.
B Afnanfuucckom Concfc qpanuysi inu n honnom onunouc-
cfnc, hockoniky ncc npyiuc uncni coksa hpunnnu amcpukanckuu
hpockf. Uymany nc ocfananoci nuucio npyioio, kak hpunnfi pc-
mcnuc o ofcpoukc. Ho ofcpoukc, kofopan hpcnhonaiana ninnu-
xcnuc konfphpcnnoxcnuu. nn ux nipaofku yxc n nauanc ccn-
fnpn 15O i. in cnona hpusnan Zan Monnc, cpasy ynuncnmuu
anifcpnafuny hcpcnoopyxcnuk Icpmanuu n cosnanuu cnpohcu-
ckou apmuu, cnnsannou c honufuucckumu uncfufyfamu cnunou In-
pohi. Ofo in choco kak cmniuufi yipoxakmcc nhcuafncnuc of
konuchuuu hcpcnoopyxcnun Icpmanuu, fak u hpunafi nanincumuu
umhynic cnpohcucfckomy hpockfy, cnnsan cio nchocpcncfncnno c
honufukou Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, ufo hpcnhonaiano hpcononcnuc
hpunuuhuaninix nospaxcnuu hpofun camou konuchuuu hcpcnoopy-
xcnun Icpmanuu.
Iocnc fpynnou hpopaofku no qpanuysckom hpanufcnicfnc
in onopcn hnan hpcmicp-munucfpa panuuu Incncna, hpcnna-
ianmcio, ho hpumcpy yionino-mcfannypiuucckoio hpockfa, cosna-
nuc cnpohcuckoio munucfcpcfna ooponi u apmuu us konfunicn-
fon mccfu iocynapcfn, n kofopyk inu i unfcipuponani ckoni
768
nosmoxno mcnimuc honpasncncnun, hpcncfannnkmuc kaxnyk
cfpany. Hc hpcnycmafpunanoci cymccfnonanuc nauuonaninix, fo
ccfi ncmcukux, nunusuu, a foniko cmcmannix mcxnynaponnix
nunusuu, hocfanncnnix hon amcpukanckoc ncpxonnoc komannona-
nuc. Hauuonaninoc copanuc panuuu, copanmcccn nnn ocyx-
ncnun sfoio hnana, onopuno cio 21 okfnpn 15O i. onimun-
cfnom n J4J ionoca hpofun 22O.
Oucnunno, ncf ocnonanuu yfncpxnafi, ufo hpcnnoxcnuc Inc-
ncna osnauano nocfopxcnnoc yuacfuc qpanuyson n amcpukanckux
hpockfax. panuysi uckanu cpcncfno nnn cmniucnun ynapa of co-
ifun, kofopoc afnanfuucckuc coksnuku cuufanu ncuscxnim, u,
umcn hon pykou hpockf IOYC, ino cnumkom samanuuno nonc-
pufi sfomy pnxcnomy sanauy pcmcnun cnoxnou hponcmi. On-
nako mna nu pcui o hpcnnoxcnuu, ncucfnufcnino ofncuanmcm
honnunnim namcpcnunm qpanuyson, unu xc o fakfukc hponono-
uck Bosmoxno, oc sfu fcnncnuuu hpucyfcfnonanu. panuysckuu
honufuucckuu mup in packonof (u fakum on yncf no 154 i.) ho
nohpocy hcpcnoopyxcnun Icpmanuu. Kommynucfuucckan ncnan u
snauufcninan uacfi couuanucfon inu cc hpofunnukamu ho hpun-
uuhuaninim coopaxcnunm. Ionnucfi u pasnuunic hpcncfanufcnu
ncsanucumix nicfyhunu kak cc hpofunnuku umcnno hofomy, ufo
hnan Incncna coucfan nc nisinakmyk nospaxcnun ncoxonumocfi
(hcpcnoopyxcnuc Icpmanuu) c omuounim pcmcnucm (o nannauuo-
naninou cnpohcuckou apmuu). Bhpoucm, cymccfnonana hocfonnnan
nnyfpcnnnn nuanckfuka sfux hosuuuu n hpoucccc ux qopmupona-
nun u usmcncnun n sanucumocfu of ocfonfcnicfn, kofopic xapak-
fcpusonanu honufuucckyk nuckyccuk no panuuu n fcucnuc nccio
hcpuona, hocncnonanmcio sa hpcncfanncnucm hnana, u kofopic, n
koncunom cucfc, hpcnohpcncnunu cio cyniy.
Aninuuanc inu npaxncni hpockfy, nhucannomy n afnanfu-
ucckyk cucfcmy, umcnno us-sa cio nannauuonaninoio xapakfcpa,
fakum opasom onu inu i ninyxncni okasaficn sa pamkamu
hpockfupycmou apmuu, ufo paspymuno i ux nancxny na nuncp-
cfno n cnpohcuckou nocnno-honufuucckou cucfcmc. Camu ncmui
hponnnnnu pasnpaxcnuc ho honony nuckpumunauuu, hpcnhonaian-
mcucn qpanuysckum hpockfom, onnako qpanuysi nacfaunanu
umcnno na nannauuonaninom xapakfcpc hnana kak cnuncfncnnou
qopmync, n pamkax kofopou panuun moina i coinacuficn c hc-
pcnoopyxcnucm Icpmanuu.
Bnyfpu coksa nauanaci nuckyccun, ucfko pasncnunman yuacfnu-
kon na cfpani, pachonoxcnnic hpunnfi no nnumanuc qpanuysckuc
hpcnnoxcnun, u fc, ufo ofnocunuci k num npaxncno ho hpunuu-
huaninim coopaxcnunm. Camu amcpukanui okasanuci n samcma-
76
fcnicfnc hcpcn cnoxnocfik u xccfkocfik nckofopix achckfon
qpanuysckoio hpockfa. B okfnpc nckapc nuckyccun hpononxa-
naci c fpynom no foio momcnfa, hoka Afnanfuucckuu Concf n ccpc-
nunc nckapn n Ipkcccnc nc pcmun pasncnufi ofncninic achckfi
hponcmi. Opianusauun afnanfuucckux cun n Inpohc, nohpoc o
hcpcnoopyxcnuu Icpmanuu u nohpoc o cnpohcuckou apmuu cfanu
paccmafpunaficn kak fpu pasnic fcmi, ho kofopim cncnycf nccfu
ofncninic hcpcionopi. Bohpoc o cosnanuu otcnuncnnix afnan-
fuucckux cun n Inpohc, hocfanncnnix hon komannonanuc icncpana
Ouscnxayspa, in pcmcn ncmcnncnno, u hocnc sfoio n Iapuxc na-
uanoci cosnanuc cnoxnix opianusauuonnix cfpykfyp, kofopic
hpcnpafunu cymccfnonanuc HATO n pcaninocfi. C sfoio npcmcnu
HATO pasnunanaci kak nocnno-fcxnuucckan uacfi Afnanfuucckoio
hakfa, xofn u nc conhanan c num honnocfik. Coks ocfanancn mcx-
nynaponnim coinamcnucm, yuacfuc n kofopom nc fpconano onsa-
fcninoio yuacfun n HATO, kak sfo moinu koncfafuponafi nnanuafi
ncf chycfn.
Mcxny fcm nohpoc o yuacfuu Icpmanuu n apmuu Afnanfuucc-
koio coksa pcmancn na ocnonc komhpomucca, cuufanmcio nsaumo-
nohonnnkmumu konuchuuk afnanfuucckou apmuu u konuchuuk
ocnix honpasncncnuu cnpohcuucn. Bohpoc o ux uucncnnocfu of-
knaninancn no paspcmcnun hpofunopcuuu, hpucymux hnany Inc-
ncna ofnocufcnino pasmcpa honpasncncnuu, kofopic moinu i
cocfanufi mcxnynaponnic nunusuu cnpohcuckou apmuu. Ocfanaci,
onnako, ofkpifou hponcma cfpykfypi, kofopyk hpcncfonno
umcfi cnpohcuckou apmuu.
9.3.4. BBLET U HA,EHUE EBPOHEUCKOFO
OBOPOHUTELBHOFO COOBTECTBA
Icpcionopi ho hnany Incncna nauanuci 15 qcnpann 151 i. n
Iapuxc c yuacfucm hpcncfanufcncu panuuu, cncpafunnou Icp-
manuu, Hfanuu, Icniiuu u kkccmypia, n fo npcmn kak Huncp-
nanni ofcyfcfnonanu no okfnpn mccnua, hpunuman yuacfuc numi
n kauccfnc nanknafcncu. Icpcionopi hpononxanuci houfu ion,
nhnofi no man 152 i., koina inu hpunnfi saknkuufcninic qop-
mynuponku coinamcnun. Ha hpouccc hcpcionopon nnunno pasnufuc
inoaninou cufyauuu. Xon Kopcuckou nouni honhufinan konca-
nun pufanucn. Xofn sfu koncanun u nnnnnuci nncmnumu ho of-
nomcnuk k hcpcionopam, onu ncfpcuanu ofknuk na ncnymuxcn ha-
panncnino ncoquuuaninix hcpcionopax n Icfcpccpic, n kofopix
yuacfnonanu nmccfc c qpanuysamu u ncmuamu fakxc u anino-amc-
pukanckuc hpcncfanufcnu. 3anaua hcpcionopon cocfonna n ocyx-
77O
ncnuu kpunuucckux ofnomcnuu mcxny sahannimu okkyhauuonni-
mu cunamu u nonim hpanufcnicfnom cncpafunnou Icchynuku
Icpmanuu. B qcnpanc 151 i. Offnu oquuuanino hponosinacun
hpunuuh, n coofncfcfnuu c kofopim afnanfuucckoc hcpcnoopyxcnuc
nonxno ino hpcnmccfnonafi hcpcnoopyxcnuk Icpmanuu, cqopmy-
nuponan hosuuuk, hopoxncnnyk ncncpucm n nosmoxnocfi ocymc-
cfnncnun qpanuysckux hpcnnoxcnuu.
Iocncnonanman safcm pcakuun Concfckoio Coksa na unck hc-
pcnoopyxcnun Icpmanuu ina nacfoniko ocfpou, ufo nosnuk noh-
poc o cnocnpcmcnnocfu hpcnnapufcninou konqcpcnuuu ucfipcx
ncpxan n coofncfcfnuu c hpcnnoxcnucm, ninnunyfim Mocknou n
nonpc 15O i. Concfckoc pykononcfno, uchonisyn oucnunnic nuh-
nomafuucckuc fpynnocfu cnpoafnanfuucckoio 3ahana, ninnuiano
unck noccocnuncnnou, no ncufpanusonannou Icpmanuu. Ofo hpcn-
noxcnuc hpuncno k nonim cchnonnim ucfipcxcfoponnum hcpcio-
nopam, hponnunmumcn c nauana mapfa nhnofi no 21 uknn 151 i.
Onnako ux ncynaua nc ocfanaci cs hocncncfnuu, hockoniky concf-
ckoc nuhnomafuucckoc nosncucfnuc, nahpanncnnoc hpofun hcpcno-
opyxcnun Icpmanuu, monofonno hpononxanoci c fcm, ufoi pc-
mufcninim opasom akfunusuponaficn nakanync sancpmcnun Ia-
puxckux hcpcionopon. Icsynifafom cfano honncpxanuc konfakfon
mcxny cncpafunnou Icpmanucu u Icpmanckou cmokpafuucckou
Icchynukou; konfakfon, of kofopix Ancnaysp nc moi yknonuficn
ho hpuuunam nauuonaninoio xapakfcpa, no ux pasnufuc oipanuuu-
nano cnoony mancnpuponanun kanuncpa.
K sfum koncanunm noanunuci safcm nnyfpcnnuc hpofunopc-
uun n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax, inc pcmcnuc o yncnuucnuu onsa-
fcnicfn n Inpohc honncpianoci ocfpou kpufukc co cfoponi pcc-
hynukanucn, onunnnmux anmunucfpauuk n cnpohoucnfpusmc u n
upcsmcpnou honafnunocfu ho ofnomcnuk k concfckum unuuuafu-
nam. umi 4 ahpcnn 151 i. anmunucfpauun nounaci cnooni ncu-
cfnuu, sahnafun, onnako, nicokyk honufuucckyk ucny. B camom
ncnc, nasnaucnuc Ouscnxayspa na hocf ncpxonnoio inannokomannyk-
mcio coksnimu nouckamu n Inpohc u hocinka ucfipcx nohonnu-
fcninix amcpukanckux nunusuu n Cfapiu Cncf (pcmcnuc o nux
ino hpunnfo cmc n nckapc 15O i. Afnanfuucckum Concfom n
Ipkcccnc) inu onopcni n Bamunifonc c ycnonucm, ufo cnpo-
hcuckuc cfpani nosimyf na ccn oncc fncpnic onsafcnicfna of-
nocufcnino conmccfnou ooponi, ufo nohpoc o hcpcnoopyxcnuu
Icpmanuu yncf pcmaficn hocfchcnno u hpcxnc nccio, ufo nkoc
nanincumcc nocnnoc nmcmafcnicfno sa pycxom yncf sanuccfi of
onopcnun ccnafa.
771
Toniko ncfom 151 i. n houckc pcmcnun nohpoca in nauncn
nixon us fyhuka, naionapn oncc ucfkum onsafcnicfnam amcpu-
kanucn, usmcncnnim n honisy cnpohcuckou qopmynuponku. Ono-
nkuun amcpukanckou hosuuuu nnnnnaci houfu ncuscxnim pas-
nufucm honufuucckou nunuu, uspannou c 147 i. Kak n 147 i.,
fak u nhocncncfnuu, of Inpohi fpconanoci camocfonfcninoc hpu-
nnfuc pcmcnuu, nohyckanmux hofom amcpukanckoc nmcmafcni-
cfno. Tak xc nonxno ino ocfonfi ncno u c nohpocom o pcmunu-
fapusauuu Icpmanuu hcpnimu pcmcnuc cncnonano hpunnfi
umcnno cnpohcuuam. opmynuponka fakoio pcmcnun nonxna ina
coofncfcfnonafi n onimcu cfchcnu cnpohcucfckum cxcmam, ucm
hpcnnoxcnuk o hpnmom nknkucnuu ncmcukux noopyxcnnix cun n
apmuk Afnanfuucckoio coksa, n pcsynifafc nuunoio nnunnun na
Ouscnxayspa Zana Monnc (ncucfnufcninic macmfai sfoio nnun-
nun fpynno oucnufi), u honumanun foio, ufo hcpcionopi o nc-
mcukom hcpcnoopyxcnuu fpconanu pcmcnun nohpoca o mcxnyna-
ponnom kpunuucckom cfafycc Icpmanuu (sfy fcmy ocyxnanu n
Icfcpccpic cs ocooio ychcxa). nc ipyhhi hponcm cxonunuci
n hpusnanuu ncoxonumocfu naufu komhpomucc, hpucmncmiu nnn
nccx cfopon. panuysckuu hnan, nonxnim opasom usmcncnniu,
hpcncfanan kak ofhpannou hynkf, concpxanmuu, kasanoci, pcmc-
nuc sanauu.
Bohpoc o pasmcpax kaxnoio ofncninoio nauuonaninoio hon-
pasncncnun in noncpcn Ouscnxayspy, kofopiu hpcnhoucn ncmcu-
koc hpcnnoxcnuc cuufafi munumaninim honpasncncnucm ocnyk
cnunuuy n cocfanc 12 fic. ucnonck, hpakfuuccku nunusuk. Iocfc-
hcnno nipuconinanoci coomccfno, cocfonnmcc us uncfufyfon,
ananoiuunix uncfufyfam IOYC, n kofopom, onnako, Komuccapuaf
(sknunancnf Bicmcio opiana) onanan iopasno oncc pasmifimu u
numcnnimu ncnkou hpcfcnsuu na honnunnyk nannauuonaninocfi
honnomouunmu, xofn sfa cufyauun u ina sanyanuponana mnoiumu
kpacunimu cnonamu. Bo npcmn saccnanun Concfa HATO, cocfonn-
mciocn n Offanc n ccpcnunc ccnfnpn 151 i. qopmynuponka ofno-
cufcnino Inpohcuckoio ooponufcninoio coomccfna (IOC) ina
onopcna fakxc u Bcnukopufanucu. Onnonpcmcnno na fom xc sacc-
nanuu ino pcmcno nauafi nonic hcpcionopi nnn ypciynuponanun
hpucyfcfnun anino-qpanko-amcpukanckux nouck na icpmanckou
fcppufopuu na ocnonc noionopnix coinamcnuu, ufo usannnno
ncmucn of safpynnufcninou, sanucumou n hpanonom ofnomcnuu
hosuuuu na hcpcionopax.
B Offanc cfpykfypa HATO hpuopcna okonuafcninic oucp-
fanun. Iocnc foio, kak n mac 15O i. ina hpuncncna n ncucfnuc
cfafin noionopa, hpcnycmafpunanman cosnanuc hocfonnnoio Co-
772
ncfa us samccfufcncu munucfpon unocfpannix ncn, inu cqopmu-
ponani Komufcf ho qunancam (cocfonmuu us munucfpon qunan-
con 12 cfpan-yuacfnukon) u Bocnniu komufcf, a fakxc Komufcf
nocnnoio hnanuponanun. Iina opasonana Iocfonnnan ipyhha
(runJing Uroup), fo ccfi cnocio pona upcsniuauniu komufcf u no-
cnnoc pykononcfno, cqopmuponannoc foniko us hpcncfanufcncu
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, Bcnukopufanuu u panuuu u opianuso-
nannoc fakum opasom, ufoi pasncnufi nocnnoc yhpanncnuc na
hnfi pciuonaninix ohcpafunnix son. Iocnc nasnaucnun Ouscn-
xayspa na nonxnocfi ncpxonnoio inannokomannykmcio hocfonnniu
Concf samccfufcncu munucfpon unocfpannix ncn honyuun oncc
mupokuc honnomouun, ycununmuc cio ohcpafunnic nosmoxnocfu.
Concf munucfpon in pcqopmuponan fakum opasom, ufo on nknk-
uan n cnok komhcfcnuuk fpu cqcpi, cnnsannic c ooponnimu
hponcmamu, fo ccfi cqcpy nncmncu honufuku, nocnnyk u qu-
nanconyk. Hakoncu, n Offanc in ohpcncncn mcxanusm koopnuna-
uuu mcxny nocnnou u qunanconou cqcpamu HATO. B qcnpanc
152 i. ino ycfanonncno, ufo mccfohpcinanucm mfaa Inannoio
komannonanun coksnukon u ucnfpaninou cfpykfypi HATO yncf
Iapux.
Hmcnno na sfom sfahc hcpcionopon ufaninnckoc hpanufcni-
cfno, noncnn no noiuucckoio sancpmcnun kpufuucckuu ananus,
hpononunmuucn n fcucnuc yxc ncckonikux mccnucn, hpcncfanuno
hpcnnoxcnuc o hpcopasonanuu Inpohcuckoio ooponufcninoio
coomccfna n camoc nacfonmcc honufuko-skonomuucckoc coomc-
cfno. C ufaninnckou fouku spcnun, qunancono-skonomuucckuc
hocncncfnun noionopa o cosnanuu IOC n ncucfnufcninocfu ho-
poxnanu noncc nc nfopocfchcnnic hponcmi. Icui mna o iopasno
oncc ccpicsnix onsafcnicfnax, ucm sfo ino hpcnycmofpcno
nnauanc. Mnoiuc usnccfnic ufaninnckuc ncnfcnu ofmcuanu, ufo
nxoxncnuc n nchonnyk qcncpauuk, n kofopou qpanuysi u ncm-
ui umcnu i hpcnanupykmcc nnunnuc, numuno i ufaninnckuc
nauuonaninic opiani nnacfu honufuucckoio konfponn nan cqc-
pou cyncpcnufcfa n ofnomcnuu snauufcninou uacfu ocfanmcucn
camocfonfcninocfu cfpani n mcxnynaponnom hnanc u nc hosnonu-
no i um konfponuponafi cymccfncnnyk uacfi knxcfa, kofopan,
ho honcucfam, moina cocfannnfi houfu hononuny ufaninnckux no-
xonon u fpcfi pacxonon. B pamkax nanonoio nauuonaninoio noxona
sfa nonn cocfannnna 8', n fo npcmn kak nsamcn Hfanun nc honyua-
na hpcumymccfn of sqqckfunnou skonomuucckou unfcipauuu co
cfpanamu, iopasno oncc oiafimu, ucm Hfanun.
okfnpn 151 i. ufaninnckoc hpanufcnicfno yncnomuno o cnocu
hosuuuu, kofopyk hosnncc n ucfopuoipaquu ofnccnu (ncponfno,
77J
chpancnnuno) na cucf nnunnun, okasinacmoio n fof momcnf ufani-
nnckumu hpcncfanufcnnmu Inpohcuckoio qcncpanucfckoio nnuxc-
nun. B cnocm mcmopannymc ufaninnckoc hpanufcnicfno usnaiano
cocfncnnic comncnun ho ofnomcnuk k onsafcnicfnam, ncno-
cfafouno pasnufim c fouku spcnun nannauuonaninocfu u konqc-
ncpafunnocfu, u hpcnnaiano hosfomy, ufoi ncc nohpoci inu
ustnfi us komhcfcnuuu nauuonaninix hpanufcnicfn hyfcm cosna-
nun na qcncpafunnom yponnc opianusma, kofopomy inu i hc-
pcnani uacfuuno honnomouun nauuonaninix accamncu, u ko-
fopomy ina i hpcnocfanncna nnacfi ocymccfnnnfi ux of umcnu
camux nauuonaninix hapnamcnfon. Hnimu cnonamu, cncnonano
cosnafi Inpohcuckyk accamnck, uspannyk nccomum ionocona-
nucm, kakonou ina i noncpcna sanaua u honnomouun ho nasna-
ucnuk u ofsiny Komuccapuafa u ocymccfnncnuc honufuucckoio
konfponn nan num.
Hfaninnckoc hpcnnoxcnuc nanano fonuok n nahpanncnuu kom-
hnckcnoio honufuucckoio pcmcnun qcncpanucfckoio xapakfcpa,
ocfanonka nokpyi kofopoio n fof momcnf xapakfcpusonanaci ncpc-
mufcninocfik, comncnunmu, ncnoncpucm u honnou ncohpcncncn-
nocfik. panuysi u ncmui inu n nocfafounou mcpc iofoni k
nochpunfuk ufaninnckux uncu; k fomy xc n fc ioni cofpynnuuc-
cfno mcxny Ancnayspom, Uymanom u c Iachcpu ino sqqckfun-
nim u cfano cmc oncc fccnim ncncncfnuc ux omcu hpunanncx-
nocfu k hapfunm xpucfuanckou opucnfauuu. Icnu qunanconiu
achckf hponcmi hpakfuuccku uinopuponancnncn, fo honufuucckuu
achckf, nahpofun, hpunumancn no nnumanuc. Iin ofpcnakfuponan
fckcf cfafiu (cfanmcu nhocncncfnuu cfaficu J8-u okonuafcninoio
fckcfa), hpcnycmafpunanmcu cosnanuc Accamncu, uspannou ncc-
omum ionoconanucm u opianusonannou fakum opasom, ufoi n
hcpchckfunc samcnufi yxc cymccfnykmuc cnpohcuckuc hpcncfanu-
fcninic uncfufyfi (nahpumcp, accamnck IOYC). 3anaua pcanu-
sauuu sfoio honoxcnun, kofopoc hpcncfanufcnu cfpan Icnunkkca
nochpunnnu co ckchcucom u ncnoncpucm, nncpnnaci safcm accam-
ncc uJ hoc, cocfonmcu us uncnon accamncu IOYC, nohonncnnou
fpcmn npyiumu hpcncfanufcnnmu of kaxnou us fpcx kpyhncumux
cfpan Coomccfna. Accamncn nauana cnok paofy occnik 152 i.
u n mapfc 15J i. sancpmuna honiofonky hpockfa ycfana Inpohcu-
ckoio honufuucckoio coomccfna. Ofa paofa cfana nipaxcnucm
fou afmocqcpi, kofopan n pcsynifafc nocnnix hcpcionopon oxna-
funa fakxc u honufuucckyk cqcpy.
Occnik 151 i. hpcnnoxcnuc o hpunanuu Coomccfny honufu-
ucckoio xapakfcpa honncno fcxnuucckuc hcpcionopi hpuncno houfu
k cpiny. Ofnomcnuc cfpan Icnunkkca ino cnnsano c ncncnocfik
774
pufanckou hosuuuu ofnocufcnino cosnanun Coomccfna. Toniko
hocnc nosnpamcnun k nnacfu Hcpuunnn n okfnpc sfoio iona u okon-
uafcninoio hponcncnun cufyauuu ofnocufcnino cnpohcusma nuncpa
konccpnafopon, hpcnnasnaucnnoio nnn konfuncnfaninou Inpohi,
no nc osnauanmcio nchocpcncfncnnyk nonncucnnocfi Bcnukopu-
fanuu n pcanusauuk hpockfa, cohpofunncnuc manix cfpan hpckpa-
funoci. B fo xc npcmn ycununoci hpofunoncucfnuc qpanuysckux
hpofunnukon noionopa, kofopic nauanu ocyxncnuc onnou us no-
munupykmux fcm cncnykmcio honufuucckoio sfaha, f.c. ncoxo-
numocfu yuacfun Ipufanuu n cnpohcuckou cucfcmc n kauccfnc
hpofunoncca fou ponu, kofopyk Icpmanun moina i hpuopccfu
ho ofnomcnuk k panuuu, ocnancnnou n nocnnom hnanc cnoumu
kononuaninimu onsafcnicfnamu.
Hauunan c konua 151 i. u no man 152 i. ncc fcxnuucckuc
fpynnocfu u ncc honufuucckuc hpchnfcfnun inu hpcononcni. Bo
npcmn saccnanun Afnanfuucckoio Concfa n uccaonc n qcnpanc
152 i., n xonc kofopoio inu fakxc ynonncfnopcni hpocii Ipc-
uuu u Typuuu o nxoxncnuu n aninnc, inu sanoxcni honufuucc-
kuc ocnoni komhpomucca. Icpmanun nonxna ina noufu n HATO,
no foniko hocnc honhucanun coinamcnuu, kacakmuxcn cc mcxny-
naponnoio cfafyca, u ucpcs cc yuacfuc n Inpohcuckom ooponu-
fcninom coomccfnc. Aninuuanc u amcpukanui coinacunuci hon-
hucafi ncknapauuk o nncmncu iapanfuu Coomccfny, kofopan
cnnsinana afnanfuucckyk cucfcmy c cnpohcuckou. 3noonncnniu
nohpoc o Caapc cfan hpcnmcfom cmc onnoio komhpomucca, qakfu-
uccku ofonnuianmcio pcmcnuc nohpoca o ynymcm pciuona, kofo-
piu ncmui yxc nc namcpunanuci ocfannnfi hon ucknkuufcninou
nnacfik qpanuyson u ofnocufcnino kofopoio onu ninnuianu unck
unfcpnauuonanusauuu n pamkax hnana cosnanun manou Inpohi.
Bcn sfa paofa sakonuunaci 2627 man 152 i., koina n Ionnc
inu honhucani noionopnic coinamcnun mcxny cncpafunnou
Icpmanucu u okkyhupykmumu cc ncpxanamu (26-io) u n Iapuxc
(27-io) yupcnufcniniu noionop Inpohcuckoio ooponufcninoio
coomccfna.
Ha ymaic hponcma hcpcnoopyxcnun Icpmanuu pcmanaci ho-
cpcncfnom qopmyni, ncnanmcu oucnunnou noiuucckyk cnnsi c mofu-
namu cosnanun IOYC. Chycfn nccio numi ccmi ncf hocnc okonuanun
Bfopou muponou nouni cnpohcuckoc opamncnuc chococfnonano,
ho kpauncu mcpc, cmniucnuk hocncncfnuu pcmunufapusauuu Icp-
manuu. Cxoncfno c IOYC ino sannncno n yfncpxncnuu hpunuuha,
coinacno kofopomy IOC nnnnnoci nannauuonaninim opianom nna-
cfu, nknkuakmum omuc uncfufyfi u omuu knxcf; cxoncfno
hpononxanoci n koncfufyuponanuu ananoiuunix opianon: Komuc-
capuafa (Bicmuu opian), Accamncu, Concfa munucfpon u Cyna.
775
Ofnuuuc saknkuanoci n pachpcncncnuu nnacfnix honnomouuu
nnyfpu IOC. B fo npcmn kak n yupcnufcninom akfc IOYC fopxc-
cfncnno hponosinamanoci onsafcnicfno uncnon Bicmcio opiana
nc honuunnficn uncfpykuunm coofncfcfnykmux nauuonaninix
hpanufcnicfn, u komhcfcnuun Concfa munucfpon oipanuuunanaci
hpocfou koopnunauuonnou unu unuuuupykmcu ponik, n noionopc
o IOC Concf munucfpon cfanonuncn honufuuccku nomunupykmum
opianom. Komuccapuaf onanan ncfanino hpohucannimu hpcpoia-
funamu, no Concf munucfpon in numcn komhcfcnuuu nahpannnfi
fckymyk ncnfcninocfi Komuccapuafa u pykononufi ck. Yfncpxna-
cmiu na cnonax hpunuuh nannauuonaninocfu ohponcpiancn n xonc
konkpcfnoio pachpcncncnun qynkuuu. B camom ncnc, Komuccapuaf
in opianom, sanucumim of nonu ofncninix hpanufcnicfn, hpohy-
mcnnou ucpcs qunifp Concfa munucfpon. Hfo kacacfcn cymccfna
ncna, fo naop komhpomuccon inyoko usmcnun hnan Incncna. Io-
cnoc nauuonaninoc honpasncncnuc, kofopoc qpanuysi micnunu
kak oucni nconimoc (honku), ino cocfanncno us ipyhh (hpak-
fuuccku apmcuckux kophycon, cqopmuponannix us nnyx nunusuu
pasnuunou nauuonaninou hpunanncxnocfu, xofn u otcnuncnnix
mcxnynaponnimu unfcnnanfckumu cnyxamu). Icpmanun nc moina
pachonaiafi npyiumu noopyxcnnimu cunamu, kpomc otcnuncn-
nix, n fo npcmn kak sfo hosnonnnoci npyium hnfu cfpanam, hon-
hucanmum noionop.
Cnoxniu xapakfcp hcpcionopon, sancpmunmuxcn honhucanucm
Ionnckoio u Iapuxckoio noionopon, ykasinan na fpynnocfu, ko-
fopic ncfpcfuf hpouccc ux pafuqukauuu co cfoponi nauuonani-
nix hapnamcnfon. Hmcnno foina nauancn onun us nauoncc myuu-
fcninix hcpuonon cnpohcuckou xusnu, hoka nc inu nauncni
chocoi nafi okonuafcniniu ofncf na nohpoci, kofopic foniko
kasanuci pcmcnnimu. Ofu nuckyccuu noncc nc inu oipanuucni
fcmu mccfik cfpanamu, kofopic honhucanu noionop o IOC. Ha-
hpofun, n nux omymanoci hpofunoncucfnykmcc nanncnuc Concf-
ckoio Coksa, nnunnuc npyiux afnanfuucckux coksnukon, a fakxc
ncoxunanniu honopof, kofopiu nauan hponnnnficn n omcu kap-
func mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu c 15J i., c nixonom na honcpx-
nocfi cfapix hponcm, ncoxunanno cfanmux akfyaninimu, u c
honnncnucm nonix cufyauuu, fpconanmux usmcncnun hosuuuu.
Iohifku nncmncio nanncnun ocymccfnnnnuci Concfckum Co-
ksom cmc no honhucanun noionopa. Concfi hpcnhpunnnu cuni-
niu nuhnomafuucckuu xon. Bosnpamanci k apiymcnfauuu, honnun-
mcucn cmc n nauanc nuckyccuu o hcpcnoopyxcnuu Icpmanuu, co-
ncfckoc hpanufcnicfno 1O mapfa 152 i. pachpocfpanuno nofy, n
kofopou cnona pasnunano fcmy noccocnuncnun Icpmanuu, honhuca-
776
nun mupnoio noionopa u ninona okkyhauuonnix nouck. o sfoio
momcnfa fam nc ino nuucio nonoio ho cpanncnuk c hpcxnumu
hosuuunmu; nonauun cocfonna n fom, ufo, xofn u ofcfaunanaci
konuchuun ncufpanufcfa noccocnuncnnou Icpmanuu, na sfof pas
nc ionopunoci o pasopyxcnuu, oncc foio, sa Icpmanucu ofkpifo
hpusnananoci hpano onanafi noopyxcnnimu cunamu (nascmni-
mu, mopckumu u nosnymnimu) n fou mcpc, n kakou ncoxonumo nnn
ooponi cfpani. Kpomc foio, concfckoc hpanufcnicfno hpcnnaiano
nosnpamcnuc ipaxnanckux u honufuucckux hpan fakxc u nuuam,
cnyxunmum n icpmanckou apmuu, u inmum nauucfam (n fom cny-
uac, ccnu onu nc inu ocyxncni sa concpmcnnic hpccfyhncnun).
Icui mna o ofnkni nc nfopocfchcnnix ycfyhkax. Cqopmynupo-
nannic n nauanc cfonknoncnun ho icpmanckomy nohpocy, n 147
14 ii., sfu hpcnnoxcnun moinu i cfafi ocnonou nnn pcanucfuu-
nix hcpcionopon. Cqopmynuponannic n mapfc 152 i., koina sa-
hannan cucfcma hpcononcnana hocncnnuc fpynnocfu n hpcnnncpuu
yxc ncuscxnoio coinamcnun, onu hpuopcfanu fcnncnuuosniu
xapakfcp. Onu honfncpxnanu, ufo Concfckuu Coks manuhynupo-
nan icpmanckou hponcmou ho cnocmy ycmofpcnuk, hpuchocanu-
nan cc k ocfonfcnicfnam, c ucnik cosnanun hpchnfcfnuu, kofopic
nc hosnonunu i sahannou koanuuuu nocfuui cnoux ucncu.
Hcnfpaninim achckfom concfckoio hpcnnoxcnun (kofopoc moi-
no i nnoni ofkpifi ncckonuacmyk nuckyccuk mcxny hpanufcni-
cfnamu u kofopoc nc ocfanoci cs ofknuka n omccfncnnom mnc-
nuu) ina nnoucfncnnocfi hosuuuu ho nohpocy o ncmokpafuucckux
xapakfcpucfukax noccocnuncnnou Icpmanuu. o cosnanun hpanu-
fcnicfna otcnuncnnou Icpmanuu nonxni inu cocfonficn nonic
niopi, no kakum opasom opianusonannic u konfponupycmic
cucfnufcnino nu pycckuc unu, foio onimc, kommynucfuucckuu
ahhapaf Bocfounou Icpmanuu inu iofoni coinacuficn c snckfo-
paninim ncpnukfom, kofopiu cosnan i ncufpaninyk, no, nos-
moxno, ypxyasnyk Icpmanuk Takoni inu ofkpific hponc-
mi, kofopic concfckan nofa ocfannnna ncpcmcnnimu, no kofopic
nananu sahannou nuhnomafuu nosmoxnocfi ofncpinyfi hpcnnoxc-
nuc Cfanuna, oxapakfcpusonannoc kak hpohaiannucfckoc.
Ionhucanuc Ionnckoio u Iapuxckoio coinamcnuu, kofopic
nonxni inu cfafi koncunou foukou nnn cnpohcuckou ooponi u
unfcipauuu, nnunoci, nahpofun, ofhpannim hynkfom nnn fpcnox-
nou kpufuku. Iponcma safpaiunana nc cfoniko Icpmanuk unu
cfpani Icnunkkca, inc cohpofunncnuc ohhosuuuu moino hpcono-
ncnaficn u hpcononcnanoci c ncikocfik. B ncsnauufcninou mcpc
ona kacanaci fakxc Hfanuu, inc conhana c ncoxunanno nnoni nchix-
nynmcu honcmukou ho honony cynii Tpuccfa. Bo npcmn honcmuku
777
onapyxunaci fcnncnuun k ynnsinanuk pafuqukauuu c nihonnc-
nucm onsafcnicfn, hpunnfix coksnukamu n ofnomcnuu Hfanuu, a
fakxc k fomy, ufoi hpukpinaficn ofcfananucm qpanuyson nnn oh-
pannanun ufaninnckou mcnnufcninocfu unu, oncc nosnimcnno, no
oncc hpcfcnuuosno k ninnuxcnuk fpconanun, ufoi pafuqu-
kauun cohponoxnanaci ynonncfnopufcninim xonom honiofonufcni-
nou paofi c ucnik cosnanun Inpohcuckoio honufuucckoio coo-
mccfna, kak sfo ino hpcnycmofpcno n cfafic J8 noionopa o IOC.
Bpaxncnocfi ho ofnomcnuk k pafuqukauuu noionopa o IOC
co cfoponi panuuu ina pcsynifafom otcnuncnun pasnoponnix
cun. Kommynucfuucckan hapfun nccina oponaci hpofun pcmunufa-
pusauuu Icpmanuu, kakumu i nu inu cc qopmi, us-sa camoio
qakfa, ufo sfa unuuuafuna nc yuufinana nosmoxnocfi yuacfun n
hcpcionopax Concfckoio Coksa u, nahpofun, nnoxnonnnnaci nnnim
cfpcmncnucm opafufi icpmanckuu pcnanmusm hpofun CCCI n ka-
uccfnc hcpcnonoio pycxa anfuconcfckou cucfcmi, cnoxunmcucn n
kahufanucfuucckom mupc. Ipunuuhuaninan ohhosuuun, nc cnnsan-
nan c ofnomcnunmu c CCCI, a nukfycman unconoiuucckumu mofu-
namu, ucxonuna of hpcncfanufcncu ncnoio kpina couuanucfuucckou
hapfuu (fakux, kak Zkni Mok) u nckofopix hpcncfanufcncu panu-
kaninou hapfuu (fakux, kak ananic, Oppuo u cam hpcsuncnf pcc-
hynuku Bcncan Opuoni). Co cfoponi ionnucfon (hpcncfanncnnix
foina n hapnamcnfc Otcnuncnucm qpanuysckoio napona), nahpo-
fun, nc ino hpunuuhuaninou ohhosuuuu n ofnomcnuu hcpcnoopy-
xcnun Icpmanuu, no cymccfnonana ofkpifan npaxncnocfi n ofno-
mcnuu qopmyni IOC n cnnsu c onuncnunmu n fom, ufo ona ncna k
yhpasnncnuk qpanuysckou apmuu u cc unfcipauuu n fak nasinac-
myk cnpohcuckyk apmuk hon amcpukanckum komannonanucm.
B sfou cufyauuu hpouccc pafuqukauuu nu na mai nc hponnu-
nyncn nhcpcn n fcucnuc nccio 152 i. Toniko n nnnapc 15J-io, c
qopmuponanucm hpanufcnicfna no inanc c panukanom Icnc Mcucpom
u c hpuxonom nnoni Zopxa Iuno na hocf munucfpa unocfpannix
ncn, nohpoc cfan paccmafpunaficn oncc ccpicsno. Onnako Mcucp
nc moi hpcncpciafi fcm qakfom, ufo cio hpanufcnicfncnnoc oni-
muncfno ino cqopmuponano c yuacfucm ionnucfon. Kpomc foio,
Iuno nc in snfysuacfom cnpohcusma, kak hokasana cio hocncnyk-
man honufuucckan snonkuun, n pcsynifafc kofopou on ncfan no
inanc nauoncc konccpnafunnix qpanuysckux cun. Iio osaofuna
hponcma pafuqukauuu, no hpu ycnonuu, ufo moxno yncf hpu-
chocoufi noionop k hofpcnocfnm honnoio noccfanonncnun qpan-
uysckou momu, kofopoc nccina nnnnnoci ucnik cio honufuucckou
ncnfcninocfu u sacfannnno ofncpiafi ncc fo, ufo on paccmafpunan
kak camoc nacfonmcc honcfpaunanuc hon hosuuuu ncmucn u amc-
pukanucn.
778
Ioka Iuno in sannf hcpcionopamu, nahpanncnnimu na fo,
ufoi onciuufi pafuqukauuk noionopa o IOC, a fakxc na ycunc-
nuc qpanuysckux hosuuuu nnyfpu Coomccfna, hpousomnu coi-
fun kpyhnoio macmfaa nnn nccu mcxnynaponnou xusnu u, cncno-
nafcnino, fakxc u nnn mcxnynaponnix nohpocon nnyfpu HATO,
cnnsannix c cnpohcuckou ooponou. Icpnim us sfux coifuu
cfano uspanuc n nonpc 152 i. (onnako, nomcnmum n cuny, ho
amcpukanckum sakonam, foniko n ccpcnunc nnnapn 15J i. c qop-
maninim ncfyhncnucm n nonxnocfi) icncpana Ouscnxayspa hpcsu-
ncnfom Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u nasnaucnuc iocynapcfncnnim cck-
pcfapcm xona ocfcpa anncca. Bfopim coifucm ina cmcpfi
Cfanuna 5 mapfa 15J i., u hpuxon k nnacfu konnciuaninoio pyko-
noncfna, pasnupacmoio opiou sa nuncpcfno u, cncnonafcnino, n
iopasno mcnimcu cfchcnu iofonoio k nuanoiy c nncmnum mupom,
no hapanokcaninim opasom nochpunumanmciocn kak pykononcfno,
oncc nnymakmcc noncpuc 3ahany, ucm hpcxnuu xosnun Kpcmnn.
Bnunnuc sfux usmcncnuu na qpanuysckyk nuckyccuk u na cu-
fyauuk n Inpohc nc moino, ccfccfncnno, ocfanaficn ncsamcucn-
nim. Hauunan c hcpnoio cnocio nusufa n Inpohy n qcnpanc 15J i.
anncc nipasun n yipoxakmcu qopmc fouky spcnun nonou anmu-
nucfpauuu, hpunumanmcu na ccn ofncfcfncnnocfi sa nacncnuc,
honyucnnoc of Tpymsna, hpu ycnonuu, ufo npyiuc cfpani Afnan-
fuucckoio coksa ucfko hponcmoncfpupykf cnok iofonnocfi cncno-
nafi ho uspannomy hyfu. B cnyuac, ccnu noionop o IOC nc yncf
pafuquuuponan ncmcnncnno, amcpukanui ynyf ninyxncni hcpc-
cmofpcfi cnok cfpafciuk n Inpohc (sfo on ckasan n fof camiu hcp-
niu nusuf). Mano sqqckfunnimu okasanuci hohifku qpanuyson
ninnunyfi amcpukanuam pnn fpconanuu: honncpxka n Caapckom
nohpocc, yncnuucnuc homomu n Hnnokufac u qopmaninoc hpusna-
nuc ponu panuuu kak ncnymcu sahannou ncpxani. Hs nccx sfux
fpconanuu amcpukanui inu cknonni hpunnfi no nnumanuc numi
fc, ufo kacanuci nohpoca o Hnnokufac.
Bncmnuc usmcncnun, koncanun Hfanuu, napacfakmcc na-
cfyhncnuc hpofunnukon Inpohcuckoio ooponufcninoio coomc-
cfna numi yxynmunu ocfanonky u ofnanunu fof momcnf, koina
hpanufcnicfno n Iapuxc houyncfnonano, ufo ono cmoxcf hocfa-
nufi hcpcn Hauuonaninim copanucm nohpoc o pafuqukauuu,
paccuufinan na ychcx. C npyiou cfoponi, nohpcku mnoium oxuna-
nunm, usmcncnun n nicmcm pykononcfnc cncpxncpxan, nmccfo
foio, ufoi ninuficn n oocfpcnuc omcu nahpnxcnnocfu, of-
kpinu nckofopyk nancxny na nuanoi ho nccm nuckyccuonnim
hponcmam, nknkuan icpmanckuu nohpoc, ufo no panuuu moino
nisnafi foniko napacfanuc koncanuu comncnakmuxcn.
77
Cfouno nu hpunocufi xcpfni, cnnsannic c IOC, koina concf-
ckan yiposa ocnacnana n hpcnnaianaci konqcpcnuun ucfipcx
B camom ncnc, umcnno uncn hcpcionopon c Concfckum Coksom
honckasana kak hpanufcnicfny onnona, fak u, hpcxnc nccio, hpa-
nufcnicfny Bamunifona yncpcnnocfi n fom, ufo fakuc hcpcionopi
ynyf umcfi nyumuu pcsynifaf, ccnu ux nccfu c hosuuuu cuni, fo
ccfi koina sahannan cucfcma konconunupycfcn. Ofo hoynuno oa
hpanufcnicfna nosononufi nanncnuc, ufoi yckopufi pafuquka-
uuk, umcnno n fof momcnf, koina nnyfpcnnnn cufyauun no pan-
uuu yxynmanaci, u Hauuonaninoc copanuc cosnanano ncc onc
puckonannic napuanfi onimuncfna c fcm, ufoi qopmuponafi
ncc oncc cnaic hpanufcnicfna. B ocfanonkc pacfymcio pasnpa-
xcnun u ncyncpcnnocfu pufanckan cfopona nickasinana coxanc-
nuc ho honony qpanuysckux ynonok u nomna no yiposi ofosnafi
aninuuckuc noucka c konfuncnfa. Amcpukanui nanu nixon cnocmy
pasnpaxcnuk, koina n pcuu n ccpcnunc nckapn n Afnanfuucckom
Concfc, anncc nickasan yiposy myuufcninoio hcpccmofpa amc-
pukanckou honufuku n ofnomcnuu Inpohi. Ofof mofun hpocmaf-
punancn c momcnfa cio ncfyhncnun n nonxnocfi, onnako ccuuac on
fpancqopmuponancn n yiposy u manfax n ofnomcnuu koncanuu
qpanuyson. Icpcn nuuom fakoio ofnomcnun co cfoponi coksnu-
kon nnn qpanuyson n ncucfnufcninocfu ofhananu hpuuuni omy-
mafi hpounocfi nocnnix ys, cocnunnnmux ux c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu. Anifcpnafuna anncca ofnanana hpcnhoufcnuc hcpcnoopy-
xcnuk Icpmanuu hcpcn saofou o ounuunocfu u iopnocfu pan-
uuu, cnocu hocfonnnou coksnuui, xofn coksnuui u ounuunou,
ncnoncpuunou, a fakxc nonncucnnou n cocfonnuc kpusuca kononu-
aninimu hponcmamu u cnaocfik nnyfpcnncio pcxuma.
25 nnnapn 154 i. n Icpnunc cocfonnaci ucfipcxcfoponnnn
konqcpcnuun, hpcnnoxcnnan Hncnom, pufanckum munucfpom
unocfpannix ncn, nnn ocyxncnun cnpohcuckux hponcm. Ona ina
hpcpnana 18 qcnpann cs kakoio-nuo pcsynifafa, no c onsafcni-
cfnom nosononufi paofy n ahpcnc, c yuacfucm hpcncfanufcncu
Haponnoio Kufan u nnyx Kopcu nnn ocyxncnun hcpcmupun n Iani-
miniuxonc u unnokufauckoio kpusuca. C sfoio momcnfa cnnsi
mcxny onsafcnicfnamu qpanuyson n Hnnokufac, pasmcpom amcpu-
kanckou homomu u honhucanucm noionopa o yupcxncnuu IOC
cfanonunaci ncc oncc oucnunnou. B cnunom nuhnomafuucckom
cucnapuu cocnununuci pasnuunic achckfi qpanuysckoio kpusuca,
onnako yxynmcnuc nocnnou ocfanonku n Hnnokufac hpunanano
sfou hponcmc hpuopufcfniu xapakfcp nnn qpanuysckou honufu-
ucckou xusnu. B cnnsu c ncchoconocfik nocfuui pcmcnun hyfcm
hpumcncnun cuni 12 uknn hano hpanufcnicfno Zoscqa anicnn.
78O
nymn nnnmu hosnncc cqopmuponafi noniu kauncf ino hopyuc-
no panukan-couuanucfy Iicpy Mcnncc-pancy, onnomy us nauo-
ncc anfopufcfnix nuunocfcu no qpanuysckou honufuucckou xus-
nu naionapn cio mopaninim kauccfnam. On ycfanonun nnn cnocio
hpanufcnicfna ucfkuu hopnnok hpuopufcfon: n fcucnuc 1OO nncu
cncnycf nocfuui pcmcnun unnokufauckoio kpusuca, safcm cncnycf
paccmofpcfi npyiuc hponcmi Tynuc, Mapokko, no hpcxnc ncc-
io hponcmy IOC.
Tof qakf, ufo Mcnncc-panc nahpanun nck cnok sncpiuk na
hcpcionopi ho Hnnokufak u nouncn n pcsynifafc komhpomucca
nccima niionnoio nnn qpanuyson, yuufinan nocnnyk cufyauuk,
nnyman noncpuc k pcanusauuu namcucnnoio um ipaquka. Hfo ka-
uacfcn IOC, fo on hopyuun usyucnuc hponcmi pafuqukauuu
ipyhhc, cocfonmcu us nnyx munucfpon, icncpana Kcnuia, hpofun-
nuka pafuqukauuu, u munucfpa Iypxcc-Monypu, cc cfoponnuka.
Cam on uscian sanumafi cnumkom onnosnaunyk hosuuuk, sa uc-
knkucnucm foio, ufo cpasy xc opuconan annccy honoxcnuc nc-
mcu: n Hauuonaninom copanuu panuuu nc cymccfnonano oni-
muncfna n honncpxky IOC. Iosfomy hponcma moina ifi pcmcna
hpu homomu houcka nauoncc mupokoio konccncyca nokpyi qop-
mynuponok, nuskux k qopmynuponkam camoio noionopa o cosna-
nuu IOC.
Iosnncc ocyxnanoci, ina nu ofnocufcninan xononnocfi Mcn-
ncc-panca ho ofnomcnuk k IOC n kakou-fo mcpc otncnuma
naiohpunfnim pcsynifafom, nocfuinyfim ho nohpocy o Hnnoku-
fac. Bipaxanci ncncc, omcnnn nu qpanuysckuu hpcmicp ofkas of
IOC na komhpomucc n Hnnokufac. okasafcnicfn, kofopic hon-
fncpxnanu i fakou omcn, nc cymccfnycf; n fo xc npcmn nocfoncp-
no usnccfno, ufo n xonc hcpcionopon c Monofonim Mcnncc-panc
nc ckpinan fpynnocfcu cnoxunmcucn cufyauuu, no in nccima
fncpn n samufc onsafcnicfn, kofopic cnnsinanu panuuk c cc
sahannimu coksnukamu. Ocfonfcnicfno, kofopoc moxno koncfa-
fuponafi sfo fo, ufo on nc in ycxncn n hpanuninocfu pcmc-
nun, hpcnnoxcnnoio IOC, u ufo, cncnonafcnino, on nc omyman
ccn cnnsannim onsafcnicfnom samumafi noionop no hocncnncio.
Onnako sfo nc osnauacf, ufo on namcpcnancn n hpunuuhc ofka-
saficn of hcpcnoopyxcnun Icpmanuu.
Iaofa, hopyucnnan munucfpam Kcnuiy u Iypxcc-Monypu, nc
hpuncna nu k kakomy pcsynifafy, u n aniycfc Mcnncc-panc pcmun
nsnfi na ccn nuuno ofncfcfncnnocfi sa houck nixona, noncpun
paspaofky anifcpnafunnix hpockfon nckofopim us cnoux cofpyn-
nukon. B pcsynifafc sfoio sfaha paofi cfano ncno, ufo cocfonnuc
hponcmi nc usmcnunoci ho cpanncnuk c 152 i.: hpchnfcfnun
781
nnn pafuqukauuu saknkuanuci n nannauuonaninom xapakfcpc pc-
mcnun u n ncoxonumocfu ofcfaunafi ncsanucumocfi qpanuysckux
noopyxcnnix cun.
B pcsynifafc yhopnou paofi 18 aniycfa n Ipkcccnc cmoinu
copaficn hpcncfanufcnu mccfu cfpan-uncnon coomccfna. Mcn-
ncc-panc namcpcnancn ninnunyfi cnou hpcnnoxcnun, kofopic n
hpcnmccfnykmuc nnu on usnoxun amcpukanckum u pufanckum
hpcncfanufcnnm, nc nisnan y nux nukakoio snfysuasma, a, nahpo-
fun, hpcnpachonoxun ux k pcskou anfuqpanuysckou pcakuuu. Ofu
hpcnnoxcnun hpcnycmafpunanu pnn usmcncnuu n opuiunaninom
fckcfc coinamcnun, onopcnnom n mac 152 i. Ancnaysp honcuufan,
ufo onu safponynu i n omcu cnoxnocfu 65 honoxcnuu noionopa
u ufo ho kpauncu mcpc 47 us nux hofpconanu i hcpccmofpa noh-
poca hapnamcnfamu, yxc pafuquuuponanmumu opuiunaniniu fckcf.
Ipu fakux hpcnhocinkax konqcpcnuun, qakfuuccku honiofannu-
nanman sqqckfunnic pcmcnun, kofopic cncnonano hpunnfi hocnc
ncuscxnoio hponana noionopa, cncnaci k cfonknoncnuk mcxny
qpanuysckum hpcmicp-munucfpom (yfncpxnanmum, ufo on iofon
hocfanufi nohpoc o noncpuu hpanufcnicfny n cnnsu c pafuqukauu-
cu foniko hpu ycnonuu, ufo cio hpcnnoxcnun ho usmcncnuk, unu
ux cymccfncnnan uacfi, ynyf hpunnfi) u npyiumu yuacfnukamu,
uchifinanmumu nanncnuc co cfoponi amcpukanucn u aninuuan.
B kakou-fo momcnf hcpcionopi hpuopcnu n onimcu cfchcnu
xapakfcp cfonknoncnun, ucm nuckyccuu mcxny coksnukamu, cfonk-
noncnun, n kofopom qpanuysi okasanuci houfu n honnou usonn-
uuu, okpyxcnnic npaxncnim ncnoncpucm. B ccpcnunc paofi
anncc nicfyhun c iposnim hocnanucm k cniiuuckomy hpcmicp-
munucfpy Chaaky, n kofopom ionopunoci: Icnu Bi coinacni u
ccnu, ho Bamcmy mncnuk, ocfanonka n Ipkcccnc ncnacf sfo xc-
nafcninim, fo co cnocu cfoponi, n i nc umcn nospaxcnuu hpo-
fun foio, ufoi Bi hpounqopmuponanu munucfpon n Ipkcccnc,
ufo n xofcn i ninnunyfi hpcnnoxcnuc o ncmcnncnnom cosinc co-
ncmanun, n kofopom hpunnnu i yuacfuc cfpani Icnunkkca, Icp-
manun, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi u Cocnuncnnoc Koponcncfno. y-
mak, cncnonano i honcnufi, ufo ucnik sfou ncfpcuu nonxno
cfafi cpounoc paccmofpcnuc nohpoca o naunyumcm chococ kak
hpucocnuncnun Icpmanuu k 3ahany na ocnonc qopmaninoio pa-
ncncfna, fak u pcanusauuu hcpcnoopyxcnun Icpmanuu.
Ton yipoxakmuu, kofopiu anncc honfopun n hocnanuu k
Mcnncc-pancy, nc honuman foio, ufo ncnocfafounan honncpxka
qpanuysckux fpconanuu n cfoni fpynniu nnn xusnu pcchynuku
momcnf yncf chococfnonafi usonnuuu panuuu, ofnannn cc of
coksnukon na konfuncnfc u n mupc u honfankunan cc k oncc iny-
782
okomy kpusucy n cocfonnuu usonnuuu u c omymcnucm, ufo ona
honncpinaci ncoocnonannomy ocfpakusmy; n kpafkocpounou u
noniocpounou hcpchckfunc sfo nc moino chococfnonafi ycuncnuk
sahannou conunapnocfu, kofopyk, nahpofun, paspyman noimafusm
anncca. Toniko naionapn upcsniuaunou iukocfu cnpohcuucn
ncckoniko mccnucn chycfn inu ycfpancni npcnnic hocncncfnun
nmcmafcnicfna anncca nakanync u no npcmn paofi Ipkcccni-
ckou konqcpcnuuu. Onnako cc hponan in hpcnpcmcn.
Cnono hpcnocfannnnoci, nakoncu, qpanuysckomy hapnamcnfy.
Mcnncc-panc nc hufan unnksuu ho sfomy honony. Zan-Zak
Ccpnan-Upcucp, inanniu pcnakfop xypnana Okchpccc, n fo
npcmn fccno cofpynnuuanmuu c qpanuysckum hpcmicp-munucfpom,
nahucan cucnapuu. Hcoxonumo naufu choco, hucan on Mcn-
ncc-pancy, nuknunuponafi IOC fuxo (c homomik yfncpxncnun
honccfku nnn unu ho hpoucnypc), nc cfann nohpoc ho cymccfny na
ionoconanuc. 3afcm cncnycf cosnafi onimyk konqcpcnuuk kpyh-
ncumux sahannix ncpxan u naufu nonyk cnpohcuckyk qopmyny c
yuacfucm Aninuu u honfncpnufi ncoxonumocfi hcpcnoopyxcnun
Icpmanuu n qopmax, ofnuuakmuxcn of fcx, ufo hpcnycmafpuna-
nuci IOC.
B ncucfnufcninocfu ncafi n Hauuonaninom copanuu coof-
ncfcfnonanu hpcnnuncnunm Ccpnan-Upcucpa. 2 aniycfa 154 i.
nauanaci nuckyccun ho noionopy. Ipcncfanncnuk icncpanom Anoni-
qom Omcpanom hpcnnapufcninou pcsonkuuu, fpconanmcu, ufoi
fckcf in ofncpinyf cs ocyxncnun, hpcnmccfnonanu hpoucnyp-
nic cxnafku. Ionoconanuc cocfonnoci JO aniycfa, koina sfa hpcn-
napufcninan pcsonkuun ina onopcna J1 ionocamu hpofun 264.
Cynia IOC ina okonuafcnino pcmcna.
9.3.5. PO+,EHUE BAHA,HOEBPOHEUCKOFO COLBA (BEC)
Mcnncc-panc, otnnunmuu o ncyuacfuu hpanufcnicfna n pc-
mcnuu nannoio nohpoca, otncnun cpasy xc, ufo ionoconanuc
qpanuysckoio Hauuonaninoio copanun nc osnauano ofkasa of
afnanfuucckou conunapnocfu. Hccmofpn na sfo, ncmcnncnnic ho-
cncncfnun inu nccima omyfumimu. K ynonncfnopcnuk hpofun-
nukon IOC noanunoci uyncfno pacfcpnnnocfu u pasouaponanun.
Iacfcpnnnocfu cnpohcucfon, hockoniky hponan ionoconanun ho
IOC, kofopoc onu ycxncnno honncpxunanu, hocnc foio, kak
copanuc uJ hoc sancpmuno honiofonufcninyk paofy ho ycfany
Inpohcuckoio honufuucckoio coomccfna, osnauan fakxc ofknani-
nanuc na ncohpcncncnnoc npcmn pcanusauuk ux nancxn. Iasouapo-
nanun nccx fcx, kfo no panuuu u sa cc hpcncnamu cuufanu, ufo
78J
ionoconanuc nuucio nc pcmacf, hockoniky ono ocfanuno ncpcmcn-
nim nohpoc o hcpcnoopyxcnuu Icpmanuu u nohpoc o pcunfcipa-
uuu cncpafunnou Icchynuku n cucfcmy sahannix cokson.
Bcc smouuonaninic pcakuuu inu, onnako, icfpo hpcononc-
ni c nosnpamcnucm nuhnomafuucckou nuckyccuu k ucnfpaninou
hponcmc ocyxncnun. Hauuonaninoc copanuc panuuu ofncpi-
no nc konuchuuk pcmunufapusauuu Icpmanuu, a choco kakum
hpcnycmafpunanoci cc ocymccfnncnuc n yupcnufcninom noionopc
IOC. Ofncpiancn hpcxnc nccio, hycfi u hpuinymcnniu, nannauuo-
naniniu akucnf n concpxanuu noionopa. panuun, cnnsannan
onsafcnicfnamu n Hnnokufac, a hocnc Zcncnckux coinamcnuu
n Ccncpnou Aqpukc u no nccu cnocu umhcpuu, omymana ncoxo-
numocfi coxpanufi cocfncnnic noopyxcnnic cuni, cnoonnic of
onsafcnicfn, hpunumacmix ho kakum-nuo hononam npyiumu hpa-
nufcnicfnamu.
Hc cnyuauno, ionoconanuc cocfonnoci ho hpoucnypnou pcso-
nkuuu. B ncucfnufcninocfu, sfo hosnonuno uscxafi nuckyccuu
ho cymccfny u ofknonufi IOC, nc ofncpian cio honufuucckoc co-
ncpxanuc. Kopouc ionopn, hocnc ionoconanun JO aniycfa moxno
ino ncpnyficn k nc umcnmcmy ychcxa cucnapuk, hpcncfanncnno-
my Mcnncc-pancom n Ipkcccnc. panuun coinacunaci i c hc-
pcnoopyxcnucm Icpmanuu, ccnu i nohpoc in hocfanncn fakum
opasom, ufoi nc ockopnnfi uyncfna honufuucckoio ucfcnum-
mcnfa, kofopiu n fcucnuc oncc ucm nnyx ncf omyman ccn inyo-
ko ncfpcnoxcnnim hohifkamu ipyoio nmcmafcnicfna usnnc n cio
cnoony hpunnfun pcmcnuu. Hmcnno sfo ncnano ncnosmoxnim
unuuuuponanuc nosononncnun hcpcionopon co cfoponi Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon, inc Ouscnxaysp, snanmuu ho nuunomy ohify
qpanuysckuu mcnfanufcf, ofnanan ccc ofucf n ncnukafnocfu cufy-
auuu. Takan sanaua nihana na nonk Bcnukopufanuu, kofopan
nonxna ina, oncc nchocpcncfncnno nonnckanci n houck pcmcnun
nannou hponcmi, opianusonafi konqcpcnuuk c ucnik oxnanufi
nahpnxcnnocfi u nosononufi nuanoi. Ofo ncpnyno i anino-qpan-
uysckomy coinacuk poni mocfa ho ofnomcnuk k hcpccmofpcnnim
qopmynuponkam anncca, kofopic nonxni inu noanufi k qpan-
uysckum comncnunm nchocpcncfncnnoc cnuxcnuc Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon u Icpmanuu, a safcm ncmcnncnnoc ncfyhncnuc hcpcnoopy-
xcnnou Icpmanuu n HATO. nn foio ufoi uscxafi sfoio pucka,
ncoxonumo ino naufu cnpohcuckyk, no nc cnpohcucfckyk
qopmyny.
B fakou ocfanonkc nnoni nchomnunu hpo Ipkcccnickuu hakf
of 17 mapfa 148 i., uncfufyf, hpcinanmuu hocnc honhucanun
Afnanfuucckoio hakfa n ncfapiuucckom cnc, no nnnnnmuucn naxnim
784
hpcucncnfom, hockoniky on hpcnycmafpunan pufanckoc yuacfuc n
cnpohcuckou ooponc. Ioucmy i nc ucxonufi us sfoio hakfa, mo-
nuquuuponan cio n coofncfcfnuu c ncoxonumocfik yuacfun n ncm
Hfanuu u cncpafunnou Icchynuku Icpmanuu Hcmnoium oncc
ncncnu chycfn hocnc hponana ionoconanun ho IOC aninuuckan nuh-
nomafun nauana hponnuiaficn n nannom nahpanncnuu, u Hncny,
nnnnnmcmycn inannim ncucfnykmum nuuom sfoio nuhnomafuucc-
koio sfaha, ynanoci nocfuui nocfafounoio konccncyca ho ofnomc-
nuk k qopmync, hpcnycmafpunanmcu nosmoxnocfi onnonpcmcnno-
io nxoxncnun Icpmanuu n HATO u n Ipkcccnickuu hakf hpu yc-
nonuu, ufo snauumocfi sfou nfopou opianusauuu honyuuf makcu-
maninoc hpusnanuc.
B fakou ocfanonkc n onnonc 27 ccnfnpn ina cosnana kon-
qcpcnuun ncnnfu (mccfi uncnon IOC hnkc Cocnuncnnic Ufafi,
Bcnukopufanun u Kanana). Hncn, hcpcxunanmuu n sfof hcpuon
onun us nauoncc sqqckfnix momcnfon cnocu honufuucckou ka-
picpi, in nmccfc c opun Oqquc ycxncn n ncoxonumocfu
komhpomucca c panuucu. Cfauninocfi sahannou cucfcmi, of
kofopou sanuccna nkan nosmoxnocfi nuanoia c Concfckum Co-
ksom, moina ifi nocfuinyfa foniko c yuacfucm qpanuyson. Ionn,
xofn u umcn snaucnuc, nc moi samcnufi Iapux. Hncn ononncn-
nou enrenre corJiul, nyxnou nnn iapmonusauuu amcpukanckux nuc-
conancon u nnn hoompcnun cnpohcuckoio cofpynnuuccfna nc na
qcncpafunnou ocnonc, oucnunanaci kak nosmoxniu nixon us ho-
noxcnun. Cuufanoci, ufo umcn n nuny ofnomcnun mcxny Bocfokom
u 3ahanom, hpcnhoufufcnincc yuacfnonafi n nuanoic c Mocknou
hpu honncpxkc Mcnncc-panca, ncxcnu hpu npaxncnou hosuuuu
packonofou u uckymacmou ncufpanucfckumu pcmcnunmu panuuu.
Iuck, ufo panuun moxcf cfafi cafcnnufom sui generis Concfckoio
Coksa, nukoina nc ncnooucnunancn pufanckou nuhnomafucu.
Bhpoucm, Mcnncc-panc, co cnocu cfoponi, in occhokocn (kak
ofmcuacf Anfonuo Bapcopu) nosnukmcu nahpnxcnnocfik, o ucm
cnuncfcnicfnonano honfncpxncnuc cio cfpcmncnun k pcanusauuu
ncucfnufcninoio hpumupcnun c Icpmanucu.
Ha asc sfux hpcnhocinok 28 ccnfnpn 154 i. (mcnimc, ucm
ucpcs mccnu hocnc hponana ionoconanun ho IOC) nauanaci paofa
onnonckou konqcpcnuuu, kofopan cpasy xc sannnaci cyfik noh-
poca. Hauoncc hpocfim pcmcnucm hpcncfannnnaci nosmoxnocfi
nosponufi k xusnu Ipkcccnickuu hakf. Hncn honfncpnun iapan-
fuu, ufo Bcnukopufanun nc nincncf cnou noucka us Inpohi cs
onopcnun Bcpxonnoio coksnoio komannonanun u fakum opasom
hocfanun ccn n honoxcnuc iapanfa hpounocfu coinamcnun, kofo-
poc nauunano hpunumafi n onimcu cfchcnu xapakfcp qopmaninoio
785
coksa, a nc unfcipuponannou cucfcmi. Iaofa konqcpcnuuu sakon-
uunaci J okfnpn makcumanino nosmoxnim coinamcnucm, kofopoc
hpcnycmafpunano nosnpamcnuc honnoio cyncpcnufcfa cncpafun-
nou Icchynukc Icpmanuu u kocncnno hpcnhonaiano n kauccfnc
nixona us cnoxunmcucn cufyauuu hpucocnuncnuc Icpmanuu k Af-
nanfuucckomy hakfy.
Komuccun skchcpfon n fcucnuc houfu mccnua usyuana kpunu-
ucckuc qopmynuponku, n kofopic cncnonano oncui hpunuuhuani-
noc coinamcnuc. Ha sfom sfahc nnoni hokasanoci cnocnpcmcnnim
hpuykpamunanuc cyponou pcaninocfu nocfuinyfix noionopcnnoc-
fcu nckofopou cnpohcucfckou mumypou. Iino ycnonncnno, ufo no-
nan opianusauun yncf nasnana: 3ahannocnpohcuckuu coks (3IC).
Ipcnycmafpunanoci, ufo 3IC yncf onanafi cnocu omcu apmucu,
yhpannncmou Concfom hpcncfanufcncu hpanufcnicfn, u ufo on yncf
fakxc umcfi Accamnck c koncynifafunnimu qynkuunmu, cosnan-
nyk n coofncfcfnuu c oiunou hpoucnypou nchpnmoio ionocona-
nun. nn iapanfuu foio, ufo nu onna us cfpan-yuacfnuu nc cmoxcf
niufu sa ohpcncncnnic hpcncni hcpcnoopyxcnun, cosnananoci
fakxc Aicnfcfno ho konfponk nan noopyxcnunmu, kofopoc nonxno
ino hpunumafi pcmcnun foniko cnunoinacno.
Icsynifafi sfou paofi ocyxnanuci na nonou mcxhpanufcni-
cfncnnou konqcpcnuuu, cocfonnmcucn n Iapuxc 2O2J okfnpn,
kofopan cs ocoix fpynnocfcu hpumna k coinamcnuk ho honony
nonoio fckcfa coinamcnun, honncxanmcio pafuqukauuu hapna-
mcnfamu. Iocnc ycfpancnun achckfon, cchokounmux ionnucfon u
qpanuysckux ymcpcnnix, noniu noionop nc ncfpcfun ccpicsnix
fpynnocfcu. 5 man 155 i. hpouccc pafuqukauuu in sancpmcn.
3IC nauan concpmafi hcpnic ocfopoxnic maiu na cnocm ckpomnom
hyfu; a, mcxny fcm, Icpmanun honyuuna nosmoxnocfi hcpcnoopy-
xuficn u ncfyhufi n HATO.
Inuncfncnnim ccpicsnim hpchnfcfnucm na hyfu k pcanusauuu
coinamcnun ocfananaci hponcma Caapa. Iocnc yfpafi nancxn na
cio honnyk annckcuk qpanuysi n honcmukc nokpyi cosnanun IOC
ofcfaunanu nosmoxnocfi unfcpnauuonanusauuu, nauoncc qynk-
uuonaninyk n cnnsu c cosnanucm cnpohcuckou nocnno-honufuucc-
kou cfpykfypi. Iponan ionoconanun ho IOC nancc ynap ho sfomy
hpockfy u fcxnuucckum hnanam, kofopic, ho hopyucnuk Concfa In-
pohi, usyuanuci chcuuaninou komuccucu. Onnako Mcnncc-panc
hpononxan u no npcmn Iapuxckou konqcpcnuuu nacfaunafi na
qpanuysckom hpcnnoxcnuu.
Io sfomy nohpocy qpanko-icpmanckan nuckyccun nocfuina
npamafuucckoio huka, u foniko c fpynom na ipanu hponana in
nocfuinyf komhpomucc. On hpcnycmafpunan unfcpnauuonanusauuk
786
Caapa u cio yhpanncnuc cnpohcuckum komuccapom, ofncfcfncnnim
hcpcn Concfom munucfpon 3IC. Iocnc ncfyhncnun n cuny noionopa
o 3IC nonxna ina nauaficn fpcxmccnunan kamhanun honiofonku
k pcqcpcnnymy o hpunuuhc unfcpnauuonanusauuu. afa pcqcpcn-
nyma ina nasnaucna na 2J okfnpn 155 i. B kamhanuu honiofonku
k pcqcpcnnymy moinu hpunumafi yuacfuc fakxc u hpoicpmanckuc
hapfuu. Ofu hocncnnuc pasncpnynu akfunnyk aiufauuk hpofun
unfcpnauuonanusauuu u oncpxanu hocny. Ipunuuh unfcpnauuona-
nusauuu in hponancn honannnkmum onimuncfnom. B fof momcnf
nuckyccun ho sfomy nohpocy fcopcfuuccku moina ifi ofkpifa
nnoni, hockoniky ofkas of unfcpnauuonanusauuu nc onsafcnino
hpcnhonaian nosnpamcnuc Caapa Icpmanuu. Onnako, ocfanonka
no qpanko-icpmanckux ofnomcnunx u cfpafciuucckoc snaucnuc
Caapa fcm npcmcncm usmcnunuci fakum opasom, ufo honfankunanu
k hpumupcnuk.
B okfnpc 156 i. hpanufcnicfna Iapuxa u Ionna noionopunuci,
ufo Caap n honufuucckom hnanc ncpncfcn hon icpmanckuu cyncpc-
nufcf nauunan c 1 nnnapn 157 i. u ufo ucpcs fpu iona honufuucc-
kuu coks yncf nohonncn skonomuucckum otcnuncnucm, n omcn
na kofopoc panuun honyuana naxnic iapanfuu n ofnomcnuu ho-
cfanok yinn u ocymccfnncnun nanuiauuu ho Moscnk n nahpannc-
nuu, occhcuunakmcm fopionic cnnsu hponunuuu ofapuniun.
Iapuxckumu coinamcnunmu u ux ncfyhncnucm n cuny sancp-
muncn nauanmuucn n 147 i. hcpuon cfpoufcnicfna unfcipuponan-
nou ooponnou cucfcmi 3ahana. B ccpcnunc 155 i. sfa ucni ina
nocfuinyfa. Hc nccina hpouccc in hpnmonuncunim, u ncc-faku
pcsynifaf in snauufcncn, hockoniky on nipaxan pcmumocfi sa-
hannocnpohcuckux cfpan ycununafi cnou cnnsu u hpuncpxunaficn
hpunuuha coksnix ofnomcnuu c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu kak
hocfynafon cnocu mcxnynaponnou honufuku. Hccmofpn na usmcnc-
nun, hpousomcnmuc fcm npcmcncm n Concfckom Coksc, hofpcnocfi
n konconunauuu unu, founcc, hofpcnocfi hpunafi nnyfpucnpo-
hcuckum ofnomcnunm ucfkoc u ohpcncncnnoc ycfpoucfno, noso-
nanana nan uckymcnucm ncpnyficn k fpanuuunm nauuonaninix io-
cynapcfn. ocfuxcnuc sfux ucncu nc cohponoxnanoci pcanusauucu
nccx nancxn fcx, kfo ofcfaunan ncoxonumocfi oncc fccnoio
cnpohcuckoio coksa. Onnako ofcyfcfnuc kpunuucckux qopm nc
hpchnfcfnonano fomy, ufoi hocfchcnno cknaninanaci fpanuuun
cofpynnuuccfna, kofopan safcm hpunacf 3ahannou Inpohc nonoc
honufuucckoc nuuo.
Moxcf hokasaficn, ufo hosuuuu qpanuyson ho honony hcpc-
noopyxcnun Icpmanuu yncnnnoci cfoniko mccfa n usnoxcnuu us-sa
787
cc cunfcfuucckoio xapakfcpa, u cs comncnun sfo coopaxcnuc yncf
hpanuninim. Onnako myuufcninic comncnun panuuu n ofnomcnuu
pcmunufapusauuu Icpmanuu saknkuanu n ccc hocncncfnun, kofo-
pic nc moiyf u nc nonxni ncnooucnunaficn. Onu ofpaxanu kpu-
suc honufuucckoio pcxuma, ocnonannoio na nonocnnix ucnnocfnx
u ncc cmc nc ocymccfnunmcio moncpnusauuk. Coofncfcfncnno onu
ofpaxanu kpusuc fuhuuno cnpohcuckou nncmncu honufuku, fo
ccfi konuchuuu nncmncu honufuku, hocfpocnnou kak ncpxannan,
ocnonannou na umhcpckux ohopax n mupc, hcpcxunakmcm kpusuc
u nauano konua kononuanusma. Onu ofpaxanu fakxc fpynniu
hpouccc hpunikanun k ncoxonumocfu hcpcufu of ofkpifou kon-
qponfauuu c cnpohcuckum hpofunnukom k usnypufcninomy hpo-
ucccy hcpcionopon, kofopiu, onnako, cinaxunan konqnukfi u
hpchnfcfnonan ux yinyncnuk. Onu ofpaxanu, nahpofun, ocosna-
nuc oocnonannocfu foio, o ucm amcpukanckan cfopona sannnnna
nauunan c 147 i. (a, nosmoxno, u panimc), a umcnno ufo Inpoha
cmoxcf ofoufu of fpanuuuonnix qopm mcxnynaponnoio coomc-
cfna u usopccfu nonic qopmi.
B sfom hnanc qpanuysckuu niop cfonknyncn c hponcmou no-
noio cnpohcuckoio ycfpoucfna, a fakxc c hponcmou hocfpocnun
unfcipuponannou u otcnuncnnou Inpohi n coofncfcfnuu c oncc
unu mcncc xccfkumu kpufcpunmu. nn fpanuuuu qpanuysckoio
nauuonanusma sfo ino oncsncnnoc cfonknoncnuc, kofopoc, on-
nako, n cpcnnccpounou u noniocpounou hcpchckfunc sacfanuf ho-
nonomy ocosnanafi cnpohcuckuc hponcmi.
Hnimu cnonamu, n ucnom qpanuysckuu kpusuc nnnnncn cnunc-
fcnicfnom fpynnocfcu, ucpcs hpcononcnuc kofopix mcnnncn cfa-
piu choco ocymccfnncnun nncmnux cnomcnuu; cnuncfcnicfnom
foio, ufo cfcpcofuhi coinamcnuu unu hpofunocfonnuu, sahcuaf-
ncnnic ucfopucu, hocfchcnno paspymanuci u na ux mccfc poxna-
naci nonan mcxnynaponnan cucfcma, inc nomunuponana uhonnp-
nocfi. Onnako panuun ncoxofno hpuchocanunanaci (nc foniko
n kauccfnc panuuu, no u n kauccfnc uacfu manou Inpohi) k
nonou ponu, nifckakmcu us unoio pachpcncncnun cun n mupc.
Iosfomy nanniu hpouccc safpaiunan nc foniko panuuk, no n
pasnuunou cfchcnu (u n pasnuunic momcnfi) ncc cnpohcuckuc
cfpani. panuysckuu kasyc hcpuona 15O155 ii. nnnnncn, cncno-
nafcnino, fakxc u hokasafcninim honfncpxncnucm usmcncnuu,
hpoucxonunmux n cfapou cucfcmc mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu n
hcpuon, koina nipaafinanuci hpunuuhi qopmuponanun nonou
cucfcmi.
788
9.3.6. BAPTABCKUU HAKT
cucfnufcnino, 155 ion in ionom, koina nocfui kynimuna-
uuu u sancpmuncn hpouccc cosnanun hpofunocfonmux nokon,
opianusonannix ho hpunuuhy scpkaninoio ofpaxcnun. To, ufo n
3ahannou Inpohc hpoxonuno fpynnim u honnim ncoxunannocfcu
hyfcm, hpoucxonuno u n Bocfounou Inpohc, onnako c onimcu
ncikocfik, kofopan ina oycnonncna unim xapakfcpom concfckux
mcfonon. B 148 i. sancpmuncn hpouccc fpancqopmauuu cymccfny-
kmux honufuucckux pcxumon hon nnunnucm Concfckoio Coksa;
in hpcononcn sfah (nauanmuucn n nckapc 14J i. noionopom
mcxny CCCI u Hcxocnonakucu) nnycfoponnux noionopon mcxny
Concfckum Coksom u kaxnou us cfpan-cafcnnufon; in fakxc
hpcononcn hcpuon hpnmoio hpofunocfonnun, qponfaninoio cfonk-
noncnun c sahannimu ncpxanamu, c nacfouuunimu hohifkamu
homcmafi sancpmcnuk hpouccca konconunauuu. Takum opasom
pcakuun Concfckoio Coksa, hponcmoncfpuponanmcio opasuoniu
hpaimafusm, a fakxc ymcnuc yuufinafi nonic ocfonfcnicfna, co-
snannic n Inpohc hcpnou paspnnkou, ina copasmcpna u cohoc-
fanuma c unuuuafunamu 3ahana.
Takou ofncf in honiofonncn konqcpcnuucu, hpoxonunmcu n
Mocknc n hcpuon c 2 nonpn ho 2 nckapn 154 i. c yuacfucm
hpcncfanufcncu Ananuu, Ioniapuu, Icpmanckou cmokpafuucc-
kou Icchynuku, Ionimu, Iyminuu, Bcnipuu, Hcxocnonakuu u
camoio Concfckoio Coksa. Binon konqcpcnuuu cocfonn n fom,
ufo n cnyuac, ccnu Iapuxckuc noionopi ynyf pafuquuuponani,
noccmi cfpan-yuacfnuu hpumyf ncoxonumic konfpmcpi. B pc-
synifafc 6 man 155 i., na npyiou ncni hocnc sancpmcnun hpouccca
pafuqukauuu yupcnufcninix noionopon ho 3IC, concfckoc hpanu-
fcnicfno pacfopino anino-concfckuu noionop o cofpynnuuccfnc,
honhucanniu n 142 i., u concfcko-qpanuysckuu noionop 144 i.
B hocncnykmuc nnu, c 11 ho 14 man, hpcncfanufcnu nocimu cfpan,
yxc ocynunmuc n nckapc nannyk hponcmy, copanuci n Bapma-
nc nnn honhucanun oionopa o npyxc, cofpynnuuccfnc u nsaum-
nou homomu, cfanmcio hosnncc usnccfnim kak Bapmanckuu hakf
(14 man).
B hpcamync k nokymcnfy ccfi ccinka na ncfyhncnuc n cuny
Iapuxckux coinamcnuu, kofopic ycununanu ohacnocfi nosnukno-
ncnun nouni u yipoxanu csohacnocfu muponkunix cfpan. a-
ncc n ncm usnaianuci onsafcnicfna, fuhuunic nnn fakoio pona
cokson, cofpynnuuccfna u npyxi; hpcnycmafpunanaci nosmox-
nocfi koncynifauuu n cnyuac yiposi csohacnocfu cfpanam-yuacf-
nuuam noionopa u ohpcncnnncn n cf. 4 cusus foeJeris, ycfanannunan,
78
ufo ccnu onno us iocynapcfn, honhucanmux noionop, honncpincfcn
nahancnuk, fo coksnuku okaxyf cmy ncmcnncnnyk homomi,
nknkuan nocnnyk (c fpakfonkou, kofopan ncnana nihonncnuc oc-
nonnoio onsafcnicfna coksa anfomafuucckum, a nc oipanuucnnim
nckofopimu ycnonunmu, kak sfo hpcnycmafpunanoci n cf. 5 Afnan-
fuucckoio hakfa). Kpomc foio, noionop hpcnycmafpunan cosnanuc
otcnuncnnoio komannonanun, hon pykononcfno kofopoio hcpcnana-
naci uacfi noopyxcnnix cun, u hpcnycmafpunan fakxc nanincumuc
mcpi nnn camoooponi cfpan hakfa (hcpnim inannokomannykmum
nouckamu Bapmanckoio hakfa cfancf concfckuu mapman H. Koncn).
3anauy pcanusauuu cucfcmi koncynifauuu mcxny cfoponamu
nonxcn in nsnfi na ccn Ionufuucckuu koncynifafunniu komu-
fcf, uchonisyn fakxc nchomoiafcninic opiani, kofopic hpcncfon-
no cosnafi. oionop honhucinancn na cpok n 2O ncf u hponncnancn
no JO nnn fcx cfpan, kofopic ho ucfcucnuu hcpnonauaninoio cpoka
ncucfnun nc pcanusykf cnoc hpano na nixon. Kpomc foio, nccom-
ncnno c ucnik hponcmoncfpuponafi ncaipcccunnic u, cncnona-
fcnino, cumnonuuccku hpofunohocfannncmic namcpcnunm Afnanfu-
ucckoio hakfa ycfpcmncnun, xapakfcpusonanmuc noniu coks, cf. 11
hpcnycmafpunana, ufo noionop hcpccfacf ncucfnonafi n fom cnyuac,
ccnu yncf honhucano coinamcnuc o cosnanuu omccnpohcuckou
cucfcmi csohacnocfu.
Bmccfc c noionopom, saknkucnnim n nnnapc 14 i. o cosnanuu
COB (Concfa skonomuucckou nsaumohomomu), Bapmanckuu hakf,
qopmanusyn u koopnunupyn pnn yxc cymccfnykmux coinamcnuu,
mano ufo noannnn k cucfcmc csohacnocfu n sonc icicmonuu Co-
ncfckoio Coksa. Iino ofkpifo sannncno o fom, ufo on nocuf xa-
pakfcp ofncfa na hcpcnoopyxcnuc Icpmanuu. Iosfomy cio snauc-
nuc ino hpcumymccfncnno qopmaninim: hokasafi, ufo ccnu cuc-
fcma, konfponupycman Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, nomunuponana n
3ahannou Inpohc, nknkuan cncpafunnyk Icpmanuk, u ohckana
cc, fo ananoiuunan cucfcma konfponuponana, nomunuponana u ohc-
kana fchcpi, c yuacfucm noopyxcnnix cun Icpmanckou cmokpa-
fuucckou Icchynuku, fakxc u Bocfounyk Inpohy. opmanusauun
pasncncnun Inpohi na nna noka nc moina hponnuficn oncc kpac-
nopcuunim u hpcnckasycmo cfauninim opasom. H n camom ncnc,
Bapmanckuu hakf nnnnncn kak i cumnonom myuufcninix fpynno-
cfcu, kofopic na hpofnxcnuu nccnfuncfun xapakfcpusonanu nnyf-
pcnnkk u mcxnynaponnyk xusni cnpohcuckux cfpan; cumnonom u
snakom cfaunusauuu.
C fcx hop n ofnomcnunx mcxny nnymn nokamu moinu ifi
momcnfi ocfpix kpusucon, no numi npcmcnnix, unu xc konqnuk-
fi nnyfpu kaxnoio us nokon. B sfom cmicnc Bapmanckuu hakf
7O
cfan n onimcu cfchcnu nipaxcnucm oipanuucnnocfu nosmoxnoc-
fcu concfckoio konfponn nan cafcnnufamu, ucm ncmoncfpauucu
chnoucnnocfu. Ipomno ncmnoio npcmcnu, u n 156 i. hponnuncn
sfof achckf cufyauuu (kak, nhpoucm, yxc hpoucxonuno n Icpnu-
nc n uknc 15J i., koina cocfonnuci hcpnic ypnic paouuc nc-
moncfpauuu hpofun pcxuma u inu hpumcncni hcpnic cyponic
pchpcccuu).
Onnako kak i sfo nu ino naxnim, ocfanancn qakf, ufo n cc-
pcnunc 155 i. Bapmanckuu hakf, nsnfiu n conokyhnocfu c npyiumu
cnpohcuckumu u muponimu coifunmu fou shoxu, nnnnncn hokasa-
fcncm sancpmcnun cnpohcuckoio sfaha uhonnpnou konqponfauuu.
C sfoio npcmcnu konqnukf yncf hponnnnficn n npyiux qopmax u
c npyiumu pcsynifafamu n npyiux pciuonax mupa. Tpanuuuonnan
xononnan nouna, kofopyk ncnu n Asuu no hcpcmupun n Ianimini-
uxonc u n Inpohc, nauunan c 146 i., yxc n fcucnuc nckofopoio
npcmcnu ncfyhuna n hcpuon sacfon. Bmccfo ncc cfanu ocyxnaficn
nosmoxnocfu paspnnku u, oncc foio, c ucfopuoipaquucckou
fouku spcnun, moxno yxc hocfanufi nohpoc, nc nnnnnaci nu ckna-
ninanmancn n Inpohc cufyauun hponnncnucm hcpnou paspnnku,
naspcnmcu onnonpcmcnno c opianusauuonnim cfpykfypuponanucm
nnyx cnpohcuckux naicpcu.
9.4. Honopoi 1953 t. K nepnow paspntxe?
9.4.1. UBMEHEHUH ME+,.HAPO,HOU CUT.AUUU
B 19531956 tt.
B fo npcmn, kak nuckyccun n Hcnfpaninou Inpohc (o hcpcnoopy-
xcnuu Icpmanuu) hpcncfanana kak knkucnou momcnf cfonknoncnun
mcxny cncpxncpxanamu u ocnona ynymux mcxnynaponnix ofnomc-
nuu, c nauana 15J i. (c yxc yhomunanmumcn uspanucm Ouscnxays-
pa na hocf hpcsuncnfa Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u, ncmnoio hosnncc,
co cmcpfik Cfanuna) naxnic usmcncnun nauanu nosncucfnonafi
na fpanuuuonnic fcmi cnpohcuckou nuhnomafuucckou xusnu. Bo
nccm cnocm nonauuonnom snaucnuu hponnuncn pnn npyiux cufya-
uuu, pacmupnnmux hanopamy cfonknoncnun no nccio mupa, ynuqu-
uupyn oci, nokpyi kofopou packpyuunanuci coifun, no yncnuuunan
uucno yuacfnukon sfux coifuu.
Hauoncc naxnim us hponnunmuxcn nnncnuu in kpusuc cfa-
poio umhcpuanusma, cnauana honsyuuu unu cncpxunacmiu n ohpc-
ncncnnix icoipaquucckux sonax: n hcpnyk oucpcni qpanuysckoio,
a safcm pufanckoio. On cohponoxnancn ncc oncc pachpocfpancn-
nim ofkasom of fcnncnuuu cncpxncpxan k pacmupcnuk macmfaa
71
nosnukakmcio n ux sonc konqnukfa na ncci mup. Ofo in ofkas of
xononnou nouni, honumacmou kak onsannocfi nnn nccx cfpan
hpunnfi cfopony onnoio us hpofunnukon, nhnofi no foio, ufoi
coinamaficn na cnnsu c num hocpcncfnom cokson unu hocpcncfnom
nokasafcnicfn honuuncnnocfu u nonninocfu, onnosnaunix, xofn
cmc u nc qopmanusonannix, n pcsynifafc ucio ncn mcxnynaponnan
xusni konucnfpuponanaci nokpyi onnou hponcmi, foina kak fcn-
ncnuun npcmcnu, nahpofun, cocfonna n nuncpcuqukauuu cufyauuu.
Ho umcnno sfa nuncpcuqukauun honfankunana hpanufcncu u na-
poni k paccmofpcnuk hponcmi inoaninoio konqnukfa c yncnu-
uunakmcucn nucfanuuu kak nc cnocu hponcmi. Hnimu cnonamu,
hpunumanu oucpfanun hpcncfanncnun, us kofopix nckopc nosnuk-
ncf nnuxcnuc sa ncufpanusm, a safcm koanuuun nchpucocnu-
nunmuxcn cfpan.
Ha nccx konfuncnfax pasnunanuci nonic hpouccci, cfanunmuc
hponcmi, nnyfpcnnuc nnn kaxnou cfpani, no naxonunmuc ofpa-
xcnuc u n mcxnynaponnom macmfac. Ofo nnnnnoci cncncfnucm
fcnncnuuu, hpofunohonoxnou yhomnnyfou pancc: n coofncfcfnuu c
ncu ohpcncncnnic honufuucckuc cuni ncnanu cfanky na nncmnkk
honncpxky, kofopyk moi occhcuufi um niop ohpcncncnnoio na-
icpn n uhonnpnom konqnukfc. Hnoina sfu nonic hpouccci hpcn-
cfannnnu coou sqcmcpnic momcnfi honufuucckou xusnu; a nc-
kofopic us nux hpcnnocxumanu inyokuc hcpfypauuu, kofopic
co npcmcncm onapyxaf ncci cnou pasmax (of Inuxncio Bocfoka
no Kio-Bocfounou Asuu u no afunckou Amcpuku). B honnncnuu
nccx sfux usmcncnuu nc ino, onnako, nuucio onnosnaunoio: sfo
ino hcpchncfcnuc akucnfon, hofpcnocfcu, nochpunfuu, cfpafciuu,
numi oucni nc ckopo hosnonunmcc honnfi snaucnuc fcx nnncnuu,
kofopic nispcnanu n fo npcmn, kak mup in sannf icpmanckum
nohpocom u npyiumu kpusucamu, nomunuponanmumu na mcxnyna-
ponnou apcnc.
Hmcnno ho sfou hpuuunc n fcucnuc ncckonikux ncf, hpcxnc
nccio c 15J ho 156 i., us-sa foio, ufo nispcnanmuc cufyauuu
hponnnnnuci numi n nanincumcm, ocfanancn ncohpcncncnnim no-
nopasncn mcxny hpomnim u ynymum. cnfcninocfi ofncninix
hpanufcnicfn numi uspcnka hpcncfannnnaci onnosnaunou (nc cuufan
kpaunux cnyuacn). H camou nnoucfncnnou hpcncfannnnaci akfun-
nocfi cncpxncpxan, cnnsannix cfpafciuucckumu hnanamu, hpunnfi-
mu k uchonncnuk, no u nochpunumanmux cumhfomi usmcncnuu,
ucxonunmux us nccx pciuonon mupa. Takum opasom, saknanina-
nuci ocnoni nonoio nisona, c kofopim nonxni inu cfonknyficn
cncpxncpxani. Kakum opasom onu nonxni inu pcaiuponafi na
usmcncnun hocnc foio, kak kaxnan us nux ykpchuna cnok co-
72
cfncnnyk cfpafciuucckyk cucfcmy Kakona mcpa iukocfu n ofno-
mcnuu usmcncnuu hnanon konqponfauuu unu nuanoia n poxnak-
mcmcn mcxnynaponnom coomccfnc Ha cmcny fpanuuuonnou xo-
nonnou nounc cfano hpuxonufi konkypcnfnoc cocymccfnonanuc,
mcnnnmcc cqcpy nnn yfncpxncnun hpcnocxoncfna, hcpcnonn cio us
uucfo nocnnou n cqcpy sqqckfunnocfu moncncu hcpcxona k sko-
nomuucckomy pocfy u moncpnusauuu. Kfo hpchonncc i onimuu u
nyumuu ypok Hmcnno hcpcxonniu xapakfcp uchifanuu choco-
cfnonan fomy, ufo uacfo hpccmcfncnnocfi u usmcncnun hpcncfannn-
nuci kak nnc hpofunopcuunic cfoponi ncucfnuu onnoio cytckfa;
hpofunopcuunic, onnako honuuncnnic onunakonou nnyfpcnncu
noiukc ncoxonumocfu honiofonufi usmcncnun, coxpannn cho-
conocfi pcmafi cymccfnykmuc hponcmi ncucfnufcninocfu u nc
fcpnn us nuna pucku, nnyfpcnnc hpucymuc fpancqopmauuu.
Bcc sfo hpocmafpunanoci kak n honufukc Cocnuncnnix Ufa-
fon, fak u n honufukc Concfckoio Coksa. H koncuno, hpuxon no-
nix nkncu k pykononcfny nnymn cfpanamu honnunn na ncuscxnyk
nnoucfncnnocfi n fom, ufo kacacfcn sanauu yhpanncnun honyucn-
nim nacncncfnom u pcmcnun nonix hponcm. Hmcn nu mccfo n
Cocnuncnnix Ufafax myuufcniniu hcpccmofp, kofopim anncc
yipoxan n cnyuac nconopcnun noionopa o IOC Ofncf ofuacfu
yfncpnufcniniu. Coinamcnuc, monuanunoc unu nnnoc, naionapn
kofopomy n hcpuon c konua nouni no 154 i. Cocnuncnnic Ufa-
fi nukoina nuucio nc hpcnhpunumanu n ofnomcnuu icpmanckou
hponcmi cs yuacfun panuuu n kauccfnc hocpcnnuka unu naxc
inannoio ncucfnykmcio nuua, hpckpafuno cnoc cymccfnonanuc u
oncc nc noccfanannunanoci. Takou fcnncnuuu chococfnonanu
unnokufauckuu kpusuc, pasnuuuc hosuuuu, sannfix ho nannomy
nohpocy nnymn hpanufcnicfnamu, a fakxc pasnuuun n honxonc k of-
nomcnunm c apackum mupom u k hponcmc Ccncpnou Aqpuku.
Kpusuc n ofnomcnunx c panuucu, nocfuimuu n 156 i. nau-
onimcu na fof hcpuon ocfpofi, honnck sa coou kpusuc amcpukan-
ckou cnpohcuckou honufuku. Ha ocnonc coinaconanun ncucfnuu
CUA c panuucu n hpcnmccfnykmuc ioni cfana nosmoxnou sna-
uufcninan uacfi komhpomuccon, onciuunmux coinamcnuc mcxny
nnymn ncpxanamu. Tchcpi, koina sfo coinamcnuc nano fpcmuny,
amcpukanckuu cnpohcusm yfpauunan cnoc hpakfuucckoc snaucnuc u
nnoni cfanonuncn hponnncnucm hpunuuhuaninoio hokponufcni-
cfna Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n ofnomcnuu Cfapoio Cncfa, onnako
hokponufcnicfna acfpakfnoio, ckchfuucckoio u naxc honospufcni-
noio n cnyuac, koina cfpani manou Inpohi hponnunu cocfncn-
nyk unuuuafuny (nc noxunanci cfumyna co cfoponi amcpukan-
ucn), cosnan n 157 i. cnpohcuckuu Omuu pinok.
7J
Hcnononicfno amcpukanucn nc moino ifi nahpanncno hpofun
Bcnukopufanuu. Hahpofun, aninuuanc hpu Hcpuunnc, a safcm
hpu Hncnc, cncnanu ncc nosmoxnoc, no u hocnc kpaxa IOC, nnn
foio, ufoi chacfu hpoipammy-munumym, nknkuanmyk hcpcnoopy-
xcnuc Icpmanuu u hpunnfuc cc n HATO. Ocoic ofnomcnun
mcxny nnymn cfpanamu n pcsynifafc kpusuca yhpouunuci. Onnako
ux nsaumoofnomcnun nccnu n ccc hofcnuuaniniu packon, kopc-
nunmuucn n hpunuuhuanino pasnuunou oucnkc ofnomcnuu c
apackum mupom. nn pufanucn Inuxnuu u Cpcnnuu Bocfok, u n
ococnnocfu apackuu mup, ocfanancn fcppufopucu, icicmonuk
nan kofopou nano yncpxafi nkou ucnou.
Hcnfpaninim coifucm na Cpcnncm Bocfokc in kpusuc n
Hpanc, nauanmuucn n ahpcnc 151 i. c nasnaucnucm hpcmicp-mu-
nucfpom Moxammcna Mocannika, u sakonuunmuucn n aniycfc 15J i.
iocynapcfncnnim hcpcnopofom, ncpnynmum nck nnacfi maxy Icsa
Icxncnu. B sfou cufyauuu, kak u ho nohpocam ofnomcnuu Bcnu-
kopufanuu c Iiuhfom, amcpukanui, a fakxc Hpak, Caynonckan
Apanun, unun, ccnu u honyuanu cfpafciuucckuc hpcumymccfna of
cofpynnuuccfna c aninuuanamu, fo cfpcmunuci k nucfanuuponanuk
of pufanckux kononuaninix hosuuuu u ofmcxcnanuk of hpunuu-
huanino anfuapackou honufuku, kofopyk hpononuno nonnonckoc
hpanufcnicfno.
axc n cufyauuu kpyhnix kpusucon, kak, nahpumcp, apao-us-
paunickuu, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi ncpxanuci ofcfpancnno, n fo
npcmn kak n hpoucccc opii sa ncsanucumocfi naponon Tynuca,
Mapokko u Anxupa onu nc ckpinanu cnocio nccoinacun c qpan-
uysckou honufukou. Ofo ina fpanuuun, yxonunman inyokumu
kopnnmu n honufuky Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n ofnomcnuu apacko-
io mupa, kofopan, onnako, no 15J i. omyfumo nc hponnnnnaci.
B hocncnonanmuc sa sfum ioni, nhnofi no 156-io, CUA ofkpifo
nc nucfanuuponanuci of anino-qpanuysckux hosuuuu, nanan, nhpo-
ucm, honnfi, ufo nc pasncnnkf ux; onnako sfo nccoinacuc nc umc-
no nukakux hpakfuucckux hocncncfnuu. Ioncc foio, ofnomcnuc k
nckofopim akuunm, kak, nahpumcp, upanckou 15J i., ciuhcfckou
15J154 ii., n conokyhnocfu c fcm, kak n ucnom cfanuncn nohpoc
o cosnanuu cucfcmi anfuconcfckux cokson na Inuxncm Bocfokc,
cosnanano nhcuafncnuc, ufo n namcpcnun CUA nxonuno nc okasa-
nuc nacfonmcu homomu apackomy nauuonanusmy, a numi samcna
anino-qpanuysckoio umhcpuanusma na umhcpuanusm, mcncc cnn-
sanniu onsafcnicfnamu uncfufyuuonaninoio xapakfcpa, no honu-
fuuccku iopasno oncc cuniniu.
pyian ococnnocfi amcpukanckou honufuku cocfonna n ofno-
cufcninom nyanusmc hpaimafuucckoio honxona Ouscnxayspa k mcx-
74
nynaponnim ncnam u nokfpuncpcfna, kofopim pykononcfnonancn
u nkun honucpknyfi sfo iocynapcfncnniu cckpcfapi anncc.
Hcfopuoipaquucckan nuckyccun nokpyi u fou, u npyiou nuunocfu
n snauufcninou cfchcnu nochpousncna cfcpcofuhi, coxpanunmuc-
cn naionapn xponukc foio npcmcnu, kak sfo nccina inacf n honu-
fuucckou xusnu u, n ococnnocfu, ofnocufcnino nkncu, nauoncc
ofkpifix nnn hynuunoio omcnun. Ipcncfanncnuc o Ouscnxayspc
kak o ncnfcnc, ncchoconom chpanuficn c kpokpafuucckum ahha-
pafom u, cncnonafcnino, opcucnnom na cnaoc uchonncnuc cnox-
nix hpcsuncnfckux onsannocfcu, samcnncfcn npyium cio opasom,
n kofopom paccmofpcnuc sfahon kapicpi hpcsuncnfa hpunonuf k
ninony kak pas o cio ucknkuufcninou komhcfcnuuu kak opianusa-
fopa cnoxnix ahhapafon yhpanncnun (nahpumcp, no npcmn nouni
Bcpxonnoio komannonanun coksnukon n Cpcnuscmnomopic u Bcp-
xonnoio komannonanun coksnukon nnn ohcpauuu UverlorJ) u, cncno-
nafcnino, k nochpunfuk choconocfu Ouscnxayspa ocymccfnnnfi
nnacfnic honnomouun nc oucni sqqckfnim nncmnc, onnako fncp-
nim, kak nukoina, opasom. H nahpofun, nokfpuncpcfno anncca
cohocfannncfcn co choconocfik hpuchocanunaficn k cufyauuu,
kofopyk ymcn hponcmoncfpuponafi iocynapcfncnniu cckpcfapi n
cnoxnix cnyuanx, koina on moi i hifaficn ocymccfnnnfi cnou
nokfpuni, a on, nahpofun, hponnnnn iofonnocfi ofkasaficn of
nux panu ocymccfnncnun nonu hpcsuncnfa unu xc us-sa cnocio
cocfncnnoio cfpcmncnun hpuchocouficn k usmcnunmumcn o-
cfonfcnicfnam. Bhpoucm, anncc in nc foniko honufukom, no u
hpoqcccuonaninim kpucfom u hosfomy ucnonckom hpakfuucckoio
komhpomucca.
9.4.2. ,ALLEC ME+,. OTBPACMBAHUEM
U HOBMM BBFLH,OM
B pasiap usupafcninou kamhanuu n amcpukanckom cxcncncni-
nukc auq of 1 man 152 i. anncc ohynukonan cfafik-manu-
qccf, inc usnaian cnou nncmnchonufuucckuc ycfanonku. Cfpafciun
cncpxunanun hpcncfannnnaci cmy pokou, ncnymcu k hpononou-
kam, u cc cncnonano, ho cio mncnuk, samcnufi xccfkou honufu-
kou, n coofncfcfnuu c kofopou Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nonxni
inu ofoufu of mcfonon nonioio u ncohpcncncnnoio nixunanun u
samcnufi ux nunamuunou ncnfcninocfik, nnoxnonnncmou mopani-
nimu ucnnocfnmu amcpukanckou nauuu u cfpcmnmcucn k ocno-
oxncnuk naponon, ninyxncnnix xufi sa xcncsnim sananccom n
cocfonnuu hopaomcnun. Ofu konuchuuu, mnoio pas honfopnnmu-
ccn sa npcmn usupafcninou kamhanuu, onapyxunanu n annccc
75
hpuncpxcnua nncmncu honufuku ofpacinanun (roll hucl), fo
ccfi konfpnacfyhncnun, kofopoc nonxno ino ofonnunyfi pycckux
c cuninix hosuuuu, sanocnannix umu naionapn cnaocfu anmu-
nucfpauuu Tpymsna.
Icui mna, cs comncnun, o hpcnniopnou hpohaiannc, concp-
mcnno nc yuufinanmcu fof qakf, ufo honufuka Tpymsna, kak hpcn-
cfannncfcn ccionnn oucnunnim, noncc nc ina cnaou. Icui mna
fakxc o hpcnniopnou hpohaiannc, kofopan nisinana fpcnoxnic
nohpoci ofnocufcnino foio, kak anncc yncf ocymccfnnnfi cnok
unck o ocnooxncnuu yincfcnnix naponon, hpcnhonaianmyk no-
iuucckuu ofncf, ufo sfo moxcf hpousoufu foniko hocpcncfnom
nouni. Ofckna opas anncca-munufapucfa, cncika cmniucnniu
ocfopoxnim hpaimafusmom cio hpcsuncnfa. Bckopc cam xon coi-
fuu honncpi uchifanuk coofncfcfnuc hpcnniopnix onsafcnicfn
u ncucfnufcninix honufuucckux namcpcnuu. B uknc 15J i. noc-
cfanuc paouux n Icpnunc hpcnocfanuno annccy hpckpacnyk nos-
moxnocfi nnn nmcmafcnicfna n honncpxky cnooni; n 156 i. pc-
nonkuun n Bcnipuu u pcmcnuc hpanufcnicfna Hmpc Hann niufu
us Bapmanckoio hakfa fakxc nnunuci cmc oncc honxonnmum cny-
uacm nnn foio, ufoi sacfanufi pycckux ofkasaficn of onnou us
hosuuuu, sannfix umu n Inpohc. B ocux cufyauunx anncc nc
homcncnun haniucm, hockoniky cfauninocfi n coofnomcnuu cun,
nocfuinyfan n Inpohc, ina iopasno naxncc ncpnocfu hpcnniop-
nim hpoipammam, nipaxanmum nancxni, no nc hpcnnaianmum
hnanon konkpcfnix ncucfnuu.
pyium ocnonohonaiakmum momcnfom n uncnx anncca ino
honoxcnuc o ncoxonumocfu hcpccmofpa nccu cfpafciuu nocnno-
honufuucckoio uchonisonanun amcpukanckux noopyxcnnix cun u,
n ococnnocfu, afomnix noopyxcnuu. Ipofunocfonnu nnc hofpc-
nocfu: c onnou cfoponi hpunafi nccomoc nocnnoc concpxanuc
snauumim amcpukanckum onsafcnicfnam n opic hpofun kommy-
nusma, c npyiou onciuufi qunanconoc pcmn, kofopoio hofpc-
onano i concpxanuc u ykpchncnuc momnou apmuu, ocnamcnnou
oiunimu noopyxcnunmu. Amcpukanui n fo npcmn nincnnnu na
oopony 14' cnocio nanonoio nauuonaninoio hponykfa, n fo npcmn
kak afnanfuucckuc coksnuku, xofn u fpafunu cpcncfna ho-unomy,
foniko J'. Iponcma unoio pachpcncncnun pacxonon namna nipa-
xcnuc n hocfonnnom nanncnuu na cnpohcuckux coksnukon c fcm,
ufoi fc yncnuuunu pasmcp cnocio nknana, no n ucnom sfo nc ho-
moino paspcmcnuk hpofunopcuun, c kofopim cfonknyncn anncc.
On, onnako, hpcononcn sfo hpofunopcuuc, paspaafinan n fc-
ucnuc nccio 15J i. nonyk cfpafciuucckyk konuchuuk (usnccfnyk
kak Honiu nsinnn êw 1ool), namcnmyk cnoc nauoncc
76
honnoc nipaxcnuc n pcuu, hpousncccnnou n Concfc ho mcxnyna-
ponnim ofnomcnunm n Bamunifonc 12 nnnapn 154 i. Ona hpcnyc-
mafpunana cosnanuc anfukommynucfuucckou ooponufcninou cuc-
fcmi, choconou hpuopccfu makcumaninyk sqqckfunnocfi hpu
nohycfumix usncpxkax. Konkpcfno sfo osnauano, ufo nyumuu
choco nnn hpcnofnpamcnun aipcccuu cocfonn n fom, ufoi n
hcpnyk oucpcni ocnoninaficn na onimou sqqckfunnocfu ncmcn-
ncnnoio ofhopa, k fomy xc maccuponannoio, hpofun nkoio npax-
ncnoio akfa co cfoponi Concfckoio Coksa (nokfpuna mussive
reruliurion, fo ccfi maccuponannoio nosmcsnun). Ipcnhocinkou
sfou konuchuuu ino okonuanuc hpcnocfanncnun ncnkou homomu
cnpohcuckum coksnukam, sa ucknkucnucm fou, ufo hpcnnasnaua-
naci nnn nocnnix ucncu.
Maccuponannoc nosmcsnuc fcopcfuuccku osnauano mnoio, na
hpakfukc mano unu nuucio, ococnno n momcnf, koina nokfpuna
ina cfoni fopxccfncnno sannncna, n nauanc 154 i. B ncucfnu-
fcninocfu noniu nsinnn hpcnycmafpunan, ufo kaxnomy akfy co-
ncfckou aipcccuu yncf hpofunocfonfi maccuponannoc nncpnoc
nosmcsnuc, choconoc ynuufoxufi momi hpofunnuka. Onnako cy-
mccfnonana nu hocnc 145 i. ncnan u onnosnaunan concfckan nocnnan
yiposa, kofopan cmoina i ohpannafi maccuponannoc nosmcsnuc
axc nouna n Kopcc cohponoxnanaci nccima ocfopoxnim honcncnu-
cm co cfoponi Cfanuna. B fcucnuc nnufcninoio npcmcnu concfckan
mcxnynaponnan akfunnocfi hpunumana qopmi hocfchcnnoio u
nsncmcnnoio hponuknoncnun, kofopoc nc moino cosnafi hpcnnoion
nnn maccuponannoio nosmcsnun. Iosfomy noniu nsinnn nahpan-
nnn cnou yiposi hpofun ncpcaninou iuhofcsi u okasan nnunnuc
ckopcc na nnyfpcnnkk cufyauuk n HATO u n Cocnuncnnix Ufa-
fax. B HATO hockoniky on cfpcmuncn hponcmoncfpuponafi, ufo
nonan nncpnan honufuka, kofopou ncnanno hpumcnman k nnacfu
amcpukanckan anmunucfpauun namcpcnanaci hpunafi sncpiuuniu
umhynic, ina oncc sqqckfunnou ho cpanncnuk c ooponufcni-
nimu ucnnmu, kakonic hpcxncc pykononcfno cfanuno hcpcn coou,
no n fo xc npcmn mcncc opcmcnufcninou c qunanconou fouku
spcnun. K fomy xc, ho cyfu, anncc nuncn n ncu u hofcnuuaninyk
ocnony nnn noionopcnnocfcu c pycckumu.
Icaninan snonkuun coofnomcnun cun n nncpnou cqcpc, ckna-
ninanmciocn mcxny cncpxncpxanamu, fakxc ncnano ocnonnyk ap-
iymcnfauuk nonou cfpafciuu cmc oncc nanymannou. B nnnapc
15O i. Tpymsnom ino hpunnfo pcmcnuc onopufi cosnanuc no-
noponnou omi, fo ccfi fcpmonncpnoio ycfpoucfna, kauccfncnno
ofnuunoio of fcx, ufo inu uchifani hpofun Shonuu, hockoniky
ono ino chocono nisnafi nspin c sqqckfunnocfik, usmcpncmou
77
oncc, ucm kunofonnamu (kunofonna osnauacf momnocfi nspina,
pannyk 1OOO fonn fpunufpofonyona, a oma, cpomcnnan na Xu-
pocumy, umcna momnocfi 2O kunofonn) u mciafonnamu, fo ccfi
ficnuamu kunofonn. Iycckuc fakxc paofanu nan ananoiuunou
hpoipammou hon pykononcfnom Hiopn Kypuafona, ofua nsopnannou
n aniycfc 14 i. concfckou nncpnou omi, nosinannnnmcio ipyhhy
yucnix u fcxnuucckux chcuuanucfon, n kofopyk nxonun u Annpcu
Caxapon.
B sfom cocfnsanuu sa fcpmonncpnoc hpcnocxoncfno amcpukan-
ui pachonaianu qopou n ncckoniko ncf, u n ncucfnufcninocfu um
ynanoci hcpnimu (n okfnpc 152 i.) hponccfu nascmnic uchifanun
ycfpoucfna momnocfik 1O mciafonn. Iapanokcaninim opasom
ycunun pycckux ciipanu poni cfumyna n ofnomcnuu amcpukanckux
paspaofok, hockoniky 12 aniycfa 15J i. um ynanoci uchifafi
hcpnyk cpacinacmyk fcpmonncpnyk omy. Icui mna o ycfpou-
cfnc hoka cmc c oipanuucnnou momnocfik (2OO4OO kunofonn),
kofopoc, onnako, ncmoncfpuponano, kak ncyknonno pasnunacfcn
copcnnonanuc n ycnonunx cokpamakmciocn nucananca cun.
Icpnan amcpukanckan nonoponnan oma ina nsopnana n qcn-
panc 154 i. u umcna momnocfi 15 mciafonn. Toniko n nonpc 155 i.
pycckum ynanoci hpousnccfu nspin omi n 1,6 mciafonn. Coofno-
mcnuc onun k nccnfu hokasano ofcfananuc Concfckoio Coksa hpu-
nusufcnino na fpu iona, onnako ono ino nccima icfpo hpcono-
ncno, n ococnnocfu naionapn npcmcnnomy hcpncncfny, sanocnan-
nomy pycckumu n uchifanuu nocufcncu (fo ccfi pakcf cpcnncio u
nanincio panuyca ncucfnun), kofopic nonxni inu nocfannnfi fcp-
monncpnic omi.
Hmcnno sfu coopaxcnun nocnno-fcxnuucckoio xapakfcpa nc-
nakf oucnunnim npyiou cnaiu momcnf amcpukanckou cfpafciuu
nonoio nsinnna. Maccuponannoc nosmcsnuc ino nosmoxno foni-
ko hpu ycnonuu, ufo ono cosnanano i ipomanniu puck ucknkuu-
fcnino nnn otckfon nahancnun, fo ccfi foniko n fom cnyuac, ccnu
pycckuc naxonunuci i n cufyauuu, koina, honncpimuci nahanc-
nuk, onu nc umcnu i nosmoxnocfu ofncfufi ancknafnimu mcpa-
mu. Iicfpic ychcxu Concfckoio Coksa n onacfu, kofopyk anncc
u cio concfnuku cuufanu cqcpou cnocio nomunuponanun, nahpo-
fun, na nckofopoc npcmn cncnu k nynk honufuucckuu cmicn sfou
cfpafciuucckou nokfpuni. C foio momcnfa, koina maccuponannoc
nosmcsnuc cfano hofcnuuanino nccfu k maccuponannomy ofncfy,
ycfanonunoci pannonccuc, annynuponanmcc noiuucckuc hpcnho-
cinku maccuponannoio nosmcsnun (kak samcuacf Mapk Tpaxfcn-
cpi). B ycnonunx pannonccun fcppopa, kak hosnncc ina nasna-
na cknaninanmancn cufyauun, nixunanuc foio, kfo nsnn i na
78
ccn unuuuafuny nncpnoio ynapa, cfanonunoci ncpcaninim, ho-
ckoniky nukfo nc moi hpofunocfonfi camopaspymufcninim usncpx-
kam afomnoio nahancnun. Bosnukana fakum opasom hponcma
choconocfu hcpnoio ynapa, fo ccfi choconocfu hocfanufi sacfui-
nyfoio npachnox hpofunnuka cnoum nepo~+ y0upo+ n ycnonun no:-
noeo cccunun. Onnako ho mcpc foio, kak fcpmonncpnoc cocfnsanuc
cfanonunoci ncc oncc unfcncunnim, iuhofcsa o fom, ufo hcpniu
ynap nc yncf umcfi foio fofaninoio ychcxa, kofopiu foniko u moi
cio ohpannafi, ofkpina ustnn n cfpafciuu anncca, fak xc kak u n
cfpafciuu nccx npyiux hocncnykmux fcopcfukon fcpmonncpnou
shoxu.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, Cfanun nukoina nc hpunanan cnumkom
onimoio snaucnun nonim noopyxcnunm, xofn cfpcmncnuc ynuu-
foxufi amcpukanckyk monohonuk u houfu ho hyfu fcpmonncpnix
noopyxcnuu, kaxcfcn, hocfanuno hon comncnuc sfof ckchfuuusm.
Onnako on nyman kafciopunmu npcmcn Kyfysona, fo ccfi ucxonn us
hpcnhocinku, ufo noopyxcnun, kofopimu foina pachonaianu, nu-
koina nc cmoinu i occhcuufi hopaxcnuc fakou ncnukou cfpani,
kak Concfckuu Coks. Iosfomy cio oucnunniu ckchfuuusm ohpc-
ncncnnim opasom oipanuuun paspaofky concfckux cfpafciuucc-
kux nokfpun, hocfpocnnix na uchonisonanuu nonix noopyxcnuu.
Toniko hocnc cmcpfu Cfanuna, cncnonafcnino, onnonpcmcnno c
snonkuucu amcpukanckou cfpafciuucckou nokfpuni, n Concfckom
Coksc nohpoc o cnnsu mcxny mcxnynaponnou honufukou u nncpni-
mu noopyxcnunmu fakxc nauan cfanuficn oncc cucfcmafuuccku.
Bnauanc pcsynifafi inu chopnic. Mcxny 15J u 154 ii.
hcpchckfuna afomnoio hapufcfa u onunakonix puckon sacfanuna
ho-nonomy hocmofpcfi na hponcmy ncuscxnocfu cfonknoncnun
mcxny umhcpuanucfuucckum u couuanucfuucckum naicpnmu.
B mapfc 154 i. onun us nunnix hpcncfanufcncu nonou concfckou
pykononnmcu ipyhhi Anacfac Mukonn yfncpxnan, ufo onananuc
concfckou cfoponou afomnou u nonoponnou omou ofnannno
ohacnocfi nouni. Ipcmicp-munucfp Icopiuu Mancnkon in ycx-
ncn, ufo nouna n nncpnyk spy osnauana i ynuufoxcnuc muponou
uununusauuu. Onnako conccm nc sfu fcsuci, kak cam Mancnkon
uchifan na cocfncnnom ohifc ncmnoio hosnncc, nomunuponanu n
concfckom mupc. H ncc-faku onu inu ocnonou nonoio opasa
mimncnun, kofopiu co npcmcncm honyuun pachpocfpancnuc.
B qcnpanc 156 i. Xpymcn, cfanmuu hcpnim cckpcfapcm HK
KICC, hponosinacun koncu ncnunckou noimi o ncuscxnocfu
nouni hpofun umhcpuanucfuucckou cucfcmi: Ho qafaninou nc-
uscxnocfu nouni ncf. Tchcpi umckfcn momnic omccfncnnic u
honufuucckuc cuni, kofopic pachonaiakf ccpicsnimu cpcncfnamu
7
nnn foio, ufoi nc nohycfufi pasnnsinanun nouni umhcpuanucfa-
mu, a ccnu onu hohifakfcn cc nauafi, nafi cokpymufcniniu
ofhop aipcccopam, copnafi ux ananfkpucfuucckuc hnani.
oiuucckoc hocfpocnuc nonou nuhnomafuu anncca ino, cnc-
nonafcnino, ynsnumim: konuchuun ofpacinanun cchnonna,
konuchuun maccuponannoio nosmcsnun ncocymccfnuma u konfp-
hponykfunna. Kpomc foio, ona numi ncfpcnoxuna cnpohcuucn us-
sa ohaccnuu, ufo nonan amcpukanckan cfpafciun nnoni hpuncncf k
nahpnxcnnocfu u nosponuf nc saific cmc ohacnocfu.
Bhpoucm, nosmoxno nnn foio, ufoi honiofonufi hyfi k nixo-
ny us fyhuka, Ouscnxaysp kak honufuk hpononxan paofafi n npy-
iom nahpanncnuu, a umcnno, nnn nosononncnun nuanoia c ucnik
mupnoio uchonisonanun afomnou sncpiuu. 8 nckapn 15J i. on
hpcncfanun Icncpaninou Accamncc Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix
Hauuu cnou hpockf nosononncnun hcpcionopon, hpcpnannix n
copokonic ioni, n hpcnnncpuu cosnanun mcxnynaponnoio opiana,
nancncnnoio ncoxonumimu honnomouunmu nnn ocymccfnncnun
hpockfa n afomnou onacfu (nasnanniu foina Aroms for 1euce
Afom nnn mupa). Hmcnno sfof nyanusm hokasinacf, ufo n inasax
muponoio omccfncnnoio mncnun amcpukanui nc cfpcmunuci ui-
pafi poni inannix ofncfcfncnnix sa cocfnsanuc c ucnik nocfuui
hcpncncfna c fouku spcnun paspymufcninou choconocfu fcpmo-
nncpnix noopyxcnuu. Ipockf Ouscnxayspa ocyxnancn n fcucnuc
ncckonikux mccnucn, onnako sfo nc hpuncno k cymccfncnnim pc-
synifafam. H ncc-faku on hponcmoncfpuponan, ufo n fof momcnf,
koina ioccckpcfapi paspaafinan cfpafciuucckyk qopmyny, kofo-
pan hpcncfannnnaci oncc yipoxakmcu, hpcsuncnf nohonnun cc
mupnim hpockfom, nc cfoni hohynnpnim u, nosmoxno, oncc
nuskum k ncucfnufcninou snonkuuu n coofnomcnuu cun.
B camom ncnc, cfonknynmuci c fpynnocfnmu u ncynaucu hohi-
fok ocymccfnufi oncc amuuuosnic hpoipammi, anncc pasnun
hapanncnino c numu honufuucckyk akfunnocfi, kofopan yuufina-
na pcaninyk cufyauuk u ina nahpanncna kak na fo, ufoi no-
honnufi cucfcmy ooponi, cosnannyk n hcpuon hpcinanun y
nnacfu anmunucfpauuu Tpymsna, fak u na fo, ufoi sahonnufi oc-
fanmuccn n ncu pcmu, kofopic fchcpi okasanuci hpcnmcfom nnu-
manun. B sfom hnanc ocnoxncnuc cufyauuu n Inpohc, nisnannoc
kpusucom nokpyi noionopa o IOC, cohponoxnanoci ncyknonnim
ycuncnucm yhpanncnun hcpuqcpucu, oncc cnoxnoio u oncc fccno
koopnunupycmoio n pauonax, ocfanncnnix cs nnumanun.
oionop o IOC nc ofnocuncn nchocpcncfncnno nu k Cpcnu-
scmnomopik, nu k Inuxncmy u Cpcnncmy Bocfoky, nu k Kio-Boc-
founou Asuu. Onnako n fo npcmn, kak n Inpohc hocnc onopcnun
8OO
hcpcnoopyxcnun Icpmanuu cufyauun pasnunanaci n nahpanncnuu
nckocu cfaunusauuu, fo n fpcx nimcnasnannix pciuonax sncmcn-
fi ncyncpcnnocfu u nucananca napacfanu, hpcnocfannnn nuhno-
mafuu anncca nosmoxnocfi sancpmufi kpyhniu samiccn ho no-
cnno-honufuucckomy okpyxcnuk CCCI, nauafiu ocymccfnnnficn
n Inpohc. 3amiccn in nahpanncn, c nocnnou fouku spcnun, na
cosnanuc hocpcncfnom nnycfoponnux coinamcnuu, nc onsafcnino
nnyfpu HATO, a ho nccmy kxnomy hcpumcfpy soni concfckoio
nnunnun, uchu amcpukanckux as. Ofu asi, nauano kofopim ino
honoxcno n 151 i., c 15J154 ii. cucfcmafuuccku honncpianuci
moncpnusauuu u cnaxanuci oiunimu noopyxcnunmu, a n ncko-
fopix cnyuanx fakxc u nncpnimu noopyxcnunmu nnn fnxcnix
amcpukanckux omapnuponmukon c fakfuucckum opyxucm (kofo-
pic hpcnnasnauanuci nnn uchonisonanun n ncponfnix cfonknoncnu-
nx oipanuucnnoio macmfaa), unu, n ococnnocfu hocnc 15 i.
nncpnimu ociononkamu na pakcfax cpcnncio panuyca ncucfnun.
Cfouf ofmcfufi, ufo honufuka ho cosnanuk as qakfuuccku hpo-
funopcuuna nokfpunc maccuponannoio nosmcsnun, hockoniky ona
ina naucncna na paspcmcnuc oipanuucnnix konqnukfon, ufo
honfncpxnacf nnoucfncnnocfi nonix konuchuuu anncca.
9.4.3. PACHOLO+EHUE AMEPUKAHCKUX BAB
HA HEPU!EPUU
Hfo kacacfcn pachonoxcnun cucfcmi as, fo oucni yhpoman
pnn hponcm, kofopic sacnyxunanu i ofncninoio paccmofpcnun,
u ucxonn nc us xpononoiuucckoio, a us icoipaquucckoio kpufcpun,
moxno honucpknyfi hocncnonafcninocfi amcpukanckou honufuku.
B nckapc 146 i. ionoconanuc Icncpaninou Accamncu OOH on-
sano cfpani-yuacfnuui pasopnafi nuhnomafuucckuc ofnomcnun c
Hchanucu panko. Ofo ina ofncfnan pcakuun, nosmoxno, nc co-
nccm chpancnnunan (yuufinan kocncnnyk honncpxky, okasannyk
uchanckum ncufpanufcfom hocnc coksnukon), hpofun anfopufap-
noio xapakfcpa uchanckoio pcxuma. Ionoconanuc hpomno hpu
hpofunoncucfnuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, xopomo honumanmux
cfpafciuucckoc snaucnuc Hchanuu, no hpu pcmufcninou honncpxkc
ipyhhi kommynucfuucckux cfpan, panuuu u couuan-ncmokpafuu
Ccncpnou Inpohi. Hsonnuun cosnana fpynnocfu nnn uchanckoio
pcxuma, no nc sacfanuna panko kahufynuponafi hcpcn fpcona-
nunmu nosnpamcnun k ncmokpafuu. Xononnan nouna honfncpnuna
hpoinosi, ponunmuccn cmc n 14214J ii., o fom, ufo n cufyauuu
konqnukfa cfpafciuucckan hosuuun Hchanuu pano unu hosnno
nnoni cfancf honcsnou. Iosfomy panko uspan honufuky nixuna-
8O1
nun, pcmun hocfanufi ncc kapfi na ccchopniu anfukommynusm
cnocio pcxuma, na xopomuc ofnomcnun co snauufcninou uacfik
kafonuucckou ucpapxuu u, hpcxnc nccio, na pasnufuc ofnomcnuu
c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu.
Hmcnno sfa hocncnnnn kapfa ina kosipnou: nauunan c 15O i.
ona ocnauna ocfpakusm, kofopomy honncpianaci Hchanun, cncnana
nosmoxnou hocfchcnnyk nopmanusauuk cc nuhnomafuucckux of-
nomcnuu c ocfaninou Inpohou (n ynyumcnuu u cs foio hpckpac-
nix ofnomcnuu mcxny Hchanucu u afunckou Amcpukou unu
mcxny Hchanucu u apackumu cfpanamu nc ino ncoxonumocfu)
u hocfanuna nohpoc o nosmoxnom pachpocfpancnuu na Hcpuu-
ckuu honyocfpon sahannou ooponufcninou cucfcmi. Iockoniky
hpunuuhuaninic coopaxcnun (fo ccfi fopxccfncnnic sannncnun
n hpcamync, kacakmuccn samufi ncmokpafuu) hpchnfcfnonanu
foina ncfyhncnuk Hchanuu n Afnanfuucckuu hakf, fo mnoiokpaf-
no nuckyfuponancn nohpoc o Cpcnuscmnomopckom hakfc, oxnafi-
nakmcm sfo mopc of onnoio kpan no npyioio. Ofa uncn ina hpcn-
noxcna Icnunom n 148 i. u nnoni ninnunyfa Tpymsnom n qcnpanc
14 i., onnako ona hpuopcna konkpcfnic oucpfanun hocnc
hpocii Ipcuuu u Typuuu o ncfyhncnuu n HATO n 151 i. Huka-
kux konkpcfnix pcmcnuu n sfom nahpanncnuu hpunnfo nc ino,
no nohpoc o koohfauuu Hchanuu in yxc ofkpifo hocfanncn, u
hocnc hcpcionopon, nnunmuxcn nna iona, honyuun honnyk honncpx-
ky Bcnukopufanuu u panuuu, sancpmuncn 26 ccnfnpn 15J i.
honhucanucm nocnno-skonomuucckoio coinamcnun cpokom na nc-
cnfi ncf c nosmoxnim hponncnucm. B coofncfcfnuu c num Hcha-
nun honyuana skonomuucckyk u nocnnyk homomi u hpcnocfannnna
Cocnuncnnim Ufafam n apcnny ncoxonumyk fcppufopuk nnn
cfpoufcnicfna ohpcncncnnoio uucna nocnnix as (na fof momcnf
ucfipcx) u nosmoxnocfi uchonisonafi hopfonic coopyxcnun, ko-
fopic honncxanu noccfanonncnuk sa cucf amcpukanckoio hpanu-
fcnicfna. Takum opasom k afnanfuucckou ooponufcninou cucfcmc
n onnou us cc cfpafciuuccku nauoncc ynsnumix son noannnncn
naxniu sncmcnf (n ofnomcnuu kofopoio fakxc u Concfckuu Coks
hpononun ocfopoxnoc sonnuponanuc).
pyiou ychcx, mcncc hpouniu, onnako nc mcncc naxniu, in
nocfuinyf hpumcnufcnino k Kiocnanuu. Iocnc paspina mcxny
Mocknou u Icnipanom sahannic ncpxani cpasy xc ocosnanu ho-
fcnuuaninoc snaucnuc sfoio usmcncnun, kofopoc qakfuuccku hpcn-
cfannnno coou cnuncfncnniu nacfonmuu cnyuau roll hucl~ unre
lirrerum. B fcucnuc nckofopoio npcmcnu hpcsuncnf Tufo nc hponn-
nnn xcnanun ofoufu of cnoux fpanuuuonnix unfcpnauuonanucf-
ckux hosuuuu, no koina cio cfpanc cfano nchocpcncfncnno yipo-
8O2
xafi kak hponuknoncnuc hpoconcfckux sncmcnfon, fak u ocyx-
nanmancn nosmoxnocfi nahancnun co cfoponi Ioniapuu, honopof
concpmuncn icfpo.
Yxc n nonpc 151 i. Kiocnanun nomna n uucno cfpan, hony-
uanmux amcpukanckyk nocnnyk homomi. Onnako nancxni nosna-
ianuci u na nosmoxnocfi honfonknyfi Tufo n nahpanncnuu oncc
ucfkou opucnfauuu na cosnanuc coksa c Ipcuucu u Typuucu, ko-
fopiu nan i xusni ankanckomy noky, kocncnno cnnsannomy c
HATO. Ha hyfu nocfuxcnun sfou ucnu cymccfnonano, onnako,
naxnoc hpchnfcfnuc, kofopoc hpcncfannnna hponcma Tpuccfa.
Xofn sahannic ncpxani u xofcnu saknkuufi coinamcnun c Tufo,
ncc-faku ofcyfcfnuc pcmcnun ho Tpuccfy cfanuno hponcmy niopa
mcxny nonninocfik ho ofnomcnuk k onsafcnicfnam hcpcn fakum
ncpnim coksnukom, kak Hfanucu, unu nancxnou, nosnaiacmou na
hpcncfanufcnn mcxnynaponnoio kommynusma, xofn u cfanmcio pac-
koninukom.
Hmcnno sfu koncanun hpuncnu fpu cfpani (Ipcuuk, Typuuk
u Kiocnanuk) k honhucanuk 28 qcnpann 15J i. nccio numi noio-
nopa o npyxc u nsaumnom cofpynnuuccfnc u onnonpcmcnno k ak-
funusauuu ycunuu ho nocfuxcnuk komhpomucca n ofnomcnuu
Tpuccfa. B sfom konfckcfc qopmyna, hpcncfannnnmancn nauoncc
oucnunnou, honckasinanaci qakfamu, a umcnno ofkas of Cno-
onnou fcppufopuu Tpuccf, hpcnycmofpcnnou mupnim noionopom
147 i., u pasncncnuc camou fcppufopuu na nnc soni (sona A,
okkyhuponannan coksnukamu, u sona B, okkyhuponannan kio-
cnanamu), hpcnnasnaucnnic, coofncfcfncnno, nnn Hfanuu u nnn
Kiocnanuu.
Ofo nc in komhpomucc, choconiu nisnafi snfysuasm y fcx,
kfo, kak mnoiuc ufaninnui, ncc cmc oxunanu nihonncnun hpcn-
niopnix onsafcnicfn
1
, nannix panuucu, Bcnukopufanucu u
Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu 2O mapfa 148 i., concpxanmux ocma-
nuc nosnpafufi Hfanuu nck fcppufopuk, na kofopou nonxna ina
nosnuknyfi Cnoonnan fcppufopun Tpuccf. Onnako honufuucc-
kuu konfckcf 15J i. nacfoniko cunino usmcnuncn ho cpanncnuk c
148 i., ufo nukfo na 3ahanc nc chococfnonan i hpunnfuk pc-
mcnuu, choconix honfonknyfi Tufo n otnfun k Concfckomy
Coksy. Iosfomy uncn pasncncnun hpcncfannnnaci oncc pcanuc-
fuunou. Kpomc foio, cc nocfouncfnom ino fo, ufo ona nosnpamana
Hfanuu iopon Tpuccf, sfof cumnon ncpannohpannoio honoxc-
nun Hfanuu n cnpohcuckou cucfcmc, a n kauccfnc hponcmi pc-
nukf hcpuona Bfopou muponou nouni. B cnoxunmcucn ocfanonkc
1
Hmckfcn n nuny hapnamcnfckuc niopi n Hfanuu 18 ahpcnn 148 i.
1pu+. nepeoo0uuiu.
8OJ
hpanufcnicfnamu onnona u Bamunifona ina c fpynom nocfuinyfa
noionopcnnocfi hocnafi (8 okfnpn 15J i.) nnym saunfcpcconan-
nim cfoponam nofy, n kofopou sannnnnoci o namcpcnuu ninccfu
anino-amcpukanckuc noucka us soni A u hcpcnafi sfy fcppufo-
puk ufaninnckou anmunucfpauuu.
B kpafkocpounom hnanc nofa of 8 okfnpn, nc foniko nc ynyu-
muna, no u oocfpuna ufaninncko-kiocnanckuc ofnomcnun. B Kio-
cnanuu cocfonnuci anfuamcpukanckuc ncmoncfpauuu, u Tufo san-
nun, ufo ccnu ufaninnckuc noucka nounyf n sony A, fo sfo yncf
paccmafpunaficn Kiocnanucu kak akf aipcccuu. Onnako n ofncf
na sfu nonncnun n nauanc nonpn, n iononmuny hocni 118 i.
1
,
hpomnu hpoufaninnckuc ncmoncfpauuu n Tpuccfc, honanncnnic
cunamu honuuuu c cccmicncnnou xccfokocfik (ucfncpo hoiu-
mux u fpunuafi pancnix).
B oncc noniocpounom hnanc nauanoci, onnako, nnuxcnuc n
nahpanncnuu pcmcnun nohpoca. Hncn konqcpcnuuu hnfu (pan-
uuu, Bcnukopufanuu, Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, Hfanuu u Kiocna-
nuu) okasanaci ncpcanucfuunou, xofn oc cfoponi iofoni inu
cuufafi sannncnuc of 8 okfnpn hpucmncmou ofhpannou foukou.
Bmccfo sfoio n nonpc 15J i. nauanuci hapanncninic hcpcionopi
n onnonc, n xonc kofopix in nocfuinyf komhpomucc.
5 okfnpn 154 i. n pufanckou cfonuuc in honhucan mcmo-
pannym o coinamcnuu, kofopoc cankuuonuponano pasncncnuc Cno-
onnou soni Tpuccf na nnc yxc qakfuuccku cymccfnykmuc soni,
c nckofopimu yfouncnunmu ipanuui n honisy Kiocnanuu. Kaxnou
us nnyx son yhpannnna anmunucfpauun, cocfonman us nnyx saunfc-
pcconannix cfopon (kofopic foniko n nonpc 175 i., honhucan
noionop n Osumo, hpunanu okonuafcniniu xapakfcp npcmcnnim
qopmynuponkam mcmopannyma o coinamcnuu).
Ckasannoc hosnonncf honnfi snaucnuc, kofopoc hponcma Tpu-
ccfa okasinana na ufaninnckyk, a fakxc kiocnanckyk nncmnkk
honufuky u na cfaunusauuk hopnnka na Iankanax. B camom ncnc,
hocnc foio, kak c hyfu ino ypano sfo hpchnfcfnuc, hcpcionopi
ho honony nonou pcnakuuu coinamcnun mcxny Kiocnanucu, Ipc-
uucu u Typuucu nosononunuci u cfoponi cmoinu nouficn ychcxa
cmc no qopmaninoio coinamcnun ho Tpuccfy, naionapn honhuca-
nuk aniycfa 154 i. camoio nacfonmcio noionopa o coksc cpokom
na nnanuafi ncf, kofopiu hpcnycmafpunan nsaumohomomi n cnyuac
nahancnun. Takum opasom Kiocnanun fakxc okasinanaci cnnsan-
nou c afnanfuucckou cucfcmou, xofn u kocncnnim opasom, no,
1
J nonpn 118 i. ufaninnckuc cpcanicpi nicanunuci n Tpuccfc, u n sfof
xc ncni ino honhucano hcpcmupuc mcxny Ancfpo-Bcnipucu u Hfanucu, na oc-
nonc kofopoio kahufynuponana ancfpo-ncnicpckan apmun. 1pu+. nepeoo0uuiu.
8O4
nhpoucm u nccima npcmcnnim, hockoniky ionom hosxc honopof,
hpousncncnniu Xpymcnim n concfckou honufukc n ofnomcnuu
Kiocnanuu, u cknonnocfi Tufo k ncufpanusmy numunu ncnkoio
cmicna coks, cosnanniu c fpynom u sa nicokyk honufuucckyk
ucny. Onnako n 154 i. fakyk icfpyk snonkuuk ncnosmoxno
ino hpcnnuncfi, u, kasanoci, ufo ankanckuu coks noanuf no-
niu sncmcnf k conokyhnocfu coinamcnuu, kofopimu inu cnnsani
cfpani, okpyxakmuc Concfckuu Coks.
Hfo kacacfcn sfux coinamcnuu, fo ohfumaninim napuanfom in
i, ncponfno, cpcnuscmnomopckuu coks, kofopiu n fof momcnf
moi i nknkuufi, nosmoxno, ncc cfpani, umckmuc nixon k sfomy
mopk. Onnako nacncnuc oun u cfapou npaxni, kofopoc pasncnnno
mnoiuc cfpani, hpchnfcfnonano n hpomnom u n paccmafpunacmiu
hcpuon nocfuxcnuk fakoio makcumaninoio pcsynifafa. Cncnona-
fcnino, hyfi uacfuunix coinamcnuu cfanonuncn ncuscxcn. Tc-
hcpi kak Bcnukopufanun, fak u panuun nonxni inu sannficn
ofnomcnunmu c apackum mupom: fcmou, kpaunc cnoxnou nc foni-
ko us-sa cymccfnonanun uspaunickou hponcmi (kofopan n fof
momcnf cmc nc cfana sncmcnfom, nomunupykmcm n omcu cufya-
uuu n pciuonc), no fakxc u us-sa fnxcnoio nacncnun ofnomcnuu
Bcnukopufanuu c cc hpcxnumu kononunmu, cnnsannimu c on-
nonom cfapimu coksamu, u n fo xc camoc npcmn nc cknonnimu
honncpxunafi ofnomcnun c pufanckum umhcpuanusmom.
Takou xc fnxcnou ina fcma, cnnsannan c nacncnucm qpanuys-
ckoio umhcpuanusma n ofnomcnuu Tynuca, Anxupa u Mapokko,
kofopic, nc ynyuu foina ncsanucumimu iocynapcfnamu, nc hpunu-
manuci no nnumanuc n kauccfnc hofcnuuaninix cytckfon noionop-
nix ofnomcnuu. Ofo kacanoci u unuu, ncsanucumocfi kofopou,
honyucnnan n 15O i., u cfanman pcaninou 1 nnnapn 152 i., cohpo-
noxnanaci coxpancnucm cuninoio anino-amcpukanckoio nnunnun,
cfanmcio oucnunnim hocnc hpcnocfanncnun Bcnukopufanuu nc-
ckonikux nconimux as, a Cocnuncnnim Ufafam kpyhnou no-
cnno-nosnymnou asi n Yunyc-unn, n ucnfpc hycfinu Caxapa.
Ho hpcxnc nccio sfo ofnocunoci k iocynapcfnam, umcnmum nixon
k Bocfounomy Cpcnuscmnomopik unu cocnunnnmum cio c Icpcun-
ckum sanunom u Hnnuuckum okcanom.
9.4.4. OBOPOHA BLU+HEFO U CPE,HEFO BOCTOKA
Hmcnno n ofnomcnuu sfoio icoipaquucckoio pciuona amcpu-
kanckan honufuka cymccfncnno ofnuuanaci of pufanckou, u
umcnno ho sfomy nohpocy hpousomcn pasnan n ocoix ofnomc-
nunx (speciul relurionship) mcxny nnymn aninocakconckumu cfpanamu.
8O5
B camom ncnc, aninuuanc inu cknonni cuufafi ncci pciuon so-
nou cnocio hpcumymccfncnnoio nocnno-honufuucckoio nnunnun.
Ipu sfom onu nc yuufinanu fo ocfonfcnicfno, ufo cmc n nonocn-
niu hcpuon Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nanu snauufcniniu umhynic
cnocmy skonomuucckomy hpucyfcfnuk n pciuonc, n ococnnocfu
naionapn kahufanonnoxcnunm n ncqfnnyk ofpacni u umcnu n
sfom pciuonc nnc ipyhhi unfcpccon: samufa cnoux unnccfuuuu u
honncpxanuc npyxccfncnnix ofnomcnuu co cfpanamu-hpousnonu-
fcnnmu ncqfu.
Cnoxunmancn cufyauun concpxana hpofunopcuuc, c kofopim
nonxcn in coofnocuficn hnan cosnanun anfuconcfckou ooponu-
fcninou cucfcmi u na Inuxncm Bocfokc. o fcx hop, hoka pu-
fanui umcnu nancxnic fouku ohopi, fakuc, kak cymccfnonanuc
monapxuucckoio pcxuma n Iiuhfc, kak hosuuuu nancxnoio u pc-
mufcninoio coksnuka n Hpakc u skonomuucckou icicmonuu n
Hpanc, amcpukanckan anmunucfpauun nc hpcnhpunumana maion,
kofopic moinu i ninnufi pasnuuuc unfcpccon. Ho koina n 152 i.
koponi apyk in cncpinyf, upakckuu pcxum nauan ncmoncfpupo-
nafi mcnimyk nancxnocfi ho ofnomcnuk k oxunanunm pufan-
ucn, a Mocannik n 151 i. pocun nison Bcnukopufanuu, nauuo-
nanusuponan Anino-upanckyk ncqfnnyk komhanuk, hofpcnocfi
n nucfanuuponanuu cfana oncc oucnunnou.
Bccnou 15J i. anncc hpcnhpunnn nnufcninoc hyfcmccfnuc ho
nuxncnocfounim cfonuuam u ncpnyncn c oncc ncnim honuma-
nucm cufyauuu. Imc pancc ho unuuuafunc aninuuan ino cosnano
Otcnuncnnoc komannonanuc nnn Inuxncio u Cpcnncio Bocfoka
(MIIO, JiJJle 1usr 1efense Urguni,urion), n ucnfpc nnumanun ko-
fopoio in Iiuhcf. Iocnc sfoio amcpukanui hponnunu unuuua-
funy ho pccfanpauuu nnacfu upanckoio maxa (cfoponnuku Mocan-
nika ninynunu cio cxafi us cfpani); on in noccfanonncn na
fponc naionapn yuacfuk amcpukanckux chcucnyx n omcn na no-
noc coinamcnuc ho ncqfu, n kofopom unfcpcci pufanucn inu
honuuncni unfcpccam Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. anncc ncc xc cuu-
fan, ufo cio cfpana nonxna usciafi hpnmoio nmcmafcnicfna: cnc-
nonano, c cio fouku spcnun, oipanuuunaficn honncpxkou usnnc
pasnuunix unuuuafun, ucxonnmux of cfpan pciuona, naionapn
kofopim nonxni nosnuknyfi nuxncnocfouniu coks u coks
cfpan ccncpnou uacfu apackoio mupa, hpofunocfonmuu Concfam
(foina uchonisonanoci nipaxcnuc ôrrhern Jier-+eoepn~u Xpyc).
Snpom sfou koncfpykuuu nonxcn in cfafi fypcuko-hakucfan-
ckuu noionop o coksc (smpuon Ccncpnoio Spyca), honhucanniu
2 ahpcnn 154 i., k kofopomy 24 qcnpann 155 i. noanuncn fak na-
sinacmiu Iainanckuu hakf mcxny Hpakom (inc hposahannic cuni
8O6
noccfanonunu konfponi nan cufyauucu) u Typuucu. K sfomy noio-
nopy nhocncncfnuu hpucocnununuci Bcnukopufanun (JO mapfa),
Iakucfan (2J ccnfnpn) u Hpan (J nonpn). Iainanckuu hakf non-
xcn in cfafi hpounou ocnonou coksa, kofopiu, nknkuun Iiu-
hcf, honnocfik sakpin i Concfckomy Coksy nixon k Cpcnuscm-
nomopik.
Onnako Iiuhcf hcpcxunan foina hcpuon inyokux usmcncnuu,
kacanmuxcn cio nnyfpcnncu xusnu, cio ofnomcnuu c Hspauncm,
cio ofnomcnuu c 3ahanom, a fakxc ofnomcnuu c Concfckum Cok-
som. Yuacfuc honkonnuka Iamani Ancni Haccpa n kauccfnc onnou
us ocnonnix quiyp n konqcpcnuuu nchpucocnununmuxcn cfpan,
cocfonnmcucn n ahpcnc 155 i. n Iannynic, ino cnuncfcnicfnom
ofkasa nonoio ciuhcfckoio pcxuma of yuacfun n nokonix coksax.
Haccp nnnnncn opuom sa ncsanucumocfi apackoio mupa, no sfo
hpunonuno k hpofunopcuunm c npyiumu cfpanamu pciuona, n kofo-
piu on nnocun sncmcnfi nccfauninocfu, ufo nisinano ccho-
koucfno amcpukanucn.
Iosfomy, xofn Iainanckuu hakf in cosnan hon pykononcfnom
amcpukanucn u nonxcn in hofom hpcnpafuficn n smpuon oopo-
nufcninou opianusauuu CIHTO (CI^TO, +enrrul Jreury Urguni,u-
rion, cosnannou n 15 i. u nasnannou Hcnfpaninou, ufoi hon-
ucpknyfi ucnfpaninoc icoipaquucckoc honoxcnuc ho ofnomcnuk
k afnanfuucckou u fuxookcanckou sonam), Cocnuncnnic Ufafi
nipanu hyfi nsncmcnnou u nc cnumkom ofkpifou nncmncu cio
honncpxku. Takan honncpxka nc nonxna ina nisinafi ncnononi-
cfno pufanucn u pasouaponanuc cnuncfncnnou apackou cfpani
Hpaka, kofopiu panu yuacfun n coksc 155 i. ofkasancn of han-
apackou conunapnocfu, ufo hpuncno nnyfpu cfpani n 158 i. k
hancnuk xamcmufckou monapxuu u hposahannoio hpanufcnicfna u k
cosnanuk hponaccponckou pcchynuku. Takum opasom us pciuona
c ucknkuufcninou icicmonucu aninuuan Inuxnuu Bocfok hpcnpa-
mancn n pciuon, pasnupacmiu chopamu. Onnako inannimu yuacf-
nukamu chopa inu nc foniko Concfckuu Coks u sahannic ncp-
xani, a ncc cfpani Inuxncio Bocfoka co cnoumu chcuuquucckumu
ucpfamu u co cnoumu ocoimu hponcmamu. Cysukuu kpusuc occ-
nu 156 i. co nccu oucnunnocfik nicncfun cnoxnocfi hponcmi u
fpynnocfu hponcncnun cnumkom ucfkux ncmapkauuonnix nunuu.
Cucfcma coksnuucckux hakfon, k kofopou cfpcmuncn anncc,
nohonnnnaci n Tuxookcanckom pciuonc yxc cymccfnonanmum hak-
fom AH3KC, fo ccfi coksom Cocnuncnnix Ufafon c Ancfpanucu
u Honou 3cnannucu (saknkucnnim 1 ccnfnpn 151 i.), k kofopo-
my 8 ccnfnpn 154 i. noanunaci CIATO (SIATO, ourh 1usr Asiu
Jreury Urguni,urion Opianusauun noionopa o Kio-Bocfounou
8O7
Asuu). CIATO cfana opianusauuonnim oqopmncnucm noionopa o
nsaumnou ooponc, kofopiu honhucanu n Manunc hpcncfanufcnu
nocimu cfpan: Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, panuuu, Bcnukopufanuu,
Ancfpanuu, Honou 3cnannuu, unuhhun, Taunanna u Iakucfana.
oionop nnnnncn honufuucckum ofncfom anncca na hopaxcnuc
qpanuyson n Hnnokufac u na pcsynifafi Zcncnckoio concmanun
(cm. nuxc), hockoniky, xofn on u mano ufo noannnn k nocnnou
cunc, yxc sancucfnonannou hpcninymumu coksamu (qakfuuccku
foniko unuhhuni u Taunann nc inu cnnsani mcxnynaponnimu
hpanonimu onsafcnicfnamu c amcpukanckou cucfcmou), no c ho-
nufuucckou fouku spcnun on mcnnn mnoioc. B camom ncnc coks
in cosnan ho opasuy Afnanfuucckoio hakfa, cio hpcncfonno
opianusonafi ho moncnu HATO. B kauccfnc ucnfpaninoio honoxc-
nun noniu noionop umcn cfafik 4, ohpcncnnnmyk soni, kofopic
occhcuunanuci iapanfunmu Coksa. Cpcnu nux inu Manaun u
Ipufanckoc Iopnco (n fo npcmn kak Taunani u Ionkoni nc inu
nknkucni), a fakxc aoc, Kamonxa u Kxniu Bicfnam, fo ccfi
soni, inmuc ncckoniko ncncni nasan apcnou anfuqpanuysckou
hapfusanckou nouni, a n kxnou uacfu Bicfnama, coinacno Zc-
ncnckomy komhpomuccy, n fcucnuc nnyx ncf nonxni inu cocfo-
nficn niopi nnn pcmcnun nohpoca o ynymcm cfpani.
Iastncnufcninan ncknapauun, c kofopou amcpukanckoc hpa-
nufcnicfno nicfyhuno ncncn sa honhucanucm noionopa, honcnnna,
ufo onsafcnicfno nmcmafcnicfna ncfyhano n cuny foniko n cnyuac
kommynucfuucckou aipcccuu unu nahancnun. Ofo ina hpnman
oionopka, hpusnannan ycnufi Hnnuk n fom, ufo hpucyfcfnuc Ia-
kucfana cpcnu yuacfnukon nc xapakfcpusycf CIATO kak coks, ho-
fcnuuanino pachonoxcnniu k honncpxkc ucnamckoio iocynapcfna n
nosmoxnou nounc hpofun Hnnuu. B ncucfnufcninocfu nacfonmuu
cmicn noionopa hpanunino nipasun nckofopoc npcmn chycfn hpc-
suncnf Ouscnxaysp, koina 25 okfnpn 154 i. hoocman hpcsuncnfy
Kxnoio Bicfnama hpnmyk amcpukanckyk homomi n cosnanuu io-
cynapcfna, ncucfnufcnino hpounoio, choconoio hpofunocfonfi
hohonsnoncnunm honpinnix cun unu noopyxcnnou aipcccuu. Ofo
ino hcpnim hponnncnucm camocfonfcninoio ho ofnomcnuk k
panuuu niopa Cocnuncnnix Ufafon no Bicfnamc, a fakxc
hcpnim maiom na hyfu, kofopiu hpuncncf Cocnuncnnic Ufafi k
fnxcnim uchifanunm.
Snnnnuci nu pasnuunic hponnncnun honufuku cokson, kofopyk
ocymccfnnnn anncc (foina honcmuuccku ionopunu o hakfoma-
nuu), foniko pacmupcnucm cqcpi ncucfnun hpcxncu honufuku
Toniko chocoom okpyxufi Concfckuu Coks, a nc ofpasufi cio na-
hancnuc Ofu sncmcnfi cfoni nnno hpucyfcfnonanu n nuhnomafu-
8O8
ucckou ncnfcninocfu anncca, ufo ino i ncnosmoxno ofpuuafi
ux cymccfnonanuc. H ncc xc ananus honufuku anncca, oipanu-
ucnniu sfumu, fak ckasafi fpanuuuonnimu, achckfamu, ynonun
i numi onny cfopony n snonkuuu mcxnynaponnou ncnfcninocfu
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. cucfnufcnino, xononnan nouna nixonuna
sa hpcncni Inpohi u hocfchcnno of ncc ofnannnaci. Onnako sfo
nc nonxno nnonufi n sanyxncnuc. anncc in fakxc n nocfafou-
nou cfchcnu pcanucfom nnn foio, ufoi cfpcmuficn ynonufi nonic
umhynici, ucxonunmuc us concfckoio mupa. Cmcpfi Cfanuna iny-
oko usmcnuna omyk kapfuny, u xofn anncc nukoina nc ofkasi-
nancn of cnoux ooponufcninix fcsucon u cnocio sakopcncnoio nc-
noncpun, on nc yknonnncn of hohifku nosononufi nuanoi mcxny
ncnukumu ncpxanamu, a n 155 i. of hohifku hpunafi sfomy nu-
anoiy kakyk-fo konkpcfnyk qopmy.
Koncanun unu nnoucfncnnocfi amcpukanckou nncmncu honu-
fuku hpoucfckanu us hpofunopcuuu, cymccfnonanmux mcxny hpo-
ckfamu u nosmoxnocfik konkpcfnix ncucfnuu; k fomy xc onu
inu n snauufcninou cfchcnu pcsynifafom nmcmafcnicfna n paofy
anmunucfpauuu komuccuu ccnafa ho ncnfcninocfu hpanufcnicfna,
kofopan hon pykononcfnom ccnafopa xoscqa Makkapfu hpuopcna
xapakfcp snonoio hpccncnonanun nccio, ufo umcno xofn i ofna-
ncnnyk cnnsi c kommynusmom. Mcxny 15O u 15J ii. ona cfana
hpakfuuccku ucnfpom camou nacfonmcu oxofi sa ncnimamu, of-
pannnnmcu amcpukanckyk honufuucckyk xusni houfu nccina nc-
oocnonannimu honospcnunmu c nnno pcakuuonnimu akucnfamu
no umn samufi nauuonaninix unfcpccon. ocfafouno nchomnufi,
ufo Makkapfu yhopno oponcn naxc hpofun nasnaucnun n kauccfnc
hocna n Mocknc Hapnisa Ioncna, onnoio us kpyhncumux skchcpfon
ho concfckum hponcmam n amcpukanckou nuhnomafuu, kofopoio
honncpxunanu anncc u Ouscnxaysp. Imc no npcmn hpcinanun y
nnacfu anmunucfpauuu Tpymsna Makkapfu ynanoci hoponufi cfpaxu
u pachpocfpanufi unknusufopckuc mcfoni, cunino nanpcnunmuc
ncny amcpukanckou ncmokpafuu.
Toniko Ouscnxaysp onanan nocfafounim honufuucckum nnun-
nucm nnn foio, ufoi ninccfu us uipi hcpconax, kofopiu cfan
mcmafi n momcnf, koina ofnomcnun c CCCI nano ino cfpoufi
na npyiux ocnonanunx. Koina Makkapfu sannun hpcfcnsuu na hpo-
ncpky nonninocfu noopyxcnnix cun, inanou u nunnim honufuucc-
kum hpcncfanufcncm kofopix in Ouscnxaysp, hpcsuncnfy ynanoci
nouficn foio, ufoi cncncfncnnic mcfoni camoio ccnafopa inu
honncpinyfi paccncnonanuk. Makkapfu nimcn us ncio honufu-
uccku ynuufoxcnnim, ninyxncnnim ho fcncnuncnuk ninnufi
cnok honnunnyk cymnocfi cchpunuuhnoio ncmaioia. Ho fcm
8O
npcmcncm nyx anfukommynucfuucckoio hpccncnonanun, hoccnnniu
um, ocfanun cnou cncni. Io hpcnnoxcnuk Xikcpfa X. Xsmqpu
(onnoio us hpcncfanufcncu nucpaninoio kpina ncmokpafuucckou
hapfuu), Konipccc paspaofan sakononafcnicfno, kofopoc hpakfu-
uccku cfanuno nnc sakona amcpukanckyk komhapfuk; sakonona-
fcnicfno, hosnncc qakfuuccku nixonomcnnoc Bcpxonnim cynom
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, onnako okasanmcccn nocfafounim nnn foio,
ufoi hpckpafufi ncnkyk opianusonannyk ncnfcninocfi kommy-
nucfuucckou hapfuu n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax.
9.5. Bopna sa ciatwncxoe nactetcino
w teciatwnwsauwn
2.5.1. KOLLEFUALBHOE P.KOBO,CTBO
B hocncnnuc mccnui xusnu Cfanuna hponnncnun xccfkocfu n
cio honufuucckou ncnfcninocfu cmc oncc ycununuci. Cfanonnci
ncc oncc ncnoncpuunim u honospufcninim, on nomcn no foio,
ufo ofnanun camoio Monofona, cuufanmciocn cio ccfccfncnnim
hpccmnukom, nasnauun na sfo mccfo Mancnkona, a munucfpom
unocfpannix ncn Bimunckoio. Mapman Bopomunon, icpou nouni
(cs ocoix nocnnix sacnyi) in honncpinyf ohanc c onuncnucm,
ufo on nnnncfcn pufanckum mhuonom. Cofnu ficnu ucnonck, cnna
hohanmux hon honospcnuc, okasanuci n fkpimax u inu ocyxnc-
ni na nnufcninic cpoku saknkucnun n cucfcmc IYAIa.
Camiu ocfpiu u nixonnmuu sa ncnkuc pamku momcnf pchpcc-
cuu in nacfyhun J nnnapn 15J i., koina Ipanna, opian KICC,
otnnuna o packpifuu saionopa u apccfc ohpcncncnnoio uucna nuu,
cpcnu kofopix ino 15 npaucu, n ocnonnom cnpccn, onuncnnix n
yuucfnc pnna concfckux pykononufcncu, n fom uucnc Znano-
na. na npaua ymcpnu hon hifkamu, npyiuc hpusnanuci n hpc-
cfyhncnunx, kofopix onu nc concpmanu, u inu ocnooxncni uc-
pcs ncckoniko ncncni hocnc cmcpfu Cfanuna.
B oipyenuu nukfafopa cohcpnuuccfno cfanonunoci ncc oncc
ocfpim, ncc cfpcmunuci sannfi honoxcnuc, niionnoc nnn ynymc-
io. 3a hpcncnamu Concfckoio Coksa ncmnoiuc honnnu, ufo cpcnu
nocxonnmux sncsn ococnno nucfana quiypa Hukufi Xpymcna.
Iocncnnuu ofnanan ccc ofucf n fom, ufo Cfanun onimc nc konf-
ponupycf honnocfik cnok ymcfncnnyk ncnfcninocfi. Ionopn cio
cnonamu: B opkccfpc kaxniu uipan na cnocm uncfpymcnfc koina
xofcn, no nupuxcp yxc hcpccfan nupuxuponafi. B hononou o-
cfanonkc nkic saionopi u nkic hpcnafcnicfna hpuopcfanu
hpannohonouc.
81O
Onnako fakoc honoxcnuc ncmcu nc ompauuno n concfckom o-
mccfncnnom mncnuu u n inasax +upoooeo kommynusma kynif, kofo-
piu ynanoci cosnafi nokpyi ccn Cfanuny, kak ncnkomy npyiomy
fofanufapnomy nukfafopy, onnako c onimcu pcmufcninocfik u
nahimcnnocfik, ycuncnniu opconom, hpunannim ncnukou hoc-
nou 145 i., a fakxc cnnsanniu co cfpoium u sakpifim cfuncm
xusnu. Spko nipaxcnniu kynif, okpyxanmuu Cfanuna n nochpun-
fuu concfckux nkncu u nccio kommynucfuucckoio mupa, okyfinan
cio muqonoiuucckum cunnucm ncnocfyhnocfu, hpunanan nukfafopy
n onno u fo xc npcmn omyfumoc nipaxcnuc nnacfu, nancxni u
yxaca ncufo cncpxucnoncucckoc, ho ofnomcnuk k kofopomy y
nkncu ccfi cnuncfncnnan onsannocfi: honuunnficn. umi nc-
ckoniko nccnfuncfuu chycfn hocnc cio cmcpfu ucfopuku cmoiyf
hocfanufi nohpoc o ncnuuuu u uyncfnc mcpi Cfanuna; numi n fc-
ucnuc ncmnoiux nccnfuncfuu cio hpofunopcuunic ncucfnun pac-
cmafpunakfcn yxc nc kak nipaxcnuc usompcnnou fakfuku, no kak
inyokan ncyncpcnnocfi n cfpafciuu.
Cmcpfi nuunocfu cfoni kpyhnoio macmfaa ncuscxno nosimc-
na oncsncnnic hocncncfnun. Tc, kfo hpuniknu honuunnficn unu
hnccfu saionopi, ncoxunanno okasanuci hcpcn ncoxonumocfik
hpunumafi pcmcnun. Ofo ino nonoc cocfonnuc nkncu, kofopoc
nc mcnnno u nc moino usmcnufi hpupony cucfcmi, cosnannou Cfa-
nunim, no kofopoc nancnnno pykononufcncu n nonou cufyauuu
onimou ofncfcfncnnocfik, honumacmou u hcpcxunacmou ho-pas-
nomy n sanucumocfu of ux ofnomcnuu n hpomnom c nukfafopom u
of pasnuuuu n choconocfnx ocmicnufi nosmoxnocfi qopmupona-
nun nonou nnacfu, nocfafouno cuninou nnn foio, ufoi chpanufi-
cn c fpynnocfnmu hcpcxonnoio hcpuona.
B ucnom, concfckan skonomuucckan u honufuucckan cucfcma
ocnoninanaci na honnou ucnfpanusauuu pcmcnuu n onacfu sko-
nomuucckou honufuku u na pachpcncncnuu unnccfuuuu csoio-
nopounim cyxncnucm pykononufcncu KICC. Ofo cucfcma ina
nahpanncna na pocf, ncnomiu nc ncnunumou pykou pinka, a nunu-
mou pykou iocynapcfna (fo ccfi hapfuu). Iuianfckan kpokpafun
pykononuna ncnfcninocfik sfou cucfcmi na ocnonc kpufcpucn,
cfanunmux na hcpniu hnan pasnufuc fnxcnou hpomimncnnocfu u
nocnno-hpomimncnnoio komhnckca, hpunnckan n sfu hpcnhpunfun
ncc onimc kahufanon u paoucu cuni, nc yuufinan ancknafnim
opasom nosmoxnocfcu, hpcnocfannncmix pocfom hpousnonufcni-
nocfu fpyna u uchonisonanucm nonix fcxnonoiuu. H ncc sfo n
ymcp hpousnoncfny hofpcufcnickux fonapon. Iosfomy hponcma
usncpxck hpousnoncfna ina honuuncna ncoxonumocfu nocfuxc-
nun ohpcncncnnix ucncu n konuuccfncnnom, a nc n kauccfncnnom
811
ofnomcnuu. Tofaninan monohonun iocynapcfncnnou hpomimncn-
nocfu, ynuufoxan ncnkyk nosmoxnocfi konkypcnuuu, noncpmana
xapakfcpucfuky cucfcmi: cucfcmi, usonuponannou of ocfaninoio
mupa, camonocfafounou, no yxc c hpofunopcuunmu, kofopic n
noniocpounom hnanc yipoxanu cc cymccfnonanuk, hockoniky nc-
xnafka ucnoncucckux pccypcon u hancnuc nopmi nakohncnun inu
ncuscxni n ofcyfcfnuc ncoxonumoio pocfa hpousnonufcninocfu
fpyna u n ycnonunx pachpcncncnun unnccfuuuu ckopcc ho honufu-
ucckum, ucm ho skonomuucckum coopaxcnunm.
Cam Cfanun u nckofopic cio nacncnnuku ofnananu ccc ofucf
n sfux hponcmax, no mcxanusm, cosnanniu sa ioni hnfuncfncio
hnanuponanun, okasancn nacfoniko momnim, ufo cio fpcmuni nc
inu nocfafouno samcfni nnn foio, ufoi cqopmuponanoci ucfkoc
honumanuc ncoxonumocfu cucfcmafuucckoio u panukaninoio nmc-
mafcnicfna. Mnoiuc ncnfcnu n hocncnykmux hocfcfanunckux hpa-
nufcnicfnax namcpcnanuci hpononufi pcqopmucfckyk honufuky,
no nukomy sfo nc ynanoci.
Honan pykononnman ipyhha opianusonanaci n nna sfaha: onun
nchocpcncfncnno hocnc cmcpfu Cfanuna u npyiou chycfn nnc
ncncnu. Cunino yhpoman, moxno ckasafi, ufo cnoxuncn coks mcx-
ny Xpymcnim, Mancnkonim u Icpun; Monofon nosononun uncn-
cfno n Ionufkpo HK KICC, u of Boopyxcnnix cun hpucocnu-
nuncn mapman Hukonau Iynianun. Mancnkon cfan hpcnccnafcncm
Concfa munucfpon u n kauccfnc fakonoio hpuopcn honoxcnuc,
cfanmcc nomunupykmum n honufuucckom hnanc. Innom c num
ino ucfipc samccfufcnn hpcnccnafcnn: Icpun, munucfp nnyfpcn-
nux ncn, Monofon, munucfp unocfpannix ncn, Iynianun, munucfp
ooponi u asapi Kaianonuu, ofncuanmuu sa skonomuucckuc noh-
poci. Mapman Bopomunon in nosnpamcn us sancnun u nasnaucn
inanou iocynapcfna
1
; mapman Zykon, ucu nocnniu anfopufcf of-
fccnnn Cfanuna n fcni, in nasnaucn na nonxnocfi samccfufcnn
Iynianuna. Xpymcn, nmccfc c Muxaunom Cycnonim u npyiumu,
nosinanun pykononcfno hapfucu cmc no nasnaucnun Mancnkona,
ufoi hokasafi, ufo on in fnopuom komhpomucca, nanmcio
xusni konnciuaninomy pykononcfny. 16 ahpcnn Ipanna yfncpx-
nana, ufo konnciuaninocfi nnnncfcn qynnamcnfaninim hpunuu-
hom hapfuunoio pykononcfna u kpufukonana fcx, kfo moi i napy-
mufi sfof hpunuuh.
3a hokasnim cnunonymucm hpu hpunnfuu pcmcnuu ckpina-
noci, onnako, ocfpoc cfonknoncnuc ho honony niopa ocnonnix
1
K.I. Bopomunon n 15J16O ii. nnnnncn hpcnccnafcncm Ipcsunuyma Bcp-
xonnoio Concfa CCCI. 1pu+. nepeoo0uuiu.
812
ucncu. Kak sfo hpoucxonuno no ycfanonncnun Cfanunim cnocio
ncochopumoio iochoncfna, u kak c fcx hop houfu nccina hpoucxo-
nuno n concfckou xusnu, pykononnman ipyhha hponcna nnyfpcn-
nkk nuckyccuk, kofopan n npyiux cfpanax hpunnna i qopmy
hnkpanucfuucckoio cohocfanncnun nsinnnon cymccfnykmux honu-
fuucckux fcucnuu. B omcm, ofnanan ccc ofucf, ufo sfo pasncncnuc
yhpomacf iopasno oncc cnoxnyk u oiafyk nuunocfnimu achckfa-
mu pcaninocfi, moxno ckasafi, ufo n nonom concfckom pykononcfnc
cymccfnonano hpcxnc nccio cunincumcc nuunoc cohcpnuuccfno,
kak, nahpumcp, hpofunocfonnuc Mancnkona Monofony, inmcmy
hpcnhonaiacmomy nacncnnuky Cfanuna, hpuncccnnomy n xcpfny ho
nonc nukfafopa. Onnako nauoncc naxnimu inu pacxoxncnun ho
honony niopa ocnonnix ucncu n cqcpc skonomuku u nncmncu
honufuku Concfckoio Coksa. B cqcpc skonomuku ipyhha fcxno-
kpafon u honufukon no inanc c Mancnkonim u Icpun hpcnnaiana
pcnusuk ocnonnix ucncu n ymcp nakohncnuk pccypcon n onacfu
fnxcnou hpomimncnnocfu u n honisy onimux unnccfuuuu n nci-
kyk hpomimncnnocfi u n ccnickoc xosnucfno. B mcxnynaponnom
hnanc sfo nonxno ino hpunccfu k houcky nuanoia u, cncnona-
fcnino, k ofkasy of foio, ufoi cuufafi ncuscxnim cfonknonc-
nuc mcxny couuanucfuucckum naicpcm u kahufanucfuucckum.
Ipofunohonoxnyk hosuuuk, f.c. konccpnafunniu niop hyfu,
onuucfnopnn Monofon, kofopiu in cnnsan co cfanunckum ohifom,
opucnfuponannim na fo, ufoi ocfanufi cs usmcncnun cucfcmy
hpuopufcfon n skonomuucckou honufukc u hosfomy cknonniu k
hpononxcnuk xccfkoio hpofunocfonnun ho ofnomcnuk k 3ahany.
Cpcnnkk hosuuuk, ofnananmyk hpcnhoufcnuc hocfchcnnomy
hpoucccy hpuchoconcnun c ononncnucm qacana: oncc mnikyk
ho qopmc, no ho cymccfny fakyk xc nchpumupumyk n ofnomcnuu
3ahana (ona nicfyhana sa konnckfunnoc ocymccfnncnuc nnacfu, no
sa coxpancnuc hpconananun fnxcnou hpomimncnnocfu, xofn u c
nckofopimu pcmcnunmu n honisy pocfa hpousnonufcninocfu ccni-
ckoio xosnucfna) onuucfnopnn Xpymcn; cio honncpxunanu nocn-
nic, c kofopimu on hpcnycmofpufcnino otcnununcn n ucnnx yk-
pchncnun cocfncnnou nnacfu.
Ofo cfonknoncnuc-nuckyccun hpononxanoci hpumcpno honfopa
iona, nhnofi no konua 154 i., u sancpmunoci hopaxcnucm Mancn-
kona. Onnako kopofkuu hcpuon skchcpumcnfa Mancnkona in
upcsniuauno naxcn n kauccfnc moncnu unu hapanuimi nnn ncnkoio
hocncnykmcio concfckoio ohifa, nhnofi no shoxu Iopaucna, ho-
ckoniky nhcpnic konkpcfno u nuanckfuuccku inu hocfanncni
hponcmi, kofopic Cfanun pcman anfopufapnim u nuunocfnim
mcfonom. Takum opasom xapakfcp concfckou honufuucckou xusnu
81J
yfpauunan uacfi fcx ccucnoncunix achckfon, kofopic hponnunuci
n ioni cfanunckoio fcppopa, xofn nnacfi hapfuu okasanaci kak nu-
koina ycuncnnou, icicmonun cs nuckyccuu u cs fcphumocfu n of-
nomcnuu coinacun yncf hpononxaficn n qopmax, uacfo nc cunino
ofnuuakmuxcn of cfanunckux, xofn u mcncc nonknfapucfckux u
mcncc cnnsannix c kahpusamu npnxnoio nukfafopa.
B uucfo honufuucckom hnanc hcpnou xcpfnou cfonknoncnun
cfan Icpun. 1O uknn 15J i. Ipanna coomuna o cio apccfc, sa
kofopim hocncnonano ncckoniko mccnucn monuanun, a safcm, na-
kanync Ioxnccfna foio xc iona, coomcnuc o hpuncncnuu n uc-
honncnuc hpuionopa k cmcpfnou kasnu n ofnomcnuu munucfpa
nnyfpcnnux ncn u mccfu cio cofpynnukon. Icpun nnnnncn inanou
honufuucckou honuuuu c 1J i. u n kauccfnc fakonoio ncc inan-
nyk ofncfcfncnnocfi sa cosnanuc nmccfc co Cfanunim pcxuma
fcppopa u honncpxanuc hopnnka nnyfpu cfpani n fpynnic hocnc-
nocnnic ioni. O ocfonfcnicfnax cio apccfa n fo npcmn pachpo-
cfpannnoci mnoio ncpcuu. Inannoc onuncnuc, hpcntnnncnnoc cmy,
homumo fuhuuno cfanunckoio onuncnun n fom, ufo on aicnf
na cnyxc y unocfpannoio kahufana, cocfonno (u sfo ino oncc
hpannohonono) n honiofonkc iocynapcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa.
okymcnfi, ohynukonannic n hocncnnuc ioni, hosnonnkf
nafi oncc hpanuninoc honufuucckoc otncncnuc. Icpun, kofo-
piu, koncuno, nc in ninakmumcn nucpanom, cuufan, onnako,
ncoxonumim, ufoi Concfckuu Coks hpunnn nckofopic mcpi,
hpcnnasnaucnnic nnn cmniucnun ncnononicfna n cfpanax Bocfou-
nou Inpohi, us kofopix hocfonnno hocfyhanu fpcnoxnic cuina-
ni. Bosnpamanci ofuacfu k nahpanncnuk, kofopoio hpuncpxunan-
cn Cfanun, on cfanun n ucnfp icpmanckuu nohpoc u, xofn nc oucni
ofucfnuno, oucnunan ncnfcninocfi Banifcpa Ynipuxfa ho ncc o-
ncc yckopcnnomy couuanucfuucckomy hpcopasonanuk Bocfounou
Icpmanuu kak omuky. Ona, ho cio mncnuk, hopoxnana ncnononi-
cfno, hponnnnnmcccn n yxonc nocfounix ncmucn na 3ahan. Ofa ho-
nufuka hpchnfcfnonana hpononxcnuk hohifok Cfanuna uscxafi
unfcipauuu cncpafunnou Icchynuku n sahannyk ooponufcni-
nyk cucfcmy, u hoynufi hpunnfi hpcnnoxcnuc o noccocnuncnuu
n ycnonunx ypxyasnoio pcxuma, ncufpaninoio u ncufpanuso-
nannoio (fo ccfi ofkpifoio nnn concfckoio nanncnun).
B hcpnic nnu uknn 15J i. uncu Icpun nosonananu, u Concf-
ckomy Coksy ynanoci ycnufi Ynipuxfa usnafi hocfanonncnun o
samcnncnuu nacunicfncnnou konnckfunusauuu n ccnickom xosnu-
cfnc u nckofopou hcpccfpoukc honuucuckoio pcxuma. Ofo in
oucni cmcniu honufuucckuu pacucf, kak sfo cpasy xc cfano ouc-
nunno. B camom ncnc, cnna hpanufcnicfno Bocfounoio Icpnuna co-
814
omuno o cmcnc kypca, n camom Icpnunc, a safcm no nccu Bocfou-
nou Icpmanuu nauanaci ccpun saacfonok, n kofopix yuacfnonanu
cofnu ficnu paouux u kofopic ninynunu noopyxcnnic qopmupo-
nanun pcxuma II u concfckuc noucka k xccfouaumum pchpcccu-
nm, hpuncnmum k iucnu cofcn nkncu u k pcskomy honopofy honu-
fuucckoio kypca. Ynipuxf yncpxan nnacfi n Bocfounou Icpmanuu,
hockoniky nc ckpinan cnocio ncnoncpun n ofnomcnuu concfckoio
nukfafa, onnako honufuucckoc hopaxcnuc cfano fcm hpcnnoiom,
kofopiu hosnonun cpasy xc nimccfufi na Icpun ncc npaxncnic
uyncfna, kofopic ckohunuci hpofun ncio n fcucnuc cio xusnu. Tof
qakf, ufo ohopou nacunicfncnnoio cmcmcnun munucfpa nnyfpcn-
nux ncn ina apmun, coksnuua Xpymcna, saunfcpcconannan n
ymcnimcnuu nnacfu honufuucckou honuuuu, nosinannncmou Ic-
pun, cam ho ccc ionopuf o mnoiom. A fo ocfonfcnicfno, ufo n
hocncnykmuc mccnui oucni sncpiuuno ocyxnanaci fcma couua-
nucfuucckou sakonnocfu, honucpkunacf snaucnuc, kofopoc xofcnu
hpunafi na sfom sfahc hcpcpachpcncncnuk nnacfu.
9.5.2. KOLLEKTUBHOE P.KOBO,CTBO
U BHETHHH HOLUTUKA. OCTOPO+HAH PABPH,KA?
Hchpounocfi u cnaocfi cio nuunou nnacfu nc hpchnfcfnonanu
Mancnkony hponnuiafi c ohpcncncnnou pcmufcninocfik cnok
skonomuucckyk hpoipammy. 8 aniycfa 15J i. on nicfyhun c nax-
nou pcuik n Bcpxonnom Concfc, pcuik, n kofopou nomunuponanu
nohpoci nncmncu honufuku, no kofopan fakxc xapakfcpusonanaci
nonafopckumu honxonamu no nnyfpcnncu honufukc. Ocnonnic na-
mcucnnic hponcmi nonoc hpanufcnicfno namcpcnanoci hocfanufi
pcmufcninim opasom. Hcoxonumo, ionopun Mancnkon, hpunafi
nonoc snaucnuc hofpcnocfnm hofpcufcncu, honnnfi yponcni
xusnu, a nnn sfoio yncnuuufi ccnickoxosnucfncnnoc hpousnon-
cfno. Cncnonano fakxc pacmupufi nocfyhnocfi fonapon mupokoio
hofpcncnun. Mancnkon honucpkunan fof qakf, ufo CCCI onanacf
momnou u fcxnuuccku hpcnocxonnou fnxcnou hpomimncnnocfik,
u ofmcuan: o cux hop mi nc umcnu nosmoxnocfu pasnunafi nci-
kyk u humcnyk hpomimncnnocfi fakumu xc fcmhamu. B nacfon-
muu momcnf mi moxcm sfo cncnafi u, cncnonafcnino, onsani, c
ucnik occhcuufi oncc icfpoc ynyumcnuc mafcpuaninoio u
kynifypnoio yponnn xusnu napona, nkimu chocoamu yckopufi
pasnufuc ncikou hpomimncnnocfu.
Takum opasom fcma naiococfonnun napona ina hocfanncna n
ucnfp nonoio hpanufcnicfncnnoio kypca, ufo osnauano nnniu ho-
nopof ho ofnomcnuk k hpomnomy. C sfoio momcnfa coofnomcnuc
815
mcxny inoaninim pocfom concfckoio BBI u hpousnoncfnom fona-
pon hofpcncnun cfano onnum us kpufcpucn kak usmcpcnun sq-
qckfunnocfu ncnfcninocfu hpanufcnicfna, fak u oucnku cc omux
nahpanncnuu. Onnako na fom sfahc ncc hpoucxonuno cmc n pamkax
hpockfa pcqopm, nuckoniko nc mcnnnmcio konuchuuu, na kofo-
pou cfpounaci concfckan skonomuka. Iosfomy nuckyccun icfpo
(u nonpcmn) hpcnpafunaci n fcxnuucckyk nuckyccuk o qopmax oh-
fumusauuu hpousnoncfna u pasnunanaci n coofncfcfnuu c hpuopufc-
famu, kofopic Mancnkon ucfko namcfun n 15J i., no of kofopix
cio hpccmnuku hosnncc nucfanuuponanuci.
B hnanc nncmncu honufuku hocncncfnun honopofa inu mno-
iosnauufcninimu. Mancnkon nocxnannn concfckyk momi, kofopan
nospocna c hpousnoncfnom nonoponnou omi, no hpunanan cnoum
cnonam ofucfnuno hauuqucfckuu u nahpanncnniu na ymcnimcnuc
mcxnynaponnou nahpnxcnnocfu xapakfcp. On nonio ionopun o
usmcncnunx, hpousomcnmux hocnc cmcpfu Cfanuna, u o afmocqc-
pc nancxni, pachpocfpanunmcucn n mupc: Hamc inyokoc ycx-
ncnuc cocfouf n fom, ufo n nacfonmcc npcmn nc cymccfnycf ncpc-
mcnnoio unu chopnoio nohpoca, kofopiu nc moxcf ifi pcmcn
mupnim hyfcm hocpcncfnom nsaumnoio coinamcnun mcxny saunfc-
pcconannimu cfoponamu... Mi sa mupnoc cocymccfnonanuc
mcxny nnymn cucfcmamu.
Ofo in fcsuc, kofopiu Mancnkon honncpxunan nhnofi no sa-
nnfun 12 mapfa 154 i. hosuuuu (hpofunohonoxnou mncnuk nocn-
noio pykononcfna u snauufcninou uacfu honufuucckou nomcnkna-
fypi CCCI), concpxanmcu yfncpxncnuc, ufo nncpnan nouna ina
i kafacfpoqou nnn nccio ucnoncuccfna, hofomy ufo osnauana i
cio koncu. Tcsuc, kofopiu ncckoniko mccnucn chycfn, koina nnacfi
hpcnccnafcnn hpanufcnicfna cfana ocnacnafi, in ohponcpinyf
kak Xpymcnim, fak u Bopomunonim onu yfncpxnanu, ufo nncp-
nan nouna hpuncncf hpcxnc nccio k okonuafcninomy ynuufoxcnuk
kahufanusma.
Ofa afmocqcpa, kofopyk hcpcnan concfckuu hucafcni Hnin
Opcnypi n cnocm pomanc Offchcni (nauunan c cio nasnanun), nc
cnyuauno honnunmcmcn n 154 i., ina nochpunnfa no nccm mupc.
Cufyauuu, fnnynmuccn ionamu, naxonunu icfpoc paspcmcnuc;
ofkpinanuci nonic cqcpi nnn nuckyccuu. Hc nccina sfo hpoxonu-
no n chokounou ocfanonkc u cs honcmuku. Ycfpcmncnun ncmno-
iux n konnckfunnom pykononcfnc c fpynom oncpxunanu ncpx nan
mcnfanufcfom mnoiux, uchifinanmux nocfaniiuk ho cfanunusmy.
H ncc-faku ncc mccnui, nauunan c nccni 15J i. no nfopou hono-
nuni 155 i., inu ofmcucni nnnim cfpcmncnucm mupno pcmafi
pasnoinacun, a nc oocfpnfi ux.
816
Bo nncmncu honufukc konnckfunnoio pykononcfna nomunu-
ponan hpcxnc nccio houck nuanoia c 3ahanom: c hosuuuu cuni u
cs micncnnix oionopok n fc mccnui, koina y nnacfu in Mancn-
kon; c hosuuuu cuni u c mnoiouucncnnimu micncnnimu oionop-
kamu hocnc nauana icicmonuu Xpymcna. Imc oncc unfcpccno
ofmcfufi, ufo n fo npcmn, kak Cfanun konucnfpuponan cnoc nnu-
manuc hpcumymccfncnno na cnpohcuckux hponcmax unu na ac-
hckfax, cnnsannix c hpnmim cfonknoncnucm c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu, cio hpccmnuku cpasy xc pacmupunu kpyi cnoux unfcpc-
con. Omymcnuc foio, ufo cufyauun n Inpohc yxc cfaunusupona-
naci, qopmuponanuc nnuxcnun nchpucocnununmuxcn cfpan u na-
uano sfaha icfpou nckononusauuu kasanoci ninnuianu u hcpcn
Concfckum Coksom nonic hponcmi. Iosfomy cio mcxnynapon-
nan honufuka icfpo hpuopcna inoaniniu macmfa, kofopoio
nukoina nc ino hpu Cfanunc, u cio nuhnomafun c onimcu ync-
pcnnocfik u npyiumu unfonauunmu sannuna o ccc n Cpcnuscmno-
mopic, n Aqpukc, n afunckou Amcpukc, na Inuxncm Bocfokc, n
Bocfounou Asuu, n Kufac u n Tuxookcanckom pciuonc. B ohpcnc-
ncnnom cmicnc coupanoci ncpxannoc nacncnuc, ocfanncnnoc Cfa-
nunim: hockoniky cnpohcuckuu qponf in ykpchncn (nohyckan,
ufo ncno ocfonno umcnno fak), moxno ino hocmofpcfi na yny-
mcc CCCI yxc nc kak na ynymcc cncpxncpxani, oipanuucnnou
Inpasucu, no kak cncpxncpxani, choconou sacfanufi cuufaficn c
coou no nccm mupc.
Moxno ino i samcfufi, ufo pacmupcnuc cqcpi unfcpccon
nxonuno n hpofunopcuuc c ncknapuponanmumucn namcpcnunmu n
ofnomcnuu 3ahana, nahpanncnnimu na paspnnky mcxnynaponnou
nahpnxcnnocfu. B ncucfnufcninocfu sfo samcuanuc nc numcno oc-
nonanun, u ono ykasinacf ipanuui, n kofopix moina pasnunaficn
honufuka nopoxcnafcninix ofnomcnuu c sahannim coksom. B ca-
mom ncnc, umcnno pacmupcnuc iopusonfon ncnano ncnosmoxnim n
fc ioni u pannoc c 3ahanom hpucyfcfnuc Concfon n skonomuucc-
kom u nocnnom hnanax. Icui mna o cfpcmncnuu ifi ncucfnufcni-
no inoaninou ncpxanou, hpu kofopom, onnako, cncnonano cuu-
faficn c pcaninimu qakfamu, u kofopoc ncfyhano n hpofunopcuuc
c fcm ocfonfcnicfnom, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi yxc nnnnnuci
inoaninou ncpxanou, skonomuuccku hpucyfcfnykmcu no nccm
mupc u n nocnnom ofnomcnuu ncc cmc ohcpcxanmcu CCCI na nc-
ckoniko ncf.
Takoni inu nonic ipanuui uhonnpnou cucfcmi. Koc-kfo
saxofcn nuncfi n ncu hpononxcnuc noiuku xononnou nouni. Xofn
shusoni, nnn kofopix ina xapakfcpna sfa noiuka, honfopnnuci n
hocncnykmuc ioni c pasnou cfchcnik unfcncunnocfu, u xofn co-
817
ncfckan honufuka moxcf ifi ucfonkonana kak ofncf na honufuky
anncca, cosnanuc cucfcmi cokson nnoni nccu ipanuui soni
concfckoio nnunnun, sfu nonic ipanuui hpunananu noniu cmicn
u nonoc snaucnuc uhonnpnomy cfonknoncnuk. Ipunuxanuci
ioni cocymccfnonanun-konkypcnuuu: ncc cmc hpofunocfonnuc, no
cmniucnnoc cfpcmncnucm k cocymccfnonanuk.
Icpnim hponnncnucm nonix concfckux opucnfauuu cfano pas-
nokuponanuc (kofopoio, nhpoucm, xofcn u Ouscnxaysp) hcpcionopon
ho hcpcmupuk n Kopcc. Ipcpnannic yxc nanno, onu nosononunuci
2O uknn 15J i., n fom uucnc u naionapn unuuuafunc concfckou
cfoponi, u 27 uknn sancpmunuci honhucanucm hcpcmupun n Iani-
miniuxonc.
B cnocu pcuu of 8 aniycfa Mancnkon sannun, ufo Concfckuu
Coks ofkasinacfcn of cnoux fpconanuu n ofnomcnuu Typuuu,
nafupycmix 144 i. Onnonpcmcnno inu nosononncni nopmani-
nic nuhnomafuucckuc ofnomcnun c Kiocnanucu u Ipcuucu. Iino
sannncno o nopix namcpcnunx n ofnomcnuu Hpana, Hnnuu, Ia-
kucfana, Aqianucfana u nccx cfpan sahannou cucfcmi.
25 nnnapn 154 i. nauanoci Icpnunckoc concmanuc munucfpon
unocfpannix ncn ucfipcx ncnukux ncpxan, okkyhuponanmux Icp-
manuk. H xofn y ncio nc ino inannou ucnu, concmanuc cfano
naxnim honopofom, ncoxofno hpunnfim annccom. C hcpnoio nnn
paofi Monofon hpcnnoxun, ufoi na nfopom sfahc ino cosnano
concmanuc hnfu (c yuacfucm Haponnoio Kufan) nnn ocyxncnun
inannix fcm mcxnynaponnou paspnnku. Ipcnnoxcnuc ino hc-
pccmofpcno no npcmn paofi concmanun us-sa ofkasa anncca co-
inacuficn na ncfpcuy, kofopan osnauana i kocncnnoc hpusnanuc
Haponnoio Kufan amcpukanckou cfoponou. Onnako n konuc conc-
manun ina nauncna komhpomuccnan qopmyna, kacakmancn nco-
xonumocfu ocynufi mupniu noionop c Kopccu, cosnan 26 ahpcnn
n Zcncnc concmanuc c yuacfucm nccx cfopon, saunfcpcconannix n
paspcmcnuu kopcuckoio konqnukfa, no fakxc u unnokufauckoio
nohpoca. Komhpomucc in nauncn n qopmync, kofopan ofncnnna
hpuinamakmuc ncpxani of hpuinamcnnix, c yfouncnucm, ufo
yuacfuc n paofc hocncnnux (fo ccfi Haponnoio Kufan u Ccncpnou
Kopcu) nc yncf osnauafi nuhnomafuucckoio hpusnanun sfux nnyx
cfpan. Hccmofpn na sfy oionopky, pcsynifaf in naxnim, ho-
ckoniky anncc hpusnan, ufo ncnisn ocyxnafi kopcuckuu nohpoc
cs yuacfun Kufan, a qpanuysi hpusnanu, ufo nohpoc o Hnnoku-
fac yxc cfan mcxnynaponnou hponcmou, a nc foniko nnyfpcnncu
hponcmou qpanuysckou kononuaninou cucfcmi.
Concmanuc n Zcncnc nauano cnok paofy n momcnf nauoncc
ocfpou honufuucckou nuckyccuu no panuuu ho IOC. Ono nonio
818
u csychcmno ocyxnano kopcuckuu nohpoc. Ocyxnano ncc fak
xc csychcmno hponcmy Hnnokufan no fcx hop, hoka no pan-
uuu Iicp Mcnncc-panc nc in nasnaucn hpcnccnafcncm Concfa
munucfpon. Xofn sncci nc mccfo nnn ananusa nannou fcmi, cncny-
cf, onnako, honucpknyfi, ufo hpuifuc Mcnncc-panca n Zcncny
nano fonuok hcpcionopam. Iocnc ccpuu konfakfon na nicmcm ypon-
nc 2O21 uknn in honhucan hakcf coinamcnuu mcxny panuucu
u pasnuunimu anfaionucfamu cc iochoncfna no Bicfnamc, aocc u
Kamonxc.
C fouku spcnun omcio coofnomcnun cun mcxny ncpxanamu
Zcncnckuc coinamcnun ofpaxanu nonic ycnonun, nifckanmuc us
hcpcxonnoio hcpuona n cucfcmc mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu. Tof
qakf, ufo concmanuc cocfonnoci u ino sancpmcno koncfpykfun-
nim opasom n ofnomcnuu ho kpauncu mcpc onnou us nnyx nucky-
fuponanmuxcn fcm, camo ho ccc nnnnnoci hosufunnim momcnfom.
Iocnc mupnix noionopon 147 i. u hcpcmupun n Kopcc nhcpnic
konqnukfykmuc cfoponi nocfuinu komhpomucca ho naxnomy
nohpocy.
Yuacfuc Kufauckou Haponnou Icchynuku honfncpxnano fy
poni, kofopyk ona yxc hpuopcna n xusnu Asuu. Ofo cmc nc ino
nccomcc hpusnanuc, a, nahpofun, hpusnanuc, xccfko ochapunac-
moc Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, onnako ymcpcnnocfi munucfpa
unocfpannix ncn Hxoy Oninan hokasana, ufo Kufau moi fakxc ui-
pafi pcmakmyk poni n Asuu, poni, kofopyk cio coccnu fakuc
kak Hnnun, Bicfnam u cam Concfckuu Coks nc moinu nc yuu-
finafi. Bcnukopufanun no konua nihonnuna cnok sanauy ho-
cpcnnuuccfna u ycfanonncnun pannonccun. Ic nknan in ucncn u
ncmano chococfnonan cc cnuxcnuk c panuucu, pcsynifafi ko-
fopoio cfanyf oucnunni nckopc, hocnc hponana noionopa o IOC.
Concfckuu Coks honfonknyn nicfnamucn k komhpomuccy hpu-
ncccnucm n xcpfny ncmanix nocnnix ychcxon. Concfckan nuhno-
mafun moina oucnunafi pcsynifafi kak hnon cocfncnnou ncnfcni-
nocfu. anncc, kofopoio na hpofnxcnuu hcpcionopon houfu nccina
hpcncfannnn Yonfcp I. Cmuf, nc hpchnfcfnonan fomy, ufoi hpu-
mupcnuc cocfonnoci, kak ynfo i pcui mna o coifuu, numi
kocncnno kacanmciocn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Onnako onu yxc
hpuiofonunuci hpunnfi nacncncfno (nosmoxno, iopikoc) ocnoox-
ncnun qpanuyson of cnoux onsafcnicfn u iofonunu honhucanuc
noionopa CIATO. Takum opasom ux ofcfpancnnocfi ina numi
nunumocfik, hpukpinanmcu kak namcpcnuc nc umcfi hpnmix
nuhnomafuucckux ofnomcnuu c Haponnim Kufacm n momcnf,
koina of Taunann (hpu honncpxkc momnoio kufauckoio nou) uc-
xonunu hpofccfi na nicokom yponnc ho honony ycfyhok, cncnannix
81
kommynucfuucckum aipcccopam fak u iopasno oncc cymccfncn-
noc namcpcnuc samcnufi panuuk, nc hpunuman of ncc nchoc-
pcncfncnnoc nacncncfno, kofopoc umcno i cnumkom cuniniu
hpunkyc hcmcpnoio umhcpuanusma. B sfom cmicnc ux qopmani-
nan ofcfpancnnocfi nipaxana onny us ucpf honufuku anmunucfpa-
uuu Ouscnxayspa n ofnomcnuu hponcmi umhcpuanusma. B 154 i.
nukfo nc hpcnnuncn xusncnno naxnoio snaucnun, kofopoc nicf-
namckuu nohpoc hpuopcfcf nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon ncckoniko
ncf chycfn.
9.5.3. BOCXO+,EHUE HUKUTM XP.TEBA
B ccnfnpc 15J i. Xpymcn in uspan Icpnim cckpcfapcm
Hcnfpaninoio Komufcfa Kommynucfuucckou hapfuu Concfckoio
Coksa (KICC). Konfponi nan honufuucckum ahhapafom pcanuso-
ninancn n nunc qopmaninou ofncfcfncnnocfu. Ofo in cumhfom
ocnancnun Mancnkona ho ofnomcnuk k cio hpofunnukam, ocna-
ncnun yxc ncopafumoio. Iio hpcnnoxcnun ho skonomuucckou
honufukc n onimcu cfchcnu, ucm cio mcxnynaponnan ncnfcni-
nocfi (kofopan, nhpoucm, nosinannnnaci cfanunucfom Monofonim)
hpofunohocfanunu cio hapfuu u noopyxcnnim cunam. B nckapc
154 i. Mancnkon in hpakfuuccku cmcmcn co cnocu nonxnocfu,
no qopmaninoc pcmcnuc ino hpunnfo Bcpxonnim Concfom foni-
ko n konuc nnnapn 155 i., koina Mancnkona ocnoonunu of cio
onsannocfcu u nasnauunu samccfufcncm hpcnccnafcnn Concfa mu-
nucfpon. Iio hocf sannn mapman Hukonau Iynianun, n munucfcp-
cfnc ooponi cio samcnun mapman Zykon. Ofo usmcncnuc osnauano
nosnpamcnuc hpanufcnicfna hon honnoc pykononcfno kommynucfu-
ucckou hapfuu c paspymcnucm hpakfuku, kofopyk hifancn ycfa-
nonufi Mancnkon. 3nakom hcpcmcn ino fo, ufo Mancnkona nc
hocfuina yuacfi Icpun, u on nc in cpasy xc honncpinyf ocfpa-
kusmy, a numi hocfchcnno nincncn us cocfana concfckou nomcn-
knafypi u n konuc konuon okasancn n honnou ncusnccfnocfu.
ysf IynianunXpymcn ycunun ncnfcninocfi hpcnmccfnykmc-
io pykononcfna n mcxnynaponnom hnanc u n konuc konuon hpunan
nuhnomafuu CCCI conccm noniu fcmh. Icnu no fcx hop inani
hpanufcnicfna u hapfuu n CCCI nccima ncoxofno hokunanu cfpa-
ny, fo onimcc pannonccuc nnacfcu hosnonuno nnym concfckum io-
cynapcfncnnim ncnfcnnm pasnufi ypnyk ncnfcninocfi kak ho ko-
nuuccfny unuuuafun, fak u ho uucny hpcnhpunnfix sonnupykmux
hocsnok. Cpcnu mnoiouucncnnix hyfcmccfnuu, kofopic Iynianun
u Xpymcn ocymccfnunu na hcpnom sfahc cymccfnonanun cnocio py-
kononcfna, nincnnkfcn ho kpauncu mcpc fpu shusona: hocsnka
82O
n Kufau n konuc 154 i., hocsnka n Kiocnanuk n ccpcnunc 155 i.
u hocsnka n Kxnyk Asuk n konuc foio xc 155 i.
Concfcko-kufauckuu coks, c fpynom cosnananmuucn u c fpynom
cymccfnonanmuu naxc n hcpuoni nocnnoio cofpynnuuccfna no npcmn
nouni n Kopcc, in onnum us pcmakmux momcnfon nnn mcxnyna-
ponnoio honoxcnun CCCI. Cfanun nc moi nannsafi Mao Hssnyny
ohpcncncnnyk moncni hocfpocnun kommynusma. Micni u ncnfcni-
nocfi Mao nchocpcncfncnno cncnonana sa hpakfukou u kufauckou
fpanuuucu. B cfpanc fakux pasmcpon, kak Kufau, n kofopou aipap-
nan hponcma okasinana hpconanakmcc skonomuucckoc nnunnuc
na ncc npyiuc achckfi hpousnonufcninou xusnu, ino ncnosmoxno
ocymccfnufi nkou napuanf icfpoio cosnanun fnxcnou hpomim-
ncnnocfu ucnou macconoio ynuufoxcnun kpccfinncfna. Coinacno
Mao, kufauckuu choco hpousnoncfna moi ifi usmcncn n hcpnyk
oucpcni c yucfom sfou pcaninocfu, a nc concfckou moncnu. nc nc-
nukuc cfpani pasncnnnu fakxc hocncncfnun Bfopou muponou nou-
ni, n qunaninou cfanuu kofopou nauuonanucfuucckuu Kufau
sahnafun nccima nicokyk ucny sa concfckoc nicfyhncnuc hpofun
Shonuu. Coks 15O i. ofuacfu cinanun hpofunopcuun, onnako nc
pcmun ncc hponcmi.
Cnauana Mancnkon, a safcm cio hpccmnuku nnumafcnino hono-
mnu k sfomy nohpocy. Hc hpomno u ucfipcx nncu hocnc cmcpfu
Cfanuna, kak ino sannncno, ufo concfckuu hocon n Ickunc, ka-
picpniu nuhnomaf, nasnaucnniu nccio numi sa mccnu no sfoio,
samcnncfcn Bacunucm Kysncuonim, samccfufcncm munucfpa uno-
cfpannix ncn. Hcmnoio hosxc, 26 mapfa, ino honhucano fopionoc
coinamcnuc, hcpcionopi o kofopom mnu yxc n fcucnuc mnoiux
mccnucn u na asc kofopoio Kufak hpcnocfannnnaci nanincuman
qunanconan homomi, oucnunacman ucfopukom Anamom Ynamom
kak cpcncfno nnn foio, ufoi uscxafi hponnncnun Ickunom of-
kpifoio ncnononicfna n ofnomcnuu nonoio concfckoio pykonon-
cfna. anincumuu u oncc naxniu mai n fom xc camom nahpannc-
nuu in cncnan kak pas naionapn hcpnomy naxnomy nusufy sa
hpcncni CCCI, concpmcnnomy Xpymcnim u Iynianunim.
Icpcionopi, hpcnhpunnfic ho sfomy cnyuak u sancpmunmuccn
11 okfnpn 154 i., hocfanunu inannic fcmi no nsaumoofnomcnunx
mcxny nnymn cfpanamu. Kak u oxunanoci, Concfckuu Coks on-
sancn ninccfu noucka us asi n Iopf-Apfypc, xofn n coofncfcfnuu
c cymccfnykmumu coinamcnunmu sfo nonxno ino hpousoufu
hocnc honhucanun mupnoio noionopa c Shonucu. Oucni cnoxnimu
okasanuci skonomuucckuc hcpcionopi. Iin hcpccmofpcn nohpoc o
concfckom yuacfuu n conmccfnix komhanunx ho skchnyafauuu ho-
ncsnix uckohacmix u ononncni ycnonun nanincumcu nihnafi
821
nonion (cuufacfcn, ufo n omcu cnoxnocfu mcxny 15O u 16O ii.
Concfckuu Coks hpcnocfanun Kufak kpcnufi na omyk cymmy
nna munnuapna nonnapon, onnako ho sfum nannim ofcyfcfnycf on-
nosnaunan nokymcnfauun). Ionimoc snaucnuc umcn fakxc pnn na-
yunix coinamcnuu, kacanmuxcn omcnon cfyncnfamu u yucnimu u
concfckou homomu Kufak n nncpnix uccncnonanunx. Kpufuucc-
kuu achckf sfou conokyhnocfu coinamcnuu hpcncfannnna, onnako,
ncfcphuman hosuuun Xpymcna ofnocufcnino foio, ufoi Kufau
ohnauunan ycnyiu, fonapi u oopynonanuc, hocfannncmic us CCCI.
Ipafckan homomi nc ina cckopicfnou, u nckofopic honaiakf,
ufo umcnno cncpxannocfi concfckou cfoponi chococfnonana sa-
poxncnuk y Mao Hssnyna ccmnn nuunou npaxncnocfu ho ofno-
mcnuk k Xpymcny; sfu ccmcna nanu ncxoni ncckoniko ncf chycfn.
C npyiou cfoponi, hocfonnnoc yhopcfno, c kofopim Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi naxc hocnc Ianiminiuxona hpononxanu ofkasi-
naficn of hpusnanun Kufan u honncpxunafi nauuonanucfuucckoc
hpanufcnicfno, namcnmcc ycxumc na Taunanc (opmosc), n kauc-
cfnc cnuncfncnnoio sakonnoio kufauckoio hpanufcnicfna, fonkano
k coinamcnuk. Hahpnxcnnocfi cfana ymcnimaficn numi n 155 i.,
hocnc foio, kak n fcucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn ocyxnancn nohpoc
o hpucyfcfnuu nouck nauuonanucfuucckoio Kufan n nunc iapnuso-
non na ocfponax Kysmou u Mausy. Ofu ocfpona naxonunuci nnusu
hocpcxin konfuncnfaninoio Kufan u hosfomy na nux hpcntnnnn-
no hpana hckunckoc hpanufcnicfno, onnako Han Kaumu samuman
ux no hocncnncio, hpcnpafun ocfpona n sanoi u iapanfuk hponon-
xcnun nocnnoio hokponufcnicfna Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u n hpc-
hnfcfnuc nnn pasnufun nuanoia mcxny Bamunifonom u Ickunom.
Hauanmuccn foina cckpcfnic hcpcionopi mcxny amcpukanua-
mu u kufauuamu hpuncnu n ccnfnpc sfoio xc iona k ofkpifuk
nuhnomafuucckoio kanana nnn honncpxanun konfakfon mcxny nny-
mn cfpanamu, qakfuuccku sanoxunmcio ocnoni nnn hocncnykmux
usmcncnuu. Ofo ino, onnako, fpynnim ncnom, hockoniky nauuo-
nanucfuucckuu Kufau u cio cfoponnuku n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax
uununu cckoncunic hpchnfcfnun nkomy cnuxcnuk, ohacanci,
ufo ono moxcf hpunccfu k nopmanusauuu, fak ufo foniko n 168 i.
ino nocfuinyfo coinamcnuc o fom, ufoi n Bapmanc hpoxonunu
hcpuonuucckuc honufuucckuc ncfpcuu mcxny hpcncfanufcnnmu
nnyx ncpxan (CUA u KHI).
26 man 155 i. Xpymcn, cohponoxnacmiu Iynianunim u Anac-
facom Mukonnom, ofhpanuncn n Icnipan u, hponnun ncsaypnnnoc
naxanicfno, sancpmun hinkumu otnfinmu c hpcsuncnfom Tufo
cfoni ocfpiu konqnukf, pasncnnnmuu oc cfpani c 148 i. Bcn
ofncfcfncnnocfi ina nosnoxcna na Icpun, u Xpymcn sancpun Tufo,
822
ufo komhapfun Kiocnanuu nnnncfcn nacfonmcu mapkcucfcko-nc-
nunckou hapfucu. Otnfun, koncynifauuu u ncknapauun o npyxc,
sancpmunman nusuf, inu naxnimu ychcxamu nnn Tufo, kofopiu
honnn, ufo hpusnana nosmoxnocfi cymccfnonanun npyiux qopm
couuanucfuucckoio pasnufun. Kiocnanckuu hpcsuncnf nukoina
nc ofkasinancn cuufafi ccn nacfonmum kommynucfom, numi ho
hpunuuhuaninim coopaxcnunm cfonknynmumcn c CCCI. Koina n
uknc on ofhpanuncn c ofncfnim nusufom n Mockny, afmocqcpa ina
cmc oncc npyxcckan, u Tufo hoocman, ufo Kiocnanun nccina y-
ncf nmccfc c Concfckum Coksom panu hocni kommynusma. Onnako
nu onno us sfux nipaxcnuu nc cncnonano nochpunumafi yknanino.
Ipumupcnuc nc osnauano fakxc nosnpamcnun k sanucumocfu.
Tufo, ncponfno, nc xofcn nukoina, sa ucknkucnucm momcnfon nau-
onimux fpynnocfcu, cuufaficn npaiom Concfckoio Coksa, no
hpcfcnnonan na fo, ufoi cio hpusnananu kak onnoio us kpyhnix
nuncpon muponoio kommynusma, kofopiu cymcn cosnafi (c nccima
oipanuucnnim ychcxom, moxno ckasafi ccionnn) unyk qopmy
kommynusma, xapakfcpusykmykcn camoyhpanncnucm, xofn sfa
qopmyna nukoina u nc ina pcanusonana na hpakfukc. Kpomc
foio, cnna nosnukmuc naionapn Iankanckomy coksy cnnsu c 3aha-
nom, xofn u inu numcni nocnoio concpxanun us-sa hpumupcnun
c Mocknou u, kpomc foio, honopofa Kiocnanuu k ncufpanufcfy,
nukoina nc hpckpamanuci n skonomuucckom hnanc. akfuuccku
Tufo naxonuncn mcxny nnymn cucfcmamu, oxaxunacmiu ocumu,
u iofoniu k ohhopfynucfuucckum pcmcnunm unu k nncmnum sq-
qckfam fpuymqon n fpcficm mupc. B ncucfnufcninocfu, on nccina
ocfanancn cnnsannim cufyauucu nnyfpu cfpani, nnn kofopou on
hpunyman n fo npcmn pnn uncfufyuuonaninix pcqopm, nahpanncn-
nix na cmniucnuc pacxoxncnuu mcxny sfnuucckumu ipyhhamu, no
chococfnonanmux, nahpofun, numi safpynncnuk ux unfcipauuu.
Tpcficu kpyhnou hocsnkou, ofkpinanmcu hcpcn concfckou ho-
nufukou nonic iopusonfi, in nusuf Xpymcna u Iynianuna n
Kxnyk Asuk 17 nonpn 21 nckapn 155 i. Ofahamu sfou hocsn-
ku inu nusufi n Hnnuk, n Iupmy u n Aqianucfan. Busuf n Iupmy
in cnocio pona nanik ncufpaninou hosuuuu iocynapcfna, kofopoc
ino ponunou Y Tana, ynymcio icncpaninoio cckpcfapn OOH;
nusuf n Kayn in onsafcninim nnn nopmanusauuu ofnomcnuu c
coccnom, naxnim nnn nonou concfckou honufuku n ofnomcnuu
Hnnuu. Camoc onimoc snaucnuc umcna hocsnka n Hnnuk c hocc-
mcnucm pasnuunix uacfcu sfoio onimoio iocynapcfna. B camom
ncnc, ona oosnauuna nanincumuu sfah hcpcxona Hcpy c hposa-
hannix hosuuuu hcpnix ncf cio hpanncnun hocnc poxncnun ncsa-
nucumou Hnnuu n 147 i. k ncufpanucfckum hosuuunm 155 i.,
82J
nhnofi no hofcnuuanino hpoconcfckux hosuuuu, hponnunmuxcn
umcnno nauunan co ncfpcu c concfckumu pykononufcnnmu. nc
cfpani cnusunuci naionapn ncnfcninocfu, kofopyk Hcpy pas-
ncpnyn, nauunan c Kopcuckou nouni u hosnncc, hpcnnaian cnoc
hocpcnnuuccfno n konqnukfc mcxny kommynucfuucckou cucfcmou
u Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu. Ofo hocpcnnuuccfno c fcucnucm ncf
hpuopcfano ncc oncc kpufuucckuu xapakfcp ho ofnomcnuk k
Cocnuncnnim Ufafam. Iosfomy anfukononuaninic sannncnun
Xpymcna naxonunu n Hnnuu naionapnyk aynufopuk, fcm oncc
ufo onu cohponoxnanuci ocmanunmu fcxnonoiuucckou homomu u
csycnonnou iapanfucu, kofopyk Concfckuu Coks nanan cnocu mo-
mik hpofun yuacfun Iakucfana n 3ahannom coksc.
B konuc ncfpcu in honhucan pnn fopionix coinamcnuu, upcs-
niuauno omupnix, u pnn honufuucckux coinamcnuu, kofopic
yfncpxnanu n konqnukfnix cufyauunx ncufpaninic unu xc npax-
ncnic ho ofnomcnuk k Cocnuncnnim Ufafam hosuuuu: kak,
nahpumcp, ncoxonumocfi hpusnanun KHI u hpana Haponnoio
Kufan na uncncfno n OOH; hpano Kufan na Taunani; ncoxonu-
mocfi hynkfyaninoio nihonncnun Zcncnckux coinamcnuu; concf-
ckan honncpxka Hnnuu, nahpanncnnan hpofun cymccfnonanun
hopfyianickou kononuu n Ioa; concfckan honncpxka unnuuckou
hosuuuu n konqnukfc c Iakucfanom us-sa Kammupa. B ucnom sfo
inu ocnoni poxnanmciocn coksa, kofopiu hpocymccfnycf nonio
u yncf ofpaxaficn na nccu cufyauuu n Asuu u, n ococnnocfu, na
ofnomcnunx mcxny CCCI u Kufacm, hockoniky Kufau u Hnnun
inu pasncncni hoipanuunimu konqnukfamu u nohpocom o Tucfc.
Moiyf nu sfa akfunnocfi u pacmupcnuc hcpchckfun, kofopoc
ona ofkpinana hcpcn concfckou nncmncu honufukou, ifi cncncni
k fpakfonkc sfoio sfaha mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu kak fpcxncfun
paspnnku Hc inu nu onu, nahpofun, hponnncnucm akfunnocfu,
kofopan ina nahpanncna hpofun unfcpccon Cocnuncnnix Ufafon
u kofopan coofncfcfnonana no nccx hynkfax maiam Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon Ofncf na sfu nohpoci nc moxcf ifi nu onnosnaunim,
nu okonuafcninim. Iocnc cmcpfu Cfanuna nauancn hcpcxonniu
hcpuon, pcsynifafi kofopoio cmc nonxni inu cospcfi. Toniko n
pcsynifafc ofkpifoio hponnncnun hpouccca nccfanunusauuu moxno
yncf cncnafi hcpnic ninoni ofnocufcnino sfoio hcpuona.
Mcxny fcm na mnoioopasuc mcxnynaponnou ncnfcninocfu na-
knaninanaci opia sa nnacfi nnyfpu Concfckoio Coksa. Ha hcpc-
xonnom sfahc ncucfnun n mcxnynaponnou cqcpc moinu hpuopc-
fafi aipcccunniu u konqnukfniu xapakfcp numi n pcsynifafc
omuku. Hx ncynaua moina numi ycyiyufi nnyfpcnnuc hponcmi.
Onnako sfo nc ucknkuano nunamusm. Ioncc foio, nunamusm ofmcuan
824
nnc mcxnynaponnic ucnu, naxnic nnn cfauninoio yhpanncnun
Concfckum Coksom: houck hocfonnnoio komhpomucca nnn Inpohi
u pacmupcnuc concfckoio hpucyfcfnun no nccu cucfcmc mcxnyna-
ponnix ofnomcnuu. Icui mna o nnyx fccno cnnsannix achckfax,
xofn u nconsafcnino nc pasncnncmix. Ioncc foio, umcnno oni-
muu nunamusm moi ohpannafi n inasax fcx, kfo uchifinan noc-
faniiuk ho cfanunckum nonccfnm, ycfyhku, kofopic n fo xc
camoc npcmn ncnanuci 3ahany u hpcncfannnnu coou ofkponcnnic
maiu n nahpanncnuu paspnnku.
9.5.4. ABCTPUUCKUU FOC.,APCTBEHHMU ,OFOBOP
U +EHEBCKOE COBETAHUE 1955 t.
Iocnc ykpchncnun hosuuuu Xpymcna sfu maiu cfanu cmc oncc
sncpiuunimu. Icpnou ina pcmcna ancfpuuckan hponcma. uc-
kyccun nokpyi mupnoio noionopa c Ancfpucu fnnynaci cspcsyni-
fafno c 147 i. B kauccfnc koppckfnoio n fof momcnf uchonisona-
noci nipaxcnuc iocynapcfncnniu noionop, hockoniky n founom
cmicnc Ancfpun nukoina nc ncfyhana n nouny, cfan hcpnou xcpf-
nou iufncponckou aipcccuu n 1J8 i., u k nauany nocnnix ncu-
cfnuu yxc oncc ucm ion nc nnnnnaci cytckfom mcxnynaponnoio
hpana. Anmnkc in otnnncn ncncucfnufcninim n 14J i. no npcmn
Mockonckou konqcpcnuuu, u sfo hosnonuno cosnafi hocnc okonua-
nun nocnnix ncucfnuu npcmcnnoc, a safcm cnoonno uspannoc
ancfpuuckoc hpanufcnicfno, n fo npcmn kak fcppufopun pcchynuku
honncpinaci ucfipcxcfoponncu okkyhauuu, ananoiuunou okkyha-
uuu Icpmanuu, hpu kofopou Bcna okasanaci n fom xc honoxcnuu,
ufo u Icpnun. Ananoiun c Icpmanucu na sfom u sakanuunanaci.
Hanuuuc cnunoio hpanufcnicfna homoino Ancfpuu uscxafi pucka
pacuncncnun. Bohpoc o mupnom noionopc, onnako, ocfancn ofno-
xcnnim no Zcncnckoio concmanun 154 i., koina sfa fcma nnoni
ina paccmofpcna. H xofn konkpcfnix pcmcnuu hpunnfo nc ino,
in cqopmynuponan fcsuc o fom, ufo na ocnonc mupnoio noionopa
cama Ancfpun nonxna nsnfi na ccn onsafcnicfno hpuncpxunaficn
hocfonnnoio ncufpanufcfa.
Icpcionopi hpononxanuci nhnofi no nauana 155 i., koina Co-
ncfckuu Coks ofkasancn of ninnuxcnun n kauccfnc ycnonun nnn
saknkucnun noionopa ho Ancfpuu onnonpcmcnnoc pcmcnuc icp-
manckou hponcmi. Icmakman u saknkuufcninan cfanun hcpcio-
nopon, akfunnimu u sncpiuunimu yuacfnukamu kofopix inu an-
cfpuuui (n ofnuuuc of foio, ufo hpoucxonuno n 145146 ii. n
ofnomcnuu npyiux mupnix noionopon), nauanaci n ahpcnc 155 i. u
hpuncna 15 man k honhucanuk Iocynapcfncnnoio noionopa. Bohpoc
825
o ncufpanufcfc ofcinancn k pcmcnuk, kofopoc ncnckoc hpanufcni-
cfno onsinanoci hpunnfi c homomik hapnamcnfa. Tckcf noionopa
concpxan, nahpofun, ofkponcnniu sahpcf na houck skonomuucc-
koio u honufuucckoio coksa c Icpmanucu. Ipcnycmafpunanoci,
ufo Ancfpuu ynyf nosnpamcni ucnnocfu, hcpcmcmcnnic n Icp-
manuk, nmccfc c fcm of Ancfpuu nc fpconanoci nukakux pchapa-
uuu, a ancfpuuckoc hpanufcnicfno ofkasinanoci of hpcntnnncnun
ananoiuunix fpconanuu n ofnomcnuu Icpmanuu unu coksnix
ncpxan.
B okfnpc, hocnc sancpmcnun omcio hpouccca pafuqukauuu
noionopa, hanafi ancfpuuckoio hapnamcnfa hpoionoconanu sa ho-
cfonnniu ncufpanufcf Ancfpuu. Cpasy hocnc sfoio ina pachymcna
Coksnan konfponinan komuccun, u ucfipcxcfoponnuc okkyhauu-
onnic cuni hokunynu ancfpuuckyk fcppufopuk. Ofo in cnyuau,
kak yfncpxnanoci nhocncncfnuu, nopononinoio ofpacinanun,
hockoniky nhcpnic concfckuc noucka nopononino ymnu c fcppu-
fopuu hpofunnuka, okkyhuponannou no npcmn nouni. B sfom
cmicnc, a fakxc u ho cnocmy snaucnuk n ucnom Iocynapcfncnniu
noionop hpunanncxan k kafciopuu pcmcnuu, pacmupnnmux macmfa-
i paspnnku.
Bhpoucm, nosmoxna u mcncc ncnunnan fpakfonka. Concfckuu
Coks ofkasancn of hpnmoio konfponn nan iocynapcfnom, hocfpocn-
nim ho hpanunam pinounou skonomuku, kofopoc nc moino ifi
nonncucno n concfckyk opufy. B fo xc npcmn on, onnako, niny-
nun ninccfu noucka coksnukon u fcm camim ccpicsno napymun
nocnnyk ucnocfnocfi afnanfuucckoio qponfa. Hcufpaninan Ancf-
pun paspinana cnnsi mcxny ccncpnim u kxnim qnaniamu HATO.
Ipu hcpcmcmcnuu nouck u nocnnix pccypcon us Ianapuu n Hfa-
nuk u, naoopof, onu nc moinu onimc paccuufinafi na hyfi
ucpcs hcpcnan Ipcnncp, a nonxni inu hpcononcnafi onimoc
paccfonnuc, n oxon fcppufopuu Ancfpuu u Uncuuapuu. Bpcmn
hokasano, ufo fakan ynonka okasanaci usnumncu, no n 155 i. ona
nnnnnaci ucnou, kofopyk 3ahan sahnafun sa paspnnky.
Afmocqcpa ohfumusma, cosnannan iocynapcfncnnim noiono-
pom, nhucinanaci n honufuky nopou nonu, kofopyk cfapanuci
hpononufi ucfipc ncnukuc ncpxani. Ic nc moino paspymufi nu
sancpmcnuc hpouccca unfcipauuu Icpmanuu n HATO, nu hapan-
ncninoc honhucanuc Bapmanckoio noionopa. Ofo inu numi qop-
maninic hpoucnypi, hpcnnasnaucnnic nnn sakpchncnun na ymaic
cymccfnykmcio yxc n fcucnuc mnoiux ncf honoxcnun. Tof qakf,
ufo Ancfpuuckuu noionop in honhucan na npyiou ncni hocnc co-
snanun Bapmanckoio hakfa (14 man 155 i.), honfncpxnan nosmox-
nocfi nanoxcnun nonix nnncnuu na cfapic.
826
B fof camiu momcnf, koina mapman Iynianun nsnn na ccn
nnacfi, samcnun Mancnkona, on pasncpnyn mupokyk kamhanuk sa
mupnoc cocymccfnonanuc. Icakuun 3ahana ina cnauana ocfopox-
nou, n ococnnocfu c amcpukanckou cfoponi. Onnako anncc nc
ucknkuan, ufo cmcna nuncpcfna n Mocknc moina ofkpifi hyfi k
noccfanonncnuk fpanuuuonnou npyxi mcxny CCCI u CUA.
anincumcmy ynyumcnuk cufyauuu chococfnonano pcmcnuc Co-
ncfckoio Coksa ofncnufi ancfpuuckuu nohpoc of icpmanckoio, ufo
ofkpino hyfi k Iocynapcfncnnomy noionopy. Hncn nosinanun cfo-
ponnukon nonoio mcxnynaponnoio concmanun n ncpxax, kofopoc
hoponuno i, kak n hcpuon hocnc Icpnou muponou nouni, noniu
nyx Zcncni.
B sfou ocfanonkc n sancpmakmuc nnu ancfpuuckux hcpciono-
pon sahannan nuhnomafun nicfyhuna c hpcnnoxcnucm concmanun
n ncpxax inan iocynapcfn u hpanufcnicfn ucfipcx ncnukux ncpxan.
B ucnfpc nuckyccuu nonxni inu naxonuficn icpmanckuu nohpoc
u kpyhnic hponcmi, kacakmuccn noopyxcnuu. Hauanuci pas-
mimncnun o pcsynifafax ionku sa nncpnoc hpcnocxoncfno, nauafou
n 15O15J ii. 3ahan cfan ccpicsno sanyminaficn nan fcm, kakoc
nnunnuc noniu concfckuu honufuucckuu kypc yncf okasinafi na
muponoc omccfncnnoc mncnuc. Oc cucfcmi yxc cnoxunuci, no
ccnu concfckan cucfcma naxonunaci hon cfpoium konfponcm kom-
mynucfuucckux hapfuu u noopyxcnnix cun, fo sahannan cucfcma
cfpanana of fakfuucckux cnaocfcu, fuhuunix nnn ofkpifix u hnk-
panucfuucckux pcxumon, ococnno oucnunnix n hcpuoni, koina
cfanonunuci hohynnpnimu ncufpanusm u nchpucocnuncnuc.
Mccfom ncfpcuu, nasnaucnnou na 182J uknn (xofn hcpnona-
uaninoc hpcnnoxcnuc oipanuuunano ncfpcuy n ncpxax 21-m uknn),
ina uspana Zcncna. Onnako fchcpi pcui mna o fom, ufoi ho-
nnfi, yncf nu concmanuc nosmoxnocfik nosononufi hcpcionopi
n cfunc Bfopou muponou nouni, usounykmuc fopiom u fmafcnino
nincpcnnimu nsaumnimu ycfyhkamu, unu xc ono yncf ncfpcucu
n ncpxax, ofkpifou nnn hponnncnun omccfncnnix nacfpocnuu,
inannou hponcmou kofopou yncf ncknapauun n hpohaiannucf-
ckom cmicnc ofnocufcnino foio, ufo xononnan nouna sakonucna, u
ufo y nnyx cfopon ncf onimc hpuuun onficn npyi npyia u hpofu-
nocfonfi npyi npyiy, naxc ccnu n ncucfnufcninocfu onu hpononxanu
uchifinafi inyokoc nsaumnoc ncnoncpuc.
Hamcucnnan honccfka nnn cocfonna us ucfipcx hynkfon: 1) otc-
nuncnuc Icpmanuu; 2) cnpohcuckan csohacnocfi; J) pasopyxcnuc;
4) pasnufuc ofnomcnuu Bocfok3ahan. uckyccun ina oucni
npyxccfncnnou u nocfafouno ofkponcnnou. H. Iynianun, H. Xpy-
mcn u B. Monofon hpcncfannnnu CCCI; yauf Ouscnxaysp u xon
827
ocfcp anncc Cocnuncnnic Ufafi; Oniap op u Anfyan
Iunc panuuk; Anfonu Hncn u Iaponin Makmunnan Bcnu-
kopufanuk.
Ipu ananufuucckom honxonc nosmoxno usnumnc nochpousno-
nufi nuckyccuu fcx nncu. Ionimuc oxunanun ohpannanuci numi n
onnom: ucfncpo yuacfnukon ocfanuci honnocfik nccoinacnimu ho
nccm hynkfam nuckyccuu, no n fo xc npcmn nipaxanu sfo n uunu-
nusonannou qopmc, sacfannnkmcu hpcnhonoxufi, ufo ofnomcnun
mcxny ncpxanamu ncucfnufcnino usmcnunuci. C npyiou cfoponi,
xofn nu onna us hponcm nc cosnanana nosmoxnocfcu nnn cnuxc-
nun hosuuuu, inu ninnunyfi hpcnnoxcnun, kofopic ocfanunu
cnou cncn u nanu cnou hnoni ioni chycfn. Inan, hpcncfanncnniu
Hncnom ho noccocnuncnuk Icpmanuu hocnc cnoonnix niopon,
n conokyhnocfu c hpockfom fpcx nsaumnix iapanfuu, nknkuakmux
fakxc noionop hnfu, kofopiu nonxcn in hpcnofnpafufi ohac-
nocfi nonou aipcccuu co cfoponi Icpmanuu, hpcnpafuncn c fcx
hop n onun us nnyx honxonon k icpmanckomy nohpocy. pyiou in
hpcncfanncn hpockfom concfckoio hpoucxoxncnun (nononino spc-
nim) ho cosnanuk ncmunufapusonannou u ncufpaninou soni n
ucnfpc Inpohi kak hpcnhocinku nnn noccocnuncnun Icpmanuu u
ninona nccx unocfpannix nouck us Inpohi hocnc honhucanun
npcmcnnoio noionopa mcxny nnymn ipyhhuponkamu. Takum xc o-
pasom hpockf Ouscnxayspa ho nsaumnomy nosnymnomy konfponk,
nasnanniu Ofkpifoc nco, hpcnnocxuman hpakfuky, kofopou
nhocncncfnuu amcpukanui ynyf cncnonafi n onnocfoponncm ho-
pnnkc, no fakxc ninnuian unck cucfcmi konfponn cs pciynnpnix
unchckuuu, umcnmyk hofcnuuan pasnufun oipomnoio snaucnun
(cucfcmi camoncfon u chyfnukon-mhuonon). Hakoncu, hpcnnoxcnuc
qpanuysckoio hpcncfanufcnn opa ho cosnanuk onna pasnu-
fun, cnnsannoc c hpockfom, hpcnnaianmum cncnafi nocfonnucm
inacnocfu yponnu coofncfcfnykmux noopyxcnnix cun u coofncf-
cfnykmux nocnnix knxcfon, xofn u ofpaxano oocfpcnnyk uyn-
cfnufcninocfi, xapakfcpnyk n fof momcnf nnn panuuu n ofnomc-
nuu kononuaninoio nohpoca, hpcnnocxumano onny us fcm, kofopou
cyxncno ino nomunuponafi n 6O-c u 7O-c ioni.
B ucnom, xofn concmanuc sancpmunoci qakfuuccku cspcsyni-
fafno u n ucfopuoipaquucckom hnanc cfano hofom unfcphpcfupo-
naficn houfu kak haysa n xonc kpyhnoio cfonknoncnun, ncoxonumo
nc uinopuponafi fo, ufo hpoucxonuno n xonc camoio concmanun.
Mcxny Ouscnxayspom u Xpymcnim nc ycfanonunuci fakuc fccnic
ofnomcnun, kak fc, ufo cymccfnonanu mcxny Cfanunim u Iys-
ncnifom. Icpniu in cnumkom ocfopoxniu u nnymuuniu, a npy-
iou cnumkom xufpiu nnn foio, ufoi moina cnoxuficn ncu-
828
cfnufcnino npyxcckan afmocqcpa. panuysckuu u aninuuckuu
hpcmicp-munucfpi inu numi npcmcnnimu akfcpamu nfopoio
hnana, icfpo ocfanunmumu cnou iocynapcfncnnic hocfi. Onnako
ncc sfu ncnocfafku Zcncnckou ncfpcuu komhcncupykfcn onnum
nocfouncfnom fcm, ufo ona nosononuna hpakfuky ncfpcu inan
iocynapcfn na nicmcm yponnc. Iocnc sfoio, c oncc unu mcncc
kpafkumu unfcpnanamu, fa xc caman hpakfuka yncf nosononnnfi-
cn, uacfo hpunocn konkpcfnic pcsynifafi.
Bhpoucm, fo, ufo nonan afmocqcpa hofcnuuanino cymccfnonana,
ino honfncpxncno na cncnykmuu ncni hocnc Zcncnckou ncfpcuu
coifucm, kofopoc moxno unfcphpcfuponafi ho-pasnomy nusu-
fom n Mockny kanuncpa Ancnayspa. o 15J154 ii. nukfo nc moi
ccc hpcncfanufi, ufo inanniu cfoponnuk unfcipauuu 3ahannou
Icpmanuu n amcpukanckyk cucfcmy moxcf nochpunumaficn n
Mocknc kak xcnanniu iocfi. H ncc-faku ncckoniko nncu chycfn
hocnc pafuqukauuu Iapuxckux coinamcnuu, cosnananmux 3IC,
8 uknn, concfckoc hpanufcnicfno nahpanuno qcncpaninomy kanu-
ncpy hpuinamcnuc ofhpanuficn c nusufom n Mockny.
Ipcxnc ucm hpunnfi hpcnnoxcnuc, Ancnaysp noxnancn konua
Zcncnckoio concmanun u hponcn koncynifauuu c coksnimu hpa-
nufcnicfnamu. Iio nusuf cocfonncn c 8 ho 1J ccnfnpn 155 i. Ofo
ino nchpocfoc uchifanuc nnn ncmononoio u xccfkoio icpman-
ckoio iocynapcfncnnoio ncnfcnn, kofopiu ymcn pcmafi cnoxnic
hponcmi. B camom ncnc, concfckoc hpcnnoxcnuc cocfonno n fom,
ufoi on coinacuncn nauafi hpnmic hcpcionopi c Icpmanckou
cmokpafuucckou Icchynukou, ufo numuno i ncnkoio cmicna
fak nasinacmyk nokfpuny Xanimfcuna, cqopmynuponannyk sfum
nuskum copafnukom Ancnayspa. B coofncfcfnuu c sfou nokfpu-
nou, cymccfnonana foniko onna Icpmanun, cncpafunnan, u fof,
kfo hpusnacf hpanufcnicfno II, fcm camim numufcn hpusnanun
npyiou Icpmanuu, u, cncnonafcnino, pasopncf cnou nuhnomafuucc-
kuc ofnomcnun c II. Yuufinan sfu hpcnhocinku, kanuncp ho
hpuifuu n Mockny honomcn k hponcmc noccocnuncnun foniko c
fouku spcnun iapanfuu, kofopic cnoonno otcnununmancn Icp-
manun moina i nafi CCCI. Kpomc foio, on sncpiuuno hocfanun
hponcmy nosnpamcnun ncmcukux nocnnohncnnix, cmc ocfanan-
muxcn na concfckou fcppufopuu: nocnnohncnnix, uucncnnocfi
kofopix Ancnaysp cuufan nicokou, no ho honcucfam concfckou
cfoponi, ux uucno nc hpcnimano 1O ficnu u sfo inu hpcumymc-
cfncnno nocnnic hpccfyhnuku.
B fakux ycnonunx hcpcionopi n Mocknc nc inu npyxccfncnni-
mu u hpuncnu k cnuncfncnnomy pcsynifafy pcmcnuk ycfanonufi
nopmaninic nuhnomafuucckuc ofnomcnun mcxny nnymn cfpanamu,
82
ninnunyfomy n kauccfnc ycnonun nnn ocnooxncnun ncmcukux no-
cnnohncnnix. Ofo ino ycnonuc, ninynunmcc Ancnayspa ncfyhufi
n hpofunopcuuc c nokfpunou Xanimfcuna, onnako ono hpcnocfan-
nnno cmy nosmoxnocfi nnoni hocfanufi nohpoc o nocnnohncnnix,
cnumkom ncnukafniu u cnumkom naxniu nnn nnyfpcnncu xusnu
Icpmanuu, fak ufo on coinacuncn sahnafufi sa ncio ucnou ofcfyh-
ncnun of cocfncnnou csykopusncnnou hocncnonafcninocfu. Io-
hifka Concfckoio Coksa cncnafi cfanky na cfpcmncnuc ncmucn k
cnuncfny nnn packona 3ahana nc ynanaci. Onnako Ancnaysp honan
cnoum coksnukam naxniu cuinan o cnoonc mancnpa u nosmoxnocfu
anifcpnafun n cio nncmncu honufukc. Ofo ino hpcnyhpcxncnuc
nnn panuuu, Bcnukopufanuu u hpcxnc nccio nnn Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon, ufoi onu umcnu n nuny fof qakf, ufo cncpafunnan Icc-
hynuka Icpmanuu nnnnnaci ocnonou sahannou cucfcmi n Inpohc.
Hakoncu, hocncnnum snakom afmocqcpi paspnnku ino pcmc-
nuc nohpoca, kofopiu fnnyncn c 145 i., u honufuucckoc snaucnuc
u uucncnnoc nipaxcnuc kofopoio yncnuuunanoci nohpoca o
hpunnfuu ohpcncncnnoio uucna nonix uncnon n OOH. Bohpoc nc-
nukafniu, hockoniky of ncio moino sanuccfi uucncnnoc coofnomc-
nuc ionocon nnyfpu opianusauuu, a fakxc nohpoc, ofniomcnniu
ounamu us-sa nconnokpafnix ncfo pycckux ho honony hpunnfun
Hfanuu, ypannoncmcnnix sahannimu ncfo hpofun hpunnfun Bcni-
puu, Ioniapuu u Iyminuu (nc ionopn yxc o hponcmc Haponnoio
Kufan). Ionanouncn ucniu ion hcpcionopon nnn foio, ufoi
hpuufu k ionoconanuk, kofopim 14 nckapn 155 i. Concf Icsohac-
nocfu okonuafcnino onopun komhpomucc: 16 cfpan (nckofopic us
nux ncnanno ocnoonunmuccn) inu hpunnfi n Otcnuncnnic
Hauuu. Hucno uncnon opianusauuu nospocno c 58 no 74. nn OOH
nauunancn sfah usmcncnuu, kofopic sa ncmnoiuc ioni honnocfik
usmcnunu cc onuk u cymccfnykmcc coofnomcnuc cun.
9.5.5. ,ECTALUHUBAUUH BOCTOUHOU EBPOHM
Afmocqcpa ohfumusma u nancxni, hpconananman n fc ioni,
ina napymcna ncoxunannimu fpynnocfnmu, kofopic hpouccc
nccfanunusauuu nisnan n Concfckom Coksc u no nccu Bocfounou
Inpohc. C camix hcpnix minoncnuu, hocncnonanmux sa cmcpfik
Cfanuna, concfckuc pykononufcnu, cnauana Mancnkon, a safcm
Xpymcn, hifanuci hocfanufi na nonyk ocnony ofnomcnun c hpa-
nufcnicfnamu u cfpanamu, hpunanncxamumu k concfckou cucfcmc
couuanino-honufuucckux cokson. C 15J ho 155 ion umcn mccfo
pnn cnyuacn nmcmafcnicfna Concfckoio Coksa, nahpanncnnix na
usmcncnuc honufuucckoio kypca u pykononcfna, kofopoc nonxno
8JO
ino cio ocymccfnnnfi n sfux cfpanax. Iocnc sfoio fpcxncfun cu-
fyauun onapyxuna nck cnok nspinoohacnocfi, ninnun nnyfpcn-
nuc fpynnic hponcmi concfckou cucfcmi.
B camom ncnc, c 15J ho 155 i. concfckoc hpanufcnicfno, nauan
ocymccfnnnfi noniu nnyfpcnnuu kypc, ino fakxc osaoucno fcm,
ufoi chococfnonafi usmcncnunm n Bocfounou Inpohc. B omcu
kapfunc nauoncc ncnukafnou hpcncfannnnaci cufyauun n Bocfou-
nou Icpmanuu. Bcncncfnuc cnumkom nchocpcncfncnnoio cohocfan-
ncnun c 3ahannou Icpmanucu u nccima fccnix cnnscu, kofopic
Mockna nannsinana ncmcukum kommynucfam, cknaninanoci couc-
fanuc ofcfanocfu u ofcyfcfnun cnooni hcpcnnuxcnun, na kofopoc
nocfounic ncmui sacfanunu opafufi nnumanuc. Koina, nauunan c
ahpcnn 15J i., ncmcukuc fpconanun cfanu usnccfni n Mocknc,
momcnf cmc nc in naiohpunfnim nnn ux hpunnfun. Onnako n
nauanc uknn, ho unuuuafunc Icpun, COB otnnun o ccpuu mcp ho
onciucnuk qunanconoio pcmcnu, hpcnocfanncnuk onimcio
hpocfpancfna nnn uacfnoio hpcnhpunumafcnicfna u hpuocfanonkc
hpoxonunmcu foina panukaninou konnckfunusauuu.
Ofoio sannncnun okasanoci ncnocfafouno nnn foio, ufoi cncp-
xafi cuninoc ncnononicfno napona n Bocfounou Icpmanuu. 16 u
17 uknn n Bocfounom Icpnunc u npyiux ioponax II cocfonnuci
macconic ncmoncfpauuu hpofun hpanufcnicfna Banifcpa Ynipux-
fa u hpofun Concfckoio Coksa. nn ux honanncnun honanounoci
nmcmafcnicfno concfckux fankon, nopmanusonanmux cufyauuk ho-
cpcncfnom akfunnix ncucfnuu, cohponoxnanmuxcn cofnnmu xcpfn.
Onnako safcm pchpcccuu nc inu hpononxcni, a ofncfcfncnnocfi
sa concpmcnnic omuku ina hcpcnoxcna na Icpun u nckofopix
uncnon hpanufcnicfna Bocfounou Icpmanuu. Hncni hpanufcnicfna
Ynipuxfa, co cnocu cfoponi, nicfyhunu c ncoxonumou camokpu-
fukou, onsynci samcnnufi honufuky cfpoufcnicfna couuanusma n
cfpanc. Ha fof momcnf pykononcfno Ynipuxfa u Offo Ipofcnonn
ychcmno nimno us kpusuca u yucncno.
Bfopou cfpanou c honufukou nonoio kypca ina Bcnipun, no
ccpcnuni 15J i. nosinannnnmancn Iakomu, cumnonom camoio
kpauncio opfonokcaninoio cfanunusma. B pcsynifafc usmcncnuu n
Concfckom Coksc na hcpniu hnan nimcn kommynucfuucckuu ncn-
fcni, k kofopomy Iakomu ofnocuncn npaxncno, Hmpc Hani, ocfo-
poxniu, ymcpcnniu kommynucf, chcuuanucf ho hponcmam ccni-
ckoio xosnucfna. B fcucnuc ncnonioio npcmcnu, c 145 ho 146 i.
on in munucfpom nnyfpcnnux ncn, safcm ocfanancn n hpanufcni-
cfnc na oncc nuskux nonxnocfnx no foio, kak n 152 i. cio nasna-
uunu samccfufcncm hpcmicp-munucfpa, hopyuun sanumaficn hpo-
ncmamu ccnickoio xosnucfna. Tof qakf, ufo on uscxan cynii
8J1
fakux nkncu, kak Iauk, ofnocufcn na cucf hokponufcnicfna, kofo-
poc cmy okasinanu Mancnkon u Icpun. Hx noncpuc ino honfncpx-
ncno n uknc 15J i., koina ncnicpckan ncnciauun, nosinannnnmancn
Iakomu u Icpc, honnocfik ofncuanmumu sa skonomuucckuc noh-
poci, ina hpuinamcna n Mockny. B ncc nxonun fakxc Hani.
Honic concfckuc nuncpi nc ckpinanu of Iakomu inyokou
ncynonncfnopcnnocfu n ofnomcnuu ncio u c sncpiucu, nocfounou
cfanunckux mcfonon, sacfanunu cio cmcnufi hpanufcnicfno. Iakomu
ocfanancn hcpnim cckpcfapcm hapfuu, onnako hpcmicp-munucfpom
nonxcn in cfafi manousnccfniu Hmpc Hani, a cio samccfufcnn-
mu O. Icpc u Annpam Xcicnkm. Hauancn hcpuon nyanusma, ho-
noipcnacmoio cfonknoncnucm n opic sa nnacfi mcxny Hancm u
Iakomu, kofopiu na hpakfukc oukofuponan mcpi hpanufcnicfna.
Cfonknoncnuc hpoxonuno ananoiuuno fomy, ufo umcno mccfo n
Mocknc mcxny Mancnkonim u Xpymcnim. Koina n qcnpanc 155 i.
Mancnkon in ninyxncn yufu n ofcfanky, fo ncckonikumu ncnc-
nnmu hosxc Hann hocfuina fa xc yuacfi. Iio nuna B fom, ufo
ncnooucnun poni hapfuu u nnnnncn hpanim yknonucfom. Hani
ofkasancn sannfi hpanufcnicfncnnic hocfi mcnimcio snaucnun, u
n nonpc 155 i. in ucknkucn us hapfuu. Iockoniky npcmcna us-
mcnunuci, on nc in honncpinyf cyny. Onnako c cio ynancnucm us
hpanufcnicfna noniu kypc n Bcnipuu okasancn hapanusonannim.
Iykononcfno cfanunucfa Iakomu foniko ycununo nosnukmyk na-
hpnxcnnocfi u hpuncno n koncunom ufoic n 156 i. k nspiny.
B npyiux cfpanax concfckoio noka noniu kypc hponnuncn c
mcncc oncsncnnimu pcsynifafamu. B Hcxocnonakuu, hocnc cmcp-
fu Kncmcnfa Iofnanina n mapfc 15J i., hpcsuncnfcfno pcchynuku
ino noncpcno Anfonuny 3ahofoukomy, a pykononcfno hapfucu
hcpcmno k Anfonuny Honofnomy, hpu pasncncnuu iocynapcfncn-
nix u hapfuunix qynkuuu, kofopoc honfopnno concfckyk hpak-
fuky. Honofniu icfpo cfan ccchopnim nuncpom cfpani, a cio
pcqopmi, oipanuucnnic ncncxnou cqcpou, nisnanu n uknc 15J i.
nckofopic cchopnnku, honanncnnic co cfanunckou xccfokocfik.
Inaionapn ocmanuk nonix pcqopm nnyfpcnnnn nahpnxcnnocfi n
cfpanc nauana ymcnimaficn. B ncucfnufcninocfu ncc ocfanoci cs
usmcncnuu: noniu ucxocnonaukuu kypc in ofnoxcn oncc ucm na
nccnfuncfuc.
B Iyminuu hpouccc usmcncnuu oipanuuuncn uacfuunou amnu-
cfucu. Icopiuy-cx, icncpaniniu cckpcfapi HK hapfuu ocfancn
qakfuuccku n fou xc nonxnocfu, kofopyk on sanuman c 145 i., u
n aniycfc hponosinacun n cfpanc noniu kypc n skonomukc, sa-
mcnnnnmuu konnckfunusauuk n ccnickom xosnucfnc.
8J2
B Ioniapuu, xofn u inu pcaunufuponani nckofopic kommy-
nucfuucckuc ncnfcnu, kasncnnic n 14 i. kak cfoponnuku Tufo
(inannim us nux in T. Kocfon), Binko Hcpncnkon hpononxan
coxpannfi hocfi hpcmicp-munucfpa u nuncpa hapfuu nhnofi no
154 i., koina on nonxcn in hcpcnafi pykononcfno hapfucu npy-
iomy cfanunckomy ncnfcnk Tonopy Zunkony. Cohcpnuuccfno mcx-
ny numu ninunoci na hcpnix hopax n nauano nonoio oniapckoio
pcqopmucfckoio kypca, onnako sfo nc umcno ncucfnufcnino nona-
fopckux hocncncfnuu, ccnu nc cuufafi okonuafcninyk hocny Zun-
kona, mcncc cnnsannoio co cfanunckum nacncnucm.
Iocncnncu cfpanou, ncfyhunmcu na hyfi usmcncnuu, ina
Ionima, u cncnana ona sfo n coofncfcfnuu c ananoiuunimu hpo-
ucnypamu, kofopim cncnonanu houfu ncc npyiuc iocynapcfna concf-
ckoio noka. B mapfc 154 i. Ionccnan Icpyf, noncpcnnoc nuuo
pycckux, coxpanun konfponi nan hapfucu, no ycfyhun hocf hpcn-
ccnafcnn Concfa munucfpon ncnomy couuanucfy Kscqy Hupankc-
nuuy (inmcmy hpcmicp-munucfpom n 147152 ii.). B aniycfc
mupokan amnucfun nosnpafuna cnoony ficnuam nkncu, cpcnu ko-
fopix in u inmuu cckpcfapi Ionickou otcnuncnnou paoucu
hapfuu Bnanucnan Iomynka. Honic nacfpocnun nauanu pachpocf-
pannficn ho nccu Ionimc. Ipanufcnicfno hpuxonuno n nnuxcnuc
mcnncnno, onnako ocfannnno hpocfpancfno nnn qopmuponanun oncc
cnoonnou omccfncnnou afmocqcpi, ofkpifou nnn nuckyccuu.
Ycunun ofncninix hpanufcnicfn concfckoio noka, hapanncni-
nic fcm, ufo hpcnhpunuman Mancnkon n Concfckom Coksc, cocfo-
nnu n hohifkc usmcnufi xapakfcp pnna skonomuucckux pcmcnuu
cs ocnancnun konfponn nan nnacfik. B nckofopix us sfux cfpan
(fakux, kak Iyminun, Ioniapun u Hcxocnonakun) fakuc ycunun
umcnu ychcx. Hahpofun, ncnicpckuc u honickuc coifun hpuncnu
n nnuxcnuc oncc anfonomnic cuni, nccoinacnic c hpanufcni-
cfnom. ccfanunusauun hpcnpamanaci n cfpcmncnuc k usmcncnunm
n ucnnx honfncpxncnun nauuonaninou u kynifypnou uncnfuunocfu
cocfncnnix cfpan, na snonkuuk kofopoio coifun n Concfckom
Coksc umcnu pcmakmcc nnunnuc.
9.5.6. XX CLEB, KHCC U ,OKLA, XP.TEBA
B Concfckom Coksc Hukufa Xpymcn hocnc hocni n konuc
154 nauanc 155 i. n opic c Mancnkonim sannncn ykpchncnucm
cnocu nuunou nnacfu u yfncpxncnucm cnocu honufuucckou nunuu.
Cnoum ychcxom on in onsan coksy c nocnnimu u c hpcncfanu-
fcnnmu fcx ofpacncu iocynapcfncnnou hpomimncnnocfu, kofopic
houyncfnonanu nnn ccn yiposy n pcmcnunx Mancnkona. Iponcma
8JJ
nnn Xpymcna cocfonna n fom, ufoi hpcnocfanufi nocfafounyk
cnoony nocnnim, nc hohan hpu sfom n sanucumocfi of nux. Hs
sfou hofpcnocfu ponuncn pcmufcniniu fonuok, kofopiu on hpunan
napamunanuk concfckoio nocnnoio hofcnuuana n cqcpc oiunix
noopyxcnuu, u hpcxnc nccio n nncpnou u pakcfnou cqcpax, fon-
uok, sa kofopim hocncnonanu ychcxu, umcnmuc onimou pcsonanc.
Iockoniky sfu ychcxu hponnnnnuci n hcpuon ofnocufcninou
paspnnku mcxnynaponnou nahpnxcnnocfu, onu ocfannnnu Xpymc-
ny hpocfpancfno u npcmn nnn foio, ufoi nohonnufi skchancuk
cuni ccpicsnou hohifkou nonix pcqopm n ccnickom xosnucfnc, n
onimcu cfchcnu, ucm n cqcpc hpousnoncfna hofpcufcnickux fo-
napon, a fakxc nnn nihonncnun cfoni xc ccpicsnou sanauu oc-
nooxncnun of konfponn cfapou cfanunckou inapnuu, kofopan ncc
cmc oipanuuunana cio nnacfi. B ucnom Xpymcn honaian, ufo knku
k pocfy concfckou skonomuku saknkuacfcn nc n hcpcmcmcnuu un-
nccfuuuu us onnou ofpacnu hpomimncnnocfu n npyiyk, a n oni-
mux ycununx ho pcmcnuk hponcm ccnickoio xosnucfna c ucnik
ynyumcnun ycnonuu xusnu concfckoio napona. Takum opasom of-
paxancn ohif cio paofi n nannou ofpacnu u xapakfcp cio nuuno-
cfu ohfumucfuuniu u smouuonaniniu no fakou cfchcnu, ufo
on nc nccina moi ccn konfponuponafi; Cfanun nc moi naufu ccc
oncc ofnuuakmciocn of ncio hpccmnuka. Tof xc camiu hnan hc-
pcufu n ofnomcnunx c sahannim nokom of hpnmou konqponfauuu
k ohocpcnonannomy copcnnonanuk honfncpxnacf fakoc mncnuc.
CCCI cymcn i nouficn onimux ychcxon, ccnu i iofonuncn k
sfomy n ocfanonkc, cnoonnou of nnnix hponnncnuu mcxnyna-
ponnou nahpnxcnnocfu, u ccnu i on ykpchun skonomuucckuc
cnnsu noka cfpan, kofopic inu cmy ncpni.
Kynimunauuonniu momcnf nocxoxncnun Xpymcna hpcncfannnn
XX ctcsn KICC, hpoxonunmuu n Mocknc c 14 ho 25 qcnpann 156 i.
B xonc sfoio ctcsna hcpniu cckpcfapi hpousncc nnc pcuu. Icpnan,
hpousncccnnan hpu ofkpifuu, ofkpifan u hocnnmcnnan n hcpnyk
oucpcni mcxnynaponnim nohpocam, a safcm nnyfpcnnum. Bfo-
pan, hpousncccnnan no npcmn cckpcfnoio saccnanun, cocfonnmciocn
25 qcnpann, n ofcyfcfnuc sapycxnix ncnciauuu, hocnnmcnnan ho-
ufu ucknkuufcnino hponcmc Cfanuna, noknan, cuufanmuucn
cckpcfnim (ucknkucnuc cocfanunu pykononufcnu nckofopix kpyh-
ncumux ncconcfckux komhapfuu), onnako ckannaninim opasom
cncnanniu nocfonnucm hynuku iascfou Hik-Hopk Taumc 4 uknn
156 i.
B ucnfpc mcxnynaponnoio ananusa Xpymcna ino fpu nohpoca,
xusncnno naxnix nnn muponoio pasnufun: mupnoc cocymccfnona-
nuc, nosmoxnocfi uscxafi nouni u pasnuunic hyfu hcpcxona
8J4
k couuanusmy n pasnuunix cfpanax. Xpymcn nahomnun, ufo nc-
nunckuu hpunuuh mupnoio cocymccfnonanun iocynapcfn c pas-
nuunim couuaninim cfpocm in u ocfacfcn icncpaninou nunu-
cu concfckou nncmncu honufuku u ufo yfncpxncnuc sfux fcsucon
osnauacf nc ofkas of unconoiuucckou opii hpofun kahufanucfu-
ucckou cucfcmi, no ynnsinanuc nancxn na ncuscxnyk hocny
couuanusma c kopcnnim hpcnocxoncfnom couuanucfuucckou cuc-
fcmi. Of sfou hpcnhocinku Xpymcn honxonun k pcnusuu mapk-
cucfcko-ncnunckoio hpunuuha o ncuscxnocfu nouni no fcx hop,
hoka cymccfnycf kahufanusm; ycfapcnmcio fcsuca, ofpaxanmcio
shoxy, n kofopyk on in cqopmynuponan, koina cymccfnonanu
foniko umhcpuanucfuucckuc iocynapcfna. Ha cmcny umhcpuanu-
cfuucckum cucfcmam fcm npcmcncm hpumnu nonic cuni (oucnun-
no, sfa ofcinka kacanaci nnuxcnun nchpucocnununmuxcn cfpan),
cuninoc nnpo cfpan, kofopoc akfunno oponoci hpofun nouni, u
kofopoc nmccfc c paouum nnuxcnucm kahufanucfuucckux cfpan
hosnonnno yfncpxnafi, ufo ccnu yiposa nouni cmc moina ucxonufi
of ananfkpucfuucckoio kahufanusma, nouna yxc nc nnnnnaci o-
ncc qafanino ncuscxnou.
Ianukaninic usmcncnun n mcxnynaponnou ocfanonkc ofkpi-
nanu hyfi nonim qopmam hcpcxona k couuanusmy n sanucumocfu
of pasnoopasun nknana, kofopiu kaxnan cfpana moina nnccfu n
cfpoufcnicfno nonoio omccfna. Kiocnanun n Inpohc u Kufau n
Asuu inu npkum hpumcpom fakux hosufunnix pasnuuuu. B uc-
nom, no nccm mupc paoucc nnuxcnuc concpmuno cfoni snauufcni-
nic maiu nhcpcn, ufo moxno ino hpcnhonoxufi, ufo ono cmoxcf
sanocnafi nnacfi mupnim hyfcm. Toniko n cfpanax, inc kahufa-
nusm in ncc cmc nocfafouno cuncn, hcpcxon k couuanusmy non-
xcn in hpousoufu hocnc oxccfoucnnou opii pcnonkuuonnoio
knacca.
Ohfumucfuucckoc nuncnuc, nahonnnnmcc xpymcnckuc hpoino-
si, ocnoninanoci na ofkpifuu nonix hpocfpancfn, inc moina pac-
hpocfpanuficn akfunnocfi Concfckoio Coksa, u na paccmofpcnuu
fcnncnuuu, cfanonunmuxcn samcfnimu n pcsynifafc hocni anfu-
kononuanusma. Ono nc yuufinano oipanuucnuu, cnnsannix c cufya-
uucu nnyfpu CCCI u nchpunnckafcninocfik hpcnosnocumou mo-
ncnu. B camom ncnc, kak moxno ino nocxnannfi sfy moncni n fof
camiu momcnf, koina nnnim u faunim opasom hponnnnnuci nc-
nocfafku cfanunckou cucfcmi, us kofopou nimcn Concfckuu
Coks B ofkpifou pcuu Xpymcn oipanuuuncn fcm, ufo honucpknyn
ncoxonumocfi ykpchncnun couuanucfuucckou sakonnocfu, nco-
xonumocfi konnckfunnoio pykononcfna u opii hpofun kynifa
nuunocfu. Ofa hocfanonka nohpoca, n conokyhnocfu c oncc unu
8J5
mcncc nchocpcncfncnnim snanucm cckpcfnoio noknana 25 qcnpa-
nn, numanu ohfumusm hcpnoio cckpcfapn cio cyfu, hpcnnaian io-
pasno oncc xpyhkuu opas nonoio concfckoio ncnuuun, ucm fof,
na kofopiu paccuufinan Xpymcn.
nunnan, honcmuunan, npamafuunan u fcafpaninan cckpcfnan
pcui ina hocnnmcna kpufukc kynifa nuunocfu Cfanuna, fomy,
kak on moi pachpocfpanuficn u cfafi n ohpcncncnniu momcnf
ucfounukom ucnoio pnna usnpamcnuu, ncc oncc ohacnix u ha-
iynix, hapfuunix hpunuuhon, hapfuunou ncmokpafuu, pcnonk-
uuonnou sakonnocfu. Hahomnun o nciafunnou oucnkc, kofopyk
cnun nconnokpafno nanan Cfanuny, u ncc xc hpusnan nckofopic
sacnyiu hocncnncio, Xpymcn paccmofpcn ofncninic inani cnocio
onuncnun hokounomy nukfafopy: macconic pchpcccuu nc foniko
hpofun npaion ncnunusma, no fakxc u hpofun mnoiux uccfnix
kommynucfon unu noncc ncnunonnix nkncu; napymcnun pcnonk-
uuonnou sakonnocfu; ofkas of konnckfunnoio pykononcfna; qapu-
kauun hpoucccon hpofun kommynucfon na ocnonc qanimunix onu-
ncnuu u ocyxncnuc onuncnnix na ocnonc hpusnanuu nipnannix
hon hifkamu (us 1J uncnon u kannunafon n uncni Hcnfpaninoio
Komufcfa, uspannix na XVII ctcsnc, 8, fo ccfi 7O' inu apcc-
fonani u paccfpcnnni, hpcumymccfncnno n 1J71J8 ii.); honu-
fuka macconoio fcppopa, ncncncfnuc kofopou mnoiuc ficnuu nc-
nunonnix u uccfnix kommynucfon hoiunu us-sa cqapukonannix
n ux ofnomcnuu uynonumnix qanicuqukauuu; omuku n ncncnuu
nouni hpofun Icpmanuu ho hpuuunc konucnfpauuu nocnnix pc-
mcnuu n pykax onnoio cnuncfncnnoio ucnoncka. 3acnyia hocni
hpunanncxana nc Cfanuny, a nccmy concfckomy napony u cio cfou-
kocfu. Bo npcmn u hocnc nouni umcnu mccfo macconic nchopfa-
uuu ucnix naponnocfcu u yxynmcnuc honufuucckou afmocqcpi:
Cfanun cfan cmc oncc kahpusnim, pasnpaxufcninim u ipyim
u, n ococnnocfu, oncc honospufcninim. Iio manun hpccncnona-
nun nocfuina ncmicnumix macmfaon. Mnoiuc copafnuku cfanu n
cio inasax npaiamu.
Xpymcn hpononxan, hcpcuucnnn omuku, concpmcnnic n cnnsu
c hocfinnim ocyxncnucm Kiocnanuu, u omuku, concpmcnnic
n hocncnnuc ioni hpu coyuacfuu Icpun, nahpumcp, fak nasinac-
miu saionop npaucu. H hockoniky hpakfuka pykononcfna, kofopou
hpuncpxunancn Cfanun n hocncnnuc ioni cnocu xusnu, ina cc-
picsnim hpchnfcfnucm nnn couuaninoio pasnufun cfpani, Xpymcn
sancpmun cnok onunufcninyk pcui hpusinan k konnckfunnomy
pykononcfny u k hocncnonafcninomy noccfanonncnuk sakonnocfu n
concfckou xusnu. Bcc, onnako, nonxno ino coxpannficn n cckpc-
fc: Ofof nohpoc mi nc moxcm ninccfu sa hpcncni hapfuu, a fcm
8J6
oncc n hcuafi. Hmcnno hosfomy mi noknaninacm cio na sakpi-
fom saccnanuu ctcsna. Hano snafi mcpy, nc hufafi npaion, nc o-
naxafi hcpcn numu namux nsn.
Imc no foio, kak fckcf cckpcfnoio noknana in ohynukonan n
amcpukanckou hcuafu, kpufuka kynifa nuunocfu nisnana n camom
CCCI u, oncc foio, n nckofopix cfpanax-cafcnnufax iopnuyk
nuckyccuk. Ofa fcma nomunuponana n chopax nnyfpu kommynucfu-
ucckux hapfuu nccio mupa, u n ococnnocfu 3ahannou Inpohi,
kofopic hpusnananu cfanunckuc snoyhofpcncnun, u kofopic n ho-
suuunx, sannncnnix Xpymcnim, naxonunu apiymcnfi nnn yfncpxnc-
nuu o ncuscxnom ncmokpafuucckom hpuxonc komhapfuu k nnacfu.
Otnnncnniu 17 ahpcnn pochyck Komunqopma (houfu xccf nk-
csnocfu ho ofnomcnuk k Tufo) nnnnncn cumnonom namcpcnuu
Xpymcna hpuncpxunaficn fcsuca o sakonnocfu pasnuunix hyfcu k
couuanusmy.
Icsonanc cckpcfnoio noknana in, onnako, oipomnim no nccm
kommynucfuucckom mupc. B Kufac, inc konuchuuk nauuonaninix
hyfcu k kommynusmy hpuncfcfnonanu kak nciufumusauuk chcuuqu-
ku kufauckoio ohifa, cckpcfniu noknan paccmafpunancn fakxc kak
hcpniu cumhfom usmcncnun n pcqopmucfckom cmicnc. Ofo in
mofun nnn pacxoxncnuu, hoka cmc hofcnuuaninix, n kofopom mox-
no onapyxufi hpuuuni hocncnykmcu ocfpou konqponfauuu mcx-
ny Xpymcnim u Mao Hssnynom. Onnako hpcxnc nccio nchixnyna
Bocfounan Inpoha u, n ococnnocfu, Ionima u Bcnipun.
9.5.7. KPUBUC 1956 t. B HOLBTE U BEHFPUU
B Ionimc ncoxunanno pasiopcnaci u hpuopcna ofkpifiu xa-
pakfcp mcnman yxc n fcucnuc nnyx ncf nuckyccun, nahpanncnnan
hpofun cfanunckou honufuku, kofopan fpancqopmuponanaci n
macconoc nnuxcnuc, ofcfaunakmcc fpconanun hpoqcokson. c-
cfanunusauun nc moina oipanuuunaficn honufuucckou cqcpou, ona
nonxna ina cfafi cfumynom k qopmuponanuk nonoio couuanino-
io hopnnka. B hpofunnom cnyuac ona ina i numi ononncnucm
qacana u koppckfuponkou mcfonon.
28 uknn 156 i. 15 OOO paouux sanona ho hpousnoncfny noko-
mofunon, xcncsnonopoxnoio u nocnnoio oopynonanun n Iosnanu,
n Ionimc, noncncnnix no ofuannun ofkasom ynonncfnopufi ux
fpconanun o honimcnuu sapaofnou hnafi u cokpamcnuu fcm-
hon paofi, nimnu na ynuui iopona, nan fonuok nnuxcnuk hpo-
fccfa, kofopoc n fcucnuc ncckonikux uacon hpcnpafunoci n camoc
nacfonmcc noccfanuc. Toniko na cncnykmuu ncni ucnou ncckonikux
nccnfkon hoiumux u cofcn pancnix honuuuu ynanoci noccfanonufi
8J7
konfponi nan cufyauucu. C sfoio nnn nuckyccun ho nccu cfpanc
oocfpunaci u safponyna camic xiyuuc fcmi.
Iomynka ncfan no inanc ohhosuuuu, onunnn hpanufcnicfno n
fom, ufo ono nimno sa pasymnic pamku u camo chponouuponano
paoucc noccfanuc. Takum opasom Iomynka cfan opucnfupom nnn
onimuncfna honnkon. On in nonninim kommynucfom, u n cio
namcpcnun nxonuno ncpnyfi hapfuu yfpaucnniu anfopufcf ocymc-
cfnncnucm naspcnmux pcqopm. Cmcpfi Icpyfa cpasy xc hocnc nos-
npamcnun c XX ctcsna KICC ofkpina cmy nopoiy, hockoniky On-
napn Ocyka, kofopoio pycckuc hpouunu na mccfo nonoio nuncpa
hapfuu, nasnan umn Iomynku n kauccfnc nauoncc honxonnmcio n
nannix ocfonfcnicfnax hpccmnuka. Iocncnnuu nsnn nnacfi u no-
uncn pcanusauuu cnocu hpoipammi, xofn u ucnou ocfpcumcio
cfonknoncnun nnyfpu camou hapfuu mcxny cio cfoponnukamu u
cfanunucfamu.
1 okfnpn Xpymcn cucn ncoxonumim ofhpanuficn n Bapmany
n cohponoxncnuu onimoio uucna concfckux pykononufcncu, no
pcmun ncfpcfuficn c nonim honickum nuncpom foniko n aspohop-
fy. On nonxcn in hpusnafi, ufo cufyauun hpcnocfannnna foniko
nna hyfu nixona: kponanic pchpcccuu hpofun camoio Iomynku, pc-
mufcnino nacfpocnnoio na hpononxcnuc cnocio kypca, unu kom-
hpomucc c ipyhhou foio xc Iomynku, cnuncfncnnoio, kfo yxc cymcn
mounusonafi macci, nc hpusinan k anfuconcfckou konfppcqop-
mc, no hoocman honncpxunafi oncc fccniu konfakf c naponom.
Iomynka in koohfuponan n Hcnfpaniniu komufcf hapfuu, us ko-
fopoio, nahpofun, in ucknkucn concfckuu mapman Iokoccon-
ckuu, nnnnnmuucn c 14 i. honickum munucfpom ooponi. Ofo
ino cumnonuunoc pcmcnuc, hpunnfun kofopoio honickuc kom-
mynucfi nounuci of hpanufcnicfna Mockni n omcn na onsa-
fcnicfno usciafi foio, ufoi nnuxcnuc hpunnno anfuconcfckuu
xapakfcp. B sfom cmicnc Iomynka in ucnonckom oucni honxonn-
mum nnn paspcmcnun kpusuca. Iio nonninocfi ho ofnomcnuk k
mapkcusmy-ncnunusmy nc moina honncpiaficn comncnuk; cio hpc-
nannocfi Concfckomy Coksy fakxc ina ccchopnou. Cnocu hohy-
nnpnocfik on in onsan cnocmy hpomnomy ohhosuuuoncpa u
cnocu pchyfauuu hpcncfanufcnn anfucfanunckoio u pcqopmucf-
ckoio fcucnun.
Onnako ycnufi pycckux n fom, ufo samcna honufuucckux kan-
pon nnnncfcn naiom, ino ncnciko. Xpymcn nonio koncancn,
hpcxnc ucm nafi cnoc coinacuc, u nahpnxcnnocfi nospocna na-
cfoniko, ufo hocfanuna hcpcionopi na ipani hponana. Toniko
2J okfnpn on hocnan Iomynkc, honncpxannomy cofnnmu ficnu nk-
ncu, fcncipammy, n kofopou hosnpannnn cio c pykononnmcu ponik,
8J8
hpuopcfcnnou um n pykononcfnc hapfucu u cfpanou, u n kofopou
otnnnnn o ninonc concfckux nouck us Ionimu. Xpymcny hpu-
mnoci opoficn c cunamu, nihymcnnimu na nonk n pcsynifafc
cio cocfncnnou honufuucckou ncnfcninocfu. B Ionimc ynanoci
naufu mupnoc pcmcnuc kpusuca naionapn honnncnuk nnyfpu kom-
mynucfuucckou hapfuu fakux ncnfcncu, kak Iomynka, yuufinanmux
nauuonaninic uyncfna, no nc cknonnix ncnafi us nux honon nnn
mcxnynaponnoio kpusuca, fo ccfi nnn hcpccmofpa ofnomcnuu c
CCCI, kofopiu ocfanancn, mcxny hpouum, inannim iapanfom cfa-
uninocfu sahannix ipanuu Ionimu.
Iocncncfnun ncnicpckoio noccfanun oucni ckopo hpcnsomnu
smouuonaninoc nosncucfnuc honickoio kpusuca. B camom ncnc,
ccnu n Ionimc komhapfuu ynanoci naufu nnyfpcnnuc ucnoncucc-
kuc pccypci nnn hpcononcnun kpusuca, fo conccm unou ina nnyf-
pcnnnn cufyauun n Bcnipuu, hosfomy ananoiuunic sncmcnfi nc
moinu uipafi fakyk xc poni. Ha fcppufopuu Bcnipuu n coofncfcfnuu
c Bapmanckum noionopom naxonunuci concfckuc noucka, onnako
couuaninan cfpykfypa, cnoucfncnnan sfou cfpanc, nccina safpynnnna
paofy komhapfuu, kak o sfom cnuncfcnicfnonanu fc xc mcnncn-
nic fcmhi concfusauuu. Ipomnan honcmuka mcxny Hmpc Hancm
u Iakomu ocfanuna inyokuu cncn.
B cpcnc unfcnnuicnuuu nosnukanu ipyhhi cfoponnukon o-
nonncnun, kofopic n mapfc 155 i. cosnanu nnyfpu kommynucfu-
ucckux cfpykfyp Kpyxok Icfcqu (ho umcnu nauuonaninoio ho-
sfa, icpon anfuiacypickoio noccfanun 1848184 ii. u cumnona
ncnicpckou nauuu). C camoio nauana ncnfcninocfi kpyxka ocfana-
naci hon konfponcm hapfuu, no nckopc nuckyccuu cfanu oncc na-
hpnxcnnimu, a kamhanun Xpymcna hpofun Cfanuna no u hocnc
pasonaucnuu cckpcfnoio noknana ofpasunaci na nux oncsncnnim
opasom. Bcc nonic fcmi cfanonunuci hpcnmcfom nuckyccuu, ko-
fopic of nncmnc acfpakfnix hponcm kynifypi hcpcmnu k ho-
cfanonkc naxncumux qunocoqckux u honufuucckux nohpocon,
nhnofi no foio, ufo otckfom nuckyccuu cfana cama honufuka hap-
fuu. Kpyxok nimcn us honunoncnun cio opianusafopam u cfan
hpcnpamaficn n mccfo cocpcnofoucnun nccoinacnix.
B uknc ina paccmofpcna fcma uucfok, hponcncnnix hpu Ia-
komu. Bnona Iauka ofcfaunana csykopusncnnyk pchyfauuk cnocio
myxa. Bunonnukom n snoyhofpcncnunx, concpmcnnix n fnxcnic
hocncnocnnic ioni, in cpasy xc nasnan Iakomu. Ipcnhpunu-
manuci hohifku sacfanufi kpyxok samonuafi, no ino cnumkom
hosnno.
17 uknn cocfonnoci saccnanuc Hcnfpaninoio Komufcfa Bcn-
icpckou hapfuu fpyna (komhapfuu), a us Concfckoio Coksa fcm
8J
npcmcncm hpuinu nna inannix copafnuka Xpymcna unconoi
Muxaun Cycnon u anfopufcfniu ncnfcni Anacfac Mukonn. B na-
snckfpusonannou afmocqcpc ino pcmcno, ufo Iakomu nonxcn
ifi hpuncccn n xcpfny (cio hcpchpannf n Mockny) u samcncn nu-
uamu, kofopic, nhpoucm, inu k ncmy nusku, nahpumcp, O. Icpc,
uspanniu hcpnim cckpcfapcm hapfuu. Iapfun k fomy npcmcnu
ina inyoko pasncncna na cfanunucfckoc kpino, ipyhhy ymcpcn-
nix cfoponnukon ononncnun (no inanc c Snomcm Kanapom) u
ipyhhy couyncfnykmux Hmpc Hank, kofopiu, nhpoucm, hocnc uc-
knkucnun us hapfuu ofkasancn nicfyhufi c camokpufukou, nco-
xonumou nnn cio noccfanonncnun. Icsynifafom sfoio packona cfan
honufuucckuu hapanuu pykononnmcu cuni u ykpchncnuc sncmcnfon
ohhosuuuu sa hpcncnamu komhapfuu. Onnoponnyk cuny, houfu
cnunyk n fpconanuu oncc inyokux hcpcmcn, hpcncfannnna un-
fcnnuicnuun. Ipocfan samcna Iakomu na cio samccfufcnn paccmaf-
punanaci kak nccio numi ononncnuc qacana. Hyxna ina nonan
hpoipamma, u Hani hpcncfannnncn ucnonckom, kofopoio cncnonano
hpusnafi nnn cc ocymccfnncnun.
B fcucnuc okfnpn nahpnxcnnocfi hpononxana napacfafi. Ion-
cfncnnuku Iauka u npyiux xcpfn uucfok Iakomu hofpconanu nc
foniko honnou pcaunufauuu, no fakxc u fopxccfncnnix hoxopon;
6 okfnpn ux pufyan hpcnpafuncn n kpyhnyk macconyk manuqccfa-
uuk, hpomcnmyk n cyponou, mpaunou afmocqcpc, n ncu yuacfno-
nano okono JOO OOO ucnonck. Bosyxncnuc napacfano. B ccpcnunc
okfnpn nauanuci cfyncnucckuc ncmoncfpauuu, cnauana n nconi-
mux ioponax, safcm n Iynahcmfc.
Bcucpom 22 okfnpn n Ionufcxnuucckom uncfufyfc n Iynahcm-
fc ino cosnano cfyncnucckoc copanuc, na kofopom nuckyccun
oucni icfpo hpunnna camiu oxunncnniu xapakfcp. Iina cqop-
mynuponana hpoipamma us nccnfu hynkfon, kofopan fpconana qop-
muponanun nonoio ucnfpaninoio komufcfa hapfuu, u concpxana
hpusin k Hank nosinanufi nonoc hpanufcnicfno. Icsonkuun fpc-
onana fakxc ninccfu concfckuc noucka us cfpani u cnccfu oi-
pomniu hamnfnuk Cfanuny. Ofo fpconanuc ino hponosinamcno
hynuuno na ncmoncfpauuu, opianusonannou na cncnykmuu ncni,
2J okfnpn y hamnfnuka Icfcqu, okono ynuncpcufcfa. Ona hpc-
npafunaci n cmc onny ipannuosnyk hpoy cun. Ha ynuuax k mc-
cfnuk cfyncnfon hpucocnunnnuci fpynnmuccn, hpocfic nknu.
Tonha paspocnaci u noxunanaci ncucpa, ufoi nahpanuficn k hno-
manu hcpcn hapnamcnfom. Bcc oncc hnamcnnic pcuu chococfno-
nanu napacfanuk nahpnxcnnocfu.
cmoncfpanfi opamanuci k Hank kak k ucnoncky, kofopiu
nonxcn in onuucfnopnfi usmcncnun, u fpconanu, ufoi on hy-
84O
nuuno pastncnun cnou namcpcnun. Hani, kofopiu sa nccnfi nncu
no sfoio in, nakoncu, nnoni hpunnf n hapfuk, nimcn us cnocio
noma u nicfyhun hcpcn nknimu, fonhunmumucn na hnomanu Ko-
myfa; pcui ina chokounan u, nosmoxno, naxc ncpcmufcninan,
hpusinanman k koncfufyuuonnomy hopnnky u k hcpcionopam
nnyfpu hapfuu. Hcoxonumo hpunafi noniu umhynic nnuxcnuk k
couuanucfuucckou ncmokpafuu, no cncnafi sfo hocpcncfnom pc-
qopm. B ohpcncncnnom cmicnc ymcpcnnocfi Hann (kofopiu nc
uyncfnonan ccn oncucnnim nukakou nnacfik u nc onanan xa-
pakfcpom xapusmafuucckoio noxnn, ynnckakmcio sa coou macci)
pasouaponana fonhy u nncna n sanyxncnuc Icpc u cio copafnukon
ofnocufcnino nosmoxnocfu noccfanonufi konfponi nan cufyauucu.
B pcuu ho panuo n sfof xc ncucp hcpniu cckpcfapi komhapfuu
ocynun cchopnnku, nsnanun ofncfcfncnnocfi sa nux na noxi,
pachpocfpanncmyk npaiamu couuanusma. On hoocman cosnafi
ucnfpaniniu komufcf, onnako nc homcn na npyiuc ycfyhku.
Ocmanun Icpc, nacfoniko ofopnannic of pcaninocfu, nisna-
nu incn ohhosuuuu. Cnona nauanu cocnunnficn c opyxucm. 3nanuc
panuo ino okpyxcno ficnuamu nkncu. Onu unu oxpannnmuc sna-
nuc nocnnic cncnanu hcpnic nicfpcni. Oucni ckopo konqnukf
hpuopcn oxccfoucnniu xapakfcp. Hs nnopua panuo ho fonhc in
ofkpif oioni nccnfku pancnix, cofnu yufix. Ofo ino nauano
hcpnoio sfaha cfonknoncnuu, nnunmuxcn nck noui. Mcxny fcm
copancn Hcnfpaniniu Komufcf u n ncohucycmou afmocqcpc fcx
uacon hpunnn pcmcnuc nasnauufi Hann hpcmicp-munucfpom, mo-
mcnfanino honyuun coinacuc Xpymcna, n fo npcmn kak Icpc ocfa-
nancn no inanc hapfuu.
Ofnocufcnino cknonnocfu Xpymcna haccunno cncnufi sa pas-
nufucm cufyauuu hosnonufcnino nickasafi nckofopic comncnun.
Ha ncnicpckou fcppufopuu naxonunuci foina nnc nunusuu Concf-
ckou apmuu, fo ccfi hpunusufcnino fpunuafi ficnu ucnonck c
oncc ucm ficnuik fankon. B fof camiu momcnf, koina Xpymcn
coinacuncn c nasnaucnucm Hann, sfu noucka nauanu hcpcnnuxc-
nuc. Ianuo, konfponupycmoc hapfucu, pachpocfpanuno unqopma-
uuk o nncncnuu nocnnoio honoxcnun u o fom, ufo qamucfckuc u
pcakuuonnic sncmcnfi pasncpnynu noopyxcnnic nahancnun na
omccfncnnic snanun u uacfu ncnicpckou apmuu.
Cam Hmpc Hani opafuncn c hpociou o nmcmafcnicfnc Concf-
ckoio Coksa, apiymcnfupyn cio ncoxonumocfi akfunnocfik, ko-
fopyk pasncpnynu konfppcnonkuuonnic anni. Ipucyfcfnuc
nckofopix hponokafopon n macconom nnuxcnuu ino oucni ncpo-
nfno. Omuka cocfonna n fom, ufo onu onnu nc moinu i nuucio
concpmufi, ccnu i n ncucfnufcninocfu macci camu ho ccc nc
841
inu iofoni nicfyhufi. B fcucnuc ncckonikux nncu sfo cosnanano
fpynnocfu nnn Hann, hockoniky yfpom 24 okfnpn concfckuc fanku
nomnu n Iynahcmf. Onu, onnako, nc honyuanu ucfkux honufuucckux
hpukason, u sfo hosnonncf hpcnhonoxufi, ufo n Mocknc nancnnuci
cmc na honickoc paspcmcnuc kpusuca. Bhpoucm, sfo honfncpx-
nanoci u onnonpcmcnnim nosnpamcnucm n Iynahcmf Mukonna u
Cycnona, kofopic n fcucnuc fpcx nncu ocyxnanu c ncnicpckumu
pykononufcnnmu qopmynuponku komhpomucca. Ckchfuuusm in
ncnuk, u cam Xpymcn (kofopiu koncynifuponancn ho sfomy nohpo-
cy c Tufo, u ncckoniko nncu chycfn, 2 nonpn honhucan c num
cckpcfnic coinamcnun, umcn n nuny cofpynnuuccfno, choconoc
mupno hoiacufi kpusuc), koncancn hpu hpunnfuu pcmcnuu.
C npyiou cfoponi, xon coifuu yxc yckonisan us-hon ncnkoio
konfponn. Iynahcmf in no nnacfu fonhi. C yfpa 25-io ncmoncfpa-
uuu nosononunuci c nnymn fpconanunmu: ninon concfckux nouck
u ofcfanka Icpc, na kofopoio nosnaianaci ofncfcfncnnocfi sa ho-
hifky honanncnun. H cnona manuqccfauuu ocpnynuci kponik.
Hs hpanufcnicfncnnoio nnopua pasnanuci hcpnic nicfpcni us oi-
nccfpcninoio opyxun. Tonha pacccnnaci u cfana uckafi ycxumc.
Ha scmnc ocfanoci ho kpauncu mcpc 1OO, nosmoxno 2OO yufix.
Hucno pancnix ocfanoci ncusnccfnim. C sfoio momcnfa cnono hc-
pcmno k opyxuk. cmoncfpauuu hpckpafunuci, u nauanaci caman
nacfonman ioponckan hapfusanckan nouna mcxny ncnicpckumu ho-
ncfanuamu u concfckumu nouckamu unu cunamu, ncpnimu hapfuu.
Boccfanuc pachpocfpanunoci na nck Bcnipuk.
Bo inanc noccfanmux ncfan icncpan ncnicpckou apmuu Ian Ma-
ncfcp, kofopiu, honyuun hpukas afakonafi manuqccfanfon c homo-
mik ncckonikux fankon, ofkasancn nihonnufi cio, koina honnn,
kak on cam pacckasan ncckoniko nncu chycfn, ufo opui sa cno-
ony sfo nc annufi, a cinonin, ncpnic ncnicpckomy napony.
B honufuucckom hnanc cufyauun ina oncc ncncnou, onnako sno-
nkuun hosuuuu Hann chococfnonana cc hponcncnuk. B camom
ncnc, n hcpnic nnu Hani hifancn ychokoufi nonncnun nosonon-
ncnucm pcqopmucfckou honufuku, nauafou um camum n 15J i.
Onnako sfo in nchonxonnmuu momcnf nnn noniocpounix pcmc-
nuu. C homomik pycckux cfano nosmoxnim 25 okfnpn samcnufi
Icpc na Snoma Kanapa, onny us xcpfn hpccncnonanuu Iakomu.
Hani nancnncn fakum opasom, ufo hpckpafnfcn ou. Ho cnyuunoci
opafnoc, u hpousomcn camiu nacfonmuu nspin, nipasunmuucn n
honufuucckom ncucfoncfnc anapxucfckoio fonka u n napacfanuu
xcnanun opoficn c uyxcscmuamu.
Ion nosncucfnucm sfoio umhynica Hani honyuun nosmoxnocfi
u ncoxonumic cuni nnn ocymccfnncnun pcmufcninoio honopofa,
842
nc cs ocnonanuu honaian, ufo pycckuc c num coinacnfcn. 28 ok-
fnpn on sannun, ufo hapfuunic opiani honncpinuci inyokum
usmcncnunm hyfcm ucknkucnun nccx fcx, kfo hpunanncxan k kpi-
ny, nauoncc cnnsannomy c hpomnim hcpuona Iakomu. On sannun
fakxc, ufo nocfuinyfo coinamcnuc ofnocufcnino ninona concfckux
nouck, ufo pachymcna cckpcfnan honuuun u ufo nmccfo ncc cosna-
cfcn nonan cnyxa csohacnocfu. Cycnon u Mukonn, ncc cmc naxo-
nunmuccn n Iynahcmfc, hpunnnu pcmcnuc, kofopoc, ho ux mnc-
nuk, moino ymcnimufi nanncnuc u offnnyfi npcmn. Concfckuc
fanku icfpo ofomnu us Iynahcmfa, u n fcucnuc ncckonikux nncu
Bcnipun nacnaxnanaci nkycom ofnocnannou cnooni. Bhpoucm,
pycckuc cfafiu, honnunmcucn n Ipannc J1 okfnpn, kaxcfcn,
ykpchunu sfu nancxni, ncknapuponan namcpcnuc nnoni ocynufi
kak c ncnipamu, fak u c npyiumu cfpanamu Bapmanckoio noionopa
nohpoc o hpcinanuu cnoux nouck.
B sfou afmocqcpc Hani hponcmoncfpuponan macmfa cnocio
cocfncnnoio honopofa. JO-io okfnpn on otnnun o qopmuponanuu
nonoio hpanufcnicfna na hnkpanucfuucckou ocnonc c Mancfcpom n
kauccfnc munucfpa ooponi. Ucn hpouccc icfpix usmcncnuu,
oxnafunmuu nck cfpany. Hapacfana ncohpcncncnnocfi. Anfopufcf
hpanufcnicfna yfncpxnancn c fpynom. K fomy xc, kak ionopun
Hani, cnoonc yipoxanu nc foniko nncmnuc cuni, no fakxc u
nconymannic maiu, ckpifo namckan na cfpax hcpcn panukanusa-
uucu macc u nosnuknoncnucm nocnnoio cfonknoncnun mcxny hpcn-
cfanufcnnmu cfapoio pcxuma u nonimu cunamu. Ipanufcnicfno
ocmano cnoonnic niopi, onnako ncc ipomuc snyuano fpcona-
nuc, ufoi Bcnipun nimna us Bapmanckoio noionopa, fpconanuc,
o kofopom Hani coomun Mukonny yxc J1 okfnpn, nacfaunan na
nauanc hcpcionopon ho sfomy nohpocy. Hani sanyxnancn ofnocu-
fcnino coinacun pycckux, n kofopom Mukonn u Cycnon cmy ofkasa-
nu, fak ufo hynuunoc sannncnuc o pcmcnuu niufu us Bapmancko-
io noionopa ino cncnano Hancm noc:e foio, kak on ysnan, ufo cio
nnonnf n sanyxncnuc ofnocufcnino macmfaa ninona concfckux
nouck.
B sfom cmicnc ncnicpckuu kpusuc, na kofopiu foina cmofpcn
ncci mup, nccmofpn na npcmcnnoc oocfpcnuc cufyauuu n nuxnc-
nocfounom pciuonc, hpcnpamancn us nnyfpcnncio kpusuca concf-
ckou cucfcmi n mcxnynaponniu kpusuc. Ionopof JO okfnpn mcnnn
hpupony ncnicpckou pcnonkuuu. B hpcnnuncnuu fakoio pasnu-
fun coifuu pycckuc yxc napacfunu cnou cuni u pcmunuci na
nmcmafcnicfno. Hmcnno ycuncnuc concfckux nouck chponouupona-
no, cncnonafcnino, sannncnuc 1 nonpn o fom, ufo Bcnipun nixonuf
us Bapmanckoio noionopa u niupacf hosuuuk mcxnynaponnoio
84J
ncufpanufcfa; nmccfc c pcmcnucm nihycfufi na cnoony kapnunana
Munnccnfu, concpxanmciocn n fkpimc unu hon nomamnum apcc-
fom, ino ncpmunou ncnicpckou pcnonkuuu. Ocnooxncnuc hpu-
maca ofpaxano xcnanuc sanocnafi honnyk honncpxky skchcpumcnfa
kafonukamu. B pcuu J nonpn Munnccnfu uchonisonan nsncmcn-
nic u akkypafnic nipaxcnun.
Onnako conunapnocfu kafonukon ino ncnocfafouno. B ncu-
cfnufcninocfu Hani in usonuponan n mcxnynaponnom hnanc. Iio
skchcpumcnf hpoxonun kak pas n fo npcmn, koina panuun u Bc-
nukopufanun hpcnhpunnnu nmcmafcnicfno n Cysuc, cosnanan
momniu ofnnckakmuu momcnf. Ipanna, us pasnix uacfcu sahanno-
io mupa pasnananuci ncnkoio pona sannncnun u ypnic nipaxcnun
couyncfnun n cnnsu c fcm, ufo hpoucxonuno n Bcnipuu. Cncnona-
fcnino, oucni ncponfno, ufo ncnipi houyncfnonanu ccn noony-
mcnncnnimu u cohpofunnnnuci n nancxnc na conunapnocfi usnnc.
Ho onu omuanuci. Hnuuuafuny 3ahana hapanusonan nc foniko
kpusuc n Cysuc. Cymccfnonano fakxc inyokoc ycxncnuc, ufo
uncu ofpacinanun, kofopimu fcmun ccn anncc, nnnnnuci yxc
konfphponykfunnimu u, ufo, cncnonafcnino, cnpohcuckan cufya-
uun nc nonxna honncpiaficn usmcncnunm. B sfom cmicnc Hani
naxonuncn n honnou usonnuuu n fof momcnf, koina xop cpcncfn
macconou unqopmauuu cosnanan y ncio unnksuk, ufo on moxcf
paccuufinafi na honncpxky n mupc.
Snnan ncchoconocfi Hann yncpxafi cufyauuk hon konfponcm
honfonknyna pycckux k fomy, ufoi numufi cio cnocu honncpxku,
a sannncnuc o nixonc us Bapmanckoio noionopa cncnano oucnun-
nim macmfa kpusuca. Bhnofi no JO okfnpn pycckuc c honospc-
nucm nanknanu sa unuuuafunamu Hann u cio copafnukon. Ha
cncnykmuu ncni onu hpunnnu konfpmcpi. C sfoio momcnfa hosu-
uuu cfanu hponcnnficn. Snom Kanap nosinanun nonoc Bcnicpckoc
pcnonkuuonnoc paouc-kpccfinnckoc hpanufcnicfno, cosnannoc
2J nonpn c concfckou homomik. Takum opasom on iofonuncn
cfafi nipasufcncm komhpomucca c CCCI. Bcnicpckan pcnonkuun
ncfyhuna n cfanuk chana. B camom ncnc, ncucpom 1 nonpn pycckuc
nauanu hponnuiafi cnou noucka k ncnicpckou cfonuuc, n fo npcmn
kak concfckuu hocon Annpohon nnonun Hann n sanyxncnuc, nauan
2 nonpn hcpcionopi o ninonc concfckux nouck. Cufyauun ina
na pachyfic mcxny nopmanusauucu u kpaxom. Onnako J u 4 nonpn
xon coifuu yckopuncn. Ha paccncfc 4 nonpn Hani nicfyhun c
npamafuucckum hocnanucm, saqukcuponannim sahannimu panuo-
cfanuunmu: Ionopuf Hmpc Hani, Ipcnccnafcni Concfa munu-
cfpon Bcnicpckou Haponnou Icchynuku. Ccionnn na paccncfc co-
ncfckuc noucka nauanu nacfyhncnuc na namy cfonuuy c oucnunnim
844
namcpcnucm cncpinyfi sakonnoc ncmokpafuucckoc ncnicpckoc hpa-
nufcnicfno. Hamu noucka ncnyf ou. Ipanufcnicfno naxonufcn na
cnocm mccfc. S coomak sfy nccfi napony cfpani u omccfncnnomy
mncnuk mupa.
Hacom hosxc, n fo xc camoc npcmn, koina Tufo conunapusupo-
nancn c concfckou unfcpncnuucu (kak, nhpoucm, sfo cncnanu ncc
npyiuc hpcncfanufcnu kommynucfuucckoio mupa), Hani c ccmicu u
inannimu copafnukamu, in ninyxncn ykpificn n kiocnanckom
hoconicfnc, hpcnocfanunmcm cmy honufuucckoc ycxumc. Ohusonu-
ucckoc cohpofunncnuc hpononxanoci no nckapn. Onnako ocnonnan
uacfi cfonknoncnuu mcxny pycckumu u ncnipamu sancpmunaci n
fcucnuc ncckonikux nncu. Hacfonmuu noopyxcnniu konqnukf
hpuncn k ncckonikum ficnuam xcpfn yufimu u pancnimu; mno-
iouucncnnim usinannukam u honncpimumcn ioncnunm.
B sfo xc npcmn Snom Kanap cqopmuponan nonoc hpanufcni-
cfno, kofopoc, nucfanuupynci of nuni Iakomu u Icpc, cfapanoci
hpunafi ccc nckofopyk pcchckfacninocfi. Onnako cfoponnuku
cnoonnoio hpanufcnicfna Hann inu houmani u hocaxcni n
fkpimi. Cam Hani, kofopiu 22 nonpn c kiocnanckum hpohyckom
hifancn uscxafi apccfa, in saknkucn n fkpimy. Ipofun ncio u
cio copafnukon pasncpnyncn cyncniu hpouccc, hponnunmuucn
nonio, hockoniky Xpymcn, kofopomy hpcfunu kpaunuc mcpi, in
ninyxncn onopufi ux hon nanncnucm cio nnyfpcnnux npaion n
hapfuu. 15 uknn 158 i. cyncnoc pasupafcnicfno sancpmunoci
cmcpfnim hpuionopom H. Hank, I. Mancfcpy, H. Cunanu u M. Iu-
mccy, a fakxc ncckonikumu hpuionopamu k pasnuunim cpokam fk-
pcmnoio saknkucnun nnn npyiux onunncmix. 16 uknn hpuionop
Hmpc Hank in hpuncncn n uchonncnuc hpcnyhpcxncnuc nnn
nccx fcx, kfo ninamunan hnani, yipoxakmuc concfckou cucfcmc.
Bcnicpckan pcnonkuun hponcmoncfpuponana mnoio hcuaninix
ncmcu. Cocfonnmuci hocnc coifuu, hocncnonanmux sa cpnun-
ckum noccfanucm 15J i., ona hokasana concfckou cucfcmc, ufo
foniko cuna yncpxunacf nmccfc ipyhhy cfpan, kofopic nc chnofu-
nuci nu honufuuccku, nu skonomuuccku. Ona ninnuna naxnyk
xapakfcpucfuky concfckou cucfcmi: nunumocfi inyokux cfpykfyp-
nix usmcncnuu ncfyhana n hpofunopcuuc c hpunuuhuaninou nc-
nosmoxnocfik nipnafi c kopncm nauuonaninoc uyncfno u mccf-
nic honufuucckuc u skonomuucckuc fpanuuuu. Ipcopasonanun,
kofopic hpcnhonaianu usmcncnun, nc ocfannnkmuc cfpanam, nonnc-
ucnnim n sfof hpouccc, nosmoxnocfu ncpnyficn k hpomnomy, ncu-
cfnufcnino ykopcnnnuci c fpynom. Ofu fpynnocfu cymccfnonanu no
nccu Bocfounou Inpohc no 156 i., ocfananuci onu u hocnc. Hc-
mnoiuc ocosnananu fof qakf, ufo concfckoc iochoncfno ino ho-
845
ncpxnocfnim, ocnonannim na kpokpafuucckou cucfcmc, u ufo
ono nc hponukno n xusni omccfna. opmyna nauuonaninix hyfcu
k couuanusmy hifanaci ofuacfu cnccfu sfu pasnuuun k cnunou
ocnonc. Onnako ona numi cncika hpukpinana pasnuuun, kofopic
nc inu u nc ynyf cfcpfi npcmcncm, u kofopic hcpuonuuccku
ynyf ninnnnficn no mnoiux uacfnx concfckou cucfcmi no foio
momcnfa, hoka ona nc hpuncf k cnocmy nccomcmy kpusucy.
Hnic hocncncfnun ncnicpckuu kpusuc umcn nnn kommynusma n
3ahannou Inpohc. Ofo in momcnf honopofa, cpannumoio c aniyc-
fom 1J i., u naxc onimcio macmfaa, yuufinan, ufo sa sfo npc-
mn kommynucfuucckuc hapfuu 3ahannou Inpohi cfanu oncc
cuninimu u nnunfcninimu. 156 ion hokasan mnoium (ococnno
mnoium unfcnnckfyanam), ufo ncnocfafku concfckoio ohifa nc
oipanuuunanuci foniko ofknoncnunmu nuunocfnoio xapakfcpa cfa-
nunckou nukfafypi. Ofo inu ncnocfafku, nnyfpcnnc hpucymuc
hpuponc pcaninoio couuanusma, fo ccfi chocoy, kakum CCCI
hpcnpaman n ncucfnufcninocfi couuanucfuucckuc uncu. C sfoio
hcpcnomnoio momcnfa nauancn mcnncnniu u ncofnpafumiu kpono-
fouamuu hpouccc, kofopiu ofnanun mnoiux unfcnnckfyanon of
kommynucfuucckou uncu u hpoun pcmi n ofnomcnunx mcxny sa-
hannimu komhapfunmu u KICC. Ofo in manosamcfniu hpouccc,
sa ucknkucnucm ncckonikux namymcnmux cnyuacn, no fakxc u nn-
ncnuc, kofopoc paspymuf choconocfi komhapfuu nnunfi na mupo-
nyk unfcnnckfyaninyk xusni. Mcufa o icicmonuu mcpkna; ncikoc
hpunncucnuc mnoiux fonapumcu c ynuui cfanonunoci ncnos-
moxnim.
Iyfi k nixony us kpusuca in nauncn naionapn mcxnynapon-
nou cucfcmc. Hccmofpn na ncc hpusini u anfuconcfckyk pufopu-
ky, opymcnnyk na omccfncnnoc mncnuc cpcncfnamu macconou
unqopmauuu u hpohaianni sahannix hpanufcnicfn, nukfo nc ho-
mcncnun u haniucm. Mnoiuc ncnicpckuc cxcnui namnu ycxumc
na 3ahanc, inc honyuunu couyncfnuc u conunapnocfi, no nc honu-
fuucckyk honncpxky. Hmcnno sfof hcuaniniu ohif cnyxun onno-
snaunim unnukafopom. 3a ucknkucnucm kpufuucckoio hynkfa, n
nunc Icpnuna, Inpoha n fof momcnf cuufanaci cfauninim u mup-
nim konfuncnfom, kofopiu nu onna us cncpxncpxan nc coupa-
naci fpcnoxufi. Iocncnnuc yxc inu nonncucni n npyiuc cufya-
uuu; sxo ncnicpckux coifuu ino hpuinymcno hocncncfnunmu
Cysukoio kpusuca. nn cucfcmi mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu ncn-
icpckuu kpusuc in nnyfpcnnum hofpnccnucm concfckou cucfcmi.
Bcnkoc nmcmafcnicfno numi ncnano cufyauuk oncc npamafuunou,
nnoni onaxan pani, kofopic hcpnan hocfcfanunckan paspnnka sa-
fnnyna.
846
Iuhonnpniu konqnukf ncucfnufcnino hcpcmccfuncn n npyiyk
hnockocfi konkypcnfnoio cocymccfnonanun. Inpoha nc nnnn-
naci oncc honcm cpaxcnuu unu, nipaxanci mcncc nahimcnno,
apcnou cfonknoncnuu. Ona ina ymupofnopcnnim konfuncnfom,
kofopiu moino hofpcnoxufi foniko ncnononicfno mccfnoio xapak-
fcpa. Hu pycckuc, nu amcpukanui nc umcnu onimc hpuuun mc-
nnfi sfy cufyauuk. Iosfomy fc, kfo paccmafpunacf ncnicpckuu
kpusuc kak shuson xononnou nouni, nipaxacf inyoko omuou-
noc mncnuc. On, nahpofun, cnuncfcnicfnonan o fom, ufo xononnan
nouna n Inpohc sancpmunaci.
10.1. ,na tatepn n nepnme totm ciawtwsauww
10.1.1. BOBPO+,EHUE EBPOHM
Cfaunusauun n Inpohc nc cinanuna hpofunocfonnun mcxny
nnymn naicpnmu: n Inpohc hpuniknu k npaxncnomy cocymc-
cfnonanuk, ofniomcnnomy honospcnunmu u nsaumnimu onunc-
nunmu, u cmupunuci c fcm, ufo konfuncnf pasncncn na nnc uacfu
xcncsnim sananccom, kofopiu nukfo nc homimnnn ycfpanufi u
kofopiu, n nyumcm cnyuac, moi i cfafi oncc hponuuacmim.
Kaxnan us nnyx uacfcu Inpohi hpuchocanunanaci, nccmofpn
na nnyfpcnnc pasnuunic hpouccci, k nanuuuk nncmncio qakfopa
cfaunusauuu. B 3ahannou Inpohc hocncnocnnan pckoncfpykuun
cmcnunaci momnim pocfom skonomuku. Tcmhi pocfa nanonoio na-
uuonaninoio hponykfa cncpafunnou Icchynuku Icpmanuu hpc-
nimanu 7' n ion; n Hfanuu nauancn sfah fak nasinacmoio sko-
nomuucckoio uyna, koina n cpcnncm pocf cocfannnn 6' n ion, a
hopou nocfuian u 1O'. panuun u Bcnukopufanun fakxc hcpc-
xunanu hcpuon hpouncfanun, xofn ux pasnufuc cncpxunanoci pac-
xonamu na ncncnuc kononuaninix noun (n hcpnou) u mcnimcu
hpousnonufcninocfik fpyna (no nfopou). C skonomuucckou fouku
spcnun n sfu ioni inu sanoxcni ocnoni nnn nosnpamcnun 3a-
hannou Inpohi na iochoncfnykmuc hosuuuu n muponou skonomu-
kc. Onnako cc pasnufuc oipanuuunana qpaimcnfapnocfi pinka, cio
Uacin ueinepian
BNHOLHPHAH CNCTEMA:
PABPHLKA HAHPHIEHHOCTN N
COC.TECTBOBAHNE-COHEPHNHECTBO
Ftana tecnian
Cocymecisosanwe-conepnwueciso
w zexononweauwn
848 Uacin 4. Bwnotnpnan cwciema: paspntxa nanpn:ennociw...
pasnponcnnocfi na ofncninic nauuonaninic ccimcnfi, ufo oipa-
nuuunano cnoony fopionnu u nosmoxnocfu pocfa. Ioncc foio, sfa
pasnponcnnocfi hosnonnna hponnnnficn fpanuuuonnomy cohcpnu-
uccfny, kofopoc honpinano cnpohcuckoc moiymccfno cmc n hpo-
mnic nccnfuncfun, a fchcpi fopmosuno pasnufuc. B sfux ycnonunx
coxpannnaci fnia k ncsanucumocfu, ycxncnnocfi n nosmoxnocfu
camocfonfcnino hpononufi sqqckfunnyk honufuky n muponom
macmfac. Hmhcpckan panuun pachinnna cnou pccypci: na ho-
fpcnocfu nnyfpcnncio pocfa, na ncncnuc nouni n Hnnokufac, na
honanncnuc ofkpifoio mnfcxa n Ccncpnou Aqpukc, na concpxanuc
umhcpckou anmunucfpauuu n Hcnfpaninou Aqpukc. Bcnukopufa-
nun nc pcmanaci ofnafi hpcnhoufcnuc nu onnou us fpcx okpyx-
nocfcu cnocu nncmncu honufuku (Ipufanckoc Conpyxccfno, In-
poha u ocoic ofnomcnun c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu), nancnci,
ufo cymccf uckycno mancnpuponafi u n fo xc npcmn hpononxafi
konfponuponafi ucpcs Cpcnnuu Bocfok sony k oocmoiy om +yuu.
Iponan IOC u cosnanuc 3IC hponcmoncfpuponanu hpcncni
nosmoxnocfcu hpcononcfi nauuonaninic pasnuuun sa kopofkuu
hcpuon. Hauoncc naxnic cfpani 3ahannou Inpohi honyuunu
umhynici nnn nosononncnun unuuuafun n onacfu unfcipauuu
kak usnnc, cnnsannic c concfckou yiposou, fak u usnyfpu, cnnsan-
nic c hpousnonufcninimu cunamu, c cyhcpakfunnimu cnpokpafa-
mu u c cnpohcuckumu nnuxcnunmu, kofopic hocnc hopaxcnun
154 i. nochpnnu nyxom u cfanu ncucfnonafi unimu mcfonamu.
B mcxnynaponnom hnanc sfof hontcm skonomuku snauufcnino
ofnuuancn of hocncnocnnoio, f.c. hontcma 147154 ii., hockoni-
ky on in hopoxncn nc otcnuncnucm cnpohcuckux oxunanuu u
amcpukanckux unuuuafun, a, nahpofun, cnpohcuckumu unuuuafu-
namu u oxunanunmu, oncc unu mcncc honnfimu amcpukanckou
cfoponou. C cnpohcuckou cfoponi nauoncc npkou nuunocfik
in Zan Monnc, hpcnccnafcni Bicmcio pykononnmcio opiana
IOYC (Inpohcuckoio otcnuncnun yinn u cfanu), kofopiu cocpc-
nofouun ncc nnumanuc na cnpohcuckou hponcmafukc, ucknkuun
us ncc nchohynnpnic nocnno-honufuucckuc achckfi. On cmccfun
ucnfp fnxccfu n onacfi skonomuucckou unfcipauuu, ufo concu-
cfnonano nknkucnuk nonou Icpmanuu (II) n uncfufyuuonani-
nic cfpykfypi, choconic nochpchnfcfnonafi pasnufuk yipoxak-
mux fcnncnuuu, o kofopix nahomunanu uyfkuc n sfom ofnomcnuu
qpanuysi; onnako icpmanckuc hponcmi nc inu hpcncfanncni
kak ocnonnou sncmcnf nonix cnpohcuckux hpcnnoxcnuu. Iosuuun
Bcnukopufanuu nnoni hpuopcna pcmakmcc snaucnuc, hofomy
ufo concpmcnno oucnunna ina pasnuua mcxny nospoxncnucm oipa-
84 Ftana 10. Cocymecinonanwe-conepnwuecino w texotonwsauwn
nuucnnou Inpohi mccfu (panuun, II, Hfanun u cfpani Icnu-
nkkca) u Inpohi ccmu (hnkc Bcnukopufanun). Ho sfof achckf
nc umcn ohpcncnnkmcio snaucnun, fak kak hpumcpom nnn Monnc
cnyxuno IOYC, cnuncfncnnoc cymccfnonanmcc foina nannauuo-
naninoc otcnuncnuc.
Yxc n nonpc 154 i. Monnc otnnun, ufo c 1O qcnpann 155 i.,
co nnn ucfcucnun cio honnomouuu n kauccfnc hpcnccnafcnn Bic-
mcio pykononnmcio opiana IOYC, on cnona opcfacf cnoony ho-
nufuucckou ncnfcninocfu. Cooman o cnocm pcmcnuu konnciam,
on ckasan: To, ufo ynanoci cncnafi n onacfu yinn u cfanu mccfu
cfpanam namcio otcnuncnun, nonxno ifi noncncno no konua:
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi Inpohi (...). Hamu cfpani cfanu cnumkom
mancnikumu ofnocufcnino conpcmcnnoio mupa, n kofopom ccionnn
amcpukanckuc unu pycckuc macmfai sanakf mkany ofcucfa nnn
conpcmcnnou fcxnonoiuu, a sanfpa ona yncf usmcpnficn macmfa-
amu Kufan unu Hnnuu.
Inani, kofopic c sfoio momcnfa Monnc ocyxnan c ncnymumu
ncnfcnnmu cnpohcuckou honufuku, kacanuci nnyx sanau: pachpocfpa-
ncnuc honnomouuu IOYC na npyiuc ofpacnu fpanchopf u uc-
founuku fpanuuuonnou sncpiuu; u cosnanun nonoio coomccfna,
kofopoc pykononuno i conmccfnim uchonisonanucm nncpnou sncp-
iuu n mupnix ucnnx. B Inpohc foina nc ino ycfanonok, paofanmux
na afomnou sncpiuu, sa ucknkucnucm panuuu. Honoc coomccfno
moino nc foniko chococfnonafi pasnufuk sncpicfuucckou ofpacnu,
cuufanmcucn n fo npcmn cfpafciuucckou, no u occhcuufi pyko-
noncfno u konfponi nan mupnou afomnou hpomimncnnocfik, ko-
fopan moina i anfonomno nosnuknyfi n Icpmanuu. B ucnom sfu
hpockfi ncfpcfunu nocfafouno naiohpunfniu ofknuk no nccx ho-
nufuucckux kpyiax Inpohi, sa ucknkucnucm Bcnukopufanuu, n
fof momcnf nccima nanckou of uncu hpunnfi yuacfuc n cucfcmc cnpo-
hcuckou unfcipauuu. Iosfomy pcui Monnc ina opamcna k oipa-
nuucnnomy kpyiy cfpan-yuacfnuu IOYC. B nanincumcm nicfyhnc-
nuc Monnc nc moino pacucnunaficn kak unuuuafuna qpanuyson,
hockoniky noncpuc k cnpohcuckum hpcnnoxcnunm panuuu yhano
hocnc aniycfa 154 i. no nononino nuskoio yponnn honufuucckan
opia no panuuu numana Monnc cnunomimncnnukon, k kofo-
pim on uchifinan i honnoc noncpuc.
B cnnsu c sfum ponunaci uncn, ufoi unuuuafuna ucxonuna of
cfpan Icnunkkca. Monnc ionopun o sfom c I.-A. Chaakom, kofo-
piu ocfanancn munucfpom unocfpannix ncn Icniiuu no nccni
155 i. Chaak cuufan ncnosmoxnim nosononufi nuanoi c qpanuy-
samu, hoka y nnacfu naxonuncn I. Mcnncc-panc, nc honisonan-
85O
muucn pachonoxcnucm cnpohcucfon. Ipumnoci xnafi no qcnpann
155 i., koina hancf hpanufcnicfno Mcnncc-panca u k nnacfu
hpuncf kauncf, cqopmuponanniu Oniapom opom. C fouku spc-
nun cnpohcucfon, ucnccoopasno ino honoxnafi hoka qpanuysi
pafuquuupykf coinamcnun o cosnanuu 3IC (3ahannocnpohcucko-
io coksa), u hosfomy foniko n nauanc ahpcnn 155 i. Chaak nicfy-
hun c oquuuaninim usnoxcnucm uncu Monnc. Kak pacckasan cam
Chaak n cnoux mcmyapax, cio unuuuafuna ina hpunnfa cs snfy-
suasma. Hs Ionna, Iapuxa u Iuma hpumnu concfi napaficn
fcphcnun u ncucfnonafi ocfopoxno. Hahpofun, apon Hoxan Bunncm
Icucn, munucfp unocfpannix ncn Ionnannuu, Zoscq Icx, munucfp
unocfpannix ncn kkccmypia, ofncfunu onopcnucm. Icucn naxc
nicfyhun c kpufukou uncu unfcipauuu ho ofpacnnm u ofcfaunan
nccomyk unfcipauuk mcxnynaponnoc coomccfno, ucnik
kofopoio nonxna cfafi skonomuucckan unfcipauun Inpohi n mu-
pokom cmicnc; nounaficn cc cncnonano hocfchcnno, ucpcs nnc
cfanuu: famoxcnniu coks u skonomuucckuu coks.
Ipcnnoxcnuc ino cnumkom cmcnim, yuufinan ocfanonky, n
kofopou ono ino cncnano. Ho Icucn hpusinan kak Icxa, fak u
Chaaka k hpusnanuk hpockfa; nicfyhun 21 ahpcnn c pcuik, on
hpunnck k ncmy nnumanuc omccfncnnocfu. Iocnc sfoio hnan
Icucna cfan cnpohcucfckou hapanuimou kaxnou us mccfu cfpan,
hpusnannix hpunnfi cio. B konuc konuon, naxc Monnc hpcononcn
cnou koncanun n ohpcncncnuu sanau nospoxncnun. Koncanun
inu cnnsani kak c ncpcmufcninocfik qpanuyson, fak u c nnou-
cfncnnocfik hosuuuu ncmucn, hopoxncnnou pasnuuucm konuch-
uuu kanuncpa Konpana Ancnayspa u cio munucfpa skonomuku
knnuia Opxapna. Munucfp cuufan ncoxonumim cofpynnuuafi c
Bcnukopufanucu, ho kpauncu mcpc, n onacfu nncpnou sncpicfu-
ku, a nc hpucocnunnficn k qpanuysckum hpockfam, k fomy xc on
in cfoponnukom nucpaninou skonomuucckou honufuku n hpo-
funohonoxnocfi nupuxusmy camoio Monnc u nckofopix cnpohcu-
ckux hpanufcnicfn.
Monnc ho noionopcnnocfu c Icucnom u co Chaakom honiofo-
nun mcmopannym, n kofopom n cnunom fckcfc inu oomcni uncn
unfcipauuu ho ofpacnnm u uncn skonomuucckou unfcipauuu n uc-
nom. 6 man 155 i. mcmopannym in nahpanncn saunfcpcconannim
hpanufcnicfnam n kauccfnc ocnoni nnn paofi konqcpcnuuu, yua-
cfnonafi n kofopou onu hpuinamanuci. Bcc cmc coxpannnaci nckan
nnoucfncnnocfi honxonon ofpacncnan u nccoman unfcipauun,
no in cncnan hcpniu mai nnn sahycka sapxancnmcio mcxanusma
cnpohcuckou unfcipauuu.
Uacin 4. Bwnotnpnan cwciema: paspntxa nanpn:ennociw...
851
Ipuinamcnuc ino hocnano nnn yuacfun n chcuuaninou ccc-
cuu Konqcpcnuuu munucfpon unocfpannix ncn IOYC, kofopan
nonxna ina cocfonficn n Mcccunc unu n Taopmunc n hcpnix
uucnax uknn 155 i. nnn nasnaucnun hpccmnuka Monnc na hocf
pykononufcnn IOYC u nnn ocyxncnun mcmopannyma Icucna. Bo
npcmn unfcncunnoio honiofonufcninoio hcpuona uncu hponcnu-
nuci. Iuhofcsa unfcipauuu ho ofpacnnm honncpxunanaci foniko
qpanuysamu u mcncc pcmufcnino cniiuuuamu. Bcc ocfaninic,
xofn u ho pasnim hpuuunam, cknonnnuci k cosnanuk nnyx uncfu-
fyfon: onun komhcfcnfniu opian n onacfu cofpynnuuccfna ho uc-
honisonanuk nncpnou sncpiuu n mupnix ucnnx u npyiou komhc-
fcnfniu opian nonxcn in sanoxufi ocnoni nnn cnpohcuckoio
omcio pinka. Cymccfnonano aconkfnoc pasnoinacuc o honnomo-
uunx ynymux uncfufyfon (nannauuonaninic unu ncf), u o honu-
fuucckom snaucnuu pcmcnuu, kofopic hpcncfonno hpunnfi na
konqcpcnuuu n Mcccunc: ynyf nu onu hpocfo ychokoufcninim
cpcncfnom nnn ncnfcncu, uchifinanmux nocfaniiuk ho cnpohcusmy,
unu xc cfanyf honnunnim nospoxncnucm hpouccca cnpohcuckou
unfcipauuu.
Iokonuun c kpokpafuucckou hponcmou nasnaucnun Icnc
Maucpa nmccfo Monnc na hocf hpcnccnafcnn Bicmcio pykononnmc-
io opiana IOYC, yuacfnuku ccccuu hcpcmnu k pcaninim hponc-
mam, kofopic oxunncnno ocyxnanuci no paccncfa J uknn. Cymc-
cfnonano oucnunnoc omcc xcnanuc hpunnfi pcmcnun, choconic
nosponufi hpouccc unfcipauuu, no ncc hpanufcnicfna nicfyhanu
sa pasnic qopmynuponku, hockoniky ho-pasnomy hpcncfannnnu
ccc samufy cnoux unfcpccon u hosuuuu. Hakoncu, coinamcnuc
ino nocfuinyfo naionapn pachninuafou ncknapauuu hpunuuhon,
kofopan nc ofnanana hpcnhoufcnuc nu onnomy us hpcnnoxcnnix
mcfonon, no yfncpxnana ncoxonumocfi cncnonafi ho hyfu cosna-
nun cnunou Inpohi, naionapn pasnufuk omux uncfufyfon, ho-
cfchcnnomy cnunnuk nauuonaninix skonomuk, cosnanuk omcio
pinka u hocfchcnnomy coinaconanuk n hponcncnuu couuaninou
honufuku. Ofu csnukuc nipaxcnun hpuopcnu o2nimyk konk-
pcfnocfi n chcuuaninom hpunoxcnuu k omcmy hpockfy, n kofo-
pom saknaninanuci ocnoni nnn coomccfna ho uchonisonanuk
afomnou sncpiuu n mupnix ucnnx (hocnc ucio cfana yhofpcnnficn
apcnuafypa 1opumo+). B nokymcnfax fakxc yfncpxnanoci, ufo
ucnik honufuko-skonomuucckou ncnfcninocfu mccfu cfpan nnnn-
noci hosfahnoc cosnanuc cnpohcuckoio omcio pinka, nnyfpu
kofopoio ofmcnnnuci i famoxcnnic copi u ncc konuuccfncn-
nic oipanuucnun.
Ftana 10. Cocymecinonanwe-conepnwuecino w texotonwsauwn
852
10.1.2. HEPEFOBOPM HO HOBO,. ,OFOBOPA
O EBPOHEUCKOM OKOHOMUUECKOM COOBTECTBE
Hfoi nouficn namcucnnix ucncu, ino hponcncno ncckoniko
saccnanuu, kofopic na ocnonc hpcnnapufcninoio hpockfa us nocimu
hynkfon, ucfko cqopmynuponannix n Mcccunckom saknkuufcninom
nokymcnfc, honiofonunu k 1 okfnpn 155 i. noknan nnn hpcncfan-
ncnun cio Concfy munucfpon unocfpannix ncn. Bcnukopufanun
ina hpuinamcna nnn yuacfun n honiofonufcninou paofc.
Ipcnccnafcncm komuccuu ho paofc nan sanauamu, hocfanncn-
nimu n Mcccunc, in nasnaucn Chaak, kofopiu okasancn saxa-
fim mcxny cocfncnnim cfpcmncnucm founo ohpcncnufi ucnu u
cpoku pasnix paspaofannix sfahon u oipanuucnunmu, nannsan-
nimu cmy qpanuysckou u icpmanckou nuhnomafucu. Iaofi ko-
muccuu nauanuci uknn hpu yuacfuu pufanckoio nanknafcnn u
sakonuunuci c nckofopim ohosnanucm ofnocufcnino namcucnnix
cpokon 2O ahpcnn 156 i. Otcmucfiu noknan komuccuu Chaaka
in paccmofpcn Concfom munucfpon unocfpannix ncn IOYC, sacc-
nanmum n Bcncuuu 2 u JO man 156 i., u nc nisnan ocoix ncafon.
3afcm nauanuci hcpcionopi ho honiofonkc hpockfon nnyx noiono-
pon, ofnocunmuxcn k cosnanuk Inpafoma u Inpohcuckoio omcio
pinka, oa noionopa inu honhucani 25 mapfa 157 i. n Iumc.
Iaspaofka nnyx nokymcnfon u cpokon ux onopcnun cfonkny-
naci c hponcmamu, cnnsannimu c nnyfpcnnumu fpynnocfnmu, hc-
pcxunacmimu panuucu, c ncnicpckum kpusucom u, oncc foio, c
Cysukum kpusucom (n konuc okfnpn nauanc nonpn 156 i.),
kofopic ninnunu snauumocfi u cpounocfi nospoxncnun Inpohi.
Hcoxonumo ino cncnafi fak, ufoi ono nc ocfanoci hycfim sny-
kom, a cfano i ucm-fo omyfumim u honcsnim nnn unfcpccon fou xc
panuuu ncnukou ncpxani, naxonunmcucn n cocfonnuu yhanka.
Bo npcmn honiofonku noknana Chaaka, kak ofmcuacf Mumcni
cmyncn, pasiopanuci nuckyccuu, koina hponcmi nncpnou sncpiuu
hcpchncfanuci c oncc mupokumu fcmamu qopmuponanun omcio
pinka. Hacfo ncikocfi ocyxncnun nohpocon o cofpynnuuccfnc n
onacfu uchonisonanun nncpnou sncpiuu (f.c. ocyxncnun foio,
ufo cmc nc cymccfnonano), okasinana cfumynupykmcc nnunnuc u
honfankunana k hpunnfuk honufuucckux pcmcnuu, ofnocnmuxcn k
fomy, ufo yxc cymccfnonano: mccfi skonomuucckux cucfcm, kofo-
pix hpcncfonno otcnunufi. Baxnoc pcmcnuc ino hpunnfo n na-
uanc nonpn 155 i., koina ino hpusnano, ufo koncunan ucni
honiofonufcninix paof saknkuanaci n paspaofkc hpockfa honnun-
noio omcio pinka; hpu sfom honaianu, ufo cosnanuc pinka yncf
hpoxonufi ucpcs sfahi, ncoxonumic nnn ycfpancnun apicpon,
85J
mcmakmux fonapoomcny, nnn ycfanonncnun famoxcnnix pcxumon
ho ofnomcnuk k fpcfium cfpanam, nnn coinaconanun pasnuunix
skonomuucckux ycnonuu u, cncnonafcnino, nnn cosnanun c sfou
ucnik omux uncfufyfon.
Konqcpcnuun n Bcncuuu hpoxonuna cs ocoix safpynncnuu,
ofuacfuhofomy ufo n sfu mccnui nnumanuc panuuu u Bcnukopu-
fanuu ino cocpcnofoucno na kpusucnou cufyauuu n Ccncpnou
Aqpukc. B ufoic aninuuanc hponcmoncfpuponanu n nckapc 155 i.
cnoc nchpunfuc hpoipamm, kofopic ocyxnanuci n Ipkcccnc. Onu
ycmofpcnu n nux ohacnocfi pasnana OIOC (Opianusauuu cnpohcu-
ckoio skonomuucckoio cofpynnuuccfna), opiana, n sanauu kofopoio
nxonuna numi koopnunauun, a hofomy hpcfcnsuu aninuuan niinn-
ncnu hpocfo kak hpcnnoi. Ioncc foio, onu hpcnnoxunu, ufoi ni-
noni komuccuu Chaaka coofncfcfnonanu fou paofc, kofopyk ina
chocona ocymccfnufi ncn OIOC. Bmccfo foio, ufoi hpucocnu-
nuficn k hpockfam mccfu, hpanufcnicfno onnona iofonunoci na-
uafi c numu apicpiapnnic ou c ucnik otcnunufi ocfaninic
cfpani OIOC n npyiyk opianusauuk 1oponeuciyu uccouuuuuu
coo0o0nou mopeoo:u (IACT), ncucfnufcnino cosnannyk 2O nonpn
15 i. Ioukof Bcnukopufanuu nc homcman nu saccnanuk n Bc-
ncuuu, nu sancpmcnuk paof komuccuu Chaaka. Ioncc foio, hpa-
nufcnicfno panuuu hocnc Cysua hpcononcno cnou koncanun, u
sfo ofnuuano cc honufuky of honufuku Bcnukopufanuu. Hc mcni-
mcc nnunnuc n fom xc nahpanncnuu okasan Zan Monnc, qopmanino
u nc yuacfnonanmuu n hcpcionopax, 11 okfnpn 155 i. on opianuso-
nan Komufcf ncucfnun sa Cocnuncnnic Ufafi Inpohi, sqqck-
funnocfi kofopoio n snauufcninou mcpc ina cnnsana c nnunnucm
hpucocnununmuxcn k ncmy anfopufcfnix honufukon coofncfcfnyk-
mux cfpan u hapfuu (Iu Monnc of qpanuysckux couuanucfon,
Opukx Onncnxaysp of ncmcukux couuanucfon, Amunfopc anqanu
of ufaninnckux xpucfuanckux ncmokpafon na anfopufcf sfux nc-
nfcncu ohupancn Monnc).
10.1.3. ,OFOBOPM O EBPATOME
U EBPOHEUCKOM OKOHOMUUECKOM COOBTECTBE
oionopi, honhucannic n Iumc, kacanuci otcnuncnun mafcpu-
aninix, fcxnuucckux u nayunix pccypcon nnn conmccfnoio uchoni-
sonanun naionapn cosnanuk Inpohcuckoio coomccfna ho afomnou
sncpiuu (Inpafom) u Inpohcuckoio skonomuucckoio coomccfna
(IOC).
Icpnoc us coomccfn coofncfcfnonano mupoko pachpocfpancn-
nomy foina ycxncnuk, ufo cymccfnycf foniko onun ucfounuk
854
hpousnoncfna sncpiuu, pachonaiakmuu ncoipanuucnnim cipicm hpu
honuxakmcucn cfoumocfu sfo afomnan sncpiun. Tpu skchcpfa
n onacfu afomnou sncpiuu cpasy hocnc honhucanun noionopon n
Iumc hpcncfanunu noknan, n kofopom ionopunoci o cfpoufcnicfnc n
cfpanax Omcio pinka n fcucnuc nccnfu ncf 75 afomnix snckfpo-
cfanuuu, choconix hpousnonufi 15 munnuonon kunonaff snckfpo-
sncpiuu hpu paofc na amcpukanckux u aninuuckux pcakfopax n
coofncfcfnuu c nopmamu, ucknkuakmumu nkyk hohifky uc-
honisonanun nncpnou sncpiuu n nocnnix ucnnx.
Mcxny fcm cfpani-yuacfnuui coomccfna hon nanncnucm qpan-
uyson, kofopix poko honncpxanu ufaninnui, nc ofkasanuci u of
uchonisonanun nncpnou sncpiuu n ncmupnix ucnnx. K fomy xc
pasnuuuc mcxny ipaxnanckou u nocnnou cqcpamu hpumcncnun
afoma foina nc ino cfoni nnnim. Koina n 156 i. qpanuysi nauanu
ionopufi o cosnanuu cnpohcuckou ycfanonku pasncncnun usofo-
hon, ocnonannou na qpanuysckou fcxnonoiuu, hpu qunancupona-
nuu nccmu mccfik cfpanamu, saunfcpcconannimu n hpockfc, fo
cuufanu nosmoxnim hpumcnnfi cc n ooux nahpanncnunx uchoni-
sonanun nncpnou sncpiuu.
Ofa onacfi cofpynnuuccfna hpcncfannnnaci nauoncc naiohpu-
nfnou u nisinana nauonimcc onopcnuc n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax.
Amcpukanckoc hpanufcnicfno c fpcnoiou cncnuno sa pasnufucm co-
ncfckux uccncnonanuu n cqcpc nncpnou sncpicfuku u onnoci, ufo
ofcfananuc n sfou onacfu moxcf cncpxunafi skonomuucckuu pocf
3ahannou Inpohi, koina n ccpcnunc 7O-x ionon, kak hpcnhonaian
anncc, skonomuucckuu 0y+ houncf na chan. Iosfomy CUA nuncnu
n Inpafomc cpcncfno hpcononcfi sfo ofcfananuc, a fakxc cpcncfno
fccno hpunnsafi Icpmanuk k cnpohcuckomy coomccfny, ufo homc-
mano i pasnufuk cc anfonomnou nncpnou honufuku, u, nakoncu,
amcpukanui oucnunanu cio kak uncfpymcnf, kofopiu homoxcf
Cocnuncnnim Ufafam fncpno yncpxunafi n cnoux pykax monoho-
nuk na uchonisonanuc nncpnou sncpiuu n nocnnix ucnnx, numi
uacfuuno pasncnnn cc c Bcnukopufanucu. Hakoncu, sakpifuc cy-
noxoncfna ho Cysukomy kanany occnik 156 i. nahomnuno o
ohacnocfu, cnnsannou c nncsahnimu sncpicfuucckumu kpusucamu.
Ioncc foio, nohpcku oxunanunm amcpukanucn, hpanufcnicfno Ia-
puxa nccnou 154 i. hpunnno hpunuuhuaninoc pcmcnuc cosnafi
qpanuysckuc nncpnic cuni, koina ncnanuci cmc foniko hcpnic
maiu ho hyfu cnpohcuckoio nospoxncnun; pcmcnuk qpanuyson nc
homcman naxc Iumckuu noionop. B nonpc 156 i. hpanufcnicfno
Iu Monnc, ufoi ncckoniko cmniuufi ynuxcnuc, hcpcxufoc n
cnnsu c Cysukum kpusucom, onopuno afomnyk hpoipammy nauuo-
naninou ooponi, kofopan hpcnycmafpunana n fcucnuc 5 ncf hpo-
855
ncncnuc uchifanuu nncpnix ycfpoucfn qpanuysckoio hpousnon-
cfna u hnanuponana cofpynnuuccfno n sfou cqcpc c Hfanucu u
Icpmanucu. Ho foniko hpu nc Ionnc nncpnan y0upnun cu:u hpuo-
pcna ucknkuufcnino qpanuysckuu xapakfcp.
Ioncc cnoxnim in noionop o IOC. Cfpani, honhucanmuc
noionop, panuun, cncpafunnan Icchynuka Icpmanun, Hfa-
nun, Icniiun, Ionnannun u kkccmypi hocfanunu hcpcn no-
nim uncfufyfom sanauy nounaficn c homomik cosnanun omcio
pinka u hocfchcnnoio cnuxcnun skonomuucckux honufuk cfpan-
yuacfnuu iapmonuunoio skonomuucckoio pasnufun n Coomccfnc,
cio nchpcpinnoio u pannomcpnoio pocfa, yncnuucnun cfauninocfu,
honimcnun yponnn xusnu u ycfanonncnun oncc fccnix ofnomc-
nuu mcxny cfpanamu-yuacfnuuamu. B sfux ycnonunx famoxcnniu
coks (fo ccfi cosnanuc omcio pinka, samumcnnoio of nncmncio
mupa cnunim fapuqnim apicpom, hpu ofmcnc nnyfpcnnux homnun
u konuuccfncnnix oipanuucnuu) hpcncfannnn coou hpcnnapufcni-
noc ycnonuc nnn qopmuponanun honnunnoio Coomccfna, nnyfpu
kofopoio ycfpannnuci i nkic hpchnfcfnun nnn cnoonnoio hc-
pcnnuxcnun nkncu, ycnyi u kahufanon, paspaafinanaci oman
honufuka n onacfu ccnickoio xosnucfna u fpanchopfa, cosnanancn
pcxum occhcucnun cnoonnou konkypcnuuu, ocymccfnnnaci ko-
opnunauun skonomuucckux honufuk, hpcnycmafpunanoci cosnanuc
Inpohcuckoio couuaninoio qonna u yupcxncnuc Inpohcuckoio
unnccfuuuonnoio anka.
Icpniu hcpuon hpcfnopcnun n xusni noionopa u qopmupona-
nun cfpykfyp omcio pinka nonxcn in nnuficn 12 ncf (a n cnyuac
ncoxonumocfu 15 ncf) u cocfonfi us ucfipcxncfnux sfahon. B konuc
kaxnoio sfaha, nnn kofopoio xapakfcpno hocfchcnnoc ycfpancnuc,
n coofncfcfnuu c hpunnfimu mcpamu, apicpon nnyfpu Coomc-
cfna, Concf munucfpon nonxcn hcpcxonufi k cncnykmcu qasc. 3a-
naua hpcfnopcnun noionopa n xusni ina hopyucna uchonnufcni-
nomy opiany, Komuccuu, cocfonnmcu us ncnnfu uncnon (nnoc of
kaxnou onimou cfpani u ho onnomy of manix cfpan) u oncucn-
nou honnomouunmu nicfyhafi c unuuuafunamu u koopnunuponafi
ncnfcninocfi IOC, no nc honyuunmcu hpano hpunumafi pcmcnun.
Ofo hpano ino hpcnocfanncno Concfy munucfpon, pykononunmcio
ncnfcninocfik Coomccfna c yucfom hoxcnanuu hpanufcnicfn
cfpan, nxonunmux n IOC: fak ponunaci nnyinanan cucfcma, n pam-
kax kofopou nohpoc o komhcfcnuunx no mnoiom ohpcncnnn yny-
mcc Coomccfna. Accamncn, cocfonman us 142 uncnon, ina
cqopmuponana hyfcm nnycfchcnnix niopon. Cyn, cocfonnmuu us
ncnnfu uncnon, nonxcn in pcmafi chopi, cnnsannic c hpcfnopc-
nucm noionopa n xusni.
856
Iumckuc noionopi inu pafuquuuponani n fcucnuc 157 i. u
oa Coomccfna nauanu cymccfnonanuc c 1 nnnapn 158 i., koina
hpanufcnicfna u hapnamcnfi pasnix cfpan nasnauunu cnoux hpcn-
cfanufcncu n coofncfcfnykmuc opiani. Ipcnccnafcnicfnonafi n
Komuccuu IOC in hpuinamcn ncmcu Banifcp Xanimfcun, n hpo-
mnom concfnuk kanuncpa Ancnayspa; Inpafom nosinanun qpanuys
yu Apman. Oipomniu uncfufyuuonaniniu mcxanusm nauan cnok
paofy. Tcopcfuuccku cmy hpcncfonno pachpocfpannfi n Inpohc
cucfcmy cnoonnou skonomuucckou unuuuafuni u konkypcnuuu n
coofncfcfnuu c xccfkumu hpanunamu pinounou skonomuku, cami-
mu nchpcknonnimu cfoponnukamu kofopou inu ncmui.
nc hponcmi cfonnu hcpcn fcmu, kfo ncfyhun na sfof hyfi.
C fouku spcnun skonomuku, ocnonnou nohpoc saknkuancn n choco-
nocfu saunfcpcconannix hpanufcnicfn u opianon IOC hpcnpafufi
omuu pinok n hpcnhocinky nnn cosnanun honnunnoio cnpohcu-
ckoio coomccfna: sfo fpconano cnuxcnun konuchuuu pasnufun
u skonomuucckoio honoxcnun, ufo ocymccfnnnnoci i oncc nciko
naionapn coinaconannomy skonomuucckomy pocfy mccfu otcnu-
nunmuxcn cfpan. Ho sfof hpouccc cfonknyncn c fpynnocfnmu us-sa
pasnuuun no nnyfpcnncu cufyauuu pasnix cfpan; of kaxnou cfpani
hofpconanoci n fou unu unou mcpc hpuchocanunaficn k hpanu-
nam coomccfna u hpononufi coinaconannyk couuanino-skonomu-
ucckyk honufuky, xofn u nc nccina coofncfcfnonanmyk omum
fpconanunm. Coinaconafi pasnoopasnic sakononafcnicfna hpu
pasnuuuu ycnonuu n cfpanax Coomccfna ino nccima cmcnou sa-
naucu, kofopan fpconana cuninou nonu u cfpcmncnun k cnuxc-
nuk hpanufcnicfn mccfcpku, a fakxc ncsaypnnnix choconocfcu
of pykononcfna uncfufyfamu Coomccfna. Bcc sfo ninnnnno nfopyk
hponcmy: choconocfi Coomccfna opccfu cocfncnniu honufu-
ucckuu ncc ncufo kauccfncnno unoc, ucm choconocfi koopnu-
nuponafi hponcmi ocfananci n sanucumocfu of hpanufcnicfn.
Hcoxonumo ino cfafi uncfufyfom, choconim hpononufi co-
cfncnnyk ncsanucumyk honufuky. Kopouc ionopn, cfonn nohpoc o
honufuucckux honnomouunx Coomccfna unu o fpancqopmauuu
IOC us uucfo skonomuucckoio uncfufyfa n honufuucckoc Coo-
mccfno, choconoc paspcmufi hponcmy ofnomcnuu c ofncninimu
iocynapcfnamu-uncnamu, nc napyman ux nauuonaninic unfcpcci.
Ipcncfanufcnu cnpohcucfckux nnuxcnuu xopomo cosnananu
cnoxnocfi sfux hponcm, fak kak honumanu, ufo opiani Coomc-
cfna nonxni inu ncucfnonafi n ohpcncncnnix uncfufyuuonani-
nix pamkax. Ipcxnc nccio, sfo xopomo cosnanan icncpan nc Ionni,
nc cmupunmuucn c nnoucfncnnocfik, kofopyk, ho cio mncnuk,
cncnonano ycfpanufi. Bosnpamcnuc nc Ionnn k nnacfu no panuuu
857
n uknc 158 i., koina IOC nauano ncnafi hcpnic maiu, ino pac-
ucncno mnoiumu kak hpcnhocinka ncuscxnoio hapanuua, n kofo-
pom ncsamcnnufcnino okaxcfcn Coomccfno. Iopia nc Ionnn
hpofun IOC (Inpohcuckoc ooponufcninoc coomccfno) cmc nc
ymna n nanckoc hpomnoc, ufoi moxno ino nc ohacaficn, ufo ic-
ncpan ho-hpcxncmy c npaxncnocfik ofnocufcn k konuchuuu cn-
pohcuckou unfcipauuu. Onnako nc Ionni, nahpofun, pasncnnn ucnu
cnpohcuckou skonomuucckou unfcipauuu, kofopic cuufan ncoxo-
numimu nnn ononncnun u moncpnusauuu skonomuku panuuu,
sanauu, kofopic cio hpanufcnicfno pcmano c hcpnix maion. Tcm
nc mcncc, on cuufan, ufo nihonncnuc sfux sanau ncnisn noncpnfi
opianam, numcnnim pcaninou cnnsu c honufukou ofncninix cfpan.
Ipocfoc cpanncnuc honnomouuu Komuccuu u Concfa munucfpon
IOC cnuncfcnicfnonano, ho mncnuk icncpana, ufo hponcma nc
pcmcna. IOC nonxno ino cfafi honufuucckum coomccfnom, n
kofopom honnomouun pasnuunix opianon umcnu i sakonnyk cuny
naionapn ohpcncncnnim qopmam nsaumoncucfnun. Hx coinacona-
nuc hocnc usyucnun saunfcpcconannimu hpanufcnicfnamu moino
hpcnofnpafufi hapanuu Coomccfna.
Iosfomy ncynunufcnino, ufo nc Ionni nicfyhun cfoponnukom
ykpchncnun IOC u ycuncnun Coomccfna kak honufuucckoio uncfu-
fyfa. Hnimu nonxni inu cfafi u mcfoni qopmuponanun fakoio
uncfufyfa. B 15 i. nc Ionni usnoxun cnoc nuncnuc hpcnnoxcn-
nou um moncnu: Otcnunufi n honufuucckom, skonomuucckom u
cfpafciuucckom ofnomcnuu iocynapcfna, pachonoxcnnic of Icuna
u of Anih no Iupcnccn. Ipcnpafufi sfy opianusauuk n onny us
fpcx muponix ncpxan u, koina-nuyni, ccnu nosmoxno, n apufpa
mcxny nnymn hpofunoopcfnykmumu naicpnmu concfckum u
amcpukanckum. IOYC, cymccfnonanmcc c 152 i., u IOC nonxni
inu naufu cnoc mccfo n sfom ipannuosnom hpockfc, kofopiu
npko ofpaxan icicmonucfckuc amuuuu icncpana. Ipanonan qopma
pasnix coomccfn, hpunannan um ho noionopam, hpcncfannnnaci
nc Ionnk mapiunaninou hponcmou n cpanncnuu c fou, ufo co-
cfannnna cyfi cio honufuucckou unuuuafuni. B aniycfc 158 i., na
cncnykmuu ncni hocnc ncfpcuu c hpcnccnafcncm Concfa munu-
cfpon Hfanuu anqanu, on oxapakfcpusonan cc kak naxniu mai,
naionapn kofopomy Inpoha nonxna hpakfuuccku cfafi honufuucc-
kou, skonomuucckou u kynifypnou pcaninocfik. Takoc otcnunc-
nuc nonxno ifi ocymccfnncno naionapn ccpuu fccnix konfakfon
mcxny pykononufcnnmu iocynapcfn Coomccfna, n sfux honufuucc-
kux koncynifauunx nonxni hpunumafi yuacfuc u hpcncfanufcnu
opianon IOC.
858
Icskuc nicfyhncnun nc Ionnn hpofun csofncfcfncnnix k-
pokpafon, hpcfcnnykmux na yhpanncnuc Inpohou us Ipkcccnn,
inc oocnonanuci pykononnmuc opiani Coomccfna, uacfo noc-
hpunumanuci kak cio nchpunfuc camou konuchuuu unfcipauuu.
Ho sfu kpufuucckuc samcuanun icncpana kacanuci nauoncc nax-
nou hponcmi Coomccfna choconocfu hpunafi pcmcnunm
fcxnuucckoio, opianusauuonnoio xapakfcpa, hpunnfim cs yuac-
fun naponnix hpcncfanufcncu, honufuucckoc snaucnuc u ncco-
mocfi nipaxcnun omccfncnnix unfcpccon: sfux sncmcnfon foina
ncnocfanano, fak kak nc ino coofncfcfnykmcio honufuucckoio
coinamcnun. Ipu sfom nc foniko hpcnnoxcnun nc Ionnn concu-
cfnonanu pcmcnuk hponcmi, no onu ykasinanu na cc nanuuuc,
ufo cncpxunano pacmupcnuc cqcpi ncnfcninocfu IOC u cio ak-
funnocfu.
B fcucnuc hcpnix ncf cymccfnonanun IOC qynkuuoncpi us
Ipkcccnn u hpanufcnicfna cfpan-yuacfnuu paofanu nan pcanusa-
uucu honoxcnuu noionopa, kacakmuxcn cosnanun omcio pinka.
Onu cymcnu nocfuui pcmcnun hocfanncnnix sanau naxc panimc
namcucnnoio noionopom cpoka, f.c. no 1 uknn 168 i., koina in
ycfanonncn yponcni omcio nncmncio fapuqa u sancpmcn hpouccc
cnuxcnun famoxcnnix homnun nnyfpu Coomccfna (houfu na nna
iona panimc hpcnycmofpcnnix cpokon). Ho hapanncnino nc Ionni
hpononxan honufuucckyk opiy, coucfan cnou amuuuu inoani-
noio xapakfcpa c komhpomuccamu n ofnomcnuu Coomccfna. Hc
nounmuci ychcxa n ccnfnpc 158 i. n opianusauuu afnanfuucc-
kou nupckfopuu fpouku (Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, Bcnukopufanun u
panuun), ufo occhcuuno i panuuu ncnymuc honufuucckuc
hosuuuu n IOC n ofnomcnuu HATO u, cncnonafcnino, n ofnomc-
nuu Concfon, on cfpcmuncn nnymufi cfpanam Coomccfna cnoc
honumanuc, ufo sfo fakoc Inpohcuckoc honufuucckoc coomc-
cfno. Hncn yupcxncnun opiana, onananmcio inimcu honufuucc-
kou nnacfik, ucm uncfufyfi IOC, ina nhcpnic ocfopoxno sann-
ncna na ncfpcuc c A. anqanu u K. Ancnayspom, safcm n 16O i.
ina hpcncfanncna omccfncnnocfu kak hpockf paspaofku nonou
cfpykfypi Coomccfna.
Hfoi nc sanynuficn n fcopcfuucckux ncpnx (fak hucan nc
Ionni n nokymcnfc, npyucnnom Ancnayspy n uknc 16O i.), nyxno,
ufoi Inpoha cfana pcsynifafom opianusonannoio cofpynnuuc-
cfna mcxny iocynapcfnamu. Iosfomy ncoxonumo ino usmcnufi
yxc cosnannic opiani, ncuscxno cfpcmnmuccn ncsakonno hpc-
npafuficn n csofncfcfncnnoc cyhcpiocynapcfno, u hocfanufi ux
hon konfponi hpanufcnicfn; honoxufi koncu cucfcmc unfcipauuu,
cqopmuponannou hon nnunnucm amcpukanucn, ufoi na nonou oc-
nonc hcpccfpoufi fof xc camiu Ccncpoafnanfuucckuu coks. Ofoio
85
pcsynifafa moxno ino nocfuui, ccnu nnccfu n hpakfuky hcpuonu-
ucckuc ncfpcuu inan iocynapcfn unu hpanufcnicfn, honiofonncnnic
skchcpfamu ho hponcmam honufuucckoio, skonomuucckoio, kyni-
fypnoio cofpynnuuccfna, a fakxc n onacfu ooponi. Ofu uncu
nipaxanu cfpcmncnuc k yfncpxncnuk ncnymcu ponu ncsanucumix
iocynapcfn, kofopan nonxna ina iuko coucfaficn kak ofmcuacf
Zopx-Anpu Cyfy c cnpohcuckum mcxiocynapcfncnnim cofpyn-
nuuccfnom.
Ofckna ponunaci uncn opianusonafi ocyxncnuc hponcmi cn-
pohcuckoio honufuucckoio cofpynnuuccfna n pamkax mccfcpku.
B qcnpanc 161 i. sfof hpockf in hpcncfanncn oquuuanino, hoc-
nc ucio ina cosnana ananufuucckan komuccun, kofopyk nosinanun
usnccfniu ncnfcni, copafnuk nc Ionnn, Kpucfuan ymc. Komuc-
cun paofana c nccni 161 i. ho nnnapi 162 i. c Ionni, kofopiu
ucxonun us hpockfa hcpccmofpa cymccfnykmux uncfufyuuonani-
nix cfpykfyp, coinacuncn na pnn komhpomuccon u hpusnan, ufo
pasnufuc honufuucckoio cofpynnuuccfna conmccfumo c pcqopma-
mu, ncnymumu k oncc omyfumou sqqckfunnocfu Coomccfna.
Ionufuucckoc cofpynnuuccfno nonxno ino pasnunaficn mcxny
hpanufcnicfnamu. Hncfufyfi Coomccfna nonxni ncucfnonafi
nnyfpu foio honufuucckoio coksa, qopmuponanuc kofopoio ino
inannou sanaucu komuccuu ymc. Takoni inu hpcnnoxcnun, ka-
canmuccn nauoncc ncnukafnix u chopnix nohpocon, hockoniky
hpcnhonaianoci, ufo honufuucckuu coks, f.c. opianusauun, co-
snannan na mcxiocynapcfncnnou ocnonc, hoinofuf Coomccfno,
cosnannoc na asc unfcipauuu.
Bck nccny 162 i. nc Ionni hifancn ycnufi ocfaninic hnfi
hpanufcnicfn, nxonunmuc n Coomccfno, hpunnfi sfof samiccn.
On cfonknyncn c pasnoio pona fpynnocfnmu. Hakoncu, ohhosuuun
ionnannucn hpuncna k okonuafcninomy hponany hnana, hpcncfan-
ncnnoio ymc. IOC ino chaccno, no inannan honufuucckan hpo-
ncma, of kofopou sanuccno cio ynymcc, nc ina pcmcna. Koina
nacfan momcnf hcpcufu of pcmcnuu, ycfpannkmux oipanuucnun n
fopionnc mcxny cfpanamu Coomccfna, k paspaofkc omcu cnpo-
hcuckou honufuku, ninnunuci hpcxnuc pasnoinacun, no nukfo us
yuacfnukon nc in namcpcn mcnnfi cnou hosuuuu.
10.1.4 COBETCKAH CUCTEMA
HOCLE BEHFEPCKOFO KPUBUCA
ccfanunusauun, cckpcfniu noknan Xpymcna na XX ctcsnc
KICC, mnfcx n Bcnipuu u pchpcccuu, sa num hocncnonanmuc,
nisnanu n concfckou cucfcmc u, oncc mupoko, cpcnu kommynucfu-
86O
ucckux hapfuu nccio mupa fakyk pcakuuk u fakoc hofpnccnuc, ko-
fopic hofpconanu pcmcnun oucni inyokux hponcm. Iinu nu
cfanunckuc uckaxcnun upcsniuaunim nnncnucm unu onu nnyfpcn-
nc hpucymu pcaninomy couuanusmy Cncnonano hpononxafi unu
hpckpafufi pcnusuonucfckyk honufuky, unuuuafopom kofopou in
Xpymcn, u kofopan nisinana houfu nchpcononumic fpynnocfu
Icui uncf nc o pufopuucckux nohpocax, a o hponcmax, honnunn-
mux n konuc 156 i. na ofnomcnun CCCI co cnoumu cafcnnufamu,
a fakxc na concfckyk nncmnkk honufuky n ucnom.
nn Xpymcna ncnicpckuu kpusuc in nc oncc, ucm ncuscx-
niu unuuncnf na hyfu, ofcfyhafi of kofopoio nc cncnonano. On
safpaiunan kak unconoiuucckuc nohpoci, fak u mcxnynaponnic
hponcmi. Xpymcn nonxcn in hpuncpxunaficn ymcpcnnou nu-
nuu, ufoi nc ycununafi nahpnxcnuc n cfpanax, inc n onimcu
mcpc hponnunuci cchokoucfno u ncnononicfno cpcnu naccncnun.
Ofo otncncnuc cnyxuno oocnonanucm nnn pasnufun concfckou
skonomuucckou honufuku nnyfpu cfpani. Bcnicpckuu kpusuc u
nahpnxcnnocfi, kofopan n Ionimc hpcnmccfnonana hpuxony k nna-
cfu Iomynku, napnny c nopmanusauucu ofnomcnuu c Tufo concu-
cfnonanu fomy, ufo ino cncnano pastncncnuc: opfonokcaninocfi
nc fpcycf honnoio coinacun c concfckumu hosuuunmu. Hmcnno
Iomynka n Ionimc u Kanap, opianusafop ncnicpckux pchpcccuu,
cmoinu hponcmoncfpuponafi, ufo ofkpifi nauuonaninic hyfu k
kommynusmy. B momcnf cnocio hpuxona k nnacfu Iomynka yfncpx-
nan: uknunauun skchnyafauuu ucnoncka ucnonckom ocfacfcn nc-
usmcnnou n couuanusmc. Iyfu nocfuxcnun sfou ucnu moiyf ifi
u cymccfnykf pasnuunic. Iocnc concfckux pchpcccuu n Bcnipuu
honnku naxc nosncpxunanuci of honncpxku CCCI n OOH u oipa-
nuuunuci onopcnucm honufuku hpanufcnicfna Kanapa, hockoniky
ona nahpanncna na pafckoc cofpynnuuccfno c npyiumu couuanu-
cfuucckumu cfpanamu na ocnonc honnoio pancncfna u ynaxcnun
cyncpcnufcfa iocynapcfna. B sfom nohpocc honnku inu nusku k
kiocnanam, u sfo cchapafnoc coinacuc c hosuuunmu npyi npyia ino
oxapakfcpusonano kak cnocio pona pcnusuonucfckan koanuuun fpcx
(Ionimu, Bcnipuu, Kiocnanuu), kofopan n konuc konuon ina
hpofunohocfanncna nchpcknonnim cfoponnukam kommynucfuucc-
koio unfcpnauuonanusma, ufo osnauano fpconanuc honnoio pan-
ncnun nccoinacnix na concfckuc ycfanonku.
B fo xc npcmn concfckuu nuncp nonxcn in hpunumafi no
nnumanuc hosuuuu hpannmux kommynucfon, ohacanmuxcn ckpifo-
io nuccuncnfcfna (Ynipuxf n Icpmanckou cmokpafuucckou Icc-
hynukc unu Honofniu n Hcxocnonakuu), a hofomy ocyxncnuc
nkou qopmi nauuonaninoio kommynusma onu uchonisonanu
861
nnn honanncnun ohacnou cpccu, cfanonunmcucn ncc oncc yipoxak-
mcu. B fo npcmn kak onu cfpcmunuci cinanufi pasnoinacun, us
Kufan cfanu hpuxonufi coomcnun o pacfymcm ncnononicfnc Mao
Hscnyna honufukou nccfanunusauuu. Mao uspan Tufo n kauccfnc
mumcnu nnn cnoux honcmuucckux nicfyhncnuu: Tufo in onuucfno-
pcnucm xpymcnckou konuchuuu, of kofopou Mao nucfanuuponancn,
no hoka nc kpufukonan cc ofkpifo, fak xc kak Xpymcn cocpcnofo-
uun cnok kpufuky na ananuax u Onncpc Xonxc, ufoi nnno nc
honcmusuponafi c Mao. Chopi mcxny kommynucfuucckumu pykono-
nufcnnmu namnu nauoncc npkoc ofpaxcnuc n hosuuuu oniapckou
hapfuu, ucfko u onnosnauno sannunmcu: Ofnomcnuc k Concfcko-
my Coksy u concfckou komhapfuu nnnncfcn kpufcpucm u hponim
kamncm hponcfapckoio unfcpnauuonanusma. Ipu sfom n kauccfnc
npaion inu otcnuncni u pcnusuonucfi, u hofcnuuaninic pac-
koninuku (kufauui).
B uknc 157 i. konqnukf, c ncofnpafumocfik packaninanmuu
fakxc u nicmcc pykononcfno KICC, nocfui kpufuucckoio momcnfa.
Xpymcny, okasanmcmycn n xonc nuckyccuu c Monofonim, Mancnko-
nim u Kaianonuucm n mcnimuncfnc n Ipcsunuymc HK KICC,
ynanoci hcpcnccfu konqnukf n Hcnfpaniniu Komufcf hapfuu, inc
pcmakmcu okasanaci honncpxka, okasannan cmy nocnnimu. Tcma
nuckyccuu n oucpcnnou pas kacanaci hpcncnon nccfanunusauuu.
Xpymcn honfncpnun cnok honufuucckyk nunuk u hpcncfanun cc n
kauccfnc nauoncc sqqckfunnou c fouku spcnun pocfa hpccfuxa
Concfckoio Coksa n mupc. Tpoux cio hpofunnukon onunnnu n fom,
ufo onu hpchnfcfnonanu nnyfpcnnum pcqopmam u mcxnynaponnou
paspnnkc. Monofon okasancn n sfou cufyauuu kosnom ofhymcnun
us-sa cnocio npaxncnoio ofnomcnun k hpumupcnuk c Kiocnanu-
cu, cio ohhosuuuu n ofnomcnuu saknkucnun Iocynapcfncnnoio
noionopa c Ancfpucu u us-sa cio ofkasa hpusnafi nosmoxnocfi
hpcnofnpamcnun noun n conpcmcnnyk shoxy u nosmoxnocfi pas-
nix qopm hcpcxona k couuanusmy n pasnuunix cfpanax. Monofo-
na, Mancnkona u Kaianonuua, onuncnnix n fom, ufo onu naxo-
nnfcn n hncny cfapix hpcncfanncnuu u mcfonon, sakncumunu kak
cckfanfon u noimafukon. Xpymcn, fakum opasom, ocnooxnan-
cn of uacfu nnyfpcnncu ohhosuuuu u hpuopcfan snauufcninyk
cnoony mancnpa.
Honim n sfou nuckyccuu in mcfon, kofopiu uchonisonan
Xpymcn nnn cocpcnofoucnun nnacfu n cnoux pykax. Ocnoninanci n
onimcu cfchcnu na konccncycc konnciuaninoio onuiapxuucckoio
pykononcfna, ucm na nuunou nnacfu, on uscxan qusuucckoio
ynuufoxcnun unu honufuucckoio hpccncnonanun hocxncnnix
hpofunnukon. Cfanunckuc uucfku cfanu k fomy npcmcnu ofxunmum
862
mcfonom. Onnako n ucnnx opii co cnoumu hpofunnukamu Xpymc-
ny hpumnoci cmccfuficn, ccnu fak moxno nipasuficn, nhpano,
fo ccfi hcpcufu na oncc pcnusuonucfckuc hosuuuu, n mcnimcu
cfchcnu honncpxunacmic nnyfpu concfckoio noka. Iosfomy on
ninyxncn in ncpnyficn na ucnfpucfckuc hosuuuu n ycnonunx,
koina mup in oxnaucn unconoiuucckum u honufuucckum poxcnu-
cm, no fakxc u uchifinan ohfumusm, nisnanniu ychcxamu Concf-
ckoio Coksa n pakcfnom u kocmuucckom copcnnonanuu c amcpukan-
uamu sahyckom hcpnou mcxkonfuncnfaninou annucfuucckou
pakcfi u hcpnoio uckyccfncnnoio chyfnuka scmnu, sahymcnnoio
na opufy 4 okfnpn 157 i.
Cufyauun, hosnonunman oucnufi hocncncfnun fakou anfuno-
muu, hpcncfanunaci n cnnsu c hpasnnonanucm 4O-u iononmuni Ok-
fnpickou pcnonkuuu, ho cnyuak kofopou n ccpcnunc nonpn n
Mockny ctcxanuci hpcncfanufcnu 68 kommynucfuucckux hapfuu ncc-
io mupa. B ncucfnufcninocfu ino opianusonano nnc ofncninic
konqcpcnuuu: onna hpannmux hapfuu, cocfonnmancn 1416 no-
npn u sancpmunmancn honhucanucm omcio nokymcnfa, k kofopo-
my nc saxofcnu hpucocnunuficn kiocnani, npyian nccoman,
nahpanncnnan na yfncpxncnuc ponu mapkcucfcko-ncnunckou unco-
noiuu n mcxnynaponnou honufuucckou xusnu n nonix ycnonunx,
na ykpchncnuc kommynucfuucckux hapfuu hocnc kpusuca 156 i. u
na hponosinamcnuc ucncu kommynucfon n ux opic c kahufanus-
mom n cnocio pona nonom manuqccfc. Ofa ncknapauun hocncnncu
konqcpcnuuu ina honhucana nccmu hapfunmu, hpucyfcfnonan-
mumu n Mocknc.
Bo npcmn ofkpifou konqcpcnuuu cfankunanuci, xofn uacfo
u n ckpifou u manohonnfnou nnn nchocnnmcnnix qopmc, pcnu-
suonucfckoc fcucnuc u fcucnuc nchpumupumix. B camom ncnc,
pcnusuonucfi, uiu hosuuuu nipaxanu qakfuuccku foniko honnku,
kiocnani u ufaninnui, usnaianu cnou fcsuci hcpcn npaxncno na-
cfpocnnou aynufopucu, c kofopou Xpymcn hpcnhouufan nc cnum-
kom ofkponcnnuuafi, hpcnocfannnn usnoxcnuc nchpumupumix
hosuuuu (fpynno ckasafi ho pacucfy unu n cuny otckfunnou nco-
xonumocfu) Mao Hssnyny. Kcfafu, umcnno n sfu nnu (15 nonpn)
Kufau u Concfckuu Coks honhucanu coinamcnuc o nonou fcxno-
noiuu nnn nauuonaninou ooponi, ykpchnnnmcc nocnnoc cofpyn-
nuuccfno mcxny nnymn cfpanamu, ufo nonxno ino chococfnonafi
noccfanonncnuk kufauckux noopyxcnnix cun hocnc nouni n Kopcc
u nauany hponcncnun nncpnix uccncnonanuu, naionapn kofopim
hosnncc, n 164 i., Kufau fakxc cfan afomnou ncpxanou. Hnimu
cnonamu, nuckyccun, hpoxonunman n momcnf, koina Kufau, panno
86J
kak u cnpohcuckuc komhapfuu inu saunfcpcconani n honfncpxnc-
nuu nomunupykmcu ponu Concfckoio Coksa, ncnana nosmoxnim
fakoc pachpcncncnuc poncu, hpu kofopom Xpymcny ofnonunaci
nsncmcnnan hosuuun, a Mao nifankunancn na anancucny nchpu-
mupumocfu. Ipu sfom hckunckoc hpanufcnicfno hpcncfanano naxc
kak umymcc hpcnnoia nnn pasnnsinanun nouni.
Kufauckuu nuncp ninynun pcnusuonucfon k ofcfyhncnuk, uc-
honisyn nnounyk fakfuky. C onnou cfoponi, on honfncpnun co
nccu ohpcncncnnocfik inancncfnykmyk poni Concfckoio Coksa n
kommynucfuucckom mupc. Mao napuconan hcpchckfuny ychcxon n
opic c ymaxnim fuipom sahannoio kahufanusma. On nomcn
naxc no honfopcnun fcsucon Komunqopma, nauan nocxnannfi nonyk
momi, hpuopcfcnnyk couuanucfuucckum naicpcm n cpanncnuu
c momik noka, inc nomunuponan amcpukanckuu umhcpuanusm.
On fakxc yfncpxnan, ufo nc cncnycf onficn puckon, cnnsannix c
skchancucu muponoio kommynusma. Hc cncnycf honnanaficn amc-
pukanckomy nncpnomy manfaxy. B Kufac, nahomnun Mao, 6OO mnn
xufcncu. Icnu naxc hononuna us nux hoiuncf n pcsynifafc afom-
nou nouni, ocfancfcn cmc JOO nnn cfpoufcnicfna nonoio kommy-
nucfuucckoio Kufan. Iocncncfnun sfoio skcfpcmucfckoio honxona
cocfonnu n fom, ufo pcnusuonucfi u, n uacfnocfu, Iomynka, ni-
nyxncni inu hcpcufu na oncc ymcpcnnic hosuuuu, foina kak
kiocnani, foniko ufoi nc nauunafi ncmcnncnno honcmuky c co-
ncfckum naicpcm, hpcnhounu honhucafi saknkuufcniniu nokymcnf,
kofopiu nc coofncfcfnonan ux ycxncnunm, hockoniky ofucfnuno
ncmoncfpuponan hpconananuc camix nchpumupumix fcsucon.
Kak honucpkunan pancya cufo
1
noimafusm ohpcncnnncn kak
hpocfufcninoc ofknoncnuc of mapkcucfcko-ncnunckoio yucnun,
a pcnusuonusm, nahpofun, kak nipaxcnuc unconoiuu, kofopan,
ynuufoxan pcnonkuuonnyk sncpiuk, chococfnycf pccfanpauuu
kahufanusma. 3a kaxymumcn cnuncfnom 3aknkuufcninoio noky-
mcnfa ckpinanoci ncmano hpofunopcuunix yfncpxncnuu, hpcn-
cfannnnmux coou omyk hosuuuk, n kofopou onnako hpucyf-
cfnonano cnumkom mnoio hpofunopcuunix yfncpxncnuu. Tak,
otncnnnoci, ufo cymccfnykf omuc sakonomcpnocfu hocfpoc-
nun couuanucfuucckoio omccfna hpu pasnuuuu hyfcu u chocoon
ux ocymccfnncnun, honfncpxnanoci, ufo nouna nc ina ncuscx-
nou, onnako hpu sfom ncnanaci ncmanonaxnan u nconnosnaunan
oionopka, ufo hoka coxpanncfcn umhcpuanusm, yncf ocfanaficn u
houna nnn aipcccunnix noun.
1
. cufo qpanuysckuu uccncnonafcni, anfop pnna paof ho muponomy
kommynucfuucckomy nnuxcnuk. 1pu+. pe0uiuuu.
864
Hnimu cnonamu, nokymcnf, kofopiu nonxcn in cfafi nonou
xapfucu muponoio kommynusma n ioni nckononusauuu, hpcncfanan,
ckopcc, kak fpynniu komhpomucc, c houfu noimafuucckum snyua-
nucm, no umcnmuu cam ho ccc comnufcninoc snaucnuc. Mao noc-
xnannn pykononnmyk poni CCCI n concfckom naicpc, no Xpymcn
xopomo honuman, ufo unfonauuu kufauckoio nuncpa inu nuxc
k hosuuunm fakux noimafukon, kak Monofon, kofopix on foniko
ufo ycfpanun. Iosfomy on in ninyxncn uipafi poni hocpcnnuka
mcxny hofpcnocfnmu n pcnusuu, otckfunno naspcnmumu n cnpo-
hcuckux cfpanax u n camom Concfckom Coksc, u ncoxonumocfik
cuninix mounusykmux nosynion. B Kufac Mao hponosinacun no-
syni hycfi uncfyf cfo uncfon nnn oosnaucnun mnoioopasun
qopm couuanusma. Onnako hocnc ncnicpckoio kpusuca, n ccpcnunc
157 i. kamhanun, pasncpnyfan nokpyi sfoio nosynia, ina nncsahno
hpcpnana, a hpaniu yknonusm in nnoni kafciopuuccku ocyxncn.
C fouku spcnun mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu, concfckuu naicpi
no nfopou hononunc 5O-x ionon in no fakou cfchcnu packonof,
ufo sfo nomno n hpofunopcuuc c cio hpcfcnsunmu hpofunocfonfi
umhcpuanucfuucckomy naicpk kak cnunoc ucnoc, unconoiuuccku u
honufuuccku chnoucnnoc u opucnfuponannoc na nocfuxcnuc o-
mux ucncu. B Bocfounou Inpohc hocncncfnun Bfopou muponou
nouni hocfchcnno yxonunu n hpomnoc, u ncfan nohpoc o skono-
muucckom pocfc n coofncfcfnuu c hnanamu, kofopic ncnisn ino
onimc hpcncfannnfi n omcu u yhpomcnnou qopmc. Hancxna
honnocfik noccfanonufi konfponi nan Kiocnanucu nafonknynaci
na cohpofunncnuc Tufo, cio cfpcmncnuc k nauuonaninou anfono-
muu u hpononumic um pcqopmi. Cxonnan cufyauun cnoxunaci n
ofnomcnunx c Bcnipucu u Ionimcu; cohcpnuuccfno c 3ahannou
Icpmanucu oycnonuno noimafusm Ynipuxfa.
B hpofunohonoxnom, xofn u cxoxcm hnanc ncucfnonanu kufau-
ckuc kommynucfi. Y Mao Hscnyna u cio copafnukon inu nnc
naxnic mofunauuu: onna, chcuuquucckan, ina cnnsana c pasnu-
fucm kufauckou skonomuku u fcmu fpynnocfnmu, kofopic nisi-
nanu suisaiu nokfpuni Mao, a npyian otncnnnaci mcxnynaponnou
cufyauucu, nochpunumanmcucn c pacfymum ncnoncpucm n cnnsu c
usmcncnucm ofnomcnuu mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u CCCI.
uncpi KIK hifanuci oipanuuufi cnoony mancnpa Concfckoio
Coksa, nicfyhun na Mockonckou konqcpcnuuu kommynucfuucckux
u paouux hapfuu c sannncnunmu, kofopic nosnpamanu k ocfanonkc
nauoncc ocfpoio hcpuona xononnou nouni: onu coofncfcfnonanu
cufyauuu kufaucko-amcpukanckoio konqnukfa u inu aconkfno
nc hpuionni na nonom sfahc pasnufun ofnomcnuu mcxny cncpx-
ncpxanamu.
865
CCCI n hcpuon Xpymcna, hpcononcn kpufuucckyk qasy nccfa-
nunusauuu, cymcn n fcucnuc ncckonikux ncf uipafi poni hocpcn-
nuka mcxny nnymn sfumu fcnncnuunmu c hosuuuu cuni. Ychcmno
hpomnu nnyfpcnnuc pcqopmi; c 158 i. onnonpcmcnno c hpoucccom
unfcipauuu 3ahannou Inpohi akfunusuponan cnok ncnfcninocfi
Concf Okonomuucckou Bsaumohomomu (COB), chococfnonanmuu
pauuonanusauuu skonomuucckux ofnomcnuu mcxny cfpanamu concf-
ckou cucfcmi. C 15 i. pasncpnynoci mnoiocfoponncc cofpynnuuc-
cfno, kofopoc nonxno ino hpuufu na cmcny cfapim nnycfoponnum
cnnsnm. Ha sfou ocnonc inu hpunnfi hpuopufcfi hpousnoncfncn-
nix ofpacncu nnn pasnuunix cfpan, yfncpxncnnic n hpoipammnom
nokymcnfc 162 i., osainanncnnom Ocnonnic hpunuuhi mcxnyna-
ponnoio couuanucfuucckoio pasncncnun fpyna, ucnik kofopoio
ino qopmuponanuc nsaumonohonnnkmux hpousnoncfncnnix cuc-
fcm, hockoniky nucananc pccypcon u hofcnuuanon, cymccfnonan-
muu mcxny CCCI u npyiumu uncnamu COB, ofpaxancn na nihon-
ncnuu skonomuucckux hnanon.
Tcm nc mcncc, ofnomcnun c Kufacm hocnc kopofkoio hcpuona
cnuxcnun n 157 i., koina Xpymcn ycfyhun nanncnuk kufauucn u
hpuocfanonun hpcnocfanncnuc snauufcninix kpcnufon, ocman-
nix n 156 i. Kiocnanuu, safcm onuncnnou n honoipcnanuu pas-
noinacuu mcxny Mocknou u Ickunom, cfanu yxynmaficn, a pac-
xoxncnun yinynnficn nhnofi no honnoio paspina.
Cuna Xpymcna otncnnnaci samcfnim ynyumcnucm skonomu-
ucckux ycnonuu n CCCI u ohfumusmom n cnnsu c fcxnonoiuucckumu
ychcxamu: n sfu ioni, kak nukoina panimc, n CCCI ncncnnu na-
ncxny, ufo cmoiyf hpcnicufi skonomuucckuc nocfuxcnun 3ahana.
Ha XXI ctcsnc KICC, cocfonnmcmcn n 15 i., Xpymcn ofna-
xuncn nafi puckonannoc ocmanuc, sancpun, ufo k 17O i. CCCI
hpcnsouncf Cocnuncnnic Ufafi ho hpousnoncfny hpomimncnnou
u ccnickoxosnucfncnnou hponykuuu na nymy naccncnun, cfan, fa-
kum opasom, cfpanou, inc nknu ynyf xufi n nyumux n mupc yc-
nonunx. B ncucfnufcninocfu hpopouccfna Xpymcna inu ocnonani
na ohpcncncnnix konuuccfncnnix hokasafcnnx. B 5O-c ioni concf-
ckoc hpomimncnnoc hpousnoncfno pocno n cpcnncm na 1O' n ion
(ccnu hpunnfi sa unnckc, panniu 1OO, 15J ion, fo unnckc 164 i.
yncf pancn 421). Ipousnoncfno cfanu, cocfanunmcc 12,J mnn fonn
n 145 i., yncnuuunoci no 65,J mnn fonn n 16O i.; hpousnoncfno
snckfposncpiuu c 4J, 2 mnn kunonaff no 22. 3a hcpuon c 156 ho
16J i. n CCCI ino hocfpocno onimc xunin, ucm sa ncc hpcnmc-
cfnonanmuc 4O ncf. Ono ino nuskoio kauccfna, no ncc xc sfo in
oipomniu hpoipccc nnn naccncnun, uchifanmcio myku conmccfnoio
hpoxunanun ncckonikux ccmcu n onnou knapfupc.
866
Iomumo konuuccfncnnix hapamcfpon, xpymcnckuu pcxum hi-
fancn ynyumufi cucfcmy fakxc u c opianusauuonnou fouku spc-
nun, hocpcncfnom pccfpykfypusauuu cucfcm ucnfpanusonannoio
hnanuponanun n coofncfcfnuu c kpufcpunmu, nahpanncnnimu na
pauuonanusauuk niopa ucncu u pachpcncncnun pccypcon. Tcm xc
kpufcpucm pauuonanusauuu pykononcfnonanuci u hpu hponcncnuu
aipapnou pcqopmi, kofopan ycununa poni conxoson (hpcnhpunfuu,
naxonunmuxcn hon nchocpcncfncnnim pykononcfnom iocynapcfna)
ho cpanncnuk c ponik konxoson (konnckfunnix ccnickoxosnucfncn-
nix hpcnhpunfuu) u honoxuna nauano hpoucccy cnunnun nnyx
qopm opianusauuu ccnickoio xosnucfna. Oc sfu qopmi pauuona-
nusauuu icfpo hpuncnu k mnoioocmakmum pcsynifafam. Onnako,
onu ocymccfnnnnu pauuonanusauuk nc pcqopmupycmix cucfcm u
hosfomy moinu cosnafi ckopcc numi unnksuk usmcncnuu, ucm
hpunccfu k honnunnim usmcncnunm.
B hcpniu hocfcfanunckuu hcpuon, no 158 i. hpconanan, fa-
kum opasom, ohfumusm, hopoxncnniu ofnuunimu konkpcfnimu
pcsynifafamu. C 158 i. no cmcmcnun Xpymcna n 164 i. hpcncni
sfux pcqopm cfanonunuci, onnako, ncc oncc oucnunnimu. Hauu-
nan c 15 i. fcmhi pocfa concfckoio BBI nauanu cnuxaficn, ufo
cfano hocfonnnou fcnncnuucu, coxpannnmcucn no momcnfa okon-
uafcninoio kpusuca Concfckoio Coksa. Ofo ino hponnncnucm
cfpykfypnix oipanuuufcncu cucfcmi ucnfpanusonannou skonomu-
ku u nnyfpcnnc hpucymcu cu cnaocfu n cpanncnuu c cucfcmou
pinounou skonomuku. Icnu n konuuccfncnnom ofnomcnuu concf-
ckuu BBI hpononxan pacfu, fo c fouku spcnun kauccfna on nauan
ncmoncfpuponafi ncchoconocfi k moncpnusauuu u ofcfananuc ncko-
fopix cfpafciuuccku naxnix ofpacncu, n ococnnocfu ofnocnmuxcn
k hpousnoncfny hponykfon hufanun u hofpcufcnickux fonapon.
Mcufa hoxoponufi kahufanusm pacfanna n fof camiu momcnf,
koina ona ina hponosinamcna. Iosfomy nnyfpcnnuc hpofunopcuun
concfckou cucfcmi cfanu naupafi cuny umcnno foina, koina ina
hpcnhpunnfa hohifka of nux usanuficn, u cfanu hponnnnficn kak
n nunc hpofunopcuuu nnyfpu noka, fak u n qopmc cfumynon, ni-
nyxnanmux Concfckuu Coks hpcnhpunumafi nckofopic mcxnyna-
ponnic unuuuafuni (kak, nahpumcp, honcmuka o cfafycc Icpnuna,
nonko nauafan n 158 i. u honncpxunacman n fcucnuc fpcx ncf
numi ofuacfu ho hpuuunam, cnnsannim c concfckou honufukou n
Icpmanuu).
Bosmoxnocfi ycfpanufi pasnoinacun n mcxnynaponnom kommy-
nucfuucckom nnuxcnuu, kofopic okasinanu nnunnuc na honoxc-
nuc n camou KICC, hpcncfanunaci na XXII ctcsnc hapfuu, cocfo-
nnmcmcn n Mocknc 17J1 okfnpn 161 i. Ctcsn okasan inyokoc
867
nnunnuc na honufuucckyk xusni n CCCI u hpuncn k naxnim usmc-
ncnunm no nncmncu honufukc cfpani. Xpymcn uchonisonan ctcsn
nnn nospoxncnun pcqopmucfckou honufuku u cokpymufcninou
kpufuku cfanunusma. To, ufo n 156 i. ino usnoxcno n cckpcf-
nom noknanc, na sfof pas ino ckasano ofkpifo. Ipouccc nccfanu-
nusauuu cfan oquuuaninim, fcno Cfanuna ino nincccno us
mansoncn na Kpacnou hnomanu n Mocknc, a Cfanunipany, iopony
honccmcmy oipomnic xcpfni no npcmn Bfopou muponou nouni,
ino hpucnocno nonoc umn Bonioipan. Ionufuka pchpcccuu,
hpononuman Cfanunim, honncpinaci ocyxncnuk, inu naxc hcpc-
cmofpcni ncna, cnnsannic c hponcncnucm onimux uucfok n
fpunuafic ioni, u pcaunufuponano snauufcninoc uucno ux xcpfn.
Iohifka ofkpifi mupokuu honufuucckuu nuanoi n omccfnc
nipasunaci n fom, ufo nufcpafypnic xypnani, cfpcmunmuccn hpo-
nonufi camocfonfcninyk nunuk, n uacfnocfu, Honiu mup, ho-
nyuunu nosmoxnocfi hynukonafi hpousncncnun anfopon, nc no
nccm coinacnix c oquuuaninimu ycfanonkamu, nahpumcp, Iopuca
Iacfcpnaka. Occnik 162 i. sfa nucpaninan fcnncnuun namna
honfncpxncnuc n hynukauuu honccfu Onun ncni Hnana cnuco-
nuua, nahucannoio manousnccfnim foina anfopom Anckcannpom
Conxcnuuinim. Ofo ino ohucanuc xusnu, honnou cfpananuu, n
cuupckom konucnfpauuonnom naicpc. C fcx hop umn u paofi
Conxcnuuina cfanu onuucfnopcnucm cfpcmncnuu k cnoonc, u o-
ncc foio, ofkpifucm mupoomymcnun cfapou Ioccuu. Ho sfa honu-
fuka ofkpifo hpofunopcuuna nupckfunam Znanona n onacfu kyni-
fypi u hpopinana ucnsypnic ccfu, ofccunanmuc ncc ncyionnoc
pcxumy. Ona hpopinana, no nc pasopnana ux, hofomy ufo oni-
muncfno concfckoio pykononcfna nuncno ckpifyk ohacnocfi n no-
nix nnncnunx concfckou xusnu, pasnufuk kofopix n nccima oipa-
nuucnnix cqcpax, chococfnonan Xpymcn. B fc ioni n Mockny
hpucsxana yuuficn mononcxi us pasnix cfpan mupa, n ococnnocfu
us nonix ncsanucumix iocynapcfn, hosfomy nckofopan cfchcni
cnooni ina ncoxonuma, xofn u cohponoxnanaci hocfonnnim
usyucnucm noim mapkcusma-ncnunusma.
B fo npcmn kak unconoiuucckuc pacxoxncnun c Kufacm cfanu
ncopafumi, n CCCI oocfpunoci cohpofunncnuc hpuncpxcnucn
cfapix noimafuucckux nsinnnon, kofopic c 162 i. xnanu naiohpu-
nfnou cufyauuu, ufoi usanuficn of cuninoio u sncpiuunoio, no
sauacfyk nchpcnckasycmoio nuncpa. B pcsynifafc pcqopmucfckux
hohonsnoncnuu Xpymcna n cucfcmy, ocnonannyk na xccfkom hna-
nuponanuu, inu nncccni ncsanucumic hcpcmcnnic qakfopi, ko-
fopic, cfan upcsmcpnimu, nisinanu pasnpaxcnuc y onimcu uacfu
hapfuunoio pykononcfna. B sfom saknkuanuci hpuuuni, kofopic
868
na qonc kaxymciocn hponana no npcmn kyunckoio kpusuca n ok-
fnpc 162 i. hpuncnu k fomy, ufo n Ionufkpo (foina Ipcsunuy-
mc HK KICC) Xpymcn okasancn n mcnimuncfnc. B okfnpc 164
i. on in ofcfpancn of nnacfu u ofhpanncn na hcncuk: on in
cnooncn, nc honncpiancn hpccncnonanunm, no okasancn n honnou
usonnuuu.
10.1.5. BOCTOUHOE CPE,UBEMHOMOPBE
U C.OUKUU KPUBUC 1956 t.
Bnyfpcnnnn fpancqopmauun u snonkuun ofnomcnuu mcxny
nnymn cnpohcuckumu (nackoniko moxno uchonisonafi sfo hpunaia-
fcninoc fakxc k Concfckomy Coksy) nokamu ofpaxanu, nhpoucm,
usmcncnun n onsafcnicfnax cncpxncpxan hcpcn camou Inpohou.
B 5O-c ioni na cmcny nahpnxcnnocfu xononnou nouni hocfchcn-
no hpumnu uncu ncufpanusauuu u ncmunufapusauuu Hcnfpaninou
Inpohi, kak, nahpumcp, hnan, hpcncfanncnniu n okfnpc 157 i.
honickum munucfpom unocfpannix ncn Anamom Iahaukum u nc-
onnokpafno nosononnnnmuucn nhocncncfnuu hpcncfanufcnnmu
nuhnomafuu concfckoio noka. Icui mna o hpcnnoxcnunx, mano-
hpunnckafcninix n ocfanonkc oun u ncnononicfna, ocfanmcucn n
nacncncfno of kpusuca 156 i. Ho cam qakf, ufo onu ninnuianuci
u hpounanu ccc nopoiy c fcm, ufoi cfafi co npcmcncm ocnonou
nonoio cnpohcuckoio ycfpoucfna, cosnannoio ncmcukou nocfounou
honufukou u Xcnicunkckumu coinamcnunmu 175 i., cnuncfcni-
cfnonan o fom, ufo konfuncnfaninan Inpoha nc nnnnnaci onimc
ucnfpom uhonnpnou konqponfauuu. Bcc oncc oucnunnim cfano-
nuncn, onnako, onun achckf cmcmcnuc son hponnncnun pasno-
inacuu k hcpumcfpy afnanfuucckou unu amcpukanckou cucfcmi
n ucnom: n Tuxookcanckuu pciuon, na hocpcxic Kufan, no nnyf-
puhonufuucckyk xusni fakux kpyhnix cfpan, kak Hnnun, a fakxc
Hnnoncsun; na Inuxnuu Bocfok; n Cpcnuscmnomopic, inc ycyiy-
nnnuci hpofunopcuun mcxny fpanuuuonnimu kononuaninimu mcf-
pohonunmu u cfpanamu, ncnanno cfanmumu ncsanucumimu unu xc
opkmumucn sa sanocnanuc ncsanucumocfu. Ioncc foio, umcnno
Cpcnuscmnomopic cfano pciuonom, n kofopom cmcmcnuc fcafpon
konqnukfon hpuopcno nauonimyk spumocfi, ncno hokasan cnnsi,
cymccfnonanmyk mcxny sfou fcnncnuucu u hpoucccom nckononu-
sauuu.
o 155 i. amcpukanckuc u pufanckuc ycunun ho cosnanuk
cucfcmi cncpxunanun hofcnuuaninix concfckux unuuuafun nc
cfankunanuci c hpchnfcfnunmu, sa ucknkucnucm fcx, ufo inu
cnnsani c kpusucom qpanuysckou umhcpuu (fpconanun ncsanucu-
86
mocfu n Tynucc u Mapokko, noccfanuc n Anxupc) u pufanckum
hpucyfcfnucm n Iiuhfc. B Iiuhfc n 152 i. ina cncpinyfa monap-
xun, u ycfanonuncn pcxum honkonnukon, okpchmuu hon pyko-
noncfnom Haccpa. Honoc pykononcfno cfpani cuufano nchpucmnc-
mim coxpancnuc ocfafkon kononuaninoio pcxuma na Inuxncm
Bocfokc, ono pcmufcnino nauano hcpcionopi o ninonc aninuu-
ckux nouck, asuponanmuxcn n sonc Cysukoio kanana ho noionopy
1J6 i., u nounoci 1 okfnpn 154 i. coinamcnun o ninonc n fc-
ucnuc nnyx ncf sfux nouck, pachonoxcnnix n sonc kanana.
Cnoxnan cufyauun cknaninanaci n cnnsu c ocnancnucm cofpyn-
nuuccfna na Iankanax mcxny Kiocnanucu, Ipcuucu u Typuucu, ufo
ncckoniko ypannoncmunanoci snauufcninim nknanom Hfanuu n
coxpancnuc cfauninocfu n Cpcnuscmnomopic hocnc pcmcnun noh-
poca o Tpuccfc. B cnnsu c sfum Cocnuncnnic Ufafi paspaofanu
cfpafciuk nnumanun u ocfopoxnoio nmcmafcnicfna, hpononn
nuxncnocfounyk honufuky n oucni yskom kopunopc nosmoxnocfcu.
Onu nc moinu nohycfufi paspina afnanfuucckou conunapnocfu n
pciuonc, naxnom c fouku spcnun sncpicfuucckux pccypcon, n oco-
cnnocfu hocnc upanckoio kpusuca 15115J ii. Onu cfapanuci
ymcpufi hpofunoopcfno Hspaunn u apackoio mupa, ufoi nc
nisnafi paspymufcninix hocncncfnuu nnn pciuona. Onu nc moinu,
koncuno, ocfanufi n onunouccfnc Hspauni, kofopiu cnoum cymc-
cfnonanucm in n snauufcninou mcpc onsan amcpukanckou hon-
ncpxkc, a cnoum skonomuucckum pocfom qunancuponanuk co
cfoponi amcpukanckou cnpcuckou omuni. Tcm nc mcncc, no umn
honufuucckux unfcpccon onu nonxni inu hpohaiannuponafi u
hpononufi honufuky cchpucfpacfun, kofopan ninyxnana ux konc-
aficn mcxny cokpamcnucm unu hpuocfanonncnucm okasanun
homomu u ohaccnucm, ufo usonnuun sacfanuf Hspauni hpcnhpunnfi
ofuannnic u ncopafumic ncucfnun. B pcsynifafc amcpukanui ak-
funusuponanu pasnufuc ofnomcnuu c apackum mupom.
Hmcnno cfpcmncnuc k cchpucfpacfnocfu fonkano amcpukanucn
k ykpchncnuk cnnscu c npyiumu apackumu cfpanamu u, n uacfnocfu,
c Caynonckou Apanucu; hpu sfom onu nc yuufinanu, ufo na Inux-
ncm Bocfokc Iiuhcf uipan ucnfpaninyk poni. Hccmofpn na uncu
nchpucocnuncnun, kofopic Haccp honncpxan na konqcpcnuuu n
Iannynic, konqnukf c Hspauncm nc in ycfpancn. Icpcnoopyxc-
nuc ciuhcfckou apmuu cfano hpuopufcfnou sanaucu nnn ciuhcfc-
koio pykononcfna. Haccp opafuncn k Cocnuncnnim Ufafam c
hpociou o nocnnou honncpxkc, no ofkas amcpukanucn sacfanun
cio uckafi unic nosmoxnocfu pcmcnun nohpoca o nocnnix hocfan-
kax. B ccnfnpc 155 i. ino otnnncno o coinamcnuu c Hcxocnona-
kucu (ono ncfyhuno n cuny n uknc foio xc iona), naionapn kofopomy
87O
Iiuhcf n omcn na xnohok honyuun opyxuc. Ofo coinamcnuc ofpa-
xano noniu sncmcnf no nncmncu honufukc cfpani u umcno nax-
noc nocnno-honufuucckoc snaucnuc nnn pciuona n ucnom. Iocnc
sqcmcpnoio hpucyfcfnun Concfon n hcpnoc hocncnocnnoc npcmn
(of kofopoio ocfancn cncn n nunc nchpounoio coksa c Ananucu)
Cpcnuscmnomopic ncpnynoci hon xccfkuu konfponi 3ahana. Co-
inamcnuc Iiuhfa c Hcxocnonakucu sanoxuno ocnoni nnn pcskoio
usmcncnun cufyauuu, oncc foio, ono cnuncfcnicfnonano, ufo of-
kpincn noniu qponf xononnou nouni na Inuxncm Bocfokc.
anncc hpoananusuponan ohacnocfi nonou cufyauuu u hohi-
fancn cc hapuponafi. Bncmnnn honufuka Haccpa ofpaxana cio
cfpcmncnuc ciipafi na hpofunoopcfnc cncpxncpxan kak n nocn-
nom, fak u n skonomuucckom hnanc. B cnnsu c sfum iocynapcfncn-
niu nchapfamcnf ynuncn nosmoxnocfi nnoni hpcnnoxufi (nckapi
155 i.) homomi conmccfno c Bcnukopufanucu u Mcxnynapon-
nim ankom ho qunancuponanuk hpockfa, c kofopim Haccp cnn-
sinan pasnufuc ccnickoio xosnucfna u pocf hpousnoncfna n cfpanc:
hocfpocnuc n Acyanc, ncnancko of ipanuui c Cynanom, momnou
hnofuni, kofopan nonxna ina ynyumufi pciynuponanuc non Huna
u yncnuuufi hnomani hnonoponnix scmcni na cio cpciax. anncc
nancnncn, ufo fakoc iuianfckoc hpcnhpunfuc homcmacf Iiuhfy
paspaafinafi nocnnic hnani hpofun Hspaunn.
Cfpcmncnuc amcpukanucn coxpanufi pannoynancnnocfi ocfa-
naci; nuhnomafi u cckpcfnic cnyxi hpcnhpunnnu ncckoniko oc-
fopoxnix maion, ufoi hposonnuponafi, iofon nu Haccp unu
kfo-nuo npyiou, kfo hpuncf cmy na cmcny k hpnmomy nuanoiy c
Hspauncm. Io sfomy nohpocy hcpcionopi hponnuianuci mcnncnno
n cnnsu co cnoxnocfnmu, hpucymumu hpoucccy hpunnfun pcmcnuu
n CUA, a fakxc us-sa inyokoio ncnoncpun k ciuhcfckomy nukfa-
fopy. cucfnufcninim hpchnfcfnucm nnn sancpmcnun hcpcionopon
inu pcsko anfusahannic nacfpocnun, kofopic cfoponnuku Hacc-
pa nacaxnanu no nccm pciuonc. Bo npcmn hcpcionopon koponi
Hopnanuu Xyccun nncsahno ynonun Ina hamy, aninuuckoio ic-
ncpana, komannonanmcio Apackum nciuonom, ynapnim ofpnnom
uopnanckux noopyxcnnix cun, cnyxunmum onuucfnopcnucm ani-
no-uopnanckou npyxi. Tpynnocfu hponcncnun hcpcionopon inu
fakxc cnnsani c hpcnocfanncnucm ocmannoio kpcnufa (2OO mnn
nonnapon Mcxnynaponnim ankom, 56 Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu
u 14 Bcnukopufanucu), honyucnuc kofopoio ino oycnonncno
coinacucm Iiuhfa co cxcmou coinamcnun, hpcnnoxcnnou Cocnu-
ncnnimu Ufafamu, u onsafcnicfnom nc hpunumafi homomi Co-
ncfckoio Coksa nnn fcx xc ucncu.
871
Ofu ycnonun ninyxnanu Haccpa n fcucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn
ynununafi of ofncfa, a mcxny fcm, Concfi pachpocfpannnu cnyxu,
ufo onu camu iofoni qunancuponafi hpockf. B pcsynifafc hcpcio-
nopi pacfnnynuci no man 156 i., koina munucfp unocfpannix ncn
CCCI mufpuu Uchunon hpuin c oquuuaninim nusufom n
Kaup nnn yuacfun n hpasnnonanunx, cnnsannix c ninonom hocnc-
nnux konfunicnfon aninuuckux noopyxcnnix cun us soni Cysu-
koio kanana. Iiuhfnnc nancnnuci, ufo n cnnsu c nusufom fymannic
concfckuc ocmanun hpuopcfyf oncc ucfkuc oucpfanun, no Uc-
hunon nuucio nc ckasan ho cymccfny. Iosfomy Haccp in ninyx-
ncn ncpnyficn k hcpcionopam c 3ahanom, ufoi yckopufi ux, no
ino yxc cnumkom hosnno. Tcm nc mcncc, anncc (n ofnuuuc of
Hncna) in cmc pachonoxcn nnoni sannsafi nuanoi, hockoniky
amcpukanckuu qunanconiu ion in yxc sakonucn, a nonic accui-
nonanun nc inu hpcnycmofpcni n knxcfc na 156157 ii.
K fomy xc u nusuf Uchunona, u hpusnanuc Iiuhfom Kufan cyxanu
cnoony mancnpa anncca. Xofn ioccckpcfapi u cfpoun hnani hpo-
nonxufi hcpcionopi, no n cfoni nahpnxcnnou ocfanonkc u n ion
hpcsuncnfckux niopon, na kofopic onimoc nnunnuc okasinano
cnpcuckoc nou, ncc nancxni inu ucucphani. 18 uknn anncc
coomun ciuhcfckomy hocny, ufo anmunucfpauun Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon onimc nc n cocfonnuu iapanfuponafi qunancuponanuc u
coofncfcfnykmcc hpcnnoxcnuc cncnycf cuufafi ofosnannim.
B sfu nnu Haccp in iocfcm Tufo na Ipuonu nmccfc c hpcmicp-
munucfpom Hnnuu Hcpy. Iiuhcfckuu nuncp opafuncn k Concfam u
honnn, ufo onu nc n cocfonnuu ncmcnncnno hpcnocfanufi homomi
kak anifcpnafuny sahannomy qunancuponanuk. Toina on hynuuno
otnnun, ufo cocfncnnocfi Komhanuu Cysukoio kanana nauuona-
nusupycfcn, cynoxoncfno ho kanany hcpcxonuf a pyku ciuhfnn,
yifku akuuoncpon Komhanuu ynyf nosmcmcni n coofncfcfnuu
co cfoumocfik yfpaucnnix akuuu u ufo noxoni of hnafcxcu sa
hpoxon cynon ho kanany ynyf uchonisonani nnn cfpoufcnicfna
Acyanckou hnofuni; ncc pacucfi inu hponcncni n coofncfcfnuu
c cymccfnonanmcu hpakfukou skchpohpuauuu.
Tak nauanaci unfcncunnan qasa kpusuca, kynimunauucu kofo-
poio cfana nouna mcxny Hspauncm, Bcnukopufanucu, panuucu
u Iiuhfom n konuc okfnpn hcpnix uucnax nonpn 156 i.
B Bcnukopufanuu u no panuuu kak u n npyiux sahannix
cfpanax Haccpa cuufanu unconoiuucckum npaiom, cxoxum c Iuf-
ncpom, a hofomy c num ncnosmoxno ino nukakoc hpumupcnuc.
nn aninuuan on in cfpafciuucckum npaiom, hockoniky cio ncu-
cfnun yipoxanu unfcpccam Bcnukopufanuu na Inuxncm Bocfokc, a
nnn qpanuyson on in cmc u hpofunnukom n nocnnom ofnomcnuu,
872
fak kak akfunno yuacfnonan n hpohaiannc apackoio nauuonanusma
u okasinan homomi honcfanuam n Anxupc. ocfafouno nchomnufi
shuson c nxfou Afoc, kofopan ina konquckonana n ccpcnunc
okfnpn 156 i., fak kak ncsna opyxuc, ofhpanncnnoc Iiuhfom n
Anxup.
Haccp ncucfnonan n ncnaiohpunfnou ocfanonkc: Concfckuu
Coks xofn u okasinan honncpxky, no usnancka, a hofomy ncnocfa-
founo sqqckfunno. kou cio cmcniu mai moi nisnafi ohacnic
ofncfnic mcpi, u cnuncfncnnou sqqckfunnou samufou nnn ncio,
kak sfo nu hapanokcanino, inu ncucfnun Cocnuncnnix Ufafon,
kofopic moinu hpufopmosufi ofncfnyk pcakuuk, fak kak aninu-
uanc u qpanuysi hpcnhouufanu icfpoc nosmcmcnuc yifkon.
Hauuonanusauun kanana hoponuna cspcsynifafnyk kpunuucc-
kyk fnxy; ona cohponoxnanaci kncncfnuucckumu usmimncnunmu
c anino-qpanuysckou cfoponi ofnocufcnino ncchoconocfu ciu-
hcfckux noumanon occhcuufi cynoxoncfno n coofncfcfnuu c nop-
mamu konncnuuu 1888 i., pcinamcnfuponanmcu hpoxon cynon ho
kanany. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi hpcnhpunnnu hohifky hpunncui ncc
cfpani, saunfcpcconannic n cnoonc cynoxoncfna, k yuacfuk n
konqcpcnuuu, kofopyk namcuanu hponccfu n onnonc n ccpcnunc
aniycfa 156 i. Ha konqcpcnuuk inu hpuinamcni hpcncfanufcnu
fak nasinacmix mopckux ncpxan (no Iiuhcf of yuacfun ofkasan-
cn), ufoi hpuufu k mupnomy pcmcnuk chopa, yupcnun Accouua-
uuk honisonafcncu Cysukoio kanana, f.c. anfonomniu opian c
yuacfucm Iiuhfa, a cynoxoncfno ho kanany occhcuunanu i nou-
mani sfou Accouuauuu.
Ofo hpcnnoxcnuc ino hpcncfanncno Haccpy 2 ccnfnpn u
ino um ncsamcnnufcnino ofncpinyfo. Ofo hocfanuno n safpynnu-
fcninoc honoxcnuc anncca, kofopiu hifancn naufu anifcpna-
funnic pcmcnun, hpckpacno honuman, ufo n hpofunnom cnyuac
yuacfnuku konqnukfa hpucinyf k cunc. anncc honckasan yupc-
nufi anfonomnyk accouuauuk, y kofopou inu i cocfncnnic
noumani, choconic samcnufi ciuhcfckux. Ofof napuanf, ho cio
mncnuk, hosnonnn coxpanufi nauuonanusauuk u chacfu anfopufcf
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon kak cpcnu cun, nicfyhanmux c nauuonanu-
cfuucckux hosuuuu, fak u cpcnu coksnukon, onnako n sfom cnyuac
hpcnhonaianoci, ufo ciuhfnnc hpusnanu i nc qakfo unfcpnauuo-
nanusauuk (mcxnynaponnoc yhpanncnuc) kanana, a aninuuanc u
qpanuysi ofkasanuci i of cnocu ucnu sacfanufi Haccpa houyn-
cfnonafi hocncncfnun cio akuuu u, hpucinyn k cunc, ycfpanufi
ciuhcfckoio nukfafopa.
Ha camom ncnc nosmymcnuc Bcnukopufanuu u panuuu ino
oucni cuninim, no hpannmuc kpyiu sfux cfpan nc honumanu, ufo
87J
naxonnfcn n usonnuuu. axc cpcnu yuacfnukon Afnanfuucckoio
Coksa pasnananuci ionoca hpofccfa hpofun ux nchpumupumix ho-
suuuu, kofopic pacucnunanuci kak hponnncnuc kononuanucfckoio
ncnononicfna, a ono pasncnnnoci numi ncmnoiumu. Ipcnnoxcnuc
CUA, n kakou-fo mcpc namcnmcc hpusnanuc naxc y Hncna u pac-
ucnunanmcccn kak hohifka pasymnoio komhpomucca, saknkuanoci
n fom, ufoi hocfanufi nohpoc n OOH u n fou unu unou mcpc
ynonncfnopufi ncc saunfcpcconannic cfoponi. Ofo kasanoci nos-
moxnim n hcpnou hononunc okfnpn, koina munucfp unocfpannix
ncn Iiuhfa Maxmyn ansu, hpcnyhpcxncnniu annccom o nos-
moxnocfu nocnnix ncucfnuu co cfoponi Bcnukopufanuu u pan-
uuu, homcn na hcpcionopi, ufoi nipaofafi noionop o omux
hpunuuhax pciynuponanun cynoxoncfna ho kanany. Concf Icsohac-
nocfu 14 okfnpn n ucnom onopun coinamcnuc, onnako, o mcfonax
cio pcanusauuu noionopuficn nc ynanoci.
Takum opasom, nuhnomafuucckuc ycunun numi mackuponanu
pcaninic namcpcnun pufanucn u n cmc onimcu cfchcnu qpan-
uyson. akfuuccku, c camoio nauana kpusuca hpanufcnu sfux oc-
ux cfpan ncncnnu samicni hpucinyfi k ofncfnou nocnnou akuuu.
Yxc 27 uknn hpanufcnicfno Hncna hpunnno pcmcnuc u hopyuuno
Icncpaninomy mfay paspaofafi hnani noopyxcnnou unfcpncn-
uuu. Ioncc foio, ono cosnano Komufcf ho Iiuhfy us hpcncfanufc-
ncu pasnuunix ncnomcfn u hopyuuno cmy cncnufi sa pasnufucm
kpusuca. Ipufanucn cncpxunana hosuuun CUA, hockoniky n fcuc-
nuc nccio sfoio npcmcnu n onnonc cuufanu, ufo nocnnic ncucfnun
nosmoxni foniko n fom cnyuac, ccnu amcpukanui nc ynyf ofkpi-
fo sfomy hpofunoncucfnonafi, u hpu ycnonuu, ufo nocnnan akuun
yncf nochpunnfa kak kpunuuccku oocnonannan u hpcnhpunnfan
n ofncf na ciuhcfckuc unuuuafuni. Tcm nc mcncc, sfo nc homcmano
Komufcfy ho Iiuhfy nauafi paofy u honiofonufi hnani nocnnou
ohcpauuu (honyuunmcu kononoc nasnanuc Mymkcfcp), kofopyk
moxno ino i hpcnhpunnfi no nfopou hononunc ccnfnpn.
Mcxnynaponno-hpanonan kasyucfuka Hncna nc pasncnnnaci
naxc cio usnccfnimu konnciamu, nahpumcp, Iaponinom Makmun-
nanom, ho mncnuk kofopoio, ccnu i Bcnukopufanun nc hpcn-
hpunnna foina pcmufcninix ncucfnuu, fo ckafunaci i no yponnn
Huncpnannon. panuysi foxc nc opamanu na ncc nnumanun, ho-
ckoniky onu nc ohacanuci nisnafi ncnanucfi apaon (n sfo npcmn
panuun yxc ina nnn nux inannou mumcnik) u nc cchokounuci
ho honony pcakuuu amcpukanucn, hofomy ufo, ho kpauncu mcpc c
154 i., ofnomcnun mcxny nnymn cfpanamu pcsko yxynmunuci us-sa
ofkasa panuuu pafuquuuponafi noionop o Inpohcuckom ooponu-
fcninom coomccfnc, a fakxc n cnnsu c pasnuuucm n honxonc k ho-
874
nufukc n Hnnokufac. Kak ofmcuacf Mopuc Bauc, y hpanufcnicfna
Iu Monnc, inmcio foina y nnacfu no panuuu, nc ino ocnona-
nuu ncucfnonafi c oinnnkou na amcpukanucn, u hosfomy yxc hpu
hcpnix hpusnakax kpusuca ono nauano ncqopmaninic koncynifa-
uuu c pufanckum honufuucckum u nocnnim pykononcfnom o coina-
conanuu conmccfnix ncucfnuu.
Koncanun Ipufanuu pasouaponanu qpanuyson. 1O ccnfnpn
156 i. Iu Monnc u munucfp unocfpannix ncn Kpucfuan Iuno
hpuinu n onnon nnn ocyxncnun hcpcpaofannoio hnana ohcpa-
uuu Mymkcfcp. Iocncnykmcc opamcnuc n Opianusauuk Otcnu-
ncnnix Hauuu u nanincumuc ofcpouku pufanucn hpuncnu k fomy,
ufo hpanufcnicfno Iapuxa cfano uckafi npyiuc hyfu pcmcnun hpo-
ncmi: qpanuysi hpcnhpunnnu hohifky noionopuficn c Hspauncm.
Icpnic nnycfoponnuc cckpcfnic konfakfi inu hpcnhpunnfi n
konuc ccnfnpn 156 i. n Iapuxc. panuysi nananunu na Hspauni,
yionopun cio nochonisonaficn cnyuacm u pasufi cnocio camoio
cuninoio u ohacnoio hpofunnuka. Mcxny fcm, ananus nocnnix hna-
non hokasan, ufo cs yuacfun Bcnukopufanuu ino i cnumkom
puckonanno hpucfyhafi k nocnnou ohcpauuu, fak kak Hspauni
nonxcn in numi nicfyhufi c yiposou Hopnanuu, ufoi cosnafi
hpcnnoi nnn unocfpannoio nmcmafcnicfna. Ho yipoxafi Hopnanuu
osnauano uspafi mcfon, nchpucmncmiu nnn aninuuan. Ipcmicp-
munucfp Hspaunn Icn-Iypuon ofncpi hpcnnoxcnun panuuu, on-
nako honnocfik nc ofkasancn of hnanon conmccfnoio nicfyhncnun.
Ofu hnani paspaafinanuci kak pas n fo npcmn, koina Concf
Icsohacnocfu OOH onopun 14 okfnpn omuc hpunuuhi nocfu-
xcnun namcuanmciocn komhpomucca. B fc xc nnu qpanuysckuu ic-
ncpan Mopuc Uonni u munucfp Apman Iasic hpuinu n Aninuk,
ufoi hponccfu cckpcfnic ncfpcuu c Hncnom u hpcncfanufi cmy
hcpniu hpockf hnana ncucfnuu, n kofopom hpcnycmafpunanoci na-
hancnuc Hspaunn na Iiuhcf u hocncnykman anino-qpanuysckan
unfcpncnuun, ohpannannan ncoxonumocfik hpcnofnpafufi pac-
mupcnuc konqnukfa. na nnn chycfn Hncn u munucfp unocfpan-
nix ncn Ccnnun noun hpuncfcnu n Iapux, ufoi coomufi Iu
Monnc u K. Iuno cnoc coinacuc na hponcncnuc ohcpauuu.
Koncanun n hpanuninocfu hpcnnoxcnnoio pcmcnun inu y
hpcmicp-munucfpa Hspaunn, kofopiu nc xofcn, ufoi umcnno cio
cfpana nsnna na ccn unuuuafuny aipcccuu hpofun Iiuhfa foniko
nnn foio, ufoi cosnafi hpcnnoi nnn nmcmafcnicfna Aninuu u
panuuu. Ho nauaninuk Icncpaninoio mfaa Momc ann ycnun
cio, ufo hpcncfannncfcn ynukaniniu cnyuau ninccfu Hspauni us
usonnuuu. Hspaunickan ncnciauun hpuina n Iapux 21 okfnpn u
875
cpasy ncfpcfunaci c Iu Monnc, K. Iuno u munucfpom ooponi
Mopucom Iypxcc-Monypu. 22 okfnpn n Iapux hpuin Ccnnun
noun, u nccfu hcpcionopi cfano cnoxncc, fak kak ninnunuci pas-
noinacun mcxny uspaunifnnamu, kofopic cfpcmunuci, hpcxnc ncc-
io, nosononufi cynoxoncfno n sanunc Akaa, sannn cfpafciuucckyk
asy Uapm-sni-Ucux, u aninuuanamu, kofopic fpconanu nauafi
ohcpauuk n sonc kanana. Ipofunopcuun inu hpcononcni, u 24 ok-
fnpn hpcncfanufcnu fpcx cfpan honhucanu n Ccnpc, hpuioponc Ia-
puxa, cckpcfnoc coinamcnuc, ohpcncnnnmcc ux ncucfnun n hocnc-
nykmuc nnu. Hspauni nonxcn in nahacfi na Iiuhcf n sonc ka-
nana, ufo nano i nosmoxnocfi Aninuu u panuuu hpcntnnufi
ynifumafym nnym nokkmum cfoponam u hofpconafi of nux ofnccfu
noucka of kanana, ho kpauncu mcpc, na nccnfi muni, hon yiposou
anino-qpanuysckoio nmcmafcnicfna nnn pasncncnun nnyx npaxnyk-
mux cfopon.
Bocnnic ncucfnun nauanuci kak ho nahucannomy cucnapuk:
2 okfnpn uspaunifnnc pcmufcnino afakonanu ciuhfnn u okky-
huponanu houfu ncci Cunau. Hahancnuc hokasano, ufo, nccmofpn
na ycunun Haccpa, ciuhcfckuc noopyxcnnic cuni okasanuci nc
n cocfonnuu hpofunocfonfi ncoxunannou aipcccuu. Ha cncnyk-
muu ncni Hncn u Iu Monnc nahpanunu cnou ynifumafym Iiuhfy u
J1 okfnpn ho ucfcucnuu ycfanonncnnoio cpoka u n cnnsu c nnnim
ofkasom ciuhfnn hpunnfi (mniko ionopn nccanancuponannoc)
fpconanuc, hofomy ufo n ncm nc yhomunanaci okkyhauun Cunan
uspaunickumu nouckamu, pufanui u qpanuysi nauanu omapnu-
ponky ciuhcfckux nocnnix as, a 4 nonpn cpocunu hcpnic hapa-
mkfnic nccanfi na Iopf-Caun u Iopf-yan, iofonnci k ohcpauuu
c nosnyxa u mopn, kofopan nonxna ina occhcuufi konfponi nan
kananom.
B ucfopuu nckononusauuu fpynno naufu ohcpauuk, cfoni hnoxo
paccuufannyk, cfoni cnao honiofonncnnyk u nanmyk cfoni ncxc-
nafcninic pcsynifafi, kak anino-qpanuysckuc ncucfnun n sonc
Cysukoio kanana. B ohpcncncnnou mcpc moxno honnfi hpuuuni
nicfyhncnun uspaunifnn. Yuacfuc qpanuyson ino hponukfonano
mcfufcninim xcnanucm onnum ynapom, ccnu ynacfcn, usmcnufi
xon kononuaninou ucfopuu, no n cnyuac ncynauu hpcnhpunnfou
akuuu, ona ocpnynaci i hpofun camux cc anfopon u pcsko yxyn-
muna i ux hosuuuu. Imc onimc kpufuku sacnyxunacf mnikofc-
nocfi aninuuan n cnnsu c aipcccunnocfik qpanuyson, hockoniky
aninuuanc no hocncnncio momcnfa koncanuci mcxny ohaccnunmu
uchopfufi ocoic ofnomcnun c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u
cfpcmncnucm coxpanufi fo, ufo ocfanoci of ux hosuuuu na Inux-
876
ncm Bocfokc, hosfomy onu uckanu hpcnnoi, kofopiu hosnonun i
hpunafi ohcpauuu nncmnkk sakonnocfi. K fomy xc na honcncnuc
aninuuan okasinanu nnunnuc anfopufcfnic ncnfcnu n hpanufcni-
cfnc Bcnukopufanuu, kofopic u n camom ncnc cuufanu, ufo na-
cfan ynoniu momcnf nnn cunonoio pcmcnun cpasy nnyx hponcm:
nnoni opccfu konfponi nan kananom u usinafi Haccpa, nanccn
pcmufcniniu ynap ho cio anfopufcfy.
Ho ncc hpousomno unauc, ocfaficn n honnou usonnuuu hpu-
mnoci Aninuu u panuuu: onu hohanu hon oioni kpufuku nc
foniko nccx mononix ncsanucumix iocynapcfn, no fakxc u cnoux
fpanuuuonnix coksnukon Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u npyiux cfpan
Ccncpoafnanfuucckoio aninnca. B fo npcmn, koina omccfncnnoc
nnumanuc nccio mupa ino cocpcnofoucno na coifunx n Bocfou-
nou Inpohc, u Concfckuu Coks cfan otckfom kpufuku fcx, kfo
ocyxnan cio ncucfnun n Bcnipuu, anino-qpanuysckan unuuuafuna
okasanaci hpckpacnou ofnnckakmcu akuucu. Aipcccunnic ncucfnun
Bcnukopufanuu u panuuu hpuncnu k cncnykmum pcsynifafam:
packononu sahanniu nok, hcpcxunanmuu n fo npcmn cfpykfypniu
kpusuc, u nanu nosmoxnocfi Concfckomy Coksy yuacfnonafi n opi-
c c kononuanusmom u ncpnyfi fo noncpuc n omccfncnnom mnc-
nuu, kofopoc ino yfpaucno um n cnnsu c ncnicpckumu coifunmu.
Io ykasanuk Icncpaninoio cckpcfapn OOH aia Xammapmcni-
na, ncmcnncnno in cosnan Concf Icsohacnocfu, no hpunnfi pcmc-
nuc nc ynanoci us-sa ncfo Bcnukopufanuu u panuuu. B 15O i.
amcpukanui, ufoi ooufu ncfo Concfckoio Coksa n ofnomcnuu
nouni n Kopcc, hoynunu hpunnfi pcsonkuuk lnItIng Ior Icacc,
hosnonnnmyk hpu ohpcncncnnix ocfonfcnicfnax, koina Concf
Icsohacnocfu nc moi hpunnfi pcmcnun us-sa ocymccfnncnun hpana
ncfo, cosnafi Icncpaninyk Accamnck, ufo u ino cncnano n nan-
nom cnyuac hpofun panuuu u Bcnukopufanuu. Hfoi homcmafi
Concfckomy Coksy cncnafi hcpniu mai u safcm uchonisonafi cio
n hpohaiannucfckux ucnnx, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi hcpnimu hpcn-
cfanunu 1 nonpn n Icncpaninyk Accamnck hpockf pcsonkuuu, n
kofopom inu usnoxcni fpconanun ncmcnncnnoio hpckpamcnun
oinn, ofnona nouck nokkmux cfopon sa nunuk hcpcmupun u hpc-
kpamcnun nccx nocnnix ncucfnuu.
Ipcnnoxcnuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon 2 nonpn ino onopcno
64 ionocamu (cpcnu kofopix in u ionoc Concfckoio Coksa) hpo-
fun hnfu, hpu mccfu nosncpxanmuxcn. Iackon cfan oncc, ucm ouc-
nuncn, u honoxcnuc Bcnukopufanuu u panuuu ocnoxnunoci nc-
nihonncnucm hpunnfou pcsonkuuu Icncpaninou Accamncu OOH.
Iocncnykmuc nocnnic ohcpauuu Bcnukopufanuu u panuuu
877
inu hpcnhpunnfi hon hpcnnoiom, ufo foniko nmcmafcnicfno noo-
pyxcnnix cun OOH moino i cosnafi ycnonun nnn hpckpamcnun
umu nocnnix ncucfnuu. anncnuc na nux cfpcmufcnino nospacfano.
Mapman Iynianun, inmuu foina hpcmicp-munucfpom Concfckoio
Coksa, cfan naxc yipoxafi nocnnim nmcmafcnicfnom (yiposa mano-
ncponfnan, no umcnman onimou honufuucckuu pcsonanc), nhnofi
no hpumcncnun afomnoio opyxun, ufo aninuuckuc cckpcfnic cnyx-
i nc cuufanu concpmcnno ncnosmoxnim.
Kpyi samknyncn, u 6 nonpn hpanufcnicfna onnona u Iapuxa
inu ninyxncni honuunuficn pcsonkuuu o hpckpamcnuu oinn.
3a hpunnfucm pcsonkuuu hocncnonanu noniuc hcpcionopi c fcm,
ufoi nouficn cc ocymccfnncnun u yuacfun cun OOH. Onu honno-
cfik nsnnu hon cnou konfponi Cunau, ufo chococfnonano ninony
uspaunickux nouck c honyocfpona, pasmccfunu cnou asi n Uapm-
sni-Ucuxc (ufo ino hosufunnim pcsynifafom nnn Hspaunn, kofo-
piu cmoi nnoni ofkpifi nnn cynoxoncfna hopf Ounaf n sanunc Aka-
a) u n cckfopc Iasa. Bihonncnuc pcsonkuuu OOH ocymccfnnnnoci
nocfafouno mcnncnno u sancpmunoci honnim hopaxcnucm nnn Bc-
nukopufanuu u panuuu, kofopic k 22 nckapn 156 i. nonxni
inu ninccfu cnou noucka c ciuhcfckou fcppufopuu. nn Hspaunn
pcsonkuuu OOH inu hosufunnimu, hockoniky cio hpucyfcfnuc
n nnyx cfpafciuuccku naxnix nnn cio csohacnocfu u fopionnu
cckfopax fcppufopuu cmcnunoci nnonom cun Opianusauuu Otcnu-
ncnnix Hauuu, pasmcmcnuc kofopix ino sancpmcno n nauanc
mapfa 157 i.
Bocnniu kpusuc, kpafkuu, no unfcncunniu, in ccpicsnim
ynapom nnn qpanuyson, hufanmux nancxni yncpxafi hon cnoum
konfponcm honoxcnuc n Ccncpnou Aqpukc. Iocnc sfux coifuu
nnn hpanufcnicfna Iapuxa cfano fpynncc nouficn onopcnun cnocu
honufuku n Anxupc. Bochonnufi sfof ypon ynanoci foniko c nos-
npamcnucm nc Ionnn k nnacfu. Aninuuanc, nahpofun, cymcnu nc ho-
fcpnfi oncc foio, ufo onu yxc hofcpnnu. Ofnomcnun c Cocnuncn-
nimu Ufafamu ocfananuci nahpnxcnnimu n fcucnuc ncckonikux
mccnucn, no kak foniko Anfonu Hncn ninyxncn in ho cocfonnuk
snoponin yufu n ofcfanky (nnnapi 157 i.), cio cmcnun Iaponin
Makmunnan, kofopiu, xofn u in onnum us fcx, kfo pcmufcnino
nicfyhan sa nocnnyk akuuk hpofun Iiuhfa, cfan akfunnim cfo-
ponnukom nopmanusauuu honoxcnun. Tchcpi Bcnukopufanun,
koncuno, nonxna ina ycfyhufi Cocnuncnnim Ufafam hpconanak-
muc hosuuuu n Bocfounom Cpcnuscmnomopic, no sfo nc hpuncno
k honnou yfpafc nnunnun, cpannumou c fou, kofopyk uchifanu
qpanuysi.
878
10.1.6. ,OKTPUHA OUBEHXA.OPA
,LH BLU+HEFO BOCTOKA
Hauancn hcpuon unfcncunnix nuhnomafuucckux hcpcionopon
kak mcxny sahannimu coksnukamu ho HATO, fak u mcxny Cocnu-
ncnnimu Ufafamu u ux hapfncpamu na Inuxncm Bocfokc. Bckopc
cfano ncno, ufo naxc hpnmoc cfonknoncnuc Iiuhfa c panuucu u
Bcnukopufanucu nc sacfanuno hpanufcnicfno Bamunifona hpcnhpu-
nnfi kakuc-nuo unuuuafuni, hpofunopcuamuc unfcpccam Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon u ux honufuucckou nunuu na Inuxncm u Cpcnncm
Bocfokc. B camic fnxcnic nnu kpusuca u n hocncnykmcc npcmn
anncc u Ouscnxaysp, a fakxc ncc ux cfoponnuku nanu honnfi u
cnonom u ncnom, ufo onu namcpcni nounaficn nnyx ucncu: nochpc-
hnfcfnonafi fomy, ufoi anino-qpanuysckan akuun nochpunuma-
naci i kak konuchuun ncucfnuu nccio 3ahana n ofnomcnuu apa-
ckux cfpan, u nipaofafi fakyk cpcnuscmnomopckyk honufuky,
kofopan homoina i nauoncc sqqckfunno hpcononcfi kpusuc u
homcmafi fomy, ufoi Concfckuu Coks usnnck us ncio nauonimyk
niiony u oncpxan i hocny na sfom nonom qponfc xononnou
nouni. anncc nukoina nc hpcpinan konfakfon c ciuhfnnamu, nu-
koina nc nipaxan ofkpifo npaxncnoio ofnomcnun k pcmcnunm
Haccpa o nauuonanusauuu. Hahpofun, ioccckpcfapi CUA cfapancn
hpononufi honufuky hocpcnnuuccfna mcxny unfcpccamu Aninuu u
panuuu, c onnou cfoponi, u Iiuhfa, c npyiou; on cfpcmuncn fak-
xc honucpknyfi ucfkoc pasnuuuc mcxny hosuuunmu Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon u nnyx iocynapcfn-aipcccopon.
Koina ina hpcononcna nauoncc ocfpan qasa konqnukfa, n
nnnapc 157 i. amcpukanckuu hpcsuncnf hpcncfanun konipcccy
nokfpuny Ouscnxayspa, f.c. ocnonnic nahpanncnun amcpukanckou
honufuku na Inuxncm Bocfokc, sancpun, ufo nokfpuna ocnoninacf-
cn na hpononxcnuu okasanun skonomuucckou u nocnnou homomu
fcm cfpanam sfoio pciuona, kofopim iposuf aipcccun u kofopic
opafnfcn c hpociou o homomu. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi onsina-
nuci pcmufcnino samumafi cyncpcnufcf u fcppufopuaninyk uc-
nocfnocfi cnoonnix iocynapcfn na Inuxncm Bocfokc, honncp-
xunafi ux cfpcmncnuc okasafi cohpofunncnuc kommynucfuucckou
aipcccuu. okfpuna Ouscnxayspa, kak hosxc yfounnn anncc,
ina naucncna na fo, ufoi homcmafi pachpocfpancnuk concfcko-
io nnunnun hon nunom skcfpcmucfckoio apackoio nauuonanusma.
Cfpcmncnuc ofmcxcnaficn of hpcxnux kononuaninix fpanuuuu
coxpanunoci, no fchcpi ono cohponoxnanoci pastncncnucm, ufo
honufuka cncpxunanun (no nc ofpacinanun) nknkuacf ncci nux-
ncnocfouniu pciuon, honumacmiu n mupokom cmicnc. okfpuna
87
Ouscnxayspa pacmupnna u ycununana omcc concpxanuc nokfpuni
Tpymsna, onopcnnou n 147 i.
B 157 i. nokfpuna ina nhcpnic hpumcncna n cnnsu c coifun-
mu n Hopnanuu. Koponi Xyccun, kofopomy yipoxano cnuxcnuc
Cupuu u Iiuhfa, opafuncn sa homomik k Cocnuncnnim Ufafam,
u ona ina cmy okasana, no foniko n kocncnnou qopmc: mccfou
amcpukanckuu qnof hcpcmccfuncn n noni Bocfounoio Cpcnuscm-
nomopin. Bfopou pas ona hpumcnnnaci n uknc 158 i., koina hocnc
iocynapcfncnnoio anfumonapxuucckoio hcpcnopofa n Hpakc hpc-
suncnf unana Kamuni Uamyn hohpocun homomu u nouncn amc-
pukanckoio noopyxcnnoio nmcmafcnicfna, ufoi hpofunocfonfi
oocfpcnuk ofnomcnuu mcxny xpucfuanckou u mycynimanckou o-
munamu n cfpanc. Bmcmafcnicfno ino sqqckfunnim, ufo hosno-
nuno icfpo ninccfu amcpukanckuc noucka u ofosnafi aninuuckuc
noucka us Hopnanuu. Iino ncno, ufo nokfpuna Ouscnxayspa nipaxa-
na namcpcnuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon nihonnnfi cnou onsafcnicfna
na Inuxncm u Cpcnncm Bocfokc n fcucnuc nnufcninoio npcmcnu.
Moxno chopufi o fom, ofpaxanu sfu onsafcnicfna hpcumymc-
cfncnno anfuconcfckyk nahpanncnnocfi amcpukanckou honufuku
unu xc onu ofpaxanu cfpcmncnuc amcpukanucn hpcnofnpafufi hc-
pcmcni, kofopic moinu hpousoufu n pciuonc hon nosncucfnucm
apackoio nauuonanusma, naxonunmciocn na hontcmc u hopoxnan-
mcio hocfonnnoc poxcnuc. Cncnycf fakxc yuufinafi cfpafciu-
ucckyk naxnocfi nnn amcpukanucn sncpicfuucckux pccypcon Inux-
ncio Bocfoka. Koncuno, concfckoc nnunnuc n Bocfounom Cpcnu-
scmnomopic nisinano y amcpukanucn ncusmcnnoc cchokoucfno.
H ncc xc, n konuc 5O-x nauanc 6O-x ionon amcpukanucn onimc,
ucm concfckoc hpucyfcfnuc n pciuonc, nonnonana hponcma ycfa-
nonncnun koppckfnix u ncucfncnnix ofnomcnuu co cfpanamu, n
kofopix ypno hponnnnncn qcnomcn nauuonanusma: nosnukmuu n
apackom mupc, on icfpo pachpocfpannncn n cfpanax, ocnoonun-
muxcn of kononuanusma. Icpcn hpanufcnicfnom Bamunifona cfonna
sanaua paspaofafi nonic konuchuuu, choconic hpofunocfonfi
nisony, kofopiu pocanu cfapomy mupy mononic apackuc iocy-
napcfna, nicfyhanmuc nc c nocnnou yiposou, a c nonou nauuona-
nucfuucckou unconoiucu. Onu nipaxanu hpofccf hpofun 3ahana u
Hspaunn, kofopiu n 156 i. okasan concucfnuc hpcxnum umhcpua-
nucfuucckum mcfpohonunm, cfan uncnom sahannou koanuuuu, ho-
kasan fcm camim cnoc ofnuuuc of inmux kononuaninix cfpan.
Hauuonanucfuucckuc ycfpcmncnun ofpaxanu hofpcnocfi n nonix
qopmax yhpanncnun u sqqckfunnoio pasnufun, choconix concu-
cfnonafi ykpchncnuk nonix cfpan.
88O
10.2. ,exotonwsauwn
w cocymecinonanwe-conepnwuecino
10.2.1. OBTUE COOBPA+EHUH
Tcma kononusauuu u nckononusauuu oxnafinacf cfoniko ac-
hckfon muponou xusnu, ufo nincncnuc n ncu foio, ufo okasano
oncc unu mcncc hpnmoc nnunnuc na mcxnynaponnic ofnomcnun,
upcnafo usnumnum yhpomcnucm. B camom ncnc, mnoioopasuc cu-
fyauuu nccnonumo k cnunim ananufuucckum moncnnm, ccnu foni-
ko nc hpuciafi hpu sfom k unconoiuucckum unfcphpcfauunm.
Iocncnnuc ciipanu ccchopnyk poni n hcpuon opii sa ocno-
oxncnuc, onnako n ucfopuoipaquucckom hnanc moiyf paccmafpu-
naficn foniko kak ofncninic achckfi oncc mupokou kapfuni.
Hmhcpuanusm hpuopcn ucnfpaninyk poni n mcxnynaponnou
xusnu n hocncnnuc nccnfuncfun XIX u hcpnic nccnfuncfun XX n.,
hockoniky on cfan ucmcnfom nnn cfpoufcnicfna momnix ucnfpon
pccypcon u nnacfu, naionapn kofopim ncckonikum cnpohcuckum
cfpanam ynanoci sannfi iochoncfnykmuc hosuuuu na snauufcni-
nou uacfu scmnoio mapa. Ipcncfannncfcn oucnunnim, ufo umhcpua-
nusm in nchocpcncfncnnim opasom cnnsan c pasnufucm kahufa-
nucfuucckou cucfcmi n Inpohc u hpcncfannnn coou onno us cc
nauoncc npkux nipaxcnuu. Cucfcma cnpohcuckux umhcpuu hpo-
nnuna nunamusm u csipanuunyk choconocfi kahufanucfuucckou
skonomuku k skchancuu kak n houckax ucfounukon cipin ho pciy-
nupycmim ucnam u pinkon cifa nnn nauuonaninoio hpousnon-
cfna, fak u n kauccfnc nosmoxnocfu nnn macconoio hcpcmcmcnun
kahufanon n pciuoni c iapanfuponannou hpuinik. cnunckuu
fcsuc o umhcpuanusmc kak nicmcu cfanuu kahufanusma moxcf,
ncponfno, hokasaficn cnumkom xccfkum ho cnocu qopmynuponkc,
no on safpaiunacf ucnfpaniniu momcnf kononuaninix ofnomcnuu.
B sfom cmicnc kononuu u umhcpuu inu onnum us ocnonanuu o-
iafcfna u moiymccfna cnpohcuckux iocynapcfn u uncfpymcnfom ux
muponoio iochoncfna. Tc, kfo n Inpohc c konua XIX n. oponuci c
kahufanusmom, chpancnnuno nicfyhanu hpofun umhcpuanusma,
cuufan, ufo on honuunncf unfcpcci nauuonaninou skonomuku unfc-
pccam skonomuku n inoaninix macmfaax, n fom uucnc u n ymcp
ycnonunm xusnu fpynnmuxcn nckofopix umhcpckux ncpxan. Toni-
ko oucni kocncnnim hyfcm onu honyuanu niioni, hpcnimanmuc
usncpxku kononuaninix noun, kofopic kahufanucfuucckan cucfcma
nosnaiana na iocynapcfna, fo ccfi na nccx ux ipaxnan cs kakux-
nuo pasnuuuu.
881
Kak qcnomcn mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu conpcmcnniu umhc-
puanusm, ccnu u hpcncfannnn coou yincfcnuc u honufuky cuni,
in fakxc u, ncponfno, hpcxnc nccio, cnoxnou cucfcmou hcpcmc-
mcnuu qunanconix u honufuucckux kahufanon, n kofopyk inu
nonncucni n pasnuunix achckfax kononusonannic pciuoni. Icui
mna, n hcpnyk oucpcni, o hcpcmcmcnuu honufuucckou nnacfu u
moncncu cc opianusauuu, kofopic nancfpaunanuci nan anfoxfon-
nimu unu samcnnnu ux, nnacfu, kofopan fpconana cofpynnuuccfna
u coyuacfun cun mccfnoio omccfna, no u nisinana pcakuuk co
cfoponi nccx fcx, kfo in ymcmncn c fouku spcnun cymccfnonan-
mux pancc nnacfnix honnomouuu, kakumu i onu nu inu ho-
nufuucckumu, skonomuucckumu unu nyxonnimu. Icui mna fakxc o
konoccaninom ho cnoum macmfaam hcpcmcmcnuu fonapon: cipin
nnn kpyhnou hpomimncnnocfu ofncninix mcfpohonuu u iofonou
hponykuuu na kononuaninic pinku n ycnonunx hponcncnun
hpofckuuonucfckou honufuku unu n pcxumc cnoonnou konkypcn-
uuu, no nccina c panukaninou fpancqopmauucu skonomuucckou
xusnu pasnuunix kononusonannix fcppufopuu.
Ipousnoncfno cipin osnauano fakxc hcpcmcmcnuc kahufanon
kahufanon, ncoxonumix nnn hpuininix unnccfuuuu n nonic
fcppufopuu. Onnako pcsynifafom fakux hcpcmcmcnuu cfano hpc-
npamcnuc kononuaninix omccfn n omccfna, sanucumic n skono-
muucckom ofnomcnuu of nonoio hpousnoncfncnnoio yknana, naxo-
nnmciocn hon samufou ucnfpaninou honufuucckou nnacfu. Ofu
usmcncnun napymanu cymccfnonanmuc pancc qopmi couuaninoio
pannonccun. Iponcfapusauun, ypanusauun, kynifypnan accumunn-
uun cosnananu nonic fuhi couuaninoio pannonccun, cnnsannic c
xapakfcpom usmcncnuu.
Hacfo hcpcmcmcnuc kacanoci fakxc kynifypi u fcxnonoiuu.
Coinacno anusnk I. Xcnpuky, hocfonnnic unnccfuuuu, kofopic
n hofcnuuu moinu cncnafi kononuaninic fcppufopuu oiafimu,
nahpofun, inu honuuncni hofpcnocfnm, cnnsannim c unfcpcca-
mu umhcpuanusma. C sfum moxno n hpunuuhc coinacuficn, onna-
ko, nc cncnycf yhyckafi us nuny u foio, ufo umcnno n sfux cqcpax
hpouccc usmcncnuu umcn mcncc nciafunniu xapakfcp, hockoniky
on hpuncn k nonionpcmcnnim pcsynifafam n nunc hpcnhpunfuu,
fcxnonoiuucckux snanuu unu pachpocfpancnun kynifypi. Bcc sfo
ino i qynkuuonaninim ho ofnomcnuk k kononuaninou cucfc-
mc, ccnu i ona n hpunuuhc cmoina nixufi.
Hfak, umhcpuanucfuucckan cucfcma xumnuucckum opasom sax-
nafuna fcppufopuu c pasnuunim yponncm kynifypi, oiafcfna, uu-
nunusauuu, honufuucckou opianusauuu. Ona nisnana nacunicfncn-
nic couuaninic u honufuucckuc usmcncnun, honuununa sfnoci
882
u chocoi hpousnoncfna noiukc pinounou skonomuku. Ona nknk-
uuna Aqpuky, kofopan no 187O i. ina numi cncika safponyfa cnpo-
hcuckum nnunnucm, Okcanuk u omupnic fcppufopuu Bocfounou
Asuu (a fakxc cfapic pufanckuc nnancnun n Hnnuu u ionnannckuc
n Hnnoncsuuckom apxuhcnaic) n hpouccc pasnufun kahufanucfu-
ucckou cucfcmi, co nccmu hpofunopcuunmu, kofopic inu nnn ncc
xapakfcpni n fo npcmn. Ona hpcnpafuna fcppufopuu, cfanmuc ko-
nonunmu, n hpcnmcf omcna u chopon mcxny cnpohcuckumu ncpxa-
namu. Mup, cymccfnonanmuu n ycnonunx usonnuuu, cfpcmufcnino
unfcipuponancn n concpmcnno unou mup, inc nomunuponano umhc-
puanucfuucckoc cohcpnuuccfno. Icsynifaf sfux hcpcmcmcnuu hpo-
nnuncn nnonkum opasom (nu onun us kofopix nc ofkpinan nnn
umhcpckux cucfcm hcpchckfuny nnufcninoio cymccfnonanun)
n nunc noccfanun anfoxfonnix cun hpofun fcx, kfo numun ux fpa-
nuuuonnix nnacfu u nnunnun, unu xc n nunc nochpunfun kpufuku
cymccfnykmcu cucfcmi, pachpocfpanunmcucn n fo npcmn n Inpo-
hc. Konccpnafunniu anfukononuanusm u pcnonkuuonniu anfuko-
nonuanusm otcnununuci u comnuci n fom, ufo ofkpinu cfapic
nauuonaninic ucnnocfu unu xc cfanu paspaafinafi nonic. ocfa-
founo ino konfponk co cfoponi Inpohi okasaficn n kpusucc,
ufoi sfu mofunauuu nauanu hponnnnficn nccima samcfno.
10.2.2. TPAHC!OPMAUUH KOLOHUALBHMX UMHEPUU
B HEPUO, HOCLE HEPBOU MUPOBOU BOUHM
Hakanync Icpnou muponou nouni Ipufanckan umhcpun nknk-
uana, c pasnimu qopmamu sanucumocfu of onnona, Hpnannuk u
hcpcccncnucckuc kononuu, kofopic c 1O7 i. cfanu nasinaficn no-
munuonamu, Kanany (honyuunmyk cfafyc nomunuona n 1867 i.),
Ancfpanuk, Honyk 3cnannuk u Kxno-Aqpukanckuu Coks. B Asuu
ona nknkuana Kxnyk Apanuk (n nacfonmcc npcmn nxonnmyk n
Hcmcn), smupafi u cynfanafi, umckmuc nixon k Icpcunckomy
sanuny u Omanckomy sanuny, Hnnuk (uacfik kofopou inu fakxc
fcppufopuu, ccionnn honcncnnic mcxny Iakucfanom u Ianina-
ncm, Iyfan u Cukkum), Hcunon (ccionnn Upu anka), Mani-
nuni, Iupmy, Manauk u Ccncpnoc Iopnco; n Aqpukc fcppufo-
puu, na kofopix ccionnn pachonoxcni Iamun, Cicppa-conc,
Iana, Huicpun, Iiuhcf, Cynan (naxonunmcucn n konnomunuymc c
Iiuhfom), Kcnun, Yianna, 3ansuap (ccionnn uacfi Tansanuu),
Ccumcnickuc ocfpona, ocfpon Manpukuu, 3amun, 3umanc, Iof-
cnana, Cnasuncnn, ccofo u uacfi Comanu, hpunciakman k hopfy
Icpcpa. B Amcpukc umhcpun nknkuana conpcmcnniu Icnus, ncko-
fopic apxuhcnaiu n Kapuckom mopc u uacfi Inuani. Inn cfpafciu-
88J
uccku naxnix kononuu Iupanfap, Manifa, Kuhp, Cuniahyp,
Ionkoni, a fakxc pasnuunic apxuhcnaiu u ocfpona n fpcx okcanax
Afnanfuucckom, Hnnuuckom u Tuxom, noncpmanu pufanckyk
cucfcmy.
panuysckan umhcpun nknkuana, c kpunuucckum cfafycom pas-
noio xapakfcpa, homumo ocfponnix nnancnuu u ncckonikux unnuu-
ckux anknanon, uacfi Inuani, unnokufauckuc fcppufopuu, ccionnn
cocfannnkmuc Bicfnam (fo ccfi Tonkun, Annam u Koxunxuny),
aoc u Kamonxy; n Aqpukc Mapokko u Tynuc n kauccfnc hpo-
fckfopafon, Anxup, panuysckyk 3ahannyk Aqpuky (ccionnn ho-
ncncnnyk mcxny Manpufanucu, Manu, Iypkuna-aco u Huicpom,
Ccncianom, Inunccu, pcchynukou Kof-n`Hnyap u Icnunom), pan-
uysckyk Oknafopuaninyk Aqpuky (honcncnnyk ccuuac mcxny Ha-
nom, Hcnfpaninoaqpukanckou Icchynukou, Iaonom u Konio),
uacfi Comanu, hpumikakmyk k xuyfu, Manaiackap u Komop-
ckuc ocfpona. Icniiuuckoc iochoncfno pachpocfpannnoci na fcp-
pufopuu conpcmcnnoio Konio, panimc nasinanmciocn umcnno
Icniiuuckum Konio; ionnannckoc na Hnnoncsuk, na 3ahanniu
Tumop, nonyk 3ahannyk Inunck, na uacfi Anfunickux ocfponon u
Inuany. Hchanun nnancna n Aqpukc Ccncpnim Mapokko, Hqnu u
Iuo-nc-Opo n 3ahannou Caxapc, a fakxc conpcmcnnou Oknafopu-
aninou Inunccu. Iopfyianun, homumo Makao n Kufac, Bocfounoio
u Ccncpnoio Tumopa, iochoncfnonana n Aqpukc n Inuncc-Iuccay u
na ocfponax 3cncnoio Mica, na Can-Tomc u Ipuncuhu, n Anionc,
na nconimou fcppufopuu Kaunna u n Mosamukc. Hfaninnckan
umhcpun nknkuana unuk, Opufpck u Comanu, npcmcnno nnancna
onckanccckumu ocfponamu, kofopic, ho osannckomy noionopy
12J i., cfanu cc hocfonnnou kononucu.
Iocnc okonuanun nouni n 12O i., c ncfyhncnucm n cuny pcxu-
ma mannafon, ohpcncncnnoio cfaficu 22 Ycfana uiu Hauuu, Bc-
nukopufanun u panuun occhcuunu ccc snauufcninyk uacfi
pachanmcucn Offomanckou umhcpuu (mannafi kafciopuu A, fo
ccfi fcppufopuu, choconic k camoyhpanncnuk, sa ucknkucnucm
hcpuona npcmcnnoio konfponn), a fakxc Icpmanckou umhcpuu
(mannafi kafciopuu B u C fcppufopuu, kofopic counu nc-
choconimu k camoyhpanncnuk u nyxnakmumucn, cncnonafcnino,
n unou cfchcnu mcxnynaponnou ohcku). Bcnukopufanuu hcpc-
nananuci Hpak u Ianccfuna (ncn cc fcppufopun c icoipaquucckou
fouku spcnun), Tanianiuka (ccuuac uacfi Tansanuu) u nnc uacfu
Toio u Kamcpyna. panuun honyuuna oncc cymccfncnnyk nonk
sfux pciuonon u ncpnyna nckofopic fcppufopuu, ofnannic ncmuam
n Oknafopuaninou Aqpukc n 111 i., no, hpcxnc nccio, ncpnyna n
kauccfnc mannafon kafciopuu A fcppufopuu, coofncfcfnykmuc
884
conpcmcnnim Cupuu u unany. Icniiuu hcpcnananaci Iyanna-
Ypynnu (ccionnn pasncncnnan na Iyanny u Iypynnu) u Kxno-Aq-
pukanckomy Coksy Kio-3ahannan Aqpuka (fchcpi Hamuun).
Iopfyianun honyuuna nconimyk fcppufopuk Kuonia n Bocfounou
Aqpukc.
Shonun ynacncnonana icpmanckuc nnancnun n Kufac u n Okca-
nuu honyuuna mannaf na Mapuanckuc, Kaponunckuc, Mapmannoni
ocfpona, a fakxc ocfpona Ianay. Ancfpanun honyuuna mannaf na
yhpanncnuc icpmanckou Honou Inunccu u apxuhcnaiom Iucmapka
(n nacfonmcc npcmn Iahya Honan Inuncn), a fakxc ocfponom
Haypy. Honou 3cnannuu hcpcnanancn mannaf na ocfpona 3ahannoc
Camoa.
Iachan Offomanckou umhcpuu u icpmanckou kononuaninou
cucfcmi hoponun y npyiux kononuaninix ncpxan (sa cymccfncn-
nim ucknkucnucm n nunc Hfanuu, usnnckmcu us sfoio mofunauuu
nnn cnocio pcnusuonusma) omymcnuc, ufo kak hpofccf hpofun
umhcpuanusma, umhnuuufno concpxanmuucn n honufukc manna-
fon, unuuuuponannou hpcsuncnfom Buniconom n kauccfnc hcpnoio
skchcpumcnfa ho nckononusauuu, fak u hpohaianna concfckux
kommynucfon hpofun umhcpuanusma ocfananuci oipanuucnnimu
pamkamu hpocfix sannncnuu. Onnako sa sfou unnksucu hpocmaf-
punanaci mcnnkmancn pcaninocfi. Ofo kacanoci nc cfoniko nnun-
nun Concfckoio Coksa, kofopomy, nccmofpn na unconoiuucckuc
sannncnun, nc ynanoci pachpocfpanufi cio sa hpcncni Kankasa u
Iumanacn (on cymcn hpuopcfafi cfoponnukon inannim opasom n
Kufac), ckoniko otckfunnoio ocnancnun cnpohcuckux hosuuuu
n fcx pciuonax, kofopic no 114 i. nnnnnuci otckfom nc hpnmoio
kononuaninoio iochoncfna, a snauufcninoio honufuucckoio, sko-
nomuucckoio u kynifypnoio nosncucfnun, fakux, kak Hcnfpani-
nan u Kxnan Amcpuka u Kufau. B hcpnou sonc npcmcnnoc ocna-
ncnuc cnpohcuckoio hpucyfcfnun, cnnsannoc c nounou, pacuumano
hyfi nnn ncc oncc macmfanou qunanconou u fopionou skchan-
cuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Bamunifonckoc hpanufcnicfno cymcno
nochonisonaficn sfum n nccnfuncfuc, hocncnonanmcc sa konqnuk-
fom, nnn okasanun honufuucckoio nanncnun nc foniko na Hcnfpani-
nyk Amcpuky inc onu hpononxanu uchonisonafi mcfoni nonna-
ponou nuhnomafuu no fakxc u na cfpani Kxnou Amcpuku, inc
akfunnocfi amcpukanckou nuhnomafuu hpcnocxonuna ncnfcninocfi
uiu Hauuu u ofncninix cnpohcuckux cfpan.
Ha anincm Bocfokc hohifka n hcpuon nccnfuncfun, hocncno-
nanmcio sa Icpnou muponou nounou, ncpnyfi cnpohcuckoc nnunnuc
k nonocnnomy yponnk, cfonknynaci c nospoxncnucm kufauckoio na-
uuonanusma u, n ococnnocfu n hcpuon no 122 i., c nhonckumu
885
amuuunmu. Ionufuka cnpohcuckux iocynapcfn, ho cymccfny ha-
panncninan honufukc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, n cnyuac c Kufacm
ina nahpanncna na honncpxky otcnuncnun cfpani u ymcpcnnix
sncmcnfon Iomuninana nnn foio, ufoi uscxafi cnauana pycckou
pcnonkuuonnou sapasi, a n nanincumcm cncpxunafi concf-
ckuc nuhnomafuucckuc mancnpi. B cnyuac c Shonucu, n ycnonunx
yfpafi n snauufcninou cfchcnu n pcsynifafc nncsahnoio ucucs-
noncnun Ioccuu ucmcnfupykmcio nauana nnn anino-nhonckoio
coksa, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi u Bcnukopufanun cmoinu oipanu-
uufi na Bamunifonckou konqcpcnuuu hocncncfnun cc nuhnomafu-
ucckou hocni na Iapuxckou mupnou konqcpcnuuu u ocfanonufi
cc skchancuk nhnofi no nosononncnun nhonckoio hponuknonc-
nun n Maniuxypuk.
Okonuanuc nouni conhano, cncnonafcnino, c hcpnou ccpucu
kpusucon kononuaninix hpockfon. nanuafi ncf couuanucfuucc-
kou hpohaianni u concfckan pcnonkuun ocfanunu manosamcfniu
cncn. Hahpofun, cfpcmncnuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon yfncpnufi hpa-
no naponon na camoohpcncncnuc n kauccfnc kpunuucckoio hpun-
uuha mcxnynaponnou xusnu u uchonisonafi sfof hpunuuh nc
foniko n Inpohc, no u na kononuaninix fcppufopunx, kak hpcn-
honaian uncfufyf mannafon, nnnnnoci cucfcmou koopnunaf, ni-
nyxnanmcu kononuaninic ncpxani mcnnfi cnou hosuuuu. Icui
mna o nisonc, kacanmcmcn nc foniko nchocpcncfncnno honmannaf-
nix fcppufopuu, no ucnix kononuaninix cucfcm; a fakxc o niso-
nc, hocncncfnun kofopoio cfanu omymaficn kak no panuuu, fak u
n Bcnukopufanuu. Ohpannanuc kononuaninou cucfcmi kak snc-
mcnfa honufuucckoio pasnufun kononuu u nocfuxcnun omux
skonomuucckux hpcumymccfn nnn ucnfpa u hcpuqcpuu cfonkny-
noci c cousmcpumou cu kpufukou kononuanusma sa nihonnncmyk
um qynkuuk honufuucckoio yincfcnun u skonomuucckou skchnya-
fauuu. B fom xc 122 i. n Bcnukopufanuu u panuuu honnunuci
nnc paofi, okasanmuc cuninoc nosncucfnuc na nuckyccuk n ocux
cfpanax: nounou mannaf n Tpohuucckou Aqpukc (Jhe 1uul
JunJure in Jropicul Africu) nopna yiapna u Okchnyafauun kono-
nuu (Jise en vuleure Jes colonies) Anicpa Cappo. Onnako qpanuys-
ckuu ofncf qopmuponancn n snauufcninou mcpc unauc, ucm pu-
fanckuu, fakxc kak, nhpoucm, unim in u xapakfcp qpanuysckoio
kononuaninoio iochoncfna.
Hc cuufan hcpuona hpcinanun y nnacfu hpanufcnicfna Hapon-
noio qponfa cona Inkma, nauanmcio mnoioocmakmyk hpoipam-
my pcqopm, n ucnom qpanuysi ncmoncfpuponanu iopasno mcnimyk
iukocfi, ucm pufanui n ofnomcnuu fpconanuu kononuaninix
naponon. Hchifinan fcopcfuucckuc safpynncnun u hyfanuuy n pas-
886
ncncnuu honnomouuu c kononuaninou anmunucfpauucu, qpanuys-
ckoc hpanufcnicfno nc cmoino houfu nanimc ocmanun pcqopm n
Hnnokufac, cqopmynuponannoio n 128 i. (n fo npcmn kak pufan-
ckuc kononuu hponnuianuci n nahpanncnuu camoyhpanncnun), oc-
fananci hpuncpxcnnim n Ccncpnou Aqpukc qopmam hpofckfopafa
(Tynuc u Mapokko), of kofopix Bcnukopufanun fcm npcmcncm
ofkasinanaci. Ionmannafnic fcppufopuu na Inuxncm Bocfokc
fakxc yhpannnnuci n coofncfcfnuu c kpufcpunmu, n snauufcninou
cfchcnu oycnonncnnimu hpuncpxcnnocfik honufukc accumunn-
uuu, hpofunopcuunmcu camou yknc nopm, pciynuponanmux mannaf
kafciopuu A. Ofo ninyxnano hpcncfanufcncu iocynapcfncnnou
anmunucfpauuu numi chococfnonafi mccfnim honufuucckum
cunam n opianusauuu ux ncsanucumocfu. Hahpofun, n fom, ufo ka-
cacfcn Cupuu, qpanuysi paspaofanu cnoxnyk cucfcmy pcopianu-
sauuu yhpanncnun sfou fcppufopucu, kofopan ncfpcfuna cuninoc
cohpofunncnuc mccfnix hncmcn u nauuonanucfon n hcpuon no
1JO i. B fom xc iony qpanuysckuc nnacfu hohifanuci cosnafi
cfauninoc hpanufcnicfno, kofopoc hosnonuno i um saknkuafi
coinamcnun, ananoiuunic saknkucnnim aninuuanamu n sfo npcmn na
cnoux honmannafnix fcppufopunx. Iocfanncnnan ucni ina nocfui-
nyfa foniko ucpcs mccfi ncf, n 1J6 i., n hcpuon Haponnoio qponfa
u squohckoio kpusuca. Onnako pcui mna numi o mumoncfnom shu-
sonc. Coinamcnuc c cupuuuamu nc ino pafuquuuponano qpanuys-
ckum hpanufcnicfnom hocnc hancnun hpanufcnicfna Haponnoio
qponfa, n fo npcmn kak c cupuuckou cfoponi fpynnic nsaumoof-
nomcnun mcxny hpanufcnicfnom, cosnannim qpanuysamu, u pcnu-
iuosnimu mcnimuncfnamu hapanusonanu hpononxcnuc nuanoia.
B xonc pcanusauuu mannafa n unanc qpanuysi uspanu n ka-
uccfnc inannix hapfncpon hpcncfanufcncu xpucfuancko-maponuf-
ckou omuni, fpconanun kofopou onu honncpxanu, cosnan n
ymcp Cupuu Bcnukuu unan, c onimcu ho cpanncnuk co npcmc-
ncm offomanckoio iochoncfna fcppufopucu. Inannan honufuucckan
nuncmma nonoio iocynapcfncnnoio opasonanun hponnunaci n hpo-
funopcuuu mcxny konfponcm xpucfuan nan hpcncfanufcninimu
uncfufyfamu, cosnannimu qpanuysamu n 122 i., u fcm ocfon-
fcnicfnom, ufo xpucfuanckoc naccncnuc sa nccnfi ncf n pcsynifafc
akfunnou apackou ummuipauuu cfano mcnimuncfnom naccncnun.
Ocfpan opia honufuucckux ipyhhuponok ninynuna qpanuyson n
1J2 i. hpuocfanonufi ncucfnuc koncfufyuuu, hpcnocfanncnnou
mccfi ncf nasan. Ofo honfonknyno ncc nunanckuc hapfuu k hcpcxo-
ny n ohhosuuuk, chococfnonano nsaumoncucfnuk xpucfuanckux u
mycynimanckux honufukon n opic c qpanuysamu u cfano honufu-
ucckou ocnonou nnn ninnuxcnun fpconanuu onimcu anfonomuu
887
u ncsanucumocfu. Uaiom n sfom nahpanncnuu nnuncn qpanko-nu-
nanckuu noionop 1J6 i., ananoiuuniu fomy, ufo in saknkucn c
Cupucu, no, kak u fof, nhocncncfnuu nc yfncpxncnniu qpanuysamu.
Iomumo honmannafnix fcppufopuu, pciuonamu, inc qpanuys-
ckan kononuaninan cucfcma nonxna ina c onimum ymcnucm pcaiu-
ponafi na cnoxunmuccn fam cufyauuu, inu Hnnokufau u Anxup.
B Hnnokufac qpanuysckan anmunucfpauun nccpics nc cfpcmunaci
nocfuui cofpynnuuccfna c fpanuuuonnou nnacfik, hpcnhouufan
ckopcc cucfcmy hpnmoio yhpanncnun, nahpanncnnoio, n hcpnyk ouc-
pcni, na ynonncfnopcnuc skonomuucckux u cfpafciuucckux unfcpc-
con mcfpohonuu u mccfnix kononucfon. Iocfy nauuonanusma hpo-
funocfonna honufuka xccfokux pchpcccuu, ninynunman mccfnyk
ohhosuuuk hcpcufu na ncncianinoc honoxcnuc, ufo honoxuno
nauano ncc oncc inyoko ykopcncnnou fpanuuuu u, nhonnc ncpo-
nfno, cncnano Bicfnamckyk kommynucfuucckyk hapfuk onnou us
camix nnunfcninix honufuucckux cun n Kio-Bocfounou Asuu.
panuysckoc hpanufcnicfno nc cymcno u nc saxofcno hpousnccfu
ofop mccfnix snuf u koohfuponafi ux n cucfcmy yhpanncnun n
hpucmncmou qopmc, yhycfun, fakum opasom, nosmoxnocfi hnan-
noio hcpcxona nnacfu u ynuufoxun ncnkyk hcpchckfuny nc fpan-
mafuucckoio hpcnpamcnun qopmaninoio konfponn no nnunnuc.
Imc onimcc snaucnuc umcna cufyauun n Anxupc, kononuu,
inc qpanuysi inu nauoncc mnoiouucncnni u nauoncc cunino
unfcipuponani n mccfnoc omccfno. Inannan hponcma, yuufinan
hpucyfcfnuc cfoni cuninou qpanuysckou omuni, cocfonna n fom,
ufoi naufu hpucmncmiu mcxanusm nnn hocfchcnnou accumunnuuu
mycynimanckux pykononnmux ipyhh c fcm, ufoi cncnafi ux yuacf-
nukamu nnacfu u uscxafi ykpchncnun hosuuuu nauuonanucfon,
oponmuxcn sa cosnanuc ncsanucumou anxupckou pcchynuku. Io-
hifku pcqopmi, hpcnhpunnfic iycpnafopom Mopucom Buoncffom,
n 125127 ii. u hpockfi InkmaBuoncffa 1J6 i., hpcnhonaian-
muc pachpocfpanufi honufuucckuc hpana na 2O fic. hpcncfanufcncu
mycynimanckoio mupa, nc inu pcanusonani us-sa nchpcknonnoio
cohpofunncnun hpcxnc nccio co cfoponi qpanuysckux kononucfon
n Anxupc, a fakxc ux coksnukon no panuuu. B pcsynifafc uncn
ncsanucumocfu okasanaci cnuncfncnnim nixonom naxc nnn fcx,
kfo c camoio nauana nicfyhan sa coxpancnuc uncfufyuuonaninix
ofnomcnuu c panuucu. akfuucckoc ofncncnuc, hpousomcnmcc
no npcmn Bfopou muponou nouni, numi ycununo sfy fcnncnuuk.
Bhpoucm, ananoiuunan, a n nckofopix ofnomcnunx u oncc cnoxnan,
cufyauun cymccfnonana n Mapokko u n Tynucc, inc cocymccfnona-
nuc mccfnix nnacfcu u qpanuysckux hpcncfanufcncu cosnanano oc-
nony nnn icfpoio hcpcxona k ofnomcnunm mcnimcu sanucumocfu.
888
Ha ocux fcppufopunx mnoiouucncnnic nauuonanucfuucckuc ma-
nuqccfauuu honannnnuci c fou xc xccfokocfik, c kakou n 121
126 ii. ino honanncno noopyxcnnoc noccfanuc hpofun qpanuys-
ckoio u uchanckoio iochoncfna, kofopoc nosinanun n Iuqckou pcc-
hynukc An ani-Kcpum.
Hnim in pufanckuu honxon k hponcmc. Hnim n pcanusa-
uuu mannafon kafciopuu A, fo ccfi n Ianccfunc u Mccohofamuu
(Hpakc); unim n pcaiuponanuu na fpconanun nomunuonon, n
ofnomcnuu kofopix aninuuckan anmunucfpauun ncmoncfpuponana
nck cnok iukocfi; unim n cfoni naxnom cnyuac, kak unnuuckuu
(unu kak cnyuau c Iupmou unu c Hcunonom). Hnim, nakoncu,
fakxc u n ofnomcnuu kononuu, inc hpanonan konquiypauun kono-
nuaninoio iochoncfna ina nconnoponnou u inc hosfomy ho-pas-
nomy nochpunumanuci nauuonanucfuucckuc hpusini.
Io okonuanuu konqnukfa, koina ina ycfpancna konkypcnuun
co cfoponi Icpmanuu, inannou cfpafciuucckou sanaucu Ipufanuu
ocfananaci, fcopcfuuccku, samufa n cfpafciuucckom hnanc hyfu n
Hnnuk of yipos, kofopic moinu i honnuficn ncncncfnuc ocnanc-
nun cnnscu nnyfpu cqcpi kononuaninoio iochoncfna. Ofu yiposi
moinu ucxonufi of Ioccuu, koncuno, hapanusonannou pcnonkuucu,
no nc nanccina, a fakxc of napoxnakmuxcn mccfnix nauuonanu-
cfuucckux nnuxcnuu, n ofnomcnuu kofopix oc kpyhncumuc kono-
nuaninic ncpxani no npcmn nouni hpononunu ofnkni nc mnikyk
honufuky. Inannimu nonnimu hyfnmu c fouku spcnun csohacnocfu
inu fpanuuuonniu hyfi ucpcs Bocfounoc Cpcnuscmnomopic u
hyfi ucpcs Kpacnoc mopc, ykasinanmuc yxc foina cmc no hocnc-
nonanmcio hosnncc ofkpifun kpyhnix ncqfnnix mccfopoxncnuu
na knkucnoc snaucnuc Inuxncio Bocfoka. Konfponi nan hponunamu
in cnnsan c honufuucckum ypciynuponanucm n ofnomcnuu Anafo-
nuu; konfponi nan Inuxnum Bocfokom c mannafnou honufukou.
B ooux cnyuanx, onnako, hocncnocnnic hnani panuuu u Bcnu-
kopufanuu nafonknynuci na pcakuuk mccfnoio nauuonanucfuucc-
koio nnuxcnun, kofopoc pasxuianoci opkmumucn cfoponamu no
npcmn konqnukfa n ux cocfncnnix unfcpccax, no kofopoc hcpcxu-
no nouny u hocnc cc okonuanun ino iofono nosononufi cnok ncn-
fcninocfi nnn nocfuxcnun ucncu, kofopic inu cmy honckasani.
Tak, Mycfaqc Kcmank ynanoci opafufi na honisy Typuuu
cfafiu Ccnpckoio noionopa, oncpxan hocny nan ipckamu, honncp-
xunacmimu Bcnukopufanucu. Ipu sfom on uchonisonan fc noopy-
xcnnic cuni, kofopic ncmui homoinu cosnafi fypkam. Apackuc
nauuonanucfi hifanuci, no c mcnimcu sqqckfunnocfik, opafufi
ccc na honisy anino-qpanuysckuc nocnnic coinamcnun, hpcnyc-
mafpunanmuc pasncncnuc pciuona hnonoponnoio honymccnua na
88
cqcpi nnunnun nnyx ncpxan nohpcku coinamcnunm Xyccuna
Mak-Maiona, hpcnycmafpunanmum, nahpofun, cosnanuc ncnukoio
apackoio iocynapcfna, hpocfupakmciocn no ipanuu Typuuu. Ofu
coinamcnun nc kacanuci hpupcxnou uacfu Ianccfuni, n ofno-
mcnuu kofopou nopn Ianiqyp sannun o namcpcnuu Ipufanuu cho-
cocfnonafi cosnanuk cnpcuckoio nauuonaninoio ouaia (nurionul
home). B ucnom, onnako, hpofunopcuun inu fakoni, ufo ncnanu
ncnosmoxnim nocfuxcnuc komhpomuccon.
3ahannic ncpxani oncpxanu hocny nan apackum nauuona-
nusmom, packonofim u ncnocfafouno honiofonncnnim k nocnnim
ncucfnunm, no pcmcnun, nannsannic cunou, ocfanunu cncn n nunc
oun, kofopic ucpcs ncckoniko ncf cfanyf kynifypnou hounou nnn
camoio nchpumupumoio nauuonanusma. Ofcyfcfnuc fonkoio noc-
hpunfun hponcm apackoio mupa, hponnncnnoc qpanko-pufan-
ckou nuhnomafucu, nnnnnoci npkum hpumcpom honufuucckou nu-
sopykocfu. Apackuu nauuonanusm ncnan cnou hcpnic maiu, no
hpu sfom on umcn inyokuc kynifypnic u pcnuiuosnic kopnu.
Bochonisonaficn um n opic co cnnmcnnou nounou, otnnncn-
nou cynfanom coksnukom Icpmanuu, osnauano honkpchufi na-
ncxni, nifckanmuc us hucimcnnix coinamcnuu, pcaninimu qak-
famu. Icmcnuc, nannsannoc n pcsynifafc ycfanonncnun pcxuma
mannafon, moino ofuacfu paccuufinafi na honncpxky Xamumufc-
kou nunacfuu, coxpanunmcu ncpnocfi coksy c Bcnukopufanucu,
nccmofpn na pasouaponanun, kofopic uchifanu Xyccun-hama u
cio cin cucan. Onnako ono ncc-faku umcno nacunicfncnniu xa-
pakfcp, kofopiu nu aninuuanam, nu qpanuysam nc ynanoci sacfa-
nufi saifi apackux hpanufcncu. Hauano oipanuucnnou cnpcu-
ckou ummuipauuu noanuno k sfou kapfunc cmc onun mofun nnn
konqnukfa.
B Iiuhfc pufanckomy hpanncnuk fakxc hpumnoci hpofuno-
cfonfi nospoxncnuk iopasno oncc ykopcncnnoio nauuonanusma,
nosinannncmoio Caanom 3ainyn-hamou, nuncpom nnuxcnun Baqn.
Bo npcmn nouni Iiuhcf in otnnncn hpofckfopafom hon konfpo-
ncm Bcnukopufanuu. B 122 i. aninuuckoc hpanufcnicfno onno-
cfoponnum akfom hponosinacuno ncsanucumocfi cfpani, ocfanun
sa coou, nhpoucm, nacfoniko omupnyk cqcpy komhcfcnuuu, ufo
sfo cncnano ncknapauuk nchpucmncmou nnn nauuonanucfon. Ho
noniu monapx yan hpunnn pufanckyk ncknapauuk u honyuun n
12J i. koponcnckyk kopony. B fcucnuc fpcx hocncnykmux nccnfu-
ncfuu xusni Iiuhfa xapakfcpusonanaci pasncncnucm nnacfu (u kom-
hcfcnuuu) mcxny pufanckum hpanufcnicfnom, ciuhcfckou koponou
u mupom honufuucckux hapfuu. Toniko n 1J6 i., n konfckcfc ncu-
cfnuu Hfanuu n Oquohuu pasnuuun n coofncfcfnykmux hosuuunx
8O
cinanunuci u in saknkucn hcpniu anino-ciuhcfckuu noionop,
pcinamcnfuponanmuu hpcinanuc aninuuckux nouck na ciuhcf-
ckou fcppufopuu n sonc Cysukoio kanana. Tcm nc mcncc nauuona-
nucfuucckuu umhynic ocfanancn cuninim u ninyxnan kaupckoc
hpanufcnicfno n hcpuon nouni ncnuccku nanuponafi, ufo honfonk-
nyno cio k coxpancnuk fpynnoio nnn conkncnun qopmaninoio
ncufpanufcfa, xofn ciuhcfckan fcppufopun u nnnnnaci onnum us
inannix honcu cpaxcnuu hpofun ncpxan Ocu. Onnako foniko n
qcnpanc 145 i. ciuhcfckoc hpanufcnicfno hpunnno qopmaninoc
pcmcnuc otnnufi nouny Icpmanuu u Shonuu koina ino
otnnncno, ufo fakoc pcmcnuc ncoxonumo nnn yuacfun n Opianu-
sauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu,
B ucnom, paccmafpunan hponcmi n kpafkocpounou hcpchckfu-
nc, aninuuanc, naionapn uchonisonanuk mannafa, inu choconi
cmniuufi cfonknoncnun c apackum nauuonanusmom, coucfan ho-
cfchcnnoc hpcnocfanncnuc camoyhpanncnun c ycuncnucm, ho cymc-
cfny, cnocio honufuucckoio u skonomuucckoio konfponn. B Hpakc
hyfi k ncsanucumocfu n hcpuon 12O1J2 ii. hpuopcn qopmy
pnna noionopon c Aninucu. Hpak hocfchcnno, no ofnocufcnino
icfpo, pacmupun hpcncni mccfnou anfonomuu, nhnofi no hon-
nou qopmaninou ncsanucumocfu u hpucma n uiy Hauuu. Ofo
hpousomno n fom uucnc u naionapn cfpcmncnuk Ipufanuu ymcni-
mufi qunanconoc u honufuucckoc pcmn hpnmix onsafcnicfn,
kofopoc moxno ino samcnufi pnnom coinamcnuu c noncpcnnimu
hpcncfanufcnnmu hpannmux ipyhh n omcn na coxpancnuc cfpafc-
iuucckux as u cnoonniu nocfyh k unqpacfpykfypc, umckmcu
naxnoc snaucnuc n cnyuac nouni.
Ianccfuna cpasy xc cfana mccfom hcpcccucnun nccx hpofunopc-
uuu, cymccfnonanmux mcxny kononuaninou honufukou, mannafnou
honufukou, apackum nauuonanusmom u cuonucfckum nnuxcnucm.
B hcpuon c 121 ho 12J i. apai sfou honmannafnou fcppufopuu
hofpconanu (nc nounmuci hpu sfom nukakoio pcsynifafa) cosna-
nun nauuonaninoio hpanufcnicfna, ofkasa of cuonucfckou hpo-
ipammi u otcnuncnun c npyiumu apackumu cfpanamu. Ipucyf-
cfnuc na hanccfunckou fcppufopuu konkypupykmux mcnimuncfn,
honnix pcmumocfu ofcfaunafi cnou hpana na noxncncnnic scmnu,
nochpunumacmic umu kak ux cocfncnnic, ninynuno aninuuan
hpcnhpunnfi pnn hohifok ynanufi pasnoinacun mcxny apaamu u
cnpcnmu. Hcoxonumocfi conknafi pannoynancnnocfi okasinana
nnunnuc na ncnfcninocfi aninuuckoio ncpxonnoio komuccapa n
Ianccfunc. Bhpoucm, cncnafi niop ino ncnosmoxno, hockoniky
sfo osnauano i niupafi mcxny nnymn ncconmccfumimu ucnnmu:
cosnanucm na honmannafnou fcppufopuu cnpcuckoio iocynapcfna
81
hpcxnc, ucm sfomy nochpchnfcfnycf apackan ohhosuuun, u honan-
ncnucm napacfakmcio nnuxcnun sa cosnanuc cnpcuckoio nauuo-
naninoio ouaia, cosnafi kofopiu ocmanu umcnno aninuuanc.
Ipuxon k nnacfu n Icpmanuu Iufncpa hpuncn k pocfy ncianinou
ummuipauuu cnpccn n Ianccfuny u k ninnuxcnuk na hcpniu
hnan cnnsannix c sfum iymanufapnix hponcm. Onnako pocf cn-
pcuckoio naccncnun hpunonun k ncnononicfny apaon, hoyxnan
ux k nchpcpinnim noopyxcnnim akuunm.
Hmcnno foina nauanu ionopufi o pasncnc fcppufopuu na fpu
ofncninic soni. Ipunuxcnuc nouni u ycuncnuc honcfanucckou
opii apaon ninynunu nonnonckoc hpanufcnicfno cuufaficn n fo
npcmn c macmfaom ohacnocfu. Ics sannfun aninuuckou cfoponou
oncc ucfkou hosuuuu pocf nnunnun ncmucn n apackom mupc hpu-
nnn i ncyncpxumiu xapakfcp. B mac 1J i. ina ohynukonana
Icnan knuia, qopmynuponanman ucnu pufanckou honufukc n Ia-
nccfunc. B ncu hpcnnaianoci cosnafi n fcucnuc nccnfu ncf ncsanu-
cumoc hanccfunckoc iocynapcfno, kofopim yhpannnnu i conmccfno
apai u cnpcu. Honoc iocynapcfno nonxno ino honhucafi noionop
o coksc c Bcnukopufanucu. Tcm npcmcncm cnpcuckan ummuipauun
moina sa hnfi ncf nocfuui makcumaninou knofi n 75 fic. ucnonck.
Ofo ina hohifka houfu nancfpcuy hosuuunm ymcpcnnix apaon,
onnako ona nc nocfuina xcnacmoio pcsynifafa. Apackoc noccfanuc
hpononxanoci, hpcnpafunmuci n hcpuon nouni n ohacnyk sapa-
sy. Inpcu fakxc ofncpinu sfof hpockf. Cufyauun honfankunana ux
sannfi cfopony Bcnukopufanuu n opic hpofun nauusma, no
hpoapackuu niop aninuuan nanonio ocfanun y nux cncni oun.
Otckfunnan cnoxnocfi nonncucnnix n cufyauuk qakfopon u oipa-
nuucnnocfi cpokon, sa kofopic moina pasncpnyficn akfunnocfi pu-
fanucn, cfanu ccpicsnim hpchnfcfnucm na hyfu ychcxa ohcpauuu
ho hpcopasonanuk honmannafnix fcppufopuu n ncsanucumic io-
cynapcfna hon aninuuckum nnunnucm. Omuu pcsynifaf hosfomy
in nccima ncohpcncncnnim.
Apai, uin mcufa o cnunom nauuonaninom nnuxcnuu ina
paspymcna nmcmafcnicfnom umhcpuanucfon cmc no foio, kak ono
cymcno sqqckfunnim opasom yhpouuficn usnyfpu, pasncnunuci n
cnocm ofnomcnuu k hosuuunm aninuuan. 3nauufcninan uacfi ymc-
pcnnix u konccpnafunnix sncmcnfon, uin nnacfi ina cnnsana c
pufanckum hpucyfcfnucm, nonioc npcmn, n fom uucnc u hocnc
nouni, hpunaiana ncc ycunun nnn foio, ufoi honncpxunafi nuanoi
c Bcnukopufanucu u conknafi cc qynnamcnfaninic unfcpcci.
Cnoxunmancn cufyauun ofpaxana asonyk konuchuuk pufan-
ckou kononuaninou honufuku unck o fom, ufo honufuucckuu u
skonomuucckuu konfponi nan kakou-nuo sonou unu fcppufopucu
82
moxno coxpannfi fakxc u cs qopmaninoio ocymccfnncnun nnacf-
nix honnomouuu u naxc cs hpucyfcfnun noopyxcnnix cun u an-
munucfpauuu. Ofa konuchuun hocnyxuna fakxc ocnonou hpcopa-
sonanun umhcpuu n Ipufanckoc Conpyxccfno Hauuu (trirish +om-
monweulrh of ûrions).
Cpasy xc hocnc 11 i. nomunuoni hpuopcnu hpano konfponu-
ponafi cocfncnnyk nncmnkk honufuky. B 126 i. umhcpckan kon-
qcpcnuun hpusnana ux ncsanucumocfi, onnako numi n 1J11J2 ii.
umhcpckan cucfcma ina pccfpykfypuponana n coofncfcfnuu kak c
nonim xapakfcpom kpunuucckux ofnomcnuu mcxny cfpanamu-unc-
namu, fak u c ucnnmu, hponukfonannimu chocoom pcmcnun Ipu-
fanucu hponcmi pckoncfpykuuu hocnc muponoio skonomuucckoio
kpusuca. B 1J1 i., hocnc hpunnfun pufanckum hapnamcnfom Bccf-
muncfcpckoio cfafyfa, kaxniu nomunuon honyuun hpano na cosna-
nuc honnocfik cyncpcnnoio iocynapcfna u na annynuponanuc ka-
canmuxcn cio sakonon, hpunnfix Bcnukopufanucu. Ion chycfn n
Offanc ina cosnana cucfcma umhcpckux hpcqcpcnuuu, cncnanman
Bcnukopufanuk ohopou hpofckuuonucfckou honufuku n fopio-
nom omcnc, naxnou nnn nomunuonon n momcnf kpusuca u anifcp-
nafunnou ho ofnomcnuk k pcxumy cnoonnou fopionnu, ufo cfano
hpuuunou hpofunopcuuu c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu. Conpyxccfno
hpcnpamanoci n coomccfno nopononino otcnununmuxcn nauuu,
chnoucnnix cnuncfnom kynifypi u nsika, a fakxc honufuucckou
noncu, nahpanncnnou na coxpancnuc ocoix ofnomcnuu c Bcnu-
kopufanucu u, hpcxnc nccio, c pufanckou koponou n kauccfnc
cumnona hpccmcfncnnocfu ocnonnix konuchuuu, uncfufyfon u non-
ionpcmcnnix u ccpicsnix fopionix ofnomcnuu. Bo npcmn nouni
nomunuoni c iofonnocfik ncfanu na cfopony Bcnukopufanuu,
xofn sfo u nanocuno ymcp hpunuuham ux ncsanucumocfu. Onnako
n sfom nahpanncnuu ux honfankunana hofpcnocfi n cosnanuu o-
mcio qponfa hcpcn nuuom omcu yiposi, sacfuimcu nccx nc hon-
iofonncnnimu n nocnnom ofnomcnuu.
B hcpuon mcxny nnymn nounamu snonkuun cnix nomunuonon
ina hpunnfa n kauccfnc hapanuimi fakxc nnn pasnufun ofnomc-
nuu c Hnnucu u npyiumu asuafckumu u aqpukanckumu kononuani-
nimu nnancnunmu. Tpynnocfu nocnnoio hcpuona u pacfyman cuna
unnuuckoio nauuonanusma, ycuncnnoio npcmcnnim cnuncfnom ncu-
cfnuu hapfuu Hauuonaniniu konipccc u Mycynimanckan nuia, ko-
fopoc ino onopcno coinamcnucm n akxnay, ninynunu aninuuan
hpunfi ncknapauuk munucfpa ho ncnam Hnnuu Monfcik (117 i.),
ocmanmyk hocfchcnniu hcpcxon k camoyhpanncnuk n pamkax
umhcpuu. B konuc nouni nonnonckoc hpanufcnicfno, onnako, oka-
sanoci nchoniofonncnnim k cfonknoncnuk c mccfnimu nnacfnmu,
8J
hockoniky namcfuno cxcmy anmunucfpafunnou pcqopmi, ncchoco-
nou pcaiuponafi na nna concpmcnno nchpcnnuncnnix ocfonfcni-
cfna. Icpnoc cocfonno n fom, ufo unnuuckuu napon cmoi mounuso-
nafi ncci cykonfuncnf na conmccfnyk opiy hpofun pufanckoio
iochoncfna, nfopoc n fom, ufo nauuonanucfi nc oipanuuunuci
anmunucfpafunnimu pcqopmamu, kacanmumucn mccfnoio yhpannc-
nun, no cfpcmunuci k konfponk nan nccu cfpanou, nauunan c cc
ucnfpa cnu.
Ofa ncchoconocfi nonpcmn ynonufi icfpiu hpouccc usmcnc-
nuu cufyauuu n Hnnuu n ckopom npcmcnu ocpnynaci, kak nccina
cnyuanoci n ucfopuu nckononusauuu, concpmcnno nchponykfun-
nou pchpcccunnou pcakuucu nacunun. B hocncnykmuc ioni, onna-
ko, xofn coopaxcnun coxpancnun nnunnun u ocfopoxnocfu ni-
nyxnanu pufanckoc hpanufcnicfno ycfyhafi cnou hosuuuu kpaunc
mcnncnno, nc ofkasinanci hcpuonuuccku hpuciafi k pchpcccunm,
cfanonunoci ncc oncc oucnunnim, ufo anmunucfpauun, coufn pc-
hpcccuu cnumkom nopoiocfonmumu u honufuuccku omuounimu,
cncnana niop n honisy honufuku hocfchcnnoio pcqopmusma. Ic
ucnik ina usonnuun nnyfpu hapfuu Konipccca u nauuonaninoio
qponfa sncmcnfon, cuufanmuxcn skcfpcmucfckumu, hpanoio
kpina, cnnsannoio c yfohucu camonocfafounocfu, opuom sa kofo-
pyk nicfyhan Moxannac Iannu, u ncnoio kpina, onimc fniofck-
mcio k concfckomy mupy, hocncnonafcncu xanaxapnana Hcpy c
ucnik occhcuufi pachonoxcnuc oncc ymcpcnnix hapfncpon.
Takan cfpafciun namna nipaxcnuc n hocncnykmux pcqopmax,
n ocnonohonaiakmcm 3akonc o yhpanncnuu Hnnucu (Uovernmenr
of 1nJiu Acr) 1J5 i.; n skonomuucckou honufukc, nahpanncnnou na
samufy omux unfcpccon mcfpohonuu u kononuu; n nuhnomafuu,
osaoucnnou fcm, ufoi nc nisinafi npaxncnix uyncfn k Bcnu-
kopufanuu u ocnaufi cuny Konipccca kak macconou hapfuu. Iu-
hofcfuucckan ucni sfou cfpafciuu hocfchcnno qopmynuponanaci
fakxc u camumu aninuuanamu kak hponnuxcnuc Hnnuu n nocfa-
founo ofnancnnom ynymcm k qopmc camoyhpanncnun, kofopan,
onnako, nakpchko hpunnsana i cc k pufanckou honufukc. Hahpo-
fun, otnnncnuc nouni J ccnfnpn 1J i., nonnckan n konqnukf
fakxc u Hnnuk, nc onananmyk ncsanucumocfik u nc cfanmyk
cmc qopmanino nomunuonom, xofn u ninyxnano Konipccc sannufi
o cnocu conunapnocfu c Bcnukopufanucu n opic hpofun nauus-
ma, cfanuno n konkpcfnom hnanc hponcmy uncfufyfon yhpanncnun.
B hcpuon c 1J ho 141 i. aninuuanc hpunnnu pnn pcmcnuu, ko-
fopic hpcnhonaianu ohpcncncnnic uncfufyuuonaninic usmcnc-
nun, no foniko n momcnf nauonimcu ohacnocfu no npcmn nouni
onu hpcnhpunnnu pcmufcninic maiu. B qcnpanc 142 i. pufanckuu
84
kauncf paspaofan hpockf ncknapauuu, hpcnycmafpunanmcu hpcnoc-
fanncnuc Hnnuu honnou ncsanucumocfu u uspanuc koncfufyuuon-
nou accamncu cpasy xc hocnc okonuanun nouni, a fakxc hpusna-
nanmcu sa nonim ncsanucumim iocynapcfnom hpano pcmafi noh-
poc o ofncncnuu of Conpyxccfna. Ofo ino naxnoc usmcncnuc,
kofopoc nonnonckoc hpanufcnicfno hifanoci hcpccmofpcfi n nau-
mcncc npamafuunic c nocnnou fouku spcnun momcnfi, no kofopoc
na ncnc ofpcsano nosmoxnocfu nnn ofcfyhncnun. Takfuka hponono-
uck hpuncna numi k oocfpcnuk nahpnxcnnocfu, napacfanuk
oxunanuu u yinyncnun hponcm, kacanmuxcn cosnanun nonoio
unu nonix unnuuckux iocynapcfn, yuufinan pacxoxncnun mcxny
unnyucfckou u mycynimanckou uacfnmu omccfna, n Hnnuu.
Iopia sa ocnooxncnuc Hnnuu, kofopan ncnaci hpofun iochon-
cfna camou moiymccfncnnou cnpohcuckou umhcpuu, cfana ofhpan-
nou foukou nnn nccio anfukononuaninoio nauuonaninoio nnuxc-
nun, yfncpnunmuci n kauccfnc nccomcu u nuncpcuquuuponannou
(n cmicnc uchonisycmou fakfuku u nocfuiacmix pcsynifafon) monc-
nu nnn fpconanuu nauuonaninix nnuxcnuu, ninnuiacmix n fof
hcpuon u n hocncnykmuc ioni. B uacfnocfu, ohif hapfuu Konipcc-
ca nayuun fomy, ufo cfouno safpauunafi ycunun na cosnanuc cuni-
nix macconix hapfuu, choconix manfaxuponafi kononuaninic
ncpxani yiposou macconix u nckonfponupycmix cchopnnkon. On
fakxc yuun fomy, ufo nacunicfncnnoc noopyxcnnoc noccfanuc nc
nnnnnoci cnuncfncnnim cpcncfnom nnn hpunyxncnun cnpohcuckoio
iochoncfna k ycfyhkam, n ococnnocfu, koina kak, n uacfnocfu,
n pufanckom cnyuac kononuaninan anmunucfpauun nc ina ah-
puopu hpofunnuucu uncfufyuuonaninix usmcncnuu.
Iicfpic maiu, hpcnhpunnfic n ofnomcnuu cnix nomunuo-
non u mcncc icfpic n ofnomcnuu Hnnuu, hokasinanu kak iofon-
nocfi k hcpcmcnam, fak u ipanuui pufanckou iukocfu. Icakuun
ucnfpa umhcpuu na honcncnuc mccfnix nnacfcu ina pasnuunou u
naxc hpofunopcuunou, koina hpucyfcfnuc cnix mcnimuncfn unu
mcnimuncfn npyioio hpoucxoxncnun ncnano cufyauuk c fpconanu-
nmu ncsanucumocfu ncfuhuunou. Tak, n 12J i. aninuuanc hpcnocfa-
nunu oucni hcpcnonyk qopmy camoyhpanncnun Kxnou Ioncsuu
paccmafpunacmou, hpcxnc nccio, kak cfpana c cnim naccncnucm
kofopan ofkasanaci of nxoxncnun n Kxno-Aqpukanckuu Coks.
B fom xc iony, nahpofun, hponosinamcnucm cnonmupckou nckna-
pauuu onu yfncpnunu n Kcnuu hpunuuhuaninoc hpcnocxoncfno
unfcpccon ucpnoio naccncnun ho ofnomcnuk k unfcpccam ummui-
panfon n fom, ufo kacanoci hcpchckfun ncucfnuu ucnfpaninou an-
munucfpauuu. C homomik fakoio iukoio ofncfa na mnoioopasuc
mccfnix cufyauuu n ufoic saknaninanuci ocnoni n hcpnom cny-
85
uac pcmcnun hponcmi paconou ccipciauuu, a no nfopom nahpo-
fun, coxpancnun hpnmoio konfponn. na pasnix fuha pcmcnuu
hpunumanuci hon nosncucfnucm fcnncnuuu, nosnukmux n xonc
mupokou nuckyccuu omcio xapakfcpa o cynic kononuu, n kofo-
pou nhocncncfnuu, koina of niopa poncsuuckoio fuha ofkasanuci,
ncc ofucfnuncc hpcnanuponana uncn o fom, ufo mcfpohonun nonxna
nnocufi nchocpcncfncnniu nknan n skonomuucckuu u honufuucc-
kuu hpoipccc umhcpckou hcpuqcpuu.
Hapnny c hponcmamu, nosnukmumu n xonc oqopmncnun nnyx
kpyhncumux umhcpckux cucfcm, cncnycf fakxc yhomnnyfi hpcx-
nc nccio, us-sa foio snaucnun, kofopoc sfof ohif umcn na sfahc
nckononusauuu hponcmi ionnannckou u cniiuuckou umhc-
puu. B Hnnoncsuu Ionnannun nncna n 118 i. hpcncfanufcninic
opiani hpanncnun, onnako anmunucfpafunnan cucfcma, pykonon-
cfnonanmancn omumu kpufcpunmu nchpnmoio hpanncnun c oho-
pou na fpanuuuonnyk nnacfnyk ucpapxuk, ocfanaci hafcpnanucf-
ckou u anfopufapnou. Ona ina ncchocona hpusnafi fof qakf,
ufo cpcnu npyiux hocncncfnuu fpancqopmauuu, cnnsannou c nnun-
nucm 3ahana u moncpnusauucu, hpoucxonun fakxc pocf ycfpcmnc-
nuu hpocncmcnnix snuf, honyuunmux cnpohcuckoc opasonanuc,
a, cncnonafcnino, u pocf nahpnxcnnocfu n ofnomcnunx mcxny
numu u fpanuuuonnimu cnonmu omccfna. Hcnsypa n ofnomcnuu
nkou qopmi nauuonanusma ocfananaci hosfomy xcncsnou, a knofa
nnn mccfnoio hcpconana n anmunucfpauuu munumaninou, camou
nuskou n hpoucnfnom ofnomcnuu us nccx n Kio-Bocfounou Asuu,
naxonunmcucn hon cnpohcuckum iochoncfnom.
B 126127 ii. ino xccfoko honanncno noccfanuc na ocfponc
Sna, nosinanncnnoc komhapfucu, a n JO-c ioni noxnu nauuonanino-
io nnuxcnun, cpcnu kofopix Axmcn Cykapno u Moxamman Xaffa
hpcncfanufcnu fou opasonannou u nckommynucfuucckou snufi,
kofopan moina i cfafi nauoncc ynonim hapfncpom ho hcpcio-
nopam nnn ionnannucn inu apccfonani u nchopfuponani. Of-
cyfcfnuc ncnkou nosmoxnocfu pcqopm n nahpanncnuu hpcnocfan-
ncnun anfonomuu Huncpnannckou Ocf-Hnnuu, cmc n 122 i.
hponosinamcnnou cocfannou uacfik nauuonaninou fcppufopuu
Ionnannuu, hpuncno k fomy, ufo iaaickoc hpanufcnicfno, yncpcn-
noc n cunc u sqqckfunnocfu cnocu cucfcmi yhpanncnun, nc cho-
cono ino pcanucfuuno oucnufi ynymcc cnocio kononuaninoio
iochoncfna. B konuc konuon sfo honfonknyno nauuonanucfon k
ninnuxcnuk fpconanuu honnou u ncmcnncnnou ncsanucumocfu.
Hc cnyuauno, sfa fcnncnuun co nccu oucnunnocfik hponnunaci
yxc no npcmn nhonckou okkyhauuu u ina uchonisonana nhonuamu
n opic hpofun sahannix ncpxan.
86
Ionono fomy, kak Ionnannun n Hnnoncsuu, Icniiun n Konio
fakxc uchifinana aconkfnyk yncpcnnocfi n cfauninocfu u
nonionpcmcnnocfu cnocio konfponn. Hchonisonanuc fcppufopuu n
skonomuucckux ucnnx u couuaniniu hafcpnanusm n ofnomcnuu
anfoxfonnoio naccncnun ofonnuianu na nfopou hnan ncnkoc pac-
cmofpcnuc hponcm honufuucckoio pasnufun. Bhpoucm, hockoniky
ocfafku cohpofunncnun mccfnix hncmcn inu nuknunuponani,
cniiuuckou anmunucfpauuu nc hpumnoci cfonknyficn nu c on-
num nnymakmum occhokocnnocfi hponnncnucm nauuonaninoio
cosnanun, u ona hpcnhouufana oipanuuunafi cnou qynkuuu cqc-
pou anmunucfpafunnou komhcfcnuuu, yncnnn cnaoc nnumanuc
hponcmc nosmoxnou ynymcu snonkuuu kononuu.
Iocnc hpononunmcucn no 126 i. honufuku ofnocufcninou an-
munucfpafunnou ncucnfpanusauuu, cosnananmcu mupokuc nosmox-
nocfu nnn hpunnfun pcmcnuu ho cnocmy ycmofpcnuk iycpnafopam
hopfyianickux nnancnuu, n Iopfyianuu hpu pcxumc Canasapa cfanu
yfncpxnaficn hpunuuhi ucnfpanusonannou honufuku u honufuku
accumunnuuu, oquuuanino nahpanncnnic na cosnanuc mynifupa-
conoio han-hopfyianickoio coomccfna. Onnako ncoxonumocfi
uchonisonafi pccypci kononuu nnn hpcononcnun cnaocfcu skono-
muucckoio pasnufun mcfpohonuu oncpxana ncpx nan nocxnanncmou
uununusafopckou muccucu, ufo n ufoic yxccfouuno mcfoni ioc-
honcfna u sanokuponano nncncnuc (cnumkom nopoioc) kakou i
fo nu ino anifcpnafunnou qopmi yhpanncnun.
Hchanun, hocnc honanncnun conmccfno c qpanuysckumu noucka-
mu noccfanun An ani-Kcpuma n Iuqckou pcchynukc, nauana
hpononufi honufuky ymupofnopcnun mapokkanckoio hpofckfopafa,
nohyckan sncmcnfi fcphumocfu n ofnomcnuu mccfnoio nauuonani-
noio nnuxcnun u cnnsannyk c ohpcncncnnou fpanuuucu aqpuka-
nusma (coxpanunmcucn n ococnnocfu n nocnnix kpyiax) fpanuuuk
omymcnun iapmonuu c npyium cpciom Iupanfapa. Hauuonanusm
moi, fakum opasom, honhufinaficn kak nancxnamu, nisnannimu
hocnou Haponnoio qponfa n 1J6 i., fak u ocmanunmu anfono-
muu, ncmnoio hosnncc nannimu qpankucfamu u honncpxannimu,
nauunan c 1J7 i. ncpxonnim komuccapom Icuicncpom.
B konuc Icpnou muponou nouni ufaninnckan kononuaninan
umhcpun, omupnan na kapfc, n ncucfnufcninocfu snauufcnino
cokpafunaci. Iofcpnn houfu honnocfik konfponi nan unucu u
cfonknynmuci c hponcmou hncmcnnou pasnponcnnocfu n Coma-
nu, Hfanun ninyxncna ina hcpcn squohckou kamhanucu 1J6 i.
hocfanufi hponcmy nosnpamcnun nonocnnix kononuu. B hcpuon
qamucfckoio pcxuma nocnnic ncucfnun ho sanocnanuk Tpuhonu-
fanuu, Kupcnauku u cuuana, yxc nauafic hocncnnumu hpanu-
87
fcnicfnamu noqamucfckoio hcpuona, inu sancpmcni xccfokumu
mcfonamu n xynmux kononuaninix fpanuuunx. unun ina otc-
nuncna n cnunoc opasonanuc, cocfonnmcc us ucfipcx hponunuuu,
u n 1J i., nakanync Bfopou muponou nouni, otnnncna ncoftcm-
ncmou uacfik ufaninnckou mcfpohonuu, ufo, onnako, nc umcno
hocncncfnuu nnn nnyfpcnncio hpanonoio ycfpoucfna kononuu. B Co-
manu hocnc sancpmcnun n 124 i. hcpcionopon c aninuuckum hpa-
nufcnicfnom ho honony hpuopcfcnun Huxncu xyi, ofomcn-
mcu k Hfanuu ho onnonckomy noionopy 115 i., inu hpunnfi
mcpi ho ycuncnuk konfponn nan fcppufopucu, kofopic ycfpanunu
hponnncnun nccoinacun, cymccfnonanmuc hpcxnc nccio n Ccncp-
nom Comanu. Hahpofun, kononun n Opufpcc inc ufaninnckoc
hpucyfcfnuc ino cfpykfypno konconunuponano nc cosnanana
ocoix hponcm. Hfaninnui moinu uchonisonafi n cnoux unfcpc-
cax cohcpnuuccfno mcxny spufpcuckum u squohckum naccncnucm:
hcpnoc oxpannnoci ufaninnckum hpucyfcfnucm; nfopoc honncp-
ianoci ohacnocfu ufaninnckoio hponuknoncnun, kofopoc nauanoci
cmc n XIX n. u cfano oncc nahopucfim nauunan c 125 i., koina
coinamcnun MycconunuIpsxsma honfncpnunu ncucfnuc anino-
qpanko-ufaninnckoio noionopa 1O6 i., pasncnnnmcio squohckyk
fcppufopuk na cqcpi nnunnun, no na ncnc hocnyxunmcio ocno-
nou nnn hocncnykmcio pacmupcnun ufaninnckux hpufnsanuu.
C sanocnanucm Oquohuu ufaninnckoc kononuaninoc iochon-
cfno cfano nccima omyfumim, ufo sacfanuno hcpcocmicnufi ofno-
mcnuc k nannomy nnncnuk. B Bocfounou Aqpukc ufaninnckuc
nnancnun inu opianusonani n mccfi iycpnafopcfn c naccncnucm
okono 12 mnn ucnonck. B Annuc-Acc hocf nuuc-koponn sanumanu
onun sa npyium mapman Ianonio, mapman Iononiqo Ipauuanu u
icpuoi Amcnco nÀocfa. Bcc fpoc inu sannfi ocymccfnncnucm
sqqckfunnoio konfponn nan foniko ufo sanocnannou fcppufopucu.
Cosnanan cnok cucfcmy yhpanncnun n Aqpukc ufaninnui konca-
nuci mcxny fcopcfuucckou honncpxkou hpunuuhon accumunnuuu,
hpohaiannupycmou n kauccfnc hpomcxyfounou qopmi mcxny kpu-
fukycmou kononuaninou honufukou Bcnukopufanuu u panuuu
u pcanusycmou na hpakfukc anfopufapnou u nuckpumunauuonnou
honufukou, ho ofnomcnuk k kofopou hpcnocfanncnuc n 11 i.
ufaninnckoio ipaxnancfna anfoxfonnim naponam Tpuhonufanuu u
Kupcnauku okasanoci numi kpafkonpcmcnnim nnncnucm. C hpu-
xonom k nnacfu qamusma, cncnanmcio umhcpckoc ncnuuuc Hfanuu
onnou us cnoux inannix ucncu, nosonanana hofpcnocfi occhc-
uufi hpccmcfncnnocfi sqqckfunnoio iochoncfna, kofopoc uchoni-
sonano anfoxfonnic sncmcnfi foniko n ucnnx ocymccfnncnun co-
cfncnnoio konfponn unu foniko nnn nihonncnun nfopocfchcnnix
88
qynkuuu. B 1J7 i. n honfncpxncnuc anfopufapnoio honopofa,
nisnannoio ncoxonumocfik uscxafi pachana cucfcmi ufaninn-
ckoio konfponn nan Oquohucu, inu nncncni xofn u n konfck-
cfc hpusnanun mccfnix oiuacn u kpunuucckux nopm, a fakxc
ocymccfnncnun pcqopm, hpcnycmafpunanmux nuknunauuk qco-
naninoio pcxuma u ofmcny pacfna, oipanuucnun, sahpcmanmuc
cmcmannic paunic coksi. A n 1J8 i. na Hfaninnckyk Bocfou-
nyk Aqpuky inu pachpocfpancni paconic sakoni, c cmc oncc
fnxcnimu nnn aopuicnon hocncncfnunmu. Icsynifafi moncpnusa-
uuu, nifckanmuc us ycfanonncnnoio konfponn, nc cohponoxna-
nuci, cncnonafcnino, honufukou unfcipauuu mccfnix snuf; oncc
foio, onu fpancqopmuponanuci n honufuky, kofopan hpcxnc
nccio n Oquohuu, inc ufaninnckoc iochoncfno nc umcno n pacho-
pnxcnuu nocfafounoio npcmcnu nnn konconunauuu ninunaci n
xccfokoc honanncnuc mccfnix nnacfcu.
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, fakxc nnnnnmuccn cfoponnukamu camo-
ohpcncncnun, cfanu kononuaninou ncpxanou n 188 i., koina kyhu-
nu y Hchanuu unuhhuni u npyiuc fcppufopuu. Ofo ncfyhano n
hpofunopcuuc c fpanuuucu anfukononuanusma, na kofopou asu-
ponanoci ux cocfncnnoc cymccfnonanuc u kofopan nyxnanaci n
koppckfuponkc. Xofn amcpukanckoc hpanufcnicfno u hpucnouno
ccc hpano, napannc c npyiumu cnpohcuckumu cfpanamu, nasnauafi
npcmn u qopmi hcpcxona k ncsanucumocfu, ono icfpo pcmuno sfy
hponcmy, hpusnan n 112 u n 11J ii. hpunuuh hpcnocfanncnun
honnou ncsanucumocfu, kak foniko na ocfponax yncf cqopmupo-
nano cfauninoc pykononcfno. H ncucfnufcnino, onu hpononunu
honufuky couuaninoio u kynifypnoio packpchomcnun n kauccfnc
asi nnn hcpcxona apxuhcnaia k camoyhpanncnuk. Kpomc foio,
onu nncnpunu n hpakfuky snckfopaninic mcxanusmi u nknkuunu
mccfnic kanpi no ncc cqcpi yhpanncnun. Ofa honufuka icfpoio
hponnuxcnun n koncfufyuuonnom hnanc c ucnik ynonncfnopcnun
fpconanuu nauuonanucfon u occhcucnun namunifonckomy hpa-
nufcnicfny nonninocfu iochoncfnykmux cnocn, cohponoxnanaci,
onnako, c amcpukanckou cfoponi, nicfpaunanucm knaccuucckou
cucfcmi skonomuucckou sanucumocfu, ofnonunmcu unuhhunam
poni hpousnonufcnn cipin u hponononicfnun, hpcnpamanmcu ux
fakxc n ohfumaniniu pinok nnn amcpukanckoio skchopfa. Koina
Iysncnif in uspan hpcsuncnfom, onnum us cio nauoncc cymc-
cfncnnix ocmanuu cfano cncnannoc n 1J4 i. sannncnuc o on-
safcnicfnc hpcnocfanufi unuhhunam ncsanucumocfi n fcucnuc
nccnfu ncf n kauccfnc honfncpxncnun cnocio anfukononuanusma.
Inaionapn sfomy sannncnuk ychcmno ocymccfnnnncn amcpukanckuu
8
skchcpumcnf ho skchopfy n asuafckyk cfpany qopmyn u mcfonon
konfponn, yxc ohpoonannix n ofnomcnunx c afunckou Amcpukou.
Ynaunic pcsynifafi nckononusauuu, hpononumou na unuhhu-
nax, n conokyhnocfu c ohifom, nakohncnnim na Inuxncm Bocfokc
n skchnyafauuu ncqfnnix pccypcon hon siunou Bcnukopufanuu,
ncmoncfpuponanu sqqckfunnocfi qopmyni nnunnun, n coofncf-
cfnuu c kofopou samumanuci skonomuucckuc unfcpcci, no hpu
sfom mcfpohonun nc pana na ccn pcmn honufuucckou u nocnnou
ofncfcfncnnocfu, a fakxc nc cfanuna sanauy ho usmcncnuk kyni-
fypno-honufuucckoio onuka mccfnoio naccncnun, ufo nomunu-
ponno n hosuuuu cnpohcuucn. Ofo cosnanano ucfkoc hpcncfanncnuc
o ofnomcnuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon k hponcmc cnpohcuckux
umhcpuu: onu paccmafpunanuci numi kak apxauunic cucfcmi
kpunuucckux ofnomcnuu, kak nopoiocfonmuc qopmi iochoncfna,
kofopic nonxni u moiyf ifi usmcncni c homomik hponcncnun
oncc hposopnunou pcqopmucfckou honufuku. Hmcnno sfof ohif
okasan onimoc nosncucfnuc na maiu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, koina
hocnc okonuanun Bfopou muponou nouni onu nsnnu na ccn poni
muponoio nuncpa.
10.2.3. HEPBMU OTAH ,EKOLOHUBAUUU:
19441950 tt.
Bfopan muponan nouna cfana ucfkum nonopasncnom n hpoucccc
nckononusauuu. Inpohcuckuc kononuaninic ncpxani, uacfo no
npcmn nocnnix ncucfnuu hpucianmuc k uchonisonanuk (na ocno-
nc hpunuuhon cknapauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu) honpasncncnuu
hpusinnukon us kononuu nnn foio, ufoi niuipafi nouny, okasa-
nuci c nauana kpusuca Ocu (fo ccfi, ho mcnimcu mcpc, c 14J
144 ii.) n cufyauuu, koina, ocnancnnic nounou u sannfic hpo-
ucccom nnyfpcnncu pckoncfpykuuu, onu fakxc inu ninyxncni
pcsko usmcnufi cnou honxoni k kononuaninou hponcmc. Hauancn
hpouccc usmcncnuu, nconunakonix ho fcmham, no onunakonix ho
pcsynifafam, usmcncnuu, na kofopic okasana pcmakmcc nnunnuc
hosuuun Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u nison, pomcnniu Concfckum
Coksom.
Mnoiuc kononuaninic fcppufopuu nnnnnuci fcafpom nouni:
Ccncpnan u Bocfounan Aqpuka, Inuxnuu Bocfok (xofn houfu ncc-
ina n kocncnnou u oipanuucnnou qopmc), ncn Bocfounan Asun, of-
uacfu naxc Hnnun. Ha sfux fcppufopunx nuufo nc coxpanunoci n
hpcxncm nunc. H sanyxnanuci fc, kfo, kak qpanuysi, nymanu,
ufo ncc moxcf, ho cymccfny, ocfaficn cs usmcncnuu, hycfi u c nc-
kofopou koppckfuponkou n coofncfcfnuu c fpconanunmu npcmcnu.
OO
Icpuon nhonckou okkyhauuu, kpafkuu, no okasanmuu cymccfncnnoc
nnunnuc na cfpani Asuu, hpcncfannnn coou hponcpky oipanuucn-
nou nonninocfu kononuaninix naponon n ofnomcnuu ionnannucn,
pufanucn unu qpanuyson, u, hpcnohpcncnun sakaf iochoncfna cn-
pohcuucn, yckopun hcpcxon k ocosnannim fpconanunm honnou
ncsanucumocfu.
B ofnuuuc of npyiux (ncasuafckux) kononuu, n ofnomcnuu ko-
fopix hpononunaci honufuka kocncnnoio hpanncnun, unou ina n
kpafkocpounom hnanc cynia asuafckux kononuu, naxonunmuxcn
hon nchocpcncfncnnim kononuaninim yhpanncnucm. pyium snc-
mcnfom, nckopc nohonnunmum omyk kapfuny, ino nauano xo-
nonnou nouni. Ona nc umcna n Asuu ocfpofi cnpohcuckoio cfonk-
noncnun. Hahpofun, n fom, ufo kacanoci Kio-Bocfounou Asuu,
kak Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, fak u Concfckuu Coks cpasy xc hocnc
okonuanun nouni n ucnom hpuncpxunanuci hosuuuu ncnmcma-
fcnicfna, nipaxanmcucn n monuanunom coinacuu na fo, ufoi y-
nymcc pciuona okasanoci n pykax pufanucn u qpanuyson. Onnako,
nchocpcncfncnnoc coccncfno c nonou cufyauucu n Kufac u fo, ufo
nauuonan-kommynucfi oucni icfpo okasanuci na ncncianinom
honoxcnuu ncc sfo sacfanuno Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, kofopic n
hpunuuhc nonxni inu oipanuuunafi cfpcmncnuc fpanuuuonnix
kononuaninix ncpxan k pcnanmy, na ncnc cuufaficn c ncoxonu-
mocfik nc ocnannfi cnoux cnpohcuckux coksnukon.
B konfckcfc xononnou nouni kononuaniniu nohpoc nahon-
nnncn nonim cmicnom. Iockoniky, coinacno mapkcucfcko-ncnun-
ckomy fcopcfuucckomy ananusy nannou hponcmi, kononusafopamu
inu kahufanucfi, a umhcpuanusm nnnnncn cunonumom hocncnncu
cfanuu kahufanusma, fo nnn mnoiux nauuonanucfon cfanonunoci
oucnunno, ufo nnn icfpcumcio sanocnanun ncsanucumocfu in
ncoxpnum coks c CCCI n opic sa ocnooxncnuc nccio mupa.
Ofof ananus nc yuufinan fof qakf, ufo fakou coks hpcnhonaian
hpnmoc cfonknoncnuc c mcfpohonucu, a, cncnonafcnino, sfah kpo-
nohponufnou nouni, ucna kofopou nnn kononuaninix fcppufopuu
ina i oucni nicoka. Kpomc foio, on nc hpunuman no nnumanuc
nosmoxnocfi hoynufi hpanufcnicfna pasnuunix kononuaninix
mcfpohonuu k nuanoiy, na kofopiu onu, koncuno, coinacunuci i
c inyokum ncnoncpucm, no kofopiu cfan i nnn nccx naumcncc
nopoiocfonmum napuanfom hponnuxcnun k ncsanucumocfu. Iona-
nounoci ncckoniko ncf, ufoi hpofaionucfi nckononusauuu
ocosnanu fof qakf, ufo coks c CCCI nc foniko hpunnsinan ux k
npyiou umhcpckou cucfcmc, c npyiumu, ho cpanncnuk c xapakfcp-
nimu nnn fpanuuuonnoio umhcpuanusma hpanunamu (onnako nc
mcncc yincfakmumu, ucm hocncnnuc), no u cmc oncc ocnoxnnn
O1
pcmcnuc hponcmi ncsanucumocfu, ninyxnan niupafi mcxny
hpofunocfonmumu mcxnynaponnimu coksamu, n fo npcmn kak sfof
niop numi n ncsnauufcninou cfchcnu nnnnncn achckfom opii
sa ocnooxncnuc.
Hnnoncsun, Hnnokufau, qpanuysckuc honmannafnic fcppufopuu
na Inuxncm Bocfokc, Ianccfuna u Hnnuuckuu cykonfuncnf
nof pciuoni, inc nhcpnic nauancn hpouccc hocncnocnnou nckono-
nusauuu. B Hnnoncsuu umcnno nhonui nanu umhynic nnuxcnuk
cohpofunncnun. Bouna chococfnonana fomy, ufo ionnannckuc hpa-
nufcnu cfanu oncc honafnunimu n ofnomcnuu fpconanuu nauuo-
nanucfon, onnako ux ycfyhku inu cncnani cnumkom hosnno u
hpccncnonanu ucni nochpchnfcfnonafi fomy, ufoi nhonui nsnnu
na ccn poni ocnoonufcncu of cnpohcuckoio uia. Iocnc okkyhauuu
Hnnoncsuu nhonui ocnoonunu us fkpcm noxncu nauuonaninoio
nnuxcnun, fakux, kak Cykapno u Xaffa, a fc hpunnnu hpcnnoxc-
nun o cofpynnuuccfnc, usnnckan us sfoio makcumaninyk niiony n
hocncnnuc mccnui nouni, koina onu inu nknkucni n cmcman-
niu unnoncsuucko-nhonckuu komufcf, sanaucu kofopoio ina
honiofonka k ocnooxncnuk cfpani. Cncnonafcnino hocnc hopa-
xcnun Shonuu yxc cymccfnonana nckan nnacfi, hochcmunman, n
fo npcmn kak fokuuckoc hpanufcnicfno ocyxnano ycnonun kahufy-
nnuuu, otnnufi o ncsanucumocfu Hnnoncsuu (17 aniycfa 145 i.).
Iponcma cocfonna n fom, ufoi hocfanufi ionnannucn hcpcn
cncpmunmumcn qakfom, nochonisonanmuci hcpuonom uncfufyuuo-
naninoio u nocnnoio nakyyma mcxny kahufynnuucu Shonuu u ho-
hifkou noccfanonncnun kononuaninou sanucumocfu. Tak, koina
anino-unnuuckuc noucka icncpana Kpucfucona nocfuinu Ionnann-
ckou Ocf-Hnnuu (1O ccnfnpn 145 i.), um hpumnoci cfonknyficn c
ncsanucumim anmunucfpafunnim ahhapafom, umcnmum yxc nocfa-
founo npcmcnu nnn foio, ufoi yhpouufi cnoc honoxcnuc.
Yuufinan, ufo uucfo nauuonanucfuucckuu xapakfcp nnuxcnun
hpconanan nan kakum i fo nu ino hyiakmum kommynucfuucc-
kum nnunnucm, pufanui nc saxofcnu honannnfi foniko ufo cosnan-
nyk cfpykfypy, a, nahpofun, hifanuci ycnufi ionnannckuc nnacfu
fcm npcmcncm hpuinmuc n cfpany n cohponoxncnuu cnoux nouck
houfu na coinamcnuc c nauuonanucfamu. Ofo ina cnoxnan sana-
ua; n xonc cc ocymccfnncnun inu momcnfi nahpnxcnnocfu, kyni-
munauucu kofopix cfanu kponanic cfonknoncnun n Cypaac n
konuc 145 i. Ho n ycnonunx momnoio cohpofunncnun unnoncsuu-
ucn pufanckum hocpcnnukam ynanoci hpcononcfi ofpuuafcninoc
ofnomcnuc ionnannckoio hapnamcnfa k hcpcionopam c nxakapfckum
hpanufcnicfnom. B qcnpanc 146 i. iycpnafop Ucmcpmon hpcnno-
xun cosnafi unnoncsuuckyk qcncpauuk, kofopan onanana i
O2
mupokou nnyfpcnncu anfonomucu, no ocfananaci i cnnsannou c
Huncpnannamu. B coofncfcfnuu c sfum hpcnnoxcnucm n ahpcnc na-
uanuci mupnic hcpcionopi, hpcpnannic us-sa ofkasa ionnannucn
hpusnafi Hnnoncsuuckyk pcchynuky hpcncfanufcncm nccx ocfpo-
non apxuhcnaia, hockoniky qakfuuccku ona konfponuponana n fof
momcnf foniko Cymafpy u Sny. Bixon us fyhukonou cufyauuu in
nauncn aninuuanamu, koina onu hpounqopmuponanu ionnannckuc
nnacfu o ninonc cnoux nouck no nonpn foio xc 146 i. Icpchckfu-
na ohopi foniko na cocfncnnic cuni honfonknyna Huncpnanni k
yckopcnuk xona coifuu u cmniucnuk ycnonuu hcpcionopon.
B nonpc 146 i. ino nocfuinyfo coinamcnuc (unianxafckoc
coinamcnuc), hosnonnnmcc cosnafi Cocnuncnnic Ufafi Hnnonc-
suu, ncsanucumic of Huncpnannon, no cnnsannic c numu coksom,
kpunuucckuu xapakfcp kofopoio hpcncfonno ohpcncnufi no 1 nn-
napn 14 i. Ha ncnc komhpomucc ofpaxan cnaocfi ionnannucn n
fof momcnf, a nc ux pcaninic namcpcnun. B coofncfcfnuu c coina-
mcnucm, nonan pcchynuka nknkuana foniko ocfpona Sna, Cymafpa
u Manypa. nn ocfaninou uacfu apxuhcnaia hpcnycmafpunanoci
cosnanuc cocfncnnix honufuucckux opianon, kofopic safcm pc-
munu i, hpucocnunnficn k qcncpauuu unu ncf. Ionnannckoc
hpanufcnicfno ohupanoci na sfy cfafik u mccfnoc cohcpnuuccfno,
ufoi nochpchnfcfnonafi pacmupcnuk cqcpi nnunnun unnonc-
suuckux opianon nnacfu. Ono nmcmanoci n cufyauuk, hpumcnun
nocnnyk cuny u okkyhuponan n 147 i. ocfpon Sna. Iypnan pcakuun
no nccm mupc sacfanuna aninuuan ofkasaficn of cnocu ponu hocpcn-
nukon, a Otcnuncnnic Hauuu sannficn sfou hponcmou. B an-
iycfc 147 i. ina cosnana Komuccun nopix ycnyi, pcsynifafom
paofi kofopou cfano saknkucnuc n nnnapc 148 i. nonoio coinamc-
nun (Icnnunickoio coinamcnun 17 nnnapn), ofpaxanmcio nospocmyk
cuny ionnannucn, hockoniky ono cyxano ipanuui qcncpafunnou
anfonomuu. Bnoxnonncnnic sfum ychcxom, ionnannui hohifanuci
noccfanonufi cnok nnacfi n oncc honnom otcmc. B nckapc 148 i.
ux noucka okkyhuponanu hocncnnuc fcppufopuu, ocfananmuccn y
nauuonanucfon. Cykapno u Xaffa inu apccfonani. Tcm camim
hpanufcnicfno Huncpnannon hponcmoncfpuponano, ufo ono nc co-
upanoci ofkasinaficn of konfponn nan Hnnoncsucu, u ufo hpo-
uccc nckononusauuu nonxcn n nkom cnyuac ocymccfnnnficn hon
pykononcfnom ionnanckou anmunucfpauuu.
Baxnyk poni n hpcononcnuu sfoio kpusuca ciipano nmcma-
fcnicfno Hnnuu (Hcpy opianusonan n nauanc 14 i konqcpcnuuk
aqpo-asuafckux cfpan, hofpconanmyk ncmcnncnnoio ninona ion-
nannckux nouck us Hnnoncsuu), no, hpcxnc nccio, nmcmafcni-
cfno Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Amcpukanui ohacanuci nciafunnoio
OJ
nnunnun na kononuaninic cfpani hosuuuu ionnannucn, cnonunmcu
na ncf hosufunnic pcsynifafi hpcnocfanncnun camocfonfcninocfu
unuhhunam u Hnnuu u pocanmcu unnoncsuuckux nauuonanucfon
n otnfin kommynucfon. Ofo nxonuno n hpofunopcuuc c hpakfukou
unnoncsuuckoio hpanufcnicfna, xccfoko honanunmcio hohifky
cqopmuponafi ncsanucumoc kommynucfuucckoc hpanufcnicfno n
Manuync, na ocfponc Sna. Cuninoc nuhnomafuucckoc nanncnuc
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon na coksnoc hpanufcnicfno Huncpnannon
nosimcno sqqckf. Iinu nauafi nonic hcpcionopi, yncnuanmuccn
27 nckapn 14 i. saknkucnucm Iaaickux coinamcnuu, hpusnanan-
mux ncsanucumocfi Cocnuncnnix Ufafon Hnnoncsuu. Ipu sfom
ocfananoci ohpcncnufi, kakum opasom nonxni qopmuponaficn
uncfufyuuonaninic cnnsu mcxny hpcxncu mcfpohonucu u nonou
cfpanou n hocncnykmcm. Ofu hcpcionopi hpononxanuci n fcucnuc
mnoiux ncf u inu sancpmcni hpunnfucm pcmcnun o honnom of-
ncncnuu Hnnoncsuu, hpunnfom n 154 i.
Hc mcncc nnycmicncnnou u ncpcmufcninou ina honufuka
panuuu n Hnnokufac. panuun, hofcpnnman hocnc 14O i. konf-
poni nan fcppufopunmu pciuona, moina noccfanonufi cio nan cnoumu
hpofckfopafamu n Hnnokufac u nan cnocu kononucu n Koxunxunc
foniko hocnc ux okkyhauuu pufanckumu u kufauckumu noucka-
mu, kofopic nonxni inu sfo cncnafi ho ycnonunm hcpcmupun,
saknkucnnoio 14 ccnfnpn c Shonucu. Binyxncnnoc conmccfnoc
yhpanncnuc unnokufauckumu fcppufopunmu honnunno na ynymcc
camux fcppufopuu. Icnu na kic, naionapn pufanckou honncpx-
kc, qpanuysckuc nnacfu nciko noccfanonunu cnoc yhpanncnuc, fo k
ccncpy of 16-u hapanncnu onu cfonknynuci c mnoiouucncnnimu
hpchnfcfnunmu, hpcxnc ucm ycfanonunu sqqckfunniu konfponi.
cucfnufcnino, cfpcmncnuc naocckoio u nicfnamckoio naponon k
ncsanucumocfu namno moiymccfncnnoio coksnuka n nuuc nauuo-
nanucfuucckoio Kufan. Ccinanci na hpunuuh asuafckou conunap-
nocfu, Iomuninan hifancn uchonisonafi okkyhauuk Hnnokufan
kak nnn yfncpxncnun cocfncnnou nnacfu n pciuonc, kofopiu fpa-
nuuuonno honuunnncn Cpcnunnou umhcpuu, fak u nnn foio, ufoi
nouficn nuknunauuu skcfcppufopuaninix qpanuysckux konucc-
cuu n Kufac. Ioncncnuc qpanuyson usmcnunoci foniko hocnc foio,
kak nankunckoc hpanufcnicfno nounoci ofkasa of ncpannohpannix
noionopon u pachpocfpancnun hpanun soni cnoonnou fopionnu
na fonapoomcn mcxny kufauckum mcnimuncfnom n Hnnokufac u
Kufacm.
Onnako c ninonom kufauckux nouck qpanuysi cfonknynuci c
oncc ccpicsnou hponcmou. B hcpuon honufuucckoio nakyyma,
nosnukmcio hcpcn noccfanonncnucm qpanuysckoio iochoncfna,
O4
uia opii sa ncsanucumocfi Bicfnama (Bicf-Muni) (cosnannan
n 141 i. nnn hpofunocfonnun nhonuam), n kofopou hpconanano
nnunnuc Kommynucfuucckou hapfuu no inanc c Xo Uu Munom,
hponosinacuna n Xanoc ncsanucumocfi cfpani, sannun o cosnanuu
cmokpafuucckou Icchynuku Bicfnam, u nicfyhuna sa hpunnfuc
skonomuucckou cucfcmi concfckoio opasua. B aocc, hocnc yxona
kufauucn, nosnukna ananoiuunan cufyauun. cucfnufcnino, 12 ok-
fnpn 145 i. ino hponosinamcno cosnanuc Iafcf-ao (Cfpani
ao), kofopan c hcpnonauaninix ymcpcnno-nauuonanucfuucckux
hosuuuu icfpo hcpcmna na nchpumupumic hosuuuu hpanufcni-
cfna Xanon.
B fo npcmn kak na fcppufopunx k ccncpy of 16-u hapanncnu na-
spcnanu, fakum opasom, ccpicsnic fpynnocfu, n Kamonxc u n
Kxnom Bicfnamc qpanuysam ynanoci noccfanonufi cnou konfponi
naionapn cofpynnuuccfny c pufanuamu, a fakxc nanuuuk cnon
fopionucn u mccfnix nnacfcu, n onimcu cfchcnu pachonoxcnnix
k nuanoiy. B Kamonxc naionapn hpaimafusmy hpunua Hoponoma
Cuanyka hpanufcnicfno, cqopmuponannoc nhonuamu, honfncpnuno
n nckapc 145 i. noionopi o hpofckfopafc 1884 i. Bmccfc c fcm
fam cnoxunaci ipyhha unfcnnckfyanon ofkpifix hpofunnukon
komhpomucca. Ofu hocncnnuc hoponunu honhoninoc nnuxcnuc co-
hpofunncnun hapfusan Kxmcp Hccapaka, nacfpocnnix ofkpo-
ncnno anfuqpanuyscku. Onnako hpumupufcninan hosuuun kam-
onxuuckoio monapxa hoynuna qpanuyson houfu na cosnanuc
nnycfoponncu komuccuu nnn usyucnun hponcmi nckononusauuu
hpofckfopafa.
B nauoncc paspaofannom nunc honufuka n ofnomcnuu Hnno-
kufan nauana cknaninaficn c nauana 146 i., koina hapuxckoc hpa-
nufcnicfno hpcnnoxuno cosnafi n cocfanc panuysckoio coksa
(Union 1runcuise) qcncpauuk unnokufauckux iocynapcfn, fo ccfi
cfpykfypi, hpusnannou cfafi kpunuucckou pamkou nnn fcppufo-
puu umhcpuu c pasnuunim fuhom ycfpoucfna, kofopim namcpcna-
nuci hpcnocfanufi ohpcncncnnyk cfchcni anfonomuu. Bohpcku
sfum yfncpxncnunm, fakan kpunuucckan cxcma ina nahpanncna
na coxpancnuc konfponupykmcu ponu panuuu n unnokufauckom
pciuonc, ufo nxonuno n hpnmou konqnukf c nauuonanusmom Bicf-
Munn. C npyiou cfoponi, nccmofpn na nconnokpafnic hpusini k
mcxnynaponnou conunapnocfu, xanouckoc hpanufcnicfno nc hony-
uuno nuhnomafuucckoio hpusnanun nu onnoio unocfpannoio iocy-
napcfna (foniko nauuonanucfuucckuu Kufau u Cocnuncnnic Ufa-
fi hpcnhpunnnu ncckoniko hohifok n sfom nahpanncnuu, onnako
nc noncnn ux no konua). Cncnonafcnino, n momcnf nosnpamcnun
qpanuyson Xo Uu Mun in ninyxncn cmupuficn c sfum, umcn
O5
n nuny hcpchckfuny nauana hcpcionopon c numu na ocnonc nonou
uncfufyuuonaninou pamku, hpcnnoxcnnou Iapuxcm.
Iacxoxncnuc n namcpcnunx nc samcnnuno hponnuficn. Yxc na
konqcpcnuuu n anafc (mau 146 i.) unnokufauckum ncnciauunm
cfano oucnunno, ufo qpanuysckoc hpanufcnicfno nc namcpcnanoci
houfu nanimc hpcnocfanncnun nckofopou anfonomuu, coxpanun
knkucnic cqcpi (yhpanncnuc skonomukou, nncmncu honufukou u
ooponou) n pamkax komhcfcnuuu panuysckoio coksa hon xccf-
kum konfponcm Iapuxa. Hccoinacuc c sfum nipasun Bicf-Muni, n
fo npcmn kak hpcncfanufcnu npyiux omccfncnnix cun coinacunuci.
Hcoxonumo ino, cncnonafcnino, opianusonafi ccpuk hcpciono-
pon Iuno c Xo Uu Munom, kofopic cocfonnuci n onfcnno n
uknc ccnfnpc 146 i. u onapyxunu yinyncnuc konqnukfa
mcxny nnymn cfoponamu.
Hs ncpaninou cqcpi konqnukf icfpo hcpcmccfuncn n no-
cnnyk. B fof camiu momcnf, koina nnc ncnciauuu oxunncnno o-
cyxnanu hpockf Xo Uu Muna, kacanmuucn nocfuxcnun honnou
ncsanucumocfu, n hopfy Xauqona n ncnifc Kpacnou pcku nauanuci
hcpnic noopyxcnnic cfonknoncnun. B ycnonunx icfpoio yxynmc-
nun cufyauuu hapuxckoc hpanufcnicfno hpunnno mcpi hpcnocfo-
poxnocfu, hifanci yckopcnnimu fcmhamu hponnunyficn k ohpcnc-
ncnuk kpunuucckoio cfafyca pasnuunix unnokufauckux kononuu c
fcm, ufoi usonuponafi pcchynuky Bicf-Muni. B hohifkc ocna-
ufi nnunnuc Xo Uu Muna ono hpucino k cosnanuk qukfunnoio
opiana hpcncfanufcnicfna nccio nicfnamckoio napona, samcnunmcio
ncnciauuk Xo Uu Muna sa cfonom hcpcionopon. Iin opasonan
ponf nauuonaninoio cnuncfna no inanc c inmum umhcpafopom
Annama Iao-au, kofopiu ofomcn of Bicf-Munn hocnc kpafkoio
hcpuona cofpynnuuccfna. Ionnncnuc oncc honafnunoio hapfncpa
ho hcpcionopam hosnonuno cpannufcnino nciko hpuufu k coina-
mcnuk fak nasinacmomy Inuccuckomy coinamcnuk 8 mapfa
14 i., kofopim n hpunuuhc hpusnananaci ncsanucumocfi Bicf-
nama, n fo npcmn kak qakfuuccku ncn cio ucnfpaninan uacfi (An-
nam) u kxnan (Koxunxuna) ocfananuci hon konfponcm qpanuyson.
3a komhpomuccnimu hpcnnoxcnunmu ckpinanuci, cncnonafcnino,
hpofunopcuun honufuku qpanuyson, cknonunmuxcn k nchpumu-
pumim hosuuunm. C npyiou cfoponi, hocnc pcmcnun nicfnam-
ckoio nohpoca, moxno ino oqopmufi yuacfuc aoca u Kamonxu
no panuysckom coksc, hponosinacun ncsanucumocfi fpcx iocy-
napcfn (2 uknn 14 i. Bicfnama, 6 qcnpann 15O i. aoca,
8 qcnpann 151 i. Kamonxu).
Ha hcpniu nsinnn qpanuysckuu hpockf hpcnocfanncnun qop-
maninou ncsanucumocfu, oipanuucnnou ucfko ohpcncncnnimu
O6
konfponinimu qynkuunmu mcfpohonuu, kasanoci, ynancn. Hc
foniko no Bicfnamc, no u n aocc, u n Kamonxc hpanufcnicfnam,
honncpxannim qpanuysamu, nc ynanoci camocfonfcnino ykopc-
nuficn, a, nhpoucm, ux hpumupcnucckan hosuuun n ofnomcnuu ko-
nonuaninou mcfpohonuu u nc moina sanocnafi honncpxky naxc ca-
mix ymcpcnnix nauuonanucfon. Ioncc foio, hohifka usonuponafi
n nuhnomafuucckom ofnomcnuu pcchynuky, hponosinamcnnyk
Bicf-Muncm, sakonuunaci honnim hponanom, hockoniky n nnnapc
15O i., n ofncf na hpusin Xanon, cfpani concfckoio noka chno-
ucnno hpusnanu cmokpafuucckyk Icchynuky Bicfnam. B uacf-
nocfu, foniko ufo cosnannan Kufauckan Haponnan Icchynuka
hpcnnoxuna pcxumy Xo Uu Muna cnok honncpxky n opic sa
nauuonaninoc ocnooxncnuc. Iapanncnino n Iapux hpuxonunu
usnccfun o hpusnanuu sahannimu cfpanamu otcnununmuxcn io-
cynapcfn panuysckoio coksa. Takum opasom, hpouccc nckono-
nusauuu n Hnnokufac ninunancn n camiu macmfaniu konqnukf
hcpuona xononnou nouni.
pyium hponnncnucm nchocncnonafcninocfu n pcmcnuu qpan-
uysamu kononuaninix hponcm cfano pasnufuc cufyauuu n hpofu-
nohonoxnou uacfu Asuu n Cupuu u unanc, nnyx honmannafnix
fcppufopunx, kofopim panuun onsanaci hpcnocfanufi ncsanu-
cumocfi. Ofu fcppufopuu yxc no npcmn nouni, n 141 i., nnnnnuci
apcnou cfonknoncnun mcxny cunamu, hpcnannimu hpanufcnicfny
Bumu, u qpanuysckumu uacfnmu, honncpxunanmumu nc Ionnn.
Iocnc ncynauu hohifok, hpcnhpunnfix nouckamu cfpan Ocu na
Inuxncm Bocfokc, Cupun u unan hcpcmnu hon konfponi Cno-
onnou panuuu. B 14J i. icncpan Zopx Kafpy iapanfuponan
um ckopcumcc hpcnocfanncnuc ncsanucumocfu. 3a sfum ocmanu-
cm, honfncpxncnnim n momcnf nauonimcu ohacnocfu, cpasy xc
hocncnonanu cnoonnic niopi, hpuncnmuc k pykononcfny ocumu
fcppufopunmu ymcpcnnix nauuonanucfon, ncmcnncnno hpucfyhun-
mux k paspaofkc nopm, kofopic nonxni inu sakpchufi honnyk
ncsanucumocfi. Hmcnno pcmufcninocfi nunanckoio hpcsuncnfa
ani-Xypu nisnana ofncfnyk pcakuuk qpanuyson, onapyxun oipa-
nuucnnocfi mimncnun snauufcninou uacfu nocnno-honufuucckux
kpyion Iapuxa.
B nonpc 14J i. ani-Xypu in apccfonan ho hpukasy qpanuys-
ckux nnacfcu, kofopic, onnako, ninyxncni inu ofkasaficn of
cocfncnnoio pcmcnun n pcsynifafc nmcmafcnicfna aninuuan, osa-
oucnnix fcm, ufoi nc nanafi honona nnn ncnononicfna apacko-
my nauuonanusmy. B nckapc 14J i. ani-Xypu in ocnooxncn, u
c sfoio npcmcnu nauancn sancpmakmuu sfah hpouccca honyucnun
ncsanucumocfu unanom u Cupucu. uhnomafuucckoc hpusnanuc,
O7
cpasy xc hpcnocfanncnnoc Concfckum Coksom u Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu, samufuno oc fcppufopuu of nahanok qpanuyson. cu-
cfnufcnino, na hpofnxcnuu nccio 144 i. hpononxanuci hcpciono-
pi ofnocufcnino samufi qpanuysckux unfcpccon u kynifypnix
uncfufyfon n sfux nnyx cfpanax. C npyiou cfoponi, yuacfuc nnyx
hpanufcnicfn n honhucanuu noionopa of 22 mapfa 145 i., yupcx-
nanmcio uiy apackux iocynapcfn, a fakxc ux hpunnfuc n OOH
ucknkuanu ncnkuc comncnun. panuuu ocfananaci foniko nos-
moxnocfi honhucafi c Cupucu u unanom noionopi, kofopic ia-
panfuponanu i coxpancnuc kakou-nuo qopmi nocnno-honufu-
ucckoio hpucyfcfnun. Onnako sfa nosmoxnocfi ina yhymcna n
hcpuon hocncnncio kpusuca, nauanmciocn n mac 145 i.
Hncn nccfu hcpcionopi o saknkucnuu fakux coinamcnuu n
Icupyfc, n hpucyfcfnuu ccncianickoio nounckoio konfunicnfa,
ncpnoio hapuxckomy hpanufcnicfny, nisnano nonncnun u ccho-
pnnku, oxnafunmuc ncci iopon. Cupuuui u nunanui inu iofoni
sannufi, ufo n fakou afmocqcpc onu nc moiyf nccfu hcpcionopi.
B hocncnnuc nnu man cchopnnku hpunnnu xapakfcp camoio nacfo-
nmcio nccomcio noccfanun, chponouuponan xccfokuc pchpcccuu
co cfoponi qpanuyson. J1 man Yuncfon Hcpuunni, yxc ofnanmuu
hpukas nocnnomy komannonanuk na Inuxncm Bocfokc o noccfa-
nonncnuu hopnnka, n houfu ynifumafunnou qopmc hofpconan of
nc Ionnn hpckpafufi oioni u ofnccfu qpanuysckuc noucka n kasap-
mi. Oonpcnnic pufanckou honncpxkou, hpanufcnicfna Cupuu u
unana sannunu 2O uknn o cnocm pcmcnuu ofcfpanufi nccx qpan-
uysckux ipaxnan of uchonncnun onsannocfcu n anmunucfpauuu
nnyx cfpan.
Ho nnn foio, ufoi okonuafcninoc coinamcnuc ino nocfuiny-
fo, honanounoci cmc houfu honiona nuckyccuu aninuuan u qpan-
uyson, hpoxonunmux nc nccina n chokounou ocfanonkc. 1J nckapn
oc cfoponi coinacunuci onnonpcmcnno ninccfu cnou noucka us
cfpan Inuxncio Bocfoka, nc nasnauan, onnako, nukakou founou
nafi. Cupun u unan hpcncfanunu opamcnuc n Concf Icsohac-
nocfu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu, kofopomy nc ynanoci hpunnfi pcso-
nkuuk us-sa ohhosuuuu Concfckoio Coksa n ofnomcnuu cnumkom
mnikou pckomcnnauuu ninccfu okkyhauuonnic cuni c Inuxncio
Bocfoka. Bhpoucm, yknonuunan hosuuun qpanuyson moina nisnafi
numi apicpiapnnic cfonknoncnun. B konuc nckapn 146 i. hocncn-
nuc unocfpannic noucka hokunynu unan.
Bouna panukaninim opasom usmcnuna xapakfcp Ipufanckou
umhcpuu, hpcnpafun cc, c skonomuucckou fouku spcnun, n oucni
ucnfpanusonanniu mcxanusm, honuuncnniu hofpcnocfnm u cfpafc-
iuu mcfpohonuu. Aninuuanc ycfanonunu konfponi nan sapaofkamu
O8
n fncpnou nankfc (fo ccfi n nonnapax) houfu na nccx fcppufopunx,
nxonunmux n sony qynfa cfcpnunion nnn pcmcnun hponcm, cnn-
sannix c ohnafou hocfanok oopynonanun u npyiux fonapon us Co-
cnuncnnix Ufafon. Ofa mcpa hpuncna k xponuucckou ncxnafkc
hofpcufcnickux u hpousnoncfncnnix fonapon n kononunx. Io-
cncncfnun n nunc unqnnuuu u samcnncnun skonomuucckoio pasnu-
fun n ioni nouni nochpunumanuci kak ncuscxnan xcpfna. Onnako
hpononxcnuc ocymccfnncnuc fakoio xc konfponn Bcnukopufanucu
hocnc okonuanun konqnukfa c ucnik honncpxanun cfoumocfu qyn-
fa cfcpnunion u pannonccun cnocio hnafcxnoio ananca nisnano
npocfnic hpofccfi nauuonanucfon. Icmakmcc snaucnuc n sfom
hnanc umcno coxpancnuc hocnc okonuanun nouni pcxuma ucnfpa-
nusonannoio konfponn nan ucnamu na fonapi, skchopfupycmic c
fcppufopuu umhcpuu. annan mcpa, nncncnnan cnauana nnn samu-
fi kononuaninix hpousnonufcncu of hocncncfnuu cokpamcnun
fopionoio qnofa u fpancqopmauuu pinka, cnnsannou c nounou,
okasanaci niionnou ucknkuufcnino mcfpohonuu, hockoniky n yc-
nonunx pocfa ucn n muponom macmfac Bcnukopufanun cmoina
hpononxafi hokyhafi fonapi ho nuskum ucnam, n fo npcmn kak
kononuu pachnauunanuci sa nciafunnic achckfi cufyauuu, ohna-
uunan umhopf ho ucnam muponoio pinka.
Hc ncc, onnako, ocfananoci n fakom ncusmcnnom nunc, kak
moxno ino i honymafi hocnc hpoufcnun sfou nnonnou uacfu.
Ionsni amcpukanckoio anfukononuanusma u hocfonnnoc nanncnuc
amcpukanucn, nahpanncnnoc hpofun pufanckux umhcpckux hpc-
qcpcnuuu, kofopoc cfano konfpahynkfom nsaumoofnomcnuu mcxny
nnymn ncpxanamu c momcnfa hpunnfun sakona o ncnn-nusc, yckopu-
nu hpouccc hcpcocmicncnun umhcpckou honufuku, nauafou munu-
cfcpcfnom ho ncnam kononuu hocnc ncnukou nchpcccuu, u namnu
konkpcfnoc nipaxcnuc n accuinonanuu kpyhnix cymm, hpcnnasna-
ucnnix nnn qunancuponanun pasnufun kononuu, ufo cfano hpcnk-
nucu oncc nunamuunoio honxona k hponcmam umhcpuu. Ha sfou
ocnonc n konuc nouni nauan hpononuficn noniu kypc kononuani-
nou honufuku, hpcxnc nccio n Aqpukc, ocnonanniu na ycxnc-
nuu, ufo, nccmofpn na okasinacmoc mcxnynaponnoc nanncnuc,
pufanckoc kononuaninoc iochoncfno coxpanufcn cmc na hpofn-
xcnuu nccnfuncfuu.
Hmhcpun okasanaci ncsafponyfou nounou, onnako coifun nou-
ni usmcnunu fpanuuuonnoc nnn nomunuonon omymcnuc cfpafciu-
ucckou sanucumocfu of mcfpohonuu. Cnaua Cuniahypa u pcmakmuu
nknan amcpukanucn n nosnpamcnuc fcppufopuu, okkyhuponannix
nhonuamu, honnunnu na hosuuuu, sannfic nhocncncfnuu Ancfpa-
nucu u Honou 3cnannucu n ofnomcnuu pufanckou cfpafciuu na
O
anincm Bocfokc. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi hpcncfanu kak nauoncc
nancxniu iapanf of ohacnix usmcncnuu, nisnannix nounou.
axc Kanana ina ninyxncna hpucinyfi c ucnik iapanfuponafi
csohacnocfi cnocio hocpcxin u afnanfuucckux cnnscu k homomu
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, nhcpnic honhucan n aniycfc 14O i. coina-
mcnuc o coksc mcxny nomunuonom u nncmncu ho ofnomcnuk k
umhcpckou cucfcmc ncpxanou. B Kxnou Aqpukc cpcnu aqpukanc-
pon, fo ccfi cnoio naccncnun ypckoio hpoucxoxncnun, pachpocfpa-
nunuci pcchynukanckuc u anfupufanckuc nacfpocnun, a cam
kxnoaqpukanckuu hpcmicp-munucfp Sn Cmsfc, ymcpcnniu aq-
pukancp, mcufan o fom, ufoi pasncnufi c aninuuanamu konfponi
nan kononuaninou honufukou n Aqpukc. Bcn Aqpuka hpcncfannnna
coou konfuncnf, inc, sa ncmnoiumu ucknkucnunmu, nauuonaninoc
nnuxcnuc nc cfano cmc cunou, paspymakmcu umhcpuk. Hacfonmuc
hponcmi, c kofopimu hpumnoci cfonknyficn aninuuanam, kaca-
nuci Kio-Bocfounou Asuu (of Manauu no ocfponon n Tuxom okca-
nc), Hnnuuckoio cykonfuncnfa u honccfunckoio mannafa.
B Hnnuu nuncpi hapfuu Konipccca ofncfunu na nonncucnuc
cfpani n nouny cs koncynifauuu c numu kak ofkpifim nccoina-
cucm, fak u kamhanucu ipaxnanckoio nchonunoncnun, otnnncn-
nou n 14O i. B 142 i. onu ofkasanuci of hpcnnoxcnuu aninuuan
nasnauufi niopi n koncfufyuuonnyk accamnck hocnc okonuanun
nocnnix ncucfnuu c hcpchckfunou cosnanun unnuuckou qcncpauuu
co cfafycom nomunuona. Iannu ofncfun naponnim noccfanucm, ko-
fopoc ino csxanocfno honanncno u hpuncno k apccfy nccio pyko-
noncfna hapfuu. Yuufinan, ufo n Iupmc u Manauc yxc naxonunuci
nhonui, ncoxonumo ino naufu oncc hpucmncmix hapfncpon,
kofopic cncnanu i n fo xc npcmn nosmoxnim cmniucnuc kono-
nuaninoio pcxuma. Tof qakf, ufo niop han na Mycynimanckyk
nuiy, kofopyk nosinannnn Myxammcn Anu xunna, cfpcmunmuucn
k cosnanuk camocfonfcninoio mycynimanckoio iocynapcfna, n hpo-
funohonoxnocfi ynufapucfckou u ucnfpanucfckou hpoipammc
Konipccca, ofonnunyn ucni coxpancnun cnuncfna Hnnuu na nfo-
pou hnan saknkuufcninoio sfaha hcpcionopon.
Ofo cfano oucnunnim n 145 i., koina c kapnunaninim usmcnc-
nucm nocnnou cufyauuu ncuopucfckoc hpanufcnicfno Offnu sa-
xofcno nosononufi hpcnnoxcnun 142 i. Ipockf nafonknyncn na
ohhosuuuk nuncpon Konipccca, ycxncnnix, ufo kononuaninan
anmunucfpauun onsafcnino honncpxuf fpconanun mycyniman-
ckou nuiu xunni, u ohacakmuxcn, ufo sa sfum moxcf hocncno-
nafi ucknkucnuc Icnnxaa u Icnianuu us ynymcu unnuuckou
qcncpauuu. Aninuuanc, co cnocu cfoponi, osaoucnnic fcm, ufo-
i hpcnofnpafufi nosmoxnyk ipaxnanckyk nouny unu noccfanuc
1O
n apmuu, n kofopou ino cunino nnunnuc mycyniman, ncpnix co-
ksnukon nocnnix ncf, nc inu cknonni coinacuficn c nannsina-
nucm Konipcccom hpunuuha cnuncfna cfpani.
B 146 i. ofnomcnun mcxny nnymn hapfunmu yxynmunuci; n
onnonc honyuunu honfncpxncnuc foio, ufo, kak honaian nuuc-
koponi Hnnuu icncpan Yoncnn, honufuka pchpcccuu nc moina
onimc hpumcnnficn c nancxnou na ychcx. Yoncnn nauan nacfau-
nafi na fom, ufoi ina ncno ohpcncncna nafa ninona pufanckux
nouck. Imy, onnako, nc ynanoci nouficn coinacun hpanufcnicfna,
ncc cmc ncnanmcio cfanky na yhopnnoucnnyk hcpcnauy nnacfu u nc
xcnanmcio hpcncfafi unuuuafopom honufuku paspymcnun umhc-
puu. Okonuafcniniu honopof hpousomcn c nasnaucnucm anmupana
nopna yuca Maynfcffcna na mccfo Yoncnna. B nauanc 147 i.,
koina pacccnnuci hocncnnuc nancxni na hpumupcnuc mcxny My-
cynimanckou nuiou u hapfucu Konipccca, nonnonckoc hpanufcni-
cfno oquuuanino nickasanoci sa hcpcnauy nnacfu onnomy unu nc-
ckonikum unnuuckum hpanufcnicfnam, coinacunmuci fcm camim
c unccu cnuncfna kak hpuopufcfnou, no hpu sfom nc ucknkuan
nosmoxnocfu pasncncnun cfpani.
Maynfcffcn ychcmno ncn ncna n hocncnnuc mccnui pufan-
ckoio hpanncnun. Ofomy chococfnonano fo ocfonfcnicfno, ufo cio
hpuifuc conhano c hocfchcnnim usmcncnucm hosuuuu Konipccca,
cmupunmciocn c hcpchckfunou pasncncnun cfpani c ucnik usc-
xafi nckonfponupycmix cchopnnkon fakxc u n ncmycynimanckux
hponunuunx, noccfanuu mccfnix hpanufcncu u pachana nccu cfpa-
ni. Kpomc foio, nnn cokpamcnun cpokon hcpcnauu nnacfu Konipccc
n hpunuuhc coinacuncn fakxc na hpucocnuncnuc k Conpyxccfny
nnyx nonix nomunuonon (Hnnuu u Iakucfana), honyuunmux ncsa-
nucumocfi n aniycfc 147 i. Hnnun nhocncncfnuu ynacncnonana
pufanckuc hpana ho konfponk nan nncmncu honufukou Iyfana,
cfanmcio honnocfik ncsanucumim n 171 i., hoinofuna qpanuys-
ckuc anknani n 154 i., hopfyianickuc n 161 i., a n 175 i. an-
nckcuponana Cukkum.
Onnako fof choco, kakum inu cosnani nna nonix iocynap-
cfna, ofuacfu ompauun fopxccfncnnocfi ofkasa Bcnukopufanuu
of xcmuyxuni n cnocu umhcpckou koponc. Icpnan fpynnocfi nos-
nukna n cnnsu c hponcmou honuuncnun cnunomy unnuuckomy
hpanufcnicfny oncc 5OO knnxccfn, nc sanuccnmux nchocpcncfncnno
of pufanckou koponi, a nnnnnmuxcn hpofckfopafamu. Onnou us
hpuuun yckopcnun Maynfcffcnom yxona pufanucn ina umcnno
ncoxonumocfi nc nafi cchapafucfckum nnuxcnunm nosmoxnocfu
ykpchuficn. Bfopan u oncc ccpicsnan cnoxnocfi kacanaci ohpcnc-
ncnun ipanuu mcxny unnuuckum u mycynimanckum iocynapcfnamu.
11
Komuccun, kofopou ino hopyucno oosnauufi sfy ipanuuy, ycfa-
nonuna, ufo mycynimanckoc iocynapcfno nonxno ifi pasncncno
na nnc uacfu: Icnianuk, c hpconananucm mycynimanckoio naccnc-
nun, na fcppufopuu, hpumikakmcu k akkc u nknkuakmcu ncni-
fy Iania, u 3ahanniu Iakucfan, c pciuonamu Icnynxucfan, Cunn
u Icnnxa. Baxncumcc snaucnuc umcno pcmcnuc o hcpcnauc Hn-
nuu onimcu uacfu Kammupa. Hcohpcncncnnocfi sfnuucckux u
pcnuiuosnix ipanuu n Icnnxac u Kammupc hpuncna k macconomy
hcpcccncnuk nkncu n ooux nahpanncnunx. B afmocqcpc xccfokocfu,
hnoxo coucfanmcucn c ncnuuucm momcnfa, n cfonknoncnunx, co-
hponoxnanmux sfof ucxon, hoiuno okono nnyx munnuonon ucno-
nck. Cam Iannu, yufiu n nnnapc 148 i. qanafukom-unnyucfom,
cfan onnou us xcpfn sfou afmocqcpi. Ho ofnomcnun mcxny Hn-
nucu u Iakucfanom ho honony Kammupa hpuopcnu, nauunan c
147 i., konqnukfniu xapakfcp, unoina noxonn no ofkpifou nouni
(165 i.), pachpocfpanunmcucn fakxc na Icnnxa, sony ncohpcnc-
ncnnocfu, kofopan okasinana u okasinacf no cux hop (1 i.) oh-
pcncnnkmcc nnunnuc na xusni na cykonfuncnfc.
Hcfopun Iakucfana c fouku spcnun mcxnynaponnix ofnomc-
nuu nhocncncfnuu fakxc ina nchpocfou. B 171 i. napacfanuc
konqnukfa mcxny nnymn uacfnmu onnoio u foio xc iocynapcfna,
fak nancko pachonoxcnnimu npyi of npyia u umckmumu cfoni pas-
nic cfpafciuucckuc unfcpcci u skonomuucckuc ycnonun, hpuncnu k
ipaxnanckou nounc nocfounix cnianiucn hpofun nouck 3ahannoio
Iakucfana, hpucyfcfnonanmux na ux fcppufopuu. Ionncpxka Hn-
nuu chococfnonana hocnc honcfanucn u hpuncna k cosnanuk nc-
sanucumoio mycynimanckoio iocynapcfna, honyuunmcio nasnanuc
Ianinancm.
B Iupmc nhonckan okkyhauun nisnana ofncfnic ncucfnun hpo-
funohonoxnou nahpanncnnocfu. Hckofopic nauuonanucfuucckuc
sncmcnfi cofpynnuuanu c okkyhauuonnimu cunamu, nancnci na
ncmcnncnnoc hpcnocfanncnuc ncsanucumocfu cfpanc; npyiuc opia-
nusonanu nnuxcnuc cohpofunncnun, kofopoc ocnoninanoci na nc-
noncpuu n ofnomcnuu pcaninix namcpcnuu okkyhanfon u nancxnc
na honufuucckyk komhcncauuk co cfoponi mcfpohonuu. Ayn
Can, mononou nuncp Iapfuu fakunon, nicfyhanmcu sa ncsanu-
cumocfi, honyuun nocnnyk honiofonky n Shonuu u ncpnyncn na
ponuny nnn cosnanun apmuu, kofopan homoiana i okkyhauuonnim
cunam. Onnako on icfpo ycnuncn n oipanuucnnom xapakfcpc
hpcnnoxcnuu nhonucn. Toina on sannncn cosnanucm anfunhoncko-
io hapfusanckoio nnuxcnun cohpofunncnun, kofopoc, naionapn
honncpxkc Maynfcffcna, n fo npcmn pufanckoio inannokomannyk-
mcio n Kio-Bocfounou Asuu, hpusnano n mononom komannupc
12
nauoncc ucnnoio hapfncpa, cqopmuponanmciocn n xonc nocnnix
hcpfypauuu.
Iocnc okonuanun nocnnix ncucfnuu aninuuanc koncanuci of-
nocufcnino ncoxonumocfu cpasy xc pcmafi nohpoc o ncsanucu-
mocfu Iupmi. Onnako ncnosmoxnocfi noccfanonufi sqqckfunnyk
nnacfi ninynuna ux cncnafi cfanky na Ayn Cana, n fom uucnc u us-
sa ohaccnun, ufo on ncfyhuf n coks c kommynucfamu, umcnmumu
nononino cuninic hosuuuu n kpccfinnckom mupc. Ofum maiom
onnon nancnncn sanocnafi noncpuc cnuncfncnnou cuni, kofopan
cuufanaci choconou coxpanufi cnuncfno cfpani, c ucnik noufi-
cn cnocu inannou ucnu mnikou hcpcnauu nnacfu, cs ncxcna-
fcninix hocncncfnuu cfpafciuucckoio xapakfcpa u c coxpancnucm
skonomuucckux cnnscu n ynymcm. uncpi nuiu Ayn Cana, ohaca-
nci hofcpnfi honncpxky kpccfinnckux macc, n cnyuac ofkasa of nc-
hpumupumoio ofnomcnun k kononuaninou anmunucfpauuu, nc
hpunnnu pufanckuc hpcnnoxcnun u hofpconanu ncmcnncnnoio
hpcnocfanncnun ncsanucumocfu, kofopyk onu honyuunu n nnnapc
148 i. Iupma cfana pcchynukou, nc cnnsannou c Bcnukopufanucu
naxc hpunanncxnocfik k Conpyxccfny.
Iopasno oncc mupnim in hcpcxon nnacfu n Hcunonc, foniko
kocncnno safponyfom nounou. Koncfufyuuonniu hpouccc na ocf-
ponc moi hpononxaficn ho hyfu, hpcnnaucpfannomy onnonom, na
ocnonc cofpynnuuccfna c mccfnimu fpanuuuonnimu snufamu, nu-
mcnnimu macconou asi u cknonnimu k komhpomuccy c cnpohcu-
uamu. B 145 i. aninuuanc cmc u nc yhomunanu o nosmoxnocfu
hpcnocfanncnun Hcunony cfafyca nomunuona. B 146 i. na niopax
hocnunu ymcpcnnic ucunonui, u aninuuckomy hpanufcnicfny yna-
noci nauafi hpouccc hcpcionopon. Hx pcsynifafom cfano hpusnanuc
nckononusauuu u hpunanuc Hcunony n 148 i. cfafyca nomunuona
n omcn na conkncnuc skonomuucckux u nocnnix unfcpccon
Ipufanuu. Iononan moncni hcpcxona kasanaci foina uncaninou
qopmynou komhpomucca mcxny ucnnmu mcfpohonuu u umhcpckou
hcpuqcpuu.
Io konfpacfy cnyuau Manauu hponcmoncfpuponan, ufo yxon us
asuafckou uacfu umhcpuu nc osnauan nnn Bcnukopufanuu ofkasa
of kononuaninoio iochoncfna, a nnnnncn nsncmcnnim, xofn u ninyx-
ncnnim u oncsncnnim, cfpafciuucckum pcmcnucm, ocnonannim
na cohocfanncnuu usncpxck u niion of konfponn nan Hcnfpaninou
u Kxnou Asucu. onnonckoc hpanufcnicfno pcmuno, ufo iochon-
cfno nan Manaucu no nouni ocymccfnnnmcccn n pasnuunix
qopmax sanucumocfu u safcm nuknunuponannoc nhonckou okkyha-
uucu cncnonano nosononufi u, oncc foio, ycunufi hocpcn-
cfnom cosnanun qcncpauuu fcppufopuu hon cnunim yhpanncnucm,
1J
ufo hpcnpafuno i cfpany nc foniko n kononuk, umckmyk naxnoc
skonomuucckoc snaucnuc, no u n nancxnoio samufnuka Cuniahypa,
u, cncnonafcnino, pufanckoio hyfu na Bocfok.
Ofomy hpockfy, hpcnycmafpunanmcmy, n coofncfcfnuu c kon-
cfufyuucu 146 i., pachpocfpancnuc ipaxnancfna qcncpauuu na
unnuuckoc u kufauckoc mcnimuncfna, hpoxunanmuc na nannou
fcppufopuu, hpofunocfonn manauckuu nauuonanusm, kofopomy
ynanoci nouficn komhpomuccnoio pcmcnun. Cynfani nc numa-
nuci cnocio cyncpcnufcfa, ofncninic iocynapcfna coxpannnu ncko-
fopic honnomouun n qunanconou cqcpc u hpcnocxoncfno manauucn
occhcuunanoci, hpcxnc nccio, hpcnocfanncnucm ipaxnancfna numi
nconimomy hpoucnfy naccncnun. Bcnukopufanun, yuufinan
ohacnocfi foio, ufo ionnannckan ohhosuuun n ofnomcnuu manau-
ckoio nauuonanusma n Hnnoncsuu moina hpunccfu u n Manauc k
ccpicsnomy cohpofunncnuk kononuaninomy konfponk, hpcnhouna
houfu na ycfyhku u iapanfuponafi ccc, fakum opasom, honncpxky
ymcpcnnix u konccpnafunnix cnocn, kofopic uipanu ncnymyk poni
n manauckom nauuonaninom nnuxcnuu. Ofa honncpxka okasina-
naci n omcn na sqqckfunnyk skonomuucckyk u honufuucckyk
homomi hpofun nacfyhncnun kufauckoio mcnimuncfna u hpokom-
mynucfuucckou hapfusanckou nouni. Toniko n 6O-c ioni, koina
Cuniahyp fakxc honyuun ncsanucumocfi, ncfan nohpoc o oncc sq-
qckfunnom ycfpoucfnc fcppufopuu Manauu. Toina u ina cosnana
(mcxny 16J u 165 ii.) Manausun, qcncpauun, kofopan otcnunu-
na xofn u c coxpancnucm snauufcninou mccfnou anfonomuu
ncc cfapic pufanckuc nnancnun n sfou sonc, sa ucknkucnucm ca-
moio Cuniahypa.
10.2.4. COB,AHUE UBPAULH B 1948 t.
U EFO HOCLE,CTBUH
Bhpoucm, camiu myuufcniniu hpouccc nckononusauuu Bcnu-
kopufanun hcpcxuna n cnnsu c cufyauucu na fcppufopuu Iancc-
funi. Iaccmofpcnuc icncsuca uspaunickoio iocynapcfna n pamkax
hpouccca nckononusauuu moxcf hokasaficn nchpanuninim, u, nos-
moxno, ofuacfu sfo u fak. cucfnufcnino, hponcma fcppufopuu
Ianccfuni, yhpannncmix Bcnukopufanucu, icfpo hpuopcna
fakou pcsonanc u nonnckna fakoc konuuccfno yuacfnukon, ufo
nckopc cfana kpyhnou mcxnynaponnou hponcmou. Onnako hpcn-
cfannncfcn nccomncnnim, ufo, ho kpauncu mcpc na nauaninom
sfahc, fpynnocfu Bcnukopufanuu n cnnsu c Ianccfunou cocfonnu
inannim opasom n fom, ufoi naufu ohpcncncnnyk qopmy ycf-
poucfna nnn fcppufopuu, ofnannou Bcnukopufanuu n kauccfnc
14
honmannafnou, fo ccfi n kauccfnc icoipaquucckou soni, hpupan-
nunacmou no nccx npyiux cnyuanx k kononuaninomy mupy. Koncu-
no, moxno ino i ocyxnafi, cymccfnonanu nu umcnno na sfou
uacfu pufanckux honmannafnix fcppufopuu ycnonun nnn hpunan-
ncxnocfu k mannafam kafciopuu A, fo ccfi, inu nu sfu fcppu-
fopuu, yxc iofoni k ncsanucumocfu hpu ycnonuu homomu usnnc
na honiofonufcninom sfahc. B ncucfnufcninocfu, hocnc ofncncnun
Tpancuopnanuu na ocfaninou uacfu Ianccfuni nc ino nu ycno-
nuu nnn ncmcnncnnoio qopmuponanun mccfnoio hpanufcnicfna,
cocfonmcio us hanccfunckux apaon, nu nosmoxnocfu cosnanun
kakoio-nuo npyioio hpanufcnicfna.
Iponcma nosnukna ho cymccfny n hcpuon 1J5147 ii. Iocnc
1JJ i. n pcsynifafc cnpcuckou ummuipauuu coofnomcnuc uucncn-
nocfu cnpccn u apaon cpcnu hanccfunckoio naccncnun, n omcu
cnoxnocfu nocfuianmcio hpumcpno onnoio munnuona ucnonck, co-
cfanuno coofncfcfncnno 4OO fic. u 6OO fic. Icnan knuia 1J i.,
c cc oipanuucnunmu u cc ocmanunmu, nc ynonncfnopnna nu onny
us cfopon. C nauana 4O-x ionon cnpcuckuc omuni nccio mupa u, n
ococnnocfu, Cocnuncnnix Ufafon nauanu fpconafi cosnanun n
Hspaunc ncsanucumoio cnpcuckoio iocynapcfna. B 142 i. sfo cfano
oquuuaninou ucnik Bccmupnou cuonucfckou opianusauuu, sa no-
cfuxcnuc kofopou ona oponaci c cmc onimum yhopcfnom hocnc
foio, kak, nauunan c 14J i., n mupc cfanu pachpocfpannficn usncc-
fun o ounc, ycfpocnnou Iufncpom n cncfc fak nasinacmoio okon-
uafcninoio pcmcnun cnpcuckoio nohpoca.
C npyiou cfoponi, apai fakxc hpononxanu cnok opiy c
pufanuamu, u n mapfc 145 i. cfpani, nxonunmuc n uiy apa-
ckux iocynapcfn, c snfysuasmom hpunnnu pcmcnuc o ncmcnncnnom
cosnanuu apackoio iocynapcfna n camou Ianccfunc. Iponcma,
cncnonafcnino, nnno ninnuianaci n paspnn mcxnynaponnix. Onnako
ona yhupanaci n ncoxonumocfi foio, ufoi Bcnukopufanun ykasa-
na kak ona sfo cncnana nnn nccx mannafon kafciopuu A kakoc
hpanufcnicfno nonxno ifi cosnano na noncpcnnou cu fcppufopuu,
fo ccfi kakum umcnno opasom ona namcpcnacfcn nckononusonafi
Ianccfuny. Hanoxcnuc u naxc hpocfo cocnuncnuc cnpcuckux u
apackux fpconanuu ncnano hponcmy upcsniuauno cnoxnou.
Inpcuckuu nauuonanusm saponuncn n XIX nckc n cpcnc unfcnnu-
icnuuu, hpoxunanmcu n ycnonunx nccnooni n Ioccuuckou umhc-
puu, nnoni ipanuui c honickumu u ancfpo-ncnicpckumu scmnnmu.
Cuonusm, fo ccfi nnuxcnuc, umckmcc ucnik nosnpamcnuc cnpccn
n 1rer, 1sruel, scmnk hpcnkon, ponuncn n sfou cpcnc, hufacmiu of-
uannucm munnuonon ocsnoncnnix u ncnfcninocfik fakux unfcn-
nckfyanon, kak Tconop Icpuni. Icpuni in cnpcuckum xypnanucfom
15
ncnicpckoio hpoucxoxncnun, kofopiu n 1884 i. no panuuu cnc-
nun sa coifunmu, cnnsannimu c ncnom pcuqyca na pasnuunix
cio sfahax. Binnncnuc cfoni inyokux kopncu qpanuysckoio anfu-
ccmufusma hpuncno cio k nahucanuk n 186 i. paofi hon nasna-
nucm Inpcuckoc iocynapcfno, n kofopou on yfncpxnan, ufo ani-
fcpnafunou anfuccmufusmy nnnncfcn cosnanuc camocfonfcninoio
iocynapcfna. On, onnako, nc cuufan, ufo ono nonxno nchpcmcnno
naxonuficn n Ianccfunc. B 1OJ i., hocnc mnoiux ncf opianusauu-
onnou u nuhnomafuucckou paofi ho pachpocfpancnuk cio uncu,
on nohyckan, ufo cnpcuckan nuachopa moxcf opccfu cnok ponuny
fakxc u na aqpukanckou fcppufopuu. Cuonucf cncfckoio fonka,
Icpuni okasinancn, fakum opasom, na hosuuunx, hpofunohonox-
nix hosuuunm onimuncfna inyoko pcnuiuosnix cnpccn Hcnf-
paninou Inpohi, cuufanmux, ufo konuchuun iocynapcfna nc moxcf
ifi ofopnana of mcufi ncpnyficn na scmnk hpcnkon, n Ianccfu-
ny. B ncucfnufcninocfu, nacfonmcu scmncu ocfonannou nnn cn-
pccn inu, ckopcc, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, kyna sa 188O12O ii.
smuipuponano okono J mnn cnpccn, honoxun nauano omunc c oni-
mou ucfopucu u momnim nnunnucm na amcpukanckyk honufuky.
Bhpoucm, foniko no npcmn Icpnou muponou nouni pachan Of-
fomanckou umhcpuu hpuncn k nospoxncnuk fpanuuuonnix cuo-
nucfckux nancxn. Hamcpcnuc, nickasannoc nopnom Ianiqypom n
117 i. n hucimc nopny Iofmuniny, onnomy us inannix hpcncfanu-
fcncu qunanconix kpyion u pufanckoio cuonucfckoio mupa, hon-
ncpxafi cosnanuc cnpcuckoio nauuonaninoio ouaia n Ianccfunc,
nnoni hoponuno nancxni u snfysuasm. Iocfonnniu, xofn u nc-
pannomcpniu, hofok ummuipauuu n Ianccfuny hpuncn k yncnuuc-
nuk uucncnnocfu cnpcuckou omuni, n 11J i. nocfuianmcu numi
8O fic. ucnonck, n hnfi pas. Ofo ina ncnfcninan omuna, n sna-
uufcninou uacfu fniofckman k couuaninomy skchcpumcnfupona-
nuk n konnckfunucfckom nyxc n onimux kuyuax, hpcnhpunfunx,
opianusonannix n kauccfnc moncncu opianusauuu hpousnoncfna u
couuaninoio sianufapusma.
Ionopof, hpousomcnmuu n pufanckou honufukc c 1J6 ho
1J i., in fnxcncumum ynapom ho nancxnam kak kononucfon,
fak u cnpccn nuachopi. Icnan knuia 1J i. cfana fnxcnim ho-
paxcnucm nnn nonoio nuncpa cuonucfckoio nnuxcnun Xauma Bcuu-
mana, cncnanmcio cfanky na nuanoi c aninuuanamu. Iio honufuka
ina hocfanncna hon comncnuc cnpcnmu nccio mupa, a us-sa nouni
n nonymkc okasanaci caman kpyhnan cnpcuckan omuna n Inpohc
honickan. Koina nauucfi nauanu hpononufi cnok honufuky ynuu-
foxcnun cnpccn, cuonucfckoc nnuxcnuc n Ianccfunc u n Cocnuncn-
nix Ufafax cmoino numi hifaficn n ofuannuu uckafi kakuc-fo
chocoi nnn chaccnun xusnu ofncninix nkncu.
16
B sfou afmocqcpc ofuannun, ycyiyncnnou ofkpifim cofpynnu-
uccfnom snauufcninou uacfu apaon c ncmuamu u apackum noccfa-
nucm hpofun aninuuan, n Ianccfunc cqopmuponanaci cnpcuckan
puiana, nxonunman n aninuuckyk apmuk, nosnuk u pnn ncncianinix
noopyxcnnix skcfpcmucfckux ipyhhuponok: oncc ymcpcnnix,
fakux kak Xaiana (Hugunuh) u fcppopucfuucckux, kak Hpiyn Hnau
cymmu (1rgun Zwei 1eumi), unu cxu (IcII), usnccfnou fakxc kak
ipyhha Ufcpna. Iocncnnuc hpononunu honufuky pchpcccuu hpofun
apaon u ycfpamcnun Ipufanuu. Hauancn fakxc hpouccc ononnc-
nun hpannmcu cuonucfckou ipyhhi, inc honnunuci fakuc nknu,
kak Icn Iypuon. Iocncnnuc, xofn u inu pachonoxcni k cofpyn-
nuuccfny c aninuuanamu n nounc hpofun Icpmanuu, iofonunuci k
pcmcnuk hponcm, kofopic nosnuknyf ho okonuanuu konqnukfa,
koina aninuuanc cnona cfanyf ux nacfonmumu hpofunnukamu.
Hsnccfun o fom, ufo concpmun Iufncp u nauucfi n Inpohc,
yuucfno 6 mnn ucnonck hpuncnu k nofonc ncmicnumim usmcncnu-
nm n cosnanuu nkncu. Cohpofunnnficn ummuipauuu, oipanuucn-
nou, coinacno Icnou knuic, iononou knofou n 15 fic. ucnonck,
cfanonunoci ncc fpynncc, n ococnnocfu hpu nanuuuu honhoninou
ummuipauuu fcx, kfo cxan us Inpohi, ncxanmcu n pyunax, nnn
nanaxunanun xusnu na nonou ponunc. Ipofun ncncianinoio hcpc-
ccncnun nicfyhanu aninuuanc, ufo hpuncno k ncxcnafcninim nnn
nux pcsynifafam. Inpcuckoc coomccfno n Ianccfunc akfunusupo-
nano cnok anfupufanckyk ncnfcninocfi n momcnf, koina aninuua-
nam hpumnoci fakxc cfonknyficn c ucnim komhnckcom hponcm,
hpoucfckanmux us ux nsaumoofnomcnuu c apackum mupom.
Icmakmyk poni n fof momcnf moinu ciipafi foniko Cocnuncn-
nic Ufafi naionapn fomy nnunnuk, kofopoc onu hpuopcnu n
mupc, u cunc amcpukanckou cnpcuckou omuni. Bo npcmn nouni
amcpukanckan honufuka, onnako, nc ina onnosnaunou. Iysncnif
yncnnn onimoc nnumanuc ofnomcnunm c apackum mupom u, n
ococnnocfu, samufc amcpukanckux unfcpccon n Caynonckou Apa-
nuu. Kpomc foio, nnyfpu amcpukanckou anmunucfpauuu cymccfno-
nanu nccima pasnic fouku spcnun ofnocufcnino ucncu, kofopix
cncnycf nocfuui n pciuonc Inuxncio Bocfoka. Tak, no 145 i. cn-
pcu honyuunu pnn ocmanuu (kofopic iocnchapfamcnf cfpcmuncn
oipanuuufi), cohponoxnanmuxcn onsafcnicfnom, nconnokpafno
nananmumcn Iysncnifom hpcncfanufcnnm apackoio mupa, ofno-
cufcnino foio, ufo cs hpcnnapufcninix koncynifauuu c numu nc
yncf hpunumaficn nukakux pcmcnuu. Toniko c ncoxunannim hpu-
xonom Tpymsna n Icniu nom, ncno cuonucfon cfano honisonaficn
onimcu honncpxkou.
17
Hccmofpn na mnoiouucncnnic yfncpxncnun npyioio hnana,
Tpymsn nc cpasy honncpxan unck cosnanun cnpcuckoio iocynapcfna
n Ianccfunc. Iio saunfcpcconannocfi n nohpocc ina oycnonncna
ckopcc iymanufapnimu mofunamu. Hsnccfun, hpuxonunmuc us In-
pohi cpasy hocnc okonuanun nouni, ofnocufcnino ofuannnoio
honoxcnun ncpnynmuxcn us ncmcukux konunaicpcu, nisinanu
inyokoc smouuonaninoc hofpnccnuc. B uknc 145 i. Tpymsn cucn
nyxnim camocfonfcnino hpunnfi pcmcnuc o hocinkc yucnoio,
kofopomy on noncpnn (hpoqcccopa Opn I. Xappucona, kpucfa
Icncuninanckoio ynuncpcufcfa), hponccfu paccncnonanuc cnoxun-
mcucn cufyauuu. B aniycfc Xappucon nonoxun hpcsuncnfy ofnocu-
fcnino honoxcnun, kofopoc on nanknan. On pacckasan o cfpcm-
ncnuu cnpccn smuipuponafi n Ianccfuny u pckomcnnonan cmy
hpcnnoxufi, ufoi 1OO fic. us nux ncmcnncnno honyuunu na sfo
paspcmcnuc. Tpymsn nochonisonancn sfou unccu u cpasy xc usno-
xun cc aninuuanam (aniycf 145 i.).
Takum opasom, houfu cnyuauno u nc umcn konkpcfnoio hpo-
ckfa, kak humcf Cfuncn . Uhuicni, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi oka-
sanuci nonncucnnimu n pcmcnuc hanccfunckou hponcmi. B ycno-
nunx pacfymcio nanncnun aninuuan, fakxc nc umcnmux nukakoio
xcnanun nisinafi nanincumyk npaxncnocfi n apackom mupc,
onu hpucinu k fakfukc hpononouck, n uacfnocfu, k cosnanuk
cmcmannou anino-amcpukanckou komuccuu ho paccncnonanuk.
Komuccuu honanounoci ncmanoc npcmn, ufoi hpuufu k nino-
nam, otnnncnnim n ahpcnc 146 i. B nux nickasinanoci coinacuc
c unccu ncmcnncnnou ummuipauuu 1OO ficnu cnpccn, pckomcnno-
nanoci cmniuufi qopmynuponku, concpxanmuccn n Icnou knuic,
n ococnnocfu n fom, ufo kacanoci hpana cnpccn na hpuopcfcnuc
scmnu n Ianccfunc, u hpcnnaianoci cosnafi noncpcnnyk anmunucfpa-
uuk, kofopan hpuncna i k cosnanuk nnyx ofncninix nauuonani-
nix iocynapcfn apackoio u cnpcuckoio. Takum opasom, naxc
qopmynuponanuc uncu cosnanun nnyx ofncninix iocynapcfn hpuno-
nuno k hpofunopcuunm.
Binoni ofnocufcnino paofi sfou hcpnou komuccuu nc umcnu
nukakoio hpakfuucckoio pcsynifafa u pasouaponanu nccx. Inun-
cfncnnim ux konkpcfnim pcsynifafom ina honncpxka fpconanun
Tpymsna ofnocufcnino ncmcnncnnou ummuipauuu 1OO ficnu cnpccn.
C npyiou cfoponi, aninuuanc hpucinu k fakfukc hpononouck,
hpcnnoxun cnauana cosnafi npyiyk komuccuk ho paccncnonanuk,
a safcm hponccfu cchapafnic hcpcionopi c hpcncfanufcnnmu oc-
ux omun, ufo hpuncno numi k yinyncnuk npaxncnocfu mcxny
numu u yxynmcnuk cufyauuu c honncpxanucm omccfncnnoio ho-
pnnka n Ianccfunc. Iocnc nccx sfux ncynau, usmyucnnic cchoncs-
18
nimu hcpcionopamu c amcpukanuamu, pufanckuc hpanufcnu pc-
munu, nakoncu, hcpcnafi nohpoc Otcnuncnnim Hauunm (ahpcni
147 i.).
Ionanounoci cmc pas hpucinyfi k komuccuu ho paccncnona-
nuk (UnireJ ûrions peciul +ommirree on 1ulesrine l^SCOI), n
kofopou Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nc inu hpcncfanncni. Iocncnonanu
mccnui ocfpou honcmuku, ncc oncc nahpnxcnnix ofnomcnuu, an-
fupufanckux fcppopucfuucckux akuuu u fpynnix pcmcnuu. Hncn,
kofopan ina cqopmynuponana, numi nochpousnonuna n oncc oh-
pcncncnnix fcpmunax fo, ufo yxc ocyxnanmci pancc: cncnonano
cosnafi nna iocynapcfna, onno apackoc, npyioc cnpcuckoc,
hpcnycmofpcfi ux skonomuucckuu coks, ho kpauncu mcpc, na ohpc-
ncncnniu hcpuon npcmcnu, u unfcpnauuonanusauuk Hcpycanuma.
Icoipaquucckan kapfa founo oosnauana hpcnnoxcnnoc pasncncnuc
fcppufopuu mcxny nnymn iocynapcfnamu.
Ha sfu hpcnnoxcnun apai ofncfunu pcmufcninim ofkasom,
cuonucfi nochpunnfu ux c onimum pcanusmom. Onu coinacunuci
c hpanom na cosnanuc cnpcuckoio iocynapcfna na uacfu fcppufopuu
Ianccfuni, kofopoc nhcpnic ino hpusnano opianusauucu, nicfy-
hanmcu n fof momcnf ucfounukom nopm mcxnynaponnou xusnu.
oknan l^SCOI ocyxnancn na Icncpaninou Accamncc 2 nonpn
147 i. u in onopcn JJ ionocamu (nknkuan ionoca Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon, Concfckoio Coksa u panuuu), hpu 1J ionocax hpofun
(ionocax apackux iocynapcfn, Hnnuu u Ipcuuu) u 1O nosncpxan-
muxcn (cpcnu kofopix Bcnukopufanun). Icncpaninan Accam-
ncn OOH hpunnna k cncncnuk, ufo pufanckuu mannaf sakanuu-
nancn 1 aniycfa 148 i., u nasnauuna komuccuk nnn nihonncnun
hpunnfix pcsonkuuu.
Apai kafciopuuccku ofkasanuci coinacuficn c pcmcnunmu OOH.
Imc pas, kak u hocnc Icpnou muponou nouni, ncci apackuu mup
houyncfnonan ccn hpcnannim sahannimu ncpxanamu; fcm camim
inu hoccnni ccmcna inyokoio u nonionpcmcnnoio cohcpnuuc-
cfna. 3akonnocfi ionoconanun Icncpaninou Accamncu OOH ina
ochopcna, u n qcnpanc, n nakancnnou afmocqcpc, hpcncfanufcnu
apackux cfpan hpunnnu pcmcnuc o fom, ufo ux ofncfom na cosna-
nuc cnpcuckoio iocynapcfna cfancf opianusonannoc cohpofunncnuc.
Icchopnnku, oxnafunmuc fcppufopuk Ianccfuni, cfanu hpcnknucu
k nounc. Onu honfonknynu pufanucn hcpcnnunyfi cnou yxon na
oncc pannuu cpok c 1 aniycfa na 15 man 148 i. C sfoio nnn
Ianccfuna okasanaci hpakfuuccku no nnacfu anapxuu, n kofopou
cuonucfi hponnunu nauonimyk sqqckfunnocfi u honiofonncn-
nocfi. Hm ynanoci sanono cosnafi cnoc iocynapcfno Hspauni.
Ipyhhi (noopyxcnnic kak 3ahanom, fak u Concfamu u ucxocnona-
1
kamu) hpcnpafunuci n pciynnpnyk apmuk uucncnnocfik hpumcpno
n 6O fic. ucnonck. Ocnonnou ncucfnykmcu cunou sfou apmuu cfa-
na ipyhhuponka Xaiana, kofopou c ncoiuaunou sqqckfunnocfik
ynananoci hpofunocfonfi cchopnnounim ncucfnunm apaon unu,
founcc, ciuhfnn.
K sfomy cncnycf noanufi, ufo n ncucfnufcninocfu uspaunifn-
nc honyuanu nc hpnmyk, no cymccfncnnyk honncpxky naionapn
cckpcfnomy coinamcnuk, honhucannomy c hpanufcnnmu Tpancuop-
nanuu, cnuncfncnnou onanafcninuucu nocnnou cuni, choconou
cpaxaficn c honpasncncnunmu uspaunickou apmuu, Apackum
nciuonom hon komannonanucm Ina-hamu. Ofo cckpcfnoc coina-
mcnuc hpcnycmafpunano, ufo Hopnanun saumcf fcppufopuk k sa-
hany of pcku Hopnan, kofopan nonxna ina cfafi nauoncc hpo-
uncfakmcu uacfik apackoio hanccfunckoio iocynapcfna. B omcn
na sfo hpcnycmafpunanoci, ufo ncucfnun Apackoio nciuona hpo-
fun apmuu Hspaunn ynyf nocufi numi cumnonuucckuu xapakfcp.
Hspaunifnnam hpumnoci hosfomy nocnafi hpofun ncmnoium oncc
ucm 2O fic. ucnonck, fo ccfi (hockoniky nunanckuc noopyxcnnic
cuni nc cymccfnonanu) hpofun ncckonikux ficnu cupuuucn, nc-
mnoium oncc 1O fic. ucnonck, kofopic moi nicfanufi Iiuhcf,
cnumkom nanckux upakckux cun u uacfu, hpakfuuccku ncsnauu-
fcninou, Apackoio nciuona (4 5OO ucnonck). Camu hanccfunckuc
apai, pasncncnnic na pasnoponnic u hnoxo ckoopnunuponannic
ipyhhi, numi chopanuuccku umcnu nosmoxnocfi cpaxaficn sa cnok
cmc nc cymccfnykmyk ponuny. B sfom cocfonno, ncponfno, inannoc
pasnuuuc: c onnou cfoponi, uspaunifnnc nocnanu sa ocymccfnnc-
nuc uncu, cospcnanmcu nckamu u cfanmcu fchcpi nauuonaninou
unccu; hanccfunckuc apai nocnanu hpofun umhcpuanucfuucckoio
u uspaunickoio nfopxcnun, onnako cmc nc no umn hanccfunckou
nauuu, kofopyk nukfo nc cymcn hoka cosnafi. Hcpcs ncckoniko
ncncni cfano ncno, ufo Hspauni cmoxcf nixufi u naxc okkyhupo-
nafi oncc omupnyk fcppufopuk, ucm fa, kofopan ina hpoucp-
ucna pasncnufcninou nunucu OOH. K sfomy cncnycf noanufi, ufo
Hspauni in cpasy xc hpusnan Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu (pcmc-
nuc ino otnnncno Icnim nomom 11 munyf chycfn hocnc hponos-
inamcnun Iocynapcfna Hspauni), cpasy ncncn sa sfum Concfckum
Coksom, u onimum uucnom npyiux iocynapcfn.
Kapfuna, kofopyk hpcncfannnna coou Ianccfuna, ina ynpy-
uakmcu: fcppufopuu, ohycfomcnnic nounou, honnuxnic nunuu
qponfa, ynsnumic us-sa cnaocfu apackoio cohpofunncnun, cuni-
noc xcnanuc mnoiux uspaunifnn nonccfu no hocnnoio konua cnok
opiy, cchopnnounoc cicfno cofcn ficnu cxcnucn, nanonnun-
mux coccnnuc cfpani (onun us ncmnoiux nocfoncpnix ucfounukon
2O
ionopuf o 2OO fic. cxcnucn n honocc Iasi, 465 fic. n Hopna-
nuu, 1O7 fic. n unanc, 8O fic. n Cupuu) u nochpunumanmuxcn
kak nokyununic hohpomauku.
Bunn fakoc pasnufuc cufyauuu, Otcnuncnnic Hauuu hpuci-
nu k nmcmafcnicfny u nahpanunu oquuuaninoio hocpcnnuka n
nuuc mncnckoio ipaqa .Icpnanofa, nauanmcio ocyxnafi hpock-
fi npcmcnnoio hpckpamcnun ocnix ncucfnuu u ccpuu hcpcmupuu
mcxny pasnuunimu nokkmumu cunamu ho cxcmam, kofopic noc-
hpousnonunu hpcninymuc pcmcnun OOH u kofopic inu ofncpi-
nyfi apaamu u uspaunifnnamu (hcpnimu ho hpunuuhuaninim
coopaxcnunm, nfopimu hofomy, ufo fakuc hnani ninynunu
i Hspauni ofkasaficn of pauona Hcicna). 17 ccnfnpn ipaq Icp-
nanof in, onnako, yuf uspaunickum fcppopucfom. 3amcnunmuu
cio amcpukancu Ianiq Ianu hpononxun uchonncnuc qynkuuu ho-
cpcnnuka. Onnako naufu npcmcnnoc pcmcnuc cfano nosmoxno foni-
ko foina, koina uspaunifnnc cfanu yipoxafi okkyhauucu ciuhcfckou
uacfu Cunauckoio honyocfpona. Oucnunnoc nocnnoc hpcnocxoncfno
Hspaunn honfankunano k cpounomy saknkucnuk hcpcmupun, u
Ianu cmoi sancpmufi cnok paofy, nipaofan ucfipc ofncninix
nokymcnfa, honhucannix na o. Ionoc Iiuhfom, Cupucu, unanom
u Hopnanucu. Hpakui ofkasanuci saknkuufi coinamcnuc o hcpc-
mupuu c Hspauncm.
Ionhucanuc coinamcnuu o hcpcmupuu nc nopmanusonano cu-
fyauuk, u Otcnuncnnic Hauuu nasnauunu komuccuk, kofopan
csychcmno hifanaci hpcopasonafi coinamcnun o hcpcmupuu n
mupnic noionopi. Onnako hcpcmupuc, nahpofun, paccmafpunanoci
(hpcxnc nccio, apaamu) foniko kak haysa n pasnufuu hpofunoop-
cfna. Cufyauun ocfananaci nakancnnou u nahonncnnou nacfpocnu-
nmu ncnononicfna. Hspaunifnnc nauanu hcpcxunafi c foio momcn-
fa npamy n ofnomcnuu hponcmi csohacnocfu ux hoccncnuu u
nixunanun ux iocynapcfna n ycnonunx hpofunocfonnun apaon,
hpononxanmciocn, n pasnuunix qopmax, n fcucnuc ncckonikux nc-
cnfuncfuu. Apackuc cfpani nc cmupunuci c sfou cufyauucu, po-
canmcu nison ux honumanuk hponcmi u paccmafpunanmcucn
umu kak nonoc hponnncnuc pufanckoio hpousnona, k kofopomy
fchcpi hpucocnununuci fakxc u Cocnuncnnic Ufafi.
B pcsynifafc cknaninancn hcuxonoiuucckuu knumaf, kofopiu,
nancko nc chococfnyn nosmoxnocfu hpcopasonanun coinamcnuu
o hcpcmupuu n mupnic noionopi, sacfannnn ohacaficn nncsahnoio
nosononncnun nocnnix ncucfnuu. Koncuno, uspaunifnnc na fom
sfahc inu pachonoxcni nafi ncnucckuc sancpcnun ofnocufcnino
cnocu nonu k mupy. Onnako sfomy nc ncpunu apai, cuufanmuc
Hspauni npcmcnnou pcaninocfik, honncxamcu kak moxno oncc
21
icfpomy ynuufoxcnuk, u kak i fo nu ino, npaiom, of kofopoio
moxno oxunafi foniko nonix akfon aipcccuu. Kpomc foio, ino
nciko hpcnnuncfi, ufo fakoc cyncpcnnoc iocynapcfno, kak Hspauni,
cfancf hpufnxcnucm nnn ummuipauuu, cnuncfncnnim oipanuuufc-
ncm kofopou yncf choconocfi uspaunickou skonomuku k cc ho-
inomcnuk. Ha qonc cnaopasnufix cfpan nonoc iocynapcfno, nos-
inannnnmcccn na nauaninom sfahc couuanucfuucckou hapfucu u
uchifinanmcc cuninoc nnunnuc ohifa kuyucn, moino cfafi ho-
nkcom skonomuucckoio nnunnun u cfpcmncnun k hcpcmcnam. Ono
moino i skchopfuponafi na Inuxnuu Bocfok nc foniko uncfufyfi
nnacfu, no u opianusauuonno-fcxnonoiuucckuc moncnu 3ahana.
Hahpnxcnnocfi cmc oncc nospacfana us-sa hponcmi cxcn-
ucn, hpunnfix n nuxaumux k Hspaunk apackux cfpanax, no pas-
mcmcnnix n ncucnoncucckux ycnonunx. Hx nosnpamcnuc na ponuny
ino ncnosmoxnim. hockoniky ux hpcxncc nocfonnuc ino skc-
hpohpuuponano uspaunifnnamu. C npyiou cfoponi, hpanufcnicfno
Tcni-Anuna, cfanmcio cfonuucu nonoio iocynapcfna, nc moino, ko-
ncuno, paspcmufi macconoc nosnpamcnuc naccncnun, ho uucncn-
nocfu pannoio cnpcuckomy, ufo ncuscxno cosnanano i cufyauuk
anfaionusma u honpinano i camu ocnoni nonoio iocynapcfna.
Iosfomy cxcnui xunu, oncc foio, nixunanu sa cucf ckynnou
homomu, kofopyk okasinano Aicnfcfno OOH ho occhcucnuk u
pachpcncncnuk paofi (UnireJ ûrions 1elief unJ Yorl Agency). Ipu
sfom iocynapcfna, hpunnnmuc y ccn cxcnucn, nc moinu (unu nc
xofcnu) chococfnonafi ux unfcipauuu n coofncfcfnykmuc omc-
cfna, ho kpauncu mcpc, ho nnym hpuuunam: us-sa otckfunnix
fpynnocfcu, c kofopimu nonxno ino cfonknyficn kaxnoc us sfux
iocynapcfn nnn pcmcnun cnoux skonomuucckux hponcm, u, hpcxnc
nccio, us-sa ocosnanun foio ocfonfcnicfna, ufo icfpan accumu-
nnuun hanccfunckux cxcnucn nckopc numuna i ohhosuuuk Hs-
paunk camoio cc cmicna. Toniko n Hopnanuu hanccfunui ncfpc-
funu oncc ucnoncuniu hpucm, u sa numu ino hpusnano hpano
na ipaxnancfno. B npyiux cnyuanx naicpn cxcnucn cfanu hpuc-
xumcm nnn nccuacfnix u nccmu hokunyfix nkncu, kofopic ucpcs
ncckoniko ncf cfanu ocosnanafi cnou honufuucckuc unfcpcci.
Takum opasom, pufanckan honufuka nckononusauuu n Iancc-
func ocfanuna n nacncncfno konqnukf, hpononxufcninocfi kako-
noio ino fpynno hpcnyianafi, a fakxc npaxncnoc ofnomcnuc
apackoio mupa k 3ahany, ykopcnnnmcccn ncc onimc ho mcpc
foio, kak Hspauni yfncpxnan cnok xusncchoconocfi. Iopaxcnuc
apaon ninnuno cuny uspaunifnn, a fakxc cnaocfi u hpofunopc-
uun n apackom mupc. Ianccfunckum apaam, numcnnim honufu-
ucckoio hpcncfanufcnicfna, nc ynanoci sacfanufi ycnimafi cnou
22
ionoc na mcxnynaponnou apcnc. Ocfaninic hcpcknaninanu npyi
na npyia ofncfcfncnnocfi sa hanccfunckyk hponcmy n ckpifou
opic sa hpconananuc n pciuonc mcxny ucfipimn ocnonnimu
apackumu iocynapcfnamu: Iiuhfom, Cupucu, Hpakom u Caynonc-
kou Apanucu. Ipofunopcuun nocxonunu k nanncmy cohcpnuuccfny
mcxny Xamumufckou nunacfucu, hpanunmcu n Hpakc u Hopnanuu,
u Baxxaufckou nunacfucu n Caynonckou Apanuu. Cupuuckuc hna-
ni cosnanun Bcnukou Cupuu sa cucf coccnnux iocynapcfn qak-
fuuccku otcnunnnu hpanufcnicfno amacka c hpanufcnicfnamu
Op-Iunna u Kaupa, ncnan ux coksnukamu n opic c Hopnanucu u
Hpakom. Koina 24 ahpcnn 15O i. Anannax, ofkasanmuucn of fufyna
smupa n honisy fufyna koponn (n snak nocfuinyfou Hopnanucu nc-
sanucumocfu of Bcnukopufanuu), otnnun o qopmaninom hpucoc-
nuncnuu fcppufopuu Bocfounou Ianccfuni k cocfncnnomy kopo-
ncncfny (kofopoc c foio momcnfa oquuuanino cmcnuno nasnanuc
Tpancuopnanun na oncc hpocfoc Hopnanun), cio hpofunnuku
csychcmno hifanuci ucknkuufi cio us uiu apackux iocynapcfn
(opianusauun, cosnannan n 145 i. hon siunou Iiuhfa c ucnik ko-
opnunauuu omcu honufuku apackux iocynapcfn).
Iokasafcncm konoccaninou nahpnxcnnocfu, uapunmcu n pciuo-
nc, cfanu nna shusona. 2O uknn 151 i. yuucfno koponn Anannaxa
ucnamckum skcfpcmucfom cncnano cmc oncc ncycfouuunou cufya-
uuk n Hopnanuu, kofopan numunaci monapxa, honisonanmciocn
anfopufcfom sa cnou choconocfu u nuhnomafuucckyk hponuua-
fcninocfi. Cfpana okasanaci hcpcn nuuom nnufcninoio kpusuca,
cnnsannoio c hpccfononacncnucm u cocfonnucm snoponin nacncn-
noio hpunua Tanana. Iocnc iona qopmaninoio hpanncnun Tanana
Koponcnckomy concfy hpumnoci numufi cio koponi u otnnufi
koponcm cina nusnoxcnnoio monapxa cmc ncconcpmcnnoncfncio
hpunua Xyccuna, qynkuuu kofopoio no nocfuxcnun um concpmcn-
noncfun (n 15J i.) uchonnnn Icicnfckuu concf.
10.2.5. AHFLO-UPAHCKUU KPUBUC:
19511954 tt.
pyiou kpyhniu kpusuc umcn mccfo n Hpanc n pcsynifafc na-
hpnxcnnoio konqnukfa mcxny onnonom u nauuonanucfuucckum
hpanufcnicfnom, cosnannim 28 ahpcnn 151 i. Moxammcnom Mo-
cannikom, inanou Hauuonaninoio qponfa, kofopiu nanno oponcn
sa nauuonanusauuk Anino-upanckou ncqfnnou komhanuu (Anglo-
1runiun Uil +ompuny), umcnmcu konucccuk na skchnyafauuk oi-
pomnix upanckux ncqfnnix pccypcon. Icmcnuc o nauuonanusa-
uuu pufanckou komhanuu, hpunnfoc Mocannikom ucpcs nna nnn
2J
hocnc qopmuponanun hpanufcnicfna, cfano hcpnim ccpicsnim ni-
sonom cfpani-hpousnonufcnn ncqfu iochoncfny konucccuonnix
kamhanuu (n onimuncfnc cnocm pufanckux, amcpukanckux,
ionnannckux). Hauuonanusauun honoxuna nauano usnypufcninou
kpunuucckou fnxc mcxny saunfcpcconannimu cfoponamu, n ko-
fopou onnon uchonisonan ncc cnoc nnunnuc n honisy Anino-
upanckou komhanuu. Onnako, hpcxnc nccio, ona cfana hononom
nnn ocfpoio honufuucckoio cfonknoncnun: n ncio hifanuci nmc-
maficn upanckuc kommynucfi, u n ncm onimyk poni ciipanu
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi.
B okfnpc 152 i., c paspinom nuhnomafuucckux ofnomcnuu
mcxny Hpanom u Bcnukopufanucu konqnukf nocfui naunicmcu
fouku. Hmcnno ohacnocfi fakoio konqnukfa hpuncna k ofkpifomy
cfonknoncnuk Mocannika c maxom Icsa Icxncnu, kofopiu no
foio csychcmno hifancn ynanufi nuncpa nauuonanucfon us hpa-
nufcnicfna. Bnyfpcnnuu kpusuc, ycyiyncnniu hpckpamcnucm
hpousnoncfna ncqfu n pcsynifafc nauuonanusauuu u oukofa co
cfoponi aninuuan, honfonknyn Mocannika k skcfpcmucfckum pc-
mcnunm, hpuncnmum k fomy, ufo cio hocfchcnno hokunynu naxc
nuxaumuc cfoponnuku.
B aniycfc 15J i. Mocannik hifancn ykpchufi nnacfi, kofopan
yxc nauunana of ncio yckonisafi, c homomik hncucuufa, n pc-
synifafc kofopoio n cfpanc ino ycfanonncno fofanufapnoc hpan-
ncnuc. Iocnc ncckonikux nncu samcmafcnicfna, no npcmn kofopix
Icsa Icxncnu hokunyn Hpan u ykpincn n Hfanuu, nocnnan ncp-
xymka no inanc c icncpanom asnonnou 3axcnu, honncpxannan
amcpukanckumu chcucnyxamu, oncpxana hocny nan cfoponnuka-
mu Mocannika. 1 aniycfa 3axcnu cqopmuponan nonoc hpanufcni-
cfno. Hcpcs ncckoniko nncu max ncpnyncn us usinanun, hpunnfiu
honnannimu kak fpuymqafop. Icpuon Mocannika sakonuuncn.
Onnako cio ohif ocfanun inyokuu cncn, kofopiu us Hpana pac-
hpocfpanuncn na npyiuc cfpani-hpousnonufcnu ncqfu, hoponun
hponcmy foio, kakum opasom conmcmafi onananuc pccypcamu u
choconocfi ux skchnyafuponafi u hponanafi. Iponcma cipin,
cncnonafcnino, nnoni nauunana uipafi ucnfpaninyk poni n mcxny-
naponnix ofnomcnunx. Hc in saif u fof qakf, ufo ofnocnanuc
upanckux hosuuuu cfano nosmoxnim naionapn nmcmafcnicfny
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, n onimcu mcpc, ucm honcncnuk Bcnukopu-
fanuu. Ofo ncnano ncnosmoxnim noccfanonncnuc n hpcxncm nunc
hosuuuu, kofopimu pancc pachonaiana Anino-upanckan komhanun.
Iocnc cmc onnoio iona nnufcninix hcpcionopon n aniycfc 154 i.
noniu koncopuuym ncqfnnix komhanuu honhucan coinamcnuc o
konucccuu c upanckum hpanufcnicfnom. Hacfik sfoio koncopuuyma
24
ncc cmc nnnnnaci Anino-upanckan komhanun, umcnman 4O' akuuu;
n ncc fakxc nxonunu Iouan nafu mcnn, c 14' akuuu, hnfi amc-
pukanckux komhanuu, pachonaianmux n omcu cnoxnocfu 4O' ak-
uuu u Komhanu qpanccs nc hcfponi, c 6'. Honiu koncopuuym
nonxcn in noinafi, ouumafi u hponanafi ncqfi of umcnu
Hpanckou nauuonaninou ncqfnnou komhanuu, cosnannou Mocan-
nikom u coxpannnmcucn n kauccfnc cfpykfypi, pachpcncnnkmcu
hpuini n ycfanonncnnou hpohopuuu 5O na 5O' mcxny nonim
koncopuuymom u Hpanom. Takoc pasncncnuc hpuinu of hpousnon-
cfna ncqfu cfano hpanunom, kofopoc hocfchcnno pachpocfpanunoci
na nck ofpacni. Ono cfano fakxc u hcpnim maiom na hyfu k ync-
nuucnuk fpynnocfcu n ypciynuponanuu hpan cocfncnnukon na
mccfopoxncnun n ux coofnomcnuu c hpanamu na skchnyafauuk u
pachpcncncnuc hpuinu. Bosmoxnocfi nnn cfpan-hpousnonufcncu
ocymccfnnnfi honniu konfponi sa hpousnoncfncnnim hpoucccom,
nhnofi no cio kommcpuuanusauuu, yxc hpocmafpunanaci, onnako
fcxnonoiuucckuc hponcmi u ncnocfafok qunanconix pccypcon nc
hosnonnnu na sfom sfahc hpunnfi pcmufcninic mcpi n cnnsu c
nannou hponcmou.
10.2.6. PACHA, !PAHU.BCKOU UMHEPUU
B CEBEPHOU A!PUKE
B konuc Bfopou muponou nouni apackuu nauuonanusm cfan
honufuucckum cytckfom, kofopiu yxc ncnisn ino uinopupo-
nafi. B 152 i. cuni, nnoxnonnnnmuc cio, nhcpnic oncpxanu hocny
n Iiuhfc. Opianusauun Cnoonnic oquucpi, n kofopou snauu-
fcninyk poni uipanu hpcncfanufcnu accouuauuu Ipafin-mycynima-
nc, skcfpcmucfckan ipyhhuponka nnuxcnun sa ucnamckoc nospox-
ncnuc n Iiuhfc, ninynuna koponn apyka ofpcuicn of hpccfona u
hokunyfi ciuhcfckyk scmnk (26 uknn). Bnacfi nsnna ipyhha nocn-
nix, nipaxanmux cfpcmncnuc k hcpcmcnam cpcnncu u mcnkou
ypxyasuu, inamafacm unfcpccon kofopix ina apmun, honncp-
xannan ucnamckum nnuxcnucm. Ion pykononcfnom icncpana My-
xammcna Haiua na hcpnom sfahc, a hosnncc, honkonnuka Iamann
Ancni Haccpa (n ahpcnc 154 i. qopmanino nsnnmcio na ccn
nnacfi, kofopyk on qakfuuccku ocymccfnnnn c hcpnoio sfaha pc-
nonkuuu) Cnoonnic oquucpi nauanu hpononufi pcqopmucf-
ckyk nnyfpcnnkk honufuky, kofopan cncnana ux inannimu ncu-
cfnykmumu nuuamu apackoio hpofunocfonnun 3ahany. nn nccio
apackoio mupa Iiuhcf cfan c foio momcnfa ohopnim hynkfom
opii hpofun sahannoio kononuanusma u apackoio cohpofunnc-
nun hocnc ynusufcninoio hopaxcnun 148 i., honcccnnoio n nounc
25
c Hspauncm. Haccp in cpcnu fcx, kfo ho nuunomy ohify snan o
cncfncnnou cufyauuu n ciuhcfckux noopyxcnnix cunax u namcpc-
nancn ocymccfnufi ux panukaninoc hcpcycfpoucfno. Ofo namno of-
paxcnuc no nncmncu honufukc, kofopan nccna n ccc momniu
honpinnou sapnn, nahpanncnniu hpofun coxpanunmciocn pufan-
ckoio hpucyfcfnun. Kpomc foio, hpumcp nchpumupumoio nauuona-
nusma, hpcncfannncmoio Haccpom, in sapasufcncn nnn nnuxcnuu
sa ncsanucumocfi n Ccncpnou Aqpukc u, n uacfnocfu, nnn opii
hpofun qpanuysckoio hpucyfcfnun.
Iouna nnn sfoio okasanaci kak nukoina naionafnan. Ha saknk-
uufcninom sfahc nouni icncpan nc Ionni hifancn paccmofpcfi n
ucnom hponcmi panuysckou umhcpuu, cosnan n nauanc 144 i. n
Ipassanunc konqcpcnuuk hpcncfanufcncu nccx qpanuysckux kono-
nuaninix anmunucfpauuu (c ocoim yhopom na cfpani ucpnou
Aqpuku). Konqcpcnuun honfncpnuna ucnfpaninyk poni umhcpuu
n hpockfc nc Ionnn u, n fo xc camoc npcmn, ofmcfuna ncnocfafou-
noc ymcnuc panuuu honisonaficn mcfonom coxpancnun u, ccnu
sfo nosmoxno, ykpchncnun cnocio konfponn hyfcm ycfyhok n ncko-
fopix qopmaninix, a nc cymccfncnnix cio achckfax. Icqopmucf-
ckuc nupckfuni, paspaofannic n Ipassanunc na ynymcc, umcnu
naxnoc snaucnuc, hockoniky onu hpcnycmafpunanu ofmcny hpuny-
nufcninoio fpyna, cosnanuc fcppufopuaninix accamncu nnn otc-
nuncnun n cnocio pona qpanuysckyk qcncpauuk, conkncnuc
hpunuuha hpcncfanufcnicfna naponon umhcpuu n ynymcm yupcnu-
fcninom copanuu mcfpohonuu. Onnako ofcyfcfnonano cfpcmncnuc
unu choconocfi honnfi cyfi hponcmi, yuufinan ufo kafciopuucc-
ku ofncpianaci ncnkan nosmoxnocfi snonkuuu k camoyhpanncnuk
kononunmu. Bmccfc c fcm, ino hpunnfo pcmcnuc o hponcncnuu
akfunnoio kypca na ocymccfnncnuc unnccfuuuu u cfumynuponanuc
couuanino-skonomuucckoio pasnufun konfponupycmix fcppufo-
puu, kofopiu nonxcn in pciynuponafi hponnncnun ncnononicfna
nauoncc pasnufix cnocn naccncnun n coofncfcfnuu c konuchuucu
qpanuysckou kononuaninou honufuku, xapakfcpnou nnn hcpuona c
konua nouni no 156 i.
Cosnanuc panuysckoio coksa n coofncfcfnuu c nonou kon-
cfufyuucu Hcfncpfou qpanuysckou pcchynuku, honfncpxnanmcu
ncpaspinnoc cnuncfno qpanuysckoio mupa u yfounnnmcu n cf. 6O,
ufo Coks cocfouf us fcppufopuu mcfpohonuu, n kofopyk nknk-
uancn Anxup, us samopckux fcppufopuu, hpucocnununmuxcn fcp-
pufopuu u iocynapcfn (n hocncnnkk kafciopuk inu nknkucni
Mapokko u Tynuc), nnnnnoci hokasafcncm xcnanun qpanuysckoio
Yupcnufcninoio copanun noccfanonufi n nonix, moncpnusuponan-
nix kpunuucckux pamkax (numcnnix, onnako, iukocfu) konfponi
26
mcfpohonuu. Ipucocnuncnuc k panuysckomy coksy hpcnpama-
noci, naionapn koncfufyuuu, n hocfonnnyk cnnsi, pocanmyk
nison cchapafucfckum fcnncnuunm, hohifkou ux pauuonanusauuu
n pamkax pasnix fuhon ofnomcnuu u qopm hpcncfanufcnicfna.
B pcsynifafc hponcpku npcmcncm Coks, onnako, hofcphcn hon-
nyk ncynauy n fom, ufo kacanoci Ccncpnou Aqpuku u Hnnokufan,
no, n ococnnocfu, Mapokko, Anxupa u Tynuca. B Anxupc camiu
nnunfcniniu u ymcpcnniu nauuonanucfuucckuu nuncp cpxaf
Aac c 14J i. nicfyhan c ocyxncnucm kononuanusma u sa cio of-
mcny, ionopn o ncoxonumocfu camoyhpanncnun, ocnonannoio na
yuacfuu napona. B 144 i. Hcfuknnni, mapokkanckoc nnuxcnuc n
honncpxky ncsanucumocfu, hofpconano ofmcni pcxuma hpofckfo-
pafa n snak hpusnanun mcfpohonucu homomu, okasannou Mapokko
n nosnpamcnuu panuuu cc hosuuuu. B 145 i. qpanuysckan anmu-
nucfpauun xccfko honanuna noccfanuc, ufo hpuncno k kponohponu-
fuk, ficnuam xcpfn, apccfy Aaca u pochycky cio hapfuu. Bospo-
nunmcccn cfpcmncnuc qpanuyson k uchonncnuk cnocu kynifypnou
u uununusafopckou muccuu, honpasymcnanmcc konuchuuk accu-
munnuuu, ucknkuano ncnkoc pasncncnuc ncpxonnou nnacfu nnyfpu
qcncpauuu, ufo na ncnc numi honfncpxnano inancncfnykmyk poni
iochoncfna mcfpohonuu. Bmccfo foio, ufoi hpaimafuucckum opa-
som anahfuponaficn k cufyauuu, ho hpumcpy pufanucn, qpanuysi
ocfanuci ncpni cnocu honufukc, hosnonnn hpononufi pcqopmi
foniko fam, inc sfo ino ncuscxno, u foniko fam, inc usmcncnun
nc moinu hocfanufi hon comncnuc ocnoni qopmaninoio konfponn
co cfoponi mcfpohonuu. Takou ina hosuuun nc Ionnn n 145 i. u
fakou ocfanaci honufuka cio hocncnonafcncu.
Ofncf ccncpoaqpukanckux kononuu panuuu na sfy honufuky
in kafciopuunim. B 147 i. Iypiua sannun us cnocio usinanun n
Iiuhfc (kyna on ckpincn n 145 i.), ufo ncoxonumo ofmcnufi pcxum
hpofckfopafa u ofncpinyfi nonic uncfufyuuonaninic qopmyni.
Cyncpcnufcf, hucan on, sfo nc foniko hponcma nocfoun-
cfna, a xusnu u cmcpfu nnn fynucckoio napona, nymc kofopoio yi-
poxacf honufuka, ofkponcnno nahpanncnnan na cio oqpanuyxuna-
nuc, na cio ynuufoxcnuc hyfcm nacunicfncnnou unfcipauuu no
panuysckuu coks. Takou xc ina u hosuuun Mapokko. B ahpcnc
147 i. cynfan Myxammcn Icn Kccq sannun, ufo Mapokko apa-
ckan cfpana, fccno cnnsannan c apackum Bocfokom, inc nomunupo-
nan Iiuhcf. Ofo ino hpnmo hpofunohonoxnoc fomy, ucio xofcna
panuun.
Hc ucknkucno, ufo sfa kafciopuunan hosuuun ina cnnsana c
kpunuuccku omuounim ucfonkonanucm cmicna panuysckoio
coksa. B ncucfnufcninocfu, honhucanuc noionopon o otcnuncnuu,
27
xofn u nnnnnoci asou nnn yuacfun hpofckfopafon n nonou qpanuys-
ckou uncfufyuuonaninou cucfcmc, hofcnuuanino samcnnno ofno-
mcnun sanucumocfu kpunuucckumu qopmamu, hpcnhonaianmumu
cymccfnonanuc ncsanucumix iocynapcfn, xofn u otcnuncnnix c
qpanuysckou mcfpohonucu. Onnako sfu kpunuucckuc fonkocfu,
ncponfno, nc nochpunumanuci, u qopmyna panuysckoio coksa
ucfonkoninanaci nauuonanucfamu kak noccfanonncnuc hocfonn-
nou cnnsu, kofopyk onu xofcnu, nahpofun, pasopnafi. B pcsynifa-
fc sfo hpuncno k fomy, ufo nc ino hpunnfo nukakoio pcmcnun
ofnocufcnino usmcncnun noionopon o hpofckfopafc, u ofnomcnun
panuuu c Mapokko u Tynucom ho-hpcxncmy pciynuponanuci pa-
ncc cymccfnonanmumu nopmamu. B pcsynifafc nosnukna nocfafou-
no nnycmicncnnan cufyauun, n cuny kofopou icncpaninic hpcn-
cfanufcnu, fo ccfi hpcncfanufcnu panuuu n Tynucc u Iaafc nc
honyuunu nukakou hocncnonafcninou honufuucckou opucnfauuu
of mcfpohonuu u ocfananuci na cnoux nonxnocfnx, nc umcn founoio
hpcncfanncnun o ncoxonumocfu usmcncnun ux hosuuuu. K fomy xc
u n Iapuxc nc omymanu hofpcnocfu n nipaofkc hpoipammi
honufuucckux ncucfnuu, nahpanncnnou na fo, ufoi honnccfu oc
cfpani k nonim ofnomcnunm c panuucu, kak sfo honckasinana
cncnafi u foniko ufo sanocnannan unucu ncsanucumocfi.
unuuckuu hpumcp in sapasufcncn nnn nauuonanucfuucckux
cun Ccncpnou Aqpuku. B cmc onimcu cfchcnu on hoompnn anfu-
kononuanucfckuc nacfpocnun ciuhfnn u, n ococnnocfu, Haccpa.
B 15O154 ii. fynucckoc u mapokkanckoc nauuonanucfuucckuc
nnuxcnun ykpchunuci, sannsanu nsaumnic cnnsu. Ionufukc pan-
uuu hpofunocfonnu napacfakmuc manuqccfauuu, unuuncnfi, fcp-
popusm, n ofncf hocncnonanu pchpcccuu. B nckapc 152 i. nmc-
manuci Otcnuncnnic Hauuu c mnikumu pckomcnnauunmu, k
kofopim Iapux nc hpucnymancn. Ioncc foio, n 15J i. on hohi-
fancn cunou paspcmufi cufyauuk n Mapokko, sacfanun cynfana
Icn Kccqa ofpcuicn of hpccfona (1 aniycfa), ufo hpuncno k hpo-
funohonoxnim ho ofnomcnuk k xcnacmim pcsynifafam, ho-
ckoniky c sfoio momcnfa nusnoxcnniu u usinanniu cynfan hpc-
npafuncn n cumnon opii sa ncsanucumocfi no hocnnoio konua.
Onnako u oncc mnikan honufuka, hpononunmancn n Tynucc, inc
n konuc 15J i. hohifanuci hponccfu nckofopic pcqopmi, u ncno
nomno no cosnanun hpanufcnicfna, cqopmuponannoio n onimun-
cfnc cnocm us fynucucn nc umcna ychcxa. Boccfanuc qcnnaxon,
fo ccfi kpccfinnckoc nnuxcnuc, honoxuno nauano nccomcmy kpu-
sucy n cfpanc. Iosfomy koina Mcnncc-panc hpumcn k nnacfu n
uknc 154 i., fo napnny c unnokufauckum kpusucom, on cfonknyncn
c kpusucom n Ccncpnou Aqpukc.
28
panuysckuu hpcmicp-munucfp honomcn k cufyauuu honniu
pcmumocfu, xofn u nc ycfyhun cpasy xc nccx hosuuuu. Hcpcs nc-
ckoniko nncu hocnc cio nasnaucnun on ofhpanuncn n Kapqaicn,
inc hponosinacun nnyfpcnnkk anfonomuk Tynucckoio iocynapcfna
u kypc na hcpcionopi mcxny panuucu u Tynucom. Bckopc naua-
nuci hcpcionopi, onnako onu fopmosunuci us-sa foio, ufo qpan-
uysi nacfaunanu na coxpancnuu nckofopix oipanuucnuu honnou
ncsanucumocfu. Iypiua, nohymcnniu n cfpany n uknc 155 i.
(hocnc ofcfanku Mcnncc-panca hcpcionopi inu hpononxcni
cio hpccmnukamu), in cknoncn k komhpomuccnomy pcmcnuk kak
sfahy na hyfu k honnou ncsanucumocfu. Iio ymcpcnnocfi ina
hpcononcna naionapn pasnufuk n fo xc npcmn cufyauuu n Mapok-
ko (u anxupckomy noccfanuk, nauanmcmycn n nonpc 154 i.).
B camom ncnc, cufyauun n Mapokko ncfom 155 i. cfana nocufi
nspinoohacniu xapakfcp. Toniko n aniycfc qpanuysckoc hpanu-
fcnicfno coinacunoci ncfyhufi na hyfi hcpcionopon. Cynfan, naxo-
nunmuucn n usinanuu, in nnoni hpusnan k nnacfu, u k konuy
155 nauany 156 i. oa hcpcionopnix hpouccca, hpoxonunmuc
hapanncnino, inu sancpmcni. 2O mapfa 156 i. ina hpusnana
honnan ncsanucumocfi Tynuca; 2 mapfa Mapokko. 7 ahpcnn sa
sfum hocncnonan ofkas manpunckoio hpanufcnicfna of nihonncnun
qynkuuu hpofckfopafa nan Hchanckum Mapokko, a ncmnoio hosn-
ncc nosnpamcnuc cynfany fakxc mcxnynaponnou soni Tanxcpa.
3akanuunanuci nccnfi ncf ncohpcncncnnocfu, onnako nc naionapn
chonfannou nonc qpanuyson, a naionapn hofpcnocfu Iapuxa
sakpifi nckofopic us qponfon, na kofopix cmy hpumnoci ncu-
cfnonafi n honufuucckom u nocnnom ofnomcnuu. Anxupckoc noc-
cfanuc cfano kommapom u ncfonafopom hpofunopcuuu Hcfncpfou
pcchynuku. Ho ono fakxc nnnnnoci onnum us achckfon kpusuca
qpanuysckoio hpucyfcfnun no nccm Cpcnuscmnomopic u napacfak-
mcio yxynmcnun ofnomcnuu c naccponckum Iiuhfom, nc cs ocno-
nanun onunnnmciocn n qunancuponanuu u noopyxcnuu nauuona-
nucfuucckoio cohpofunncnun hpofun panuuu no nccu Ccncpnou
Aqpukc.
10.2.7. BOCCTAHUE U HEBABUCUMOCTB AL+UPA
B Anxupc nchpumupuman hosuuun, sannfan qpanuysamu n hocnc-
nocnniu hcpuon, ofpcsana hyfi k nosmoxnomy hpuxony k nnacfu
cuninou mycynimanckou snufi, kofopan moina i nicfyhafi ho-
cpcnnukom, cmniuafi, a, nosmoxno, u usciafi konqnukfa mcxny
nnacfik mcfpohonuu u hponnncnunmu couuaninoio ncnononicfna
naponnix macc. B houckax komhpomucca, kofopiu xofn i uacfuu-
2
no homcn nancfpcuy fpconanunm anfonomuu, hapuxckoc hpanu-
fcnicfno nncno n Anxupc noniu cfafyf, cosnananmuu hpcncfanu-
fcninyk accamnck, hononuna kofopou usupanaci cnpohcuckumu
kononucfamu (okono 1 mnn ucnonck), a npyian hononuna mccfnim
naccncnucm (8 mnn). Accamncn ina, onnako, nancncna oipanu-
ucnnimu honnomouunmu u, oncc foio, cc ncnfcninocfi usnauanino
nokuponanaci ncoxonumocfik hpunumafi pcmcnun onimun-
cfnom n nnc fpcfu ionocon.
Takoc pcmcnuc nisinano ncnononicfno cnpohcuckux kononuc-
fon, ycmofpcnmux n sfou nopmc cnocio pona hpano ncfo, hpcnoc-
fannncmoc anxupuam, u honoipcnano nacfpocnun nauuonanucfon,
ycmofpcnmux nison n nohukmcu nccopasmcpnocfu hpcncfanufcni-
cfna nnyx coomccfn, cymccfnonanmux na nannou fcppufopuu. Ac-
camncn nc opcna cnocu cocfncnnou ponu; nauuonanucfi hony-
uunu cfumyn k yxony no nnchapnamcnfckyk ohhosuuuk; nauanu
honnnnficn skcfpcmucfcku nacfpocnnic ipyhhi. Opianusauun, nos-
inannncman Myxammcnom Icn Icnnou, kofopan nauana honiofonky
noopyxcnnix ipyhh n Tynucc u cosnanuc ccfu honncpxku n Anxu-
pc, ina pachymcna qpanuysamu, onnako, nosponunaci n 154 i.,
cosnan ponf nauuonaninoio ocnooxncnun (HO), honnnnmuu
1 nonpn 154 i. nccomcc noccfanuc.
C sfoio momcnfa nauancn camiu fnxcniu u ohacniu nnn qpan-
uysckou kononuaninou honufuku n Aqpukc sfah (mcxny fcm, cmc nc
yfuxna honcmuka nokpyi hopaxcnun, honcccnnoio no Bicfnamc).
Ofo in nison, n kofopom ncc nnyfpcnnuc hpofunopcuun, hpucymuc
mcfpohonuu (mcxny konccpnafopamu u kpaunumu kononuanucfamu,
ncokononuanucfckumu moncpnusafopamu u anfukononuanucfcku-
mu pcqopmucfamu), hcpchncnuci c uncfufyuuonaninim kpusucom.
Iocncnnuu in nisnan oucnunnou ncchoconocfik qpanuysckou
honufuucckou cucfcmi pcmufi cnumkom onimoc konuuccfno hpo-
ncm, n fc ioni opymunmuxcn na cfpany, ninnun oipanuucnnocfi
cc mcxnynaponnoio nnunnun, cchnonnocfi fcx, kfo nc xofcn samc-
uafi sfou oipanuucnnocfu, npamafuucckoc pacxoxncnuc mcxny o-
mupnocfik qponfon (honufuucckux u nocnnix), na kofopix nyx-
no ino ncucfnonafi, u ncchoconocfik hponnufi honufuucckyk
nonk nnn foio, ufoi hpofunocfonfi hpofunnukam. panuun, fa-
kum opasom, hcpcxunana kpusuc, kofopiu nnoni, kak u n 14O i.,
cfanun hon comncnuc houfu ncc achckfi cc nnyfpcnncu xusnu u
cc hpucyfcfnun n mupc. Takoni inu hpuuuni, cncnanmuc nouny
n Anxupc cmc oncc oncsncnnou, ucm foniko ufo sakonuunmuucn
konqnukf n Hnnokufac.
B ofncf na noccfanuc Iapux hpuci k otnnncnuk upcsniuau-
noio honoxcnun, apccfy ncnymux apackux honufukon, macconim
JO
pchpcccunm, ocymccfnnnnmumcn nocnnim konfunicnfom, uucncn-
nocfi kofopoio nocfuina n 157 i. honymunnuona ucnonck. Mcfpoho-
nun csychcmno hifanaci n 156 i. nannsafi anxupuam hocpcncfnom
hnana Monnc-akocfa (oa couuanucfi, hcpniu hpcnccna-
fcni Concfa munucfpon, nfopou icncpan-iycpnafop Anxupa)
pcqopmucfckoc pcmcnuc, u na ccu pas oxonunmcc nohpoc o ncsa-
nucumocfu. Hchpumupuman hosuuun panuuu chococfnonana sa-
nocnanuk honufuucckux hosuuuu ponfom nauuonaninoio ocno-
oxncnun. B pcsynifafc on hpcncfan cnuncfncnnou opianusauucu,
choconou ancknafnim opasom nccfu opiy sa ncsanucumocfi.
panuun cfpcmunaci uscxafi unfcpnauuonanusauuu konqnuk-
fa n mcxnynaponnom hnanc. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi hpononxanu
honncpxunafi coksnuka, xofn panuun nonxna ina ninccfu nou-
cka us Inpohi nnn ux hocinku n Ccncpnyk Aqpuky. Onnako pan-
uun ninyxncna ina samumaficn of nafucka kommynucfuucckoio
u aqpo-asuafckoio noka, kofopiu umcn n OOH n 155 i. iopasno
oncc cuninic hosuuuu, ucm n hpomnom. Hauonimum ucfounu-
kom occhokocnnocfu nnn mcfpohonuu cfana, kak i fo nu ino,
nsaumocnnsi mcxny anxupckum konqnukfom u ofnomcnunmu
panuuu c Tynucom u Mapokko. Ofa hponcma hpcncfana nauoncc
nainnnno n cnyuac c hoxumcnucm u apccfom Icn Icnni, hpoucmcn-
mum n okfnpc 156 i., ncckoniko uacon chycfn hocnc foio, kak on
in hpunnf cynfanom Icn Kccqom, unu xc n qcnpanc 158 i.,
koina qpanuysckan anuauun concpmuna nancf na fynucckyk ncpcnnk
Cakucf Cunu-Kccq, yun ncckoniko nccnfkon ucnonck, hockoniky
n sfom pauonc Tynuca naxonunaci asa anxupckux honcfanucn.
Cfpafciuu ioponckou nouni, kofopou hpuncpxunancn ponf, c
157 i. hpuncna k ynuufoxcnuk pnna cio noxncu u ocnix kanpon
opianusauuu n Anxupc. B fo xc npcmn panuuu n 15716O ii.
ynanoci yncpxunafi hapfusanckyk nouny hon konfponcm c homomik
usyucnun u uchonisonanun fakfuku, hpumcnnnmcucn no Bicfnamc
u fakfuku Bcnukopufanuu n Manauc, a fakxc opianusonan ccpuk
nacfyhncnuu, sancpmunmuxcn houfu honnim honanncnucm occho-
conocfu honcfanucn. Onnako konfponi sa xonom nouni yckonisnyn
of honufuucckoio pykononcfna kak n Iapuxc, fak u n Anxupc, ufo
hpuncno k cosnanuk afmocqcpi pacfymcio ncnoncpun mcxny mcf-
pohonucu u kononucfamu, afmocqcpi, yncnuuunanmcu cnoony ma-
ncnpa nnn apmuu, a sfo chococfnonano honnncnuk honufuucckux
saionopon, u, hpcxnc nccio, honfankunano honufuucckyk cucfcmy
Hcfncpfou pcchynuku k ncmunycmomy kpusucy. Anxupckuc kono-
nucfi yxc nanno nucfanuuponanuci of hpanufcnicfna, pasmimnnn
o cosnanuu cnocu camocfonfcninou apmuu. C numu nokuponanuci
fakxc hpcncfanufcnu ionnucfckou hpanou. Takuc, honisonanmuccn
J1
onimum anfopufcfom ncnfcnu, kak Mumcni cpc u Zak Cyc-
fcni, honncpxunanu sfu unuuuafuni. Cncpxannocfi nocnnix
ina hpcononcna, koina inannokomannykmuu nouckamu n Anxupc
icncpan Iayni Canan nickasan hpcsuncnfy pcchynuku Icnc Kofu
cnoc nccoinacuc ho honony nonix ycfyhok anxupuam, kofopic cfanu
ncoxonumi c yucfom hocncncfnuu omapnuponku ncpcnnu Cakucf.
Ofo ypnnmcc ncnononicfno, cfpax u cfpcmncnuc k nocnnomy
hcpcnopofy hpuncnu 7 man 158 i. k ofkpifomy nocnnomy mnfcxy.
Icncpan Zak Macck coinacuncn nosinanufi komufcf omccfncnnoio
chaccnun, sannunmuu o iofonnocfu k cohpofunncnuk no hocncnnc-
io. Hs Anxupa nonni mnfcxa, kasanoci, nof-nof pachpocfpannfcn
na fcppufopuk mcfpohonuu. Hmcnno n fou ocfanonkc, fo ccfi
hcpcn nuuom ohacnocfu iocynapcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa, onimun-
cfno honufuucckux cun n Iapuxc comnoci na fom, ufo foniko
nuunocfi fakoio honufuucckoio macmfaa, kak nc Ionni, chocona
ncpnyfi cufyauuk hon konfponi. Icncpan, umcnmuu cpcnu mnfcx-
nukon mnoxccfno cnoux hocncnonafcncu, no nanknanmuu sa pas-
nufucm cufyauuu c aconkfnou ofcfpancnnocfik, ofncfun, ufo on
iofon ofknuknyficn na opamcnniu k ncmy hpusin, ninnunyn n
kauccfnc cnuncfncnnoio ycnonun fo, ufo cio ncfyhncnuc n nonx-
nocfi nonxno hpoucxonufi sakonnim opasom. 1 uknn 158 i. on
nsnn na ccn nnacfi no panuuu n kauccfnc nonoio hpcnccnafcnn
Concfa munucfpon, a n konuc iona Ipcsuncnfa pcchynuku.
Ocfanonka, n kofopou hpoxonuna cmcna nnacfu n Iapuxc, icf-
po hpcnpafunmancn c cosnanucm nonou koncfufyuuu u poxncnucm
Infou pcchynuku n cmcny pcxuma, ina nccfauninou. Iosuuun
nc Ionnn, uic nosnpamcnuc k pykononcfny cfpanou hpuncfcfnona-
noci anxupckumu hyfuucfamu kak hocna ux ncna, ina, onnako,
nnycmicncnnou u ocfopoxnou. On cpasy xc ofhpanuncn n Anxup,
inc nan fopxccfncnnic ocmanun ofnocufcnino pancncfna mcxny
anxupuamu u kononucfamu, a fakxc ofnocufcnino niopon ho
cnunou usupafcninou kypuu. Moxno hpcnhonoxufi, ufo nccmofpn
na cio hcpconaninic hpcnhoufcnun n honisy unfcipauuu, icncpan
yxc foina in cknoncn k paspcmcnuk cufyauuu hyfcm hpcnocfan-
ncnun Anxupy ncsanucumocfu unu, ho kpauncu mcpc, anfonomuu
kak hpucocnununmcmycn iocynapcfny c fcm, ufoi cnoonnan
panuun moina nahpanufi cnou pccypci hpcxnc nccio na ncoxo-
numyk moncpnusauuk nnyfpcnncu anmunucfpafunnou u hpousnon-
cfncnnou cfpykfypi. Ofa moncpnusauun nonxna ina cfafi ocno-
nou nncmncu honufuku ncnukou ncpxani, hpofaionucfom kofopou
namcpcnancn cfafi icncpan c ucnik nnoni honnnfi hpccfux u poni
panuuu n mupc. H moxno, cncnonafcnino, hpcnhonoxufi, ufo on
uscian ucfkoio usnoxcnun fakou hcpchckfuni c ucnik uscxafi
J2
pcakuuu kononucfon u apmuu, a fakxc nosmoxnou ipaxnanckou
nouni unu ofncncnun Anxupa. Bcc sfo hosnonncf otncnufi houc-
my, xofn hapfusanckan nouna u nocuna foina ooponufcniniu xa-
pakfcp u hpcncfannnnaci nosmoxnocfi nouficn nocnnoio ychcxa,
cunonoc pcmcnuc nc ino nannsano. anncnuc, okasinacmoc n sfom
nahpanncnuu, ino hpcononcno, u, nauunan c ncfa 15 i., ncc oncc
ucfko ohpcncnnncn kypc na hpcnocfanncnuc ncsanucumocfu Anxupy,
n coofncfcfnuu c hpoucccom, kofopiu oxnafun nck qpanuysckyk
kononuaninyk cucfcmy.
Iasouaponanuc u ncnononicfno, pachpocfpanunmuccn ncncn-
cfnuc fakoio nchpcnnuncnnoio pasnufun honufuku Iapuxa cpcnu
kononucfon, a fakxc hpanix ionnucfckux honufukon (u nc ionnucf-
ckux, kak n cnyuac c Zopxcm Iuno), ninunuci n 16O i. n qopmu-
ponanuc ipaxnanckux nnuxcnuu cohpofunncnun ucnfpaninou an-
munucfpauuu u n hohifky nocnnoio hcpcnopofa n cncnykmcm iony
n Anxupc, nosinanncnnyk icncpanom Cananom. Oa nnuxcnun hpo-
nanunuci, nounmuci numi ykpchncnun pcmumocfu nc Ionnn nccfu
hcpcionopi.
Icpcionopi c anxupuamu nauanuci n uknc 16O i. n cnoxnou
ocfanonkc, n momcnf, xapakfcpusonanmuucn ocfpim hpofunocfon-
nucm nc Ionnn u qpanuysckux kononucfon, a fakxc ncnoncpucm co
cfoponi HO. Onu inu c ccpicsnimu namcpcnunmu nosonon-
ncni no panuuu n Onuanc n mac 161 i., no safcm nnoni sano-
kuponani mnfcxom Canana n Anxupc u fcppopom, kofopiu ocymc-
cfnnnna OAC
1
. Icpcionopi nosononunuci n mapfc 162 i., koina
ino, nakoncu, nocfuinyfo coinamcnuc ofnocufcnino hpckpamc-
nun oinn u cosnanun ncsanucumoio Anxupa, cnnsannoio c pan-
uucu foniko coinamcnunmu, pcinamcnfuponanmumu hcpcxonniu
hcpuon u hocncnykmcc skonomuucckoc cofpynnuuccfno. Ha fpu
iona anxupui coxpannnu nnounoc ipaxnancfno u moinu nipafi
onno us nux. Ha sfof xc hcpuon npcmcnu qpanuysckuc noucka
nonxni inu ocfanaficn n Anxupc. B fcucnuc hnfu ncf onu coxpa-
nnnu sa coou aspohopfi u nocnnic asi n Caxapc u hnfnanuafu
nocnno-mopckyk asy Mcpc-Oni-Kcup. Oc cfpani nonxni inu
nmccfc skchnyafuponafi anxupckuc ncqfnnic pccypci, a panuun
qunancuponafi hnani pasnufun nonoio ncsanucumoio iocynapcfna.
na pcqcpcnnyma, onun no panuuu 8 ahpcnn, npyiou n An-
xupc 1 uknn, nickasanuci honannnkmum onimuncfnom ionocon
n honisy coinamcnuu. Onnako, n hcpuon mcxny pcqcpcnnymamu
1 OAC cokpamcnnoc of qpanuysckoio Organisation de larme secrete (Cck-
pcfnan noopyxcnnan opianusauun) ncncianinan kpaunc hpanan opianusauun,
cosnannan n qcnpanc 161 i. u nicfyhanman hpofun hpcnocfanncnun ncsanucumocfu
Anxupy. 1pu+. pe0uiuuu.
JJ
OAC pasncpnyna n Anxupc oionfcnoc u cchoncsnoc cohpofunnc-
nuc, sacfanunmcc qpanuysckux kononucfon hokunyfi cfpany, ko-
fopan cfanonunaci ncsanucumou, no ina nahonncna ounamu,
cnnsannimu c xccfokocfik saknkuufcninoio sfaha opii. Hs
ncmnoium oncc munnuona qpanuyson, hpoxunanmux foina n An-
xupc, okono 8OO fic. namnu ycxumc n npyiux mccfax, hpcxnc
nccio, n mcfpohonuu.
Onuanckuc coinamcnun sancpmunu shoxy no qpanuysckou uc-
fopuu, kofopan foniko n ucnnx coxpancnun ncnocfu usnoxcnun nc
ina hpoananusuponana no nccu cc mnoioipannocfu. Icnu camim
ocfpim momcnfom qpanuysckoio umhcpckoio kpusuca in fof, ufo
c konua nouni no 162 i. xapakfcpusonan ofnomcnun c apackum
mupom, fo nc mcncc fnxcnimu no nnyfpuhonufuucckom u nncmnc-
honufuucckom hnanc inu hocncncfnun nouni n Hnnokufac. Hc
mcncc opcmcnufcninimu inu onsafcnicfna qpanuysckoio hpa-
nufcnicfna, nahpanncnnic na hocfchcnnoc usmcncnuc ofnomcnuu
co nccmu npyiumu fcppufopunmu, nxonunmumu n cocfan umhcpuu.
10.2.8. KOHEU !PAHU.BCKOFO FOCHO,CTBA
B UH,OKUTAE
Bhnofi no 15O i. konqnukfi, cnnsannic c xononnou nounou n
Ccncpo-Bocfounou Asuu, u hpouccc nckononusauuu n Kio-Boc-
founou Asuu paccmafpunanuci ncponfno, fak ono u ino kak
ofncninic nnncnun, kofopic cncnycf ocyxnafi ncsanucumo npyi
of npyia, nccmofpn na nanuuuc ncuscxnoio nsaumoncucfnun mcx-
ny pasnuunimu fcafpamu konqnukfon, fpakfonanmuccn, nhpoucm,
kak nfopocfchcnnic sncmcnfi omcu kapfuni. Cosnanuc Kufau-
ckou Haponnou Icchynuku, kufaucko-concfckuu noionop u nouna
n Kopcc usmcnunu omcc nochpunfuc coifuu sahannimu ncpxa-
namu. Hanuuuc omcu ipanuui mcxny Haponnim Kufacm u Bicf-
namom ninyxnano paccmafpunafi pasnuunic achckfi cufyauuu
kak uacfu ncpaspinnoio ucnoio, n kofopom ucnu nckononusauuu
hcpchncfanuci c ucnnmu hponnuxcnun k kommynusmy. Bhpoucm,
nusocfi k kommynucfuucckomy Kufak okasana cuninoc nnunnuc
fakxc na Bicf-Muni, kofopiu n snauufcninou mcpc uchifan na
ccc hpufniafcninocfi kufauckou moncnu kak n unconoiuucckom
hnanc, fak u naionapn cymccfncnnim nocnnim hocfankam, kofo-
pic cfanu nosmoxnimu c foio npcmcnu. Ofo hoynuno sahannic
ncpxani usmcnufi cnoc ofnomcnuc k cufyauuu no Bicfnamc.
B konuc 14 i. Tpymsn pcmun, hpu ohpcncncnnix ycnonunx,
yncnuuufi nocnnyk homomi panuuu u hpucocnununmumcn k ncu
iocynapcfnam n Hnnokufac. Ycnonun, ninnunyfic amcpukanuamu,
J4
cocfonnu, inannim opasom, n fpconanuu, ufoi homomi choco-
cfnonana qopmuponanuk pcaninou ncsanucumocfu hpucocnunun-
muxcn iocynapcfn, kofopic, fakum opasom, cfanu i nuxc k
3ahany n unconoiuucckom ofnomcnuu n konqnukfc c kommynucfu-
ucckum hpanufcnicfnom Xanon. Ion sfum honufuucckum naxumom
u hon nocnnim nanncnucm kommynucfon qpanuysi cfpcmunuci
nanccfu hopnnok n cucfcmc ofnomcnuu, cnoxunmuxcn n pcsynifafc
saknkucnun noionopon 14 i. Ha konqcpcnuuu, cocfonnmcucn n
Io, no panuuu 27 nonpn 15O i., onu hpcnnoxunu hpockf, hpcnyc-
mafpunanmuu cnocio pona ucfipcxcfoponnuu coks, naionapn kofo-
pomy honufuka fpcx unnokufauckux iocynapcfn (Bicfnama, aoca u
Kamonxu) nonxna ina i coinaconinaficn c Iapuxcm, a pan-
uun coxpannna i konfponi nan konnckfunnou csohacnocfik u
cucfcmou iocynapcfncnnoio yhpanncnun. Kpaunnn nnyfpcnnnn nc-
ycfouuunocfi hpucocnununmuxcn iocynapcfn cncnana, nhpoucm,
fmcfnimu hohifku ocymccfnufi na ncnc qopmyni honysanucumo-
io hpanufcnicfna, nponc fcx, ufo inu hpunymani n Io.
Ha nccm Hnnokufauckom honyocfponc nnacfi snuf, hpusnannix
ocymccfnnnfi yhpanncnuc, hcpuonuuccku ochapunanaci momnimu
ipyhhamu nanncnun, fpconanmumu pcaninou ncsanucumocfu, unu
kommynucfuucckumu opianusauunmu, kofopic hocfchcnno cfanu
hpocfimu ofncfnncnunmu Bicf-Munn. Takum opasom, hohifka
cosnafi xusncchoconic n honufuucckom ofnomcnuu nauuo-
naninic opasonanun sakonuunaci kpaxom. Tcm npcmcncm nocnnic
ncucfnun Bicf-Munn akfunusuponanuci no fakou cfchcnu, ufo n
konuc 15O i. kommynucfuucckuc cuni konfponuponanu okono ho-
nonuni fcppufopuu Tonkuna. Bccnou 151 i. qpanuysckuu ncp-
xonniu komuccap nc affp nc Taccuniu c ychcxom hponcn konfp-
nacfyhncnuc. Onnako sfo in sqcmcpniu pcsynifaf. Taccuniu,
ninyxncnnoio us-sa ccpicsnix hponcm co snoponicm ocfanufi
komannonanuc. Iio cmcnun icncpan Canan, mcncc sncpiuuniu u n
mcnimcu cfchcnu choconiu sanocninafi honncpxky kopcnnoio
naccncnun. B nauanc 152 i. honoxcnuc qpanuyson cnona yxynmu-
noci, u n 15J i. noucka Xo Uu Muna cfanu yipoxafi nchocpcn-
cfncnno ipanuuam aoca u Kamonxu, sancpman fakum opasom
okpyxcnuc kononuaninix cun, cocpcnofoucnnix n kxnou uacfu
ucnfpaninoio Bicfnama.
B mcxnynaponnom hnanc pacmupcnuc konqnukfa cfanuno hpo-
ncmi hcpcn coksnukamu panuuu u, hpcxnc nccio, hcpcn Cocnu-
ncnnimu Ufafamu. Xofn Ouscnxaysp u anncc ofnananu ccc ofucf
n fom, ufo snauufcninan uacfi ncynau sanuccna of ncsqqckfunnocfu
ncucfnuu qpanuyson, onu hpononxanu okasinafi cnok nocnnyk
homomi, u, oncc foio, napamunanu cc n icomcfpuucckou hpoipcc-
J5
cuu. Hnfcpnauuonanusauun konqnukfa honnckna sa coou nauano
nuhnomafuucckux u cfpafciuucckux koncynifauuu mcxny kpyhncu-
mumu sahannimu ncpxanamu. Tpcxcfoponnuc ncfpcuu cfanonunuci
ncc oncc uacfimu, u n okfnpc 152 i. ino pcmcno cosnafi nocn-
nyk komuccuk us hpcncfanufcncu hnfu ncpxan (panuuu, Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon, Bcnukopufanuu, Ancfpanuu u Honou 3cnannuu)
c ucnik coinaconanun u koopnunauuu nmcmafcnicfna sfux cfpan,
no, hpcxnc nccio, c ucnik cinanufi hpunuuhuaninic pasnuuun
mcxny amcpukanckou konuchuucu u konuchuunmu cnpohcuckux
cfpan, n ococnnocfu, qpanuysckou. cucfnufcnino, nckofopic
kpyiu n Icnom nomc cuufanu, ufo hofcpn Bicfnama hpousncncf sq-
qckf nomuno, fo ccfi hpuncncf k ncuscxnomy pachpocfpancnuk
nnunnun kommynucfon no nccu Kio-Bocfounou Asuu; onu hpcnna-
ianu ocymccfnnnfi hpnmic nahancnun na asi nocnnix hocfanok
Bicf-Munk na fcppufopuu Kufan. Ofo pcmcnuc ocyxnanoci, no
nc ino hpunnfo. Bixon konqnukfa sa hpcncni nicfnamckux ipa-
nuu hpuncn i qakfuuccku k cmc oncc ccpicsnim hocncncfnunm,
ucm fc, ufo umcnu mccfo n Kopcc.
B ccpcnunc 15J i. Canana cmcnun icncpan Anpu Hanapp, hc-
pcn kofopim ina hocfanncna sanaua hponccfu pcopianusauuk
nouck u cosnafi cuninyk ohcpafunnyk nouckonyk ipyhhy, choco-
nyk hpofunocfonfi ofpnnam Bicf-Munn, kofopic hon nccfnmum
pykononcfnom Bo Hiycn 3uaha cnuckanu cnany nchocnumix. On-
nako nnn foio, ufoi sanaua, hocfanncnnan hcpcn Hanappom, ina
ocymccfnuma, fpconancn nocnniu hofcnuuan, kofopim panuun
nc pachonaiana u kofopiu moinu hpcnocfanufi foniko Cocnuncn-
nic Ufafi. Zopx Iuno, nnoxnonufcni hnana Hanappa, hcpcnanan
fcm camim Cocnuncnnim Ufafam hpano pcmafi uscxafi nu ka-
facfpoqi no Bicfnamc unu xc cpasy nsnfi na ccn hpnmic onsa-
fcnicfna.
Ha sfom sfahc concfckoc hpanufcnicfno, na hpofnxcnuu konqnuk-
fa ncpxanmcccn n fcnu, no n fo xc npcmn hocfannnnmcc Bicf-Munk
snauufcninyk nocnnyk homomi ucpcs Haponniu Kufau, 4 aniycfa
15J i. ninnunyno hpcnnoxcnuc cosina mcxnynaponnou konqcpcn-
uuu nnn paspcmcnun kpusucon n Kopcc u Hnnokufac. Hcoxunanno
sfa unuuuafuna hpcncfana kak cnocio pona omcc honncncnuc ufo-
ion nnn sahannix ncpxan, kofopim ino hpcnnoxcno usnncui ni-
noni us nccu conokyhnocfu usmcncnuu n Inpohc u n mupc, ncnan-
mux ncoxonumimu hcpcmcny unu koppckfuponky honufuucckoio
kypca. panuun, fo ccfi cfpana, camim nchocpcncfncnnim opa-
som nonncucnnan n kpusuc, sahyfanaci n ohacnix hpofunopcuunx.
Omccfncnnoc mncnuc, u nc foniko naxonunmcccn hon nnunnucm
kpaunc ncnou, ncc oncc ofuyxnanoci of mofunauuu nanckoio kon-
J6
qnukfa, n kofopom, kasanoci, inu saunfcpcconani foniko ohpc-
ncncnnic nocnnic, skonomuucckuc u qunanconic kpyiu. axc n
camom hpanufcnicfnc Zoscqa anicnn inu munucfpi, nacfpocn-
nic hpofun hpononxcnun ipnsnou nouni. H xofn knkucnic mu-
nucfpi (cam anicni, Iuno u Incncn) honncpxunanu nouny, npyiuc
nicfyhanu sa hcpcionopi.
Hcnoncpuc qpanuyson u nifckakmcc us ncio csncucfnuc, nu-
manmcc cmicna hpunnfuc nocnnix pcmcnuu n Hnnokufac, ofpa-
xanuci na pufanckou hosuuuu. Aninuuanc inu kafciopuuccku
hpofun yxynmcnun cufyauuu n Hnnokufac, hockoniky ohacanuci
hocncncfnuu sfoio nnn nonou honufuku paspnnku, kofopyk nauanu
hpononufi hpccmnuku Cfanuna, a fakxc hockoniky ncucfnufcnino
onnuci sqqckfa nomuno of yinyncnun kpusuca: na honyocfponc
Manakka, inc hpononxanu opiy ouaiu kommynucfuucckoio cohpo-
funncnun, u n Ionkonic, inc sckanauun kpusuca ycununa cfpaxu hc-
pcn nosmoxnocfik ncoxunannix ncucfnuu c kufauckou cfoponi.
Kpomc foio, nonnonckoc hpanufcnicfno honumano, ufo pufanckoc
nnunnuc na anincm Bocfokc, a fakxc cnpohcuckuc hponcmi,
cnnsannic c hcpcnoopyxcnucm Icpmanuu, nciuc yncf konfponu-
ponafi, ccnu nicfnamckuu kpusuc, nmccfo foio, ufoi pasnunaficn
n pycnc nocnnoio konqnukfa, yncf hcpcncncn n nuhnomafuucckuu
konfckcf.
Icnu hosuuun nnyx kpyhncumux cnpohcuckux kononuaninix ncp-
xan, kasanoci, cknonnnaci k uncc hcpcionopon, fo hosuuun Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon cymccfncnno ofnuuanaci. B inasax Icnoio noma
unnokufauckuu konqnukf cfanun hon comncnuc umunx u anfopu-
fcf Cocnuncnnix Ufafon no nccu Asuu. Takan nchpumupuman ho-
suuun ina oycnonncna fcm, ufo fcopun nomuno cfanonunaci ncc
oncc hohynnpnou, a fakxc ycxncnnocfik n nccnocnpcmcnnocfu
hponnncnun cnaocfu n fof momcnf. 3a unccu komhpomucca hpo-
cmafpunanaci ohacnocfi, ufo hocnc qopmaninoio nocfuxcnun afom-
noio pannonccun Concfam ynacfcn honfonknyfi pasnufuc coifuu
n ncxcnafcninom nahpanncnuu, nannsan nuanoi na ocnonc honnoio
u ncucfnufcninoio honufuucckoio pancncfna, kofopoc hoka nc hon-
fncpxnanoci pcaninim coofnomcnucm cun.
Takum opasom, cfpani sahannoio noka ofncuanu na concfckoc
hpcnnoxcnuc ynyuu pasposncnnimu, pasncncnnimu pasnuunimu
mofunauunmu u hpofunohonoxnimu ycfpcmncnunmu u, cncnona-
fcnino, okasanmuci hocfanncnnimu hon ynap unuuuafunou CCCI.
B hpofunohonoxnocfi hpofunnukam, cnunim n honufukc cncpxu-
nanun, no pasncncnnim pasnoinacunmu ho kononuaninomy nohpo-
cy, couuanucfuucckuu naicpi n fof momcnf onanan npcmcnnim
cnuncfnom, xapakfcpusonanmum hcpniu sfah hpcinanun y nnacfu
J7
hpanufcnicfna Mancnkona. nn CCCI hpcnnoxcnuc pcmufi unno-
kufauckyk hponcmy c homomik hponcncnun konqcpcnuuu nanano
nckofopoc hpcumymccfno, no-hcpnix, hockoniky kpusuc kacancn
hcpuqcpuunoio sncmcnfa n inoaninou cfpafciuu Concfckoio Coksa,
u, no-nfopix, hockoniky hosufunniu pcsynifaf moi i honnunfi
na honufuky hcpcnoopyxcnun 3ahannou Inpohi. Kpomc foio, yc-
hcx n paspcmcnuu kpusuca n Hnnokufac hpcncfanun i Concfi n
kauccfnc nuncpa opii hpofun kononuanusma. Hakoncu, nuhno-
mafuucckan hocna, nciko hpcnckasycman c yucfom hosuuuu na ho-
nnx cpaxcnuu u nacfpocnuu, hpconananmux no panuuu, occhc-
uuna i Concfam ychcx, kofopiu onu pasncnunu i c Kufauckou
Haponnou Icchynukou, uic yuacfuc n konqcpcnuuu cuufanoci
ncoxonumim, u yncnuuuna i ux anfopufcf samufnukon unfcpccon
KHI.
Kufauui inu naioxcnafcnino nacfpocni k uncc cosina kon-
qcpcnuuu ho mnoium hpuuunam. Ipcxnc nccio, ona homoina i um
niufu us mcxnynaponnou usonnuuu, n kofopou ux hpononxanu ncp-
xafi Cocnuncnnic Ufafi. Ofo fakxc osnauano i qakfuucckoc
hpusnanuc ponu Kufan kak ncnukou ncpxani n ncnc honncpxanun
mupa n Hnnokufac n momcnf, koina qpanuysckoc hpucyfcfnuc ka-
sanoci mafkum. Hakoncu, konqcpcnuun oipanuuuna i nosmox-
nocfi foio, ufoi upcsmcpnic ychcxu Bicf-Munn oocfpunu cufya-
uuk, nisnan fcm camim amcpukanckoc nmcmafcnicfno, kofopoc
cnona hoinofuno i kufauckuc pccypci u ofnnckno i ux of cqcp,
cnnsannix c cnna nauanmcucn skonomuucckou pckoncfpykuucu.
Onnako kufauckan honufuka pacxonunaci c concfckou honufukou
ho nnym qynnamcnfaninim nohpocam: nnn Haponnoio Kufan Bicf-
nam nnnnncn nc hcpuqcpuunim sncmcnfom muponou honufuku, a
nuxaumum coccnom, kofopomy on okasinan homomi us icohonu-
fuucckux coopaxcnuu, no of kofopoio, ho fcm xc camim hpuuu-
nam, n nyxc fpanuuuu kufauckoio umhcpuanusma, on cfpcmuncn
nucfanuuponaficn no uscxanuc poxncnun nonou, cnumkom camo-
cfonfcninou u cnumkom anfopufcfnou nnacfu.
Concfckoc hpcnnoxcnuc ocyxnanoci n Icpnunc na concmanuu
munucfpon unocfpannix ncn ucfipcx ncpxan n nnnapcqcnpanc
154 i. Aninuuanc cknonnnu cnoux coksnukon k cio hpunnfuk,
ycxnan qpanuyson cnoum hpumcpom niufu us cocfonnun ncohpc-
ncncnnocfu u cfapanci cmniuufi nchpumupumyk hosuuuk amcpu-
kanucn n ofnomcnuu yuacfun kufauucn. Iycckuc u kufauui ycnunu
Xo Uu Muna nicfyhafi mcncc kafciopuuno. Iocnc hpcononcnun
sfux hpchnfcfnuu ino nasnaucno nauano paofi concmanun na
ahpcni foio xc 154 i. n Zcncnc. Concmanuc nonxno ino pac-
cmofpcfi nna ofncninix nohpoca: nosmoxnocfi hpcnpamcnun hcpc-
J8
mupun n Kopcc n mupniu noionop u houck mupnoio pcmcnun
nicfnamckoio nohpoca.
Iocnc sannncnun o cosinc concmanun Bicf-Muni nauan na-
cfyhncnuc c ucnik pacmupufi, nackoniko sfo ino nosmoxno,
cqcpy cnocio konfponn c fcm, ufoi nccfu hcpcionopi c hosuuuu
cuni. Hnfcncunnan nuhnomafuucckan ncnfcninocfi nccnou 154 i.
cocpcnofouunaci nokpyi amcpukanckou hohifku opianusonafi konfp-
nacfyhncnuc coksnukon n ofncf na nocnnoc nanncnuc kommynucfon.
Onnako us-sa nchpcknonnou hosuuuu pufanckoio hpanufcnicfna
u ncohpcncncnnou qpanuysckou hosuuuu, ycunun anncca c ucnik
cosnanun mcxnynaponnou koanuuuu hofcphcnu ncynauy. B fakou
ocfanonkc hocnunu nocnnic unuuuafuni Bicf-Munn. Boucka
icncpana 3uaha ocanunu ykpchncnniu naicpi icnicnqy, ohnof
qpanuyson, samumanmuu naocckyk nonuny pcku Mckoni, u 7 man
cnomunu ux cohpofunncnuc, oncpxan ipomkyk u cokpymufcninyk
hocny.
Hmcnno sfa hocna okasanaci nnn qpanuyson okonuafcninim
fonukom nnn pcmcnun o yckopcnuu fcmhon paofi concmanun,
nauanmciocn n Zcncnc 26 ahpcnn, ufo icfpo hpuncno k konkpcf-
nim pcsynifafam. B camom ncnc, ncmnoium oncc ucm mccnu chycfn
hocnc hancnun icnicnqy Mcnncc- panc cfan hpcmicp-munu-
cfpom, nan fopxccfncnnoc ocmanuc nocfuui coinamcnun n Zcncnc
n fcucnuc cfa nncu co nnn nincccnun nofyma noncpun hpanufcni-
cfny, kofopoc on honyuun 18 uknn. C sfoio momcnfa cfano ncno,
ufo ucni panuuu cocfonna n fom, ufoi nocfouno niufu us
opii, kofopyk ona ina ncchocona nancc nccfu. Kufauui u
pycckuc nanuponanu c ucnik cncpxafi nauoncc nancko unymuc
fpconanun Bicf-Munn u chococfnonafi saknkucnuk hcpcmupun
na ocnonc ycnonuu, hpucmncmix nnn qpanuyson, n pacucfc na fo,
ufo fakoc pasnufuc cufyauuu, xofn u yncf hpchnfcfnonafi honnou
nuknunauuu qpanuysckux unfcpccon n Hnnokufac, ho kpauncu
mcpc cnusuf ncponfnocfi nchocpcncfncnnoio amcpukanckoio nmc-
mafcnicfna n pciuonc.
Coinacuc ino nocfuinyfo n uknc, u hpunnno qopmy fpcx of-
ncninix nocnnix coinamcnuu, honhucannix 2O u 21 uknn qpan-
uysckum ncpxonnim komannonanucm u ncpxonnim komannonanucm
Bicf-Munn coofncfcfncnno of umcnu Bicfnama, aoca u Kamonxu.
Coinacno sfum coinamcnunm, Bicfnam pasncnnncn ho 17-u hapan-
ncnnu na nnc nocnnic soni (onna ofnananaci xanouckomy hpanu-
fcnicfny, npyian qpanuysam), cosnannuci fakxc yqcpnic ncmu-
nufapusonannic soni. Iocnc okonuanun nocnnix ncucfnuu nonxcn
in cocfonficn omcn hncnnimu. B fcucnuc JOO nncu kaxnan us
cfopon nonxna ina hcpcipyhhuponafi cnou cuni, hcpcncnn ux
J
n ofncncnnyk cu sony. Inannim hynkfom honufuucckux noiono-
pcnnocfcu ino pcmcnuc o fom, ufo nohpoc o okonuafcninom
ycfpoucfnc nccio Bicfnama nonxcn ohpcncnnficn hyfcm cnoonnix
niopon, kofopic nonxni cocfonficn n fcucnuc nnyx ncf hon kon-
fponcm komuccuu ho hcpcmupuk n cocfanc unnuuckoio, kanancko-
io u honickoio hpcncfanufcncu. Hakoncu, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi,
co cnocu cfoponi, ofkasanuci honhucafi saknkuufcninic coina-
mcnun, nknkuanmuc n ccn nocnnic noionopcnnocfu, u nipasunu
cnoc nccoinacuc oftcsnom anncca (samcncnnoio cio samccfufcncm)
us Zcncni n momcnf, koina konqcpcnuun paccmafpunana unnoku-
fauckuu nohpoc. Kpomc foio, onu n onnocfoponncm hopnnkc otn-
nunu, ufo hpunumakf k cncncnuk fpu honhucannix coinamcnun o
hcpcmupuu u saknkuufcninyk ncknapauuk, onsykfcn nosncpxu-
naficn of kakux i fo nu ino nocnnix unuuuafun, kofopic moi-
nu i homcmafi cc uchonncnuk, no n fo xc npcmn honncpxunakf
hpofccf hpanufcnicfna Kxnoio Bicfnama ho honony ofcyfcfnun
koncynifauuu c num, ofnocufcnino ucio ono nipaxano coxancnuc.
Hfo kacacfcn aoca, fo coinamcnun hpusnananu nnacfi monapxu-
ucckoio pcxuma u cio honnyk ncsanucumocfi, ofncpian hpofccfi
kommynucfuucckoio hpanufcnicfna n usinanuu, no coinamanci c
fcm, ufoi uacfu Iafcf-ao npcmcnno ocfananuci n nnyx hponun-
uunx. Iina fakxc hpusnana u honnan ncsanucumocfi Kamonxu.
Zcncnckuc coinamcnun hpcncfannnnu coou c kpunuucckou
fouku spcnun naop pasnoponnix u nnycmicncnnix ncknapauuu,
kyna kaxnan us cfopon hocfapanaci ncfanufi hynkfi, samumak-
muc cc unfcpcci, kofopic n ynymcm moxno ino uchonisonafi c
honisou nnn ccn. nn qpanuyson, onnako, ux ucnnocfi cocfonna n
fom, ufo onu hosnonnnu houfu honnocfik hokonuufi c hponcmou
Bicfnama. To, ufo ncmapkauuonnan nunun ina hponcncna ho 17-u
hapanncnu, nnnnnoci k fomy xc uacfuunim, xofn u npcmcnnim,
hopaxcnucm nnn Bicf-Munn, hockoniky on in ninyxncn nincc-
fu iopasno onimc nouck us kxnou uacfu Bicfnama, ucm qpanuy-
si us ccncpnou. Onnako coinamcnun nhucinanuci n ocfanon-
ky nccotcmnkmcio komhpomucca, kofopiu Mockna cfpcmunaci
cosnafi nakanync nuckyccuu no panuuu o Inpohcuckom oopo-
nufcninom coomccfnc; na nux ckasanoci nnunnuc nanncnun na
Bicf-Muni co cfoponi Kufan. Hxoy Oninau pastncnnn cohpofun-
nnnmcmycn Xo Uu Muny, ufo ynymcc yncf sanuccfi of cuni
Bicf-Munn, hockoniky Bicfnam moi otcnunuficn hon nnacfik
kommynucfuucckoio hpanufcnicfna hyfcm niopon, koina nacfy-
huf honxonnmuu momcnf. Tcm npcmcncm, cuufan Hxoy, coinamc-
nun usonuponanu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi u Kxniu Bicfnam, uic
4O
hpanufcnicfno, pasmccfunmcccn n Cauionc, nonxno ino na ncnc
nokasinafi cnok choconocfi ofncfufi na nison Ccncpa.
Ofo hpanufcnicfno, nosinannnnmcccn kafonukom Hio uni 3ic-
mom, hponosinacuno n 155 i. cosnanuc pcchynuku Kxniu Bicf-
nam u hocfchcnno nauano ohupaficn nc na ocfafku qpanuysckoio
nnunnun, a na pacfymcc amcpukanckoc hpucyfcfnuc. B 156 i.
hocncnnuc qpanuysckuc hpcncfanufcnu hokunynu Cauion, sannun,
ufo onu ofkasinakfcn of kakou i fo nu ino ofncfcfncnnocfu sa
nihonncnuc Zcncnckux coinamcnuu. Ipomcn ukni 156 i.,
nafa, no kofopou nonxni inu ifi nasnaucni hpcnycmofpcnnic
coinamcnunmu niopi, no nuucio nc ino cncnano. Hconiman
ipyhha amcpukanckux nocnnix concfnukon, naxonunmuxcn n Cau-
ionc, nc hpcnimanman ho uucncnnocfu numufi Zcncnckux coina-
mcnuu, nsnna na ccn sanauy homoui hpanufcnicfny Kxnoio Bicf-
nama cosnafi cnok apmuk. B 158 i. na kic nchixnyno noccfanuc
kommynucfon, a n mac 15 i. Hcnfpaniniu komufcf Bicfnamckou
komhapfuu pcmun nosononufi opiy u honncpxafi kommynucfu-
ucckoc nnuxcnuc na kic cfpani. 3umou 1516O ii. cfanu omy-
maficn hcpnic pcsynifafi sfoio pcmcnun. Onnako n fof momcnf
hponcma nc ina onimc cnnsana c qpanuysckou nckononusauucu.
Tchcpi ona kacanaci Cocnuncnnix Ufafon.
10.2.9. BAH,.HFCKAH KOH!EPEHUUH
U PO+,EHUE ,BU+EHUH HEHPUCOE,UHEHUH
Bo nsaumcnnsu c hpoucccom nckononusauuu u cohponoxnanmu-
mu cio noopyxcnnimu konqnukfamu pasnunancn hapanncniniu
hpouccc, n kofopom n snauufcninou cfchcnu ofpaxanuci ocnonnic
kpusuci (xofn hpu sfom onu u hponnnnnuci ho-pasnomy). Iocfc-
hcnno n ncm nixonunu na anancucny nnc fcnncnuuu. Icpnan
ncc oncc ofucfnunoc cfpcmncnuc honufuucckux snuf nccx kononu-
aninix fcppufopuu k sanocnanuk ncsanucumocfu cnocu cfpani,
nfopan cknonnocfi kononuaninix ncpxan k oncc nnumafcninomy
honcucfy coofnomcnun mcxny pacfymumu safpafamu na concpxanuc
umhcpckux cucfcm u ncc ymcnimakmumucn niionamu, kofopic
onu occhcuunanu. Ofo nnncnuc kacanoci nc foniko honohcunix
fcppufopuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu, n ofnomcnuu kakonix Concf
ho ohckc yxc nanno cfan ocymccfnnnfi ncc oncc cfpoiuu konf-
poni sa nihonncnucm onsafcnicfn ncpxanamu, honyuunmumu ux n
yhpanncnuc, no fakxc u, hpcxnc nccio (yuufinan icoipaquucckuu
macmfa nannou kafciopuu), kononuu, kofopic n cucfcmc OOH
nasinanuci nccamoyhpannnkmuccn fcppufopuu (in. XI, cf. 7J u 74
Ycfana). Onsafcnicfno, hpcnycmofpcnnoc hynkfom e cfafiu 7J,
41
n coofncfcfnuu c kofopim ncc kononuaninic ncpxani nonxni inu
cxcionno hocinafi n Cckpcfapuaf OOH noknan, concpxamuu cfa-
fucfuucckuc cncncnun ho nckofopim achckfam pasnufun yhpannnc-
mix fcppufopuu, hocfchcnno fpancqopmuponanoci n onsafcni-
cfno hocinafi ncc oncc omupnyk u ncfaninyk unqopmauuk.
Hapnny c Concfom ho ohckc n nckapc 146 i. ina cosnana uJ hoc
npcmcnnan komuccun, paofa kofopou hcpnonauanino nonxna ina
hponnuficn onun ion. B cc ucnu nxonuno hpcncfanufi hcpcucni
nccamocfonfcninix fcppufopuu, a fakxc cqopmynuponafi fpco-
nanun ofnocufcnino unqopmauuu, yhomunanmcucn n cf.7J. Komuc-
cun ononnnnaci kaxniu ion, safcm cpok cc ncnfcninocfu nauan
hponncnaficn kaxnic fpu iona, u fpconanun anfukononuaninix
cun, ufoi ona cfana cnocio pona fcncnim concfom ho ohckc
cfanu ncc oncc nacfonfcninimu.
Bhpoucm, afmocqcpa, n kofopou kononuaninan cucfcma hpo-
nonxana cymccfnonafi, foniko honkpchnnna sfy fcnncnuuk, ho-
ckoniky ona chococfnonana cosnanuk cfumyna k pacmupcnuk
kpyia unqopmauuu, fpcycmou of ofncninix hpanufcnicfn, ocymc-
cfnnnnmux yhpanncnuc fcppufopunmu, nhnofi no cocfncnno ho-
nufuucckou cqcpi.
Ionyucnuc ncsanucumocfu, xofn u oipanuucnnou, nonimu iocy-
napcfnamu, ux macconoc ncfyhncnuc n OOH n 155 i. u pachpocfpa-
ncnuc ncufpanusma kak hpofunoncucfnun kononuanusmy, coifun n
Ccncpnou Aqpukc u Hnnokufac ncc sfo chococfnonano konco-
nunauuu qopmupykmcucn koanuuuu aqpo-asuafckux cfpan, kofo-
pan namna ohopy nnn cnocu ncnfcninocfu n cucfcmc Opianusauuu
Otcnuncnnix Hauuu. Kpufuka kononuanusma sa kopofkoc npcmn
hpcnpafunaci n cio ofkpifoc ocyxncnuc, u nahpacno kononuaninic
ncpxani hifanuci nochpchnfcfnonafi sfou fcnncnuuu, uchonisyn
hpano ncfo n Concfc Icsohacnocfu. Icncpaninan Accamncn cfana
opianom, inc mononic ncsanucumic iocynapcfna hpu honncpxkc
koanuuuu kommynucfuucckux cfpan, nacfouuuno onunnnu kono-
nuaninic ncpxani n ncconkncnuu omux hpunuuhon camoohpc-
ncncnun, kofopic ncxanu n ocnonc ncnfcninocfu OOH.
Baxnyk poni n cosnanuu nonoio knumafa n mcxnynaponnix
ofnomcnunx, naiohpunfnoio nnn ocyxncnun kononuaninoio noh-
poca, ciipana konqcpcnuun, hpoxonunman c 18 ho 24 ahpcnn 155 i.
n Iannynic, n Hnnoncsuu. Konqcpcnuun ina cosnana n pcsynifafc
nuckyccuu, pasncpnynmuxcn n asuafckux cfpanax n hcpuon sancpmc-
nun kpusuca n Hnnokufac u hocnc honhucanun n ccnfnpc 154 i.
noionopa, yupcxnanmcio CIATO (Opianusauun oionopa Kio-Bo-
cfounou Asuu). Ipanufcnicfna hnfu asuafckux cfpan Hnnuu,
Iakucfana, Hcunona (n nacfonmcc npcmn Upu anka), Iupmi
42
(n nacfonmcc npcmn Minma) u Hnnoncsuu nicfyhunu c unu-
uuafunou cosina ncfpcuu asuafckux cfpan, honyuunmux n hocncn-
nuc ioni ncsanucumocfi u saunfcpcconannix n cnocm pasnufuu.
Bnauanc y konqcpcnuuu nc ino omcu konuchuuu nchpucoc-
nuncnun k onnomy us naicpcu, hopoxncnnix xononnou nounou,
hockoniky cpcnu hpuinamcnnix cfpan in u Iakucfan, fccno
cnnsanniu c 3ahanom noionopom CIATO u noomc nccu cnocu ho-
nufukou, u Kufau, ccchopno honncpxunanmuu CCCI, a fakxc
unuhhuni u Shonun, ohopnic hynkfi Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n
Tuxom okcanc. Ha konqcpcnuuk inu hpuinamcni apackuc
cfpani u nckofopic aqpukanckuc iocynapcfna, yxc honyuunmuc
ncnanno ncsanucumocfi, nuo oxunanmuc cc honyucnun n ckopom
ynymcm, a fakxc iocynapcfna, onananmuc cpcnu mononix cfpan
onimum anfopufcfom. B konqcpcnuuu yuacfnonanu u asuafckuc,
u aqpukanckuc cfpani. Tak, cpcnu hpuinamcnnix inu Iiuhcf,
Cupun, unan, ucpun, Cynan, Oquohun, 3onofou Icpci (nhoc-
ncncfnuu Iana) nccio n Iannynickou konqcpcnuuu yuacfnonano
2 ncnciauuu. Onu hpcncfannnnu oucni pasnic cfpani, hpononunmuc
pasnuunyk nncmnkk honufuky, no ncc oocfpcnno nochpunumanu
hponcmy nokon n cnnsu c concfcko-amcpukanckum hpofunocfon-
nucm, ufo ofpaxanoci na nccx cfpanax mupa u ncqopmuponano ncu-
cfnun fcx, kfo pafonan sa pasnufuc skonomuku. B sfom ofnomcnuu
hokasafcncn paspaofanniu n 15O i. nnn asuafckux cfpan Ipufan-
ckoio Conpyxccfna Hauuu hnan Konomo, hpunuuhi kofopoio
nnoxnonnnnu opianusafopon konqcpcnuuu, cfpcmunmuxcn hpunafi
onimyk snauumocfi skonomuucckomy pasnufuk, a nc nocnnim
konqnukfam.
Icpnonauaninan ucni konqcpcnuuu n xonc cc paofi ina usmc-
ncna hon nnunnucm fakux usnccfnix ncnfcncu kak Hcpy, Cykapno,
Haccp, Y Hy u Hxoy Oninau, kofopim ynanoci, nmccfo hponcm
yuacfun n fom unu unom naicpc, hpunncui nnumanuc ncnciafon k
nipaofkc nckofopix omux hpunuuhon hponcncnun honufuku
nchpucocnuncnun. Ipano na nauuonaninoc camoohpcncncnuc u
ocyxncnuc kononuanusma sanumanu naxnoc mccfo n paofc konqc-
pcnuuu. Io nfopomy nohpocy pasiopcnuci xapkuc chopi, hockoni-
ky cfpani, nauoncc fccno cnnsannic c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu
(nahpmcp, Iakucfan), fpconanu, ufoi Concfckuu Coks u mcx-
nynaponnoc kommynucfuucckoc nnuxcnuc inu ocyxncni nmccfc c
kononuaninimu ncpxanamu.
C onimum nnumanucm ncnciafi ofnccnuci k hpunnfuk onsa-
fcnicfna, onopcnnoio n ucnom, nosncpxaficn of yuacfun n coina-
mcnunx ho nohpocam konnckfunnou csohacnocfu, kofopic cnyxaf
ocoim unfcpccam ncnukux ncpxan. Takona ina uncn nchpucoc-
4J
nuncnun, nipaxcnnan, onnako, oucni pachninuafo, ufo hoponuno
camic pasnuunic cc fonkonanun. Io pnny hponcm (Hspauni, Tau-
nani, Hnnokufau) konqcpcnuun hpcnnoxuna ccpicsnic pcmcnun
na ocnonc komhpomucca, kofopic nc honyuunu mupokoio hpakfu-
ucckoio hpumcncnun. Iannynickan konqcpcnuun hpuopcna snauc-
nuc cumnona, ona nhcpnic yfncpnuna nonic hpunuuhi ynymcio
mupoycfpoucfna. Konqcpcnuun nicfyhuna n samufy ncsanucumoc-
fu kononuaninix naponon, ufo honyuuno mupokuu ofknuk n mupc;
ona otnnuna o poxncnuu nonou koanuuuu, cfonmcu na hosuuunx
ncufpanusma, xofn c hcpnix maion cc pasnupanu nnyfpcnnuc hpofu-
nopcuun; na konqcpcnuuu nhcpnic hponnunoci cfpcmncnuc Kufan
nccfu n aqpo-asuafckom mupc honufuky, nc honnocfik conhanak-
myk c honufukou Concfckoio Coksa.
Iocnc yuacfun n Zcncnckou konqcpcnuuu (154 i.) munucfp
unocfpannix ncn KHI Hxoy Oninau honnn, ufo honnunnoc sna-
ucnuc Kufan nixonuno sa pamku qopmaninoio hpusnanun. Iosu-
uuu, kofopic Hxoy Oninau sannn n ofnomcnuu Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon u noomc ofnocufcnino cufyauuu n mupc, inu nccina
ymcpcnnimu u ofnuuanuci iukocfik u iofonnocfik k nuanoiy,
ufo cfano nonim nnncnucm n mcxnynaponnou xusnu. Hfak, nchpu-
cocnuncnuc mnoiux cfpan fpcficio mupa, kak foina cfanu nasi-
nafi cfpani, honyuunmuc ncsanucumocfi n ncnanncm hpomnom, u
fo, kak Hxoy Oninau nicfyhan n ponu munucfpa, hpcnnapnnu hpo-
uccc qopmuponanun camocfonfcninou hosuuuu Kufauckou Hapon-
nou Icchynuku ofnocufcnino CCCI.
10.2.10. K.LBMUHAUUOHHMU OTAH ,EKOLOHUBAUUU:
19561963 tt.
Conokyhnocfi sfux mofunauuu hosnonncf otncnufi, houcmy c
nauana 5O-x ionon pasnimu fcmhamu u pasnimu mcfonamu ocnon-
nic kononuaninic ncpxani ncfanu na hyfi hocfchcnnou nckono-
nusauuu sanucumix of nux fcppufopuu, xofn hopou n hpofunoncu-
cfnonanu ncsanucumocfu ohpcncncnnix fcppufopuu,
Iasnufuc aninuuckou umhcpckou honufuku n 5O-c ioni ho
nonomy hyfu cfano ohcpafunnim ofncfom aninuuckou anmunucfpa-
uuu na honnncnuc konuchuuu, coinacno kofopou ykpchncnuc na
nonou ocnonc conunapnocfu nnyfpu Conpyxccfna moino okasaficn
naunyumum uncfpymcnfom coxpancnun nocfounou hcpchckfuni
nnn yuacfu Ipufanuu. Ha Inuxncm u Cpcnncm Bocfokc sfo ino n
onimcu cfchcnu pcsynifafom nosncucfnun oncc nnunfcninou
cuni, ucm cnoonnoio niopa. Iocynapcfncnniu hcpcnopof 158 i.
n Hpakc, n xonc kofopoio ina cncpinyfa Xamumufckan nunacfun
44
u hofcphcno hopaxcnuc ymcpcnnoc hpanufcnicfno Hypu Cauna,
ncpnoio coksnuka Bcnukopufanuu, hokasano, ufo pufanckuc ho-
suuuu n pciuonc snauufcnino ocnanu. B 167 i. Kxnan Apanun
(Ancn u hpunciakmuc fcppufopuu) cfana Haponnou cmokpafuuc-
ckou Icchynukou Hcmcn, kofopan n 1O i. otcnununaci c Ccncp-
nim Hcmcnom, cosnan Hcmcnckyk Icchynuky. Hs cfpan Icpcun-
ckoio sanuna n 161 i. honyuun ncsanucumocfi Kyncuf, n 17O i.
Oman, n 171 i. Iaxpcun, Kafap u Otcnuncnnic Apackuc
Omupafi. B fc ioni cfpafciuucckuc unfcpcci Bcnukopufanuu
ncc onimc cmcmanuci k nocfoky of Cysua, hpccncnyn ucni ycunc-
nun cc hosuuuu n Hnnuuckom okcanc u nokuponanun hponukno-
ncnun n pciuon npyiux ncpxan, n ococnnocfu concfckoio noka.
Ononkuuu n sfom nahpanncnuu chococfnonan hcpcxon konfponn
nan Cpcnuscmnomopicm of Bcnukopufanuu k Cocnuncnnim Ufa-
fam u occhokocnnocfi aninuuan kak ho honony cfauninocfu n
Icpcunckom sanunc, fak u ho honony kommynucfuucckou skchancuu
n Kxnou u Kio-Bocfounou Asuu. Honan fcnncnuun, hocfchcnno
yfncpnunmancn n ucnfpaninou anmunucfpauuu, cfana qopmou hpu-
choconcnun umhcpckux ucncu k cokpafunmumcn nosmoxnocfnm
konfponn ucnfpa nan hcpuqcpucu u hosfomy hosnonuna oncc of-
kpifo u otckfunno honoufu k paccmofpcnuk fpconanuu ncsanu-
cumocfu aqpukanckumu cfpanamu.
nn foio, ufoi cfaunusuponafi poni Bcnukopufanuu n
mupc, fo ccfi hpunccfu cc n coofncfcfnuc c nokaninimu nisonamu
u hosuuunmu npyiux ncpxan, ncoxonumi inu, onnako, naio-
hpunfnic ocfonfcnicfna n mcxnynaponnou u kononuaninou cqc-
pax, a fakxc choconocfi cfpani no konua ocymccfnufi fpynnoc
hpcopasonanuc hpnmoio konfponn no nnunnuc. Coucfanuc fakux
hosufunnix qakfopon nhocncncfnuu ncfpcuanoci ncc pcxc, ninyx-
nan Bcnukopufanuk hocfchcnno ocfannnfi hosuuuu, kofopic ona
sanumana n mupc. B Bocfounou Asuu sfo cfano oucnunnim hocnc
cosnanun Manausuu (16J i.), nknkuunmcu n ccn Manauk, Ccncp-
noc Iopnco, Caax, Capanak, a fakxc Cuniahyp, noccfanonunmuu,
onnako, n 165 i honnyk ncsanucumocfi. B Manausuk nc nomcn
fakxc Ipyncu, cfanmuu ncsanucumim cynfanafom c 1 nnnapn 184 i.
Hauunan c 155 i. Bcnukopufanun nonxna ina cuufaficn c
noopyxcnnou opiou sa ncsanucumocfi u otcnuncnuc c Ipcuu-
cu, kofopan ncnaci na Kuhpc hon pykononcfnom hapfuu AKO u
kofopan ocnnmanaci anfopufcfom apxuchuckoha u sfnapxa (nuncpa
ipcucckou omuni) Makapuoca. Ofncf aninuuan nnauanc in xccf-
kum, hpcxnc nccio ho cfpafciuucckum coopaxcnunm. Koina coof-
nomcnuc cun n pciuonc hocnc hponana aninuuckou honufuku no
npcmn Cysukoio kpusuca n 156 i. usmcnunoci, hpanufcnicfny Mak-
45
munnana ynanoci pasnokuponafi cufyauuk, honfonknyn Makapuoca
k ofkasy of ucncu otcnuncnun c Ipcuucu u nounmuci, fakum o-
pasom, saknkucnun coinamcnun mcxny Bcnukopufanucu, Ipcuucu u
Typuucu, ninunmciocn n 16O i. n hpcnocfanncnuc ocfpony ncsanu-
cumocfu. B fakom xc cfpafciuucckom konfckcfc hosnncc, n 164 i.,
hpoucxonuno hpcnocfanncnuc ncsanucumocfu ocfpony Manifa.
B Aqpukc iukocfi aninuuan ina cnnsana fakxc c xcnanucm
uscxafi kpusuca, cpannumoio c nosncucfnucm anxupckou nouni
na panuuk, u, c npyiou cfoponi, c nnunnucm ionnucfckou honu-
fuku na qpanuysckuc kononuu.
B 3ahannou Aqpukc, n Ianc (usnccfnou no hpcnocfanncnun ncsa-
nucumocfu kak 3onofou Icpci) hon nnunnucm noccfanun n Akkpc n
148 i. aninuuanc homnu na ynonncfnopcnuc fpconanuu ymcpcnnix
nauuonanucfon, no inu ninyxncni safcm hcpcufu k cofpynnuuc-
cfny c Knamc Hkpymou u cosnannou um nonou macconou hapfucu
Haponnou hapfucu Konncnfa (+onvenrion 1eoples 1urry). Ofa hapfun
ofkasanaci of hcpnonauaninoio skcfpcmusma u hocuufana niionnim
cofpynnuuccfno c anmunucfpauucu nnn yckopcnun koncfufyuuon-
noio hpouccca. Iana hcpnou us cfpan ucpnou Aqpuku nounaci
hpana na camoyhpanncnuc n 157 i., ucpcs ion hocnc honyucnun nc-
sanucumocfu Cynanom, a fakxc Tynucom u Mapokko (n pcsynifafc
hcpcionopon c panuucu).
B Huicpuu, n cuny ofcyfcfnun fcppufopuaninix hpcnhocinok
nnn nosnuknoncnun nauuonanusma, kofopiu coofncfcfnonan i
oxunanunm pufanucn, cnnsannim c hpcnocfanncnucm ncsanucu-
mocfu, f.c. cfauninoio hpanufcnicfna, sqqckfunnoio anmunucfpa-
funnoio konfponn, yckopcnnoio skonomuucckoio pasnufun cama
kononuaninan anmunucfpauun ofcfaunana ncoxonumocfi hponnu-
xcnun k camoyhpanncnuk. Ipu sfom ona oycnonnunana cio nocfu-
xcnucm coinamcnun mcxny ncnfcnnmu fpcx inannix pciuonon, ufo
iapanfuponano i qynkuuonuponanuc qcncpaninou koncfufyuuu.
Iocnc cosnanun fakou koanuuuu cfpana honyuuna n 16O i. ncsa-
nucumocfi, onnako ina nncpinyfa n hocncnykmuc ioni n hponon-
xufcniniu nnyfpcnnuu kpusuc. Iio kynimunauucu cfano ofncnc-
nuc n nnnapc 167 i. Iuaqpi, ccncpo-nocfounou onacfu Huicpuu,
kofopyk nuicpuuuam ynanoci nnoni nknkuufi n cocfan cfpani
foniko n 17O i. hocnc oxccfoucnnou nouni. B 161 i. u n 165 i.
nounuci ncsanucumocfu coofncfcfncno Cicppa-conc u Iamun.
Iasnufuc coifuu n 3ahannou Aqpukc moino i hokasaficn
omukou unu hponanom pufanckou honufuku, foniko ccnu hpcn-
honaiafi, ufo ucnik cc yhpanncnun na hpofnxcnuu 5O-x ionon oc-
fananoci coxpancnuc hpnmoio konfponn nan pciuonom. Ho ccnu
fakonou u moina ifi hcpnonauaninan ucni aninuuan, fo safcm
46
onu hpumnu k ninony, ufo hpcnocfanncnuc ncsanucumocfu cfpa-
nam n pciuonc, umcnmcm nfopocfchcnnoc cfpafciuucckoc snauc-
nuc, no hpcncfannnnmcm snauufcniniu skonomuucckuu unfcpcc,
nnnnnoci pasymnou ucnou sa hpononxcnuc cnocio ncqopmaninoio
nnunnun na ocnonc cofpynnuuccfna c mccfnimu ncnfcnnmu.
Hnou ina cufyauun n Bocfounou Aqpukc u, n ococnnocfu, n
Kcnuu, inc cfpafciuucckuc hponcmi coucfanuci c samcfnim hpu-
cyfcfnucm cnix kononucfon u asuafckux mcnimuncfn. Boccfanuc
May May (faunoio omccfna, cocfonnmcio us uncnon hncmcnu
iukyuk, inanou kofopoio in xomo Kcninffa, inmuu cfyncnf
onnonckoio ynuncpcufcfa, u cfanmuu hosnncc honufuucckum nu-
ncpom u hpcnccnafcncm Coksa aqpukanucn Kcnuu Xeniun Africun
Union), nnunmcccn c 152 i. no 156 i., ino honnocfik honanncno.
o sfoio hcpchckfuna yuacfun mccfnoio naccncnun n yhpanncnuu
cfpanou noomc nc ocyxnanaci. Imc n 16O i. nkan honufuucc-
kan opianusauun aqpukanucn, nixonunman sa nokaninic pamku,
sahpcmanaci. Boccfanuc, onnako, nisnano honufuucckuc u couu-
aninic fpancqopmauuu, kofopic, hocfchcnno pasminan nnacfi
cnoio coomccfna, hpuncnu foio xc Kcninffy k nuanoiy u cofpyn-
nuuccfny c aninuuanamu. B fcucnuc fpcx ncf honufuucckuc cuni
Kcnuu inu pasncncni nuckyccunmu ofnocufcnino kpunuucckou
qopmi ynymcio Kcnuuckoio iocynapcfna. Ho n nckapc 16J i.
ono honyuuno ncsanucumocfi u ino otnnncno pcchynukou
(164 i.). Ipcmicp-munucfpom cfana cfan cam Kcninffa, a hpann-
mcu hapfucu ucnfpanusonannan cnunan hapfun, y kofopou yxc
in cnou xapusmafuucckuu nuncp, nosinanunmuu hponnuxcnuc
cfpani k ncsanucumocfu, u cuniniu ucnonck n hpanufcnicfnc, mo-
nonou copafnuk hpcsuncnfa Tom Moun.
B Tanianiukc, hpcnpafunmcucn n fcppufopuk, naxonunmykcn
hon ohckou OOH, aninuuanc hifanuci nnccfu n ncucfnuc cnox-
niu koncfufyuuonniu mcxanusm nnn pasncncnun nnacfu mcxny
mcnimuncfnamu, nahpanncnniu na cncpxunanuc fpconanuu mccf-
nix nauuonanucfon u na konucnfpauuk onimcu uacfu nnacfu n
pykax cnpohcuucn u asuafon, hpoxunanmux n cfpanc. C sfou ucnik
hpcnhpunumanuci hohifku cosnafi mcxpaconyk hapfuk, onnako
ocymccfnncnuk sfoio hpockfa homcman pocf nnunnun hapfuu
xynuyca Hicpcpc (Aqpukanckuu nauuonaniniu coks Tanianiu-
ku Jungunilu Africun ûrionul Union), kofopiu hocnun na nio-
pax 158 i., ohupanci na honncpxky snafu n ccnickux pauonax,
osaoucnnou hcpchckfunamu nknkucnun hpcncfanufcncu mcni-
muncfn n opiani mccfnoio yhpanncnun. Hicpcpc, nosinanunmumy
hpouccc sanocnanun ncsanucumocfu, c fpynom ynanoci ykpchufi cnok
nnacfi u nouficn n 161 i. ncsanucumocfu. Ipcnycmafpunanoci,
47
ufo nonoc iocynapcfno honyuuf nasnanuc Tansanun u nknkuuf n
cnou cocfan fakxc ocfpon 3ansuap. Onnako sfof coks okasancn
nosmoxcn foniko n 164 i., hocnc foio, kak na ocfponc ino pachy-
mcno cqopmuponannoc fam honyncsanucumoc hpanufcnicfno, inc
hpconananu hpokufauckuc (unu cuufanmuccn fakonimu) sncmcnfi.
Kcninffa u Hicpcpc cosnanu n cnoux cfpanax cfauninic u an-
fopufapnic hpanufcnicfna, kofopic na kakoc-fo npcmn cncnanu ux
cumnonamu sqqckfunnocfu pufanckou moncnu hcpcxona k ncsanu-
cumocfu. Ioncc cnoxnim in cnyuau Yianni, cfanmcu ncsanucu-
mou n 162 i. Yiannuuckomy omccfny ina hpucyma upcsniuau-
nan pasnponcnnocfi nnacfnix honnomouuu naxc ho aqpukanckum
mcpkam. B cfpanc hpucyfcfnonanu fakxc nauuonanucfuucckuc cuni,
cnnsannic c fpanuuuonnim nnunnucm ofncninix monapxuucckux
opasonanuu, na kofopic ina pasncncna fcppufopun. Iponnuxc-
nuc k ncsanucumocfu cohponoxnanoci ynaxunanucm aninuuanamu
inyokux pasnoinacuu, pasncnnnmux hpcncfanufcncu mccfnix nnac-
fcu. Toniko koina Munfon Oofc cosnan cnok hapfuk (Haponniu
konipccc Yianni UgunJu 1eoples +ongress), honnuncn honufu-
ucckuu cytckf, nocfafouno cuniniu nnn sanocnanun hapnamcnf-
ckoio onimuncfna, ufo cncnano nosmoxnou hcpcnauy cmy nnacfu.
Yianna cfana ncsanucumou pcchynukou n okfnpc 162 i., no coksi,
kofopic hosnonunu cqopmuponafi onimuncfno nokpyi Oofc, oka-
sanuci ncnonioncunimu u, n ofnuuuc of nnyx npyiux cfpan 3ahannou
Aqpuku, Yianna c 166 i. ncfyhuna n honocy napacfakmcu nccfa-
uninocfu.
Imc oncc cnoxnim in komhnckc hponcm, kacanmuxcn Hcn-
fpaninou Aqpuku. Iocnc nauanmcucn n 15J i. u hpononxanmcucn
nccnfi ncf hohifku cosnafi us sfux fcppufopuu qcncpauuk, ocno-
nannyk na nnacfu cnoio mcnimuncfna, anmunucfpauun u sncci
cmupunaci c hpconananucm ucpnoio onimuncfna n mccfnix
opianax nnacfu, qopmuponanmuxcn ho kypunm. B 15 i. nchixnynu
nonncnun n Hincancnnc, u noknan pufanckou komuccuu ho paccnc-
nonanuk ninnunyn ccpicsnic onuncnun hpofun mcfonon u ucncu
mccfnou anmunucfpauuu, nan fonuok nnuxcnuk cfpani k ncsanu-
cumocfu. B 164 i. ona nounaci ncsanucumocfu, u nnacfi ina hc-
pcnana aqpukanckomy hpanufcnicfny, a cfpana cfana nasinaficn
Mananu. Hcckoniko hosnncc, n sfom xc iony cocfonnaci hcpcnaua
nnacfu n Ccncpnou Ioncsuu, osnauanman poxncnuc 3amuu. Ha-
hpofun, nukakoio komhpomucca nc cmoinu nocfuui n Kxnou Io-
ncsuu, inc hocnc hponana hcpcionopon c onnonom cnic, ufoi
yncpxafi honufuucckyk monohonuk n ycnonunx nafucka aqpukan-
ucn, n konuc 165 i. hponosinacunu ncsanucumocfi onnocfopon-
nc hpunnn ncknapauuk. Ion chycfn qopmaninan hcpcnaua nnacfu
48
cocfonnaci, nahpofun, ho nccm hpanunam n Icuyanancnnc u Iacyfo-
ncnnc, honyuunmux nonic nasnanun Iofcnani u ccofo. B 168 i.
sa numu hocncnonanu Cnasuncnn u Manpukuu, a n 176 i. Ccu-
mcnickuc ocfpona.
B 7O-c ioni nauuonanucfuucckuc nnuxcnun aqpukanucn n Io-
ncsuu, hocfanncnnic nnc sakona Ioncsuuckum qponfom Sna Cmu-
fa, nosinannnnmcio hpanufcnicfno cnoio mcnimuncfna, hcpcmnu k
noopyxcnnou opic. Hauunan c 172 i. opianusauuu aqpukanucn
honcnu camyk nacfonmyk hapfusanckyk nouny, honncpxannyk
Concfckum Coksom u Kufacm, n fo npcmn kak cnic honyuunu
honncpxky Kxnou Aqpuku u Iopfyianuu. Takum opasom, hpo-
nnuxcnuc aqpukanucn k nnacfu nhucanoci n oncc mupokuu kon-
fckcf opii sa ocnooxncnuc Kxnou Aqpuku. Ipufanckuc can-
kuuu u cankuuu OOH okasanuci manosqqckfunnimu, u ofnomc-
nun c Ioncsucu ocfanuci n hocncnykmuc ioni ncsaxunakmcu pa-
nou pufanckou nncmncu honufuku n cnnsu c nnufcninim nchonu-
noncnucm kononuu. Toniko n 17 i. ynanoci nocfuui komhpomucc-
noio coinamcnun, honhucannoio n ankacfcp-xayc. Ion chycfn, n
18O i., hocnc hocni na niopax Myiac, nuncpa ncnymcio ocno-
onufcninoio nnuxcnun, nonoc iocynapcfno 3umanc honyuuno
mcxnynaponnoc hpusnanuc.
Hfo kacacfcn oncc qpaimcnfuponannix uacfcu Ipufanckou
umhcpuu, fo hocnc hponana uncu cosnanun qcncpauuu cfpan Bccf-
Hnnuu n pufanckou uacfu Kapuckoio acccuna, us cc nnancnuu n
Hcnfpaninou u Kxnou Amcpukc n pasnoc npcmn (n fcucnuc 2O ncf)
nounuci ncsanucumocfu: Smauka, Tpununan u Toaio (162), Iap-
anoc u Inuana (166), Iaiamckuc ocfpona (17J), Ipcnana (174),
omunuka (178), Anfuiya u Iapyna, a fakxc Icnus, usnccfniu
pancc kak Ipufanckuu Ionnypac (181), Ccnf-Kufc u Hcnuc (18J).
B Asuu n 165 i. ncsanucumocfi honyuunu Maninuni. B Okcanuu
hcpcnaua nnacfu hpononxanaci nhnofi no 8O-x ionon. Hcsanucu-
mocfi honyuunu: Camoa (162), Haypy (168), unxu u Tonia (17O),
Iahya Honan Inuncn (175), Conomononi ocfpona u Tynany (1O78),
Kupuafu (17) u Banyafy inmuu anino-qpanuysckuu konno-
munuym na ocfponax Honic Icpuni (18O).
Hfo kacacfcn Kxno-Aqpukanckoio Coksa, fo hpoucxonunmuc
fam hpouccci moxno ofnccfu k pufanckou nckononusauuu foniko
n pacmupufcninom cmicnc. B 161 i. Coks, inc y nnacfu naxonu-
naci Hauuonanucfuucckan hapfun, hpcncfannnnman cnoc naccnc-
nuc ypckoio hpoucxoxncnun u hpononunman honufuky cfpoioio
paconoio pasncncnun, nimcn us Conpyxccfna nnn foio, ufoi oipa-
nufi ccn of nanncnun cucfcmi cfpan Ipufanckoio coomccfna u
hpononxafi chokouno hpononufi honufuky ahapfcuna, f.c. honnoio
4
ofncncnun uncfnoio naccncnun u cio honuuncnun cnim. Cnyuau
Kxno-Aqpukanckoio Coksa nhucinacfcn, fcm nc mcncc, n hpo-
uccc nckononusauuu, hockoniky hocnc Icpnou muponou nouni on
honyuun n yhpanncnuc mannaf kafciopuu C na inmyk icpmanckyk
kononuk n Kio-3ahannou Aqpukc. B 166 i. hon nosncucfnucm
hpusinon aqpo-asuafckux cfpan OOH annynuponana mannaf Kxno-
Aqpukanckou Icchynuku na sfy fcppufopuk, kofopou, nhpoucm,
kxnoaqpukanui nccina ofkasinanu n hcpcxonc na pcxum ohcku.
Hauunan c 168 i. sfa fcppufopun cfana nasinaficn Hamuucu, a
CBAIO (ourh Yesr Africuns 1eople Urguni,urion Haponnan opia-
nusauun Kio-3ahannou Aqpuku) cfana paccmafpunaficn n kauc-
cfnc cnuncfncnnoio hpcncfanufcnn cc naccncnun. Kak i fo nu
ino, cfpana ocfananaci hon yhpanncnucm Kxno-Aqpukanckou
Icchynuku nhnofi no 1O i. Iocnc foio, kak nuhnomafun pasnn-
sana mnoiuc ysni sahyfannou mcxnynaponnou cufyauuu, ina
hponosinamcna ncsanucumocfi Hamuuu.
B cpanncnuu c pasnufucm coifuu n ccncpoaqpukanckux kononu-
nx, n ucpnou Aqpukc honufuka panuuu nocfuina onimux ychcxon,
hockoniky cu ynanoci n hcpuon c okonuanun nouni no 156 i. hpu-
inymufi nauoncc ohacnic fpconanun, kacanmuccn nuknunauuu
kononuaninoio iochoncfna. Iapux houfu no nccx cnyuanx cymcn
naufu noncpcnnix hapfncpon nnn coxpancnun nnunnun mcfpoho-
nuu n ynymcm. Icnu cfpafciun qpanuysckoio hpanufcnicfna n
sfou cqcpc ina ananoiuuna hpumcnnnmcucn n Hnnokufac unu
Anxupc, fo, nahpofun, concpmcnno unim in ofncf mccfnoio na-
uuonanusma, n ucnom mcncc opianusonannoio, oncc cnaoio u
pasncncnnoio na ipyhhuponku, oncc cknonnoio k coksy c kono-
nuaninim ucnfpom nnn foio, ufoi yncpxaficn n ccnnc n xonc
nonioxnannou hcpcnauu nnacfnix honnomouuu. Iasnuuuc mcxny
ofncninimu nnancnunmu ino cnnsano n onimcu cfchcnu c mccf-
nimu hcpcmcnnimu qakfopamu (choconocfik hpannmcu hapfuu
hpunncui k ccc macci u pasnuunic cuni, choconocfik nouficn
noncpun Iapuxa u, cncnonafcnino, macmfaom homomu, kofopyk
hpocunu y mcfpohonuu nnn yncpxanun y nnacfu), ncxcnu c qpan-
uysckumu unuuuafunamu.
Ccncian onanan honufuucckou fpanuuucu, inyxc cnnsannou,
naionapn amuny Isk u cohoniny Ccnapy Ccniopy, c couuanucfa-
mu mcfpohonuu. 3a sfum ucknkucnucm cosnanuc mccfnix hapfuu-
nix opianusauuu cfumynuponanoci inannim opasom fpancqopma-
uunmu, nisnannimu Bfopou muponou nounou cnauana n 3ahannou
Aqpukc, a foniko safcm n Oknafopuaninou Aqpukc. Hauoncc
conunnan opianusauun, hpcnnasnaucnnan cnauana nnn hpofunocfon-
nun honufukc qpanuysckux couuanucfon n Aqpukc, ina cosnana
na fcppufopuu Icpci Cnononou Kocfu cnukcom Yqys-Iyaniu.
5O
Ycfan panuysckoio coksa, ohpcncncnniu nfopim napuanfom
koncfufyuuu panuuu n 146 i. n mcncc nucpaninix honoxcnu-
nx, ucm n hpcninymcm napuanfc, nisnan ofncfnyk nciafunnyk pc-
akuuk n cfpanc, ufo hpuncno k cosiny konqcpcnuuu n Iamako,
kyna copanuci cofnu ncnciafon us nccx cfpan panuysckou Aqpu-
ku. B ofcyfcfnuc Ccniopa u ccncianiucn, kofopic ho ykasanuk
Iapuxa u us uyncfna conunapnocfu n ofnomcnuu couuanucfon
mcfpohonuu pcmunu oukofuponafi ncfpcuy, Yqys-Iyaniu u cio
cfoponnuku hponnunu ccn kak nauoncc snauufcninan cuna aq-
pukanckoio nauuonanusma no qpanuysckux nnancnunx u cosnanu
na mcxfcppufopuaninou ocnonc nonyk ipyhhy, nasnannyk Aqpu-
kanckoc ncmokpafuucckoc otcnuncnuc (1ussemhlemenr 1emocrurique
Africuin), kofopan npcmcnno ncfyhuna n coks c panuysckou kom-
hapfucu. Iocnc cchopnnkon, hpoucmcnmux n 14 i. na fcppufo-
puu Icpcia Cnononou Kocfu, Yqys csoionopouno uspan ymcpcn-
niu hyfi, cnusunmuci c couuanucfamu u cncnan cfanky na coks c
mcfpohonucu c ucnik ykpchncnun cnocu nnacfu u cfumynuponanun
skonomuucckoio pasnufun cfpani. Ccniop, nahpofun, hocnc kon-
ipccca n Iamako ofomcn of couuanucfon u nomcn n nonyk ipyhhy
Hcsanucumix samopckux fcppufopuu (1nJepenJenrs JUurremer),
kofopan n 15J i. hpcnnoxuna cosnafi Aqpukanckyk qcncpafun-
nyk pcchynuky n pamkax panuysckoio coksa. Ipofun hpockfa
nicfyhun Yqys, ohupanmuucn na honncpxky mcfpohonuu na ccu
pas nc hpofun nnyfpcnnux hpofunnukon, a hpofun hofcnuuaninoio
hpconananun ccncianiucn n hpockfupycmom coksc u nosmoxnoio
skonomuucckoio ymcpa nnn Icpcia Cnononou Kocfu.
B uknc 156 i. hpanufcnicfno couuanucfa Iu Monnc, cfpcmnci
k pasnunufuk ofnomcnuu c aqpukanckumu kononunmu, nounoci
hpunnfun sakona-pamku (loi-cuJre), cfanmcio ncoxonumim, n fom
uucnc, u n pcsynifafc usmcncnuu, nisnannix n koncfufyuuonnom
ycfpoucfnc panuysckoio coksa pasnufucm coifuu n Ccncpnou
Aqpukc. 3akon nnonun nccomcc usupafcninoc hpano u cnunic
usupafcninic okpyia nnn nccx niopon na fcppufopunx kononuu.
Kaxnan fcppufopuaninan accamncn honyuana pacmupcnuc cnoux
honnomouuu, cfanonunmuxcn ohpcncnnkmumu, u cocfonnmux n
nosmoxnocfu niupafi Concf munucfpon, ofncfcfncnniu, n hcp-
nyk oucpcni, hcpcn camou accamnccu. Cnnsi c panuucu ohpcnc-
nnnaci fcm ocfonfcnicfnom, ufo hpcnccnafcni Concfa munucfpon
nccina nnnnncn qpanuysckum iycpnafopom, u foniko nuuc-hpcncc-
nafcni in aqpukanucm. Ofo in pcmufcniniu, no cmc nc okon-
uafcniniu mai n nahpanncnuu aqpukanusauuu honnomouuu
hpanufcnicfna u anfonomuu ofncninix fcppufopuu. 3akon, hpo-
mcnmuu naionapn munucfpy-couuanucfy Iacfony cqqcpy, xofn
51
u ucxonun us hpunuuha cnunou u ncncnumou pcchynuku, in
oycnonncn fakxc ncoxonumocfik ypannnfi pasnuunic fcppufo-
puu n coofncfcfnuu c nocfuinyfim yponncm uncfufyuuonaninoio
pasnufun, a fakxc nnn foio, ufoi ofncfufi na nanncnuc OOH n
ofnomcnuu fcppufopuu, hcpcnannix panuuu n kauccfnc hono-
hcunix, nahpumcp, Toio. Takou hpuuuh coofncfcfnonan qpanuys-
ckomy honxony, hpofunohonoxnomy hpakfukc pufanckou kononu-
aninou anmunucfpauuu, konucnfpuponanmcucn hpcumymccfncnno
na chcuuqukc kaxnoio ofncninoio cnyuan.
3akon-pamky onunnnu n fom, ufo on cfumynuponan hpcxncnpc-
mcnniu yxon us kononuu unu n fom, ufo on, ho mncnuk kpufu-
kon, hpcncfannnn coou konapnyk hohifky pasncncnun Aqpuku na
mancnikuc iocynapcfna, nc choconic nocfuui honnunnou ncsanu-
cumocfu. Bosmoxno, cqqcp nc hpucnymancn k fcm, kfo sanymi-
nan sakon umcnno kak cpcncfno ycuncnun cnnscu fcppufopuu c
mcfpohonucu, no cncnycf fakxc ofmcfufi, ufo qpanuysckan anmu-
nucfpauun, n ofnuuuc of pufanckou n Huicpuu unu n Cynanc, nc
cncnana nuucio nnn cncpxunanun ucnfpocxnix fcnncnuuu n pas-
nix cfpanax. Bhpoucm, camu aqpukanui nc umcnu cnunoio mnc-
nun ofnocufcnino anifcpnafuni mcxny anfonomucu n cnoxunmux-
cn kononuaninix ipanuuax u anfonomucu n pamkax qpanuysckou
pciuonaninou qcncpauuu. nn hocncnykmcio pasnufun coifuu
ohpcncnnkmum ino fo, ufo Yqys, inanniu hpofunnuk qcncpa-
nusma (pcmcnun, hpofun kofopoio nc cnyuauno nicfyhanu fakuc
oiafic cfpani, kak Icpci Cnononou Kocfu u Iaon), hocnc fpu-
ymqaninou hocni na niopax n cocfncnnou cfpanc n 156 i.
cfan nauoncc anfopufcfnim concfnukom qpanuysckou anmunucfpa-
uuu ho nohpocam aqpukanckou honufuku, n ococnnocfu hocnc
nosnpamcnun k nnacfu nc Ionnn.
Yuufinan, ufo cfoponnuku qcncpauuu onnonpcmcnno n ucnom
honncpxunanu uncu hanaqpukanusma, nosmoxno, Iapux cfpcmun-
cn hpcnofnpafufi qopmuponanuc nokon na konfuncnfc c fcm,
ufoi ino nciuc cio konfponuponafi. Kak i fo nu ino, sakon-
pamka ofcfannnn ofkpifou nosmoxnocfi cosnanun qcncpauuu u,
pcmufcnino hopinan c qpanuysckou fpanuuucu, cosnan momniu
cfumyn, hpcxnc nccio na fcppufopunx 3ahannou Aqpuku, nnn nuxo-
panounou honufuucckou ncnfcninocfu, n ofnomcnuu anmunucfpa-
funnix nonauuu, nnonumix sakonom.
Iocnc nosnpamcnun k nnacfu nc Ionnn n 158 i., Yqys, c ono-
pcnun hpcnccnafcnn Concfa munucfpon cpc, hpunnn yuacfuc n
honiofonkc inan nonou koncfufyuuu, ofnocunmuxcn k hpcopaso-
nanuk panuysckoio coksa n nonoc Coomccfno (+ommunuure).
Ono ino sanymanno icncpanom kak nauoncc coofncfcfnykmcc
52
cpcncfno nnn hpunanun pasmaxa u hpccmcfncnnocfu muponomy nc-
nuuuk panuuu, hosnonnkmcc uscxafi omuok, concpmcnnix n
Hnnokufac u n Anxupc. Honan koncfufyuun, kofopan fpancqop-
muponana pasnuunic fcppufopuu n cfpani-uncni camoio Coomc-
cfna, ina hocfanncna na pcqcpcnnym u hpunnfa nccmu cfpanamu
panuysckou Hcpnou Aqpuku, sa ucknkucnucm Inuncu, kofopan
fakum opasom cfana n 158 i. ncsanucumou hon pykononcfnom
hpokommynucfuucckoio nuncpa Ccky Typc (cio nosyniom ino: Mi
hpcnhouufacm cnnocfi n ycnonunx cnooni oiafcfny n ycnonunx
pacfna).
Okchcpumcnf c cosnanucm panuysckoio Coomccfna in, on-
nako, nchpononxufcninim. Ipchnfcfnunmu k cio ychcxy cfanu
hpononxcnuc nouni n Anxupc, ncc oncc ocnoxnnnmcc aqpukanc-
kum cfpanam otcnuncnuc c panuucu; hpcucncnf Inuncu u cama
iofonnocfi nc Ionnn k ocyxncnuk nauoncc hponnunyfix pcmcnuu;
a fakxc hponnuxcnuc pufanckou u cniiuuckou nckononusauuu.
Kak nchomunacf Mopuc Bauc, nc Ionni, ucxonunmcu us hpuopufc-
fa konuchuuu nauuonaninou ncsanucumocfu, yfncpxnan, onnako:
B mupc, fakom, kak on ccfi, mancnikom, fccnom u nsaumocnnsan-
nom... pcaninou ncsanucumocfik, honnou ncsanucumocfik n ncu-
cfnufcninocfu nc onanacf nukfo.
B uknc 16O i. ncsanucumocfi honyuunu Manaiackap u cnc-
pauun Manu; nna mccnua chycfn Ccncian ofncnuncn of Manu u
honfncpnun cocfncnnyk ncsanucumocfi n kauccfnc camocfonfcni-
noio iocynapcfna. 3a hcpuon c uknn ho nonpi ncn panuysckan
Hcpnan Aqpuka hponosinacuna ncsanucumocfi u saknkuuna coina-
mcnun o oncc unu mcncc fccnom skonomuucckom u nocnnom co-
fpynnuuccfnc c mcfpohonucu. Imc n hcpnic mccnui foio xc iona
cocfonnaci qopmaninan hcpcnaua nnacfu n Kamcpync u n Toio, nn-
nnnmuxcn honohcunimu fcppufopunmu. B 161 i. kxnan uacfi Ka-
mcpyna, naxonunmancn hon pufanckou ohckou, hpoionoconana sa
hpucocnuncnuc k nonomy iocynapcfny, n fo npcmn kak ccncpnan
uacfi nickasanaci sa nxoxncnuc n cncpauuk Huicpuu. Ipufan-
ckoc Toio cmc n konuc 156 i. hpoionoconano sa otcnuncnuc c
cosnananmcucn Ianou. B 175 i. honyuunu ncsanucumocfi Komop-
ckuc ocfpona, a n 177 i. xuyfu.
Cnyuau Icniiuuckoio Konio (safcm 3aupa, a ccionnn Konio)
nnnnncn, cs comncnun, uacfik hpouccca nckononusauuu, okasanmc-
io onimoc honufuko-kpunuucckoc nnunnuc na mcxnynaponnic
ofnomcnun, uo on n nauonimcu cfchcnu chococfnonan qopmu-
ponanuk nonoio ius genrium (mcxnynaponnoio hpana), n coofncf-
cfnuu c kofopim hpano na kononusauuk otnnnnnoci ncsakon-
nim. On fakxc nc foniko chococfnonan ccpicsnomy usmcncnuk
5J
omccfncnnoio mncnun u concucfnonan yncpcnnocfu n nosmox-
nocfi hpcopasonanun cfpykfypi mcxnynaponnou skonomuku, no
u cpasy xc hpuncn k usmcncnunm n mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnunx.
Icniiuuckan kononuaninan honufuka nnno nc chococfnonana
hponnncnuk mccfnix honufuucckux cun u nocuna n snauufcninou
cfchcnu hafcpnanucfckuu xapakfcp. Ofa nunun honcncnun nauana
mcnnficn foniko n 154 i., c hpuxonom n munucfcpcfno kononuu
Oikcfa Ikucpc, kofopiu, xofn u in hpuncpxcnucm ocfopoxnoio
honxona, sapan konfponi nan opasonanucm y pcnuiuosnix muc-
cuu u nauan hoompnfi honufuucckyk ncnfcninocfi aqpukanucn.
na iona chycfn on ohynukonan cnauana n Ionnannuu, a safcm n
Icniiuu uccncnonanuc, n kofopom nickasinanoci hoxcnanuc ocno-
oxncnun cniiuuckux kononuu u namcuanuci cio sfahi na fpunuafi
ncf. C npyiou cfoponi, umcnno n uknc foio xc 156 i. n cohonin-
nunc (ccionnn Kunmaca) honnuncn hcpniu nauuonanucfuucckuu
manuqccf, honiofonncnniu nnymn mccfnimu omccfncnnimu ncnfc-
nnmu hpu yuacfuu nnyx hpoqcccopon ynuncpcufcfa yncna. C fcx hop
hpouccc nckononusauuu n Konio pasnunancn upcsniuauno icfpo
ho cpanncnuk c npyiumu aqpukanckumu nnancnunmu. Ofo ino
yckopcnuc, hpcnpafunmcccn safcm n cfpcmufcninoc hancnuc, upc-
nafoc nchpcnckasycmimu hocncncfnunmu. B hcpuon, hocncnonan-
muu cpasy xc sa sfumu hcpnimu hponnncnunmu nauuonanusma,
nccmofpn na cufyauuk pacfymcio couuaninoio ncnaiohonyuun, n
cfpanc houfu nccina coxpannnaci chokounan ocfanonka, sa uc-
knkucnucm nckofopix cchopnnkon n 157 i.
Onnako nauuonanucfuucckoc nnuxcnuc panukanusuponanoci,
hcpcunn of hpumupufcninou hosuuuu n ofnomcnuu kononuaninou
nnacfu, nipaxcnnou n manuqccfc 156 i., k ninnuxcnuk n fcuc-
nuc nnyx ncf oncc hponnunyfix fpconanuu, kofopic nc okasanu
ncmcnncnnoio hpakfuucckoio nosncucfnun na honufuucckyk opi-
y. Hcknkucnuc cocfanunu kommynaninic niopi, hponcncnnic c
paspcmcnun cniiuuucn n fpcx ocnonnix ioponax. Ofu hcpcnom-
nic ioni xapakfcpusonanuci nuxopanounou unconoiuucckou pao-
fou, honhufinacmou hpumcpom coifuu, hpoxonunmux n fo npcmn
n ocfaninou Aqpukc u n kononuaninix nnancnunx n ucnom. B nn-
napc 15 i. n cohoninnunc nchixnyno nauuonanucfuucckoc noc-
cfanuc, na kofopoc cniiuuui ofncfunu ncancknafnim opasom
kak c fouku spcnun hpumcncnnix pchpcccuu, fak u c fouku spc-
nun ncoxunanno hocncnonanmux cnonccnix ycfyhok. Iino sann-
nnnncno nc foniko o xcnanuu hpononufi honufuky pcqopm, no
naxc o nosmoxnocfu ncsanucumocfu, cmc nc nocfafouno ncno cqop-
mynuponannou.
54
Kononuaninan anmunucfpauun hpu ncnocfafounou honiofonkc
okasanaci, fakum opasom, hcpcn ncoxonumocfik hpofunocfonfi
onnonpcmcnno nauuonanusmy, cfanmcmy nncsahno nacfouuunim u
aipcccunnim hon pykononcfnom fak nasinacmix hponnunyfix,
fo ccfi nauoncc opasonannix cnocn, u naspcnmcmy noccfanuk n
ncpcnnnx, n ococnnocfu na kic, hon pykononcfnom Accouuauuu
naponon akonio (AIAKO), cosnannou n 156 i. Zoscqom Kacanyy
na hncmcnnou ocnonc. Iocncnonanmuc hcpcnomnic pcmcnun hpunu-
manuci yskou ipyhhou nuu n cocfanc munucfpa ho ncnam kononuu,
honufuucckux ncnfcncu u skchcpfon ho kononuaninim hponcmam,
a fakxc nckofopix hpcncfanufcncu kononuu, ncucfnonanmux of
ccn nuuno. Aqpukanckan anmunucfpauun u naxc nckofopic ofnc-
ni munucfcpcfna ho ncnam kononuu n Ipkcccnc, a fakxc, hpakfu-
uccku, u cniiuuckuu hapnamcnf inu ofcfpancni of hpouccca
nipaofku ofncfon na fpconanun nauuonanucfon.
Ocnonnic namcpcnun pkcccnickou ipyhhi hcpnonauanino
cocfonnu n fom, ufoi c yucfom omuok npyiux mcfpohonuu, xccfko
pcaiuponanmux na anfukononuaninic nicfyhncnun, occhcuufi
mnikyk hcpcnauy nnacfu ho coinaconanuk c ncnymumu mccfnimu
honufuucckumu ncnfcnnmu n fcucnuc founo nc ohpcncncnnoio, no
nccomncnno oucni nnufcninoio hcpuona. Boccfanuc 15 i. honopna-
no unnksuu ofnocufcnino hnannocfu hcpcxonnoio hcpuona n Konio
u ninynuno nonoio munucfpa ho ncnam kononuu Mopuca nan Xc-
mcnipuuka hoocmafi ncsanucumocfi, nc ykasinan hoka ncoxonu-
mix nnn cc nocfuxcnun cpokon. Iio hpccmnuk, Oikcf nc Upauncp
yxc n okfnpc 15 i. hpcncfanun oncc ncfaninyk hpoipammy, ko-
fopan hpcnycmafpunana hcpcnauy nnacfu n fcucnuc hpunusufcnino
ucfipcx ncf. na mccnua chycfn n nonou ncknapauuu on sannun o
hpcnocfanncnuu ncsanucumocfu n cncnykmcm iony. B nauanc 16O i.
cniiuucko-konioncsckan konqcpcnuun nasnauuna nafy na ukni
foio xc iona.
Ofa hochcmnocfi moxcf otncnnficn ocnonnim coopaxcnu-
cm, kofopim pykononcfnonanaci pkcccnickan ipyhha. Ona ucxo-
nuna us hpcnhocinku, ufo ncsanucumocfi nonxna ifi nocfuinyfa
n honnom coinacuu c pykononcfnom nauuonanucfon, u ufo skcfpc-
mucfckumu fpconanunmu, ninnunyfimu hocnc 15 i. hapfunmu
u nnuxcnunmu, iofonimu ofcfaunafi ux n opic, ncnisn hpcnc-
pcui, naxc ccnu ux pcanusauun hpuncncf k kpaunc ncxcnafcninim
hocncncfnunm. B sfou hcpchckfunc, uchonisyn nipaxcnun camoio
Upauncpa, ocfananoci foniko nancnficn na cfanky, cncnannyk
camumu konioncsuamu. Ichpcccuu hpuncnu i k ynuufoxcnuk a-
conkfnoio hpconananun AIAKO n pauonax, xusncnno naxnix nnn
ocymccfnncnun nnyfpcnnux kommynukauuu n Konio, a sfo cncnano
55
i nocnnic ohcpauuu ncnosmoxnimu cs uchonisonanun nouck
mcfpohonuu, fo ccfi foio fuha nmcmafcnicfna, c kofopim naccncnuc
Icniiuu nukoina i nc coinacunoci.
B camom ncnc, c hcpnix nncu 15 i. cfano oucnunno, ufo nukfo
n Ipkcccnc nc namcpcnancn nohycfufi, ufoi Icniiun nfnnynaci n
honfopcnuc nouni n Anxupc, u ufo hpanufcnicfno nnn foio, ufoi
uchonisonafi noucka n Konio, nonxno ino hpcononcfi cohpofun-
ncnuc momnou ohhosuuuu, nosinannncmou couuanucfamu. Oucnun-
no, ufo hpofaionucfamu konioncsckou opii sa ocnooxncnuc
inu nknu nponc Iafpuca ymymi, nosmoxno, camoio anfopu-
fcfnoio us hponnunyfix, unu Kacanyy u npyiux mccfnix honu-
fukon, kofopic cnocu ncnfcninocfik hcpcucpknynu ocfopoxnic
hnani cniiuuucn. Ho ncpno u fo, ufo anmunucfpauun mcfpohonuu
u cc nconiman pykononnman ipyhha nonxni inu i n onimcu
mcpc cuufaficn c nnunnucm nnyfpcnnux qakfopon, a nc mcxnyna-
ponnix. Hfo kacacfcn fpanuuuonnix cun, kofopic nomunuponanu
n Konio unu ocymccfnnnnu nan num konfponi, fo ccfi mccfnan an-
munucfpauun, ucpkoni u kpyhnic iopnonoinakmuc u fopionic
komhanuu, fo hcpnan us nux numunaci ncnkoio nnunnun, a nfopan
hifanaci uscxafi ofoxnccfnncnun c kononuaninou honufukou
nnn foio, ufoi nc ifi ucknkucnnou us uipi hocnc honyucnun
ncsanucumocfu, u hosfomy oipanuuunaci ocfopoxnimu onopcnun-
mu n ofnomcnuu ocnoonufcninoio nnuxcnun. Kpyhnic fopionic,
hpomimncnnic u qunanconic komhanuu, sacfuinyfic npachnox
coifunmu, fakxc ocfananuci haccunnimu n ofnomcnuu ncucfnuu
cniiuuckoio hpanufcnicfna n nancxnc, ncponfno, ufo honyucnuc
ncsanucumocfu nc hocfanuf hon comncnuc ux hosuuuu na fcppufo-
puu Konio. Iosfomy onu cfpcmunuci sapyuuficn pachonoxcnucm
nccx hapfuu u, n ococnnocfu, hocnc hohifku ofncncnun oiafou
muncpaninimu pccypcamu (ypanom, mcnik, xcncsom, yincm, ononom,
mapianucm) hponunuuu Kafania nuncpa cchapafucfon M. Homc.
Hcsanucumocfi ina hponosinamcna JO uknn 16O i. Tcopcfu-
uccku Konio nonxcn in yhpannnficn munucfcpckou komannou
hon pykononcfnom ymymi, a Kacanyy nonxcn in cfafi hpcsu-
ncnfom pcchynuku. Ha ncnc ucpcs ncckoniko nncu cfpana okasa-
naci n concpmcnno ncyhpannncmom cocfonnuu. Apmun ina pas-
nponcna ccpucu mnfcxcu, kofopic nncpinu Konio n xaoc. 11 uknn
Homc, hpu honncpxkc momnou komhanuu Knion municp, hpo-
nosinacun ofncncnuc Kafaniu. To, ucio no sfoio momcnfa cniiuu-
ui cfapanuci ho nosmoxnocfu uscxafi, a umcnno, hpcnpamcnun
hpouccca nckononusauuu Konio n cmc onun inyokuu mcxnynapon-
niu kpusuc, cfano ncuscxnim. Ha ocnonc opamcnun hpcmicp-
munucfpa ymymi Concf Icsohacnocfu OOH 18 uknn hpunnn
56
pcmcnuc icfpo nmcmaficn n cufyauuk, nahpanun upcsniuaunic
cuni, cocfonnmuc us nouck ncufpaninix cfpan, hpcnocfanncnnix
n pachopnxcnuc konioncsckoio hpanufcnicfna nnn foio, ufoi ho-
moui cmy coxpanufi hopnnok u samufufi xusnu nkncu. C sfoio
momcnfa Otcnuncnnic Hauuu, okasinan honncpxky sakonnomy
hpanufcnicfny Konio, okasanuci nonncucnnimu n kpusuc c nc-
hpcnckasycmimu honopofamu, hocfchcnno nfnnynmuu ux n onun
us camix ccpicsnix hpoucccon mupofnopuccfna (peucemuling) sa
ucfopuk OOH. Ofo umcno ocoic hocncncfnun kak nnn nnyfpcn-
ncu cufyauuu n Konio, fak u nnn xusnu OOH.
Cufyauun, c kofopou noucka OOH cfonknynuci n Konio, ina
fakona, ufo ninynuna ux, hocnc ccpuu nchpcpinnix coinaconanuu
usmcnufi poni, kofopyk Concf Icsohacnocfu ofnonun upcsniuau-
nim cunam. B camom ncnc, hcpcn Otcnuncnnimu Hauunmu hpcn-
cfana kapfuna xaoca nncsahnic hponnncnun pciuonaninoio u
hncmcnnoio cohcpnuuccfna n oipomnou aqpukanckou cfpanc. Ipa-
nufcnicfny ymymi, kofopomy onu nonxni inu okasafi ho-
momi, hpumnoci cfonknyficn c mcnncnnimu fcmhamu ninona
cniiuuckux nouck (ofnocufcnino mcnncnnimu, yuufinan cufya-
uuk, onnako honnfna ina u ncofnoxnocfi sfou akuuu c yucfom
ocfonfcnicfn hocncnnux coifuu). Konioncsckomy hpanufcnicfny
hpuxonunoci nanuponafi mcxny cchapafucfckumu nnuxcnunmu u
hohifkamu mcxnynaponnoio nmcmafcnicfna, nahpanncnnoio na
honpin cio, nhpoucm, u cs foio nccima oipanuucnnoio anfopufc-
fa. Cfonknynuci nnc hosuuuu: ucnfpanucfckan, kofopyk ofcfaunan
cam ymyma, u qcncpanucfckan, hoopnukom kofopou, homumo
camix nacfonmux cchapafucfon, nponc kafaniua Homc, nnnnncn u
hpcsuncnf pcchynuku Kacanyy.
B sfou cufyauuu OOH ina ninyxncna usmcnufi cnou honxo-
ni. Hpcsniuaunic cuni oncc nc coofncfcfnonanu macmfaam
kpusuca, a sanauu, hocfanncnnic hcpcn icncpaninim cckpcfapcm
mncnom aiom Xammapmcninom, okasanuci cnumkom oipanuucn-
nimu. 22 uknn Concf Icsohacnocfu nickasancn sa yxon cniiuu-
ucn u onopun icfpoc nmcmafcnicfno Icncpaninoio cckpcfapn,
hpusnan ncc saunfcpcconannic cfoponi honncpxafi cio ncucfnun.
cnfcninocfi upcsniuaunix cun ina samcncna Ohcpauunmu
OOH n Konio (Uperurions Jes ûrions Unies uu +ongo O^lC),
kofopic noncpunu ncufpaninim nouckam, hpcncfannnnmum n cno-
cm onimuncfnc aqpukanckuc cfpani. Camou ohacnou hpcncfan-
nnnaci hohifka Kafaniu k ofncncnuk, kofopan n mcxnynaponnom
hnanc fpakfonanaci kak hocncnnnn hohifka cniiuuucn okasafi
cohpofunncnuc, samuman cnou unfcpcci n iopnonoinakmcu cqc-
pc, n ucm ux honncpxunanu sahannic ncpxani. Concfckuu Coks
57
u cio coksnuku ofncpianu sfy hosuuuk, xcnan hpcncfafi n kauc-
cfnc honnunnix samufnukon cnuncfna cfpani, kofopou yipoxanu
hcpcxufku kononuanusma u cnaocfi nmcmafcnicfna OOH. Xam-
mapmcnina kpufukonanu sa cio pannoynancnnyk u, cncnonafcnino,
chococfnykmyk cchapafusmy hosuuuk.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, noucka OOH nonxni inu cfonknyficn c
pcmufcninim hpofccfom Homc hpofun ux nmcmafcnicfna n Ka-
fanic, ninyxnanmum Concf Icsohacnocfu sannfi hosuuuk ho
cnoxnomy nohpocy o nnyfpcnncm ycfpoucfnc Konio. Una nu
pcui o komhcfcnuuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu Ioncmuka ymymi
c OOH ho sfomy nohpocy ina ocfpou, cio honncpxunan ncci co-
ncfckuu nok, a fakxc mnoiuc cfpani, ncnanno honyuunmuc ncsa-
nucumocfi. B ccnfnpc cufyauun cmc onimc yxynmunaci, ncncn-
cfnuc pcmcnun hpcsuncnfa Kacanyy cmccfufi ymymy, a fakxc
nocnnoio hcpcnopofa, ocymccfnncnnoio nauaninukom icncpaninoio
mfaa apmuu honkonnukom Zoscqom Moyfy, kofopiu nuknunupo-
nan ncc cymccfnykmuc iocynapcfncnnic opiani, sakpin concfckoc
u ucxocnonaukoc hoconicfna n cohoninnunc u nsnn nck nnacfi n
cnou pyku. B sfom cmy homoian cnoum monuanunim coinacucm Ka-
canyy, cankuuonuponanmuu fakxc apccf ymymi u ninauy in-
mcio hpcmicp-munucfpa nnn saknkucnun n fkpimy hpanufcnicfny
Kafaniu, ho hpukasy kofopoio cio kasnunu 1J qcnpann 161 i.
Ion nnacfik Moyfy Konio hcpcxun kpafkuu hcpuon cfauni-
nocfu, hpcpnanniu nosononncnucm opii hpofun ucnfpaninou
nnacfu hapfusan cfoponnukon ymymi, c onnou cfoponi, u ccha-
pafucfon Kafaniu c npyiou. Hmcnno sfa cufyauun ninynuna
Otcnuncnnic Hauuu hocfonnno koppckfuponafi macmfai u
nahpanncnnocfi cnocio nmcmafcnicfna. 24 nonpn 161 i. Concf
Icsohacnocfu ocynun cchapafucfckyk ncnfcninocfi Kafaniu u yhon-
nomouun Icncpaninoio cckpcfapn uchonisonafi cuny nnn usinanun
us Konio nccx unocfpanucn, kofopic nnnnnuci hpofunnukamu fa-
koio pcmcnun (Konio n fc mccnui in hcpchonncn nacmnukamu,
naxonunmumucn na concpxanuu y cchapafucfckux cun unu ofncni-
nix ipyhhuponok). Cohpofunncnuc, okasannoc Homc sfum nupck-
funam, ninynuno Icncpaninoio cckpcfapn n nckapc 161 i. ofnafi
hpukas O^lC o hponcncnuu mupokomacmfanou ohcpauuu hpofun
kafanickoio pcxuma. C sfoio momcnfa fcppufopuaninoc cnuncfno
Konio ocfananoci ncusmcnnim fpconanucm n hosuuuu Otcnuncn-
nix Hauuu, uchonisonanmux ncci cnou hpccfux, hpu honncpxkc
sahannix ncpxan u hpofunoncucfnuu Concfon, nanknanmux, kak
OOH yckonisacf of ux hpconananun, na kofopoc onu nancnnuci n
16O i. Onnako, sfo ina mcnncnnan, fpynnan u nnufcninan pao-
fa. Toniko n 164 i. nouckam OOH ynanoci noccfanonufi cnuncfno
58
Konio, u onu cmoinu hokunyfi cfpany. umi konuy 7O-x ionon cfpa-
na ncpnynaci k nopmaninou xusnu. Tcm npcmcncm, hocnc okonuanun
cniiuuckou ohcku nan Iyannou-Ypynnu n 162 i. cfanu ncsanucu-
mimu nna nonix iocynapcfna Iyanna u Iypynnu.
B camic fpynnic mccnui kpusuc hpuncn k cmc onnou hcuani-
nou xcpfnc: 17 ccnfnpn 161 i. ai Xammapmcnin, naxonunmuucn
n Konio c onnum us cnoux hcpuonuucckux honufuucckux nusufon,
hoiu n anuauuonnou kafacfpoqc (ufo, onnako, nc ucknkuano hono-
spcnuu n hokymcnuu) sa ncni no ncfpcuu c Homc.
Konioncsckuu kpusuc, umcnmuu hpunuuhuaninoc snaucnuc
cam ho ccc, ciipan fakxc onimyk poni kak nipaxcnuc cfonkno-
ncnun, kofopoc nckononusauun hoponuna n Aqpukc u n mupc mcx-
ny nnymn cncpxncpxanamu, a fakxc naionapn conhancnuk cio
kynimunauuonnoio momcnfa c fpancqopmauucu, hpoucxonunmcu n
16O i. nnyfpu OOH, kak c fouku spcnun cc cocfana, fak u nnox-
nonnnnmux cc honufuucckux hpunuuhon. Iocnc hpucma n 155 i.
cpasy 16 cfpan nanknancn hocfonnniu pocf uucna uncnon Opia-
nusauuu us uucna nonix ncsanucumix iocynapcfn. Toniko n 16O i.
ucnix 15 ocnoonunmuxcn of kononuaninou sanucumocfu iocy-
napcfn ncfyhunu n Opianusauuk, inc onu ycununu nok aqpo-asu-
afckux u ncufpaninix cfpan. Hcochopuman icicmonun, kofopyk n
fcucnuc nccnfuncfun (c 146 ho 155 i.) ocymccfnnnnu n Opianusa-
uuu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, ina nuknunuponana. B Icncpaninou
Accamncc iochoncfnonana koanuuun cfpan, anfukononuaninix ho
honufuucckou fpanuuuu u ho unconoiuucckomy niopy. Iino fak-
xc oucnunno cfpcmncnuc concfckoio noka honncpxafi sfy koanu-
uuk c fcm, ufoi honopnafi hpcnocxoncfno Cocnuncnnix Ufafon,
xofn ono u nc yncnuanoci ychcxom. Icnu Concf Icsohacnocfu ocfa-
nancn sanucumim of hpanun ionoconanun, fo ccfi nanuuun hpana
ncfo y hnfu kpyhncumux ncpxan, fo n Accamncc hpconananu no-
nic cuni, cfpcmunmuccn usmcnufi akucnfi nuckyccuu u camy o-
myk honufuucckyk opucnfauuk n unfcphpcfauuu hpunuuhon mcx-
nynaponnoio hpana.
B sfom hnanc naxnyk poni ciipana XII ccccun Icncpaninou
Accamncu, cocfonnmancn n ccnfnpc nckapc 16O i., n pasiap
oocfpcnun konioncsckoio kpusuca. Yxc cam qakf, ufo n paofc
Accamncu hpunumano yuacfuc onimoc uucno inan iocynapcfn,
ykasinacf na ucknkuufcninoc snaucnuc, hpunananmcccn sfomy co-
ifuk. B kynimunauuonniu momcnf nuckyccuu na Accamncc
hpucyfcfnonanu naxc Xpymcn u uncni Kacfpo, ncckoniko mccn-
ucn fomy nasan cfanmuu kyunckum nukfafopom.
B ucnfpc nuckyccuu okasanoci onopcnuc pcsonkuuu, kofopan
nhcpnic paccmafpunana sakonnocfi kononusauuu kak hpanonyk
5
hponcmy. Iaccuufinan na honufuucckuu ychcx, Xpymcn honncp-
xan qopmyny honnou u ncmcnncnnou nuknunauuu kononuaninou
cucfcmi. Aqpo-asuafckuc cfpani (cnoxnan koanuuun, fccno cnn-
sannan co cfpanamu, k kofopim hpcxnc hpunanncxanu cc uncni)
hpcnnoxunu oncc ymcpcnnyk qopmynuponky. Kononusauun nonx-
na ina hpckpafuficn cs hpomcnncnun sfa qopmynuponka
cosnanana nosmoxnocfu nnn oncc iukou unfcphpcfauuu. Onnako,
xofn sfof achckf nuckyccuu u in naxcn, hockoniky on hponcmon-
cfpuponan kak cfpcmncnuc Concfckoio Coksa nosinanufi anfuko-
nonuaninyk koanuuuk, nihonnnkmyk anfuamcpukanckyk poni,
fak u ncynauy sfou hohifku, no cmc oncc naxnim c fouku spcnun
hpunuuhon ino yfncpxncnuc pcsonkuuu aqpo-asuafckux cfpan,
ufo kononuanusm hpofunopcuun Ycfany OOH. Koina 12 nckapn
16O i. oc pcsonkuuu inu hocfanncni na ionoconanuc, concf-
ckan pcsonkuun nc ina hpunnfa, a aqpo-asuafckan onopcna
8 ionocamu sa, hpu ofcyfcfnuu ionocon hpofun u ncnnfu nosncp-
xanmuxcn. Ofo ino, fakum opasom, ionoconanuc, osnauanmcc
panukaniniu honopof c fouku spcnun hpanonix hpunuuhon, kofo-
pimu pykononcfnonanaci OOH. 3ncci hpucyfcfnonana ohpcncncnnan
nafnxka, hockoniky qcnomcn kononuanusma ncc-faku pcinamcnfu-
ponancn XI u XII inanamu Ycfana, u n kauccfnc fakonoio cuufancn
nohycfumim. Ho qakfuuccku nonan houfu cnunoinacnan nonn
Otcnuncnnix Hauuu cankuuonuponana pachpocfpancnuc na nccx
hpana na camoohpcncncnuc u koncu kononuanusma. To, ufo hpouc-
xonuno hofom, ino numi nnnimu apicpiapnnimu onmu, nc umcn-
mumu mancon na ychcx.
10.2.11. ,BU+EHUE HEHPUCOE,UHEHUH
U BOBHUKHOBEHUE HPOTUBOPEUUH CEBEPLF
Iannynickan konqcpcnuun, hponusannan nyxom anfukononua-
nusma, ofncpina packon mupa na nna hpofunocfonmux naicpn, ho-
poxncnniu xononnou nounou. C 155 i. no konua 6O-x ionon sko-
nomuka sa hpcncnamu Inpohi nc pasnunanaci fak xc nunamuuno.
Iopia sa ynuufoxcnuc fpanuuuonnix umhcpuu hpuopcna hpu-
opufcfnoc snaucnuc, hockoniky ona cfanuna nhonnc ocymccfnumic
ucnu; ona ina opcucna na ychcx. Ipohaianna ncufpanusma nc
ina cfoni nhcuafnnkmcu, ona hpcnhonaiana ncyuacfuc n cymc-
cfnykmux nokax u houck cnocio ocooio mccfa n cucfcmc hpofu-
nocfonnun xononnou nouni, a sfo osnauano nsaumoncucfnuc c pc-
aninocfik, kofopyk mononic ncsanucumic iocynapcfna nc moinu
usmcnufi u, n nyumcm cnyuac, onu nancnnuci nipnaficn us ncc.
Iosfomy fcpmun ncufpanusm yfpafun cnok akfyaninocfi u in
6O
samcncn npyium, mcncc onsinakmum fcpmunom nchpucocnunc-
nuc. Ofa ccmanfuucckan fonkocfi oncc founo hcpcnanana hpofu-
nopcuunyk pcaninocfi. Hcufpanusm oipanuuunan uucno yuacfnu-
kon nonou koanuuuu, a fcpmun nchpucocnuncnuc hosnonnn naxc
uncnam hpofunocfonmux nokon oncc iuko unfcphpcfuponafi
cnok hosuuuk.
Iocnc Iannynia snauufcninan uacfi paofi ina nihonncna
naionapn hpcncfanufcnnm nc aqpo-asuafckux iocynapcfn, kpyi sa-
unfcpcconannix cfpan hocfonnno pacmupnncn. Bcnymyk poni ui-
panu usnccfnic honufuucckuc ncnfcnu Haccp, Hcpy u mapman
Tufo (kofopiu hocnc noniux ncf koncanuu namcn, nakoncu, mcc-
fo, inc Kiocnanun moina uipafi naxnyk poni n mcxnynaponnou
xusnu). B konuc nckapn 157 i. nauanc nnnapn 158 i. n Kaupc
cocfonnaci nonan konqcpcnuun, n kofopou yuacfnonanu 44 ncncia-
uuu. B fonc konqcpcnuuu cnimanuci ofionocku Cysukoio kpusuca
156 i. Ipcncfanufcni Iiuhfa Canaf, kofopiu hpcnccnafcnicfno-
nan na saccnanunx, nccima kafciopuuno ohpcncnun ucni konqcpcn-
uuu: Hcufpanusm, kofopiu mi uchoncnycm, osnauacf, ufo mi
nonxni ifi nnc mcxnynaponnix nokon u hpunaiafi ycunun k ux
cnuxcnuk. Icpnic maiu k ncsanucumocfu ucpnou Aqpuku osna-
uanu, ufo kypc nipan hpanunino. Ipcmicp-munucfp Iani cfan py-
hopom ncsanucumix aqpukanckux cfpan u n nckapc 158 i. cosnan
n Akkpc hcpnyk konqcpcnuuk sfux aqpukanckux iocynapcfn, a sa-
fcm, cmc u konqcpcnuuk c yuacfucm nccx naponon Aqpuku. B fa-
kux cnyuanx akfunniu ncufpanusm hpcnpamancn n uncfpymcnf anfu-
kononuanusma. Kak ckasan Hkpyma, konqcpcnuun naponon Aqpuku
nonxna ina honiofonufi icncpaniniu mfypm umhcpuanusma u
kononuanusma.
Cncnykmuu akfunniu hcpuon hpumcncn na 16O161 ii. B sfo
npcmn hpomna ccpun konqcpcnuuu conunapnocfu c naponamu Asuu
u Aqpuku u, ufo ococnno naxno, n nckapc 16O i. Icncpaninan
Accamncn Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu naionapn noio-
nopcnnocfu mcxny Haccpom, Tufo u Cykapno, kofopiu hpunnn
scfaqcfy of cfapckmcio Hcpy onopuna nokymcnf, ocyxnakmuu
kononuanusm. H Icncpaninan Accamncn, u hocncnykman honiofo-
nufcninan konqcpcnuun n Kaupc n uknc 161i. sanoxunu ocnoni
nnn konqcpcnuuu n Icnipanc (16 ccnfnpn 161 i.), oquuuanino
sannunmcu o cosnanuu nnuxcnun nchpucocnununmuxcn cfpan.
Ho n Icnipanc honnfuc nchpucocnuncnun cmc fonkonanoci nocfa-
founo xccfko: umcnuci n nuny cfpani, kofopic nc hpunumanu
yuacfun n mnoiocfoponnux nocnnix coksax u kofopic nc umcnu
fccnix nocnnix cnnscu c ncnukumu ncpxanamu. Ofo otncnncf,
houcmy na konqcpcnuuu n Kiocnanuu nc inu oquuuanino hpcn-
61
cfanncni nu Haponniu Kufau, nu Shonun, nu Iakucfan, nu Typ-
uun. Ipucsn ncnciafa Kyi pacmupnn kpyi yuacfnukon u na a-
funckyk Amcpuky, no hpanuna hpucma n kny inu nacfoniko
xccfkumu, ufo onu cpasy xc inu honncpinyfi kpufukc.
C 161 i. in hocfanncn nohpoc o hpanuninou unfcphpcfauuu
konuchuuu nchpucocnuncnun, ufoi nc hpcnpafufi mupokyk
koanuuuk n samknyfyk ipyhhy cfpan, kofopan nc umcna i nocfa-
founoio nnunnun. Yxc no npcmn paofi Icnipanckou konqcpcnuuu
nhcpnic k sfomy nohpocy honomnu c npyiux hosuuuu: fpakfonka
nnuxcnun foniko kak uncfpymcnfa hpofunoncucfnun xononnou nou-
nc (umcnno n sfo npcmn namcfunuci hcpnic hpusnaku paspnnku
nahpnxcnnocfu mcxny cncpxncpxanamu) osnauana ofkas of honu-
fuucckou ucnccoopasnocfu, hpucymcu oncc iukomy honxony.
Ipu fakom honxonc ohpcncncnuc moino ifi ucfonkonano kak of-
xon of nunuu na mupokyk u hpnmyk honncpxky mnoiocfoponnux
cokson, naxc ccnu i yuacfnuku nnuxcnun nchpucocnuncnun u
nxonunu n nux. Takum opasom, nnuxcnuc nchpucocnuncnun
moino pacmupnficn, a cio nnunnuc n mcxnynaponnou xusnu nospac-
fafi, hpcxnc nccio n fakux kpyhnix mcxnynaponnix opianusauunx
kak OOH. H cmc onna nosmoxnocfi opasonanuc opianusauuu,
sanumakmcucn ohpcncncnnimu hponcmamu noomc nc hpunu-
manaci no nnumanuc.
Icnipanckan konqcpcnuun nc ycfpanuna ocnonnic hpofunopcuun
u nc paspaofana cucfcmy pciynnpnix koncynifauuu, ufo concucfno-
nano i ykpchncnuk honufuucckoio kypca koanuuuu. B cnoxun-
muxcn ycnonunx hocnuno oncc mupokoc fonkonanuc konuchuuu
nnuxcnun: cfpani, nc yuacfnykmuc nchocpcncfncnno u akfunno n
mnoiocfoponnux coinamcnunx, otnnnnnuci nchpucocnununmumu-
cn u moinu yuacfnonafi n konqcpcnuunx nnuxcnun nchpucocnu-
ncnun, cosinanmuxcn c pasnuunou hcpuonuunocfik n hocncnyk-
muc ioni. Takum opasom, nnuxcnuk ynanoci sanocnafi ncnymuc
hosuuuu n Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu, f.c. koanuuun cmoi-
na ycfpanufi iochoncfno amcpukanucn n OOH u hpofunocfonfi ho-
hifkam Concfckoio Coksa ycfanonufi cnok icicmonuk. B 6O-c ioni
ona okasanaci n pykax nconimou, no camou cuninou ipyhhi yuacf-
nukon nnuxcnun nchpucocnuncnun apackux cfpan, kofopic
okasinanu pcmakmcc nnunnuc na hpunnfuc pcsonkuuu Icncpaninou
Accamnccu. B fo xc camoc npcmn mupokoc fonkonanuc konuchuuu
yuacfun n nnuxcnuu nchpucocnuncnun ninnuno nchpouniu u
hpofunopcuuniu honufuucckuu xapakfcp sfoio nnuxcnun.
Koina oipanuuufcniniu xapakfcp ncufpanusma in hpcononcn, a
hpofunopcuun mcxny aqpo-asuafckumu cfpanamu naxc cfanu hcpcpac-
fafi n nouny (kufaucko-unnuuckuu konqnukf n 162 i.), cnoxunaci
62
nonan cufyauun. Y cfpan fpcficio mupa (nc ncc cfpani, yuacfno-
nanmuc n nnuxcnuu nchpucocnuncnun, a foniko fc, hcpcn kofo-
pimu cfonna hponcma skonomuucckoio pasnufun) ncucfnufcnino
umcnuci omuc unfcpcci, ufo hpunanano um ncc n mcxnynaponnou
xusnu, no n honufuucckom hnanc ux pasncnnnu cfoni inyokuc
hpofunopcuun, ufo fcpmun nchpucocnuncnuc yfpauunan cnoc co-
ncpxanuc. Bo npcmn oquuuaninix saccnanuu, nahpumcp, na Icnc-
paninou Accamncc OOH, koina ocyxnanuci omuc hpunuuhi
muponoio hpanohopnnka, unu na konqcpcnuunx camoio nnuxcnun,
fcpmun, nccmofpn na ounuc pufopuku, nnoni opcfan hpcxnkk
hpufniafcninocfi.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, mcxnynaponnic ofnomcnun cfanu na-
cfoniko cnoxnimu, ufo oniman uacfi nchpucocnununmuxcn cfpan,
kofopim nanncxano opoficn sa ncufpanusm, inu fccno cnnsani
n skonomuucckom unu nocnno-honufuucckom hnanc c onnum us
nokon, n kofopix pykononnmyk poni uipanu cncpxncpxani. Ha-
uanmuucn hpouccc paspnnku, kasanoci, nanan ocnonanun nnn pas-
nufun nnuxcnun nchpucocnuncnun, n ncucfnufcninocfu xc on
numan cio camou cyfu, fak kak sa pachyfinanuc ysnon xononnou
nouni nsnnuci cc inannic yuacfnuku. B honufuucckom hnanc uc-
fopuucckuu ufoi nnuxcnun nchpucocnuncnun okasancn nc cfoni
snauufcninim, ckopcc cosnacfcn nhcuafncnuc ncuchonisonannix
nosmoxnocfcu. B konuc 7O-x ionon nnuxcnuc nchpucocnuncnun
nacuufinano oncc 8O akfunnix uncnon, a n mupokom hnanc oncc
1OO, ccnu k akfunnim uncnam noanufi nanknafcncu unu hpu-
inamcnnix yuacfnonafi n ofncninix konqcpcnuunx. B omux
ucpfax, nnuxcnuc onanano konuuccfncnnou cunou, ufoi honi-
sonaficn nnunnucm n mupc, no hpakfuuccku moino cncnafi oucni
ncmnoio.
Icpcn cfpanamu, honyuunmumu honufuucckyk ncsanucumocfi,
ncfan nohpoc o skonomuucckom pasnufuu, o hponcncnuu unnycf-
puanusauuu, o pocfc hpousnonufcninocfu u ccnickoxosnucfncnno-
io hpousnoncfna, o ynyumcnuu fopionix ofnomcnuu c pasnufimu
unnycfpuaninimu cfpanamu, n ococnnocfu n cnnsu c skchopfom
cipin, inannom ucfounukc oiafcfna pasnunakmuxcn cfpan. Ic-
synifafi inu pasouaponinakmumu, ccnu hpunnfi no nnumanuc
ncmoipaquucckuu pocf, n pcsynifafc kofopoio omcc yncnuucnuc
nanonoio nauuonaninoio hponykfa (BHI) oopauunanoci cnuxc-
nucm noxona na nymy naccncnun. C 15O i. ho 167 i. noxon na
nymy naccncnun n pasnunakmuxcn cfpanax, nsnfix nmccfc, poc n
cpcnncm sa ion na 2,8' (hpu oucni pcskux pasnuuunx mcxny cfpa-
namu); sa fc xc ioni skchopf 22 pasnunakmuxcn cfpan, nsnfix nnn
pchpcscnfafunnou niopku, yncnuuunancn cxcionno na 4', a skc-
6J
hopf hnfu nauoncc pasnufix cfpan mupa (Cocnuncnnix Ufafon,
Bcnukopufanuu, cncpafunnou Icchynuku Icpmanuu, panuuu
u Hfanuu) sa fof xc hcpuon poc n cpcnncm na ' n ion. Hcqfnnou
kpusuc, nisnanniu apao-uspaunickou nounou 17J i., usmcnun
sfo coofnomcnuc foniko uacfuuno u foniko npcmcnno, hofomy ufo
cfpani-hpousnonufcnu ncqfu hpcnpafunuci n ocoyk kafciopuk
pasnunakmuxcn cfpan.
Ipuuuni fakoio honoxcnun cncnycf uckafi n xapakfcpc skc-
hopfa us pasnunakmuxcn cfpan: n ucnax na cipic, kofopic ycfa-
nannunanuci n onimcu cfchcnu pinkom, ucm hpousnonufcnnmu, n
pasnuuunx mcxny chpocom na fonapi mupokoio hofpcncnun, um-
hopfupycmic n pasnufic cfpani, u chpocom na fonapi nnufcninoio
honisonanun, umhopfupycmic n pasnunakmuccn cfpani. B ccpcnunc
7O-x ionon ucni na cipic (sa ucknkucnucm ncqfu) hpononxanu
hanafi, a na hpomimncnnic fonapi pacfu. Coofnomcnuc mcxny
noxonamu of skchopfa u pacxonamu na umhopf cfanonunoci ncc mcncc
naiohpunfnim nnn pasnunakmuxcn cfpan.
pyiou achckf hponcmi cnnsan c nchpoqcccuonaninim pyko-
noncfnom skonomukou n cfpanax, ncnanno honyuunmux ncsanucu-
mocfi. Hchomcpnix pacxonon fpconanu qopmuponanmancn k-
pokpafun u pasnyfic noopyxcnnic cuni; cfpcmncnuc hpousnonufi
fonapi c naumcnimumu safpafamu, no ncnicokoio kauccfna, a ho-
fomy nc umcnmux chpoca nu na nnyfpcnncm, nu na mcxnynapon-
nom pinkc; honufuka hpofckuuonusma u anfapkuu ncna k pocfy
pacxonon ncc sfo inu sncmcnfi onnou cocfannnkmcu, kofopan
ycyiynnna nanincumyk ofcfanocfi.
Hcmanonaxnyk poni uipana u hponcma kahufanon. nn ocy-
mccfnncnun unnccfuuuu n skonomuky cfpani ncoxonumo nakoh-
ncnuc kahufana, kofopoc n kononuaniniu hcpuon hpoucxonuno
ucknkuufcnino n unfcpccax mcfpohonuu, a nonic iocynapcfna ni-
nyxncni inu nauafi nakohncnuc c nuskoio yponnn unu opa-
maficn sa homomik k muponomy qunanconomy pinky, inc uapnf
xcncsnic hpanuna u xccfkuu konfponi. unanci moinu hocfy-
hafi u n nunc mcxnynaponnou homomu, no honufuka koohcpauuu
ncnana n sfo npcmn numi pokuc maiu, u cc macmfai nc coofncf-
cfnonanu skonomuucckum hofpcnocfnm oncc cofnu cfpan. Huuc-
io nc ocfananoci, kak fcphcnuno unfu ho hyfu, yxc hpouncnnomy
cfpanamu, kofopic nauanu cnoc nocxoxncnuc k moncpnusauuu n
XVIII nckc, unu nancnficn, ufo ho honufuucckum mofunam n cfpani
fpcficio mupa ynyf nahpanncni snauufcninic pccypci, unu xnafi,
koina mcxnynaponniu kahufan coufcf niionnim nnn ccn ocymc-
cfnnnfi unnccfuuuu n pasnunakmuccn cfpani.
64
Onnako sfo hpcnhonaiano panukaninoc usmcncnuc ucxonnix
skonomuucckux ycnonuu n ofncninix cfpanax, u, hpcxnc nccio,
hpcononcnuc unconoiuucckux hpcnycxncnuu nckofopix ncnfcncu,
kofopic nuncnu n mcxnynaponnom kahufanc, a uamc n fpancnauuo-
naninix kophopauunx ucfunnix hpofunnukon pasnufun, nunonnu-
kon skchnyafauuu u ofcfanocfu, hpousnoncfna, ocnonannoio na
nuskou cfoumocfu paoucu cuni u nconimux kahufanonnoxcnu-
nx: kopouc, nuncnu n nux onuucfnopcnuc ncokononuanusma. Ho
nu onno mononoc iocynapcfno nc moino nu coinacuficn c ncoxo-
numocfik coxpancnun sfux ys, nu ofkasaficn of cocfncnnix na-
uuonaninix ucncu, ufoi nafi ynncui ccn cnankumu pcuamu o
pasnufuu, hpcnhonaianmcm unfcipauuk n cucfcmy mcxnynaponno-
io kahufanusma. Ipcxnc ucm sfo hpousomno, ncoxonumo ino
hpoufu ucpcs pnn ncynau u noxnaficn naxnix hcpcmcn n mcxnyna-
ponnou cufyauuu.
Ofu ocfonfcnicfna otncnnkf fpynnocfu ycfanonncnun skono-
muuccku u honufuuccku koppckfnix ofnomcnuu mcxny hpomim-
ncnno pasnufimu cfpanamu u pasnunakmumucn cfpanamu. Ofnomc-
nun ocnoxnnnuci u sacfapcnim ncnoncpucm k sahannim cfpanam,
oncsncnnimu nochomunanunmu o kononuaninom hcpuonc, ncio-
fonnocfik pasnufix cfpan pcmafi skonomuucckuc hponcmi, pac-
cuufannic na nnufcninyk hcpchckfuny u fpconanmuc paspaofku
mnoiocfoponnux hpockfon. Cuufanoci, ufo sfu hponcmi uyxni
ocnonnim hofpcnocfnm sahannou skonomuku, nuo nancku of
ncc. Ipomimncnno pasnufic cfpani inu yncpcni, ufo onanakf
nocfafounou skonomuucckou u honufuucckou nnacfik u moiyf
nukfonafi ycnonun mcxnynaponnou fopionnu. Iosfomy no 17J i.
(xofn hpumcpi umcnuci u n ncnanncm hpomnom) onu hpononunu
hpofckuuonucfckyk honufuky, ococnno n ofnomcnuu ccnickoxo-
snucfncnnou hponykuuu pasnunakmuxcn cfpan, ux ocnonnoio skc-
hopfa, naionapn kofopomy onu moinu i sannfi cnok numy na
mcxnynaponnom pinkc fonapon, hockoniky ofcyfcfnonan pinok
nnn ux hpomimncnnou hponykuuu; hpousnoncfno cc foina foniko
nauunanoci.
Cfpani fpcficio mupa counu Opianusauuk Otcnuncnnix
Hauuu nauoncc honxonnmum mccfom, inc moxno ino nicfyhufi
c hpcnnoxcnucm pcqopmi muponoio pinka, xofn hponcma ina
usnoxcna n omcm nunc u n nipaxcnunx, xapakfcpnix nnn ncnan-
ncu opii sa ncsanucumocfi. Yxc n nckapc 16O i. Icncpaninan
Accamncn sannuna, ufo hpcncfonnmcc nccnfuncfuc nonxno cfafi
nccnfuncfucm pasnufun, ufo nnnncfcn ycnonucm mupa u cfauni-
nocfu n mupc. B 162 i. n pcsonkuuu OOH ina ninnunyfa qop-
myna Tradc not aId Topionnn, a nc homomi, ufo osnauano
65
cmcny iymanufapnoio honxona mcfonamu, onimc coofncfcfnykmumu
xapakfcpy skonomuucckux hponcm.
Opianusauun Otcnuncnnix Hauuu n 164 i. (2J mapfa 15 uknn)
n Zcncnc hponcna konqcpcnuuk ho hponcmam fopionnu u pasnu-
fun (lnItcd âtIons ConIcrcncc on Tradc and IcvcIopmcnt), xopo-
mo usnccfnyk kak KHKTA, no npcmn kofopou nhcpnic inu
paccmofpcni naxncumuc skonomuucckuc u honufuucckuc achckfi
hponcmi pasnufun. Ha konqcpcnuuu ocyxnanuci hpcnnoxcnun
pcqopmi mcxnynaponnou skonomuucckou cucfcmi, coinacno ko-
fopim ino ncoxonumo, ufoi pasnunakmuccn cfpani ofkpinu
cnou nncpu nnn skchopfa u unfcipuponanuci n skonomuky, naxonn-
mykcn na hontcmc. Ho cmc onimc ino ncoxonumo, ufoi un-
nycfpuanino pasnufic iocynapcfna iapanfuponanu naiohpunfnic
ucni na cipic u ccnickoxosnucfncnnyk hponykuuk, skchopfuponan-
muccn us pasnunakmuxcn cfpan; nihnauunanu cycunuu cfpanam,
nc iofonim k fopionomy omcny; homnu na cnuxcnuc homnun na
fpohuucckuc u cyfpohuucckuc hponykfi; hponcnu pcopianusauuk
IATT (Icncpaninoc coinamcnuc ho fapuqam u fopionnc), kofopan
concucfnonana i fopionnc c pasnunakmumucn cfpanamu.
Cohcpnuuccfno mcxny Concfckum Coksom u Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu sacfanuno cfpani fpcficio mupa nyumc honnfi pasnuu-
nic achckfi mcxnynaponnou cufyauuu. Cfpani concfckoio noka,
fakxc ncnanno ocnoonunmuccn of kononuaninou sanucumocfu, nc
yuacfnonanu n nuanoic, nauafom KHKTA. B pamkax konqcpcn-
uuu, copanmcu hpcncfanufcncu 12J iocynapcfn, cnoxunaci fak na-
sinacman ipyhha 77, n pamkax kofopou yuacfnuku nnuxcnun nc-
hpucocnuncnun cfpcmunuci nocfuui cnuncfna hosuuuu n onacfu
skonomuku, nc cymcn nouficn cio n honufuucckou cqcpc. Bcc
pasnunakmuxcn cfpan n Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu in
nacfoniko snauufcninim, ufo hosnonun ocymccfnufi uncfufyuuo-
nanusauuk ofnomcnuu mcxny hpomimncnno pasnufimu u pasnu-
nakmumucn cfpanamu. KHKTA ina hpcopasonana n hocfo-
nnniu koncynifafunniu opian, kofopiu paspaafinan pamounic
ycnonun nnn hponcncnun hcpcionopon.
Toina nauancn xccfkuu nuanoi, noniuu u fpynniu. Aipcccun-
nocfi honufuku ipyhhi 77 (n uacfnocfu, na saccnanuu n Anxupc
n 167 i.) hpuncna k opafnim pcsynifafam. Hnnycfpuanino pasnu-
fic cfpani nc inu saunfcpcconani n fom, ufoi houfu na yc-
fyhku, kofopic moinu okasaficn nahpacnimu unu xc homnu i
na honisy honufuucckum hpofunnukam. cucfnufcnino naxnoio
ychcxa ynanoci nouficn foniko onnaxni, no npcmn nfopou konqc-
pcnuuu KHKTA, cocfonnmcucn n 168 i. n cnu, koina pasnufic
cfpani onsanuci cxcionno ofuucnnfi 1' cnocio BHI pasnunak-
66
mumcn cfpanam n kauccfnc homomu ux skonomuucckomy pasnufuk.
Cncnycf yuccfi, ufo cfpani concfckoio noka inu n cocfonnuu hc-
pcuucnufi mcncc onnou hnfou of omcu cymmi, kofopyk hpcnyc-
mafpunan fakou nuufoxno maniu hpoucnf.
Iocf ucn na ncqfi, concpmunmuu ckauok no npcmn hcpnoio
ncqfnnoio moka n 17J i., hpuncn k usmcncnuk omcu cufyauuu.
B cncnykmcm iony pasnufic iocynapcfna hpunnnu hpcnnoxcnuc,
ninnunyfoc naionapn hpconananuk n ipyhhc 77 cfpan c ymc-
pcnnim honxonom, coinacno kofopomy ncoxonumo ino nauafi
ocyxncnuc ocnon nonoio mcxnynaponnoio skonomuucckoio hopnn-
ka. Ofof nohpoc in n ucnfpc nnumanun Icncpaninou Accamncu
OOH n nckapc 174 i., koina ocyxnanaci Xapfun skonomuucckux
hpan u onsannocfcu iocynapcfn. C fcx hop in nosononncn, xofn
u co snauufcninimu fpynnocfnmu, oncc koncfpykfunniu nuanoi.
C 164 i. Inpohcuckoc skonomuucckoc coomccfno nauano
hpononufi honufuky concucfnun pasnufuk. 18 inmux qpanuysckux
kononuu saknkuunu konncnuuk n Synnc (Kamcpyn), naionapn
kofopou in cosnan qonn pasnufun, no, hpcxnc nccio, konncnuun
ofpaxana namcpcnuc cfpan IOC c onimcu ofncfcfncnnocfik pc-
mafi hponcmi pasnunakmuxcn cfpan. Bhcpnic konncnuun Synnc
ina usmcncna n 174 i., hocnc ncfyhncnun Bcnukopufanuu n
IOC, u n 175 i. samcncna omcuckou konncnuucu. C cc honhuca-
nucm honufuka Coomccfna oxnafinana yxc 46 cfpan Aqpuku, Ka-
puckoio u Tuxookcanckoio acccunon (ofckna apcnuafypa AKT).
C fcx hop ofnomcnun mcxny IOC u cfpanamu AKT pciynupona-
nuci hocpcncfnom nncccnun hohpanok n omcuckyk konncnuuk,
ufo chococfnonano cfaunusauuu fopionnu u oncc pauuonaninou
opianusauuu homomu, sfu mcpi okasanu snauufcninoc nosncu-
cfnuc na nck cucfcmy mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu.
Co npcmcncm xapakfcp ofnomcnuu mcxny hpomimncnno pas-
nufimu u pasnunakmumucn cfpanamu mcnnncn. Iasnunakmuccn
cfpani pcmanu ocnonnyk hponcmy ux skonomuucckou xusnu c
pasnimu pcsynifafamu. Cuufafi ux onnoponnou ipyhhou, fpco-
nanmcu onunakonoio honxona, cfanonunoci ncnosmoxnim. axc
cfpani fpcficio mupa onimc nc hpcncfannnnu coou onnopon-
nyk omnocfi. Hacfi pasnunakmuxcn cfpan naionapn pocfy ucn
na ncqfi, hosnonunmcmy ocymccfnnnfi unnccfuuuu, nipnanaci us
hyf ofcfanocfu u naxc nonxna ina pcmafi hponcmy usifka
qunanconou nuknunnocfu. Inn cfpan, n ococnnocfu n Asuu, naio-
napn fccnim cnnsnm c fpancnauuonaninimu konucpnamu u nuskou
cfoumocfu paoucu cuni, nomnu n ipyhhy nonix unnycfpuanino
pasnufix cfpan Manausun, Taunani, Kxnan Kopcn, Ionkoni,
Cuniahyp u, uacfuuno, Hnnoncsun.
67
Cfpani afunckou Amcpuku, hpcononcn fpynniu hcpuon ho-
nufuucckou nccfauninocfu u koncanuu n niopc skonomuuccko-
io kypca, pcmun, ho kpauncu mcpc na fom sfahc, hponcmy mcxny-
naponnoio nonia, nosononunu cnoc pasnufuc, nc ohacanci nnoni
okasaficn n cocfonnuu ofcfanocfu. Hnnun u Kufau namnu n ccc
cuni pasnunaficn camocfonfcnino, a n cnyuac c Kufacm naxc oucni
unfcncunno.
Ioniman ipyhha cfpan, hpcumymccfncnno na Aqpukanckom
konfuncnfc, ho pasnim hpuuunam ocfanaci na ucxonnom yponnc
pasnufun. nn nux ponunoci ohpcncncnuc ucfncpfiu mup, kofo-
poc nknkuano pnn cfpan, inc ncchoconocfi hpanufcnicfn pyko-
nonufi cfpanou, cyponan honufuucckan xusni u nccfauninocfi,
hcpcpacfanman hopou n ipaxnanckyk nouny, noncnu ux no numc-
fi. Ckna xc cncnycf hpuuucnufi iocynapcfna, inc fcmhi ncmoipa-
quucckoio pocfa hpcnimanu fcmhi skonomuucckoio pasnufun.
B cnnsu c sfum nosnukna nonan hponcma, no inany yina cfanunuci
nc ofnomcnun mcxny hpomimncnno pasnufimu cfpanamu u fpcfium
mupom, a coofnomcnuc mcxny Ccncpom u Kiom: Ccncp houfu
nccina oiafiu, u naxc kyhakmuucn n pockomu, u Ki uchifi-
nakmuu fpynnocfu skonomuucckoio pasnufun u nc umckmuu nos-
moxnocfu concpmufi n ncm pinok.
B 178 i. ncoquuuaninan ipyhha honufuucckux ncnfcncu mupo-
noio macmfaa, kofopyk nasnanu Hcsanucumou komuccucu ho
hponcmam mcxnynaponnoio pasnufun hon pykononcfnom Bunnu
Ipannfa, inmcio kanuncpa cncpafunnou Icchynuku Icpmanuu,
hpucfyhuna k usyucnuk hponcmi. Icsynifafi uccncnonanun
inu ohynukonani n nauanc 18O i. n paofc, honyuunmcu usnccf-
nocfi kak oknan Ipannfa. Ccncp-Ki. Iponcma nixunanun; n
hocncnykmuc nnanuafi ncf icoipaquucckan xapakfcpucfuka nc-
ckoniko usmcnunaci n cnnsu c usmcncnucm cufyauuu n ofncninix
cfpanax, no oman konuchuun pasnufun ykasinana, ufo sfo nax-
ncuman mcxnynaponnan hponcma ynymcio.
B 8O-c ioni hcpuhcfuu mcxnynaponnou xusnu u oncsncnnic
hcpcmcni n cucfcmc mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu hpcnpafunu sfy
hponcmy us ncnymcu n mapiunaninyk, safpaiunakmyk unfcpcci
numi nconimoio uucna cfpan. B O-c ioni, koina cfpykfypa mu-
ponou cucfcmi ina hokoncncna n camou cnocu ocnonc u mupy
hpcncfanu nonic soni ofcfanocfu, hponcmy ofnomcnuu mcxny
Ccncpom u Kiom, mcxny pasnufimu u pasnunakmumucn cfpanamu,
nnoni cfanu cuufafi ocnonohonaiakmcu nnn nkoio nonoio mupoho-
pnnka, n ococnnocfu hofomy, ufo cnnic cfpani inu nc n cocfon-
nuu nipaficn us nonionou sanucumocfu of mcxnynaponnix kpc-
nufopon.
11.1. Bmpaoixa nopm
cocymecinonanwn-conepnwuecina
11.1.1. HEKOTOPME BBO,HME BAMEUAHUH
Anfop sfux cfpanuu honaiacf, ufo sanaua ucfopuka pckon-
cfpyuponafi n coofncfcfnuu c nocfyhnim mafcpuanom ucfounukon
hcpuhcfuu hpomnoio, ninnnnn momcnfi, koina xon coifuu hpu-
opcfacf oncc unu mcncc icfpic fcmhi, u nincnnn hcpuoni, no
npcmn kofopix pasnic ucfopuucckuc hpouccci chncfakfcn n hpo-
ncmnic ysni. Bokpyi nux u cncnycf cfpoufi usnoxcnuc hponc-
mafuku, hosnonnkmcc honnfi conokyhnocfi fcnncnuuu kak cucfc-
my, hokasafi nsaumocnnsi pasnuunix ncucfnykmux cun, pcmcnuu,
nipaafinacmix n cnnsu c nosnukakmumu hponcmamu u pcsyni-
fafon, nocfuiacmix skfopamu honufuucckoio hpouccca.
Icnu 14614 ii. inu ofmcucni cosnanucm nnyx nokon,
kofopic, ipyhhupynci nokpyi Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u Concfckoio
Coksa, hcpcxunu camic nahpnxcnnic hcpuoni xononnou nouni,
fo n 15716J ii. (hpu nckofopou ycnonnocfu xpononoiuucckux
ipanuu) hpousomcn hcpcxon of sfaha ocfpix konqnukfon k sfahy
nsaumnoio hpusnanun sanocnannix hosuuuu. Cfoponi hohifa-
nuci ycfanonufi hpanuna, hosnonunmuc hcpcufu ccnu nc k conmccf-
nim ncucfnunm, fo k hpusnanuk ipanuu, nnyfpu kofopix kaxnan
us cncpxncpxan hpusnanana sa npyiou hpuopufcf n ofnomcnuu ho-
suuuu fpcfiux cfpan unu no nnyfpcnnux konqnukfax n coofncf-
cfnykmux nokax. Koncuno, cmc ncnisn ionopufi o paspnnkc n
fom cmicnc, kofopiu fcpmun hpuopcn ncckoniko ncf chycfn, no
ccionnn moxno ckasafi, ufo umcnno n fo npcmn, kofopoc ino nasna-
no pannonccucm cfpaxa, nuncpi cncpxncpxan ocosnanu ccpicsnyk
ncoxonumocfi ohpcncnufi ipanuui cocfncnnix unfcpccon u on-
nonpcmcnno oucnufi namcpcnun hpofunnuka.
Hanncxano hpcnyianafi coofncfcfnykmyk nunuk honcncnun,
ynaxan ucnnocfu hpofunnuka, npyiumu cnonamu, ohpcncnufi snc-
mcnfi hapanncninoio hpunuxcnun k nipaofkc nopm cocymc-
cfnonanun n uhonnpnou cucfcmc cohcpnuuccfna.
Ftana 11
CNCTEMA MEIL.HAPOLHNX OTHOTEHNN
HOCLE 1956 r.
6 Ftana 11. Cwciema me:tynapotnmx oinomenww nocte 1956 t.
Kaxymancn hpocfofa uhonnpnou koncfpykuuu hosnonncf yhpo-
mafi ananus cnoxnix cufyauuu. Onnako sfoio nc nocfafouno, fak
kak yhpomcnuc nc nccina oxnafinacf mnoioopasuc sncmcnfon,
cnunakmuxcn nocnuno n hpoucccc hcpcxona. B camom ncnc, hpo-
uccc hcpcxona ofnocufcn kak k fcmafukc nchocpcncfncnnix nsau-
moofnomcnuu mcxny cncpxncpxanamu, fak u k fcmafukc, cnnsan-
nou c ofnomcnunmu mcxny cncpxncpxanamu u ux cafcnnufamu. Iio
ananus hosnonncf oosnauufi hpcncni, n kofopix manic ncpxani
moinu honisonaficn nnunnucm nnyfpu cnocio noka unu naxc
okasinafi nosncucfnuc na honufuky ncnymcu ncpxani, a fakxc
ninnufi fc nicmuc unfcpcci, kofopim nonxni inu honuu-
nuficn nfopocfchcnnic nauuonaninic unfcpcci.
Iasncn Inpohi unu asuafckux pciuonon na cqcpi nnunnun o-
ncc nc nnnnncn hpcnmcfom konqnukfa cncpxncpxan. Ofof hpouccc
sancpmuncn n 156 i., u fof qakf, ufo 3ahan nc nmcmancn n ncn-
icpckuu kpusuc 156 i., a Concfckuu Coks n Cysukuu kpusuc,
ionopuf o hocncnonafcninocfu, c kofopou hpofunnuku hpuncpxuna-
nuci nchucanix hpanun. Iocnc 156 i. usmcnuncn xapakfcp hpofuno-
cfonnun unu, nyumc ckasafi, cohcpnuuccfna: sfo kacanoci mononix
ncsanucumix cfpan u inoanusauuu uhonnpnocfu; ofnocunoci k
nuckyccunm o kocmuucckom u pakcfnom noopyxcnuu nosmoxnocfu
nchocpcncfncnno hopasufi hpofunnuka cocfncnnim opyxucm;
safpaiunano hponcmy nncpnoio cohcpnuuccfna u coofncfcfncnno
choconocfu nisinafi y hpofunnuka pcaniniu, no ncohpcncncn-
niu cfpax (ho kpauncu mcpc, no 16J i.) u cosnanafi nhcuafncnuc,
ufo afomnan ounn moxcf paspasuficn ncoxunanno, hpuuunun nc-
ucuucnumic cncfnun.
Iykononufcnu ocux cncpxncpxan cfpcmunuci k sanocnanuk
nncpnoio hpcnocxoncfna, no n fo xc npcmn onu snanu, ufo ono y-
ncf umcfi inannim opasom cumnonuucckoc snaucnuc, hockoniky
ncnosmoxno naxc hpunusufcnino oucnufi coofnomcnuc usncp-
xck u hpcumymccfn, cnnsannix c nncpnim konqnukfom, yuccfi
paspymcnun, k kofopim on hpuncncf. Cfanka n uipc ina u ocfa-
nanaci nccima omyfumou. Onnako sfof achckf hponcmnoio ysna
nc ucucphinacf nccu cio cnoxnocfu. cucfnufcnino, kaxnou us
cncpxncpxan hpuxonunoci cfankunaficn c fpynnocfnmu nnyfpu co-
cfncnnou cucfcmi, hpu sfom onu cfapanuci nc nohyckafi (nc nccina
ychcmno) cufyauuu, n kofopix ina i hocfanncna hon comncnuc
ux choconocfi ncucfnonafi n inoaninom macmfac.
Ionoxcnuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon ino cnoxnim, no nc npama-
fuunim. Iocnc cosnanun n 155-157 ii. Inpohcuckoio skonomu-
ucckoio coomccfna CUA hpcncfonno hcpccmofpcfi cnou ofnomc-
nun c 3ahannou Inpohou. Onu nonxni inu sannficn pcmcnucm
7O
hponcm, hopoxncnnix Cysukum kpusucom, u nipaofafi nonyk
konuchuuk ofnomcnuu c kononuaninimu cfpanamu. Ipufanckan
honufuka nckononusauuu nnnnna coou hpumcp mcncc oncsncn-
noio pasnufun sfux ofnomcnuu, a nouna n Anxupc hokasana nck
cnoxnocfi u naxnocfi pcmcnun kononuaninix nohpocon.
C hpuxonom nc Ionnn k nnacfu no panuuu hpousomno npcmcn-
noc ocnoxncnuc kononuaninix hponcm u nosnukna nahpnxcnnan
cufyauun n Ccncpoafnanfuucckom coksc. A hcpcn Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu ncfanu cmc oncc ccpicsnic hponcmi, cnnsannic c ino-
aninimu hpockfamu qpanuysckoio hpcsuncnfa u cio namcpcnucm
cosnafi anfonomnic nncpnic cuni, nosmoxno, n cofpynnuuccfnc c
Hfanucu u cncpafunnou Icchynukou Icpmanuu. Icpmanckuu
nohpoc, fakum opasom, sannn ucnfpaninoc mccfo n cnpohcuckou
honufukc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, hockoniky kanuncp Ancnaysp,
xofn u hpuncpxunancn afnanfuucckux onsafcnicfn, no in nccima
kpufuucn n ofnomcnuu amcpukanckou icicmonuu n Inpohc u na-
ucncn na fccnoc cofpynnuuccfno c ionnucfckou panuucu. CUA
cchokouna cknaninanmancn hcpchckfuna, kofopyk cncnonano yuu-
finafi hpu qopmuponanuu inoaninou muponou honufuku. Ipcn-
honoxcnun o qpanko-icpmanckom nncpnom coinacuu nc moinu
pacucnunaficn hpocfo kak nnyfpcnnuc pacxoxncnun n 3ahannom
nokc, sfof qakfop ncuscxno ofpaxancn na paspaofkc cfpafciuu
ofnomcnuu c Concfckum Coksom.
Concfckomy Coksy, co cnocu cfoponi, ncoxonumo ino cnccfu
nocnuno iopasno oncc pasnoopasnic unfcpcci. Bo-hcpnix, cio
pykononufcnnm hpuxonunoci umcfi ncno c nonionpcmcnnimu ho-
cncncfnunmu nccfanunusauuu u, kpomc foio, c nanncnucm Ynipux-
fa, nuncpa Icpmanckou cmokpafuucckou Icchynuku, fpconan-
mcio iopasno oncc xccfkoio ofncfa na nncpnic hpockfi Ancnayspa
u na hponcmy mcxicpmanckux ofnomcnuu, kofopan hpuopcna
npamafuucckoc snyuanuc us-sa hocfonnnoio hofoka ncncianinou
smuipauuu us Bocfounou Icpmanuu n 3ahannyk. Onnako nauoni-
muc fpynnocfu nnn Concfon hpunccna c coou n cufyauun n Asuu,
inc yxynmcnuc ofnomcnuu c Kufauckou Haponnou Icchynukou,
hponnunmcccn yxc n 157-158 ii., hpuncno k ymcnimcnuk concf-
ckoio nnunnun, ufo nckopc ofkpino onimuc nosmoxnocfu nnn
hponuknoncnun fyna amcpukanucn, ncufpanusonanmux snaucnuc
coifuu, hpoucmcnmux n nauanc 6O-x ionon no Bicfnamc. Hako-
ncu, n Hcnfpaninou Amcpukc hpuxon k nnacfu na Kyc uncnn
Kacfpo, c onnou cfoponi, hpcnocfannnn Concfam nonic nosmoxno-
cfu nanncnun na Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, c npyiou, honncpian ux hpo-
ncpkc c fouku spcnun hpcncnon hononoio nanncnun. B sfom cmicnc
ohpcncnnkmum in hpomcxyfok npcmcnu nauunan c 157 i.
71
mymnoio nauana kocmuucckou ionku, 158 i. nfopoio Icpnun-
ckoio kpusuca, n 15-16O ii. hcpnix hohifkok hpnmoio nua-
noia pycckux u amcpukanucn, 16O i. pcmakmcio nnn hpouccca
nckononusauuu, 161 i. iona nosncncnun Icpnunckou cfcni,
162 i. iona Kyunckoio kpusuca u nhnofi 16J i., koina sancp-
munaci nchpcpinnan uchi nncpnix uchifanuu n afmocqcpc. Bcci
sfof hpomcxyfok npcmcnu, c foniko ufo oosnaucnnimu fcmamu u
mnoiumu npyiumu, c numu cnnsannimu, moxcf ncucfnufcnino pac-
cmafpunaficn kak hcpuon, koina nnc cncpxncpxani, ocmicnunan
cufyauuu nnyfpu coofncfcfnykmux cqcp nnunnun, qakfuuccku unu
hyfcm chcuuaninix hcpcionopon nsnnu na ccn onsafcnicfna ohpc-
ncnufi hpanuna cocymccfnonanun n uhonnpnou cucfcmc, n kofopou
iochoncfnonano cohcpnuuccfno, no kofopan cfpcmunaci ocnoonufi-
cn of komhnckca ncuscxnocfu nncpnoio ynuufoxcnun.
11.1.2. CO,EP+AHUE
COC.TECTBOBAHUH-COHEPHUUECTBA
Ipu nccm pasnoopasuu ucfopuuccku cnoxunmuxcn cufyauuu
umcnno hpouccc nckononusauuu snauufcnino usmcnun cymnocfi
mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu, n kofopix panimc nomunuponan u-
honnpniu konqnukf. Cncpxncpxani u ncc npyiuc cytckfi mcxny-
naponnou cucfcmi nonxni inu ho-nonomy nsinnnyfi na muponou
hopnnok, uucno yuacfnukon kofopoio nipocno oncc ucm nnnoc, a
hocnc 16O i. oncc ucm nfpoc.
Camu ho ccc usmcncnun, naxc oucni cymccfncnnic, nc umcnu
i fakoio nnunnun na mcxnynaponnic ofnomcnun, ccnu i ncc
(unu houfu ncc) cfpani, honyuunmuc n ncnanncm hpomnom ncsa-
nucumocfi, nc ofnuuana onna oman ucpfa skonomuucckan of-
cfanocfi. Icpcn numu ncfana onna oman sanaua conmccfufi nc-
sanucumocfi c nauanom skonomuucckoio pocfa. C ocnooxncnucm
naponon of umhcpuanucfuucckoio pacfna nonic honufuucckuc
cuni, kofopic nsnnu na ccn (unu honyuunu na cnoonnix nio-
pax) yhpanncnuc fou unu unou cfpanou, nonxni inu hokasafi,
ufo onu n cocfonnuu, hocnun kononuanusm, honoxufi koncu ho-
nufuucckou sanucumocfu u skonomuucckou skchnyafauuu, a fakxc
nauafi nonyk shoxy skonomuucckoio pocfa u naiococfonnun.
ckononusauun, fakum opasom, usmcnuna cufyauuk no mno-
iux ofnomcnunx. Mi nc moxcm sncci paccmafpunafi ncc achckfi
usmcncnuu, onnako onu ncuscxno hpocuuponanuci na mcxnyna-
ponnyk afmocqcpy. B camom ncnc, honnncnuc nonou cqcpi mcxny-
naponnix ofnomcnuu ninyxnano cncpxncpxani mcnnfi qopmy ux
konqnukfa u pacmupnfi cio macmfai. Hfo kacacfcn qopmi, fo
Ftana 11. Cwciema me:tynapotnmx oinomenww nocte 1956 t.
72
hocnc cfaunusauuu cufyauuu n Inpohc hponcma hpcncfanana yxc
n unom nunc. Icnu achckfi, cnnsannic c kocmuucckum u nncpnim
cohcpnuuccfnom, nc kacanmuccn ncnanno ocnoonunmuxcn cfpan,
fchcpi ofomnu na sannuu hnan, fo, nahpofun, cfana akfyaninou
fcma fak nasinacmoio cocymccfnonanun-cohcpnuuccfna kakan
cfpana, uchonisyn homomi onnou us cncpxncpxan, cmoxcf sqqck-
funncc pcmafi hponcmi cocfncnnoio pasnufun: fa, ufo ocnauna-
na qopmi honufuko-skonomuucckou opianusauuu, xapakfcpnic
nnn pinounou skonomuku, nuo, naoopof, fa, ufo cncnonana sko-
nomuucckum mcfonam pcaninoio couuanusma.
Iuhonnpniu konqnukf hpcnpamancn n cohcpnuuccfno, koina
cfanuncn nohpoc o ncoxonumocfu niopa mcxny moncnnmu pasnu-
fun, c concpmcnno nnnim namcpcnucm chococfnonafi fomy, ufo-
i niop umcn hpnmic hocncncfnun c fouku spcnun mcxnynapon-
noio nnunnun. Iosfomy konqnukf hcpcmccfuncn us Inpohi, on
hponuk n Cpcnuscmnomopic, pachpocfpanuncn na ncci mup (nknk-
uan afunckyk Amcpuky), oxnafun ncc achckfi xusnu naponon.
Onnonpcmcnno ofmcuanaci fcnncnuun k pocfy nsaumocnnscu nccx
cfpan, ncnanno nounmuxcn ncsanucumocfu, nccmofpn na fcnncn-
uuk k nchpucocnuncnuk, kofopan paccmafpunanaci kak anifcp-
nafuna sanucumocfu, kak nancxna na cnoonnoc pasnufuc.
Iponcmi nckononusauuu nc cosnananu nnn Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon ocoix fpynnocfcu. Onu camu ponunuci n pcsynifafc hcp-
nou anfukononuaninou nouni nonoio npcmcnu u nccina oponuci
c cnpohcuckum umhcpuanusmom. Ipunuuh camoyhpanncnun in
hponosinamcn Buniconom kak onno us kapnunaninix ycnonuu no-
nou amcpukanckou nncmncu honufuku u honfncpxncn Iysncnifom
no npcmn nfopou muponou nouni. Kak nchomunacf Ouscnxaysp n
cnoux mcmyapax, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi cpaxanuci n nnyx muponix
nounax, nc fpcyn nnn ccn nukakux fcppufopuaninix hpupamc-
nuu. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, humcf on, nc ninamunan nuka-
kux hnanon saxnafa uyxux scmcni u oiafcfn, inu fpanuuuonno
hocncnonafcnini n cnocu anfukononuaninou honufukc.
Ofu hpunuuhi hofyckncnu ho mcpc ycfanonncnun qunancono-
skonomuucckoio iochoncfna Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n afunckou
Amcpukc u ho mcpc yhpouncnun usmcncnuu inoanucfckou honu-
fuku Iysncnifa no npcmn nfopou muponou nouni. Ionimou hnan
Iysncnifa uacfo unfcphpcfuponancn kak choco samcni ofkponcn-
noio kononuanusma mcncc samcfnim, no oncc omyfumim nnunnu-
cm. Kpomc foio, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi honncpianuci yhpckam sa
nnoucfncnnocfi hosuuuu, kofopyk onu hponnunu n opic sa ko-
nonuu c yuacfucm ux coksnukon Bcnukopufanuu u panuuu.
Bincpxka us sannncnun anncca, cncnannoio na saccnanuu Concfa
7J
Hauuonaninou Icsohacnocfu 1 nonpn 156 i., homoiacf hpanuni-
no honoufu k sfou fcmc: Hu npomnenuu +noeux :em, +oe0unenn~e
1mum~ 0u:uncupoou:u +e0y o0n:ume:icmoo+, c o0nou cmopon~,
coxpunnmi coou 0uonue u ipeniue con:u co coou+u une:uuciu+u u
qpunuy:ciu+u cou:nuiu+u, u c 0pyeou, non~miou :upyuumicn
0py0ou u coe:ucue+ ne0uono ocoo0o0uouuxcn cmpun |.]. 1o:iue +~
ne +oe+ 0u:uncupooumi nu mou moniou epunu. 1c:u nu+ ne y0ucmcn
ceuuuc ymoep0umi nuue :u0epcmoo o omnouenuu mux cmpun, mo onu
nooepnymcn o cmopony +ooemcioeo +ou:u.
cucfnufcnino, Concfckuu Coks, xofn u ocfanancn n 16O i. no
inanc onnou us ncmnoiux cymccfnonanmux n mupc umhcpuanucfu-
ucckux cucfcm, moi iopnuficn anfukononuaninimu sacnyiamu, ko-
fopic nocxonunu cmc k ocnonohonoxnukam kommynusma u coxpa-
nunuci no shoxu nckononusauuu.
H. Xpymcn n 156 i. na XX ctcsnc KICC fakxc opafun nnuma-
nuc na hofcnuuaninic nosmoxnocfu nonou cufyauuu: t om:uuue
om 0oooennoeo nepuo0u, no0uo:nuuun uucmi cmpun A:uu o~cmynuem
menepi nu +upooou upene o iuuecmoe cyoepenn~x eocy0upcmo u:u eocy-
0upcmo, ynopno omcmuuouuuux cooe npuoo nu cu+ocmonme:inyu oneu-
nuu no:umuiy. Je0ynupo0n~e omnouenun o~u:u :u pu+iu omno-
uenuu eocy0upcmo, nuce:enn~x no npeu+yuecmoy nupo0u+u 0e:ou
puc~, u nuuunuum npuo0pemumi xupuimep no0:unno oce+upn~x omno-
uenuu.
B ncucfnufcninocfu anfukononuaninan pcnonkuun ofkpina
pinku, hocfanuna hponcmi nuknunnix cpcncfn u cfoumocfu cipin,
cosnana nonic cqcpi iochoncfna fcx unu unix iocynapcfn, ninnu-
nyna hponcmi skonomuucckoio pasnufun hcpcn nnymn cncpxncp-
xanamu, no nu n onnou us nux nc ino pykononufcncu, choconix
icfpo pcaiuponafi na nonic upcsniuaunic cufyauuu.
Bohpcku kafciopuunim hocfynafam mapkcucfcko-ncnunckou
hpohaianni u fcopcfuucckou fpanuuuu, a fakxc nccmofpn na ucf-
koc honumanuc Xpymcnim pcmakmcio snaucnun nonoio konqnukfa
paspin, cymccfnonanmuu c fouku spcnun skonomuucckux u qunan-
conix pccypcon, iukocfu mcfonon nmcmafcnicfna u yxc nocfuinyfix
cunonix hosuuuu, in, onnako, fakon, ufo ucxon cohcpnuuccfna,
nccmofpn na unnksuu hcpnoio sfaha, in hpcnpcmcn. Concfi asu-
ponanuci na unconoiuucckou cucfcmc, foniko nncmnc choconou
anfomafuuccku fpancqopmuponaficn n unconoiuk ocnooxncnun.
Hccmofpn na onimuc fpafi na ofkpifuc n Mocknc yucnix sanc-
ncnuu nnn honiofonku snufi ncnanno ocnoonunmuxcn cfpan co-
ncfckuc hosuuuu ocfananuci ho pnny hpuuun cnaimu.
C icohonufuucckou fouku spcnun Concfi honisonanuci nocfa-
founo oipanuucnnim nnunnucm. B Bocfounou Asuu ux nnunnuc
74
ino cuninim n Kopcc u no Bicfnamc, no ino honopnano nafcnf-
nim konqnukfom c Kufauckou Haponnou Icchynukou. B ocfpon-
nix iocynapcfnax Kio-Bocfounou Asuu onu sanumanu mapiunani-
nic hosuuuu (nccmofpn na hpucyfcfnuc hpoconcfcku nacfpocnnix
hapfusan) n cnnsu c fcm, ufo unuhhuni inu fccno cnnsani c
Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, a n Hnnoncsuu Cykapno honisonancn no-
ncpucm pasnix honufuucckux cun, cpcnu kofopix ina u hpokufau-
ckan kommynucfuucckan hapfun, fo ccfi ohupancn na ofkponcnno
ncufpanucfckyk koanuuuk, kofopyk honncpxunanu Concfi.
Bhpoucm, n ccnfnpc 165 i. hohifka hpokommynucfuucckoio
iocynapcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa, hpcnhpunnfan ncckonikumu nicmu-
mu apmcuckumu oquucpamu, hocnyxuna hononom nnn pasnnsina-
nun kponanix pchpcccuu (c cofnnmu xcpfn, ncucfnufcninoc uucno
kofopix napiupycfcn n sanucumocfu of ucfounukon). B pcsynifafc
k pykononcfny Hnnoncsucu hpumcn icncpan Cyxapfo, honoxunmuu
koncu concfckomy nnunnuk. Iupma, kofopyk cc ocnonafcnu, fakuc
kak Y Hy, xofcnu cncnafi ncufpaninou, koncanaci mcxny kufau-
ckum nnunnucm u ncsanucumou hosuuucu. C 162 i. icncpan Hc
Bun, xofn u sancpnnmuu kufauucn n xcnanuu coxpanufi nopoco-
ccnckuc ofnomcnun c hckunckum hpanufcnicfnom, noopyxcnnim
hyfcm saxnafun nnacfi, kofopyk c fcx hop on monohonino yncpxu-
nan, ycfanonun fupanuk, nacfpocnnyk ofnkni nc naioxcnafcni-
no k nncmnum nnunnunm u honnocfik sakpifyk nnn nux.
B ocfaninou uacfu Asuu Concfckuu Coks moi paccuufinafi na
npyxcckuc ofnomcnun c Hnnucu, no hponcmi u macmfai Hn-
nuuckoio iocynapcfna inu nacfoniko oipomnimu, ufo mcmanu
CCCI saknkuufi c unnuuuamu noionop, kofopiu nannsinan i
ncpannohpannic ofnomcnun cfpanc, ncnanno honyuunmcu ncsanu-
cumocfi. Concfckuu Coks paccuufinan hpcnnoxufi Hnnuu nonyk
moncni ofnomcnuu u ycfanonufi nuhnomafuucckoc u fcxnuucckoc
cofpynnuuccfno, nosmoxno, honpasymcnanmcc u anfukufauckyk
nahpanncnnocfi. Iononan nunun numi n ncmnoiux cnyuanx couc-
fanaci c ofncninimu hohifkamu hponuknoncnun n nckofopic
opiani iocynapcfncnnou anmunucfpauuu.
Hfo kacacfcn ucnamckux cfpan, n uacfnocfu na Inuxncm u
Cpcnncm Bocfokc, fo, sa ucknkucnucm Aqianucfana, y kofopoio
co nfopou hononuni XIX ncka inu fccnic ofnomcnun cmc c
uapckou umhcpucu, Concfckuu Coks uchifinan onimuc fpynno-
cfu u cfankunancn co snauufcninimu hpchnfcfnunmu: of pcnuiuos-
nix u kynifypnix pasnuuuu no honufuucckoio ncnoncpun. Hanu-
uuc n CCCI pcchynuk c ucnamckum naccncnucm, ofnocufcnino
cnoonnim n uchonncnuu pcnuiuosnoio kynifa, onnonpcmcnno
chococfnonano u hpchnfcfnonano pachpocfpancnuk concfckoio
nnunnun n ocfanmcucn uacfu pciuona.
75
Hancxni CCCI samcnufi anino-qpanuysckoc nnunnuc na Inux-
ncm u Cpcnncm Bocfokc concfckum icfpo pacccnnuci us-sa amc-
pukanckoio nmcmafcnicfna u ycfanonncnun n Typuuu pcxuma, fcc-
no cnnsannoio c 3ahanom u ncfyhunmcio n Afnanfuucckuu coks.
Hcynauu Concfckoio Coksa otncnnnuci fcm, ufo Hpan nipaxan
ncnononicfno concfckum nanncnucm, a cfpani-hpousnonufcnu ncqfu
hponnnnnu ncnoncpuc n ofnomcnuu skonomuucckoio konkypcnfa,
nnoxnonnnnmciocn konuchuunmu honufuucckux hpcopasonanuu.
B ncucfnufcninocfu foniko cfpani, nchocpcncfncnno safponyfic
apao-uspaunickum konqnukfom, uchifinanu saunfcpcconannocfi
n ofnomcnuu concfckoio nmcmafcnicfna. Concfckuu Coks hpono-
nun fpanuuuonnyk honufuky homomu u cofpynnuuccfna n ofno-
mcnuu Iiuhfa, Cupuu u Hpaka, u ccnu i nc ipyic omuku, fo
hononan honufuka hpunccna i oncc cymccfncnnic pcsynifafi.
Ofkpinanuci nckofopic nosmoxnocfu nnn concfckoio hponukno-
ncnun n afunckyk Amcpuky: n Hunu, inc ncmokpafuucckuc cuni
pasnunanuci u ykpchnnnuci no ccnfnpn 17J iona, no, hpcxnc
nccio, na Kyy, kofopan hocnc hocni pcnonkuuu Kacfpo, cfana
nacfonmum, no oucni oipanuucnnim ohopnim hynkfom concfckoio
nnunnun na cfpani 3ahannoio honymapun.
Ofu icohonufuucckuc ipanuui, xofn u mcnnnuci, inu nocfa-
founo ohpcncncnnimu u cncpxunanuci hpofunoncucfnykmum amc-
pukanckum nnunnucm. Ho n Aqpukc onu ofcyfcfnonanu honnocfik.
Ha Aqpukanckom konfuncnfc n nauonimcu cfchcnu moino hpo-
nnuficn cohcpnuuccfno Concfon c 3ahanom, hpcxnc nccio n Ccncp-
nou Aqpukc, n ococnnocfu n Anxupc, naionapn cnnsnm c Iiuhfom
u hpononxcnuk ocnoonufcninou opii. Ofo ofnocunoci u k
npyium aqpukanckum cfpanam, inc nonic pykononufcnu c noncpucm
ofnocunuci k Concfckomy Coksy, kofopiu nukak nc yuacfnonan n
kononusauuu u, oncc foio, nochpunumancn kak opascu opii c
kononuanusmom. Iosfomy Aqpuka cfana apcnou, inc, n cymnocfu,
u pasncpnynoci cohcpnuuccfno, a founcc ionopn, opia sa nonnc-
ucnuc mononix ncsanucumix cfpan n pasnuunic nahpanncnun pas-
nufun. C sfou ucnik Concfckuu Coks cfpcmuncn ycnufi ux, ufo
cio moncni u hpcnnaiacmic um cpcncfna nnnnkfcn cnuncfncnno
hpuionnimu nnn nyxn aqpukanckux cfpan, naxc n onimcu cfchc-
nu, ucm amcpukanckuc pcuchfi unu nchponymannic hpcnnoxcnun
u skonomuuccku ckynnic nosmoxnocfu Haponnoio Kufan.
B ncucfnufcninocfu nnn CCCI nosmoxnocfu cohcpnuuccfna inu
oipanuucni ncnocfafkamu camou concfckou cucfcmi. Bo-hcpnix,
uucno cfpan, k kofopim ona ina hpumcnuma, okasanoci ncncnuko,
u nosnukna ncoxonumocfi hpuchocanunafi qopmi concucfnun k
mcnnkmumcn hofpcnocfnm, ufo hpofunopcuuno cnunoopasuk
76
hnanuponanun, xapakfcpnomy nnn concfckou cucfcmi. Bo-nfopix,
fpynno ino hokoncafi hpcncfanncnuc o concfckou moncnu kak o
moncnu onnohapfuunoio iocynapcfna, ufo nochpunumanoci hono-
xufcnino n cfpanax, inc foniko onna honufuucckan cuna xofcna
ykpchufi cnou hosuuuu c homomik oncc unu mcncc couuanucfu-
ucckou unconoiuu, anahfuponannou k mccfnim ycnonunm, u ncia-
funno pacucnunanoci fam, inc cymccfnonanu fpanuuuu honufuucc-
koio hnkpanusma, kofopic nucconuponanu c concfckou moncnik.
Kak ofmcuacf Annun 3. Iyunmfcun, camim ynsnumim mo-
mcnfom concfckoio nmcmafcnicfna n ncna fpcficio mupa ina
|umcnno] concfckan moncni pasnufun. B 5O-c u n nauanc 6O-x ii.
mnoiuc hpcncfanufcnu hcpnoio hocfkononuaninoio hokoncnun
cfpcmunuci usanuficn nc foniko of fuckon honufuko-nuhnomafu-
ucckux cokson, no fakxc u of ipysa cnaopasnufocfu, ncnn c num
opiy c homomik hpoipamm yckopcnnou unnycfpuanusauuu, ho-
saumcfnonannix us concfckoio ohifa. +mu:en:uou:in~u :uoo0,
nuuem 0u:ee 1y0unumeun, no:n:cn cu+oo:o+ +o0epnu:uuuu. Hu-
0e0~ nu npoepecc, couuu:inyu cnpuoe0:uoocmi u o~xo0 u: 0e0nocmu,
u muie ocnueciue npono:enun opu0e0nocmu i iunumu:ucmuueciou
cucme+e, mo:iu:u mux 0enme:eu i couuu:u:+y u +ooemcio+y +ou:y.
1omoonocmi +++1 yuucmoooumi o qununcupoounuu u ocyuecmo:enuu
un0ycmpuu:in~x npoeimoo o o0uecmoenno+ ceimope couemu:uci c ux
my+unnou oepou o qqeimuonocmi uenmpu:u:oounnou, n:unooou io-
no+uiu, o ocnoono+ nuuuonu:u:upoounnou, ocnoounnou nu pu:oumuu
eopo0oo, o ue+ onu yc+umpuou:u ocnoon~e uepm~ cooemciou +o0e:u.
Iohifku hpumcnufi fakuc konuchuuu na hpakfukc houfu nccina
sakanuunanuci hponanom. Hcynaua ina n snauufcninou mcpc cnnsa-
na c momnim konfpnacfyhncnucm amcpukanucn, no hpcxnc nccio, c
omcu konuchuucu u fcmu mcfonamu, kofopic Concfi uchoniso-
nanu, ocymccfnnnn cnoc nmcmafcnicfno.
Icnu Cfanun konucnfpuponan ncc cnoc nnumanuc na cnpo-asuaf-
ckom pciuonc, a y Mancnkona nc ino npcmcnu paspaofafi nonyk
cfpafciuk, fo Xpymcn nipasun iofonnocfi hpcnocfanufi pasnunak-
mumcn cfpanam noniocpounic kpcnufi hon nconimuc hpoucnfi,
no na ucfkux ycnonunx n oxunanuu, nosmoxno, ofnancnnix, no
concpmcnno ohpcncncnnix ho cnocmy nyxy pcsynifafon. Ocnonnim
ycnonucm in ofkas of saknkucnun mnoiocfoponnux coinamcnuu
u hpcnhoufcnuc nnycfoponnux noionopon, ufoi concfckuc kpcnufi
nc inu i pachpcncncni cpcnu mnoiux yuacfnukon, a concucfno-
nanu ykpchncnuk hpnmix cnnscu.
Icpnan us sfux hpoipamm (kofopyk, onnako, fpynno paccmaf-
punafi kak sncmcnf nonou concfckou cfpafciuu) ofnocufcn k nnna-
pk 154 i. u kacanaci Aqianucfana. 3afcm hpoipammi concucfnun
77
inu paspaofani n ofnomcnuu Hnnuu, Iiuhfa, Hpaka, Iupmi,
Kamonxu, Hnnoncsuu, Hcmcna, Cynana, Apicnfuni. Iosxc chu-
cok hohonnunu aqpukanckuc cfpani. K nauany mccfunccnfix io-
non concfckuc hpoipammi oxnafinanu 25 cfpan fpcficio mupa,
kofopim inu hpcnocfanncni kpcnufi na omyk cymmy mccfi
munnuapnon nonnapon: nnc fpcfu hpcnnasnauanuci na okasanuc
skonomuucckou homomu u onna fpcfi na sakyhky noopyxcnuu.
Ofof achckf concfckou homomu sacnyxunacf ofncninoio nnumanun.
Ipoipammi skonomuucckoio concucfnun sauacfyk kacanuci cfpou-
fcnicfna fakux ipannuosnix coopyxcnuu, kak, nahpumcp, Acyan-
ckan hnofuna unu cfancnufcunic sanoni n Ixunau u Iokapo n Hn-
nuu u n Oni Xanxap n Anxupc. Ofo cnuncfcnicfnonano o nnnou
cknonnocfu Concfon k nhcuafnnkmum hpockfam oipomnoio pasma-
xa, no comnufcninou honisi, ccnu yuccfi ckpomnic skonomuucckuc
pcsynifafi u yxacakmuc hocncncfnun nnn okpyxakmcu cpcni.
Hfo kacacfcn nocnnix hocfanok, fo n 156 i. Concfckuu Coks
hpucfyhun k cosnanuk okcanckoio qnofa, kofopim no 185 i. ko-
mannonan anmupan Ccpicu Iopmkon. 3naucnuc nocnno-mopckou
momu nnn hponcncnun honufuku muponoio macmfaa ino oucnc-
no cpasy, u qnof honyuan ncc oncc concpmcnnoc noopyxcnuc, n
ococnnocfu nnn nncpnix honnonok, choconix sahyckafi pakcfi.
Ofa nonan honufuka ncmoncfpauuu cunonoio hpucyfcfnun, kofopan
nc hpcnhonaiana ncucfnufcnino uchonisonafi nocnnyk momi, no
fpconana nanuuun onimoio uucna as, paccpcnofoucnnix ho ncc-
my mupy nnn foio, ufoi cuna us ncmoncfpafunnou moina i n
cnyuac ncoxonumocfu cfafi pcaninou. Tak honnunuci nonic qop-
mi concfckoio nmcmafcnicfna, kofopic nipaxanuci n hocfankax
noopyxcnuu nnn nnoni cqopmuponannix apmuu n omcn na cosna-
nuc pnna nocnno-mopckux as n npyxccfncnnix cfpanax n pasnix
uacfnx mupa of Hnnuuckoio okcana no Ccncpnou Afnanfuku, of
Cpcnuscmnoio no Kxno-Kufauckoio mopn n honnom coofncf-
cfnuu c fpanuuuonnou honufukou umhcpuanusma.
3a ncckoniko ncf concfckoc nnunnuc, ococnno n Aqpukc, sna-
uufcnino nospocno. Iocnc Iiuhfa u Cynana, Tansanun, 3amun,
3umanc, Yianna, Manaiackap, Comanu, a n nanincumcm Oquo-
hun, Anxup u unun ycfanonunu fccnic ofnomcnun c Concfckum
Coksom, ufo, nhpoucm, nc ucknkuuno nucfanuuponanun of concfckou
moncnu, koina cc ncnocfafku cfanu oucnunni, a ycnonun cofpynnu-
uccfna nchpucmncmi u oncc opcmcnufcnini, ucm hpcnnoxcnun
3ahana o ynyumcnuu ofnomcnuu. Iocfchcnno yncnuuunancn pas-
pin mcxny skonomuucckumu nosmoxnocfnmu u honufuucckumu
amuuunmu Concfckoio Coksa.
78
Hmhopf us cfpan fpcficio mupa n CCCI u coksnic c num
iocynapcfna ocfanancn na nuskom yponnc u koncancn of onnoio no
nnyx hpoucnfon muponou fopionnu, u cio xapakfcp nc hpcfcphcn
cymccfncnnix usmcncnuu. B sfom umhopfc hpconanano cipic
(n mccfunccnfic ioni cipic cocfannnno O' nccio umhopfa); skc-
hopfuponanuci hpomimncnnic fonapi, usncnun mcfannypiuu,
oopynonanuc, noopyxcnuc. Hnconoiuucckuc ycfanonku nc mcnnnu
xapakfcpa fopionnu, xofn naxc hpnmoc yuacfuc uncfufyfon u hpcn-
hpunfuu kommynucfuucckou cucfcmi n cqcpc opasonanun u fop-
ionnu, a safcm n ccnickom xosnucfnc u iopnopynnou hpomimncn-
nocfu cfpan fpcficio mupa paccmafpunanoci n unconoiuucckom
hnanc kak cpcncfno opii c hponuknoncnucm kahufanusma. Ica-
nusauun skonomuucckou koohcpauuu u fcxnuucckoio concucfnun
sauacfyk ina hopyucna fcxnuucckum chcuuanucfam us CCCI u
cfpan concfckoio noka, no n ucnom sfu mcpi nukoina nc inu
macmfanimu. B 178 i., koina n concfckou cucfcmc cfanu nakah-
nunaficn kpusucnic nnncnun, skonomuucckan honncpxka, okasan-
nan Concfamu cfpanam fpcficio mupa, cocfannnna mcncc 5' of
omcio otcma honyuacmou umu homomu.
Hcynunufcnino, ufo n cohcpnuuccfnc c 3ahanom CCCI hofcp-
hcn ncynauy. 3a nccnfi ncf hocnc kynimunauuonnou qasi nckono-
nusauuu Concfckuu Coks nc cmoi ycfanonufi konfponi nan o-
mupnimu pauonamu Aqpuku, sa ucknkucnucm ofncninix cnyuacn,
koina cmy ynanoci nnccfu cnou noucka nchocpcncfncnno n nckofo-
pic cfpani, a mccfnic nnacfu nc moinu unu nc xofcnu of nux oc-
noonuficn (kak sfo hpousomno n Iiuhfc n 172 i.). Hcknkucnuc
cocfannnnu cfpani, honyuunmuc ncsanucumocfi hocnc 175 i. u
okasanmuccn nncpinyfimu n hyuuny ipaxnanckux noun, yuacfnuku
kofopix opamanuci sa homomik k Concfckomy Coksy: fak cny-
uunoci n Anionc, Mosamukc, Oquohuu. Ho n sfux cnyuanx nmc-
mafcnicfno, ocymccfnnnnmcccn kyunckumu noopyxcnnimu cuna-
mu u concfckumu nocnno-fcxnuucckumu chcuuanucfamu, hpunnno
xapakfcp ncpxannou honufuku, kofopan nc umcna nuucio omcio c
ncnukumu oxunanunmu mccfunccnfix ionon.
C npyiou cfoponi, hosuuuu 3ahana n kononuaninou cqcpc
umcnu cfoni inyokuc kopnu, ufo kpusuc qopmaninix ofnomcnuu
nc moi ycfpanufi nanuuuc ccpicsnix cnnscu, hopoxncnnix sanu-
cumocfik unu coxpanunmumcn nnunnucm hpcxnux kononuaninix
ncpxan. Kpomc foio, 3ahan in n cocfonnuu n onimcu mcpc ynon-
ncfnopufi hofpcnocfu pasnunakmuxcn cfpan. panuysi, hokunyn
cnou kononuu n Aqpukc, sa ucknkucnucm u fo npcmcnnim
Anxupa u oncc nnufcninim Inuncu, cymcnu hpunnsafi cfpani
hpcxncu kononuaninou umhcpuu k cucfcmc qpanka, qpanuysckou
7
kynifypc u skonomukc. Iocfchcnno nahpnxcnuc ocfpou qasi nc-
kononusauuu ocnacnano, u qpanuysi cfanu naxc iapanfamu nnyf-
puhonufuucckou cfauninocfu u samufi ipanuu n mccfnix kon-
qnukfax mcxny pasnimu iocynapcfnamu unu knanamu n ux opic
sa nnacfi. Hcfopun hocncnykmux nccnfuncfuu usounycf uacfimu
opamcnunmu k hpanufcnicfny Iapuxa c hpociou nmcmaficn u
noccfanonufi hopnnok, f.c. honfncpnufi cnoc nnunnuc.
Hnou ina cynia inmux pufanckux kononuu. Ipakfuka
yhpanncnun na ocnonax anfonomuu nc chococfnonana unfcipauuu
mcxny kononusafopamu u kononusuponannim naccncnucm, hosfomy
ncncn sa honyucnucm ncsanucumocfu hocncnonana, sa ucknkucnucm
Ioncsuu, honnan cmcna pykononnmux ipyhhuponok. Hmcnno sfu
nonic iocynapcfna inu nauoncc honncpxcni kommynucfuuccko-
my nnunnuk. Onnako onu hpcncfannnnu ofnocufcnino nconimyk
uacfi Aqpuku n cpanncnuu c nonimu iocynapcfnamu, naxonunmu-
mucn hon amcpukanckum nnunnucm.
Ha Inuxncm u Cpcnncm Bocfokc, sa ucknkucnucm Iiuhfa npc-
mcn Haccpa, iochoncfno Cocnuncnnix Ufafon hpouno ncpxanoci
na coksc c Caynonckou Apanucu. Hahpofun, n Hpakc no npcmn pc-
nonkuuu 158 i., kofopou pykononunu nocnnic, k nnacfu hpumnu
mononic oquucpi-cfoponnuku Haccpa, nosinannnnmuccn icncpa-
nom Ancncm Kcpumom Kaccmom, u safcm hocncnonan nnufcniniu
hcpuon nccfauninocfu, ofmcucnniu pnnom honufuucckux hono-
pofon no nnyfpcnncu u nncmncu honufuku, n fcucnuc kofopoio
oquucpi-ncufpanucfi, hpokommynucfuucckuc honufuku, hpcn-
cfanufcnu couuanucfuucckou hapfuu Iaac ncnu kponanyk opiy
sa nnacfi. Iocno concfckoc nnunnuc, no Hpakckou ncqfnnou kom-
hanuu ynananoci konfponuponafi hpousnoncfno u pcanusauuk
upakckou ncqfu-cipua no cc nauuonanusauuu n 172 i.
B Aqpukc Cocnuncnnic Ufafi moinu ohcpcficn na unuk,
inc onu honncpxunanu nmccfc c pufanuamu hpanufcnicfno smupa
ac-Ccnycu (no pcnonkuuu n 16 i. hon pykononcfnom honkonnuka
Myamapa Kannaqu), pachonaianu nocnno-nosnymnou asou Yunyc-
unn u hpucfyhunu k skchnyafauuu nunuuckux ncqfnnix pccyp-
con. Y nux inu hpounic cnnsu c Tynucom u cynfanom Mapokko;
coxpannnuci fccnic ofnomcnun c Kxno-Aqpukanckum Coksom.
Cocnuncnnim Ufafam ynanoci, u sfo nccima naxno, nannsafi cnoc
pcmcnuc oucni fnxcnoio kpusuca, hcpcxufoio Aqpukou n hcpc-
xonniu hcpuon: onu honncpxanu nmcmafcnicfno Opianusauuu
Otcnuncnnix Hauuu c ucnik coxpanufi cnuncfno Konio, u ho-
nccnu onimyk uacfi pacxonon, okasan homomi hpanufcnicfny c-
ohonnunn (Kunmaca), koina cio nosinanun Moyfy. B fo xc npcmn
Concfi hpuocfanonunu nihnafy kpcnufon, ufoi nipasufi cnok
8O
ohhosuuuk hpcnhpunnfou akuuu, kofopyk, fcm nc mcncc, onopu-
no onimuncfno uncnon OOH, ufo co nccu oucnunnocfik hokasano
oipanuucnnocfi qunanconix u nocnnix nosmoxnocfcu Concfckoio
Coksa.
Concfi hpcnnaianu homomi n oipanuucnnix pasmcpax, a cc
okasanuc ino hopyucno fcxnuucckum chcuuanucfam, kofopic ho
ycfanonunmcucn n CCCI fpanuuuu ncucfnonanu nnc mccfnoio co-
uuanino-honufuucckoio konfckcfa ofncninix cfpan u nc cymcnu
unfcipuponaficn n skonomuko-honufuucckom hnanc; onu numi pa-
ofanu na cfpoufcnicfnc hpcnhpunfuu, hpockfuponanmuxcn ho xc-
nanuk nonix iocynapcfncnnix ncnfcncu. Ofu nuncpi nuncnu n
monymcnfaninix qopmax concfckou homomu ocnonanuc nnn
ynonncfnopcnun cocfncnnix amuuuu, xcnanun ocfanufi cnou
cncn naionapn oipomnim omccfncnnim coopyxcnunm. Tak pc-
manaci hponcma skonomuucckoio pocfa, hpu sfom nc hpononuncn
founiu ananus fcxnonoiuucckux nohpocon u xapakfcpa camoio poc-
fa, nc cfanunaci sanaua ncoxonumoio nakohncnun kahufanon, ufo-
i occhcuufi nchpcpinnocfi pocfa.
Hahpofun, fam, inc cymccfnonanu snufi, choconic pykono-
nufi pasnufucm n ycnonunx pinounou skonomuku u fpanuuuonnou
skchnyafauuu ncmcnou paoucu cuni (ufo kasanoci nacfoniko
onuosnim, ufo nochpunumanoci kak noccosnanuc cnocio pona nco-
kononuanusma), nocfuianuci oncc cymccfncnnic pcsynifafi.
Ofo otncnnnoci sqqckfunnocfik u icfpim oopofom kahufana,
fccno cnnsannim c noiukou hpuinu, kofopan ina honyucna na-
ionapn pccypcam, nakohncnnim n npyiux mccfax. Iononan honu-
fuka nknkuana cfpani fpcficio mupa n kpyi pasnunakmuxcn
cfpan u nc cosnanana unnksuu nonmcnix ckaukon.
Takum opasom, mupnoc copcnnonanuc hpcnpafunoci nnn Co-
ncfon n yhymcnniu manc. ckononusauun ofkpinana nosmoxnocfu
hpousnccfu n nonix uacfnx scmnoio mapa paspin pinounou skono-
muku, kofopiu n 117 i. in concpmcn pycckou pcnonkuucu u hpo-
cfpancfno kofopoio n 14714 ii. nknkuuno nck Bocfounyk In-
pohy u Kufau. Bosmoxno, ccnu i hcpcmcni hpoucxonunu nc fak
icfpo, fo ucnfpanusonannan skonomuucckan cucfcma CCCI cmoina
i naufu honxonnmuc cpcncfna nnn pcmcnun hponcm pasnufun. Ho
mcnnufcninocfi n onnux cnyuanx, nchonopofnunocfi u omuku n
npyiux hpuncnu k fomy, ufo sa nauaninimu ychcxamu hocncnonanu
ccpicsnic hopaxcnun. Inaionapn iukocfu cucfcma pinounou sko-
nomuku hcpcnapuna honufuucckuc hcpcmcni, hpousomcnmuc n
fpcficm mupc, u uchonisonana ux n cocfncnnix ucnnx.
Onnako sfo nc hosnonncf yfncpxnafi, ufo no nccx cnyuanx hpu-
numanuci ucfkuc u hpanuninic pcmcnun: hcpchncfcnuc honufu-
81
ucckux, skonomuucckux u cfpafciuucckux qakfopon cncnano hcpc-
xonniu hcpuon oucni cnoxnim, u onnu cfpani okasanuci n mcncc
naiohpunfnom honoxcnuu, ucm npyiuc. Hauoncc cnnic cfpani,
nc umcnmuc oiafix hpuponnix pccypcon, ocfanuci na oouunc
hpouccca skonomuucckoio pasnufun, no mnoiuc asuafckuc u ncko-
fopic aqpukanckuc cfpani, uchonisyn hpcnocfanncnnic nosmox-
nocfu, honnnnuci n cnocm pasnufuu c camoio nuskoio yponnn na
mkanc cnnocfu u nounuci hpoipccca n ycnonunx xusnu. Ofo ino
pcsynifafom nc concfckoio concucfnun, a pasnoopasnix mcfonon
ncnfcninocfu hpcncfanufcncu sahannou kahufanucfuucckou cucfc-
mi: xofn nan numu u nonncn ipys nacncnun umhcpuanusma, no onu
inu oncc hpuchoconcni k uchonisonanuk nkix nosmoxnoc-
fcu mccfnou cufyauuu, okasanmcucn nc cfoni yx csnancxnou.
11.1.3. H,EPHOE U KOCMUUECKOE COHEPHUUECTBO
CBEPX,EP+AB
Iacmupcnuc fcafpa opii mcxny cncpxncpxanamu hopoxnano
nonic honufuko-skonomuucckuc hponcmi nnufcninoio xapakfc-
pa. okfpuna cncpxunanun, pasnufan pcsonkuucu CHI-68 u o-
mcu cfpafciuucckou opucnfauucu xona ocfcpa anncca, ofno-
cunaci hpcxnc nccio k Inpohc u Bocfounou Asuu. Ocfananaci n
cunc uncn, nickasannan x. Kcnnanom, ufo n fcucnuc nocfafouno
nnufcninoio npcmcnu cncnycf fcphcnuno nixunafi, hoka hponnnfcn
hpofunopcuun concfckou kommynucfuucckou cucfcmi. B sahannou
kynifypc coxpannnoci ycxncnuc n honufuucckom hpcnocxoncfnc
uncfufyfon hnkpanucfuucckou cucfcmi u n inimcu sqqckfunno-
cfu pinounou skonomuku. Bisinana ynunncnuc choconocfi Co-
ncfon nknununaficn n cnoonnic cqcpi, nc ofkpific 3ahanom.
Xpymcn in nchpcnckasycm n cnoux hocfyhkax, a Cfanun in, na-
hpofun, ncusmcnnim cnpohoucnfpucfom. Honic ocfonfcnicfna,
hopoxncnnic nckononusauucu, ninnunu ymcnuc Concfon uchoni-
sonafi nakyni, ocfanncnnic 3ahanom.
Hapnny c ncoxonumocfik hpuchoconcnun k nonim ycnonunm
honufuko-nuhnomafuucckou cfpafciuu ncnukux ncpxan, cmc oncc
ocfpo ncfan nohpoc o anancc nocnnix cun. Oc cncpxncpxani
nonxni inu honncpinyfi cyponou hponcpkc coofnomcnuc ux no-
cnnix hofcnuuanon. Ioncc foio, fof qakf, ufo oc cfoponi, na-
ckoniko nosmoxno, xpanunu n cckpcfc cocfncnnyk honnunnyk
nocnnyk momi, sacfanun ux nknkuuficn n cckoncunyk ionky no-
opyxcnuu. Iponcma nocnnix pacxonon ina paspcmcna cncnyk-
mum opasom: kak Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, fak u Concfckuu Coks c
ccpcnuni hnfunccnfix ionon cfanu cokpamafi pacxoni na oiunic
82
noopyxcnnic cuni. B 155 i. uucncnnocfi noopyxcnnix cun CCCI
cocfannnna 5 76J OOO ucnonck, a n 158 i. J 62J OOO. B 155 i.
uucncnnocfi noopyxcnnix cun Cocnuncnnix Ufafon cocfannnna
2 J5 OOO ucnonck, n 158 i. 2 6OO OOO, a n 16O i. 2 476 OOO.
Cokpamcnuc pacxonon na oiunic noopyxcnun hpousnonunoci cfoni
fmafcnino, ufo yuufinanuci naxc mcnouu. Cpcncfna nnn komhcnca-
uuu ymcnimcnun nocnnou momu u nnn coxpancnun ooponufcni-
nix u nacfyhafcninix cucfcm usickunanuci sa cucf honimcnun
hpousnonufcninocfu fpyna u yncnuucnun sqqckfunnocfu hpunnc-
kacmix pccypcon.
Hcnfpaninoc mccfo ofnonunoci nncpnim noopyxcnunm. Takum
opasom npyiou cfoponou usmcncnun uhonnpnix ofnomcnuu cfa-
na hoionn sa nncpnim hpcnocxoncfnom. B honufuucckom hnanc
ono ocpnynoci cohcpnuuccfnom nnyx moncncu; n nocnnom hnanc
ocnancnuc omymcnun iapanfuponannou csohacnocfu ino nis-
nano honnunno inoaninim hpucyfcfnucm nnyx cncpxncpxan. Oko-
nomuucckuu konfckcf nc hosnonnn nu onnou us nux ncoipanuucn-
no yncnuuunafi unnccfuuuu n nocnnic ofpacnu, ufo hpcnpamano
nncpnoc cohcpnuuccfno n ucnfpaniniu sncmcnf coofnomcnun noo-
pyxcnnix cun n omcmuponom macmfac. Afomnan nuhnomafun,
kofopan hocnc nncpnoio nspina n Xupocumc nnno ocyxnanaci n
fcucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn, nccnfuncfuc chycfn cfana onsafcni-
nim sncmcnfom uhonnpnix ofnomcnuu.
C 155 i. ofnomcnun mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u CCCI
inu ofmcucni oucnunnim hpofunopcuucm: oc cncpxncpxani,
kaxnan n cnoux unfcpccax, cosnananu oipomniu afomniu apccnan,
kofopiu n cnyuac konqnukfa moi hpunccfu k iapanfuponannomy
nsaumnomy ynuufoxcnuk, u onnonpcmcnno ncnu houfu nchpc-
pinnic nuhnomafuucckuc hcpcionopi. C onnou cfoponi, ycx-
ncnnocfi, ufo couuanucfuucckan cucfcma cmoina i nifccnufi ka-
hufanucfuucckyk cucfcmy, c npyiou cfoponi, ycxncnnocfi, ufo
pcaniniu couuanusm pyxncf n cuny nnyfpcnnux hpofunopcuuu,
xofn nukfo nc moxcf hpcnnuncfi, koina sfo cnyuufcn, ncc sfo
hopoxnano n ofnomcnunx mcxny cncpxncpxanamu hcpmancnfnoc
hpofunocfonnuc, kofopoc moino hpckpafuficn foniko c ucucsnonc-
nucm onnou us nux.
Ofa ncconmccfumocfi ina ocnonohonaiakmum sncmcnfom, ko-
fopiu naxc npcmn nc moino ycfpanufi, hosfomy n mcxnynaponnou
hpakfukc ona hpuncna k houcky qopm nosmoxnoio cocymccfnona-
nun. Hfak, ncoxonumocfi hocfonnnou yncpcnnocfu n nosmoxnocfu
ynuufoxufi npyioio coucfanaci c ncoxonumocfik cocymccfno-
nafi c num. Bipaxcnuc ncoxonumo ynuufoxufi cncnycf honu-
mafi nc yknanino, a kak sncmcnf cocfonnun ncohpcncncnno nonioio
8J
nixunanun. Hcoxonumocfi ina numi acfpakfnou, na hpakfukc
ona osnauana oxunanuc foio, ufo npyiou yncf ynuufoxcn cunou
ocfonfcnicfn. Ho hpofunnuk nccina hpcncfannnn nacfoniko ccpi-
csnyk ohacnocfi, ufo ncnisn ino, naxc hon cfpaxom cocfncnnou
iucnu, ofkasaficn of hocfonnnoio hapuponanun cio namcpcnuu.
Bpai fcopcfuuccku moi nanccfu ncoxunanniu ynap, k kofopomy
nccina cncnonano ifi iofonim. Ho hockoniky ucfopuucckuc aco-
nkfi cmniuakfcn na hpakfukc, nukfo n hnfunccnfic ioni nccpics
nc nyman, ufo onna us cncpxncpxan nuska k kpaxy, hosfomy napn-
ny c qopmamu cocymccfnonanun cncpxncpxanam inu ncoxonumi
cymccfncnnic iapanfuu ux cocfncnnou csohacnocfu. B hpakfukc
mcxnynaponnou xusnu iochoncfnonan cfpax hcpcn pacfymcu yipo-
sou ipuonunnoio onaka, no nuhnomafuucckuc ofnomcnun pas-
nunanuci kak i na npyiom yponnc, u foniko n ucknkuufcninic
momcnfi kpusucon nacfyhano honumanuc nosmoxnou kafacfpoqi.
Ionka nncpnix noopyxcnuu nauanaci n 145 i. Ic hcpnim nax-
nim sfahom cfana yfpafa amcpukanuamu n aniycfc 14 i. afomnou
monohonuu, safcm n nauanc 15O i. Tpymsn hpunnn pcmcnuc o cosna-
nuu nonoponnou omi. Bckopc ckphpus hpchonnccnu Concfi,
kofopic n aniycfc 15J i. hcpnimu hpousncnu nspin n afmocqcpc
nnyx hpofofuhon nonoponnix om (oipanuucnnou momnocfu n
4OO kunofonn). C qcnpann ho mau 154 i. amcpukanui hpousncnu
mccfi skchcpumcnfaninix nspinon nonoponnix om, hpononun-
muxcn naopafopno c 152 i. Icpniu us sfux nspinon, ocymccfn-
ncnniu 28 qcnpann, umcn momnocfi 15 mciafonn. Hfo kacacfcn
paspymufcninou cuni, fo coofnomcnuc mcxny momnocfik amcpu-
kanckux u concfckux om ocfananoci ncusmcnnim no koncunou
qasi skchcpumcnfaninix nspinon fcpmonncpnix om n afmocqc-
pc n qcnpanc 162 i., koina Concfi nsopnanu omy momnocfik n
1OO mciafonn.
Sncpnoc cohcpnuuccfno hoponuno nnc ccpicsnic hponcmi.
Onananuc ohpcncncnnim fuhom omi occhcuunano u ohpcnc-
ncnniu paspymufcniniu hofcnuuan. Onnako cio ncnisn ino ofnc-
nufi of hponcmi cpcncfn nocfanku, c homomik kofopix moxno
ino hopasufi namcucnnic otckfi. Takumu cpcncfnamu cnauana
inu numi camoncfi; safcm k num noanunuci pakcfi nascmnoio
asuponanun, a cmc hosxc u pakcfi na honnonnix nonkax. Camo-
ncfi moinu hopaxafi ucni nocfafouno founo, no umcnu oipanuuc-
nun panuyca ncucfnun u momnocfu nocfannncmoio sapnna. C sfou
fouku spcnun, omapnuponmuku t-2, choconic nihonnnfi
nnufcninic anfonomnic honcfi u ocnamcnnic nnn nocfanku om
cpcnncu momnocfu, inu cuninim komhoncnfom amcpukanckou
momu. Concfi cosnanu ccpuk pcakfunnix mcxkonfuncnfaninix
84
omapnuponmukon, nasnannix na 3ahanc Iusonamu, no ho an-
fonomnocfu honcfa u momnocfu onu ycfyhanu amcpukanuam, u
foniko n konuc hnfunccnfix ionon Concfi cmoinu cosnafi oncc
sqqckfunnic mcxkonfuncnfaninic omapnuponmuku, no safcm
onu ofkasanuci of sfoio cpcncfna nocfanku, fak kak nounuci nyu-
mux pcsynifafon n hpousnoncfnc pakcf. B 164 i. y Concfon ino
175 omapnuponmukon c nncpnim opyxucm, a y amcpukanucn 6JO.
Hfo kacacfcn honnonnix nonok, fo ux cfanu uchonisonafi n
16O i., koina amcpukanui hpousncnu hcpnic uchifanun pakcf
Ionapuc, kofopic honnonnic nonku moinu sahyckafi, nc honnu-
manci na honcpxnocfi. Bo npcmn nouni ncmui hpononunu skchc-
pumcnfi c sahyckom camoncfon-cnapnnon ay-1 u ay-2, hocnc
nouni sfa fcxnonoiun ina yconcpmcncfnonana, n uacfnocfu na-
ionapn cofpynnuuccfny c ncmcukumu yucnicmu, nincscnnimu n
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi u Concfckuu Coks. C 15J i. n II inu
pasmcmcni apfunncpuuckuc opynun, choconic uchonisonafi
nncpnic sapnni. Icpnic pakcfi manoio panuyca ncucfnun honnu-
nuci n 154 i., no naxonunuci na noopyxcnuu numi amcpukanckou
apmuu.
Iponcma cohcpnuuccfna n nncpnix noopyxcnunx oocfpunaci,
koina nauanuci skchcpumcnfaninic sa hycku pakcf hpomcxyfounoio
panuyca ncucfnun, kofopic moinu hopaxafi concfckyk fcppufopuk c
amcpukanckux as, pachonoxcnnix nokpyi ncc. B 157158 ii.
onu honnunuci n apccnanax CUA u CCCI. Amcpukanui hpononunu
skchcpumcnfi c pakcfamu Khufcp u Top c panuycom ncucfnun
27OO28OO km, nckofopoc uucno kofopix hocnc ncncikux hcpcio-
nopon ino pasmcmcno na fcppufopuu Bcnukopufanuu, Hfanuu u
Typuuu (n 16O i. hcpnic us sfux pakcf inu ycfanonncni na ani-
nuuckux u ufaninnckux asax u hpuncncni n ohcpafunnyk iofon-
nocfi).
Bohpoc o nncpnix noopyxcnunx ocnoxnnncn cfpcmncnucm cn-
pohcuucn pachonaiafi anfonomnou nosmoxnocfik coofncfcfnyk-
mcio ofncfa. B cofpynnuuccfnc c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu fakyk
nosmoxnocfi honyuuna Bcnukopufanun, no unauc cfonn nohpoc
nnn panuuu, cncpafunnou Icchynuku Icpmanuu u cmc oncc
fymanno nnn Hfanuu. Ioncncnuc amcpukanucn no npcmn Cysukoio
kpusuca nisnano ncnononicfno nc foniko qpanuyson, no u ncmucn.
Ancnaysp pacucnun cio kak honnoc hpcspcnuc k unfcpccam cnpo-
hcuucn u pasncnnn ncnoncpuc nckofopix cnpohcuckux cfpan k
nokfpunc maccuponannoio nosmcsnun, hponosinamcnnou n 154 i.
annccom. B camom ncnc, Cysukuu kpusuc paccmafpunancn afnan-
fuucckumu coksnukamu kak yiposa amcpukanckum unfcpccam na
Inuxncm Bocfokc, a no npcmn ncnicpckoio kpusuca amcpukanckuc
85
pykononufcnu nc homcncnunu u haniucm. Kakou xc cnpohcuckuu
kpusuc moi i nisnafi amcpukanckoc maccuponannoc nosmcsnuc,
yuufinan, ufo fcxnonoiuucckuc nocfuxcnun Concfon cfanu hpc-
kpacnim cncpxunakmum qakfopom u onu moinu i ofncfufi na
maccuponannoc nmcmafcnicfno CUA cfoni xc paspymufcninim
opasom
C nnnapn 157 i. nauana qopmuponaficn coinaconannan qpan-
ko-icpmanckan nocnnan honufuka. 28 nonpn 157 i. in honhucan
qpanko-icpmancko-ufaninnckuu hpofokon, kofopiu hpcnycmafpu-
nan n kauccfnc ofncfa na ncpancncfno, nannsannoc anino-amcpu-
kanuamu, cofpynnuuccfno fpcx cfpan n onacfu hpousnoncfna
nncpnix noopyxcnuu, paspaofannix no panuuu. Icui mna
kak ofmcuan Zopx-Anpu Cyfy o nokymcnfc ucknkuufcninou
naxnocfu, kofopiu saknaninan ocnoni honnunnoio cfpafciuucc-
koio coomccfna. B ahpcnc 158 i. kasanoci, ufo fpoucfncnnoc co-
inamcnuc umccf hcpchckfuni. B xonc hpoxonunmcu n Iumc konqc-
pcnuuu, n kofopou yuacfnonanu munucfpi ooponi II, Hfanuu u
panuuu (panu-Hoscq Ufpayc, Iaono Omunuo Tanuanu u Zak
Uaan-cnimac), ina nocfuinyfa ycfnan noionopcnnocfi o yua-
cfuu Hfanuu u cncpafunnou Icchynuku Icpmanuu n cfpoufcni-
cfnc qpanuysckou ycfanonku ho pasncncnuk usofohon ypana, ufo
ino i hcpnim maiom k hpousnoncfny nncpnoio opyxun.
Ipuxon k nnacfu nc Ionnn n uknc 158 i. cfumynuponan qpan-
uysckuc nncpnic hpoipammi, no nisnan nckofopic comncnun, n
hcpnyk oucpcni, y ufaninnucn, a safcm u y ncmucn. B ucnom noh-
poc sanuccn nc of pcmcnuu nnyx mnanmux hapfncpon panuuu, a
of cnoxnocfu inoaninix hponcm, of ofnomcnuu mcxny noka-
mu; cncnonafcnino, safpaiunan ofnomcnun II u CUA, c onnou
cfoponi, Bocfounou Icpmanuu u Concfckoio Coksa, c npyiou.
Iponcma yuacfun cnpohcuucn n nncpnix noopyxcnunx nknkua-
naci n omcc pcinamcnfuponanuc mupnoio cocymccfnonanun. Icnu
sahannic ncmui nonxni inu ofkasaficn of cocfncnnoio nncp-
noio opyxun n cnnsu c hpofunoncucfnucm amcpukanucn, fo pcmn
pacxonon na oopony Icpmanuu noxunoci, hpcxnc nccio, na Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi u ninyxnano ux nsnfi na ccn honnyk u aconkf-
nyk ofncfcfncnnocfi sa oopony Inpohi, ufo numano Icpmanuk
ncnkou nancxni na icfpoc otcnuncnuc cfpani. Ho amcpukan-
ckan nocnnan ohcka hpcnhonaiana konconunauuk HATO n hpofuno-
honoxnocfi uncc ncufpanusauuu Hcnfpaninou Inpohi, kofopyk
hpononxanu ofcfaunafi Concfi.
B 155 i. Concfi hpunnnu na noopyxcnuc hcpnic pakcfi cpcn-
ncio panuyca ncucfnun, nasnannic CC-J, a n 157 i. CC-4. Ho
nauonimuc fpynnocfu inu cnnsani c cosnanucm pakcf nanincio
86
panuyca ncucfnun (8-1O OOO km) mcxkonfuncnfaninix annucfu-
ucckux pakcf (MII), choconix nocfuiafi c concfckou fcppufopuu
amcpukanckyk u naoopof. Iockoniky Concfi nc pachonaianu a-
samu, c kofopix onu moinu i hopasufi amcpukanckyk fcppufo-
puk, n fo npcmn kak Concfckuu Coks in okpyxcn asamu HATO
unu CUA, fo moxno honnfi nck naxnocfi nosnukmcu hponcmi.
Hanuuuc y Concfon mcxkonfuncnfaninix pakcf hpcnpafuno
fcppufopuk Cocnuncnnix Ufafon us ncynsnumoio cnnmcnnoio
xpama n mumcni nnn concfckux pakcf. Bohpoci o cpcncfnax nocfan-
ku u o nncpnix noopyxcnunx cocfannnnu hosfomy cnunyk hponc-
my. Sncpnoc cohcpnuuccfno c 155 i. ho 158 i. hcpcxunano myuu-
fcniniu sfah, ufo n snauufcninou mcpc ofpasunoci na pasnufuu
nuhnomafuucckux ofnomcnuu.
Ionopofniu momcnf n cnoxunmcucn cufyauuu oosnauuncn n
157 i., koina ino hpousncncno, hpcumymccfncnno amcpukanua-
mu, 44 skchcpumcnfaninix nncpnix nspina. Icsynifafi nocunu
hpofunopcuuniu xapakfcp. Iocnc foio kak amcpukanui hponcnu n
154 i. uchifanun om momnocfik no 15 mciafonn, onu hpucfy-
hunu k pcmcnuk hponcm ux pasmcpon u panuoakfunnix ocankon.
Ipcsuncnf Ouscnxaysp hponnun ocooc nnumanuc k sfomy achckfy
hponcmi, kofopiu nisinan oucni onimou pcsonanc n mupc, ufo
nanocuno ymcp umunxy Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Iockoniky Concf-
ckuu Coks hpousnonun uchifanun na cocfncnnou fcppufopuu, a
CUA hpousnonunu nspini n hycfinc Hcnana, a fakxc na afonnax n
Tuxom okcanc (Iukunu unu Onuncfok), fo ux onunnnu n ncynaxc-
nuu k uyxou fcppufopuu u hpoxunanmcmy fam naccncnuk.
Onnako oncc naxnim ino oxunanuc pcsynifafon uchifanuu,
kofopic hpononunu oc cfoponi, mcxkonfuncnfaninix pakcf.
Amcpukanui inu yncpcni, ufo ofnocufcnino sfoio fuha pakcf
onu onanakf snauufcninim hpcumymccfnom u sahnanuponanu
hpousnoncfno ho kpauncu mcpc 15O MII n kpafuaumuc cpoku, a
fakxc cfpcmunuci hcpnimu sahycfufi n kocmoc uckyccfncnniu ca-
fcnnuf. Ho ncoxunanniu sahyck Concfckum Coksom cnymnuiu
4 okfnpn 157 i. nisnan n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax houfu ucfcpu-
ucckyk pcakuuk. Concfckuu Coks ooinan CUA n onacfu koc-
muucckou fcxnonoiuu, n fo npcmn kak amcpukanui cuufanu, ufo n
sfou cqcpc Concfi nukoina nc cmoiyf hpcnsoufu ux. Iopaxcnuc n
copcnnonanuu sa hcpniu kocmuucckuu sahyck u, hpcxnc nccio, yc-
hcxu Concfon n onacfu pakcfocfpocnun, ycununmu ohaccnun amc-
pukanucn, ufo onu moiyf nc foniko fcopcfuuccku, no u hpakfuucc-
ku hpcnpafuficn n mumcni ncoxunannoio afomnoio nahancnun, u
hoponunu n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax nacfonmyk hanuky. Bosnukmuc
hcccumucfuucckuc nacfpocnun iochoncfnonanu n cfpanc nccmofpn
87
na otckfunnoc honoxcnuc ncmcu n fcucnuc nccio hocncnncio sfa-
ha hpcsuncnfcfna Ouscnxayspa, nhnofi no nnnapn 161 i.
B ocfanonkc hanuuccko-hcccumucfuucckux nacfpocnuu ckna-
ninanuci pasnuunic honufuucckuc opucnfauuu: onnu fpconanu
akfunusauuu ionku pakcfnix noopyxcnuu u namcpcnanuci hpc-
nsoufu Concfi umcnno n fou onacfu, inc onu nhcpnic nokasanu,
ufo moiyf hocnufi amcpukanucn; npyiuc nacfaunanu na hohonnc-
nuu u yconcpmcncfnonanuu afomnoio apccnana; fpcfiu cfpcmunuci
k nosononncnuk nuanoia c Concfckum Coksom, ufoi hponcpufi
cio iofonnocfi saknkuufi coinamcnuc o sahpcfc na nncpnic uc-
hifanun, a safcm u o cokpamcnuu cfpafciuucckux noopyxcnuu.
Cpounoio pcmcnun fpconana hponcma hponcncnun uchifanuu,
fak kak c 158 ho 162 i. oc ncpxani ocymccfnunu nccnfku skc-
hcpumcnfaninix nspinon om, a Concfi nhcpnic nsopnanu omy
momnocfik 5O mciafonn, a safcm u 1OO mciafonn, nc opaman
nnumanuc na fpcnoiy muponou omccfncnnocfu n cnnsu c ohacnim
yncnuucnucm panuoakfunnix nipocon n afmocqcpy u nccmofpn na
nosmymcnuc, kofopoc nisinanu uchifanun, n ococnnocfu, y asu-
afckux naponon, naxonunmuxcn nauoncc nusko k skchcpumcn-
faninim honuionam.
Hfo kacacfcn kocmuucckoio cohcpnuuccfna, fo amcpukanckuc
yucnic u nocnnic icfpo honnnu, ufo concfckoc hpconananuc
ino cnyuaunim u npcmcnnim. C 152154 ii. afomnim opyxucm
pachonaiana u Bcnukopufanun, cfanman cnuncfncnnou cfpanou, c
kofopou amcpukanui n snak hpumupcnun hocnc Cysukoio kpusuca
noccfanonunu n 157 i. cofpynnuuccfno, hpcpnannoc n 146 i. Ak-
fom MakMaiona, kofopiu sahpcman hpanufcnicfny Bamunifona
omcn unqopmauucu ho nncpnou fcmafukc. Iosfomy n omcu
cnoxnocfu uucno cpcncfn nocfanku u afomnix ociononok, kofo-
pimu pachonaianu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi u Bcnukopufanun, sna-
uufcnino hpcnimano concfckuc nncpnic noopyxcnun.
Ho hpohaiannucfckuu ychcx Concfon n cnnsu c sahyckom chyfnu-
ka hpunan cohcpnuuccfny cmcniu fcmh. B fcucnuc nccio 157 i.,
nccmofpn na opiy sa hpuopufcf mcxny ofncninimu nunamu amc-
pukanckux noopyxcnnix cun, n CUA paofanu nan pakcfou
Bsniapn, uchifanun kofopou hpononunuci n nckapc foio xc
iona u sakonuunuci ncynauno, ufo chococfnonano pocfy cfpaxon n
omccfncnnom mncnuu. H foniko J1 nnnapn 158 i. hpousomcn
hcpniu ychcmniu sahyck chyfnuka, nasnannoio Okchnopcp I, sa
kofopim hocncnonan n mapfc ychcmniu sahyck chyfnuka nccom
fpu qynfa pakcfou Bsniapn. Mcxny fcm, Concfi hponcmoncfpu-
ponanu macmfa cnoux hpoipamm, sahycfun cnauana chyfnuk, na ko-
fopom naxonunaci coaka, ncpnynmancn xunou na scmnk, a n mac
88
158 i. nincnu na opufy Chyfnuk III nccom JOOO qynfon: cpan-
ncnuc c Bsniapnom ino ncyfcmufcninim.
Amcpukanckan anmunucfpauun ofncfuna co cnoucfncnnou cu
sncpiucu fpynnix npcmcn u hpononxana fy xc nunuk u hocnc
hpuxona n nnnapc 161 i. n Icniu om hpcsuncnfa xona Kcnnc-
nu. Hc nnananci n fcxnuucckuc ncfanu hpofunocfonnun CUA u
CCCI, nocfafouno ofmcfufi, kakono ino ufoionoc coofnomcnuc
cun n 164 i., koina Xpymcn in ofcfpancn of nnacfu u hpomcn
ion hocnc yuucfna Kcnncnu. K sfomy npcmcnu y Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon ino 8J4 MII, y CCCI 1O; y CUA ino 416 pakcf,
pachonoxcnnix na honnonnix nonkax, y CCCI 1O7; CUA pacho-
naianu 6JO cfpafciuucckumu omapnuponmukamu, a CCCI 175.
Cnoxunmancn cufyauun nukoina nc hpcfcphcnana panukaninix us-
mcncnuu, ona honfncpxnana coxpancnuc amcpukanckoio hpcnoc-
xoncfna n pakcfno-nncpnix noopyxcnunx, nccmofpn na cuninoc
nhcuafncnuc, hpousncncnnoc sahyckom hcpnix chyfnukon. Amcpu-
kanui hpunnnu nison Concfon n onacfu cohcpnuuccfna n kocmocc
u, pacucnun cio kak kamhanuk, qopmuponanmyk umunx cfpani,
nnoxunu n ncc oipomnic cpcncfna u nckopc noccfanonunu hpccfux,
yfpaucnniu n 157 i.
Hccmofpn na fo, ufo n fcucnuc cncnykmcio nccnfuncfun coxpa-
nnnoci amcpukanckoc pakcfno-nncpnoc hpcnocxoncfno, ychcx Co-
ncfckoio Coksa n cosnanuu mcxkonfuncnfaninix pakcf okasan
nocfafouno cymccfncnnoc nnunnuc na xapakfcp cfpafciuucckoio
cohcpnuuccfna mcxny cncpxncpxanamu. Cam qakf, ufo Cocnuncn-
nic Ufafi us cnnmcnnoio xpama hpcnpafunuci n hofcnuuani-
nyk mumcni, numan cmicna nokfpuny maccuponannoio nosmcs-
nun cmc no foio, kak pasnufuc hpouccca nckononusauuu hpuncno
k yfpafc cc honufuucckoio concpxanun. Ofof noniu achckf cufya-
uuu nmccfc c oipomnim pocfom paspymufcninoio hofcnuuana
nncpnix noopyxcnuu hpcnhonaian hcpccmofp honxonon k hponc-
mc. Cfpoio ionopn, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nonxni inu hocfanufi
nohpoc o fak nasinacmou choconocfu k hcpnomy u ofncfnomy
ynapy, f.c. choconocfu hcpnimu nncsahno hopasufi hpofunnuka,
occhcuun coxpannocfi cnoux nncpnix cun n fakou mcpc, ufoi
moxno ino honnomacmfano ofncfufi na ynap npaia.
Ofof achckf hponcmafuku in fccno cnnsan c pannonccucm
cun, f.c. c hcpcmcnnou ncnuuunou, naxonunmcucn n hocfonnnom
usmcncnuu, no nccina coxpannnmcu honufuucckoc snaucnuc. Ipu
sfom fpconanoci, ufoi pakcfnic noopyxcnun ocux cncpxncpxan
umcnu i chcuuaninyk samufy, nnn ucio ncoxonumo ino nauafi
cfpoufcnicfno hpofunoafomnix ycxum u hpockfuponanuc hpofuno-
pakcfnix cucfcm, choconix hcpcxnafinafi pakcfi n honcfc k ucnu.
8
Bcc sfu cpcncfna uacfuunou samufi nc ycfpannnu ohacnocfi n
hpunuuhc. Cknaninanmcccn pannonccuc cfpaxa cfanonunoci opa-
som xusnu, k kofopomy mup moi (unu nonxcn in) hpuchocoufi-
cn, no ucnoncucckuu pasym nc moi c num cmupuficn.
Iosfomy n nonou nahpnxcnnou ocfanonkc ncoxonumo ino
uckafi hyfu k nuanoiy. Icpccmofp amcpukanuamu cfpafciuu hpcn-
honaian nosmoxnocfi hcpcionopon o cokpamcnuu noopyxcnuu u
mcpax konfponn, xofn hpofunnuku nc hufanu nu mancumcio nonc-
pun npyi k npyiy. Bosnukna afmocqcpa mupnoio cocymccfnona-
nun, kofopan oucnunanaci kak ncoxonumiu sncmcnf csohacnoc-
fu. Ipcnhonaianoci, ufo naxc nchpcknonnic hpofunnuku moinu
i naufu hponcmi, hpcncfannnkmuc nsaumniu unfcpcc nnn hc-
pcionopon. Ofo homoino i cosnafi knumaf noncpun, kofopiu us
oucni oipanuucnnix cqcp ocyxncnun moi i pachpocfpanuficn
na npyiuc oncc snauumic onacfu. O sfom cfanu ionopufi cpasy
hocnc cmcpfu Cfanuna. Tchcpi nchpounocfi amcpukanckou hosuuuu
fonkana Cocnuncnnic Ufafi k hcpccmofpy cnocu opucnfauuu.
Takou hcpccmofp nc moi ifi nu icfpim, nu csoncsncnnim,
no, fcm nc mcncc, on in ncuscxnim. Iockoniky honufuucckoc
cohcpnuuccfno nimno sa pamku Inpohi u hpuopcno inoaniniu
xapakfcp, hocfoniky nu onna ncpxana nc moina cuufafi ccn nnc
ohacnocfu.
Ha hcpnom sfahc sfoio hpouccca cuufanu ucnccoopasnim yk-
pchnnfi cocfncnnic hosuuuu, ufoi uscxafi nncsahnoio naha-
ncnun u coxpanufi choconocfi ocymccfnufi konfpynap. Ho oncc
fmafcniniu ananus hokasinan, ufo pcmcnuc sfux nohpocon moino
hpunccfu k cfoni ahokanuhfuucckum cufyauunm, kofopic moxno
ino i hpcncfanufi kak pcsynifaf omuku, a nc kak pcsynifaf
hponymannix ucnoncucckux pcmcnuu. Iosfomy nhcuafnncf fa af-
mocqcpa cfpaxa, kofopan hocfanuna ucnoncuccfno hcpcn cfoni
oipomnou ohacnocfik, ufo nc ncpunoci n nosmoxnocfi ncucfnufcni-
noio uchonisonanun nakohncnnix noopyxcnuu. Icpcn nccm ucno-
ncuccfnom cfonna nuncmma, kofopyk iocynapcfncnnic ncnfcnu, py-
kononunmuc cfpanamu n fcucnuc nccnfuncfuu hocnc 155157 ii.,
pcmanu hopou ychcmno, c onimou ocfopoxnocfik n momcnfi
nauonimcio nahpnxcnun, koppckfupyn icpmanckuc (u ufaninn-
ckuc), a fakxc qpanuysckuc ucnfpocxnic fcnncnuuu u nahpannnn
n nyxnoc pycno pasnufuc kufauckoio nncpnoio hofcnuuana.
Icpnic maiu k konfponk nan ncoipanuucnnim napamunanucm
nncpnix noopyxcnuu inu cncnani hon nanncnucm mupnmciocn
hpofccfa hpofun npcnnix nosncucfnuu afomnix uacfuu, hohanmux
n afmocqcpy ncncncfnuc uchifanuu. Icui mna nc o hycfix ohaccnu-
nx, poxncnnix anfunncpnou hpohaiannou, a o nayuno nincpcnnix
O
nannix, kofopic hosnonnnu cncnafi nisinakmuc fpcnoiy saknk-
ucnun o hocncncfnunx panuoakfunnix ocankon. Ofu ohaccnun
inu pachpocfpancni n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax u Shonuu hocnc
hcpnix uchifanuu nonoponnix om n 15J i. Coomcnuc o fom,
ufo panuauun ina saqukcuponana na kafcpax nhonckux piakon
u hpuncna k cmcpfu onnoio us nux, nisnano oipomnyk fpcnoiy. Bo
npcmn hpcnniopnou hpcsuncnfckou kamhanuu n 156 i. kannunaf
of ncmokpafon Onnau Cfuncncon nknkuun nohpoc o hpckpamcnuu
afomnix uchifanuu n cnok usupafcninyk hpoipammy. Xofn hpo-
ncma ina naxnou, no fof qakf, ufo Xpymcn fyf xc honncpxan
sfo hpcnnoxcnuc, nc hpuncc snckfopaninoio ychcxa Cfuncncony.
Bmccfc c fcm on hokasan, ufo Concfckuu Coks, nccmofpn na oi-
pomnic ycunun n pasnufuu cnocio nncpnoio apccnana, nccima noc-
hpuumuun k hponcmc hpckpamcnun uchifanuu afomnoio opyxun.
B nnnapc 157 i. ncnciaf Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n OOH Icnpu
Ksof onx hpcncfanun oquuuaniniu hpockf coinamcnun o hpc-
kpamcnuu nncpnix uchifanuu hpu cosnanuu cucfcmi mcxnynapon-
noio konfponn. Ofncf Concfckoio Coksa in n hpunuuhc honoxu-
fcninim, no nciafunnim n ofnomcnuu mcxnynaponnoio konfponn.
Toniko 16 uknn 157 i. hpcncfanufcni CCCI n OOH Bancpuan
3opun hpcnnoxun mopafopuu na uchifanun nncpnoio opyxun na
nna unu fpu iona u nhcpnic nohycfun nosmoxnocfi cucfcmi mcxny-
naponnoio konfponn sa conkncnucm hpunnfix onsafcnicfn. B fo
npcmn hpcnnoxcnuc nc honyuuno pasnufun, no n cpanncnuu c hpom-
nim ono osnauano kauccfncnnic usmcncnun. Hchonisyn sfy pcmi,
n uknc 158 i. n Zcncnc, hocnc pnna nanincumux nncpnix uchi-
fanuu, cfoponi nauanu nnycfoponnuc hcpcionopi o paspaofkc
fcxnuucckux mcfonon nosmoxnoio hponcncnun unchckuuu. Ha hc-
pcionopax ofpaxanuci hcpuhcfuu nuhnomafuucckux ofnomcnuu
mcxny CCCI u CUA, hponnunmuccn hocnc nauana hpnmoio nua-
noia mcxny Xpymcnim u Ouscnxayspom occnik 15 i.
B xonc hcpcionopon inu naiohpunfnic u kpufuucckuc mo-
mcnfi, ococnno n 16O i. hon nnunnucm cpina ncfpcuu n ncpxax n
Iapuxc. Icpcionopi inu nosononncni hocnc uspanun Kcnnc-
nu u nfopoio Icpnunckoio kpusuca, kofopiu in fccno cnnsan c
nncpnou hponcmafukou. 3a hcpuonom safumin n 1516O ii.
hocncnonano nnyxncfuc, koina ino hponcncno nauonimcc uucno
uchifanuu: foniko n 162 i. amcpukanui nsopnanu 86 ocsapnnon
pasnuunou momnocfu, a Concfi n 161 i. nsopnanu 5O ocsapnnon
u 4O n 162 i. B 16O i. n afomniu kny ncfyhuna panuun.
3a Icpnunckum kpusucom hocncnonan Kyunckuu kpusuc n ok-
fnpcnonpc 162 i. Ipu nosononncnuu cncpxannoio nuanoia
hocnc sancpmcnun Kyunckoio kpusuca nnoni in honnnf nohpoc,
1
kofopiu nccina ocfanancn n honccfkc nnn, nccmofpn na kpusuci u
konqnukfi mcxny cncpxncpxanamu: hpcnhpunnfi, nakoncu, konkpcf-
nic maiu n onacfu, cfoni hohynnpnou n omccfncnnom mncnuu.
5 aniycfa 16J i. hocnc kopofkux hcpcionopon Cocnuncnnic Ufa-
fi, Concfckuu Coks u Bcnukopufanun (nc ino nu panuuu,
kofopan ofkasanaci hpucocnunuficn, nu Kufan) honhucanu cc-
cpouniu oionop o sahpcmcnuu nncpnix uchifanuu, n kofopom
onu panu na ccn onsafcnicfna hpckpafufi nncpnic uchifanun n
afmocqcpc, n kocmocc u hon nonou. Ofo in hcpniu mai k ccpuu
noionopon, kofopic concucfnonanu oipanuucnuk ohacnocfu uc-
honisonanun nncpnou sncpiuu n nocnnix ucnnx.
11.1.4. BEPLUHCKUU KPUBUC 19581961 tt.
U !EHOMEH KEHHE,U
B hocncnnuc ioni hpcsuncnfcfna Ouscnxayspa, c 157 ho 161 i.,
amcpukanui cuufanu, ufo ux hosuuuu n mupc snauufcnino ocna-
nu. Bo nnyfpcnncm hnanc anmunucfpauun cfonknynaci c momnim
nnuxcnucm ucpnoio naccncnun, kofopoc hon pykononcfnom fakux
ncnfcncu kak Mapfun kfcp Kuni, a fakxc hon nnunnucm honufu-
kon, nc cknonnix k nuanoiy u unfcipauuu n cucfcmy, n kofopou
nomunuponanu cnic, ncno opiy sa ipaxnanckuc hpana u nicfy-
hano hpofun paconou nuckpumunauuu n kxnix mfafax cfpani.
Ouscnxaysp nuncn n nnuxcnuu hpofccfa, hpcxnc nccio, macconic
nonncnun n kpyhnix ioponax, kofopic xccfoko honannnnuci.
Toniko hpu Kcnncnu u, n onimcu cfchcnu, hpu unnonc xon-
conc (16J168 ii.) ino hpunnfo sakononafcnicfno hpofun cci-
pciauuu ucpnix ipaxnan, kofopoc sanoxuno kpunuucckuc ocnoni
(u mcnimc safponyno skonomuucckuc u npancfncnnic achckfi)
nnn hpckpamcnun nuckpumunauuu. Hahpnxcnuc ncckoniko chano,
no nukoina nc hpckpamanoci noncc. B ofnomcnuu ucpnix amcpu-
kanckan konuchuun hnanuninoio kofna nnn nccx pac honncpia-
naci cxcnncnnim uchifanunm.
Bnyfpcnnuu kpusuc in ofniomcn fakxc nacfpocnunmu hcccu-
musma u ncyncpcnnocfu, nisnannimu y amcpukanucn honufukou
pannonccun cfpaxa. Hapunmuc n hocncnocnnoc npcmn u n hcpnou
hononunc hnfunccnfix ionon nacfpocnun yncpcnnocfu, hopoxncn-
nic myxccfnom u xpapocfik hocnufcncu, inu hpuinymcni
uyncfnom cfpaxa. Ionnunuci comncnun n fom, ufo Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi nnnnkfcn camou moiymccfncnnou u camou uununusonan-
nou cfpanou n mupc. Inoaniniu xapakfcp mcxnynaponnou honu-
fuku u pachan kononuaninou cucfcmi cnpohcuckux ncpxan hpu-
ncfcfnonanuci kak nonic nosmoxnocfu nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon.
Ho sfu oipomnic nosmoxnocfu faunu n ccc u ckpific yiposi.
2
Anfukononuanusm cfpan, ncnanno honyuunmux ncsanucumocfi,
cfuxuuno fpancqopmuponancn n anfusahannic nacfpocnun u n ni-
son Cocnuncnnim Ufafam kak cohcpnuuakmcu cncpxncpxanc, ufo
camo ho ccc nc ino nciafunnim qakfopom. Ioncc ccpicsnim o-
cfonfcnicfnom cfano icoipaquucckoc pacmupcnuc c kpaxom kono-
nuanusma son, uyxnix pinounou cucfcmc skonomuku. Cnauana
Concfi u cfpani, naxonunmuccn hon ux nnunnucm, safcm Kufau u
Hnnun nimnu us skonomuucckou cucfcmi, n kofopou nomunupo-
nanu CUA. Iacmupcnuc sfou soni nisinano ohaccnun, ufo n
opic mcxny nnymn naicpnmu nc ynacfcn nouficn hopaxcnun Co-
ncfon, ho kpauncu mcpc, n Bocfounou Inpohc, kak honaian anncc;
oncc foio, oncpxuf ncpx hnanonan skonomuka, u ycunufcn nnun-
nuc CCCI.
Hahpofun, cfana oucnunnou cnaocfi, naxc qusuucckan, amc-
pukanckux nuncpon. B ccnfnpc 155 i. y Ouscnxayspa in hcpniu
us ccpuu hocncnonanmux ccpncuniu hpucfyh, no on cmoi nihon-
nnfi honnocfik cnou hpcsuncnfckuc onsannocfu u coxpannfi of-
nuuanmyk cio nocnnyk nihpanky (on ymcp n 16 i., koina cmy
ino 7 ncf), xofn omymcnuc cnaocfu coxpannnoci. xon ocfcp
anncc saoncn n 158 i. pakom u ymcp n cncnykmcm iony. B cpan-
ncnuu c ikmcu ucpcs kpau xusncnnou sncpiucu Xpymcna oa
inannix hpcncfanufcnn amcpukanckou nncmncu honufuku hpous-
nonunu nhcuafncnuc usnomcnnocfu u ycfanocfu, ufo naknanina-
noci na nochpunfuc ux honufuucckou ncnfcninocfu. Hsnumnc io-
nopufi, ufo sfo hpcncfanncnuc nc coofncfcfnonano ncucfnufcnino-
cfu, no ncoxonumo yfounufi, ufo n ncucfnufcninocfu, nc ynyuu
cnnsanimu ysamu nuunou npyxi, Ouscnxaysp u anncc uchifi-
nanu inyokoc ynaxcnuc u noncpuc npyi npyiy. Hx cofpynnuuccfno
ino cfcpxncm amcpukanckou nncmncu honufuku. Ho ux oncs-
ncnniu nun umcn ofpuuafcninoc honufuucckoc nosncucfnuc. Co-
snananoci nhcuafncnuc yxonnmcu shoxu, uyncfnonanaci ncoxonu-
mocfi u poxnanaci nancxna na inyokoc ononncnuc honufuucckou
cfpafciuu, kofopan moina i ofncfufi na nison nonoio npcmcnu.
Iocna xona Kcnncnu, kofopiu na niopax n nonpc 16O i.
oncpxan ncpx nan cnoum cohcpnukom Iuuapnom Hukconom, in-
mum nuuc-hpcsuncnfom Ouscnxayspa, ina pcsynifafom cfpcmnc-
nuu k nosnpafy yfpaucnnoio nnunnun u k oxunacmim mnoiumu
amcpukanuamu hcpcmcnam. xon Kcnncnu in hcpnim amcpukan-
ckum hpcsuncnfom, ponunmumcn n XX nckc (founcc n 117 i.).
B momcnf uspanun cmy ino 4J iona cumnon mononocfu. On
onuucfnopnn coou pockomi, snanun u apucfokpafusm naionapn
ccmic, okonucnnim yucnim sancncnunm, nahucannim paofam,
onimomy honufuucckomy ohify; sfo in nc ayfcauncp, u umcnno
J
fakoio honufuka xnanu amcpukanui, ufoi nauafi nonyk shoxy.
B unayiypauuonnou pcuu on nan honnfi, ufo nnnncfcn hpcsuncn-
fom nonix pycxcu, hpcsuncnfom, kofopiu honcncf Cocnuncn-
nic Ufafi k camim amuuuosnim samanuunim ucnnm u kofopiu
nc namcpcn yknonnficn of nisona, nnoni pomcnnoio Concfamu.
C sfoio momcnfa u c sfoio npcmcnu, ckasan on 21 nnnapn
161 i., hycfi k npysinm u npaiam hpuncf nccfi, ufo scfaqcfa
hcpcnana nonomy hokoncnuk amcpukanucn, ponunmuxcn n sfom
nckc, sakancnnix nounou, nochufannix n ycnonunx cyponoio u
iopikoio mupa, iopnix cnoum cnannim nacncnucm hpomnoio. On
nahomnun o nonom nauanc: Bchomnum ncc, ufo uununusonannoc
honcncnuc nc osnauacf cnaocfu, a uckpcnnocfi nccina honncxuf
hponcpkc. Mi nukoina nc ncncm hcpcionopi us cfpaxa, fcm oncc
nc oumcn nccfu hcpcionopi. 3anaua ina fpynnou: Hcnisn ncc
cncnafi nu sa cfo nncu, nu sa ficnuy nncu, nu sa ncci cpok namux
honnomouuu u naxc sa nck namy xusni na sfou hnancfc. Ho mi
nauunacm. Iopia yncf fpynnou u noniou: Iosfomy, ipaxnanc
Amcpuku, nc chpamunaufc, ufo moxcf cncnafi nnn nac nama cfpa-
na, chpocufc ccn, ufo moxcfc cncnafi ni nnn namcu cfpani. Co-
ipaxnanc mupa, nc chpamunaufc, ufo moxcf cncnafi nnn nac Amc-
puka, a ufo mi nmccfc moxcm cncnafi nnn cnooni ucnoncka.
Hnayiypauuonnic pcuu hpcsuncnfon nnnnkfcn nufcpafypnim
xanpom, y kofopoio cymccfnykf cnou hpanuna. Ho Kcnncnu na-
honnun sfu hpanuna nonim cmicnom ncoxonumocfik honopo-
fa, kofopiu on namcpcn in hpunafi cfpanc cnocu ncnfcninocfik.
Ioni cfpaxa u hcccumusma n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax cmcnunuci npc-
mcncm, koina hpcsuncnfi-ncmokpafi c hpucymum um pncnucm ni-
honnnnu nopononino nsnfic na ccn onsafcnicfna, nnuxumic xc-
nanucm ocfanufi inyokuu cncn n xusnu ucnoncuccfna. 3a npcmn cio
kopofkou ncnfcninocfu na hocfy hpcsuncnfa (Kcnncnu in yuf
22 nonpn 16J i.) hponnncnuu sfou nonou nonu ino nocfafouno.
Xpymcn nonxcn in yuufinafi usmcncnun, hpousomcnmuc n
amcpukanckom pykononcfnc. Ha cmcny cfapomy u oninomy, no
ohifnomy myxccfncnnomy ncnfcnk, snakmcmy mafcpuaninyk u
ucnoncucckyk ucny nounc, hpumcn mononou u uccfonkuniu hpo-
funnuk, pcmufcnino hpunnnmuu nison u yncpcnniu n hocnc.
Ofo chococfnonano ninnncnuk ckpifix hpofunopcuuu nunamuu-
noio concfckoio nuncpa. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi namnu n nuuc Kcn-
ncnu honufuka, choconoio concpmufi hcpcxon of cfapou k nonou
cucfcmc mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu: Concfckuu Coks nc in
onimc hpofunnukom, cncpxunacmim mafcpuaninim apicpom
nnyfpu cnocio cocfncnnoio coksa, on moi hponnufi ccn n nkou
uacfu mupa. Hfoi hpofunocfonfi hpofunnuky n nonix ycnonunx,
4
nyxna ina honnan mounusauun nccx amcpukanckux cun u pccyp-
con. Hccmofpn na ipyic omuku u hcpuoni koncanuu u ncync-
pcnnocfu, Kcnncnu c 161 ho 16J i. nouncn cnocu ucnu. Icnu na
hcpnom sfahc cocymccfnonanun-copcnnonanun hpcumymccfno ino
na cfoponc Concfckoio Coksa, fo safcm ninnunaci nnyfpcnnnn oi-
panuucnnocfi cio cucfcmi u nhcpnic oosnauunuci hpcncni, sa
kofopic on nc moi niufu.
Inyokuc usmcncnun n mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnunx cymc-
cfncnnim opasom fpancqopmuponanu amcpukanckuu honxon k
muponou cucfcmc. axc anncc nonxcn in hcpccmofpcfi cnou fc-
opuu n oncc hpaimafuucckom hnanc. Ofu hcpcmcni hokasanu un-
nksopnocfi nocnnix konuchuuu, na kofopix cfpounuci cfpafciu-
ucckuc nokfpuni Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Iuhofcsa o nosmoxnocfu
ncpxafi hpofunnuka hon konfponcm c homomik oiunoio u nncp-
noio opyxun okasanaci ncpcanucfuunou. Yxc n 157 i. amcpukanui
nonxni inu hcpccmofpcfi cfpafciuk Afnanfuucckoio hakfa u hpu-
nccfu cc n coofncfcfnuc c mcncc ahokanuhfuucckumu hpoinosamu.
okfpuna maccuponannoio nosmcsnun hocfchcnno samcnu-
naci nokfpunou iukoio pcaiuponanun, f.c. nuqqcpcnuuponan-
noio ofncfa n sanucumocfu of xapakfcpa u macmfaon iposnmcu
ohacnocfu. oncpuc amcpukanucn k cncpxunakmcu choconocfu
(ncynauniu nconoiusm, kofopiu osnauan choconocfi hpcnyhpc-
nufi na ocnonanuu pacucfon nosmoxniu ofncf u ohacnocfi nnc-
sahnoio nahancnun) ino nchocpcncfncnno cnnsano c nokfpunou
iukoio pcaiuponanun, hofomy ufo nukfo nc uchifinan i no-
ncpun k iapanfunm csohacnocfu, ocnonannim na ncucfnufcninou
yiposc hpcnpamcnun amcpukanckou fcppufopuu n mumcni nncpno-
io nahancnun. Icpcmcni nc moinu ifi icfpimu u ncikumu.
Amcpukanckan anmunucfpauun honnna sfo yxc na hocncnncm sfahc
hpcsuncnfcfna Ouscnxayspa u pcmufcnino hcpcmna k nonou nokf-
punc n ioni hpanncnun Kcnncnu, no HATO oquuuanino hpunnna
cc foniko n 167 i.
Icpcn concfckumu pykononufcnnmu usmcncnun n mcxnynapon-
nix ofnomcnunx cosnau fc xc hponcmi n nocnnou onacfu, no
concpmcnno unic n hnanc nuhnomafuucckux ofnomcnuu. B mcx-
nynaponnou xusnu Concfi ncucfnonanu, pykononcfnynci onimc
hapfuunimu unfcpccamu, ucm unfcpccamu iocynapcfna kak cytck-
fa cucfcmi mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu. Onu hpuniknu nochpu-
numafi ofnomcnun c nncmnum mupom kak ofnomcnun c ncnymumu
honufuucckumu cunamu, kofopic iofoni inu cuufafi KICC u
hpanufcnicfno Mockni ncochopumim pykononufcncm, ohpcncnnk-
mum ux pcmcnun, unu kak ofnomcnun c naicpcm, uyxnim u npaxnc-
nim couuanusmy. B concfckom naicpc, hcpcxunanmcm nnyfpcnnuc
5
fpynnocfu hocnc okonuanun nouni, no 156 i. pcmanaci hponcma
concpxanun fak nasinacmoio hponcfapckoio unfcpnauuonanusma,
kofopiu moi i cfafi ocnonou nnn hponcncnun honufuucckoio
kypca, ofnuuanmciocn of ykasanuu Mockni. Concfckan cucfcma
ocnoninanaci na fom, ufo cymccfnykf npaiu, nan kofopimu nano
oncpxafi hocny. Xononnan nouna hpuopcna fofaniniu xapakfcp,
nc ocfannnn ccpix son. Hcufpanusm u nckononusauun, nahpofun,
cosnananu ccuucncnnoc mnoxccfno ccpix son.
Cnauana Concfi, sannfic opiou sa nacncncfno Cfanuna, nc
hponnunu unfcpcca k hpoucxonunmum mcxnynaponnim hcpcmc-
nam. Ho saxnafun nnacfi, ipyhha hon pykononcfnom Xpymcna, n ko-
fopyk nxonunu mapman Hukonau Iynianun, cfanmuu hocnc Ma-
ncnkona hpcnccnafcncm Concfa munucfpon, hcpniu samccfufcni
hpcnccnafcnn Concfa munucfpon Anacfac Mukonn, munucfpi uno-
cfpannix ncn mufpuu Uchunon u Annpcu Ipomiko (c 157 i.),
icfpo honnna, kakuc nonic nosmoxnocfu ofkpinanuci n cnnsu c
usmcncnunmu n mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnunx. Ocnoonunmuci of
ncoxonumocfu conmcmafi mcxnynaponnyk ncnfcninocfi c hpu-
nncucnucm unconoiuucckux coksnukon, Xpymcn, Iynianun u ux
cfoponnuku honnnu, ufo nacfano npcmn fpanuuuonnou nuhnoma-
fuu, u oucnunu cc nosmoxnocfu: nuunic konfakfi, honufuucckuc
komhpomucci, omuc onsafcnicfna, ocmanun conunapnix ncu-
cfnuu. pyiumu cnonamu, nc opcmcncnnic unconoiucu n ofnomc-
nunx c nncmnum mupom, onu nhcpnic pasncpnynu nuhnomafuucc-
kyk ncnfcninocfi, kofopan hosnonuna hpcnpafufi Concfckuu Coks
n cytckf mcxnynaponnou xusnu, hpcncfanncnniu no nccx pciuo-
nax mupa.
Takum opasom, u concfckuc pykononufcnu hpuchocanunanuci
k hcpcmcnam, k honufukc cocymccfnonanun-cohcpnuuccfna, opo-
nuci sa hpcnocxoncfno n pakcfno-nncpnou onacfu, cfpcmunuci skc-
hopfuponafi concfckyk moncni n npyiuc cfpani mupa. Onu hifa-
nuci honopnafi nnunnuc pinounou skonomuku u nokasinanu, ufo
n cocfonnuu cmcnufi n unconoiuucckom u skonomuucckom hnanc
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi u cfapic kononuaninic ncpxani u hpu
sfom nc ninamunanu faunix samicnon ncokahufanucfuucckoio
xapakfcpa (f.c. nc inu namcpcni pacmupnfi cnoc nnunnuc).
Iononoc muponochpunfuc iochoncfnonano n ioni pykononcfna
cfpanou Xpymcnim, ohfumusm u snfysuasm kofopoio cfonknynuci
c pcaninimu nosmoxnocfnmu u pccypcamu, no hpcnanuponana ncpa
n hocny, nccmofpn na nccoofncfcfnuc uchonisonanmuxcn cpcncfn.
Bncmnnn honufuka Xpymcna ina hcpchncfcnucm hpofunopcuuu:
on in iofon pocufi ofkpifiu nison Cocnuncnnim Ufafam u
sahannim ncpxanam n nncpnou onacfu unu n kpusucnix foukax,
6
cymccfnonanmux n mupc, n fo xc npcmn on in cknoncn hpunnfi
unu naxc hpcnnoxufi nuanoi, fak kak nuncn nosmoxnocfu nauafi
hpouccc pcaninou paspnnku mcxny cncpxncpxanamu. Onnonpcmcn-
no cocymccfnonanu cohcpnuuccfno u nuanoi. Hfak, no nncmncu
honufukc Xpymcna cymccfnonana kaxymancn anfunomun, kofopyk
ncoxonumo yuufinafi, ufoi honnfi pcskuc u ncoxunannic ncu-
cfnun concfckoio nuncpa u cfoni xc nncsahnic ofcfyhncnun: nua-
noi u cfonknoncnuc, hpucyfcfnonanmuc onnonpcmcnno, nc cncnycf
otncnnfi foniko xapakfcpom nuunocfu Xpymcna, kofopiu, koncu-
no, in umhynicunnim u ncoiunim honufukom, no on in fakxc
nocfafouno naninonunnim ncnfcncm, paccuufinanmum pcsynifafi
hpcnhpunnfix ncucfnuu.
Kaxymancn hpofunopcuunocfi honufuucckou ncnfcninocfu
Xpymcna otncnncfcn honoxcnucm nnyfpu cfpani u cufyauucu na
mcxnynaponnou apcnc, n konfckcfc kofopix on cfpoun cnok nncm-
nkk honufuky. uhnomafuucckan unuuuafuna, hpcnhpunnfan um n
155 i. n ofnomcnuu Iiuhfa u Kiocnanuu, ncno hponcmoncfpupona-
na, kakux pcsynifafon moxno nouficn naionapn iukou honufukc.
Ho Cysukuu kpusuc u nccfanunusauun 156 i. co nccu oucnunnocfik
hokasanu, ufo cymccfnonana cnnsi mcxny hpounocfik concfckoio
noka u cnoonou mancnpa n mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnunx.
Ionufuka nccfanunusauuu u moncpnusauuu nonix concfckux
pykononufcncu hpuncna k fomy, ufo Concfckuu Coks cfan choco-
cn ofncfufi na nison 3ahana u naxc hpcnsomcn Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi n onacfu fcxnonoiuu, inc nccina ofmcuanoci amcpukanckoc
hpcumymccfno, no sfo fpconano mupnoio hcpuona, cnooni ma-
ncnpa u hcpchckfuni na nocfafouno nnufcninoc npcmn. Iino fak-
xc ncoxonumo nckofopoc ocnancnuc nahpnxcnnocfu kak n ofno-
mcnunx c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u 3ahannou Inpohou, fak n
ofnomcnunx nnyfpu concfckoio noka hocnc hofpncmcio cio n 156 i.
kpusuca. Toniko onnoponniu u ymupofnopcnniu nok moi cohcp-
nuuafi c hpofunnukamu, nc ohacanci sa cocfncnnyk chnoucn-
nocfi. pyiumu cnonamu, cocymccfnonanuc-cohcpnuuccfno ino
nosmoxno foniko hpu ycnonuu hpounocfu concfckoio noka. Ha-
hpofun, nkic nnyfpunokonic pasnoinacun safpynnnnu Xpymcny
sanauy hpcncfafi sa pycxom cohcpnukom, nisinakmum noncpuc.
Chnoucnnocfi osnauana paspnnky, packon osnauan nuhnomafuucc-
kuc fpcnun.
Ho ncc xc y Xpymcna houfu nccina cymccfnonana ohhosuuun,
ufo hpunonuno k ocfpim kpusucam, kak, nahpumcp, n 157 i., koi-
na Monofon in ofcfpancn of nnacfu. B hcpuoni ofnocufcninoio
nnyfpcnncio chokoucfnun Xpymcn moi hosnonufi ccc hponcmon-
cfpuponafi sa hpcncnamu noka cknonnocfi k paspnnkc. B hcpuoni
7
oocfpcnnou honcmuku honufuka paspnnku ycfyhana mccfo nahpn-
xcnnocfu u cfonknoncnunm. Ipnmou sanucumocfu mcxny nnymn
cfoponamu onnou mcnanu nc ino, no foniko fak moxno otnc-
nufi hcpchani n nuhnomafuu Xpymcna. nynukan nuhnomafun
moina hponcmoncfpuponafi cknonnocfi k mnoioocmakmcmy nua-
noiy u cpasy xc nauafi pcskyk u xapkyk honcmuky.
B okfnpc 157 i. honickuu munucfp unocfpannix ncn Anam
Iahaukuu nnoni nicfyhun c hnanom cosnanun cstnncpnou soni n
Icpmanuu, Ionimc u Hcxocnonakuu, kofopiu Concfi ncmcnncnno
honncpxanu u cncnanu cnoum. Iapanncnino, nccmofpn na ucpcno-
nanuc pasnix sfahon, hpononxanuci hcpcionopi o nosmoxnocfu
honhucanun coinamcnun o hpckpamcnuu nncpnix uchifanuu; n
ahpcnc 15 i. nuuc-hpcsuncnf Hukcon nancc ncmoncfpafunniu
npyxccfncnniu nusuf u hoccfun Mockonckyk npmapky; n mac n
Zcncnc hpoxonuna ncfpcua munucfpon unocfpannix ncn ucfipcx
ncnukux ncpxan. Hckofopoc npcmn chycfn Xpymcna hpuinacunu
hoccfufi Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, u n ccnfnpc 15 i. on concpmun
nccnfunncnnyk hocsnky ho Amcpukc, kofopan nisnana hpofunopc-
uunic ofknuku. Busuf Xpymcna n CUA sancpmuncn nnyxnncnnou
ncfpcucu n Ksmh-snunc, n Bupnxunuu, no npcmn kofopou on no-
ionopuncn c Ouscnxayspom o hponcncnuu ncfpcuu n ncpxax, kofo-
pan nonxna ina cocfonficn na cncnykmuu ion n Iapuxc.
Iocnc mymnoio quacko nccocfonnmciocn cammufa n Iapuxc n
mac 16O i., Xpymcn ncfpcfuncn c Kcnncnu n Bcnc n uknc 161 i.
nnn cnoonnoio omcna mncnunmu. Bcfpcua nc umcna hpakfuucc-
kux pcsynifafon, no ina honcsna nnn ooux honufukon, hockoni-
ky hosnonuna Kcnncnu nyumc ysnafi nunamuunoio Xpymcna. Bo
npcmn ncfpcuu us-sa oucnunnou ncohifnocfu Kcnncnu Xpymcny
ynanoci nouficn cymccfncnnoio honopofa n nohpocc o Icpnunc:
concfckuu nuncp oncpxan ncpx nan amcpukanckum hpcsuncnfom u
nochpchnfcfnonan cfpcmncnunm k afomnomy noopyxcnuk cncpa-
funnou Icchynuku Icpmanuu. Bcfpcua ofpaxana iofonnocfi pac-
cmofpcfi nosmoxnocfi hcpcionopon o paspnnkc nahpnxcnnocfu na
nicmcm yponnc, a nc foniko hcpuonuuccku ocyxnafi n pasnuunix
komuccunx Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu offcnku usmcnc-
nuu ohpcncncnnix hosuuuu n hponcmc pasopyxcnun.
K nuamcfpanino hpofunohonoxnim pcsynifafam hpuncno co-
hcpnuuccfno, hopou nccima ocfpoc, n cnnsu c yfpafou 3ahanom
nnunnun na Inuxncm u Cpcnncm Bocfokc, a fakxc nckononusauu-
cu n Aqpukc. Binnunoci ofkpifoc cfpcmncnuc ncpnyficn k cnpo-
hcuckum hponcmam, ufo cosnanano nhcuafncnuc unnksopnocfu
cfaunusauuu, nocfuinyfou n 155 i., u nisinano ohaccnun, ufo
hpanufcnicfno Mockni namcpcno honiofonuficn k nonou qasc
8
cfonknoncnuu n ccpnuc Inpohi. Bosnukno cchokoucfno us-sa
honncpxku, okasannou Concfamu kyunckum pcnonkuuoncpam no
hocni Kacfpo n 15 i., u n nanincumcm coksa, saknkucnnoio n
16O i. mcxny Kacfpo u Concfamu, cmc oncc ohacnoio nnn amcpu-
kanckux unfcpccon n cnnsu c pachpocfpancnucm nnunnun kacfpus-
ma n omupnix pciuonax afunckou Amcpuku. Ocoyk fpcnoiy
nisnanu coifun occnu 162 i., koina Concfi hohifanuci ycfano-
nufi na Kapuckom ocfponc cnou pakcfi cpcnncio panuyca ncu-
cfnun, kofopic inu i naucncni na amcpukanckyk fcppufopuk.
Ofa nnynukocfi moxcf ifi otncncna hcpcxonnim sfahom n
cucfcmc mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu, kofopiu in ofmcucn nipa-
ofkou hpanun mupnoio cocymccfnonanun n uhonnpnou cfpykfy-
pc, cfanmcu oncc cnoxnou n cnnsu c pasnoopasucm cufyauuu,
cknaninanmuxcn nnyfpu nokon.
C hcpnix maion paspnnku cnauana Mancnkon, a safcm Xpymcn
cfonknynuci c ohhosuuucu nc foniko nnyfpu cfpani, no u npyiux
cfpan concfckoio noka. Cpcnu nux ina Ananun, kofopan sanu-
mana cfpafciuuccku naxnoc honoxcnuc, no cc honufuucckan usonu-
ponannocfi hpuncna k fomy, ufo ona nc okasinana cymccfncnnoio
nnunnun na niop Concfamu kypca n mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnunx.
Hahpofun, onimoc snaucnuc umcna hosuuun Haponnoio Kufan,
kofopiu hocnc saxnafa nnacfu kommynucfuucckum hpanufcnicfnom
u hocnc nouni n Kopcc hcpcxunan onun us nauoncc fpynnix sfa-
hon. On naxonuncn n cocfonnuu hpofunoopcfna c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu, kofopic honncpxunanu nauuonanucfuucckoc hpanufcni-
cfno, ykpinmcccn na Taunanc, u fpconanu of nccx cnoux coksnu-
kon paccmafpunafi cio kak cnuncfncnnoc sakonnoc kufauckoc hpa-
nufcnicfno, ufo cfanuno n safpynnufcninoc honoxcnuc nonic iocy-
napcfna, nipasunmuc namcpcnuc hpusnafi hpanufcnicfno Ickuna.
B ccpnuc Inpohi hpoucxonuno fo xc, ufo u na anincm Boc-
fokc: hpusnanuc cymccfnonanun Icpmanckou cmokpafuucckou
Icchynuku, cu+o no ce0e nochpunumanoci kak hponnncnuc npax-
ncnocfu k cncpafunnou Icchynukou Icpmanuu. Yxc camo sfo
cxoncfno ino kpacnopcuunim, fak kak accouuuponanoci ho ana-
noiuu c hcpnou qasou nouni n Kopcc. Kpomc foio, hpanufcnicfno
Ickuna, ncucfnufcnino, nonxno ino yfncpnufi cnou konfponi nan
nccu cfpanou (nknkuan Tucf) u hokasafi, ufo ono n cocfonnuu
nouficn hpoipccca n skonomukc sfo ino onnum us niuipimnix
apiymcnfon Mao.
Iononic sanauu fpconanu skonomuucckux pccypcon u noopy-
xcnuu. Hacfuuno pccypci moxno ino nixafi us kufauckoio na-
pona, kofopoio c homomik yfohuunix nosynion hoyxnanu nknk-
uuficn n kauccfnc ncmcnou paoucu cuni n hpockf moncpnusauuu
ccnickoio xosnucfna (snaucnuc u pcaninyk sqqckfunnocfi kofopo-

io nukoina nc pastncnnnu) u n cosnanuc anfonomnou hpomimncn-
nou unqpacfpykfypi. Kufauui paccuufinanu honyuufi skonomu-
ucckyk u nocnnyk homomi us-sa pycxa, ufoi hpofunocfonfi
nanncnuk CUA u yiposc konfppcnonkuuu, ucxonunmcu c Tauna-
nn. B fakom konfckcfc fo, ufo nauuonanucfi Han Kaumu yncpxu-
nanu hon cnoum konfponcm nna ocfpona (Kysmou u Mausy), pacho-
noxcnnix nnusu konfuncnfaninoio hocpcxin, nochpunumanoci
n Ickunc kak ncmoncfpauun hocfonnnou yiposi. C 154 i. KHI
pciynnpno ocfpcnunana sfu ocfpona. Hauuonanucfi fakxc namcpc-
nanuci coxpanufi cnou konfponi nan ocfponamu aucn, kofopic na-
xonnfcn n JOO km of Taunann, no n nauanc 155 i. kommynucfi hpcn-
hpunnnu mfypm u sannnu ux. Ipucyfcfnuc nauuonanucfon na ocf-
ponc Taunani pacucnunanoci n KHI kak hcpmancnfnan ohacnocfi, n
cnnsu c ucm Mao Hscnyn fpconan of CCCI honnou conunapnocfu.
Ofa conunapnocfi nc ina nu csycnonnou, nu nocfafouno na-
ncxnou, ufoi ynonncfnopufi oxunanun kufauucn. Ipumupcnuc c
Tufo ino nnn kufauucn hcpnim cumhfomom yiposi yknonusma n
unconoiuucckou onacfu. B nuhnomafuucckou cqcpc fpcnoxnim
cumhfomom nnn kufauucn cfana hocsnka Xpymcna u Iynianuna n
Hnnuk n 155 i., ona ofpaxana namcpcnun Concfon honncpxafi
nosmoxnix hpofunnukon Kufan n Asuu. cucfnufcnino, hpanu-
fcnicfno Mockni nc xofcno umcfi nnyfpu cocfncnnoio noka npy-
iyk ncpxany, kofopan moina cncpxunafi cio n pasnix nohpocax.
Iocnc hofpnccnuu 156 i. Kufau u Concfckuu Coks n okfnpc
157 i. honhucanu cckpcfnoc coinamcnuc o koohcpauuu n nncpnou
cqcpc, n coofncfcfnuu c kofopim kufauui nonxni inu honyuufi
homomi nnn cosnanun cnocio afomnoio hofcnuuana. Onnako coina-
mcnuc cfano qopmaninou haysou n snonkuuu ocfanonku, cfano-
nunmcucn ncc mcncc npyxccfncnnou. K fomy xc ncnihonncnuc co-
inamcnun cmc onimc ycununo fpcnun n ofnomcnunx mcxny Kufacm
u Concfckum Coksom.
cfom 158 i. n nahpnxcnnix ofnomcnunx mcxny cfpanamu
nacfyhun noniu ocfpiu sfah. B fo npcmn kak kufauckuc nauuona-
nucfi uucncnnocfik no 1OO OOO ucnonck ckonucnfpuponanuci na
ocfponax Kysmou u Mausy, iofonic, kasanoci, nicanuficn na kon-
funcnf, Xpymcn saionopun o ncoxonumocfu cosina ncfpcuu n ncp-
xax ho hponcmam Tuxoio okcana. B ncu nonxni inu yuacfnonafi
ucfipc ncnukuc ncpxani u Hnnun (no nc Kufau, hockoniky on nc
sanuman mccfo n Concfc Icsohacnocfu). opmaniniu hpcnnoi (Hn-
nun foxc nc ina hocfonnnim uncnom Concfa Icsohacnocfu) hpu-
opcn snaucnuc anfukufauckou nahpanncnnocfu.
Cpasy hocnc sancpmcnun saccnanun Bocnnoio komufcfa Kom-
mynucfuucckou hapfuu Kufan, kofopiu ocynun u onopun nauano
1OOO
nonoio pcmufcninoio nicfyhncnun hpofun nnyx ocfponon, Xpymcn
concpmun ncoxunanniu nusuf n Ickun J1 uknn 158 i. Ofof nu-
suf oocfpun kpusuc, ucmy chococfnonano xccfkoc ocyxncnuc ku-
fauuamu kiocnanckoio pcnusuonusma. Ofo ohpcncncnuc cnna
hpukpinano nicfyhncnuc hpofun xpymcnckoio pcnusuonusma.
Xpymcn ocfancn n Ickunc no 5 aniycfa, u n ofnuuuc of hpcniny-
mux ncucfnuu on honfncpnun cnok iofonnocfi homoui Kufak n
nohpocc o ocfponax, no pckomcnnonan, ufoi hponcma Taunann
pcmanaci mupnim hyfcm. Hahpnxcnuc n ofnomcnunx mcxny cfpa-
namu n fof momcnf nc namno hpnmoio nipaxcnun.
Hcckoniko nncu chycfn hocnc oftcsna Xpymcna us Ickuna, o-
cfpcni ocfponon Kysmou u Mausy nosononunuci c nonou unfcn-
cunnocfik. Konucnfpauun nouck nauuonanucfon cosnanana nnn
kommynucfon ynoniu honon, no cam niop momcnfa ionopun o
fom, n kakou mcpc kufauui inu iofoni nucfanuuponaficn of co-
ncfckou honufuku cocymccfnonanun, on fakxc hokasinan Concfam
ohacnocfi cnumkom ofkpifou honncpxku honufuku Mao. Hc yi-
nynnnci n ananus kufaucko-concfckoio paspina, mi moxcm numi
ofmcfufi, ufo occnik 158 i. kufauckan nncmnnn honufuka ina
concpmcnno unou, ucm honufuka Mockni. B ccnfnpc mccnuc o-
cfpcni ocfponon Kysmou u Mausy hocfchcnno inu hpckpamcni,
fak kak CUA nc nanu nonncui ccn n skcfpcmucfckyk honufuky
Han Kaumu u ycxnanu cio ofkasaficn of uchonisonanun cuni
kak cpcncfna nnn sanocnanun Kufan. Xpymcn, ananusupyn cocfon-
nuc concfcko-kufauckux ofnomcnuu, honnn, ufo cio hpusini k
mupnomy pcmcnuk nohpoca o Taunanc nc inu ycnimani. Ofno-
mcnun c Kufacm ccpicsno uchopfunuci, koina kufauui nhcpnic
ninnunynu fcppufopuaninic fpconanun k Concfckomy Coksy.
Kak hucan Mapk Tpaxfcncpi, ccnu Taunani in hpuuunou
nahpnxcnun mcxny Kufacm u CCCI, fo Icpnun cfan hpuuunou
pasnoinacuu mcxny CCCI u Icpmanckou cmokpafuucckou Icc-
hynukou. Koina n ccnfnpc 15 i. no npcmn ncfpcuu c Ouscnxays-
pom n Ksmh-snunc Xpymcn ofmcfun, ufo kak ncohpannanno cy-
mccfnonanuc nnyx Icpmanuu, fak xc ncohpannanno cymccfnonanuc
nnyx Kufacn, Ouscnxaysp hpcncpci sfum samcuanucm, xofn ono
homoiacf honnfi, ufo sfu nna achckfa onnou hponcmi nc moiyf
ifi usonuponani npyi of npyia. Concfckomy Coksy hpcncfonno
paspcmafi nna cxoxux konqnukfa, nocfanmuccn cmy n nacncncfno
of nauoncc nahpnxcnnoio sfaha xononnou nouni, n fo npcmn,
koina on in namcpcn nauafi nuanoi c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu.
B Icpmanuu ux coksnuku foxc honfankunanu amcpukanucn k
nchpumupumocfu (Ancnaysp), a pykononufcnu II (Ynipuxf) sa-
numanu xccfkyk hosuuuk ofnocufcnino hohifok hcpccmofpa
1OO1
honxonon u cmniucnun nahpnxcnnocfu. Iocnc sancpmcnun hpo-
uccca unfcipauuu nnyx icpmanckux iocynapcfn coofncfcfncnno n
Afnanfuucckuu nok u n Bapmanckuu noionop, a fakxc hocnc ho-
csnku Ancnayspa n Mockny sahannic ncmui honfncpnunu ocnono-
honaiakmuu xapakfcp nokfpuni Xanimfcuna n ux ofnomcnunx c
npyiumu cfpanamu. Cfpcmncnuc nicfyhafi cnuncfncnnou Icpma-
nucu hpcnanuponano no nncmncu honufuku cncpafunnou Icchy-
nuku Icpmanuu, nccmofpn na nckofopyk ocfopoxnocfi Ancnayspa
u cio cfoponnukon, cfapanmuxcn ncckoniko cmniuufi xccfkocfi
sfoio hpunuuha.
Yuacfuc 3ahannou Icpmanuu n yupcnufcninom noionopc IOC
(mapf 157 i.) ycununano honxon n nyxc nokfpuni Xanimfcuna.
Iasnuunic qakfopi hufanu unck cnuncfncnnou Icpmanuu. Hc-
cmofpn na ynyumcnuc skonomuucckux ycnonuu, ncncncfnuc honu-
fuku sakpyuunanun iack, hpononunmcucn Ynipuxfom n kynifyp-
nou u honufuucckou xusnu Icpmanckou cmokpafuucckou Icc-
hynuku, hocfonnno coxpannnaci nononino nicokan smuipauun n
3ahannyk Icpmanuk. C 14 ho 158 i. okono 2 2OO OOO nocfounix
ncmucn hcpcpanuci n 3ahanniu Icpnun u hokunynu II. B hocnc-
nykmuc ioni hofok ocfanancn ncusmcnnim, u n 161 i. omcc
uucno smuipuponanmux ino ncmnoium mcnimc fpcx munnuonon.
B sfou cufyauuu hpanufcnicfno Ynipuxfa hpcnnaiano, no csyc-
hcmno, hcpccfpoufi ofnomcnun mcxny nnymn Icpmanuu, otcnu-
nunmuci n konqcncpauuk. Ancnaysp n 158 i. nicfyhun c ofncfnim
hpcnnoxcnucm pcmcnun ho-ancfpuucku: hponccfu cnoonnic
niopi n Bocfounou Icpmanuu, u foniko n ncu, hocnc ucio Icp-
manckan cmokpafuucckan Icchynuka moina cfafi ncufpaninou, a
Icpnun (ncci Icpnun) cfan i cfonuucu nonoio iocynapcfna, kofo-
poc hosxc moino ifi hpusnano cncpafunnou Icchynukou Icp-
manuu kak cyncpcnnoc iocynapcfno. 3a sfum hpcnnoxcnucm ckpi-
nanoci namcpcnuc Ancnayspa hpcnpafufi Bocfounyk Icpmanuk n
yqcpnoc iocynapcfno mcxny nnymn nokamu, ufo hosnonuno i
II uipafi poni nccmu hpusnannou cnuncfncnnou Icpmanuu, a
pasncncnuc cfpani cfano i hocfonnnim.
B ccpcnunc 158 i. Xpymcn honnn, ufo usmcncnuc cufyauuu n
Icpmanuu hpuncno i k yxynmcnuk honoxcnun CCCI n ccpnuc
Inpohi. Cama micni, ufo hononoc moino i hpousoufu, nisina-
na cchokoucfno kak n Concfckom Coksc, fak u n II. Oa iocy-
napcfna c fpcnoiou nanknanu sa pasnufucm hnana panua-Hosc-
qa Ufpayca unfcipuponafi cncpafunnyk Icchynuky Icpmanuu
n ooponufcninyk cucfcmy, onanakmyk nncpnim opyxucm, kofo-
piu ocyxnancn n sfu mccnui c panuucu u Hfanucu. Ococnno
in osaoucn Ynipuxf, kofopiu, kak cfano usnccfno naionapn
1OO2
usyucnuk concfckux u nocfouno-icpmanckux ucfounukon (ncno-
cfyhnix no 12 i.), okasinan nanncnuc na Xpymcna u fpconan,
ufoi on sannn pcmufcninyk hosuuuk n ofnomcnuu iposnmcu
ohacnocfu.
nc cufyauuu pasnunanuci hapanncnino, namcfun nosmoxnyk
oci Ickun-Iankon. Kufauckuc kommynucfi nnunnu na honufuky
Xpymcna n Tuxom okcanc u fpconanu cunonix pcmcnuu; nocfou-
nic ncmui honfankunanu Xpymcna k hononim xc ncucfnunm; co
cnocu cfoponi, on nonxcn in hpononufi fakyk honufuky, kofo-
pan nc honopnana i hcpchckfuni nuanoia c 3ahanom. Icpnunckuu
kpusuc 158161 ii., cnuncfcnicfnonanmuu o hpononxcnuu xo-
nonnou nouni n Inpohc, umcn inyokuc u pasnoopasnic hpuuu-
ni. CCCI in hocfanncn hcpcn ncoxonumocfik nipaofafi ho-
nufuucckyk nunuk, kofopan ypannonccuna i fcnncnuuu k nchpu-
mupumocfu, ucxonunmuc us pciuonon, nauoncc ocfpo omymanmux
konqnukf c 3ahanom. Kpomc foio, hcpcn Concfamu cfonna sanaua
nc ocnannfi ycunuu, nahpanncnnix na paspnnky mcxnynaponnou
nahpnxcnnocfu, a Xpymcn nonxcn in cfapaficn nc pasnpaxafi
ohhosuuuonno nacfpocnnix uncnon Ionufkpo. B 158 i. nc ncc
cosnananu cnoxnocfi honoxcnun CCCI, u sacnyiou Ouscnxayspa u
anncca ino honumanuc foio, ufo ncucfnun Xpymcna inu unc-
hupuponani, ufoi hponcnufi namcpcnun amcpukanucn n ofnomc-
nuu Icpmanuu, xofn, na hcpniu nsinnn, onu ofpaxanu cfpcmncnuc
nisnafi noniu ccpicsniu kpusuc, kak sfo ino n 14814 ii.
27 nonpn 158 i. concfckoc hpanufcnicfno nahpanuno sahan-
nim ncpxanam nnunnyk nofy, n kofopou otnnnnno o cnocm namc-
pcnuu honhucafi kak moxno icfpcc cchapafniu mupniu noionop
c Icpmanckou cmokpafuucckou Icchynukou. Ipana sahannix
ncpxan na 3ahanniu Icpnun coxpannnuci i n fcucnuc mccfu mc-
cnucn co nnn ohynukonanun nofi, f.c. no 27 man 15 i., no noc-
founyk uacfi iopona concfckoc hpanufcnicfno namcpcnanoci hcpc-
nafi hpanufcnicfny Ynipuxfa, u cmy kak inanc hpanufcnicfna,
cfanonunmciocn cyncpcnnim u honnocfik ncsanucumim, nanncxa-
no i nccfu hcpcionopi c sahannimu ncpxanamu o ux hpanax n
3ahannom Icpnunc u o hyfnx kommynukauuu, kofopic ncnu k in-
mcu icpmanckou cfonuuc. B ufoic Bocfounan Icpmanun honyuana
nosmoxnocfi nochpchnfcfnonafi hcpcnnuxcnunm ho sfum kommy-
nukauunm, a ccnu n pcsynifafc sfoio maia ona honncpinaci i na-
hancnuk, fo moina paccuufinafi na honncpxky Bapmanckoio noio-
nopa, nuo sahannic ncpxani ninyxncni inu i hpusnafi II,
ufo hpuncno i k ocnancnuk hosuuuu Ancnayspa. Ipumcuafcni-
no, ufo 21 nckapn hpanufcnicfno Ickuna nicfyhuno c onopcnu-
cm concfckou nofi.
1OOJ
Hofa nc ina honnunnim ynifumafymom, no ykasanuc cpoka, n
fcucnuc kofopoio sannncnnoc namcpcnuc moino cfafi qakfom,
hpunanano cu xapakfcp ynifumafyma. Biop ncckoniko ncohpcnc-
ncnnou qopmi in cnnsan c xcnanucm nc pasouaponafi nocfounix
ncmucn u kufauucn, a fakxc co cfpcmncnucm nafi honnfi anpcca-
fam, ufo Concfi inu namcpcni nccfu ncno nc k paspiny, a k nua-
noiy. uanoi, no o ucm Oucnunno, ufo ucnu, o kofopix sannunu
Concfi, moinu i ifi pcanusonani foniko cnumkom nicokou
ucnou ucnou hpnmoio cfonknoncnun c 3ahanom. Iosfomy cncnycf
hpcnhonoxufi, ufo honnunnan ucni sfou akuuu ina unou. B mu-
pokom cmicnc cama honufuucckan cufyauun ninyxnana Xpymcna
nicfyhufi c kakou-nuo unuuuafunou. Icnu honxonufi oncc
konkpcfno, fo concfckan akuun nonxna ina hokasafi pcmumocfi
Concfon nc ocfannnfi Bocfounyk Icpmanuk naxc ucnou ofkasa of
noccocnuncnun na ncohpcncncnniu cpok u ycnufi fcm camim
Ynipuxfa n sqqckfunnocfu concfckou honncpxku. Bmccfc c fcm
ona nonxna ina honnunfi na Ancnayspa u sacfanufi cio ofkasafi-
cn of nancxni na anfonomnoc nncpnoc noopyxcnuc cncpafunnou
Icchynuku Icpmanuu (a nc foniko pasmcmanmuxcn fam amcpu-
kanckux noopyxcnnix cun). Ionnunnoc cfpcmncnuc Concfon k
otcnuncnuk Icpmanuu nisinacf onimuc comncnun, founo fakxc
moxno ino i ckasafi u o hosuuuu panuuu.
Ouscnxaysp nonxcn in nknkuuficn n paspcmcnuc cnoxun-
mcucn cufyauuu n fof momcnf, koina anncc us-sa oncsnu ni-
nyxncn in hokunyfi honufuucckyk cucny, nc honanan n ofcfan-
ky. Onsannocfu iocynapcfncnnoio cckpcfapn cnauana qakfuuccku,
a safcm u oquuuanino inu nosnoxcni na Kpucfuana Icpfcpa.
Ouscnxaysp chpanuncn c kpusucnou cufyauucu ymcno u c uyncfnom
mcpi. On cpasy honnn, ufo Xpymcn ncqonan, hosfomy hpononun
amcpukanckyk nunuk iuko u ocfopoxno, naxc koina ycuncnuc
concfckoio konfponn sahannix kommynukauuu c Icpnunom sacfan-
nnno onficn xynmcio. B konuc konuon, ncckoniko ncncni chycfn
Xpymcn nan honnfi, kakoni cio honnunnic namcpcnun, hpuinacun
Ouscnxayspa n Mockny, inc ocman hpunnfi cio c ccpncunim ioc-
fchpuumcfnom. B cnok oucpcni, amcpukanckuu hpcsuncnf nipa-
sun honumanuc mofunon nocfouno-icpmanckux, a, cncnonafcnino, u
concfckux ncucfnuu.
Hcckoniko mccnucn chycfn, n pasiap chopon n cnnsu c ycfanon-
kou pakcf hpomcxyfounoio panuyca ncucfnun n coksnix c CUA
cfpanax, Ouscnxaysp honuman ncnononicfno CCCI, hpcncfannnn,
kak nonxni inu i pcaiuponafi Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, ccnu i
Mckcuka unu Kya cfanu kommynucfuucckumu u ycfanonunu i
na cnocu fcppufopuu concfckuc pakcfi. Iosfomy na hpofnxcnuu
1OO4
nccio kpusuca on ofncpian concfckuc hpcfcnsuu kak ncsakonnic,
no nc okasinan nanncnun, nai nc chponouuponafi cfonknoncnun,
a hpuncfcfnonan maiu, nahpanncnnic na paspnnky nahpnxcnnocfu,
nicfyhan sa hpononxcnuc hcpcionopon o hpckpamcnuu nncpnix
uchifanuu.
Ouscnxaysp honncpxan hpcnnoxcnuc hpcmicp-munucfpa Bcnu-
kopufanuu Makmunnana, cncnannoc um no npcmn nusufa n Mockny,
cosnafi ncfpcuy munucfpon unocfpannix ncn n Zcncnc. Onnako
ncfpcua, cocfonnmancn 11 man 15 i., okasanaci cspcsynifafnou,
cc yuacfnuku qakfuuccku hpouinopuponanu concfckuu ynifuma-
fym. Bohpoc ocfancn ofkpifim; hpohano omymcnuc ncoxonumoc-
fu cpounoio pcmcnun, kofopoc hpousnonun cam fon nonpickou
nofi 158 i. Ipuinamcnuc Xpymcna n Cocnuncnnic Ufafi n
ccnfnpc u ncfpcua n Ksmh-snunc hpuncnu k cspcsynifafnim
houckam komhpomucca. Ho onu cnuncfcnicfnonanu o fom, ufo hcp-
niu cckpcfapi HK KICC nc in cknoncn k skcfpcmucfckum pc-
mcnunm, nccmofpn na nanncnuc co cfoponi nocfounix ncmucn
(kofopoc, nhpoucm, koppcchonnuponanoci c xccfkocfik Ancnays-
pa, nchpcknonno ofcfaunanmcio hpunuuh cnoonnix niopon kak
hpcnhocinky nkoio nuanoia).
3a nuanoi nyxno ino hnafufi. Bccfu hcpcionopi c Xpymc-
nim osnauano okasinafi na ncio nanncnuc cfpafciucu maccupo-
nannoio nosmcsnun, no nmccfc c fcm usciafi sahyiunanun CCCI
hpockfom hpcnocfanncnun Icpmanuu nncpnoio opyxun. C sfou
fouku spcnun, akuun Xpymcna nocfuina xcnacmoio pcsynifafa.
Ipockf in cnnf c honccfku nnn, ufo nc ycfpanuno honnocfik
ohaccnuu Concfon; n nanincumcm hponcma hpcnocfanncnun Icp-
manuu nncpnoio opyxun nccina paccmafpunanaci kak mnoiocfopon-
nnn. Kak ofmcuan Mapk Tpaxfcncpi, sfo okasano inyoko paspy-
makmcc ncucfnuc na Afnanfuucckuu hakf. B camom ncnc, n fc
ioni, koina hponcma nncpnix noopyxcnuu ina onnou us inan-
nix n mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnunx, honxon k ncu Ouscnxayspa
(a safcm u Kcnncnu) ycnun coksnukon n pcmumocfu amcpukanucn
samufufi ux n cnyuac concfckoio nahancnun. Ho hocfchcnno sak-
paninanuci comncnun, um kasanoci, ufo kpchncf nncpnan momi
Concfckoio Coksa, a Cocnuncnnic Ufafi cmy ycfyhakf, ninnu-
nyn konuchuuk iukoio pcaiuponanun: muf kasancn ncnocfafou-
no nancxnim, ufoi nisinafi noncpuc u hopoxnafi yncpcnnocfi.
Iosfomy nckopc Xpymcn moi ycnuficn n cnocm ychcxc.
Mcxny fcm pcmcnun ofnocufcnino Icpnuna nc inu hpunnfi.
Bohpoc nonxcn in ocyxnaficn na ncfpcuc n ncpxax n Iapuxc n
ccpcnunc man 16O i. Ho ncfpcua nc cocfonnaci, Xpymcn u na sfof
pas uscxan ocyxncnun cpnunckoio nocic. Ipuuuni nccocfonn-
1OO5
mcucn ncfpcuu inu cnnsani c oncc omumu hponcmamu, nc-
xanmumu n ocnonc unuuuafun cncpxncpxan.
B 155156 ii., ufoi nanknafi sa pasnufucm concfckux pa-
kcfno-nncpnix noopyxcnuu, amcpukanui cosnanu okono fpunuafu
cncpxsnykonix camoncfon, nasnannix Y-2, choconix concpmafi
hpononxufcninic honcfi na nicofc, ncnocniacmou (kak hpcnhona-
ianoci) nnn concfckux hpofunonosnymnix cpcncfn. Ofo in choco
honyucnun unqopmauuu, fuhuuniu nnn npcmcn xononnou nouni,
kofopiu hpcncfannnn namcpcnun amcpukanucn n ncnaiohpunfnom
nunc. Bhpoucm, onu nonxni inu pcaiuponafi na ofkas CCCI of
konfponn nan afomnimu uchifanunmu, u hoka hononoc coinamc-
nuc nc ino nocfuinyfo, cckpcfnic honcfi inu anifcpnafunou
mhuonckou unqopmauuu. axc nc Ionni, nc hufanmuu cumhafuu
k Cocnuncnnim Ufafam, ofmcuan, ufo honcfi Y-2 inu fak xc
ncsakonni, kak honcfi n kocmocc concfckux chyfnukon, kofopic,
nosmoxno, inu ocnamcni qofoahhapafypou. Ionimc, ucm cam
qakf honcfon Y-2 (o kofopix Concfckuu Coks snan u cnauana nc
hpofccfonan hpofun nux), hopasuno fo, kak onu inu packpifi,
ufo hocfanuno n safpynnufcninoc honoxcnuc amcpukanucn, kofo-
pic ncoxunanno okasanu onimyk ycnyiy Xpymcny.
1 man 16O i. camoncf Y-2 nincfcn c asi, pachonoxcnnou n
Iakucfanc, ufoi hcpcccui nck fcppufopuk CCCI u hpuscmnufi-
cn n Hopnciuu. On in cuf concfckou pakcfou. Iunof Iappu Ia-
yspc cymcn chacfuci, a oniman uacfi pasufoio camoncfa hohana n
pyku concfckux chcuuanucfon. Koina 5 man Xpymcn sannun o un-
uuncnfc, amcpukanui hohifanuci ohponcpinyfi cio yfncpxncnun,
no hohanu n cmc oncc safpynnufcninoc honoxcnuc, koina Concfi
hokasanu qofoipaquk hunofa u onomku camoncfa, kofopic sa sfo
npcmn inu nocfanncni n Mockny. Hc moino ifi onimcio ynu-
xcnun. Concfckuu Coks sannun, ufo cuufacf honcf Y-2 nocnnou
akuucu. Tcm nc mcncc on nc ofmcnun ncfpcuy n ncpxax n Iapuxc.
Ouscnxaysp hpuin n cfonuuy panuuu 14 man, a na cncnykmuu
ncni cmy ina hcpcnana nofa, npyucnnan nc Ionnk nchocpcncfncn-
no Xpymcnim, n kofopou hponcncnuc ncfpcuu n ncpxax ino oyc-
nonncno fpconanunmu k hpcsuncnfy CUA: ocynufi mhuonckyk
akuuk, ofkasaficn of hononix akuuu n ynymcm u nakasafi nuu,
ofncfcfncnnix sa honcf. Iino ncno, ufo Xpymcn hocfapacfcn us-
nncui nauonimyk niiony us cnoxunmcucn cufyauuu. Onnako on
nc cmoi ocymccfnufi cnou namcpcnun, fak kak Ouscnxaysp ofka-
sancn houfu na kakuc-nuo ycfyhku. Ioncc foio, npcmcnniu pas-
pin in nnn ncio honcsnim.
Kaxymcccn hpofunopcuuc otncnncfcn coifunmu, hpcnmccf-
nonanmumu hocsnkc n Iapux. Ipofunnuku concfckoio hpcmicpa
1OO6
u nuanoia c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu (Cycnon, Ipomiko, hpcncfa-
nufcnu KII, nicmcc komannonanuc apmuu, kofopim ynanoci cmc-
cfufi Zykona, cfoponnuka Xpymcna, c hocfa munucfpa ooponi)
oucnunu ofpuuafcnino hpcnhonaianmykcn hocsnky Ouscnxayspa n
Mockny u iofonunuci k fomy, ufoi ocfanufi hcpnoio cckpcfapn n
mcnimuncfnc. Kak honfncpnun Muxaun Hapunckuu, Xpymcn no
npcmn saccnanun Ipcsunuyma HK KICC, hpoxonunmcio 7 ahpcnn
16O iona, honnn macmfai pasnoinacuu u in ninyxncn naufu
kakou-nuo hpcnnoi, ufoi copnafi ncfpcuy n ncpxax. Hnuuncnf c
Y-2 nincn cio us cocfonnun pacfcpnnnocfu, xofn on u nonxcn in
chpocufi ccn, houcmy concfckuc pakcfi-hcpcxnafuuku nc cymcnu
sfoio cncnafi n hpcninymuc mccnui.
Concfckuu nuncp hpuin n Iapux 16 man, kak ynfo i on
cuufan, ufo ncfpcua n ncpxax nosmoxna. Ofnomcnuc Ouscnxayspa,
kofopoio honncpxanu qpanuysi u aninuuanc, nano nosmoxnocfi
hcpnomy cckpcfapk ipomko sannufi o cnocu hosuuuu. 3afcm on
ycxan n Icpnun. Kak ofmcuan Ynam, mup samcp, npoxa of cfpaxa,
hofomy ufo nc moino ifi momcnfa nyumc, ufoi honhucafi mup-
niu noionop c Bocfounou Icpmanucu u nnoni cosnafi kpusucnyk
cufyauuk. Ho sfoio nc cnyuunoci. Haoopof, Xpymcn nc annynu-
ponan honnocfik hpuinamcnuc Ouscnxayspa hoccfufi Concfckuu
Coks, xofn honfopun cnoc hpcnnoxcnuc hponccfu ncfpcuy n ncpxax
hpu oncc naiohpunfnix ocfonfcnicfnax.
B sfou hosuuuu ino nna achckfa: nncmnuu, fcafpaniniu, u
ocnonnou, cfoponnuka xccfkou honufuucckou nunuu. Tcaf-
paninocfi hpcnnasnauanaci nnyfpcnnum ohhoncnfam. Zccfkocfi
ina cocfannou uacfik nncmnchonufuucckou cfpafciuu Xpymcna:
yhopnoc cohcpnuuccfno, ocfpofa hponcm, ho kofopim mcxny
CCCI u CUA nosnukanu inyokuc hpofunopcuun, no nmccfc c fcm
houck fouck conhancnun hosuuuu. Yuufinan nncpnoc ofcfananuc
Concfckoio Coksa, Xpymcn hifancn yncpxafi cufyauuk hon konf-
poncm: kak n Inpohc n cnyuac nncpnoio noopyxcnun 3ahannou Icp-
manuu unu ncufpanusauuu Bocfounou Icpmanuu ho hpcnnoxcnuk
Ancnayspa nuo ux otcnuncnun, fak u n Asuu, inc Xpymcn nc xo-
fcn hpcnpamcnun Kufan n nncpnyk ncpxany. Ofof cnoxniu nnn
concfckoio nuncpa momcnf conhan c kynimunauuonnou qasou
hpcnniopnou hpcsuncnfckou kamhanuu n CUA, ufo hosnonuno
cmy nauafi ocfopoxniu houck nosmoxnocfcu nnn mancnpa.
Iaysa 16O iona n Icpnunckom kpusucc, fcm nc mcncc, nc os-
nauana, ufo hponcma Icpnuna ina saifa, hofomy ufo nnn Boc-
founou Icpmanuu sfa hponcma nccina ocfananaci ofkpifou. Io-
cfonnniu hofok smuipanfon, kofopiu u hocnc 158 i. ycfpcmnnncn
n 3ahannyk Icpmanuk, cfan nauoncc nipasufcninim hokasafcncm
1OO7
nccfauninocfu, ufo nanocuno fnxcniu ypon hpccfuxy pcxuma
Ynipuxfa. Icmcnun, hpunnfic kommynucfuucckum hpanufcni-
cfnom n 15 i. ho nohpocy o posnuunou fopionnc u sannfunx pc-
mccnom, cokpafunu n nanincumcm nosmoxnocfu nnn uacfnou sko-
nomuucckou ncnfcninocfu. Imc oncc xccfkum ino pcmcnuc o
sancpmcnuu n 16O i. konnckfunusauuu n ccnickom xosnucfnc.
B 16O i. cxcnucn ino 2OO OOO, u houfu ncc onu hpomnu ucpcs
Icpnun, a sa noccmi mccnucn 161 i. ux uucno hpcnicuno sa
275 OOO ucnonck.
Imc no foio, kak Kcnncnu oquuuanino sannn hocf hpcsuncnfa
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, Xpymcn 6 nnnapn 161 i. ncoxunanno noso-
nonun kamhanuk sa honhucanuc mupnoio noionopa c Bocfounou
Icpmanucu. Io-nunumomy, on nancnncn nochonisonaficn fpynnocfn-
mu hcpuona hcpcxona of hpcxncio hpcsuncnfa Ouscnxayspa, kofo-
poio ofnuuan chokouniu cfuni n pcmcnuu kpusucnix momcnfon,
k nonomy pykononcfny, noncpcnnomy mononomy iocynapcfncnnomy
ncnfcnk, nc umcnmcmy ohifa nncmnchonufuucckou ncnfcninocfu.
B qcnpanc Kcnncnu pcmun nicfyhufi c unuuuafunou u hpcn-
noxun hponccfu ncfpcuy n ncpxax nnyx nuncpon. Xpymcn ofncfun
cmy hocnc hponana hohifku anfukacfponckoio nfopxcnun n sanunc
Kouunoc na Kyc, hpcnnoxun ncfpcfuficn n uknc n Bcnc. Kcnnc-
nu coinacuncn, xofn ocfanonka nnn ncfpcuu n hcuxonoiuucckom
hnanc ina nc oucni naiohpunfnou. Bcfpcua nc nana ccpicsnix
pcsynifafon u sancpmunaci nsaumnim nchonumanucm. Kcnncnu
hpcnnoxun konkpcfnoc ocyxncnuc hponcm, a Xpymcn nnoni
hponnun cnou ypniu fcmhcpamcnf u honfopun cnou fpconanun
ofnocufcnino Icpnuna.
Kcnncnu ncucfnonan chokouno u cncpxanno, Xpymcn pacucnun
hononoc honcncnuc kak hponnncnuc cnaocfu u ncyncpcnnocfu.
On nnoni cfan nccfu hcpcionopi n cnoucfncnnom cmy aipcccunnom
cfunc u nhcpnic na ncfpcuc n ncpxax hocfanun nohpoc o pcqopmc
icncpaninoio cckpcfapuafa Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu,
hofpconan, ufoi cio hpcncfannnn nc onun ucnonck, a fpoc (onun
of sahannix cfpan, onun of Concfckoio Coksa u onun of
ncufpaninix cfpan). Mcxny nnymn iocynapcfncnnimu ncnfcnnmu
nc hpousomno npyxcckoio cnuxcnun, kak n Ksmh-snunc mcxny
Xpymcnim u Ouscnxayspom. Bhpoucm, Kcnncnu nc in mononim
ncohifnim honufukom, kak honaian Xpymcn, on icfpo ocnaunan
pcmccno hpcsuncnfa u cfan oncc xnannokponnim u ocfopoxnim,
ucm n hcpnic mccnui cnocio hpcinanun y nnacfu. Ioka xc on
ynuncn, ufo Xpymcn namcpcn ncucfnonafi aipcccunno, u hpuiofo-
nuncn k sncpiuunomy ofhopy.
1OO8
Kcnncnu usnoxun hpunnfic um pcmcnun n cnocm nicfyhnc-
nuu 25 uknn 161 i., kofopoc ino ofncfom na yiposi Xpymcna.
On sannun, ufo cio hpanufcnicfno paspaofano pnn mcp ho napa-
munanuk kak oiunix, fak u nncpnix noopyxcnuu. On nan ho-
nnfi, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi ofkasinakfcn of chokounoio ho-
nufuucckoio cfunn Ouscnxayspa u ufo fchcpi, naxc qopmanino, nc
hosnonnf cuufafi ccn ncpxanou, naxonnmcucn n cocfonnuu yhan-
ka, houfu cmupunmcucn c concfckum hpcnocxoncfnom. Cocnuncn-
nic Ufafi nukoina hcpnimu nc nanccyf nncpniu ynap (sfoio
onu fncpno hpuncpxunanuci), no Concfi nonxni snafi, ufo nncp-
noc hpconananuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon hosnponncf um hpofuno-
cfonfi concfckum yiposam. Takum opasom, Kcnncnu honoxun na-
uano qopmuponanuk nunamuunoio umunxa cfpani u fcm camim k
konuy 162 i. ncpnyn amcpukanuam ncpy n camux ccn, kofopyk
honopnana hanuka, oxnafunman ux hocnc 157 i. Tchcpi Xpymcny
hpcncfonno uckafi nixon.
J aniycfa 161 i. cocfonnoci concmanuc pykononufcncu cfpan
Bapmanckoio noionopa, no npcmn kofopoio Ynipuxf nnoni usno-
xun cnou fpconanun honnoio hpusnanun II u ncmcnncnnoio
honhucanun mupnoio noionopa, kofopiu hpunan i Bocfounou
Icpmanuu ysakoncnniu mcxnynaponniu cfafyc; n hpofunnom cny-
uac, sannun on, ynyf hpcnhpunnfi nocnnic mcpi n ofnomcnuu
Icpnuna. Bo npcmn ocyxncnun mcn houck komhpomucca, u n sfou
cufyauuu cfpoufcnicfno Icpnunckou cfcni, kofopoc ncnano nc-
nosmoxnim hpocauunanuc smuipanfon na 3ahan, hpcncfannncfcn
nc kak hponokauuonnan mcpa, a kak komhpomucc mcxny nchpumu-
pumocfik Ynipuxfa u ocfopoxnocfik Xpymcna.
Tchcpi Xpymcny nanncxano cnusufi honcmuucckuu fon, ufo on
u cncnan n cnocu pcuu 7 aniycfa 161 i., koina sannun, ufo y concf-
ckou cfoponi nc ino namcpcnun napymufi sakonnic unfcpcci
sahannix ncpxan na kommynukauunx k 3ahannomy Icpnuny u n ca-
mom ioponc. On hokasan, ufo honumacf hpuuuni, ohpcncnnnmuc
nunuk Kcnncnu, u usmcnun fon n ofnomcnuu Icpnuna u nncpnix
hponcm. Ionimc nc honfopnnuci anfuamcpukanckuc uncucnupon-
ku n cfunc, kofopiu in hponcmoncfpuponan n nckapc 16O i. n
Hik-Hopkc, koina Xpymcn aqumuponan cnoc namcpcnuc nisnafi
ncnononicfno hpofunnukon, ncfpcuanci c uncncm Kacfpo, ofkpi-
fim npaiom amcpukanucn, nuo hpunnckan k ccc nnumanuc cucna-
mu, kofopic hofom cfanu mupoko usnccfni naionapn mcxnyna-
ponnim pchopfaxam, kak sfo ino no npcmn saccnanun Icncpani-
nou Accamncu OOH, koina n ofncf na kpufuky Concfckoio Coksa
on cnnn c noiu ofunok u cfan nchpcpinno cfyuafi um ho ckamic.
1OO
Hfo kacacfcn Icpnuna, fo c fouku spcnun ofnomcnuu mcxny
cncpxncpxanamu nohpoc ocfancn ncypciynuponannim, cio pcmcnuc
ino ofnoxcno na ncohpcncncnno noniuu cpok. Cfafyc camoio io-
pona u cio honoxcnuc na fcppufopuu Icpmanckou cmokpafuucc-
kou Icchynuku ohpcncnnnuci nupckfunamu Bapmanckoio noionopa.
na nnn chycfn hocnc npyioio nicfyhncnun Xpymcna, n kofopom
on nohyckan, ufo nncpnoc hpcnocxoncfno CUA ninyxnano Concf-
ckuu Coks fcphcfi afomniu manfax, 1J aniycfa 161 i. nnacfu
Bocfounoio Icpnuna nauanu cfpoufi apicpi us konkucu hpono-
noku, kofopic icfpo hpcnpafunuci n nicokyk cfcny, pasncnun-
myk iopon, a fakxc u Icpmanuk, na nnc uacfu. Ofu mcpi nonxni
inu nochpchnfcfnonafi napymcnuk sahpcfa na fpansuf u nkou
hohifkc faunoio hcpcxona ipanuui, onu cnuncfcnicfnonanu o pcmu-
mocfu hpanufcnicfna Ynipuxfa honoxufi koncu yxony cxcnucn.
Cfcna cfana cumnonom hosopa u cnaocfu. C fouku spcnun
mcxnynaponnou honufuku ona pacucnunanaci oucni nciafunno.
Cnoum nunom ona kak i yfncpxnana, ufo cpnunckan cufyauun nc
moxcf ifi usmcncna, ufo ncnisn kacaficn sahannou uacfu iopona,
nc unn na cnumkom onimou puck, ufo Bocfounan Icpmanun nonx-
na ifi sahcpfa nnyfpu cocfncnnou ipanuui, ccnu xoucf hono-
xufi koncu cufyauuu nccfauninocfu u ncyncpcnnocfu, kofopan
cnoxunaci ncncncfnuc honcmuku, ofkpifou n 158 i. Ofo osnauano,
ufo Kcnncnu fak xc, kak panimc anncc, hpunnn cufyauuk, cno-
xunmykcn n Hcnfpaninou Inpohc. Ioncc foio, sfo osnauano, ufo
Xpymcn nonxcn in hoconcfonafi Ynipuxfy n pcmcnuu hponcm,
kacanmuxcn cfauninocfu cio pcxuma, honaiaficn na cocfncnnic
cuni, a nc nancnficn na nosmoxnocfi ckopoio usmcncnun icpman-
ckou cufyauuu.
Iponcma Icpnuna coxpannnaci kak samopoxcnniu nuhnoma-
fuucckuu nohpoc, u cfcna hpcnpamanaci n cumnon ncnosmoxnocfu
nnn Xpymcna nafi Ynipuxfy fo, ufo fof hpocun. Cocymccfnona-
nuc-cohcpnuuccfno ncuscxno nknkuano hpanuno, ufo fcppufopu-
aninic usmcncnun n Icpmanuu ncnohycfumi. Moxno coinacuficn
c samcuanucm Tpaxfcncpia, ufo coifun 158162 ii. hpcnpafu-
nu packon Icpmanuu n xusncnnyk pcaninocfi.
Icnu hocnc 157 i. kasanoci nosmoxnim, ufo 3ahannan Icpma-
nun honyuuf n kakou-nuo qopmc u hon ohpcncncnnim konfponcm
nncpnoc opyxuc, fo n nauanc mccfunccnfix ionon cfano ncno, ufo
sfoio nc yncf. Oopona Hcnfpaninou Inpohi ina noncpcna Co-
cnuncnnim Ufafam na cfauninou ocnonc, hpcnycmafpunanmcu
ux hpcinanuc n Inpohc ncohpcncncnno nonioc npcmn. Anifcpna-
funa, f.c. honnncnuc Icpmanuu, pachonaianmcu nncpnim opyxucm,
usmcnuna i ipanuui son nnunnun nnyx cncpxncpxan cnumkom yipo-
xakmum opasom, ufoi oc cfoponi moinu c sfum coinacuficn.
1O1O
Hfak, kpusuc 158-161 ii. numi honfncpnun cfauninocfi cu-
fyauuu, cnoxunmcucn k 155 i. n Inpohc. On hokasan, ufo ycunun
Xpymcna pcmufi n Inpohc hponcmi, kofopic nc inu cnpohcuc-
kumu, hockoniky kacanuci ofnomcnuu Concfckoio Coksa c Kufa-
cm unu nonix cqcp cohcpnuuccfna c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu,
fpconanu hpoi cun n npyiux pciuonax, nahpumcp na Kyc.
11.2. Bciyntenwe Laiwncxow Amepwxw
n mwpony notwiwxy
11.2.1. LATUHCKAH AMEPUKA B HEPUO,
BTOPOU MUPOBOU BOUHM
afunckan Amcpuka sanocnana cnok ncsanucumocfi c homomik
pufanckoio qnofa u coxpannna cc naionapn aninuuckomy nnun-
nuk, ypannoncmcnnomy qopmynou, concpxanmcucn n nokfpunc
Monpo 182J i., kofopan poko, no nccspcsynifafno nacfaunana na
fom, ufoi cnpohcuui nc hpcnpamanu fcppufopuu 3ahannoio hony-
mapun n otckf cnoux sanocnanuu. Hmcnno fakum opasom oniman
uacfi cfpan afunckou Amcpuku coxpanuna cnok ncsanucumocfi u
nochonisonanaci n hcpnou hononunc XIX n. hnonamu pufanckoio
ncokononuanusma. Iockoniky Cocnuncnnic Ufafi ncc cmc inu
sannfi qopmuponanucm cocfncnnoio nauuonaninoio cnuncfna, fo
nosmoxnocfi ocymccfnnnfi snauufcninic unnccfuuuu n oiafic
manonaccncnnic scmnu c houfu nccina naiohpunfnim knumafom
u yxc cnoxunmcucn sa ncka uchanckoio kononuaninoio iochoncfna
fpanuuucu ofnomcnuu c cnpohcuuamu hpcnocfannnnaci pufan-
uam, onananmum ccchopnim hpcnocxoncfnom na mopc.
Iocnc nouni 1846-1848 ii. cfano omymaficn nanncnuc Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon na Mckcuky. Onnako foniko hocnc uchano-amcpu-
kanckou nouni 188 i. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi cfanu ncpxanou-icic-
monom n Kapuckom acccunc u nauanu hpononufi ncucfnufcnino
hanamcpukanckyk honufuky. Iocnc ncckonikux ncf nuckyccuu na
pycxc nckon o niopc mcxny kononuaninim skchancuonusmom
fpanuuuonnoio fuha u unnccfuuunmu n coucfanuu c honufukou
icicmonuu nosonanana anfukononuanucfckan nahpanncnnocfi.
Ianamcpukanckuc konqcpcnuuu, hcpnan us kofopix cocfonnaci n
188 i., cfanu hcpnou qopmou hponnncnun hpcnocxoncfna Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon. Bfopou, u oncc sqqckfunnou, qopmou cfano
nohonncnuc, cncnannoc Tconopom Iysncnifom n nckapc 1O4 i.
k nokfpunc Monpo. Occhokocnniu hohifkamu ncmcukou skc-
hancuu u xcnan fakxc oipanuuufi pufanckoc hpucyfcfnuc, hpc-
suncnf yfounun, ufo ncucfnun, hpcnhpunumacmic nafunoamcpu-
1O11
kanckumu hpanufcnicfnamu c ucnik hpofunocfonfi hohifkam kahu-
fanucfuucckoio hponuknoncnun, moinu i chponouuponafi pchpcc-
cuu co cfoponi cfpan, saunfcpcconannix n samufc cnoux unnccfu-
uuu. Iockoniky nokfpuna Monpo sqqckfunno hpcnofnpamana
hpnmoc nmcmafcnicfno cnpohcuckux ncpxan, fo fchcpi cncnonano
noanufi, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, xofn onu sfoio u nc xcnakf,
moiyf hpucinyfi k nocnnomy nmcmafcnicfny nnn samufi unfcpc-
con unnccfopon n nnnix cnyuanx napymcnun sakona unu ccho-
momnocfu (nafunoamcpukanckux hpanufcnicfn). Hnimu cnonamu,
afunckan Amcpuka otnnnnnaci cqcpou nnunnun Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon, nsnnmux na ccn poni mcxnynaponnou honuucuckou
cuni. Cam choco, kakum Tconop Iysncnif ncucfnonan n 1OJ i.
nnn foio, ufoi cncnafi nosmoxnim nauano paof ho cfpoufcnicfny
Ianamckoio kanana, hpcononcnan cohpofunncnuc konymuuckoio
hpanufcnicfna u chococfnyn cosnanuk ncsanucumou Ianamckou
pcchynuku, cfan npkum honfncpxncnucm foio, ufo Iysncnif namc-
pcnancn cqopmynuponafi cnoc nohonncnuc cmc no foio, kak hy-
nuuno usnoxun cio.
Yuacfuc n Icpnou muponou nounc, nccmofpn na ncynauy pc-
qopmucfckux hpockfon Bunicona, osnauano honnncnuc Cocnuncn-
nix Ufafon na mcxnynaponnou cucnc n kauccfnc ocnoni nonoio
muponoio hopnnka. Hccmofpn na nospocmuu nocnniu hofcnuuan,
ncmcnncnnoio ycuncnun iochoncfna nan afunckou Amcpukou nc
hpousomno. Mnoiuc ncnfcnu sfux cfpan c ynonncfnopcnucm na-
nknanu sa hponanom Bunicona u nccocfonnmumcn yuacfucm CUA
n uic nauuu, n kofopyk nafunoamcpukanckuc cfpani, nahpofun,
ncfyhunu ofuacfu nnn foio, ufoi canancuponafi hpconananuc
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n hanamcpukanckux mcxanusmax. Icpnoc
hocncnocnnoc nccnfuncfuc xapakfcpusonanoci, cncnonafcnino, ho-
cfonnnimu hpofunopcuunmu mcxny skchancucu amcpukanckoio
hpucyfcfnun, n pnnc cnyuacn naxc nocnnoio, u cohpofunncnucm pc-
iuonaninix cun, uacfo honncpxunacmix cnpohcuckumu cfpanamu.
Hspanuc hpcsuncnfom .. Iysncnifa honoxuno nauano hpo-
ncncnuk nonou honufuucckou nunuu, mcncc unfcpncnuuonucf-
ckou u oncc hpumupufcninou, kofopyk Iysncnif ohpcncnun kak
honufuka nopoio coccna u kofopan ina hponcmoncfpuponana
Kopncnnom Xsnnom na ccnimou Ianamcpukanckou konqcpcnuuu,
cocfonnmcucn n Monfcnunco n nckapc 1JJ i. Cpasy xc hocnc
konqcpcnuuu Iysncnif sannun o ofkasc of kakou i fo nu ino
honufuku onnocfoponncio nmcmafcnicfna. B 1J4 i. ho unuuuafu-
nc camux Cocnuncnnix Ufafon ina ofmcncna fak nasinacman
hohpanka Inaffa, kofopan ina nacunino nknkucna n kyun-
ckyk koncfufyuuk u iapanfuponana Cocnuncnnim Ufafam hpano
1O12
na nmcmafcnicfno no nnyfpcnnuc ncna Kyi, ycfanannunan, fakum
opasom, cnocio pona hpofckfopaf nan ocfponom. B 1J6 i. in
honhucan noniu noionop c Ianamou, cnuxanmuu yponcni konfpo-
nn, kofopiu ocymccfnnnnu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi sa sonou kanana.
B 1J8 i. namunifonckoc hpanufcnicfno hpucocnununoci k hpofo-
kony o ofkasc of hpnmoio u kocncnnoio nmcmafcnicfna amcpukan-
ckux iocynapcfn n xusni npyiux iocynapcfn.
Onnako usnauaninan nnycmicncnnocfi sfou honufuku, kak u n
ucnom nccx ofnomcnuu mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u nafuno-
amcpukanckumu cfpanamu, cocfonna n cfpcmncnuu mccfnix kon-
ccpnafunnix cun yhpannnfi ho cnocmy ycmofpcnuk oiafimu, no
ofcfanimu cfpanamu, hcpcknaninan na hncuu kpccfinn u paouux
usncpxku nauaninoio sfaha unnycfpuanusauuu. Amcpukanui xc,
nahpofun, hpononunu cnok honufuky, cfann hcpcn coou ucni nocfu-
xcnun skonomuucckoio pocfa, qynkuuonaninoio ho ofnomcnuk k
hofpcnocfnm pinka u amcpukanckux qunancon; honufuky, nccina
safpaiunanmyk inyoko ykopcncnnic unfcpcci. Konqnukf saknk-
uancn n hpofunopcuunx mcxny nafuqynnucfckum kahufanusmom,
coksnukom nocnnix pcxumon u sauacfyk koppymhuponannix ho-
nufukon, u hpcnhpunumafcnickum kahufanusmom, honuuncnnim
ucnnm usnncucnun hpuinu us unnccfuuuu u iofonim n houckax
nancxnix coksnukon honncpxafi honufuucckuc cuni, n mcnimcu
cfchcnu cnnsannic c fpanuuuonnimu cnonmu omccfna. Ofa cufya-
uun conhana c fpancqopmauucu, hocncnonanmcu n afunckou Amc-
pukc sa hcpuonom ncnukou nchpcccuu, a fakxc c nauanom honu-
fuku unnycfpuanusauuu, usmcnunmcu nnyfpcnnkk couuaninyk
cfpykfypy ofncninix iocynapcfn u cosnanmcu nonic otckfunnic
nosmoxnocfu nnn coksa c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, n fom uucnc u
c ucnik hponcncnun nckofopix couuaninix u skonomuucckux pc-
qopm. Iysncnif noanun k sfou omcu cnoxnou kapfunc ofkas of
nauoncc nnnix hponnncnuu amcpukanckoio hpcnocxoncfna, onna-
ko on nc moi ycfpanufi pacxoxncnuc unfcpccon, hpcncfananmcc n
cnumkom pasnix onuuinx nnn foio, ufoi cio moxno ino cnccfu
k cnunou qopmync.
Ykpchncnuc hanamcpukanckou cfpykfypi cmniuuno cfpafciu-
ucckuc pasnoinacun foniko n mcxnynaponnom hnanc, hockoniky
nccmy amcpukanckomy coomccfny ofnonunaci sanaua samufi 3a-
hannoio honymapun. Onnako naxc sfo, ho kpauncu mcpc, nhnofi
no Bfopou muponou nouni, nc homcmano afunckou Amcpukc
cfafi cqcpou hponuknoncnun cnpohcuckou hpohaianni u cnpo-
hcuckux kommcpucckux unfcpccon. Tak, nccmofpn na hpunuuh nc-
nmcmafcnicfna, concpxanmuucn n nokfpunc nopoio coccna, oc-
fananoci hpocfpancfno nnn ykpchncnun fpanuuuonnix hosuuuu nc
1O1J
foniko pufanucn, no fakxc ncmucn u ufaninnucn, kofopic cfpc-
munuci k skonomuucckomy yuacfuk n afunckou Amcpukc. Hcmui
ncucfnonanu n fom uucnc u mcfonamu unfcncunnou hpohaiannucfc-
kou honufuku nauucfon, hocnc hponuknoncnun na konfuncnf cpasy
xc hpunnnmcu anfuamcpukanckyk nahpanncnnocfi; ufaninnui
hpu homomu qamucfckoio hposcnufusma, naxonunmcio n chnoucn-
nix pnnax ufaninnckou smuipauuu n Apicnfunc u houfu no nccu
afunckou Amcpukc naionafnyk houny, xofn na hcpnix hopax u
nc nccina npaxncnyk k Cocnuncnnim Ufafam.
Ohacnocfu, cnnsannic c sfou cufyauucu, u niioni of honufu-
ku nopoio coccna cfanu oucnunnimu no npcmn Bfopou muponou
nouni. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nonxni inu cncnafi ncc nosmox-
noc nnn foio, ufoi ohcpcficn na anfuqamucfckuc sncmcnfi u,
oncc foio, hpofunoncucfnonafi nauucfckomy hponuknoncnuk.
Ioka Cocnuncnnic Ufafi oquuuanino nc ncfyhunu n nouny, sfo
ino upcsniuauno fpynno, hockoniky nc ino sakonnix ocnona-
nuu nnn anfuncmcukou ncnfcninocfu, kofopyk hpononuno Yhpan-
ncnuc ho koopnunauuu mcxamcpukanckux ofnomcnuu (Uffice of rhe
+oorJinuror of 1nrer-Americun Affuirs), nosinannnnmcccn snunom
Iokqcnncpom. Ono ino cosnano n 14O i. c ucnik chococfnonafi
skonomuucckomy u iymanufapnomy cofpynnuuccfny n 3ahannom
honymapuu, no, hpcxnc nccio, c ucnik nnccfu nknan n ncno coks-
nukon.
Iocnc Icpn Xapopa cufyauun hponcnunaci. Ionoxcnuc ynyu-
munoci naionapn afmocqcpc nopou nonu, kofopyk cymcna cosnafi
anmunucfpauun Iysncnifa, n ococnnocfu ncnfcninocfu Csmncpa
Ysnncca. Cpasy xc hocnc Icpn Xapopa hpanufcnicfno Cocnuncn-
nix Ufafon couno cnocnpcmcnnim cocpcnofouufi cnou ycunun na
afunckou Amcpukc, uchonisyn cymnocfi u hpakfuky hanamcpu-
kanusma. C sfou ucnik ono cosnano koncynifafunnoc concmanuc
munucfpon unocfpannix ncn amcpukanckux pcchynuk nnn ocyx-
ncnun hponcm cofpynnuuccfna n opic hpofun cun ocu. nn
namunifonckoio hpanufcnicfna naxno ino cosnafi chnoucnniu
qponf cfpan, iofonix ncfyhufi n nouny, unu, ho mcnimcu mcpc,
pasopnafi nuhnomafuucckuc ofnomcnun c hpofunnukamu Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon. Ofknuk na sfo hpcnnoxcnuc in oipomnim, on-
nako Apicnfuna, honncpxannan Hunu, ofkasanaci hpunnfi kakoc-
nuo konkpcfnoc hpcnnoxcnuc. Apicnfuny u Cocnuncnnic Ufafi
pasncnnnu nannuc hpofunopcuun. Cpcnu nafunoamcpukanckux
cfpan Apicnfuna ina nhnofi no 145 i. nauoncc nochpuumuuna k
nauucfckou u qamucfckou hpohaiannc u n naumcnimcu cfchcnu
cknonna ncucfnonafi ho honckaskc namunifonckoio hpanufcnicfna.
Takum opasom, hpunnfuc cnunoinacnoio pcmcnun nc cocfonnoci.
1O14
Onnako ucpcs ncckoniko nncu nafunoamcpukanckuc cfpani pasop-
nanu nuhnomafuucckuc ofnomcnun co cfpanamu ocu u c Shonucu.
Hcknkucnuc cocfanunu Hunu (no nnnapn 14J i.) u Apicnfuna (no
144 i.), ofnoxunmuc cnoc pcmcnuc no sancpmakmcio sfaha nouni.
Ofu nna ucknkucnun inu naxni, onnako onu nc ymcnimanu
snaucnun amcpukanckoio ychcxa. Ipofunocfonnuc, kofopoc no npc-
mn Icpnou muponou nouni ino cfoni cuninim, n sfom cnyuac
okasanoci nccio numi mapiunaninim. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi hony-
uunu homomi n nunc hponnncnun chnoucnnocfu u conunapnocfu, a
nsamcn hpumcnunu k afunckou Amcpukc sakon o ncnn-nusc. B oco-
cnnocfu sfo kacanoci Ipasunuu, kofopan yuacfnonana n nounc,
uchonisyn cnou noucka (naxonunmuccn n Hfanuu), u Mckcuku,
nonncucnnou n nosnymnyk nouny na Tuxom okcanc.
Apicnfunckan pana ocfananaci ofkpifou nhnofi no mapfa 145 i.,
koina otnnncnuc nouni cfano ncoxonumim ycnonucm nnn yuac-
fun n konqcpcnuuu n Can-panuucko ho nohpocy o cosnanuu
OOH. B ocnonc konqnukfa ncxana ohhosuuun CUA honufuuccko-
my pcxumy, a safcm nocnnou nukfafypc, naxonunmumcn y nnacfu n
Iysnoc-Aupccc. cnfcninocfi amcpukanucn snauufcnino safpynnn-
naci fcm ofkponcnnim hokponufcnicfnom, kofopoc okasinana Ap-
icnfunc Bcnukopufanun, onapyxunman n sfou uacfu 3ahannoio
honymapun ncsannfoc hpocfpancfno nnn cnocio skonomuucckoio
hpucyfcfnun n afunckou Amcpukc. Cnauana icncpan Oncncmupo
appcnn, a safcm honkonnuk Xyan omunio Icpon, uspanniu
hpcsuncnfom foniko n 146 i., no yxc n fo npcmn nnnnnmuucn ucn-
fpaninou honufuucckou quiypou n Apicnfunc, cosnanu n cfpanc
pcxum, honyuunmuu honncpxky naionapn nauuonanusmy, nahpan-
ncnnomy hpofun Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, a no nnyfpcnncu honufukc
naionapn hafcpnanucfckou honufukc, samumanmcu unfcpcci no-
noio paoucio knacca hocpcncfnom oucni pasnufou couuaninou ho-
nufuku. Iocncnnnn asuponanaci, onnako, na hpockfc skonomuucc-
koio pasnufun, uckaxanmcm ccfccfncnnic hcpchckfuni (n ocnonc
kofopix ncxanu oiafoc ccnickoc xosnucfno u xunofnononcfno).
Icxum opucnfuponancn na nckonkypcnfochoconyk unnycfpuanu-
sauuk, samumcnnyk hpofckuuonusmom, ufo nckopc hpuncno Ap-
icnfuny k skonomuucckou cfainauuu u uyfi nu nc k skonomu-
ucckou ofcfanocfu.
B hcpuon nouni hanamcpukanckuu konccncyc (ucknkucnuc co-
cfannnna Apicnfuna) nncc csoionopouniu nknan n ncno Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon. Bamunifonckoc hpanufcnicfno, co cnocu cfopo-
ni, cncnano ncc nosmoxnoc, ufoi hpcnpafufi ucknkuufcninic
ocfonfcnicfna, cmniuanmuc fpanuuuonnoc hpofunocfonnuc, n ho-
cfonnnyk cufyauuk. Bcc nafunoamcpukanckuc cfpani, sa ucknk-
1O15
ucnucm Apicnfuni, inu hpuinamcni k yuacfuk n ncnfcninocfu
coksa Otcnuncnnix Hauuu: honiofonufcninix paofax ho cosna-
nuk AO (IAO 1ooJ unJ Agriculrurul Urguni,urion of rhe UnireJ
ûrions); n Ipcffon-Bynckou cucfcmc, n cosnanuu Mcxnynaponnoio
nankfnoio qonna, Mcxnynaponnoio anka pckoncfpykuuu u pas-
nufun. Ioncc cnoxnou ina hponcma yuacfun n honiofonufcninou
paofc ho cosnanuk OOH, noncpcnnou foniko hpcncfanufcnnm
kpyhncumux ncpxan, ufo nisnano pasnoinacun, cnnsannic c fpco-
nanucm hpcnocfanufi ohpcncncnnoc konuuccfno mccf n Concfc Ic-
sohacnocfu cfpanam afunckou Amcpuku. Iamnfi o hcpnocfchcn-
nou ponu, kofopyk uipana uia nauuu, ncc cmc okasinana cnoc
nnunnuc na honiofonky hocncnocnnoio ycfpoucfna.
nn hpcononcnun sfux pasnoinacuu u nnn ocyxncnun apicn-
funckoio nohpoca Bamunifonckoc hpanufcnicfno coinacunoci na
fo, ufoi copafi n qcnpancmapfc 145 i. n Hahynifchckckom
samkc (Mcxuko) hanamcpukanckyk konqcpcnuuk. Iponcmi, cfo-
nnmuc n ucnfpc nuckyccuu, kacanuci ponu afunckou Amcpuku n
nonom muponom ycfpoucfnc, ynymcu mcxamcpukanckou cucfcmi
u couuanino-skonomuucckux fpynnocfcu, cnnsannix c hcpcxonom
of nouni k mupy. Hfo kacacfcn hcpnoio nohpoca, fo Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi inu oipanuucni coinamcnunmu c Bcnukopufanucu u
Concfckum Coksom. Iosfomy um hpumnoci oipanuuuficn hpcnno-
xcnucm, ufoi hosuuun nafunoamcpukanckux iocynapcfn ina
cnoonno usnoxcna na konqcpcnuuu n Can-panuucko. Icpc-
cfpouka ofnomcnuu mcxny amcpukanckumu iocynapcfnamu hpunc-
na k oncc konkpcfnim pcsynifafam. afunoamcpukanckuc iocy-
napcfna cfpcmunuci k cosnanuk konfuncnfaninou ooponufcni-
nou cucfcmi, kofopan anfomafuuccku cnnsana i onsafcnicfnamu
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, cs ncoxonumocfu ionoconanun n Ccnafc.
Icsynifafom cfan komhpomucc us fpcx hynkfon, honyuunmuu na-
snanuc Hahynifchckckuu akf (hpunnf 8 mapfa 145 i.), hpcnycmaf-
punanmuu onsafcnicfna ho conmccfnou ooponc na ncci (fchcpi
yxc kopofkuu) hcpuon nouni; onsafcnicfno honhucafi noionop,
ycfanannunakmuu ananoiuunic iapanfuu na ynymcc; ohpcncncnuc
nocfuinyfix noionopcnnocfcu kak pciuonaninoio coinamcnun, of-
nocnmciocn k nohpocam mupa u mcxnynaponnou csohacnocfu,
kofopoc nonxno hpumcnnficn n 3ahannom honymapuu u nonxno
coofncfcfnonafi hpunuuham cosnanacmou inoaninou opianusauuu.
B fof momcnf inu sanoxcni numi ocnoni honufuku, kofopyk
cncnonano, ho mcpc nosmoxnocfu, cqopmuponafi. Hfo kacacfcn Ap-
icnfuni, fo ino pcmcno, ufo Hahynifchckckuu akf yncf ofkpif
nnn hpucocnuncnun k ncmy, no foniko 21 ahpcnn, nakanync nauana
1O16
paofi konqcpcnuuu n Can-panuucko hpanufcnicfno Iysnoc-
Aupcca hpcononcno cnou koncanun. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi c fpy-
nom nounuci safcm, ufoi ono yuacfnonano n konqcpcnuuu, n
pamkax komhpomucca, hosnonunmcio Concfam nouficn ofncninoio
hpcncfanufcnicfna nnn Ykpauni u Icnopyccuu.
11.2.2. HOCLEBOEHHME HPOBLEMM U HAKT PUO
Cfafiu 5154 Ycfana OOH hpcnycmafpunanu nosmoxnocfi
honhucanun pciuonaninix coinamcnuu u nosmoxnocfi ux ncfyh-
ncnun n cuny n ucnnx camoooponi no foio momcnfa, hoka Concf
Icsohacnocfu nc nmcmacfcn n konqnukf u nc hpumcf mcpi, nco-
xonumic nnn honncpxanun mupa u csohacnocfu. Ipunuuh camo-
ooponi, nknkucnniu n cfafik 51 Ycfana, cocfannnn ocnonnoc
concpxanuc Hahynifchckckoio akfa. Onnako, nafunoamcpukanckuc
cfpani honaianu, ufo nanuuuc omcu nopmi nc ucknkuacf nco-
xonumocfu honhucafi noionop o mcxamcpukanckou hpucyfcfnun n
afunckou Amcpukc. Cnauana icncpan Oncncmupo appcnn, a sa-
fcm honkonnuk Xyan omunio Icpon, uspanniu hpcsuncnfom
foniko n 146 i., no yxc n fo npcmn nnnnnmuucn ucnfpaninou honu-
fuucckou quiypou n Apicnfunc, cosnanu n cfpanc pcxum, honyuun-
muu honncpxky naionapn nauuonanusmy, nahpanncnnomy hpofun
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, a no nnyfpcnncu honufukc naionapn
hafcpnanucfckou honufukc, samumanmcu unfcpcci nonoio pao-
ucio knacca hocpcncfnom oucni pasnufou couuaninou honufuku.
Iocncnnnn asuponanaci, onnako, na hpockfc skonomuucckoio pas-
nufun, uckaxanmcm ccfccfncnnic hcpchckfuni (n ocnonc kofopix
ncxanu oiafoc ccnickoc xosnucfno u xunofnononcfno). Icxum opu-
cnfuponancn na nckonkypcnfochoconyk unnycfpuanusauuk, samu-
mcnnyk hpofckuuonusmom, ufo nckopc hpuncno Apicnfuny k sko-
nomuucckou cfainauuu u uyfi nu nc k skonomuucckou ofcfanocfu.
B hcpuon nouni hanamcpukanckuu konccncyc (ucknkucnuc co-
cfannnna Apicnfuna) nncc csoionopouniu nknan n ncno Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon. Bamunifonckoc hpanufcnicfno co cnocu cfoponi
cncnano ncc nosmoxnoc, ufoi hpcnpafufi ucknkuufcninic ocfon-
fcnicfna, cmniuanmuc fpanuuuonnoc hpofunocfonnuc, n hocfonn-
nyk cufyauuk. Bcc nafunoamcpukanckuc cfpani, sa ucknkucnucm
Apicnfuni, inu hpuinamcni k yuacfuk n ncnfcninocfu coksa
Otcnuncnnix Hauuu: n honiofonufcninix paofax ho cosnanuk
AO (IAO 1ooJ unJ Agriculrurul Urguni,urion of rhe UnireJ ûrions);
n Ipcffon-Bynckou cucfcmc, n cosnanuu Mcxnynaponnoio nankf-
noio qonna, Mcxnynaponnoio anka pckoncfpykuuu u pasnufun.
1O17
Ioncc cnoxnou ina hponcma yuacfun n honiofonufcninou paofc
ho cosnanuk OOH, noncpcnnou foniko hpcncfanufcnnm kpyhncu-
mux ncpxan, ufo nisnano pasnoinacun, cnnsannic c fpconanucm
hpcnocfanufi ohpcncncnnoc konuuccfno mccf n Concfc Icsohacno-
cfu cfpanam afunckou Amcpuku. Iamnfi o hcpnocfchcnnou ponu,
kofopyk uipana uia nauuu, ncc cmc okasinana cnoc nnunnuc na
honiofonky hocncnocnnoio ycfpoucfna.
nn hpcononcnun sfux pasnoinacuu u nnn ocyxncnun apicn-
funckoio nohpoca Bamunifonckoc hpanufcnicfno coinacunoci na
fo, ufoi copafi n qcnpanc-mapfc 145 i. n Hahynifchckckom
samkc (Mcxuko) hanamcpukanckyk konqcpcnuuk. Iponcmi, cfo-
nnmuc n ucnfpc nuckyccuu, kacanuci ponu afunckou Amcpuku n
nonom muponom ycfpoucfnc, ynymcu mcxamcpukanckou cucfcmi
u couuanino-skonomuucckux fpynnocfcu, cnnsannix c hcpcxonom
of nouni k mupy. Hfo kacacfcn hcpnoio nohpoca, fo Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi inu oipanuucni coinamcnunmu c Bcnukopufanucu u
Concfckum Coksom. Iosfomy um hpumnoci oipanuuuficn hpcnno-
xcnucm, ufoi hosuuun nafunoamcpukanckux iocynapcfn ina
cnoonno usnoxcna na konqcpcnuuu n Can-panuucko. Icpc-
cfpouka ofnomcnuu mcxny amcpukanckumu iocynapcfnamu hpuncna
k oncc konkpcfnim pcsynifafam. afunoamcpukanckuc iocynap-
cfna cfpcmunuci k cosnanuk konfuncnfaninou ooponufcninou
cucfcmi, kofopan anfomafuuccku cnnsana i onsafcnicfnamu Co-
cnuncnnic Ufafi, cs ionoconanun n Ccnafc. Icsynifafom cfan
komhpomucc us fpcx hynkfon, honyuunmuu nasnanuc Hahynifchck-
ckuu akf (hpunnf 8 mapfa 145 i.), hpcnycmafpunanmuu onsafcni-
cfna ho conmccfnou ooponc na ncci (fchcpi yxc kopofkuu) hcpu-
on nouni; onsafcnicfno honhucafi noionop, ycfanannunakmuu
ananoiuunic iapanfuu na ynymcc; ohpcncncnuc nocfuinyfix no-
ionopcnnocfcu kak pciuonaninoio coinamcnun, ofnocnmciocn k
nohpocam mupa u mcxnynaponnou csohacnocfu, kofopoc nonxno
hpumcnnficn n 3ahannom honymapuu u nonxno coofncfcfnonafi
hpunuuham cosnanacmou inoaninou opianusauuu. B fof momcnf
inu sanoxcni numi ocnoni honufuku, kofopyk cncnonano, ho
mcpc nosmoxnocfu, cqopmuponafi. Hfo kacacfcn Apicnfuni, fo
ino pcmcno, ufo Hahynifchckckuu akf yncf ofkpif nnn hpucoc-
nuncnun k ncmy, no foniko 21 ahpcnn nakanync nauana paofi
konqcpcnuuu n Can-panuucko hpanufcnicfno Iysnoc-Aupcca
hpcononcno cnou koncanun. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi safcm c fpynom
nounuci foio, ufoi ono yuacfnonano n konqcpcnuuu: n pamkax
komhpomucca, hosnonunmcio Concfam nouficn ofncninoio hpcn-
cfanufcnicfna nnn Ykpauni u Icnopyccuu.
1O18
11.2.2. HOCLEBOEHHME HPOBLEMM U HAKT PUO
Cfafiu 51-54 Ycfana OOH hpcnycmafpunanu nosmoxnocfi hon-
hucanun pciuonaninix coinamcnuu u nosmoxnocfi ux ncfyhncnun n
cuny n ucnnx camoooponi no foio momcnfa, hoka Concf Icsohac-
nocfu nc nmcmacfcn n konqnukf u nc hpumcf mcpi, ncoxonumic
nnn honncpxanun mupa u csohacnocfu. Ipunuuh camoooponi,
nknkucnniu n cfafik 51 Ycfana, cocfannnn ocnonnoc concpxanuc
Hahynifchckckoio akfa. Onnako nafunoamcpukanckuc cfpani ho-
naianu, ufo nanuuuc omcu nopmi nc ucknkuacf ncoxonumocfu
honhucafi noionop o mcxamcpukanckou csohacnocfu, hpcnycmof-
pcnniu camum akfom. anncnuc ho sfomy nohpocy na Cocnuncn-
nic Ufafi hpononxunoci n hpcnnncpuu konqcpcnuuu n Iuo-nc-
Zancupo, sahnanuponannou na 2O okfnpn 145 i., n xonc kofopou
nonxcn in ifi saknkucn oquuuaniniu coks. Ofkas Cocnuncn-
nix Ufafon honhucaficn hon iapanfunmu, pachpocfpannnmumucn
fakxc na Apicnfuny, opck hcpcionopi na ncynauy. Bohpoc in
nanonio ofnoxcn: konqcpcnuun n Iuo copanaci foniko n aniycfc
147 i., a 2 ccnfnpn in honhucan mcxamcpukanckuu noionop o
nsaumonou ooponc. Bcc cfafiu noionopa uncanino coofncfcfnona-
nu Ycfany OOH, a cam noionop yncnuan ycunun Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon, nahpanncnnic na kpunuucckoc sakpchncnuc nafunoamc-
pukanckumu cfpanamu hosuuuu, n coofncfcfnuu c kofopou nkan
nncmnnn aipcccun u nkou nnyfpcnnuu mnfcx moinu hpcncfannnfi
yiposy nnn csohacnocfu nccio konfuncnfa u ncnafi nciufumnim
nmcmafcnicfno (cf. J noionopa). Cfafin 6, nhpoucm, noannnna:
Icnu nchpukocnoncnnocfi u ucnocfnocfi fcppufopuu, cyncpcnu-
fcf unu honufuucckan ncsanucumocfi kakoio-nuo amcpukanckoio
iocynapcfna okaxyfcn hon yiposou n pcsynifafc aipcccuu, hpcn-
cfannnkmcu coou noopyxcnnoc nahancnuc, unu xc n pcsynifafc
konqnukfa sa hpcncnamu konfuncnfa, unu ncncncfnuc kakoio-nuo
npyioio ocfonfcnicfna unu cufyauuu, choconix yipoxafi mupy n
Amcpukc, fo Koncynifafunniu opian |fo ccfi uchonnufcniniu
opian mcxamcpukanckou cucfcmi] cocpcfcn ncmcnncnno nnn foio,
ufoi ohpcncnufi mcpi, kofopic n cnyuac aipcccuu nonxni ifi
hpcnhpunnfi nnn okasanun homomu xcpfnc aipcccopa unu, n nkom
cnyuac, fc, ufo cncnycf hpcnhpunnfi nnn conmccfnou ooponi u nnn
honncpxanun mupa u csohacnocfu na konfuncnfc. opmynuponka
cfafiu ina nacfoniko iukou, ufo ocfannnna mupokoc honc nnn
unfcphpcfauuu foio, ufo nnnncfcn aipcccucu, u, cncnonafcnino, fpc-
ycf nmcmafcnicfna, sfo coofncfcfnonano namcpcnunm Bamunifona
hocfonnno umcfi n pachopnxcnuu iukuu uncfpymcnf nnn cncpxu-
nanun nnyfpcnnux hpofunopcuuu na Amcpukanckom konfuncnfc
1O1
u nnn ocymccfnncnun hocpcnnuuccfna, ccnu fakonoc honanoufcn.
Kak u n cnyuac c Afnanfuucckum hakfom, kofopiu nnn Iakfa Iuo
hocnyxun moncnik, u naxc c iopasno onimcu fmafcninocfik
Iakf Iuo qopmynuponan nopmi, yfncpxnanmuc nuhnomafuucckuu
konfponi Cocnuncnnix Ufafon nan amcpukanckum konfuncnfom.
On ofpaxan chcuuquky momcnfa, koina honnoc ucucsnoncnuc hpo-
funnukon u ocnancnuc Ipufanuu hpuncnu k ofcyfcfnuk anfaio-
nucfon u hosnonunu nknkuufi n hakf u Apicnfuny c cc ocoou ho-
suuucu, cfanmcu fchcpi oncc nsncmcnnou.
Hcckoniko mccnucn chycfn, n mapfc 148 i., na konqcpcnuuu n
Ioiofc (ncnnfou Ianamcpukanckou konqcpcnuuu) ina cosnana
Opianusauun Amcpukanckux Iocynapcfn (OAI). Yupcnufcniniu
noionop yfncpxnan hocfonnnyk opianusauuk, samimnnnmykcn,
onnako, kak nchomoiafcninan ho ofnomcnuk k OOH. Bicmum op-
ianom OAI cfana Mcxamcpukanckan konqcpcnuun, kofopan nonx-
na ina cosinaficn, n coofncfcfnuu c ycfanonncnnou nopmou,
kaxnic hnfi ncf, a n ucknkuufcninix cnyuanx ho fpconanuk
nc mcncc nnyx fpcfcu uncnon. Ipcxnuu Ianamcpukanckuu coks
in hpcopasonan n cnocio pona Concf u Icncpaniniu cckpcfapu-
af c mccfohpcinanucm n Bamunifonc. Concf, umcnmuu qynkuuu
koncynifafunnoio opiana, cocfonn us onnoio hpcncfanufcnn of
kaxnou cfpani-uncna u ocymccfnnnn cnou qynkuuu n cnyuac ai-
pcccuu. Io fpconanuk onnoio us iocynapcfn-uncnon moino ifi
cosnano koncynifafunnoc concmanuc munucfpon unocfpannix ncn.
Yupcnufcniniu noionop ohpcncnnn fakxc qopmi nmcmafcnicfna n
pasnuunic cqcpi mcxamcpukanckoio cofpynnuuccfna u ycfanannu-
nan ucnu, hpunuuhi, hpana u onsannocfu, kofopic nonxni inu
conknafi iocynapcfna-uncni. Hcnu u hpunuuhi otcnunnno omcc
cfpcmncnuc onciuufi hpoucnypy mupnoio paspcmcnun konqnukfon,
ycunufi mcxamcpukanckyk conunapnocfi u honicufi yponcni co-
uuaninou, skonomuucckou u kynifypnou xusnu na konfuncnfc.
Cosnanuc OAI u oqopmncnuc mcxamcpukanckou cucfcmi cfanu
naunicmcu foukou ycunuu ho opianusauuu conmccfnou honufuku,
n snauufcninou mcpc xapakfcpusonanmcucn honnim hpconananucm
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. B fc ioni xononnan nouna numi uspcnka
safpaiunana 3ahannoc honymapuc. Cohcpnuuccfno c cnpohcuckumu
iocynapcfnamu houfu nc umcno snaucnun, a cofpynnuuccfno n no-
cnnic ioni, kasanoci, ykpchuno conunapnic cnnsu, cymccfnonan-
muc mcxny cfpanamu, cfoni pasnuuakmumucn c sfnuucckou, sko-
nomuucckou, couuaninou u honufuucckou fouck spcnun. Onnako,
hocnc koncfpykfunnoio sfaha honufuku nopoio coccna sa sfum
nncmnum pasnufucm cofpynnuuccfna nauanu opasoninaficn fpcmu-
1O2O
ni nonix u oncc inyokux pasnoinacuu. Bouna yckopuna couu-
aninic u skonomuucckuc hcpcmcni n afunckou Amcpukc, u qu-
nanconic onsafcnicfna Cocnuncnnix Ufafon cfanunu fchcpi hc-
pcn pykononcfnom kaxnou cfpani hponcmi pasnoio, u sauacfyk
hpofunohonoxnoio, hnana. Iaspini nc samcnnunu hponnuficn. Ha
ofnomcnunx mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, cfanmumu yxc ncny-
mcu ncpxanou cucfcmi nncconcfckoio mupa, u afunckou Amcpu-
kou nc moinu nc ckasaficn kak cmcmcnuc ucnfpa unfcpccon camux
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, fak u pacfymcc nnunnuc amcpukanckou
cncpxncpxani n mupc. Ofo nnoni u nnoni ninnuiano nohpoci ha-
namcpukanckou nonninocfu, fccno cnnsannic c hponcmamu sko-
nomuucckux u honufuucckux ofnomcnuu.
Ofnomcnun c Apicnfunou inu cnnsani nc c hponcmou kom-
mynusma, a c hpononxcnucm cohcpnuuccfna, cymccfnonanmcio no u
hocnc Bfopou muponou nouni. Ipouccc fpancqopmauuu, kofopiu
hcpcxunana Apicnfuna, kacancn cucfcmi ccnickoxosnucfncnnoio
skchopfa, kofopiu nomunuponan nhnofi no nnanuafix ionon, oc-
nancnun sanucumocfu of nncmncio mupa u pasnufun anfonomnou,
no hoka cmc cnaou unnycfpuaninou cucfcmi. Iocf hpomimncn-
nocfu u hponcfapuafa nincn na cucny nonic ipyhhi u nonic ho-
fpcnocfu, foina kak fpanuuuonnim cunam nc ynanoci ancknafno
ofpcaiuponafi na usmcncnun. Cymccfnykmuc uncfufyfi yfpafunu
cnok nciufumnocfi, a iocynapcfncnnan cfpykfypa hponnuna nck
cnok cnaocfi, cosnan camiu nacfonmuu honufuucckuu nakyym.
B sfof konfckcf coifuu nknkuunuci (kak ofmcuacf Annxcno
Tpcnfo) naponnic macci, n snauufcninou mcpc ofkpific nnn ho-
nufuku u houcka skonomuucckou u couuaninou unfcipauuu.
nuxcnun, ynonunmuc sfu oxunanun, sahonnunu nakyni, ocfan-
ncnnic hapfunmu, cnnsannimu c oncc fpanuuuonnimu couu-
aninimu cunamu (konccpnafopamu unu hpoipcccucfamu). Takou
ina n omcm nunc couuanino-skonomuucckan houna, na kofopou
hocnc nouni ynanoci niufu na anancucny Xyany omunio Icpony
kak xapusmafuucckou quiypc, nomunupykmcu n apicnfunckou ho-
nufuucckou xusnu. 24 qcnpann 146 i., hpcononcn cohpofunncnuc
fpanuuuonnix hapfuu u cohcpnuuccfno cnoux konnci n mupc nocn-
nix, Icpon in uspan hpcsuncnfom hpu akfunnou honncpxkc
uacfu JescumisuJos (hponcfapucn), onopnnmux cio xycfucuanucf-
ckyk hpoipammy, c cc ocmanunmu couuaninou chpancnnunocfu.
Icpon yhpannnn Apicnfunou houfu nccnfi ncf, onimyk uacfi
us kofopix on naxonuncn n cocfonnuu nchpumupumix hpofunopcuuu
c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu: Inyoko ncmaioiuunomy u hafcpna-
nucfckomy hohynusmy |Icpona] inu cnoucfncnni acfpakfnic
1O21
anfuumhcpuanucfuucckuc, anfuonuiapxuucckuc u nauuonanucfu-
ucckuc sannncnun, anfopufapnan uncfufyuuonaninan cfpykfypa,
sfafucfckan u unnycfpuanucfckan skonomuucckan nahpanncnnocfi,
xapusmafuucckoc pykononcfno, hoompcnuc kpokpafuucckoio knu-
cnfcnusma. Onnonpcmcnno on nan ofncf na pnn fpconanuu omc-
cfna u nohnofun ux n xusni, hpononn oiuno honufuky hcpcpach-
pcncncnun noxonon u pccypcon u chococfnyn qopmuponanuk u
pachpocfpancnuk nauuonaninou uncnfuqukauuu, uacfo monunuc-
fuucckoio xapakfcpa (Annxcno Tpcnfo).
annic ucpfi, kofopic hopou sacfannnnu hpuuucnnfi Icpona
k nukfafopam qamucfckoio fuha, otncnnkf mofuni cio nnyfpcn-
ncu honufuku. Cnoum hpnmim hpusinom, opamcnnim k honufu-
ucckomy omccfny, on nouncn nicokou cfchcnu nciufumauuu
cnocu cucfcmi hpanncnun, xofn hpu sfom u ofmcnun u cncnan us-
numnumu fpanuuuonnic uncfufyfi. Ofo in noniu coks, ocfan-
nnnmuu nnc cnoux pamok ccnickux afpakon u ymcnimunmuu poni
nafuqynnucfon, kofopic, onnako, hpumupnnuci c pcxumom us-sa
coxpancnun cnocio couuanino-skonomuucckoio iochoncfna na mcc-
fax. Ofo in fakxc sapasufcniniu hpumcp nnn npyiux nafunoamc-
pukanckux pcchynuk, hockoniky on noannnn k hcpconanucfcko-
my xapakfcpy kaynuniusma pcaninocfi oucni mupokoio couuani-
noio konccncyca, xofn u uckaxcnnoio nauuonanusmom unu ocma-
nunmu, kofopic ncnu nc k cfpykfypnim pcqopmam, a numi k nos-
nuknoncnuk nonou onuiapxuu, cnnsannou c usmcnunmcucn cucfc-
mou hpousnoncfna u cc hofpcnocfnmu.
B hnanc mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu honufuucckan nunun Ic-
pona hpcncfannnna coou hocfonnniu pasnpaxufcni, kak kocfi n
iopnc, no nc pcaninyk yiposy nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Ipumcpy
Icpona n Hunu hocncnonan icncpan Kapno Hanicc, n Oknanopc
Xocc Mapun Bcnacko Happa, n Konymuu icncpan Iycfano Io-
xac Iununin, n Ionunuu Xcpman Iym. Ipcnmccfncnnukom Ic-
pona in Zcfynuy Bapiac, uspanniu hpcsuncnfom Ipasunuu ho
koncfufyuuu 1J4 i. u ocfananmuucn y nnacfu no 145 i., a safcm c
151 ho 154 i. Bapiac nosinanun hpcopasonanuc Ipasunuu us
hpcumymccfncnno aipapno-nafuqynnucfckou n cfpany, inc naua-
naci couuaninan fpancqopmauun, cnnsannan c unnycfpuanusauucu.
Cnauana Bapiac umufuponan uncfufyfi qamusma, no n hcpuon
nouni hponnun hposopnunocfi u ofkpifo nicfyhun na cfoponc
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, ufo hosnonuno cmy hpcononcfi hocncnocn-
niu kpusuc u hpononxufi hpcsuncnfckyk ncnfcninocfi hon sna-
kom skonomuucckoio nauuonanusma, hohynusma u hafcpnanusma,
opamcnnoio k mupokum cnonm napona.
1O22
11.2.3. HEPBME HPUBHAKU KOMM.HUCTUUECKOFO
BLUHHUH
Icpon sauacfyk nc onncn hpofunohocfanufi ccn Cocnuncn-
nim Ufafam unu Bcnukopufanuu, ocyxnan nohpoc o hpunan-
ncxnocfu apxuhcnaia onkncnnckux (Maninunckux) ocfponon, nn-
nnnmuxcn pufanckou kononucu, Apicnfunc. Ho kakou i nu
ina mcxnynaponnan honufuka nasnannix nimc cfpan, csipanuu-
niu hohynusm unu nanuuuc anfopufapnix unu ymcpcnnix hpanu-
fcnicfn n npyiux cfpanax afunckou Amcpuku nukoum opasom nc
cosnananu ccpicsnix hponcm nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. B mcx-
nynaponnom hnanc, nccmofpn na nckofopyk ycfanocfi mafcpuana,
hpounocfi mcxamcpukanckux cnnscu ocfananaci ncsincmou. Ic-
qopmi, hponcncnnic hpanufcnicfnom Icpona, fakxc nc hpcncfan-
nnnuci ohacnimu nnn unfcpccon Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. cucfnu-
fcnino, onu nc nnnnnuci cumhfomamu kommynucfuucckoio nnunnun,
a na fom sfahc n amcpukanckou honufukc nomunuponano cfpcmncnuc
cncpxafi concfckyk yiposy, inc i ona nu honnunaci.
Yxc n Ioiofc n 148 i. Ianamcpukanckan konqcpcnuun ono-
puna pcsonkuuk, otnnnnnmyk honufuucckyk ncnfcninocfi mcx-
nynaponnoio kommynusma ncconmccfumou c amcpukanckou kon-
uchuucu cnooni. Ofu xc hosuuuu nochpousnonunuci n hocncnyk-
muc ioni cs usmcncnuu, onnako omymcnuc chokoucfnun ino
napymcno n nauanc 5O-x ionon. Anfuamcpukanusm, fo ccfi pachpo-
cfpancnnoc uyncfno npaxncnocfu k Cocnuncnnim Ufafam, nn-
nnncn koncfanfou xusnu 3ahannoio honymapun. umi n hcpuon
hponcncnun honufuku nopoio coccna on in cmniucn, onnako n
hocncnocnniu hcpuon on cnona nosponuncn kak macconiu qcno-
mcn. Apicnfunckuu hpumcp okasancn sapasufcninim. On nauan
cchokoufi amcpukanucn, hockoniky onu ynuncnu n ncm hpoconcf-
ckuc u hpokommynucfuucckuc hpusnaku. Iocnc uspanun hpcsu-
ncnfom Ouscnxaysp honncpi kpufukc cnocio hpcnmccfncnnuka sa
hpcncpcxcnuc ncnamu afunckou Amcpuku u nauan pcanusoni-
nafi n sfom ofnomcnuu oncc akfunnyk hosuuuk. B uknc 15J i.
on hocnan cnoc noncpcnnoc nuuo, pafa Munifona Ouscnxayspa,
choconoio honufuka, uacfo nicfyhanmcio n kauccfnc concfnuka
hpcsuncnfa ho hponcmam honufuko-kynifypnou cfpafciuu, c pas-
ncninafcninou muccucu. Io nosnpamcnuu Munifon usnoxun cnou
ninoni n nnunnom noknanc (nonpi 15J i.), n kofopom akucnf nc-
nancn, n hcpnyk oucpcni, na ncoxonumocfu ynyumufi ofnomcnun
c afunckou Amcpukou ucpcs honufuky skonomuucckoio cofpynnu-
uccfna, kofopan chococfnonana i hpcononcnuk paspina n yponnc
naiococfonnun n pasnix cfpanax, n ococnnocfu n Hcnfpaninou
1O2J
Amcpukc. Takou paspin cncnonano ymcnimufi nnn foio, ufoi us-
cxafi onimux ohacnocfcu, u hpunnfi nnn sfoio cpounic mcpi c
ucnik hpcnofnpamcnun kommynucfuucckoio nnunnun. Bhcpnic n
nannou cnnsu yhomunanoci honnncnuc konkpcfnou ohacnocfu.
Cuinan fpcnoiu ho sfomy honony honanan fakxc icncpan Yon-
fcp I. Cmuf, noncpcnniu cofpynnuk Ouscnxayspa cmc co npcmcn
nouni: kommynucfuucckuc sncmcnfi fauno u ncsamcfno hponuknu
n Inafcmany, inc onu okasinanu pcmakmcc nnunnuc na ncmokpa-
fuucckoc hpanufcnicfno no inanc c Xakoo Apcncom. Ofof fpc-
noxniu nuainos nosnuk us-sa foio, ufo Apcnc unuuuuponan u
pcanusonan honufuky aipapnou pcqopmi, nahpanncnnou na fo,
ufoi ninccfu us-hon konfponn Knaufcn qpyf komhanu, amc-
pukanckou fpancnauuonaninou komhanuu, scmnu, kofopic ona
uchonisonana nnn hpousnoncfna ananon, c fcm, ufoi pachpcnc-
nufi ux mcxny mcnkumu inafcmanickumu cocfncnnukamu. Cam ho
ccc sfof shuson umcn oipanuucnnoc snaucnuc, onnako cncnycf
yuufinafi, ufo c fcx hop cnyuau c Knaufcn qpyf paccmafpunan-
cn kak cumnon fou ponu, kofopyk kpyhnic fpancnauuonaninic
komhanuu uipanu n skchnyafauuu cnaopasnufix cfpan, usnnckan
hpuini n honisy kpyhnix muponix qunanconix kpyion u uino-
pupyn pcaninic unfcpcci ofncninix cfpan.
cucfnufcnino, hponcma ocyxnanaci n iocynapcfncnnom nc-
hapfamcnfc, inc cknonnnuci k naioxcnafcninou oucnkc pcqopmu-
cfckou honufuku Apcnca, u cuufanoci, ufo kommynucfuucckou
ohacnocfik pasmaxunanu kak kpacnim qnaiom mnoiouucncnnic
npysin Knaufcn qpyf cpcnu concfnukon Ouscnxayspa (pafin
anncc, Icnpu Ksof onx u naxc Ann Yufmcn, nuuniu cckpc-
fapi hpcsuncnfa). Ouscnxaysp, ho ncpcuu cio hocncnncio uoipa-
qa, conunapusuponancn c hpofunnukamu Apcnca ofnkni nc nnn
foio, ufoi samufufi unfcpcci fpancnauuonaninou komhanuu, no
hofomy, ufo on in ycxncn, ufo cam Apcnc in kommynucfom
unu, ho mcnimcu mcpc, naxonuncn hon konfponcm kommynucfon.
Iosfomy n konuc 15J nauanc 154 i. on nan ykasanuc amcpu-
kanckum chcucnyxam (HIY) honiofonufi ncoxonumic hnani
nnn cncpxcnun hpanufcnicfna Apcnca u samcni cio npyium, oncc
hpucmncmim nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. B cfpoxaumcu faunc in
ohpcncncn hpccmnuk. Hm cfan honkonnuk inafcmanickou apmuu
Kapnoc Kacfunio Apmac, kofopomy ina okasana ncoxonuman ho-
momi nnn honiofonku momnix honcfanucckux cun.
B ahpcnc 154 i. hnan in iofon. 15 man mncnckoc fopionoc
cynno nocfanuno n Inafcmany ipys c opyxucm u ncikou apfunncpu-
cu ucxocnonaukoio hpousnoncfna. Hcckoniko nncu chycfn anncc
cosnan hpccc-konqcpcnuuk nnn foio, ufoi ocynufi napymcnuc
1O24
nokfpuni Monpo. Hapymcnuc ncucfnufcnino umcno mccfo u
ino hpchonncccno amcpukanuam na nkncukc c sonofou kacmou-
kou, nan um honon nnn nmcmafcnicfna. Ha camom ncnc Apcnc nocfa-
nan opyxuc nc nnn cocfncnnou apmuu, na kofopyk, kak on snan, nc
moi honoxuficn, a nnn cosnanun naponnou munuuuu c fcm, ufoi
na ncc moxno ino ohcpcficn umcnno n opic c apmucu.
Inan Cocnuncnnix Ufafon ncfyhun n ncucfnuc. Ionimoc ko-
nuuccfno opyxun ino hocnano n cfpani, ipanuuamuc c Inafcma-
nou u yhpannncmic qanafuunimu anfukommynucfamu; in ofnan
hpukas o mopckou nokanc; ino cosnano concmanuc OAI, u HIY
ofnano hpukas o nauanc cnoux ohcpauuu. B fo npcmn kak Concfi
pcaiuponanu na cufyauuk, iofonnci hocnafi homomi Apcncy, a
Bamunifon csychcmno hpocun y coksnukon hpcnocfanufi cmy
hpano na hponcpky n ncufpaninix nonax cynon, nahpannnkmuxcn n
Inafcmany, Kacfunio Apmac c iopcfkou nkncu 1 uknn nfopicn na
inafcmanickyk fcppufopuk. B fcucnuc ncckonikux nncu cufyauun
ocfananaci ncohpcncncnnou, a safcm amcpukanui nanu ykasanuc
nukapaiyanckomy nukfafopy Anacfacuo Comocc omufi cfonuuy
cfpani i. Inafcmany nnymn camoncfamu. Hahpacno Apcnc fpco-
nan nmcmafcnicfna Concfa Icsohacnocfu OOH, n kofopom CUA,
xofn u naxonunuci n usonnuuu, umcnu hpano ncfo. Ion nosncu-
cfnucm omapnuponok Apcnc kahufynuponan, u Kacfunio Apmac,
fchcpi yxc ofkpifo honncpxanniu apmucu, nomcn co cnoumu nkni-
mu n cfonuuy Inafcmani.
B konuc uknn kpusuc sancpmuncn fak, kak foio xofcnu n Ba-
munifonc. Ipu ncsnauufcninom puckc amcpukanui nounuci nhc-
uafnnkmcio pcsynifafa. Tpynno ckasafi, in nu on fakxc ycnu-
fcninim u honcsnim. panuysi u aninuuanc nc ckpinanu cnocio
ofpuuafcninoio ofnomcnun, nisnan onimoc ncnononicfno n Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafax, inc n fc xc camic mccnui ocyxnanuci pufancko-
qpanuysckuc kononuaninic hponcmi u pafuqukauun noionopa o
cosnanuu IOC. B omccfncnnom mncnuu cnoonnoio mupa sfof
shuson ocfanun iopikuu ocanok. Hccmofpn na ohpannanun, ino
honnfno, ufo cfpax hcpcn kommynucfuucckum nnunnucm sacfanun
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi cmc pas, kak no npcmcna Tconopa Iysncnifa,
uchonisonafi onimyk nyunky, cykonafyk hanky, kofopan nonx-
na ina cnyxufi n kauccfnc hpcnyhpcxncnun nccm, kfo yncf ni-
namunafi hnani, ananoiuunic hnanam Apcnca. Ioni Knaufcn
qpyf komhanu, honyuunmcu nasan konquckonannic y ncc scmnu,
nhocncncfnuu ina hpcyncnuucna hpohaiannou, onnako cnnsi mcx-
ny samufou unfcpccon fpancnauuonaninou komhanuu u opiou
hpofun kommynusma cfana nochpunumaficn kak ofpuuafcninan
konnofauun fou ufni, kofopyk amcpukanui ncnu sa cnoony
1O25
u ncmokpafuk n npyiux mccfax. B npyiux mccfax, a nc n 3ahannom
honymapuu Kpomc foio, mncnuc, ufo hpumcncnuc pchpcccuu moi-
no ocfanonufi kommynucfuucckoc nnunnuc, ino concpmcnno
omuounim.
11.2.3. PACHPOCTPAHEHUE AHTUAMEPUKAHUBMA
U .CHEX KACTPO HA K.BE
Ohif pcnonkuuu hon pykononcfnom Kacfpo nnuncn camim
naxnim honopofnim momcnfom n hocncnocnniu hcpuon nnn ofno-
mcnuu mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u afunckou Amcpukou
kak c fouku spcnun cc ucfokon, couuaninoio konfckcfa, chocoa
ocymccfnncnun, fak u hocncncfnuu nnn Hcnfpaninou u nccu a-
funckou Amcpuku, cc nosncucfnun na ofnomcnun mcxny nokamu.
Ocfpon Kya, kofopiu no nouni 188 i. nnnnncn uchanckou
kononucu, umccf cnok ococnnyk couuaninyk ucfopuk, cfanmyk
hpcnmcfom honnfnoio unfcpcca u nuckyccuu n ucfopuoipaquu, n
kofopou ona ucfko ofncnncfcn of ucfopuu npyiux nafunoamcpu-
kanckux cfpan. Tuh skonomuku, ocnonanniu na skchopfc ccni-
ckoxosnucfncnnou hponykuuu (kofopiu no ncnukou nchpcccuu
in ananoiuucn skchopfnou moncnu npyiux nafunoamcpukanckux
cfpan), nocxonuf k hcpnim nccnfuncfunm XIX ncka u ocfanancn n
ucnom ncusmcnnim, nccmofpn na nnyfpcnnuc mcfamopqosi,
nhnofi no kanyna pcnonkuuu Kacfpo. Kak honucpkunacf Anfonuo
Annuno, inannim ino hpofunopcuuc mcxny skonomukou, ocno-
nannou na monokynifypc caxapa, u hocfchcnnou yfpafou konfponn
co cfoponi hpannmcu onuiapxuu nan hpousnoncfncnnimu qakfo-
pamu u nusmumu couuaninimu knaccamu. Amcpukanckoc nnunnuc,
samcnunmcc uchanckoc kononuaninoc iochoncfno, okasanoci
ncfpocnnim n yxc cymccfnonanmuu pancc nucananc nnyfpu kono-
nuaninou cucfcmi u ycyiyuno cio. Hcchoconocfi ymcpcnnou ky-
unckou onuiapxuu cqopmuponafi pykononcfno (leuJership), cho-
conoc cfafi anifcpnafunou uchanckou nnacfu, hpuncno k fomy,
ufo k momcnfy kpaxa kononuanusma amcpukanckoc nmcmafcnicfno
nc moino ohupaficn na hpucyfcfnuc cuninoio nnyfpcnncio hapfnc-
pa, kofopiu nicfyhun i hocpcnnukom n pcanusauuu iochoncfna
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon.
B ncokononuaninom hopnnkc, ycfanonunmcmcn hocnc hponuk-
noncnun amcpukanckoio kahufana, onuiapxun u cnaan kyunckan
ypxyasun nc cmoinu yncpxafi konfponi nan nosnukmumu anfuko-
nonuaninimu cunamu. Onna us nux ncmokpafuuccko-nauuonanu-
cfuucckan, cnnsannan c nnuxcnucm sa ncsanucumocfi, hpofaionucfom
kofopou n konuc XIX n. in Xocc Mapfu. pyian hponcfapckan,
1O26
cfanman nipaxcnucm unfcpccon fpynnmuxcn, sannfix n hpoucccax
nipamunanun caxapnou cnckni, hpousnoncfna caxapa u fopionnu
um, a fakxc unfcpccon mupokux macc cpcnnux ioponckux u ccni-
ckux cnocn, naxonunmuxcn n cocfonnuu yhanka. Coks sfux nnyx cun
cocfanun hufafcninyk cpcny nnn pcnonkuuonnoio nnuxcnun. Ioni
Kacfpo cocfonna n otcnuncnuu nnyx fcnncnuuu n onno nnuxcnuc
c cio opucnfauucu na pcnonkuuk.
Cymccfnycf mnoxccfno unfcphpcfauuu opasa uncnn Kacfpo,
ccionnn uspnnno hocfpananmcio us-sa foio, ufo cmy hpuxonunoci
hpuchocanunaficn k pcsko mcnnnmumcn ocfonfcnicfnam. B ucnfpc
sfux unfcphpcfauuu nohpoc o xapakfcpc cio hcpcxona of hpai-
mafuucckoio sfaha k ofkponcnno mapkcucfckomy sfahy. On po-
nuncn n 126 i. u c knix ncf hocnnfun ccn honufukc. Bckopc
hocnc nauana annokafckou ncnfcninocfu on nosinanun hohifky
noccfanun mfypm 26 uknn 15J i. kasapm Monkana. Ofo cfouno
cmy apccfa u cyncnoio hpouccca, inc on hpousncc pcui n cnok sa-
mufy, kofopyk foina nochpunnnu kak hcpniu manuqccf cio hpo-
ipammi, hockoniky n ncu nhcpnic in nipaxcn ofkas of honuma-
nun pcnonkuuu kak hocfchcnnoio hcpcxona ucpcs mcxknacconiu
ohif, a fakxc nano ucfkoc ohpcncncnuc konuchuuu napona kak
conokyhnocfu ccnickoxosnucfncnnix u hpomimncnnix paouux,
mcnkux fopionucn, unfcnnckfyanon u chcuuanucfon, numcnnix na-
ncxnou hcpchckfuni paofi, cspaofnix. Ocfanmuci ncusmcnnim
no cux hop, sfo ohpcncncnuc hpcnocfannncf, ho cnonam Anfonuo
Annuno, ocnonnic nannic, naionapn kofopim moxno ycfanonufi
hpccmcfncnnocfi mcxny noccfanucm hpofun Iafucfi (ynixcncuo
Iafucfa in kyunckum nukfafopom), opiou sa nauuonaninoc
ocnooxncnuc u couuanusmom. Ofo, koncuno, nc osnauacf, ufo
nauunan c 15J i. Kacfpo namcpcnancn ocymccfnufi couuanucfu-
ucckyk pcnonkuuk. Onnako hockoniky on hocncnonafcnino no-
unancn nocfuxcnun ucnu opii, hocfanncnnou n 15J i., fo sfo
nc moino nc hpunccfu k yinyncnuk knacconoio konqnukfa u nc
hocfanufi pykononnmyk ipyhhy hcpcn nuuom ncopafumoio nio-
pa. Ipaimafusm Kacfpo fpancqopmuponancn, fakum opasom, n
choconocfi sqqckfunno honuunufi fakfuky cfpafciuu. A cfpa-
fciun cocfonna n fom, ufoi pasnunafi opiy macc, kofopan sano-
xuf ocnoni nonoio pcxuma.
Amnucfuponanniu n 155 i., Kacfpo ykpincn n Mckcukc, inc
on ocnonan nuxcnuc 26 uknn. B Mckcukc on hosnakomuncn c
Opnccfo (Hc) Icnapou, apicnfunckum npauom, hcpcxunmum inafc-
manickuu ohif u cpasy cfanmum cio fonapumcm ho opic. B no-
npc 156 i. nmccfc c 82 fonapumamu Kacfpo hohifancn nicanufi-
cn na Kyc. Icsynifaf in kafacfpoquunim. Toniko nkxuna fcx,
1O27
kfo yucncn, cmoinu ckpificn n iopax Cicppa-Mascfpa na nocfokc
ocfpona. Offyna n fcucnuc ncmnoium oncc nnyx ncf Kacfpo nos-
inannnn opiy hpofun nukfafypi, kofopyk Iafucfa ycfanonun n
152 i. Konuuccfno hapfusan pocno, no nukoina nc hpcnimano nc-
ckonikux cofcn, nosmoxno, nnyx ficnu ucnonck. Onnako um yna-
noci sannsafi konfakfi c kpccfinnckum mupom, hpunnnmum ux
kak cnoux, u c ioponckumu cpcnnumu cnonmu. Iocncnnuc honncp-
ianuci ncc onimcmy yincfcnuk pcxumom Iafucfi, uchifinanu
cuninoc nnunnuc anfuamcpukanusma, k kofopomy ux fonkana nc-
choconocfi CUA naufu na Kyc honufuucckuc cuni, ofnuunic
of fcx, ufo copanuci nokpyi nukfafopa, u c kofopimu moxno
ino i cofpynnuuafi. Ofu cnou hpunnckana hpoipamma nnuxcnun
Kacfpo, nc honpinnan, a pcqopmucfckan. Hcmnoium oncc ucm sa
nna iona ipyhhc pcnonkuuoncpon ynanoci cfafi ucnfpom hpufnxc-
nun nccx cun, ohhosuuuonnix pcxumy. 1 nnnapn 15 i. Iafucfa,
uyncfnyn cnok ncchoconocfi okasinafi cohpofunncnuc u cosnak-
muu, ufo cio onimc nc honncpxunakf CUA, hokunyn Ianany,
kyna fpuymqanino nomnu hapfusani Kacfpo.
4.1.5. K.BA
Ionufuucckan koanuuun, no inanc kofopou cfonn uncni Kacfpo
nmccfc co cnoum pafom Iayncm, komannykmum noopyxcnnimu
cunamu (ymcpcnniu Manysni Yppyfua cfan hpu sfom hpcsuncnfom
pcchynuku), cpasy xc hponcmoncfpuponana cuninoc cfpcmncnuc k
mopaninomy ononncnuk u npyium usmcncnunm. Ipanufcnicfno
Kacfpo n couuaninou cqcpc pasncpnyno opiy sa nuknunauuk
csipamofnocfu u cchnafnoc mcnuuunckoc ocnyxunanuc, umcnmuc
oipomniu ychcx u osnauanmuc otckfunnoc ynyumcnuc ycnonuu
xusnu napona. Inuncfno nauano nanafi fpcmuny, koina Kacfpo
cfan hpononufi cnok couuanino-skonomuucckyk honufuky (pcskoc
cnuxcnuc apcnnnix hnafcxcu, aipapnan pcqopma, nanocunman
ynap ho nnancnunm, hpcnimakmum 4OO ickfapon, ccnickoxosnu-
cfncnnic koohcpafuni). Yppyfua honan n ofcfanky c hocfa hpc-
suncnfa. Haponnan honncpxka pcnonkuuu napacfana, onnako nos-
pacfana fakxc u hofpcnocfi n sqqckfunnou opianusauuonnou
cfpykfypc u n nancxnou mcxnynaponnou honncpxkc. Kyunckan
hponcma cfanonunaci mcxnynaponnou hponcmou.
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi cnocnpcmcnno hpusnanu pcxum Kacfpo,
honisonanmuucn oipomnou cumhafucu n amcpukanckux nucpani-
nix kpyiax. Ofu cumhafuu inu cnnsani c nancxnou paspymufi
nc npanunmykcn mnoium amcpukanckum honufuucckum ncnfcnnm
fpanuuuonnyk hpakfuky, koina ofnomcnun c afunckou Amcpukou
1O28
ncusmcnno nonxni inu hpoxonufi ucpcs sfahi ocfpoio cfonkno-
ncnun unu xc ucpcs sfahi sanucumocfu, cncika hpukpifou hpu-
cyfcfnucm y nnacfu onuiapxuucckux (uacfo ccmcunix) ipyhh,
ucu ncmokpafuucckuu xapakfcp in nccima comnufcninim u uin
pchpcccunnan honufuka n konuc konuon nuckpcnufuponana camu
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi. Kacfpo hpcncfannnn nonyk pcqopmucfckyk
moncni, ykopcncnnyk n naponc, cofpynnuuccfno c kofopou hpu
ohpcncncnnix ycnonunx hpcncfannnnoci Cocnuncnnim Ufafam
nosmoxnim, xofn cckpcfnic cnyxi u hpcnyhpcxnanu o macconom
hponuknoncnuu kommynucfon n nnuxcnuc Kacfpo. Coks mcxny
cfoponnukamu Kacfpo u kommynucfamu cfan hononom nnn ccho-
koucfna Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u honfonknyn namunifonckoc hpa-
nufcnicfno k okasanuk nckofopix qopm nanncnun na noniu ky-
unckuu pcxum.
Kacfpo ofncfun nauuonanusauucu cs komhcncauuu unu c cum-
nonuucckou komhcncauucu umymccfna, hpunanncxanmcio amcpu-
kanckum komhanunm. C sfoio momcnfa nauancn macconiu nicsn c
Kyi, hpuncnmuu k fomy, ufo ncckoniko cofcn ficnu nkncu,
npaxncno nacfpocnnix k Kacfpo, smuipuponanu inannim opa-
som no nopuny, inc onu cfanu asou nnn nkoio anfukacfponcko-
io nnuxcnun n ynymcm.
Afmocqcpa nakannnaci ncc onimc, ucmy chococfnonanu fakxc
nusuf hcpnoio samccfufcnn Ipcnccnafcnn Concfa munucfpon CCCI
Mukonna na Kyy n qcnpanc 16O iona u honhucanuc coinamcnun,
ho kofopomy Concfckuu Coks onsancn hokyhafi ypoxau kyun-
ckoio caxapa ho ucnc, mcnimcu, ucm fa, ufo hnafunu amcpukanui,
no nsamcn hpcnocfannnn kpcnuf n 1OO munnuonon nonnapon hon
2,5' iononix. Iino ncno, ufo n afmocqcpc foio ococnnoio iona
Kya fakxc cfana onnou us nonix apcn cohcpnuuccfna mcxny
cncpxncpxanamu, u n iopasno onimcu cfchcnu, ucm Inafcmana n
154 i., ona hpcncfannnna coou hcpnyk ccpicsnyk hpockuuk kon-
qnukfa CUA-CCCI na 3ahannoc honymapuc. Cocnuncnnic Ufa-
fi nhcpnic n cnocu ucfopuu nusko cfonknynuci c ohacnocfik,
kofopou onu nc moinu hpcncpcui. Icpnou pcakuucu Ouscnxayspa
ino hyfcmccfnuc n Apicnfuny, Ipasunuk, Hunu u Ypyinau, inc
amcpukanckomy hpcsuncnfy in okasan nocfopxcnniu hpucm.
Oucnunno, ufo ccnu mnoiuc comncnanuci n anfukommynucfuucc-
kom hpcnnoic hpumcnufcnino k Inafcmanc n 154 i., fo concfc-
koc hpucyfcfnuc na Kyc n 16O i. ino nacfoniko nnnim, ufo
nisnano uchnyk pcakuuk, kofopan sacfanuna onuiapxuucckuc
cuni saifi o kakom i fo nu ino uckymcnuu ohcpcficn n ho-
uckax hohynnpnocfu na fakoc nciko nosynumoc uyncfno, hpucymcc
macconomy cosnanuk, kak ohhosuuun yunlees.
1O2
B uknc 16O iona iocynapcfncnniu nchapfamcnf hpcnnoxun
nnccfu smapio na umhopf kyunckoio caxapa, u hocnc onopcnun
konipccca n cncnykmcm mccnuc Ouscnxaysp hponosinacun nncncnuc
sfou mcpi. Kacfpo opafuncn c xanoou n Concf Icsohacnocfu
OOH ho honony amcpukanckou skonomuucckou aipcccuu, u Xpy-
mcn cc honncpxan, yipoxan uchonisonafi afomnoc opyxuc hpofun
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n cnyuac, ccnu fc nfopinyfcn na Kyy. Xofn
sfo in uucfiu ncq, cio cnona snauunu oucni mnoioc.
Oocfpcnuc kyunckoio kpusuca nisnano uchnyk pcakuuk ho-
cncncfnuu nnn honufuku Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n ofnomcnuu
Kyi, n uacfnocfu, u afunckou Amcpuku n hcpuon. Ono ofkpino
nonyk apcny concfcko-amcpukanckou konqponfauuu umcnno n fo
npcmn, koina kamhanun ho honony Icpnuna cfana ocnacnafi, on-
nako cnocio ahoicn nocfuina anfukononuaninan honcmuka, u hpo-
uccc ucpcnonanun nncpnix uchifanuu u hcpcionopon sa ux xc
sahpcmcnuc hcpcxunan cnoxniu momcnf. Hakoncu, sfo oocfpc-
nuc umcno hocncncfnun oncc omcio xapakfcpa nnn ofnomcnuu
mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u Inpohou u, n cmc oncc mupo-
kom hnanc, nnn amcpukanckou honufuku n mupc. Hnimu cnonamu,
kyunckuu nohpoc nauunan hcpcpacfafi n npyiou kpusuc, ofkpi-
fiu nnn pasnohnanonix pcmcnuu. Takou ina houna, na kofopou
ocnonnic ucpfi cocymccfnonanun n ycnonunx konkypcnuuu inu
honncpinyfi uchifanuk hpu onimom mymc.
Ofnomcnun mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u Kyou ncyk-
nonno yxynmanuci kak na saknkuufcninom sfahc hpanncnun anmu-
nucfpauuu Ouscnxayspa, fak u no npcmn hpcsuncnfcfna Kcnncnu.
nn ofncfa na concfckuc yiposi Bamunifon hifancn uchonisonafi
conunapnocfi OAI, nc nounmuci of ncc, onnako, pcmufcninoio
ocyxncnun nmcmafcnicfna unu yiposi nmcmafcnicfna ncpxan, na-
xonnmuxcn sa hpcncnamu konfuncnfa, n amcpukanckuc ncna (sann-
ncnuc concmanun n Can-Xocc, n Kocfa-Iukc, n aniycfc 16O i.).
Kacfpo otnnun o ycfanonncnuu nuhnomafuucckux ofnomc-
nuu c Kufauckou Haponnou Icchynukou u o fom, ufo Kya hpu-
numacf concfckoc hokponufcnicfno. C sfoio npcmcnu nauancn ho-
fok skonomuucckou, fcxnuucckou u nocnnou homomu co cfoponi
Concfckoio Coksa, nahpannncmou na ocfpon n Kapuckom mopc.
Koina n nauanc nnnapn 161 i. Kacfpo hofpconan, ufoi amcpu-
kanckoc hoconicfno n Iananc cokpafuno cnou hcpconan co 1JO no
11 ucnonck, namunifonckoc hpanufcnicfno pcmuno hpcpnafi nuh-
nomafuucckuc ofnomcnun mcxny nnymn cfpanamu.
Koina Kcnncnu cfan hpcsuncnfom, on okasancn, cncnonafcnino,
hcpcn cymccfncnno yxynmunmcucn cufyauucu, onnako hosuuuu
hpanufcnicfna n nannom nohpocc nc usmcnun. On ckopcc cfpcmuncn
1OJO
ofncfufi na nison, pasncpnyn honufuucckyk ncnfcninocfi onimc-
io macmfaa, nahpanncnnyk na ymcnimcnuc ohacnocfu pachpocf-
pancnun uncu Kacfpo n ocfaninou afunckou Amcpukc, ofnanan n
hcpnyk oucpcni hpcnhoufcnuc honiofonkc camou cnoxnou cucfc-
mi skonomuucckoio cofpynnuuccfna, kofopan koina-nuo hnanu-
ponanaci Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu n ofnomcnuu afunckou Amc-
puku. Onnonpcmcnno n 161 i. on cankuuonuponan ocymccfnncnuc
hnana, paspaofannoio hpcxncu anmunucfpauucu (nauunan c mapfa
16O i.), ho pcmufcninomy hcpcnopofy nccu cufyauuu na Kyc
hnana, sakonuunmciocn honnim hponanom. 17 ahpcnn 161 i. oko-
no 12OO kyunckux cxcnucn nicanunuci na kxnom hocpcxic
ocfpona Kya, n yxfc Kouunoc, paccuufinan na fo, ufo ux nccanf
hocnyxuf uckpou nnn noccfanun, cpannumoio c hocnonocnim
noccfanucm Kacfpo, nauafoio c cmc mcnimumu cunamu.
Ipcnhpunfuc ocnoninanoci na omuounom hpcnhonoxcnuu,
ufo kyunckuu napon xoucf ncpnyficn k ncmokpafuu afucfoncko-
io fuha, kofopyk unfcpncnfi kakona i nu ina ux nacfonman
honufuucckan hpoipamma ccfccfncnnim opasom hpcncfannnnu.
K fomy xc ofcyfcfnonana unqopmauun ofnocufcnino ofnomcnun
kyunucn k Kacfpo u hohynnpnocfu, kofopyk on sanocnan n hcp-
nic mccnui hpanncnun. Hnfcpncnuuk iofonunu cckpcfnic cnyx-
i, nc nihonnunmuc cnok paofy nonxnim opasom. Ona ina
cankuuonuponana hpcsuncnfom, kofopiu, hponnun nckofopoc nci-
komicnuc, honcpun n nosmoxnocfi icfpoio ychcxa no fakou cfc-
hcnu, ufo ofkasancn hpcnocfanufi unfcpncnfam honncpxky c nos-
nyxa nnn foio, ufoi hponcmoncfpuponafi ncufpanufcf, n kofopiu
nukfo nc ncpun.
B fcucnuc fpcx nncu ncc nicanunmuccn na cpci inu nsnfi n
hncn nouckamu Kacfpo, onnako nccanf nc pasxci n cfpanc nu ma-
ncumcio ouaia noccfanun. Kcnncnu hifancn ofpuuafi cnok ofncf-
cfncnnocfi, honfncpxnanmykcn mnoiouucncnnimu qakfamu. Oucni
ckopo cfano ncno, ufo nopononiui hpomnu oyucnuc n HIY u
ufo hocncnncc nccno ofncfcfncnnocfi sa nck ohcpauuk. Kcnncnu
hohifancn hcpcnoxufi ofncfcfncnnocfi sa ncynauy na cnocio
hpcnmccfncnnuka, ufo ino chpancnnuno, no numi ofuacfu, ho-
ckoniky Ouscnxaysp, kak on cam namcn nosmoxnocfi ckasafi Kcnnc-
nu, nukoina i nc hosnonun, ufoi, pas yx in safponyf amcpukan-
ckuu hpccfux (kak sfo u ino n ncucfnufcninocfu), saxnafuuku
nnuianuci houfu n fcmnofc, honono hupafam ncusnccfnoio hpo-
ucxoxncnun c nchonnfnimu ucnnmu.15 ::111
Ipccfux CUA hofcphcn snauufcniniu ypon. Kacfpo honyuun
nosmoxnocfi onunufi Cocnuncnnic Ufafi n aipcccunnix ucnnx,
a ncc cio ycunun camosamufi honfncpxnanuci ucfopucu c hponanom
1OJ1
nccanfa n yxfc Kouunoc. 1 man on otnnun Kyy couuanucfuucc-
kou pcchynukou, u c fcx hop cc hyfi n nahpanncnuu honnou
fpancqopmauuu kyunckou cucfcmi n mapkcucfcko-ncnunckom
cmicnc (fo ccfi cmoncnuponannou ho concfckomy opasuy) cfan
ncopafumim. Onnako sfof shuson umcn nc foniko hosufunnoc
snaucnuc nnn kyunckoio nukfafopa. Xpymcn, kak on nahucan n
cnoux mcmyapax, nauan nsncmunafi pcmn onsafcnicfn, cnnsinan-
mux n ynauax u ohacnocfnx Concfckuu Coks u Kyy, ocfpon,
pachonoxcnniu cnumkom nusko of Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, ufoi
onu moinu haccunno nochpunumafi fo, ufo fam hpoucxonuno. Kak
ofmcuacf xon ikuc Isnnuc, snfysuasm Kpcmnn n ofnomcnuu
ychcxa Kacfpo nauunan yiacafi.
11.2.4. COLB PA,U HPOFPECCA
Kcnncnu, uchifan cnauana nckofopyk pacfcpnnnocfi, foxc us-
nnck hpanuniniu ninon us hopaxcnun u hocfapancn hocfanufi na-
funoamcpukanckyk honufuky Cocnuncnnix Ufafon na koncfpyk-
funnyk ocnony. Bcpnynmuci k uncc, ninnunyfou Ouscnxayspom
ion nasan u onopcnnou konipcccom n mapfc 161 iona, o accui-
nonanuu 5OO munnuonon nonnapon Mcxamcpukanckomy qonny sa
couuaniniu hpoipccc, on pasnun cc no oncc omupnoio hpockfa,
kofopomy nan fopxccfncnnoc nasnanuc Coks panu hpoipccca.
5 aniycfa 161 i. n Ypyinac, n Iynfa-ncni-Ocfc, nauanaci kon-
qcpcnuun munucfpon skonomuku amcpukanckux iocynapcfn, hon-
hucanmux hocnc nncnanuafu nncu paofi nokymcnf ncknapauuk
Iynfa-ncni-Ocfc, kofopan saknaninana ocnoni Coksa, hpoipam-
mi, hpcnnasnaucnnou nnn nccx cfpan konfuncnfa, sa ucknkucnucm
Kyi. Io cymccfny pcui mna o onsafcnicfnax okasafi maccupo-
nannyk homomi na cymmy nc mcncc 2O mnpn nonnapon, hpcnnasna-
ucnnyk nnn hpoipamm pasnufun. Ofo ina hohifka nosononufi c
ucnik cncpxunanun yiposi co cfoponi Kacfpo hponcncnuc honu-
fuku nopococcncfna, nahonnun cc nunumim konkpcfnim concp-
xanucm. B nohonncnuc k skonomuucckou cfoponc ncna n nnnapc
162 i. na npyiou konqcpcnuuu munucfpon unocfpannix ncn cfpan-
uncnon OAI onimuncfnom ionocon (nosncpxanuci Apicnfuna,
Hunu, Ionunun, Oknanop u Mckcuka) ino hpunnfo pcmcnuc o
ucknkucnuu Kyi us opianusauuu. Iosuuun hpcncfanufcncu nau-
oncc naccncnnix cfpan nafunoamcpukanckoio mupa hponcmoncfpu-
ponana nanuuuc inyokoio nccoinacun c fcmu mcfonamu, kofopimu
Kcnncnu oponcn hpofun Kacfpo. H xofn cfpani, hpcncfanncnnic
na konqcpcnuuu, houfu cnunonymno ocynunu mapkcucfcko-nc-
nunckuu pcxum Kacfpo kak ncconmccfumiu c mcxamcpukanckou
1OJ2
cucfcmou, pasnuuuc hosuuuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u onimcu uac-
fu cfpan 3ahannoio honymapun hponnunoci co nccu oucnunnocfik.
Ocmanun snauufcninou skonomuucckou homomu nc komhcn-
cuponanu mnoiux ncf ncnnumanun u ncucfnuu, ofkponcnno na-
hpanncnnix na honuuncnuc npyiux cfpan. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi n
hcuxonoiuucckom u honufuucckom ofnomcnuu inu ncc cmc iopas-
no oncc nancku of cfpan cnocio honymapun, ucm of cnpohcuckux u
nckofopix asuafckux cfpan. Koncuno, skonomuucckan usonnuun
Kyi ycununanaci, onnako nc fakum opasom, kakoio xcnana amc-
pukanckan anmunucfpauun. Bhpoucm, nosnpamcnuc hcponucfon k
nnacfu n Apicnfunc (mapf 162 i.) unu, nahpofun, fpynnocfu, c ko-
fopimu anmunucfpauun Kcnncnu cfonknynaci n Icpy n ycnonunx
konqnukfa mcxny nocnnou nukfafypou u AIIA (AIKA Amcpu-
kanckuu naponno-pcnonkuuonniu aninnc), onnou us camix cfapix
opianusauuu ncmokpafuucckux ncnix cun na konfuncnfc, ninnunu
oipanuucnnocfi ncmokpafuu Kcnncnu, ninyxncnnou unfu na nny-
cmicncnnic komhpomucci.
Coks panu hpoipccca onapyxun koncfpykfunnic momcnfi,
a fakxc oipanuucnnocfi u nnoucfncnnocfi nafunoamcpukanckou
honufuku Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Iio konuchfyaniniu samiccn
in ananoiuucn hnany Mapmanna u opucnfuponan na fo, ufo ma-
xonuk amcpukanckux kahufanon unu kahufanon, hpcnocfanncnnix
kpyhnimu mcxnynaponnimu qunanconimu opianusauunmu u npy-
iumu kahufanucfuucckumu cfpanamu, cmoxcf hpunccfu n nnuxcnuc
mcxanusm pasnufun honono fomy, kak sfo hpousomno n Inpohc
cpasy hocnc nfopou muponou nouni. Hcnocfafok sfou konuchuuu
kopcnuncn n inyokom pasnuuuu cufyauuu n 3ahannou Inpohc u n
afunckou Amcpukc. B Inpohc hnan Mapmanna fakxc coofncf-
cfnonan hofpcnocfu hpunafi koncfpykfunniu umhynic skonomu-
ucckomy pasnufuk n hpofunoncc hponuknoncnuk kommynucfuucc-
koio nnunnun, nisnannoio skonomuucckum sacfocm unu chanom.
Onnako n Inpohc cucfcma, na kofopou ocnoninancn hnan Map-
manna, ina camou pasnufou n mupc u hpannmuc knacci moinu py-
kononcfnonaficn anfukommynucfuucckumu namcpcnunmu: nuucio
omcio nu c nafunoamcpukanckumu onuiapxamu, nu c hohynucfcku
nacfpocnnimu nocnnimu, nu naxc (n nyumcm cnyuac) c uckpcnnumu
cfoponnukamu ncmokpafuucckoio pasnufun, nc umcnmcio honufu-
ucckux kopncu.
Icuxonoiuucckuu sqqckf Coksa moi okasaficn naxc snauu-
fcninim, kak koncfafuponan Kcnncnu n uknc 162 i., koina on
in nocfopxcnno hpunnf no npcmn cnocio nusufa n Mcxuko, cfonu-
uy cfpani, onnonpcmcnno camyk nuskyk u hcuxonoiuuccku camyk
ofnancnnyk of Cocnuncnnix Ufafon us-sa sfnuucckux u skonomu-
1OJJ
ucckux pasnuuuu, a fakxc honufuucckux konqnukfon, umcnmux
mccfo n hpomnom, n fom uucnc u nanckom. Onnako hpakfuucckuu
pcsynifaf ocfanancn ncc-faku oipanuucnnim. Io cymccfny ino
cnoxno pasnuuufi, ina nu hpoipamma homomu hpcnnasnaucna
nnn dcsarroIIo, fo ccfi skonomuucckoio hontcma afunckou Amcpu-
ku, unu ona ina oycnonncna hpunnfucm hpoipamm pasnufun, co-
inaconannix c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u cnnsannix c hpoucccom
ncmokpafusauuu. Tconopo Mockoco, pykononufcni hpoipamm Co-
ksa cmcno hpcnckasinan, ufo ucpcs nccnfi ncf nuuo afunckou
Amcpuku usmcnufcn. Hcipamofnocfi (cocfannnnman foina okono
O') yncf hocxncna, fakxc kak u ncfckan cmcpfnocfi (cocfan-
nnnman okono 11'), u no nccx cfpanax honyuuf pachpocfpancnuc u
ykopcnufcn conpcmcnnan fcxnonoiuucckan kynifypa.
Kcnncnu ynnsinan hpoipammy homomu c pasnufucm hpouccca
ncmokpafusauuu; onnako honufuucckuu pcanusm ninyxnan cio
cuufaficn c cufyauunmu, kofopic nc hpcnocfannnnu nosmoxnocfcu
nnn anifcpnafun. Koncuno, namunifonckan anmunucfpauun concu-
cfnonana hpuxony k nnacfu inan iocynapcfn, uspannix ncmokpafu-
ucckum hyfcm, onnako ona nc ocfanannunanaci u hcpcn ycfanonnc-
nucm ofnomcnuu cofpynnuuccfna, koina sfo ino ncoxonumo,
fakxc u c hpcncfanufcnnmu cfapix onuiapxuu unu nonix couu-
aninix cokson, kofopic hocfchcnno cknaninanuci nokpyi noopy-
xcnnix cun. 3auacfyk umcnno fak qopmuponancn camiu nacfon-
muu hpannmuu knacc ofncninix cfpan. Iocnc cmcpfu Kcnncnu u
hocnc foio, kak anmunucfpauun xoncona okasanaci houfu hon-
nocfik hoinomcnnou nounou no Bicfnamc, kommynucfuucckoc
hponuknoncnuc n afunckyk Amcpuky cfano pcaninocfik. Opas
Hc Icnapi, hokunynmcio Kyy n 165 i. nnn pachpocfpancnun
hapfusanckou nouni na ncci ocfaninou konfuncnf, cosnan nna,
fpu, mnoio nicfnamon, cfan cumnonom nauana nnufcninou opii
c ncncnim ucxonom, nccmofpn na fo, ufo ncucfnun nafunoamcpu-
kanckux honcfanucckux nnuxcnuu ocfananuci qakfuuccku oipanu-
ucnnimu ofncninimu shusonamu.
Iosfomy hpucyfcfnuc anfukacfponckux sncmcnfon n hpoucccc
cosnanun Coksa panu hpoipccca nc nonxno ynunnnfi.
Yxc n konuc 161 i. Kcnncnu pachopnnuncn, ufoi ina naua-
fa honiofonka chcuuaninix cun nnn ncncnun hapfusanckou nouni
n kyunckux nxyninnx u nccfaunusauuu pcxuma (fak nasinacman
Ohcpauun maniycf). Ofo nanonuf na micni o fom, ufo Coks nn-
nnncn numi cpcncfnom hpukpifi fpanuuuonnoc nmcmafcnicfno n
nchocpcncfncnnou qopmc, xapakfcpnoc nnn xononnou nouni. Ha
camom ncnc nocnnoc nnumanuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon ino na-
hpanncno n fof hcpuon na Kyy, a hpano na ncnkoc npyioc nmcma-
1OJ4
fcnicfno n ocfaninou uacfu honymapun hpcnocfannnnoci mccfnim
noopyxcnnim cunam. Takux shusonon ino ncmano, onnako hpu-
nanafi um snaucnuc cymnocfnou ocnoni hpoipammi skonomuucc-
koio pasnufun osnauacf uckaxafi pcaniniu cmicn amcpukanckoio
yuacfun, ncynanmciocn, no kak i fo nu ino nhcpnic sanymannoio
kak choco konkpcfnoio nipaxcnun nopococcncfna u ncmoncfpa-
uuu honumanun Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu foio, ufo cocymccfnona-
nuc n ycnonunx konkypcnuuu, xofn u hponnnnnoci n fof momcnf n
Aqpukc, n kauccfnc hofcnuuaninou apcni paccmafpunano fakxc
afunckyk Amcpuky.
kou ychcx Concfckoio Coksa n Aqpukc unu na Kyc choco-
cn in ocnoxnufi Bamunifony nck cufyauuk. Iosfomy amcpu-
kanckoc hpanufcnicfno nc moino ocymccfnnnfi cnok ncnfcninocfi
numi ho nc cnnsannim mcxny coou nahpanncnunm, no nonxno
ino koopnunuponafi cc n kauccfnc onnoponnoio ucnoio, honuma-
cmoio kak noniocpouniu ofncf na noniu nison. Coks panu hpo-
ipccca nnnnncn onnum us achckfon nonou nafunoamcpukanckou
honufuku anmunucfpauuu Kcnncnu. Ofy honufuky cncnycf pac-
cmafpunafi nc kak cpcncfno nnn nncncnun n oucpcnnou pas n sa-
nyxncnuc nafunoamcpukanucn ofnocufcnino honnunnix namcpcnuu
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, no kak hcpnyk ccpicsnyk hohifky ycfano-
nufi ofnomcnun cofpynnuuccfna u unfcipauuu, mcncc ofpanncn-
nic nciafunnimu hpcucncnfamu u ucfopuucckumu pasnoinacunmu
n pamkax 3ahannoio honymapun. Ofo in i mcnncnniu hpouccc,
fpconanmuu cmcni snauufcninou uacfu hpannmux knaccon, na-
ncxnoio hponnuxcnun afunckou Amcpuku ho hyfu ycfouuunoio
skonomuucckoio pasnufun. Kya u Kacfpo oocfpnnu ocosnanuc
hponcmi.
11.2.5. K.BUHCKUU PAKETHMU KPUBUC
Coks Kyi c CCCI nanan Cocnuncnnim Ufafam honon nnn
oucnunnou fpcnoiu. C uknn 15 i. Ouscnxaysp hpcnnuncn, ufo
Kya, cfan kommynucfuucckou, opcfcf nncpnoc opyxuc, na kofopoc
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nonxni ifi iofoni pcaiuponafi honono
fomy, kak pycckuc pcaiuponanu na pasmcmcnuc pakcf cpcnncio pa-
nuyca ncucfnun na fcppufopuu Typuuu (a fakxc u na ufaninnckou
fcppufopuu, ufo nc yhomunanoci Ouscnxayspom, no nnnnnoci hpc-
ucncnfom, pannoucnnim fypcukomy). Ynsnumocfi concfckou hosu-
uuu ho cymccfny ocfananaci fou xc, ufo u n nauanc Icpnunckoio
kpusuca 158 i., hpcxnc nccio us-sa foio, ufo amcpukanui nmccfc
c sahannimu ncmuamu ofkasinanuci of hpusnanun nciufumnocfu
ycfpoucfna, cnoxunmciocn n nocfounou uacfu Icpmanuu.
1OJ5
Honic ofnomcnun, cnoxunmuccn mcxny Kyou u CCCI, hpc-
nocfannnnu upcsniuauno naiohpunfnic ycnonun nnn hohifku sa-
ncpmcnun, ho kpauncu mcpc ofuacfu, ohcpauuu, nauafou Mocknou
n 157 i. sahyckom hcpnix mcxkonfuncnfaninix annucfuucckux
pakcf. Onnako pycckuc cmc omyfumo ofcfananu of CUA, onanan-
mux hpcnocxoncfnom kak ho uucny afomnix ociononok, fak u ho
ux pasmcmcnuk. Concfckuc MII moinu nanccfu momniu hcp-
niu ynap ho Cocnuncnnim Ufafam, kofopic n nkom cnyuac co-
xpanunu i na asax, okpyxanmux concfckyk fcppufopuk, cnou
nncpniu hofcnuuan, oncc ucm nocfafouniu, ufoi hcpcxufi hcp-
noc nahancnuc u hopasufi pycckux nfopim ynapom.
Koncuno, pcui mna o fcopcfuucckou iuhofcsc, onnako o iuho-
fcsc, na kofopou cfpounuci cfpafciuucckuc pacucfi ocux cncpx-
ncpxan. C sfou fouku spcnun, kyunckan fcppufopun hpcncfannnna
coou uncaninyk asy kak nnn foio, ufoi cokpafufi paspin n pa-
kcfno-nncpnom hofcnuuanc, fak u nnn foio, ufoi pcmufi hponc-
my, ofnoxcnnyk n pcsynifafc samopaxunanun Icpnunckoio kpusu-
ca, sacfanufi Cocnuncnnic Ufafi ocosnafi honufuucckuu cmicn
yiposi, cnumkom hpunusunmcucn k ux nauuonaninou fcppufo-
puu. Amcpukanckan cfopona yxc hpcnnuncna sfy hponcmy u pac-
cmafpunana nosmoxnocfi ncmonfaxa cucfcmi pakcf Khufcp u
Top, kofopimu inu ocnamcni ufaninnckuc, fypcukuc u pufan-
ckuc asi, u hpunnfun hpoipammi, ocnonannou na hpcumymc-
cfncnnom uchonisonanuu pakcf Ionapuc, sahyckacmix c nncpnix
honnonnix nonok. Ofa hpoipamma nonxna ina unfcipuponafi na-
uuonaninic noopyxcnnic cuni n HATO c fcm, ufoi uscxafi
honfopcnun shusonon, hononix icpmanckomy, u oipanuuufi am-
uuuu nc Ionnn ofnocufcnino concpmcnno anfonomnou ynapnou
cuni. Onnako n fof momcnf, koina Concfckuu Coks hpunuman
cnou pcmcnun n ofnomcnuu Kyi, noniu kypc amcpukanckou
cfpafciuu cnna oosnauuncn u mockonckoc hpanufcnicfno moino
ocnoninaficn foniko na fcx qakfax, kofopic cmy inu usnccfni.
Hncn pasmcmcnun concfckux pakcfnix as na Kyc ponunaci n
yskou ipyhhc uncnon concfckoio pykononcfna n ahpcncmac 162 i.
Ona umcna n nuny fpu ucnu: hpcnocfanufi nyumyk samufy ohnofy
kommynusma n 3ahannom honymapuu; ypannonccufi amcpukanckoc
nncpnoc hpcnocxoncfno; saponufi ohaccnuc, ufo kyunckan unuuu-
afuna nnnncfcn nonim sfahom nuhnomafuucckoio nacfyhncnun ho
nncpnou hponcmc, yxc nauafoio n Icpnunc. Hnimu cnonamu,
amcpukanui nc nonxni inu oonimaficn ofnocufcnino foio,
ufo CCCI coinacufcn ocfanufi ncpcmcnnim fakou naxniu noh-
poc, kak icpmanckuu, u sainafi, ufo on moxcf nosnuknyfi nnoni
u yxc n nchocpcncfncnnou nusocfu of ux fcppufopuu.
1OJ6
Ofa uncn n ucnom ina ho nymc concfckum pykononufcnnm, a
fakxc uncnk Kacfpo. Koina Iayni Kacfpo, kyunckuu munucfp
ooponi, n uknc 162 i. ofhpanuncn n Mockny (n aniycfc sa num
hocncnonan Hc Icnapa), in paspaofan hpockf noionopa, hpcnyc-
mafpunanmcio kak hocinky na Kyy concfckoio nocnnoio konfun-
icnfa hpunusufcnino us 45 fic. ucnonck, fak u pasmcmcnuc na
ocfponc, n aconkfnou cckpcfnocfu, hnfu chcuuaninix honkon,
choconix hpousnccfu sahyck n omcu cnoxnocfu nc mcncc 4O pa-
kcf fuha SS-4 u SS-5 ho otckfam na fcppufopuu Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon, a fakxc ccpuu fakfuucckux pakcf, hpcnnasnaucnnix nnn
hpumcncnun hpofun nosmoxnoio amcpukanckoio nfopxcnun c
mopn. Io mncnuk Iaumona . Iapfxoqa, concfckuc noopyxcnnic
cuni, pachonaianmuc n fof momcnf foniko 44 mcxkonfuncnfani-
nimu annucfuucckumu pakcfamu n cocfonnuu ociofonnocfu,
naionapn yncnuucnuk ux uucna n pcsynifafc pasmcmcnun pakcf na
kyunckux asax (ufo qakfuuccku hpunanano um snaucnuc mcx-
konfuncnfaninix pakcf cpcnncio panuyca ncucfnun, ynnaunanu
cnou nncpnic cfpafciuucckuc cuni. B fof momcnf um hpofunocfo-
nn apccnan us 176 amcpukanckux MII, ycuncnnix 114 pakcfamu,
pasmcmcnnimu na honnonnix nonkax, u cmc okono 27OO npyiux
nunon nncpnoio opyxun (nc ncc us nux cfpafciuucckoio xapakfc-
pa u hosfomy pasnuunou naninocfu u momnocfu).
Icpnan unqopmauun o oncc akfunnix, ucm oiuno, hcpcnnu-
xcnunx nouck na kyunckou fcppufopuu cfana honnnnficn y amc-
pukanckux chcucnyx nauunan c aniycfa. B konuc aniycfa nosnuk-
nu hpcnhonoxcnun, ufo pycckuc coupakfcn cfpoufi pakcfnic
asi, onnako sa hcpnimu ohaccnunmu hocncnonano ncckoniko nc-
ncni safumin. Toniko n nauanc okfnpn amcpukanckum chcucnyx-
am ynanoci ncfpcnoxufi hpcsuncnfa u cio okpyxcnuc. okfnpn
Iocpf Kcnncnu, munucfp kcfuuuu, cankuuonuponan pasncnina-
fcniniu honcf camoncfa Y-2. 15 okfnpn qofoctcmku, cncnannic c
camoncfa, hokasanu ncno u ncnnycmicncnno: pycckuc sancpmanu
cfpoufcnicfno pakcfnix as nnn pasncpfinanun annucfuucckux
pakcf cpcnncio panuyca ncucfnun, yxc nocfanncnnix na Kyy. 16 ok-
fnpn hpcsuncnf Kcnncnu in hpounqopmuponan o hpoucxonnmcm
u unuuuuponan hpouccc honiofonku ofncfa na concfckyk unuuua-
funy. B fof xc camiu ncni ipyhha nauoncc nuskux cofpynnukon
hpcsuncnfa copanaci na chcuuaninoc saccnanuc n kauccfnc IxccutIvc
CommIttcc oI âtIonaI SccurIty CouncII (cokpamcnno IxComm), fo
ccfi Hchonnufcninoio komufcfa Concfa nauuonaninou csohacno-
cfu. C fcx hop sfof opian (n kofopiu nxonunu ioccckpcfapi un
Iack, munucfp ooponi Iocpf Maknamapa, nupckfop HIY xon
Makkoyn, Iocpf Kcnncnu u yskuu kpyi nicmux uunonnukon u ho-
1OJ7
nufuucckux, nocnnix u nuhnomafuucckux concfnukon) saccnan houfu
cs hcpcpinon n fcucnuc 12 nncu nhnofi no sancpmakmcio momcnfa
kpusuca u hpononxan paofafi n fcucnuc ncckonikux ncncni hocnc
foio, kak kpufuucckan qasa ina hpcononcna.
Bocnnic yiposi oucnunanuci n cnnsu c nospocmcu choconocfik
okasinafi nchocpcncfncnnoc nanncnuc na Cocnuncnnic Ufafi,
kofopyk hpuopcn CCCI; cfano oucnunnim, ufo sfo hpuncno k
naxnim nnn Concfckoio Coksa, no nc pcmakmum usmcncnunm.
Ioncc cymccfncnnimu hpcncfannnnuci nuhnomafuucckuc u honu-
fuucckuc pucku n mupokom cmicnc. uhnomafuucckuc yiposi ka-
canuci nsaumocnnsu mcxny ncucfnunmu na Kyc u coifunmu n
Icpnunc. Bosmoxno, kak honaianu nckofopic, pycckuc namcpcna-
nuci okasafi na Kyc nanncnuc, kofopoc onu nonxni inu ymcni-
mufi n Icpnunc, nnn foio, ufoi ninynufi amcpukanucn nnoni
nauafi nuanoi ho honony fou xc camou Icpmanuu. Cymccfnonanu,
onnako, u oncc omuc honufuucckuc achckfi, ofnocunmuccn k
nnunnuk amcpukanckou ncpxani na ncci mup (hpcxnc nccio na
nafunoamcpukanckuu konfuncnf) u k hpounocfu HATO, kofopan
hocnc 156 i. nc ina cmc honnocfik noccfanonncna.
Hfak, inu paccmofpcni pasnic napuanfi ofncfa. B fo npcmn
kak nckofopic (cpcnu nux Iocpf Kcnncnu, kofopiu, nhpoucm,
houfu cpasy xc usmcnun cnoc mncnuc) hpcnnaianu ncmcnncnnic
ofncfnic mcpi, paccuufinan na fo, ufo pycckuc nc ynyf ofncuafi;
npyiuc (n hcpnyk oucpcni hpcsuncnf Kcnncnu) opucnfuponanuci
ckopcc na hpomcxyfounic pcmcnun, kofopic honnumanu i ypo-
ncni konqponfauuu, ocfannnn, onnako, ocum cfoponam hyfi k
nixony no uscxanuc kpaunux pcmcnuu. Hs ananusa qofoipaqu-
ucckux nannix amcpukanui moinu honyuufi ncohponcpxumic no-
kasafcnicfna ofnocufcnino foio, ufo hpoucxonuno na Kyc, hosfomy
ux hponcma cocfonna nc n fom, ufoi hponcmoncfpuponafi, ufo
fam hpoucxonuf, ckoniko n fom, ufoi cncnafi coofncfcfnykmuc
ninoni. Imc onimyk hapanokcaninocfi sfomy ocfonfcnicfny hpu-
nanan fof qakf, ufo 18 okfnpn n coofncfcfnuu c noionopcnnocfik,
nocfuinyfou cmc no foio, kak ino onapyxcno pasmcmcnuc pakcf,
hpcsuncnf hpunnn concfckoio munucfpa Ipomiko, hoccfunmcio
cio, ufoi hofpconafi of Cocnuncnnix Ufafon hpckpamcnun yipos
n anpcc Kacfpo u sannufi, ufo concfckan homomi Kyc cocfouf
foniko us hponykfon hufanun, hpcnnasnaucnnix nnn hpcnofnpa-
mcnun n cfpanc ionona. Kcnncnu honfncpnun hosuuuu, yxc nicka-
sannic hynuuno, ofnocufcnino foio, ufo nc cymccfnycf amcpu-
kanckou yiposi Kyc, no ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nc hofcphnf
pasmcmcnun na ocfponc nacfyhafcninix noopyxcnuu. Ipomiko of-
ncfun, ufo sfoio nukoina nc hpousouncf u y Cocnuncnnix Ufafon
ncf nukakoio honona nnn cchokoucfna.
1OJ8
Koncanun u nuckyccuu nnyfpu Hchonkoma CHI hponnunuci
no 22 okfnpn, koina inu onapononani pcmcnun, hpunnfic
hpcsuncnfom. B pcuu k nauuu, ananoiuunou opamcnuk, hpcn-
cfanncnnomy Concfy Icsohacnocfu Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix
Hauuu amcpukanckum ncnciafom Onnacm Cfuncnconom, u n nuu-
nom hucimc, nahpanncnnom Xpymcny, Kcnncnu pasonauun fo, ufo
hpoucxonuno na Kyc, honucpknyn ccpicsnocfi ohacnocfu u san-
nun, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi ycfanannunakf nunuk kapanfuna,
sa kofopyk onu nc ynyf hpohyckafi concfckuc cyna, nahpannnk-
muccn na Kyy c ipysom opyxun. Cyna, kofopic napymaf sahpcf,
ynyf honncpiaficn nocmofpy u n cnyuac honfncpxncnun honospc-
nuu cunou honopauunaficn opafno. B sfo xc npcmn ncfcpan amc-
pukanckou nuhnomafuu, inmuu ioccckpcfapi, un Auccon in
ofhpanncn n ocnonnic cnpohcuckuc cfonuui nnn unqopmupona-
nun o cosnanmcucn cufyauuu u o pcmcnunx, hpunnfix hpcsuncnfom
(u, cncnonafcnino, kak opafun nnumanuc icncpan nc Ionni, nc nnn
koncynifauuu c coksnukamu o ofncfnix mcpax, kofopic cncnycf
hpunnfi), a fakxc nnn opamcnun c hpusinom k conunapnocfu.
B hocncnykmuc nnu nahpnxcnuc nocfuino fakoio nakana, kako-
io ono nc nocfuiano co npcmcnu nouni n Kopcc u hcpnou nokani
Icpnuna. Ofo inu nnu upcsniuauno unfcncunnix nuhnomafuucckux
konfakfon u nuxopanounoio oxunanun. Icpnan pcakuun Concfckoio
Coksa u Kyi ina nciafunnou, no n Concfc Icsohacnocfu OOH
Cfuncncony ynanoci hponcmoncfpuponafi ocnonafcninocfi umcn-
muxcn y ncio nokasafcnicfn. Onnako na qonc nchpumupumocfu
mcn fakxc hpouccc pasmimncnun u pachyfinanun cnoxnix concfc-
kux xonon u amcpukanckux ofncfnix ncucfnuu. Ohaccnun cnnsina-
nuci nc cfoniko c nchocpcncfncnnou pcakuucu Concfckoio Coksa
na amcpukanckuu kapanfun, ckoniko c ofncfnimu mcpamu hpo-
fun Icpnuna; u y Xpymcna inu concfnuku, kofopic okasinanu
na ncio nanncnuc n sfom nahpanncnuu. Iononic ofncfnic ncu-
cfnun hpuncnu i k yxynmcnuk amcpukanckux hosuuuu. Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi kafciopuuccku nc moinu hosnonufi concfckum pa-
kcfam, ynyuu onapyxcnnimu, ocfanaficn na Kyc, hosfomy onu
nonxni inu naufu choco niufu us kpusuca c makcumanino nos-
moxnim ychcxom, onnako nc hcpcxonn hpu sfom kpufuucckou ucp-
fi. Hc moinu ncnooucnunafi ohacnocfcu nosmoxnix ofncfnix
mcp u n Icpmanuu. Cncnonafcnino, ncoxonumo ino houfu n ho-
nufuucckom hnanc na pnn ycfyhok, cohocfanumix c ninonom co-
ncfckux pakcf, yxc pasmcmcnnix na Kyc.
Ion nosncucfnucm muponoio omccfncnnoio mncnun, noony-
mcnncnnoio fakxc hauuqucfckum nicfyhncnucm hahi Hoanna
1OJ
XXIII, hcpniu mai n nahpanncnuu komhpomucca cncnan Xpymcn,
kofopiu yxc 24 okfnpn hpukasan concfckum cynam nc napymafi
nokany. 26 okfnpn on opafuncn c nuunim hucimom k Kcnncnu
(kofopomy hpcnmccfnonan nconimou nuhnomafuucckuu sonnax),
inc on nipaxan iofonnocfi otnnufi, ufo concfckuc cyna, nahpan-
nnkmuccn na Kyy, nc ncsyf pakcfnoc opyxuc, a fakxc ocman
nincsfu yxc pasmcmcnnic pakcfi. B ofncf ycnonun Kcnncnu
hpcnnaianoci hynuuno sannufi o ofcyfcfnuu namcpcnuu nfop-
iaficn na Kyy, a fakxc onsaficn nc honncpxunafi hohifku npy-
iux cfpan nfopinyficn na ocfpon, ufo cncnano i ncnyxnim hpu-
cyfcfnuc concfckux chcuuanucfon.
Cpasy xc hocnc sfoio hucima Xpymcn nahucan nfopoc, iopasno
oncc ocfonfcninoc (hcpcnannoc ho panuo n Mocknc yfpom 27 ok-
fnpn), n kofopom ninon pakcf c Kyi ynnsinancn c ofkasom amcpu-
kanckou cfoponi of uchonisonanun pakcf Khufcp, pasmcmcnnix
n Typuuu. Iasnuuuc nnyx hosuuuu oucnunno. Icpnan ofpaxana
honxon, naionapn kofopomy pcmufcninocfi Kcnncnu oncpxunana
ncpx nan pcmufcninocfik Xpymcna, hockoniky omcn onsafcni-
cfna ofkasaficn of pakcf na onsafcnicfno nc nfopiaficn na Kyy
in qopmanino camim ncikum us foio, c ucm moinu coinacuficn
amcpukanui n fof momcnf (naxc Ohcpauun maniycf ina hpc-
pnana camum xonom coifuu). B ufoic amcpukanckan anmunucfpa-
uun hpumupnnaci i (unu ncmoncfpuponana, ufo hpumupnnaci) c
cymccfnonanucm pcxuma Kacfpo na Kyc. Hahpofun, nfopan hosu-
uun ycmafpunana komhpomuccniu hyfi paspcmcnun kpusuca: Kya
n omcn na Typuuk, hpuucm cs koncynifauuu Cocnuncnnix Ufa-
fon c coksnukamu ho HATO.
nn foio ufoi niufu us fyhuka, Kcnncnu pcmun ncucfnonafi
nononino xufpoymno. On ofncfun na nna hucima Xpymcna nnymn
pasnuunimu chocoamu fak, ufo onu inu houfu numcni nnyf-
pcnncu cnnsu, u nnn cnoux ofncfon nipan qopmi, hosnonnkmuc
cmy hpcncfafi hocnufcncm n cxnafkc. B camom ncnc, on hpcnhoucn
hynuuno ofncfufi na hcpnoc us nnyx hocnanuu Xpymcna, hpcn-
cfannnn cio kak nihonncnnoc n pufopuucckom xapc u ncnan ncko-
fopic qopmaninic yfouncnun. Coinamanci na omcn ho qopmync
ofkas of pakcf n omcn na iapanfuk ofkasa of nfopxcnun, on
yhofpcun qpasy, na hcpniu nsinnn omcio xapakfcpa, onnako
honnyk cmicna, ccnu cpannufi cc co nfopim hucimom Xpymcna u
c fcm, ufo n sfo npcmn hpoucxonuno n nuhnomafuucckou cqcpc.
Kcnncnu nahucan: Icsynifaf fakoio coinamcnun ymcnimcnuc
mcxnynaponnou nahpnxcnnocfu hosnonun i nam paofafi n
nahpanncnuu saknkucnun oncc mupokoio coinamcnun, iucuuue-
1O4O
eocn 0pyeux ou0oo ooopyenun, kak sfo hpcnnoxcno n Bamcm nfo-
pom, oinamcnnom hynuuno, hucimc.
Mcxny fcm ccnu ionopufi o hcpcionopax (kak cfano usnccfno n
16 iony, koina in ohynukonan nncnnuk, kofopiu ncn Iocpf
Kcnncnu no npcmn kpusuca), fo 27 okfnpn on ncfpcuancn c nonim
concfckum hocnom n Bamunifonc Anafonucm opinunim u o-
cyxnan c num inanniu komhpomucc, o kofopom nc ionopunoci
hynuuno u cymccfnonanuc kofopoio naxc ohponcpianoci ioccck-
pcfapcm Iackom n nicfyhncnuu hcpcn amcpukanckumu ccnafopamu.
B ocnonc komhpomucca ncxano sannncnuc amcpukanucn o namcpc-
nuu nincsfu pakcfi Khufcp us Typuuu u Hfanuu. Bipaxcn-
niu fakum opasom komhpomucc hpuopcfan cymccfncnno unou
cmicn, hockoniky hpcncfanan kak hpockf cohocfanumix u houfu
pannoucnnix ycfyhok, ho kpauncu mcpc kak cio nunumocfi (ccnu
yuufinafi hpockfom cosnanun mnoiocfoponnux nncpnix cun, nan
kofopim mcxny fcm paofanu amcpukanui).
Iocnc nocfuxcnun coinamcnun ocfpofa kpusuca icfpo ymcni-
munaci. B fcucnuc ncckonikux ncncni coxpannnuci cncni honcmu-
ku u momcnfi koncanuu, onnako 28 okfnpn 162 i. cfano ncno,
ufo cfonknoncnun ynanoci uscxafi naionapn ymcnomy coucfanuk
xccfkocfu u iukocfu, kofopoc Kcnncnu uchonisonan n yhpannc-
nuu kpusucom, a fakxc naionapn hpucyfcfnuk y Xpymcna uyncfna
mcpi. Hcmnoiuc foina ofnananu ccc ofucf n fom, ufo kpusuc pas-
pcmuncn naionapn nocfounomy komhpomuccy u Kcnncnu snauu-
fcnino yncnuuun cnou hpccfux, n fo npcmn kak Xpymcn hpcncfanan
ncnfcncm, pocunmum nison amcpukanckomy konoccy u okasan-
mumcn n honoxcnuu hocxncnnoio. B sfou cufyauuu ocfacfcn
otncnufi, houcmy on coinacuncn na camooipanuucnuc nhnofi no
foio, ufoi hocfanufi na kapfy cnoc honufuucckoc nnunnuc nnyf-
pu concfckou hpannmcu ipyhhi. C fouku spcnun noiuku hpcncfan-
nncfcn ncponfnim, ufo nnyfpu concfckoio hpocfpancfna xapakfcp
komhpomucca co cfoponi Xpymcna honyuun honnfnoc otncncnuc.
A fo, ufo Xpymcn nc pocun oncc ofkponcnniu nison fcm, kfo
oucnunan kpusuc kak onimou ychcx fncpnocfu Kcnncnu, moxno
ofnccfu na cucf oncc omux hpuuun, nc kacakmuxcn nchocpcn-
cfncnno kyunckou hponcmi, no cnnsannix c ucnim komhnckcom
hponcm, kofopic ocyxnanuci c 157 i. u n ofnomcnuu kofopix
moino ifi nauncno komhpomuccnoc pcmcnuc. Ipunuxancn mo-
mcnf honncncnun ananca nnyfpu sahannoio noka, concfckoio
noka u n ofnomcnunx mcxny nnymn cncpxncpxanamu.
nn 3ahannou Inpohi, fo ccfi nnn ofnomcnuu nnyfpu afnan-
fuucckou cucfcmi, Kyunckuu kpusuc osnauan nauano hponcncnun
1O41
nckofopix naxnix momcnfon. Icpnoc, ufo pocanoci n inasa,
kpusuc yhpannnncn ucknkuufcnino nnymn ncpxanamu. panuun,
Bcnukopufanun, cncpafunnan Icchynuka Icpmanun u Hfanun
honnocfik conunapusuponanuci c Bamunifonom, u n cnnsu c hponc-
mou Hfanuu n snauufcninou cfchcnu ofkasanuci of csohacnocfu,
occhcuunacmou um pakcfamu Khufcp (n ofnomcnuu kofopou
onu, nhpoucm, nccina ocfananuci nocfafouno ckchfuucckumu). On-
nako, hpunuman pcmcnun, namunifonckoc hpanufcnicfno nc hpo-
koncynifuponanoci hpcnnapufcnino nu c onnou us sfux cfpan, nu
c Concfom HATO. c Ionni, sncpiuuno honncpxunanmuu fncp-
nocfi Kcnncnu, u Ancnaysp, cuufanmuu Kyunckuu kpusuc cnocio
pona mannou ncccnou, hockoniky on ofnanun honfopcnuc Icp-
nunckoio kpusuca, ycmafpunanu n amcpukanckom honcncnuu xcna-
nuc honnocfik nsnfi na ccn sanauy cfpafciuucckoio pykononcfna
nccu sahannou honufukou. Ofckna coofncfcfnykmcc pcmcnuc nnyx
ncmononix iocynapcfncnnix ncnfcncu ocymccfnufi hpouccc icf-
poio cnuxcnun (us kofopoio okasanaci ucknkucna Bcnukopufa-
nun, cnumkom fccno cnnsannan c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, ufo
nchocpcncfncnno ofpasunoci na pcakuuu na hpociy Aninuu o
ncfyhncnuu n IOC), honfncpxncnniu qpanko-icpmanckum noiono-
pom of 22 nnnapn 16J i.
Bhpoucm, pasnoinacun, kofopic cfanu hponnnnficn nnyfpu Af-
nanfuucckoio coksa, conhananu c namcpcnucm Kcnncnu hpunafi
cnocu nncmncu honufukc xapakfcp, n onimcu cfchcnu nnoxnonnnc-
miu nauuonaninimu unfcpccamu. B cnocm nicfyhncnuu n Concfc
nauuonaninou csohacnocfu 22 nnnapn 16J i. Kcnncnu cpcnu
hpoucio ionopun: B nuxaumuc mccnui yncf ncoxonumo cocpcno-
fouuficn na unfcpccax Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Hama |cnpohcuckan]
honufuka ina oucni naioponnou, no mi yfpafunu namy skono-
muucckyk momi u namc nnunnuc na sfu cfpani. Hc nymaufc, ufo
cnpohcuui cncnanu i nnn nac fo, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi cnc-
nanu nnn nux. Hcoxonumo, cncnonafcnino, ufoi namu hpcncfa-
nufcnu c onimcu sncpiucu samumanu amcpukanckuc unfcpcci.
Mnoiocfoponnuc nncpnic cuni nnnnnuci onnum us nosmox-
nix nipaxcnuu sfou honufuku, hockoniky, otncnnn Kcnncnu, onu
ycununu i sanucumocfi |cnpohcuucn] of Cocnuncnnix Ufafon.
Kyunckuu kpusuc nnnnncn momcnfom honopofa. Ofkas of pakcf
Khufcp u Top, pasmcmcnnix n Hfanuu u Typuuu, hpuncn k
fomy, ufo nu onna nncpnan pakcfa nc ina oncc pasmcmcna na
fcppufopuu konfuncnfaninou Inpohi nhnofi no pcmcnuu 17 i.
Iosfomy n nckofopom cmicnc sfo cfonknoncnuc sancpmuno ohpc-
ncncnniu sfah n ucfopuu ofnomcnuu nnyx cncpxncpxan n ioni
Kcnncnu u Xpymcna.
1O42
11.3. Aitaniwuecxan notwiwxa
w enponewcxan notwiwxa
11.3.1 HOBAH AMEPUKAHCKAH H,EPHAH CTPATEFUH
U EBPOHA
Kyunckuu pakcfniu kpusuc co nccu oucnunnocfik onapy-
xun pcmumocfi, c kofopou amcpukanui coupanuci ocymccfnnnfi
cnou nonic hpoipammi. opmyna nonix pycxcu, kofopyk Kcn-
ncnu uspan n kauccfnc nosynia cnocu hpcsuncnfckou ncnfcninocfu,
ofnocunaci k nnym nahpanncnunm: nnyfpcnncmy u nncmncmy. B mcx-
nynaponnom hnanc ona nccna c coou hcpccmofp hosuuuu Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon n ofnomcnuu nccx achckfon inoaninou honufuku.
Ocnonnou hoynufcniniu honufuucckuu mofun ocfanancn ncus-
mcnnim, a umcnno fncpnocfi n samufc sahannou cucfcmi of
kommynucfuucckou yiposi. Onnako sfa fncpnocfi hpuopcfana
nonic qopmi. C hcpnix mccnucn cnocio hpcsuncnfcfna Kcnncnu
hpunan momniu umhynic honufukc nosnpamcnun hpcnocxoncfna n
onacfu kocmoca, a fakxc ycuncnuk amcpukanckoio nncpnoio hpc-
nocxoncfna, ufo npko hponnunoci n xonc Kyunckoio kpusuca. Ha-
uunan c mapfa 161 i. Kcnncnu hpcnnoxun nocnniu knxcf, kofo-
piu hpcnycmafpunan cfpoufcnicfno 41 nncpnou honnonku (ho
cpanncnuk c 2 hnanuponanmumucn) u 7OO nonix ycfanonok nnn
MII c pasncnnkmumucn ociononkamu n nohonncnuc k 5OO, yxc
hpcnycmofpcnnim. Hmcnno sfa nncpnan hpoipamma nnoni cfanuna
hponcmy nnyfpcnncio ycfpoucfna sahannoio coksa u, n ococnnocfu,
hponcmy ofnomcnuu c npyiumu nncpnimu ncpxanamu, fakumu
kak Bcnukopufanun u panuun, a fakxc c ncpxanamu, kofopic
moinu cfpcmuficn k onananuk nncpnim opyxucm, fakumu kak 3a-
hannan Icpmanun u Hfanun. Hacncncfno, kofopoc Kcnncnu honyuun
of hpcninymcu anmunucfpauuu, cocfonno us naopa pasnuunix
amuuuosnix ucncu, konfpacfuponanmux c honuac ynusufcni-
nimu hopaxcnunmu.
Icpnunckuu u Kyunckuu kpusuci umcnu naxniu fcpahcnfu-
ucckuu sqqckf. Bhcpnic okasanmuci na cnocu fcppufopuu hcpcn
yiposou maccuponannoio nahancnun, xofn u nc pcmakmcio ynapa,
amcpukanui ofkasanuci of konuchuuu maccuponannoio nosmcs-
nun ho ofnomcnuk k nkim nacfyhafcninim ncucfnunm Concf-
ckoio Coksa unu cfpan kommynucfuucckou opucnfauuu n mupc
nokfpuni, c kofopou anncc cnnsinan nocnnic achckfi cnocu
nncmncu honufuku. Bamunifon hcpcmcn k nipaofkc nokfpuni
fak nasinacmoio iukoio pcaiuponanun, anfopom kofopou in
munucfp ooponi Iocpf Maknamapa u kofopan cfana usnccfna
1O4J
hpcncfanufcnnm cfpan HATO us pcuu, hpousncccnnou n Aqunax
6 man 162 i., koina amcpukanckuu munucfp ooponi nicfyhun
naxc hpofun cosnanun fakux nconimux nauuonaninix nncpnix
apccnanon, kak qpanuysckuu. Ha hpakfukc pcui mna o qopmaninom
yfncpxncnuu foio, ufo ino pcanusonano na hpakfukc: amcpukan-
ckoc hpanufcnicfno nc cuufano ccn onimc onsannim ofncuafi
maccuponannim afomnim ynapom na aipcccuk, no hpcnhonaiano
nnauanc uchonisonafi (unu hpcnocfanufi komy-nuo nosmoxnocfi
uchonisonafi) oiunic noopyxcnun u numi safcm hcpcufu k fak-
fuucckomy nncpnomy opyxuk, u nakoncu k cfpafciuucckomy n
sanucumocfu of sckanauuu cufyauuu. Cncnonano usciafi ymnoxc-
nun uucna afomnix apccnanon. pyiyk xc cfopony mcnanu hpcn-
cfannnn, xofn u fpynniu, houck coinamcnun c Concfckum Coksom
ho konfponk sa noopyxcnunmu.
Honan cfpafciun, u hpcxnc nccio cc konuchfyanusauun, umcna
naxnic honufuucckuc u nocnnic hocncncfnun. Inannoc us sfux
hocncncfnuu ino hponcpcno no npcmn Icpnunckoio u Kyunckoio
kpusucon: nukfo onimc nc moi hpcnnuncfi, ynyf nu coxpannfi
cnoc snaucnuc onsafcnicfna, hpunnfic Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu
n pamkax ux nocnnix cokson. B cnoux pcuax Kcnncnu nicokohapno
ionopun o ncoxonumocfu cosnanafi ncnukoc afnanfuucckoc hapf-
ncpcfno, onnako qakfuuccku ncucfnonan fak, ufoi ckonucnfpu-
ponafi hpouccc hpunnfun pcmcnuu n pykax Cocnuncnnix Ufafon.
Hmcnno sfo ofkpinano hyfi nnn nccpa unfcphpcfauuu, hcpnou us
kofopix ino nnoni honnunmcccn omymcnuc ncyncpcnnocfu n In-
pohc. Kak ofmcuan Ancnaysp, ccnu amcpukanui inu nc n cocfon-
nuu naxc nochpchnfcfnonafi hpuifuk concfckux nocnnix cun na
Kyy, pachonoxcnnyk mcncc ucm n 1OO munnx of ux fcppufopuu,
fo ufo moxno hpcnhonoxufi ofnocufcnino ux onsafcnicfn n of-
nomcnuu Inpohi, naxonnmcucn na nanckom paccfonnuu.
B sfou afmocqcpc ncnoncpun hpcncfannnnaci ohpannannou pc-
mumocfi, c kofopou nc Ionni hpononxan cosnanuc qpanuysckux
ynapnix cun, pcmcnuc o kofopom ino hpunnfo Mcnncc-pancom
u n hpakfuucckom hnanc nauafoc hpanufcnicfnom Iu Monnc cs
ncnkou fcxnuucckou homomu co cfoponi amcpukanucn (nccima nc-
manonaxnan ncfani), fak kak usmcncnun n Akfc Mak-Maiona inu
na pyky foniko Bcnukopufanuu. Iomumo sfux fpynnocfcu, cymc-
cfncnnimu inu fakxc ohaccnun ncmucn. Icpmanun nnnnnaci apc-
nou nkoio nosmoxnoio cfonknoncnun cncpxncpxan. Icnu cfpafc-
iun maccuponannoio nosmcsnun, ho kpauncu mcpc fcopcfuuccku,
hosnonnna nymafi o cfonknoncnuu na ncusnccfnom fcafpc nocnnix
ncucfnuu, fo cfpafciun iukoio pcaiuponanun, ocnonannan na
hpcncnfunnom uchonisonanuu oiunix noopyxcnuu (unu naxc
1O44
fakfuucckux nncpnix noopyxcnuu), nc ocfannnna comncnuu n fom,
ufo honcm konqponfauuu, n cnyuac ncxcnafcninoio nosnuknonc-
nun nouni, yncf Icpmanun. Takum opasom, hponnnnnoci hpofu-
nopcuuc, concpxanmcccn n ofkasc amcpukanucn coinacuficn c cnpo-
hcuckum nncpnim noopyxcnucm.
Cncnannoc cfpafciuucckoc ncfyhncnuc cosnacf kapfuny, n pam-
kax kofopou pasnunanuci mcxnynaponnic ofnomcnun n Inpohc c
158 i. nhnofi no konua 6O-x ionon, u hpcncfannncf koncuniu pc-
synifaf hpouccca, nauanmciocn n 157 i. u sancpmunmciocn onno-
cfoponnumu pcmcnunmu Kcnncnu, sakpinanmumu nosmoxnocfu
nnn anfonomnix unuuuafun sahannix coksnukon honono fomy,
kak Xpymcn na Kyc oosnauun hcpumcfp concfckoio hpucyfcfnun
n Afnanfukc. Ofo ncfyhncnuc nacf fakxc ofhpannyk fouky nnn uc-
cncnonanun, hosnonnkmcio otncnufi kak pcskuc hohifku pan-
uuu u Icpmanuu yufu of sfux ckoninakmux oipanuucnuu, fak u
snonkuuk hosuuuu Bcnukopufanuu n ofnomcnuu Inpohcuckoio
Okonomuucckoio Coomccfna.
11.3.2 BELUKOBPUTAHUH ME+,. EBPOHOU
U COE,UHEHHMMU TTATAMU
Cncpxannoc ofnomcnuc Bcnukopufanuu k IOC ino cnnsano
n hcpnyk oucpcni c unccu, ufo noionop nc yncf umcfi onimoio
hpakfuucckoio ychcxa, a fakxc c mncnucm, ufo hpuxon no pan-
uuu k nnacfu nc Ionnn hapanusycf nck cfpykfypy Coomccfna.
Ckopocfi, c kofopou cnpohcuckan cucfcma ina sahymcna u naua-
na qynkuuonuponafi, u choco, kofopim nc Ionni cfpcmuncn hpu-
nafi IOC nonoc honufuucckoc snyuanuc, nc nixonamunan, onnako,
ocnon otcnuncnnou Inpohi, a nahpofun, cnuxan ux c pufan-
ckum hpaimafusmom, ycnunu hpanufcnicfno Makmunnana n nco-
xonumocfu cmcnufi kypc. Ipockf, paspaofanniu pufanckum
hpcmicp-munucfpom u cio cofpynnukamu n 16O u hcpnic mccnui
161 i., in oucni amuuuosnim u cnoxnim. B coofncfcfnuu c
num ncc pufanckuc unfcpcci nonxni inu ifi cqopmynupona-
ni u opucnfuponani n nahpanncnuu cnuxcnun c IOC, no n fo
xc npcmn ncc snauufcninic cuni cnoonnoio mupa nonxni
inu ifi pcopianusonani n pamkax cnunoio hpockfa, choconoio
okasafi cohpofunncnuc inoaninomy nanncnuk kommynucfon. Bc-
nukopufanun, naionapn ocoim ofnomcnunm c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu, nonxna ina cfafi mocfom nnn nopmanusauuu ofnomc-
nuu CUA c panuucu, nosmoxno, hpunnn fcsuc nc Ionnn, fpco-
nanmcio cosnanun nocnno-honufuucckoio anino-qpanko-amcpu-
kanckoio fpuymnupafa n kauccfnc nicmcio pykononnmcio opiana
1O45
sahannou honufuku, a nosmoxno, fpancqopmuponan sfo hpcnnoxc-
nuc, nchpunfnoc nnn amcpukanucn, n qopmyny, ocnonannyk na ho-
cpcnnuucckou ponu Bcnukopufanuu u naucncnnyk na honuuncnuc
nccx fpcx sncmcnfon onnou ucnu (kak, nahpumcp, hpu hpcnocfan-
ncnuu pufanckou homomu nncpnou hpoipammc nc Ionnn). Onna-
ko, cnuxanci c Inpohou, Bcnukopufanun cfpcmunaci ocfaficn
ucnfpom cucfcmi umhcpckux hpcqcpcnuuu, hpcnocfannncmix Co-
npyxccfnom, kofopic cncnonano conmccfufi c cymccfnonanucm cn-
pohcuckoio Omcio pinka.
Oucni ckopo, n pcsynifafc unfcncunnix hcpcionopon c amcpu-
kanckumu u qpanuysckumu iocynapcfncnnimu ncnfcnnmu, Mak-
munnan honnn hcpnocfchcnnyk naxnocfi nncpnoio nohpoca nnn
naiohpunfnoio ucxona pcanusauuu cnocio hpockfa. panuysckan
hpoipamma cosnanun ynapnou cuni ina nc hnonom nauuonanu-
cfuucckoio hpucfyha, a pcsynifafom hocncnonafcninou hpopa-
ofku. Iaumon Apon, kpyhniu qpanuysckuu yucniu u hynuuucf,
ciipan n fc mccnui naxnyk poni n fom, ufoi hohifaficn (csyc-
hcmno) pastncnufi n ccpuu cfafcu, honnunmuxcn n uiapo, ufo
ccnu amcpukanui xofcnu i nkou ucnou coxpanufi nncpnyk mo-
nohonuk, fo pcsynifafom sfoio ino i honfankunanuc cnpohcuucn
k afomnomy opyxuk. Hu onno qpanuysckoc hpanufcnicfno, ion-
nucfckoc unu nkoc npyioc, hucan on, nc coinacufcn, ufoi
amcpukanui honncpxunanu Bcnukopufanuk n nncpnou onacfu,
no ofkasinanu i n fakou xc homomu panuuu, apiymcnfupyn
sfo fcm, ufo qpanuysckan honufuka ina n mcnimcu cfchcnu, ucm
pufanckan, opucnfuponana na Cocnuncnnic Ufafi. B nannou
cnnsu Apon hucan Maknxopnxy Iannu, concfnuky hpcsuncnfa ho
nauuonaninou csohacnocfu, ufo ccnu Bamunifon nc yncf homo-
iafi Iapuxy n cio nncpnix ycununx, fo ncnisn ucknkuufi nipaof-
ky omcu qpanko-icpmanckou nncpnou honufuku: Mnc kaxcfcn,
nano ucknkuufi nosmoxnocfi foio, ufo cnpohcuui n konuc kon-
uon hpcnocfannf nck honnofy ofncfcfncnnocfu sa cnok csohac-
nocfi npyiou ncpxanc, kakou i npyxccfncnnou ona nc ina.
C camoio nauana Makmunnan nyman, ufo moxno cmniuufi ho-
suuuk Kcnncnu ho sfomy nohpocy u ycnufi cio onopufi kon-
uchuuk ynapnou cuni hpu ycnonuu, ufo qpanuysi coinacnfcn c
ncfyhncnucm Bcnukopufanuu n Omuu pinok. Ho sfa iuhofcsa
ina numi hpcnhonoxcnucm, na kofopom cfpounaci pufanckan
hohifka cnusuficn c Inpohou, nc cnumkom paspyman ocoic
ofnomcnun. Onnako honumanuc cyfu hponcmi nc osnauano na-
nuuuc choconocfu cc pcmufi. Makmunnany nc ynanoci usmcnufi
ofnomcnuc nu amcpukanucn, nu qpanuyson. Amcpukanui hosu-
funno oucnunanu cnuxcnuc Bcnukopufanuu c IOC n kauccfnc
1O46
nonioxnannoio usmcncnun n coofnomcnuu cun nnyfpu Coomc-
cfna, cnumkom sanuccnmcio of skonomuucckoio pocfa Icpmanuu.
Onu, cncnonafcnino, nc nuncnu hpuuun ncnafi ycfyhku pufan-
ckou foukc spcnun, hockoniky nonnonckoc hpanufcnicfno, ncfyhan
n IOC, hpccncnonano numi cocfncnnic unfcpcci, u, oncc foio,
onu honaianu, ufo ohosnanuc aninuuan ino foniko ux omukou.
B sfom honufuucckom knumafc ino hpunnfo pcmcnuc non-
nonckoio hpanufcnicfna o qopmaninom hpcncfanncnuu aniycfa
161 i. hpcnccnafcnk Concfa munucfpon IOC hpcnnoxcnun nauafi
hcpcionopi co cfpanamu-yuacfnuuamu o hpucocnuncnuu Bcnuko-
pufanuu k Coomccfny. Ipufanckoc hpanufcnicfno fpconano,
ufoi n xonc hcpcionopon yuufinanuci ocoic ofnomcnun, cy-
mccfnykmuc n Conpyxccfnc, cfpykfypnic unfcpcci pufanckoio
ccnickoio xosnucfna u unfcpcci npyiux cfpan uncnon IACT
(Inpohcuckou Accouuauuu Cnoonnou Topionnu). Tcmi, oosna-
ucnnic Makmunnanom, cocfannnnu ocnonnic nohpoci nuckyccuu.
Hx ocyxncnuc nonxno ino ohpcncnufi ycnonun cnauana ncfyh-
ncnun, a safcm yuacfun Bcnukopufanuu n IOC hpu ncusmcnnom
honufuucckom qonc, fo ccfi ncchoconocfu Bcnukopufanuu cnc-
nafi niop mcxny ocoimu ofnomcnunmu c CUA u ncfyhncnucm
n IOC, nknkuan ofkpifoc u csycnonnoc hpusnanuc qpanuysckou
nncpnou honufuku. na sfu achckfa hcpcionopon inu honnocfik
nsaumocnnsani, onnako pcmcnuc ocnonnou honufuucckou hponc-
mi nnunno na hpcononcnuc fcxnuucckux fpynnocfcu.
B fopiono-skonomuucckom hnanc cnoxnocfi hponcmi cfano-
nunaci oucnunnou. Amcpukanui no umn hpunuuhon cnoonnou
fopionnu ofkasanuci honncpxafi fpconanun aninuuan k IOC n
uacfu coxpancnun umhcpckux hpcqcpcnuuu. Onnako umcnno hpu
ocyxncnuu nncpnou fcmi hpockfi Makmunnana cfonknynuci c
nauoncc cuninimu hpchnfcfnunmu, kofopic, oncc foio, ninnunu
ofkpifiu konqnukf mcxny pufanckumu ucnnmu u qpanuysckumu
konuchuunmu.
Chcuuaniniu anino-amcpukanckuu noknan umcn cnok cqcpy
hpumcncnun, ococnno naxnyk umcnno n konfckcfc ocyxncnun
nncpnix nohpocon. Hc cncnycf sainafi, ufo hcpnic afomnic
omi inu hnonom anino-amcpukanckoio u kananckoio cofpyn-
nuuccfna; oipanuucnun Akfa Mak-Maiona na nckofopiu hcpuon
safpynnunu fakoc cofpynnuuccfno, xofn u nc hpchnfcfnyn cmy n
hpakfuucckom hnanc. C 154 i. sfu oipanuucnun inu cnnfi n
fom, ufo kacanoci mupnoio uchonisonanun afomnou sncpiuu, a
hocnc ncfpcuu na Icpmynax n 157 i. fakxc u n ofnomcnuu no-
cnnoio uchonisonanun. Cofpynnuuccfno, cncnonafcnino, ino
nononino unfcncunnim u cmc onimc ycununoci n 16O i. hocnc
1O47
hpcnocfanncnun Cocnuncnnim Ufafam pufanckou nocnnou asi
n Uofnannuu n omcn na ocmanuc hponafi ohpcncncnnoc konu-
uccfno pakcf Ckauonf, kofopic foina uchifinanu amcpukanui
u macconoc hpousnoncfno kofopix onu ocmanu nananufi. Kpomc
foio, cofpynnuuccfno cfano oncc fccnim naionapn onsafcnicfny
amcpukanucn conmccfno c aninuuanamu hpononufi nckofopic hon-
scmnic nncpnic uchifanun n omcn na ycfyhky amcpukanuam ocf-
pona Ioxnccfna n Tuxom okcanc kak mccfa, honxonnmcio nnn hpo-
ncncnun uchifanuu n afmocqcpc.
B fcucnuc nccio 162 iona Makmunnan cfpcmuncn ohpcncnufi
hapamcfpi komhpomucca, kofopiu coxpanun i ucnfpaninoc mcc-
fo Bcnukopufanuu n sahannou cucfcmc mcxnynaponnix ofnomc-
nuu. Ionopof hpousomcn cpasy xc hocnc Kyunckoio kpusuca.
Imc no foio, kak kpusuc paspasuncn, chcuuanucfi, paofanmuc c
pakcfou Ckauonf, uchifanu fcxnuucckuc ncynauu u qunanco-
nic fpynnocfu. Maknamapa nauan pasmimnnfi nan ucnccoopasno-
cfik hpononxcnun hpockfa. Hcynaua hcpnoio sahycka Ckauonf
hocfanuna hon comncnuc nck namcucnnyk cxcmy u yxc saknkucn-
nic c Bcnukopufanucu coinamcnun. Toniko mccnu chycfn aninu-
uan hpounqopmuponanu o nonou opucnfauuu amcpukanucn, u
foniko 1 nckapn, na ncfpcuc c Kcnncnu n Haccay, na Iaiamax
Makmunnan ycniman fo, o ucm pufanckuc nuhnomafi yxc hpc-
nyhpcxnanu cio ufo hpoipamma cosnanun Ckauonf annynupo-
nana u amcpukanui ynyf hpononxafi cc foniko hpu ycnonuu, ufo
aninuuanc nosimyf na ccn hononuny pacxonon u ux hpousnoncfno
yncf oipanuucno foniko hofpcnocfnmu Bcnukopufanuu.
Hcynaua, kofopyk hpcnckasinanu n hpcccc, hocfanuna Mak-
munnana n fpynnoc honoxcnuc. Ipcnnoxcnuc Kcnncnu ino, kpo-
mc nccio hpoucio, houfu ynusufcninim, hockoniky cocfonno n
hpunnfuu na ccn amcpukanckou cfoponou fcxnonoiuucckoio u
skonomuucckoio pcmcnu, hpcnnasnaucnnoio, ho kpauncu mcpc n
inasax omccfncnnoio mncnun, foniko nnn foio, ufoi komhcncu-
ponafi cnaocfi Bcnukopufanuu. B houckax anifcpnafuni n Hac-
cay ho cymccfny ino pcmcno hpcnnoxufi aninuuanam nsamcn
Ckauonf pakcfi Ionapuc, pasmcmcnnic na honnonnix non-
kax, c fcm, ufoi aninuuckuc honpasncncnun, kofopic ynyf umu
ocnamcni, inu i nknkucni Bcnukopufanucu n ooponufcni-
nyk cucfcmy HATO, nosmoxno n konfckcfc cosnakmuxcn mnoio-
cfoponnux nncpnix cun MSC. Tcm camim Kcnncnu cfpcmuncn
nc foniko homoui Makmunnany, no u nafi fonuok cosnanuk MSC.
Kpomc foio, Kcnncnu u Makmunnan coinacunuci, xofn u hocnc
noniux koncanuu, hohifaficn sanoxufi ocnoni hcpcionopnoio
hpouccca ho qpanuysckou afomnou hponcmc hocpcncfnom komh-
1O48
pomucca, yxc nanno hpcnnaianmciocn aninuuckum hpcmicpom:
pufanckan nncpnan homomi panuuu n omcn na hpunnfuc Bc-
nukopufanuu n IOC. Onnako fo, ufo oc cfoponi hpcncfannnnu
kak nnufcniniu hpouccc cckpcfnix hcpcionopon, ino cpasy xc
hpcpnano sannncnunmu nc Ionnn. Makmunnan nancnncn, ufo cosnanuc
nncpnoio ooponufcninoio coksa nnyfpu HATO cmoxcf ynonncfno-
pufi ooponufcninic hofpcnocfu kak Bcnukopufanuu, fak u
panuuu, nc ncmoncfpupyn ofkponcnno, ufo Bcnukopufanun hc-
pcn anifcpnafunou niopa mcxny cucfcmou, ncc cmc konfponupyc-
mou onnumu amcpukanuamu, u cucfcmou, n konfponc nan kofopou
yuacfnykf fakxc cnpohcuui, hpcnhouna ocoic cnnsu c CUA
cnuxcnuk c Inpohou. On namcpcnancn ycnufi nc Ionnn n hpa-
nuninocfu cnocio niopa, no ninyxncn in nckopc ofkasaficn of
cnoux nancxn.
Icncpan Iicp Iannya, onun us inannix qpanuysckux skchcpfon
n nncpnou onacfu, k mncnuk kofopoio nnumafcnino hpucnymu-
nancn cam nc Ionni, nipasufcnino pastncnun kpufuky qpanuyson n
ofnomcnuu anino-amcpukanckoio hpockfa: Icnu Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi u xofcnu ncucfnufcnino ninccfu cnou annucfuucckuc pa-
kcfi us Inpohi |.] , fo sfo ino cnnsano nc c ycfapcnanucm sfux
noopyxcnuu, yuufinan, ufo pakcfi Khufcp cocfonnu na noopy-
xcnuu mcncc ucfipcx ncf, a c fcm, ufo c foio momcnfa, kak fcppu-
fopun CUA okasanaci n sonc nocniacmocfu concfckux mcxkonfu-
ncnfaninix annucfuucckux pakcf, Bamunifon cfan cfpcmuficn k
cnuxcnuk puckon, nifckakmux us omux onsafcnicfn, cnnsinan-
mux cio c coksnukamu. Kamhanun hpofun pakcf Khufcp u
Top nhucinanaci n nonyk cfpafciuk: ofkas of konuchuuu mac-
cuponannoio nosmcsnun, nuknunauun uacfu fakfuucckoio nncpnoio
opyxun, hpunnfuc nokfpuni iukoio pcaiuponanun |.]. Ionnonnic
nonku, ocnamcnnic pakcfamu Ionapuc, nonxni inu ycnufi
|.] fypok u ufaninnucn, ufo onu concpmunu niionniu omcn,
yuufinan, ufo pakcfi Ionapuc inu oncc nonimu u, cs comnc-
nun, oncc founimu, ucm Khufcp. Ofo osnauano, ufo icncpani-
nic mfai sfux nnyx cfpan cuufanuci iopasno oncc naunnimu,
ucm onu inu na camom ncnc.
cucfnufcnino, ccnu i pycckuc nahanu na fypcukyk fcppufo-
puk, nc ynuufoxun pakcfi Khufcp, fo onu inu i hopaxcni
sfumu pakcfamu na cnocu cocfncnnou fcppufopuu; ccnu i onu
afakonanu asi, inc pasmcmanuci pakcfi Khufcp, fo inu i
yufi amcpukanckuc nocnnocnyxamuc u Cocnuncnnic Ufafi
inu i ninyxncni pcaiuponafi ncmcnncnno. Hahpofun, c mo-
mcnfa, koina honnonku, ocnamcnnic pakcfamu Ionapuc, samcnu-
nu nascmnic ycfanonku, Icniu om nnoni cfanonuncn ofncfcfncn-
1O4
nim sa hpukas o sahyckc pakcf Ionapuc u nancccnuc ynapa, n
hcpnyk oucpcni, ho concfckum ioponam u asam, onnako amcpukan-
ckuc nocnnocnyxamuc hpu sfom nc honncpianuci nahancnuk.
Bhpoucm, fakou ynap in ncpcancn, hockoniky on, n cnok ouc-
pcni, nisnan i concfckuu ofncfniu ynap.
Ofa xccfkan apiymcnfauun sancpmacfcn cfoni xc kafciopuu-
nim ninonom: Kpusuc na Kyc hokasan, ufo ccnu Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi nc moinu fcphcfi hpucyfcfnuc annucfuucckux pakcf u
nncpnix omapnuponmukon n nchocpcncfncnnou nusocfu of cno-
cu fcppufopuu, onu, fcm nc mcncc, nocfafouno nciko mupunuci c
ynsnumocfik cnoux cnpohcuckux coksnukon n ofnomcnuu yiposi
fakoio xc fuha. Ofa koncfafauun paspymuna coks n onno minonc-
nuc. Binos pakcf Top u Khufcp na nnanuafi ncf ocfanun cn-
pohcuckuc cfpani HATO numcnnimu sknunancnfa pakcfam SS-4
u SS-5, kofopic pycckuc ycfanannunanu n onimom konuuccfnc.
11.3.3 ,E FOLLB, COE,UHEHHME TTATM,
BELUKOBPUTAHUH U EOC
Cfpafciuucckuu ananus icncpana Iannya conhanan c hpcncfan-
ncnunmu nc Ionnn o kontknkfypnou honufuucckou cufyauuu u
honfonknyn qpanuysckoio hpcsuncnfa k panukaninomy pcmcnuk.
Bohpoc o ncfyhncnuu Bcnukopufanuu n IOC yfpauunan ncc cnoc
honufuucckoc snaucnuc. Ioncc foio, cc hpunnfuc nknkuuno i n
cnpohcuckyk cucfcmy cfpany, cnnsannyk nocnnimu coinamcnun-
mu, ncnanmumu cc sanucumou of Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, yni ona
uncnom IOC unu ncf.
Ofum otncnncfcn icfpofa u xccfkocfi nnounoio mancnpa,
hpcnhpunnfoio nc Ionncm n nnnapc 16J i. cucfnufcnino, 14 nn-
napn qpanuysckuu hpcsuncnf cosnan hpccc-konqcpcnuuk, n xonc
kofopou ncmoncfpafunnim u kafciopuunim opasom nipasun cnoc
nccoinacuc c pufanckou kannunafypou na ncfyhncnuc n IOC. On
nahomnun, kak Bcnukopufanun hpchnfcfnonana cosnanuk camoio
Coomccfna, a safcm cosnana IACT, noionopunmuci c mccfik npy-
iumu iocynapcfnamu. Honan aninuuckan hosuuun hocfanuna, ho
mncnuk nc Ionnn, hponcmi oipomnoio macmfaa: cucfnu-
fcnino, Aninun ocfponnoc, mopckoc iocynapcfno, sanucnmcc n
cnoux fopionix omcnax, n hocfankax u pinkax of camix pasnix u
sauacfyk camix ofnancnnix cfpan. Hnimu cnonamu, cama skono-
muucckan cfpykfypa, hpuponnic u kommcpucckuc xapakfcpucfuku
ofnuuanu Bcnukopufanuk of npyiux cfpan konfuncnfaninoio Co-
omccfna. Koncuno, ncfyhncnuc Bcnukopufanuu n Coomccfno
honnckno i sa coou ncfyhncnuc mnoiux npyiux cfpan mupa, hpu-
1O5O
ncnn k nchpcnckasycmim hocncncfnunm u usmcncnunm n cfpykfypc
Coomccfna: Coomccfno, kofopoc pacmupnnoci i hononim
opasom, cfonknynoci i co nccmu hponcmamu, kacakmumucn cio
skonomuucckux ofnomcnuu c pnnom npyiux iocynapcfn u c Cocnu-
ncnnimu Ufafamu. Cncnycf hpcnnuncfi, ufo chnoucnnocfi cio
uncnon. nonio nc ycfouf, u ono hpcnpafufcn n konoccaninoc af-
nanfuucckoc coomccfno, sanucumoc of amcpukanucn u pykononu-
moc umu. Ofux akucnfon ino nocfafouno nnn nipaxcnun coof-
nomcnun konuchuuu afnanfuucckou Inpohi u cnpohcuckou
Inpohi, hocpcncfnom kofopou munucfp unocfpannix ncn pan-
uuu Kyn nc Mkpnuni yfncpxnan camouncnfuqukauuk cnpohcuucn
u ooman ocnonnic momcnfi anfupufanckux fcsucon.
Ipu pcxumc cnunoinacun qpanuysckoio ncfo, n coofncfcfnuu c
ycfanom, ino nocfafouno nnn foio, ufoi nochpchnfcfnonafi n
fof momcnf hpononxcnuk hcpcionopon. Infi hapfncpon ho IOC
ho-pasnomy ofpcaiuponanu na hosuuuk, sannfyk panuucu, n
sanucumocfu of xapakfcpa ux ofnomcnuu c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafa-
mu u of fou mcpi, n kofopou onu inu safponyfi nuunocfnim
cfuncm nc Ionnn n hponcncnuu mcxnynaponnou honufuku. Kak i
fo nu ino, n fof momcnf on nc moi nc ncnafi ncoxonumix nino-
non us koncfafauuu foio, ufo pufanckuu honufuucckuu niop
in nahpanncn n onimcu cfchcnu na houck pcmcnun nnyfpcnncu
honufuucckou hponcmi (coxpancnuc hpccfuxa Makmunnana) ho-
cpcncfnom coinamcnun c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, ucm na pcmc-
nuc qynnamcnfaninou cnpohcuckou honufuucckou hponcmi
hponcmi noncpun k afnanfuucckou ooponufcninou cucfcmc. Ofo
noncpuc ofcyfcfnonano yxc nanno, u nc Ionni cfpcmuncn cnocu nc-
nfcninocfik noccfanonufi cio ocnoni.
Bfopou pcakuucu na coinamcnuc n Haccay ino honhucanuc
22 nnnapn 16J i. noionopa o cofpynnuuccfnc c cncpafunnou Icc-
hynukou Icpmanuu. Bo npcmn hpccc-konqcpcnuuu 14 nnnapn nc
Ionni yxc sannun o fom, ufo cofpynnuuccfno mcxny nnymn cfpanamu
aconkfno ncoxonumo nnn ux xusnu u conpcmcnnoio pasnufun.
Ono cocfannncf fakxc ycnonuc u camoc ocnonanuc nnn hocfpocnun
Inpohi u n hofcnuuanc moxcf n nacfonmcc npcmn cfafi naxncu-
mum sncmcnfom csohacnocfu na namcm konfuncnfc u, nosmoxno,
n ynymcm naxncumum sncmcnfom pannonccun u mupa mcxny Boc-
fokom u 3ahanom.
Ohpcncncnuc qpanko-icpmanckoio coksa kak sncmcnfa, nax-
ncumcio nnn cnpohcuckou csohacnocfu, osnauano ofpuuanuc fa-
koio xapakfcpa anino-amcpukanckou honufuku u hpofunohocfannc-
nuc cu cuninou u pcmufcninou unuuuafuni (yuufinan, ufo pcui
mna cmc u o pacmupcnuu IOC sa cucf Hchanuu).
1O51
Bhpoucm, kak ofmcuacf fchcpi M. Bauc, sa noionopom ckpinanuci
honohncku pasnuunoio xapakfcpa. nn nc Ionnn on in nipaxcnucm
cfpcmncnun nc cnnsinafi oopony Inpohi numi c afomnim noopy-
xcnucm Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u ncnoncpun n ofnomcnuu inyo-
koio xcnanun nocfuinyfi koina-nuo coinamcnun c pycckumu,
kofopoc on nincc us paccmofpcnun amcpukanckou honufuku. nn
Ancnayspa noionop nc hpofunopcuun npyxc c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu, no paccmafpunancn kak cpcncfno nnn okasanun nanncnun
na amcpukanckoc hpanufcnicfno c fcm, ufoi nouficn of ncio ycfy-
hok ho icpmanckomy nohpocy.
Ofa nnoucfncnnocfi onapyxunaci, koina noionop hpumupcnun
in nincccn na pafuqukauuk, hockoniky Iynnccfai hpcnhocnan cmy
onopcnnyk cnunoinacno hpcamyny, n kofopou ncnnycmicncnno
honfncpxnanaci ncoxonumocfi cofpynnuuafi c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu u pcmafi hponcmi csohacnocfu n pamkax afnanfuucc-
kou soni, ufo, ho cyfu, numano noionop cio cfpafciuucckoio sna-
ucnun. panuun ocfananaci, fakum opasom, nononino usonupo-
nannou, yuufinan fakxc honufuucckuu sakaf u ckopyk ofcfanky c
hocfa kanuncpa Konpana Ancnayspa. Iosfomy snaucnuc noionopa
oipanuuunoci cio cukmunyfnim u konkpcfnim honufuucckum
cmicnom, cocfonnmum n cosnanuu pcanucfuucckou anifcpnafuni
anino-amcpukanckomy coksy. Onnako hponcma, hocfanncnnan nc
Ionncm, ocfananaci ofkpifou u ohpcncnnna pasnufuc kak IOC, fak
u HATO. 3naucnuc hpockfa nc Ionnn, nhucannoio n oncc mupo-
kuu konfckcf, ino hcpcocmicncno fak, ufo ncmui moinu uc-
honisonafi honncpxky qpanuyson n ucnnx nochpchnfcfnonafi nos-
moxnim coinamcnunm c Concfckum Coksom, kofopic hpuncnu i
k usmcncnuk kpunuucckou ocnoni, na kofopou cosnananaci kpch-
nyman cncpafunnan Icpmanun.
11.3.4. !PAHUUH U OBOLLUUH EBPOHEUCKOFO
OKOHOMUUECKOFO COOBTECTBA
cnfcninocfi nc Ionnn nnunna fakxc na npyiuc achckfi ncn-
fcninocfu HATO u IOC. Ycunun amcpukanckou anmunucfpauuu
ho chaccnuk hpockfa cosnanun Mnoiocfoponnux nncpnix cun hpo-
nonxanuci naxc u hocnc yuucfna Kcnncnu (22 nonpn 16J i.),
hpanna, cso ncnkoio ychcxa. Ioufu onnonpcmcnno (n okfnpc 16J i.)
ymnu co cnoux hocfon Ancnaysp u Makmunnan, n fo npcmn kak noniu
amcpukanckuu hpcsuncnf unnon xoncon moi yncnnfi cnpohcu-
ckum hponcmam ncsnauufcninoc nnumanuc, ynyuu hoinomcnnim
kak pcmcnucm nohpocon nnyfpcnncu honufuku, fak u cufyauucu
mupokomacmfanoio nmcmafcnicfna Cocnuncnnix Ufafon no
Bicfnamc.
1O52
B 165 i. hpockf cosnanun Mnoiocfoponnux nncpnix cun in
ofnoxcn, n fo npcmn kak konkpcfnic hponcmi nncpnou csohac-
nocfu afnanfuucckou Inpohi ocfananuci ofkpifimu. B nannou
cnnsu cmc onnum sncmcnfom, chococfnonanmum kpusucy, cfano
otnnncnnoc qpanuysamu n mapfc 166 i. pcmcnuc o nixonc us
Otcnuncnnoio komannonanun HATO. To ccfi pcui mna o fom,
ufoi ocfanaficn honufuuccku cnnsannou c Afnanfuucckum hak-
fom, no ocnoonuficn of onsafcnicfn, nosnukmux nauunan c 15O i.
n cnnsu c cosnanucm noopyxcnnix cun HATO u ncpxonnoio inan-
nokomannonanun, pasmcmanmciocn n Iapuxc. Hcoxonumo ino
hocfchcnno, no 16 i., hcpcmccfufi sfo komannonanuc us Iapuxa
n Ipkcccni, onnako, hpcxnc nccio, ino oucnunno, ufo hponcmi,
hocfanncnnic nc Ionncm, kacanuci nohpocon, kofopic ncnisn
ino ooufu. B ofnomcnuu sfux nohpocon of panuuu u npyiux
afnanfuucckux cfpan fpconanoci hponnncnuc hocncnonafcninou
cncpxannocfu c fcm, ufoi uscxafi hcpcpacfanun opianusauuon-
nou pasomcnnocfu n honufuucckuc pacxoxncnun.
Iponan unu, founcc, haysa n hcpcionopax, ofnocnmuxcn k cosna-
nuk Inpohcuckoio honufuucckoio coksa, a fakxc k ncfyhncnuk
Bcnukopufanuu n IOC, nc safopmosuna, fcm nc mcncc, hpouccc
cosnanun opianon Coomccfna. Icui mna n snauufcninou cfchcnu
o unfcncunnou paofc ho ycfpancnuk hpchnfcfnuu u apicpon
nnn cosnanun soni cnoonnou fopionnu, u ckopcc o hpunnfuu mcp
ho nixony us safpynnufcninix cufyauuu, ucm o pcmcnunx, ofno-
cnmuxcn k cosnanuk honnunnou honufuucckou anifcpnafuni.
Cncnonafcnino, sfu pcmcnun nc ncfyhanu n hpofunopcuuc c pasnuu-
nimu honxonamu cfpan IOC k inannou honufuucckou hponcmc.
Onnako fakoc hpofunopcuuc nc samcnnuno hponnuficn n momcnf,
koina Komuccun, fo ccfi uchonnufcniniu opian IOC, nmccfo
foio, ufoi hpunnfi pcmcnun, nahpanncnnic na ofmcny pasnuu-
nix oipanuucnuu, nonxna ina hpunnfi pcmcnun, nahonncnnic
honufuucckum concpxanucm. B sfom cnyuac nospaxcnun nc Ionnn
ho honony choconocfu Komuccuu nccfu honufuucckyk ncnfcni-
nocfi inu honpono apiymcnfuponani.
Onnou us sanau Komuccuu ina paspaofka ccnickoxosnu-
cfncnnou honufuku nnyfpu Coomccfna. Hncny Komuccuu ionnannuy
Cukko Mancxonify ino hopyucno usyuufi ncc achckfi hponc-
mi, u n fcucnuc 164 i. inu hpcncfanncni hcpnic pcsynifafi cio
paofi. On yfncpxnan, ufo conmccfnan aipapnan honufuka nonxna
iapanfuponafi munumaninic ucni na kaxniu ccnickoxosnucfncn-
niu hponykf, ufo osnauano, ufo Komuccun nonxna nmcmunaficn n
pciynuponanuc ccnickoxosnucfncnnoio pinka, koina ucni cnuxakf-
cn nuxc hpcnycmofpcnnoio munumyma, c ucnik ux nipannunanun.
1O5J
Ho sfo hpcnhonaiano, ufo Coomccfno pachonaiacf qunanconimu
pccypcamu nnn hponcncnun fakou ccnickoxosnucfncnnou honufuku
u, cncnonafcnino, cocfncnnimu pccypcamu, fo ccfi nsnfimu us
cocfncnnoio knxcfa co chcuuaninix cucfon, nchocpcncfncnno
hpunanncxamux Coomccfny, a nc us accuinonanuu, nincnncmix
npcmn of npcmcnu Concfom munucfpon. Ofo osnauano, ufo Coo-
mccfno, fo ccfi Komuccun nonxna yncf ohpcncnufi kpufcpuu
hponcncnun cnocu ccnickoxosnucfncnnou honufuku.
Ofu fcxnuucckuc nohpoci cfanunu naxnic honufuucckuc hpo-
ncmi. Kakum opasom occhcuufi Coomccfno cocfncnnimu
pccypcamu u kak ux konfponuponafi oncpufi ux Inpohcuckomy
hapnamcnfy unu Concfy munucfpon B nckapc 164 i. Komuccun
paspaofana ccpuk hpockfon, hpcncfanncnnix Concfy munucfpon
1 ahpcnn 165 i. n kauccfnc hakcfa mcp, kofopic nc moinu ifi
hpunnfi n ofncninocfu. Onu kacanuci qunancuponanun omcu
aipapnou honufuku, honyucnun camum Coomccfnom pccypcon of
cucfcmi famoxcnnix homnun na umhopfupycmic Coomccfnom
ccnickoxosnucfncnnic hponykfi, ycfanannunacmix Inpohcuckum
qonnom hnanuponanun u yhpanncnun ccnickum xosnucfnom (IIOGA),
a fakxc hpcnnoxcnun ykpchufi poni Inpohcuckoio hapnamcnfa n
knxcfnix nohpocax. A sfo osnauano onimc honnomouuu
Iapnamcnfy u, hpcxnc nccio, onimc honnomouuu Komuccuu.
Ofo ino umcnno fo, ucio nc xofcnu qpanuysi. Onu naio-
cknonno ofnocunuci k konuchuunm, na kofopix ocnoninanaci ai-
papnan honufuka, hockoniky snanu, ufo qpanuysckuc scmncncniui
honyuaf of ncc nauonimyk niiony, onnako onu inu hpofun nk-
oio ycuncnun uncfufyfon Coomccfna, n fom nunc, n kakom sfo
hpcncfannnnoci n fof momcnf. nn xapakfcpucfuku honufuucckou
cufyauuu, cfan hokasafcninim choco, kakum Komuccun hpumna k
cnoum pcmcnunm. B camom ncnc, onu inu onopcni Komuccucu
hocpcncfnom pcsonkuuu, hpunnfou onimuncfnom n ccmi ionocon
hpofun nnyx (nnyx qpanuysckux hpcncfanufcncu). Ofo ncnano hpcn-
noxcnun hpuionnimu nnn hpoucnypi yfncpxncnun, n coofncf-
cfnuu co cf. 2O1 u 2OJ Iumckoio noionopa, u n ufoic hpcsuncnf
Komuccuu ncmcu Banifcp Xanimfcun hpcncfanun ux n fakom nunc
Inpohapnamcnfy. Ho sfof mai ofpaxan xcnanuc qopcuponafi ho-
nufuucckuc pcmcnun, c kofopimu qpanuysckoc hpanufcnicfno
noncc nc cfpcmunoci conunapusonaficn. B ncm umhnuuufno hpucyf-
cfnonano namcpcnuc hpcnpafufi cofpynnuuccfno mcxny Komuccucu
u Inpohcuckum hapnamcnfom n nchocpcncfncnnoc nsaumoncucfnuc,
ufo hpu ycfpancnuu nckofopim opasom Concf munucfpon ycununo
i nannauuonaniniu xapakfcp uncfufyfon IOC u yckopuno i ux
pasnufuc.
1O54
Bohpoc in nincccn na saccnanuc Concfa munucfpon Coomc-
cfna JO uknn 165 i., u Xanimfcun nonxcn in n sfou cufyauuu
nsnccufi hocncncfnun cnocio maia. Yuufinan konuchfyaninic hpu-
opufcfi icncpana nc Ionnn, moxno ino nc comncnaficn, ufo on
ofncpincf komhpomucc. Ipcncfanufcnu panuuu n Concfc munu-
cfpon ochopunu hosuuuk Xanimfcuna u sakonnocfi pcmcnuu,
hpunnfix Komuccucu. Xyxc foio, onu otnnunu, ufo nauunan co
cncnykmcio nnn onu hpckpamakf cnoc yuacfuc n ncnfcninocfu
nccx opianon IOC (fak nasinacman honufuka hycfoio kpccna).
ccnfnpn nc Ionni n cnocu pcuu yfounun qpanuysckyk hosuuuk
n fcopcfuucckom hnanc, cmc pas usnoxun yxc usnccfnic konuch-
uuu. On honfncpnun xcnanuc panuuu nc nixonufi us Coomc-
cfna, no ofkpifo sannun o ysyphauuu komhcfcnuuu Komuccucu
u Inpohapnamcnfom, nc uspannim, a nasnaucnnim ofncninimu
nauuonaninimu hapnamcnfamu. B honufuucckom hnanc nc Ionni
hpofunocfonn nanncnuk n qcncpanucfckom nahpanncnuu; cio niop
coofncfcfnonan nuncnuk icncpanom ynymcio Inpohi n kauccfnc
konqcncpauuu nauuonaninix u cyncpcnnix iocynapcfn. Bhpoucm,
sfo nc homcmano cmy foina xc noanufi, ufo xofn panuun kak
fakonan nc yncf yuacfnonafi n xusnu Coomccfna, no hpumcf
yuacfuc n ocyxncnuu hponcm ccnickoio xosnucfna, ccnu k num
yncf hpumcnnficn hpunuuh cnunoinacun u kak foniko hpckpa-
fufcn hpofunohocfanncnuc npcnnix u omanuunix muqon snpanomy
cmicny u pcaninocfu. Hnimu cnonamu, panuun nnoni saumcf
cnoc mccfo n IOC hpu ycnonuu, ufo Komuccun ofkaxcfcn of nan-
ncnun n honisy qcncpanucfckou unfcipauuu u, n ococnnocfu,
ccnu Concf munucfpon hpononxuf u hocnc 1 nnnapn 166 i. hpu-
numafi pcmcnun n coofncfcfnuu c hpanunom cnunoinacun.
B pcsynifafc qpanuysckou unuuuafuni Coomccfno nnoni
okasanoci na pachyfic. Komuccun hpononxuna cnok paofy, onnako
n fcucnuc ncmnoiux mccnucn cfano ncno, ufo cc ncnfcninocfi nc
yncf umcfi nukakoio cmicna cs nocfuxcnun komhpomucca, kofo-
piu ofonnuncf cnpohcucfckuc nancxni, onnako chaccf Coomc-
cfno, founcc, homoxcf uscxafi yckopcnun pasnufun omccnpohcu-
ckux uncfufyfon c ohcpcxcnucm nosmoxnocfcu n honufuucckou,
skonomuucckou u couuaninou pcaninocfu Inpohi foio npcmcnu.
Anifcpnafuna cocfonna n niopc mcxny qopmanino oncc concp-
mcnnim uncfufyfom, no numcnnim pcaninoio concpxanun, u un-
cfufyfom, sanucnmum of nonu cyncpcnnix iocynapcfn, kofopomy
yncf cyxncno oncc mcnncnnoc, no oncc konkpcfnoc qynkuuo-
nuponanuc.
Komhpomucc in nocfuinyf hocpcncfnom coinamcnuu, saknk-
ucnnix n kkccmypic 2 nnnapn 166 i., u xofn onu honfncpxnanu
1O55
hpuopufcf nnacfu nauuonaninix iocynapcfn nan omccnpohcucku-
mu uncfufyfamu, no, fcm nc mcncc, ycfanannunanu, ufo nauunan c
17O i. (kak sfo hpcnycmafpunanoci cmc c 162 i.) knxcf IOC
cmoxcf pachonaiafi cocfncnnimu pccypcamu. B honufuucckom
hnanc kkccmypickuc coinamcnun honpasncnnnuci na ucfipc
hynkfa:
1. B cnyuac ncoxonumocfu hpunnfun pcmcnuu na ocnonanuu
hpcnnoxcnuu Komuccuu, kofopic safpaiunanu i oucni naxnic
unfcpcci onnou unu ncckonikux cfpan-yuacfnuu, Concf munu-
cfpon hpunoxuf ycunun nnn foio, ufoi n fcucnuc pasymnoio npc-
mcnu naufu pcmcnun, kofopic ncc cfpani-uncni coomccfna cmo-
iyf nihonnnfi, nc ymcmnnn cnoux unfcpccon.
2. panuysckan ncnciauun, hpu unfcphpcfauuu hpcninymcio
hapaipaqa, honaiana, ufo n cnyuac, safpaiunakmcm oucni nax-
nic unfcpcci, cncnycf hpononufi ocyxncnuc nhnofi no nocfu-
xcnun cnunoinacnoio onopcnun.
J. Cfoponi koncfafuponanu pacxoxncnuc, kofopoc hpononxano
cymccfnonafi hpu ofcyfcfnuu nsaumohpucmncmix noionopcnnocfcu.
4. Onnako onu nc cuufanu, ufo sfo pacxoxncnuc nonxno hpc-
hnfcfnonafi nosononncnuk nopmaninou ncnfcninocfu uncfufyfon
Coomccfna.
Iomumo sfoio, komhpomuccnic coinamcnun pckomcnnonanu
Komuccuu nananufi oncc fccnic konfakfi c Concfom munucfpon;
okasinafi koncynifauuu hpanufcnicfnam n cnyuanx ocoou nax-
nocfu; onsaficn nc onapononafi onopcnnic hpcnnoxcnun no
foio, kak cfpani-yuacfnuui ynyf o nux hpounqopmuponani.
Iocncnnuu hynkf onsinan Concf munucfpon u Komuccuk ohpc-
ncnufi, kakum opasom moxno cncnafi oncc sqqckfunnim qynk-
uuonuponanuc qunanconoio mcxanusma u ocymccfnncnuc pacxonon
Coomccfna.
kkccmypickuu komhpomucc cosnan nnn IOC numi nunu-
mocfi nosnpamcnun k nopmaninou cufyauuu. B ncucfnufcninocfu
on hpuncn k usxunanuk snauufcninou uacfu nancxn unu, ho ni-
paxcnuk nc Ionnn, unnksuu, kofopic nnoxnonnnnu cosnanuc cn-
pohcuckux uncfufyfon. Iponnuxcnuc k famoxcnnomy coksy hpo-
nonxanoci, kak sfo u ino hpcnycmofpcno, u naxc yckopcnnimu
fcmhamu, onnako paspaofka honufuku Coomccfna hponnuianaci
ho ncc oncc fcpnucfomy hyfu. c Ionni nc ckpinan cnocu ncfcphu-
mocfu ho ofnomcnuk k opianusauuu, kofopou, kak on honaian, nc
nocfacf ncmokpafuucckou nciufumnocfu, ncncncfnuc ucio ona nc
chocona nipasufi honnunnic uyncfna u honnunnic hofpcnocfu
pasnix cfpan Inpohi, nauuu, cocfannnnmux, ho cio ohpcncncnuk,
Inpohy ofcuccfn (cnuncfncnnan konuchuun, na ocnonc kofopou
1O56
moi nosnuknyfi cnpohcuckuu cunfcs c yucfom fpanuuuu, amuuuu
unu ocoix unfcpccon).
B honufuucckom hnanc cnuncfncnnim hosufunnim maiom cfano
pcmcnuc, hpunnfoc ncuopucfckum hpanufcnicfnom no inanc c Ia-
poninom Buniconom (cmcnunmum n 164 i. y nnacfu konccpnafunnoc
onimuncfno), o hcpccmofpc ofnomcnuu mcxny Bcnukopufanucu
u IOC u o nosononncnuu n nonou mcxnynaponnou ocfanonkc
(oycnonncnnou nicfnamckum kpusucom u honufukou paspnnku
mcxny CUA u CCCI) hcpcionopon o hpucocnuncnuu Bcnukopu-
fanuu k IOC. Oquuuaninan hpocia ina hpcncfanncna 1O man
167 i. Ona cmc pas nafonknynaci na npaxncnocfi nc Ionnn, n
mcnimcu cfchcnu pasnpaxcnnoio nnoucfncnnocfik hosuuuu pu-
fanucn, hponnncnnou n 162 i., no ncc cmc osaoucnnoio pacmupc-
nucm Coomccfna, kofopoc hpuncno i k upcsmcpnomy yncnuucnuk
onsafcnicfn u qunanconoio pcmcnu IOC us-sa cnnscu Bcnukopu-
fanuu co cfpanamu Conpyxccfna. Iosfomy 27 nonpn 167 i. nc
Ionni cnona nanoxun cnoc ncfo, onnako na sfof pas nu onna us
cfpan-yuacfnuu nc hosnonuna, ufoi cufyauun hpuncna k kpusucy.
Bcfo nc Ionnn hpuncno nc k paspiny hcpcionopon, a ckopcc cfumy-
nupnano sfah pasmimncnuu.
B okfnpc 168 i. munucfp unocfpannix ncn Icniiuu Iicp Ap-
mcni hpcnnoxun, ufoi cfpani IOC uncfufyuuonanusuponanu
cnoc honufuucckoc cofpynnuuccfno n pamkax 3ahannocnpohcuckoio
Coksa, pacmupunu n cio pamkax cofpynnuuccfno n cqcpc ooponi,
fcxnonoiuucckou onacfu u n cqcpc ncncxnou honufuku. Cmicn
hpcnnoxcnun in oucnuncn: nnn usonnuuu qpanuysckou ohhosu-
uuu cniiuuckuu munucfp namcpcnancn hcpcmccfufi nuckyccuk n
pamku 3IC, inc nc cymccfnonano hpana ncfo u inc cnnsu sfou
opianusauuu c HATO cosnananu hpounic ysi c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu. Munucfpy unocfpannix ncn Hfanuu Iicfpo Hcnnu
ino hpcnnoxcno hpcncfanufi ohcpafunnic hpcnnoxcnun ho co-
siny Concfa 3IC, hnanuponanmciocn na qcnpani 16 i. c Ionni
cmc pas ninyxncn in hpofunocfonfi fomy, ufo on cuufan konap-
nou hohifkou aninuuan hponuknyfi n cnpohcuckuc uncfufyfi, nc
ofkasinanci of cnoux ocoix ofnomcnuu c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu. On hpucinyn k ocfpou nuhnomafuucckou honcmukc,
cfanmcu, onnako, cio hocncnncu honufuucckou akuucu. 28 ahpcnn,
hofcphcn hopaxcnuc na pcqcpcnnymc ho pciuonaninou pcqopmc
no panuuu, on honan n ofcfanky.
Ipccmnuk nc Ionnn n Inuccuckom nopuc Zopx Iomhuny, nc
oypcnacmiu inoaninimu ycfpcmncnunmu icncpana, nosononun
cnpohcuckuu nuanoi. 1O uknn 16 i. na hpccc-konqcpcnuuu on
safponyn cnpohcuckyk fcmy, pcskmuponan cc n kpacnopcuunom
1O57
fpuhfuxc sancpmcnuc, ycuncnuc, pacmupcnuc honufuucckan
ycfanonka, nomunuponanman ncc hocncnonanmcc fpcxncfuc. Iom-
huny nc umcn nospaxcnuu ho honony ncfyhncnun Bcnukopufanuu,
onnako cuufan ncoxonumim, ufoi hpcxnc ucm hpunumafi pcmc-
nuc o pacmupcnuu Coomccfna, ina nipaofana oman aipapnan
honufuka u sanoxcni ocnoni skonomuucckoio u nankfno-qunan-
conoio coksa. Cocfonnmcccn 21 okfnpn 16 i. saccnanuc pykono-
nnmux opianon IOC n Iaaic, n kofopom nhcpnic hpunnn yuacfuc
noniu icpmanckuu kanuncp couuan-ncmokpaf Bunnu Ipannf, osna-
mcnonano nauano mcnncnnoio hontcma. Iinu onopcni mcpi ho
qunanconomy pciynuponanuk aipapnou honufuku Coomccfna, u
fakum opasom snauufcninan uacfi cnnsannix c sfum hponcm
ina pcmcna.
22 ahpcnn 17O i. cfpani IOC honhucanu coinamcnuc ofnocu-
fcnino foio, ufoi ohpcncnnfi kak cocfncnnic pccypci Coo-
mccfna (nanoiu na ccnickoxosnucfncnnyk hponykuuk, copi of
omccnpohcuckou famoxcnnou honufuku u naxc 1' of HC).
B mapfc 171 i. ino honoxcno nauano cosnanuk skonomuucckoio u
nankfno-qunanconoio coksa, hpononunmcmycn hon konfponcm u py-
kononcfnom Concfa munucfpon, fo ccfi opianusauuu, nc honnocfik
nknkucnnou no nnyfpcnnkk uncfufyuuonaninyk cucfcmy IOC.
Bhpoucm, us-sa qunanconoio kpusuca, chponouuponannoio n aniycfc
foio xc iona pcmcnucm Hukcona hpuocfanonufi cnoonnyk kon-
ncpfauuk nonnapa, cfano cmc fpynncc hpcononcfi uncpfnocfi saun-
fcpcconannix cfopon. Iosfomy cnuncfncnnim naxnim nonmccfnom
ino saknkucnuc, nakoncu, coinamcnun ofnocufcnino hpucocnu-
ncnun k IOC Bcnukopufanuu, anuu, Hpnannuu u Hopnciuu na
ocnonanuu ux sannncnuu, hpcncfanncnnix nauunan c 167 i. Ccpun
hcpcionopon sancpmunaci 22 nnnapn 172 i n Ipkcccnc honhucanu-
cm noionopon o hpucocnuncnuu ucfipcx cfpan, kofopic ncfyhanu n
cuny 1 nnnapn 17J i (cncnycf, nhpoucm, yuccfi, ufo nopncxui,
hocfanunmuc nohpoc o hpucocnuncnuu na pcqcpcnnym, hponanunu
pcmcnuc cnocio hpanufcnicfna u ocfanuci nnc Coomccfna).
Iacmupcnuc cocfana usmcnuno xapakfcp u honufuucckoc nnun-
nuc IOC. Onnonpcmcnno n sfom xc nahpanncnuu ncucfnonanu u
cfumyni nnn nosononncnun koncfpykfunnoio nuanoia, nahpanncnno-
io na fo, ufoi skonomuucckuu coks in ooiamcn oncc fccnim
honufuucckum cofpynnuuccfnom. Bnoni ncfanana fcma, ninnunyfan
nc Ionncm, a umcnno ncoxonumocfi hpunafi fcxnokpafuucckomy
cofpynnuuccfny oncc mupokoc honufuucckoc concpxanuc, no n fo
xc npcmn fakoc, ufoi ono nc hpuncno k poxncnuk cytckfa, hon-
nocfik nixonnmcio us-hon konfponn nauuonaninix iocynapcfn.
Bochpousnonunaci nuanckfuka nsaumoofnomcnuu mcxny qcncpa-
1O58
nucfamu u qynkuuonanucfamu, xapakfcpnan nnn nccu snonkuuu
IOC. Ho hpcxnc, ucm sfa fcma opcna konkpcfnocfi, ncoxonumo
ino, ufoi otcnuncnnan Inpoha hpomna cmc onny hponcpky
sncpicfuucckuu kpusuc 17J i. Yuufinan cnoxnocfi momcnfa,
hpccmnuk Iomhuny Bancpu Zuckap nÒcfcn hponnun unuuuafuny
ho hpunnfuk hpunuuhon, kofopic qakfuuccku mcnnnu uncfufy-
uuonaninyk cfpykfypy IOC, xofn u ofkpinanu hyfi k onimcu
ponu hapnamcnfckoio hpcncfanufcnicfna.
Iapuxckuc coinamcnun 1O nckapn 174 i. fpancqopmupo-
nanu Coomccfno, hpcnpafun Concf munucfpon n opian, nnnnk-
muucn cio honnunnou nnuxymcu cunou, a Komuccuk n uchon-
nufcniniu opian, opianusykmuu ncnfcninocfi Coomccfna. nn
occhcucnun cnnsu mcxny cfpanamu-yuacfnuuamu ncoxonumo
ino, n coofncfcfnuu c coinamcnunmu, ufoi inani hpanufcnicfn
nmccfc c munucfpamu unocfpannix ncn coupanuci fpu pasa n ion
u kaxniu pas, koina sfo yncf ncoxonumo, n kauccfnc Concfa Co-
omccfna u ho nohpocam honufuucckoio cofpynnuuccfna. B coina-
mcnunx honfncpxnanoci cfpcmncnuc ocymccfnnnfi coinaconan-
nyk honufuky no nccx onacfnx mcxnynaponnou xusnu, kofopic
safpaiunanu i unfcpcci IOC. B kauccfnc komhcncauuu sfoio un-
cfufyuuonaninoio honopofa, hpcnhonaianmcio hpunnfuc konuch-
uuu nc Ionnn, coinamcnun hpcnycmafpunanu hponcncnuc niopon
n Inpohcuckuu hapnamcnf na ocnonc nccomcio usupafcninoio
hpana ho hpanunam, kofopic cncnonano ycfanonufi nc hosnncc
178 i. Kpomc foio, nnoni honnumanaci fcma cnpohcuckoio honufu-
ucckoio coksa, u cniiuuckomy hpcmicp-munucfpy co Tunncmancy
ino hopyucno honiofonufi chcuuaniniu noknan u hpcncfanufi
cio no konua 175 iona. Hakoncu, coinamcnun hpcnycmafpunanu
cosnanuc Inpohcuckoio qonna pciuonaninoio pasnufun, hpcnnasna-
ucnnoio nnn koppckfuponku ncpannomcpnocfu pasnufun nnyfpu
Coomccfna, nauonimyk niiony of kofopoio n fof momcnf hony-
uanu Hfanun u Bcnukopufanun.
Iapuxckumu coinamcnunmu sakanuunancn hcpniu sfah ucfo-
puu Coomccfna sfah nonafopcfna, comncnuu, hpunuuhuaninix
nuckyccuu, koncanuu n uncfufyuuonaninix nohpocax, ohaccnuu,
ufo IOC moxcf hohacfi n opufy npyiux honufuucckux u skonomu-
ucckux nnunnuu, n ococnnocfu, Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. B fof
momcnf IOC ocfananoci fccno cnnsannim c honufukou 3ahana n
ucnom, onnako ono cfano nomunupykmum sncmcnfom cnpohcuckou
u muponou xusnu, nonim cytckfom cucfcmi mcxnynaponnix of-
nomcnuu, nc onanakmum nocnnou cunou, no ncoxonumim n ho-
nufuucckom hnanc, a fakxc nnunfcninim c skonomuucckou fouku
spcnun. B sfou cnnsu hpunonumic nuxc fanuui nakf ycnufcninic
1O5
honfncpxncnun sanucumocfu mcxny hpunanncxnocfik k IOC,
skonomuucckum pocfom u unfcipauucu n cqcpc fopionnu cfpan-
yuacfnuu.
,oxo0 nu 0yuy nuce:enun o cmpunux 1:+ u +1A (o 0o::upux)
Cfpani 155 16O 164 166
Icniiun 1OJJ 126O 1671 11O
panuun 11J2 1J2O 18J5 2O6O
Bcnukopufanun 1O51 1J8O 1711 12O
Hfanun 486 68O 1OJ6 118O
kkccmypi 51 152 151 2OJO
Huncpnanni 7J O 1422 167O
II 867 128O 1786 2O1O
CUA 24JJ 28JO J5JO J84O
Hcfounuk: MaIn IconomIc IndIcators, OICI. ôvcmbcr 168.
Jopeoo:n o pu+iux 1:+ o npouenmux i o0ue+y icnopmy
Cfpani 158 (mccfi) 16 (mccfi) 17 (ncnnfi)
Icniiun u kkccmypi 45 68 7J
panuun 22 48 5J
Hfanun 24 4J 4
Huncpnanni 42 6O 7J
II 27 4O 48
IOC J2 48 54
Hcfounuk: CII, Iuropcan Iconomy. n. 18.
11.4. Usmenenwn na Btw:nem w Cpetnem Bocioxe
11.4.1. BLU+HEBOCTOUHAH CUT.AUUH
c 1956 no 1967 t.
panko-pufanckoc honufuucckoc hopaxcnuc no npcmn Cysu-
koio kpusuca 156 iona nc cohponoxnanoci fakum xc hopaxcnucm
Hspaunn. Iosfomy ucxon nocnnix ohcpauuu ninynun Otcnuncn-
nic Hauuu cncnafi ycfyhku hofpcnocfnm csohacnocfu n fpakfon-
kc Tcni-Anuna n fof camiu momcnf, koina conhancnuc ycfpcmncnuu
cncpxncpxan occhcuuno Haccpy n kauccfnc pcnanma naxniu ho-
nufuucckuu ychcx. Ofof ychcx cosnanan Iiuhfy u cio nukfafopy
pacfymcc nnunnuc n pciuonc, pacmupnnmcc cqcpy nnunnun hana-
pausma ciuhcfckoio opasua, u n fo xc npcmn hpcnocfannnn Hacc-
py nosmoxnocfi uspafi hosuuuk ofnocufcninoio ncufpanufcfa n
ofnomcnuu concfckoio hpucyfcfnun u amcpukanckoio nnunnun.
1O6O
ocfafouno nahomnufi, ufo, xofn pycckuc ocymccfnnnnu mac-
cuponannic hocfanku noopyxcnuu Iiuhfy u cycunuponanu cfpo-
ufcnicfno Acyanckou hnofuni, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi hpononxanu
no nccni 167 i. okasinafi Iiuhfy skonomuucckyk homomi. Icfc-
cfncnno, pcui mna nc o naiofnopufcninocfu, no o camom nacfon-
mcm honufuucckom nnoxcnuu kahufana, ocnonannoio na nancxnc,
ufo Iiuhcf moxcf ncpnyficn n cqcpy nnunnun 3ahana, hounou nnn
fakux hpcnnoxcnuu inu nckofopic ncufpanucfckuc akucnfi,
paccfannncmic nccmofpn nu na ufo, Haccpom. Amcpukanui u
ciuhfnnc coxpannnu hpocfop nnn mancnpa n ioni, koina sakaf
qpanuysckoio nnunnun u icfpiu yhanok aninuuckoio ocfannnnu
cnoxniu nnn sahonncnun nakyym, n kofopom hpconananu nnyf-
pcnnuc hponcmi apackoio mupa, no na kofopiu fakxc okasina-
no nnunnuc pacfymcc concfckoc u amcpukanckoc hpucyfcfnuc. Of-
ckna uncaninic ycnonun nnn nccfauninocfu u usmcncnuu.
cucfnufcnino, hanapausm, kofopiu Haccp uspan n kauccfnc
snamcnu cnocu mcxnynaponnou ncnfcninocfu, umcn onimoc nnun-
nuc no nccm pciuonc, n ococnnocfu hocnc honyucnun ncsanucu-
mocfu Tynucom u Mapokko. On hpuopcn cmc onimcc nnunnuc
ho mcpc icfpoio, xofn u cfankunakmciocn c hpchnfcfnunmu,
hpunuxcnun honnou hocni anxupckux nauuonanucfon (162 i.).
Iocnc Cysua pufanckoc nnunnuc n apackom mupc ino honopna-
no, onnako ykpchncnuc hosuuuu Haccpa cncpxunanoci cohpofun-
ncnucm konccpnafunnix pcxumon, nicfyhanmux hpofun cio fy-
mannoio nauuonanucfuucckoio u cncfckoio couuanusma. Kpomc
foio, ciuhcfckuu nukfafop nonxcn in cuufaficn c nnunnucm (ko-
fopoc ino cunino cnauana n Cupuu, a hofom u n Hpakc) hapfuu
Iaac (hapfuu nospoxncnun), inanniu fcopcfuk kofopou cupucu
Mumcni Aqnnk hifancn cocnunufi sncmcnfi hanapausma c mo-
funamu, nancnnnimu ucnamom, c uncnmu couuaninou pcqopmi n
kauccfnc hpoipammi hapfuu cupuuckux cpcnnux knaccon (u nocn-
nix), a fakxc, c ncoxonumou koppckfuponkou, u npyiux uacfcu
apackoio mupa. Cncfckuu xapakfcp naccponckoio couuanusma hpc-
hnfcfnonan cosnanuk koanuuuu co cfoponnukamu Ipaficn-my-
cyniman, kofopic ocfananuci n ocnonnom hpofunnukamu ciuhcf-
ckoio nocnnoio pcxuma u cfanu onnou us cun, honiofonunmux
nspin fak nasinacmoio ucnamckoio qynnamcnfanusma, nauanmuu-
cn ucpcs ncckoniko ncf.
B Cynanc n 158 i. nocnniu hcpcnopof hpuncn k ycfanonncnuk
hpociuhcfckoio pcxuma; n Anxupc n 165 i. hpanufcnicfno, co-
snannoc n momcnf honyucnun ncsanucumocfu Myxammcnom Icn
Icnnou, ino cncpinyfo n pcsynifafc hyfua no inanc c Xyapu Iymc-
nicnom, nnoxnonncnnim konuchuunmu, nuskumu k naccponckomy
1O61
ncufpanusmy. B ufoic cuni, naxonunmuc y nnacfu na Inuxncm
Bocfokc u n snauufcninou uacfu Ccncpnou Aqpuku, cfanu nipa-
xcnucm hocnonocnoio anfukononuaninoio pcnanma, amuuuos-
noio xcnanun hpononufi pcqopmi, kofopoc nc ino, onnako, hon-
kpchncno n nocfafounou cfchcnu ohifom u ucfkum honumanucm
ucnu. B sfou ipyhhc iocynapcfn, xofn u nc pasncnnnmux uncani
pcaninoio couuanusma (n nckofopix us nux, kak, nahpumcp, n
Iiuhfc, komhapfun ina nnc sakona, a cc uncni saknkuanuci n
fkpimi), nomunuponanu cnou nnyfpcnnuc hponcmi. B fo xc npc-
mn um yipoxana pciuonaninan nccfauninocfi. Iosfomy sfu iocy-
napcfna ncc oncc naiocknonno ofnocunuci k cnnsnm c Concfamu
ucpcs coinamcnun o nocnnix hocfankax, skonomuucckou u fcxno-
noiuucckou homomu n omcn na hpcnocfanncnuc fakux nosmoxno-
cfcu nnunfi na pciuon, kakux y Concfckoio Coksa nukoina nc
ino n Cpcnuscmnomopic.
Hfoi uscxafi ohacnocfcu, cnnsannix c nnunnucm Haccpa,
aninuuanc n 161 i. hpcnocfanunu honnyk ncsanucumocfi Kyncufy.
B hocncnykmuc ioni onu hpononxanu ocfannnfi hosuuuu n Icp-
cunckom sanunc (inc hosnncc nosnuknyf ncsanucumic iocynapcfna,
n uacfnocfu Otcnuncnnic Apackuc Omupafi). Ocnooxncnuc
Ipufanuu of cnoux onsafcnicfn, xofn u honfonknyno konccpna-
funnic cfpani k napamunanuk ux ooponufcninix ycunuu u ho-
ucky nohonnufcninou nncmncu honncpxku, hpuncno k fomy, ufo
cqcpa nnunnun Haccpa pachpocfpanunaci na Kpacnoc mopc, nauu-
nan c 166 i., koina aninuuanc uchifanu fpynnocfu, cnnsannic c
usncpxkamu ho yhpanncnuk nocnnou asou u ncqfchcpcpaafina-
kmumu hpcnhpunfunmu n Ancnc u na hpunciakmcu fcppufopuu,
otcnuncnnou umu n onny qcncpafunnyk kononuk. Cufyauun cmc
oncc ocnoxnunaci us-sa usmcncnuu, hpoucmcnmux n Hcmcnc, inc
n ccnfnpc 162 i. koanuuun nocnnix u pcqopmucfckux cun cncpi-
na cfapyk nunacfuk. B 164 i. onu cosnanu Hcmcnckyk Apackyk
Icchynuky (Ccncpniu Hcmcn), honufuuccku u kpunuuccku ofnc-
ncnnyk of Kxnoio Hcmcna, fo ccfi nknkuakmyk n cnou cocfan
fcppufopuu, kofopic aninuuanc otcnununu n qcncpauuk, koina
hpcnocfanunu ncsanucumocfi Ancny u hpunciakmum onacfnm, na-
xonunmumcn hon ux hpofckfopafom, no kpunuuccku hpunanncxan-
mum Caynonckou Apanuu. Tchcpi yxc unfcpcci Iiuhfa u Caynon-
ckou Apanuu ohpcncnnnu nckofopic achckfi cfonknoncnun mcxny
konccpnafunnimu u pcqopmafopckumu cunamu no nccm pciuonc.
Cfoni panukaninic usmcncnun n pciuonc, hpuopcfanmcm ncc
onimcc snaucnuc n cnnsu c ncqfnnou hponcmou, sacfanunu Co-
cnuncnnic Ufafi hocfchcnno ofkasaficn of nancxni (kofopyk
hufanu Ouscnxaysp, Kcnncnu u xoncon) ncpnyfi Iiuhcf n opufy
1O62
3ahana u ycnunu ux n ncoxonumocfu hpusnafi cymccfnykmcc
pasncncnuc cqcp nnunnun mcxny iocynapcfnamu, saunfcpcconanni-
mu n cnnsu c hpoucmcnmumu usmcncnunmu n concfckou homomu,
u iocynapcfnamu, saunfcpcconannimu n cnnsu c hofcnuuaninimu
yiposamu n fom, ufoi ocfanaficn fccno cnnsannimu c 3ahanom.
Hmcnno na 3ahan, kcfafu, onu nahpannnnu onimyk uacfi cnocio
ncqfnnoio skchopfa u umcnno c num onu inu cnnsani coinamc-
nunmu, saknkucnnimu c mnoionauuonaninimu ncqfnnimu kom-
hanunmu c ucnik skchnyafauuu, hcpcpaofku, hponaxu cipin u
pasmcmcnun honyucnnou hpuinu. Ocfonfcnicfna ocnoxnnnuci
omumu nacfpocnunmu anfuamcpukanusma, oxnafunmumu inmuu
kononuaniniu mup u apackuc cfpani, a fakxc fcm, ufo n fo npc-
mn mna nouna no Bicfnamc. C npyiou cfoponi, ofkpifan hpoapa-
ckan honufuka konfpacfuponana c nnnimu hpouspaunickumu na-
cfpocnunmu hpcsuncnfa xoncona, kofopiu n sfom nohpocc sanu-
man hosuuuu, nc ofnuuanmuccn of hosuuuu hpcsuncnfa Tpymsna.
3a ncckoniko ncf Cocnuncnnic Ufafi samcnunu, cncnonafcni-
no, qpanuyson u pufanucn no nccm pciuonc u ycfanonunu cmc o-
ncc fccnic cnnsu co cfapimu coksnukamu Iakucfanom, Hpanom,
Typuucu, unucu ccnycufon, Tynucom (inc hpcsuncnf Iypiua hpo-
nonun honufuky ocfopoxnou moncpnusauuu u mnikoio anfopufapus-
ma), Mapokko koponn Xacana II (ufo ino no mnoiom oycnonncno
honufuucckou u nocnnou npaxnou, pasncnnnmcu cio c Anxupom).
nymn pcxumamu, na kofopic nonxna ina ohupaficn apackan
honufuka Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, inu Hopnanun u Caynonckan
Apanun. Icpnan ina naxna us-sa cnocio icoipaquucckoio hono-
xcnun, ncnanmcio cc acfuonom u yqcpom mcxny apackum mu-
pom u Hspauncm. Bfopan umcna onimoc snaucnuc naionapn cno-
um ncqfnnim sahacam u naionapn nnunnuk, kofopim caynonckan
nunacfun honisonanaci na nccm Inuxncm Bocfokc, n ococnnocfu
hocnc foio, kak koponi Cayn, oninou u honncpianmuucn ccpics-
nou kpufukc nnyfpu hpannmcu ncpxymku cfpani, in samcncn n
164 i. pafom cucanom, hpocncmcnnim monapxom, c oipomnim
nnyfpcnnum hpccfuxcm u onimum ohifom mcxnynaponnou ncn-
fcninocfu, no hpcxnc nccio nacfpocnnim na pcmufcninoc hpo-
funocfonnuc icicmonuu Haccpa n apackom mupc.
B Hopnanuu c 152 i. hpanun koponi Xyccun (cmy foina cmc nc
uchonnunoci noccmnanuafu ncf). On nosinanun cfpany, pasnupac-
myk hpofunopcuunmu mcxny hponaccponckumu umhynicamu u na-
cfpocnunmu nonninocfu n ofnomcnuu hpannmcu nunacfuu. Ofu
hpofunopcuun cosnananu cnoxnocfu nnn nocfuxcnun nnyfpuhonu-
fuucckoio pannonccun u nnn pcmcnun hponcmi hanccfunckoio
mcnimuncfna. B 148 i. apai, hokunynmuc okkyhuponannic Hs-
1O6J
pauncm fcppufopuu, inu pacccnni. B hcpuon ux usinanun unfcn-
cunnan ncnfcninocfi ho honufuucckomy nochufanuk hpuncna k
pachpocfpancnuk ocosnanun nauuonaninou uncnfuunocfu hancc-
funckum naponom, kofopiu nc moxcf ifi unfcipuponan nu n on-
nou cymccfnykmcu apackou cfpanc u ccfccfncnnim mccfom hpo-
xunanun kofopoio nnnncfcn Ianccfuna Ianccfuna, kofopyk
hpcncfonno ofnocnafi. Iino cosnano, n ococnnocfu hocnc 156 i.,
mnoxccfno nconimux nnuxcnuu. Cpcnu nux hpuopcna nnunnuc
ipyhha afx, nosinannnnmancn Scupom Apaqafom. B 164 i. ho
unuuuafunc uiu apackux iocynpcfn, no hon nchocpcncfncnnim
pykononcfnom Iiuhfa, ina cosnana Opianusauun Ocnooxncnun
Ianccfuni (OOI), kofopyk nosinannnna ipyhha afx, no n kofo-
pyk nxonunu kak n nnuxcnuc, hpcfcnnykmcc na hpcncfanufcni-
cfno nccu nauuu, ncc qopmuponanun hanccfunckux apaon. Cuni
OOI pacccunanuci ho cfpanam, coccncfnykmum c Hspauncm, onna-
ko nauonimcu uucncnnocfu onu nocfuinu n Hopnanuu, hockoniky
ona sanumana uacfi fcppufopuu, nincncnnou cmc n 147 i. apa-
ckou Ianccfunc Opianusauucu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu. Hmcnno n
Hopnanuu u na sahannom cpciy pcku Hopnan hpoxunano nauo-
ncc mnoiouucncnnoc hanccfunckoc mcnimuncfno (sa ucknkucnu-
cm, nosmoxno, cocpcnofoucnnoio n cckfopc Iasa).
Ioni hpanncnun Xyccuna (1521) hpomnu, cncnonafcnino,
n ycnonunx cfanonnmciocn ncc oncc xpyhkum pannonccun, honncp-
xunanmciocn naionapn honufuucckum u nuhnomafuucckum ycununm
u naionapn cosnanuk ncoxonumocfu cosnanun mcxny Hspauncm
u onimcu uacfik apackoio mupa (ucknkuan Iiuhcf) yqcpnou
fcppufopuu. Takoni inu hpuuuni, kofopic, ncnsupan na ouni
uspaunifnn, sacfannnnu Bamunifon okasinafi cymccfncnnyk sko-
nomuucckyk u nocnnyk homomi Hopnanuu, hpcnpaman cc n cfpany,
nnnnkmykcn coksnukom Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u naxonnmykcn
hon ux nnunnucm. Ofo cosnanano hpofunopcuuc nnn amcpukanckou
honufuku pacfymcu honncpxku, okasinacmou Hspaunk, u nisi-
nano ncfpcnoxcnnyk pcakuuk u cohpofunncnuc hpanufcnicfna
Tcni-Anuna, kofopoc cuufano ohacnim nnn cocfncnnou csohac-
nocfu nohonnufcninic noopyxcnun Hopnanuu, ucio, nahpofun, c
fouku spcnun omux amcpukanckux unfcpccon ncnisn ino usc-
xafi, nc ohacanci, ufo Hopnanun honnocfik hohancf n opufy
nnunnun Haccpa.
Mcncc cnoxnimu inu ofnomcnun mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufa-
famu u Caynonckou Apanucu. Imc koponi Cayn n fcucnuc mnoiux
ncf ykpchnnn cnnsu mcxny nnymn cfpanamu. cucan numi pasnun
sfy honufuucckyk opucnfauuk. Ipoipamma hpocncmcnnoio pcqop-
mucfckoio aconkfusma, kofopyk coupancn ocymccfnnnfi caynon-
1O64
ckuu pcxum, ina cnnsana n qunanconom u fcxnonoiuucckom of-
nomcnuu c amcpukanckumu cfpafciuucckumu pccypcamu.
C camoio nauana ncka u naxc n hcpnic ioni hocnc Bfopou mu-
ponou nouni Caynonckan Apanun nicfyhana ccpicsnou anifcpnafu-
nou unfcncunnou skchnyafauuu ncqfnnix pccypcon Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon. Hccmofpn na ofkpifuc n mupc npyiux mccfopoxncnuu,
ona ocfananaci cfpanou, hofcnuuanino oncc oiafou pccypcamu u
ncqfnnimu noxonamu. Ofo cosnanano hpounyk ocnony conunapno-
cfu omccfna, kofopyk nc moinu hokoncafi nu kommynucfuucc-
kan unconoiun, cfoni nanckan of ucnamusma xpanufcncu Mckku, nu
naccponckuu nauuonanusm (kofopiu opymun i na Caynonckyk
Apanuk numcfy nccnfkon munnuonon ciuhfnn).
Takum opasom, mcxny 156 u ccpcnunou 6O-x ionon na Inux-
ncm Bocfokc opasonanuci nna naicpn, c nocfafouno ucfko ohpcnc-
ncnnimu, xofn hopou u ncycfouuunimu, ipanuuamu. B kakou-fo
mcpc honufuucckuu nakyym in sahonncn hponnuxcnucm Concfcko-
io Coksa u ofuacfu cosnanucm hofcnuuaninou anfunaccponckou
koanuuuu. o kakou cfchcnu, onnako, honufuka Haccpa conhanana
c concfckum skchancuonusmom H no kakou cfchcnu Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi cuufanu nonny apackoio nauuonanusma naxnou yiposou
csohacnocfu Hspaunn, kofopiu, nhpoucm, k fomy momcnfy cmc nc
cfan ocnonnou ohopou amcpukanckou nuxncnocfounou cucfcmi
Iino nu cmc nosmoxno hpumupufi conkncnuc ncqfnnix unfc-
pccon, kofopic konfponuponanu apai, c honncpxkou Hspaunn
11.4.2. TECTU,HEBHAH BOUHA 1967 t.
Ykasannan hponcma cfana hponcnnficn (ino i ncymccfno
yhofpcncnuc cnona pcmaficn) mcxny 166 u 167 i., koina nna
naicpn honncpinu cnou cuni uchifanuk. B nauanc 166 i. amcpu-
kanui hpcononcnu cnou koncanun u, xofn u hpononxanu hocinafi
noopyxcnun ymcpcnnim apackum pcxumam, napymunu pannonccuc
n cnoux hpcnhoufcnunx, ofkponcnno ofnan ux uspaunifnnam, kofo-
pim onu hponanu 5O omapnuponmukon u oncc 2OO fankon oqu-
uuanino nnn foio, ufoi ypannonccufi hocfonnnyk apackyk yi-
posy csohacnocfu Hspaunn.
C npyiou cfoponi, oucnunnan honncpxka, okasinanmancn Ha-
ccpom ncc oncc uacfim hapfusanckum akuunm OOI, napnny c ho-
cfonnnimu ocfpcnamu c cupuuckux Ionanckux nicof uspaunic-
kux kuyucn Ianuncu, ncna k yncnuucnuk nahpnxcnnocfu.
Cama pcnonkuuonnan akfunnocfi OOI hpcncfannnna coou
nccima ofnancnnyk yiposy nnn xusnu Hspaunn, inc apackoc naccnc-
nuc cocfannnno n fof hcpuon ncsnauufcninoc mcnimuncfno (1J' of
1O65
omcu uucncnnocfu naccncnun, kofopan c 148 i., naionapn ummui-
pauuu, yncnuuunaci oncc ucm nnnoc, hpcnicun 2 mnn JOO fic.), u
inc naionapn homomu cnpcuckux omun nccio mupa (n ococn-
nocfu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon) u pchapauunm, nihnaucnnim 3ahan-
nou Icpmanucu sa iufncponckuc hpccncnonanun, ina cosnana
hpouncfakman skonomuucckan cucfcma
B ucnom npyi npyiy hpofunocfonnu onna cfpana, hponuknyfan
cosnanucm snfysuasma nonou ponuni nnn cnpccn, u koanuuun, ko-
fopan nonxna ina nsnfi pcnanm sa nna hopaxcnun u kofopan,
naionapn concfckou homomu, moina, ncponfno, paccuufinafi na
oncc sqqckfunnic noopyxcnnic cuni. 3a kynucamu cncpxncpxani
nanknanu sa hpunuxcnucm pasnnsku c nnumanucm, a nosmoxno,
u c nancxnou: n ococnnocfu pycckuc, kofopic n pcsynifafc hocni
Haccpa nan Hspauncm hpuopcnu i nospocmuu hpccfux u ohpc-
ncncnnoc nnunnuc na nccm Inuxncm Bocfokc.
Onnako ionopufi o hocnc n nounc snauuf hpcnhonaiafi nouny.
B mac nauanc uknn 167 i. ona cfpcmufcnino hpunuxanaci.
Hnuuuafuna hpunanncxana Haccpy, uchonisonanmcmy n kauccfnc
hpcnnoia hpcnhonoxcnuc, cqapukonannoc concfckumu chcucnyx-
amu, o hpcncfonmcm uspaunickom nahancnuu na Cupuk c ucnik
honoxufi koncu ocfpcnam c Ionanckux nicof. nn foio ufoi
hpcnofnpafufi sfo nahancnuc u hocfanufi Hspauni n safpynnu-
fcninoc honoxcnuc, n ccpcnunc man Haccp hofpconan of Otcnu-
ncnnix Hauuu ninccfu uacfi nouck OOH, kofopic c 157 i. hafpy-
nuponanu pasipanuuufcninyk nunuk mcxny Iiuhfom u Hspauncm.
Icncpaniniu cckpcfapi OOH Y Tan ucfonkonan sfo fpconanuc
kak ofnocnmcccn nc k uacfu mcxnynaponnoio konfunicnfa, a ko
nccm nouckam Otcnuncnnix Hauuu, nknkuan fc, kofopic, pacho-
naianci n Uapm-sni-Ucuxc, iapanfuponanu cnoonnyk nanuiauuk
ho Tupanckomy hponuny u sanuny Akaa nhnofi no hopfa Ounaf,
cnuncfncnnoio nixona Hspaunn k Kpacnomy mopk.
B fcucnuc ncckonikux nncu hpcsuncnf xoncon hifancn ymcni-
mufi nahpnxcnnocfi, ncfyhun n hpnmou konfakf c Haccpom, c uspa-
unickum hpcmicp-munucfpom cnu Omkonom u concfckum hpcmicp-
munucfpom Kociiunim, a fakxc honncpxan hpcnnoxcnuc Y Tana
ofhpanuficn c muccucu n Kaup. Ofo nuhnomafuucckoc hocpcnnuuc-
cfno nano honnfi Haccpy, ufo amcpukanui nc ynyf nmcmunaficn
n nocnniu konqnukf u ufo, cncnonafcnino, on moxcf honnnfi
cfanku nhnofi no hpunnfun pcmcnun, cfanmcio usnccfnim 22 man,
sanokuponafi hpoxon uspaunickux cynon ucpcs Tupanckuu hpo-
nun. Hnimu cnonamu, Haccp hifancn pcmufi kpusuc kak hocpcn-
cfnom cuninoio nocnno-honufuucckoio nanncnun, fak u hpucian k
pucky pasnnsinanun nouni, us kofopou on nancnncn niufu hocnu-
fcncm.
1O66
Hukakou npyiou pacucf nc in nacfoniko ncoocnonannim.
B Tcni-Anunc yxc nacfpounuci na nocnnic pcmcnun. Hspaunifn-
nc snanu, ufo onu ncc cmc onanakf csycnonnim nocnnim hpc-
nocxoncfnom, naionapn cucfcmafuucckum hocfankam noopyxcnuu
us panuuu, a safcm u us Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, u fakxc snanu,
ufo n cnyuac ux hopaxcnun Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nc cmoiyf coxpa-
nnfi cnok ncufpaninyk hosuuuk. Tcopcfuuccku Hspauni in ok-
pyxcn npaxncnou koanuuucu, opasonannou Cupucu, Hopnanucu
u Iiuhfom. Ha hpakfukc, kak u n hpcninymux nounax, cnuncfncn-
nim nacfonmum hpofunnukom nnnnncn Iiuhcf. Amcpukanckan
occhokocnnocfi ina hponukfonana cfpaxom, ufo nouna moxcf
hponnuficn nonio. Ho xon nocnnix ncucfnuu ohponcpi sfo hpcn-
honoxcnuc.
5 uknn 167 i. uspaunickan anuauun ncoxunanno afakonana
ciuhcfckuc asponpomi u anuaasi, ncufpanusonan fakum opasom
anuauuk Haccpa no foio, kak cio camoncfi cmoinu honnnficn n
nosnyx. B hocncnonanmuc sa sfum nnu n ncucfnuc ncfyhunu cyxo-
hyfnic noucka u fanku. Iicfpoc hponnuxcnuc nouck hon koman-
nonanucm nauaninuka uspaunickoio inannoio mfaa Huxaka Iau-
na numuno cmicna cfpafciuucckuc hnani ciuhfnn. 3a ucfipc nnn
uspaunifnnc okkyhuponanu ncci Cunauckuu honyocfpon nhnofi no
nocfounoio cpcia Cysukoio kanana, kofopiu onu nc qopcupona-
nu. B hcpniu ncni nouni us Tcni-Anuna pasnanoci hpcnyhpcxnc-
nuc Xyccuny: n cnyuac, ccnu uopnanckuc noucka nc ynyf yuacfno-
nafi n konqnukfc, uspaunifnnc nc cnnunyfcn co cnoux hosuuuu.
Xyccun nc moi unu nc xofcn hpucnymaficn k hpcnyhpcxncnuk, u
ofncf Hspaunn in panukaninim: on okkyhuponan ncci sahanniu
cpci pcku Hopnan fak xc, kak ncci Hcpycanum. Ha ccncpc n
hocncnnuc nna nnn nouni uspaunifnnc afakonanu Ionanckuc nicofi,
fo ccfi ipnny xonmon, cocfannnnmux ipanuuy c Cupucu. 1O uknn
sfa fcppufopun ina okkyhuponana. B honncni 1O uknn, n uac, na
kofopiu Concfom Icsohacnocfu OOH na saccnanuu nncm panimc
ino nasnaucno hpckpamcnuc nocnnix ncucfnuu, onu nomnu no
iopona Kyncufpa.
Uccfunncnnan nouna oncc ucm nnnoc yncnuuuna fcppufopuk,
okkyhuponannyk Hspauncm. Hspaunifnnc onnancnu Ionanckumu
nicofamu, onu ocymccfnnnnu honniu konfponi nan cckfopom Iasa,
sahannim cpciom pcku Hopnan, nccm Cunauckum honyocfponom.
28 uknn hpanufcnicfno Tcni-Anuna hpunnno pcmcnuc o otcnu-
ncnuu cnpcuckoio u apackoio Hcpycanuma n onny okonuafcnino
ncncnumyk cnunuuy, n ofnomcnuu kofopou cnuncfncnno nosmox-
nic hcpcionopi moinu kacaficn nopm nocfyha k xpucfuanckum u
mycynimanckum cnnfinnm.
1O67
11.4.3. HOCLE,CTBUH .CHEXA UBPAULH ,LH BLU+HEFO
BOCTOKA U BCEFO MUPA
Bhcuafnnkmuu nocnniu ychcx Hspaunn n nounc hpofun koa-
nuuuu, nknkuanmcu na ymaic ncc hponaccponckuc cfpani, hon-
ncpxunacmou omccfncnnim mncnucm nccio apackoio mupa, a n
honufuucckom u nocnnom ofnomcnuu u Concfckum Coksom, hpu-
ncn k panukaninim fpancqopmauunm na Inuxncm Bocfokc, safpo-
nynmum nc foniko hponcmi sfoio pciuona, no u mcxnynaponnic
ofnomcnun n ucnom; oncc foio, on hpcnpafun hanccfunckuu noh-
poc u uspaunickyk hponcmy us hponcm, umckmux nokaninoc
snaucnuc, n hponcmi, of kofopix sanuccn ananc cun no nccm
mupc. Bocfounoc Cpcnuscmnomopic nnoni cfano, kak nckoina, on-
num us knkucnix pciuonon honufuucckou, pcnuiuosnou, skono-
muucckou u kynifypnou xusnu mupa.
Hc ncc sfu achckfi moiyf ifi sncci paccmofpcni. H ncc-faku
ncoxonumo nafi, ho kpauncu mcpc, onny omyk oucnky. Ianccfu-
no-uspaunickuu nohpoc ocfpo ninnun hponcmi pasnufun, mupa,
nauuonaninix hpan, csohacnocfu u cnoonnoio nocfyha k saha-
cam cipin. On cfumynuponan oncc ncnoc ocosnanuc sfux hponcm
n kauccfnc ocnonanuu nnn hosuuuu hpanufcnicfn unu nuckyccuu n
omccfncnnom mncnuu (nahpumcp, n hcpuon xononnou nouni).
Cfpani 3ahannou Inpohi u amcpukanui ysnananu n uspaunickux
coifunx ufo-fo hoxoxcc na ux ucfopuk: sfo moinu ifi ocfafku
kononuanusma, pcnuiuosnic mofuni unu xc nochomunanun u yi-
piscnun conccfu ho honony hpccncnonanuu cnpccn, umcnmux mccfo
inannim opasom n Inpohc.
Apai nuncnu n uspaunickou hocnc nonyk ncmoncfpauuk
cnocu usonnuuu, npaxncnocfu 3ahana n ux ofnomcnuu, oipanu-
ucnnocfu nosncucfnun, kofopoc Concfckuu Coks in chococn
okasafi n samufy hanccfunckoio ncna. Hcnanno ocnoonunmuccn
cfpani inu honncpxcni nnym fcnncnuunm. Hacfi cfpan, cocfan-
nnnman ncsnauufcninoc mcnimuncfno, nuncna n Hspaunc moncni
hopasufcninou fpancqopmauuu kononuaninoio iocynapcfna n pas-
nufyk cfpany. pyian cocfannnnman oucnunnoc onimuncfno
nuncna n Hspaunc cumnon coxpannkmciocn nnunnun sahannoio ka-
hufanusma, a cncnonafcnino, umhcpuanusma.
Iiuhcf nonxcn in hcpcxufi camoc ynusufcninoc hopaxcnuc.
Bnunnuc Haccpa kak nuncpa apackux naponon n opic sa pcnanm
samcfno ymcnimunoci. Ho hopaxcnuc hocfanuno fakxc hponcmy
ofnomcnuu c Concfckum Coksom, kofopomy cfanunoci n yhpck fo,
ufo on nc honncpxan ncno apaon n nocfafounou mcpc.
1O68
C fcx hop n ofnomcnun nnyx cfpan in hpunncccn sncmcnf
kpusuca. Concfi inu ninyxncni ycunufi cnoc nocnnoc hpucyf-
cfnuc, yncnuuun uucncnnocfi cnocio konfunicnfa n Iiuhfc hpu-
nusufcnino no 2O fic. ucnonck, kofopim hpunananaci ocnonnan
nocnno-fcxnuucckan unqpacfpykfypa, cosnan mccfi aspohopfon
(ufo ino oucnunnim cumhfomom ncnoncpun k nocnnim choco-
nocfnm ciuhfnn). Kpomc foio, onu hocnanu nocnno-mopckuc ko-
panu na asi n Iopf-Caunc u Anckcannpuu, ufo cfano hcpnim
maiom k hpucyfcfnuk kpyhnoio concfckoio nocnnoio qnofa n Cpc-
nuscmnomopic.
Iomumo sfoio, Concfi ycununu skonomuucckoc nmcmafcni-
cfno. Iocfpouka Acyanckou hnofuni ina sakonucna n 171 i., no
onnonpcmcnno Concfckuu Coks qunancuponan (nccina na cnoux
ycnonunx, hpcnycmafpunanmux honnoc nosmcmcnuc unnccfuuuu,
hycfi u hpcnocfanncnnix hon nuskuc hpoucnfi) coopyxcnuc pnna
npyiux otckfon unqpacfpykfypi u hpomimncnnix hpcnhpunfuu
n camom Iiuhfc u n Hpanc. Onnako umcnno sfo ycuncnuc nmcma-
fcnicfna hoponuno ohpcncncnnic pacxoxncnun. Mcfoni, uchoni-
sonanmuccn pycckumu, nc coofncfcfnonanu hofpcnocfnm mccfnoio
naccncnun. Ioncncnuc concfckux chcuuanucfon u nocnnix snonc-
mc nahomunano honcncnuc okkyhauuonnix nouck, ncucfnonanmux
n hcpnyk oucpcni n cnoux cocfncnnix unfcpccax, a nc n unfcpc-
cax ciuhfnn. Ofo inu safpynncnun, kofopic nc moinu hponnuficn
cpasy xc, n fom uucnc u us-sa kpauncu cnaocfu ciuhfnn. Onnako,
nosnuknyn n fof momcnf, onu hpuncnu k ncpaspcmumomy hpofuno-
pcuuk mcxny pasnuunimu achckfamu concfckoio hpucyfcfnun, ufo
nauano hponnnnficn c 172 i.
Cncnykmum momcnfom ciuhcfckoio kpusuca cfana ncoxunan-
nan cmcpfi 28 ccnfnpn 17O i. hpcsuncnfa Haccpa. Iio hpccmnuk,
honkonnuk Annap Canaf, hpunanncxan k yskomy kpyiy mononix
oquucpon, opianusonanmux n 152 i. iocynapcfncnniu hcpcnopof.
Ohacanuci, ufo on yncf hpononufi cmc oncc nopoxcnafcninyk
honufuky n ofnomcnuu Concfckoio Coksa. cucfnufcnino, cmy
hpumnoci sannficn hponcmamu ykpchncnun cnocu nnacfu hpcxnc,
ucm on cmoi ofoufu of nncmnchonufuucckoio kypca (n nahpannc-
nuu, hpofunohonoxnom oxunacmomy), ocfanncnnoio n nacncncfno
cio hpcnmccfncnnukom.
Hc mcncc fnxcnimu inu hocncncfnun hopaxcnun nnn Hopna-
nuu u nnn Cupuu. Yfpafa 3ahannoio cpcia pcku Hopnan cosnanana
nnn hpanufcnicfna Ammana u koponn Xyccuna concpmcnno nonyk
cufyauuk. Hopnanuk nanonnunu fonhi hanccfunckux cxcnucn
umcnno n fof momcnf, koina ona hofcpnna camyk hnonoponnyk u
hpousnonufcninyk uacfi cnocu fcppufopuu. Toniko homomi Cay-
1O6
nonckou Apanuu, Kyncufa u unuu (hocncnnux nnyx cfpan oipa-
nuucnnan c fouku spcnun npcmcnu u ycnonuu) hosnonuna Xyccuny
nixufi. Onnako naicpn hanccfunckux cxcnucn cfanu fakxc mcc-
famu nnn unfcncunnou anfuuspaunickou ncnfcninocfu u asou nnn
ncncnun hapfusanckou nouni, kofopyk qcnauni OOI ncnu hpo-
fun npaia n coofncfcfnuu c nocnnimu nupckfunamu, na kofopic
Hopnanun nc okasinana nukakoio nnunnun, no sa kofopic ona
hnafuna ohpcncncnnyk ucny n cnnsu c uspaunickumu pchpcccun-
mu. Ha hpakfukc nnacfi OOI hpofunocfonna nnacfu uopnanckoio
hpanufcnicfna u honncpxunanaci Cupucu. B ccnfnpc 17O i. sfo
hpofunopcuuc oocfpunoci no kpaunocfu. Ion yiposou saknkuc-
nun coinamcnun mcxny cupuuuamu u OOI Xyccun hpunnn panu-
kaninic mcpi hpofun hanccfunckux cxcnucn. B fc nnu, hosnncc
honyuunmuc usnccfnocfi kak ucpniu ccnfnpi, ficnuu hancc-
funckux ouuon inu ynuufoxcni, a nnunnuc OOI panukaninim
opasom ymcnimunoci n pcsynifafc coinamcnun, kofopoc Apaqaf
ninyxncn in honhucafi c uopnanckum hpanufcnicfnom, n coof-
ncfcfnuu c kofopim honufuucckan ncnfcninocfi OOI n Hopnanuu
ocymccfnnnnaci hon konfponcm hpanufcnicfna Ammana.
nn Cupuu hocncncfnun hopaxcnun fakxc inu fnxcnimu.
Ipanufcnicfno icncpana Canax-an-nun Iufapa, hpcncfanufcnn nc-
noio kpina hapfuu Iaac, ncfyhuno n hcpuon inyokoio kpusuca,
kofopiu hpuncn n ccnfnpc 17O i., onnonpcmcnno c hohifkou
nmcmafcnicfna n Hopnanuu, k ofcfpancnuk camoio Canax-an-nun
Iufapa u cio samcnc hpcncfanufcncm sfou xc hapfuu icncpanom
Xaqcsom Acanom, uchonisonanmum nnacfi iopasno oncc hpaima-
fuunim opasom u ykpchnnnmum cc, nc cfccnnnci honannnfi hpo-
funnukon.
Xofn unan u nc hpunuman yuacfuc n nounc u ocfancn cnocio
pona ocfponom naiohonyuun n pciuonc, inc uapuno nacunuc, c
167 i. on fakxc cfan omymafi hocncncfnun hopaxcnun apaon.
nn OOI unan, ho cpanncnuk c Hopnanucu, umcn hoka nfopo-
cfchcnnoc snaucnuc n kauccfnc asi nnn hponcncnun nocnnix ohc-
pauuu. Onnako pocf uucna cxcnucn cpasy xc ninnunyn hponcmy
nnacfnix honnomouuu u pcinamcnfauuu hapfusanckou ncnfcninoc-
fu. Bmcmafcnicfno Haccpa homcmano n fof momcnf pasnufuk cu-
fyauuu n konqnukf, ananoiuuniu fomy, ufo nosnukan n Hopna-
nuu. B 16 i. in nocfuinyf komhpomucc, kofopiu oipanuuunan
cnoony hcpcnnuxcnun OOI kxnou uacfik unana. Iocnc ucp-
noio ccnfnpn sfof komhpomucc cfan uncfpymcnfom, naionapn
kofopomy OOI ynanoci oocnonaficn n unanc anfonomnim opa-
som n fou cfchcnu, n kakou sfo nc ynananoci cncnafi n Hopnanuu
n kauccfnc iocynapcfna nnyfpu npyioio iocynapcfna.
1O7O
Hnim in xapakfcp hponcm, c kofopimu hpumnoci cfonk-
nyficn hocnufcnnm. Hcoxunannoc hpcnpamcnuc Hspaunn us
ocaxncnnoio iocynapcfna n ncpxany, nomunupykmyk n cchokou-
nom pciuonc, hponusannom cfonikumu hpofunopcuunmu, ninnuia-
no hponcmy hpunanun nonou cufyauuu nonoio nnyfpcnncio u
mcxnynaponnoio cmicna. B hnanc nnyfpcnncu cufyauuu okkyha-
uun omupnix apackux fcppufopuu ninnuiana hcpcn uspauni-
ckum hpanufcnicfnom ncoxonumocfi pcinamcnfuponafi ofnomcnun
mcxny nnymn sfnuucckumu ipyhhamu, kofopic ho uucncnnocfu
yxc houfu cpannnnuci. Icnu no nouni naccncnuc Hspaunn cocfan-
nnno 2 mnn JOO fic. xufcncu, fo n uknc 167 i., nccmofpn na
oftcsn mnoiux nonix cxcnucn, uspaunickoc naccncnuc yncnuuu-
noci no oncc ucm fpcx c hononunou munnuonon ucnonck, us kofo-
pix 1,5 mnn apai (uacfuuno fc xufcnu Hspaunn, kofopic n
148 i. nc hokunynu cnou noma, uacfuuno oncc munnuona
apai, sannnnnmuc o cnocu hanccfunckou uncnfuunocfu).
Bhcpnic Hspaunk hpumnoci cfonknyficn nnyfpu cfpani u na
cocfncnnix ipanuuax c onnou u fou xc hponcmou: hpusnanafi
nu cymccfnonanuc napnny c nauunmu, kofopic ucfopuuccku cqop-
muponanuci hocnc hancnun Offomanckou umhcpuu, fakxc u hancc-
funckyk nauuk unu xc ofpuuafi fakoc hpusnanuc u ofkasaficn,
cncnonafcnino, of kakux i fo nu ino ycfyhok foukc spcnun
apackoio mupa. Ofkasy apaon 148 i. hpofunocfonn fchcpi ofkas
uspaunifnn, cfoni xc yhopniu, ocnoninakmuucn na fcsucc, ufo
foniko ofpuuanuc cymccfnonanun hanccfunckou nauuu cosnacf
iapanfuu csohacnocfu uspaunickou nauuu. Onnako ncc sfo hon-
numano fakxc kpunuucckuc hponcmi, kofopic nc moinu pac-
cmafpunaficn n uucfo pchpcccunnix kafciopunx, hockoniky nnyfpu
Hspaunn ofnomcnuc k hanccfunuam ocfananoci npaxncnim, no
hoka cmc haccunnim.
Hapnny c sfou hponcmou sfnuucckoio pannonccun nosnukana
fakxc hponcma fcppufopuaninoio xapakfcpa. Hfo ncnafi c okky-
huponannimu fcppufopunmu Cymccfnonano nnc hpofunohonox-
nix fcnncnuuu: nahpanncnnan na cosnanuc ncnukoio uspaunickoio
iocynapcfna, kofopoc annckcuponano i 3ahanniu cpci pcku
Hopnan, hocfchcnno hpcnpafun cio n kononuk; u fcnncnuun, na-
hpanncnnan na houck komhpomucca, nosmoxno, c Iiuhfom, kofo-
piu coofncfcfnonan i, ho kpauncu mcpc uacfuuno, pcsonkuunm
Concfa Icsohacnocfu OOH. na hapamcfpa inu ucfko ohpcncnc-
ni: Ionanckuc nicofi inu inannou hosuuucu c fouku spcnun
csohacnocfu Hspaunn, u ux moxno ino i ycfyhufi foniko n
pamkax omcio ypciynuponanun, n fof momcnf cmc nccima nanckoio.
Hcpycanum nonxcn in ocfaficn cfonuucu Hspaunn kak ncncnumiu
iopon, inc naxonnfcn cnnfic nnn cnpcuckou pcnuiuu mccfa. Ofo,
1O71
cncnonafcnino, ucknkuano hcpcionopi c Hopnanucu u Cupucu.
Hahpofun, hponcmi Cunauckoio honyocfpona paccmafpunanuci
kak honc nnn nosmoxnoio komhpomucca c Iiuhfom. B fcucnuc nc-
kofopoio npcmcnu hocnc cmcpfu Haccpa hocpcnnuku OOH pac-
cmafpunanu sfy iuhofcsy, onnako na fom sfahc nc nocfuinu nuka-
koio konkpcfnoio pcsynifafa.
Cncpxncpxani oipanuuunuci numi kocncnnim yuacfucm n
konqnukfc. Conokyhnocfi hponcm, c kofopimu cfankunanaci
kaxnan us nux, u xcnanuc, ufoi maiu, concpmcnnic n honufukc
paspnnku, nc inu nahpacnimu, nc hosnonnnu unfu npyium hyfcm.
Cohcpnuuccfno nocuno ckpifiu xapakfcp, nanaianmuu na oa
hpanufcnicfna cfpoiuc oipanuucnun. Onnako inyuna kpusuca cfa-
nuna hon comncnuc inannic nohpoci. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, oka-
sanmuccn n nonymkc nicfnamckou nouni, ninyxncni inu yc-
nuficn n fom, ufo Hspauni cfan nomunupykmum sncmcnfom n Boc-
founom Cpcnuscmnomopic u ufo, cncnonafcnino, coks c apackum
konccpnafunnim mupom nonxcn conmcmaficn co ncc oncc fccnim
cofpynnuuccfnom c uspaunickum hpanufcnicfnom. Ofo okasanoci
nosmoxnim nc cpasy, no c uspanucm n 168 i. hpcsuncnfom Huk-
cona hocfchcnno cfanonunoci ncc oncc oucnunnim u hpuncno k
honopofy 17217J ii.
nn Concfckoio Coksa hopaxcnuc apaon ino oncsncnnim
hopaxcnucm, hockoniky kocncnno ofpaxano oipanuucnnocfi foio
nnunnun, na kofopoc on moi paccuufinafi, u xpyhkocfi anfuuspa-
unickou koanuuuu (xpyhkocfi, nc nochonncnnyk hcpcnopofom,
kofopiu n 16 i. cncpi ccnycufckyk nunacfuk u hpuncn n unuu
k nnacfu honkonnuka Kannaqu). Iopaxcnuc nc moino ifi hpunn-
fo kak fakonoc, hockoniky ono ofpasunoci na nccu ncnfcninocfu
Concfckoio Coksa n pasnunakmuxcn cfpanax, ufo ncnano ncoxonu-
mim nahpannnfi ncc onimc pccypcon n sony, inc cytckfon, csyc-
nonno hpcnannix concfckum ucnnm, ino oucni mano. Ionncpxka
Iiuhfa nnnnnaci umhcpafunom c ncncnimu hcpchckfunamu. C npy-
iou cfoponi, pcmcnuc Concfckoio Coksa hopnafi n cnoxunmuxcn
ocfonfcnicfnax nuhnomafuucckuc ofnomcnun c Hspauncm okasa-
noci nconymannim maiom, ninynunmum CCCI ncucfnonafi na
Inuxncm Bocfokc foniko n kauccfnc samufnuka hanccfunckux un-
fcpccon u numun cio nosmoxnocfu yuacfnonafi n kakux i fo nu
ino hocpcnnuucckux unuuuafunax.
B xonc kpusuca ipanuui, kofopix cncpxncpxani ninyxncni
inu hpuncpxunaficn, u hpcncni ux coofncfcfnykmcio nnunnun n
nuxncnocfounom pciuonc cfanu oucnunnimu naionapn fomy, kakum
opasom onu ncucfnonanu n Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu.
Concf Icsohacnocfu sannncn sfum nohpocom ho unuuuafunc uspa-
unifnn, pasiipanmux u n sfom cnyuac ncoxunannyk kapfy. On o-
1O72
cynun u onopun onny sa npyiou ncckoniko pckomcnnauuu c ucnik
honoxufi ncmcnncnniu koncu nocnnim ncucfnunm. Hspaunifnnc
n konuc konuon coinacunuci co cpokamu, kofopic ninyxnanu ux
ocfanonufi nacfyhncnuc, koina ncc ucnu (nknkuan okkyhauuk Ky-
ncufpi) na nccx qponfax inu nocfuinyfi, 1O uknn. C sfoio
nnn cncpxncpxani cfpcmunuci nipaofafi ccnu nc honnocfik uncn-
fuunyk, fo, ho kpauncu mcpc, coinaconannyk nunuk honcncnun,
kak sfo ino n 156 i.
2J u 25 uknn concfckuu hpcmicp-munucfp Kociiun, yuacfno-
nanmuu n paofc Icncpaninou Accamncu OOH, ncfpcfuncn n Inac-
opo, ynuncpcufcfckom ucnfpc mfafa Hik-xcpcu, c hpcsuncnfom
xonconom. Kociiun hifancn hoynufi cnocio cocccnnuka fncpno
ocynufi ncucfnun Hspaunn c fcm, ufoi sacfanufi cio ncmcnncnno
ninccfu noucka c okkyhuponannix fcppufopuu. xoncon, nahpo-
fun, nc namcpcnancn ofxonufi of komhpomuccnix qopmynuponok,
hpucmncmix fakxc u nnn uspaunifnn. Onnako sa sfou nuckyccucu
hpocmafpunanaci hponcma oipanuucnun cfpafciuucckux noopyxc-
nuu, u inanniu nohpoc, nccmofpn na nanncnuc pycckux, n konuc
konuon nosonanan nan pciuonaninimu hponcmamu.
Bcfpcua nnyx iocynapcfncnnix ncnfcncu hokasana, ufo pciuo-
naninoc cohcpnuuccfno, noncc nc napymun nuanoia, cncnano cio
cmc oncc ncoxonumim u ufo, cncnonafcnino, uacfnic hpofuno-
pcuun moinu ifi ynaxcni, ccnu umcfi n nuny coinamcnuc oncc
mupokoio macmfaa. B sfom cmicnc kpusucnic nnu 167 i. n fom,
ufo kacacfcn omcu paspnnku (fo ccfi fcx pamok, n kofopix hpo-
ucxonunu pciuonaninic kpusuci), osnauanu momcnf iopasno oncc
naxnoio honopofa, ucm fof, o kofopom fpakfykf cnocopasnic
hcccumucfuucckuc oucnku, nananmuccn u foina, u safcm n ucfopu-
oipaquu sfomy sfahy pokoio nosononncnun nuanoia hocnc yxona
co cucni Xpymcna. Coinamcnun nc hocncnonano, onnako cam
qakf, ufo nna iocynapcfncnnix ncnfcnn ncfpcfunuci nckopc hocnc
mccfunncnnou nouni u no npcmn konqnukfa no Bicfnamc, ncmon-
cfpuponan, ufo coopaxcnun nuanoia kak nukoina hpconananu nan
coopaxcnunmu cohcpnuuccfna.
B fakou afmocqcpc ocyxncnuc uspaunickou aipcccuu, sa kofo-
poc Icncpaninan Accamncn OOH hpoionoconana 4 uknn honannnk-
mum onimuncfnom ( ionocon sa , nu onnoio hpofun u 2O nos-
ncpxanmuxcn), umcno foniko ncknapafunniu cmicn. Iopasno oncc
naxnou ina nahpnxcnnan paofa, hpuncnman k cnunoinacnomy
onopcnuk Concfom Icsohacnocfu pcsonkuuu N 242, ocnoni nnn
nccx nanincumux nuckyccuu ho hanccfunckomy nohpocy, n kofopou
in cqopmynuponan mupniu hnan, asuponanmuucn na nnyx hpun-
uuhax: ninon uspaunickux nouck c fcppufopuu, okkyhuponannix
n pcsynifafc ncnanncio konqnukfa (Irom tcrrItorIcs occupIcd In tIc
1O7J
rcccnt conIIIct); hpckpamcnuc nkoio cocfonnun nouni, ynaxcnuc
u hpusnanuc cyncpcnufcfa, fcppufopuaninou ucnocfnocfu u ho-
nufuucckou ncsanucumocfu nccx cfpan pciuona u ux hpana xufi n
mupc n nancxnix u hpusnannix ipanuuax, cnoonnimu of yipos u
akfon nacunun.
Icsonkuun cnnsinana ninon uspaunickux nouck c qopmupona-
nucm csohacnix, mupnix ipanuu, nc honncpxcnnix yiposam. Ho
napnny c sfou konuchuucu, onnosnaunou, xofn u nohyckakmcu
cytckfunnic ucfonkonanun, ona concpxana qopmyny, kofopan
otckfunno honoxuna nauano cckoncunim chopam. Icpniu us
nnyx onopcnnix hpunuuhon hpunonuncn nimc n hcpcnonc c ani-
nuuckoio napuanfa, us kofopoio cncnonano, ufo uspaunickuc noucka
nonxni yufu from rerrirories, a nc from rhe rerrirories, fo ccfi c nc-
kofopix fcppufopuu. Hnfcphpcfauun sfou qopmyni, n namcpcnnou
nnycmicncnnocfu kofopou fpynno comncnaficn, honpasymcnana, ufo
onsafcnicfno ninona nouck kacanoci nc nccx okkyhuponannix
fcppufopuu, a moino oipanuuunaficn kakou-fo ux uacfik, hycfi u
oucni naxnou. Ha aninuuckom nsikc cfafin, cncnonafcnino, oc-
fannnna nosmoxnocfi nnn pasnuunix unfcphpcfauuu. panuys-
ckuu fckcf pcsonkuuu in, nahpofun, iopasno oncc ucfkum, ho-
ckoniky hpcnycmafpunan ninon uspaunifnn Jes rerriroires, fo ccfi
co nccx okkyhuponannix fcppufopuu. Kakou us nnyx nsikon non-
xcn in cfafi hpuopufcfnim fakxc nnnnnoci hpcnmcfom chopa, a
nnycmicncnnocfi moina numi nicncfufi ipanuui komhpomucca.
Onnosnaunan ncpcun, nosmoxno, nc ina i hpunnfa nccmu cfpa-
namu c hpanom ncfo n Concfc Icsohacnocfu. C npyiou cfoponi,
fo, ufo sfof nokymcnf in hpunnf, nnnnnoci naxnim pcsynifafom
kak nnn hanccfunucn, kofopix ycfpaunano hpusnanuc foio, ufo us-
paunifnnc nonxni yufu c okkyhuponannix hyfcm aipcccuu fcppu-
fopuu, fak u nnn uspaunifnn, kofopix ycfpaunano hpusnanuc ux
hpana na csohacnic u mupnic ipanuui. C nuhnomafuucckou fou-
ku spcnun, aninuuckuu fckcf ofpaxan nohycfumic nnn cfopon
hpcncni komhpomucca. B hocncnykmuc ioni hocpcnnuuccfno
OOH c ucnik nihonncnun pcsonkuuu hpononxanoci u ino ho-
pyucno choconomy mncnckomy nuhnomafy Iynnapy Sppuniy.
11.5. Bneinamcxww xpwswc 19541968 tt.
11.5.1. HPOBAL +EHEBCKUX COFLATEHUU 1954 t.
Hu onna us nnyx uacfcu, na kofopic in pasncncn Bicfnam n
coofncfcfnuu c Zcncnckumu coinamcnunmu 154 iona, nc conk-
nana nannic umu onsafcnicfna. Cnoonnic niopi, kofopic n
fcucnuc nnyx ncf nonxni inu cocfonficn n cfpanc, hpcnpafunuci
1O74
n nccifounic unnksuu. Kommynucfi Xanon u hpoamcpukanckoc
hpanufcnicfno, kofopoc hocnc usinanun qpanuyson ino cosnano n
Cauionc hon pykononcfnom kafonuucckoio ncnfcnn cfapou hpann-
mcu ipyhhi hpcsuncnfa Hio uni 3icma, ncucfnonanu foniko n
unfcpccax ykpchncnun cocfncnnix hosuuuu. Iocnc 154 i. u
nhnofi no nauana kufaucko-concfckoio konqnukfa Xo Uu Mun u
cio pcxum honyuanu hocfonnnyk homomi kak of pycckux, fak u of
kufauucn. B camiu kpufuucckuu hcpuon kufaucko-concfckux pas-
noinacuu (16J164 ii.) Ccncpniu Bicfnam cnusuncn c Kufacm,
of kofopoio on moi honyuufi ncmcnncnnyk homomi; a safcm on
sannn cnauana pannoynancnnyk u, nakoncu, ofkponcnno hpoconcf-
ckyk hosuuuk.
Icnu kynifypnan pcnonkuun, opia sa nnacfi n Kufac u
Bicfnamckan nouna hpcncfannnnuci co cfoponi pasnimu, no cnonu-
mimu nmccfc momcnfamu opii c umhcpuanucfuucckum mupom, fo
n konkpcfnou cufyauuu onu pasnunanuci ho pacxonnmumcn na-
hpanncnunm. Bo Bicfnamc fpconancn nc cchopnnok, hpunnocumiu
kpacnimu oxpannukamu, a nocnniu hpukas, ncoxonumiu na
nounc, ncnymcucn c conkncnucm cyponou nucuuhnuni. B sfou
nounc um choconi inu homoui foniko Concfi, ncpxanmuc n
cnoux pykax, n ohpcncncnnom cmicnc, knkuu of cc ucxona, ho-
ckoniky unnokufauckuu konqnukf in nnn Mockni onnum us
chocoon oipanuucnun cnooni ncucfnun amcpukanucn n npyiux
pciuonax u nnunnun na nuanoi c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu.
Coxpancnuc pasncncnun na nna pasnix iocynapcfna hpuncno safcm
k nosononncnuk opii, k hponuknoncnuk nauuonanucfuucckux
(ccncponicfnamckux) cun na Ki u k sckanauuu amcpukanckoio
nmcmafcnicfna. okaniniu konqnukf hpcnpafuncn n macmfaniu
mcxnynaponniu kpusuc u nauuonaninyk fpaicnuk nnn Cocnuncn-
nix Ufafon. C 164 i. on nosyxnan omccfncnnoc mncnuc u ho-
fpnc Cocnuncnnic Ufafi no ocnonanun, hocfanun hon comncnuc
(umcnno n fc ioni, koina ho-nonomy ncfana hponcma ucpnoio
mcnimuncfna) asonic ucnnocfu amcpukanckoio opasa xusnu:
nnyfpcnnc hpucyman chpancnnunan hpupona amcpukanckux un-
cfufyfon; cnoonniu u nucpaniniu xapakfcp amcpukanckou ho-
nufuku; cmicn amcpukanckou mcxnynaponnou honufuku. Ofo inu
fcmi, n ofnomcnuu kofopix pancc kpufuuccku nickasinanuci
foniko ncsnauufcninic ipyhhi panukanon.
Bcc sfo ckasanoci na mnoiux achckfax amcpukanckou xusnu: of
macc mcnua (fcncnuncnuc hpunccno n kaxniu nom cyponyk pcani-
nocfi paspymcnuu nouni) no nufcpafypi, no akancmuucckou xus-
nu u nayunix uccncnonanuu. Ofo inu ioni, koina pcnusuonucf-
ckan mkona hcpcocmicnuna asonic ocnonanun amcpukanckou
1O75
nncmncu honufuku u csxanocfno nicncfuna ncnocfafku u ocnonnic
ucpfi ncpxannou honufuku, ioni anfuamcpukanckoio oxccfo-
ucnun camux amcpukanucn. Ofo ino noccfanuc, nauanmcccn n
ucpnix icffo u n ynuncpcufcfckux kamhycax. Iocfchcnno ono
hpuopcno snaucnuc cmcni hokoncnuu, hcpcocmicncnun snauu-
fcninou uacfu fpanuuuu u omux xapakfcpucfuk amcpukanckoio
opasa xusnu. Hs Cocnuncnnix Ufafon nnuxcnuc, hpuchocoun-
muci k pasnuunim cufyauunm, pachpocfpanunoci ho nccmy mupy;
ococnno cuniniu ofsnyk ono umcno n Inpohc, inc n 16816 ii.
ono naxonunoci y ucfokon camou nacfonmcu pcnonkuuu npanon.
Onnako n ucnom ncc sfu yfncpxncnun, xofn u hponcnnkf mac-
mfa u inyuny kpusuca, nisnannoio Bicfnamckou nounou n Amc-
pukc, nc nonxni u nc moiyf hosnonnfi yhyckafi us nuna inannoc
coopaxcnuc: conokyhnocfi qcnomcnon, hpuncncnnix n nnuxcnuc
nounou, n oipomnou mcpc, ho cnonam Kapno Iunnsanu, choco-
cfnonana hpunanuk nicfnamckum coifunm cumnonuucckoio
cmicna, namnoio hpcnocxonnmcio ux pcaninoc honufuucckoc u no-
cnnoc snaucnuc. Icnu paccmafpunafi nouny no Bicfnamc kak hpo-
ncmy uhonnpnou cucfcmi hcpuona c 161 ho 168 i. u cmc oncc
oocnonanno no 175 i., fo ona hpcncfannnna coou pciuonaniniu
kpusuc, ninnunmuu onnonpcmcnno fpynnocfi u ncoxonumocfi yc-
fanonncnun inoaninix coinamcnuu, kofopic oipanuuunanu i
macmfa nokaninix kpusucon, hpcnyhpcxnan ux hpcnpamcnuc n
oncc macmfanic konqnukfi.
Tof qakf, ufo ccncpnix nicfnamucn noopyxanu pycckuc, a kx-
nix nicfnamucn noopyxanu amcpukanui, kofopic homoianu um na
honnx cpaxcnuu, moxcf nanccfu na micni, ufo nouna no Bicfnamc
honfopnna kakum-fo opasom cxcmy Kopcuckou nouni nouni
ho noncpcnnocfu, hopyucnnou mcnimum cfpanam, onnako nonnc-
kakmcu cncpxncpxani, nc honncpian ux kpauncmy pucky. B ncu-
cfnufcninocfu nna sfux konqnukfa inyoko ofnuuanuci ho nnym
hpuuunam. Icpnan kacacfcn nnyfpcnncu cufyauuu. B Kxnou Ko-
pcc pcxum u Cin Mana moi paccuufinafi na konccncyc, nc oc-
fannnnmuu mccfa hponuknoncnuk kommynucfon, n fo npcmn kak n
Kxnom Bicfnamc pcxum Hio uni 3icma honfauunancn nccho-
conocfik cosnafi nokpyi ccn couuaniniu konccncyc.
Bfopan hpuuuna ofnocufcn k mcxnynaponnou cufyauuu. B 15O i.
Kopcuckan nouna nnnnnaci onnum us ocfpix momcnfon konqnukfa,
ipanuui kofopoio nc inu oosnaucni u n kofopom CUA u
CCCI hpofunocfonnu npyi npyiy c ucnik pacmupufi cqcpy hopaxc-
nun hpofunnuka. B cnyuac c Bicfnamom, xofn hopaxcnun amcpukan-
ucn uipanu na pyky pycckum na qonc fpynnocfcu, uchifinacmix
umu nnyfpu kommynucfuucckoio noka, a fakxc n ux ncnfcninocfu
1O76
n ofnomcnuu fpcficio mupa, koncunan ucni Mockonckoio hpanu-
fcnicfna, kak, nhpoucm, u amcpukanckoio, ina nc pacmupcnuc
soni hopaxcnun hpofunnuka, a cc oipanuucnuc u, kak i fo nu
ino, yncpxanuc hon konfponcm. Xofn ncnosmoxno yfncpxnafi,
ufo mcxny nnymn cfoponamu cymccfnonano ocosnannoc onsafcni-
cfno conmccfno yhpannnfi pamkamu, n kofopix nonxna ina ncc-
fuci Bicfnamckan nouna (kak hosnncc yfncpxnanu mnoiuc kpufuku
ncpxannou honufuku), oucnunno, onnako, ufo nu pycckuc, nu
amcpukanui nc nochonisonanuci upcsniuaunimu nicfnamckumu
coifunmu nnn foio, ufoi cosnanafi npyi npyiy nohonnufcninic
fpynnocfu. ocfafouno nchomnufi, ufo camic naxnic coinamcnun sa
ioni paspnnku, honhucannic n Bamunifonc n uknc 17J i., conhanu
c onnum us nauoncc ocfpix sfahon nicfnamckoio kpusuca.
11.5.2. CTA U UH,OKUTAU OT ,ALLECA ,O KEHHE,U.
BOEHHMU HEPEBOPOT U CBEP+EHUE HFO ,UHB BBEMA
3anaua, nihanman na nonk hpanufcnicfna Hio uni 3icma n
Kxnom Bicfnamc, ina upcsniuauno cnoxnou. B 154 i. anmunu-
cfpauun Ouscnxayspa nauana okasinafi cmy ccpicsnyk honncpxky.
O hpuuunax sfou honncpxku, kofopan, ncoxunanno nnn nccx, hpu-
ncna k fakomy inyokomy nonncucnuk amcpukanucn n unnokufau-
ckyk cufyauuk, umcna mccfo nnufcninan nuckyccun. Ouscnxaysp u
anncc hpcncfannnnu amcpukanckoc nmcmafcnicfno (nnnnnmcccn
nnn noionopa CIATO hcpnim ccpicsnim uchifanucm) kak hpumc-
ncnuc na hpakfukc fak nasinacmou fcopuu nomuno. Icnu ho-
cfanufi na pcpo onny sa npyiou kocfnmku nomuno, ckasan Ou-
scnxaysp n ahpcnc 154 i., u ynapufi ho hcpnou, fo n pcsynifafc
onsafcnino yhancf fakxc hocncnnnn us nux. Bicfnam in hcpnou
kocfnmkou n unnokufauckom nomuno. B cnyuac cio hcpcxona hon
konfponi kommynucfon ncci honyocfpon cpasy xc in i opcucn
na fakyk xc yuacfi, panno kak u honyocfpon Manakka, u Concfam
ofkpinancn hyfi n Iupmy u Hnnuuckuu okcan.
Icfccfncnno, cfoni acfpakfnan cfpafciuucckan konuchuun oh-
poncpianaci u moxcf ifi ohponcpinyfa na ocnonc mofunuponok,
cnnsannix c oncc konkpcfnimu unfcpccamu amcpukanucn. Onna-
ko nc nyxno onanafi snanunmu icohonufuka nnn honumanun
foio, ufo hpusnanuc fcsuca o sqqckfc nomuno hpuncno i k
kafacfpoquucckum hocncncfnunm. Icnu amcpukanckoc hpanufcni-
cfno ncucfnufcnino ino ycxncno, ufo fcopun nomuno oocno-
nanna (a umcnno sfo, hoxanyu, nnnnnoci fcmou nuckyccuu), fo
ono nonxno ino nmcmaficn nnn foio, ufoi nokuponafi hpo-
nnuxcnuc hpoconcfckux cun n nahpanncnuu Hnnuuckoio okcana.
1O77
Ho ccpicsnocfi ohacnocfu fpconana i onyminanun onsafcnicfn,
niopa cpcncfn u pasncpfinanun pccypcon, snauufcnino onimux,
ucm fc, kofopic Bamunifon moi mounusonafi. Iosfomy, yuufinan
cpcncfna, sancucfnonannic n ncucfnufcninocfu, fpynno honcpufi,
ufo amcpukanckan anmunucfpauun n camom ncnc paccmafpunana
sqqckf nomuno kak ncuscxnoc cncncfnuc hocni kommynucfon
n Hnnokufac. Ipcnckasinafi hpomnoc cnumkom nciko, no ccionnn
ncnisn nc hpusnafi, ufo hopaxcnuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon nc hpu-
ncno nu k onnomy us fcx hocncncfnuu, kofopix ohacanuci, a, na-
hpofun, nisnano pnn cxoxux ncucfnuu n hpofunohonoxnom cmicnc,
hpuncnmux n sfom pciuonc k cncpxunanuk u naxc usonnuuu
nicfnamckux hocnufcncu.
B hcpnic ioni honufuka 3icma, kasanoci, umcna ychcx. Xofn
on nonxcn in hponcmoncfpuponafi cuny ncmokpafuu n asuafckou
cfpanc, cio mcfoni hpanncnun nc cnumkom coofncfcfnonanu fcm
hpunuuham, kofopimu on, coinacno cio sannncnunm, pykononcfno-
nancn. Ohhosuuuoncpi (nc foniko kommynucfi) inu usinani
unu honncpinuci hpccncnonanunm u fkpcmnomy saknkucnuk. Hc-
pcs ncckoniko ncf hocnc 154 i. Kxniu Bicfnam hpcncfannnncn
cfpanou, n kofopou noccfanonncn mup. Koina n mac 157 i. Ouscn-
xaysp nancc nusuf cnocmy ncpnomy coksnuky, on okasancn oncc
ucm ynonncfnopcnnim pcsynifafom hocsnku. B saknkuufcninom
kommknukc ho ufoiam hcpcionopon ina naxc cqopmynuponana
iuhofcsa, ufo nckopc hocnc cnoonnix niopon ncci Bicfnam y-
ncf otcnuncn mupnim hyfcm. Bhpoucm, Ouscnxaysp nccina uchi-
finan uyncfno nocxumcnun n ofnomcnuu 3icma, kofopoio on cuu-
fan nacfonmum hafpuofom, hponnunmum onimoc myxccfno,
fananf iocynapcfncnnoio ncnfcnn u nacfonmcc ynaxcnuc k uncfu-
fyfam cnoonnoio omccfna n xonc cnocio hpanncnun u n hpoucccc
pasnufun cnocu cfpani.
Bunumocfi ymupofnopcnun nc coofncfcfnonana, onnako, pcani-
nim qakfam. Koc-kfo ionopun o nicfnamckom uync, u, koncuno,
n Kxnom Bicfnamc n hcpuon 154157 ii. nacfyhuno kpafkonpc-
mcnnoc chokoucfnuc. Ho 3icm nc hpcnhpunnn nuucio cymccfncnno-
io nu nnn ncmokpafuucckou pcopianusauuu apmuu, nu nnn usmcnc-
nun cufyauuu n ncpcnnc, inc occhokocnnocfi kpccfinn ho honony
pomcnnou cocfncnnocfu nnnnnaci hufafcninou hounou nnn kom-
mynusma (ona xc chococfnonana hosnncc pasnufuk hapfusanckou
nouni). Iio honufuka ina, nahpofun, nahpanncna na konconuna-
uuk cocfncnnoio pcxuma nuunou nnacfu u na pachpcncncnuc
honnomouuu mcxny nknimu, kofopic inu cmy ncpni (unu kasa-
nuci fakonimu), n fom uucnc u us-sa poncfncnnix cnnscu c numu.
Ofo ofnocunoci k cio pafy Hio uni ycny u oncc nnunfcninomy
1O78
Hio uni Hxy, snfk 3icma, yxc honisonanmcmycn anfopufcfom n
honufuucckou xusnu cfpani, n ococnnocfu n hcpuon cfanonnc-
nun pcxuma, koina ncoxonumo ino ofcfpanufi of nnacfu umhc-
pafopa Annama Iao-an u nsnfi hon konfponi ccuucncnnic pcnu-
iuosnic u honufuucckuc cckfi, kofopimu usounonan Cauion.
Ipcncni uyna cfanu hponnnnficn nauunan c 157 i., koina
kommynucfi nnoni cfanu hponukafi na Ki u hocfchcnno noccfa-
nonunu unu sanocnanu konfponi nan onimcu uacfik ncpcncni. B
nckapc 16O i. c cosnanucm ponfa nauuonaninoio ocnooxncnun
sfo hponuknoncnuc honyuuno fakxc honufuucckyk sfukcfky.
Bnyfpu qponfa hapfusani-kommynucfi Bicfkonia uipanu ncny-
myk (no nc monohoninyk) poni, hockoniky Xo Uu Muny u cio
copafnukam ynanoci hpcncfanufi cnok opiy kak hocncnnkk
ufny sa ocnooxncnuc Bicfnama of kononuanusma, kofopiu n fc-
ucnuc cfonikux ncf hocnc okonuanun nouni ncc cmc nc ocnannn
cnok xnafky. Takum opasom, Kcnncnu, cfan hpcsuncnfom Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon, honyuun hnoxoc nacncncfno. Cfpafciun cncpxuna-
nun nc hpuncna nu k kakomy pcsynifafy, u Kcnncnu cncnonano fc-
hcpi hcpcqopmynuponafi amcpukanckuc onsafcnicfna: moxno
ino ofkasaficn of nux, hohifaficn hcpcufu n konfpnacfyhncnuc
unu hohifaficn nnoxnyfi nonyk sncpiuk n 3icma, kofopiu nc sa-
mcnnun opafuficn co cnoumu hpociamu.
cnfcninocfi Kcnncnu pasnunanaci hon snakom hpccmcfncnno-
cfu, no ocnoxnunaci u cfana oncc ncyncpcnnou us-sa onnonpc-
mcnnoio usmcncnun cufyauuu n aocc. 3annncnnic hpoipammi
unu ninnuianmuccn cfpafciuucckuc ycfanonku hosnonnnu nancnfi-
cn na onimyk iukocfi amcpukanucn n honxonc k hcpcionopam, n
fom uucnc u c fcmu, kfo nc xcnan paccmafpunafi 3ahan kak aco-
nkfnoc nopo u nicfyhafi na cio cfoponc, a hpcnhouufan ni-
pafi ncufpanufcf u yncnnfi onimcc nnumanuc hponcmam skono-
muucckoio pasnufun. Hmcnno n sfou cqcpc momi amcpukanucn
moina i oncpxafi ncpx nan concfckumu moncnnmu.
B cnyuac Bicfnama Kcnncnu kocncnno hpukocnyncn k camou
ccpnucnunc kpusuca umcnno hocnc foio, kak cmy hpumnoci cfonk-
nyficn c naocckum nohpocom. B sfou cfpanc cpasy xc hocnc Zc-
ncnckux coinamcnuu ino cqopmuponano hposahannoc hpanufcni-
cfno, a kommynucfuucckuc cuni Iafcf-ao cnauana coinacunuci
ofoufu na fcppufopuk nnyx ccncpnix hponunuuu. Onnako hocnc
saknkucnun hcpcmupun ux hponuknoncnuc na ki nosononunoci,
ufo cncnano ux xosncnamu cfpani. Ionncpxafi n aocc anfukom-
mynucfon osnauano nonncui ccn n ananfkpy c ho mcnimcu mcpc
nchpcnckasycmim pcsynifafom, yuufinan, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufa-
fi nc moinu qusuuccku nopaficn no aoca u ufo on, nahpofun,
1O7
ipanuuun c Kufacm. Onnako, ho mncnuk Icnpu Kuccunnxcpa, fa-
kona ina cfpafciuucckan hpcnhocinka ccpicsnoio amcpukanckoio
nmcmafcnicfna.
B mapfc 161 i. Kcnncnu hpousncc pcui, opamcnnyk k kufau-
uam, pycckum u Bicfkoniy, n kofopou on yfncpxnan, ufo Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi nc hofcphnf cosnanun no Bicnfinnc, cfonuuc ao-
ca, kommynucfuucckoio hpanufcnicfna. Ofa fcma paccmafpunanaci
n nuhnomafuucckux kpyiax u n ahpcnc hpuopcna nun anino-concf-
ckoio hpockfa, hpcnnasnaucnnoio nnn ckopcumcio ocyxncnun n
Zcncnc c yuacfucm nccx saunfcpcconannix cfopon. Hnuuuafuna
umcna ychcx u hpuncna k cosnanuk naocckoio koanuuuonnoio hpa-
nufcnicfna no inanc c hpunucm Cynannou ymou, cocfonnmcio us
hpcncfanufcncu kpyhncumux honufuucckux cun. B uknc 162 i.,
koina cufyauun no Bicfnamc cmc onimc yxynmunaci, kommynuc-
fi nimnu us nicnfinnckoio hpanufcnicfna, u ipaxnanckan nouna,
hpuuuni kofopou nc inu ycfpancni ncnannum komhpomuccom,
nnoni nauana ohpcncnnfi honoxcnuc n cfpanc, hpcnpaman cc n fin
Bicfnamckou nouni. Cncnonano yuufinafi, ufo ho naocckou fcp-
pufopuu hpoxonuna hofom fpoha Xo Uu Muna, fo ccfi kommy-
nukauuu cun Bicfkonia us ccncpnou n kxnyk uacfi fcppufopuu
Bicfnama, ho kofopim nocfannnnaci snauufcninan uacfi homomu,
ncoxonumou nnn ncncnun hapfusanckou nouni n ncnifc Mckonia.
Cufyauun n Kxnom Bicfnamc nc moina ifi pcmcna fakumu
xc mcfonamu, kak fc, ufo inu hpumcncni n aocc. Hio uni
3icm, pachonaianmuu mupokou honncpxkou cpcnu cxcnucn us
Ccncpnoio Bicfnama (ux uucno cocfannnno n 154 i. oncc onnoio
munnuona ucnonck), a fakxc honncpxkou amcpukanucn, nc honu-
man, ufo on naxonufcn hcpcn nuuom ncmunycmou ohacnocfu. B fo
xc npcmn anmunucfpauun Kcnncnu nymana, ufo ona cmoxcf opia-
nusonafi sqqckfunniu ofncf na hapfusanckyk nouny, kofopyk
ncnu kommynucfi. B coofncfcfnuu co cnoum mcnfanufcfom hpcn-
cfanufcnu amcpukanckou cmokpafuucckou hapfuu, kofopix Kcn-
ncnu hpuncn k nnacfu, honaianuci n onimcu cfchcnu na uncono-
iuucckyk hocncnonafcninocfi u couuanino-skonomuucckuu pc-
qopmusm, ucm na unconoiuucckuu skcfpcmusm, coucfakmuucn c
honufuucckum hpaimafusmom (kak sfo ncnanu Ouscnxaysp u an-
ncc). Io ananoiuu c fcm, ufo hpousomno n Inpohc n hocncnocn-
niu hcpuon, moxno ino hocnufi kommynucfon na ux cocfncn-
nou hounc, a umcnno na hohpumc pckoncfpykuuu u pcqopm;
inannoc ufoi hponcncnuc hocncnnux ino hcpcnano n nancx-
nic u ymcnic pyku. Kpomc foio, Kxniu Bicfnam ncucfnufcnino
hpuopcn snaucnuc hponoio kamnn nnn hponcpku choconocfu
amcpukanucn okasinafi cohpofunncnuc kommynusmy n Asuu. Kcn-
1O8O
ncnu ncckoniko koncancn, hpcxnc ucm hpunnfi cnou pcmcnun, u
ncmanoc nnunnuc na sfu koncanun okasanu coifun n sanunc Ko-
uunoc na Kyc n ahpcnc 161 i.
Ionopof amcpukanckou honufuku n Kxnom Bicfnamc of oka-
sanun nncmncu honncpxku k hocinkc nocnnix concfnukon u
hpnmou homomu cospcn n fcucnuc 161 i. B mac Kcnncnu hocnan n
Cauion nuuc-hpcsuncnfa unnona I. xoncona c sananucm usy-
uufi nosmoxnocfu hocfanok 3icmy npyiou homomu c ucnik (kak
hucan Kcnncnu nicfnamckomy hpcsuncnfy) conmccfno akfunusu-
ponafi ycunun nnn nocfuxcnun hocni n opic c kommynusmom u
chococfnonafi couuaninomy hpoipcccy u skonomuucckomy hpo-
nnuxcnuk Bicfnama. xoncon naxonuncn hon cuninim nhcuafnc-
nucm of nicfnamckoio ohifa, nosmoxno, kak cuufanu nckofopic
cohponoxnanmuc cio n fou hocsnkc, honnunnmum na cio ynymuc
pcmcnun ho nannomy nohpocy. Mcxny fcm Concf Hauuonaninou
Icsohacnocfu cncnan cnou niop. Inannoc pcmcnuc, kofopoc mi
nonxni hpunnfi, noknaninan xoncon Kcnncnu, .sfo nonx-
ni nu mi hifaficn ofncfufi na nison kommynucfuucckou skchancuu
na Kio-Bocfokc Asuu, hpunoxun cmc onimuc ycunun n honncpxky
cun cnooni, unu hpckpafufi opiy. Iufna c kommynusmom, sannun
fakxc xoncon, nonxna nccfuci n Kio-Bocfounou Asuu akfunno
u pcmufcnino c ucnik nouficn hocni n sfom pciuonc, hockoni-
ky n hpofunnom cnyuac Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nonxni ynyf ncus-
cxno ycfyhufi nck sony Tuxoio okcana u iofonuficn k samufc
cocfncnnoio hocpcxin. B ncucfnufcninocfu, CHI yxc hpunnn
pcmcnuc, ufo opia hpofun nacfyhncnun kommynucfon n Kxnom
Bicfnamc nnnnnaci nauuonaninim unfcpccom amcpukanckou ho-
nufuku, nnn samufi kofopoio ncoxonumo ino hpunaiafi ycunun
ho cosnanuk xusncchoconou cfpani u ncmokpafuucckoio omc-
cfna nocnnimu, honufuucckumu, skonomuucckumu u hcuxonoiu-
ucckumu cpcncfnamu, a fakxc hocpcncfnom cckpcfnix ohcpauuu
(coverr ucrions), fo ccfi nmcmafcnicfna chcucnyx.
C fcx hop hocsnku in loco honfopnnuci, hpcnpafunmuci n nc-
faninyk oucnky sqqckfunnocfu, kofopyk hocfchcnno hpuopcfa-
no amcpukanckoc nmcmafcnicfno. Iino uspano nna hyfu: hocinka
nocnnix concfnukon u nmcmafcnicfno n ccnickoxosnucfncnnyk
honufuky hyfcm cosnanun cfpafciuucckux ncpcncni. xon Kcn-
ncf Isnpcuf, nnnnnmuucn foina hocnom Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n
Hnnuu, u Hccfcp Ioync, samccfufcni ioccckpcfapn, fakxc concfo-
nanu nccfu houck mupnoio pcmcnun. Onnako konfakfi, nauafic
Iappumanom n Zcncnc no npcmn konqcpcnuuu ho aocy, nafonk-
nynuci na cfcny nchpumupumocfu. Ckchfuuusm Kcnncnu ofnocu-
fcnino sqqckfunnocfu nocnnoio nmcmafcnicfna in hpcononcn
1O81
hosnncc naionapn pcsynifafam muccuu n Cauion icncpana Makcysn-
na O. Tsunopa, concfnuka hpcsuncnfa, u Yonfa Y. Iocfoy, concfnuka
Iocnchapfamcnfa. Yxc ykopcnunmancn n ux ymax ycxncnnocfi n
ncoxonumocfu icfpoio hpunnfun pcmcnun honkpchnnnaci ana-
nusom cufyauuu na mccfc. B noknanc hpcsuncnfy 4 nonpn 161 i.
Tsunop hpusinan k cnocnpcmcnnomy nmcmafcnicfny: to ocex uucmnx
1eo-tocmounou A:uu o0puuenun, iucuuuuecn tiemnu+u, o0unuioo~:
neo0xo0u+~ nepeuun~e u+epuiunciue 0eucmoun c ue:iu o~uepumi
ope+n 0:n moeo, umo0~ tiemnu+ +o0u:u:oou: u opeunu:oou: coou pe-
u:in~e cu:~; o0nuio cpoiu 0:n peu:u:uuuu mux 0eucmouu noumu uc-
uepnun~. A ec:u +~ nomepne+ tiemnu+, mo 0y0em oueni mpy0no, ec:u
ne neoo:+ono, y0epumi 1eo-tocmounyu A:uu. J~ nomepne+ ne
mo:iio meppumopuu i:uueooeo cmpumeeuuecioeo :nuuenun, no u oepy
o mo, umo +oe0unenn~e 1mum~ u +oeym, u xomnm omoemumi nu nu-
cmyn:enue io++ynucmoo o mo+ peeuone.
Io mncnuk Tsunopa, ncoxonumo ino hpcnhpunnfi unuuua-
funi nnyx fuhon: nocnnoc nmcmafcnicfno nnn ncmoncfpauuu fncp-
nocfu u nknkucnuc amcpukanckux honpasncncnuu no nicfnamckyk
apmuk nnn ynyumcnun cc honiofonncnnocfu u honnnfun ocnoio
nyxa. Ofncfcfncnnocfi sa cufyauuk nccnu kommynucfi, nauanmuc
aipcccuk, onnako n ncsopianusauuu nouck Kia inu nunonafi
koppyhuun, qanopufusm u ncsqqckfunnocfi mccfnix nnacfcu.
uiypa 3icma cmc hoka nc cfanunaci hon comncnuc, no sqqck-
funnocfi cio ncnfcninocfu yxc hohana hon hpuucn kpufuku. Tcm
npcmcncm upcsniuaunan cufyauun, cnnsannan c hopaxcnucm, fpc-
onana yuacfun ho kpauncu mcpc 1O fic. amcpukanckux nocnnix
concfnukon, nc cuufan foio, ufo cncnonano pcmufi nohpoc o mac-
cuponannom nmcmafcnicfnc apmuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Iocfc-
hcnno n fcucnuc 162 i. pckomcnnauuu Tsunopa inu nihonncni.
B nnnapc uucno amcpukanucn, nonncucnnix n coifun n Kxnom
Bicfnamc, cocfannnno 4 fic. ucnonck, a n okfnpc ono nocfuino
1O fic. Iaccuufinan na ux ncucfnun, Bamunifon cuufan, ufo y
ncio ccfi xopomuc manci na hocny.
Iononiu ohfumusm ocnoninancn fakxc na pcmcnunx ho on-
nonpcmcnnomy ocymccfnncnuk ncnfcninocfu, nahpanncnnou hpo-
fun kommynucfuucckoio hponuknoncnun. Hcnfpom sfou ncnfcni-
nocfu, ofuacfu noncpcnnou chcuuaninim nouckam, cfan hpockf
cosnanun cfpafciuucckux ncpcncni, c kofopoio moinu nauaficn
noccfanonncnuc konfponn nan ccnickou mccfnocfik u sanocnanuc
cc honncpxku. Ofof hpockf in honiofonncn n konuc 161 na-
uanc 162 i. conmccfno HIY u pasncninafcninimu cnyxamu Ioc-
nchapfamcnfa. nn sfou ucnu nupckfop HIY Yuninm H. Konu o-
pafuncn c hpociou o cofpynnuuccfnc k pufanckum oquucpam,
1O82
umcnmum ohif hocni nan kommynucfuucckum noccfanucm n Ma-
nauc. Hmcnno onu honckasanu unck cfpafciuucckux ncpcncni, fo
ccfi ncucfnuu, hpcnycmafpunanmux onimyk samufy kpccfinnckux
ucnfpon c ucnik cncnafi ux xufcncu mcncc honncpxcnnimu kom-
mynucfuucckomy nnunnuk, nafi um houyncfnonafi ccn n onimcu
csohacnocfu u honicufi ux yponcni xusnu. Bccima amuuuosniu
hpockf. Ionxcp Xuncman, nupckfop cnyxi unqopmauuu u uccnc-
nonanuu Iocnchapfamcnfa yfncpxnan: Iponcma Bicfkonia sfo
honufuucckan, a nc nocnnan hponcma unu, founcc, sfo hponc-
ma ipaxnanckux ncucfnuu. uainos in ncpcn, no on ofnocuncn k
nanno cnoxunmcucn pcaninocfu, kofopyk moxno ino usmcnufi
foniko sa nnufcniniu hcpuon. Hancxna na fo, ufo cfpafciuucckuc
ncpcnnu sa ncckoniko mccnucn usmcnnf mcnfanufcf u nacfpocnun
nicfnamckux kpccfinn, ofpaxana upcsmcpnyk ncpy anfopon amcpu-
kanckoio couuaninoio hpockfuponanun no nccomyk nopoxcna-
fcninocfi.
B fcucnuc hcpnix nocimu-ncnnfu mccnucn 162 i. amcpukanckuu
ohfumusm, kasanoci, ohpanninancn nocfuinyfimu pcsynifafamu.
Koc-kfo yxc honyman, ufo hocna nuska, u ncckoniko mccnucn fc-
mun ccn nancxnou, ufo moxno yncf nauafi cokpamafi amcpu-
kanckuu konfunicnf. Iasouaponanuc nacfyhuno occnik 162 i.,
koina uucno kpufukon nospocno. Y mnoiux amcpukanckux hpcncfa-
nufcncu, hoccmanmux Cauion, ocfananoci ncc mcncc hosufunnoc
nhcuafncnuc ofnocufcnino cnoxunmciocn honoxcnun ncmcu. B kon-
uc iona Kcnncnu hofpconan of Xuncmana u Maukna oppccfona,
concfnuka Iocnchapfamcnfa ho anincmy Bocfoky, noknana o cufya-
uuu. Iocnc hoccmcnun Bicfnama onu hohifanuci oomufi cnou
nhcuafncnun, kofopic nhcpnic nc inu cfoni ohfumucfuunimu.
Cufyauun ynyumunaci: nosmoxno mi oncpxum hocny, no, ko-
ncuno, iopasno oncc mcnncnno, ucm mi hpcnycmafpunanu. Hncn
cfpafciuucckux ncpcncni konuchfynino coxpannna cnoc snauc-
nuc, no cc cncnonano nyumc pcanusoninafi. B cckpcfnom hpuno-
xcnuu, hpcnnasnaucnnom foniko nnn hpcsuncnfa, nuhnomafi
nhcpnic oquuuanino cfanunu hponcmy 3icma: Mi nonxni yc-
nufi 3icma hpunnfi namy honufuky; mi nonxni akfunncc cfu-
mynuponafi hocfchcnnyk nucpanusauuk anfopufapnou honufu-
ucckou cfpykfypi. A sfo osnauano pcmufi, in nu 3icm ncc cmc
honxonnmcu quiypou nnn hponcncnun amcpukanckou honufuku, u
nc nacfan nu momcnf nnn cio samcni.
B konuc 162 i. n Kxnom Bicfnamc naxonunoci okono 11 fic.
5OO amcpukanckux nocnnocnyxamux, onnako cufyauun nc ynyuma-
naci. Yncnuuufi cfchcni yuacfun, kofopoc n fof momcnf ino cmc
ncsnauufcninim u manosamcfnim nnn omccfncnnoio mncnun,
1O8J
moxno ino foniko ucnou honnnfun yponnn nahpnxcnnocfu; uc-
nou hpcnpamcnun Bicfnamckou nouni no nfopyk Kopcuckyk kam-
hanuk. Kcnncnu nc pcmancn hpcnhpunnfi maiu n sfom nahpannc-
nuu. Iosnncc hucanu, ufo on nyman ofnoxufi cnou pcmcnun na
hcpuon hocnc niopon 164 i. nnn foio, ufoi uscxafi fpanmupy-
kmux nosncucfnuu no npcmn niopon. Ho sfu yfncpxncnun inu
anfopufcfno ohponcpinyfi ioccckpcfapcm unom Iackom u nc na-
mnu qakfuucckoio honfncpxncnun. Bhpoucm, hcccumusm kpokpa-
fon cmc nc cfan mupoko usnccfcn: nccnou 16J i. kak Iack, fak u
munucfp ooponi Maknamapa cmc hpcnckasinanu ncikyk hocny,
n fo npcmn kak Kcnncnu nauunan cchokouficn ofnocufcnino us-
numncu nonncucnnocfu amcpukanucn n fo, ufo, ho cio mncnuk,
nnnnnoci, n konuc konuon, ipaxnanckou nounou.
cucfnufcnino, hocna cs nchocpcncfncnnoio yuacfun amcpu-
kanckux nouck (a nc foniko hpu ckpomnom hpucyfcfnuu nocnnix
concfnukon) hpcnhonaiana nanuuuc n Cauionc honufuucckou
cuni, choconou honccfu Kxniu Bicfnam k sfou ucnu. 3icm xc,
nahpofun, cfpcmufcnino fcpnn cnou anfopufcf. cfom 16J i. cio
pcnuiuosnan honufuka nisnana pcakuuk ynnucfon, nauanuci
hokasafcninic akuuu monaxon, nipaxanmux cnou hpofccf camo-
coxxcnunmu n nknnix mccfax. Bhnofi no sfoio momcnfa n Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafax fc, kfo pykononun honufukou no Bicfnamc, pacxo-
nunuci n oucnkc choconocfu 3icma chpanuficn c cufyauucu. Ha-
uunan c nccni 16J i. sfu pasnoinacun hponnunuci n hcuafu u n
konipcccc. Koina 11 uknn no Bicfnamc honxci ccn hcpniu onsa,
sfo hpousncno oipomnoc nhcuafncnuc. Hs Bamunifona cpasy xc
hocncnonano hpcnyhpcxncnuc 3icmy: ccnu on nc usmcnuf cnocu
honufuku n ofnomcnuu ynnucfon, fo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nonxni
ynyf hynuuno nipasufi cnoc nccoinacuc. Bhcpnic nuhnomafu-
ucckuc hpofccfi nimnu sa hpcncni kopunopon nnacfu u sasnyuanu
na hynukc.
B Bamunifonc paspaafinanuci hpockfi nnn qopmuponanun
hpanufcnicfna hon pykononcfnom samccfufcnn 3icma-Hiycn Hiok
Txo. Onnako, nahpofun, hon nnunnucm xcni hpcsuncnfa iochoxu
Hxy hpccncnonanun ynnucfon cfanu oncc unfcncunnimu, a n
konuc aniycfa chcuuaninic noucka, ncpnic Hxy, concpmunu naha-
ncnuc na ncckoniko haion n pasnix ioponax.
B sfof momcnf amcpukanui nauanu ocymccfnnnfi hpockfi, nan
kofopimu onu nanno paofanu. 21 aniycfa 16J i., no npcmn ncfpc-
uu n Iononyny Xuncmana u pcchynukanua Icnpu Ksofa onxa,
foniko ufo nasnaucnnoio hocnom n Kxnom Bicfnamc, no nux
nomnu usnccfun us Cauiona. 24 aniycfa Xuncman ofhpanun fcnc-
ipammy n iocnchapfamcnf, n fckcfc kofopou yfncpxnanoci, ufo
1O84
3icm nonxcn honyuufi nocfafouno npcmcnu nnn foio, ufoi usa-
nuficn of anfuynnucfckux qanafukon n cnocm okpyxcnuu, no
ccnu cmy nc ynacfcn hponccfu sfy uucfky, fo ncoxonumo numufi
cio honncpxku Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Ofo in hcpniu mai n na-
hpanncnuu iocynapcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa, n honiofonky kofopoio
inu nonncucni nknu us HIY u pasncninafcninou cnyxi iocnc-
hapfamcnfa.
Mncnun concfnukon Kcnncnu honnocfik pasncnunuci. Makna-
mapa u xoncon inu hpofunnukamu iocynapcfncnnoio hcpcnopo-
fa. Iappuman, xopnx Ionn, Xuncman u oppccfon cuufanu, ufo
on ncoxonum. 2 aniycfa Kcnncnu hocnan n Cauion cncpxcckpcf-
nyk fcncipammy, hpcnnaianmyk hpomcxyfounoc pcmcnuc: on cank-
uuonupycf honiofonky k iocynapcfncnnomy hcpcnopofy, no ofo-
nnuiacf cio ocymccfnncnuc no momcnfa, hoka on cam nuuno nc
paspcmuf ncucfnonafi. Iocncnonanu ncncnu unfcncunnou nuckyc-
cuu, no npcmn kofopou Maknamapa u Makcncnn Tsunop cmc pas
hoccfunu Bicfnam u n nauanc okfnpn fakxc hpumnu k ninony,
ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nonxni ofmcxcnaficn of 3icma, naunn,
onnako, choco hpononxafi anfukommynucfuucckoc cohpofunnc-
nuc. 5 okfnpn camic nuskuc cofpynnuku Kcnncnu copanuci u
hpumnu k saknkucnuk, ufo of 3icma cncnycf usanuficn. Koina
Kcnncnu hocnan fakuc ykasanun n Cauion, on, kak ofmcuacf ucfo-
puk Yuninm K. Iuonc, snan, umo ux pe:y:imumo+ 0y0em, oepo-
nmno, coepenue npe:u0enmu 3ie+u. Un 0e:u: mo oueni neoxomno,
nocio:iiy neco+nenno :nu:, umo eeo :uunun no00epiu no+oe:u 0~
3ie+y :uooeoumi u y0epumi o:ucmi. Ho o mo e ope+n on, oeponm-
no, uyocmooou: ce0n npe0unn~+, no eeo +nenuu, necnoco0nocmiu 3ie-
+u npo0o:umi ocyuecmo:nmi qqeimuonoe no:umuuecioe pyiooo0-
cmoo u eeo omiu:o+ o~no:numi o0euunun, 0unn~e +oe0unenn~+
1mumu+.
Icsonkuun N 26J, hpunnfan 11 okfnpn Concfom Hauuonani-
nou Icsohacnocfu, a fakxc hpcnnoxcnuc cokpafufi, ccnu sfo nos-
moxno, na ficnuy ucnonck amcpukanckuu konfunicnf n Hnnokufac
(kak i hponcmoncfpuponan ofcfpancnnocfi of coifuu, paccmaf-
punacmix kak uucfo nnyfpcnnuc) nauanu ocymccfnnnficn cmc no
ux oquuuaninoio oqopmncnun. knu us chcucnyx u nckofopic
hpcncfanufcnu apmuu Kxnoio Bicfnama hpuiofonunuci ncucfno-
nafi. 27 okfnpn fcncipamma ofnocufcnino cnooni ncucfnuu,
ofhpanncnnan hocny onxy, ina honyucna n Cauionc. 1 nonpn
hpcsuncnfckuu nnopcu in okpyxcn hyfuucfamu. 3icm hofpconan
of amcpukanucn hpcnocfanufi cmy camoncf nnn foio, ufoi naufu
ycxumc sa ipanuucu. Iockoniky ofncf sancpxancn, on ninyxncn
in chacaficn cicfnom, hohan n pyku cnoux hpofunnukon, u 2 no-
1O85
npn in yuf. Io pasnuunim cnuncfcnicfnam, sfa nonocfi nisna-
na uyncfno onu u nocani y Kcnncnu, kofopiu nccina cuufan, ufo
3icm nonxcn in numi honncpinyficn usinanuk, u nancnncn, ufo
iocynapcfncnniu hcpcnopof moxcf hpousoufu cs kponohponufun.
Ioxoxc, ufo fakan pcakuun ina uckpcnncu, u ncc-faku cncnycf
samcfufi, ufo ccnu yx ni cankuuonupycfc u opianusycfc iocynap-
cfncnnic hcpcnopofi, ncnoiuuno hofom ohnakunafi hponufyk
kponi, kakumu i nu inu uchifinacmic namu uyncfna, yuufi-
nan, ufo kponohponufuc ummancnfno hpucymc fakomy fuhy coi-
fuu u ufo ocfanonka, n kofopou hpoucxonuno cncpxcnuc 3icma,
nc ocfannnna nancxni na fo, ufo cmcna nnacfu hpousouncf unun-
nuucckum opasom.
Iocnc iocynapcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa nnacfi hcpcmna k xynfc
oquucpon no inanc c 3ioni Ban Muncm, a ipaxnanckoc nuuo Hiy-
cn Hiok Txo, inmuu samccfufcni 3icma, cfan nuuc-hpcsuncnfom.
Mnoiuc honufuucckuc saknkucnnic inu ocnooxncni; nknu,
hpunanncxanmuc k knany 3icma inu yufi, u foniko nckofo-
pim us nux ynanoci chacfuci. Bnona 3icma, iochoxa Hxy, naxo-
nunmancn sa ipanuucu, cymcna chacfu cinoncu u npocfno onunnna
amcpukanucn n hpcnafcnicfnc. nn nupckfopa HIY Konu yuu-
cfno 3icma ino camou fnxcnou omukou Bicfnamckou nouni.
Yxacnou u inyhou ncmik. pyiuc, nc cfoni nchocpcncfncnno
nonncucnnic n coifun, kak, nahpumcp, onx, honaianu, ufo,
nccmofpn na fof choco, kakum 3icm comcn co cucni, cio cmcpfi
moina chococfnonafi ychcxy opii hpofun kommynucfon. Bhpo-
ucm, y Kcnncnu nc ino npcmcnu nnn pastncncnun cnoux pcmcnuu.
Moxcf ifi, on u xofcn ncucfnufcnino cnnfi c ccn ofncfcfncn-
nocfi n nuxaumcm ynymcm, onnako cio ncucfnun no 27 okfnpn
u n hocncnykmuc ncncnu inu nahpanncni na coxpancnuc hpu-
cyfcfnun amcpukanckux nocnnix concfnukon n Kxnom Bicfnamc
nnn okasanun homomu cio hpanufcnicfny n opic hpofun Bicf-
konia. Tpaiuucckan cynia, cncnanman Kcnncnu 22 nonpn fakxc
xcpfnou hokymcnun, honnocfik hcpcnoxuna na hncuu xoncona,
ncoxunanno cfanmcio hpcsuncnfom, pcmn hpunnfun camix fpyn-
nix pcmcnuu.
11.5.3. ,+OHCOH U OCKALAUUH AMEPUKAHCKOFO
BMETATELBCTBA BO BBETHAME
xoncon nc cfan ncmcnncnno mcnnfi nupckfuni Kcnncnu. Co-
ncf Hauuonaninou Icsohacnocfu, copanmuucn 26 nonpn, hpunnn
pcsonkuuk N 27J, naxc honfncpxnanmyk unck ofsina ficnuu
ucnonck, cospcnmyk k nauany okfnpn. Onnako nonomy hpcsuncnfy
1O86
hpumnoci cpasy xc cfonknyficn c icfpo yxynmanmcucn ocfanon-
kou. Ipcxnc nccio yxynmunuci ofnomcnun c Kamonxcu, inc hpc-
micp-munucfp hpunu Cuanyk onunun HIY n honncpxkc cio hpo-
funnukon u ofncpi nhpcni ncnkyk amcpukanckyk homomi, cknonnnci
k honufukc ncufpanufcfa, naionapn kofopou on nancnncn chacfu
cocfncnnoc hpanncnuc. 3afcm nakafunaci nonna nacfyhncnun Bicf-
konia n Kxnom Bicfnamc. B fpanuuuonnom iononom noknanc
Maknamapi inu safponyfi camic fpcnoxnic nohpoci. Honoc
hpanufcnicfno fakxc ncsqqckfunno, kak u hpanufcnicfno 3icma, a
Bicfkoni hpononxacf hponnuiaficn. Hcoxonumo, cncnonafcnino,
iofonuficn k xynmcmy, fo ccfi k oncc pcmufcninim maiam, ccnu
nc honnnfcn hpusnaku ynyumcnun cufyauuu. B konuc iona kapfu-
na ncc cmc nnymana hcccumusm. Ticnua ucnonck inu ofosnani,
no ux samcnunu npyiuc, konuuccfno kofopix cfano cmc onimc.
Hucno amcpukanucn, nfnnyfix n coifun n Kxnom Bicfnamc,
nospocno no 2O fic. ucnonck, ufo nnnoc hpcnimano hcpnonauani-
nic hpoinosi, onnako nukakoio honoxufcninoio pcsynifafa nc
ino nocfuinyfo. Cncpxcnuc 3icma okasanoci nahpacnim; safcn
co cfpafciuucckumu ncpcnnnmu hponanunaci.
Ipcncfonno, cncnonafcnino, nipafi mcxny nnymn hyfnmu:
sncianfnim ocnooxncnucm of onsafcnicfn, nosmoxno, hyfcm
ncufpanusauuu fakxc u Kxnoio Bicfnama unu honopofom n ho-
cfanonkc ucncu amcpukanckou honufuku. Iyfi ocnooxncnun of
onsafcnicfn, ncufpanusauuu, cckpcfnix hcpcionopon c hpcncfanu-
fcnnmu xanouckoio hpanufcnicfna n ncucfnufcninocfu nukoina nc
ofncpiancn u, oncc foio, umcncn n nuny na nccx cfanunx konqnuk-
fa. Icncpan nc Ionni usnancka, onnako umcn sa hncuamu qpanuysc-
kuu ohif u uchifinan ohpcncncnnoc uyncfno pcnanma, cnnsannoc
c coifunmu 154 u 156 i., n nnnapc 164 i. pckomcnnonan nauafi
hcpcionopi o otcnuncnuu nccio Bicfnama. B uknc 164 i. ka-
nanckuu nuhnomaf x. Insp Cuopn, ofhpanunmuucn no Bicf-
nam n kauccfnc uncna Komuccuu ho konfponk sa conkncnucm hc-
pcmupun 154 i. (!), ho hopyucnuk amcpukanucn ncfyhun n konfakf
c nicfnamckumu hpcncfanufcnnmu u 18 uknn nhcpnic ncfpcfuncn
(sfa ncfpcua cocfoufcn cmc pas n aniycfc) c hpcmicp-munucfpom
Ccncpnoio Bicfnama am Ban oniom, onnako cmy nc ynanoci
hpoufi pcmi n nchpumupumocfu cocccnnuka. Y Cuopna cno-
xunoci nhcuafncnuc, ufo ccncpnic nicfnamui inu yncpcni n
fom, ufo onu oncpxaf hocny, u nc cuufanu nyxnim uckafi komh-
pomucci.
xoncon fakxc nc xofcn ynuxcnuu. On ionopun, ufo nukoina nc
yncf hcpnim amcpukanckum hpcsuncnfom, hpouipanmum nouny.
Onnako nixon us cufyauuu naufu nc ynananoci. B konuc 164 i.
1O87
noniu nocnniu hcpcnopof ycfpanun icncpana Muna u, hpu hon-
ncpxkc amcpukanucn, hpuncn k nnacfu icncpana Hiycn Kxann.
Iino, onnako, yxc oucnunno, ufo cauionckoc hpanufcnicfno hpc-
npamanoci no ncc mcncc hocnymniu uncfpymcnf n pykax amcpu-
kanucn. xoncon in, ncponfno, ycxncn, ufo nmcmafcnicfno n
Kxnom Bicfnamc ino omukou, no on nc cuufan nosmoxnim
nnn amcpukanucn ofkasaficn of ncio us-sa oipomnoio nosncucfnun,
kofopoc sfo okasano i na nck anfukommynucfuucckyk cucfcmy,
u us-sa hocncncfnuu nnn umunxa camoio hpcsuncnfa. Bcni sfof
hpcsuncnf n nonpc 164 i. nhcpnic in ninyxncn nccfu kamha-
nuk ho hpcsuncnfckum niopam, inc on hpononxan uipafi poni
ionyn, fo ccfi hauuqucfa, hpofun ncfpca Iappu Ionnyofcpa,
kannunafa of pcchynukanckou hapfuu u hpuncpxcnua honufuku
ncmcnncnnou unfcpncnuuu n Ccncpnom Bicfnamc.
Takum opasom, fpcnoxnic nonocfu ofnocufcnino yxynmcnun
cufyauuu n Kxnom Bicfnamc moinu hpunccfu numi k onnomy ni-
nyxncnnomy pcmcnuk: cncnafi amcpukanckuc onsafcnicfna oncc
sqqckfunnimu u nccomimu. Biop chocoon ninnuian, hpcxnc
nccio, onny hpunuuhuaninyk hponcmy. Icnu n hcpuon hpanncnun
anmunucfpauuu Kcnncnu nmcmafcnicfno hpunumano kocncnnic
qopmi, fo fchcpi, ncponfno, nacfyhun momcnf usmcnufi mcfoni u
ucnu, hpucinyn k oncc maccuponannomy nmcmafcnicfny, unomy,
inannim opasom, ho cnocmy kpunuucckomy xapakfcpy, fo ccfi ho-
snonnkmcmy amcpukanuam nchocpcncfncnno yuacfnonafi n ocnix
ncucfnunx, u, n ococnnocfu, n omapnuponkax as hpofunnuka
Ipomno ncckoniko mccnucn koncanuu u pasmimncnuu, n fc-
ucnuc kofopix ino hpunnfo cnuncfncnnoc cymccfncnnoc pcmc-
nuc o nanincumcm yncnuucnuu amcpukanckoio konfunicnfa, ucm
qakfuuccku ino honoxcno nauano camou nacfonmcu nocnnou sc-
kanauuu. Iocncnnnn cfana hosnncc camim ckannaninim u npama-
fuucckum momcnfom nouni, n nauonimcu cfchcnu nisinanmum
pcakuuk omccfncnnoio mncnun, kofopoc c fcucnucm npcmcnu ncc
oncc oncsncnno ofnocunoci k honufukc xoncona.
Ionopof cospcn n uknc-aniycfc 164 i. B nauanc uknn ocnon-
nic nuua, ofncfcfncnnic sa nocnnic ohcpauuu, ncfpcfunuci n Io-
nonyny. Cpcnu hpouux hpucyfcfnonanu icncpan Yuninm Yscfmop-
ncnn (ncnanno cfanmuu inannokomannykmum amcpukanckumu noo-
pyxcnnimu cunamu no Bicfnamc), hocon onx (kofopiu nonxcn
in nckopc ocfanufi hocf hocna n Cauionc nnn yuacfun n hpcsu-
ncnfckou kamhanuu), Maknamapa, Iack, Tsunop (kofopiu nc-
ckoniko hosxc saumcf mccfo onxa). Ha ncfpcuc kafciopuuccku nc
ofncpianaci u paccmafpunanaci nosmoxnocfi uchonisonanun n kon-
qnukfc nncpnoio opyxun. Onnako n ocnonnom nuckyccuu cocpcno-
1O88
fouunuci nokpyi nnyx achckfon: ncoxonumocfu mupokoio pastncnc-
nun xapakfcpa amcpukanckux ucncu c fcm, ufoi pacccnfi afmocqc-
py npaxncnocfu, kofopyk nisnano nmcmafcnicfno no Bicfnamc, u
nauana nuhnomafuucckou ncnfcninocfu c ucnik pacmupufi hon-
ncpxky cpcnu cfpan, nuskux k fcafpy nocnnix ncucfnuu. B xonc
nuckyccuu nosnukna nonan fcma: cnocnpcmcnnocfu hpunnfun pcso-
nkuuu konipccca nnn nipaxcnun cio mncnun ofnocufcnino hpo-
ucxonnmux coifuu. Bhnofi no sfoio momcnfa hpcsuncnf ncucfno-
nan n pamkax cocfncnnix honnomouuu. Ycuncnuc honcmuku u
honiofonka honopofa sacfanunu cio omyfufi hofpcnocfi n oncc
mupokou honncpxkc, ho kpauncu mcpc, fakou, kofopan nciufumu-
suponana i cio ncucfnun.
Ofu pcsynifafi u nuckyccuu, nponc i oipanuucnnic, hpuncnu
k inyokomy honopofy. 2J aniycfa 164 i. n mcxnynaponnix nonax
Tonkunckoio sanuna, hocnc ncckonikux ncncni nsaumnoio nank-
ncnun, no npcmn kofopoio amcpukanckuc u kxnonicfnamckuc ka-
fcpa afakonanu (nouik JO uknn) ccncponicfnamckuc ocfpona, nna
amcpukanckux kopann (cnauana JuJJox, a safcm Jurner 1oy),
ncponfno, napymunmuc ipanuui fcppufopuaninix non Ccncpnoio
Bicfnama, inu afakonani fpcmn npaxcckumu fophcnnimu kafc-
pamu, kofopim onu nanu ccpicsniu ofhop.
Hnuuncnf n Tonkunckom sanunc hosnncc cfan hpcnmcfom nc-
ckonuacmix nuckyccuu. Hckofopic honospcnanu, ufo on in na-
mcpcnno chponouuponan amcpukanuamu nnn foio, ufoi cncnafi
oncc ncikou hocncnykmyk hpoucnypy n konipcccc. cucfnufcni-
no, xofn mnoiuc comncnun u inu sakonomcpni, naxc camic kop-
pckfnic cnuncfcnicfna, umcnmuccn n pachopnxcnuu no cux hop
(1 i.), ninyxncni inu ocfanonuficn na yxc usnccfnix nino-
nax. Bhpoucm, cam ho ccc uacfniu cnyuau umccf nfopocfchcnnoc
snaucnuc ho cpanncnuk c cio honufuucckumu hocncncfnunmu. Hu-
konac I. Kafucnax, nnnnnmuucn foina samccfufcncm munucfpa
kcfuuuu, a hosnncc samccfufcncm ioccckpcfapn, ckasan ho sfomy
honony ioni chycfn: 1nuu0enm o Joniuncio+ :u:uoe cu+ no ce0e 0~:
oceeo :uui nycmnio+. Xoneuno, npe:u0enm ,oncon u npuoume:icmoo
oocno:i:oou:uci u+, no n ne 0y+uu, umo xupuimep mux co0~muu
u+e: iuioe-:u0o :nuuenue. Heo0xo0u+o 0~:o oceeo :uui nuumu nooo0
0:n no:yuenun pe:o:uuuu |ionepeccu]. 1 moe0u 0~: u:0pun mom un-
uu0enm. 1c:u 0~ eeo ne 0~:o, mo o~0pu:u 0~ umo-:u0o 0pyeoe.
cucfnufcnino, 5 aniycfa hpcsuncnf xoncon ofhpanun n kon-
ipccc hpockf pcsonkuuu, n coofncfcfnuu c kofopou, Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi, yuufinan xusncnnyk naxnocfi csohacnocfu na Kio-Boc-
fokc Asuu, inu iofoni (prepureJ) na ocnonc pcmcnun hpcsuncnfa
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon hpcnhpunnfi ncc ncoxonumic maiu,
1O8
nknkuan uchonisonanuc cuni nnn okasanun homomu nkomy io-
cynapcfny-uncny CIATO (a Kxniu Bicfnam in fakonim) nnn
samufi cocfncnnou cnooni. Ianafa hpcncfanufcncu onopuna
pcsonkuuk cnunoinacno. Ccnaf ocyxnan cc 6 u 7 aniycfa u ono-
pun 88 ionocamu hpofun nnyx, fo ccfi konccncycom, nixonunmum
sa pamku nccx hapfuunix pasnoinacuu u nc hosnonunmum niufu
na honcpxnocfi packony, kofopiu, c npyiou cfoponi, cfan onapy-
xunaficn n omccfncnnom mncnuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon.
Icsonkuun nccna c coou kpunuucckuc hponcmi, na kofopic
opafun nnumanuc foniko onun ccnafop (Ysun Mopc), hockoniky
qakfuuccku ona hpcnocfannnna hpcsuncnfy honnomouun, nixonun-
muc sa hpcncni honoxcnun camou koncfufyuuu ofnocufcnino
hpana ccnafa otnnnnfi nouny. Onnako pcsonkuun ina hpcncfan-
ncna nc kak mai k hpunnfuk oncc ofncfcfncnnix pcmcnuu, a kak
nipaxcnuc cfpcmncnun fopxccfncnno hponcmoncfpuponafi cnoum
hpofunnukam u nccmy mupy, ufo n fof momcnf hpcsuncnf honisonan-
cn honncpxkou konipccca, a, cncnonafcnino, u cfpani, ncncncfnuc
ucio hpoinosi, ohupanmuccn na hpcnhonoxcnuc o amcpukanckux
ycfyhkax, inu numcni ocnonanun. B hpcnnncpuu niopon pcso-
nkuun cfana onimum ychcxom xoncona u hpuncna k fpuymqani-
nou kamhanuu u ipomkou hocnc na nonpickux niopax.
Cfouf ofmcfufi, ufo hocna xoncona hocncnonana ucpcs nc-
ckoniko nncu hocnc cmcmcnun Xpymcna (14 okfnpn) u usnccfun
ofnocufcnino honoxufcninoio pcsynifafa hcpnoio kufauckoio uc-
hifanun afomnou omi (fakxc n okfnpc 164 i.). Oc sfu nono-
cfu hpcnncmanu honnncnuc y Cocnuncnnix Ufafon cmc oncc nc-
ynonix hpofunnukon. Onnako xoncon hoka cmc nc namcpcnancn
(ho nccu nunumocfu) hpcnpamafi Bicfnamckyk nouny n amcpu-
kanckyk nouny. On in cnumkom sannf nnyfpcnncu honufukou,
kamhanucu opii sa ipaxnanckuc hpana u hponcncnucm couuaninix
pcqopm (inc on, ninnuian ucni cosnanun Bcnukoio omccfna (Ureur
ociery), fo ccfi oncc chpancnnunoio omccfna nnn camix ynuxcn-
nix cnocn naccncnun Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, pykononcfnonancn
pysncnifonckum hpcucncnfom). C npyiou cfoponi, on, koncuno, nc
xofcn pannonymno nanknafi sa ychcxamu kommynucfon u hosfomy
in cknoncn yncnuuunafi amcpukanckuc ycunun. Onnako on hoka
cmc nc nyman o hpnmom nonncucnuu n nouny. Bo npcmn usupa-
fcninou kamhanuu on ncno ckasan, ufo nc umccf nu mancumcio
xcnanun hocinafi mononix amcpukanucn ymupafi nnanu of noma,
ufoi cncnafi fo, ufo mononic asuafi nonxni cncnafi camu.
Iocnc niopon on nc cpasy ocosnan, ufo mcxanusm kocncnnoio
nmcmafcnicfna hocfanun amcpukanucn hcpcn nuncmmou hofcphcfi
nocnno-honufuucckoc hopaxcnuc unu houfu na hpnmoc yuacfuc n
konqnukfc.
1OO
Ofa nuncmma nosnukna c foio npcmcnu, koina uucno amcpukan-
ckux xcpfn cfano nnymufcninim. 1 nonpn, nakanync niopon,
ofpnni Bicfkonia nahanu na nocnno-nosnymnyk asy Iicn-xoa,
ufo hpuncno k hofcpnm co cfoponi amcpukanucn hnfu ucnonck
yufimu; hpu sfom inu pancni 76 ucnonck. Momcnf in nchon-
xonnmum nnn ncmcnncnnix ofncfnix mcp (hpcsuncnfckuc niopi
cocfonnuci J nonpn), no xoncon umcnno n ncni cnocu hocni
ofnan hpukas o honiofonkc ancknafnix pchpcccanuu n cnyuac, ccnu
unuuncnfi, hononic unuuncnfy c Iicn-xoa, honfopnfcn. Hcko-
fopoc npcmn chycfn cofpynnuku hpcsuncnfa paspaofanu hpockfi,
kofopic nc oucni ofnuuanuci of cfpafciuu hpcninymux ncf. Onu
inu nahpanncni na fo, ufoi cncnafi cauionckoc hpanufcnicfno
oncc pcmufcninim u oncc cuninim, nc yhyckafi nosmoxnocfi
hcpcionopnix pcmcnuu, no n fo xc npcmn ykpchnnfi sqqckfun-
nocfi apmuu u honuuuu, umcn n nuny fakxc nauano hpnmoio nocn-
noio nanncnun na Ccncpniu Bicfnam, ccnu on nc hpckpafuf hon-
ncpxunafi Bicfkoni u nc iapanfupycf ncsanucumocfi Kxnoio
Bicfnama.
Kak u moxno ino hpcnnuncfi, niop n honisy honufuku ymu-
pofnopcnun (uppeusemenr) unu oncc pcmufcninoio nonncucnun
kxnix nicfnamucn okasancn nccocfonfcninim. Tcm npcmcncm pc-
iynnpnic xcpfni co cfoponi amcpukanckux nocnnix hpononxa-
nuci, ncnoncpuc mcxny amcpukanuamu u kxnimu nicfnamuamu
pocno, noxonn hopou no ocfpoio honufuucckoio konqnukfa, ho-
ckoniky amcpukanui nc uyncfnonanu, ufo um n nocfafounou cfchc-
nu ofhnafunu sa ux ycunun ho honncpxkc koppymhuponannoio u
nukucmnoio pcxuma. Bmccfc c fcm noopyxcnnic cuni Ccncpa
inu yxc n cocfonnuu konfponuponafi hpakfuuccku nck fcppufo-
puk Kia, sa ucknkucnucm Cauiona u amcpukanckux as.
xoncon hpcononcn cnou koncanun nononino icfpo. B naua-
nc nckapn 164 i. on onopun, xofn u nc sannnnn o sfom oquuu-
anino, hnani omapnuponok Ccncpnoio Bicfnama. Hcnocfanano
numi honona nnn ux ocymccfnncnun. Onnako on hpcncfanuncn n
pcsynifafc cmc onnoio nahancnun kommynucfon. Ha sfof pas uc-
nik nahancnun in Incuky, ucnfp, pachonoxcnniu na honhyfu
mcxny Cauionom u 17-u hapanncnik. Cuni kommynucfon afakona-
nu ncoxunanno, yunu noccmi amcpukanckux nocnnix u panunu
okono mccfunccnfu. Ofncf hocncnonan houfu ncsamcnnufcnino,
hockoniky hpcsuncnf sannun, ufo amcpukanckuc pchpcccanuu oxna-
fnf nck fcppufopuk, konfponupycmyk kommynucfamu, nknkuan
Ccncpniu Bicfnam. Mofunauuu sfoio pcmcnun inu oucnunni.
Hcmnoio mcncc ncnou ina oman ucni. B kontknkfypnom hnanc
omapnuponku numanu ccncpnix nicfnamucn cnocio pona ummy-
1O1
nufcfa, kofopim onu no cux hop onananu, nahpnmyk nonnckan ux
n nouny. Hancxnoc ycxumc, ofkyna homomi opyxucm u nknimu
hocinanuci ofpnnam Bicfkonia, hcpccfanano ifi fakum nancx-
nim. Moxno ino nancnficn, ufo ccncpnic nicfnamui naunyf ho-
npyiomy paccmafpunafi pcmn nouni, u ufo, nahpofun, kxnic
nicfnamui houyncfnykf ccn noonymcnncnnimu na opiy, ynyuu
mcncc yncpcnnimu n ncuscxnocfu hopaxcnun.
B omcm hnanc, nahpofun, omapnuponku umcnu mcncc ncnic
ucnu, hockoniky onu hpcncfananu nc kak nipaxcnuc cfpcmncnun
amcpukanucn nsnfi na ccn fniofi ofkpifoio konqnukfa c Cc-
ncpnim Bicfnamom u yhpanncnuc um, no foniko xcnanun ocymc-
cfnufi oipanuucnnoc hpano na pchpcccanuu. Ofo ncnano nnycmic-
ncnnim xapakfcp nmcmafcnicfna, pasnufuc kofopoio ino nciko
hpcnckasycmo, no pcsynifaf nc nccn. Ipcnckasycmo, hockoniky
cfoukocfi ccncpnix nicfnamucn hcpcn nuuom omapnuponok,
ynuufoxanmux iopona u ncca c homomik nahanma u ncqonuanfon,
nyxnix nnn foio, ufoi ino nciuc nccfu opiy n nxyninnx, ho-
kasana, ufo onu, naionapn cnocmy nauuonaninomy nyxy, cmoiyf
ninccfu camic fnxcnic numcnun, no nc ofcfyhnf. A pcsynifaf nc
nccn, hockoniky ncsqqckfunnocfi omapnuponok nnoni cfanuna
hcpcn amcpukanuamu hpuniuniu niop: hponnunyficn cmc nanimc
n hpunnfuu na ccn nohonnufcninix onsafcnicfn unu hifaficn
icfpo cnnfi c ccn onsafcnicfna n opic, n kofopyk onu honufu-
uccku okasanuci nfnnyfimu ho camoc iopno, no n kofopou c nocnnou
fouku spcnun onu cmc nc pasiipanu cnou camic naxnic kapfi.
B ccpcnunc mapfa 165 i. inana Otcnuncnnoio komufcfa na-
uaninukon mfaon amcpukanckux noopyxcnnix cun icncpan Ia-
ponin K. xoncon in hocnan n Kxniu Bicfnam nnn usyucnun
nmccfc c Yscfmopncnnom u Tsunopom nohpoca o fom, kakuc nani-
ncumuc mcpi cncnycf hpunnfi. Io cio nosnpamcnuu cufyauun
ina inyoko hpoananusuponana, n fom uucnc u n cncfc nonocfcu
us Cauiona, coinacno kofopim n hpcnmccfnonanmuc nna mccnua
kommynucfi cmc onimc yncnuuunu hnomani konfponupycmou
fcppufopuu. Ofncf moi ifi numi maccuponannoio u nocnnoio xa-
pakfcpa. Koina hpcsuncnf xoncon ncfpcfuncn c icncpanom xon-
conom u cio ncnymumu cofpynnukamu, uncn hocnafi honpasncncnun
amcpukanckou mopckou hcxofi n ucnfpaninyk uacfi nicfnamckoio
hnafo, nnusu ncmunufapusonannou soni nnoni 17-u hapanncnu,
hpuopcna konkpcfnic oucpfanun. Bcponfno, sannun icncpan
xoncon, honanonfcn 5OO fic. ucnonck u hnfi ncf nouni. Ofo
ina mpaunan kapfuna, kofopan hocfchcnno, onnako, cfanonunaci
pcaninocfik. B uknc hpcsuncnf otnnun o hocinkc no Bicfnam
1O2
okono 75 fic. ucnonck, ho-hpcxncmy n kauccfnc nocnnix concfnukon,
no uchonisycmix fakxc (n coofncfcfnuu c cckpcfnim hpukasom) n
nocnnix ohcpauunx. On ncc cmc nc pcmancn hcpcufu k ofkpifou,
xofn u ncotnnncnnou nounc, hockoniky hcuafi u fcncnuncnuc fcm
npcmcncm hpcnpafunu nifnamckuu nohpoc n hponcmy nauuonani-
noio macmfaa. B ccpcnunc ahpcnn 165 i. n Bamunifonc cocfonncn
hcpniu mapm hpofccfa hpofun nouni. Ioufu ncci mup unfcnnck-
fyanon u cfyncnfon in oxnaucn nonnou hauuqusma u pcnusuo-
nusma. Io ohpocam omccfncnnoio mncnun foio npcmcnu cymc-
cfnonano monuanunoc onimuncfno, kofopoc ncc cmc onopnno
honufuky hpcsuncnfa u naxc sauacfyk cuufano cc cnumkom cna-
ou. Ho sfo onimuncfno ino umcnno monuanunim. Hahpofun,
ionoca hpofccfa sacfannnnu ccn ycnimafi.
B konuc uknn Yscfmopncnn hofpconan hocinku cmc 1OO fic.
ucnonck. C fcx hop nonncucnnocfi amcpukanucn nchpcpinno pocna
nhnofi no konua 167 i., koina amcpukanckuc noopyxcnnic cuni
nocfuinu uucncnnocfu oncc 5OO fic. ucnonck. B fcucnuc houfu
fpcx ncf, n fo npcmn kak mup hcpcxunan inyokuc fpancqopmauuu
u camu amcpukanui mcnnnu cnou xusncnnic hpuniuku, nicfnam-
ckan hponcma cfana nannsuunim kommapom nnn hpanufcnicfna,
honufukon u mnoiux ipaxnan. Ona hofpconana nicokyk mopani-
nyk, ucnoncucckyk u qunanconyk ucny. B konuc nouni honcuu-
fanu, ufo no Bicfnamc hoiuno 58 fic. amcpukanucn, oncc ucm
JOO fic. ino pancno, a usncpxku nocfuinu n omcu cnoxnocfu
165 mnpn nonnapon. K sfum nannim cncnycf noanufi mcncc fou-
nic n cfafucfuucckom hnanc: 2OO fic. hoiumux n kxno-nicfnam-
ckou apmuu u 5OO fic. hoiumux y Bicfkonia u pciynnpnix cun
ccncpo-nicfnamckou apmuu.
3ncci nc mccfo nnn paccmofpcnun xona nocnnix ncucfnuu. Mi
foniko pckoncfpyupycm fc shusoni, kofopic hpuncnu cnauana Ou-
scnxayspa u anncca, safcm Kcnncnu u, nakoncu, xoncona k
hpunnfuk pnna mcp, kofopic nonncknu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi n ca-
miu fpynniu nnyfpcnnuu kpusuc sa nck ux ucfopuk hocncnncio
hcpuona u honncknu sa coou hpunnfuc umu honufuucckux onsa-
fcnicfn, cmicn kofopix nukoina nc in nccn. Ipouccc hpunnfun
pcmcnuu hpu pasnix hpcsuncnfax onanan pasnuunimu ococn-
nocfnmu, no nccina coxpannn hpccmcfncnnocfi c fouku spcnun cio
nahpanncnnocfu na cncpxunanuc nauuonan-kommynucfuucckou
honufuku Bicfkonia. cucfnufcnino, kakou cmicn umcna honufu-
ka cncpxunanun n Bocfounou Asuu hocnc foio, kak cnuncfno
kommynucfuucckou cucfcmi fam ino paspymcno, a concfckuc
hpanufcnu cncnanu foina niop n honisy hpononxcnun honufuku
1OJ
paspnnku n ofnomcnunx c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu nkou ucnou
1
u hocnc foio kak n Hnnoncsuu icncpan Cyxapfo ynuufoxun kom-
mynucfuucckyk ohacnocfi Ocnonnan hpuuuna cocfonna n cfpcm-
ncnuu xoncona hokasafi, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nc moiyf
ifi hocxncni. Onnako ucpcs copok ncf hocnc nouni nhonnc
nosmoxno koncfafuponafi, ufo hopaxcnuc safponyno i naxnyk,
no, n koncunom cucfc, hcpuqcpuunyk nnn konfponn nan Tuxookc-
anckum pciuonom sony. Tcopun nomuno ina acfpakfnou iuho-
fcsou, numcnnou pcanusma. Hahpofun, oncc ohacnim nnn umunxa
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon ino spcnumc packonofou cfpani, hpcsu-
ncnfa, ncucfnun kofopoio ochapunanuci, u, ufo cmc xyxc, hpanu-
fcnicfna, ncchoconoio okonuafcnino nipafi, nccfu nu ncucfnu-
fcnino nouny, kofopyk ono xofcno, nonxno ino u moino niuipafi,
unu myuaficn n cckoncunix nuckyccunx, paspcmacmix nccina c
homomik uacfuunix u konfphponykfunnix hannuafunon.
11.5.4. OTPEUEHUE ,+OHCOHA (MAPT 1968 t.)
U HAUALO HAPU+CKUX HEPEFOBOPOB
B konuc 167 i. cosnanoci nhcuafncnuc, ufo maccuponannoc pas-
ncpfinanuc amcpukanckux cun hpunccno honoxufcninic pcsynifa-
fi. Mnoiuc fcppufopuu inu ofnocnani; pcmumocfi Bicfkonia
ncucfnonafi, kasanoci, ocnana. Ipcncfannnnoci, ufo konfponi nan
fcppufopucu ino nciuc ocymccfnnnfi naionapn cosnanuk pnna
nocnnix as, iochoncfnonanmux nan cfpafciuucckumu nnn hcpc-
nnuxcnun ho cfpanc hynkfamu. Iomapnuponku fpohi Xo Uu
Muna, ho kofopou hocfyhana homomi kommynucfam c Ccncpa na
Ki, kak cuufanoci, safpynnunu pciynnpnoc cnaxcnuc. axc kx-
nic nicfnamui ncmoncfpuponanu, ufo onu xofnf oncc akfunno
yuacfnonafi n opic u uckpcnnc hpuomuficn k ncny ncmokpafuu.
B camom ncnc, oucpcnnou iocynapcfncnniu hcpcnopof hpuncn k
nnacfu n uknc 165 i. ipyhhy oquucpon no inanc c icncpanamu
Hiycn Ban Txucy u Hiycn Kao Ku, nacfpocnnix ofkponcnno anfu-
kommynucfuuccku. B ccnfnpc 167 i. onu ocymccfnunu ncmokpa-
fusauuk cnocu nnacfu hyfcm hponcncnun niopon, n nocfoncpnocfu
pcsynifafon kofopix moxno cunino comncnaficn. B ufoic Txucy
cfan hpcsuncnfom, a Kao Ku nuuc-hpcsuncnfom.
1
Concfckuu hpcmicp naxonuncn n Xanoc n nnu hocnc amcpukanckou omapnu-
ponku Incuky, no Concfi nc cfanu ynnsinafi omapnuponky c ux ofnomcnunmu c
CUA xofn i hofomy, ufo pacfymcc amcpukanckoc nmcmafcnicfno no Bicfnamc
ncnano namunifonckoc hpanufcnicfno hofcnuuanino oncc hocnymnim hapfncpom
n npyiux onacfnx.
1O4
Ipcncfannnnoci, ufo kapfuna snauufcnino ynyumunaci. Onna-
ko nc ncc inu coinacni c sfum ohfumucfuucckum nuainosom.
Munucfp ooponi Maknamapa, akfunniu cfoponnuk ononncnun
amcpukanckoio nncpnoio apccnana, nauan kpufukonafi sqqckfun-
nocfi u honcsnocfi maccuponannix omapnuponok. Iio nccoina-
cuc cfano fakum kafciopuunim, ufo n okfnpc 167 i. on hpunnn, n
konuc konuon, hpcnnoxcnuc o nasnaucnuu na nonxnocfi hpcsu-
ncnfa Bccmupnoio anka, a cio samcnun Knapk Knuqqopn, pancc
nxonunmuu n anmunucfpauuk Tpymsna u nnnnnmuucn ucnonckom
na ncc cnyuau xusnu. Onnako anfopufcfnic hpcncfanufcnu ncmo-
kpafuucckoio onimuncfna n ccnafc nauunanu nipaxafi ccpicsnic
comncnun. Takuc nknu, kak Maukn Msncqunn, nuncp ccnafopon-
ncmokpafon, unu Yuninm x. ynpauf, hpcnccnafcni komuccuu
ccnafa ho nncmnum ncnam, kofopic panimc ncpxanu hpu ccc
cnou comncnun ho honony ncucfnuu hpcsuncnfa, fchcpi nauanu
hynuuno nickasinafi ux. Iosfomy ccnu coomcnun, pachpocfpa-
nnnmuccn no konua nnnapn 168 i. nknimu nponc Yonfa Y. Iocfoy
o ncmunycmom kpaxc Ccncpnoio Bicfnama, umcnu snauufcniniu
ofknuk, fo, koina ncoxunanno onapyxunaci ux ncoocnonan-
nocfi, sfo honyuuno cmc onimuu pcsonanc.
J1 nnnapn 168 i., n hcpniu ncni Tsf ynnucfckoio nonoio
iona, fc cuni, kofopic nonxni inu naxonuficn na ipanu hopa-
xcnun, ncoxunanno pasncpnynu omupnoc u momnoc nacfyhncnuc
na houfu ncc hponunuuaninic ucnfpi Kia, pnn amcpukanckux as
u cam Cauion. Bncsahnocfi hpuncna k nhcuafnnkmum pcsynifafam.
Tpunuafi mccfi anmunucfpafunnix ucnfpon Kia hohanu n pyku
Bicfkonia, kofopiu onnancn fakxc ioponom Iys, npcnncu umhcpa-
fopckou cfonuucu, u Icn uc, inannim ioponom hponunuuu ncnifi
Mckonia.
Amcpukanckuu ofncf in oucni xccfkum. Iocnc yhopnou
opii kommynucfi inu usinani us Cauiona; n pcsynifafc mc-
cnunix ocn nacfyhncnuc kommynucfon moino cuufaficn ofufim.
Iys cfan ucnfpom u cumnonom opii. Hfoi ofpasufi nacfyhnc-
nuc, amcpukanui ucnimu nnnmu omunu iopon u, n ococnnocfu,
cio monymcnfaninic ykpchncnun umhcpafopckoio hcpuona. B kon-
uc qcnpann, hocnc foio kak hoiuno okono 1O fic. nocnnix u
ipaxnanckux nuu, mopckuc hcxofunui cmoinu nonpysufi amcpu-
kanckuu qnai nan pasnanunamu Iys. Takum opasom, c nocnnou
fouku spcnun nacfyhncnuc, nauafoc n ncni Tsf, sancpmunoci hopa-
xcnucm nnn ccncpnix nicfnamucn. B unou honufuucckou cufyauuu
sfo moino i cfafi honfncpxncnucm honopofa n honisy amcpukan-
ckux cun, yxc oosnauunmciocn n hpcnmccfnonanmuc mccnui.
Yuacfuc kxnix nicfnamucn n opic na sfof pas fakxc ino nhc-
uafnnkmum. Onnako nocnnan hocna hpumna n nchonxonnmuu mo-
1O5
mcnf u cfana fpcnoxnim cuinanom. Cuinan saknkuancn n fom, ufo
onapyxunaci choconocfi ccncpnix nicfnamucn cpaxaficn u n
camix csnancxnix ycnonunx u cohpofunnnficn, hcpcucpkunan ncc
nosmoxnic hpoinosi. Okonuafcninan hocna nan numu hpcncfan-
nnnaci ncpcaninou (nosmoxno, c nocnnou fouku spcnun, sfo u
ino omuouno), fcm oncc c yucfom snonkuuu nnyfpcnncu cufya-
uuu n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax.
Zccfokocfi nouni, nhcpnic naionapn fcncnuncnuk nomcn-
mcu n noma nccx amcpukanucn, fof qakf, ufo y onimoio uucna cc-
mcu kfo-fo in na qponfc, puckonan xusnik unu xc sfu ccmiu
yxc inu cpaxcni iopcm, hpunanu honcmukc ho Bicfnamy ncnu-
nanno ocfpiu xapakfcp. Bck cfpany oxnafuna nonna nicfyhncnuu
hpofun hpanufcnicfna, ohpanninanmcio xccfokocfi no umn unfc-
pccon, kofopic ono nc moino fonkom pastncnufi. Amcpukanui
pasncnunuci na ncfpcon u ionycu. Onnako, ionyu, fo ccfi
fc, kfo fpconan hpckpamcnun omapnuponok u honufuucckoio
pcmcnun konqnukfa, xofn u nc hpcncfannnnu oucnunnoc onimun-
cfno omccfncnnoio mncnun (hockoniky ohpoci, ohynukonannic
n fo npcmn, nakf hpofunopcuunic nannic), nnnnnuci cio camou
nnunfcninou uacfik, kak i fo nu ino, nauoncc nuskou k hpc-
suncnfy u n onimcu mcpc choconou na ncio honnunfi. B ion
hpcsuncnfckux niopon, kakum u in 168 i., fof, kfo xofcn hpo-
nonxafi nouny, moi niupafi foniko ncfpca, fo ccfi, ho nccu
nunumocfu, pcchynukanua. cmokpafi naxonunuci n iopasno o-
ncc cnoxnou cufyauuu. Bo-hcpnix, ux hosuuuu n hpcnniopnou
kamhanuu inu ocnancni hpucyfcfnucm kannunafypi xopnxa
Yonncca, nosinannnnmcio foina cuni hpofunnukon unfcipauuu
ucpnix amcpukanucn u foio sakononafcnicfna, kofopoc xoncon
hpunnn n ux honisy. Bo-nfopix, ncnic ncmokpafi ninnuianu cno-
um kannunafom ccnafopa Knxuna Makkapfu, cfoponnuka ofkasa
of nmcmafcnicfna no Bicfnamc, u fof nouncn na hpcnnapufcninix
niopax n Hik-Ismhmupc (hcpnix u uacfo camix naxnix amcpu-
kanckux hpaumcpus) mymnou hocni nan xonconom, kofopiu,
onnako, cmc nc nicfanun cnok kannunafypy. B-fpcfiux, n ccpcnunc
mapfa Iocpf Kcnncnu, paf hpcsuncnfa, yufoio n 16J i., nicfa-
nun cnok kannunafypy n kauccfnc cumnona chnoucnnocfu u chacc-
nun amcpukanckou nauuu.
Bocnnan hocna nhucinanaci, cncnonafcnino, n honufuucckyk
cufyauuk, inc hpucyfcfnonanu foniko ofpuuafcninic momcnfi.
Hmcnno n fakom cocfonnuu nyxa xoncon hpousncc J1 mapfa pcui,
kofopan nonxna ina oosnauufi kopcnnou honopof u n fo xc npc-
mn ofncfufi na fpconanuc icncpana Yscfmopncnna, nc usnccfnoc
mupokou hynukc, ofnocufcnino ofhpanku no Bicfnam cmc 2OO fic.
ucnonck. xoncon pasnunan n cnocu pcuu fpu momcnfa. On yfncpx-
1O6
nan, ufo amcpukanckuc noopyxcnnic cuni niuipanu ufny nnn
Tsf, no hpusnan, ufo nouna ina nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon oi-
pomnim ipysom, kofopiu ino ncc fpynncc nccfu. Iosfomy on
cnona honnuman fcmy mupa u hpcnnaian ncmcnncnno nauafi hcpcio-
nopi c sfou ucnik. nn ncmoncfpauuu amcpukanckux namcpcnuu
on otnnun o uacfuunom hpckpamcnuu omapnuponok fcppufo-
puu Ccncpnoio Bicfnama u sannun o namcpcnuu hcpcnafi kxno-
nicfnamckou apmuu onimyk nonk ofncfcfncnnocfu sa nocnnic
ohcpauuu. Hakoncu, on otnnun o ofkasc nicfannnfi cnok kan-
nunafypy u nc coinamaficn na cc nicfanncnuc na hpcsuncnfckux
niopax. On yxonun n uacfnyk xusni, a ofncfcfncnnocfi sa paspc-
mcnuc kpusuca hcpcknaninan na cnocio hpccmnuka.
Ipuuuni pcmcnun, cospcnmcio y xoncona, cfanu, ccfccfncn-
no, hpcnmcfom mupokou honufuucckou nuckyccuu; u o nux ncc
cmc moxno cfpoufi foniko noianku. Ha hcpniu nsinnn, oucnunno,
ufo sfo ino ofpcucnuc ucnoncka, kofopiu uyncfnonan ccn ho-
cxncnnim, nc cfoniko n nocnnom hnanc, ckoniko c fouku spc-
nun cnocu choconocfu kak honufuka hpunafi nounc nocfyhniu
honumanuk cmicn u mounusonafi omccfncnnoc mncnuc na hon-
ncpxky opii na ocnonc mupokoio konccncyca. xoncon nc in
nu hauuqucfom, nu hpcnnsnfim munufapucfom. On honyuun fnxcnoc
nacncncfno u ncc na ccc cio ipys. Tchcpi on coinacuncn sahnafufi
sa sfo u cfafi kosnom ofhymcnun, ofncuakmum sa fo, ufo nonxno
ino cmy hpcncfannnficn kak ncponfnoc hopaxcnuc.
B konuc ahpcnn cs koncynifauuu c cauionckum hpanufcni-
cfnom, y kofopoio inu ncckuc ocnonanun uyncfnonafi ccn po-
mcnnim, u nnn foio, ufoi hokasafi, ufo ono ino hpofun ninona
amcpukanckux nouck us Bicfnama hpcsuncnf nasnauun Ancpcna
Iappumana inanou ncnciauuu, kofopan n Iapuxc nonxna ina nccfu
hcpcionopi c hpcncfanufcnnmu Ccncpnoio Bicfnama. Iocncnnuu,
hocnanmuu n Iapux ncnciauuk no inanc c Cyanom Txku, c camoio
nauana hcpcionopon, 1J man yfounun, ufo hcpcionopi moiyf ifi
hpononxcni foniko hpu ycnonuu, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi hono-
xaf okonuafcniniu koncu omapnuponkam Ccncpnoio Bicfnama,
ufo xoncon cncnan foniko J1 okfnpn 168 i.
11.5.5. HUKCOH U BBETHAMUBAUUH BOUHM
Ofpcucnuc xoncona numuno hpcnniopnyk honcmuky cc
smouuonaninoio sapnna. B pcsynifafc yuucfna Iocpfa Kcnncnu
(5 uknn 168 i.) ncmokpafuucckan hapfun ocfanaci cs hohynnpnoio
kannunafa. Iocnunok cocfonncn mcxny inmum nuuc-hpcsuncn-
fom xoncona Iycpfom I. Xsmqpu, hpcncfanufcncm nucpaninoio
kpina ncmokpafuucckou hapfuu, u Iuuapnom Hukconom, kannu-
1O7
nafom of pcchynukanucn, kofopoio xon . Kcnncnu hocnun c
nconimum hpcumymccfnom n 16O i. Bo npcmn usupafcninou
kamhanuu oa kannunafa ocmanu uckafi honufuucckoc pcmcnuc
kpusuca, no nu onun us nux nc saxofcn unu nc cmoi ninnunyfi
konkpcfnic hpcnnoxcnun. Iapuxckuc hcpcionopi mnu mcnncnno
u n afmocqcpc ocfpou nuckyccuu, hockoniky ycnonunm Ccncpnoio
Bicfnama Iappuman hpofunohocfanun hosuuuk, n coofncfcfnuu c
kofopou nopic namcpcnun amcpukanucn nonxni inu honkpch-
nnficn ananoiuunimu xccfamu co cfoponi hpofunnukon, fakumu
kak ymcnimcnuc homomu ofpnnam Bicfkonia. Bhpoucm, Bamuni-
fon nonxcn in cuufaficn c ofnomcnunmu, cymccfnonanmumu y
ncio c Kxnim Bicfnamom.
1 nonpn, nakanync niopon, xoncon otnnun o fom, ufo n
mupnou konqcpcnuuu ynyf hpunumafi yuacfuc fakxc hpcncfanu-
fcnu Hauuonaninoio qponfa ocnooxncnun u hpanufcnicfna
Txucy. Imc nc nnnnnci maiom nhcpcn, sfo pcmcnuc cosnano nonic
hpchnfcfnun, hockoniky oc nicfnamckuc ncnciauuu cpasy xc cfanu
hpofunoncucfnonafi npyi npyiy, hpu sfom kaxnan us nux fpconana
ucknkuufi npyiyk us hpouccca hcpcionopon. Ha konqcpcnuuu
inu saannic momcnfi, koina, nahpumcp, ona okasanaci nanonio
sanokuponana nuckyccucu o qopmc cfona, sa kofopim nonxni
inu cuncfi ncnciauuu. Bhpoucm, nacfonman hponcma cocfonna n
fom, kakon yncf ucxon amcpukanckux niopon. C hocnou Hukco-
na k nnacfu ncpnynuci pcchynukanui. Iocynapcfncnnim cckpcfa-
pcm cfan Yuninm Ionxcpc, onnako hponcncnuc nncmncu honufuku
nsnn na ccn cam hpcsuncnf, ohupanci na naxnoc cofpynnuuccfno
Icnpu Kuccunnxcpa, uccncnonafcnn mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu,
anfopa ccpicsnix paof ho hponcmam amcpukanckou nncmncu ho-
nufuku, kofopoio Hukcon ncpxan nosnc ccn kak chcuuaninoio
homomnuka. opmyna, kofopyk Hukcon nncn hpumcnufcnino k
Bicfnamy, nncmnc ina hpocfou, hockoniky nipaxanaci onnum
cnonom: nicfnamusauun konqnukfa, fo ccfi ofkas amcpukanucn
of cnocio nmcmafcnicfna, cs ofkasa of cnoux honufuucckux ucncu.
Ha ncnc hon sfou qopmynou moinu ckpinaficn nancko nc nonic u,
koncuno, hpofunopcuunic pcmcnun, kofopic cncnonano nipaofafi
sa cfonom nuhnomafuucckux hcpcionopon, no fakxc u na ocnonc
pasnufun nocnnix coifuu. Onnako sfof fcpmun umcn nckuu co-
ncpxanmuucn n ncm camom cmicn: nicfnamusauun osnauana ymcni-
mcnuc ponu amcpukanckoio nmcmafcnicfna u nauano hcpcionopon
o mupnom coinamcnuu, kofopoc komhcncuponano i hopaxcnuc
hpockfon, ninamunanmuxcn xonconom u cio hpcnmccfncnnuka-
mu. Icchynukanui, kofopic asuponanuci na nchpumupumou
nokfpunc, npaxncnou n hpunuuhc komhpomuccnim qopmynam,
cmc pas okasanuci nauoncc hpuchoconcnnimu nnn foio, ufoi
1O8
hpaimafuuccku ofpocufi mchcfuninocfi, nannsannyk unconoiu-
suponannimu onsafcnicfnamu. Hacncncfno okasanoci fnxcnim.
Iponcma cocfonna n fom, ufoi nc nafi hopaxcnuk opymuficn
na Cocnuncnnic Ufafi onnum maxom, no fpancqopmuponafi cio
n naumcncc fpanmupykmyk cufyauuk. Ofa ohcpauun Kuccunnxcpy
hpckpacno ynanaci, sa ucknkucnucm hocncnnux nncu hpucyfcfnun
amcpukanucn n Cauionc.
11.6. Coneicxww tatepn: poci w npoiwnopeuwn
11.6.1. CMETEHUE XP.TEBA
U HOLUTUKA H,EPHOU ,EP+ABM
Xpymcn nohnofun conokyhnocfi hpofunopcuuu, xapakfcpuso-
nanmux hcpcxonniu nnn Concfckoio Coksa hcpuon. Ipunn k nnacfu
n momcnf, koina hocncncfnun nfopou muponou nouni inu n sna-
uufcninou mcpc hpcononcni, on ocymccfnnnn n hnanc nnyfpcnncu
honufuku hcpcxon of hcpuona noccfanonncnun u xcpfn k cosnanuk
omccfna naiococfonnun c konnckfunucfckumu ucpfamu, kofopoc
hpcnpafuno i n pcaninocfi mcufy o couuanusmc u ncucfnufcnino
honicuno i yponcni xusnu naponon, naccnnnmux cfpany, n sna-
uufcninou cnocu uacfu cnaopasnufyk. Cunfcsom sfux nancxn
cfan yxc hpunonunmuucn hpoinos o fom, ufo k 17O i. yponcni
xusnu concfckux nkncu hpcnicuf yponcni xusnu amcpukanucn.
Ofo fpconano n skonomuucckom hnanc fmafcninoio pachpcncnc-
nun pccypcon u, n ococnnocfu, kahufanonnoxcnuu n konfckcfc
hpunuuhuaninoio niopa mcxny pocfom hpousnoncfna hpcnmcfon
hofpcncnun u pasnufucm fnxcnou hpomimncnnocfu, no hpcxnc
nccio ninyxnano cncnafi kapnunaniniu niop mcxny konuuc-
cfnom pccypcon, hpcnnasnaucnnix nnn nocnnou hpomimncnnocfu,
u pccypcamu, hpcnnasnaucnnimu nnn ipaxnanckux hofpcnocfcu.
Iponcmi nnyfpcnncu honufuku hcpchncfanuci c hponcmamu
honufuku mcxnynaponnou. B fcopcfuucckom hnanc Cfanun nipnan
y 3ahana hpusnanuc pancncfna, kofopoc Xpymcn cmoi honfncpnufi
u ycunufi c homomik cnoux nuhnomafuucckux kyniufon u naio-
napn fonkomy honumanuk nosmoxnocfcu, hpcnocfannncmix hpo-
haiannou n macconom omccfnc, kofopan pachpocfpanunaci yxc na
ncc naccncnuc scmnoio mapa. Onnako concfckuu nuncp nonxcn
in cuufaficn u c nckofopimu qynnamcnfaninimu fpynnocfnmu,
cnnsannimu c nccoofncfcfnucm mcxny amuuunmu u pccypcamu,
naxonunmumucn n cio pachopnxcnuu. B nocnno-honufuucckom
hnanc hapufcf ho cpanncnuk c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu hpusna-
nancn qopmanino, no nc cymccfnonan na ncnc. Cncnonafcnino,
ncfanana hponcma honkpchufi hapufcf konkpcfnimu onsafcni-
1O
cfnamu hocpcncfnom hpunnfun fakux mcp, kofopic inu i coho-
cfanumi u, nosmoxno, oncc ycnufcnini n cpanncnuu c fcmu, ufo
paspaofan cam Kcnncnu n 161 iony.
B nuhnomafuucckom hnanc cfanonunoci ncoxonumim usc-
xafi foio, ufoi niop n honisy hapufcfa nc in honnf kak cpcn-
cfno nnn oocfpcnun Concfckum Coksom nahpnxcnnocfu n ofno-
mcnunx c 3ahanom, u chococfnonafi fomy, ufoi on honumancn
ckopcc kak cpcncfno nnn ymcnimcnun nahpnxcnnocfu. Coucfanuc
hcpcnoopyxcnun, nuhnomafuucckou honcmuku u kpusucon, hono-
nix cpnunckomy u kyunckomy, c hpononxcnucm nuanoia nnn no-
cfuxcnun coinamcnuu mcxny cncpxncpxanamu ino, onnako, nuh-
nomafuucckou hpakfukou, kofopyk Xpymcn ocymccfnnnn, no nc
nccina sqqckfunno.
Ocymccfnncnuc sfou nnoucfncnnou sanauu cncnanoci k fomy xc
ncoxonumim us-sa nnyfpcnncu cufyauuu n kommynucfuucckom
nokc, oxnaucnnom cfoni inyokumu pasnoinacunmu mcxny Concf-
ckum Coksom u Kufacm, ufo onu cnnsinanu pyku concfckou nuhno-
mafuu. Xpymcn ncnan ncc nosmoxnoc, no co ncc mcnimum ychcxom,
ufoi ckpifi of mupa pasnoinacun, hpcnpamanmuccn n ofkpifiu
konqnukf u nnnnnmuccn cncncfnucm ofkasa Concfckoio Coksa
hpusnafi yncnuucnuc n mupc n ucnom u nnyfpu kommynucfuuccko-
io noka, n uacfnocfu, konuuccfna moncncu couuanusma u ncny-
mux ncpxan (onananmux ncoxonumimu nocnnimu pccypcamu,
kak, nahpumcp, nncpnoc opyxuc, hpunananmumu fakou choconocfu
ifi ncnymcu ncpxanou konkpcfnoc concpxanuc). B sfom hnanc
hosuuun Xpymcna nc cunino ofnuuanaci of hosuuuu Cfanuna. B ncu-
cfnufcninocfu, ccnu u hponnnnnaci oniman fcphumocfi ho ofno-
mcnuk k pasnuuuk hyfcu couuaninou fpancqopmauuu n pasnix
cfpanax, fo nccoinacuc c fcm, ufoi n pamkax kommynucfuucckou
cucfcmi pnnom c Concfckum Coksom naxonuncn kakou-nuo
cytckf c hononim, ccnu nc pannim nnunnucm, ocfananoci hpcx-
num. Hcoxonumo hocfonnno homnufi o sfom nnn foio, ufoi
honnfi ymonuanun, koncanun, pcskuc honopofi u ckphpusi Xpy-
mcna, hockoniky inannan hponcma hcpcxona, akfunnim cfoponnu-
kom kofopoio on nnnnncn, cocfonna n ncoxonumocfu ncucfnonafi
fakum opasom, ufoi nu n kocu mcpc nc hokoncafi concfckyk
icicmonuk nnyfpu kommynucfuucckoio noka. axc honcmuucckuc
hpcyncnuucnun u puckonannic maiu ofpaxanu umcnno sfy hofpc-
nocfi.
C fouku spcnun nnyfpcnncu honufuku nfopou sfah xpymcnckoio
skchcpumcnfa nc in nnn Concfckoio Coksa fakum xc hosufun-
nim, kak sfah no 15 i. Ccmuncfnuu hnan pasnufun, onopcnniu
XXI ctcsnom KICC n qcnpanc 15 i., ninnuian n kauccfnc ucnu
ycfpancnuc nuchpohopuuu, hpucymux concfckou skonomukc, nc
11OO
samcnnnn hpu sfom omcio skonomuucckoio pocfa. Iocfanncnnic
ucnu inu amuuuosnimu, hockoniky pcui mna o yncnuucnuu
nnnoc nanonoio hponykfa. B camom ncnc, k 165 i., n coofncfcfnuu
c sahnanuponannim, CCCI nocfui snauufcninix pcsynifafon n a-
sonix ofpacnnx hpomimncnnocfu. Onnako ccnu paccmafpunafi o-
muc nannic c fouku spcnun ux cocfannnkmux, fo ino nunno, ufo
cymccfnonanmuc pancc nuchpohopuuu ocfananuci ncusmcnnimu
unu ycyiyunuci. Bocnnan hpomimncnnocfi, mcfannypiun, hpous-
noncfno sncpiuu ocymccfnnnnu nnymufcniniu pocf, onnako xumu-
ucckan ofpacni, fckcfuninan, hpousnoncfno hpcnmcfon hofpcncnun
nnno ofcfananu. Hnqpacfykfypa ofuacfu ynyumunaci, no ocfana-
naci cmc n cfanuu ncmnoium oncc ucm smpuonaninou nnn conpc-
mcnnou cfpani. K fomy xc ccnickoc xosnucfno ocfananoci n cufya-
uuu hcpmancnfnoio kpusuca us-sa ncxnafku cpcncfn, no, hpcxnc
nccio, us-sa camoio chocoa cio opianusauuu nacunicfncnnou
konnckfunusauuu, koina kpccfinnc nc umcnu naxc hpana camocfon-
fcnino cmcnufi mccfo xufcnicfna (fakou hopnnok nncn cmc Cfa-
nun n 1J2 i.). Ionoxcnuc ncpcnnu ocfananoci hnaucnnim, naxc
ccnu cpannufi cio c honoxcnucm n ioponc, inc hponcma xunin
foniko cmc nauunana pcmaficn. Ofa honufuka ncfpcuana hpofuno-
ncucfnuc co cfoponi anfopufcfnix skonomucfon, fakux kak Inccu
ucpman, kofopiu n nauanc 6O-x ionon ofcfaunan ncoxonumocfi
foio, ufoi sqqckfunnocfi hpousnoncfncnnou cucfcmi pocna sa
cucf cocfncnno skonomuucckux uncfpymcnfon, ocnonannix na
mafcpuaninom cfumynuponanuu fpyna, hpuinu hpcnhpunfun, cuc-
fcmc ucn, ofpaxakmcu pocf usncpxck hpousnoncfna u na cokpa-
mcnuu csnymnoio qunancuponanun yifounix hpcnhpunfuu.
Onnako hpofun nacfonmcu skonomuucckou pcqopmi oponuci,
kak ofmcuacf panuccko Icnncnyfu, momnic uncfufyuuonani-
nic komhnckci fnxcnou hpomimncnnocfu u apmuu, onnmuccn
yfpafufi ucfopuuccku hpuopcfcnnoc hpcnocxoncfno n pachpcncnc-
nuu nauuonaninix pccypcon. A n Kommynucfuucckou hapfuu, nn-
nnnmcucn ncoxonumim piuaiom unnonauuu, qopmuponanuci oc-
nonnic ipyhhi honufuucckux u couuaninix unfcpccon, kofopic
inu hpofunnukamu usmcncnuu.
Cfpamnan sacyxa 16J i. ninynuna hpanufcnicfno nosononufi
nopmuponannoc pachpcncncnuc hponykfon, u ionona ynanoci usc-
xafi foniko naionapn nnymufcninim sakyhkam scpna, nhcpnic
hpousncncnnim na usouninom amcpukanckom pinkc u ohnaucn-
nim sonofom. nn hpccfuxa Xpymcna, hocnc oucnunnou nuhnoma-
fuucckou ncynauu na Kyc, sfo in cmcpfcniniu ynap.
,eucmoume:ino, ce:icioxo:nucmoennoe npou:oo0cmoo, nucu:
no:0nee ,y:enne 1oqqu, cmuenupoou:o nu :u+emno 0o:ee o~coio+
ypoone, ue+ o cmu:unciyu noxy. U0nuio mo 0~:o c:u0~+ ymeuenu-
11O1
e+, nocio:iiy :u mo ope+n nompe0nocmu cmpun~ ouymu+o o~poc:u.
1opo0cioe nuce:enue cmu:o 0o:ee +noeouuc:enn~+, u eeo 0oxo0~ oo:poc-
:u; oce, eopoune u ipecminne, cmu:u :yuue numumicn; uoomnooo0-
cmoo mpe0oou:o 0o:iue iop+oo; cmpun~-cou:nuu~ xome:u :uiynumi
:epno y +++1, |no] nep+unenmn~u ce:icioxo:nucmoenn~u ipu:uc npo0:e-
ou: cyuecmooounue peeuonu:in~x 0ucnponopuuu: cu+oe cep0ue 1occuu,
no:ocu Heuepno:e+in, onycmouennun oounou, ocmuou:uci 0e::u0nou.
Ho nnn nccio Concfckoio Coksa cmc oncc fnxcnim in fof
qakf, ufo foina ino honoxcno nauano qcnomcny, kofopiu c io-
namu ncyknonno ycyiynnncn, a umcnno fcnncnuuu k cnuxcnuk
yponnn pcnfacninocfu kahufanonnoxcnuu. Io uponuu ucfopuu
ucpcs ncckoniko nccnfuncfuu hocnc foio, kak cnun hpcnckasan,
ufo hancnuc nopmi hpuinu paspymuf kahufanucfuucckyk sko-
nomuky, umcnno sfo nnncnuc hponukno n konnckfunucfckyk skono-
muky, honpinan cc ocnoni.
Takan coxpannkmancn skonomuucckan cnaocfi cmc onimc
ocnoxnnna nocfuxcnuc nncpnoio hapufcfa c amcpukanuamu, ucio
nounancn Xpymcn, a cio hpccmnuku coxpannnu n kauccfnc ucnu
cnocu nocnnou honufuku.
Iocnc sahycka hcpnix MII concfckuu icncpaniniu mfa hpu-
cfyhun k hcpccmofpy cfpafciuu, kynimunauucu kofopoio cfana pcui
Xpymcna n Bcpxonnom Concfc 14 nnnapn 16O i. Sncpnic noopyxc-
nun, ckasan on, hpcnpafunuci n ocnonnic sncmcnfi nouni nkoio
fuha, cncnan ycfapcnmumu mnoiuc oiunic nuni opyxun. Sncpnan
nouna yncf, koncuno, nchpononxufcninou, hockoniky cc nauani-
niu sfah oycnonuf u cc ucxon. Iycckuc, naionapn omupnocfu
cnocu fcppufopuu u nncpnim noopyxcnunm, kofopimu onu pacho-
naiakf (ux sqqckfunnocfi Xpymcn honucpknyn cmc pas), cmoiyf
nixufi hocnc hcpnoio nncsahnoio nahancnun. Onnako nano ino
houfu nanimc. Hcoxonumo ino cokpafufi na fpcfi oiunic no-
opyxcnun u nahpanufi nicnoonunmuccn pccypci na pakcfno-
nncpnic noopyxcnun. HATO moina paccuufinafi na fakfuucckuc
nncpnic cuni, kofopimu ona yxc ina ocnamcna, onnako hpcnno-
xcnuc Xpymcna hpcnycmafpunano kak ofncf c homomik cfpafciu-
ucckux noopyxcnuu, fak u cokpamcnuc cymccfnykmcio paspina n
onacfu fakfuucckoio opyxun. Hnimu cnonamu, Xpymcn xofcn cka-
safi, ufo kak Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, fak u Concfckuu Coks nonxni
inu onanafi choconocfik nanccfu hocnc hcpnoio ynapa ofncf-
niu ynap ho concpmunmcmy nahancnuc u ufo cymccfnonana nsau-
mocnnsi iapanfuponannoio nsaumnoio ynuufoxcnun, hpumcnu-
fcnino k kofopou icoipaquucckuc macmfai Concfckoio Coksa u
paccpcnofoucnnocfi naccncnun cocfannnnu hpcumymccfno hcpcn
3ahanom.
11O2
B coofncfcfnuu co cfpafciuucckou ycfanonkou (nc mcnnnmcucn
nhnofi no 11 i.) n pcuu honfncpxnanaci ucnfpaninan poni nncp-
nix noopyxcnuu kak pcmakmcio cpcncfna nkoio nosmoxnoio
cfonknoncnun mcxny nnymn cncpxncpxanamu. Kpomc foio, ona
hpcncfannnna coou ofhpannou hynkf nnn omupnou hpoipammi
nncpnoio hcpcnoopyxcnun, kofopyk Concfckuu Coks sahycfun, n
ococnnocfu hocnc foio, kak n 161 i. ycnuncn, ufo hcpncncfno n
sahyckc pakcf-nocufcncu unu naxc n sahyckc chyfnukon (n ahpcnc
161 i. Kpuu Iaiapun cfan hcpnim ucnonckom, sahymcnnim c co-
ncfckou asi n kocmoc na opfy kocmuucckoio kopann) nc osna-
uano ncucfnufcninoio nncpnoio hpcnocxoncfna. Ofncf na amcpu-
kanckyk hpoipammy in cfoni pcmufcninim u hocnc Kyunckoio
kpusuca hpuncn k fakomy pocfy, ufo sa ncckoniko ncf pycckum
ynanoci nuknunuponafi paspin u hpcnsoufu ho uucny pakcf-nocu-
fcncu, xofn u nc ho uucny nncpnix ociononok, ncci hofcnuuan
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Cncnykman fanuua hokasinacf, kak naxc
u hocnc ofcfpancnun Xpymcna of nnacfu napamunanuc cun hpo-
nonxanoci nhnofi no honhucanun hcpnoio noionopa o oipanuuc-
nuu cfpafciuucckux noopyxcnuu (OCB-1 n 172 i.).
+mpumeeuuecioe puonooecue o i:uueo~e eo0~, 1'041'?4 ee.
afa CUA CCCI
Hkni 164 i. 8J4 MII 1O MII
416 III 1O7 III
6JO om. 175 om.
Bccio 188O 472
Snnapi 167 i. 1O54 MII 5OO MII
(hpcnnoxcnuc 576 III 1OO III
ho OCB) 65O om. 155 om.
Bccio 228O 755
Honpi 16 i. 1O54 MII 114O MII
(nauano hcpcio- 656 III 185 III
nopon ho OCB) 525 om. 145 om.
Bccio 22J5 147O
Hkni 172 i. 1O54 MII 1527 MII
(honhucanuc 656 III 45 III
noionopa ho OCB) 4JO om. 156 om.
Bccio 214O 2142
(J858 ociononok (186 ociononok
c IIH HH) c IIH HH)
MII mcxkonfuncnfaninan annucfuucckan pakcfa nascmnoio asupona-
nun; III annucfuucckan pakcfa, sahyckacman c honnonku; IIH HH pas-
ncnnkmuccn iononnic uacfu unnununyaninoio nancncnun; om. cfpafciuucc-
kuc omapnuponmuku.
Hcfounuk: Hollowuy 1. I`lnIonc SovIctIca c Ia corsa agII armamcntI. I. 114.
11OJ
Ofa pcmumocfi Concfckoio Coksa nauafi fakxc u nncpnoc co-
hcpnuuccfno c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, cohcpnuuccfno, k kofopomy
nckopc hpucocnununoci cocfnsanuc n coopyxcnuu hpofunopakcfnix
cucfcm, choconix ncufpanusonafi nosmoxnoc nncsahnoc nahanc-
nuc, ncnacf concpmcnno oucnunnim cfpcmncnuc k ncucfnufcninomy
nncpnomy hapufcfy, c kofopim Concfckuu Coks cnnsinan hcpchck-
funi cfauninocfu n mupc. Ofo cfpcmncnuc nc nonxno, onnako,
nnonufi n sanyxncnuc. Iponcma hapufcfa ina nnn pycckux
hpcxnc nccio honufuucckou, hockoniky napamunanuc nncpnix pc-
cypcon sanuccno of ninnuxcnun n kauccfnc honufuucckoio hpockfa
pancncfna c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu n pachpocfpancnuu cnocio
nnunnun no nccx pciuonax mupa. Icfccfncnno, sfof hpockf hpcnho-
naian, ufo nnc cncpxncpxani, nsaumno hapanusonannic pannonccu-
cm cfpaxa, nosncpxafcn of nccfaunusupykmux ncucfnuu. Iosfo-
my hapufcf nnnnncn hpcnnapufcninim ycnonucm noionopcnnocfcu
ho inannim nohpocam, kak hokasan noionop o hpckpamcnuu nncp-
nix uchifanuu, a n hocncnykmuc ioni hcpcionopi ho OCB.
Hnauc ionopn, hpockf Xpymcna u hpockf cio hpccmnukon in na-
hpanncn na hponcncnuc ncpxannou honufuku u honufuku pannonc-
cun n fpanuuuonnom cmicnc kak hpcnhocinku nnn sqqckfunnoio
pcmcnun nnyfpcnnux hponcm CCCI. Iancnuc Xpymcna cfano n
ncucfnufcninocfu cumhfomom konua hcpcxonnoio hcpuona, no fak-
xc u nicncfuno fc fcmi, kofopic ocfanuci n pcsynifafc ofkpifimu.
Xpymcn nukoina nc umcn cnunoinacnou honncpxku n concf-
ckom pykononcfnc. Honafopckuu umhynic, kofopiu on uacfo ccho-
pnnounim, no nccina nipasufcninim opasom cfpcmuncn hpunafi
concfckou cucfcmc, cfankunancn co cnumkom mnoiumu unfcpcca-
mu, ufoi fakfuucckuc hopaxcnun u unconoiuucckuc pasnoinacun
nc okasinanu nanncnuc na cio hosuuuk. Hocfaniiun cfanunucfon;
yinyncnuc honufuucckux u unconoiuucckux pasnoinacuu n kommy-
nucfuucckom mupc, n ococnnocfu c Kufacm; ncynauu n skonomukc,
hpcxnc nccio n ccnickom xosnucfnc n 16J i.; oucnunnoc nuhnoma-
fuucckoc hopaxcnuc na Kyc ncc sfo hufano hocfonnno snyuan-
myk kpufuky, uchonisonanmyk k fomy xc nonknfapusm, hocpcn-
cfnom kofopoio on ocymccfnnnn cnok honufuky. B fo npcmn, koina
on ofnixan na cpciy Hcpnoio mopn, 12 okfnpn 164 i. copancn
Ipcsunuym HK KICC. Koina pcmcnun yxc inu hpunnfi, Xpy-
mcna nisnanu n Mockny. 14 okfnpn in cosnan Incnym Hcnf-
paninoio Komufcfa, kofopiu, na ocnonc kpufuucckoio noknana
Cycnona, yfncpnun pcmcnuc o ocnooxncnuu Xpymcna of cio on-
sannocfcu. Ha hocf hcpnoio cckpcfapn HK KICC in uspan samc-
cfufcni Xpymcna conun Hniuu Ipcxncn, na hocf Ipcnccnafcnn
Concfa munucfpon pckomcnnonan Anckccu Hukonacnuu Kociiun.
11O4
16 okfnpn sfa nonocfi honyuuna oinacky: Xpymcn ocnooxncn of
cnoux onsannocfcu n cnnsu c hpcknonnim nospacfom u yxynmcnu-
cm cocfonnun snoponin. C fcx hop on xun hon Mocknou n ycno-
nunx usonnuuu, no hpccncnonanunm nc honncpiancn.
Iio hpccmnuku ocfanunu n ocnonnom ncusmcnnim cio honufu-
ucckuu kypc, fpancqopmuponanuci numi mcfoni pykononcfna hap-
fucu. Onu ho onimcu uacfu nipaxanu cfpcmncnuc nopmanuso-
nafi cufyauuk, cfanmyk cnumkom ypnou u nchpcnckasycmou.
Bhcpnic n noncumcu ucfopuu pycckoc hpanufcnicfno hpcnhpunnno
hohifky coucfafi coxpancnuc hpunuuha hpcncninou konucnfpauuu
nnacfu u mcxnynaponnyk poni ncnukou ncpxani c ucnik nocfu-
xcnun makcumanino nosmoxnoio naiococfonnun u couuaninoio
konccncyca (. Icnncnyfu). B mcxnynaponnou cqcpc y nux nc
ino hpuuun ofxonufi of yxc oosnaucnnix nahpanncnuu, ho-
ckoniky n ux namcpcnun nxonuno ykpchnnfi concfckuu naicpi n no-
cnnom hnanc, nc yxynman hpu sfom ofnomcnun c sahannim mupom
u hpononxan, fcm nc mcncc, uchonisonafi cio hpofunopcuun n cno-
ux unfcpccax. Iosfomy hpccmnuku Xpymcna ocfananuci n pamkax
fcx cfpykfyp, kofopic Mancnkon u Xpymcn hifanuci pcqopmupo-
nafi, nc mcnnn ux panukanino, fo ccfi hapfuu u honufuucckou cu-
cfcmi, ocfanmuxcn n nacncncfno of Cfanuna. Iponcma cocfonna n
fom, ufoi honnfi, no kakux hpcncnon inu nosmoxni pcqopmu-
ponanuc u moncpnusauun hpu nanuuuu fakux oipanuuufcncu.
B 165 i. ina nauafa pcqopma, nnoxnonnnnmancn uncnmu sko-
nomucfa ucpmana, u inu hpcnhpunnfi hohifku n nahpanncnuu
hcpcpachpcncncnun kahufanonnoxcnuu. Ohpcncncnnic hpcumymc-
cfna honyuunu hpousnoncfno hpcnmcfon hofpcncnun, cfpoufcni-
nan hpomimncnnocfi u aipapniu cckfop. Onnako ocnonnic cfpyk-
fypnic xapakfcpucfuku nc usmcnunuci: xccfko ucnfpanusonannoc
hnanuponanuc mcxanusma pocfa u nifckakman us sfoio fcnncnuun
k hpousnoncfny ncnyxnix fonapon unu ofcyfcfnuc pocfa hpousno-
nufcninocfu fpyna. Hauunan c 7O-x ionon ymcnimcnuc uucncnnocfu
naccncnun ninnuno fakxc npyiuc oipanuuufcnu. Kpomc foio, fcx-
nonoiuucckuu hpoipccc, nocfuinyfiu n nocnnom hnanc, nc ofpa-
xancn na ipaxnanckou cqcpc ncncncfnuc xccfkoio pasncncnun mcx-
ny nnymn cckfopamu u cckpcfnocfu nocnnix nonauuu honnan
hpofunohonoxnocfi fomy, ufo umcno mccfo n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax.
Hcnannuc uccncnonanun oucni founo ninnnnkf skonomuucc-
kuu pcipccc, xapakfcpniu nnn pcxuma Ipcxncna. Hcsnauufcninoc
honimcnuc yponnn xusnu ninyxnano hpanufcnicfno hpononufi
honufuky, nc omaninakmyk nancxni napona, nohyckan pacfymcc
hpcnimcnuc fcmhon pocfa sapaofnou hnafi nan pocfom hpousnonu-
fcninocfu fpyna. Icsynifafom sfou honufuku ino pachpocfpancnuc
11O5
pachpcncnufcninoio sianufapusma, nosnaipaxnanmcio mcncc knanu-
quuuponanniu fpyn fakum xc opasom, kak u fpyn oncc hpousno-
nufcniniu, ufo hopoxnano nacfpocnun ncynonncfnopcnnocfu,
mupoko pachpocfpanunmuccn cpcnu paofnukon knanuquuuponan-
noio u unfcnnckfyaninoio fpyna. Ionimcnuc hpousnonufcninocfu
fpyna yfpafuno cnoc snaucnuc, u n ioponax n oipomnou cfchcnu
honyuunu pasnufuc fcncnan skonomuka u honhoninan fopionnn,
usanncnnic of iocynapcfncnnoio konfponn u niionnic nauoncc
hpcnhpuumuunim unnununam. Ipanufcnicfno fcphcno ncc sfo, a
umcnno pacfymcc hancnuc fpynonou nucuuhnuni u pocf hpoiy-
non, u nohycfuno ycuncnuc koppyhuuu, nhnofi no nosnuknoncnun
hynuunix ckannanon. K konuy ccmunccnfix ionon nauana ckna-
ninaficn nnounan cucfcma skonomuucckou, omccfncnnou u uacf-
nou xusnu, ycyiynnnman skonomuucckuu nyanusm anmunucfpa-
funnoio hnanuponanun u pinounix anknanon, hpucyfcfnonanmuu
c nauana JO-x ionon. B ocux cqcpax hponnnnnuci macconic nnnc-
nun ncipanauuu, coucfanmuccn c couuaninim nanncnucm.., umcn-
mum nchpcnckasycmiu hofcnuuan.
11.6.2. COBETCKO-KUTAUCKO KOH!LUKT
U EFO HOCLE,CTBUH
Ha hcpnom sfahc hocnccfanunckoio hcpuona ofnomcnun mcxny
nnymn kpyhncumumu cfpanamu kommynucfuucckoio noka ocfana-
nuci xopomumu. Bouna n Kopcc, hcpniu unnokufauckuu kpusuc u
nuhnomafuucckuu konqnukf, kofopiu cohponoxnan nocnnyk ak-
uuk hpofun ocfponon Kysmou u Mausy, hokasanu, ufo Kufauckan
Haponnan Icchynuka namcpcnanaci uipafi poni nuncpa na Asuaf-
ckom konfuncnfc, houfu nccina n fccnom cofpynnuuccfnc c Concf-
ckum Coksom u qopmanino honnocfik hpusnanan cio icicmonuk
n couuanucfuucckom naicpc.
Cnuxcnuc c Hnnucu cncnano nosmoxnim honhucanuc n ahpc-
nc 154 i. kufaucko-unnuuckoio fopionoio coinamcnun, kofopoc
pcinamcnfuponano fopionic omcni u pcnuiuosnic konfakfi,
fpanuuuonno ocymccfnnnnmuccn Hnnucu n pciuonc. Ha kopofkoc
npcmn hokasanoci, ufo afmocqcpa cofpynnuuccfna mcxny Hnnucu u
Haponnim Kufacm moxcf cfafi ocnonou nonoio mcxnynaponnoio
hopnnka n Asuu. opmyna hnfu hpunuuhon mupnoio cocymccfno-
nanun, ohpcncncnnan n uknc 154 i. Mao u Hcpy, a safcm honncp-
xannan na Iannynickou konqcpcnuuu, inc saponunoci nnuxcnuc
nchpucocnuncnun, hpuopcna snaucnuc qunocoquu paspnnku n
mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnunx, hpofunocfonnmcu hpakfukc xononnou
nouni. Yuacfuc n Iannynickou konqcpcnuuu ocnnfuno honufuky
11O6
Kufan kak nknan n ncno mupa na anincm Bocfokc. Iapanokcani-
nim opasom fakoc nochpunfuc ino nosmoxno naionapn ocoim
ofnomcnunm, cnnsinanmum Kufau c Concfckum Coksom. Hauano
noccfanonncnun skonomuku u hponcncnun hnanonou honufuku hpu
honncpxkc Concfckoio Coksa chococfnonano nnyfpcnncu cfa-
uninocfu cfpani, hosnonnn ocymccfnnnfi nuhnomafuucckyk
cfpafciuk n nyxc paspnnku. Iosfomy ncucfnun hckunckoio hpanu-
fcnicfna, ohupanmuccn na hpunanncxnocfi k concfckomy naicpk,
inu oncc cnoonnimu u mcncc nonncucnnimu n nchocpcncfncn-
noc hpofunocfonnuc c kahufanucfuucckum mupom. Kpomc foio, n
momcnf nckononusauuu moncni ocnooxncnun Haponnoio Kufan
moina cfafi opasuom nnn npyiux mononix asuafckux iocynapcfn
nyumum chocoom naufu anifcpnafuny concfckum otnfinm u sa-
nocnafi fo camocfonfcninoc mcxnynaponnioc honoxcnuc, kofopoc
ofkasinanuci hpusnafi sa numu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi.
Takuc hpcnhocinku ucucsnu, koina ofnomcnun mcxny CCCI u
Kufacm n fcucnuc ncckonikux ncf hponcnanu snonkuuk of cocfon-
nun coksnuuccfna u cofpynnuuccfna k nuhnomafuucckomy cohcp-
nuuccfny u naxc k nocnnomy cfonknoncnuk. Iasnoinacun nauanu
hponnnnficn hocnc XX ctcsna KICC kak cncncfnuc honufuku nccfa-
nunusauuu, hpononunmcucn Xpymcnim. Bnauanc honcmuka pasno-
pauunanaci ho unconoiuucckum hponcmam. Tcsuci Xpymcna o
mupnom cocymccfnonanuu, o ncmokpafuucckom hcpcxonc k kommy-
nusmy u nccfanunusauuu nananu n fc ioni humy nnn nahanok ku-
fauucn nc foniko us-sa ux cmicna, no, hpcxnc nccio, hockoniky
onu inu pcsynifafom fcopcfuucckou paspaofku, ocymccfnncn-
nou n onnocfoponncm hopnnkc Komhapfucu Concfckoio Coksa,
kofopan fakum opasom nipaxana fncpnoc namcpcnuc coxpanufi
icicmonuk n hpoucccc fcopcfuucckou snonkuuu couuanucfuucc-
kou micnu. Takum opasom, hpcfcnsun na pannoc honoxcnuc c
Concfamu ina paspymcna no fakou cfchcnu, ufo naxc nosyni
mupnoio cocymccfnonanun, hpunymanniu pykononcfnom KIK,
hpuopcn nchpucmncmiu nnn kufauucn xapakfcp. On hpcnpafuncn
n hpcnnoxcnuc, opamcnnoc foniko k Cocnuncnnim Ufafam, fo
ccfi hpcnnoxcnuc, hpusnannoc cankuuonuponafi uhonnpniu nu-
anoi, nukfykmuu cnou hpanuna ocfaninomy mupy.
Hmcnno sfo nisinano ohhosuuuk Mao u cio ipyhhi. Yxc
c konua copokonix ionon kufauckuc kommynucfi fcopcfuuccku
oocnoninanu nanuuuc n mupc hpomcxyfounoio pciuona, ofkpifo-
io nnn ocymccfnncnun samicnon umhcpuanucfon. Ofo ina sona, n
kofopyk nxonunu kak cnaopasnufic cfpani, fak u nckofopic io-
cynapcfna 3ahana, xcpfni amcpukanckou hpohaianni, nahpanncn-
nou na coxpancnuc cnuncfna sahannoio naicpn n kauccfnc nchpc-
11O7
mcnnoio ycnonun nnn samufi of kommynusma. B unfcphpcfauuu
kufauucn mup cfpouncn n coofncfcfnuu c kpufcpunmu, hpunocn-
mumu unfcpcci mupa u hpoipccca naponon n xcpfny amcpukan-
ckum icicmonucfckum ycfpcmncnunm. Iocnc ohifa anfopufapnou
ohcku Kpcmnn nnn kufauucn ino houfu ccfccfncnnim hpupan-
nnfi n cnocu oucnkc concfckuu icicmonusm k amcpukanckomy.
B fcucnuc mnoiux ncf Kufau cfpcmuncn k houcky unoio mcx-
nynaponnoio hopnnka, namcuanmciocn n ioni anfuqamucfckou
nouni, choconoio iapanfuponafi naponam nosmoxnocfi pasnufun
u moncpnusauuu, ocnonannou na nnyfpcnnux cunax u xapakfcpnix
ococnnocfnx konkpcfnou couuaninou pcaninocfu. Cncnonafcnino,
ncnisn ino coinacuficn c fcm, ufo cfpcmuncn cosnafi Xpymcn, a
umcnno c fakou opianusauucu mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu, ko-
fopan ninyxnana niupafi mcxny kahufanusmom (cunonumom um-
hcpuanusma) u concfckum couuanusmom, cunonumom kpokpafuu,
inyokux couuaninix hpofunopcuuu u nfopocfchcnnou ponu ccni-
ckoio xosnucfna. Hmcnno n ioni paspina c Concfckum Coksom
Komhapfun Kufan pasncpnyna cnok kamhanuk n honncpxky oni-
moio ckauka, fo ccfi skonomuucckoio pocfa n pamkax kufauckou
moncnu, kofopan nocxonuna k konuchuunm, cqopmuponanmumcn n
nauanc ipaxnanckou nouni. Ofa kamhanun hoponuna u hcpnic
nnyfpcnnuc pacxoxncnun n KIK.
B 156157 ii. pasnoinacun mcxny KIK u KICC ocfananuci n
nafcnfnom cocfonnuu. B camom ncnc, n Kufac hapanncnino c nccfa-
nunusauucu hohifanuci fakxc hpononufi nonyk honufuky ofkpi-
focfu, ocymccfnnnn kypc hycfi uncfyf cfo uncfon, hpcfcnnonanmuu
na fo, ufoi cfafi nohnomcnucm nauuonaninix hyfcu hocfpocnun
couuanusma. onioc npcmn coxpannnmcccn noncpuc mcxny nnymn
cfoponamu yncnuanoci honhucanucm noionopa o cofpynnuuccfnc n
nncpnou onacfu n okfnpc 157 i., a kpufuka Mao n ofnomcnuu
pcaunufauuu Tufo ina cinaxcna yuacfucm Kufan n konqcpcn-
uuu kommynucfuucckux hapfuu, cocfonnmcucn n fom xc iony n co-
ncfckou cfonuuc n uccfi copokonou iononmuni Okfnpickou pc-
nonkuuu.
Ofa konqcpcnuun oosnauuna nccomncnnyk ncpmuny n ofno-
mcnunx cofpynnuuccfna mcxny KICC u KIK, no umcnno ho sfo-
my cnyuak hpccfapcniu kufauckuu nuncp hpousncc pcui, cfanmyk
hosnncc snamcnufou, Bcfcp c Bocfoka hpconanacf nan ncfpom
c 3ahana nnn nahomunanun pycckum o ncoxonumocfu akfun-
nou anfuumhcpuanucfuucckou honufuku.
B hocncnykmuc mccnui kpusuc yinyuncn; xccfouauman kpu-
fuka pykononcfna KIK n anpcc kiocnanckoio pcnusuonusma n ncu-
cfnufcninocfu umcna n nuny Xpymcna. Bhpoucm, Mao Hssnyn nc
11O8
ckpinan cnoux micncu. B uknc 158 iona on ionopun concfckomy
hocny n Ickunc: Hs foio qakfa, ufo mi ohupacmcn na Concfckuu
Coks, nc cncnycf, ufo mi honfopncm cio omuku, u noannnn:
Mcnn moiyf onunufi n fom, ufo n nauuonanucf unu noniu
Tufo. Mou ofncf cocfouf n fom, ufo ni pacmupunu ipanuui pyc-
ckoio nauuonanusma no kufauckux cpcion. Iycckuc cfapanuci foi-
na ckpifi of ocfaninoio mupa macmfai pasnoinacuu, a fakxc nau-
fu coksnukon nnn foio, ufoi oipanuuufi nnunnuc Ickuna. Onu nc
namnu ux n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax cnauana hofomy, ufo fc nc cpasy
oucnunu macmfai cfonknoncnun, a safcm hockoniky cuufanu
packon upcsniuauno niionnim nnn amcpukanckou honufuku.
C npyiou cfoponi, nanknanuci nnnic hpusnaku ncfcphumocfu
kufauucn n ofnomcnuu nonoio concfckoio kypca, honfonknynmuc
Xpymcna k konfpnacfyhncnuk. Honoc honnncnuc na honccfkc nnn
n 158 i. Icpnunckoio nohpoca nhucinanoci n pamku ncoxonu-
mocfu hponcmoncfpuponafi nocfounim ncmuam u kufauuam concf-
ckyk ncfcphumocfi ho ofnomcnuk k 3ahany, onnako ono cohponox-
nanoci houfu onnonpcmcnnim pcmcnucm nc nihonnnfi ocmanuc
hpcnocfanufi Kufak ohifnyk moncni nncpnoio ycfpoucfna. Xpy-
mcn cfapancn cmniuufi yxc omymanmcccn uyncfno nahpnxcnnocfu
no npcmn cnocio nusufa n Ickun n okfnpc 15 i., onnako cspc-
synifafno. B 15 i. nahpnxcnnocfi, cnnsannan, n fom uucnc, u c
hponcmamu hoipanuunix fcppufopuaninix hpcfcnsuu kufauucn,
cfana hpuuunou nconnokpafnix ofkason Concfckoio Coksa of
hpcnnoxcnuu cofpynnuuccfna n ucnnx pasnufun kufauckoio nncp-
noio hofcnuuana. Ona nocfuina huka n uknc 16O i., koina pyc-
ckuc pcmunu ofosnafi chcuuanucfon, hocnannix n Kufau nnn co-
fpynnuuccfna n onacfu ocymccfnncnun nncpnix hpoipamm hckun-
ckoio hpanufcnicfna, c otncncnucm, ufo ux paofa ncfpcuana
numi ncnaionapnocfi kufauucn. Konqponfauun pasnunanaci
yxc n pasnix, xofn u nsaumocnnsannix cqcpax, ufo chococfnona-
no paspymcnuk nnycfoponnux ofnomcnuu.
B unconoiuucckom hnanc cfonknoncnuc kacanoci icicmonuu n
kommynucfuucckom nnuxcnuu. Iocnunok cfan oncc ocfpim nauu-
nan c ahpcnn 16O i., koina n fcopcfuucckom opianc Komhapfuu
Kufan honnunaci cfafin a snpancfnycf ncnunusm, concpxanman
ofkpifyk kpufuky qunocoquu paspnnku n fom nunc, kak cc honuman
Xpymcn. Kufau hcpcxun ioni oipomnix fpynnocfcu (fak nasinac-
mic ucpnic ioni), cfanmuc cmc oncc fnxcnimu us-sa ncynauu
skchcpumcnfa c kommynamu n ccnickom xosnucfnc u hponanom
onimoio ckauka. Cama Komhapfun Kufan ina oxnaucna inyo-
kum kpusucom, ofpaxanmum ncyncpcnnocfi, nisnannyk hocfonn-
nimu usmcncnunmu skonomuucckoio kypca. Ofkas of cofpynnuuc-
11O
cfna c Concfckum Coksom hpuncn k fnxcnim numcnunm. nn
foio, ufoi occhcuufi hocnymanuc kufauucn pcxumy, in nockpc-
mcn cfapiu nosyni ohopi na cocfncnnic cuni, nosyni fpynnix
npcmcn.
B Inpohc pcsynifafom concfcko-kufauckux pasnoinacuu cfan
paspin ofnomcnuu mcxny Ananucu (hpofunnuucu nopmanusauuu
ofnomcnuu c Kiocnanucu) u CCCI, o kofopom hynuuno ino
otnnncno n 161 i., a fakxc cfpcmncnuc Iyminuu, nosinannncmou
Hukonac Haymccky, honyuufi ohpcncncnnyk cfchcni camocfon-
fcninocfu nnyfpu COB u n ofnomcnunx c Concfckum Coksom hpu
honncpxkc Kufan ocfopoxno nucfanuuponaficn of nckofopix mcx-
nynaponnix hosuuuu Kpcmnn.
Mcxnynaponnic hocncncfnun onimcio macmfaa nocunu nnaua-
nc nafcnfniu xapakfcp, no safcm hponnunuci co nccu oucnunnocfik.
Koina hckunckoc hpanufcnicfno ocosnano, ufo fcxnonoiuucckoc
hpcnocxoncfno, kofopim CCCI onanan c 157 i., onnocfoponnc
uchonisonanoci kak uncfpymcnf n nuhnomafuucckou hapfuu c Co-
cnuncnnimu Ufafamu n ucnnx ykpchncnun uhonnpnou icicmo-
nuu nhnofi no hpcnpamcnun cc n conmccfniu konfponi nan mu-
pom (n sfom cocfonnu honospcnun u ohaccnun, pachpocfpancnnic
foina u nochpunnfic uacfik ucfopuoipaquu), mcxnynaponnan nc-
nfcninocfi kufauucn ckonucnfpuponanaci na hpofunoncucfnuu
fakomy honxony.
B sfom cncfc ncnfcninocfi pycckux ho hponuknoncnuk n
Asuk, nauafan n 154 i. coinamcnucm c Aqianucfanom u hponon-
xcnnan hocpcncfnom npyiux konfakfon, kynimunauucu kofopix
cfano coinamcnuc c Hnnucu, hpuopcfana ofucfnunic oucpfanun
hpnmoio nisona Kufak. Bnoni nchixnynmcc n Tucfc nccnou 158 i.
noccfanuc u fof qakf, ufo Hnnun hpcnocfanuna ycxumc anau
amc u hpunusufcnino 1J-fu ficnuam fucfckux cxcnucn, hocnc-
nonanmux sa num, n onno minoncnuc cncnanu cccmicncnnimu ho-
noxcnun kufaucko-unnuuckou konncnuuu 154 i. Oa hoopnuka
asuafckoio ficpmonnusma icfpo nnuianuci k cfonknoncnuk.
Ion hpcnnoiom hoipanuunoio chopa, ho kofopomy nukoina nc
saknkuanoci nukakoio okonuafcninoio coinamcnun, n 15 i. ku-
fauui hpcnhpunnnu xccfkyk u aipcccunnyk honufuucckyk akuuk,
ochapunan hpunanncxnocfi Hnnuu fcppufopuu n 125 fic. knanpaf-
nix kunomcfpon u onunnn Hcpy n hpoumhcpuanucfuucckou uipc
n cnnsu c Tucfom. Iohifku hcpcionopon inu aconkfno cspc-
synifafni. Iocnc ncckonikux hoipanuunix unuuncnfon, chpo-
nouuponannix kufauuamu, 2O okfnpn 162 i. noucka Kufauckou
Haponnou Icchynuku nauanu mupokoc nacfyhncnuc na ochapu-
nanmcucn kufauuamu nunuu ipanuui u hponuknu hpunusufcnino
111O
na 4O kunomcfpon na fcppufopuk Hnnuu. Ion nosncucfnucm nocn-
noio ychcxa kufauui cqopmynuponanu hpcnnoxcnun ho hcpciono-
pam, kofopic Hnnun nc moina hpunnfi. Toina 12 nonpn kufauckoc
hpanufcnicfno pcmuno hpckpafufi oioni u ninccfu cnou noucka
co nccu okkyhuponannou fcppufopuu sa ucknkucnucm uacfu Kam-
mupa, ufo hosnonnno coxpanufi konfponi nan pauonom cfika ipa-
nuu c Iakucfanom u Aqianucfanom. Mofuni maia, hpcnhpunnfo-
io kufauuamu, cncnonano uckafi n nancxnc na ncncnuc hcpciono-
pon c hosuuuu cuni no foio, kak unnuuui opianusykf konfpnac-
fyhncnuc. K fomy xc kufauui xofcnu cmniuufi nciafunnoc nhc-
uafncnuc of ux aipcccunnou akuuu n mcxnynaponnom hnanc. Hfo
kacacfcn Concfon, fo onu coxpannnu ncufpanufcf n ofnomcnuu
sfoio konqnukfa, kofopiu, nhpoucm, hnoxo ckpinan ux cumhafuu
k Hnnuu.
Icmcnuc kufauucn, nahpanncnnoc na ymcnimcnuc nahpnxcn-
nocfu, umcno ncmcnncnnic hocncncfnun. Ipanufcnicfno Hcunona
hpcnnoxuno mcxnynaponnoc yuacfuc nnn nipaofku mupnoio co-
inamcnun. Oc konqnukfykmuc cfoponi hpunnnu sfy unuuuafu-
ny u ncfanu na hyfi nnycfoponnux hcpcionopon, nhpoucm, nnufcni-
nix u cspcsynifafnix. B koncunom cucfc cnuncfncnnou ncpxa-
nou, niuipanmcu of konqnukfa, in Concfckuu Coks, cfanmuu
nnn Hnnuu ncoxonumim coksnukom n hpofunocfonnuu ncnkou
hofcnuuaninou kufauckou yiposc.
C npyiou cfoponi, ofnomcnuc Concfckoio Coksa ykpchuno n
kufauuax ycxncnuc, ufo mockonckoc hpanufcnicfno cfanonunoci
konkpcfnou yiposou nnn ux csohacnocfu. Cfpcmufcninocfi nuh-
nomafuucckux mancnpon Xpymcna u nchpunyxncnnocfi, c kofopou
on hcpcmcn of nuhnomafuucckoio konqnukfa (n Icpnunc u na
Kyc) u of nncpnoio cohcpnuuccfna k honufukc paspnnku n ofno-
mcnunx c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, hokasinanu, ufo Kpcmni hpu-
ncpxunancn cfpafciuucckou opucnfauuu, hpofunohonoxnou ku-
fauckou, cfpcmnci k cocymccfnonanuk n ycnonunx konkypcnuuu, a
nc k hpofunocfonnuk naicpcu. B pcsynifafc c 16J i. kufauckoc
hpanufcnicfno hcpcxuno kpafkuu, no nacimcnniu hcpuon samcf-
noio nunamusma n nuhnomafuucckou cqcpc, ucnukom nahpanncn-
noio na ochapunanuc anfopufcfa Concfckoio Coksa n couuanucfu-
ucckom naicpc. Iomumo ananckoio ychcxa, k 165 i. kufauuam
ynanoci hpunusufi k cnocmy honufuucckomy kypcy Ccncpnyk Ko-
pck, ancfpanuuckux u unnoncsuuckux kommynucfon. Onu fakxc
hpononunu honufuky akfunnoio hponuknoncnun kak no Bicfnamc,
fak u na Kyc.
Ionhucanuc J aniycfa 164 i. noionopa o sahpcmcnuu nncpnix
uchifanuu n fpcx cpcnax honfncpnuno ohaccnun kufauucn ofnocu-
1111
fcnino cfpcmncnun Concfckoio Coksa usonuponafi Kufau of hpu-
nnfun naxncumux mcxnynaponnix pcmcnuu u hpcnocfanuno hc-
kunckomy hpanufcnicfny nosmoxnocfi sannufi o cnocu pcskou oh-
hosuuuu. B fo xc npcmn conhancnuc nunuu Kufan c ohhosuuucu
ionnucfckou panuuu ho ofnomcnuk k noionopy occhcuuno nuh-
nomafuucckoc hpusnanuc Kufauckou Haponnou Icchynuku co
cfoponi Iapuxa. B fcucnuc 164 i. konqnukf mcxny Mocknou u
Ickunom hpononxan yinynnficn.
Cnnfuc Xpymcna fakxc nc hpuncno k usmcncnunm honufuucc-
kou cufyauuu. Ioncc foio, umcnno fof qakf, ufo nonic concfckuc
pykononufcnu samcnunu fakfuky qponfaninoio cfonknoncnun, ko-
fopou hpuncpxunancn Xpymcn, na oncc nsncmcnnic, no fakxc u
oncc sqqckfunnic ncucfnun, n koncunom cucfc ycunun nahpn-
xcnnocfi. Xpymcn honiofonun hponcncnuc n nckapc 164 i. kon-
qcpcnuuu, kofopan nonxna ina cankuuonuponafi okonuafcninoc
ocyxncnuc kufauckoio kommynusma. Ipcxncn u Kociiun annynu-
ponanu hpockf, uscxan hpu sfom hpcnanun ocfpakusmy hapfuu,
hponnunmux ofkpific cumhafuu k Komhapfuu Kufan. Ioncc foio,
hoccfun Xanou u Ixcninn, nonic concfckuc pykononufcnu hpcno-
cfanunu hpanufcnicfnam Bicfnama u Ccncpnou Kopcu cymccfncn-
nyk nocnnyk u skonomuucckyk homomi, nc fpcyn nsamcn nuka-
koio chcuuaninoio sannncnun o nonninocfu ho ofnomcnuk k
CCCI. Icsynifafi houyncfnonanuci ncsamcnnufcnino, hockoniky
oc cfpani icfpo hcpcmnu na ncufpaninic hosuuuu n ofnomc-
nuu kufaucko-concfckoio chopa, ufo qakfuuccku numano cmicna
hpcnmccfnonanmuc ychcxu kufauckou nuhnomafuu. Ofo otncnncf,
houcmy mnikou nunuu Concfckoio Coksa Kufau hpofunohocfannnn
ncc oncc pcskuc ncucfnun, hpcnhpunnn ucniu pnn ofkponcnno
packoninuucckux akuuu n ofnomcnuu kommynucfuucckux hapfuu,
na kofopic kufauui, ho ux cocfncnnomy mncnuk, umcnu ohpcnc-
ncnnoc nnunnuc.
Tcm npcmcncm panukanusauun nnyfpuhonufuucckou opii co-
snanana no nncmncm mupc opas Kufan kak ynifpapcnonkuuonnou
u nccfauninou cfpani. Iocfku honufuucckux hpoucccon, hpuncn-
mux k fak nasinacmou kynifypnou pcnonkuuu, osnauanu nauano
pacfymcu usonnuuu.
Iohifka iocynapcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa, hpcnhpunnfan n Hnno-
ncsuu ncnimu oquucpamu, cnnsannimu c Komhapfucu Hnnoncsuu
u c Komhapfucu Kufan (ccnfnpi 165 i.), hpuncna k fomy, ufo
hpcsuncnf Hnnoncsuu Cykapno, sanumanmuu ncufpaninic hosu-
uuu, in numcn ncnkou nnacfu. Ic pcsynifafom cfana fakxc oucni
xccfkan pcakuuu apmuu, kofopan, hon pykononcfnom icncpana Cy-
xapfo, ocymccfnuna konfphcpcnopof, hpuncnmuu k camomy nacfon-
1112
mcmy ucfpcncnuk kommynucfon unu cuufanmuxcn fakonimu: cof-
nu ficnu, nosmoxno, munnuon xcpfn, hpcxnc nccio us uucna ku-
fauckou omuni. Haponniu Kufau hofcpnn, fakum opasom, cnok
camyk cuninyk honncpxky n Asuu. Oipanuucnnocfi skonomuucckux
pccypcon hpuncna k hponany hohifok kufauucn hpcncfafi hcpcn
cfpanamu Tpcficio mupa, n ococnnocfu aqpukanckumu, ncnanno
ocnoonunmumucn, cfpanamu, n kauccfnc unou moncnu nckono-
nusauuu. Ionimoc uucno noionopon o fcxnuucckom u honufuucc-
kom cofpynnuuccfnc, honhucannoc c sfumu cfpanamu (opucnfupo-
nannimu hpofun Concfon u hpofun sahannoio hpucyfcfnun), naua-
no nihonnnficn, no safcm ino icfpo cncpnyfo us-sa ncxnafku
pccypcon, kofopic Kufau moi nincnnfi n homomi pasnunakmumcn
cfpanam. Iyminun u Kya ofomnu of Kufan nnn foio, ufoi csoio-
nopouno hpucocnunuficn k concfckum hosuuunm (n ococnnocfu
sfo kacanoci Kyi).
Ofncf Mao na honufuky, hpononumyk Concfckum Coksom,
honisonancn mupokou naponnou honncpxkou. Tcm nc mcncc umcnno
onuncnun n pcnusuonusmc u kpokpafusmc, kofopic Mao cncnan
ocnonou cnocu kamhanuu, namnu ofpaxcnuc nnyfpu kufauckou
komhapfuu. Bnyfpu ncc cymccfnonanu pasnoinacun ho nohpocam
skonomuucckou cfpafciuu u moncncu pasnufun n nnyx nahpan-
ncnunx samufi unfcpccon onimuncfna (fakona ina hosuuun
Mao) u hcpcocmicncnun pcnonkuuonnix ucncu c fcm, ufoi
anahfuponafi ux k nonim npcmcnam (fakona ina npyian hosu-
uun). Ofo hpofunocfonnuc yxonuno kopnnmu n pasnuuun mcxny
honufuucckumu nahpanncnunmu, mcxny hokoncnunmu, a fakxc n
cnoxnyk cfpykfypy ahhapafa couuaninoio konfponn, oxnafinan-
mcio nck cfpany. Hcnononicfno, kofopoc nisinanu kpokpafusa-
uun u hpununciuu, cnnsannic c ocymccfnncnucm nnacfu, hpcncfan-
nnno coou naiohpunfnyk houny nnn pasnufun konqnukfa.
B sfom cmicnc, humcf Onpuka Iumcni, kynifypnan pc-
nonkuun u cohponoxnanmuc cc konqnukfi inu shusonamu hon-
nunnou knacconou opii. Onnako, sfo ina knacconan opia
nnyfpu hpannmcio knacca, hockoniky mupokuc macci inu nonnc-
ucni n ncc n fou mcpc, n kakou ux hpunnckanu ohpcncncnnic
ipyhhi nnyfpu nnacfnou koanuuuu, hpccncnonanmuc hpofunoho-
noxnic ucnu. Ipu ofcyfcfnuu cnooni u nanuuuu ncchponukak-
mcu hpohaiannucfckou mounusauuu mofuni, ho kofopim mac-
ci nonxni inu opoficn n samufy cocfncnnix unfcpccon sa
unu hpofun pasnuunix pykononnmux ipyhh, nc nccina inu ncni.
Onnako nanuuuc ncucfnufcninoio ncnononicfna hpunanano
Mao cuni opoficn sa nosnpamcnuc hapfuu k samufc sianufapucf-
ckux ucnnocfcu, kofopic inu hpucymu cc hpoipammc pancc.
111J
B 166 i. on ncfan no inanc kynifypnou pcnonkuuu, ohpanninan
cc kak ofncf na kpokpafusauuk u honnncnuc hpununciuu, cfanmux
samcfnimu hpcxnc nccio n ioponckou xusnu. Kpacnic oxpannu-
ku (xynncuuni), fo ccfi ipyhhi mononcxu, kofopic, pasmaxunan
pomkpamu c copanucm uufaf hpcnccnafcnn Mao, nahananu na
nccx hpcnhonaiacmix nunonnukon konfppcnonkuuu u hpccncno-
nanu ux, cfanu nipaxcnucm foio xaofuunoio couuaninoio ypnc-
nun, choconoio, kak nancnncn Mao, nosponufi noniu nunamusm u
hpunafi hopin Haponnomy Kufak. Icpnim fcafpom opii cfana
mkona. Tcxnuucckuc nucuuhnuni inu hpakfuuccku ofmcncni u
samcncni unconoiuucckum oyucnucm. Spocfi mononcxu ina na-
hpanncna hpofun pasnuunix cnoxunmuxcn qopm nnacfu, nauunan
of nnacfu hpchonanafcnn, nnacfu kpokpafon, nnacfu pykononufc-
ncu hpomimncnnix hpcnhpunfuu u nhnofi no nnacfu hapfuunix
noxncu, kofopic paccmafpunanuci kak ofncfcfncnnic sa pcnusuo-
nucfckuc u ypxyasnic hpockfi. Hc homanunu naxc kpyhncu-
mux hpcncfanufcncu hapfuunou ncpxymku KIK. Ipcnccnafcni
pcchynuku k Uaouu honncpicn hynuunim nahankam u in
ninyxncn honncpinyfi ccn ynusufcninou camokpufukc. Hc n
mcnimcu cfchcnu hocfpananu sn Cnohun, icncpaniniu cckpc-
fapi HK hapfuu, a fakxc icncpan Isn sxyau, inmuu munucfp
ooponi u inannoc ncucfnykmcc nuuo n nocnnom cofpynnuuccfnc
c Concfckum Coksom n 5O-c ioni. Cam Hxoy Oninau cnna uscxan
hpccncnonanuu u honncpicn ocfpou kpufukc sa kufauckoc hopaxc-
nuc n Hnnoncsuu.
Hmcnno kpufuucckoc honoxcnuc, n kofopom n kakou-fo mo-
mcnf okasancn Hxoy, honfonknyno icncpana uni Ino, nocxonnmcc
cncfuno u nasnaucnnoio nacncnnuka hpcnccnafcnn Mao, nicfyhufi
sa nosnpamcnuc k hopnnky. Io coinaconanuk c camum Mao, cuu-
fan, ufo sfah pcnonkuuonnix hofpnccnuu sakonuuncn, on hpuci
n 167 i. k nmcmafcnicfny nocnnix n samufy ncnix, no nc kakou-
nuo onnou ipyhhuponku, opianusonan ofhpanky kpacnix oxpan-
nukon (xynncuunon) na paofy n fpynonic naicpn n ncpcnnc u
noncpun nocnnim nnacfnm sanauy qopmuponanun pcnonkuuonnix
komufcfon, kofopic noccosnanu i hapfuunyk ucpapxuk. Kyni-
fypnan pcnonkuun sakonuunaci hopaxcnucm hokoncnun, kofopoc
ncpuno n ncc, u nc foniko n Kufac. Bicfyhncnuc cc cfoponnukon
ino hofohncno n kponu u honncpinoci fofaninou mapiunanusa-
uuu n couuaninou xusnu, cio yuacfnukon ofhpanunu n ofnancnnic
pauoni, n npamafuucckuc mafcpuaninic ycnonun.
B 16817O ii. nocnnic hon pykononcfnom uni Ino, anfopa
hpockfa pcnonkuuonnoio kommynusma na aipapnou ocnonc (ofnu-
uufcninim hpusnakom kofopoio ina, onnako, icicmonun noopy-
1114
xcnnix cun), snauufcnino ycununu cnok nnacfi. Toniko n 171 i.,
hocnc cmcpfu uni Ino n anuakafacfpoqc, ocfonfcnicfna kofopou
inu, ho mcnimcu mcpc, ncncnimu, Hxoy Oninau c homomik
nkncu, hpccncnonanmuxcn kpacnimu oxpannukamu, hpcxnc ncc-
io sn Cnohuna, cymcn cocpcnofouufi ocnonnyk nnacfi n pykax
ipaxnanckux nuu. Mao cfapcn u nc moi hpchnfcfnonafi fomy, ufo-
i hapfun hocfchcnno noccosnananaci na oncc ymcpcnnou pcqop-
mucfckou ocnonc. Iocnc cio cmcpfu n 176 i. nauancn noniuu u
myuufcniniu hcpcxonniu sfah no nnyfpcnncu honufukc.
B hcpuon kynifypnou pcnonkuuu Concfckuu Coks cfan kak
nukoina usnkncnnou mumcnik nnn anfupcnusuonucfckux nahanok.
C ycuncnucm nnyfpcnnux cchopnnkon co cfoponi KHI napacfana
honcmuka ho nohpocy o uapckux ipanuuax, ofncnnnmux concf-
ckyk fcppufopuk of kufauckou. Ofu nacfpocnun ofpaxanu inyo-
kyk occhokocnnocfi ho honony ipanuu, kofopim, kak cuufanoci,
nchocpcncfncnno yipoxan concfckuu iuianf. Cfpax hcpcn cfonkno-
ncnucm nisinancn fakxc napamunanucm concfckoio nocnnoio
hpucyfcfnun n Asuu. knu, okpyxanmuc uni Ino, inu cknonni
nymafi, ufo Concfi moiyf hohifaficn pachpocfpanufi nokfpuny
Ipcxncna na ncci kommynucfuucckuu mup u hcpcnccfu cc n fom
uucnc u na ofnomcnun c Kufacm. B sfom cmicnc honiofonncnnan n
okfnpc 168 i. kufauckum hpanufcnicfnom unuuuafuna, nahpan-
ncnnan na hpunanuc chopy ofnocufcnino ipanuui ho Yccypu no-
cnnoio xapakfcpa, hpcncfannncfcn ccionnn hpcncnfunnou mcpou
hckunckoio hpanufcnicfna n ofnomcnuu concfckoio icicmonusma.
B sfu pamku nhucinacfcn nahancnuc, kofopoc kufauui concp-
munu 2 mapfa 16 i. na hoipanuunic concfckuc hosuuuu na pckc
Yccypu, sannun o ncoxonumocfu hcpccmofpa ncpannohpannix no-
ionopon, honhucannix n hcpuon cymccfnonanun Ioccuuckou um-
hcpuu XIX ncka. Hahpnxcnnocfi coxpannnaci n fcucnuc ncckoni-
kux mccnucn. B mapfc in hpcnhpunnf macmfaniu concfckuu
konfpmancnp, a koina n aniycfc 16 i. hpousomnu nonic cfonkno-
ncnun, cfoponi pcmunu ypciynuponafi chop hyfcm hcpcionopon,
nauanmuxcn n ocfanonkc inyokoio nsaumnoio ncnoncpun.
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi fakxc nc inu iofoni uchonisonafi ku-
fauckyk kapfy. Ionufuka paspnnku, hpononunmancn cnauana an-
munucfpauucu xoncona, a safcm anmunucfpauucu Hukcona, ka-
sanoci, sakpinana hyfi nnn nuhnomafuucckux mancnpon. Ofo ina
ncoocnonannan oucnka, onnako no fcx hop, hoka Bicfnamckuu
nohpoc nomunuponan n amcpukanckou honufukc, namunifonckoc
hpanufcnicfno nc moino uchonisonafi nosmoxnocfu, hpcnocfan-
nnnmuccn packonom kommynucfuucckoio noka. Onnako packon
nnyfpu concfckoio noka nnnnncn, c fouku spcnun ofnomcnuu
1115
mcxny cncpxncpxanamu, coifucm oipomnoio snaucnun, hockoniky
on qakfuuccku numan Concfckuu Coks nosmoxnocfu uipafi nax-
nyk poni n Asuafcko-Tuxookcanckom pciuonc. Iocnc hancnun Cy-
kapno mockonckoc hpanufcnicfno moino nymafi foniko o onnou
nancxnou, no ynsnumou foukc ohopi nokkmcm Bicfnamc, unu
hocnc 175 i. hocnonocnom Bicfnamc, usonuponannom no npax-
ncnom cmy okpyxcnuu. Ono moino fakxc paccuufinafi na nixon
k mopk na anincm Bocfokc, kofopiu, onnako, xopomo konfponu-
ponancn amcpukanckou cucfcmou ooponi.
11.6.3. KPUBUC 1968 t. B BOCTOUHOU EBPOHE
U ,OKTPUHA BPE+HEBA
Kufaucko-concfckuu packon in numi nauoncc oucnunnim
hokasafcncm nnyfpcnncio kpusuca kommynucfuucckoio noka. Hc-
niu pnn npyiux cufyauuu, hpcxnc nccio n Bocfounou Inpohc, ho-
kasinan, ufo Concfckomy Coksy n fcucnuc oncc ucm nnanuafu ncf
hocnc okonuanun nfopou muponou nouni fak u nc ynanoci ykpc-
hufi cnou konfponi nan sfumu cfpanamu u, n hcpnyk oucpcni, no-
uficn foio, ufoi cio hpucyfcfnuc nochpunumanoci nc kak ncufo,
nannsannoc usnnc, a kak pcaniniu cfpykfypniu qakfop.
B ofnuuuc of Bocfounou Icpmanuu, yhpannncmou Ynipuxfom
xcncsnou pykou u sanucnmcu of snonkuuu ofnomcnuu c cnc-
pafunnou Icpmanucu, a fakxc Ioniapuu, fpanuuuonno nuskou k
pycckum, n fakux iocynapcfnax, kak Ionima, Bcnipun u Hcxocno-
nakun, sfo nccocfonnmcccn ykpchncnuc konfponn ino ococnno
oucnunno.
Bhpoucm, n Bcnipuu pcxum Snoma Kanapa, ycfanonncnniu n
156 i., hpononun ymcpcnno pcqopmucfckyk honufuky, nahpanncn-
nyk na pocf naiococfonnun naccncnun, cnuman fcm camim yiposy
nonix honufuko-skonomuucckux kpusucon. Kynimunauuonnim
sfahom sfou pcqopmucfckou honufuku ino nncncnuc n nauanc
168 i. nonoio skonomuucckoio mcxanusma (HOM), ocnaunmcio
kpokpafuucckyk ucnfpanusauuk paspcmcnucm hpcnhpunfunm u
koohcpafunam cocfannnfi cnou hpousnoncfncnnic hnani na ocno-
nc cocfncnnix hpcncfanncnuu o cufyauuu na mccfnix pinkax.
Ofo ncnano cucfcmy hnanuponanun u omyk cucfcmy qopmupona-
nun ucn oncc iukou, a fakxc hpunanano onimyk sqqckfun-
nocfi cucfcmc occhcucnun hofpcufcnickumu fonapamu, kofopan
coofnocunaci c pocfom noxonon na nymy naccncnun. Icui mna o
nmcmafcnicfnc n cnoxunmykcn cfpykfypy, kofopoc kocncnno ino
nahpanncno na noccfanonncnuc honufuucckoio konccncyca, xofn
hpanufcnicfno u omymano hpcncni cnocio nosncucfnun. Onu moinu
1116
pacmupuficn foniko n pcsynifafc honufuucckux ycfyhok, kofopic,
c npyiou cfoponi, moinu cfafi nohycfumimu foniko n pamkax ohpc-
ncncnnou fcphumocfu k ncncianinomy nuccuncnfcfny. To xc camoc
hpoucxonuno n Ionimc. Iocnc noonymcnncnun, hocncnonanmcio sa
hpuxonom k nnacfu Iomynku n 156 i. u sa hcpnimu pcqopmamu,
kofopic on hponcn, ncmokpafusauun hocfchcnno comna na ncf.
Iapanncnino opianam, cosnannim n 156 i., cfanu ncucfnonafi
hapfuunic uncfufyfi, hoinofunmuc snauufcninyk uacfi komhc-
fcnuuu, kofopou nounuci concfi paouux. Iapnamcnf xc, nahpo-
fun, hpoynuncn of mnoioncfncio ncfapiuucckoio cna, u n 157 i. n
ncio nhcpnic inu uspani nckofopic hpcncfanufcnu ipyhhi
3nak, kafonuucckoio kpyxka, honyuunmcio, n omcn na honncpxky
Iomynku, hpano hpcncfannnfi kannunafon na niopi. Icui mna o
anfonomnou ipyhhc, nc cnnsannou c kafonuucckum nnuxcnucm
Iakc hpanufcnicfncnnou opucnfauuu u choconou hosfomy nipa-
xafi n hapnamcnfc mncnuc, nc honnocfik nhucinanmcccn n fpa-
nuuuu cnunonymun, cnoucfncnnic naponnim hapnamcnfam. Ofu
ycfyhku ypannoncmunanuci, onnako, pnnom oipanuucnuu n cqcpc
honufuucckux cnoon, hpcxnc nccio nosononncnucm ucnsypi, sa
kofopim hocncnonano sanunuunanuc iack n ofnomcnuu ncnfcni-
nocfu ncsanucumix opianon hcuafu u cfyncnucckux u unfcnnckfy-
aninix honufuucckux kpyxkon.
Iocfchcnno n 6O-c ii. pchpcccuu ycununuci, ufo hoponuno n
168 i. nonyk uchi ofncfnix ncucfnuu, hpcnncmakmux ohacnocfi.
3ahpcf fcafpaninoio hpcncfanncnun ho hpousncncnuk Anama
Muukcnuua, hosfa, nohnomanmcio honickuu hafpuofusm hcpuona
18JO1848 ii., nisnan nonny hpofccfon cfyncnfon u Coksa hucafc-
ncu. Ona hpokafunaci ho nccu cfpanc u hpononxanaci houfu ncci
mapf 168 i. n Bapmanc, Iosnanu, knunc, Inanickc u Bpounanc.
Iopnnok in, onnako, hocfchcnno noccfanonncn, cs ncnkux ycfy-
hok, c homomik fmafcninou unnununyaninou paofi honuuuu u
uchonisonanun pchpcccunnix mcp. Iohynnpnocfi Iomynku, yxc
nanman fpcmuny hocnc snauufcninoio hontcma ucn, nannsannoio n
167 i., cmc onimc cnusunaci. cnfcni, chacmuu pcxum n 156 i.,
yxc ucucphan cnou nosmoxnocfu. Bonna saacfonok n nckapc 17O
nnnapc 171 i. nnoni ycununa nahpnxcnnocfi no ohacnoio yponnn.
Hapacfanuc nosmymcnun n omccfnc ninynuno hapfuk cmc pas
hponnufi icfpofy pcakuuu u ocfopoxnocfi. Iomynka in ofcfpa-
ncn of nnacfu u samcncn Onnapnom Icpckom, kommynucfom, hpcn-
cfannnnmum paouyk fpanuuuk. B nnnapc 171 i. on cymcn hpofu-
nocfonfi nonou nonnc saacfonok, nauanmuxcn n Ucuunc, u hpu-
nnfi pnn mcp, ofnocunmuxcn k cucfcmc sapaofnou hnafi. Ofu
mcpi cncnanu nosmoxnim hpcononcnuc kpusuca, xofn n fo xc ca-
1117
moc npcmn onu nhcpnic hosnonunu paouum ocosnafi cnok cuny n
hcpcionopax c hpanufcnicfnom n hapfucu. B fcucnuc nccx 7O-x io-
non Icpcky ynanoci yncpxunafi n cnoux pykax nnacfi, nccmofpn na
skonomuucckuc fpynnocfu u poxcnuc n cpcnc paouux, ncc oncc
ocosnananmux snaucnuc opyxun saacfonku u nosnukakmcu kon-
conunauuu c uacfik nnuxcnun unfcnnckfyanon u, n ococnnocfu, c
kafonuucckum mupom nnn qopmuponanun choconocfu k opic.
Iopasno n onimcu cfchcnu in upcnaf hocncncfnunmu kpusuc
n Hcxocnonakuu. Ona houfu csoncsncnno hpomna sfah nccfanu-
nusauuu. Ion pykononcfnom Anfonuna Honofnoio, kofopiu n
15J i. in nannsan pycckumu n kauccfnc hpccmnuka Iofnanina,
kommynucfuucckan hapfun no 16J i. hpuncpxunanaci xccfkoio u
cckfanfckoio honufuucckoio kypca. Ofionocku unakomicnun inu
cunini, a cio mumcnik nnn kpufuku conpcmcnnix fupanon in
kynif nuunocfu hocnccfanunckoio hcpuona. Tcm nc mcncc ono
namno choco hponnufi ccn oncc macmfano hocnc skonomuucc-
koio kpusuca 162 i., cnnsannoio c hponanom fpcficio hnfuncfncio
hnana. B camom ncnc, kpusucnic nnncnun hpunanu cuni ohhosu-
uuu u ninynunu (unu hoynunu) Honofnoio coinacuficn nauafi
nnyfpcnnkk nuckyccuk ho skonomuucckum hponcmam, ninnu-
nynmyk na hcpniu hnan ipyhhy mononix skonomucfon, kpufukon
kynifa hnanuponanun u cfoponnukon pcnusuu skonomuucckou
hpoipammi, nahpanncnnou na nncncnuc hpunuuhon pinounoio ucno-
opasonanun u camoqunancuponanun hpcnhpunfuu. Ofa skonomu-
ucckan hpoipamma ina nochpunnfa c ohaccnunmu u cfana ocymc-
cfnnnficn foniko nauunan c 166 i. Onnako ona cfana hokasafcncm
usmcncnun afmocqcpi. Tchcpi hpcncfannnnoci, ufo Honofniu
pachonoxcn k nuanoiy nc foniko ho hponcmam skonomuku, no
fakxc honufuku u kynifypi.
C 16J ho 168 i. xusni Hcxocnonakuu ina ofmcucna honnnc-
nucm nospoxncnucckoio fcucnun, n kofopoc nnunuci ccuucncnnic
pyucuku, sauacfyk conmccfumic c cucfcmou, no uacfo hofcnuuani-
no ohacnic nnn ncc. Mup unfcnnckfyanon u hucafcncu otcnunnn-
cn nokpyi nckofopix ipyhh u xypnanon, nacfonmux qapuk pc-
qopmucfckux nuckyccuu, fakux, kak 1irerurny ôviny (ufcpa-
fypniu xypnan), xypnan ucmckux hucafcncu, unu Xulrurny ZIvot
(ufcpafypnan xusni), xypnan cnonaukux hucafcncu. 3a nc-
ckoniko ncf nuckyccuu hpuopcnu iopasno oncc ocfpiu u cnoon-
niu xapakfcp.
Bnoni nimcn na hcpniu hnan nauuonaniniu nohpoc, fo ccfi
hpofccf cnonakon ho honony ncpannohpannoio honoxcnun, n kofo-
pom onu hpononxanu naxonuficn fakxc u n pamkax naponnou pcc-
hynuku. B 16J i. no inanc Komhapfuu Cnonakuu ncfan onun us
1118
akfunnix yuacfnukon anfuqamucfckoio ocnoonufcninoio noccfa-
nun 144 i. Anckcannp yuck. Iocfchcnno nokpyi sfoio ncnfcnn
cnoxunaci ohhosuuun, nahpanncnnan hpofun samcnncnnoio fcmha
ncucfnuu Honofnoio u fpynnocfcu na hyfu nohnomcnun n xusni
ononncnucckux umhynicon. K konuy 167 i. cufyauun cmc oncc
oocfpunaci n pcsynifafc cfonknoncnuu mcxny honuuucu u ipyh-
hamu hpaxckux cfyncnfon. B nckapc 167 nnnapc 168 i. Hcnf-
paniniu komufcf komhapfuu ocynun nosmoxnyk nopononinyk
ofcfanky Honofnoio. J nnnapn, yuufinan mupokyk honncpxky
kannunafypi yucka, Honofniu pcmun ofoufu of pykononcfna
hapfucu, n fom uucnc u nnn foio, ufoi nc oocfpnfi ofnomcnuu c
hpcncfanufcnnmu cnonaukoio napona.
B ypnou afmocqcpc, cfanmcu npamafuunou naionapn macco-
nou pcaunufauuu xcpfn cfanunusma, uspanuc yucka yckopuno
fcmh hcpcmcn. B mapfc Honofniu ocfanun hocf hpcsuncnfa pcc-
hynuku (kofopiu on coxpanun n nnnapc) u in samcncn icncpanom
knnukom Cnoonou, oucni ynaxacmim, honufuuccku ncufpani-
nim ncnfcncm. C ahpcnn mccnua ncmokpafuucckoc poxcnuc hpu-
opcno nuxopanounic fcmhi. Ofo inu ncncnu, kofopic hosnncc
nchomunanu kak Ipaxckyk nccny, ncncnu ononncnun u kafap-
cuca. yuck, Cnoona, hpcnccnafcni Hauuonaninoio copanun
Hoscq Cmpkonckuu, inana hpanufcnicfna Onnpux Hcpnuk paspaofa-
nu hpockfi, opuconinanmuc n omux ucpfax ipannuosniu uncan,
nipaxcnniu kpacnopcuunim nosyniom cosnanuc couuanusma c
ucnoncucckum nuuom. Ofo in nosyni, n honnou mcpc ofpaxan-
muu ocosnanuc oipanuucnnocfu umckmciocn ohifa u nancxny na
nosmoxnocfi hocfpocnun nonoio, cnoonnoio omccfna, nc ofka-
sinanci of inannix sanocnanuu couuanusma.
Ionfncpxncnuc usmcncnun kypca nonxno ino cocfonficn na
upcsniuaunom ctcsnc Komhapfuu Hcxocnonakuu, nasnaucnnoio na
ukni-aniycf u iofonunmciocn n afmocqcpc ncc oncc oxunncnnou
nuckyccuu, fon kofopou in sanan manuqccfom nc ficnuu cnon
knnuka Bauynuka. On honnuncn 27 uknn n cxcncncninukc u-
fcpapnu nucfi u cfan houfu snakonim fckcfom, hpononunmum
pasipanuucnuc mcxny cunamu ononncnun, konccpnafunnimu cu-
namu u fcmu, kfo in cknoncn k komhpomuccy.
K ocfopoxnocfu u komhpomuccy hpusinanu fakxc nonocfu us
npyiux cfpan Bapmanckoio noionopa. B uknc yucnun concfckou ap-
muu yxc hoynunu ohacaficn nocnnoio nmcmafcnicfna. C nauana
uknn hnfi cnpohcuckux coksnukon Hcxocnonakuu (CCCI, Bocfou-
nan Icpmanun, Ionima, Ioniapun u Bcnipun) nauanu okasinafi
nanncnuc c fcm, ufoi cocfonnoci konnckfunnoc ocyxncnuc cufya-
111
uuu
1
. yuck nc hpunnn hpcnnoxcnun, coufn cio nccnocnpcmcnnim
u ofkasanmuci pasncnufi fpcnoiy coksnukon. Cufyauun, cuufan on,
ocfananaci hon konfponcm, u nc ino hpuuun cc ocyxnafi. 14 uknn
pykononufcnu hnfu coksnukon ncfpcfunuci n Bapmanc u hocnanu
Ipcsunuymy HK Komhapfuu Hcxocnonakuu ynifumafunnoc hpu-
inamcnuc yuacfnonafi n ocyxncnuu. Ipcnnoxcnuc ino ofncpi-
nyfo, onuncnuc n honpinc hpounocfu couuanucfuucckou cucfcmi
ino pacucncno kak ncoocnonannoc, nanuuuc konfppcnonkuuon-
nou ohacnocfu ino ofncpinyfo. B kauccfnc anifcpnafuni ino
hpcnnoxcno, ufoi 2 uknn 1 aniycfa n Hucpnc-nan-Tucou, na
ipanuuc CCCI u Cnonakuu cocfonnaci nnycfoponnnn ncfpcua uc-
xocnonaukux u concfckux hpcncfanufcncu.
Bcfpcua n Hucpnc, hocnc kofopou J aniycfa cocfonnaci ncfpcua
hpcncfanufcncu hnfu cfpan c ucxocnonaukumu pykononufcnnmu n
Ipafucnanc, ina cnocio pona nuanoiom inyxux. Onnako saknkuu-
fcniniu nokymcnf ncfpcuu n Ipafucnanc yxc concpxan nipaxcnun
occhokocnnocfu, hockoniky on honfncpxnan ncoxonumocfi conu-
napnocfu n mcxnynaponnom kommynucfuucckom nnuxcnuu. Ipo-
funnuku yucka, ncnooucnunanmuc naponniu snfysuasm, pasno-
pauunanu sakynucnyk ncnfcninocfi, ufoi honcpnyfi coifun
nchnfi. yuck, paccuufinanmuu na homomi Tufo u Haymccky,
okasancn safcm n fakom xc honoxcnuu, kak u Hmpc Hani n 156 i.
Houik 2O aniycfa 168 i., no npcmn saccnanun Ipcsunuyma
Hcnfpaninoio komufcfa Komhapfuu Hcxocnonakuu, cfano usnccfno,
ufo noopyxcnnic cuni Bapmanckoio noionopa nauanu nfopxcnuc.
21 aniycfa onu yxc inu n Ipaic. Cofpynnuku concfckou cnyxi
csohacnocfu hponuknu n homcmcnuc Hcnfpaninoio komufcfa,
nsnnu yucka u cio ocnonnix copafnukon u nincsnu ux n Mockny.
22 aniycfa n fo npcmn, koina Komhapfun Hcxocnonakuu hpononuna
cnou upcsniuauniu ctcsn (hpu ofcyfcfnuu cnonaukux ncnciafon ho
ux cocfncnnomy ncxcnanuk yuacfnonafi unu us-sa ncnosmoxnocfu
nopaficn no Ipaiu) u nacfonfcnino honfncpxnana cnoc cnuncfno
u ncpnocfi honufukc yucka, hoopnuku nonoio kypca honncpia-
nuci ynuxcnunm n Mocknc hocpcncfnom usnypufcninix nuckyccuu
u yipos ofnocufcnino ynymcio ux nuuno u cfpani n ucnom.
Iockoniky nfopxcnuc noopyxcnnix cun Bapmanckoio noiono-
pa nc nisnano macconoio noopyxcnnoio cohpofunncnun n Hcxocno-
nakuu, a numi chponouuponano chopanuucckuc cfonknoncnun c nc-
mnoiumu nccnfkamu xcpfn u nnymufcninic, no ncsqqckfunnic
1
Imc 2J mapfa 168 i. n pcsncnc cocfonnaci ncfpcua pykononnufcncu hapfuu
u hpanufcnicfn mccfu couuanucfuucckux cfpan CCCI, Ionimu, II, Ionia-
puu, Bcnipuu u HCCI. Ha ncfpcuc ocyxnanoci pasnufuc cufyauuu n Hcxocnona-
kuu. 1pu+. pe0uiuuu.
112O
ncmoncfpauuu, unuuuafopi u pykononufcnu nonoio kypca nonxni
inu nc cfoniko coinacuficn c kponanimu pchpcccunmu, ckoniko
hpunnfi ycnonun, ninnuianmuccn concfckum pykononcfnom. Onu
inu ninyxncni coinacuficn c nopmanusauucu, fo ccfi c ofkasom of
cnoux nancxn, c ofpcucnucm of pcmcnuu, hpunnfix ctcsnom KIH,
cocfonnmumcn 22 aniycfa, a fakxc c nosnpamcnucm k hpomnomy.
Iykononcfno hapfuu hpcncfonno hcpcnafi Iycfany Iycaky, ucxo-
cnonaukomy Kanapy, ucnoncky hpakfuku u hpuncpxcnuy hpccm-
cfncnnocfu ho ofnomcnuk k hpomnomy. Hnfcpmcnuk yucka
cfpcmunuci hcpcucpknyfi, no concfckuc hpanufcnu xofcnu, ufoi ncc
hpoucxonuno cs ncoxunannix honopofon u cs kponohponufun.
Ianu naia cnocu cfpani yuck, Cnoona, Hcpnuk u Cmpkon-
ckuu ninyxncni inu ncpnyficn na ponuny, nnn foio ufoi nos-
inanufi nopmanusauuk, houfu fak, kak ynfo sa sfo npcmn nu-
ucio nc hpousomno. Onnako honoxcnuc usmcnunoci kapnunaninim
opasom hocnc honhucanun 26 aniycfa hpofokona, honfncpxnanmcio
ux hopaxcnuc u fak nasinacmyk nokfpuny Ipcxncna. Bncmnc
nnacfi ocfananaci n ux pykax, no fchcpi onu ncucfnonanu n na-
hpanncnuu, hpofunohonoxnom hpcxncmy. Onu ncsopucnfuponanu
cnoux cfoponnukon, pacuumanu hyfi nnn hpccmnukon u nnn uuc-
fok, kofopic cfanu ncofnpafumimu ncckoniko mccnucn chycfn,
koina cfpacfu ncmnoio yncinuci. Toniko n ahpcnc 16 i. yuck
in samcncn Iycakom. 3a ncckoniko mccnucn n hapfuu ina hpo-
ncncna uucfka u cu inu nhpanncni mosiu. Hauanaci nonan non-
na smuipauuu n 3ahannyk Inpohy, cocfonnman houfu honnocfik
us oucni nnunfcninix unfcnnckfyanon. yuck n fcucnuc nckofo-
poio npcmcnu naxonuncn na nuhnomafuucckom hocfy, safcm in
ofosnan na ponuny, ucknkucn us hapfuu u opcucn na xusni n
onunouccfnc n pauonc Ipafucnani, inc on paofan hpocfim pao-
uum. Iosnncc on ncpnyncn na honufuucckyk cucny, no cio umunx
in ompaucn ccncauucu, nc mcnimcu, ucm cnnsannan c Hancm n
156 i., cncncnunmu o fom, ufo on koncancn, nicfyhafi nu hpo-
fun unfcpncnuuu. Ofo, ncponfno, hpanna, kak hokasinakf sahucu
cio hocncnnux fcncqonnix pasionopon c Ipcxncnim hcpcn nfop-
xcnucm. Onnako sfo ofpaxacf u nuunyk fpaicnuk paspinacmoio
onsafcnicfnamu honufuucckoio ncnfcnn, n kofopom nomunuponano
cfpcmncnuc nc nafi cnoum coipaxnanam hcpcxufi cyniy, cpannu-
myk c fou, ufo nihana n 156 i. na nonk ncnipon.
3naucnuc ucxocnonaukoio kpusuca nnn mcxnynaponnou xusnu
moxcf ifi honnfo, foniko ccnu hpunnfi no nnumanuc nckofopic
ocfonfcnicfna, naionapn kofopim sfu npamafuucckuc coifun
ciipanu cnok poni nc foniko n ucfopuu Hcxocnonakuu kak yuacf-
nuka Bapmanckoio noionopa, no fakxc u n ucfopuu concfckou honu-
1121
fuku nnyfpu kommynucfuucckoio noka. Iocncncfnun kpusuca ho-
nnunnu na opas CCCI n mupc u nnyfpu mcxnynaponnoio kom-
mynucfuucckoio nnuxcnun, a n ococnnocfu na pacfymcc ncno-
ncpuc kufauucn.
Hfo kacacfcn hocncncfnuu kpusuca nnn ocfaninou Bocfounou
Inpohi, fo nokymcnfi, ohynukonannic n 12 i., hokasinakf,
ufo fpcnoia omymanaci hpcxnc nccio n Ionimc u n Bocfounou
Icpmanuu. Iocncncfnuu hpaxckou nccni ococnno ohacanuci
Iomynka u Ynipuxf. Hmcnno onu, u hpcxnc nccio ncmcukuu nu-
ncp, okasanu nanncnuc na Ipcxncna n honncpxky nmcmafcnicfna.
Hx ncnfcninocfu n snauufcninou mcpc chococfnonanu fakxc nc-
kofopic konccpnafunnic hpcncfanufcnu camou Komhapfuu Hcxo-
cnonakuu. Infcpo us nux, n fom uucnc Anouc Hnnpa u Bacun Iu-
nnk, sa ncckoniko nncu no noopyxcnnoio nmcmafcnicfna hcpcnanu
Ipcxncny nna hucima (o cymccfnonanuu kofopix ino usnccfno,
xofn ux fckcf in ohynukonan numi n 12 i.) c nipaxcnucm co-
xancnun ho honony omuok, concpmcnnix npysinmu yucka, u c
hpociou o homomu u honncpxkc nccmu umckmumucn n cio pac-
hopnxcnuu cpcncfnamu nnn foio, ufoi chacfu Hcxocnonaukyk
pcchynuky of ohacnocfu ncmunycmou konfppcnonkuuu. Ofo
ino ncncikum maiom, hucanu onu, onnako n ycnonunx, koina nos-
moxnocfi cohpofunnnficn konfppcnonkuuonnou nonnc ina uc-
ucphana, ux hpusin cncnonano paccmafpunafi kak ncofnoxnyk
hpociy, hpusinakmyk k nmcmafcnicfny n honnom otcmc. B co-
ofncfcfnykmcm konfckcfc oa hucima ncnakf oucnunnim onno o-
cfonfcnicfno: n fof momcnf hpoconcfckuc sncmcnfi paccmafpunanu
cufyauuk kak yxc hpouipannyk konfppcnonkuuonnim sncmcnfam
(Camo cymccfnonanuc couuanusma n namcu cfpanc naxonufcn hon
yiposou, hucanu onu), a nmcmafcnicfno Concfckoio Coksa
kak ncuscxnoc. Iponcfapckuu unfcpnauuonanusm, fo ccfi hpc-
nannocfi ho ofnomcnuk k CCCI, nosonanan, cncnonafcnino, nan
nonninocfik ho ofnomcnuu k nauuu. Ipusin ncnan concfckoc
nmcmafcnicfno n kakou-fo mcpc nciufumnim, hockoniky honfncpx-
nan Ipcxncny, ufo ono ncfpcfuf honncpxky nkncu, iofonix k co-
fpynnuuccfny.
B mcxnynaponnom hnanc Ipcxncn ohpannan akuuk c homomik
fak nasinacmou nokfpuni oipanuucnnoio cyncpcnufcfa. Io cy-
mccfny pcui mna o hpuykpamcnnom napuanfc pcxuma hpofckfopafa,
fo ccfi ncnciuponanun Concfckomy Coksy n ohpcncncnnix cnyuanx
hpana honncpxunafi hopnnok no nccx cfpanax kommynucfuucckou
cucfcmi. 3ncnck Mninapx, onun us uncnon ucxocnonaukou ncnc-
iauuu na hcpcionopax n Mocknc n aniycfc 168 i., nchomunacf n
cnoux mcmyapax, ufo Ipcxncn n fou cufyauuu nc ckpinan cnoc
1122
mncnuc. Zcpfni Concfckoio Coksa panu ocnooxncnun cfpan In-
pohi of nauusma no npcmn nouni ohpanninanu hocfonnnyk ohcky
n ux ofnomcnuu co cfoponi Kpacnou Apmuu. Icui mna nc o qop-
maninou hosuuuu (xofn ucpcs nckofopoc npcmn munucfp unocfpan-
nix ncn Ipomiko honfopun ananoiuunic konuchuuu na saccnanuu
Icncpaninou Accamncu OOH), no o cmicnc sfoio yfncpxncnun,
hpcnohpcncnnnmcm ofnomcnun kononuaninoio fuha.
Xofn nncmnc nokfpuna Ipcxncna u ncmoncfpuponana cfpcm-
ncnuc k aconkfnomy nomunuponanuk, n ncucfnufcninocfu ona
ofpaxana inyokyk ncyncpcnnocfi. Iomumo nccio hpoucio, nauu-
nan c 148 i., fo ccfi c konqnukfa c Kiocnanucu Tufo, u n nani-
ncumcm Concfckomy Coksy hpumnoci hpofunocfonfi houfu nc-
hpcpinnim hohifkam noccfanuu, nuo cncpxunacmix hpcnoc-
fanncnucm kakux-nuo cnocnpcmcnnix ycfyhok, nuo honannncmix
c homomik nacunun, poni kofopoio cmc nc uccncnonana n honnou
mcpc. Ofo osnauano, ufo Concfckomy Coksy nc ynanoci ykopcnufi-
cn n omccfncnnou xusnu cfpan, inc on nomunuponan, a fakxc,
ufo konuchuun naicpn pcaninoio couuanusma opcfana pcaninoc
concpxanuc, foniko koina ipanuui sfoio naicpn ohpcncnnnuci c
homomik cuni. Chycfn houfu ucfncpfi ncka hocnc okonuanun
nouni Concfckomy Coksy ncc cmc hpuxonunoci hpofunocfonfi yi-
posam nccfauninocfu n Bocfounou Inpohc. Iosfomy on nacfou-
uuno cfpcmuncn k nauany macmfanoio nuanoia c 3ahanom c ucnik
cosina konqcpcnuuu ho csohacnocfu n Inpohc. B camom ncnc,
ucpcs mccfi mccnucn hocnc hpaxckux coifuu pycckuc hpcnnoxu-
nu nauafi hcpcionopi, kofopic n 172 i. honoxunu nauano Xcni-
cunkckomy hpoucccy, sancpmunmcmycn n 175 i. honhucanucm 3aknk-
uufcninoio akfa Concmanun ho csohacnocfu u cofpynnuuccfny n
Inpohc.
Bfopxcnuc n Hcxocnonakuk hpuncno fakxc n nnuxcnuc mcxa-
nusmi, hosnonunmuc nhocncncfnuu ninnufi nonic hponcmi, c
kofopimu hpumnoci cfonknyficn pcxumy Concfon. o 156 i. nc-
coinacnic c concfckou honufukou nipaxanu cnoc mncnuc, ho-
cfchcnno ofncnnnci of komhapfuu cnocu cfpani. B 168 i. hpofu-
noncucfnuc hpuopcno unou xapakfcp. Kommynucfuucckuc hapfuu
3ahannou Inpohi, nknkucnnic n hnkpanucfuucckyk honufuucc-
kyk cucfcmy, onunnnuci n fom, ufo nicfyhanu hpuncpxcnuamu
pcxuma, honannnkmcio ipaxnanckuc cnooni. Onu cfanu nucfan-
uuponaficn of cucfcmi pcaninoio couuanusma. Bcc (unu houfu
ncc) sahannic komhapfuu nickasanu cnoc nccoinacuc c ncucfnunmu
mockonckoio hpanufcnicfna. Hmcnno foina nosnukna konuchuun
cnpokommynusma, fcopcfuucckuu hpockf, umcnmuu ncnoniyk
cyniy, onnako ocfanunmuu inyokuu cncn. B hpockfc ucfko kon-
112J
cfafuponanoci, ufo ufaninnckan, qpanuysckan u uchanckan komhap-
fuu nc cuufakf nnn ccn hpuionnimu couuanino-honufuucckuc
moncnu, hpcnnaiacmic Concfckum Coksom, u hpofunohocfannnkf
pcaninomy couuanusmy uncaniniu couuanusm c ncohpcncncnni-
mu xapakfcpucfukamu, no conmccfumiu c ncmokpafuucckum u
hnkpanucfuucckum omccfnom, cnoxunmumcn na 3ahanc. Mnoiuc
ycmofpcnu n sfom nucfanuuponanuu ohhopfynucfuucckyk hosu-
uuk. Ha camom ncnc, ohhopfynucfuucckuu honxon u ncucfnufcni-
nic pasnoinacun cmcmunanuci, hpunonn k pacxoxncnunm n hosu-
uunx, kofopic co npcmcncm ncc oncc yinynnnuci, hpcnpamanci n
nchpcononumic. Iasnuuun kacanuci yxc nc unconoiuucckux nopm,
a coofncccnun c pcaninimu moncnnmu. Concfckan moncni nannsi-
nanaci c fakou kafciopuunocfik, ufo hpcncfannnnaci ncc mcncc
hpucmncmou.
pyium qcnomcnom, nosnukmum n xonc Ipaxckoio kpusuca u
pasnunanmumcn hocnc ncio, cfano nuccuncnfcfno n kauccfnc qak-
fopa, nc nnnnnmciocn oncc shusonuucckum, no choconim non-
ncui ncc oncc mupokuc kpyiu unfcnnckfyaninoio mupa Bocfou-
nou Inpohi u CCCI. B 165 i. I. Honccky, pyminckuu ucfopuk,
naxonunmuucn n usinanuu n onnonc, ohynukonan knuiy c hpo-
poucckum nasnanucm Jhe treul-up of rhe ovier 1mpire in 1usrern
1urope (fo ccfi Iachan Concfckou umhcpuu n Bocfounou Inpo-
hc). Ofo in hcpniu snauufcniniu cuinan, honnunmuucn na
qonc kpufuucckou hynuuucfuku sahannix anfopon, n onimcu
cfchcnu, ucm Honccky, hpunanncxanmux k sahannou kynifypc. Hc
hpomno u nnyx ncf hocnc nfopxcnun n Ipaiy, kak concfckuu anfop
Annpcu Amanipuk cymcn hcpcnafi na 3ahan cnok pykohuci, ohy-
nukonannyk n 17O i. n Hik-Hopkc hon nasnanucm, kofopoc foina
paccmafpunanoci kak nayuno-qanfacfuucckoc: WIII tIc SovIct lnIon
SurvIvc lntII 184 (Iyncf nu Concfckuu Coks cymccfnonafi n
184 i.). Knuia Amanipuka ina numi onnum us iopasno oncc
mupokoio kpyia ncncianinix ionocon. uccuncnfcfno naxonuno
hpuncpxcnucn ho nccmy Concfckomy Coksy. Iio anfopi pachpocfpa-
nnnu cnou fpyni n mamunohucnix pykohucnx, ufo oxunnnno nc-
ncianinyk, onnako kak nukoina akfunnyk, unfcnnckfyaninyk xusni.
B 167 i. Anckcannp Conxcnuuun nahucan noniu poman o xusnu
n cfanunckux naicpnx, Iakoniu kophyc, nasnanuc kofopoio ino
hcpcncncno na ufaninnckuu kak Ofncncnuc C (C = cancro, fo
ccfi pak). Conxcnuuin opafuncn c hpociou o cio ohynukona-
nuu, onnako knuia ina ofncpinyfa Coksom hucafcncu, u foina
ona cfana pachpocfpannficn ho nccmy CCCI. Tcm nc mcncc pyko-
huci, hohanman na 3ahan, n 16 i. ina ohynukonana, xofn u cs
coinacun Conxcnuuina. Ha cncnykmuu ion Conxcnuuin honyuun
1124
Hocncnckyk hpcmuk ho nufcpafypc, no nc cmoi hocxafi cc hony-
uufi, hockoniky, kak on hucan, nnacfu cio cfpani nc iapanfuponanu
cmy hocnc hpcnocfanncnun nicsnnou nusi nosmoxnocfi ncpnyficn
na ponuny. Cnyuau Conxcnuuina in camim usnccfnim us ucno-
io pnna cnyuacn, cocfannnnmux yxc ncc oncc nnunniu chucok.
Mnoium us nuccuncnfon ynanoci smuipuponafi (n 174 i. fakxc
u Conxcnuuiny); npyiuc, kak, nahpumcp, qusuk Annpcu Caxapon,
akancmuk u ofcu concfckou nonoponnou omi, hpcnhouufanu nccfu
opiy hpofun kpokpafuucckoio pcxuma nnyfpu cfpani, uchoni-
syn nascuku, ocfannncmic oquuuaninimu nopmamu unu nohyckac-
mic opianamu ioccsohacnocfu, nc onci fkpimi u konucnfpauu-
onnix naicpcu. Onnako cio cnyuau yxc nc in usonuponannim
nnncnucm. B konuc mccfunccnfix ionon nuccuncnfcfno cfano xa-
pakfcpnou ucpfou concfckou xusnu. Ofa qopma ohhosuuuu cfano-
nunaci ncc oncc pachpocfpancnnou, a hosfomy cc ino ncc fpyn-
ncc honannnfi. Koina nohpoc o samufc hpan ucnoncka, inannimu
hoopnukamu kofopix nicfyhanu nuccuncnfi, cfan hpcnmcfom
nuckyccuu na hcpcionopax n pamkax Xcnicunkckoio concmanun,
nuccuncnfcfno hpcnpafunoci n mcxnynaponnyk hponcmy.
1125
CDL,LHHH CL ADTCFL
Ouuno n Houtgo hpoqcccop, sancnykmuu kaqcnpou mcxny-
naponnix ofnomcnuu, hpopckfop nopcnfuuckoio ynuncpcufcfa
(Hfanun).
Ionuncn n 1JO i. n Munanc, okonuun Ynuncpcufcf Ianuu (ho
chcuuaninocfu Hcfopun mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu). Ipchona-
nan mcxnynaponnic ofnomcnun n Ynuncpcufcfax Ianuu u Ianyu: c
168 i. hpoqcccop Ynuncpcufcfa Ianyu, c 171 i. nupckfop
Hncfufyfa ucfopuu Ynuncpcufcfa Ianyu, c 177 ho 18O ii.
hpchonanan u pykononun qakynifcfom honufuucckux nayk n Ynu-
ncpcufcfc IlISS n Iumc.
C 178 i. Onnuo u Honiqo paofacf no nopcnfuuckom ynu-
ncpcufcfc n kauccfnc hpoqcccopa u sancnykmcio kaqcnpou. o us-
panun na hocf hpopckfopa ho mcxnynaponnim cnnsnm (2OOO i.) in
nckanom qakynifcfa honufuucckux nayk. C 17 i. nnnncfcn uncnom
Komuccuu ho ohynukonanuk nuhnomafuucckux nokymcnfon Hfanuu.
C 184 i. hpcnccnafcni nucccpfauuonnoio concfa ho ucfopuu mcx-
nynaponnix ofnomcnuu nopcnfuuckoio ynuncpcufcfa. C 185 i.
pcnakfop cxcknapfaninoio nayunoio xypnana Hcfopun mcxnyna-
ponnix ofnomcnuu. B 18815 ii. koopnunuponan hpoipammi
Opasmyc. C 1J i. Ipcnccnafcni Coksa ucfopukon Hfanuu.
C 1J i. koopnunafop hpockfa TIMIYC-TACHC c yuacfucm
ynuncpcufcfon nopcnuuu, Ayicypia, Cayfxsmhfona u Ikafcpun-
ypia, c 16 ho 2OOO ii. ananoiuunoio hpockfa c yuacfucm ynu-
ncpcufcfon nopcnuuu, Iapux-4 Coponna, Kunis Konncnx (on-
non) u MIHMO.
Icpy Onnuo u Honiqo hpunanncxuf oncc nccnfka monoipa-
quu, cofnu cfafcu n nayunix u hynuuucfuucckux usnanunx, hon
cio pcnakuucu inu ohynukonani konnckfunnic uccncnonanun ho
ucfopuu Hfanuu u mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu.
1126
(2.(. Hcc:cc cDmnc saHcann
Ha sfux cfpanuuax, hocnnmcnnix honufuucckou ucfopuu, skono-
muucckuc, qunanconic, couuaninic u nocnnic hponcmi paccmaf-
punakfcn foniko kocncnno (f.c. n fcx cnyuanx, koina concpxanuc fpc-
ycf coofncfcfnykmux honcncnuu). B fcucnuc nccio XX ncka hocfc-
hcnno, no ococnno icfpo n hocncnnuc nccnfuncfun, honufuucckuc
mcxnynaponnic ofnomcnun hcpccfananu ifi cqcpou ncnfcninocfu
fpanuuuonnix honufukon u cfanonunuci ncc oncc ofkpifimu nnn
yuacfun nonix skfopon. Inannim cpcnu nonix konnckfunnix
cytckfon cfano, nccomncnno, omccfncnnoc mncnuc. Mcxnynaponnan
honufuucckan ncnfcninocfi hcpccfana ifi faunou nuhnomafuucckux
kanucnnpuu u naxc ofkpifou nuhnomafuu, f.c. ohocpcnonannoio u
akfunnoio yuacfun n hpoucccc nipaofku nncmnchonufuucckux pcmc-
nuu. Ona hpcnpafunaci n hofok unqopmauuu, nahpannncmiu na mu-
pokuc cnou naccncnun ncc oncc ncsnccymumu macc mcnua. Icuafi,
kuno, panuo, fcncnuncnuc ncc sfu cpcncfna hosnonunu oiunim
nknnm hpunusuficn k honufuucckou ncnfcninocfu, n uacfnocfu k
mcxnynaponnou honufukc, cqopmuponafi cocfncnnic mncnun, c ko-
fopimu nc moinu nc cuufaficn hpanufcnicfna, naxc camic pchpcc-
cunnic.
Momnic hpohaiannucfckuc kamhanuu, hpcnmccfnonanmuc Icp-
nou muponou nounc, numi hpcnnapnnu fof macconiu hopin k co-
yuacfuk, kofopiu opasi nouni no Bicfnamc nisnanu y amcpukan-
ckoio omccfna. Ofof unimus sauacfyk namcpcnno uchonisonanu fc,
kfo konfponuponan cpcncfna macconou unqopmauuu, nc c ucnik
Hac: n:a
OT BOnBBOH PA3PhKH
K COBLTCKONV KPH3HCV
1naBa BcnaDa:a
BOnBBAh PA3PhKA
H LL HPLLnM
1127 Hac: . C: Dcnmcn asn ccBc:ccH nsnc
ncmokpafusauuu nipaofku honufuku, a nnn foio, ufoi honnunfi
na ncnfcninocfi hpanufcnicfn c homomik chonfannoio unu cqop-
muponannoio omccfncnnoio mncnun. Hauoncc kpacnopcuuniu
hapanokc saknkuancn n fom, ufo naxnic mcxnynaponnic coifun
ocncmanuci nc n coofncfcfnuu c ux cocfncnnim kancnnapcm, a n
sanucumocfu of sahpocon ccfku hpoipamm ncnymux fcncnusuonnix
kananon.
Hfak, omccfncnnoc mncnuc u cpcncfna macconou unqopmauuu
cfanu nonimu skfopamu, nsaumoncucfnuc mcxny kofopimu hpcn-
cfannncf coou aconkfno ncuccncnonannyk onacfi. Ofof nnynu-
kuu cytckf chococn hpunumafi hcpckpcmunakmuccn umhynici,
nnn kofopix nc cymccfnycf honnfun ipanuua u kofopic nnunkf
na mcnfanufcf macc cnoum smouuonaninim nosncucfnucm unu hpu-
nncucnucm nnumanun k ncoxunanno naxnim hponcmam. ocfa-
founo nchomnufi n sfou cnnsu hponcmafuky okpyxakmcu cpcni,
knumafa, ncmoipaquu, nohpoci pcnuiuu, fypusma, hufanun, ufoi
oucnufi, hycfi hpunusufcnino, snaucnuc sfoio qcnomcna.
Iacfymcc snaucnuc mcxnynaponnix opianusauuu kak camocfon-
fcninix cytckfon honufuucckou xusnu oucpucno mcncc ucfko,
ono uacfo cnnsano c omcu snonkuucu honufuucckou cucfcmi.
Hccmofpn na fo, ufo uia Hauuu nnuna coou nccima hocpcn-
cfncnniu hpumcp, Opianusauun Otcnuncnnix Hauuu cfana
cytckfom, choconim ocymccfnnnfi naxnyk ncnfcninocfi nc
foniko n cuny cnocu uucncnnocfu (188 cfpan-yuacfnuu n 1 i.).
Ofa ncnfcninocfi houfu nccina ohpcncnncfcn xapakfcpom honufu-
ucckoio onimuncfna, cknaninakmciocn n opianusauuu, u, fcm nc
mcncc, OOH hocfchcnno cfana ucfounukom nonoio mcxnynaponnoio
hpana: n 16O i. ona fopxccfncnno hponosinacuna ncoxonumocfi
ncsamcnnufcnino u csoionopouno honoxufi koncu kononuanusmy;
n 167 i. nipaofana fpconanun nnn ycfanonncnun mupa na Inux-
ncm Bocfokc, a hosxc ycnonun nnn honnoio sancpmcnun hpoucc-
ca honyucnun ncsanucumocfu kononuaninimu cfpanamu (Hamuun
n 1O i.) u ypciynuponanun ofnomcnuu mcxny sfnuucckumu ipyh-
hamu (ocyxncnuc kxno-aqpukanckoio ahapfcuna).
Ho ynuncpcaninan u iuianfckan Opianusauun Otcnuncnnix
Hauuu sfo foniko onna us nccnfkon opianusauuu, kofopic cfa-
nu nonimu cytckfamu mcxnynaponnou xusnu. Hx hcpcuucncnuc
sncci ncymccfno, hofomy ufo n ncio cncnonano i nknkuufi honu-
fuucckuc u nocnnic coksi, fcxnuucckuc opianusauuu, koanuuuu,
otcnunnkmuc cfpani fcx unu unix konfuncnfon, skonomuucc-
kuc opianusauuu, iymanufapnic uncfufyfi. Tcm nc mcncc ncnisn
nc ofmcfufi, ufo sfa qopma opianusauuu honufuucckux hpoucccon
hcpchncfanaci c ncnfcninocfik fpanuuuonnix mcxnynaponnix
1128 1naBa (2. Lcnma asa n cc nccn
cytckfon, ufo chococfnonano pasnufuk unfcipauuonnix fcnncnuuu
u paspaofkc camumu opianusauunmu nopm, kofopic hocfchcnno yf-
ncpxnanuci n mupc u kofopimu nc moinu hpcncpciafi naxc ofncni-
nic oucni naxnic skfopi.
Hakoncu, cncnycf yhomnnyfi kafonuucckyk ucpkoni: nc foniko
kak pcnuiuosnoc coomccfno, choconoc ocymccfnnnfi mcxnyna-
ponnyk ncnfcninocfi, a kak pcnuiuosnoc coomccfno, hpcncfan-
ncnnoc iocynapcfncnnim cytckfom Bafukanom u ocymccfnnnk-
mcc ahocfonickyk ncnfcninocfi, kofopan, n ococnnocfu hocnc
honfuqukafa Iun XII, u n uacfnocfu no npcmcna honfuqukafa
Ianna VI, okasinana u okasinacf samcfnoc nnunnuc na mcxnyna-
ponnyk xusni. Koncuno, n mcxnocnniu hcpuon, n fcucnuc Bfo-
pou muponou nouni u no npcmn xononnou nouni Cnnfou Ipccfon
ocymccfnnnn snauufcninyk mcxnynaponnyk ncnfcninocfi, kofo-
pyk c fpynom moxno opuconafi u kofopan cfanonufcn oncc ho-
nnfnou foniko naionapn nnumafcninomy usyucnuk mcncc npkux
achckfon mcxnynaponnou nuhnomafuucckou xusnu. C pacmupcnu-
cm mcxnynaponnou hacfipckou ncnfcninocfu n cfpanax, honyuun-
mux ncsanucumocfi, kafonuucckan ucpkoni n hcpuon hocnc 158 i.
uipana nocfounyk poni u honisonanaci snauufcninim nnunnucm.
Bo npcmn Kapuckoio kpusuca n okfnpc 162 i. haha Ionkan-
nu opafuncn k Kcnncnu u Xpymcny c hpusinom k mupy, sa sfum
naxnim maiom hocncnonanu npyiuc: n nauanc 16J i. ina ohynu-
konana snuuknuka 1uue+ un meppuc, n kofopou usnaianuci hosu-
uuu honfuquka ho mcxnynaponnim hponcmam. Iancn VI, us-
panniu n 16J i., n cmc onimcu mcpc, ucm cio hpcnmccfncnnuk,
akfunusuponan yuacfuc Cnnfoio Ipccfona n mcxnynaponnou xus-
nu, on honoxun nauano hahckum nusufam sa ipanuuy. Icpnim
cfano hanomnuuccfno hahi n Ianccfuny n 164 i., a safcm hocnc-
nonanu cmc noccmi hocsnok sa hpcncni Hfanuu, cpcnu kofopix
ococnno snauufcninim in nusuf n okfnpc 165 i. n Hik-Hopk,
inc on nicfyhun na Icncpaninou Accamncc OOH c pcuik, n kofo-
pou yfncpxnanuci hauuqucfckuc ycfpcmncnun ucpknu, no hpcxnc
nccio cc hpusnanuc ifi ionocom cnnix, ocsnoncnnix, cfpax-
nymux, xaxnymux chpancnnunocfu, nocfounou xusnu, cnooni,
naiococfonnun u hpoipccca. Ofo inu cnona, opamcnnic k fcm,
kfo nukoina nc in cnoonnim, hpcxnc nccio k ocsnoncnnim na-
ponam. Ofa pcui hpcncfannnna ucpkoni Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix
Hauuu nc kak coksnuuy sahannou koanuuuu (ufo monuanuno unu
kocncnno hpoucxonuno no npcmcna xononnou nouni), a kak coks-
nuuy cnnix pasnunakmuxcn cfpan: sfa hponcma ncina n ocnony
snuuknuku 1ony:opy+ npoepeccuo 167 i. Ipccmnuku Ianna VI
Hoann Iancn I u, n cmc onimcu mcpc, Hoann Iancn II c snuuknu-
112
kou +o::uuumy0o peu couuu:uc ycuncnno honucpkunanu, ufo ucp-
koni hpusnana naxonuficn n ccpnucnunc mcxnynaponnou honufuucc-
kou xusnu; onu hpunanu hacfipckou u honufuucckou ncnfcninocfu
Cnnfoio Ipccfona fakou ncc u nnunnuc, kofopic hopou okasinanuci
pcmakmumu u c kofopimu, koncuno, ncnisn ino nc cuufaficn.
(2.2. ,nanc: Hc CccnncnnHn L:a:aHn
n CcBc:cnH CcscH
(2.2.(. ,C1CDCF C HLFACHFCCTFAHLHHH
H,LFHC1C CFJHHH
B fcucnuc ncckonikux ncf, c 168 ho 174 i., n cucfcmc mcxny-
naponnix ofnomcnuu hpconanano omymcnuc, ufo cncpxncpxani, co-
snan ycnonun nnn cocymccfnonanun-cohcpnuuccfna, xofnf nipaofafi
hpanuna cofpynnuuccfna unu naxc hpanuna omcio yhpanncnun cu-
cfcmou mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu. Icui mna o ncpxannou honufu-
kc, nacfoniko fmafcnino nsncmcnnou, ufo ona moina hosnonufi ccc,
kak hucan Icnpu Kuccunnxcp n cnocm snamcnufom fpync ho nuhno-
mafuu Mcffcpnuxa (A WorId Kcstorcd), hpunnfuc kpufuucckux
ucnnocfcu, fo ccfi xusncnno naxnix unfcpccon nccx kpyhncumux
mcxnynaponnix cytckfon c ucnik uscxafi ux nifccncnun nnc cu-
cfcmi mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu u sannfun umu nccfaunusupyk-
mux hosuuuu. Ofo ino i fpuymqom nuhnomafuu kak uncfpymcnfa
nnn yhpanncnun mcxnynaponnou xusnik.
Takum opasom, n mccfunccnfic ioni (xofn nckofopic hpcnnoc-
xumakmuc cufyauuk hpusnaku yxc nanknanuci n hpcninymuc
ioni) nauancn hcpuon houfu nnanuafuncfncio nyanusma, n kofopom
mupnoc copcnnonanuc cfano inoaninou ncpxannou honufukou, a
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi hponnunu iofonnocfi hpusnafi Concfckuu
Coks n kauccfnc pannoio cytckfa.
Tcpmuni inoaniniu u pancncfno fpcykf, onnako, pastnc-
ncnun. Hcnosmoxno nipaxafi comncnuc n fom, ufo ncnfcninocfi
nnyx cucfcm oxnafuna ncci mup u naionapn copcnnonanuk n koc-
mocc nimna fakxc u sa cio hpcncni. Iopasno oncc ncohpcncncn-
nim ino, onnako, pcaninoc concpxanuc honnfun pancncfna,
umhnuuufno concpxamciocn n houckc nccotcmnkmcio komhpo-
mucca. Iocfchcnno amcpukanui ninyxncni inu hpusnafi, ufo
fakoc pancncfno cymccfnonano n onacfu noopyxcnuu. Hfo kacacf-
cn pancncfna skonomuucckoio u qunanconoio hofcnuuana, fo cio
hpusnanuc, ncponfno, oipanuuunanoci nckofopimu hpcncnamu. 3a-
hanniu nok, xofn u pasncncnniu cfpafciuucckumu, honufuucckumu,
skonomuucckumu u qunanconimu pasnuuunmu, honuac inyokumu,
Hac: . C: Dcnmcn asn ccBc:ccH nsnc
11JO
coxpannn cfpykfypnic hpcnhocinku chnoucnnocfu, cocfonnmuc n on-
noponnocfu skonomuucckux cucfcm u n hponcncnuu honufuku, umcn-
mcu onunakonyk nahpanncnnocfi n ofnomcnuu cfpan fpcficio
mupa, xofn unoina u konkypcnfnyk.
C npyiou cfoponi, umcnno cfpcmncnuc k pannomy cfafycy na-
naiano na pycckux onsafcnicfna, fpconanmuc xcpfn u ninnnnn-
muc hpcncni hpounocfu cokson nnyfpu camou kommynucfuucckou
cucfcmi. A sfa cucfcma hcpcxunana nafcnfniu skonomuucckuu
kpusuc u oucnunniu nspin unconoiuucckoio nuccuncnfcfna, ufo
nano nosmoxnocfi amcpukanckou nuhnomafuu n ioni Hukcona
ncucfnonafi iopasno oncc sqqckfunno, ucm sfo moxno ino
hpcncfanufi n camic mpaunic momcnfi nouni no Bicfnamc. Ha-
ncxna na fo, ufo honufuka pcqopm, hpononunmancn Kociiunim n
165 i., ofonnuncf yiposy hpunuxanmciocn skonomuucckoio sa-
cfon, hpcnknuu oncc inyokux kpusucon, coxpannnaci n fcucnuc
ncckonikux ncf. Bocxoxncnuc Ipcxncna k honoxcnuk cnunonuu-
noio nnacfufcnn n concfckou honufuucckou xusnu, nocxoxncnuc
mcnncnnoc u nc hpuncnmcc k ynancnuk Kociiuna (ymcnmcio c
hocfa Ipcnccnafcnn Concfa munucfpon foniko n 18O i.), osnauano
nnn concfonoion nosnpamcnuc k noimafusmy cfanunckoio opasua
c ninnuxcnucm n kauccfnc hpuopufcfon concfckou skonomuku
cfpoioio cncnonanun hpunuuham ucnfpanusauuu u napamunanun
nocnnoio cckfopa. Ipupona concfckou skonomuucckou cucfcmi nc
usmcnunaci, a skonomuucckuc hokasafcnu, hocnc cmc ncckonikux
ncf hosufunnix pcsynifafon, cfanu cnuncfcnicfnonafi o yhankc.
B ucnom hcpcxon of cocymccfnonanun-cohcpnuuccfna k nonim
qopmam mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu ninynun cfoponi copasmc-
pnfi pucku u hpuncn k fakum snauufcninim pcsynifafam, kak hon-
hucanuc 5 aniycfa 16J i. noionopa o sahpcmcnuu uchifanuu
nncpnoio opyxun n afmocqcpc, n kocmocc u hon nonou (cs yuacfun
qpanuyson u kufauucn). 27 nnnapn 167 i. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi,
Concfckuu Coks u Bcnukopufanun honhucanu noionop, sahpc-
manmuu pasmcmcnuc nncpnix noopyxcnuu n kocmocc, na ync u
npyiux ncccnix fcnax. oionop umcn cumnonuucckuu xapakfcp,
yuufinan, ufo chyfnuku moxno ino uchifinafi cs nncpnoio sa-
pnna u ocnamafi ux sfum sapnnom n cnyuac kpusuca.
Hauoncc samcfnim n honufuucckom u nocnnom ofnomcnuu pc-
synifafom, nocfuinyfim no okonuanun hpcsuncnfcfna xoncona,
ino honhucanuc n uknc 168 i. oionopa o ncpachpocfpancnuu
nncpnoio opyxun. oionop nnuncn pcsynifafom nnufcninoio hpoucc-
ca hcpcionopon, unuuuuponannix Opianusauucu Otcnuncnnix
Hauuu, kofopim nnc inannic nncpnic ncpxani nochonisonanuci,
1naBa (2. Lcnma asa n cc nccn
11J1
hofomy ufo honumanu honcsnocfi coinamcnun fakoio pona nnn pcmc-
nun otckfunnix nnyfpcnnux hponcm coofncfcfnykmux cokson.
cucfnufcnino, n 161 i. Icncpaninan Accamncn OOH cosnana
komufcf, cocfonnmuu us 18 cfpan-yuacfnuu, c ucnik usyuufi
hpcnnoxcnuc, kacakmcccn noionopa o ncpachpocfpancnuu nncpno-
io opyxun. Komufcf paofan cs konkpcfnix pcsynifafon nhnofi
no 165 i., koina amcpukanui u pycckuc ho oucnunnim hpuuunam
cfanu hponnnnfi pcaninyk saunfcpcconannocfi n cio ncnfcninocfu,
n fo npcmn kak qpanuysi nosncpxunanuci of yuacfun n paofc ko-
mufcfa. B 164 i. cocfonnoci hcpnoc kufauckoc nncpnoc uchifanuc,
u sfoio ino nocfafouno nnn foio, ufoi ncfpnxnyfi concfckyk
nuhnomafuk. Onnonpcmcnno amcpukanuam hpumnoci cfonknyficn
c pnnom hponcm nnyfpu HATO, ofnocnmuxcn k ux cfpafciuucckomy
hnanuponanuk, umcnno n momcnf, koina onu pasnunu makcumani-
nyk akfunnocfi no Bicfnamc. Bnyfpu HATO mna nahpnxcnnan
paofa ho ccpicsnou pcnusuu cfpafciuu, kofopan nonxna ina
hpunccfu n konuc konuon k ofkasy of hnanon cosnanun mnoiocfo-
ponnux nncpnix cun (MSC). B nux moinu ifi fakxc nknkucni n
concpmcnno ncncnou hoka qopmc kak qpanuysckuc nncpnic hpo-
ipammi (kofopim nc Ionni nan nanincumuu fonuok), fak u ycfou-
uunoc cfpcmncnuc cncpafunnou Icpmanuu k onananuk hono-
nim opyxucm. Mnoiocfoponnuc cuni, coinacno amcpukanckum
hpockfam, nonxni inu ifi samcncni koncynifafunnim opia-
nom, hpusnannim cfafi, kak ckasan Maknamapa n uknc 165 i.,
mccfom koncynifauuu coksnukon ho nohpocam hnanuponanun n
cqcpc uchonisonanun nncpnoio opyxun.
Ipcnnoxcnuc, usyuanmcccn chcuuaninim komufcfom munu-
cfpon c 165 i. c ucnik hpcnyhpcxncnun onnocfoponnux ncucfnuu
qpanuyson, hpuncno n 167 i. k cosnanuk Ipyhhi nncpnoio hna-
nuponanun (kyna ina nohymcna fakxc cncpafunnan Icpmanun),
kofopou ina hopyuanoci cqopmynuponafi nncpnyk cfpafciuk
HATO. Ofo, onnako, nxonuno n hpofunopcuuc c hpockfamu ocna-
mcnun panuuu anfonomnimu nncpnimu cunamu (force Je fruppe)
u hosfomy umcno ncmanonaxnoc snaucnuc nnn yckopcnun pcmcnun
nc Ionnn o nixonc us nocnnou opianusauuu HATO. Kpomc foio,
ofkas of MSC osnauan fakxc u koncu oxunanuu II, kakumu i
ohocpcnonannimu onu nu inu. B ufoic, ucxonn us pasnuunix,
no onnohnanonix coopaxcnuu, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi u CCCI
cfanu paccmafpunafi noionop o ncpachpocfpancnuu yxc nc kak nc-
snauufcninyk nuckyccuk n OOH, a kak naxnoc hofcnuuaninoc
coinamcnuc.
Kpomc foio, cncnycf hpunnfi no nnumanuc fof qakf, ufo n
11J2
sfom xc nahpanncnuu ncucfnonanu usmcncnun, kofopic nnonun n
amcpukanckuc konuchuuu u cfpafciuucckuc pccypci Maknamapa. B
pcuu n Can-panuucko n ccnfnpc 167 i. amcpukanckuu munucfp
cqopmynuponan n nocfafouno ncnix nipaxcnunx ohacnocfu, cnnsan-
nic c nncpnim cocfnsanucm. Xofn u pykononcfnynci sanaucu hoka-
safi, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi ncc cmc onanakf hpcumymccfnamu
fcxnonoiu, on nncn ohpcncncnuc iapanfuponannoc ynuufoxcnuc nnn
oosnaucnun cccmicncnnocfu cocfnsanun c ncucuucnumimu xcpfna-
mu, no c ohpcncncnnim u qafaninim pcsynifafom. Ioncmuuccku fcp-
mun in hosnncc ooiamcn hpunaiafcninim nsaumniu, fak ufo
okonuafcninoc ohpcncncnuc niinnncno kak nsaumnoc iapanfuponan-
noc ynuufoxcnuc, fo ccfi csymuc. Maknamapa cfpcmuncn oipanu-
uufi pakcfnoc cocfnsanuc u hpcnnoxufi nsamcn napamunanun hpous-
noncfna pakcf-nocufcncu usiofonncnuc pakcf c pasncnnkmumucn io-
nonnimu uacfnmu unnununyaninoio nancncnun (IIH HH). Onna pa-
kcfa moina nccfu no nccnfu ociononok, hpu sfom hpohopuuonanino
cnuxanuci usncpxku. Kpomc foio, Maknamapa pacmupun nuckyccuk
ho cucfcmam hpofunopakcf, fo ccfi ho cosnanuk cncpxconpcmcnnix
cucfcm hpofunopakcfnou ooponi (IIO), cnocio pona ccfu cfpafciu-
ucckou samufi of fakou xc cfpafciuucckou yiposi. Ofo ino oucni
nopoiocfonmcc fcxnonoiuucckoc nononncncnuc co snauufcninim ncc-
faunusupykmum hofcnuuanom. B camom ncnc, fof, kfo cymcn i co-
snafi sqqckfunnyk cucfcmy IIO, okasancn i samumcnnim of
nncpnou yiposi u opck i hpofunnuka unu na ncncnuc usnypnkmc-
io cocfnsanun c ucnik noccfanonncnun pannonccun, unu na hocfonn-
noc ofcfananuc.
Oc uncu hponcmoncfpuponanu macmfa ychcxon, nocfuinyfix
amcpukanuamu n fcxnonoiuucckou onacfu, u oosnauunu honc nuc-
kyccuu, na kofopom n hocncnykmuc ioni pasncpncfcn ocfpan honc-
muka. B 167 i. sfu usmcncnun u sannncnun hpuionunuci xoncony
nnn foio, ufoi hpononxafi nuanoi c pycckumu ho hpockfam oipanu-
ucnun cfpafciuucckux noopyxcnuu. Tcm npcmcncm c ccpcnuni 167 no
ccpcnuni 168 i. houfu onnonpcmcnno c oocfpcnucm, a safcm c
ymcnimcnucm nahpnxcnnocfu no Bicfnamc CUA u CCCI hpcnocfa-
nunu nocfafounic oocnonanun nnn foio, ufoi hpunccfu Otcnu-
ncnnic Hauuu k honhucanuk 1 uknn 168 i. oionopa o ncpachpoc-
fpancnuu nncpnoio opyxun (hocnc yfncpxncnun 12 uknn cio fckcfa
IA OOH 5 ionocamu sa, 4 hpofun hpu 21 nosncpxanmcmcn). B
ucnom, noionop onsinan nncpnic ncpxani nc hcpcnanafi nncpnoc
opyxuc fcm, kfo um nc onanacf, a hocncn-
nux nc cfpcmuficn k cio hpuopcfcnuk.
Oucnunno, ufo pcui mna o ncpannohpannom noionopc, hockoniky
on yfncpxnan hocfonnnyk icicmonuk nncpnix ncpxan. Iio honufu-
11JJ
ucckoc snaucnuc ino oucnunnim: amcpukanui nanccina ofkasinanuci
of afomnoio hcpcnoopyxcnun Icpmanuu n omcn na ocyxncnuc Concf-
ckum Coksom kufauckoio nncpnoio hcpcnoopyxcnun (qpanuysckuu
cnyuau cfonn oconnkom u in, n omcm, mapiunaninim ho ofnomc-
nuk k nomunuponanmcu fcmafukc). B hcpuon mcxny Icpnunckum
kpusucom 158162 ii. u ucxocnonaukum kpusucom (n aniycfc 168
i. on hpuncn k nuknunauuu knumafa noncpun, nosnukmcio c honhuca-
nucm oionopa o ncpachpocfpancnuu nncpnoio opyxun) occhokocn-
nocfi Concfckoio Coksa cufyauucu n Hcnfpaninou Inpohc ina
cfoni ncnuka, ufo, no uscxanuc nncpnoio hcpcnoopyxcnun Icpma-
nuu, mockonckoc hpanufcnicfno okonuafcnino ofkasanoci of homomu
Kufak n cio hpcnpamcnuu n nncpnyk ncpxany, ufo, coofncfcfncnno,
yinyuno nahpnxcnnocfi mcxny nnymn kommynucfuucckumu iocynap-
cfnamu. nn cncpafunnou Icchynuku Icpmanuu, fakum opasom,
ucucsna hocncnnnn nosmoxnocfi onananun nncpnimu noopyxcnun-
mu, ncsanucumimu of HATO, xofn u unfcipuponannimu n ncc.
Hahpofun, kak nc Ionni, fak u Mao Hssnyn uyncfnonanu ccn
noonymcnncnnimu, coupanci hpononxafi ocymccfnncnuc cnoux
camocfonfcninix hpockfon, nccmofpn na nahpnxcnnocfi n ofno-
mcnunx c coksnukamu, kofopan no qpanuysckom cnyuac hpuncna n
166 iony k nixony us nocnnou opianusauuu HATO, ckopcc qop-
maninomy u hcuxonoiuucckomy, ucm ncucfnufcninomy. B kufau-
ckom napuanfc pcsynifafamu cfanu noopyxcnnic cfonknoncnun na
pckc Yccypu n 16 i. u honniu nuhnomafuucckuu ofxon of foio,
ufo ocfananoci of couuanucfuucckoio unfcpnauuonanusma.
Toniko c uspanucm n nonpc 168 i. amcpukanckum hpcsuncn-
fom I. Hukcona cfano nosmoxnim hpcononcnuc kpyfoio honopofa
167168 ii. c ucnik hpunafi ncucfnufcnino honnomacmfaniu
xapakfcp paspnnkc, honumacmou kak uchonisonanuc nuhnomafuu n
ucnnx oipanuucnun skonomuucckux usncpxck nncpnoio u kocmu-
ucckoio cocfnsanun.
Ofa mofunauun cnauana nc ina ncna pycckum, ycmafpunanmum
n ncu, nahpofun, foniko hponnncnuc iofonnocfu Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon k hpusnanuk inoaninou uhonnpnocfu. Iosfomy onu
hpononxanu ncnosmyfumo pasnunafi cnou nocnno-hpomimncnniu
komhnckc. Onu hpononxanu unfu ho sfomy hyfu, nc samcuan naxc
snaucnun fcxnonoiuucckoio nsncfa Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, cfanmc-
io oucnunnim hocnc ychcxa hcpnou skchcnuuuu acfponanfon na
yny (21 uknn 16 i.). B sfou cqcpc pycckuc ncnanu cfanky na
cchoncsnic u iuianfckuc hpockfi, n fo npcmn kak amcpukanui,
cnauana honncpianmuccn kpufukc sa ux ofcfananuc, cymcnu no konua
uchonisonafi fcxnonoiuucckuc pcsynifafi unnonauuu, cnnsannix c
kocmuucckumu hpoipammamu (n hpofunohonoxnocfi fomy, ufo hpouc-
11J4
xonuno n Concfckom Coksc, inc nocnnic fauni pcnnocfno oxpann-
nuci).
Bhpoucm, nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon Hukcona u Kuccunnxcpa
hcpuon hcpnoio hpcsuncnfckoio mannafa u hcpnan hononuna nfo-
poio inu n honufuucckom ofnomcnuu naiohpunfnimu u hnono-
fnopnimu. Ipu sfom Hukcon n nckofopom cmicnc hpcnpafuncn n
hoknanucfoc aItcr cgo cnocio concfnuka ho nauuonaninou csohac-
nocfu, c kofopim hpcsuncnf hpckpacno nsaumoncucfnonan. Hc
nnananci hoka n ncfanu amcpukanckou honufuku, cncnycf ckasafi,
ufo n ucnom ioni c 16 ho 174 osnauanu nnn amcpukanckou nuh-
nomafuu nacfonmuu honopof. Bcc pccypci ncpxannou honufuku u
nuhnomafuu inu hymcni n xon, n fom uucnc u n camic cnoxnic
momcnfi. Ipcxnc nccio, in hpunan pcmufcniniu umhynic u-
honnpnomy nuanoiy, nipuconinanuci shoxaninic hcpchckfuni n
cnyuac, ccnu ynacfcn hpcononcfi uncpuuk konqponfauuu nnyx
ncpxan, u hpcnosnocunuci umcnno nocfouncfna nchocpcncfncnno-
io cofpynnuuccfna mcxny nnymn cucfcmamu, kofopic umcnu mano
omcio. B xonc ncc oncc uacfix ncfpcu na nicmcm yponnc, kasa-
noci, naxonunuci ncc oncc hnonofnopnic achckfi cofpynnuuccfna
u nsaumnoio omcna. Tpynno ckasafi, ocosnananu nu cocccnnuku,
ufo onu nnonunu n sanyxncnuc cnoumu coinamcnunmu o cofpyn-
nuuccfnc, usounykmumu nocnno-fcxnuucckumu pcsynifafamu u
nuhnomafuucckumu ynonkamu, a fakxc sancpcnunmu o cfpcmncnuu
k ncmy, umcnmumu n ncucfnufcninocfu numi hokasnoc snaucnuc.
uanoi, kasanoci, cosnanan nhcuafncnuc conhancnun hosuuuu n
cqcpc yhpanncnun muponou honufukou, foina kak na ncnc on
ckpinan nsaumnoc cfpcmncnuc uchonisonafi honufuucckuu u
skonomuucckuu ncc npyiou cfoponi nnn pcmcnun cocfncnnix
hponcm.
Moxcf hokasaficn, ufo sfu oionopku ofnocufcnino pcaninoio
snaucnun nuanoia CUACCCI ohponcpiakfcn concpxanucm co-
inamcnuu, saknkucnnix nnymn ncpxanamu n fc ioni. Onnako o-
ncc nnumafcniniu ananus hokasinacf, ufo sfu coinamcnun inu
nu ucm unim kak cpcncfnamu npcmcnnou cfaunusauuu. C homo-
mik sfux cpcncfn kaxnan us cfopon cfpcmunaci sanokuponafi
ncucfnun, kofopic moina hpcnhpunnfi hpofunnan cfopona c ucnik
usmcnufi cufyauuk n cnok honisy.
Kpomc foio, cncnycf noanufi, Hukcon u Kuccunnxcp nc ho-
onnuci nnccfu n uipy naponniu Kufau, ufoi hcpcnoxufi na Co-
ncfckuu Coks fof ipys hpofunopcuuu, c kofopimu cfankunanaci
amcpukanckan nuhnomafun. Hanaxunanuc qakfuucckux ofnomcnuu
mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u Kufacm u hpunnfuc hocncnncio n
OOH na mccfo, pancc sanumacmoc hpcncfanufcnnmu hpanufcnicfna
11J5
Iomuninana na Taunanc (fo ccfi na mccfo, nananmcc hpano ncfo n
momcnf, koina foniko ufo umcnu mccfo kufaucko-concfckuc nocnnic
cfonknoncnun u Mockna nuncna n hpanufcnicfnc KHI hpofunnuka, c
kofopim cncnycf opoficn), nnocunu n nuanckfuky concfcko-amcpu-
kanckux ofnomcnuu noniu sncmcnf, kofopiu moxno ino hocuufafi
nfopocfchcnnim foniko hpu xcnanuu hpcnnamcpcnno uckasufi pcani-
noc coofnomcnuc cun.
Haponniu Kufau nauunan cnoc nocxoxncnuc k cfafycy mupo-
nou ncpxani. On onanan ncmanim nncpnim apccnanom; nixonun
us hcpuona nnyfpcnnux hofpnccnuu (kynifypnan pcnonkuun),
hocfanunmux hon comncnuc ocnonanun cio couuanino-skonomu-
ucckou xusnu; cmy hpcncfonno cnona nauafi hyfi cnocio pasnufun.
Ofo nc ina, cncnonafcnino, cncpxncpxana, co cfoponi kofopou
moxno ino ohacaficn ncuscxnou aipcccuu unu upcsniuauno
nunamuunou mcxnynaponnou ncnfcninocfu. B fcucnuc mnoiux ncf
nnyfpcnnuc hponcmi ocfananuci inannim hpcnmcfom osaoucn-
nocfu hckunckux hpanufcncu. Ho naxc c yucfom nccx sfux oiono-
pok, npyxccfncnnoc cnuxcnuc Ickuna u Bamunifona n momcnf
kufaucko-concfckoio konqnukfa ino cfoni fnxcnim ynapom, ufo
hopaxacf, kak pycckuc moinu sfo fcphcfi, nc cfann hon comncnuc
cnou ofnomcnun c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu.
B camom ncnc, naionapn nopmanusauuu ofnomcnuu c Kufacm
amcpukanckan nuhnomafun nocfuina n Asuafcko-Tuxookcanckom
pciuonc pcsynifafon ucknkuufcninou naxnocfu u, n hcpnyk ouc-
pcni, hpcnpafuna amcpukanckoc hopaxcnuc no Bicfnamc us nauuo-
naninou fpaicnuu no nfopocfchcnniu shuson. Kufau nc napymun
hpununciuponannix ofnomcnuu, cymccfnonanmux mcxny Bicfna-
mom u Concfckum Coksom, no qakfuuccku usonuponan kommynucfu-
ucckuu Bicfnam c yucfom npaxncnoio okpyxcnun coccnnux cfpan,
us kofopix cnuncfncnnou hofcnuuanino npyxccfncnnou cunou
ina Hnnun.
B fcppufopuaninom hnanc amcpukanckan nuhnomafun ofonnu-
iana concfckyk honufuko-unconoiuucckyk ipanuuy, nauunanmyk-
cn n nonax Tuxoio okcana, ominanmux Kufau, u hpocfupanmykcn
no ucnfpa Asuu, hpoxonn nnoni ipanuu Bncmncu Monionuu u ku-
fauckou hponunuuu Cuniusnn. Hakoncu, ofnnckanci of icohonu-
fuucckux hapamcfpon, nonic kufaucko-amcpukanckuc ofnomcnun
hosnonnnu Cocnuncnnim Ufafam iopnuficn cofpynnuuccfnom,
ninonunmum kufauucn us umhcpuanucfuucckou usonnuuu. Ias
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi moinu n onno u fo xc npcmn saknkuafi nonio-
npcmcnnic coinamcnun c pycckumu u nosononufi npyxy c Kufacm,
fo onu yxc nc hpcncfananu n inasax ocfaninoio mupa npaiamu ho
ohpcncncnuk. Icnu Haponniu Kufau cofpynnuuacf c numu, fo fak xc
11J6
sfo moiyf ncnafi u npyiuc cfpani fpcficio mupa cs ncnkoio hpc-
nycxncnun.
Takum opasom, paspnnka hpcnpamanaci n yhopnyk nuhnoma-
fuucckyk opiy. Concfckuu Coks namcpcnancn usnncui us ncc
okonuafcninoc pcmcnuc nccx hponcm, cnnsannix c cio csohac-
nocfik u cio nnunnucm n mupc, foina kak n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax
ona, ho-nunumomy, ucfonkoninanaci kak cumhfom ux cnaocfu, ho
cymccfny, kak ofnocninanuc hosuuuu, hocfanncnnix hon comnc-
nuc n hcpcxonniu hcpuon. Iaccucf Cocnuncnnix Ufafon na pc-
aninyk icicmonuk kak n nncpno-cfpafciuucckom, fak u n nocnnom
hnanc, a fakxc na pcsynifafi pcmcnun skonomuucckux hponcm,
ynacncnonannix of anmunucfpauuu xoncona, hpunanan paspnnkc
cmicn, cocfonnmuu n hcpcpachpcncncnuu inoaninix poncu u n
oncc founou oucnkc cun, kofopic n ncucfnufcninocfu moina ho-
cfanufi na kapfy kaxnan us ncpxan. Cpasy xc hocnc saknkucnun
coinamcnuu OCB-1 pycckum hpumnoci hpusnafi, ufo pcsynifafi
paspnnku n ofnuuuc of foio, ufo nymanu mnoiuc hpofunnuku
Kuccunnxcpa unu hpccmnuka Hukcona xummu Kapfcpa nc
inu onnosnaunimu u naiohpunfnimu nnn CCCI. Onnako onu
inu u cocfonnu n fom, ufo CCCI in ninyxncn hcpcufu of co-
cymccfnonanun-cohcpnuuccfna k copcnnonanuk, n kofopom kaxniu
moi i sancucfnonafi cocfncnnic pccypci u n kofopom, n konuc
konuon, ninnunaci cfpykfypnan cnaocfi concfckou cucfcmi.
Ipouccc paspnnku hpoxonun n pasnix cqcpax. Icpnan, u nauo-
ncc oucnunnan, kacanaci ofnomcnuu mcxny CCCI u CUA n nncp-
nou onacfu. Ocosnanuc ncoxonumocfu hpcpnafi unu pcinamcnfu-
ponafi sfo copcnnonanuc cmc no 168 i. namno honfncpxncnun, o
kofopix ionopunoci na hpcninymux cfpanuuax. Ofo ocosnanuc nc
safponyno hoka inannou fcmi oipanuucnun cfpafciuucckux noopy-
xcnuu. B nnnapc 167 i. xoncon nicfyhun c hpcnnoxcnucm hpo-
nccfu hcpcionopi ho oipanuucnuk fakux noopyxcnuu (hosnncc ino
uchonisonano cokpamcnuc SAIT, StratcgIc Armamcnts IImItatIon
TaIIs, fo ccfi Icpcionopi ho oipanuucnuk cfpafciuucckux noopy-
xcnuu OCB; cncnycf, onnako, yuufinafi, ufo apcnuafypa ho-
aninuucku osnauacf fakxc coni, ofkponcnniu namck na nkyc
hcpcionopon). Onnako Concfckuu Coks nc homcn nanimc omcio
hosufunnoio ofncfa, nannoio Kociiunim n mapfc foio xc iona.
Koncanun pycckux nnnnnuci cncncfnucm npaxncnoio ofnomcnun
nocnnix kpyion k hcpcionopam no fcx hop, hoka CCCI nc hpcono-
ncn paspin n onacfu hpousnoncfna pasncnnkmuxcn nncpnix ocio-
nonok, u no fcx hop, hoka nc hponcnunuci amcpukanckuc namcpcnun n
ofnomcnuu hpockfon cosnanun hpofunopakcf, fo ccfi cucfcmi IIO.
Ioniofonka k cosnanuk sfou cucfcmi nauanaci n 167 i., a n 16 i.
11J7
cc hpononxun Hukcon.
Cufyauun, kasanoci, cnnunynaci c mcpfnou fouku nccnou 168 i.
hocnc ofkasa xoncona nicfanufi cnok kannunafypy na hpcsuncn-
fckux niopax na nfopou cpok u hpckpamcnun amcpukanckux om-
apnuponok Ccncpnoio Bicfnama. Koina 1 uknn 168 i. in hon-
hucan noionop o ncpachpocfpancnuu nncpnoio opyxun, ino
otnnncno, ufo pycckuc coinacunuci nauafi hcpcionopi ho OCB.
Ohfumusm in paspymcn ucxocnonaukum kpusucom. Iocnc 21 an-
iycfa nu onun amcpukanckuu hpcsuncnf nc moi paccmafpunafi kak
nuxaumyk hcpchckfuny nosmoxnocfi hcpcionopon, kofopim n
fof momcnf pycckuc hpunananu ocooc snaucnuc. 3annfiu usyuc-
nucm hpoipammi hpofunopakcf, ocfanncnnou cmy n nacncncfno
xonconom, Hukcon ncpxan pycckux n ncusnccfnocfu nhnofi no
uknn 16 i., koina on coinacuncn, ufoi hcpniu paynn hcpciono-
pon nauancn n Xcnicunku n nonpc foio xc iona. Hcknkuufcnino
fcxnuucckuu xapakfcp hponcmi ncnacf ncnosmoxnim ananus xona
sfux hcpcionopon, ninunmuxcn n ccpuk ncfpcu, hpononxanmuxcn
nhnofi no honhucanun noionopa 26 man 172 i.
Iomumo omcna unqopmauucu o hapamcfpax, yxc, ncponfno,
usnccfnix ocum cfoponam naionapn cymccfnykmum cucfcmam
unqopmauuu u naionapn pcmcnuk hponcmi konfponn ucpcs
pasncninafcninic chyfnuku, kofopimu pachonaianu oc ncpxani,
cyfi hcpcionopon kacanaci, hpcxnc nccio, ohpcncncnun honnfun
cfpafciuucckuc noopyxcnun. Kakoni nonxni ifi hapamcfpi
coinamcnun, yuufinan yxc umckmuccn n nanuuuu noopyxcnun u
fcxnonoiuucckuc unnonauuu, naxonunmuccn na honxonc Hfo kon-
kpcfno umcno cfpafciuucckoc snaucnuc Icpcionopi ho sfum noh-
pocam, sanuccnmuc of omcio pasnufun ofnomcnuu mcxny nnymn
cfpanamu, fnnynuci nonio. umi k ccpcnunc 171 i. cfoponi co-
inacunuci pachpocfpanufi noionop kak na nacfyhafcninic noopy-
xcnun (cfpafciuucckuc pakcfi, fo ccfi pakcfi nanincio panuyca
ncucfnun), fak u na ooponufcninic, fo ccfi na cucfcmi IIO,
kofopimu fchcpi pachonaian fakxc u Concfckuu Coks.
Baxno, onnako, ofmcfufi, ufo nauano hcpcionopon ho OCB
umcno ccpicsnic hocncncfnun nnn pnna npyiux achckfon cofpynnu-
uccfna, kofopic nonxni inu cfafi nacfonmcu hponcpkou honu-
fuucckou afmocqcpi paspnnku. Icpcionopi ncnuci onnonpcmcnno
c hcpnimu cckpcfnimu konfakfamu Kuccunnxcpa c kufauckumu
pykononufcnnmu, a safcm cfano usnccfno nc-qakfo o nosononnc-
nuu ofnomcnuu mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u Kufauckou
Haponnou Icchynukou. K sfomy hpuanunuci fpynnic mupnic hc-
pcionopi ho Bicfnamy, hpcpinanmuccn nconnokpafnimu hohifkamu
amcpukanucn uchonisonafi cuny u ccuucncnnimu unuuncnfamu,
11J8
chponouuponannimu xonom hcpcionopon. ahpcnn 172 i., n onun us
nauoncc ncnukafnix momcnfon nuckyccuu amcpukanckuc, 1-2 noso-
nonunu omapnuponku Ccncpnoio Bicfnama, nhcpnic hocnc hpuocfa-
nonku ux xonconom n 168 i. 15 u 16 ahpcnn omapnuponkc honncpi-
naci aknafopun hopfa Xauqon, u n xonc sfou ohcpauuu inu cnyuau-
no honpcxncni fakxc ucfipc concfckux cynna.
Ofo nc homcmano concpmcnuk Kuccunnxcpom 2O24 ahpcnn
faunou hocsnku n Mockny, n xonc kofopou ina okonuafcnino co-
inaconana oniman uacfi cmc nc pcmcnnix hponcm, hpnmo unu
kocncnno cnnsannix c hcpcionopamu ho OCB. Iosnncc, n onun us
nauoncc ocfpix momcnfon hcpcionopon c nicfnamuamu u n fo
npcmn, koina amcpukanui iofonunuci k ninony hocncnnux nouck
(okono O OOO ucnonck), ocfanmuxcn n Kxnom Bicfnamc, n cnnsu c
nonim yxccfoucnucm hosuuuu ccncpo-nicfnamckux hpcncfanufc-
ncu na hcpcionopax, 8 man Hukcon ofnan hpukas o munuponanuu
nicfnamckux hopfon. Takou nison ncmoncfpuponan, nackoniko nicf-
namckuu nohpoc, xofn u nnnnnmuucn pasnpaxufcncm nnn pycckux,
hpcnpafuncn yxc n mapiunaniniu qakfop n konfckcfc uhonnpnix
ofnomcnuu. Icpcn Kuccunnxcpom cfonna sanaua pastncnufi pyc-
ckum, ufo ycnonun coinamcnuu, ncxanmux na cfonc hcpcionopon,
nknkuanu n ccn fakxc ofkas of ofncfnix mcp ho honony nicfnam-
ckux coifuu u, oncc foio, concpxanu fpconanuc, ufoi pycckuc
chococfnonanu cmniucnuk hosuuuu cnocio coksnuka u cafcnnufa.
Takum opasom, nc ino nukakoio yxccfoucnun concfckou hosu-
uuu, nc ino honfopcnun (kofopoio onnuci amcpukanui) nccocfo-
nnmcucn ncfpcuu n ncpxax n Iapuxc n 16O i. Hahpofun, ncckoniko
nncu chycfn, 22 man Hukcon ofhpanuncn n Mockny c hcpnim n uc-
fopuu nusufom amcpukanckoio hpcsuncnfa n concfckyk cfonuuy.
Busuf hponnuncn no JO man, a 26-io cocfonnoci honhucanuc coina-
mcnuu OCB-1.
Icui mna o noionopc, pasncncnnom na nnc uacfu, nohonncnnom
pnnom hpofokonon, kacakmuxcn cmcxnix hponcm. Coinamcnun
(saknkuanmuccn na ncoipanuucnniu cpok, no c ycnonucm hcpccmof-
pa kaxnic hnfi ncf) inu opucnfuponani na cokpamcnuc noopy-
xcnuu; onu hpcnycmafpunanu hpcncninic konuuccnfcnnic ypon-
nu, kofopix kaxnan us ncpxan nonxna ina hpuncpxunaficn n
hocncnykmuc hnfi ncf. Takum opasom, moxno ino ionopufi nc
o pasopyxcnuu, a numi o numufuponanuu cfpafciuucckux noopy-
xcnuu nc fak yx mnoio, onnako, nccomncnno, nyumc, ucm csy-
ncpxnan ionka noopyxcnuu. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi samopaxunanu
cnou apccnan mcxkonfuncnfaninix annucfuucckux pakcf na yponnc
1O54 pakcf-nocufcncu, a Concfi na yponnc 1618; konuuccfno pakcf,
pachonoxcnnix na honnonnix nonkax (III), samopaxunanoci na
11J
yponnc 656 nnn amcpukanucn u 74O nnn Concfon. Oucnunnoc hpc-
nocxoncfno, hpusnanacmoc sa Concfckum Coksom n ofnomcnuu MII,
komhcncuponanoci konuuccfnom pakcf c pasncnnkmumucn ociononka-
mu, kofopimu pachonaianu amcpukanui u kofopic hosnonnnu ouc-
nufi hpcnocxoncfno Cocnuncnnix Ufafon kak fpu k onnomy n ofno-
mcnuu uucna nncpnix ociononok. K fomy xc CUA hpcnocxonunu
Concfi ho konuuccfny cfpafciuucckux omapnuponmukon 455 u
14O (onu nc numufuponanuci noionopom).
Bo nfopou uacfu coinamcnun pcmancn nohpoc o oipanuucnuu
hpofunopakcfnix cucfcm (IIO). B nannou cqcpc ocum cfoponam
hosnonnnoci cosnanafi nnc cucfcmi IIO: onny nnn samufi co-
ofncfcfnykmux cfonuu, npyiyk nnn samufi nauoncc naxnou
nocnnou asi. B ncucfnufcninocfu, ufo kacanoci sfou uacfu noio-
nopa, fo ho hpofokony 174 i. cfoponi coinamanuci oipanuuuficn
cfpoufcnicfnom foniko onnou fakou nopoiocfonmcu cucfcmi.
Hapnny c nnymn coinamcnunmu ho cfpafciuucckum noopyxcnu-
nm Hukcon u Ipcxncn honhucanu pnn hpofokonon, hpusnannix
hokasafi, ufo paspnnka moxcf hpunccfu ko ncc oncc unfcncunno-
my cofpynnuuccfny. B snamcnufou ncknapauuu o Ocnonax nsau-
moofnomcnuu mcxny CUA u CCCI yfncpxnanoci, ufo n nncpnyk
shoxy ofnomcnun mcxny cncpxncpxanamu moinu cfpouficn foniko
na hpunuuhax mupnoio cocymccfnonanun. C sfou ucnik cfoponi
onsinanuci hpuciafi k nsaumnim koncynifauunm nnn foio, ufoi
uscxafi nocnnix konqnukfon u hpcnofnpafufi nauano nncpnou
nouni. Onu onsinanuci fakxc nc cfpcmuficn k usnncucnuk onno-
cfoponnux hpcumymccfn sa cucf hpofunohonoxnou cfoponi.
Baxniu pasncn coinamcnuu ofnocuncn k fopionomy omcny.
B ncm hpcnycmafpunanaci nosmoxnocfi sakyhku Concfckum Co-
ksom n CUA scpna na cymmy no 75O mnn nonnapon n fcucnuc fpcx
ncf. Iinu fakxc sanoxcni ocnoni nnn fopionoio coinamcnun o-
ncc omcio xapakfcpa (honhucannoio safcm n okfnpc 172 i.), na
ocnonc kofopoio Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nonxni inu hpcnocfanufi
CCCI pcxum nauonimcio naiohpunfcfnonanun. pyiuc nohonnu-
fcninic hpofokoni kacanuci cofpynnuuccfna n onacfu nayunix
uccncnonanuu, usyucnun u uchonisonanun kocmuucckoio hpocfpan-
cfna u samufi okpyxakmcu cpcni.
Coinamcnun inu nochpunnfi n ucnom c onimum ohfumus-
mom. Onnako inu u fakuc, kfo (nahpumcp, 3uincn Ixcsunckuu,
ynymuu concfnuk hpcsuncnfa Kapfcpa) ofmcuanu, ufo qakfuuccku
apiymcnf ofnocufcnino amcpukanckoio fcxnonoiuucckoio hpcnoc-
xoncfna, hpunonunmuucn n honncpxky coinacun na mcnimcc uucno
pakcf-nocufcncu, moi hpcfcphcfi usmcncnun n pcsynifafc ychcxon
nonix fcxnonoiuu, kofopic pasnunanuci fakxc u n Concfckom Coksc. B
114O
ncucfnufcninocfu, n fom momcnf hpcnanuponana konuchuun, coinacno
kofopou oc cfoponi coinamanuci c hpunuuhom nnycfoponncio co-
nkncnun cnoxunmciocn coofnomcnun cfpafciuucckux cun. B cnyuac
cymccfncnnix usmcncnuu n sfom coofnomcnuu fopxccfncnno hpo-
nosinamcnnic Ocnoni nsaumoofnomcnuu, concpxanmuccn n co-
nmccfnou ncknapauuu, yfpauunanu cnoc snaucnuc.
Busuf Hukcona n Mockny sakpchun fcnncnuuk k hofchncnuk
n nnycfoponnux ofnomcnunx. B fcucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn hpc-
suncnfi nnyx cfpan ncfpcuanuci cmc fpu pasa. Ipcxncn ofhpanuncn
c ofncfnim nusufom n Cocnuncnnic Ufafi 1625 uknn 17J i.,
hocnc foio kak Hukcon in fpuymqanino hcpcuspan na nfopou
hpcsuncnfckuu cpok (onnako yxc foina n Amcpukc ncnaci honufu-
ucckan nuckyccun nokpyi Yofcpicufckoio ckannana, ufo hocfanuno
hon comncnuc anfopufcf hpcsuncnfa). Bcfpcuu inu oucni ccpncuni-
mu, honfncpxnan cymccfnonanmyk na honcpxnocfu afmocqcpy
hpckpacnoio nsaumohonumanun mcxny cncpxncpxanamu. Onnako
hcpcionopi, honiofannunanmuc noionop OCB-2, cmc ncnocfafouno
hponnunynuci nhcpcn, u na ncfpcuc n ncpxax ninyxncni inu oipa-
nuuuficn onopcnucm coinamcnun, coinacno kofopomy noniu noio-
nop hpcnhonaianoci honhucafi, kak foniko yncf nocfuinyfo coina-
mcnuc o hocfonnnom oipanuucnuu cfpafciuucckux noopyxcnuu.
Bhpoucm, no npcmn ncfpcuu n CUA na nicmcm yponnc ino
honhucano onimoc konuuccfno hpofokonon, nckofopic us kofo-
pix ofnocunuci k nncpnou fcmafukc. Onun us nux kacancn mupno-
io uchonisonanun afomnou sncpiuu; npyiou in nahpanncn na
hpcnofnpamcnuc nncpnou nouni u concpxan pnn hpanun, kofo-
pix oc cfoponi nonxni inu hpuncpxunaficn, ufoi uscxafi
yiposi cunou unu cc hpumcncnun onnou cfoponou hpofun npyiou,
hpofun ux coksnukon u hpofun fpcfiux cfpan. Ocfaninic coina-
mcnun kacanuci mupokoio chckfpa nohpocon ofnocufcnino qopm
cofpynnuuccfna, yxc namcucnnix na mockonckou ncfpcuc n ncpxax.
Koina n Mocknc u n Kpimy 27 uknn J uknn 174 i. cocfon-
naci cncnykman ncfpcua na nicmcm yponnc, honufuucckuc hosuuuu
Hukcona yxc inu ccpicsno honopnani Yofcpicufckum ckanna-
nom. Bcponfno, hosfomy Ipcxncn, nccina kuuunmuucn cnoum pany-
mucm, nc saxofcn cymccfncnno hponnuiaficn n hcpcionopax c hpc-
suncnfom, uic nanincumcc hpcinanuc y nnacfu yxc nisinano
cuninic comncnun. Inannou fcmou nuckyccuu inu cucfcmi hpo-
funopakcfnou ooponi. Iino hpunnfo pcmcnuc, ufo, n ofnuuuc of
coinamcnun 172 i., kaxnan ncpxana yncf umcfi ho onnou fakou
cucfcmc, a nc ho nnc.
pyian ocyxnanmancn fcma kacanaci honscmnix uchifanuu
nncpnoio opyxun, ho kofopim ino nocfuinyfo coinamcnuc, oipanu-
uunanmcc momnocfi uchonisycmix n uchifanunx ycfpoucfn 15O-k
1141
kunofonnamu. K ocnonnim coinamcnunm inu noanncni npyiuc
hpofokoni; onun us nux hpcnycmafpunan cofpynnuuccfno
n onacfu uccncnonanuu ho paspaofkc uckyccfncnnoio ccpnua.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, sfa ncfpcua n ncpxax nocuna, ckopcc, hcpc-
xonniu xapakfcp.
Iocncnnnn ncfpcua na nicmcm yponnc n hcpuon paspnnku co-
cfonnaci mcxny Ipcxncnim u hpccmnukom Hukcona xcpaninom
I. opnom no Bnanunocfokc 2J24 nonpn foio xc 174 i. Ha sfou
ncfpcuc inu coinaconani hpcnnapufcninic noionopcnnocfu of-
nocufcnino fckcfa noionopa OCB-2. Coinacno sfum noionopcnnoc-
fnm, ofpaxanmum fpconanun, ninnunyfic amcpukanckum ccnafom
n momcnf pafuqukauuu hcpnoio noionopa ho OCB, honfncpxnancn
hpunuuh hapufcfa, cocfonnmuu n fom, ufo oc cfoponi moiyf pac-
honaiafi pannim konuuccfnom nocufcncu, saqukcuponannim na
yponnc 24OO, ncsanucumo of ux nuna (mcxkonfuncnfaninic pakcfi
nascmnoio asuponanun, annucfuucckuc pakcfi na honnonnix
nonkax unu pakcfi, sahyckacmic c camoncfon). Hs nux nc oncc
1J2O moinu ifi ocnamcni pasncnnkmumucn ociononkamu. B ko-
ncunom cucfc, yfncpxncnuc hpunuuha pancncfna ino niionno
pycckum, kofopic n 172 i. nc moinu pachonaiafi cfoni onimum
uucnom nocufcncu c pasncnnkmumucn ociononkamu. Onnako onu
nuncnu n nonix coinamcnunx ycfyhky co cfoponi hpcsuncnfa, n
onimcu cfchcnu sanucumoio of ccnafa, n fom, o ucm n 172 i. onu
naxc nc hpocunu, kak humcf n cnoux mcmyapax cam Kuccunnxcp.
Bhpoucm, nocfuinyfic n hpunuuhc noionopcnnocfu cfanu
okonuafcninimu foniko n uknc 17 i., koina Ipcxncn ncfpcfuncn
n Bcnc c xummu O. Kapfcpom, na cnuncfncnnom cammufc c yuac-
fucm hpccfapcnoio concfckoio nuncpa u nonoio amcpukanckoio
hpcsuncnfa. K fomy npcmcnu afmocqcpa kopcnnim opasom usmc-
nunaci u coinamcnuc yxc hpcnpafunoci houfu n hycfyk oonouky.
Onnako nu onun us nnyx nuncpon nc saxofcn otnnufi o okonua-
nuu paspnnku. Iosfomy hpunuuhi Bnanunocfoka inu honfncpx-
ncni, xofn u c yfouncnucm, ufo n hocncnykmcm nccnfuncfuu yncf
honoxcno nauano cokpamcnuk uucna nocufcncu c makcumaninoio
uucna 24OO no 225O. B fo xc npcmn in hpunnf pnn nohonnufcni-
nix oipanuucnuu, kacanmuxcn nohycfumoio uucna pasncnnkmuxcn
ociononok nnn kaxnoio knacca pakcf. oionop, cpok ncucfnun ko-
fopoio ycfanannunancn no 185 i., nc in, onnako, pafuquuuponan
amcpukanckum ccnafom. Concfckoc nfopxcnuc n Aqianucfan n nc-
kapc 17 i. hpcnocfanuno oquuuaniniu apiymcnf, ufoi hpc-
pnafi nuanoi ho oipanuucnuk nncpnix cucfcm, na kofopiu nosnaia-
noci cfoniko nancxn. 3naucnuc sfoio nuanoia panukanino usmcnu-
noci n cnnsu c fpancqopmauunmu n mupc n ucnom.
1142
(2.. cncD Bc:naHcc:c nsnca
(2..(. AHLTLFHATHDL HHCCHA
H HAFHHCHL HLFL1CDCFL
uanoi ho hponcmc nncpnix noopyxcnuu, nisnanmuu hpu-
cfaninoc nnumanuc omccfncnnocfu, in nauoncc npkum cnunc-
fcnicfnom paspnnku. Ho honufuka paspnnku ofpaxana pasnoopas-
nic unfcpcci u fpconana ycfpancnun mnoiux hpcipan, ufoi cfafi
ncucfnufcnino nccotcmnkmcu. Icpnim fakum hpchnfcfnucm ino
nacncnuc nicfnamckou nouni. xoncon nauan Iapuxckuc hcpcio-
nopi u nsnn kypc na nicfnamusauuk konqnukfa. On hpucfyhun
k ninony amcpukanckux nouck, ufo cmc nc osnauano koncu nouni,
no ncno k hpckpamcnuk cc sckanauuu u iacuno fpcnoxnic na-
cfpocnun n amcpukanckom omccfncnnom mncnuu. Ioncc foio, na
saknkuufcninom sfahc nouni inu ofmcucni momcnfi nccnixan-
nou xccfokocfu: nuhnomafuucckuc hcpcionopi u cufyauun na honc
on inu nsaumooycnonncni.
Hukcon u Kuccunnxcp nonxni inu cuufaficn c hpcnmccfny-
kmumu coifunmu, a fakxc c fcm, ufo nouna fnxcnim pcmcncm
nanuna na skonomuky cfpani, hnafcxniu ananc kofopou fpco-
nan ccpicsnix nnunanuu. B cfafic, ohynukonannou n nnnapckom
nomcpc 16 i. xypnana 1oreign Affuirs, Kuccunnxcp, ufoi usc-
xafi hopaxcnun Bamunifona, namcfun cfpafciuucckyk anifcpna-
funy n pcmcnuu amcpukanckou anmunucfpauucu nicfnamckoio
kpusuca. Ofa anifcpnafuna hpcnycmafpunana nna mcfona ncucfnuu:
nocnnoc u honufuucckoc pcmcnuc. Icpniu mcfon hpcnycmafpunan
ykpchncnuc apmuu Kxnoio Bicfnama, kofopoc cncnano i nosmox-
nim hocfchcnniu ninon amcpukanckux nouck; nfopou hpcnhonaian
iofonnocfi hpanufcnicfna Cauiona pacmupufi asy honncpxku, na
kofopyk ono ohupanoci, ufoi cmy ino nciuc ofncfufi na nison
tiemioneu. Ofo ina nnycnunan honufuka, naionapn kofopou Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi moinu icfpo, u coxpannn nocfouncfno, ninccfu
noucka. Kuccunnxcp snan, ufo n fcucnuc mccfu mccnucn nosmox-
no, nc honncpian CUA ynusufcninomy hopaxcnuk, uchpanufi ho-
cncncfnun fpaiuucckou omuku, concpmcnnou xonconom.
Ha ncnc Kuccunnxcp paccuufinan ycnufi ccncpnix nicfnamucn
coinacuficn na snakyauuk nccx amcpukanckux nouck us Kxnoio
Bicfnama n omcn na ninon nccx noopyxcnnix cun Hauuonaninoio
ponfa Ocnooxncnun. Ha sfux ycnonunx on onopun oftcsn n
Iapux Icnpu Ksofa onxa, kofopomy ino hopyucno nosinanufi
amcpukanckyk ncnciauuk na mupnix hcpcionopax. Hcxonnan ho-
suuun nc moina ifi oncc ncpcanucfuunou. Ionufuka nnyx nsau-
114J
mocnnsannix achckfon ina nchpucmncma kak nnn hpcncfanufcncu
hpanufcnicfna Cauiona, kofopic nc hpusnananu sa Iapuxckou kon-
qcpcnuucu hpana pcmafi cyniy cnocu cfpani, fak u nnn hpcncfanu-
fcncu Ccncpnoio Bicfnama, kofopic cuufanu, ufo o ninonc nouck
moxno yncf ionopufi foniko hocnc omcio honufuucckoio coinamc-
nun. Hnauc ionopn, Hauuonaniniu ponf Ocnooxncnun, yncpcn-
niu n cocfncnnou hocnc n nounc, cuufan yxon amcpukanucn ncus-
cxnim u honaian, ufo foniko hocna moxcf pcmufi hponcmy.
Ha camom ncnc, nc Kuccunnxcp hpcnnaian nnycnunyk honufuky,
a kommynucfi: ccnu hpanufcnicfno Cauiona u cio amcpukanckuu
coksnuk nc xofnf hpononxafi nouny u hofcphcfi hopaxcnuc, fo
um nc ocfacfcn nuucio npyioio, kak hpunnfi honufuucckuc ycnonun,
kofopic hponukfycf hpanufcnicfno Xanon u kofopic saknkuakfcn
n qopmuponanuu n Cauionc koanuuuonnoio hpanufcnicfna c yuacfu-
cm kommynucfon (hocnun n nocnnom ofnomcnuu, onu hofcnuuanino
cfanu i hocnufcnnmu u n honufuucckom hnanc). B hpofunnom
cnyuac nouna hpononxanaci i. onx hpusinan k hpaimafusmy:
ofpocufi ouni u sahosnanic onuncnun, no nu onna us nicf-
namckux cfopon nc hpusnanana sakonnoio hpana hapfncpa na yuac-
fuc n hcpcionopax. Ioncc foio, nocnnic cuni kommynucfon na
kpufuucckom sfahc hcpcionopon (222J qcnpann 16 i.) npocfno
afakonanu oncc cofnu nocnnix otckfon n Kxnom Bicfnamc, n
fo npcmn kak Hukcon u Kuccunnxcp, co cnocu cfoponi, hocuufa-
nu nosmoxnim niopouno uchonisonafi cuny u honncpinu om-
apnuponkam fakxc fcppufopuk aoca u Kamonxu. Kak ofmcuacf
Ionxonunu, nchocpcncfncnnim pcsynifafom uspannou cfopona-
mu cfpafciuu ino fo, ufo mupnic hcpcionopi niinnncnu kak
npcmcnnan hcpcnimka n oxunanuu nocnnou hocni.
(2..2. DLLTHAH5AHHH CHHHTA
Hfoi honfncpnufi oocnonannocfi cnoux pcmcnuu, Kuccunn-
xcp hpuinacun n mapfc 16 i. n Cauion munucfpa ooponi Mcpnu-
na I. spna. Io nosnpamcnuu n CUA spn nickasan cnou nccima
omuc coopaxcnun o choconocfu u namcpcnuu kxnonicfnamucn
hpononxafi cohpofunncnuc. Icnu amcpukanui xofnf hpononufi
honufuky nicfnamusauuu konqnukfa, fo onu nonxni cqopmupo-
nafi nacfonmyk apmuk us kxnonicnamckux honpasncncnuu, cho-
conyk xopomo cpaxaficn camocfonfcnino, ufoi cfan nosmoxcn
ninon amcpukanckux nouck. Iononan hocfanonka hponcmi hpuna-
nana ucnccoopasnocfi honufukc nicfnamusauuu u saknaninana oc-
noni nnn hocfchcnnoio yxona amcpukanucn us Bicfnama, kofopiu nc
nochpunumancn i kak hopaxcnuc. cucfnufcnino, c nauana ahpcnn
1144
Kuccunnxcp n inyokou faunc nauan honiofonky k cckpcfnim hcpc-
ionopam c nonim pykononufcncm ccncponifnamckou ncnciauuu n Iapu-
xc c ik Txo, kofopic nonxni inu hpunccfu k hocfchcnnomy
nocfuxcnuk coinamcnun.
Iino ncoxonumo hokasafi kxnonicfnamuam, ufo ux nc po-
cunu. 8 uknn Hukcon nuuno ncfpcfuncn c hpcsuncnfom Kxnoio
Bicfnama Txucy na ocfponc Munysu (on nc ocmcnuncn hpuinacufi
cio n Cocnuncnnic Ufafi us ohaccnun ncmoncfpauuu hpofccfa,
kofopic hononiu nusuf moi i nisnafi). Ofo nc ino nuucmcpu-
cm. Hmcnno Txucy hpcnnoxun amcpukanuam nauafi ninon ux nouck;
n omcn Hukcon hpcnnoxun ycfanonufi hpnmic konfakfi c hpanu-
fcnicfnom Xanon: pasnuua saknkuanaci n fom, ufo ninon nouck in
nosmoxcn, a hpnmic konfakfi ncf. Txucy, ho nccu ncponfnocfu,
ncpun, ufo ycfyhka fpconanunm nonoio amcpukanckoio hpcsuncnfa
ykpchuna i nsaumnoc cofpynnuuccfno. Hahpofun, Hukcon pac-
cmafpunan ncfpcuy kak hcpniu hpusnak foio, ufo ofkpifa nopoia
k fomy, ufoi ofuchufi kxnonicfnamckuu naion.
25 uknn 16 i. hpcsuncnf CUA nicfyhun c pcuik na ocfponc
Iyam u hponosinacun nonic nahpanncnun amcpukanckou nncmncu
honufuku, kofopan nonxna ina cohocfannnfi momi Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon c ux choconocfik k pcaninim ncucfnunm. Iponosinamcn-
niu kypc osnauan hcpcxon k honufukc nu:ioeo npoqu:n; Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi nc nonxni ifi muponim honuucuckum. Amcpu-
ka coxpannna cnou onsafcnicfna hcpcn asuafckumu coksnukamu
(n uacfnocfu, hcpcn cfpanamu CIATO), no Cocnuncnnic Ufafi
hoompnnu. asuafckuc cfpani nsnfi na ccn nchocpcncfncnnyk
ofncfcfncnnocfi n ofnomcnuu hponcm nnyfpcnncu csohacnoc-
fu, sa ucknkucnucm nncpnou yiposi co cfoponi kakou-nuo ncnu-
kou ncpxani. Takum opasom, nicfnamckuu nohpoc hpcnpamancn n
hponcmy nnyfpcnncu csohacnocfu, u nicfnamusauun honyuana
hpano na cymccfnonanuc. Hukcon otnnun, ufo n fcucnuc aniycfa
25 OOO amcpukanckux connaf yunyf us Bicfnama. Amcpukanckuc nou-
cka no Bicfnamc, nacuufinanmuc n 16 i. 54J OOO ucnonck, ynyf
cokpamcni no konua 172 i. no 25 OOO ucnonck.
B pcuu, hcpcnannou ho fcncnuncnuk J nonpn 16 i., Hukcon
usnoxun cfpafciuk amcpukanckou honufuku no Bicfnamc u nan
cfpanc honnfi snaucnuc honopofa coifuu n cpanncnuu c hpcn-
mccfnykmum ionom. On cfpcmuncn fakxc cufi nakan npocfnix
nicfyhncnuu hauuqucfon, kofopic, mounusonan ncc cnou cuni,
hofpncanu n fc nnu cfpany. Hfoi honoxufi koncu nounc, ckasan
hpcsuncnf, cymccfnonanu nna nosmoxnix napuanfa: nuo hochcmniu
ninon nouck us Bicfnama cs yucfa ncponfnix hocncncfnuu hpunn-
foio pcmcnun, nuo houck chpancnnunoio mupa, kofopiu moi ifi
1145
nocfuinyf, ho nosmoxnocfu, naionapn coinamcnuk, nipaofannomy
hyfcm hcpcionopon, a hpu ncoxonumocfu c homomik hocfchcnnoio
sancpmcnun hpoipammi nicfnamusauuu. Icpniu napuanf in nc-
hpucmncm: amcpukanckuu napon nukoina i nc coinacuncn i c fcm,
ufoi Kxniu Bicfnam u ncno mupa hofcphcnu i hopaxcnuc, hoka
cmc coxpannnuci nosmoxnocfu nnn hocni. Hahpofun, nicfnamusa-
uun onnonpcmcnno c hocfchcnnim ninonom amcpukanckux nouck
hpuncna i, ionopun Hukcon, k hosufunnomy pcsynifafy, kakum i
nu in ucxon Iapuxckux hcpcionopon. Biop mcxny mupom hoc-
nufcncu u ynusufcninim hopaxcnucm in hpcnohpcncncn. Hukcon,
fakum opasom, honyuun npcmn, ufoi ykpchufi cnou hosuuuu n o-
mccfncnnom mncnuu u ninccfu us fyhuka Iapuxckuc hcpcionopi,
cnnsannic c nocnnimu pcmcnunmu.
(2... 5ADLFLAKLHH DTAH DCHHL
H HCLL,A CLDLFCDLLTHAHLD
B pcmcnuu nicfnamckoio nohpoca nacfyhun cnoxniu sfah, kofo-
piu xpononoiuuccku conhan c ocfpou qasou concfcko-kufauckoio
kpusuca (hocnc cfonknoncnuu na Yccypu n mapfc 16 i.) u nauanom
nuhnomafuucckoio mancnpa, kofopiu Kuccunnxcp hpcnhpunnn,
hpcxnc ucm hcpcufu k nuanoiy c Kufacm. B 16 i. cnnsu Concfckoio
Coksa c Ccncpnim Bicfnamom oucni yhpouunuci, a c Kufacm, na-
hpofun, snauufcnino ocnanu. Bicfnam ncnisn ino pasufi nocn-
nim hyfcm, no cio moxno ino usonuponafi nuhnomafuuccku, ccnu
i mancnpi CUA n ofnomcnuu Kufan hpunccnu ychcx. B fakom
cnyuac kufauckan honncpxka nicfnamuam hpckpafunaci i honnoc-
fik.
Bipanniu kypc hpuncn k pachpocfpancnuk nocnno-honufu-
ucckux ncucfnuu amcpukanucn u na Kamonxy. C 16 i. hpanu-
fcnicfno Bamunifona cankuuonuponano omapnuponku c nosnyxa
ho nicfkonionckum xpamam, pachonoxcnnim na fcppufopuu Kam-
onxu. B mapfc 17O i. Hukcon honncpxan iocynapcfncnniu hcpc-
nopof, ocymccfnncnniu kamonxuuckumu nocnnimu, no inanc ko-
fopix cfonn hpcmicp-munucfp icncpan on Hon. Onu cncpinu c
hpccfona koponn Hoponoma Cuanyka, onunun cio n hpokommynuc-
fuucckux cumhafunx, u cpasy hofpconanu opyxun y Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon, no n ofncf CUA hpucnanu amcpukanckuc u kxnonicfnam-
ckuc noopyxcnnic uacfu. Hx hpuifuc hpuncno k kafacfpoquucc-
kum hocncncfnunm nnn Kamonxu, kofopan okasanaci nncpinyfou n
nononopof konqnukfa, paspinanmcio cfpany nhnofi no 18 i.
Hukcon hpunnn pcmcnuc, hpofunopcuunmcc fakfukc mupnix
hcpcionopon, no on honaian, ufo nnn ychcxa honufuku nicfnamu-
1146
sauuu ncoxonumo hopasufi asi hpofunnukon n mccfax ux ykpi-
fuu, ufoi hpcnofnpafufi nahancnun na amcpukanckuc u kxno-
nicfnamckuc noopyxcnnic cuni. Icnu amcpukanui hpononxanu
i fcphcfi hononyk cufyauuk, otncnnn Hukcon cnoc pcmcnuc,
fo ncc cuufanu i ccn n hpanc csnakasanno pocafi nison momu
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, okasanmuxcn ncchoconimu hpofunocfonfi
konapnomy hpofunnuky.
Momnan ohcpauun, pasncpnyfan n Kamonxc, nc nana ohpcnc-
ncnnix u cymccfncnnix pcsynifafon. uhnomafuucckuc pcsynifa-
fi iocynapcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa cfanu samcfni foniko chycfn nc-
kofopoc npcmn. Hu co cfoponi Concfckoio Coksa, nu co cfoponi
Kufan nc ino ccpicsnou pcakuuu. Toniko Kufau sannun o hpu-
snanuu Bpcmcnnoio hpanufcnicfna Kamoxnu (Ipynka), kofopoc
cosnan Cuanyk, naxonunmuucn n usinanuu n Ickunc. Ofa ofnocu-
fcninan haccunnocfi cnuncfcnicfnonana o fom, ufo nu Concfi, nu
ccncponicfnamui nc inu saunfcpcconani n honncpxkc kamon-
xuuckoio nuncpa, hponnunmcio ccn pcnnocfnim cfoponnukom
ncufpanufcfa, kofopiu Zcncnckan konqcpcnuun 154 i. hpusnana
sa cio cfpanou. Ofnomcnuc xc Kufan, okasinanmcio cmy honncpx-
ky, ino ofnkni nc cspasnuunim. Xofn kasanoci, ufo Kufau of-
cfyhacf hon nanncnucm Concfckoio Coksa, hpanufcnicfno Ickuna
opianusonano n ahpcnc 17O i. n Kanfonc konqcpcnuuk, no npcmn
kofopou Hxoy Oninau sannun, ufo nukakoc coinamcnuc ho Hnno-
kufak nc yncf umcfi ynymcio, ccnu cio nc honncpxuf Kufauckan
naponnan pcchynuka.
Mcxny fcm apiymcnfauun Hukcona ina ncnocfafounou, ufoi
amcpukanckuc ncucfnun n Kamonxc nc nisnanu akfunusauuk
nnyfpcnncu ohhosuuuu nounc no Bicfnamc. Xofn hcpcionopi mcx-
ny Kuccunnxcpom u c yk Txo fauno hpononxanuci, n hnanc of-
kpifix ncucfnuu Hukcon in ninyxncn ocnaufi amcpukanckoc
nocnnoc hpucyfcfnuc, hpu sfom Icnfaion unfcncuquuuponan oy-
ucnuc kxnonicfnamckou apmuu n cnnsu c nanincumum pasnufucm
konqnukfa. Iocnc foio, kak n qcnpanc 171 i. noopyxcnnic cuni
CUA hohifanuci hponccfu nonyk ohcpauuk na fcppufopuu Kam-
onxu, ufoi hcpckpifi fpohy Xo Uu Muna, ycununaci kpufuka
ncucfnuu amcpukanckou anmunucfpauuu. Hccmofpn na sancpcnun,
ufo nacfyhafcninan ohcpauun yncf umcfi paspymakmuc ho-
cncncfnun nnn hpofunnuka, n pcsynifafc ona hpuncna numi k fomy,
ufo kanani cnnsu c Kiom npcmcnno hcpcmccfunuci n inyi cfpani.
Iocnc sfoio shusona amcpukanckan ncnciauun n Iapuxc nicfyhuna c
oquuuaninim hpcnnoxcnucm ccncponicfnamui nonxni ycfano-
nufi nafy hpckpamcnun oinn u nosnpamcnun hncnnix n omcn na
ohpcncncnuc kpauncio cpoka sancpmcnun ninona amcpukanckux nouck
1147
kofopoc okasanoci cspcsynifafnim, hockoniky ono nc nnunno ho
cymccfny na pcaninoc coofnomcnuc cun.
Bcc sfo, onnako, nc hpunccno ccpicsnix usmcncnuu cufyauuu.
Ionufuka nicfnamusauuu, hpcnycmafpunanman ninon amcpukan-
ckux nouck, n konuc 172 i., cfana pcaninocfik u pocana nison
ponfy ocnooxncnun Ccncpnoio Bicfnama. B mapfc 172 i. ccncpo-
nicfnamui hohifanuci hpcnhpunnfi maccuponannoc nacfyhncnuc,
no npcmn kofopoio inu nhcpnic uchonisonani fnxcnic noopyxc-
nun, hocfyhanmuc us Concfckoio Coksa. Ofo hosnonuno amcpukan-
uam ncucfnonafi fakum opasom, ufoi honfncpnufi cnoc ncyuacfuc
u n fo xc camoc npcmn hokasafi, ufo sfo nc nnnncfcn cnuncfcni-
cfnom hopaxcnun amcpukanucn: nosnymnic omapnuponku noopy-
xcnnix cun kommynucfon hpuopcnu ncoiuaunyk cuny, hocpc-
xic honncpinoci xccfkou nokanc. Kak nacfyhncnuc n hpasnnuk
Tcf, fak u nacfyhncnuc n mapfc 172 i. hofpconano of kommynuc-
fon oucni nicokou ucni foniko nnn foio, ufoi nc nohycfufi ho-
paxcnun unu nouficn naxc ncsnauufcninix ychcxon. Ccncpniu
Bicfnam sahnafun sa nux xusnik 1OO OOO ucnonck.
Konoccaninic ucnoncucckuc hofcpu u concfi ncucfnonafi o-
ncc cncpxanno, hocfyhanmuc us CCCI u Kufan (cfpani, kofopic
Hukcon hoccman npcmn of npcmcnu, ychcmno pasnunan nuhnoma-
fuucckuc cnnsu, fak ufo nicfnamckan nouna na ux qonc kasanaci
nocannou nfopocfchcnnou homcxou, honncxanmcu ycfpancnuk),
cmniuunu hosuuuu ccncponicfnamucn. Iocnc hpcsuncnfckux nio-
pon n nonpc 172 i. amcpukanui nosononunu maccuponannic
omapnuponku c nosnyxa, u hpanufcnicfno Xanon, n konuc kon-
uon, coinacunoci houfu na komhpomuccnoc coinamcnuc o hpckpa-
mcnuu oinn, kofopoc ino honhucano n Ipuxc 27 nnnapn 17J i.
Ofo in nc koncu nouni, no sfo in momcnf hpckpamcnun nc-
hocpcncfncnnoio yuacfun Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n konqnukfc.
Coinamcnuc hpcnycmafpunano, homumo hpckpamcnun ocnix
ncucfnuu, ninon nccx amcpukanckux nouck u nosnpamcnuc nccx no-
cnnohncnnix. Iino ycfanonncno, ufo 17 hapanncni ncc cmc yncf
oosnauafi ncmapkauuonnyk nunuk mcxny nnymn Bicfnamckumu
iocynapcfnamu u nkoc hcpcccucnuc cc nouckamu sahpcmcno, a
ipaxnanckuc hcpcnnuxcnun nonxni hpoucxonufi c coinacun oo-
ux nicfnamckux hpanufcnicfn. Ccncpniu Bicfnam onsinancn ni-
nccfu ncc cnou noucka us aoca u Kamonxu u nc uchonisonafi
fcppufopuk sfux nnyx cfpan nnn hponcncnun nocnnix ncucfnuu
hpofun Kxnoio Bicfnama. Cocfan ynymcio Cauionckoio hpanu-
fcnicfna nonxcn in cfafi hpcnmcfom hcpcionopon nchocpcncfncnno
mcxny Ccncpnim u Kxnim Bicfnamom.
Hfak, honufuucckoc ycnonuc, ninnunyfoc ncnciauucu Ccncp-
1148
noio Bicfnama n camom nauanc hcpcionopon, nccmofpn na cmniuak-
muc cfafiu, ino hpunnfo. Coinamcnuc ino onimum ychcxom c
yk Txo, no n fo xc npcmn ono ino hpcncfanncno kak komhpomucc,
kofopiu nonxcn in cinanufi koncuniu pcsynifaf u sanyanuponafi
hopaxcnuc amcpukanucn. Koncuno, sfo ino cnaoc coinamcnuc, of-
cyfcfnonanu honnunnic iapanfuu cio ocymccfnncnun, no ono hony-
uuno mcxnynaponnoc hpusnanuc na Iapuxckom concmanuu 12
cfpan, nccina yuacfnonanmux n hcpcionopax ho hponcmam Hnnoku-
fan. 12 mapfa 17J i. sfa konqcpcnuun onopuna coinamcnun u nasna-
uuna konfponinyk komuccuk, kofopan nonxna ina nanknafi sa ux
pcanusauucu. Iockoniky nospocna occhoconocfi noopyxcnnix cun
Kxnoio Bicfnama, amcpukanckan homomi um cokpafunaci, ncncncfnuc
ucio cfan hanafi ux ocnou nyx. B fcucnuc ocfanmciocn 17J u 174
ii. nmccfo hpckpamcnun oinn hpononxanaci nouna cs amcpukanucn.
Icpcn pcmufcninimu ncucfnunmu ccncponicfnamucn u Bicfkonia noo-
pyxcnnic cuni hpanufcnicfna Cauiona hocfchcnno pacccnnuci; n na-
uanc 175 i. nauanoci saknkuufcninoc nacfyhncnuc. B ahpcnc Txucy
ymcn n ofcfanky, u cio mccfo ncckoniko nncu chycfn sannn yoni
Ban Muni, onun us ncnymux yuacfnukon opii hpofun Hio un
icma. na nnn chycfn JO ahpcnn noucka kommynucfon nomnu n Cau-
ion. Amcpukanckuu hocon ninyxncn in na opfy ncpfoncfa hochcm-
no hokunyfi cnok pcsuncnuuk.
(2..4. HH,CHTAH HCCHL DCHHL
Kufau n onimcu mcpc, ucm npyiuc ncpxani, onopufcnino of-
ncccn k Iapuxckum coinamcnunm, on nancnncn nochonisonaficn
pasnponcnnocfik Hnnokufan, ufoi na noniuu cpok ycfanonufi
cnoc nnunnuc n hpofunohonoxnocfi nanckomy Concfckomy Coksy.
Ho yhopnan honufuka Xanon ho sanocnanuk nccio Bicfnama icfpo
ohpokunyna sfu hnani. Kufaucko-nicfnamckuc ofnomcnun yxynmu-
nuci u uyfi nc nomnu no ofkpifoio konqnukfa us-sa chopon o ipa-
nuuc n Tonkunckom sanunc. Onnako umcnno n nohpocc o Kamonxc
Iapuxckuc coinamcnun inu ohpokunyfi, hockoniky n cufyauuu
na Hnnokufauckom honyocfponc hpousomnu naxnic usmcncnun.
Icxum on Hona nc cmoi ykpchuficn, nccmofpn na xccfokuc
pchpcccuu, hpononumic apmucu. Imy hpofunocfonnu nnc hpofuno-
opcfnykmuc qpakuuu kommynucfon: hponicfnamckan ipyhhuponka
kxmcpi Hccapaka u ipyhhuponka kpacnix kxmcpon, kofopic nicfyha-
nu co cnocu cocfncnnou hpoipammou u cuufanu cnoum inannim npa-
iom ccncponicfnamucn, hockoniky hocnc Zcncnckux coinamcnuu 154
i. cfoponnuku Xo Uu Muna ocfanunu ux na hpousnon Cuanyka.
Konfponuponanmuc ccncpnyk uacfi cfpani kxmcpi Hccapaka hpc-
114
kpafunu noopyxcnnyk opiy n coofncfcfnuu c pachopnxcnunmu Xa-
non, a fakxc hofomy, ufo ux uucno pcsko cokpafunoci n pcsynifafc
nouni c amcpukanuamu u kxnonicfnamuamu. Kpacnic kxmcpi, sak-
pchunmuccn n ccncpo-sahannom pauonc Kamonxu, hon pykononcfnom
Ion Iofa ycfanonunu ofnomcnun c Bpcmcnnim hpanufcnicfnom Cu-
anyka n Ickunc, f.c. y nux inu fccnic cnnsu c Haponnim Kufacm,
of kofopoio onu honyuanu nocnnyk u hponononicfncnnyk homomi.
Mcncc ucm ion chycfn hocnc ninona amcpukanckux nouck us
Bicfnama cufyauun n Hnnokufac pcsko ycnoxnunaci. Bospocna
honncpxka Concfckoio Coksa Ccncpnomy Bicfnamy u cio annck-
cuonucfckou honufukc. B pciuonc okpchno concfckoc nnunnuc, uc-
nik kofopoio ino cosnanuc hpofunoncca amcpukano-kufauckum
ofnomcnunm u ocymccfnncnuc konfponn Kufan c kia. Kufauui, n
cnok oucpcni, paccuufinanu c homomik Kamonxu ncpxafi n na-
hpnxcnuu okpchmuu u otcnuncnniu Bicfnam, naxonunmuucn
hon samufou Concfon. C npyiou cfoponi, hpanufcnicfno Bicfnama
pacucnunano konfponi nan nnymn npyiumu iocynapcfnamu unnoku-
fauckoio honyocfpona kak nchpcmcnnoc ycnonuc cnocu nnyfpcnncu
csohacnocfu, n ococnnocfu n fo npcmn, koina c yxonom amcpu-
kanucn nicnooxnanoci honc opii.
Kufauckuc pykononufcnu hpumnu k saknkucnuk, ufo foniko
kpacnic kxmcpi moinu i nochpchnfcfnonafi umhcpuanucfuucc-
kum ycfpcmncnunm CCCI u Bicfnama, u hpcnnoxunu Ion Iofy
cnok honncpxky n opic c on Honom c fcm, ufoi ux noucka
hponcnu ohcpauuk icfpo u onnonpcmcnno c nacfyhncnucm ccnc-
ponicfnamucn na Cauion. Ccncponicfnamui nsnnu Cauion JO ah-
pcnn 175 i., a cuni Ion Iofa cmoinu pasufi pcxum on Hona u
saxnafufi 17 ahpcnn cfonuuy Kamonxu Inomhcni; onnonpcmcnno
n aocc hano ncufpaninoc hpanufcnicfno Cynanna ymi n pcsyni-
fafc iocynapcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa, opianusonannoio 21 ahpcnn hpo-
nicfnamckum Iafcf-ao. Kycouku unnokufauckou mosauku cknani-
nanuci u pachananuci oucni icfpo, no n coofncfcfnuu c xcncsnou
noiukou concfcko-kufauckoio hpofunocfonnun.
Bccnou 175 i., kasanoci, ncci Hnnokufau in hon konfponcm
kommynucfuucckux cun. Ho sfu cuni inu, n ncucfnufcninocfu,
packonofi ocfpim cohcpnuuccfnom, oycnonncnnim ux ofnomc-
nunmu c Kufacm. Bicfnam, ynyuu nc n cocfonnuu nouficn nop-
manusauuu ofnomcnuu c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, uyncfnonan ho-
fcnuuaninyk yiposy kak na kufauckom, fak u na kamonxuuckom
qponfc. cucfnufcnino, n Kamonxc (honyuunmcu nasnanuc Kamhy-
uun) kpacnic kxmcpi nauanu xccfokuc pchpcccuu hpofun kxmcpon
Hccapaka u nccx, kfo hpchnfcfnonan ux hponnuxcnuk. Ichpcccuu
nnoxnonnnnuci ocfcpncncnim noimafusmom u inu nahpanncni na
115O
ucfpcncnuc ncucfnufcninix u hofcnuuaninix hpofunnukon pcxu-
ma, kofopiu namcpcnanuci ycfanonufi nknu Ion Iofa (hosxc iono-
punu hpunusufcnino o nnyx munnuonax xcpfn).
Onnonpcmcnno ofnomcnun mcxny Bicfnamom u Concfckum
Coksom cfanonunuci ncc oncc fccnimu. Concfi cosnanu cnok
nosnymnyk asy na nicfnamckou fcppufopuu u n nonpc 178 i.
honhucanu c Bicfnamom nnanuafuncfnuu noionop o npyxc u
cofpynnuuccfnc, n kofopiu ina nknkucna cfafin (n Ickunc cc
ucfonkonanu kak anfukufauckyk hponokauuk), kofopan hpcnyc-
mafpunana onsafcnicfno Concfon samumafi Bicfnam kak cnocio
coksnuka of nkou unocfpannou aipcccuu. Takum opasom, cqop-
muponanuci nna qponfa: kufaucko-kamonxuuckuu u concfcko-
nicfnamckuu. Onu hpofunocfonnu npyi npyiy us-sa hoipanuunix
chopon u ncncncfnuc inyokou honufuucckou u sfnuucckou nchpu-
nsnu. Hahpnxcnnocfi mcxny Bicfnamom u Kamonxcu hpuncna n
konuc 177 i. k paspiny nuhnomafuucckux ofnomcnuu mcxny numu.
Bcncn sa sfum hponanunuci hcpcionopi mcxny Kufacm u Bicfna-
mom o ohpcncncnuu mopckux ipanuu. Coks mcxny Mocknou u
Xanocm samoposun sfo nnno kpusucnoc cocfonnuc u cosnan hpcnho-
cinku nnn cfonknoncnun cnauana mcxny Bicfnamom u Kamonxcu,
a safcm u nnn kufauckoio nahancnun na Bicfnam.
Bicfnamckoc nahancnuc na Kamonxy, sancpmunmcccn 1 nnnapn
17 i. ncfyhncnucm nicfnamckux cun n Inomhcni, otncnnnoci n
nanincumcm ncoxonumocfik honoxufi koncu icnouuny, yuuncn-
nomy kpacnimu kxmcpamu, kofopic hifanuci ynuufoxufi nccx
fcx, kfo in cnnsan c mupom fopionnu u c nnunnucm sahannoio yp-
anusma no umn skcfpcmucfckoio ypannufcninoio uncana. Bicf-
namckan akuun hpuopcna ipaxnanckoc snyuanuc, kofopoc, ho nccu
ncponfnocfu, usnauanino cu ino uyxno, no kofopoc cosnano nc-
paspcmumyk cufyauuk. Hahancnuc ino ncsakonnim, a pcxum
Ion Iofa, xofn u ccucnoncuniu, nccina hpusnanancn mcxnyna-
ponnim coomccfnom.
Hauoncc cuniniu hpofccf nicfnamckan akuun nisnana y ku-
fauucn, kofopic naxc hohifanuci hpchonafi nicfnamuam cyponiu
ypok. B qcnpancmapfc kufauui nahanu na Bicfnam, no sfo nc
hpunccno cymccfncnnix pcsynifafon. Iponuknyn na JO kunomcfpon
ninyi nicfnamckou fcppufopuu, kufauui ofcfyhunu cs hcpciono-
pon, no fcm camim onu hponcmoncfpuponanu, ufo nc hpucmnkf uc-
knkuufcnino nicfnamckuu konfponi nan cufyauucu n Hnnokufac.
Kpomc foio, onu hokasanu hpcncni coksa 178 i. mcxny Mocknou u
Xanocm, hofomy ufo concfckoc hpanufcnicfno, kofopoc nonxno ino
okasafi honncpxky Bicfnamy, honncpimcmycn aipcccuu, oipanuuu-
1151
noci xccfkum cnonccnim ocyxncnucm, nosncpxanmuci of kakou-nuo
nocnnou akuuu.
Bicfnam cuufan, ufo n 175 i. on nouncn mupa, no mup in ncc
cmc nanck u oucni sanuccn of nncmnchonufuucckux ycnonuu. Ias-
nufuc ofnomcnuu mcxny ncnukumu ncpxanamu hpuncno k qakfu-
ucckou usonnuuu Bicfnama, hcpcn kofopim cfonna fpynnan sanaua
noccfanonncnun xosnucfna cfpani hocnc JO ncf nouni. Iaccfanonka
cun na mcxnynaponnou apcnc hocfanuna Kamonxy n fakoc honu-
fuko-hpanonoc honoxcnuc, ufo um hpumnoci sanumaficn Opianu-
sauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu; ono xc hofpconano of Bicfnama
pacxonon cpcncfn nc na nnyfpcnnkk pckoncfpykuuk, a na nocn-
nic ohcpauuu hpofun hapfusanckux ncucfnuu, hpononxanmuxcn
no 1J i., a n nckofopix pauonax nhnofi no cmcpfu Ion Iofa n
18 i. aoc okasancn n cocfonnuu usonnuuu, upcnafom nnyfpcn-
numu konqnukfamu.
(2.4. nccnnc n nnncHa:n :c:cnnna
(2.4.(. HCHHTHA CCL,HHLHHLX LTATCD
D THXCCLAHCC FL1HCHL H HHCHHH
Ioniman paspnnka nocfuina cnocio naunicmcio pasnufun c
ycfanonncnucm qakfuucckux ofnomcnuu mcxny Kufacm u Cocnu-
ncnnimu Ufafamu u c nosnpamcnucm Kufan, ho kpauncu mcpc
hofcnuuaninim, k ponu nnunfcninoio cytckfa mcxnynaponnou
xusnu. Kakumu i nu inu npyiuc qakfopi naxnocfu sfoio sfa-
ha, nocfafouno ofmcfufi, ufo, ohponcpian fcopuk nomuno, on
osnauan hponan hponuknoncnun Concfckoio Coksa n Tuxookcan-
ckuu pciuon, nccmofpn na ychcx, nocfuinyfiu um n pcsynifafc
otcnuncnun Bicfnama hon nnacfik xanouckoio hpanufcnicfna u
okkyhauuu Kamonxu. Inyokuu ananus cufyauuu u nuhnomafu-
ucckuc choconocfu hosnonunu Kuccunnxcpy, inannomy concfnuky
Hukcona, oipanuuufi hocncncfnun hopaxcnun, honcccnnoio Cocnu-
ncnnimu Ufafamu na Hnnokufauckom honyocfponc, a safcm cnccfu
ux na ncf. CIATO, ncncncfnuc kpaxa cc inannoio sncmcnfa (fo ccfi
Kxnoio Bicfnama) u ofkasa of yuacfun n ncu npyiux coksnukon,
onimc nc cymccfnonana, a na cmcny cncpxunanuk, ocymccfnnnn-
mcmycn CIATO, hpumna concpmcnno nonan u iopasno mcncc xpyh-
kan cucfcma coofnomcnun cun.
Kufaucko-amcpukanckoc cnuxcnuc ino pcsynifafom kufaucko-
concfckoio paspina u ymcnun amcpukanucn uchonisonafi cufyauuk,
cosnannyk sfum hpocucfom. Ipcxncn u Kociiun usmcnunu fakfuky,
1152
ofkasanmuci of hpnmix nahanok, uscian ocyxncnun komhapfuu,
hponnnnnmux cnou cumhafuu k Komhapfuu Kufan u hpcnocfannnn
cymccfncnnyk skonomuucckyk u nocnnyk homomi kak Bicfnamy,
fak u Ccncpnou Kopcc, hpu sfom nc fpcyn of nux niopa kakou-
nuo ohpcncncnnou hosuuuu n ofnomcnuu ccopi c kufauuamu.
B fo npcmn kak pycckuc uspanu mnikyk nunuk honcncnun,
kufauui, nahpofun, ncnu ccn ncc oncc aipcccunno, honcfpckan
komhapfuu, na kofopic onu umcnu kakoc-nuo nnunnuc, k ofncnc-
nuk of KICC, kak onu sfo yxc ychcmno hponcnanu c Ananucu n
nauanc 6O-x ionon. Conhancnuc fakoio kypca c nnyfpcnnumu cc-
hopnnkamu u kynifypnou pcnonkuucu umcno, onnako, konfphpo-
nykfunnic pcsynifafi. Iopaxcnuc 165 i. n Hnnoncsuu u ncnos-
moxnocfi occhcuunafi nocfafounimu qunanconimu pccypcamu
kufauckoc hpucyfcfnuc n pasnunakmuxcn cfpanax ofonnunynu Ku-
fau na oouuny mcxnynaponnoio honufuucckoio hpouccca. Iymi-
nun u Kya, kofopic c camoio nauana hpuncpxunanuci kpufuucc-
kou hosuuuu n ofnomcnuu pycckux, n 166 i. nnoni cnusunuci c
KICC. Iocncnnnn (u cc pcnusuonucfckan honufuka) cfana inan-
nou mumcnik kpufuucckux cfpcn kynifypnou pcnonkuuu, a
hpanufcnicfno Kufan nauano hpononufi nchpumupumyk honufuky
ofnocufcnino fcppufopuaninix chopon, ohacanci, ufo pycckuc xo-
fnf okpyxufi Kufau nnn foio, ufoi nahacfi na ncio, nosmoxno, c
hpumcncnucm nncpnoio opyxun. Concfckoc nmcmafcnicfno n Ipaic
numi ycununo sfu ohaccnun, kofopic, n cnok oucpcni, hpcnocfanu-
nu pycckum hpcnnoi nnn ykpchncnun ux nocnnix hosuuuu n Asuu.
Kynimunauucu sfux ohaccnuu cfanu cfonknoncnun na pckc Yccypu
n mapfc u aniycfc 16 i.
Ofo cocfonnuc nahpnxcnnocfu nc ocfanoci nc samcucnnim
amcpukanuamu. B fcucnuc mnoiux ncf namunifonckoc hpanufcni-
cfno ocyxnano nosmoxnocfu uchonisonanun cufyauuu, cnoxun-
mcucn c kpaxom ncpymumou kufaucko-concfckou npyxi. Anmu-
nucfpauuu Kcnncnu u xoncona, uchifinan nanncnuc kufauckoio
nou, fo ccfi nnunfcninou ipyhhuponku n hpannmux kpyiax,
naiononnmcu k iomuninany u osaoucnnou nicfnamckum kpusu-
com, a fakxc cio hpcnhonaiacmimu hocncncfnunmu (sqqckfom
nomuno), oipanuuunuci hpononxcnucm fpanuuuonnou honufuku
honufuucckoio ocfpakusma n ofnomcnuu Kufauckou Haponnou
Icchynuku, hpchnfcfnyn hpunnfuk cc n Opianusauuk Otcnu-
ncnnix Hauuu.
B 6O-c ioni ycunun Icnoio oma inu nahpanncni, ckopcc, na
ocymccfnncnuc cnoxnoio hcpcxonnoio sfaha n ofnomcnunx c Sho-
nucu. Inaionapn amcpukanckum iapanfunm csohacnocfu u pcxumy
115J
cfpoioio oipanuucnun nnyfpcnncio hofpcncnun Shonuu ynanoci
honnnficn us foio ynuxcnnoio honoxcnun, n kofopom ona naxonunaci
nhnofi no hcpnou hononuni 5O-x ionon. B 155 i. opasonanuc uc-
panino-ncmokpafuucckou hapfuu, choconou nopafi n ccn ncc kon-
ccpnafunnic u ymcpcnnic sncmcnfi, nxonunmuc n hpanufcnicfno, a
fakxc ykpchncnuc hosuuuu Couuanucfuucckou hapfuu n kauccfnc
inannou ohhosuuuonnou cuni occhcuunu cfpanc honufuucckyk cfa-
uninocfi. Ofo hosnonuno Shonuu n 6O-c ioni ccpicsno sannficn kak
nnyfpcnnumu skonomuucckumu, fak u honufuucckumu hponcmamu,
kacakmumucn ofnomcnuu c moiymccfncnnim amcpukanckum coksnu-
kom.
Shoncko-amcpukanckuu nuanoi pasnunancn n fc ioni ho fpcm
nahpanncnunm: hponcmi ooponi, skonomuucckuc ofnomcnun u
fcppufopuaninic nohpoci, ho kofopim Shonun ninnuiana cnou
fpconanun. B hocncnnuc mccnui anmunucfpauuu Ouscnxayspa
Cocnuncnnic Ufafi ycfyhunu, nakoncu, nanncnuk nhonucn of-
nocufcnino hcpccmofpa oionopa csohacnocfu 151 i. (honfopcn-
noio ho cymccfny n 154 i.) fakum opasom, ufoi nuknunuponafi
ncpancncfno n hpunnfuu pcmcnuu, kofopoc on sakpchnnn. Icpcio-
nopi ho cio hcpccmofpy, hpoxonunmuc c 157 i., sancpmunuci
honhucanucm 1 nnnapn 16O i. hpanufcnicfnom Hoycyks Kucu
nonoio noionopa cpokom na 1O ncf. B noionopc hpcnycmafpunanoci
qopmaninoc hpckpamcnuc ncnkoio oipanuucnun cyncpcnufcfa Sho-
nuu u hpusnanuc cc hpana na camooopony. B ncm fakxc honfncpx-
nanoci hpano Cocnuncnnix Ufafon uchonisonafi nhonckuc nocn-
nic asi nnn cyxohyfnix, nocnno-mopckux u nocnno-nosnymnix
cun. Ipu sfom, hpanna, yfounnnoci, ufo nncpnoc opyxuc nonxno
ifi ucknkucno us amcpukanckux noopyxcnuu na nhonckou fcp-
pufopuu u ufo nohpoc o uchonisonanuu nhonckux nocnnix as
(cfoni naxnix nnn nocnnix ohcpauuu n Kio-Bocfounou Asuu)
nonxcn pcmaficn hyfcm nnycfoponnux koncynifauuu. Omcn nofa-
mu mcxny Kucu u Icpfcpom, cankuuonuponanmuu sfu nonauuu, nc
usmcnun, onnako, ncucfnufcninoio concpxanun nhono-amcpukan-
ckoio cofpynnuuccfna, ufo hpuncno k anfuamcpukanckum hpofccfam
(nnunmumcn ncckoniko mccnucn, nhnofi no pafuqukauuu noionopa
n uknc 16O i.) u ofmcnc nusufa Ouscnxayspa n Tokuo, kofopiu
hnanuponancn kak pas na sfof hcpuon. B fcucnuc ncckonikux mccn-
ucn ncmoncfpauuu nocunu cfoni npocfniu xapakfcp, ufo, kasanoci,
hon comncnuc ino hocfanncno camo cymccfnonanuc nhonckou honu-
fuucckou cucfcmi.
B fccnou cnnsu c hponcmou cofpynnuuccfna n cqcpc ooponi
naxonuncn fcppufopuaniniu nohpoc. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, umcn-
1154
muc hpana na anmunucfpafunnoc yhpanncnuc ocfponamu Ionun u
Ikkk (nknkuan ocfpon Okunana), hpcnpafunu hocncnnuc n oipom-
nyk nocnnyk asy, kofopan ina ocnonou nccu amcpukanckou
cfpafciuucckou cucfcmi na anincm Bocfokc. Iockoniky sfu ocf-
pona naxonunuci nnc nhonckou kpucnukuuu, onu inu ucknkucni
us honoxcnuu noionopa KucuIcpfcpa, onnako nhonui nacfon-
fcnino ninnuianu ofnocufcnino nux cnou fpconanun, kofopic n
fcucnuc nonioio npcmcnu nc moinu honnunfi na namunifonckuc
nnacfu. Toniko n 168 i. CUA pcmunuci nosnpafufi Shonuu an-
munucfpafunnic hpana na ocfpona Ionun, nc umcnmuc, nhpoucm,
nukakoio cfpafciuucckoio snaucnun.
Kak i fo nu ino, n skonomuucckom hnanc Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi nonxni inu ofnanafi ccc ofucf n usmcncnuu cufyauuu.
Icchopnnku hpuncnu k ofcfankc Kucu u qopmuponanuk nonoio
hpanufcnicfna, no inanc kofopoio c uknn 16O i. ncfan nucpan-nc-
mokpaf X. Hksna. Honiu nhonckuu hpcmicp-munucfp in pcmu-
fcninim hoopnukom ncoxonumocfu pasnunafi skonomuucckuc
ofnomcnun c Kufauckou Haponnou Icchynukou. Oipanuuunanci
coinamcnunmu skonomuucckoio xapakfcpa, hpanufcnicfno Shonuu
cfpcmunoci nochonisonaficn ucfounukamu cipin u, hpcxnc nccio,
ofkpifi pinok, naxniu nnn nhonckou skonomuku n cc cocfonnuu
iononokpyxufcninoio pocfa. Ipu sfom n Tokuo paccuufinanu nc
nisinafi cnumkom ypnou amcpukanckou pcakuuu. Hancxni Hks-
ni, onnako, nc ohpannanuci. Icakuun amcpukanucn u kufauckux
nauuonanucfon c Taunann nc sacfanuna ccn xnafi.
B nonpc 164 i. Hksna ninyxncn in honafi n ofcfanky u ycfy-
hufi mccfo oncc hoknanucfomy Oucaky Cafo. Kufaucko-nhonckuu
fopioniu oopof ocfancn oipanuucnnim pamkamu coinamcnuu o
omcnc fonapamu, saknkuanmumucn nauunan c 162 iona, a Shonun
honnocfik ncpnynaci n opufy amcpukanckou honufuku. Amcpukan-
ui xc inu foina osaoucni hoompcnucm hponuknoncnun nhon-
ckux fonapon na nonic pinku fakuc, kak Kxnan Kopcn u cfpa-
ni Kio-Bocfounou Asuu, kofopic otcnununuci n 167 i., cosnan
Accouuauuk iocynapcfn Kio-Bocfounou Asuu (ACIAH). B 165 i.
fopioniu ananc mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u Shonucu nhcp-
nic cfan akfunnim n honisy Shonuu, u hosfomy amcpukanui ho-
fpconanu of Tokuo, ufoi hpofckuuonucfckuc mcpi, ycfanonncn-
nic n nauanc 5O-x ionon, inu ofmcncni.
Bhpcni, nauunan c sfoio momcnfa, ofnomcnun mcxny nnymn
cfpanamu konucnfpuponanuci nokpyi nnyx hponcm: nucpanusa-
uuu nnyfpcnncio pinka Shonuu u onimcio nknana c cc cfoponi
n honufuky csohacnocfu, hpononumyk hon siunou Cocnuncnnix
1155
Ufafon. B ycnonunx cchpcucncnfnoio pocfa nhonckou skonomuku (n
167168 ii. amcpukanckuu ncquuuf n fopionnc c Shonucu yncnu-
uuncn n ucfipc pasa) nauanaci cckoncunan nuckyccun. Ha amcpukan-
ckuc fpconanun nucpanusauuu Tokuo ofncuan fpconanucm hcpcna-
uu cmy ocfponon Ionun u Ikkk u hpcnocfanncnun nosmoxnocfu na-
uafi fopionic hcpcionopi c kufauuamu, onnako hpu sfom nacfaunan
na ncnohycfumocfu ocymccfnnnfi honufuky pcmunufapusauuu, cho-
conyk hpunccfu k paspymcnuk couuaninoio mupa n cfpanc. B 168
i. nnycfoponnuc hcpcionopi, nauafic no npcmn hpcsuncnfcfna Kcn-
ncnu, sancpmunuci, nakoncu, coinamcnucm, okonuafcnino onopcn-
nim foniko n uknc 171 i. Coinacno sfomy coinamcnuk, ocfpona
Ikkk u Okunana nosnpamanuci Shonuu n omcn na uacfuunyk nu-
cpanusauuk nhonckoio pinka.
(2.4.2. DCCCTAHCDHLHHL ,HHHCATHHLCHX
CTHCLLHHH LH,J CLA H HTAL
Shonun nnnnnaci inannou ohopou amcpukanckou cucfcmi
csohacnocfu na anincm Bocfokc. Ofo otncnncf ofnocufcninyk
fcphumocfi, c kofopou Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nochpunumanu xccf-
kocfi hosuuuu nhonucn kak n cqcpc fopionnu, fak u n ofnomcnuu
ofkasa of nncnpcnun naxc cumnonuucckoio nocnnoio konfunicnfa
no Bicfnam. Ona hpcncfannnna coou fakxc mocf nnn nanaxunanun
honufuucckux ofnomcnuu c Kufacm.
B camom ncnc, nccmofpn na amcpukanckoc hpofunoncucfnuc,
kufaucko-nhonckuc ofnomcnun nukoina nc inu anfaionucfuucc-
kumu u otcm fopionnu mcxny nnymn cfpanamu hocfonnno nospac-
fan, n pcsynifafc ucio fopioniu ncquuuf Kufan n ofnomcnunx c
Shonucu n 17O i. nocfui J15 mnn nonnapon. Ioncc foio, nhonckuu
hpcmicp Cafo xofcn naxc hoccfufi Kufau, onnako cmy nc ynanoci
ocymccfnufi cnou hnani us-sa ncxcnanun kufauucn hpunumafi y
ccn cnumkom hpoamcpukanckoio honufuka. Onnako ncc sfo hoka-
sinano, ufo Ickun cmofpcn na nncmnuu mup yxc conccm npyiumu
inasamu ho cpanncnuk c nchpumupumou u sakpifou hosuuucu,
xapakfcpnou nnn hpcnmccfnonanmcio hcpuona.
Hmcnno n fakou afmocqcpc naspcna nuhnomafuucckan pcnonk-
uun n kufaucko-amcpukanckux ofnomcnunx. Ona cfana cncncfnucm
ofkasa nnyx cfopon hpononxafi honufuky xccfkoio hpofunocfon-
nun, ocnonannyk na unconoiuucckux mofunauunx, c ucnik samcni
cc honufukou cofpynnuuccfna unu, ho kpauncu mcpc, cnuxcnun
hosuuuu, kofopan nukfonanaci usmcncnunmu icohonufuucckou cu-
fyauuu n Bocfounou Asuu, hpoucmcnmumu sa nccnfuncfuc of hpu-
xona k nnacfu anmunucfpauuu Kcnncnu u no hopaxcnun xonco-
1156
na. B fcucnuc sfoio nccnfuncfun mcn mcnncnniu, no inyokuu c
fouku spcnun cio hocncncfnuu, hpouccc. Ofpaxcnucm sfou cufya-
uuu, n hnanc oosnaucnun hofcnuuana cc pasnufun, ino oncc
ychcmnoc pasnufuc kufaucko-nhonckou fopionnu ho cpanncnuk c
pcmcnucm hponcm mcxnynaponnou honufuku. Hmcnno n sfom
hnanc pachyfinanaci sakpyucnnan nufi nsaumoofnomcnuu mcxny
ncpxanamu, u umcnno sncci namnu ofpaxcnuc hocncncfnun usmc-
nunmciocn coofnomcnun cun na konfuncnfc.
C nauana 6O-x ionon u, concpmcnno oucnunno, c ccpcnuni nccn-
funcfun honnocfik hponnunuci ucpfi nonoio nuhnomafuucckoio
hopnnka, hpu kofopom hpousomno cnuxcnuc hosuuuu Cocnuncn-
nix Ufafon u naponnoio Kufan, cohponoxnanmcccn hpucocnunc-
nucm k num ncc mcncc sanucumou Shonuu u hpofunocfonnucm Co-
ncfckoio Coksa ho ofnomcnuk k sfou nonou komunauuu cuni.
Hmcnno sfu ofnomcnun sancpmunu ucfopuk honufuku paspnnku.
Hsmcncnuc afmocqcpi n ofnomcnunx c Concfckum Coksom, ko-
ncu, ho kpauncu mcpc nunumiu, ionku noopyxcnuu, coinamcnun
ho oipanuucnuk cfpafciuucckux noopyxcnuu cfaunusuponanu
cnoxunmykcn cufyauuk. Hahpofun, nonoc nuhnomafuucckoc pan-
nonccuc n Bocfounou Asuu cosnanano cucfcmy cncpxunanun, ko-
fopan hpcnocfannnna nnymufcninyk nosmoxnocfi oipanuuufi co-
ncfckuu skchancuonusm u kofopan ninyxnana Concfckuu Coks
nahpanufi cnou nunamuuniu hofcnuuan n mcxnynaponnou cqcpc n
npyiuc pciuoni, hpcumymccfncnno n Aqpuky.
Icpcocmicncnuc cocfncnnou ponu n asuafckom cucnapuu hpo-
ucxonuno n 16172 ii. kak n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax, fak u n Ku-
fac. Kufauuam hpumnoci hpusnafi hponan hohifku honopnafi an-
fopufcf Concfckoio Coksa nnyfpu couuanucfuucckoio nnuxcnun,
hockoniky ono nnoni chnofunoci nokpyi CCCI. B fo xc npcmn
cfonknoncnun na pckax Yccypu u Amyp honucpknynu ncsqqckfun-
nocfi cfpafciuu naponnou nouni hpofun Concfckoio Coksa n pciu-
onc, inc sfa nouna ina ncnosmoxna, xofn i hofomy, ufo on in
manonaccncnnim. Kpomc foio, ioni kynifypnou pcnonkuuu na-
nccnu xccfokuu ynap ho mcxnynaponnomy hpccfuxy naponnoio Ku-
fan, opckan cio na ohacnyk u ynymakmyk usonnuuk. B uacfnocfu,
honncpxka Ccncpnim Bicfnamom concfckoio nmcmafcnicfna n Hcxo-
cnonakuu hokasana hpcncni pannoynancnnocfu hpanufcnicfna Xanon.
C npyiou cfoponi, n nochpunfuu kufauucn Cocnuncnnic Ufa-
fi hcpccfanu n fof hcpuon hpcncfannnfi yiposy aipcccuu n pcsynifa-
fc ux hopaxcnun n Hnnokufac, a fakxc kpusuca nonnapa, ncncncfnuc
kofopoio y nux nosnuknu hpofunopcuun o nsaumoofnomcnunx c coks-
nukamu, ncc uamc hpcnhpunumanmumu cocfncnnic unuuuafuni n
1157
cqcpc mcxnynaponnou honufuku, nc nccina conhanakmuc c xcnanun-
mu amcpukanucn. Okasanmuci n cufyauuu, cosnannou amcpukanckum
hponanom n Hnnokufac u concfckum hcpcnoopyxcnucm n Asuu, na-
hpanncnnim ucnukom hpofun Kufan, kufauckoc pykononcfno hocfa-
nuno hcpcn coou sanauy niufu us usonnuuu, cnoman saxum cncpx-
pncpxan, yipoxanmuu, kasanoci, camum sanocnanunm pcnonkuuu. 3a
hpcnnoxcnucm, cqopmynuponannim Ipcxncnim
25 man 16 i. ncmonfuponafi ncc ooponufcninic coksi na Asu-
afckom konfuncnfc c ucnik cosnanun konnckfunnou u ncufpani-
nou cucfcmi csohacnocfu, hpocmafpunanuci hnoxo ckpinacmic
ycfpcmncnun Concfckoio Coksa k konfponk nan nccm pciuonom.
nn Kufan, c yucfom umcnmuxcn hpcucncnfon u nccu cufyauuu n
Bocfounou Asuu, ohpannannim pcmcnucm hpcncfannnnaci opucn-
fauun na Cocnuncnnic Ufafi.
Mao Hssnyn u Hxoy Oninau inu inannimu ncucfnykmumu
nuuamu honopofa, k kofopomy ux honfonknynu, n konuc konuon,
fakxc mnoiuc kontknkfypnic hpuuuni. B hcpnyk oucpcni, n pc-
synifafc cckpcfnix konfakfon c amcpukanckou nuhnomafucu onu
houyncfnonanu, ufo kufauckan honncpxka ina i ncoucnuma nnn
cncpxunanun nunamusma otcnuncnnoio Bicfnama u nnn foio,
ufoi cfano nosmoxno ninccfu 7-u amcpukanckuu qnof us mopcu,
ominakmux Kufau, a sfo, coofncfcfncnno, ucknkuuno i fakxc u
concfckoc nocnnoc hpucyfcfnuc. Bo-nfopix, usmcncnun n cqcpc
nuhnomafuucckux ofnomcnuu nc nonxni inu hocfanufi hon co-
mncnuc xapakfcp kufauckou pcnonkuuu, hockoniky nu onna us
cfopon nc namcpcnanaci n fof momcnf paccmafpunafi nohpoci fa-
koio pona. B-fpcfiux, Kufau honyuan nosmoxnocfi nopmanusonafi
fopionic ofnomcnun c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u Shonucu, hpu-
opcfan, fakum opasom, nocfyh k fcxnonoiuucckou unqopmauuu,
ncnanmcu cio choconim c iopasno onimcu sqqckfunnocfik
hpofunocfonfi nanncnuk Concfckoio Coksa. B-ucfncpfix, ofkpin-
muci Cocnuncnnim Ufafam, Kufau hpuopcfan mupokoc, kak
nukoina n hpomnom, honc nnn nuhnomafuucckoio mancnpa, nhuci-
nanci n mcxnynaponniu konfckcf n kauccfnc cytckfa, choconoio,
ho cnoum ncmoipaquucckum u fcppufopuaninim macmfaam, niufu
n oncc unu mcncc ofnancnnom ynymcm na yponcni cncpxncpxani.
B-hnfix, n kauccfnc qopmaninoio honfncpxncnun usmcncnuu umc-
naci n nuny ofmcna kakoio i fo nu ino ncfo na hpunnfuc n
Opianusauuk Otcnuncnnix Hauuu.
Coopaxcnun Cocnuncnnix Ufafon inu numi ofuacfu scp-
kaninim ofpaxcnucm kufauckux. B camom ncnc, kak yxc ionopunoci,
napnny c nnyxcfoponnumu, cymccfnonanu mofunauuu oncc omcio
1158
xapakfcpa, ofnocnmuccn k apxufckfypc hpockfa paspnnku, nan ko-
fopim paofana anmunucfpauun Hukcona. Mofunauuu o pasnufuu
nnyxcfoponnux ofnomcnuu ofpaxanu xcnanuc nosponufi fpanuuuon-
nyk npyxy, xapakfcpusonanmyk ofnomcnun mcxny nnymn cfpanamu
nhnofi no 14 i. Kufau kak hpononnuk amcpukanckou honufuku n
Tuxookcanckom pciuonc; Kufau kak pinok; Kufau kak hofcnuu-
aninan cncpxunakman cuna n ofnomcnuu Concfckoio Coksa u
Shonuu; Kufau kak pcaninocfi, kofopyk yxc ncnosmoxno ino
nc samcuafi. B okfnpc 167 i., sa ion no foio, kak on in uspan
hpcsuncnfom, Hukcon hucan n IorcIgn AIIaIrs: B noniocpounom
hnanc concpmcnno ncnosmoxno ncpufi n fo, ufo moxno nccina
ncpxafi Kufau sa hpcncnamu coomccfna nauuu, ufoi on nanan
nonk cnoum qanfasunm, kynifunuponan cnok ncnanucfi u yipoxan
cnoum coccnnm. Ha namcu mancnikou hnancfc nc umccf cmicna
opckafi munnuapn cc hofcnuuanino camix hpuncxnix oufafcncu
na pasnpaxakmyk usonnuuk. B kpafkocpounou hcpchckfunc sfo
nukfycf honufuky kpauncu cncpxannocfu, ofkasa of ycfyhok u ho-
nufuky koncfpykfunnoio hpofunonanncnun, nahpanncnnoio na ycx-
ncnuc Kufan n fom, ufo cio kopcnnic unfcpcci moiyf ifi ynon-
ncfnopcni foniko hyfcm hpunnfun ocnonnix hpanun muponou uu-
nunusauuu. B noniocpounom hnanc sfo osnauacf nosnpamcnuc Kufan
n muponoc coomccfno, onnako, n kauccfnc kpyhnoio hpoipcccunno-
io iocynapcfna, a nc kak shuucnfpa muponou pcnonkuuu.
Mofunauuu omcio xapakfcpa, n paspaofkc kofopix Hukcon
in hpcnmccfncnnukom Kuccunnxcpa, nocxonunu, cncnonafcnino,
k hpcnnoxcnuk nanaxunanun oncc nacimcnnix nuhnomafuucc-
kux konfakfon, nc onsafcnino anfuconcfckux, no fakux, kofopic
hosnonnnu i cosnafi, ho kpauncu mcpc, fpcyioninyk cucfcmy.
B pcsynifafc muponan honufuka cfana i oncc xusncchoconou u
honnuxnou, hockoniky cnusunuci i pucku hpnmou konqponfa-
uuu mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u Concfckum Coksom u pac-
mupunoci i honc nnn mancnpa npyiux ncpxan. B honuucnfpuucc-
kou cucfcmc Cocnuncnnic Ufafi cmoinu i nyumc yfncpnufi
cnoc hpcnocxoncfno unu, ho kpauncu mcpc, houyncfnonafi ccn mc-
ncc sanucumimu of fpconanuu nocnnou konqponfauuu c Concf-
ckum Coksom. Iosfomy, ccnu nnn Kufan nopmanusauun ofnomcnuu
c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu ina pcsynifafom xcnanun niufu us
usonnuuu, nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon ncnfcninocfi n fom xc ca-
mom nahpanncnuu hpuopcfana inoaninoc snaucnuc.
Ipakfuucckoc ocymccfnncnuc sfux ocnonnix nahpanncnuu na-
uanoci nocfafouno icfpo. B fcucnuc ncfa 16 i. Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi hocfchcnno ofmcnunu nckofopic oipanuucnun n fopionnc c
115
kufauckou Haponnou pcchynukou. B konuc iona kufauui nnoni nic-
fyhunu c honufuucckou unuuuafunou, pcmun nosononufi napmanckuc
hcpcionopi, fo ccfi ncfpcuu, hpoxonunmuc n honickou cfonuuc mcxny
kufauckum u amcpukanckum hocnamu. B 154168 ii. cocfonnuci 1J4
ncfpcuu, hocnnmcnnic fcxnuucckum nohpocam u pcmcnuk mapiu-
naninix chopon; onu nocunu ofkponcnno oquuuanino-honufuucckuu
xapakfcp, hosnonnnmuu iocnchapfamcnfy honyuafi unqopmauuk o
usmcncnuu kypca Ickuna. Hccmofpn na iocynapcfncnniu hcpcnopof,
ocymccfnncnniu c homomik amcpukanucn n Kamonxc u cncpinyn-
muu ncufpaninoc hpanufcnicfno hpunua Cuanyka, kamonxuuckoio
honufuka, nuskoio k kufauuam u npaxncnoio ho ofnomcnuk k
hpoconcfcku nacfpocnnim nicfnamuam, na hpofnxcnuu nccio 17O i.
nanknanoci ncc onimc hpusnakon paspnnku n ofnomcnunx mcxny
Kufacm u 3ahanom (o ucm cnuncfcnicfnonano nuhnomafuucckoc hpu-
snanuc Kufan Hfanucu u Kananou). B ufoic n nonpc 17O i. Icnc-
paninan Accamncn OOH nickasanaci (n fom uucnc ho hpcnnoxcnuk
Hfanuu) sa fo, ufoi hpanuno nnyx fpcfcu, hpcnycmofpcnnoc Ycfa-
nom OOH nnn ohpcncncnun naxnix nohpocon, sa kofopic nonxna
ionoconafi Icncpaninan Accamncn, nc ino hpumcncno k ionocona-
nuk ho honony hpocii kufauucn o hpcnocfanncnuu um mccfa n
OOH. Ofof nohpoc umcn pcmakmcc snaucnuc, u cmc ncckoniko mc-
cnucn amcpukanui uckanu ynonku, nancnci nouficn foio, ufoi
hpunnfuc kommynucfuucckoio Kufan, nohonncnnoc hpanom samcnufi
Taunani n kpccnc hocfonnnoio hpcncfanufcnn n Concfc csohacnocfu,
moino paspcmuficn c homomik komhpomucca, kofopiu coxpanun i,
n coofncfcfnuu c fak nasinacmou fcopucu nnyx Kufacn, hpucyf-
cfnuc Taunann n opianusauuu. Onnako fakou honxon nxonun n hpo-
funopcuuc c fcsucom kufauckux nauuonanucfon o fom, ufo hpa-
nufcnicfno Iomuninana nnnnnoci cnuncfncnnim nciufumnim ku-
fauckum hpanufcnicfnom, a fakxc c fcm, ufo kommynucfuucckuu
Kufau cuufan hpucyfcfnuc Taunann n OOH nchpucmncmim. Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi yunu sfy cufyauuk, oipanuuunmuci ionoconanucm
hpofun pcsonkuuu, hocpcncfnom kofopou Icncpaninan Accamncn
25 okfnpn 171 i. noccfanonuna sakonnic hpana Kufauckou Ha-
ponnou Icchynuku, hocfanonun onnonpcmcnno ncmcnncnno nu-
mufi hpcncfanufcncu hpanufcnicfna Taunann sanumacmoio umu
ncsakonno mccfa.
Iocnc hpcononcnun sfoio hocncnncio hpchnfcfnun, nisnanmcio
honnfnyk pcakuuk n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax u nannckmcio na nux
onuncnun n hpcnafcnicfnc nanncio ncpnoio coksnuka, nopmanusa-
uun honyuuna onnosnaunoc nahpanncnuc, cs hohifok nanincumcio
hcpcocmicncnun ncnn k poxncnuk enrenre corJiule (ccpncunoio co-
inacun), naxnocfi kofopoio n ucfopuoipaquucckom hnanc cpannuna-
116O
naci c coksom mcxny pcchynukanckou panuucu u umhcpafopckou
Ioccucu, saknkucnnim n konuc XIX ncka.
Mcxny fcm mukpockohuucckum hpusnakom honopofa, kofopomy
cpasy xc hpunanu honufuucckuu cmicn, kofopiu on, nhpoucm,
umcn n ncucfnufcninocfu, ino hpuinamcnuc n ahpcnc 171 i.
amcpukanckou komanni ho nacfoninomy fcnnucy yuacfnonafi n
fypnc ho Kufak. kohifniu choco nauafi hynuuniu nuanoi
sacfanun ionopufi o nuhnomafuu huni-honia. B ncucfnufcninocfu
nc ncc hpoucxonuno cfoni ofkpifo. Momcnfom ncucfnufcninoio
honopofa in cckpcfniu nusuf Kuccunnxcpa n Kufau, concpmcn-
niu um 11 uknn sfoio xc 171 i., n xonc kofopoio inu sano-
xcni honufuucckuc ocnoni nnn hofchncnun ofnomcnuu u nnn
nanincumcio oquuuaninoio nusufa Hukcona, o kofopom ino
hpcnnapufcnino oquuuanino otnnncno 15 uknn, nusufa, umcn-
mcio oucnunnic hocncncfnun nnn nccio mupa.
Icnu na sfom hyfu u inu npyiuc hpchnfcfnun, fo ux ycfpanuno
honhucanuc n ccnfnpc nonoio noionopa mcxny Hnnucu u Concf-
ckum Coksom, onsinanmcio cfoponi hpononufi honufuky cofpyn-
nuuccfna u koncynifauuu. Onnonpcmcnno nnyfpcnnuu kpusuc n
Iakucfanc (kofopiu nonxcn in nhocncncfnuu hpunccfu k ofncnc-
nuk sahannix hponunuuu of nocfounix, cfanmux ncsanucumimu
hon nasnanucm Ianinancm), hocncnonanmcc safcm n nckapc 171 i.
ncfyhncnuc Hnnuu n nouny hpofun Iakucfana n honncpxky ncsa-
nucumocfu nonoio iocynapcfna, fak nusko ofcfonmcio of kxnou
ipanuui Kufan, ucfonkoninanuci kak hpcnnccfnuk unnuuckoio
nacfyhncnun hpofun Kufan, honncpxannoio pycckumu. B sfou o-
cfanonkc nusuf Hukcona n Ickun hponcmoncfpuponan nfopocfc-
hcnnoc snaucnuc nicfnamckoio nohpoca, nifccncnnoio n fcni pas-
nufucm kufaucko-amcpukanckoio nuanoia.
Busuf n Kufau 2128 qcnpann 172 i. in nnn Hukcona mo-
mcnfom nuhnomafuucckoio fpuymqa. Ionfopnkmuccn ccpncunic
ncfpcuu c kufauckumu pykononufcnnmu ncmoncfpuponanu afmocqc-
py npyxi naxc onimyk, ucm sfo ino n pcaninocfu. Io mnc-
nuk Kuccunnxcpa, kufauckuc pykononufcnu hpcncfannnnu omc-
cfno, iopasno oncc cfauninoc n smouuonaninom hnanc. Kpomc
foio, onu inu n mcnimcu cfchcnu saunfcpcconani n qopmaninix
ncfannx u cfpcmunuci hpcxnc nccio k cosnanuk afmocqcpi nonc-
pun. B saknkuufcninom kommknukc hpusnananoci snaucnuc hpo-
usomcnmcio honopofa. Amcpukanui ofkasinanuci of fcopuu nnyx
Kufacn, hpusnanan ncncnumocfi cfpani u onsynci ninccfu n yny-
mcm ncc cnou noopyxcnnic cuni, naxonnmuccn n mopc u na Tauna-
nc. Iocncnnuu n honufuucckom (no nc n skonomuucckom) ofnomcnuu
hpunocuncn n xcpfny nonou npyxc. Bsamcn kufauui hpusnananu
1161
amcpukanckoc hpcnocxoncfno n Tuxookcanckom pciuonc (inc cuna Co-
cnuncnnix Ufafon nnnnnaci iapanfucu hpofun concfckou yiposi), a
n qunaninom nokymcnfc sannnnnoci o omcu pcmumocfu hpofuno-
cfonfi nkim hpccfyhnim hohifkam fpcficu ncpxani yfncpnufi
cnok icicmonuk n pciuonc. Takoc honoxcnuc nonxno ino cny-
xufi hpcnyhpcxncnucm Mocknc: xononnan nouna n Ccncpo-Bocfou-
nou Asuu ncucfnufcnino sakonuunaci, oncc foio, ona cmcnunaci ku-
faucko-concfckou konqponfauucu, oycnonunmcu ncnnycmicncnniu
niop, cncnanniu Mao, Hxoy Oninacm u sn Cnohunom, fpcmn co-
cccnnukamu Hukcona.
(2.4.. HCCHL,CTDHH H5LHLHHH CHTJAHHH
D THXCCLAHCC FL1HCHL
Busuf Hukcona, xofn u umcn ucknkuufcninoc snaucnuc, nc hpu-
ncn, fcm nc mcncc, k honnou nopmanusauuu nuhnomafuucckux ofno-
mcnuu. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi cmc nc hpusnanu kommynucfuucckuu
Kufau n nuhnomafuucckom ofnomcnuu u nonxni inu hpuncpxu-
naficn hpunuuha cfpoiou pannoynancnnocfu na sfahc, koina onu
umcnu onsafcnicfna fakxc u na concfckom nuhnomafuucckom qponfc.
Bhpoucm, n muponom macmfac pycckuc inu ncc cmc inannimu co-
cccnnukamu nc foniko us-sa ccchopnoio nocnnoio hpcnocxoncfna,
no fakxc u us-sa nanuuun yxc ohpoonannix kananon cnnsu. Io
sfou hpuuunc nncmnnn pcakuun Concfckoio Coksa na nusuf Hukco-
na nc ina ococnno pcskou. Ona nc ckasanaci na afmocqcpc hocnc-
nykmcio nusufa Hukcona n Mockny u honhucanuu coinamcnuu OCB-
1. Iocncncfnun kufaucko-amcpukanckoio cnuxcnun inu, nahpofun,
cpasy xc oucnunni n Tuxookcanckom pciuonc.
Takum opasom, nohpoc o usinanuu hpcncfanufcncu Iomuninana
us OOH in pcmcn, xofn hosnncc amcpukanui hifanuci yfcmufi
ux c homomik pnna fcxnuucckux coinamcnuu u honufuku skonomu-
ucckoio cofpynnuuccfna, kofopan yncf chococfnonafi hpcnpamcnuk
ocfpona n nuncpi cpcnu fuipon skonomuucckoio pasnufun n Kio-
Bocfounou Asuu. Bosmoxnocfu cnuxcnun nnyx Kopcu, nccmofpn na
nauano hcpcionopon o ymupofnopcnuu, inu nuufoxni.
Ho c nauonimum uucnom hponcm Cocnuncnnim Ufafam hpu-
mnoci cfonknyficn n ofnomcnunx c Shonucu. Imc n coofncfcfnuu
c coinamcnunmu 16171 ii. nhonui nonxni inu cncnafi amc-
pukanuam naxnic ycfyhku. Icui mna o coinacuu c hpunuuhom
monuanunoio nosononncnun noionopa 16O i., onsafcnicfnc hon-
hucafi noionop o ncpachpocfpancnuu nncpnoio opyxun, cncnona-
nuu honufukc pasopyxcnun u coinacuu co cfaficu, n kofopou
Shonun otnnnnna samufy Taunann u Kxnou Kopcu cnoumu xus-
1162
ncnnimu unfcpccamu.
Ipanufcnicfno Cafo, xofn u noccfanonuno honnocfik cyncpc-
nufcf cnocu fcppufopuu, ycfyhuno, cncnonafcnino, n cnuncfncn-
nom hynkfc, kofopiu no sfoio momcnfa ofnuuan nhonckyk nuhno-
mafuk of amcpukanckou cfpcmncnuu nc yuacfnonafi n nocnnix
ohcpauunx na konfuncnfc. Bhpoucm, pcui mna o hponymannom
puckc, cnnsannom c pasnufucm ofnomcnuu mcxny Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu u Kufacm. Kak ofmcuacf ucfopuk Akupa Hpus, c 17O i.
nhonckuc honufuku hpcinanu n cfpaxc, ufo amcpukanui nocfui-
nyf cchapafnoio coinamcnun c Kufacm, ocfanun Shonuk cs hpu-
kpifun. B ncucfnufcninocfu, sfu ohaccnun honfncpxnanuci fcm
qakfom, ufo hpanufcnicfno Tokuo ino hpounqopmuponano o
hpcncfonmcm nusufc Hukcona n Kufau foniko sa ncckoniko uacon
no ncio. Ofof shuson, nasnanniu hofom mok Hukcona, okasan
inyokoc nosncucfnuc na noncpuc nhonucn amcpukanuam.
Icpnou pcakuucu nhonucn ino hocncnonafi unu naxc hpc-
nsoufu amcpukanckuu hpumcp n ofnomcnuu Kufan. Iponnun pcn-
kyk packonannocfi, 28 uknn 172 i. Cafo sannun, ufo nnn Sho-
nuu Taunani nnnncfcn uacfik Kufauckou Haponnou Icchynuku, u
ncncn sa sfum hocncnonano sakpifuc coofncfcfnykmux hoconicfn n
Tokuo u Tausc. Cpasy xc hocnc sfoio nhonui hpcnocfanunu nuh-
nomafuucckoc hpusnanuc hckunckomy hpanufcnicfny u honhucanu
oquuuaninic fopionic coinamcnun, cfanunmuc ofnomcnun mcxny
nnymn cfpanamu na nonyk ocnony.
Hsanunmuci of ncpannohpannoio honoxcnun ho ofnomcnuk
k Kufak, Shonuu hpumnoci, onnako, uchifafi na ccc hocncn-
cfnun hpockfon skonomuucckoio osnoponncnun anmunucfpauuu
Hukcona u coinacuficn na fpconanuc amcpukanucn oipanuuufi
skchopf n Cocnuncnnic Ufafi c ucnik ymcnimufi ncquuuf amc-
pukanckoio fopionoio ananca. Tak nauunanoci copcnnonanuc n
onacfu fopionnu, n ocnonc kofopoio nccina ncxanu onnu u fc xc
komhoncnfi, copcnnonanuc, cfanmcc mofunom hocfonnnou nahpn-
xcnnocfu n skonomuucckux ofnomcnunx mcxny Shonucu u Cocnu-
ncnnimu Ufafamu.
Iifanci ofonnunyfi skchancuk nhonckou fopionnu of amcpu-
kanckoio pinka, anmunucfpauun Hukcona, kak u hpcninymuc an-
munucfpauuu, hoompnna hponnuxcnuc Shonuu n nahpanncnuu
Kio-Bocfounou Asuu. Hauunan c 168 i. amcpukanckoc hpanufcni-
cfno honncpxano unck cosnanun Tuxookcanckou soni cnoonnou
fopionnu n kauccfnc hpocfpancfna, ncoxonumoio nnn skonomuucc-
koio hpouncfanun u honufuucckou cfauninocfu, naxnou nnn pasnu-
fun Shonuu u nnn cfauninocfu n pciuonc. Ipockf hpuncc icfpic
hnoni, hockoniky yxc n 17O i. fopioniu omcn mcxny Shonucu u
116J
Kio-Bocfounou Asucu ynnouncn ho cpanncnuk c 166 i. Tcm npcmc-
ncm nhonckan skonomuka cfanonunaci moncnik nnn honpaxanun
(yuufinan nonoc nuuo mcxnynaponnou ncnfcninocfu nhonckoio iu-
ianfa, sfo nc nisinano ohaccnuu ofnocufcnino honufuucckux hocncn-
cfnuu) nnn nccx cfpan pciuona, ncfyhunmux na hyfi yckopcnnou un-
nycfpuanusauuu, n hpoucccc kofopou mnoiuc us nux nocfuinu uc-
knkuufcninix pcsynifafon. Icui uncf o fuipax asuafckoio skono-
muucckoio pasnufun Cuniahypc, Ionkonic, Kxnou Kopcc, Manau-
suu, Taunanc.
Mcxny fcm pasnufuc ofnomcnuu mcxny Kufacm u Cocnuncn-
nimu Ufafamu nc hpuncno n honnou mcpc k oxunanmumcn n ho-
pinc hcpnonauaninoio snfysuasma hosufunnim cnnuiam. Touncc,
ono hpuncno k omum nuhnomafuucckum cnnuiam, k kofopim
cfpcmunaci amcpukanckan nuhnomafun, nc cfann, onnako, ucnik ux
hpcnpamcnuc n nonyk nacfonmyk kufaucko-amcpukanckyk npyx-
y. Iocncnnnn, hon nanncnucm kufauucn, ncuscxno nocuna i
ofkpifo anfuconcfckuu xapakfcp, fo ccfi pasnunanaci i n coofncf-
cfnuu c hpockfom, kofopiu amcpukanui hoompnnu, no hpucocnu-
nnficn k kofopomy y nux nc ino mofunon, hockoniky uhonnpnan
icicmonun nccina cocfannnna inannyk oci nncmncu honufuku cncpx-
ncpxan. Ioncc foio, xofn n uknc 17J i. amcpukanckuc u kufau-
ckuc hpcncfanufcnicfna oquuuanino ofkpinuci n ocux cfpanax,
foniko 15 nckapn 178 i. hpanufcnicfno Bamunifona pcmunoci
oquuuanino hpusnafi Kufauckyk Haponnyk Icchynuky, u foniko
1 nnnapn 17 i. fakuc ofnomcnun ncucfnufcnino inu ycfanonncni.
Amcpukanucn cncpxunanu, c onnou cfoponi, hponcmi, cnnsan-
nic c ofnomcnunmu c Concfckum Coksom, a c npyiou hponcmi,
nifckakmuc us nnyfpcnncu kufaucko-amcpukanckou cufyauuu.
(2.. LBcna B :c asn
(2..(. LDFCHA H DAHKTHC-HHAHCCDAH
HCHHTHA HHCCHA
Ipouccc paspnnku, ccfccfncnno, oxnafun u Inpohy kak n pc-
synifafc hocncncfnuu unuuuafun cncpxncpxan, fak u n pcsynifafc
unuuuafun, hpcnhpunnfix camumu cnpohcuuamu. B camom ncnc,
nccmofpn na hponnncnun ncyncpcnnocfu u kpusuci hcpuqcpuunoio
xapakfcpa, 3ahannan Inpoha u, n ococnnocfu, IOC hponcmoncfpupo-
nanu xusncchoconocfi, kofopou nc mcmanu honufuucckuc u uncfu-
fyuuonaninic nuckyccuu nnyfpu Coomccfna. Hs hcpuqcpuunix
kpusucon nauoncc usnccfnim in nocnniu hcpcnopof n Ipcuuu n
ahpcnc 167 i., kofopiu sanokuponan snonkuuk honufuucckou cuc-
1164
fcmi k qopmam sqqckfunnou ncmokpafuu, ofonnunyn cfpany na oo-
uuny afnanfuucckoio coomccfna u ninynun IOC hpuocfanonufi ncu-
cfnuc umcnmciocn y Ipcuuu cfafyca accouuuponannoio uncna, ufo
nhpoucm cfano hpcnknucu cc hpunnfun n honnohpannic uncni IOC.
Hmcnno ychcmnoc pasnufuc IOC, a n cio pamkax momniu skono-
muucckuu hontcm cncpafunnou Icpmanuu, panuuu u Hfanuu ho-
cfanunu c nauana 6O-x ionon hponcmi hcpcpachpcncncnun on-
safcnicfn, cnnsannix c csohacnocfik afnanfuucckoio coksa, u
hcpccmofpa skonomuucckux u nankfno-qunanconix ofnomcnuu.
o 158 i. cnpohcuckan qunanconan u fopionan xusni pciynupona-
naci cucfcmou Inpohcuckoio hnafcxnoio coksa, cosnannoio n
konuc 15O i. nnn pcmcnun hponcm ncncxnou nuknunnocfu n un-
fcipuponannou skonomuucckou cucfcmc. B konuc 158 i. hocnc
fpcx ncf hcpcionopon 14 iocynapcfn-uncnon coksa (ho coinacona-
nuk c npyiumu 15 nccnpohcuckumu cfpanamu) nocfuinu coinamc-
nun, noccfanonunmcio nccomyk konncpfupycmocfi nankf na oc-
nonc sonofononnaponoio cfannapfa (golJ-Jollur srunJurJ), fo ccfi
konncpfupycmocfu nonnapa u cfauninocfu coofnomcnun sonofo
nonnap. Takum chocoom sona xoxncnun nonnapa u cnpohcuckan
sona (inc pancc nomunuponan qynf cfcpnunion) cocnunnnuci n
onimyk sony ncucfnun mnoiocfoponnux hnafcxcu, ocnonannyk
na nucpanusauuu fopionnu u nccomcu konncpfupycmocfu nankf,
c fncpnim omcnnim kypcom, hpunnsannim k coofnomcnuk non-
napsonofo, ycfanonncnnomy n 144 i. Ipcffon-Bynckumu coina-
mcnunmu us pacucfa J5 nonnapon sa 1 fpouckyk ynuuk sonofa.
nn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon sfo ino pcsynifafom nnufcninoio hpo-
uccca noccosnanun (unu, moxno ckasafi, cosnanun) qunancono-kpc-
nufnou cucfcmi, ocnoni kofopou saknaninanuci c 12J i. Takou
hpouccc cfumynuponan qopmuponanuc cfauninou skonomuucckou
cucfcmi, ocnonannou na hpanunax pinounou skonomuku, hpu no-
munupykmcu ponu cc nauoncc cuninoio napuanfa, fo ccfi amcpu-
kanckoio. Bcc sfo nonxno ino nc hponouuponafi hponcmi, a
numi hpunocufi niioni of qunanconoio u honufuucckoio hpcnoc-
xoncfna (ucknkuan uuknuucckuc koncanun u kpusucnic qasi).
Onnako sfo hpoucxonuno no fcx hop, hoka cucfcma fopionix u
hnafcxnix anancon nc okasanaci cnumkom nnno ncnocfafounou.
Io uncc, ohpcncncnuc sonofononnaponoio cfannapfa cfanonunoci oho-
pou cucfcmi nccomcu konncpfupycmocfu nankf, pcsynifafi kofopou
nochpunumanuci kak ucknkuufcnino hosufunnic, n ococnnocfu nnn
pocfa muponou skonomuku. B coofncfcfnuu c fcm, ufo humcf Xcpman
Ban cp Bcc, ncncncfnuc nucpanusauuu fopionnu u nncncnun hpun-
uuha konncpfupycmocfu, uacfnic anku u qunanconic ohcpafopi
nccio mupa moinu, cs nmcmafcnicfna ucnfpaninix ankon u npyiux
1165
qunanconix opianon, opianusonafi oipomniu onnocfoponnuu pi-
nok, nc uchifinanmuu oipanuucnuu u n fo xc npcmn iapanfupyk-
muu cfauninic omcnnic kypci. Takum opasom, CUA qakfuucc-
ku nannsinanu ucpcs sonofononnaponiu cfannapf amcpukanckuu ypo-
ncni ucn nccmy ocfaninomy mupy; ucn, kofopic n fof hcpuon inu
cmc cfauninimu u fakum opasom cosnananu ycnonun nnn cfaunu-
sauuu muponix ucn.
Bcc sfu hpcumymccfna ocnoninanuci na hpcnhocinkc o coxpa-
ncnuu hocfonnnoio u ccchopnoio hpcnocxoncfna n mupc amcpukan-
ckou skonomuku. Onnako hocfchcnno hpousomno hcpcpachpcncnc-
nuc skonomuucckou momu, ufo hocfanuno Cocnuncnnic Ufafi n
fpynnoc honoxcnuc. Ofo ino cnnsano c usmcncnunmu, hpoucmcn-
mumu n pcsynifafc nospoxncnun skonomuk kpyhncumux cnpohcuckux
cfpan n pamkax IOC u Shonuu, a fakxc c usmcncnunmu, nisnanni-
mu pocfom ucn na cipic n pcsynifafc ncnfcninocfu hpanufcnicfn
ncnanno honyuunmux ncsanucumocfi cfpan-hpousnonufcncu, nyx-
nanmuxcn n yckopcnuu hpouccca hcpnonauaninoio nakohncnun ka-
hufana u nipinanmuxcn us hpanun inoaninoio pinka. Amcpukan-
ui hohanu n nonymky fncpnoio hapufcfa u okasanuci n kpusucc n
pcsynifafc pasnuui n pocfc hpousnonufcninocfu fpyna n Inpohc u
n Shonuu ho cpanncnuk c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu. Mccfo non-
napa, nnauanc ncnooucncnnoio u hosfomy cfanmcio ucfounukom
naiococfonnun, sannn nonnap, hcpcoucnunacmiu, usncpxku nc-
ynaunoio qynkuuonuponanun kofopoio ohnauunanu Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi. Zccfkan hpunnska sonofo-nonnap honfonknyna hpomim-
ncnnix unnccfopon hpcnhouccfi ncnfcninocfi sa hpcncnamu Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon, n pciuonax c mcnimcu cfoumocfik paoucu cuni.
Hnauc ionopn, amcpukanckan skonomuka, hocnc foio kak ona
hpoqunancuponana cnpohcuckoc u nhonckoc noccfanonncnuc, nonx-
na ina cfonknyficn c hocncncfnunmu sfoio nospoxncnun n na-
nkfno-qunanconou cqcpc n cnnsu c offokom sonofononnapon sa
hpcncni Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Takum opasom, amcpukanckuc
nnacfu okasanuci hcpcn nuuom pacfymcio chpoca na ncncxnic
snaku, ufo hpunonuno k ncuscxnou nahpnxcnnocfu umcnno ho
nohpocy coofnomcnun mcxny cfoumocfik nonnapa u cfoumocfik
sonofa. Hc cncnycf yhyckafi us nuny fo ocfonfcnicfno, ufo sonofou
sahac Cocnuncnnix Ufafon nc in ncucucphacmim u ufo nnymn
inannimu hpousnonufcnnmu sonofa nnnnnuci Kxnan Aqpuka u Co-
ncfckuu Coks. Icnu nonnap oucnunancn oquuuanino n coofncfcfnuu
c coofnomcnucm, ycfanonncnnim n Ipcffon-Byncc, n fo npcmn kak
ncucfnufcninan cfoumocfi nankfi, usmcpcnnan c fouku spcnun cc
hokyhafcninou choconocfu, hanana, fo hoionn sa nakohncnucm non-
napon u qopmuponancm hpuincu n nonnapax sa hpcncnamu Cocnu-
1166
ncnnix Ufafon ncna k macmfanim qunanconim hofpnccnunm, ko-
fopic ckasinanuci na amcpukanckux qunanconix uncfufyfax, ni-
nyxnan ux hcuafafi nohonnufcninyk nankfy, kofopan oquuuanino
umcna ho-hpcxncmy cfauninyk cfoumocfi, foina kak pacxoni ho cc
honncpxanuk nosnaianuci na amcpukan-
ckuu sonofou sahac. kou pocf muponou fopionnu, a, cncnonafcni-
no, u mcxnynaponnou nuknunnocfu moi hosfomy cfafi hpuuunou
kpusuca amcpukanckou nankfno-qunanconou cucfcmi. Cucfcma,
sanymannan nnn hpcnosncccnun amcpukanckoio hpcnocxoncfna, cfa-
nonunaci, fakum opasom, nonymkou, fak ufo nonnap in cnun-
cfncnnou nankfou, occucnunanuc kofopou nnn koppckfuponku
hocfonnnoio ncquuufa fopionoio ananca c saipanuucu ino nc-
nosmoxno. Cnauana nonnap hcpcoucnunancn nnn foio, ufoi cho-
cocfnonafi noccfanonncnuk skonomuku Inpohi u Shonuu, a n
nanincumcm sfa cucfcma nc ina ofpciynuponana. Iocncnykmuc
ncnaninauuu npyiux nankf chococfnonanu ycyiyncnuk nuchpo-
hopuuu fakux omcnnix ofnomcnuu.
Kpomc foio, Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, samcuacf I. Tupcku, an-
fop, cfpcmnmuucn ofnafi nonxnoc Hukcony, ninyxnanu, us co-
opaxcnuu, nukfonanmuxcn unfcpccamu omcu csohacnocfu, co-
ncpmafi nuckpumunauuonnic akfi hpofun camux ccn, honncpxu-
nan apicpi n ofnomcnuu fopionnu mcxny Bocfokom u 3ahanom, n
fo npcmn kak cfpani 3ahannou Inpohi hpunumanu sncpiuunic
mcpi nnn sanocnanun pinka COB. uckpumunauuu Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon n skonomuucckou onacfu coofncfcfnonanu nuchpohopuuu
n pachpcncncnuu pcmcnu nocnnix pacxonon. Mcpkanfuninic co-
ksnuku amcpukanucn ofkasinanuci ancknafno saofuficn o cnocu
csohacnocfu, nc ionopn yxc o ux honncpxkc Cocnuncnnix Ufa-
fon n occhcucnuu csohacnocfu n npyiux pciuonax, kak, nahpu-
mcp, no Bicfnamc. Kopouc ionopn, cnpohcuui u nhonui inu
knaccuucckumu uxnuncnuamu umhcpckou cucfcmi.
Cymccfnonana, cncnonafcnino, umhcpckan cucfcma, nnyfpu
kofopou ncnyman ncpxana omymana ymcnimcnuc hpcumymccfn of
cocfncnnoio hpcnocxoncfna u ocosnanana ncoxonumocfi kopcnno-
io honopofa, choconoio noccfanonufi honufuko-skonomuucckuc
ycnonun ofnomcnuu icicmonuu. Icui mna o fom, ufoi uscxafi
cufyauuu, hpu kofopou npcmcnnan cnaocfi, nisnannan Bicfnamckum
kpusucom, ocpnynaci i puckom hofcpnfi iochoncfnykmuc hosuuuu
n cucfcmc pinounou skonomuku. Cncnonafcnino, ncoxonumo ino
hpunnfi mcpi nnn okasanun nosncucfnun na ncc hocncnykmcc pasnu-
fuc, kakum i nu in ynymuu pocf cnpohcuckux skonomuk, skono-
muk pasnunakmuxcn cfpan u ucn na cipic. Iacxoni, cnnsannic c
nounou no Bicfnamc, homomik cfpanam fpcficio mupa unu cfpafc-
1167
iuuccku naxnim cfpanam, u ncusmcnno haccunniu hnafcxniu a-
nanc cokpafunu amcpukanckuu sonofou pcscpn uyfi onimc ucm na ho-
nonuny: c 22, mnpn n 151 i. no 1O, n 168 i. Hmcnno fak! CUA
pachnauunanuci sa cnoc umhcpckoc hpcnocxoncfno fak xc, kak sfo
hpoucxonuno c Concfckum Coksom nnyfpu cio cocfncnnou cucfcmi.
Ofo in onun us achckfon uhonnpnoio copcnnonanun; of ucxona
nnyfpcnnux hpofunocfonnuu sanuccno u hpoucxonunmcc hocfonnno
omcc usmcncnuc n coofnomcnuu cun mcxny cncpxncpxanamu.
Bohpoc cfan hpcnmcfom fcopcfuucckux nuckyccuu u hpockfon pc-
qopmi, us kofopix nincnnnuci hpcnnoxcnun, cqopmynuponannic
cniiuuckum skonomucfom I. Tpuqqcnom u qpanuysckum skonomuc-
fom Zakom Iksqqom. Amcpukanui moinu i pcmufi hponcmy, uc-
honisyn honufuky xccfkou ncqnnuuu, no sfo ocpnynoci i mupo-
nim kpusucom c cmc oncc fnxcnimu hocncncfnunmu, ucm kpusuc
12 i. Coinacno Tpuqqcny, anifcpnafuna cocfonna n honhucanuu
pnna nnyxcfoponnux coinamcnuu, hocpcncfnom kofopix amcpukanuam
ynanoci i munumusuponafi unu naxc uscxafi konncpfuponanun
nonnapon n sonofo. Onnako uncn ina sapakonana, hockoniky qak-
fuuccku ona hponcmoncfpuponana i cnaocfi sonofononnaponoio
cfannapfa. Coinacno Iksqqy, nccima nnunfcninomy concfnuky nc
Ionnn, anifcpnafuna, nahpofun, cocfonna n nosnpamcnuu k camomy na-
cfonmcmy sonofomy cfannapfy, fo ccfi n hpupannunanuu cfoumocfu
nankfi k sonofy ucpcs honufuky onnonpcmcnnou ncnaninauuu nccx
nankf ho ofnomcnuk k fomy xc sonofy, ufoi fakum opasom usa-
nuficn of yxc ncoocnonannoio hpcnocxoncfna nonnapa. B qopmupo-
nanuu pasnuunix opucnfauuu hcpchncnuci honufuka u skonomuka,
onnako cufyauun nc usmcnunaci. panuysi, kak, nahpumcp, Iksqq,
onunnnu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi n skchopfc unqnnuuu, kofopan,
onnako, yxonuna kopnnmu nc foniko n amcpukanckyk, no u n mupo-
nyk skonomuky.
Imc anmunucfpauun Kcnncnu hponnuna hponuuafcninocfi, sa-
mcfun sfy hponcmy. Iin pcanusonan pnn nccima cnoxnix komhcn-
cafopnix mcp, ocnonannix na nospoxncnuu uncfufyfa, cosnannoio
n 1JO i. nnn pcmcnun hponcm foio npcmcnu, a umcnno Ianka
mcxnynaponnix pacucfon c mccfohpcinanucm n Iascnc, kofopiu
ocymccfnnnn ohcpauuu ho chaccnuk pasnuunix nankf n kpufuucckux
cufyauunx. pyian hohifka ina hpcncfanncna fak nasinacmim
Kcnncnu paynnom, fo ccfi hcpcionopamu c ucnik honusufi n hpc-
ncnax IATT (GATT) fapuqi nnn cnaix skonomuk, kakumu nnnn-
nuci cnpohcuckuc skonomuku n hcpuoni noccfanonncnun u cfanu
cuninimu hocnc skonomuucckoio hontcma u qopmuponanun IOC.
Ofu hcpcionopi, hpusnannic cfafi hpcnhocinkou nonoio Iax
AmcrIcana, hoompnnu fakxc homomi pasnunakmumcn cfpanam u no-
1168
sononncnuc fopionnu co cfpanamu kommynucfuucckou cucfcmi, n
konuc konuon, onnako, nc ohpannanu nosnaianmuxcn na nux nancxn.
pyian hohifka ina hpcnhpunnfa Mcxnynaponnim nankfnim
qonnom, hifanmumcn pcmufi hponcmy mcxnynaponnou nuknunnoc-
fu nnn ncnonnaponou nankfi hocpcncfnom ycfanonncnun ocoou
qopmi kpcnufa, nasnannou chcuuaninic hpana saumcfnonanun, fo
ccfi ccyni, kofopyk onn hpcnocfannnn n coofncfcfnuu c nauuo-
naninimu knofamu nnyfpu camoio onna. Onnako nonmccfno, ono-
pcnnoc n 16 i., ncfyhuno n cuny kak pas n nauanc 7O-x ionon
kynimunauuonniu momcnf amcpukanckoio qunanconoio kpusuca.
Cfonknynmuci c fpynnocfnmu, ynacncnonannimu of hpomnoio,
anmunucfpauun Hukcona hohifanaci ycfpanufi ux c homomik
pnna pcmcnuu n nahpanncnuu ncqnnuuonnou nankfnou honufuku.
Onnako onu nc homoinu ocfanonufi nna inannix hponnncnun kpusu-
ca, a umcnno unqnnuuk u cspaofuuy, nahpofun, sfu pcmcnun
hoccnnu hanuky cpcnu unnccfopon. Kak nchomunacf Kunncnicp-
icp, cokpafunuci ccpcxcnun uacfnix nuu, yncnuuuncn qcncpani-
niu ncquuuf, onnonpcmcnno c unqnnuucu u pocfom sapaofnou
hnafi honckouuno hofpcncnuc, cfumynupyn umhopf. Ipousnonu-
fcninocfi fpyna n amcpukanckou hpomimncnnocfu cnusunaci, ni-
pocnu usncpxku hpousnoncfna, a oa sfu qakfopa nanccnu ynap ho
skchopfy. Iosfomy n 17O i. Hukcon, n fom uucnc u ho hpcnni-
opnim coopaxcnunm, pcmun ymcnimufi xccfkocfi nankfnou
honufuku, ufo hpuncno k kafacfpoquucckum pcsynifafam. Bccnou
171 i. cuninan nonna chckynnuuu hpofun nonnapa hofpncna na-
nkfniu pinok. Ionncpxunafi honufuky fncpnoio omcnnoio kyp-
ca cfano ncnosmoxno. Hcxonn us sfux hpcnhocinok, 15 aniycfa
Hukcon nuuno pastncnun cnok nonyk skonomuucckyk honufuky
(ncw cconomIc poIIcy), ocnonou kofopou ino npcmcnnoc hpuocfa-
nonncnuc konncpfupycmocfu nonnapa, ufo osnauano koncu Ipcffon-
Bynckou cucfcmi. Ona fakxc hpcnycmafpunana 1O'-niu nanoi na
umhopf, naionapn kofopomy cfpcmunuci noccfanonufi pannonccuc
hnafcxnoio ananca u nouficn onopcnun coksnukamu snauu-
fcninou ncnaninauuu nonnapa; kpomc foio, ona ycfanannunana nnyfpu
cfpani konfponi sa sapaofnou hnafou u cankuuonuponana ypcsanuc
iocynapcfncnnix pacxonon.
Io cymccfny, pcmcnuc Hukcona nnnnnoci oquuuaninim hpusna-
nucm panukaninix usmcncnuu n mcxnynaponnix skonomuucckux
ofnomcnunx. Hckyccfncnno sanimcnnan cfoumocfi nonnapa umcna
cmicn, ccnu sfo ino nahpanncno na homomi coksnukam, uchi-
finakmum safpynncnun, onnako ona yfpafuna cio, koina n fpyn-
nom honoxcnuu okasanuci Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, kofopic nccnu
pcmn honufuucckoio, skonomuucckoio u nocnnoio hpcnocxoncfna
116
3ahana u kofopic n fom momcnf ocymccfnnnnu cnoxniu hcpcxon of
cocymccfnonanun k paspnnkc. Anifcpnafunou, nan honnfi Hukcon,
moino i cfafi ycfanonncnuc pnna apicpon nnn samufi amcpukanc-
kou fopionnu u nonnapa of hocncncfnuu ofcyfcfnun hapufcfa n honu-
fuucckux u skonomuucckux ycnonunx nnyfpu sahannoio coksa.
cnaninauun nc sacfana cnpohcuucn u nhonucn npachnox, no na-
nccna ho num xccfokuu ynap. Ioncc yinyncnniu ananus coofncf-
cfnykmux pcmcnuu usannncf of omymcnun, ufo amcpukanui, nmcc-
fo foio ufoi uchpanufi ncchpancnnunyk camy ho ccc cufyauuk, xo-
fcnu hcpcnoxufi na coksnukon cnou nnyfpcnnuc fpynnocfu. Ofo nc
coofncfcfnonano ncucfnufcninocfu. Onnako pcmcnuc, hpunnfoc n mo-
mcnf nahpnxcnnocfu, cnnsannou c nchonumanucm, hponnunmumcn n
hcpuon hpcsuncnfcfna nc Ionnn n ofnomcnunx c
anmunucfpauucu Kcnncnu u n xccfkom hpofunohocfanncnuu cnpo-
hcuckoio omccfncnnoio mncnun amcpukanckou honufukc no Bicf-
namc, nnccno noniu komhoncnf kpusuca n omyk kapfuny. Ofa
kapfuna cosnanana opas kahufanucfuucckoio 3ahana, ho-hpcxncmy
ncchoconoio, kak sfo ino n ioni ncnukou nchpcccuu, hpuufu k
coinaconannomy pcmcnuk hponcm, kofopic ncnisn ino ocfannnfi
ncnunumou pykc pinka, a cncnonano paccmafpunafi u pcmafi n ux
nsaumocnnsu, ofkasinanci of sakpifocfu u onnocfoponnux pcmc-
nuu, umcnno nnn foio, ufoi uscxafi hapanusauuu ncnunumou
pyku pinka n pcsynifafc yxumpcnuu honufuku nauuonaninou
sakpifocfu.
Ofu cymccfncnnic fpynnocfu n ofnomcnunx c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu nc inu, koncuno, cpannumi c fcmu, ufo packaninanu
cnuncfno kommynucfuucckoio noka. Onnako onu inu nocfafouni
nnn foio, ufoi nisnafi uyncfna nsaumnoio ncnoncpun, hocfonn-
nix honospcnuu, uacfix koncanuu, unu xc, nahpofun, onu nisi-
nanu nacfouuunoc opamcnuc k ncoxonumocfu nnoni ocynufi
hponcmi afnanfuucckoio hapfncpcfna. Toniko n konuc 171 i. fak
nasinacmic Cmufcononckuc coinamcnun (mirhsoniun Agreemenrs)
ycfanonunu noniu hapufcf mcxny nonnapom u ocnonnimu muponimu
nankfamu u nncnu hpunuuh, coinacno kofopomy sfu nankfi moinu
koncaficn n nuahasonc 2,25' nimc unu nuxc oquuuaninix kyp-
con. Oquuuaninan ucna sonofa mcnnnaci of J5 no J8 nonnapon sa
ynuuk, no cosnanuc nuahasona koncanuu hpuncno k fomy, ufo non-
nap moi uipafi poni nankfi, k cfoumocfu kofopou ocfananuci hpunn-
sannimu nankfi ocnonnix unnycfpuaninix cfpan. B onimcu cfchc-
nu, ucm oquuuaninou koncfafauucu, sfo ino pcsynifafom pasnufun
nankfnoio pinka n fom nunc, n kakom ono ocymccfnnnnoci hocnc
17J i., ufo osnauano qakfuucckyk samcny cucfcmi sonofonankfnoio
cfannapfa cucfcmou nonnaponoio cfannapfa n fom cmicnc, ufo nonnap
117O
hpononxan ocfanaficn ocnonnou nankfou nnn honcucfa fpancakuuu u
pcscpnon coofncfcfnykmux iocynapcfn.
(2..2. HCHHTHA FA5FH,H H LDFCHA.
LFAH,T H HCDAH DCCTCHHAH HCHHTHA
Ha hpcncfanncnnom nimc qunanconom qonc nipuconinacfcn ho-
nufuucckuu hpoquni yuacfun Inpohi n hpoucccc paspnnku, hpcn-
cfanncnnom, hpcxnc nccio, usmcnunmcucn honufukou nc Ionnn, naua-
nom nonou nocfounou honufuku Icpmanuu u Xcnicunkckum conc-
manucm ho cnpohcuckou csohacnocfu. Hfo kacacfcn cnpohcuckux
uncfufyfon, fo n IOC n fof hcpuon ncc cmc nomunuponanu pcmcnun
Iapuxckou ncfpcuu n ncpxax 174 i., of kofopix oxunanu cfumynu-
pykmcio nosncucfnun n hnanc unfcipauuu u cosnanun Accamncu,
usupacmou nccomum ionoconanucm. Iosuuun panuuu cama ho
ccc yxc ina nahpanncna na onnocfoponnkk paspnnky, osnamcno-
nannyk nc cfoniko nixonom panuuu us HATO (ufo nc mcnnno oc-
nonnix opucnfauuu qpanuysckou nncmncu honufuku), ckoniko hpcn-
hpunnfou nc Ionncm hohifkou nauafi cnpohcuckuu nuanoi cnoum
nusufom n Mockny n konuc uknn 166 i. Bo npcmn nusufa qpanuys-
ckuu hpcsuncnf pcmufcnino sannun o cnocm ycxncnuu, ufo xonon-
nan nouna, hopoxnanman ncycfouuuniu, omanuuniu u cchnon-
niu mup, yxc sakonuunaci u nacfano npcmn hcpcocmicncnun hponcm
Inpohi kak cnunoio ucnoio, hpocfupakmciocn of Afnanfuku no
Ypana.
C homomik sfou unuuuafuni u npyiux hohifok naufu hyfu k
nauany hocfonnnoio nuanoia c pycckumu nc Ionni nancnncn hpu-
nafi onimuu macmfa qpanuysckou nncmncu honufukc, a fakxc
hoynufi k nunamusmy cnoux afnanfuucckux hapfncpon, n fom uuc-
nc u nnn foio, ufoi ohcpcnufi ncucfnun, kofopic moinu i hpcn-
hpunnfi (u hpcnhpunumanu) n sfom nahpanncnuu Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi. Ipu sfom nc Ionni nc uscxan ofkponcnnou kpufuku amc-
pukanckou honufuku, kak, nahpumcp, no npcmn nusufa n Kamonxy
ncfom 166 i., a safcm n Kanany n 167 i., inc on cs koncanuu
honncpxan cchapafusm Knccka kak nipaxcnuc cohpofunncnun
amcpukanckomy hponuknoncnuk. Iio coinamcnuc c Ancnayspom
ino nahpanncno na cosnanuc n Inpohc cuninoio honufuucckoio
cytckfa, kofopiu nc cncnonan i haccunno sa amcpukanckou
unuuuafunou u onanan i fakxc camocfonfcninocfik n cqcpc
cocfncnnou ooponi.
Ipcncni noncpun nc Ionnn (a fakxc u Ancnayspa) n ofnomc-
nuu amcpukanckoio qakfopa cncpxunanun cfanu oucnunnimu no
npcmn Kyunckoio kpusuca u no npcmn nccx chopon nokpyi MSC.
1171
Hcnoncpuc k amcpukanuam u n fo xc npcmn xcnanuc ninccfu Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi us nicfnamckoio fyhuka n nahpanncnuu pcmufcninou
honufuku paspnnku, hpononumou c nhonnc oocnonannix hosuuuu
cuni, honfankunanu nc Ionnn k coucfanuk cio nauuonanusma c
xcnanucm yfncpnufi cnpohcuckyk cucfcmy n kauccfnc hofcnuuani-
no anfonomnoio cytckfa. Onnako ofcfanka Ancnayspa n okfnpc
16J i. numuna nc Ionnn ncsamcnumoio hapfncpa.
Ipccmnuk Ancnayspa knnui Opxapn u munucfp unocfpannix
ncn Icpxapn Upcncp inu ycxncnnimu afnanfucfamu, kofopic
paccmafpunanu coinacuc c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu kak aconkf-
niu hpuopufcf icpmanckou nncmncu honufuku. Iosfomy ux hon-
ncpxka honufuku nc Ionnn ina kak nukoina cncpxannou u namna
nipaxcnuc n ofkpifuu fopionix hpcncfanufcnicfn n Iyminuu u
Ionimc n 16J i., n Bcnipuu u Ioniapuu n 164 i. Ofo ina
honufuka manix maion, kofopan nc hpofunopcuuna nokfpunc
Xanimfcuna fak xc, kak ona nc hpofunopcuuna Ioxnccfncnckomy
coinamcnuk 16J i. o naiohpunfcfnonanuu nusufam poncfncnnu-
kon, hpoxunakmux n pasnix uacfnx Icpnuna, pasncncnnix cfcnou.
Hacfonmuc hcpcmcni n nocfounou honufukc cncpafunnou
Icpmanuu hpousomnu n pcsynifafc usmcncnun cufyauuu n hpanu-
fcnicfnc. Bonopasncnom n sfom cmicnc cfan 166 i., hockoniky
foina nhcpnic ino cqopmuponano hpanufcnicfno onimou koa-
nuuuu, nosinannncmoc xpucfuancko-ncmokpafuucckum kanuncpom
Kypfom Kusunicpom, a Bunnu Ipannf, nuncp couuan-ncmokpafon,
cfan nuuc-kanuncpom u munucfpom unocfpannix ncn. Ipannf, in-
muu nnunfcniniu u nccfnmuu ypiomucfp Icpnuna, nunamuuniu
u akfunniu yuacfnuk opii nnyfpu Couuan-ncmokpafuucckou
hapfuu, nmccfc c npyium anfopufcfnim ncnfcncm Icpcpfom Bcnc-
pom n 15 i., naionapn konipcccy n Ian-Ioncccpic, usanun
CII of fuckon noimafusma u cnusun c sahannou couuan-ncmo-
kpafucu. On in onnum us nauoncc pcmufcninix cfoponnukon
ncoxonumocfu usmcncnuu n ofnomcnuu nokfpuni Xanimfcuna u
n honxonc ko nccm hponcmam Bocfounou Inpohi. B nokymcnfc 164
i., ohynukonannom no pankqypfcp Aniicmaunc Haufyni n naua-
nc 165 i., Ipannf yfncpxnan, ufo fakuc usmcncnun coofncfcfnonanu
i oucnunnim unfcpccam nccu Icpmanuu, a cncnonafcnino, u nccu
Inpohi. Ioncc fccnic konfakfi c Bocfounou Inpohou yncnuuunu,
hycfi u oipanuucnnyk, ncsanucumocfi, kofopou ona onanana; moxno
ino ncucfnonafi c ucnik ykpchncnun skonomuucckux cnnscu u uc-
noncucckux konfakfon, nc homimnnn o paspymcnuu cymccfnykmux
cokson. B momcnf, koina paspnnka mcnnna nck cufyauuk n Inpohc,
nacfano npcmn, ufoi cc pcsynifafi inu nochpunnfi fakxc u n
Icpmanuu.
1172
Ipunn k nnacfu, Ipannf chococfnonan annynuponanuk Je fucro
nokfpuni Xanimfcuna. B 167 i. cncpafunnan pcchynuka ycfa-
nonuna nopmaninic nuhnomafuucckuc ofnomcnun c Iyminucu; n
168 i. c Kiocnanucu. Hcxocnonaukuu kpusuc ncfa 168 i. yfncp-
nun Ipannfa n oocnonannocfu cio hpockfon, hockoniky cnuncfncn-
nyk anifcpnafuny ho ofnomcnuk k num hpcncfannnno haccunnoc na-
nkncnuc sa hpumcncnucm nokfpuni Ipcxncna.
B ccnfnpc 16 i. Ipannf cfan kanuncpom u nosinanun hpanufcni-
cfno koanuuuu, n kofopyk nxonuna Cnoonnan ncmokpafuucckan
hapfun. Hmcnno foina ina nohnomcna n xusni cio nonan noc-
founan honufuka, kofopan hpcnpafuna n omchpunnfyk hpakfuky
opucnfauuu, hponnnnnmuccn cnauana n ofncninix cnyuanx. Koncu-
no, Icpmanun nonxna ina ocfanaficn cnnsannou cnoumu onsa-
fcnicfnamu ho ofnomcnuk k sahannim coksam, iapanfuponanmum
cu mcxnynaponniu cfafyc u csohacnocfi. Onnako no uscxanuc
cufyauuu, koina hocnc hpunnfun HATO n 167 i. nokfpuni iu-
koio pcaiuponanun Icpmanun c nocnnou fouku spcnun okasanaci
na hcpcnonix pycxax, ncoxonumo ino, ufoi panukanino us-
mcncnufi ofnomcnun c Bocfounou Inpohou, n ococnnocfu ofno-
mcnun c Icpmanckou cmokpafuucckou Icchynukou u Concfckum
Coksom. Mup n Inpohc sanuccn of poxncnun omcu saunfcpcco-
nannocfu n sfom mupc. Hmcnno fakyk omyk ucni cfanuna hcpcn
coou nonan nocfounan honufuka. Kpomc foio, cc naxnou co-
cfannnkmcu ino hpunanuc cncpafunnou pcchynukc cuni mai-
nufa, choconoio hpufniunafi cnoum hpumcpom npyiux ncmucn c
ucnik cofpynnuuccfna u hponcmoncfpuponafi, ufo n nonom ino-
aninom knumafc II moxcf nccfu honufuucckyk ncnfcninocfi,
mcncc oycnonncnnyk pcmcnunmu hocnufcncu.
Cyfi nonou nocfounou honufuku cocfonna, cncnonafcnino, nc
cfoniko n nancxnc na usmcncnuc cymccfnykmux hpanun u pasipa-
nuucnuu, ckoniko n fom, ufoi ho-unomy ncucfnonafi n cufyauuu,
kofopan cospcna nnn foio, ufoi sfa honufuka nc ncna k konfphpo-
nykfunnim pcsynifafam. Ofnocuficn k Icpmanuu kak k cfpanc, pas-
ncncnnou na nna iocynapcfna, osnauano nc cmupuficn c cc pasncncnu-
cm, a sanoxufi ocnoni nnn foio, ufoi honoxcnuc nccx ncmucn
ynyumunoci. Ipusnafi nonic ipanuui c Ionimcu u Bocfounou
Icpmanucu osnauano ofkpifi nonic nosmoxnocfu nnn fopionnu u
ncmcukoio hpucyfcfnun n Ionimc. Hnimu cnonamu, nonan nocfou-
nan honufuka nochpunumana pasncncnuc Inpohi kak ucfopuucckyk
nannocfi u paccmafpunana cpnunckyk cfcny kak cumnon sfou uy-
nonumnou anomanuu, no n ynymcm cfpcmunaci hocfpoufi mocf mcx-
ny nnymn uacfnmu konfuncnfa nnn foio, ufoi cncnafi ncmcukyk cu-
fyauuk oncc hpucmncmou. Takono ino ncmcukoc honumanuc pas-
117J
pnnku. B camom ncnc, naxc Kuccunnxcp, nnnnnmuucn foina inannim
nncmnchonufuucckum concfnukom Hukcona, hpusnacf, ufo ucm oni-
myk nahonncnnocfi hpuopcfana unuuuafuna Ipannfa, fcm onimc
Hukcon u cio cofpynnuku honumanu, ufo, nccmofpn na ncc pucku,
nkan anifcpnafuna nonou nocfounou honufukc yncf oncc ohac-
nou.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, Ipannf oxunan of nonou honufuku, ufo
cncpafunnan Icpmanun honyuuf onimyk csohacnocfi n pcsyni-
fafc cnuxcnun nahpnxcnnocfu n cpnunckou cufyauuu; ufo oncc
uacfimu ynyf konfakfi mcxny nnymn uacfnmu Icpmanuu u sfo
hpuncncf k cmniucnuk iymanufapnix achckfon hocfinnoio hono-
xcnun, cosnannoio Icpnunckou cfcnou. C 164 i. hpanufcnicfno
Bocfounoio Icpnuna paspcmuno nocfounim hcncuoncpam (fo ccfi
xcnmunam cfapmc 6O ncf u myxuunam cfapmc 65) hpononufi y
cnoux poncfncnnukon n cncpafunnou pcchynukc nc oncc ucfi-
pcx ncncni hponcma, iopasno mcncc snauuman ho cpanncnuk c
kpyhnimu honufuucckumu hponcmamu, onnako cama ho ccc of-
paxakman xapakfcp fou cufyauuu, n kofopou okasanuci nknu n
pcsynifafc pasncncnun Icpmanuu. Hcpcs sfof kanan u npyiuc, mc-
ncc macmfanic kanani, ucnoncucckuc konfakfi nc inu hcpc-
kpifi. Onnako, oucnunno, ufo hpcnpamcnuc honoxcnun n sfou
onacfu n oncc nopmaninoc nnnnnoci hpuopufcfom nonou noc-
founou honufuku, hyfi k ocymccfnncnuk kofopoio ona cfpcmu-
naci naufu, nc safpaiunan cymccfnykmcio honufuucckoio hopnnka.
B ccnfnpc 16 i. Ipannf hpcnhpunnn unuuuafuny c ucnik
honoxufi nauano honopofy, hpcnnoxun saknkuufi nna noionopa u
pnn honufuucckux coinamcnuu, c num cnnsannix. oionop c CCCI
nonxcn in umcfi omcc snaucnuc kak noionop o ncnmcmafcnicfnc
n ncna npyi npyia u ofkasc of uchonisonanun cuni n kauccfnc cpcn-
cfna paspcmcnun chopnix nohpocon. nn Ionimu, n uacfnocfu,
Ipannf nc ncfyhan n nuckyccuk ho cnoxnim hponcmam, cnnsan-
nim c cosnanucm cncpafunnou pcchynuku, hpcnnaian cfafik, ofno-
cnmykcn k nsaumnomy ynaxcnuk fcppufopuaninou ucnocfnocfu, kofo-
pan, qakfuuccku hpcnhonaiana hpusnanuc nunuu OncpHcucc n kauc-
cfnc sahannou ipanuui Ionimu. Kpomc foio, Ipannf hpcnnoxun Hc-
xocnonakuu saknkuufi fopioniu noionop u nihnafufi nosmcmcnuc
ymcpa xcpfnam nauucfckux hpccncnonanuu. Onnako, hpcxnc nccio,
on sannun, ufo cncpafunnan Icpmanun iofona nauafi hcpcionopi c
Bocfounim Icpnunom na ocnonc honnoio pannohpanun. Hakoncu, n
honfncpxncnuc hpucocnuncnun ncmucn k honufukc paspnnku n non-
pc 16 i. cncpafunnan pcchynuka honhucana noionop o ncpachpoc-
fpancnuu nncpnoio opyxun.
Tak, chycfn ncckoniko mccnucn hocnc ucxocnonaukoio kpusuca
1174
hpcnnoxcnun Ipannfa nosononunu, kasanoci, hpcpnanniu nuanoi u
hpcnnaianu cfpanam Bocfounou Inpohi nixon us cufyauuu, qakfu-
uccku paspymanmuu xccfkyk nokfpuny Ipcxncna. Hauanuci un-
fcncunnic u fpynnic hcpcionopi. Xofn n ucnfpc hcpcionopon naxo-
nunuci ofnomcnun c CCCI u Ionimcu, camou fpynnou ina hpo-
ncma ofnomcnuu mcxny nnymn Icpmanunmu. Hopmanusauun ofnomc-
nuu c Concfckum Coksom hpousomna n pcsynifafc honhucanun 12
aniycfa 17O i. no npcmn nusufa n Mockny Ipannfa u cio munucfpa
unocfpannix ncn nucpana Banifcpa Uccnn noionopa o cofpynnuuc-
cfnc u nchpumcncnuu cuni, ocnonannoio na hpusnanuu cnoxunmux-
cn n Inpohc ipanuu. Ioncc onsinakmum in noionop, honhucan-
niu 7 nckapn 17O i. n Bapmanc c honnkamu, oncc onsinak-
mum n sfuucckom hnanc, hockoniky Ipannf saxofcn hpunafi ocoyk
smouuonaninocfi cnocu muccuu mupa, c kofopou on hpuin n Bap-
many. Tam on hoccfun icffo u hpcknonun koncnu hcpcn hamnfnukom
xcpfnam nauucfckux hpccncnonanuu, hosnonun ccc, nosmoxno, pac-
cuufanniu, onnako honniu ncnickasannoio, no oucnunnoio cmicna,
xccf.
Ofnomcnun c Bocfounou Icpmanucu pasnunanuci oncc cnoxnim
hyfcm. Oc cfoponi inu cnnsani kpunuucckumu onsafcnicfna-
mu. Ipannf ncmcukum Ocnonnim sakonom, kofopiu paccmaf-
punan cncpafunnyk pcchynuky kak cnuncfncnnoc nciufumnoc
icpmanckoc iocynapcfno. Ynipuxf pcmcnucm, hpunnfim n ahpc-
nc 167 i. konqcpcnuucu cnpohcuckux kommynucfuucckux hapfuu,
cosnannou n Kapnonix Bapax nnn ocyxncnun hponcm cnpohcu-
ckou csohacnocfu: nopmanusauun ofnomcnuu mcxny nnymn Icp-
manunmu nonxna ifi ocymccfnncna hyfcm hpusnanun Bocfounou
Icpmanuu co cfoponi cncpafunnou Icpmanuu. Oc qopmyni nc
hpchnfcfnonanu hcpcionopam, onnako safpynnnnu ux pcsynifafun-
noc sancpmcnuc. Ipannf ncfpcfuncn c nocfounim hpcmicp-munu-
cfpom Bunnu Ufoqom n Opqypfc na fcppufopuu II 1 mapfa
17O i. Ipucm, okasanniu naccncnucm iopona qcncpaninomy kanunc-
py, in nacfoniko nocfopxcnnim, ufo nisnan nckofopyk fpcnoiy y
cio cocccnnuka. Bhpoucm, pcui mna numi o fom, ufoi pacfohufi
ncn u pcmufi, koina cocfoufcn ofncfniu nusuf Ufoqa n cncpafun-
nyk pcchynuky. B kauccfnc mccfa nusufa in nipan iopon Kacccni,
a nusuf in nasnaucn na 21 man.
Oc ncfpcuu nc hpuncnu k konkpcfnim pcsynifafam, no hponc-
moncfpuponanu, ufo nuanoi nosmoxcn. nn foio ufoi on hponon-
xancn, ncoxonumo ino, onnako, ycfpanufi inannoc hpchnfcfnuc
hpucyfcfnuc Ynipuxfa n pykononcfnc CIII, Couuanucfuucckou
cnunou hapfuu Icpmanuu. Ynipuxf in nohnomcnucm xccfkocfu
1175
u nchpumupumocfu; hosfomy cio hpcinanuc y nnacfu ino hpchnf-
cfnucm nnn usmcncnuu. Ion nanncnucm pycckux on ninyxncn in
honafi n ofcfanky n mac 171 i., u in samcncn Opuxom Xonckkc-
pom, choconim hponnnnfi onimyk iukocfi n ofnomcnuu k fpco-
nanunm momcnfa. Ha sanncm hnanc ccuuac hpocmafpunacfcn pancc nc
usnccfniu achckf cufyauuu, kofopiu cfan nocfyhnim hocnc noccoc-
nuncnun Icpmanuu, nnn mockonckoio hpanufcnicfna skonomuucckuc
ofnomcnun c cncpafunnou Icpmanucu umcnu cfpykfypnoc snaucnuc,
ufo ofonnuiano na nfopou hnan coopaxcnun hpccfuxa u camocfon-
fcninocfu Bocfounou Icpmanuu. B sfom cocfonn kommap Ynipux-
fa fak xc, kak u cio hpccmnuka, Opuxa Xonckkcpa.
C sfoio momcnfa uucno fpynnocfcu, c kofopimu ino cnnsano
pcmcnuc Icpnunckou hponcmi, cymccfncnno cokpafunoci. Tcmh
nuckyccuu ho icpmanckum hponcmam yckopuncn. J ccnfnpn 171 i.
hpcncfanufcnu ucfipcx okkyhupykmux ncpxan honhucanu pnn co-
inamcnuu, honfncpxnanmux cfafyc Icpnuna u hpana kaxnou us
ncpxan, u paccmofpcnu hponcmi naccncnun, cnnsannic c hpunan-
ncxnocfik k pasnuunou sonc okkyhauuu, a fakxc c hpanamu na
hoccmcnuc pauonon sa hpcncnamu Icpnunckou cfcni. Ipcononc-
nuc sfux hpchnfcfnuu ofkpino hyfi k honhucanuk 21 nckapn
172 i. noionopa mcxny nnymn Icpmanunmu, hpcnycmafpunanmcio
nopococcnckuc ofnomcnun na ocnonc pannohpanun, pasnufuc
fopionix u kynifypnix ofnomcnuu, nsaumnoc ynaxcnuc ipanuu u
cokson, kofopimu inu cnnsani oa cuinafapun. Hcckoniko mc-
cnucn chycfn oa ncmcukux iocynapcfna inu hpunnfi n Opianu-
sauuk Otcnuncnnix Hauuu. Hakoncu, 2 ccnfnpn 17J i. in
honhucan icpmano-ucxocnonaukuu noionop, hpusnananmuu Mkn-
xcnckoc coinamcnuc 1J8 i. nuufoxnim u concpxanmuu qopmy-
nuponku ofnocufcnino cofpynnuuccfna u nchpumcncnun cuni, fu-
huunic nnn hononnx coinamcnuu.
Iin nu honopof, kofopiu ocymccfnun Ipannf n icpmanckou
honufukc, ofcfyhncnucm of ocnonnix hpunuuhon, pciynuponan-
mux xusni 3ahannou Inpohi u cncpafunnou pcchynuku, unu
xc sfo in mai n nahpanncnuu cnocnpcmcnnoio ynyumcnun honu-
fuucckoio knumafa, kofopiu honfncpxnan, ufo n ucnfpc Inpohi
onimc nc cymccfnonano hpuuun nnn nokaninix konqnukfon, a
fakxc nnn konqponfauuu mcxny cncpxncpxanamu Mnoiumu kon-
ccpnafunnimu kpyiamu u, n ococnnocfu, ncmcukumu xpucfuancku-
mu ncmokpafamu nonan nocfounan honufuka honncpianaci ocfpou
kpufukc kak ncmoncfpauun cnaocfu. B ncucfnufcninocfu, pcui
mna o fom, ufoi honnfi, yncf nu ona nicfpocna n noniocpounom
hnanc na ocnonc ancknafnoio hpcncfanncnun o ynymcm Inpohi,
1176
fo ccfi na ocnonc honumanun foio, ufo Inpoha cmc n fcucnuc nonio-
io npcmcnu yncf pasncncna na nna naicpn n pamkax xccfko hpofu-
nocfonmux npyi npyiy cokson, opianusonannix na qynnamcnfc co-
ncpmcnno hpofunohonoxnix hpunuuhon. B sfom cmicnc, umcn n
nuny nnufcninyk hcpchckfuny, nonan nocfounan honufuka asupo-
nanaci na omuounou hpcnhocinkc. Onnako ona hpcncfannnnaci fak-
fuuccku hpanuninou, hockoniky, nonnckan Bocfounyk Inpohy u
CCCI n afmocqcpy nuanoia, ona nochpousnonuna n Inpohc fo, ufo
cncpxncpxani nauanu ocymccfnnnfi n inoaninom hnanc n onacfu
noopyxcnuu. H oncc foio, ona cosnanana ycnonun nnn foio, ufoi
cfpani Bocfounou Inpohi uyncfnonanu ccn ncc oncc cnnsannimu c
3ahanom u ufoi on ux hpunnckan ncc n onimcu cfchcnu. 3ahan
hpcncfanan yxc nc kak ocaxncnnan kpchocfi, a kak ofkpifoc u noc-
fyhnoc mccfo nnn hpoxunanun; u sfo ninyxnano hpanufcnicfna Boc-
founou Inpohi ohpcncncnnim opasom hpuchocanunaficn unu xc
honncpiano ux pucky ncniuipimnoio cpanncnun.
(2... XLHLCHHCCL CCDLLAHHL
Honan cufyauun, nosnukman n Inpohc n pcsynifafc hpononunmcu-
cn Ipannfom nncmncu honufuku, nc foniko hpcncfanana kak cnpohcuc-
kuu achckf inoaninou nuckyccuu, no u chococfnonana konkpcfusa-
uuu hpockfa, kofopiu Concfckuu Coks n fcucnuc mnoiux ncf hpcnna-
ian n kauccfnc uncfpymcnfa nnn pcanusauuu cnocu unuuuafuni ho
ncufpanusauuu cufyauuu n Hcnfpaninou Inpohc. Onnako n afmocqc-
pc, cosnannou nonou nocfounou honufukou, sfof hpockf hpuopcfan
conccm npyiou cmicn, yuufinan, ufo hponcma ocnamcnun Icpmanuu
nncpnim opyxucm hcpccfana cymccfnonafi. Iosfomy nauunan c mapfa
16 i. hpusini Ionufuucckoio koncynifafunnoio komufcfa nauanu
ncfpcuafi ncc mcncc ncnoncpuunoc ofnomcnuc uncnon Concfa HATO.
Takum opasom, k 17O171 ii. naspcna iofonnocfi cnpohcuckux
cfpan, Kanani u Cocnuncnnix Ufafon yuacfnonafi n Concmanuu ho
csohacnocfu u cofpynnuuccfny n Inpohc (CICI), ananoiuunom hc-
pcionopam o nsaumnom cokpamcnuu noopyxcnnix cun n Hcnfpaninou
Inpohc (Juruul tulunceJ 1orce 1eJucrion MBIK), kofopic inu
honiofonncni u oquuuanino ofkpifi n Bcnc n okfnpc 17J i.
Ioniofonufcninic koncynifauuu ho cosiny CICI nauanuci n qun-
ckou cfonuuc 22 nonpn 172 i. Ipononxufcniniu u cnoxniu hpo-
uccc hcpcionopon pasnunancn fakum opasom, ufo ocnonnoc nnumanuc
onimuncfno yuacfnukon hponnuno foniko k saknkuufcninomy sfahy
hcpcionopon, hpononxanmuxcn no konua uknn 175 i. 1 aniycfa 175
i. in honhucan ufoioniu nokymcnf concmanun, kofopiu foina un-
fcphpcfuponancn kak cnocio pona yupcnufcninan xapfun cnpohcuckoio
1177
hopnnka, ycfanonunmciocn n pcsynifafc nfopou muponou nouni.
nunniu nokymcnf oquuuanino nasnanniu 3aknkuufcni-
nim akfom c ucnik honucpknyfi, ufo sfo in nc noionop c on-
sinakmumu konkpcfnimu cfafinmu, a ncknapauun hpunuuhon,
kofopix cfoponi nopononino onsinanuci hpuncpxunaficn
in honhucan JJ cnpohcuckumu cfpanamu (nccmu, kpomc Ananuu,
no nknkuan iocynapcfno-iopon Bafukan), a fakxc Kananou u Cocnu-
ncnnimu Ufafamu. okymcnf honpasncnnncn na ucfipc uacfu (unu
ucfipc kopsuni, kak ino hpunnfo ionopufi na xapionc conc-
manun). B hcpnom pasncnc hponosinamanuci honufuucckuc hpun-
uuhi cnpohcuckou csohacnocfu, cpcnu kofopix nincnnnoci on-
safcninoc hpusnanuc ncpymumocfu iocynapcfncnnix ipanuu, sa
ucknkucnucm usmcncnuu, coinaconannix mupnim hyfcm u n coof-
ncfcfnuu c hpunuuhamu mcxnynaponnoio hpana. Iocynapcfna-cui-
nafapuu onsinanuci fakxc nc nmcmunaficn no nnyfpcnnuc ncna
npyiux cfpan, hpusnanafi hpano na hpunanncxnocfi k mcxnynapon-
nim opianusauunm, nknkuan coksi, ofkasaficn of hpumcncnun
cuni n mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnunx, ynaxafi hpana mcnimuncfn.
Takan conokyhnocfi nopm ina nahpanncna na ykpchncnuc nonc-
pun u pnna npyiux achckfon csohacnocfu u pasopyxcnun u hpc-
nycmafpunana, cpcnu hpoucio, ufo cfoponi onsykfcn yncnomnnfi
sanaionpcmcnno o nocnnix yucnunx nouck uucncnnocfik oncc
25 OOO ucnonck.
Bfopan kopsuna kacanaci cofpynnuuccfna n onacfu skonomu-
ku, nayku, fcxnuku u okpyxakmcu cpcni u concpxana, n uacfnocfu,
hoxcnanuc o makcumanino nosmoxnom pacmupcnuu pcxuma nauo-
ncc naiohpunfcfnykmcio nauuu. Tpcfin kopsuna, hpunnfan Co-
ncfckum Coksom foniko hocnc cuninoio nanncnun co cfoponi
cfpan IOC, oycnonunmux cnok honhuci onopcnucm sfux nopm,
ofnocunaci k cofpynnuuccfny n kynifypnou u iymanufapnou cqcpc.
Ona safpaiunana fcmy fak nasinacmix hpan ucnoncka, fo ccfi cono-
kyhnocfu honoxcnuu, ofpaxanmux sahannyk konuchuuk ofnomcnuu
mcxny nknimu n hpanonom iocynapcfnc, ufo ncfyhano n hpofunopc-
uuc c ncucfnufcninimu ycnonunmu xusnu n cfpanax pcaninoio co-
uuanusma. Hakoncu, ucfncpfan kopsuna hpcnycmafpunana, ufo n
177 i. nonoc concmanuc, kofopoc nonxno ino cocfonficn n Icnipa-
nc, cocpcnofouufcn na fom, kakum opasom ocymccfnnnkfcn onopcn-
nic nccmu hpunuuhi.
Xcnicunkckuc coinamcnun inu nochpunnfi ckchfuuccku u c
ncnoncpucm. Mnoiuc ycmofpcnu n nux okonuafcniniu fpuymq co-
ncfckou fcopuu, coinacno kofopou coinamcnun nciufumusuponanu
honufuky, hpononunmykcn n Inpohc hocnc Snfunckux coinamcnuu,
u iapanfuponanu coxpancnuc srurus quo n Cfapom Cncfc. H ncu-
1178
cfnufcnino, sfo in ocnonnou mofun ncucfnuu Concfckoio Coksa
nauunan c hpcnnapufcninoio sfaha hcpcionopon. Onnako pycckuc
nonxni inu coinacuficn sahnafufi ucny, choconyk, na hcpniu
nsinnn, hokasaficn hycfimu cnonamu unu sannncnunmu o naiux
namcpcnunx, yxc mnoio pas honfopnnmumucn n hpomnom. Ha ncnc
nccm hpumnoci hcpccmofpcfi cnok fouky spcnun. B fou xc mcpc, n
kakou honufuko-fcppufopuaninoc concpxanuc n cpcnnccpounom
hnanc nc coofncfcfnonano konccpnafunnou konuchuuu cfafyc-kno,
kopsuna, ofnocunmancn k hpanam ucnoncka, nc ina hpocfim
yhpaxncnucm n pufopukc. Bnunnuc omccfncnnoio mncnun n mcx-
nynaponnou xusnu yxc hpuopcno fakuc macmfai, ufo cfano nos-
moxnim ncmcnncnno cfpoufi na sfux hpunuuhax honufuucckyk
ncnfcninocfi, kofopan nicncfuna hpofunopcuuc mcxny nokymcnfom,
honhucannim n Xcnicunku, u mnoiumu konkpcfnimu cufyauunmu.
Iaccmafpunacmiu kak honfncpxncnuc honufuku paspnnku n Inpo-
hc, Xcnicunkckuu 3aknkuufcniniu akf nnuncn, nahpofun, onnou
us hpcnhocinok honopofa, hpousomcnmcio n ckopom npcmcnu.
(2.. HcnnncBcnnc cnDcnDnn . ac:c
B Ha:nnc AHcn n aB:cn:ansH
a c:Bc:na caDn
o foio, kak pcxum Kacfpo yfncpnuncn na Kyc u honyuun
nncmnkk honncpxky naionapn coksy c CCCI, hpofunocfonnuc
xononnou nouni nc safpaiunano mcxnynaponnic ofnomcnun n a-
funckou Amcpukc (honumacmou n hpnmom cmicnc, f.c. kak ncn
uacfi sahannoio honymapun k kiy of Cocnuncnnix Ufafon). Ipo-
ncmi nckononusauuu cnna kocnynuci mcxnynaponnou xusnu na
konfuncnfc, hockoniky kononuaninic ncpxani pasnimu fcmhamu
u n pasnix qopmax hpuchocounu cnoc hpucyfcfnuc k fpconanu-
nm nonou mcxnynaponnou cufyauuu unu counu oncc pasymnim
yufu. Hcknkucnuc cocfanunu Iauana u qpanuysckuc Anfunickuc
ocfpona, a fakxc coxpanunoci, xofn nncmnc u ncsnauufcninoc,
pufanckoc iochoncfno na onkncnnckux (Maninunckux) ocfponax
(hcpnoc pufanckoc nasnanuc, a nfopoc uchanckoc) n kio-noc-
founom pciuonc Afnanfuucckoio Okcana.
B ucnfpc nnumanun ocfananaci xunofpchcmyman hponcma of-
nomcnuu mcxny cfpanamu 3ahannoio honymapun mcxny hpcfcn-
sunmu CUA na icicmonuk u ux coofnomcnucm c skonomuucckum
pasnufucm u honufuucckumu pcxumamu na konfuncnfc. Takuc cn-
pohcuckuc cfpani, kak Bcnukopufanun, Icpmanun u Hfanun, hi-
fanmuccn no nfopou muponou nouni ho-pasnomy ochopufi hpcnoc-
xoncfno Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, n nauanc mccfunccnfix ionon inu
117
cmc nc n cocfonnuu sacfanufi hpucnymaficn k cnocmy mncnuk.
Kpomc foio, xofn hponcmi ofnomcnuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon c
npyiumu cfpanamu uacfo inu cxoxumu, no, fcm nc mcncc, ux cnc-
nycf pasncnufi na fpu kafciopuu n sanucumocfu of omcu snauumo-
cfu: ofnomcnun c Mckcukou, c Hcnfpaninou Amcpukou u c Kxnou
Amcpukou.
Yuufinan nnunnuc nafunoamcpukanckux hponcm na inoani-
nyk kapfuny mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu, cncnycf ofmcfufi, ufo
foniko c 16O i. na konfuncnfc cfano omymaficn nnunnuc cohcpnu-
uccfna CCCICUA. Ofo cohcpnuuccfno nocfuino ohacnou cfchc-
nu nahpnxcnnocfu no npcmn kyunckoio kpusuca n okfnpc 162 i.,
no icfpo ocnano, hockoniky cufyauun ncpnynaci n cnou oiu-
nic pamku, xofn kyunckuu hpumcp nncc usmcncnun n omyk
kapfuny. Hnauc ionopn, kyunckuu hpumcp umcn nnoucfncnniu
sqqckf: on hokasan, kak nafunoamcpukanckuc hponcmi nochpu-
numanuci n cucfcmc mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu pykononufcnnmu
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Bo-hcpnix, on hocnyxun hpcnyhpcxncnu-
cm hpanufcnicfny Bamunifona, sacfanun cio hcpccmofpcfi cnok
nafunoamcpukanckyk cfpafciuk u nc oipanuuunaficn foniko ho-
nufukou foncpanfnoio ofnomcnun ko nccmy fomy, ufo nc mcmano
CUA yfncpxnafi cnoc hpcnocxoncfno. Bo-nfopix, on hokasan, ufo
afunckan Amcpuka, kak u npyiuc pasnunakmuccn cfpani, hcpc-
xunana sfah couuanino-skonomuucckou nahpnxcnnocfu, hpu ko-
fopou moinu i honfopnficn founo fakuc xc kasyci, kak kyunc-
kuu, u fpconana hpucfaninoio nnumanun, a nc hpocfoio nanknc-
nun, n coucfanuu c mcfonamu hpnmoio nmcmafcnicfna.
Koncuno, pakcfniu kpusuc hponcmoncfpuponan, ufo nkan
nonan concfckan akuun n afunckou Amcpukc nisoncf ypnyk pc-
akuuk u moxcf nanccina honoxufi koncu honufukc paspnnku no
nccm mupc, kak sfo moino hpousoufu n cnyuac concfckoio nmcmafcni-
cfna n cqcpy, naxonunmykcn hon samufou HATO. Ipu hononom
honxonc hponcmam afunckou Amcpuku ofnonunoci mapiunaninoc
honoxcnuc ofnocufcnino omcu hponcmafuku uhonnpnocfu, u n
ucfopuoipaquucckom hnanc ux cncnycf paccmafpunafi n pamkax pas-
nufun nncmncu honufuku Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Ho umcnno sfu sa-
mcuanun honucpkunakf coxpancnuc icicmonuu CUA u fpcykf ninn-
ncnun hpuuun foio, ufo cnyuau, xofn u ncmnoiouucncnnic, ofknonc-
nun of ocu, nomunupykmcu n cucfcmc 3ahannoio honymapun, hpuo-
pcfakf fakou onimou pcsonanc.
Kcnncnu hponnun honumanuc hpoucxonnmux hcpcmcn u n 161 i.
cosnan Coks panu hpoipccca. Ofo cnuncfcnicfnonano o fom, ufo
hpanufcnicfno Bamunifona ucfko nuncno nafunoamcpukanckuc
hponcmi, snano o cfonnmux sanauax u nancnnoci pcmufi ux n fc-
118O
ucnuc ncckonikux ncf, ohupanci na nccnfuncfnkk hpoipammy pasnu-
fun. Iachpocfpancnnoc mncnuc, ufo ofcfananuc n pasnufuu u cnnocfi
cnyxaf hufafcninou cpcnou nnn kommynusma, fonkano Coks k pcmu-
fcninim ncucfnunm. Icnu i hpcnhonaiacmiu 2,5' iononou hpu-
pocf nanonoio hponykfa hpoucxonun n ycnonunx ncmokpafuu, fo 3a-
hannoc honymapuc cfano i oasucom mupa u hpouncfanun. Onnako
hpoucxonunmuc coifun oxnanunu ohfumucfuucckuu nacfpou, a hyfi
k nocfuxcnuk ucnu okasancn oncc myuufcninim.
Ipcxnc nccio, ninnunaci hopoxncnnan sncmcnfapnim ncfcp-
munusmom ncoocnonannocfi konuchuuu, ufo skonomuucckoc pas-
nufuc nnnncfcn konicnik ncmokpafuu. C camoio nauana ncnfcnu,
ofncfcfncnnic sa pcanusauuk samicna Coksa, ninyxncni inu
koncfafuponafi, ufo pcxumi, cknonnic k ncmokpafuu unu ho cy-
mccfny cnocmy ncmokpafuucckuc, coccncfnonanu c onuiapxuuccku-
mu unu nukfafopckumu nocnnimu pcxumamu. Kak cnuncfcnicfnycf
Apfyp M. Uncsunicp-mnanmuu, cofpynnuk u uoipaq Kcnncnu,
ofnomcnuc hpcsuncnfa k nukfafopckomy pcxumy ccmcucfna Iaqasnn
. Tpyxunio n omunukanckou Icchynukc nipaxanoci n cncnyk-
mcu qpasc: Cymccfnykf fpu nosmoxnix napuanfa, hpcnhoufcnuc
kofopim ofnacfcn ho nucxonnmcu: chpancnnuniu ncmokpafuucc-
kuu pcxum; hpononxcnuc pcxuma Tpyxunio; pcxum Kacfpo. Mi
nonxni cfpcmuficn k hcpnomy, no mi nc moxcm noncc ofkasaficn
of nfopoio, ccnu nc yncpcni, ufo cmoxcm uscxafi fpcficio. Io-
pnnok hpcqcpcnuuu in oucni hokasafcninim: ufoi uscxafi
hponuknoncnun kommynucfon, cncnonano fcphcfi u homoiafi nuk-
fafopckum pcxumam.
Coks panu hpoipccca cfonknyncn c sfum hpchnfcfnucm. Ipoha-
ianna ncmokpafuucckux pcxumon u hapfuu, uacfo qunancuponanman-
cn sa cucf oipomnix cpcncfn HIY (kak sfo hpoucxonuno n nauanc
mccfunccnfix ionon nahpumcp, n Hunu qunanconic nnunanun
ocymccfnnnnuci n Xpucfuancko-ncmokpafuucckyk hapfuk Onyapno
pcn), ncfyhana n hpofunopcuuc c hpoipammamu honncpxku nocnnix
pcxumon unu konfppcnonkuuonnix cun. Koina inu hpcnhpunnfi
nckofopic oipanuucnnic pcqopmi, ococnno n onacfu hcpcpachpc-
ncncnun scmcninou cocfncnnocfu, fo okasanoci nocfafouno nanncnun
co cfoponi nafuqynnucfon, ufoi hapanusonafi ncnfcninocfi coof-
ncfcfnykmux hpanufcnicfn. Kak ofmcuacf Apaxam . oncnfani,
hohifku, hpcnhpunnfic amcpukanuamu n sfof hcpuon nnn pasnufun
ncmokpafuu, inu hochcmnimu u nchocncnonafcninimu. Anmunucf-
pauun Kcnncnu, pasouaponannan fcm, ufo cc unuuuafuni nc honyuu-
nu hpusnanun no mnoiux nafunoamcpukanckux cfpanax, fak kak Co-
cnuncnnic Ufafi ofkasinanu n nuhnomafuucckom hpusnanuu |nukfa-
fypam] unu cfpcmunuci concucfnonafi ncmokpafuucckum fcnncnuunm,
1181
hpckpafuna cnok honufuky honncpxku ncmokpafuucckux pcxumon.
Hfak, n fof hcpuon, koina n 16O165 ii. houfu no nccx nafu-
noamcpukanckux cfpanax ho hpumcpy Kyi nosnukanu hcpnic
ouaiu hapfusanckux nicfyhncnuu hpofun cfonnmux y nnacfu onu-
iapxuucckux ipyhhuponok, hpanufcnicfno Bamunifona, n ococn-
nocfu hocnc cmcpfu Kcnncnu, opucnfuponanoci n cnocu honufukc
na honncpxanuc cmumyc ioo u na hpusnanuc cufyauuu fakou, ka-
kan ona ccfi, nc hifanci cc usmcnufi. B 164 i. xoncon nasna-
uun kapicpnoio nuhnomafa Tomaca K. Manna samccfufcncm iocy-
napcfncnnoio cckpcfapn, cncnan cio ofncfcfncnnim sa honufuky
CUA n Kxnou Amcpukc. T. Mann hponosinacun hpunuuhi nonou
nokfpuni (honyuunmcu usnccfnocfi kak nokfpuna Manna), co-
inacno kofopou Cocnuncnnic Ufafi onimc nc namcpcni inu
okasinafi nanncnuc c ucnik hcpcxona k ncmokpafuu no nccu Kx-
nou Amcpukc. Toniko n fpcx cfpanax hapfusani cmoinu nouficn
ohpcncncnnoio nnunnun: n Ypyinac, Apicnfunc u n Ipasunuu. Bo
nccx npyiux cfpanax ux nocfafouno hpononxufcninoc hpucyfcfnuc
ino numcno pcaninou honufuucckou hcpchckfuni.
B 165 i. Opnccfo Hc Icnapa hokunyn Kyy u hcpcpancn n
Kxnyk Amcpuky, ufoi nccfu pcnonkuuonnyk hpohaianny. On
ofcfaunan yfohuucckuc nsinnni o ncmcnncnnom hcpcxonc k kommy-
nucfuucckomy omccfny (Icnapa ocfanun Kyy, hofomy ufo cuufan
ncnfcninocfi Kacfpo cnumkom ymcpcnnou, n fo npcmn kak, ho cio
mncnuk, ncoxonumo ino ncmcnncnno ycfanonufi kommynucfu-
ucckoc omccfno, munyn cfanuk couuanucfuucckoio omccfna),
n konuc konuon, ccn cfpax hcpcn pcnonkuucu, on nancc onimou
npcn ncmokpafuucckum cunam. B okfnpc 167 i. Hc in apccfonan
u yuf onunuuckumu nocnnimu. Iocnc cnocu cmcpfu on hpcnpa-
funcn n ncicnnapnoio icpon pcnonkuuu, n 16816 ii. cio opas
cfan cumnonom mononcxnoio hpofccfa no nccm mupc, no n afun-
ckou Amcpukc cio nnunnuc ino cpannufcnino ncnonium.
Ioncc foio, pnn iocynapcfncnnix hcpcnopofon, hofpncmux
cfpani afunckou Amcpuku c ccpcnuni mccfunccnfix ionon, cnu-
ncfcnicfnonan o fom, ufo couuanino-honufuucckan xusni na kon-
funcnfc pasnunanaci hpofunopcuuno. B 164 i. n Ipasunuu hocnc
nccnfu ncf ncmokpafuucckoio hpanncnun, hpcncfanncnnoio uspan-
nimu hpcsuncnfamu (Zyccnuny Kyuuck, Zanuo Kyanpoc u Zoao
Iynapf), nocnnic hpu amcpukanckou honncpxkc hpuncnu k nnacfu
icncpana Ymcpfo Kacfcnno Ipanko. B Apicnfunc, hocnc nukfafy-
pi Icpona, n fcucnuc nccnfu ncf cfpanou yhpannnnu hpcsuncnfi
Apfypo ponnucu u Apfypo Hniua, a n 166 i. k nnacfu cnona
hpumnu nocnnic u hpcsuncnfom cfan Xyan Onianua. Takum opa-
som, nnc inannic cfpani konfuncnfa okasanuci hon konfponcm
1182
cun, kofopic xofn u hpcncfannnnu nonyk honufuucckyk snufy, no
yhpannnnu hofcnuuanino oiafimu cfpanamu hocpcncfnom fcppopa
u nacunun, sakpchnnn knacconic u ipyhhonic hpununciuu.
Ho nc ncc cfpani afunckou Amcpuku xnana hononan cynia,
hofomy ufo Bcnccysnou u Hunu, Kocfa-Iukou u Mckcukou (ck
hpanuna Koncfufyuuonno-pcnonkuuonnan hapfun) pykononunu
ncmokpafuuccku uspannic hpanufcnicfna, xofn onu u hpucianu
k mcfonam fmafcnino manuhynupycmou ncmokpafuu. Bnunnuc sfou
cufyauuu na mcxnynaponnic ofnomcnun cocfonno n fom, ufo, sa
ucknkucnucm pcxuma Kacfpo u npcmcnnix hponnncnuu fcnncn-
uuu k anfonomuu (kak sfo unoina hpoucxonuno n Mckcukc unu n
Ipasunuu), ofnomcnun fccnoio cofpynnuuccfna c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu ocfananuci ncusmcnnou ocik nncmnchonufuucckoio kyp-
ca nafunoamcpukanckux hpanufcnicfn.
B nauanc ccmunccnfix ionon omuu honopof k qopmuponanuk
nocnnix hpanufcnicfn in chokouno nochpunnf anmunucfpauucu
Hukcona umcnno hofomy, ufo oniman uacfi oquucpon, honncpxan-
mux hcpcnopofi, hpomna honiofonky n akancmunx CUA, n uacf-
nocfu n Mcxamcpukanckou nocnnou mkonc, pachonoxcnnou n Ia-
namc. Hciafunnic achckfi nocnnix nukfafyp inu oucnunni, oco-
cnno koina onu cssacfcnuuno hpucianu k hocfinnim mcfonam u
pchpcccunm, k ncoipanuucnnomy uchonisonanuk hifok u fkpcm,
ufo nisinano nciononanuc muponoio omccfncnnoio mncnun.
C npyiou cfoponi, kxnoamcpukanckan nocnnan snufa (u nc
foniko ona) hpcnpamanaci n otckf honufuucckoio ananusa, ho-
ckoniky cfanuna hponcmy nsaumoofnomcnuu mcxny iochoncfnyk-
mumu knaccamu u nocnnimu. afunoamcpukanckuc nocnnic nc
nccina uipanu poni samufnukon cnoxunmciocn cfafyc kno. B Cani-
nanopc, Oknanopc, Ionnypacc u Icpy onu uipanu concpmcnno unyk
poni unu hifanuci nipaofafi cocfncnnyk konuchuuk opianusa-
uuu ipaxnanckoio omccfna kak cfpykfypi, na kofopyk nc pachpocf-
pannnoci i nnunnuc hapfuu u iochoncfnykmux skonomuucckux
cun. Bocnnan snufa hpusnana ina ocymccfnufi u moncpnusauuk
omccfna anfopufapnimu mcfonamu. B Ipasunuu, Ypyinac, Apicnfunc
u Hunu sfof kypc nnoxnonnnncn onunakonimu konuchuunmu, no ocy-
mccfnnnncn n pasnuunix qopmax.
C sfou fouku spcnun, iocynapcfncnniu nocnniu hcpcnopof
11 ccnfnpn 17J i. n Hunu, honyuunmuu oipomniu mcxnynapon-
niu ofknuk, ho cymccfny, ocfancn nnncnucm n pamkax nnycfoponnux
ofnomcnuu mcxny Hunu u Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu. Hunuuckuu
kasyc hpuopcn mupokoc mcxnynaponnoc snyuanuc ckopcc naio-
napn hofcnuuaninim nosmoxnocfnm honufuucckou cufyauuu, cy-
mccfnonanmcu no hyfua, ucm n cnnsu c hocncncfnunmu akuuu, co-
118J
ncpmcnnou nocnnimu. Ionoxcnuc n Hunu na ncmokpafuucckom sfa-
hc pasnufun hopoxnano mcxnynaponnyk hponcmy umcnno hofomy,
ufo c 17O i. namcfunaci ohacnocfi nonoio hponuknoncnun hpoco-
ncfckoio unu hpokacfponckoio nnunnun, nncmnc oipanuucnnan, no
umcnman ycnufcninic ocnonanun. cmokpafuucckuc fpanuuuu
Hunu, n pasnufuc kofopix Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nnccnu onimou
nknan, ncnanu sfy cfpany cnocio pona ucknkucnucm us nafunoamcpu-
kanckoio konfckcfa.
Ofo homoiacf honnfi, houcmy hocnc hpcsuncnfckux niopon n
ccnfnpc 17O i. ncmoxpucfuanc, hofcphcn ccpicsnoc hopaxcnuc
ho cpanncnuk c kannunafom konccpnafunnix cun Ancccannpu u
kannunafom ncnix Anicnnc, pcmunu hpu ionoconanuu n Konipcccc
hcpcnafi cnou ionoca kannunafy otcnuncnnix ncnix Caninanopy
Anicnnc. Cfouf ofmcfufi, ufo Anicnnc honyuun na hpcsuncnfckux
niopax J6,2' ionocon, a ncmoxpucfuanckuu kannunaf Ionomupo
Tomuu 27,8'. Cnuxcnuc mcxny ncmoxpucfuanamu u ncnimu
hpousomno na asc hpoipammnoio coinamcnun, no, fcm nc mcncc,
ocfananoci qakfom, ufo Anicnnc in sakonno uspan oncc ucm
onnou fpcfik usupafcncu. nuxcnuc Haponnoc cnuncfno pyko-
noncfnonanoci mapkcucfckou hpoipammou, u cio nuncp Anicnnc
in cfoponnukom couuanucfuucckoio hpcopasonanun uunuuckoio
omccfna hpu conkncnuu koncfufyuuu u sakonnocfu. Ofa honufu-
ucckan ococnnocfi ocnoxnnna cio ncnfcninocfi na hocfy hpcsu-
ncnfa. Iockoniky y ncio, qakfuuccku, nc ino cnocio onimuncfna
n Konipcccc, fo nnn ocymccfnncnun honufuucckou hpoipammi Ha-
ponnoio cnuncfna, nisinanmcu ohhosuuuk onimuncfna n hapna-
mcnfc, Anicnnc nonxcn in ncucfnonafi nccima ocfopoxno, ufoi nc
ncfyhufi n hpnmoc cfonknoncnuc c iochoncfnykmumu unfcpccamu.
Kpomc foio, n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax c ncnoncpucm ofnccnuci k
uspanuk Anicnnc, fak kak fam xopomo snanu honnunnic (a nc
hpcnniopnic) hpoipammi nonoio hpcsuncnfa u nckopc pasncpnynu
faunyk paofy, nahpanncnnyk na oukof cio hpanufcnicfna. Kuc-
cunnxcp n cnoux nochomunanunx ofpuuacf, ufo hononan ncnfcni-
nocfi umcna mccfo, a homomi amcpukanucn nauoncc nnunfcninim
sncmcnfam, nicfyhanmum hpofun Anicnnc, cnonunaci, ho cio mnc-
nuk, k ncckonikum ficnuam nonnapon; oncc foio, on yfncpxnacf,
ufo n 17O17J ii. amcpukanckan homomi Hunu cymccfncnno nos-
pocna. Onnako fpynno coinacuficn c yfncpxncnunmu amcpukanckoio
honufuka, fak kak pcsynifafi paccncnonanun Ccnafa Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon, ohynukonannic n 176 i., nokymcnfanino honfncpxnakf,
ufo n ncucfnufcninocfu HIY, homumo hpcnocfanncnun homomu n pas-
mcpc okono nocimu munnuonon nonnapon nnn honncpxku hpofunnu-
kon Anicnnc, camo nchocpcncfncnno yuacfnonano n qopmuponanuu
1184
qponfa ohhosuuuu uunuuckomy hpcsuncnfy u cofpynnuuano c oqu-
ucpamu, ocymccfnunmumu iocynapcfncnniu hcpcnopof.
Anicnnc hpucfyhun k pcanusauuu hpoipammi nauuonanusauuu
iopnonoinakmcu hpomimncnnocfu (mcni), ankonckou u qunanco-
nou cqcp, a fakxc aipapnou ofpacnu xosnucfna, ufo na hcpnom sfahc
ino ncfpcucno c onopcnucm, a safcm honopnano ofnomcnun Hunu c
unocfpannimu hpanufcnicfnamu u hpcnhpunfunmu (hpcxnc nccio c
amcpukanckumu), unfcpcci kofopix inu safponyfi. Mcxnynapon-
niu kpcnuf icfpo cokpamancn n fo npcmn, kak hcpniu sfah honu-
fuku skonomuucckoio pocfa hpuncn k honimcnuk nnyfpcnncio chpo-
ca, ufo cosnano ycnonun nnn packpyuunanun chupanu unqnnuuu, ko-
fopan n fcucnuc mccnucn, hpcnmccfnonanmux hyfuy, nocfuina 4OO'
(omcnomnnkmcu uuqpi naxc n fo npcmn nnn kxnoamcpukanckou
cfpani). Hunu oxnafunu saacfonku (snamcnufan saacfonka kacf-
pkni, n kofopou yuacfnonanu ficnuu nomoxosnck, hpofccfonanmux
hpofun pocfa ucn u ncxnafku hponykfon). Hauoncc npamafuucckou
cfana saacfonka nonufcncu ipysonukon (kofopic honyuunu amcpu-
kanckyk homomi c sfum coinaccn u Kuccunnxcp,). Yuufinan ico-
ipaquucckoc pachonoxcnuc Hunu, moxno hpcncfanufi, kak saacfon-
ka ofnocufcnino ncmnoiouucncnnou kafciopuu ipaxnan, no uipak-
mcu naxnyk poni n nocfankc hponykfon hufanun, moina hpunccfu k
paspymufcninim skonomuucckum hocncncfnunm.
Y Anicnnc, ninyxncnnoio ncpxaficn n pamkax ncmokpafuucckux
nopm, nc ino nosmoxnocfu ofpcaiuponafi. Koina on n mapfc 17J i.
unuuuuponan n hapnamcnfckux niopax ononncnuc Konipccca, fo
hofcphcn hopaxcnuc. Ipanan koanuuun coxpanuna n Konipcccc
onimuncfno, kofopim yxc pachonaiana pancc.
Koncuno, hpanufcnicfno Bamunifona ino osaoucno nc yxynmc-
nucm nnyfpcnncu cufyauuu n Hunu, a fcm, ufo Anicnnc, sannn cso-
ionopouno hpokyunckyk hosuuuk, napymun cnuncfno hanamcpu-
kanckux opianusauuu u fcm camim yipoxan hpopnafi canufapniu
kopnon, kofopiu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nosncnu nokpyi pcxuma u-
ncnn Kacfpo u kofopiu onu hosnonnnu napymafi fcopcfuuccku, no
nc hpakfuuccku. Iasnuua saknkuanaci n fom, ufo n npyiux cnyuanx
conunapnocfi c Kacfpo na cnonax nc cohponoxnanaci konkpcfnimu
ncucfnunmu. Hunuuckuu kasyc ninnun conhancnuc sannncnuu Anicn-
nc c cio honufuucckou hpakfukou, ufo moino i cfafi kafanusafopom
nnn qopmuponanun koanuuuu pasnuunix cun. Ipuuuni amcpukanc-
kou ohhosuuuu Anicnnc inu cnnsani c mapkcucfckum xapakfcpom
cio honufuucckou hpoipammi, no cc ycunun cfpax hcpcn sapasufcni-
nim hpumcpom, kofopomy moinu hocncnonafi npyiuc cfpani afunc-
kou Amcpuku.
B ycnonunx ncycfouuunou nnyfpcnncu cufyauuu u npaxncnocfu
1185
Konipccca Anicnnc moi yhpannnfi foniko hpu honncpxkc nocnnix.
On csychcmno hifancn nocfuinyfi c numu komhpomucca, ococn-
no c inannokomannykmum cyxohyfnimu nouckamu icncpanom
Ayiycfo Iunoucfom Yiapfc. Hmcnno naionapn noopyxcnnim cu-
nam nchixnyn anfuhpanufcnicfncnniu hyfu: 11 ccnfnpn 17J i.
chnoucnnic ncucfnun nocnnix cfanu ncoxunannocfik nnn ncmno-
iux hpcnannix Anicnnc copafnukon. Ipcsuncnf hohifancn okasafi
cohpofunncnuc n cnocm hpcsuncnfckom nnopuc, no, koina honnn
csnancxnocfi cufyauuu u nosmoxnocfi hohacfi n pyku cnoux
hpofunnukon, hokonuun c coou.
Icncpan Iunoucf, kofopoio ycnunu hpucocnunuficn k akuuu
inannokomannykmuc nocnno-nosnymnimu u nocnno-mopckumu
cunamu, coinacuncn nosinanufi nocnnyk xynfy. Ion pykononcfnom
Iunoucfa hpanncnuc nocnnix n Hunu hpononxanoci no mapfa
1O i., koina cmy hpumnoci hcpcnafi nnacfi Iafpucuo Ounnuny,
hpcncfanufcnk xpucfuancko-ncmokpafuucckou hapfuu, kofopiu
napnny c hpcncfanufcnnmu npyiux honufuucckux cun cfan onnum
us inannix yuacfnukon koncfufyuuonnoio komhpomucca, hosno-
nunmcio Iunoucfy coxpanufi hocf inannokomannykmcio noopy-
xcnnimu cunamu naxc hocnc noccfanonncnun ncmokpafuu.
Takoc sancpmcnuc uunuuckou nukfafypi hosnonncf ncpnyficn
k nohpocy o ponu nocnnix n honufuucckou xusnu kxnoamcpukan-
ckux cfpan. Ichpcccuu hpofun hpcncfanufcncu Haponnoio cnun-
cfna n ccnfnpc 17J i. inu oucni xccfokumu u nisnanu n mupc
nonny pcskou kpufuku u ocfpou honcmuku, nahpanncnnyk hpofun
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, kofopix nc cs ocnonanun cuufanu nnoxno-
nufcnnmu hyfua. Ipccncnonanun honufuucckux ncnfcncu pcxuma,
cymccfnonanmcio no hyfua, u hpcncfanufcncu ncnix hpononunoci fa-
kumu mcfonamu, ufo ino oucnunno napymcnuc hpan ucnoncka, n sa-
mufy kofopix no nccm mupc nicfyhanu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi u 3a-
han. Hunu ofpaxana nauoncc nnnyk anomanuk n conkncnuu sfux
hpunuuhon.
C npyiou cfoponi, uunuuckuu ohif nc moxcf paccmafpunaficn
foniko c sfou fouku spcnun. Ioni nocnnix n xusnu cfpani nccina
ina ucnfpaninou, u hyfu 17J i. numi noccfanonun sfy cufya-
uuk. Camy quiypy Iunoucfa cncnycf ouucfufi of ananinocfcu
honufuucckou xponuku. On nosinannnn hpanufcnicfno nocnnix, no
ocymccfnnnn qynkuuu mcnuafopa n pasnuunix achckfax. Hfo kaca-
cfcn nocnnou kacfi, fo n Hunu ona ncpxanaci n cfoponc of honufu-
ucckou opii n cfpanc, cuufan ccn xpanufcninuucu nauuo-
naninix fpanuuuu u sfuucckux ucnnocfcu, xapakfcpnix nnn apmcu-
ckoio mupa: ynaxcnuc nnacfu, sqqckfunnocfi, icfpofa hpunnfun
pcmcnuu, hpcspcnuc k honufukc u honufukam. Xofn oiuno noc-
1186
xnannkf uunuuckyk ncmokpafuucckyk fpanuuuk, ncoxonumo nahom-
nufi, kak humcf Mapun Iosapun Cfaunu n ncnanncm uccncnonanuu,
hocnnmcnnom Hunu, c fpunuafix ionon ncc ipaxnanckuc hpanufcni-
cfna, ufoi coxpanufi honnomouun, nonxni inu sapyuuficn hon-
ncpxkou nocnnix, u ncc honufuucckuc pcqopmi nonxni inu ho-
nyuufi ux onopcnuc. Ofcfpancnnoc ofnomcnuc k hpuopufcfy honu-
fuku ino hocfonnnou cocfannnkmcu ucnnocfcu uunuuckux nocn-
nix, hosfomy hponcma nosnpamcnun k nopmaninou xusnu hocnc hyf-
ua 17J i. cfana fcmou pasncpnynmcucn nuckyccuu.
C hcpnix maion hpanufcnicfno nocnnix, uchonisyn pchpcccun-
nic mcfoni u xccfkyk moncfapucfckyk honufuky, hocfanuno sana-
uy noccfanonncnun hopnnka u uunuuckou skonomuku n ycnonunx
cnocio pona oipanuucnnou ncmokpafuu. Ofo hosnonuno Hunu us-
cxafi fcx fpynnocfcu, c kofopimu npyiuc cfpani afunckou
Amcpuku cfonknynuci na hyfu moncpnusauuu u cosnanun couuani-
no-skonomuucckou cucfcmi, ofncuanmcu hofpcnocfnm pasnufun.
Koncuno, ocfacfcn ofkpifim nohpoc o cpcncfnax u ucnc, yhnaucnnou
panu nocfuxcnun sfux ucncu. Hchonisonannic cpcncfna u mcfoni
nisnanu onnosnaunyk nciafunnyk oucnky muponoio omccfncnnoio
mncnun nauunan c Cocnuncnnix Ufafon hcpuona hpcsuncnfcfna
Kapfcpa.
C ycfpancnucm n 17J i. uunuuckou anomanuu nafunoamcpu-
kanckan cucfcma, c fouku spcnun Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, nnoni
cfana honnocfik onnoponnou. Ipcononcn kpusuc, hpanufcnicfno
Hukcona c ncikocfik hpunnno konuchuuk, coinacno kofopou nuh-
nomafuucckuc u skonomuucckuc ofnomcnun c pcxumamu nocnnou
nukfafypi cuufanuci nopmou. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi hpononxanu
ofnanafi hpcnhoufcnuc ncmokpafuucckum hpanufcnicfnam, no (fak ny-
manu foina n Bamunifonc) hpanufcnicfna nocnnix fakxc moinu co-
ncucfnonafi ocymccfnncnuk pcqopm u hpoipcccy.
Iocnc nicfnamckoio kpusuca u hancnun Hukcona n pcsynifafc
Yofcpicufckoio ckannana cfanu mcnnficn ycfanonku amcpukanckou
anmunucfpauuu. Ianukaniniu hcpccmofp amcpukanckou nncmncu
honufuku safponyn ncc nahpanncnun, nknkuan afunckyk Amcpu-
ky u cckpcfnyk ncnfcninocfi HIY. B ioni hpcsuncnfcfna xummu
Kapfcpa amcpukanckuc cckpcfnic cnyxi honncpinuci cyponomy
konfponk, ufoi nochpchnfcfnonafi ux nonomy nonncucnuk n ohc-
pauuu, hpofunopcuamuc hpanam ucnoncka. B cnnsu c sfum honu-
fuka n ofnomcnuu afunckou Amcpuku u cfpan fpcficio mupa
honncpinaci kpufukc co cfoponi camou anmunucfpauuu sa fo, ufo
ona okasanaci n hyfax upcsmcpnoio cfpaxa hcpcn kommynusmom.
Iosfomy cfpax u hcpcn mnfcxamu cfanu pacucnunaficn kak nfopuu-
nic n cpanncnuu c hponcmamu samufi unconoiuucckoio hnkpa-
1187
nusma, ycfpancnun ipycumux napymcnuu hpan ucnoncka (hifku, nnu-
fcninoc concpxanuc hon cfpaxcu cs hpcntnnncnun onuncnun, uc-
ucsnoncnuc hpofunnukon hpannmcio pcxuma). Iino honoxcno naua-
no honufukc ncmokpafuucckou ofkpifocfu, kofopan concucfnonana
pasnufuk hpoucccon ncmokpafusauuu n pasnuunix kxnoamcpukanc-
kux cfpanax: Ipasunuu, Icpy, Oknanopc u omunukanckou Icchy-
nukc.
Bosnpamcnuc k nnacfu pcchynukanucn c uspanucm Ionanina
Icuiana na hocf hpcsuncnfa Cocnuncnnix Ufafon (nonpi 18O i.)
hpuocfanonuno hponcncnuc sfoio kypca. B fcucnuc ncckonikux ncf
anmunucfpauun Icuiana kpufukonana honufuky ncmokpafuucckou
opucnfauuu, kofopyk hpononun Kapfcp. B ofnomcnuu apicnfun-
ckux, pasunickux nocnnix u foio xc Iunoucfa inu hponnncni
xccfi nopou nonu u npyxi n ucnnx noccfanonncnun honnomac-
mfanoio cofpynnuuccfna. Tcm nc mcncc hocnc hcpnix ncf hpcsu-
ncnfcfna Icuiana hpousomno usmcncnuc sfou honufuucckou nunuu
n coofncfcfnuu c omum cmniucnucm mcxnynaponnou honufuku
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. afunoamcpukanckum nukfafopam ino
hpcnnoxcno concucfnonafi oncc icfpomy hcpcxony k ncmokpafu-
ucckomy ycfpoucfny hyfcm cnoonnix niopon (n Hunu, Iapainac,
Ianamc). Ocooc nnumanuc ino yncncno hponcmam Hcnfpaninou
Amcpuku.
Iocnc inafcmanickoio kpusuca 154 i. u kyunckoio kpusuca,
nauanmciocn n 16O i., hponcmi Hcnfpaninou Amcpuku hpuopc-
nu ocooc snaucnuc nnn hpanufcnicfna Bamunifona. Icoipaquucc-
kan nusocfi k Cocnuncnnim Ufafam u hpcopasonanun, cnnsan-
nic c nckononusauucu chococfnonanu snauufcninomy pocfy uucna
ncsanucumix cfpan. Ipu sfom cfanu oucnunni nosmoxnocfu nnn
hpnmoio pachpocfpancnun iyufcninoio nnunnun Kacfpo. Hckofo-
pic cfpani homnu ho hyfu ncmokpafuucckou snonkuuu, nosmoxno,
naionapn nnunnuk pufanckou kononuaninou fpanuuuu (Smauka,
Iapanoc, Tpununan u Toaio, Iauana). B npyiux cfpanax coxpann-
nuci hpanufcnicfna c ycfouuunou pcqopmucfckou fpanuuucu (xofn
uchonisonanuc sfoio fcpmuna fpcycf ocfopoxnocfu n ofnomcnuu
ucnfpaninoamcpukanckoio pciuona); fakuc cfpani,
kak Mckcuka, Bcnccysna, Kocfa-Iuka, Ianama, sa nnufcniniu hc-
puon cnocio cymccfnonanun nochpunnnu fpanuuuu, kofopic ho-
snonunu um ycfanonufi nopmaninic nuhnomafuucckuc ofnomcnun
c Kyou, nc nisinan ohaccnuu y Cocnuncnnix Ufafon.
C nacfyhncnucm n 17817 ii. nonoio sfaha u c hcpcmcmc-
nucm kpusuca na nonyk cucny n cfanuk aionuu ncfyhun nukfafop-
ckuu pcxum Anacfacuo Comoci-mnanmcio, hocncnncio hpcncfanu-
fcnn ccmcucfna, hpanunmcio n Hukapaiya. B nauanc 178 i., hocnc
1188
yuucfna ynaxacmoio u anfopufcfnoio xypnanucfa Icnpo Xoakuna
Hamoppo, pcnakfopa nixonunmcu n Manaiya ncmokpafuucckou ia-
scfi Ipcnca, cnoxunaci koanuuun mcxny ncmokpafuucckumu
hpcncfanufcnnmu cpcnnux knaccon u noxnnmu Cannunucfckoio
hapfusanckoio nnuxcnun (hapfusan-mapkcucfon, nasnanmux nnu-
xcnuc n uccfi pcnonkuuonnoio noxnn Ayiycfo Cccapa Cannuno,
kofopoio Anacfacuo Comoca-cfapmuu hpukasan yufi n 1J4 i.).
Honan koanuuun, honyuunman n afmocqcpc kapfcponckoio onon-
ncnun honncpxky Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u homomi Bcnccysni u
Ianami, cymcna cncpinyfi hpanufcnicfno Comoci u nsnfi nnacfi.
Ychcx nukapaiyanucn hocnyxun cfumynom nnn nosononncnun
opii caninanopckumu hapfusanamu, nacncnnukamu kommynucfu-
ucckou fpanuuuu Ayiycfuna apaynno Mapfu. Iapfusanckan
nouna nnoni nchixnyna fakxc u n Inafcmanc. B fcucnuc nnyx ncf
Hcnfpaninan Amcpuka hpcnpafunaci n pciuon, oxnaucnniu kpusu-
com, sfo hpousomno umcnno n fof momcnf (17 i.), koina n ofno-
mcnunx CUACCCI cnona nosnukno nahpnxcnuc. Kyunckan u
concfckan homomi hapfusanam paccmafpunanaci, u nc cs ocnona-
nun, kak cnuncfcnicfno nonou concfckou honufuku hpucyfcfnun,
nokasafcnicfna kofopou nanknanuci u n Aqpukc, u n Asuu. Xofn
cannunucfi honisonanuci onimou cumhafucu n Inpohc (hpcxnc
nccio n couuan-ncmokpafuucckux kpyiax), ux ncnfcninocfi pacuc-
nunanuci kak ccpicsnan ohacnocfi nnn cfauninocfu n pciuonc.
Ipanufcnicfno Hukapaiya, cqopmuponannoc anusncm Opfcia,
nonxno ino hpofunocfonfi hapfusanckou nounc, qunancupycmou
Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, u hpcononcnafi fnxcncumuu skonomu-
ucckuu kpusuc, ufo ninynuno cio n 1O i. coinacuficn na nosnpa-
mcnuc k ncmokpafuucckomy hnkpanusmy co cnoonnimu niopamu,
kofopic hpunccnu hocny Buoncffc Hamoppo, nnonc Icnpo Xoakuna
Hamoppo.
B Caninanopc hapfusanckan nouna, nocunman nccnixanno xcc-
fokuu xapakfcp, ina hopoxncna hpofunocfonnucm mcxny ncnimu,
pykononumimu ponfom nauuonaninoio ocnooxncnun apaynno
Mapfu, u pcakuuonnimu hpanimu: hapfucu Apcna u xpucfuan-
cko-ncmokpafuucckou hapfucu Hahoncona yapfc. Iocnc hocni na
niopax 184 i. nuncp xpucfuanckux ncmokpafon hohifancn nocfuui
nauuonaninoio komhpomucca. Ofa hohifka okasanaci cspcsyni-
fafnou kak n cnnsu co cmcpfik camoio yapfc, fak u ncncncfnuc
snckfopaninou hocni kpaunc hpanix, kofopix amcpukanckoc hpa-
nufcnicfno, nhpoucm, hifanoci honfankunafi k hpumupcnuk, u nc
csychcmno.
B Inafcmanc hocnc sfaha nauoncc ocfpou opii n 18O
181 ii. noopyxcnnic ncnic hofcphcnu hopaxcnuc u nonxni inu
118
coinacuficn na nuanoi c ncmoxpucfuanckum hpcsuncnfom Bunucuo
Ccpcco Apcnano, uspannim n 185 i.
ccnfuncfuc, nauanmcccn n 178 i., sancpmanoci n ocfanonkc
kaxymciocn nosnpamcnun k nopmaninomy cocfonnuk, kofopoc, on-
nako, ocfananoci ncycfouuunim n cnnsu c coxpannnmumucn ouaia-
mu hapfusanckou nouni u konfponcm co cfoponi Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon, koncanmuxcn mcxny kocncnnim nmcmafcnicfnom u hpn-
mim nosncucfnucm. B 18J i. hpousomcn kasyc Ipcnani, kofopiu
in ncncnuk ho macmfay, no hokasafcncn ho cnocmy cmicny.
Ipcnana nconimou ocfpon, pachonoxcnniu ncnancko of hoc-
pcxin Bcnccysni, inman pufanckan kononun, kofopan honyuuna
ncsanucumocfi n 174 i.; sfo camoc mancnikoc ncsanucumoc iocy-
napcfno 3ahannoio honymapun. Cnoxnocfu n ofnomcnunx c Co-
cnuncnnimu Ufafamu nosnuknu n 17 i., koina hpanufcnicfno
Mopuca Iumoha, nsnnmcc nnacfi nacunicfncnnim hyfcm, cfano
hpononufi ofkponcnno hpoconcfckyk nncmnkk honufuky. Iumoh
onunun Cocnuncnnic Ufafi n namcpcnuu ocymccfnufi nfopxc-
nuc na ocfpon, no sfo in ckopcc skcfpcmucfckuu nihan, kofo-
piu hosnonun amcpukanuam cuufafi cnou ohaccnun oocnonanni-
mu. B okfnpc 18J i. Iumoh in yuf ipyhhou ncnoscfpcmucfcku
nacfpocnnix nocnnix. Amcpukanui n ofncf na cumnonuucckuu
hpusin k conunapnocfu mccfu coccnnux c Ipcnanou cfpan ofhpanu-
nu 25 okfnpn na ocfpon ncckoniko ficnu connaf, kofopic sa fpu
nnn nsnnu cufyauuk hon konfponi, hocnc ucio hokunynu cfpany.
Hauoncc snauufcninou u nauoncc ohacnou ina hponcma
Ianami. B 177 i. anmunucfpauun Kapfcpa honhucana c hpoipcc-
cucfckum hpcsuncnfom Ianami Omapom Toppuxocom noionop, na
ocnonc kofopoio Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nonxni inu ncpnyfi hpanu-
fcnicfny cfpani yhpanncnuc Ianamckum kananom n nauanc 2OOO i. Hu-
konac Apnufo Iapncffa, hpccmnuk Toppuxoca, honyuun hocf hpcsu-
ncnfa n pcsynifafc momcnnuuccfna na niopax u hpu honncpxkc
nnunfcninoio hanamckoio honufuka Manysnn Anfonuo Hopiciu, ko-
fopiu honisonancn foina naiocknonnocfik Cocnuncnnix Ufafon.
B 187 i. cufyauun pcsko usmcnunaci, omccfncnnyk xusni Ianami
hofpncnu pasonaucnun hpuuacfnocfu Hopiciu k koppyhuuu. Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi sannnu n ofnomcnuu ncio kpufuucckyk hosuuuk,
hpckpafunu skonomuucckyk homomi Ianamc, a safcm hcpcmnu k pc-
mufcninomy hpofunoncucfnuk, koina n 188 i. cfano ncno, ufo Ho-
picia samcman n mcxnynaponnou fopionnc napkofukamu.
Ipcsuncnf Ianami Apfypo cninanic hohifancn ynonufi Hopi-
ciy, no in ycfpancn Hopiciou, kofopiu hponosinacun ccn hpcsu-
ncnfom pcchynuku. Iocnc sfoio nauancn nuhnomafuuccku-hpanonou
chop, no npcmn kofopoio Hopicic ynanoci ncpxafi n nahpnxcnuu
amcpukanckyk anmunucfpauuk, kofopan nonio koncanaci, hpcxnc
ucm pcmuficn na nocnnoc nmcmafcnicfno. CUA hpucfyhunu k akuuu
foniko n nckapc 18 i. Cnauana Hopicia hohifancn ykpificn of
cnoux hpofunnukon, hofom on in cxnaucn u n 12 i. ocyxncn amc-
pukanckum cynom mfafa nopuna sa fopionnk napkofukamu. B sfom
cnyuac pcui mna nc o concfckou unu kyunckou ohacnocfu, a o cho-
conocfu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon okasinafi nnunnuc n fou sonc amc-
pukanckoio konfuncnfa, kofopan umcna nnn nux xusncnno naxnoc
snaucnuc.
B 12 i. n mcxnynaponnou cufyauuu hpousomnu cfoni inyo-
kuc usmcncnun, ufo hponcmi mcxamcpukanckux ofnomcnuu
hpcncfanu n concpmcnno unom nunc. Bohpoci skonomuucckoio
pasnufun u iocynapcfncnnoio nonia nafunoamcpukanckux cfpan
hpumnu na cmcny osaoucnnocfu, cnnsannou c csohacnocfik, u
ofkpinu nonyk inany n ofnomcnunx mcxny cfpanamu 3ahannoio
honymapun. Ocnancnuc uhonnpnou nahpnxcnnocfu n mcxnyna-
ponnom hnanc ncno, c onnou cfoponi, k usonnuuu Kyi, c npyiou
ncnano mcncc xccfkou ncoxonumocfi konfponn, kofopan no sfoio
ohpcncnnna nncmnkk honufuky Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. B nocimu-
nccnfic ioni cnpohcuckoc u nhonckoc fopionoc hponuknoncnuc n
afunckyk Amcpuky hocfchcnno hpuncno k honnncnuk nonoio ac-
hckfa n xusnu 3ahannoio honymapun.
(.(. Dcnna cnc:c n
n anc:c:nccnn nsnc
(.(.(. HCDCFCT (D7 :. D HFCDCH DCHCHHLCCH
H HCHHTHHLCCH HH5HH
3a ioni uhonnpnou konqponfauuu inyokuc usmcncnun hpo-
usomnu fakxc u n skonomukc. Okonomuucckan honufuka no nccm
mupc ina opucnfuponana na pasnufuc. Hncn skonomuucckoio
pasnufun cuufanaci akcuomou kak n pinounou, fak u n hnanonou
skonomukc; u xofn n hocncnncu sfa uncn ocymccfnnnnaci unauc,
cyfi honxonon n ooux cnyuanx ina cxonnou. Infuncfnuc hnani,
hpockfi opianusauuu kahufanucfuucckou skonomuku, paccuufan-
nic na mnoio ncf, hokasafcnu chonfannoio pocfa nanonoio nnyf-
pcnncio hponykfa paccmafpunanuci kak hocfonnnic qakfopi mu-
ponou xusnu. Hncn skonomuucckoio pocfa u naiococfonnun, ko-
fopoc moxcf hocfchcnno u pasnimu chocoamu pachpocfpanuficn
of oncc oiafix cfpan na ncc uacfu scmnoio mapa, fakon in
opas micncu, cnna safponyfiu comncnunmu ofncninix anfopon
kafacfpoquucckux hpoinoson.
Onnako pcui mna o ncoocnonannou konuchuuu, hockoniky
ona asuponanaci na ncoocnonannix hpcnhocinkax. B camom
ncnc, ona ohupanaci na ohponcpianmuccn qakfamu hpcncfanncnun
omcio xapakfcpa: o cymccfnonanuu honckny n mupc opasonannix
snuf, saunfcpcconannix no naic cnocu cfpani u naiococfonnuu
naccncnun; nanuuuu nocfafounoio konuuccfna ncmcnou paoucu
cuni; nosmoxnocfu skchnyafauuu usifounix cipicnix pccyp-
con, hosnonnkmux hponanafi ux ho nuufoxnou unu ho nocfafouno
nuskou ucnc, no choconou occhcuufi hofpcncnuc u nakohncnuc,
ncoxonumic nnn pocfa. Onnako qakfi ohponcpianu ncc sfu hono-
xcnun: snufi uacfo inu ncchoconi u mopanino nc honiofonnc-
ni k nihonncnuk cnocio hpcnnasnaucnun; cfoumocfi paoucu
cuni n unnycfpuaninom mupc, nauunan c ccpcnuni mccfunccnfix
ionon u, n ococnnocfu, c 16816 ii. icfpo pocna; cfoumocfi
cipin nauana yckonisafi us-hon konfponn mnoionauuonaninix
komhanuu, hpcumymccfncnno cio uchonisonanmux, u hocfchcnno
1naBa :nnaDa:a
OT KPH3HCA PA3PhKH K COBLTCKONV
KPH3HCV. HOBOPOT 1975 r.
112 112
hpcnpamanaci us uucfo skonomuucckoio qakfopa n uncfpymcnf mcx-
nynaponnou honufuucckou opii.
Ofkponcnno ionopn, hponcma cipin nccina ina nannsuunou
unccu unnycfpuaninix omccfn, hpcxnc nccio c fouku spcnun kon-
fponn nan nocfyhom k pccypcam unu c fouku spcnun oncc chpancn-
nunoio pachpcncncnun hpuincu. Onnako c konua mccfunccnfix
ionon ona cfana cfoni naxnim sncmcnfom nnyfpcnncu u mcxnyna-
ponnou xusnu, ufo na ncckoniko nccnfuncfuu nanoxuna ofhcua-
fok fakxc u na mcfoni honufuku, hpononunmcucn pasnimu cfpa-
namu. Cufyauun hcpcncpnynaci. Ipcncni pasnufuk nosnukanu
fchcpi nc us-sa usifka, a us-sa ncnocfafka pccypcon. Mcufa-
nun hpomnoio nc nincpxanu xccfokoio cfonknoncnun c pcaninimu
honufuucckumu u skonomuucckumu hponcmamu, nc ocfanunmumu
n cfoponc nu onny cfpany mupa. Iocnc sncpicfuucckoio kpusuca
17J i. ncc usmcnunoci. H xofn nciafunnic hocncncfnun cfpykfypnix
cnnuion cmc nc omymanuci n honnou mcpc, n 17J i. naxc hpocfim
nknnm hpumnoci houyncfnonafi nacfyhncnuc nonou shoxu.
(.(.2. DCHHA CJ,HC1C ,HH
3amcuanun, cqopmynuponannic n hpcninymcm hapaipaqc, mo-
iyf homoui oucnufi macmfa nouni, nauanmcucn 6 okfnpn 17J i.
(n ncni hpasnnonanun uom kuhhyp, fo ccfi cynnoio nnn, camoio
naxnoio pcnuiuosnoio hpasnnuka uyncuckoio kancnnapn) ncoxu-
nannim nahancnucm ciuhfnn na Hspauni.
Iocnc cmcpfu Haccpa unconoiun naccpusma u uncn opii
hpofun Hspaunn kak omcio ncna apackoio mupa honyuuna mupo-
koc pachpocfpancnuc. Xofn cufyauun no mnoiux cfpanax c ymcpcn-
nou opucnfauucu nc usmcnunaci, hcpcnopofi honkonnuka Kanna-
qu n unuu, xaqapa Humcupu n Cynanc, hapfuu Iaac, ofkpin-
mcu nopoiy k nnacfu Cannamy Xyccuny n Hpakc u Xaqcsy Acany, n
Cupuu, ycununu anfuuspaunickuu nacfpou n honufuucckou ico-
ipaquu nccio pciuona. cnfcninocfi hanccfunucn, koopnunupycman
OOI, cfanonunaci ncc oncc pcmufcninou u yipoxakmcu. B of-
nomcnunx mcxny Hspauncm u apackumu cfpanamu cymccfnonana
afmocqcpa hocfonnnou nahpnxcnnocfu, nccmofpn na honfopnnmuc-
cn hohifku nmcmafcnicfna co cfoponi OOH u amcpukanckou nuh-
nomafuu.
Iino usnccfno, ococnno pycckum, ufo hpononxafcni ncna Ha-
ccpa hpcsuncnf Canaf oxunacf naiohpunfnoio cnyuan nnn foio,
ufoi nsnfi pcnanm sa hopaxcnuc 167 i. Canaf nc in nacfpocn
hpoconcfcku u hponcmoncfpuponan sfo n 172 i., koina 18 uknn
hofpconan nicsna us Iiuhfa pycckux nocnnix concfnukon n ofncf
11J Hac: . C: Dcnmcn asn ccBc:ccH nsnc
na ofkas Concfckoio Coksa of yncnuucnun hocfanok opyxun Iiuhfy.
Onnako nicinka 2O OOO nocnnix concfnukon cmc nc osnauana nnn
Canafa ncmoncfpauuk honnoio paspina c CCCI, a hpcncfannnna co-
ou foniko ncniu namck na fo, ufo ccnu pycckuc nc hpcnocfannf nc-
oxonumyk homomi, Iiuhcf moxcf homcnnfi opucnfauuk (o ucm,
nhpoucm, cnuncfcnicfnonanu cckpcfnic konfakfi Canafa c amcpukan-
ckou nuhnomafucu). Iosfomy, kak nu hapanokcanino sfo niinnncno,
pycckum hpumnoci nosononufi maccuponannic hocfanku noopyxc-
nun Iiuhfy umcnno foina, koina onu inu offyna usinani.
B nauanc okfnpn 17J i. Canaf hocuufan, ufo nacfyhuno npcmn
ncucfnonafi. 3a ncckoniko nncu no sfoio on hpounqopmuponan
mockonckoc hpanufcnicfno, kofopoc nosncpxunanoci of pcanusauuu
noionopcnnocfcu 172 i. mcxny Ipcxncnim u Hukconom, onsi-
nanmux cncpxncpxani cncnafi ncc, ufo ino n ux cunax, c ucnik
uscxafi ycuncnun mcxnynaponnou nahpnxcnnocfu n pcsynifafc
konqnukfon. 6 okfnpn, sacfan uspaunifnn n ncni ux hpasnnuka
npachnox, na sfof pas nchoniofonncnnimu k nahancnuk, Canaf
hpukasan ciuhcfckum nouckam hcpchpanuficn na nocfouniu cpci
Cysukoio kanana, qopcuponan cio. B sfo xc npcmn cupuuui afako-
nanu Ionanckuc nicofi. B fcucnuc ncckonikux nncu ncucfnun
ciuhfnn inu ychcmnimu. Inaionapn noopyxcnuk, hocfanncnnomy
pycckumu, um ynanoci ccpicsno ocnoxnufi ncucfnun uspaunickou
anuauuu, n fo npcmn kak fankonic uacfu icfpo hponnuianuci
ninyi Cunauckoio honyocfpona. Iycckuc hochcmunu hpcnnoxufi
ncmcnncnnoc hpckpamcnuc oinn. Tchcpi, koina muq o nchocnu-
mocfu Hspaunn in pasncnuan, hpckpamcnuc nocnnix ncucfnuu
ofncuano, ho mncnuk Ipcxncna, ciuhcfckum unfcpccam unu, ho
kpauncu mcpc, homoiano Concfckomy Coksy uscxafi hpunnfun
pcmcnun o nahpanncnuu ciuhfnnam nanincumcu homomu, ufo
ino i pannoucnno nisony amcpukanuam. Canaf nc hpunnn hpcn-
noxcnun, u pycckuc inu ninyxncni hocnafi nosnymnim hyfcm
nonyk nnymufcninyk homomi.
B ncucfnufcninocfu, koina sqqckf ncoxunannocfu ucucphan
ccn, uspaunifnnc pcopianusonanu cnou noucka u hpcnhpunnnu
momnoc konfpnacfyhncnuc. 3a ncckoniko nncu onu ncpnynu ccc
yfpaucnnic hosuuuu na Ionanckux nicofax. Chycfn ncncnk hocnc
nauana nocnnix ncucfnuu onu cmoinu ocfanonufi ciuhcfckoc na-
cfyhncnuc na Cunac u, hpcnhpunnn cmcniu nocnniu mancnp, ok-
pyxufi noucka Canafa, nocfuinyn cpcion Cysukoio kanana u qop-
cuponan cio fakum opasom, ufo opasonancn hpouniu hnaunapm
na sahannom cpciy kanana, hpcncfannnnmuu nchocpcncfncnnyk
yiposy camomy Kaupy. Hcpcs ncckoniko nncu uspaunifnnc nauanu
nifccnnfi ciuhfnn c hosuuuu, sanocnannix umu na Cunac. B sfo
114 1naBa (. C: nsnca asn ccBc:ccH nsn-
c...
npcmn Bamunifon, hpcononcn, nakoncu, safnnynmuccn koncanun,
cnnsannic co cnoxnou nnyfpcnncu cufyauucu (umcnno foina nuuc-
hpcsuncnf Chupo Aink in ninyxncn yufu n ofcfanky us-sa ccpi-
csnix onuncnuu n qunanconou ncuucfohnofnocfu), nananun nos-
nymniu mocf nnn okasanun homomu Hspaunk.
Bouna nocfuina kpufuucckoio momcnfa. Iiuhfnnc, nhcpnic ncu-
cfnufcnino pasncnuanmuc muq o nchocnumocfu Hspaunn, pucko-
nanu hofcphcfi hopaxcnuc n ofkpifom cpaxcnuu. Iycckuc sannnu
hosuuuk ux ofkponcnnou honncpxku, a amcpukanui inu na cfo-
ponc Hspaunn. Kpusuc nonnck cncpxncpxani, hockoniky Concfckuu
Coks, homumo hocinku nocnnou homomu, honncpxan ncqfnnyk
nokany, opianusonannyk apackumu cfpanamu hpofun 3ahana, n
ococnnocfu hpofun Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u Huncpnannon, nau-
oncc fncpno honncpxunanmux Hspauni. pyiuc cnpohcuckuc cfpa-
ni, n onimcu mcpc sanuccnmuc of hocfanok ncqfu, ncucfnonanu
oucni ocfopoxno. Amcpukanui, nahpofun, nomnu no foio, ufo 25 ok-
fnpn otnnunu omyk ocnyk iofonnocfi n cnoux noopyxcnnix
cunax, ufoi hponcmoncfpuponafi cnok pcmumocfi pcaiuponafi
na skcfpcmaninic hocncncfnun kpusuca.
Bocnnoc pasnufuc coifuu nokuponana nuhnomafuucckan unu-
uuafuna. 22 okfnpn (c ohosnanucm, cmicn kofopoio fpynno otnc-
nufi) Concf Icsohacnocfu OOH hpcnhucan nokkmum cfoponam
hpckpafufi nocnnic ncucfnun. Kuccunnxcp ncmcnncnno ofhpa-
nuncn n Mockny, cncnan ocfanonky n Tcni-Anunc, inc uspaunifnnc
nipasunu cnoc ncnononicfno nmcmafcnicfnom OOH kak pas n fof
momcnf, koina onu hcpcnomunu xon nouni n cnok honisy. nn
Mockni cnoxunaci fpynnan cufyauun: Hspauni nc coinamancn
hpckpafufi nocnnic ncucfnun; pycckuc yipoxanu maccuponannim
nocnnim nmcmafcnicfnom; Kuccunnxcp ohupancn na apiymcnf o
hpuncncnuu n ociofonnocfi amcpukanckux nouck. anncnuc ocux
cfopon nsaumno komhcncuponanoci: amcpukanckoc nmcmafcnicfno
ncnano cmc oncc ymcpcnnimu nnnic nouncfncnnic hopini pyc-
ckux; concfckan yiposa honfankunana uspaunifnn k oncc mnikum
napuanfam ncucfnuu. Iiuhfnnc okasanuci usonuponannimu u nonx-
ni inu cmupuficn c honoxcnucm ncmcu, yhpckan hpu sfom Co-
ncfckuu Coks n fom, ufo on nc okasan ncoxonumyk homomi n
camiu ofncfcfncnniu momcnf kpusuca. C fcx hop pacxoxncnun,
namcfunmuccn mcxny nnymn cfoponamu n 172 iony, ncc oncc yi-
nynnnuci u hpuncnu n konuc konuon k ofkpifomy paspiny.
B sfou cufyauuu Kuccunnxcp pasnun cchpcucncnfnyk nuhno-
mafuucckyk akfunnocfi c ucnik hocfanufi cufyauuk hon amcpu-
kanckuu konfponi. B camom ncnc, hpcumymccfno Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon cocfonno n fom, ufo onu nc sanuccnu nahpnmyk of hocfanok
115
ncqfu c Inuxncio Bocfoka, pachonaian cocfncnnimu anifcpnafun-
nimu pccypcamu, no hpcxnc nccio, ono cocfonno n nanuuuu nuhno-
mafuucckux konfakfon kak c Iiuhfom, fak u c Hspauncm, ufo ino
ucknkucno nnn Concfckoio Coksa. Hauanaci usnypnkman ucnnou-
nan nuhnomafun ncfpcu na 1O1 kunomcfpc nopoiu CysuKaup. Kuc-
cunnxcp nconnokpafno ncfpcuancn ho ofncninocfu c ciuhcfckumu u
uspaunickumu nocnnimu hpcncfanufcnnmu u nouncn honhucanun
coinamcnun o npcmcnnom hpckpamcnuu oinn. 3afcm mcncc nahpnxcn-
nic hcpcionopi hpuncnu k honhucanuk ocumu cfoponamu 18 nnnapn
174 i. na 1O1 kunomcfpc coinamcnuu o hpckpamcnuu nocnnix ncu-
cfnuu, pasnonc cun nokkmux cfpan u pasmcmcnuu mcxny numu kon-
funicnfa Otcnuncnnix Hauuu. Bpaxnykmuc cfoponi coinacunuci
na yuacfuc n konqcpcnuuu oncc omcio xapakfcpa n Zcncnc, n
hpcnnncpuu ncccfoponncio mupnoio ypciynuponanun. Konqcpcnuun
hpoxonuna hon conmccfnim hpcnccnafcnicfnom amcpukanucn u pyc-
ckux, no qakfuuccku pcxuccuponanaci onnum Kuccunnxcpom. Iocnc-
nncmy hpumnoci onnonpcmcnno cncnufi sa saknkuufcninim sfahom
aionuu Kxnoio Bicfnama u sa iopasno oncc cnoxnou cufyauucu,
nisnannou nnyfpu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon Yofcpicufckum kpusucom,
kofopiu nckopc ninynun Hukcona yufu co cnocio hocfa. Tcm nc mc-
ncc ypciynuponanuc nocnnix achckfon konqnukfa mcxny Iiuhfom u
Hspauncm ino honfncpxncno J1 man 174 i.
Bocnniu kpusuc hoponun y pycckux ycxncnuc, ufo n Aqpukc u
na Inuxncm Bocfokc hpanuna paspnnku moiyf hpumcnnficn oncc
iuko, ucm n npyiux uacfnx mupa, n fom uucnc u hofomy, ufo 3ahan
sanucuf of pcsynifafon nonou ncqfnnou honufuku apackux cfpan.
Onnako concfckuc hpcncfanncnun, honfonknynmuc mockon-
ckoc hpanufcnicfno k pnny unuuuafun, hpofunopcuunmux oipanu-
ucnunm, nanaiacmim camou paspnnkou, inu omuounimu n fom,
ufo kacanoci Iiuhfa, n uacfnocfu, u Inuxncio Bocfoka n ucnom.
(.(.. HLTHHCL CFJHHL
Baxnoc nosncucfnuc na kpusuc n ucnom okasana hponcma ncqfu.
B xonc hpcnmccfnonanmux nccnfuncfuu ncqfi noinanaci ncc oncc
mnoiouucncnnimu hpcnhpunfunmu u no ncc onimcm konuuccfnc.
B 172 iony ona cocfannnna houfu nnc fpcfu cipin, uchonisycmoio
no nccm mupc nnn hpousnoncfna sncpiuu. Iosfomy nohpoci noi-
uu, hponaxu u hcpcpaofku ncqfu cfanu, nauunan c upanckoio
kpusuca nauana hnfunccnfix ionon, ucnfpaninou hponcmou sa-
hannoio unnycfpuaninoio mupa (iopasno n mcnimcu cfchcnu no-
cfounoio noka, kofopiu moi honisonaficn concfckumu pccypcamu, ho-
cfannncmimu ho honufuucckum ucnam). Ofkpifuc nonix mccfo-
116
poxncnuu n Hnnoncsuu, Bcnccysnc, Huicpuu u, n ococnnocfu, n
apackux cfpanax of Anxupa no Kyncufa (ccfccfncnno homumo
cfpan, inc mccfopoxncnun yxc skchnyafuponanuci) hpuncno n
16O i. k cosnanuk Opianusauuu cfpan-skchopfcpon ncqfu OIIK
(OIIC, Urgunisurion of 1errolium 1xporring +ounrries), kofopan cfpc-
munaci, hpanna, nc oucni ychcmno, koopnunuponafi honufuucckuc
unuuuafuni cnoux uncnon.
Ofu unuuuafuni inu nahpanncni na usmcncnuc kak pcxuma
cocfncnnocfu na ncqfcnoinakmuc hpcnhpunfun, fak u pachpc-
ncncnun hpuinu, a fakxc hpanun fpanchopfuponku u hcpcpaofku
ncqfu u ofpaxanu fcnncnuuk k oipanuucnuk anfonomuu kpyhnix
mnoionauuonaninix cnpoamcpukanckux komhanuu u, n uacfnocfu,
fcnncnuuk k nauuonanusauuu ux cocfncnnocfu n ncqfnnou cqc-
pc. Bcc sfo nc umcno ocooio snaucnun n cufyauuu usifounoio
hpousnoncfna, oipanuucnnoio chpoca u nuskux ucn. B 17J i. sfu
ucni cocfannnnu cmc okono J nonnapon sa appcni cipou ncqfu.
Ofkpifuc kpyhnix mccfopoxncnuu n Ccncpnom mopc, n pufanc-
kux u nopncxckux nonax, hosnonnno hpcnnuncfi pocf usncpxck
hpousnoncfna, no fakxc u honnncnuc hpousnonufcncu, nc nxonn-
mux n otcnuncnuc u choconix oipanuuufi cio nnunnuc. Onnako
n 17J i. npcmn, koina sfu pccypci cfanyf nocfyhnimu, cmc ncnos-
moxno ino hpcnckasafi founo.
Hs-sa chcuuquku cc cocfana OIIK ococnno ocfpo nochpunu-
mana hponcmi apackux cfpan u, n uacfnocfu, apao-uspaunickuu
konqnukf. Imc no npcmn kpusucon 156 u 167 ii. ino samcucno,
n kakou cfchcnu ncqfnnoc opyxuc moxcf cnyxufi hanccfunckomy
ncny. B 17J i. sfo opyxuc ino ocosnanno uchonisonano nccm
apackum mupom, cpasy xc otcnununmumcn hcpcn nuuom omcio
npaia Hspaunn. 16 okfnpn 17J i. ucna sa appcni ncqfu nomna
no 5 nonnapon, onnako n nckapc ucna nipocna no 11,65 nonnapa sa
appcni. B 17 i. ona nocfuina JO nonnapon, a n 18O-m J4.
Hcqfnnoc opyxuc moino ifi uchonisonano fakxc nnymn npy-
iumu chocoamu: hocpcncfnom nncncnun smapio hpofun cfpan, nc
xcnanmux honncpxunafi hanccfunckoc ncno (smapio ino nncncno
na ncckoniko mccnucn hpofun Cocnuncnnix Ufafon u Huncpnan-
non), u hocpcncfnom coinaconanun knof us omcu noiuu ncqfu c
nincncnucm kaxnou cfpanc ohpcncncnnix hpoucnfon c ucnik us-
cxafi nosmoxnoio hancnun ucn, nisnannoio hcpchpousnoncfnom.
Icnu ncqfnnoc opyxuc uipano snauufcninyk poni c honufuucc-
kou fouku spcnun, fo cmc onimcc snaucnuc ono umcno c fouku
spcnun skonomuku. B honufuucckom hnanc ncc cfpani, sanuccnmuc
of hocfanok ncqfu cfpanamu OIIK, inu saunfcpcconani n fom,
ufoi nc yxynmafi ofnomcnun c apackum mupom. Cpcnu nux fakuc
1naBa (. C: nsnca asn ccBc:ccH nsn-
c...
117
cfpani, kak Shonun, cncpafunnan Icpmanun, Hfanun, Bcnuko-
pufanun (no foio, kak nauanu skchnyafuponaficn mccfopoxncnun n
Ccncpnom mopc), panuun onnum cnonom, ncc unnycfpuaninic
cfpani, sa ucknkucnucm cncpxncpxan, pachonaianmux cocfncnni-
mu pccypcamu. Hncn nipaofku omcio ofncfa cfpanam OIIK nc
umcna ychcxa, u kaxnan cfpana hifanaci pcmufi hponcmy cnocio
occhcucnun ncqfik hyfcm nnycfoponnux coinamcnuu. Iofpcu-
fcnu ncqfu, xofn u pasncnnnu n honufuucckom hnanc unfcpcci
Hspaunn, no ofcfaunanu ux ncc mcncc sqqckfunno; mofunauuu ha-
nccfunucn ncfpcuanu pacfymcc honumanuc naxc foina, koina onu
nipaxanuci n fcppopucfuucckux akuunx. Bnunnuc OOI u cc nunc-
pa Ay Ammapa, oncc usnccfnoio kak Scup Apaqaf, nospacfano, u
hocfchcnno, nccmofpn na fo, ufo c Apaqafom oponuci u mnoio-
uucncnnic hanccfunckuc cohcpnuku, u npyiuc apackuc cfpani,
OOI hpuopcna snaucnuc houfu iocynapcfncnnou nnacfu.
Imc oncc naxnimu inu skonomuucckuc hocncncfnun, onna-
ko nc ncc onu coofncfcfnonanu xcnanunm hpofunnukon 3ahana.
Icpniu pcsynifaf kpusuca cocfonn n yinyncnuu nchpcccuu, hopa-
sunmcu muponyk skonomuky n 17J174 ii., hpu sfom unnycfpu-
aninic cfpani ninyxncni ino cokpafufi hpousnoncfno, nnn foio
ufoi cnusufi cio usncpxku. Toniko sa nnyxncfuc 17J174 ii.
umcna mccfo oipomnan hcpckauka qunanconix cpcncfn, hockoniky
noxoni of ncqfu cfpan OIIK honnnnuci c JJ no 1O8 mnpn nonna-
pon. B fo xc npcmn pocf ux noxonon ofuacfu in canancuponan
pacmupcnucm fopionnu cfpan-hpousnonufcncu hpomimncnnix fo-
napon, hokasinanmux snauufcninic akfuni n coofncfcfnykmux hna-
fcxnix anancax. Imc onimuu, ucm ho unnycfpuanino pasnufim
cfpanam, ynap in nancccn ho cfpanam fpcficio mupa, ninyx-
ncnnim cmupuficn c nchomcpno nicokumu ucnamu na sncpiopc-
cypci, ufo hpuncno k nchpcononumim fpynnocfnm n ocymccfnncnuu
honufuku pasnufun.
Bhpoucm, cufyauun umcna u npyiou achckf. Hauuonaninan na-
nkfa cfpan-hpousnonufcncu ncqfu nc opamanaci na mcxnynapon-
nom pinkc. Ipuocfanonka konncpfupycmocfu nonnapa hpuncna k
fomy, ufo sonofo ucucsno us oopofa n fof momcnf, koina mcxa-
nusm chcuuaninix hpan saumcfnonanun cmc nc qynkuuonupo-
nan. Cncnonafcnino, foniko nonnap moi nnnnficn nankfou-hpuc-
xumcm nnn oipomnix usnumkon u nankfou hnafcxa nnn oipomnix
ncquuufon hnafcxnix anancon coofncfcfnykmux cfpan. B pcsyni-
fafc nonnap hpcnpafuncn us usifounou nankfi n cpcncfno hpu-
cxuma. Takum opasom, na hpakfukc nosnuk cnocio pona sakonno-
nanniu kpyi, n pcsynifafc kofopoio ncquuuf hnafcxnoio ananca n
118
snauufcninou cfchcnu qunancuponancn naionapn hcpcmcmcnuk us-
ifka nonnapon na Inuxnuu Bocfok u kpcnufam, hpcnocfannnnmumcn
cfpanamu OIIK unnycfpuanino pasnufim cfpanam nchocpcncfncnno
unu ucpcs fakuc mcxnynaponnic opianusauuu, kak Mcxnynaponniu
nankfniu qonn. Takum hyfcm, ofmcuacf Ban ncp Bcc, oniman
uacfi ncqfcnonnapon nosnpamanaci na 3ahan ucpcs nknani cfpan
OIIK na pinkc cnponankfi. Mnoiuc hpanufcnicfna panu n noni
oipomnic cymmi n cnpohcuckux ankax nnn hokpifun cocfncnnoio
ncquuufa: nonnonckuu pinok cnponankfi hpouncfan kak nukoina.
Ionfopniu kpusuc hocnc honimcnun ucn na ncqfi, otnnncn-
noio n 17 i., in hpcononcn ananoiuunimu mcfonamu u n ocfa-
nonkc mcnimcu honufuucckou nahpnxcnnocfu. B momcnf honufuucc-
koio kpusuca kasanoci, ufo amcpukanckoc moiymccfno honopnano,
ufo hopaxcnuc no Bicfnamc u Yofcpicufckuu kpusuc nanccyf ypon
amcpukanckomy hpcnocxoncfny. Onnako nanincumuu xon coifuu
(nauunan c hpuocfanonku konncpfupycmocfu nonnapa), kynimuna-
uucu kofopix ino nifccncnuc pycckux c Inuxncio Bocfoka u
nakohncnuc ncqfcnonnapon, hokasan, kak fchcpi ncc oncc oucnun-
no, ufo cam kpusuc yxc naxonuncn n cfanuu hpcononcnun u ufo
amcpukanckoc moiymccfno n qunanconom hnanc ycununoci, n no-
cnnom hnanc ocfanoci ncusmcnnim, a n hnanc inoaninoio nnun-
nun hocfchcnno noccfanannunanoci.
Oucni samcfnimu inu hocncncfnun kpusuca nnn concfckou
skonomuku. Okasanmuci ncoxunanno no inanc cfpani kpyhncu-
mcio n mupc hpousnonufcnn ncqfu ninyxncnnou cnaxafi cno-
ux coksnukon ncqfik no no:umuueciu+ uenu+, concfckoc hpanu-
fcnicfno ckonucnfpuponano ycunun na skchnyafauuu pccypcon,
hcpnonauanino nc oucni snauufcninix. Icnu n 165 i. cxcionnan
noiua ncqfu n Concfckom Coksc cocfannnna 24J mnn fonn, a n
17O i. J5J mnn fonn, fo n 175 i. ona cfpcmufcnino nospocna no
41 mnn, a n 18O no 6OJ mnn fonn. Ofo hpcnocfannnno hpanufcni-
cfny Mockni oipomnic nosmoxnocfu nnn konfponn, no ofnnckano
pccypci of oncc niionnix unnccfuuuu na kpafkocpounic u nopo-
iocfonmuc. Takum opasom, skonomuucckan cucfcma, yxc ckonan-
nan ucnfpanusonannim hnanuponanucm, qakfuuccku uckyccfncnno
ncqopmuponanaci, ufo hpunuxano nacfyhncnuc cfpykfypnoio
kpusuca. B fcucnuc ncckonikux ncf pycckuc nicfyhanu ucfounu-
kom sncpicfuucckux pccypcon nnn cnoux coksnukon u chacufcni-
nim nkopcm, homoiakmum um uscxafi nicokux ucn na ncqfi,
kofopic nonxna ina nincpxunafi skonomuka npyiux cfpan mupa.
Onnako skonomuucckan u honufuucckan ucna sfoio niopa okasa-
naci nhocncncfnuu iyufcninou.
c...
11
Bckopc cfano oucnunno, ufo, nmccfo foio ufoi hpunccfu k
onimcu ncsanucumocfu apackux cfpan, pocf ucn hpuncn k ofno-
mcnunm fccnou nsaumosanucumocfu nauoncc naxnix us nux c 3a-
hanom u, n ococnnocfu, c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu. Iofpcnocfu
u pacxoni, cnnsannic c ncqfnnimu oiafcfnamu apackoio mupa,
hpcnocfanunu ofncninim hpanufcnicfnam nosmoxnocfi ocymccfnnc-
nun pasnuunimu mcfonamu honufuku ycfouuunoio skonomu-
ucckoio pocfa. Onnako sfo pasnufuc ino ncc n onimcu cfchcnu
cnnsano c qynkuuonuponanucm ncqfnnoio pinka, fo ccfi c nanu-
uucm hokyhafcncu. Koopnunauun sahannou cfoponou ncucfnuu n
cqcpc sncpicfuku, nahpanncnnix na cnuxcnuc sanucumocfu of
ncqfu kak inannoio ucfounuka sncpiuu, u pasnoinacun mcxny
cfpanamu OIIK hpuncnu k ocnancnuk opianusauuu, ninyxncn-
nou n konuc konuon houfu na cnuxcnuc ucn, coofncfcfnykmcc
pinounou cfoumocfu, fo ccfi hpumcpno no 152O nonnapon sa
appcni, n coofncfcfnuu c honufuucckumu u skonomuucckumu yc-
nonunmu 8O-x ionon. Iosnncc, n O-c ioni, ona cnusunaci n pc-
synifafc koncanuu, oycnonncnnix hofpcnocfnmu pinka, chcky-
nnuuu u honufuucckux ocfonfcnicfn koncanuu n hpcncnax of
munumaninix 111J nonnapon sa appcni (kofopic, c yucfom un-
qnnuuu, coofncfcfnonanu ucnam no kpusuca 17J i.) u no makcu-
maninix 2O nonnapon sa appcni.
(.(.4. ,HAHC1 LH,J L1HHTC H H5FAHHL
B sfou ocfanonkc hosuuun Iiuhfa okasanaci nccima cnoxnou.
Snnnnci hpousnonufcncm ncqfu, xofn u n nconimom macmfac,
on sanuccn of apackux cfpan c fouku spcnun hcpchckfun cio sko-
nomuucckoio pasnufun, no in cnnsan c amcpukanckou honufukou
c fouku spcnun cio ofnomcnuu c Hspauncm. Iaspin c Concfckum
Coksom cfan nacfoniko inyokum, ufo yxc nc moi ifi hpcono-
ncn. C uspanucm na hocf hpcsuncnfa xummu Kapfcpa cufyauun
cfana pasnunaficn n nahpanncnuu ncoxunannoio yckopcnun honu-
fuucckoio hpouccca, kacakmciocn ofnomcnuu mcxny Iiuhfom u
Hspauncm. B camom ncnc, umcnno nnn foio, ufoi usanuficn of
nannsuunou uncu csohacnocfu u oipanuuufcncu, kofopic ona
ninnuiana, n fom uucnc u n skonomuucckom hnanc, nnn hponcm
pasnufun, ciuhcfckuu hpcsuncnf Canaf n nonpc 177 i. pcmun
hpcnhpunnfi mai, umcnmuu c honufuucckou fouku spcnun pcno-
nkuuonnoc snaucnuc. B Hspaunc y nnacfu naxonunaci foina kon-
ccpnafunnan koanuuun, kofopyk nosinannnn Mcnaxcm Iciun, onun us
nauoncc fncpnix uspaunickux nauuonanucfon.
12OO
Iocnc kopofkoio sonnaxa Canaf pcmun ofhpanuficn n Hcpycanum
nnn ocyxncnun nchocpcncfncnno c uspaunickum hpcmicp-munucfpom
nosmoxnocfu saknkucnun mupnoio coinamcnun u nnn nicfyhncnun n
knccccfc, uspaunickom hapnamcnfc, ufoi honucpknyfi cnoc cfpcmnc-
nuc k mupy. Mup nonxcn in hpunccfu Iiuhfy fy csohacnocfi, n
kofopou on nyxnancn nnn pcmcnun skonomuucckux hponcm, oo-
cfpunmuxcn n cnnsu c samcfnim ncmoipaquucckum pocfom. Mup,
saknkucnniu hon siunou Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, occhcuun i
Iiuhfy fakxc ucnnyk skonomuucckyk homomi Amcpuku, yuufinan,
ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi, nccomncnno, hosufunnim opasom pacuc-
nunu i nosnuknoncnuc nokpyi Cysua soni ymupofnopcnun hpu ux
icicmonuu.
Y Iciuna inu ncckuc hpuuuni nnn foio, ufoi nc ofncpiafi
ciuhcfckyk unuuuafuny. Hspaunk, okpyxcnnomy npaiamu, nco-
xonumo ino ocnaufi hocfonnnoc nanncnuc na cio cymccfnonanuc
u yiposy cio csohacnocfu, n ococnnocfu, na Cunauckom qponfc.
Iosfomy Iciun in iofon k hcpcionopam, nahpanncnnim na sak-
nkucnuc mupnoio noionopa n omcn na nosnpamcnuc fcppufopuu,
okkyhuponannix n 167 i., sa ucknkucnucm cckfopa Iasa, nukoina
nc hpunanncxanmcio Iiuhfy, inc inu cocpcnofoucni cofnu fi-
cnu hanccfunckux cxcnucn. B ucnfpc hcpcionopon naxonuncn, on-
nako, nohpoc, kofopiu nu onna us cfopon nc moina paspcmufi, a
umcnno nohpoc o ynymcm hanccfunucn.
Kynimunauuonnim momcnfom hcpcionopnoio hpouccca, of-
kpifoio nusufom Canafa n Hcpycanum, cfanu hpnmic hcpcionopi
mcxny Canafom u Iciunim, hpoxonunmuc n ccnfnpc 178 i. n
Ksmh-snunc, onnou us ncfnux pcsuncnuuu amcpukanckoio hpcsu-
ncnfa, hpu nchocpcncfncnnom u akfunnom yuacfuu camoio Kapfc-
pa. Iocnc nuckyccuu, nnunmcucn c 5 ho 17 ccnfnpn, cfoponi c
fpynom hpumnu k coinamcnuk, kofopoc nhcpnic yfncpxnano ycfa-
nonncnuc mupnix nsaumoofnomcnuu mcxny Hspauncm u onnum us
apackux iocynapcfn, oncc foio, kpyhncumum us cio apackux co-
ccncu. Hfo kacacfcn ofnomcnuu mcxny Iiuhfom u Hspauncm, fo
noionop, honhucanniu hosnncc n Bamunifonc n mapfc 17 i.,
nochpousnonun honoxcnun, oosnaucnnic cmc n nauanc hcpciono-
pon. B ofnomcnuu npyiux hponcm on hpcncfannnncn, nahpofun,
nccima pachninuafim. Bohpoci o cfafycc Hcpycanuma, 3ahannoio
cpcia pcku Hopnan u o hanccfunckou ncsanucumocfu inu cnna
safponyfi. Iciun onsancn numi nauafi hcpcionopi c hanccfun-
uamu ofnocufcnino hpcnocfanncnun um anfonomnoio cfafyca n
pamkax uspaunickoio iocynapcfna, ofkasinanci, onnako, hpusnafi
OOI n kauccfnc hpcncfanufcnn hanccfunckoio napona.
Hmcnno sfu oipanuuufcnu hpuncnu Iiuhcf k cfonknoncnuk co
nccm apackum mupom. Ksmh-snunckuu noionop in sakncumcn kak
c...
12O1
hpcnafcnicfno; Iiuhcf in ucknkucn us uiu apackux iocynapcfn;
ofnomcnun c npyiumu apackumu cfpanamu ncfyhunu n qasy ccpics-
noio kpusuca. B kpafkocpounom hnanc hyfi, uspanniu Canafom,
in pacucncn kak fpaiuucckan omuka. Canaf sahnafun sa cnou cmc-
niu niop xusnik: 6 okfnpn 181 i. on in yuf ucnamckum skcf-
pcmucfom. Tcm nc mcncc on namcfun hyfi, kofopiu ucpcs ncckoniko
ncf hpuncc cnou hnoni. Iocncnonafcni Canafa Xocnu Myapak cymcn
hocfchcnno ninccfu cnok cfpany us usonnuuu u hpcnpafufi ciuhcf-
ckuu hpumcp n opascu komhpomuccnoio pcmcnun hanccfunckou hpo-
ncmi.
(.2. DcscDncBncnnc ncnn:nn
ccBc:cc:c acnancncnnsHa
(.2.(. CCDLTCCL H JLHHCCL DLLATLHLCTDC
D AFHL
Ionumanuc cocfncnnix unfcpccon kak inoaninix osnauano nnn
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon hponcncnuc honufuku, kofopan fcopcfuuccku
ina opamcna k ynuncpcanusmy Bunicona, a na hpakfukc ocymccfn-
nnnaci fakumu mcfonamu, kakumu CUA nounuci hocni no nfopou
muponou nounc. Concfi hocfchcnno hpumnu k ocosnanuk foio, ufo
moiyf ocymccfnnnfi cnoc nnunnuc u konfponi n muponom macmfac.
Iaspnnka n ofnomcnunx mcxny CUA u CCCI hpcncfannnna coou
cnocio pona ofpaxcnuc ncoxonumocfu ycfanonufi nopmi u hpanuna
honcncnun nnn ocux cfopon, no ona nc moina ycfpanufi uckonnyk
amcpukanckyk hpuniuky cuufafi unfcpcci Cocnuncnnix Ufafon
inoaninimu, nc moina usmcnufi ux ycxncnnocfi n fom, ufo nk-
oc pacmupcnuc nnunnun Concfon nnnncfcn yiposou nnn mupa n mupc
unu nnn pannonccun cun. Cymccfnonano umhnuuufnoc hpofunopcuuc
u pasnuunic cucfcmi oucnku ncucfnuu nnyx cncpxncpxan: fo, ufo
cuufanoci ccfccfncnnim nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, paccmafpunanoci
kak aipcccunnan akuun, ccnu ona ina concpmcna Concfamu. Ofo
hpofunopcuuc uacfuuno otncnncfcn pasnuuucm n ucxonnix hosuuu-
nx, fakxc kak ucfopuuccku cnoxunmancn unconoiuucckan oycnonncn-
nocfi nncmncu honufuku CCCI ncuscxno sacfannncf coofnocufi
nkoc mupokomacmfanoc hponnncnuc concfckux unfcpccon c oipa-
nuucnnocfik pcanusauuu cio hnanon na muponoc iochoncfno.
B ioni paspnnku oc cncpxncpxani hpononunu cnok nncmnkk
honufuky n coofncfcfnuu c konuchuucu cocfncnnix unfcpccon
u c pasnimu pcsynifafamu, onnako fo, ufo cuufanoci nopmaninim
nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon (nahpumcp, ohpokuninanuc cucfcmi co-
kson n ofnomcnuu kommynucfuucckoio Kufan), nochpunumanoci kak
12O2
napymcnuc hpanun paspnnku, ccnu concpmanoci Concfamu. Ofckna
nifckana pasnuua n ocmicncnuu, kofopan n fc ioni ncna k yfpafc
pcaninoio hpcncfanncnun o anancc cun, k hpcyncnuucnuk snaucnun
kak kpusuca Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, fak u concfckux skchancuonucfc-
kux ycfpcmncnuu.
B hcpuon c 174 ho 17 i. ncncncfnuc amcpukano-kufauckoio
coinamcnun Concfam in sakpif nocfyh n Tuxookcanckuu pciuon;
hocnc usinanun Concfon us Iiuhfa n 17J i. u nouni Cynnoio
nnn, kofopan hpuncna k ykpchncnuk amcpukanckux hosuuuu, ino
honopnano nnunnuc Mockni na Inuxncm Bocfokc; kak hokasan
uunuuckuu kpusuc n ccnfnpc 17J i., Concfckomy Coksy in sak-
pif nocfyh n afunckyk Amcpuky, nakoncu, Concfi ninyxncni
inu oipanuuuficn sonou sa xcncsnim sananccom n Inpohc.
Hfoi hpcononcfi oipanuucnun ux nnunnun, Concfi n ocfanonkc
paspnnku sannunu o cnoux inoaninix unfcpccax, hpcnhpunnn
pnn unuuuafun n Aqpukc, kofopic hpusnani inu komhcncuponafi
ncynauu n npyiux pciuonax. Concfi pcmunuci hpcnhpunnfi sfu
akuuu, fak kak y nux honnunoci uyncfno yncpcnnocfu, ufo Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi nc cmoiyf ofpcaiuponafi coofncfcfnykmum opa-
som hocnc ynuxcnuu n cnnsu c okonuanucm nicfnamckou nouni u
kpusuca, nisnannoio ofcfankou Hukcona n aniycfc 174 i.
Ofncf na sfu nohpoci moiyf nafi ucfopuoipaquucckuc nuckyc-
cuu, kofopic ccionnn cfanonnfcn nosmoxnimu naionapn ounuk
ucfounukon. Ha hpunnfuc Concfckum Coksom hpunuuhuaninoio
pcmcnun honnunn ofkas Ccnafa Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n nckapc
174 i. pafuquuuponafi fopionoc coinamcnuc Hukcona-Ipcxncna
of 172 i., hpu sfom ofncpianoci hpcnocfanncnuc Concfckomy Co-
ksy pcxuma nauonimcio naiohpunfcfnonanun (hohpanka xck-
cona-Bsnuka) n cnnsu c coxpancnucm xccfkou concfckou honufuku
n ofnomcnuu smuipauuu, n ococnnocfu cnpccn. Bosmoxno, sfof
ofkas nancc ynap ho nancxnam concfckux pykononufcncu, u anfo-
mafuuccku hocncnonana ux pcakuun (n nnnapc 175 i. hpanufcni-
cfno Mockni oquuuanino ofkasanoci of coinamcnun); moxcf ifi,
ofkas numi nan ocnonanuc cfoponnukam xccfkou pcakuuu co cfo-
poni Concfon.
Ipocfoc hcpcuucncnuc ncucfnuu Concfon unu coifuu, kofo-
pic hofcnuuanino inu naiohpunfni nnn Concfckoio Coksa, co-
cfanuno i nnymufcniniu chucok. B ahpcnc 174 i. nukfafopckuu
pcxum n Iopfyianuu no inanc c Mapccno Kasfano (n 168 i. on
hpumcn na cmcny Anfonuo nc Onuncupa Canasapy) han n pcsynifafc
iocynapcfncnnoio nocnnoio hcpcnopofa. K nnacfu hpumna xynfa no
inanc c icncpanom Anfonuo nc Chunona, no oucni icfpo pcmakmuc
hosuuuu n ncu sannnu hpokommynucfuucckuc sncmcnfi. Iocnc nc-
c...
12OJ
ckonikux mccnucn oxccfoucnnou nnyfpcnncu opii, koina kasanoci,
ufo camiu nannuu coksnuk Bcnukopufanuu u kxniu qophocf
HATO moxcf hohacfi hon konfponi hpokommynucfuuccku nacfpocn-
nix nuncpon, n ahpcnc 175 i. cocfonnuci niopi, na kofopix hoc-
nunu couuanucfi hon pykononcfnom Mapuo Coapcma, u omymcnuc
nuskou ohacnocfu ofonnunynoci, xofn honnocfik nc ucucsno. Honoc
hopfyianickoc hpanufcnicfno icfpo hponnuianoci k nckononusauuu,
k hpcnocfanncnuk ncsanucumocfu asuafckum u aqpukanckum nnanc-
nunm, kofopomy cohpofunnnnuci nukfafopckuc pcxumi. nymn inan-
nimu cfpanamu, honyuunmumu ncsanucumocfi, cfanu Mosamuk
(ukni 175 i.) u Aniona (ccnfnpi 175 i.).
B Mosamukc, inc yxc nccnfi ncf mna anfuhopfyianickan
hapfusanckan nouna, k nnacfu hpumcn IIHMO (ponf ocno-
oxncnun Mosamuka) hon pykononcfnom hpcncfanufcnn kommynu-
cfon Camopi Mamcna, kofopiu ocman hpononufi hcpcmcni ho-
cfchcnno, no cpasy xc cfonknyncn c ohhosuuucu ipyhhuponku
hapfusan IIHAMO, unu MHC (Mosamukckoc nauuonaninoc co-
hpofunncnuc), kofopyk honncpxunana Kxno-Aqpukanckan Icc-
hynuka.
B Anionc fakxc n pcsynifafc honyucnun ncsanucumocfu k nnacfu
hpumnu hpcncfanufcnu ncnix cun, otcnuncnnix n MIA (Ha-
ponnoc nnuxcnuc sa ocnooxncnuc Anioni), no inanc c Aiocfunio
Hcfo u Zosc Onyapny nym Canfymcm (kofopiu n 17 i. hocnc
cmcpfu Hcfo sannn cio hocf). Ipofun MIA nicfyhanu nnc ipyh-
huponku HA (Hauuonaniniu qponf ocnooxncnun Anio-
ni), cnnsanniu hncmcnnimu ysamu c 3aupom (Konio), u YHHTA
(Hauuonaniniu coks sa honnyk ncsanucumocfi Anioni) no inanc
c Zonacom Canumu, kofopomy okasinanu honncpxky Cocnuncn-
nic Ufafi u Kxno-Aqpukanckan Icchynuka, hockoniky cio
cuni naxonunuci n kxnix onacfnx Anioni nnusu ipanuui c
Hamuucu u cnyxunu cnocio pona amopfusafopom mcxny anioni-
ckumu ncnimu u CBAIO (Haponnou opianusauucu Kio-3ahannou
Aqpuku), hapfusanckou honufuucckou cunou hpokommynucfuucc-
kou opucnfauuu, kofopan iochoncfnonana n Hamuuu.
pyiuc coifun, hpousomcnmuc n fo xc npcmn n Aqpukc, cmc
onimc honucpknynu nccfauninocfi cufyauuu na konfuncnfc.
B ccnfnpc 174 i. umhcpafop Xaunc Ccnaccuc in ofcfpancn of
nnacfu n Oquohuu ncncncfnuc iocynapcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa, ocy-
mccfnncnnoio ipyhhou oquucpon, otcnununmuxcn n komufcf no-
opyxcnnix cun III (hcpcnon c amxapckoio cnona komufcf),
unu BBAC Bpcmcnniu nocnno-anmunucfpafunniu concf). Iyfuu-
cfon pasnupana inyokan hncmcnnan u pcnuiuosnan npaxna, kofopan
ninunanaci n nacunuc u fcppop. B qcnpanc 177 i. hpofunopcuun
12O4
inu hpcononcni nacunicfncnnim hyfcm nauoncc pcmufcninou u
ofkponcnno hpoconcfckou ipyhhuponkou no inanc c honkonnukom
Xaunc Mapuamom Mcniucfy, kofopiu cmc n 174 i. uipan nunnyk
poni n cncpxcnuu umhcpafopa u ycfanonun n Oquohuu nukfafopckuu
pcxum cyponou nucuuhnuni. Ionoxcnuc n Oquohuu ocnoxnnnoci
cufyauucu n Opufpcc. B 161 i. ninnunoci namcpcnuc Xaunc Ccnac-
cuc hpucocnunufi k umhcpuu Opufpck hpofun nonu cc xufcncu u
pcmcnuu OOH, n coofncfcfnuu c kofopimu ino hpcnycmofpcno cc
ofncncnuc u honnan anfonomun. Opufpcn hpcnpafunaci n fcafp noopy-
xcnnou opii, n kofopou yuacfnonan ponf ocnooxncnun Opuf-
pcu u hpucocnununmuucn k ncmy n 17O i. Haponniu qponf ocno-
oxncnun Opufpcu, opianusauun mapkcucfckoio fonka; onu honcnu
ckoopnunuponannyk opiy.
C hcpnix hocncnocnnix ncf u no 174 i. Oquohun sanumana
hpoamcpukanckuc hosuuuu. Ofo otncnncf, houcmy ncsanucumoc c
16O i. iocynapcfno Comanu, inc n 16 i. ina ycfanonncna nukfa-
fypa onnoio us moiymccfncnnix noxncu hncmcn Moxammcna Cua-
na Iappc, saknkuunmcc n uknc 174 i. coks c Mocknou hpofun
Oquohuu, n qcnpanc 177 i. pcmuno nauafi opiy sa ocnooxnc-
nuc Oiancna, omupnou fcppufopuu, nknununmcucn mcxny cc-
ncpnou u nocfounou uacfnmu Comanu, na kofopou hpoxunanu ko-
ucnic hncmcna (cc ipanuui inu nacfoniko ncohpcncncnni, ufo
sfo hocnyxuno hononom nnn Hfanuu n 1J41J5 ii. nauafi aipcc-
cuk hpofun Oquohuu). Iacucf Iappc in ncoocnonannim, hofomy
ufo hocnc usmcncnun cufyauuu n Annuc-Acc, cfonuuc Oquohuu,
on cfonknyncn c ncoxunannim nuhnomafuucckum honopofom Co-
ncfon, kofopic pcsko usmcnunu cnoc ofnomcnuc k Comanu. Cuan
Iappc in hpcnocfanncn camomy ccc (c fcx hop on cfan coksnu-
kom sahannix ncpxan), n fo npcmn kak CCCI nicfyhun n honncpx-
ky nonoio squohckoio hpanufcnicfna u hpofun aipcccuu Comanu n
Oiancnc.
Icskoc usmcncnuc cufyauuu n Aqpukc cohponoxnanoci pnnom
naxnix nuhnomafuucckux u nocnnix akuuu, kofopic ofnuuanuci
xapakfcpnou ococnnocfik. Onu cnuncfcnicfnonanu, ufo hocnc nc-
ynauu n 3aupc (Konio) Concfi, nccmofpn na konkypcnuuk kufau-
ucn, hpononxanu honncpxunafi fccnic ofnomcnun c onimum
uucnom aqpukanckux cfpan, ncnanno honyuunmux ncsanucumocfi.
Bmccfc c kyunuamu onu okasinanu honncpxky anxupckomy hpanu-
fcnicfny n cio konqnukfc c hposahannim hpanufcnicfnom Mapok-
ko (16J i.). Iocnc foio kak na cmcny Xpymcny hpumcn Ipcxncn,
n CCCI honyuuna pasnufuc cfpafciuucckan konuchuun nmcmafcni-
cfna n ncna cfpan fpcficio mupa, kofopan ocymccfnnnnaci n cofpynnu-
uccfnc c hpanufcnicfnom Kyi.
c...
12O5
B 165 i. Hc Icnapa hcpccck Aqpuky kxncc Caxapi u ncfpcfuncn
n ap-sc-Canamc (foina n cocfanc Tansanuu) c hpcncfanufcnnmu aqpu-
kanckux ocnoonufcninix nnuxcnuu. 3afcm ina hpcnocfanncna
honncpxka Konio co cfonuucu n Ipassanunc, kofopoc onnoci naha-
ncnun co cfoponi nacmnukon inmcio Icniiuuckoio Konio; inu
ofhpanncni nopononiui n Hcnfpanino-Aqpukanckyk Icchynuky;
ina okasana homomi CBAIO u Aqpukanckomy nauuonaninomy
konipcccy, oponmcmycn hpofun pcxuma ccipciauuu n Kxno-Aqpu-
kanckom Coksc; honyuunu homomi u hapfusani n Inuncc-Iucay, ko-
fopic c 166 ho 174 i. oponuci hpofun hopfyianickoio kononuani-
noio pcxuma.
Hfak, no nmcmafcnicfnc n Aniony u Oquohuk nc ino nuucio
ncoxunannoio. Iykononufcnu MIA cfanu ycfanannunafi cnnsu c
kyunuamu u c Concfamu cmc c 165 i., u c honyucnucm ncsanucu-
mocfu honnunaci nosmoxnocfi hponcpufi ux na hpounocfi. B no-
cnnom hnanc hpousomnu naxnic coifun. B ccnfnpc 175 i. n
ycnonunx paspacfanun ipaxnanckou nouni n Anionc, a fakxc nmc-
mafcnicfna kxnoaqpukanucn u amcpukanucn (kofopoc n uknc
hpunnno qopmy nnymufcninou akuuu cckpcfnix cnyx CUA n
honncpxky YHHTA) concfckoc hpanufcnicfno cnauana c ohaccnucm
ofnccnoci k ncucfnunm Kacfpo, hockoniky onu moinu honpcnufi
paspnnkc n ofnomcnunx mcxny CCCI u Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu.
3afcm Mockna hcpccmofpcna cnok oucnky cufyauuu u hpucfyhuna
k ofhpankc homomu u nocnnix concfnukon, uucno kofopix nos-
pocno no ncckonikux cof.
C okasanucm homomu npyium aqpukanckum cfpanam: Anxupy,
Inuncc, Tansanuu, Manu uucncnnocfi kyunckux connaf u fcx-
nukon yncnuuunaci no 2J OOO ucnonck. Inaionapn ux hpucyfcfnuk
pcxum Hcfo, a safcm u nym Canfoca cmoi yncpxafi konfponi nan
cfonuucu yannou u uacfik anionickou fcppufopuu. Kyunckoc
hpucyfcfnuc hpcnnapnno concfckoc yuacfuc. B okfnpc 176 i. in
honhucan noionop o npyxc u cofpynnuuccfnc mcxny hpanufcni-
cfnamu Anioni u Concfckoio Coksa, kofopiu cnyxun hpanufcni-
cfny Anioni ohopou n opic hpofun nocnnoio nanncnun co cfopo-
ni YHHTA Canumu no 188 i.; foina u Aniona houyncfnonana
nosncucfnuc concfckoio kpusuca. okasafcnicfnom yiposi nccfau-
nusauuu n cnnsu c hpucyfcfnucm kyunucn hocnyxuna hohifka,
hpcnhpunnfan anionickumu u kyunckumu cunamu n mapfcuknc
177 i., ocymccfnufi nfopxcnuc n saupckyk hponunuuk Uaa
(n hpomnom Kafania). Ofo ina hpnman yiposa unfcpccam 3ahana n
iopnonoinakmcu ofpacnu.
Ipunusufcnino n fom xc knkuc pasnunanuci coifun n Mosam-
ukc, hpanufcnicfno kofopoio cfpcmunoci ykpchufi cnou hosuuuu n
cnnsu c nanncnucm co cfoponi Kxnou Aqpuku u nusocfu Ioncsuu,
12O6
inc coxpannnoci hpanncnuc cnix. Ono honhucano noionop o npyxc
u cofpynnuuccfnc c Concfckum Coksom. Onnako nauoncc pcskuc us-
mcncnun hpousomnu n ofnomcnunx mcxny Comanu u Oquohucu.
Bckopc hocnc cmcmcnun Mcniucfy u no nfopxcnun Comanu n Oiancn
Concfi hifanuci hpumupufi oc hpofunoopcfnykmuc cfoponi, nc
paspinan ofnomcnuu nu c onnou us nux u coxpannn kak coks c Co-
manu, fak u cnoc npyxccfncnnoc ofnomcnuc k nonou nnacfu n Oquo-
huu, no safcm pcmufcnino usmcnunu cnok honufuky.
Iocnc cckpcfnoio nusufa Mcniucfy n Ianany u Mockny n aniycfc
177 i. ino hpunnfo pcmcnuc o ofhpankc n Oquohuk ncckoni-
kux ficnu concfckux u kyunckux nocnnocnyxamux. Ion ux pyko-
noncfnom u hpu ux concucfnuu nahananmuc comanuuui inu of-
pomcni, u Cuan Iappc sannun o pacfopxcnuu noionopa 174 i. c
CCCI. Hauoncc naxnim n sfom cnyuac hpcncfannncfcn macmfa
hpnmoio yuacfun CCCI nnuny cpannufcnino ncsnauufcninou yipo-
si co cfoponi Comanu. Yuacfuc Mockni nipaxano xcnanuc nc
cfoniko hpcnocfanufi homomi, ckoniko hponcmoncfpuponafi na-
mcpcnuc hpcnpafufi Oquohuk n cnocio cafcnnufa. Tak u hpoucxo-
nuno no fcx hop, hoka n qcnpanc 11 i. honkonnuk Mcniucfy nc
ninyxncn in ycfyhufi nnacfi n cnnsu c hocnnim nacfyhncnucm
Opufpcu. Hmcnno sfof honufuucckuu kypc okasan samcfnoc nnun-
nuc na ofnomcnun mcxny cncpxncpxanamu, hockoniky nchocpcn-
cfncnno safpaiunan ux unfcpcci. Concfnuk hpcsuncnfa Kapfcpa ho
nohpocam nauuonaninou csohacnocfu Ixcsunckuu nccima opas-
no nahucan: Coinamcnuc OCB-2 (kofopoc cmc hpcncfonno hon-
hucafi) ino hoipccno n hcckax Oiancna.
(.. Hcsncn:c:Bc ,nHHn a:ca.
ncccHc: ncnn:nn
(..(. AFTLF H HFADA HLHCDLA
C ncfyhncnucm n nonxnocfi hpcsuncnfa CUA xummu Kapfcpa,
ncuchpanumoio uncanucfa, nc cknonnoio k komhpomuccnim pcmc-
nunm ho hpunuuhuaninim nohpocam (hofomy-fo cmy nc cyxncno
ino n fcucnuc nnufcninoio npcmcnu yhpannnfi fakou cnoxnou
cfpanou, kak Amcpuka: n 18O i. on hofcphcn pcmufcninoc hopa-
xcnuc of Ionanina Icuiana), ofnomcnun mcxny cncpxncpxanamu
nc hpcfcphcnu ncmcnncnnoio yxynmcnun, onnako onu okasanuci
ofkpifimu nnn pcanusauuu nonix cucnapucn. Hckofopic unuuuafu-
ni Kapfcpa nc moinu honpanuficn pycckum. Yhopcfno, c kofopim on
nacfaunan na ncoxonumocfu ncucfnufcninou pcanusauuu fpcficu
kopsuni Xcnicunkckux coinamcnuu, u cio honcmuucckuu nison
c...
12O7
mockonckomy hpanufcnicfny ho hponcmc hpan ucnoncka nc inu
hpocfo naopom konkocfcu.
cnfcninocfi Kapfcpa cfumynuponana unconoiuucckuc pasno-
inacun nnyfpu Concfckoio Coksa. B qcnpanc 177 i., nckopc hocnc
hpuxona k nnacfu, Kapfcp nahpanun ofkpifoc hucimo qusuky Ann-
pck Caxapony, ncponfno, camomy nunnomy hpcncfanufcnk nuccu-
ncnfcfna, u nahucan fakxc hocnanuc camomy Ipcxncny, nicfyhun
n samufy nuccuncnfon. Ofncf Ipcxncna in ncmcnncnnim u pcs-
kum: Caxapon pcnciaf, cfanmuu npaiom concfckoio iocynap-
cfna. Onnako unconoiuucckoc nacfyhncnuc Kapfcpa ino kak nu-
koina pcmufcninim. On cam u cio concfnuk 3. Ixcsunckuu,
honickoio hpoucxoxncnun, hpcinanu n honnou yncpcnnocfu, ufo
paspnnka n ofnomcnunx c CCCI nc osnauana nu ofkasa of samufi
amcpukanckux unfcpccon (xofn u mcncc ccucpcmonnimu chocoa-
mu, ucm sfo ncnanu pcchynukanui hpu Hukconc), nu ofkasa of
cfpcmncnun chococfnonafi hpofunopcuunm, honpinanmum couua-
nucfuucckyk cucfcmy.
Cymccfnonano ucfkoc pasipanuucnuc nncmncu u nnyfpcnncu
honufuku, no hcpnyk ncnisn ino ofncnufi of oucnok nnyfpuho-
nufuucckou cufyauuu. Kpomc foio, ninnncnuc napymcnuu hpan
ucnoncka n Concfckom Coksc hpuncno k fomy, ufo hpanufcnicfno
Mockni ymno n oopony u nc moino uchonisonafi hpofun 3ahana
cnou hpuniunic apiymcnfi. Opafun nnumanuc na pcaninic yc-
nonun xusnu n couuanucfuucckux cfpanax, 3ahan cymcn honcpnyfi
concfckuc nononi hpofun CCCI. B sfom nohpocc Concfi inu
ococnno ynsnumi, no nmccfo foio, ufoi cmniuufi cnok pchpcc-
cunnyk honufuky, onu yxccfouunu cc u n mac 17 i. ocynunu na
saknkucnuc n konucnfpauuonnix naicpnx nuccuncnfon, xopomo
usnccfnix na sahanc (Kpun Opnona, Hafana Uapanckoio); n nnnapc
18O i. akancmuka Annpcn Caxapona ninynunu hokunyfi Mockny u
xufi n usinanuu n ioponc Iopikom houfu n honnou usonnuuu, nu-
mun nccx hpununciuu, honoxcnnix uncny Akancmuu Hayk.
Ionufuucckuu paccucf Kapfcpa in nccima fonkum, hockoniky
on cfpcmuncn nuckpcnufuponafi concfckux pykononufcncu u naxc
pasxcui pasnoinacun mcxny CCCI u kommynucfuucckumu hapfun-
mu 3ahannou Inpohi, kofopic umcnno n sfu ioni ocymccfnnnnu,
ococnno n Hfanuu u Hchanuu, honufuucckyk nunuk hpofuno-
cfonnun pykononcfny KICC, ufo hpuncno ux k honnomy paspiny
hpcxnc fccnix cnnscu c concfckou komhapfucu.
Hccmofpn na fakuc hosuuuu Kapfcpa, honufuka paspnnku nccina
ocfananaci, fcm nc mcncc, inannim umhcpafunom cio mcxnynaponnou
ncnfcninocfu. Ionufuucckuu momcnf in nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon
(a, nosmoxno, u nnn ocux cncpxncpxan) ncnaiohpunfnim us-sa ho-
12O8
cfonnnix fpancqopmauuu, yckonisanmux us-hon ux konfponn u, cnc-
nonafcnino, nc nananmux nosmoxnocfu pauuonaninim opasom hpc-
nycmofpcfi ux. Kufau, Hpan, Bocfounan Inpoha, 3ahannan Inpoha,
Kio-Bocfounan Asun inu apcnou usmcncnuu, kofopic nu Cocnu-
ncnnic Ufafi (ncncncfnuc cncnannoio niopa u fpynnocfcu skono-
muucckoio chana, ynacncnonannoio Kapfcpom of Hukcona u xcpani-
na opna), nu Concfckuu Coks nc inu choconi hocfonnno konf-
ponuponafi. Cncnycf yhomnnyfi fakxc oocfpcnuc kpusuca n aqpu-
kanckux cfpanax: Anionc, Mosamukc, Oquohuu; ycuncnuc nahpnxcn-
nocfu nokpyi Kxnou Aqpuku ncncncfnuc cc ncxcnanun ofkasaficn of
konfponn nan Hamuucu u yxccfoucnun honufuku paconou nuckpumu-
nauuu; fpynnocfu n pcmcnuu hponcmi Ioncsuu, inc hpanufcnicfny
cnix nc ynananoci naufu komhpomucc c ucpnim onimuncfnom. Bcc
sfo, nmccfc c nonimu ocnoxncnunmu, nosnukmumu nnn anmunucfpa-
uuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon us-sa cufyauuu n Hcnfpaninou Amcpukc,
chococfnonano hpononxcnuk kypca na cofpynnuuccfno c Concfckum
Coksom u honhucanuk noionopa OCB-2 (ukni 17 i.), nccmofpn
na omymcnuc, ufo coinamcnuc ofnocunoci k cufyauuu, qakfuuccku
yxc hpouncnnou. Ipanuna paspnnku hpcncfannnnuci ncc cmc hpcn-
houfufcnincc nopoiocfonmcio nosononncnun konqponfauuu. Concf-
ckuu Coks, honono Cocnuncnnim Ufafam no nc n kontknkfyp-
nom, a n cfpykfypnom hnanc ncfyhan n qasy skonomuucckoio kpu-
suca, kofopiu ncuscxno nonxcn in honnunfi na cio honufuucc-
kuu niop.
(..2. CCDLTCAH CJHAHHH A1AHHCTAHA
Cncnonafi hononou opucnfauuu cfano cmc fpynncc n 17 i.,
koina k komhnckcy cymccfnykmux hpofunopcuuu noanunoci nna
nonix sncmcnfa, ncpnynmux cncpxncpxani k hpofunocfonnuk.
B kpafkocpounom hnanc sfo hpofunocfonnuc nochpunumanoci kak
nosnpamcnuc k cyponou afmocqcpc xononnou nouni. B ncucfnu-
fcninocfu, hocncnykmcc pasnufuc coifuu u ananus ucfounukon
hokasanu oipanuucnnocfi kpusuca, nosnukmcio n nckapc 17 i.,
ninnun cio hpcxonnmuu xapakfcp u hpcyncnuucnun cohponoxnan-
mcu cio hpohaianni, kofopan cmc oncc nakannna ocfanonky
nokpyi ncio. Ckopcc moxno ionopufi o nnyx coifunx, snaucnuc
kofopix ino cymccfncnno hpcyncnuucno cpcncfnamu macconou
unqopmauuu (cncpxncpxani foina inu ho pasnim hpuuunam n
sfom saunfcpcconani), a nc o nonou xononnou nounc. Onnako sfu
coifun kacanuci nnyfpcnncio pannonccun nnyx umhcpckux cuc-
fcm; sfo inu onympucucme+n~e kpusuci, a nc +ecucme+n~e,
xofn (kak sfo ino n 156 unu 168 ii.) ux nncmnuc hocncncfnun
c...
12O
hpuncnu k oxccfoucnnou honcmukc.
nymn hpuuunamu oocfpcnun nahpnxcnnocfu cfanu pasmcmc-
nuc n Inpohc concfckux u amcpukanckux pakcf cpcnncu naninocfu
u concfckoc nfopxcnuc n Aqianucfan n konuc nckapn 17 i.
Bfopxcnuc n Aqianucfan nauanoci nakanync poxnccfna 17 i.,
sa ncckoniko nncu n sfy iopnyk cfpany nfopinuci 75 OOO concfckux
connaf, a ucpcs ncckoniko ncncni ux uucno nospocno no 1OO OOO.
Ipcxncn otncnnn nfopxcnuc ofncfom na opamcnuc hpanufcni-
cfna Kayna, kofopoio n fof momcnf nc cymccfnonano, xofn cio
qopmuponanuc u ino hopyucno Iapaky Kapmank. Ipu sfom
Kpcmni ccinancn na cf. 51 Ycfana OOH, kofopan hpcnycmafpunana
mcpi nnn hpcnofnpamcnun yiposi aipcccuu co cfoponi aqianckux
honcfanucn, kofopic honyuanu honncpxky Iakucfana, Kufan u
HIY. B ncucfnufcninocfu, sfa maccuponannan concfckan akuun
hpoucxonuna n oucni cnoxnom mcxnynaponnom konfckcfc u nisna-
na onimyk fpcnoiy, fak kak nhcpnic cfoni ofkponcnnoc nocnnoc
nmcmafcnicfno ino ofmcucno sa hpcncnamu fpanuuuonnou soni
nnunnun Concfon.
Omccfncnno-honufuucckan cufyauun n Aqianucfanc ina no-
cfafouno cfauninou no 17J i., koina n pcsynifafc cckponnoio
iocynapcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa, hpousomcnmcio hpu honncpxkc no-
cnnix, hpanunmuu n cfpanc 3axup Uax in cmcmcn cnoum nnok-
ponnim pafom hpunucm Moxammcnom aynom. Honiu hpanufcni,
n hpomnom nconnokpafno inmuu sakonnim hpcmicp-munu-
cfpom, namcpcnancn hpononufi honufuky ncufpanufcfa, kofopan
hpcnhonaiana coucfanuc nopococcncfna c Concfckum Coksom
(cnnsannom c Aqianucfanom noionopom o cofpynnuuccfnc of 155 i.)
c fccnim cofpynnuuccfnom c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu (nocfafou-
no nchomnufi, ufo n 17O i. Kayn hoccfun Hukcon, a n 174 i.
Kuccunnxcp). B 178 i. cam ayn in cmcmcn u yuf no npcmn
npyioio iocynapcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa, pykononumoio Haponno-nc-
mokpafuucckou hapfucu hapfucu Xanik (ufo osnauacf napon)
mapkcucfckou opucnfauuu.
Hfoi honnfi nahpanncnuc usmcncnuu, ncoxonumo yuccfi,
ufo napnny c naponnou hapfucu, nosinannnnmcucn n fo npcmn Hyp
Myxammcnom Tapaku u Xaqusynnou Amunom, cymccfnonana cmc
onna hapfun mapkcucfckou opucnfauuu, cnnsannan c Xanik u na-
sinanmancn Iapuam (ufo osnauacf snamn). B ncucfnufcninocfu,
pcui mna o onnou kommynucfuucckou hapfuu, pasncncnnou na nnc
npaxncnic ipyhhuponku: Xanik opucnfuponanaci na panukanino-
skcfpcmucfkoc nahpanncnuc, Iapuam (inannim hpcncfanufcncm kofo-
pou in Iapak Kapmani) na hocfchcnnic hcpcmcni. Iocynap-
cfncnniu hcpcnopof hpofun ayna in pcsynifafom npcmcnnoio co-
121O
nhancnun nsinnnon nnyx ipyhhuponok, cofpynnuuccfno mcxny kofo-
pimu nckopc cfano concpmcnno ncnosmoxnim.
B pcsynifafc Kapmani in ninyxncn hokunyfi hpanufcnicfno, n
kofopom on yuacfnonan, u c ipyhhou cnoux cfoponnukon hon hpu-
kpifucm Concfon namcn ycxumc n Hcxocnonakuu.
Bnyfpu hapfuu Xanik fakxc cymccfnonano momnoc cohcpnuuc-
cfno mcxny ofncninimu ncnfcnnmu, hpcnnaianmumu pasnuunic
mcfoni opii. Tapaku namcpcnancn hpononufi panukaninyk ho-
nufuky pcqopm c onopcnun u hpu honncpxkc Concfon. Apxauu-
nyk couuaninyk cucfcmy cfpani hofpncna nonna pcnonkuuonnix
hpcopasonanuu u cncfckux pcqopm, ufo ncmcnncnno hoponuno
mupokuu hpofccf, fcm oncc ohacniu, hockoniky on pachpocfpa-
nnncn n cfpanc, ipanuuamcu c Hpanom, hcpcxunanmcm hontcm
muufckou pcnonkuuu. Xofn mycynimanc Aqianucfana inu n oni-
muncfnc cnocm cynnufamu, otckfunno cymccfnonana hponcma
nsaumocnnsu mcxny nnuxcnunmu, ahcnnuponanmumu k pcnuiuos-
nim uyncfnam.
Kpomc foio, naupano cuny nuunoc cohcpnuuccfno mcxny Ta-
paku u cio nfopim n Amunom. Iocncnnuu honncpxunan fccnic
ofnomcnun c amcpukanckum hoconicfnom, inc on pancc paofan
hcpcnonuukom. Tcm camim on nanan ocnonanun nnn honospcnuu,
ufo n ofnomcnuu CCCI y ncio cymccfnonanu hnani, cxonnic c
fcmu, kofopic pcanusonan Canaf, niinanmuu n 172 i. concfckux
nocnnix concfnukon us Iiuhfa. Ofu ohaccnun hpuopcnu oncc
ncnic oucpfanun, koina Tapaku hocnc nusufa n Mockny n 17 i.
hohifancn ocnoonuficn of Amuna, no fof, saxnafun nnacfi, oncp-
xan ncpx u qusuuccku ynuufoxun cohcpnuka. Iosfomy occnik
17 i. n Kaync y pykononcfna cfpanou ino skcfpcmucfckoc kpi-
no hapfuu Xanik, k kofopomy n Mocknc ofnocunuci c nchpunsnik
u honospcnanu cio n cofpynnuuccfnc c amcpukanuamu. K fomy xc
ono hpononuno cfoni panukaninyk honufuky, ufo nisinano no nccm
Aqianucfanc nonncnun, kofopic nhufinanu ncc mccfnic nnuxc-
nun hpofccfa.
Ofy kapfuny nnyfpcnncu xusnu cfpani cncnycf coofnocufi c
mcxnynaponnou cufyauucu. Concfckuu Coks naxonuncn na sfahc
cnocio akfunnoio hponuknoncnun n Aqpuky, nckofopoc npcmn na-
san on hponosinacun noccocnuncnuc mcxny Ccncpnim u Kxnim
Hcmcnom, no c ohaccnucm cncnun sa nchpcnnuncnnim pasnufucm
honufuucckou opii mcxny hpoconcfckum fcucnucm u cunamu, ho-
nyuanmumu honncpxky us Caynonckou Apanuu. B npyiom icoipaqu-
ucckom pciuonc Concfckuu Coks, honhucan n nonpc 178 i. noionop
o npyxc u cofpynnuuccfnc c Bicfnamom, cncnun sa xonom nocnnix
ohcpauuu, kofopic nicfnamckuc noucka ncnu c nnnapn 17 i. n
c...
1211
Kamonxc. Mockna nuncna, ufo naxc camic cyponic kpufuku kpac-
nix kxmcpon hpofccfonanu hpofun ncsakonnix ncucfnuu hpanufcni-
cfna Xanon. Kak pas n konuc 17 i. cuni Ccncpnoio Bicfnama sa-
ncpmunu okkyhauuk Kamonxu u opasonanu sanucumoc hpanufcni-
cfno, kofopoc hpanuno n cfpanc nhnofi no ncfyhncnun n 18 i. cun
OOH u no cnoonnix niopon 1J i., n pcsynifafc kofopix k nnac-
fu ncpnyncn hpunu Hoponom Cuanyk, nnoni sannnmuu koponcnckuu
fpon.
Ofu akuuu, ykpchunmuc saknkucnnic Concfckum Coksom co-
inamcnun, inu ofncfom na pnn amcpukanckux unuuuafun, kofo-
pic ncnu k hofcpnm CCCI n nuhnomafuucckom hnanc. Mup mcxny
Iiuhfom u Hspauncm in saknkucn n Ksmh-snunc n 178 i. u cio
pcanusauun ocymccfnnnnaci n fcucnuc 17 i. Ho hpanufcnicfno
Mockni nc moino hpunumafi n sfom yuacfun, cnuncfncnnou ani-
fcpnafunou nnn ncio ocfananoci ykpchncnuc cnnscu c Cupucu hon-
hucanucm n okfnpc 18O i. noionopa o npyxc. Yxynmcnuc ofno-
mcnuu mcxny Kufacm u Bicfnamom cohponoxnanoci ohacnim
ynyumcnucm ofnomcnuu mcxny Kufacm u Cocnuncnnimu Ufafa-
mu u mcxny Kufacm u Shonucu.
Bfopxcnuk Bicfnama n Kamonxy hpcnmccfnonano ycfanonnc-
nuc oquuuaninix nuhnomafuucckux ofnomcnuu mcxny KHI u
Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu 1 nnnapn 17 i., o kofopom ino otnn-
ncno cmc 15 nckapn 178 i. Ofo coifuc ino ofmcucno oucni
fopxccfncnno no npcmn hpononxufcninoio nusufa sn Cnohuna n
Bamunifon n konuc nnnapn nauanc mapfa 17 i. Bo npcmn cnoc-
io nusufa sn nconnokpafno ionopun o fom, ufo Bicfnamy ncoxo-
numo nafi ypok. 3a cnonamu hocncnonanu ncna: kufauckuc noucka
nahanu na Bicfnam, ufo, onnako, nc hpunccno pcaninix pcsynifa-
fon, sa ucknkucnucm foio, ufo hponcmoncfpuponano xankoc cocfon-
nuc kufauckou apmuu ncncncfnuc xaoca, nisnannoio kynifypnou
pcnonkuucu 166 i.
Ykpchncnuk kufaucko-amcpukanckux ofnomcnuu hpcnmccfno-
nana nopmanusauun ofnomcnuu mcxny Kufacm u Shonucu, ufo
hpuncno k honhucanuk 12 aniycfa 178 i. noionopa o mupc u npyx-
c mcxny nnymn cfpanamu. oionop cfan nc foniko oquuuaninim
sancpmcnucm konqnukfa, nnunmciocn oncc 4O ncf, no u hosnonun
pasnunafi ucknkuufcnino naxnic fopionic ofnomcnun. B nuhno-
mafuucckom hnanc nokymcnf umcn anfuconcfckyk nahpanncnnocfi,
hockoniky ocnoninancn na onsafcnicfnc Kufan nc nosononnnfi no-
ionop o npyxc c CCCI of 15O i.; kpomc foio, n cfafic J-cu ino
nipaxcno namcpcnuc hpofunocfonfi ycununm nkoio npyioio iocy-
napcfna unu ipyhhi iocynapcfn yfncpnufi cnok icicmonuk n Asuu
unu n Tuxookcanckom pciuonc. Anfuconcfckan nahpanncnnocfi noky-
1212
mcnfa ina cfoni oucnunnou, ufo n Mocknc cio pacucnunu kak yipo-
sy cfauninocfu n Asuu u safcm hocncnonano pcmcnuc ykpchufi Ky-
punickuc ocfpona, sannfic Concfamu n 145 i. na ocnonc nocnnix
mcxcoksnuucckux coinamcnuu (ufo hocfonnno ochapunanoci nhonua-
mu), a fakxc ycunufi nocnnic konfunicnfi nnoni ipanuui c Kufa-
cm, cnanun ux cfpafciuucckumu omapnuponmukamu u pakcfamu
cpcnncu naninocfu c pasncnnkmumucn ociononkamu.
Hfak, n 17817 ii. concfckuc ncucfnun u hpofunoncucfnun,
hpusnannic cncpxafi CCCI, houfu ypannoncmunanu npyi npyia u
hopoxnanu nonoc nahpnxcnuc nnoni kxnix u nocfounix ipanuu
cqcpi unfcpccon CCCI. Hpanckan pcnonkuun nisnana n Mocknc
ynonncfnopcnuc u n fo xc npcmn occhokocnnocfi. Cocnuncnnic
Ufafi pachonaianu naxnimu cfanuunmu snckfponnoio cncxcnun
n ccncpo-nocfounom Hpanc, c fcppufopuu kofopoio onu inu us-
inani, no Concfi ohacanuci, ufo ncnancxniu aqianckuu nuncp
Amun yncf concucfnonafi ux hcpcmcmcnuk na fcppufopuk Aqia-
nucfana. Tpynno ckasafi, nackoniko oocnonannimu inu sfu
ohaccnun, no concfckuu munucfp ooponi Ycfunon u inana KII
Annpohon cymcnu pasxcui n Ionufkpo ncnoncpuc k Amuny, ko-
fopiu nkoi moi ncucfnonafi n honisy CUA u paspcmufi amcpu-
kanuam pasncpnyfi na aqianckou fcppufopuu pakcfnic ycfanonku
cpcnncu naninocfu, naucncnnic na Kasaxcfan, Cuupi u na ho-
ipanuuniu pauon CCCI c Kufacm.
Ofa hponcma ocyxnanaci n Mocknc yxc c mapfa 17 i., koina
nhcpnic n ocfanonkc ocfpix pasnoinacuu nosnukna iuhofcsa no-
cnnoio nmcmafcnicfna. Icmufcniniu honopof hpousomcn hocnc
foio, kak Amuny ynanoci oncpxafi ncpx nan Tapaku u yufi cio.
B nonpc 17 i. uncn cunonoio pcmcnun hpcononcna koncanun fcx,
kfo ohacancn, ufo Concfi, kak foina ionopunu, hohanyf n nonymky,
hoxoxyk na amcpukanckuu Bicfnam. Onnako n Mocknc cuufanu,
ufo nocfafouno hocnafi skchcnuuuonniu kophyc n 75 OOO ucnonck
c ucnik saxnafufi cfonuuy u konfponuponafi ipanuui c Iakucfa-
nom u Hpanom, ufoi hcpckpifi hyfu homomu konfppcnonkuu-
oncpam, sfo hosnonuno i n fcucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn nsnfi
cufyauuk hon konfponi.
Bcc sfu paccyxncnun cnuncfcnicfnykf o fom, ufo Concfi pac-
cmafpunanu nfopxcnuc n Aqianucfan, ccnu moxno fak ckasafi,
kak pachpocfpancnuc na Asuk nokfpuni Ipcxncna 168 i., f.c. kak
sakonnyk akuuk n ofnomcnuu cfpani, yxc naxonunmcucn hon co-
ncfckum konfponcm, no hohanmcu hon yiposy nccfaunusauuu. Oc-
nonnim qakfopom hpunnfun pcmcnuu hocnyxunu nohpoci ooponi,
xofn nc ino ncnoio honumanun puckon hpcncfonnmcu akuuu.
Iocfanonncnuc Ionufkpo ino hpunnfo nna nnn chycfn hocnc
c...
121J
pcmcnun HATO o pasmcmcnuu pakcf cpcnncu naninocfu n Inpohc.
Ofof umhynic in hofom cmasan fcm, ufo nfopxcnuc ino hpcn-
cfanncno mcxnynaponnomy omccfncnnomy mncnuk kak ofncf na
opamcnuc nccymccfnykmcio hpanufcnicfna, f.c. hpanufcnicfna
Iapaka Kapmann, nuncpa hapfuu Iapuam, hochcmno nisnannoio
us ucxocnonaukou ccinku u hpuinmcio n Kayn nmccfc c concf-
ckumu nouckamu, ccnu nc hosxc.
Amcpukanckan pcakuun na concfckyk akuuk ina ncoxunan-
nou u xccfkou. J nnnapn 18O i. hpcsuncnf Kapfcp nncc n Ccnaf
hpcnnoxcnuc ofonnunyfi na ncohpcncncnniu cpok pafuqukauuk
noionopa OCB-2. Ha cncnykmuu ncni on hpunnn nonic oipanuuu-
fcninic mcpi, cpcnu nux nauoncc samcfnim ino cokpamcnuc
skchopfa scpna us Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n CCCI (n ucm Concfi n
hocncnnuc ioni ococnno nyxnanuci). Iina hpckpamcna hocfanka
nicokofcxnonoiuunix fonapon, nknkuan oopynonanuc nnn ypc-
nun ncqfnnix cknaxun, u hponaxa komhikfcpon. Iino pcmcno,
ufo n ocux cfpanax onimc nc ynyf ofkpinaficn nonic koncyni-
cfna. Kpomc foio, ino otnnncno, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nc
hpumyf yuacfun n Onumhuuckux uipax, sahnanuponannix n Mock-
nc na ncfo 18O i., kak sfo u hpousomno n ncucfnufcninocfu.
Ha Icncpaninou Accamncc OOH concfckan akuun ina ocyx-
ncna onimuncfnom ionocon, ufo nahomunano anfuamcpukanckoc
onimuncfno n ioni akfunnou nckononusauuu. Accamncn 1O4 io-
nocamu hpofun 18 hpu ncmnoiux nosncpxanmuxcn u ofcyfcfnonan-
mux hofpconana ncmcnncnnoio ninona unocfpannix nouck us
Aqianucfana. Hfak, nfopxcnuc n Aqianucfan ino uchonisonano
3ahanom n kauccfnc momnoio hpohaiannucfckoio opyxun, kofopoc
sacfanuno Concfi houyncfnonafi, kak fnxcno umcfi hpofun ccn mu-
ponoc omccfncnnoc mncnuc, nmccfc c fcm ono hosnonuno cfpanam
HATO cmniuufi sqqckf concfckou hpohaianni hpofun pasncpfina-
nun cnpopakcf. Of xononnou nouni ocfananoci oucni ncmnoio, no
hpofunocfonnuc pasnynanoci cpcncfnamu macconou unqopmauuu u
uchonisonanoci hpanufcnicfnamu n snckfopaninix ucnnx.
Yxc n nnnapc 18O i. hocnc nusufa Annpohona n Kayn cfano
ncno, ufo nfopxcnuc ino hopoxncno omukou n paccucfax, u
Ionufkpo hpumno k saknkucnuk, ufo concfckuc noucka nonxni
ocfaficn n Aqianucfanc na ncohpcncncnnoc npcmn. Ipucyfcfnuc sfux
cun hpuncno nc k ymupofnopcnuk, a k pasxuianuk hapfusanckou
nouni, cosnanuk otcnuncnnoio qponfa ucnamckux ipyhhuponok
hpofun concfckux nouck u aqianckux konnaopauuonucfon, a fakxc k
macconomy ucxony cxcnucn (ux nacuufinanoci houfu ucfipc mun-
nuona) n Hpan u Iakucfan. Iocncnnuu cfan honyuafi oipomnyk u
1214
ncc nospacfanmyk homomi Cocnuncnnix Ufafon nnn noopyxcnun
anfuconcfckux hapfusan. Hakoncu, nfopxcnuc n Aqianucfan hoponu-
no honospcnuc, ufo CCCI, nochonisonanmuci upanckum kpusucom u
oocfpcnucm ofnomcnuu mcxny Hpanom u Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu,
hohifacfcn pasnufi hponnuxcnuc nhnofi no Icpcunckoio sanuna. Ok-
kyhauun hpcnpafunaci n nchpcpinnic ou, ufo hpuncno k iucnu
15 OOO concfckux nocnnix u k ncucuucnumim xcpfnam cpcnu aqian-
ucn (nocfoncpnic ucfounuku ionopnf o munnuonc hoiumux); n sfux
onx Concfi nc cymcnu nouficn hocni.
Iocnc cmcpfu Ipcxncna Annpohon cspcsynifafno hifancn n
182 i. hpucinyfi k hocpcnnuuccfny OOH; hocnc 185 i. Iopaucn
cfan uchonisonafi cpcncfna, cxonnic c mcfonamu Hukcona no Bicf-
namc: Concfi inu iofoni ninccfu noucka, no hpu ycnonuu, ufo n
Aqianucfanc yncf cqopmuponano oncc cfauninoc hpanufcni-
cfno. Hc cnyuauno, 185186 ii. cfanu hcpuonom nauoncc ocf-
pou opii, hosfomy hpanufcnicfno Mockni samcnuno Kapmann
oncc sncpiuunim Hanxuynnou, kofopiu, kasanoci, in choco-
cn noccfanonufi konfponi nan honoxcnucm n cfpanc; no nnyfpcn-
nnn cufyauun n cfpanc ina cnumkom nakancna, a honoxcnuc ncn
n Mocknc yxynmanoci. B concpmcnno nonom mcxnynaponnom kon-
fckcfc Concfam ocfananoci numi coinacuficn na ninon cnoux nouck,
ufo onu u cncnanu n qcnpanc 18 i.
(... DCHFCC C LDFCFALTAX
pyium qakfopom napacfanun nahpnxcnnocfu, cmc oncc cnn-
sannim c fpanuuunmu uhonnpnoio hpofunocfonnun u uacfuuno c
ycnonunmu coinamcnuu, saknkucnnix n hcpuon c 164 ho 17 i.,
cfan nohpoc o pakcfax cpcnncu naninocfu u ux pasmcmcnuu n Inpohc.
Bohpoc o cnpopakcfax in fccno cnnsan c omcu hponcmou
pannonccun cun mcxny cncpxncpxanamu u c ofnomcnunmu mcxny
Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, Inpohou u Concfckum Coksom. Onnako
sfof nohpoc hpuopcn n 1718O ii. nonic ipanu, nnoni nisnan
honcmuky nnyfpu HATO u nmccfc c fcm hocfanun na kapfy nck cu-
cfcmy inoaninoio coofnomcnun nocnnix cun.
Iocnc honhucanun n 172 i. coinamcnun OCB-1 concfckuc nocn-
nic kpyiu nauanu okasinafi cuninoc nanncnuc na hpanufcnicfno c
fcm, ufoi ono hpononxuno hcpcionopi na oncc niuipimnix
ycnonunx. B ncucfnufcninocfu, ccnu konuuccfncnnic hokasafcnu
nponc i cnuncfcnicfnonanu n honisy Concfckoio Coksa, fo kauc-
cfno fcxnonoiuu hosnonuno amcpukanckou cfoponc ho coinamc-
nuk cosnafi ananc n cnok honisy. Io sfum hpuuunam hpanufcni-
c...
1215
cfno ino ninyxncno ycfyhufi nanncnuk munucfcpcfna ooponi no
inanc c Annpccm Ipcuko, nounanmciocn ocnamcnun concfckux nncp-
nix cun oncc concpmcnnimu noopyxcnunmu u, n ococnnocfu, no-
nimu mcxkonfuncnfaninimu pakcfamu CC-18, CC-1 u CC-2O (c
panuycom ncucfnun okono JOOO muni) c fpcmn ociononkamu, na fncp-
nom fohnunc u hofomy icfpo ncucfnykmumu, oncc founimu u co-
npcmcnnimu, kofopic nciuc ino ckpifi of hpofunnuka. Onu ycfa-
nannunanuci nauunan c 176 i. u hpunonunuci n ohcpafunnyk iofon-
nocfi n fcucnuc 177 i. K fomy xc cfapic omapnuponmuku cpcn-
ncu naninocfu inu samcncni nonimu omapnuponmukamu
BacIIIrc n ucnom concfckuu cfpafciuucckuu apccnan cfan snauu-
fcnino oncc sqqckfunnim.
Osnauano nu oncc sqqckfunnim fakxc oncc ohacnim
C fouku spcnun concfckux cfpafciuucckux nokfpun, ucknkuanmux
Inpohy us nosmoxnix ucncu nncpnix afak, hockoniky sfo ino
i pannoucnno pasnnsinanuk nccomcio konqnukfa, nonic noo-
pyxcnun umcnu ooponufcniniu xapakfcp, onu chococfnonanu
ycuncnuk concfckoio qakfopa cncpxunanun, nc hpcncfannnn coou
kauccfncnno nonou yiposi nnn Inpohi, no ynyuman hosuuuu
CCCI nakanync saknkucnun noionopa OCB-2. Kpomc foio, onu nc
napymanu noionop OCB-1, nc ucknkuanmuu moncpnusauuk cfopo-
namu cnoux cfpafciuucckux cucfcm. B camom ncnc, yuufinan ux
hopaxakmuc nosmoxnocfu, pycckuc paccmafpunanu CC-2O kak
umcnmuc cfpafciuucckoc snaucnuc, a nc kak pakcfi fcafpa nocn-
nix ncucfnuu. Onnako umcnno n sfom cocfonn kpufuucckuu nakan
cufyauuu, hockoniky 3ahan u, n ococnnocfu, cnpohcuckuc cfpani
nc pasncnnnu concfckyk konuchuuk u ycmafpunanu n CC-2O no-
nyk yiposy, nahpanncnnyk nchocpcncfncnno hpofun Inpohi. Ho-
nic concfckuc pakcfi ycfanannunanuci nc foniko ho nocnnim, no
fakxc u ho honufuucckum coopaxcnunm: c ucnik yinyufi pasnu-
uun mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u nckofopimu cnpohcuckumu
cfpanamu, nosnukmuc n pcsynifafc hpunnfun nokfpuni iukoio
pcaiuponanun.
cucfnufcnino, n cfpanax HATO, n uacfnocfu n Icpmanuu,
pasmcmcnuc pakcf CC-2O nisnano mupokuu ofknuk, kofopiu nnoni
hpunnck nnumanuc k hponcmc, ninnunmcucn qakfuuccku n 162 i.,
a n fcopcfuucckom hnanc n 167 i., koina ina qopmanino hpunnfa
nokfpuna iukoio pcaiuponanun, hponcmc noncpun k amcpukan-
ckum iapanfunm. B ycnonunx nonou cfpykfypi concfckux nncpnix
cun, yuufinan, ufo hcpnou ucnik pakcf CC-2O moina cfafi Inpoha
(sfo omymcnuc ocfananoci ncycfpanumim u nccima oucnunnim qak-
fopom, nccmofpn na fo, ufo concfckan nocnnan nokfpuna sfo ucknkua-
na), hocncnnnn okasinanaci hcpcn ccpicsnou ohacnocfik, nc ynyuu
1216
yncpcnnou n hpounocfu afnanfuucckux (fo ccfi amcpukanckux) iapan-
fuu.
B pcaninocfu fakoc nochpunfuc ino nc conccm ohpannannim.
Amcpukanui fakxc hpcnhpunnnu no u hocnc honhucanun noionopa
OCB-1 hcpccmofp cnocio nncpnoio apccnana, onapyxun ncnocfafku
kak cfpafciuucckux, fak u fakfuucckux noopyxcnuu, n uacfnocfu
noopyxcnuu fcafpa nocnnix ncucfnuu. C 17J i. nauanaci samcna
yxc ycfapcnmux fakfuucckux pakcf, hcpcnannix amcpukanckum
honpasncncnunm n Inpohc (Honesr 1ohn~ unu ergeunr), na nonic
pakcfi (1unce). A c 172 iona ocymccfnnnnoci hpockfuponanuc no-
nix pakcf cpcnncu naninocfu, fakux kak Icpmuni-2, naninocfik
okono 7OO km, c camou nuskou nosmoxnou hoipcmnocfik ofknonc-
nun of ucnu. Hapnny c sfumu usmcncnunmu inu fakxc hponcncni
uchifanun kpinafix pakcf, hpcumymccfno kofopix cocfonno n
fom, ufo onu nocfuianu ucnu na paccfonnuu no JOOO km, hcpcmcma-
nci na nconimou nicofc of honcpxnocfu scmnu, fakum opasom
uscian konfponn panapon hpofunnuka. Kpomc foio, yckopunaci
paofa nan usyucnucm ncufponnou omi, fo ccfi omi nconi-
moio panuyca ncucfnun, uchonisonanuc kofopou cymccfncnno oipa-
nuuunano i ymcp, hpuuunncmiu mafcpuaninim ucnnocfnm na
fcppufopuu, hpumikakmcu k hopaxcnnim ucnnm. B 17J175 ii.
hponcma anahfauuu amcpukanckou pakcfnou cucfcmi ina hpcn-
mcfom unfcncunnoio usyucnun u nnumafcninoio honufuucckoio
ananusa. B 175 i. hocnc sancpmcnun paof, nauafix x. Unccun-
nxcpom, munucfpom ooponi hpu Hukconc, u cio hpccmnukom
. Iamcqcninom, hpoipamma moncpnusauuu ohcpafunno-fakfuucc-
kux pakcf ina nihonncna, n fo npcmn kak hponcma fcxnonoiu-
ucckoio ononncnun cfpafciuucckux noopyxcnuu cmc ocfananaci
hpcnmcfom usyucnun.
C uspanucm Kapfcpa na hocf hpcsuncnfa nuckyccuu ho hono-
ny ocymccfnncnun nonix hpoipamm n namunifonckou anmunucfpa-
uuu u n HATO ncckoniko yfuxnu, hockoniky noniu hpcsuncnf n
hcpnyk oucpcni hocfapancn hocfanufi honnocfik hon cnou konf-
poni hponcmy nocnnix pacxonon u qynkuuonuponanun Icnfaio-
na u cam uspan n kauccfnc hpuopufcfa amcpukanckou honufuku n
nocnnou onacfu ykpchncnuc oiunix noopyxcnuu. B 177 i.,
koina inu onapyxcni nonic nocfuxcnun pycckux, hpousomna
cmcna kypca, honfonknynman Bamunifon hocfanufi na ocyxncnuc n
Afnanfuucckom coksc hponcmy moncpnusauuu ooponufcninix noo-
pyxcnuu u n ucnom hponcmy csohacnocfu HATO.
Icpnim in paccmofpcn nohpoc o ncufponnou omc. k-
ohifno, ufo nuckyccun hpuopcna ckopcc sfuucckuu, ucm fcxnu-
ucckuu xapakfcp, hockoniky ocyxnanaci amopaninocfi opyxun,
c...
1217
kofopoc, cnonn k munumymy ymcp mafcpuaninim hpcnmcfam, coxpa-
nnno i snanun, no ynuufoxano i nkncu. Ha nonnc sfou honcmuku,
nochonisonanmuci mopaninou afmocqcpou n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax u
n Inpohc, Kapfcp pcmun n ahpcnc 178 i. ofkasaficn of hpousnoncfna
opyxun sfoio fuha. Onnako cio pcmcnuc, ninnun ocnonnic hapamcf-
pi cfpafciuucckux hponcm, cfonnmux hcpcn cnpohcuuamu u amcpu-
kanuamu, hpuncno k niopy, cncnannomy nhocncncfnuu.
Ipocfpannan iamma pcmcnuu, hpcnnaianmuxcn amcpukanuamu,
ina pacucncna n Inpohc, n ococnnocfu n Icpmanuu kanuncpom
couuan-ncmokpafom Icnimyfom Umunfom, kak cnuncfcnicfno nc-
yncpcnnocfu u koncanuu, ufo nc ocfanoci cs ofncfnou pcakuuu
amcpukanckou anmunucfpauuu. B camom ncnc, Kapfcp iopasno n
onimcu cfchcnu, ucm cio hpcnmccfncnnuku, yncnnn nnumanuc
kak oipanuucnuk amcpukanckou soni ofncfcfncnnocfu, fak u onno-
npcmcnno ucfkomy ohpcncncnuk onsafcnicfn, kofopic Cocnuncn-
nic Ufafi nonxni inu hpunnfi n ofnomcnuu Inpohi. Io-
ckoniky nokfpuna iukoio pcaiuponanun ofkpina hpocfop comnc-
nunm u pacxoxncnunm nnyfpu HATO, fo nyxno ino ycfpanufi sfu
comncnun u noccfanonufi noncpuc. Hnimu cnonamu, Kapfcp conu-
napusuponancn c konuchuunmu Tpymsna u Ouscnxayspa o ncoxo-
numocfu foio, ufoi HATO nnnnnaci nc foniko nnymufcninim
qacanom, no u ncucfnykmcu pcaninocfik. Xofn kak Caupyc Bsnc,
ioccckpcfapi Kapfcpa, fak u Iaponin Ipayn, munucfp ooponi,
inu yncpcni, ufo yiposa, hpcncfannncman CC-2O, ina nc na-
cfoniko ncnuka, ufoi amcpukanui nc moinu c homomik nncpnoio
pcaiuponanun cc hapuponafi, anmunucfpauun Kapfcpa ofnanana ccc
ofucf n hpcumymccfncnno honufuucckom xapakfcpc hponcmi.
Ha ncnfcninocfi Kapfcpa nanoxuno ofhcuafok cnpohcuckoc,
hpcxnc nccio icpmanckoc, nanncnuc. B pcuu, hpousncccnnou n
onnonc n okfnpc 177 i., ncmcukuu kanuncp couuan-ncmokpaf
Icnimyf Umunf safponyn hponcmy hapufcfa cfpafciuucckux noopy-
xcnuu mcxny nnymn nokamu, sannun, ufo honcucf nonxcn yuufi-
nafi fuhi noopyxcnuu, nc ofnocnmuccn k oiunim noopyxcnunm
(kofopic, ncponfno, moiyf ifi uchonisonani hcpnimu n Inpohc,
n uacfnocfu na fcppufopuu Icpmanuu). Coinamcnun 172 i. u hocnc-
nonanmuc hosxc, ofnocufcnino kofopix amcpukanui u pycckuc ncnu
hcpcionopi ho OCB-2, qukcuponanu, ho cio mncnuk, nncpnic cfpa-
fciuucckuc hofcnuuani cncpxncpxan, ncufpanusyn ux.
B ufoic sfo ncno k yncnuucnuk paspina mcxny nnymn cfoponamu n
Inpohc, hockoniky coinamcnun nc hpunumanu no nnumanuc oiu-
nic noopyxcnun u pakcfi cpcnncu naninocfu. Kak ofmcuacf Hik-
xayc, amcpukanui cuufanu cfpafciuucckumu foniko mcxkonfu-
ncnfaninic pakcfi, onnako nnn cnpohcuucn nkan pakcfa cpcnncu
1218
naninocfu, sahymcnnan c concfckou fcppufopuu, nnnnnaci cfpafciu-
ucckou, a nc pakcfou fcafpa nocnnix ncucfnuu. Hcoxonumo ino
ycfpanufi sfo uckaxcnnoc ucfonkonanuc, hockoniky nonic coina-
mcnun OCB, kasanoci, ncnanu mcncc ncponfnou nosmoxnocfi uc-
honisonanun amcpukanuamu cnoux mcxkonfuncnfaninix pakcf nnn
samufi Inpohi, ufo uipano na pyky Concfckomy Coksy n cio cfpcm-
ncnuu yipoxafi camou Inpohc.
Icui Umunfa n ohpcncncnnom cmicnc hpuncna k xcnacmomy
sqqckfy. Kapfcp in iofon cnanufi noopyxcnnic cuni n Inpohc
ncufponnou omou, onnako mofunauuu, kofopic hpuncnu k hpc-
kpamcnuk uccncnonanuu n sfom nahpanncnuu, homcmanu cmy
hpcnnoxufi cc kak ofncf na cnpohcuckuc ohaccnun cs coinacun
saunfcpcconannou cfoponi. A hockoniky ono ofcyfcfnonano, of
sfou uncu ofkasanuci, u, hoka hpononxanuci hcpcionopi c pyc-
ckumu, ncnu houcku npyiux napuanfon ncucfnuu. B ux ocnonc nc-
xano cfpcmncnuc amcpukanucn nc hpunumafi pcmcnuu, kofopic
occhokounu i pycckux u homcmanu i cfpafciuucckomy nuano-
iy. Icpniu mai n sfom nahpanncnuu in cncnan Ipcsuncnfom n
ccnfnpc 178 i., koina on onopun pckomcnnauuu cnoux nuxau-
mux concfnukon, hpcnycmafpunanmuc fcxnuucckyk moncpnusauuk
cucfcm noopyxcnuu, kofopimu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nonxni
inu pachonaiafi n Inpohc ho coinaconanuk co cnoumu coksnu-
kamu. C fcx hop u na hpofnxcnuu nccio 17 i. ocymccfnnnnuci
unfcncunnic koncynifauuu, kofopic hpuncnu, n konuc konuon, k
cnunoinacnomy onopcnuk 1114 nckapn Concfom munucfpon
unocfpannix ncn u ooponi HATO nnounoio pcmcnun, hpusna-
nanmcio ncoxonumocfi pasncpfinanun nonix noopyxcnuu fcafpa
nocnnix ncucfnuu u n fo xc npcmn ncncnun hcpcionopon ho ux co-
kpamcnuk. Of xona hcpcionopon nonxno ino sanuccfi ocymccfn-
ncnuc sfoio pcmcnun. Mcxny fcm, ono hpcnycmafpunano, ufo na
fcppufopuu cnpohcuckux cfpan HATO, kakux umcnno noionopu-
nuci ohpcncnufi hosxc, ynyf ycfanonncni nonic amcpukanckuc
pakcfi nccio 572 cnunuui: 1O8 Icpmuni-2 (nmccfo ycfapcn-
mux Icpmuni-1) u 464 kpinafic pakcfi. Onnako ufo xc sacfa-
nuno Kapfcpa hpcncpcui hpcnckasycmou pcakuucu Concfckoio
Coksa u afmocqcpou cofpynnuuccfna, ycfanonunmcucn n uknc foio
xc camoio 17 i. n pcsynifafc honhucanun coinamcnuu OCB-2
Iino yxc nconnokpafno ofmcucno, ufo pcmcnuc Concfa HATO
nnunoci pcsynifafom nanncnun cnpohcuckux cfpan. B ncucfnufcni-
nocfu, ananus qakfon onapyxunacf fonkoc honumanuc hponcmi
Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u cnocnpcmcnnocfi hpunnfix amcpukan-
uamu pcmcnuu. Ha cnpohcuckuc hpanufcnicfna, n cnok oucpcni,
okasinana nnunnuc onna us camix unfcncunnix hauuqucfckux
c...
121
kamhanuu, koina-nuo ocymccfnnnnmux sa hcpuon hocnc Bfopou mu-
ponou nouni. Ona honncpxunanaci pcmufcninimu hpofccfamu Co-
ncfckoio Coksa hpofun pcmcnun, mcnnnmcio, ho mncnuk mockonc-
koio hpanufcnicfna, cfpafciuucckoc coofnomcnuc cun n anancax noo-
pyxcnuu nc foniko cnpohcuckoio u cpcnuscmnomopckoio fcafpa nocn-
nix ncucfnuu. Ipusin Umunfa u qpanuysckoio hpcsuncnfa Bancpu
Zuckap nÒcfcna k amcpukanckou anmunucfpauuu concpxan fpcona-
nuc hocfanufi na hcpnoc mccfo n cnoux hpoipammax n cqcpc ooponi
conkncnuc nncpnoio pannonccun n Inpohc. Ha camom ncnc, Umunf
numi nan pastncncnun ho honony hpuopufcfa, na kofopiu Icnfaion
opafun nnumanuc nauunan c 17J174 ii. u kofopiu anmunucfpa-
uun Kapfcpa ninnuiana onnonpcmcnno c pocfom osaoucnnocfu cnpo-
hcuucn, unoina hpcnnaian hpu sfom cnocnpcmcnnic anifcpnafunnic
pcmcnun, ofncpiacmic camumu cnpohcuuamu.
Iyfi k ionoconanuk n nckapc 17 i. in safcm ofkpif anino-
qpanko-icpmancko-amcpukanckou ncfpcucu n ncpxax, cocfonnmcucn
n Inancnyhc n nnnapc foio xc iona (hpu namcpcnnom ucknkucnuu
us ncc Hfanuu, kofopan, kak ohacanuci, nc honncpxuf pcmcnuc
HATO). B xonc ncfpcuu inu hponcncni omuc hapamcfpi coina-
mcnun, kofopoc nonxno ino hpcnnoxufi Concfckomy Coksy nc-
mcnncnno nauafi hcpcionopi n Zcncnc ho cokpamcnuk pakcf cn-
pohcuckoio fcafpa nocnnix ncucfnuu. Ofo hpcnnoxcnuc hpcnoc-
fannnno hpanufcnicfnam cfpan HATO ycnufcniniu apiymcnf n
honcmukc c nacfyhanmum hauuqusmom, n iopasno onimcu cfchcnu
hpucnymunanmumcn k concfckum ohaccnunm, ncxcnu k sahannim.
Onnako, hpunuman pcmcnuc, kak amcpukanui, fak u cnpohcuui
xopomo cosnananu, ufo ono umcno hpcumymccfncnno honufuucc-
kuu xapakfcp. B ncucfnufcninocfu, Inpoha yxc naxonunaci hon
hofcnuuaninou yiposou co cfoponi concfckux pakcfnix cucfcm, u
nukakou hpunuuhuaninou pasnuui n ocosnanuu ohacnocfu ifi
hopaxcnnimu ycfapcnmcu n fcxnonoiuucckom ofnomcnuu unu xc
oncc conpcmcnnou cucfcmou nc ino. Cyfi honufuucckou hpo-
ncmi cocfonna n nosmoxnocfu, kofopyk hpcnnuncnu ncnymuc cn-
pohcuckuc ncnfcnu sacfanufi Cocnuncnnic Ufafi usmcnufi ux
hosuuuk hpcnocfanncnun oipanuucnnix iapanfuu Inpohc, ninynun
ux k hpnmim onsafcnicfnam, hpunananmum iopasno onimyk yc-
nufcninocfi nokfpunc cncpxunanun. Ixcsunckuu, concfnuk Kapfcpa
ho nauuonaninou csohacnocfu, nahucan hofom, ufo cofpynnuku yc-
nunu cio n honufuucckou ncoxonumocfu pasncpnyfi cucfcmy nncp-
noio ofncfa n Inpohc. Io mncnuk Kuccunnxcpa, cnpopakcfi
opianuuccku cnnsinanu cfpafciuucckyk oopony Inpohi u Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon, sahonnnnu nakyym n hpockfc cncpxunanun u, na-
koncu, ycfpannnu amcpukanckyk osaoucnnocfi ofnocufcnino foio,
122O
ufo hpu ofcyfcfnuu nccomoio ofncfa na icpmanckuc fpconanun couu-
an-ncmokpafi cncpafunnou Icchynuku moiyf okasaficn no nnacfu
ncufpanucfckux nacfpocnuu, kofopic inu fam fpanuuuonno cuni-
ni.
B hpakfuucckom hnanc cnunoinacnoc pcmcnuc ncfpcfuno safcm
cuninoc cohpofunncnuc n Hopnciuu u n anuu, u hosfomy cio pc-
anusauun, n konuc konuon, cfana ofnocuficn hpcumymccfncnno k
Icpmanuu, Hfanuu, Bcnukopufanuu, Huncpnannam u Icniiuu.
Onnako inannim achckfom hponcmi ho-hpcxncmy ocfanancn ho-
nufuucckuu. B camom ncnc, ona cnonunaci nc foniko k nocnno-fcx-
nuucckum nohpocam, no u cosnana cufyauuk, n kofopou pcmcnuc
Afnanfuucckoio concfa hpcncfannnno ccpicsnoc honufuucckoc ho-
paxcnuc nnn Concfckoio Coksa u noccfanannunano ananc ofno-
mcnuu nnyfpu HATO. Inanniu concfckuu pccypc n ofnomcnuu
3ahannou Inpohi cocfonn (kak nccina ionopun nc Ionni) n oipa-
nuucnnom na hpakfukc snaucnuu amcpukanckou afomnou iapan-
fuu. Afomniu sonfuk Cocnuncnnix Ufafon cymccfnonan, no on
nc in packpif nan Inpohou.
Cfpafciun iukoio pcaiuponanun cmc onimc cnusuna no-
ncpuc k amcpukanckum iapanfunm. Hmcnno sfof qakfop choco-
cfnonan ncnfcninocfu concfckou nuhnomafuu ho cosnanuk soni
csohacnocfu n Inpohc n fof camiu momcnf, koina Concfckuu
Coks iofonuncn k moncpnusauuu cnocio nncpnoio apccnana. Bos-
nukanu noxnuui mcxny fcm, kak nncmnc hpcncfannnnuci afnan-
fuucckuc iapanfuu, u ux pcaninim concpxanucm, ufo n ocfanonkc
paspnnku moino ifi hpucmncmim, no n afmocqcpc nnoni nosnu-
kakmcu nahpnxcnnocfu cosnanano y cnpohcuucn fpcnoxnoc omy-
mcnuc ofkasa amcpukanucn of cnocu ofncfcfncnnocfu n ycnonunx,
koina anmunucfpauun Kapfcpa c fpynom nipaafinana cnou pcmc-
nun. Ofa anmunucfpauun nochpunumanaci cnpohcuuamu kak cnaoc,
ncpcmufcninoc hpanufcnicfno, nonncucnnoc n pcmcnuc nccnpo-
hcuckux hponcm (kak, nahpumcp, hycfi u naxnoio, nuxncnocfou-
noio nohpoca) u ninyxncnnoc sanumaficn kpusucom, nisnannim
cncpxcnucm upanckoio maxa, u fcmu ynusufcninimu hocncncfnunmu,
kofopic ono honnckno nnn amcpukanckou nuhnomafuu. Ccionnn, yuu-
finan fo ocfonfcnicfno, ufo nochpunfuc cnpohcuucn ino ncoocno-
nannim, hpuxonufcn hpusnafi: hponnncnun nsaumnoio ncnoncpun
hpuncnu k fomy, ufo sa ncckoniko ncf HATO hpuopcna fakyk cuny u
fakou ncc, kakumu ona nc onanana nukoina n hpomnom.
B 1718O ii. nohpoc o cnpopakcfax nmccfc c aqianckum kpu-
sucom cosnanu omymcnuc, ufo kopofkuu hcpuon paspnnku sakon-
uuncn unu naxc ufo paspnnka ina nuucm unim kak unnksucu,
hpucymcu ofnocufcnino chokounomy sfahy uhonnpnix ofnomc-
c...
1221
nuu, na hpofnxcnuu kofopoio, nccmofpn na nncmncc ychokocnuc, kon-
qnukf hpononxancn, nc ocnacnan. Hahpofun, u cncnycf sfo honfo-
pufi, yuufinan nnno oipanuucnniu macmfa nnyx shusonon, moxno
yfncpxnafi, ufo onu nnnnnuci momcnfamu fpynnoio hpouccca hpucho-
concnun cncpxncpxan k usmcncnunm nnyfpu camux nokon.
(.4. Fcn:an n 1cDacB Bnac:n
(.4.(. HLFDLL 1C,L HFL5H,LHTCTDA FLH1AHA
Coinacno omchpunnfomy mncnuk, na hpcsuncnfckuc niopi n
CUA nohpoci nncmncu honufuku okasinakf snauufcnino mcnimcc
nnunnuc, ucm nohpoci nnyfpcnncu honufuku. Biopi 18O i. inu
onnum us ncmnoiux ucknkucnuu us sfoio hpanuna.
H ncucfnufcnino, na pcsynifaf niopon, ynusufcniniu nnn ncu-
cfnykmcio hpcsuncnfa, honnunna skonomuucckan cufyauun n Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafax, koina inu ofmcucni nyncnou skonomuucckuu
pocf, nisinakman ohaccnun cspaofuua, a yponcni unqnnuuu
nocfui '. Ionimuncfno snckfopafa cuufano, ufo hpu Kapfcpc
inu honopnani hpccfux u nnunnuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n mupc.
Biopi hpoxonunu n cnoxnou ocfanonkc: nc in pcmcn nohpoc
o 5O sanoxnukax, saxnaucnnix n Tcicpanc 4 nonpn 17 i. cfyncn-
famu, cfoponnukamu Xomcunu, hponanunaci hohifka ocnoonufi
ux c homomik nncsahnoio nahancnun sfu coifun, kasanoci, c
mafcmafuucckou founocfik honfncpxnanu hancnuc anfopufcfa
amcpukanckoio hpcsuncnfa. Kpomc foio, yfncpxncnun, ufo paspnn-
ka hpunccna onnocfoponnuc hpcumymccfna Concfam, nc honyuunu
cfoni xc pcmufcninoio ofhopa, kakou Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nanu
n ofncf na concfckoc nfopxcnuc n 17 i. n Aqianucfan.
Xofn n hocncnykmuc ioni hpcsuncnfcfno Kapfcpa oucnuna-
noci oncc nsncmcnno u n onimcu mcpc inu ofmcucni mnoiuc
sacnyiu hpcsuncnfa-ncmokpafa, n 18O i. nncmnnn honufuka CUA
chococfnonana uspanuk Icuiana, inmcio akfcpa Ionnunyna, k
kofopomy mnoiuc ncmokpafi ofnocunuci cnicoka, no kofopiu,
nahpofun, n hcpuon cnocio hpanncnun hponnun ucknkuufcninic
kommynukacninic choconocfu u hopasufcniniu honufuucckuu un-
cfunkf kak hpu hpunnfuu naxnix pcmcnuu, fak u n niopc nuxau-
mux cofpynnukon, kak n opamcnuu k maccam fcncspufcncu, fak u n
cccnax c ncnymumu muponimu honufukamu. Cnou nconimou kpc-
nuf noncpun on cymcn pacmupufi naionapn uncfunkfunnou hpcnyc-
mofpufcninocfu u ymcnuk anahfuponaficn, kofopic on hponcmoncf-
puponan no npcmn cnocio hpcsuncnfcfna. Ono hpononxanoci nna cpo-
ka honpnn: c nauana 181 i. no nauana 18 i. Oa hpcsuncnfckux
1222
cpoka inu pasnuuni c fouku spcnun mcxnynaponnou honufuku:
hcpniu hcpuon in ofmcucn pasiynom anfuconcfckou hpohaianni,
pasncpnyfou amcpukanckou anmunucfpauucu, nfopou nauanom nuano-
ia, kofopiu c hpuxonom k nnacfu n Concfckom Coksc Annpohona u
no hpuxona Iopaucna honnocfik usmcnun xapakfcp ofnomcnuu mcx-
ny cncpxncpxanamu.
Ohpcncnufi pasnuuun mcxny hpohaiannucfckum achckfom u ccpi-
csnimu honufuucckumu konuchuunmu oucni fpynno. Iocnc nfop-
xcnun n Aqianucfan Kapfcp yfncpxnan, ufo osnakomncnuc c xa-
pakfcpom concfckou nncmncu honufuku cfano nnn ncio iopikou
ncoxunannocfik. B ncucfnufcninocfu, hpcsuncnf, y kofopoio co-
ncfnukom in 3. Ixcsunckuu, honufonoi honickoio hpoucxoxnc-
nun, inyoko ycxncnniu no nnyfpcnncu cnaocfu concfckou cuc-
fcmi, nc moi hosnonufi ccc hononix sannncnuu, pasnc ufo n
cuny ocoix hpuuun. Y ncio nc ino nukakoio pasouaponanun,
nosmoxno, ina nckofopan osaoucnnocfi, u cio anfuconcfusm
in cfoni xc inyokum, kak u y cio hpcnmccfncnnukon, xofn Kap-
fcp hponnnnn cio nc fak ipyo. Hckyccfncnnoc panxuponanuc amc-
pukanckux hpcsuncnfon n coofncfcfnuu c hapanuimou anfuconc-
fusma ino i nonccncom, hofomy ufo nc homoino i ninnufi
nukakux pasnuuuu. Icnu xc ionopufi o pasnuuuu mcxny cfpafciu-
nmu, fo n sfom hnanc Kapfcp mcn ho nononino usnunucfomy hyfu.
Icuian xc, nahpofun, hponnun nck cnok choconocfi anahfu-
ponaficn k ocfonfcnicfnam, nukoina nc uchifinan comncnuu of-
nocufcnino foio, kak cumnonuuccku hpcncfanufi hpofunnukon. Co
npcmcn usupafcninou kamhanuu on ionopun o fom, ufo nc cncny-
cf sanyxnaficn ofnocufcnino paspnnku, ncoxonumo homcmafi cc
uchonisonanuk k onnocfoponncu niionc Concfon, a hpccnonyfyk
ycfyhuunocfi Kapfcpa on cncnan onnum us cnoux hpcnniopnix
konikon. Tchcpi usnccfno, ufo, homumo cytckfunnix koncanuu,
honufuucckan ncnfcninocfi Kapfcpa, n omux ucpfax, ina n oni-
mcu mcpc afnanfuucckou, ucm ncnfcninocfi cio hpccmnuka. Icu-
ian, uyfko pcaiuponanmuu na knasu-usonnuuonucfckuc nacfpocnun,
kofopic inu foina cunini n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax, cfan yfncpx-
nafi, ufo CCCI sfo, hpcxnc nccio, npai. H ohacniu npai, kofo-
poio nano ino hocfanufi n xccfko oipanuucnnic pamku, hpcxnc,
ucm nauunafi c num hcpcionopi. Ha hpccc-konqcpcnuuu, hponc-
ncnnou cpasy hocnc ncfyhncnun na hocf hpcsuncnfa, on ckasan:
o cux hop paspnnka ina nopoiou c onnocfoponnum nnuxcnucm,
kofopou Concfckuu Coks nochonisonancn nnn nocfuxcnun cnoux
ucncu... Hcf concfckoio pykononufcnn, kofopiu i nconnokpafno
nc sannnnn, ufo inannou ucnik nonxno ifi pachpocfpancnuc mu-
ponou pcnonkuuu u ycfanonncnuc nccmupnoio couuanucfuucckoio
c...
122J
unu kommynucfuucckoio iocynapcfna, kakou i fcpmun ni nu uc-
honisonanu.
Icuian in okpyxcn nknimu, kofopic uacfuuno pasncnnnu
sfo, n cymnocfu, anfukommynucfuucckoc nuncnuc couuaninix of-
nomcnuu, cpcnu nux inu munucfp ooponi Kachap Yauncpicp
u cio samccfufcni Iuuapn Icpn, ofncfcfncnniu sa mcxnynaponnyk
csohacnocfi. B cio okpyxcnuu inu fakxc nknu, kofopic cuufanu
hpuopufcfnim iocynapcfncnniu, a nc unconoiuucckuu achckf u ho-
naianu, ufo amcpukanckuc pcmcnun nonxni yuufinafi ncucfnun,
hpcnhpunnfic Concfamu, na ocnonc hpunuuha ynnsku concfckux
unuuuafun u ofncfon CUA, cpcnu nux inu iocynapcfncnnic cck-
pcfapu Anckcannp Xsui (no uknn 182 i.) u cio hpccmnuk xopnx
Uyniu.
Bnyfpu anmunucfpauuu cocymccfnonanu oa nahpanncnun, no
ccfi ocnonanun cuufafi, ufo Icuian ofnanan hpcnhoufcnuc anfu-
kommynucfuucckum fcsucam u honfopnn nipaxcnuc, uchonisonan-
noc um n hpcnniopnou kamhanuu, ufo Concfckuu Coks in um-
hcpucu sna, a hofomy ncoxonumo ino hpcnpafufi Amcpuky n
nchpucfyhnyk kpchocfi, kofopan yfncpnuna i kak skonomuucc-
kuu, fak u nocnniu hpuopufcf Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Toina
CUA moinu i pocufi Concfckomy Coksy, f.c. kommynucfuucc-
kou Ioccuu, cfoni momniu nison, ufo ninynunu i concfckux
pykononufcncu n hcpuon nauunanmciocn skonomuucckoio kpusuca
cncnafi niop mcxny inoaninimu (honufuucckumu u nocnnimu)
onsafcnicfnamu u ncoxonumocfik ycfpanufi nucqynkuuu concf-
ckoio omccfna, cfanonunmuccn ncc oncc oucnunnimu u ncc mc-
ncc fcphumimu nnn ipaxnan CCCI. Ofa hosuuun, kak okasanoci,
nosimcna ycnufcninoc nosncucfnuc na mncnuc cpcnnux amcpu-
kanucn, ufo ino oucni naxno nnn Icuiana, kofopiu na hcpnom
sfahc cnocio hpcsuncnfcfna yncnnn nnumanuc hpcumymccfncnno
nnyfpcnnum hponcmam.
C nnnapn 181 no ccpcnuni 182 i. iocynapcfncnniu cckpcfapi
Xsui cfapancn yfncpnufi fcopuk ynnsku, ufoi hokasafi cc sq-
qckfunnocfi. B uknc 181 i. on ycnun Icuiana hpuocfanonufi
smapio na hponaxy scpna Concfam, ycfanonncnnoc Kapfcpom hocnc
concfckoio nfopxcnun n Aqianucfan. Kpomc foio, hocnc ccpuu hcpc-
ionopon c Mocknou cmy ynanoci nouficn coinamcnun, onapononan-
noio n konuc ccnfnpn 181 i., o nauanc JO nonpn n Zcncnc hcpcio-
nopon, kofopix fpconano pcmcnuc HATO, hpunnfoc n nckapc 17
i., u of ucxona kofopix sanuccna okonuafcninan cynia cnpopakcf.
Ha hcpcionopax Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nonxcn in hpcncfannnfi
onun us nauoncc ohifnix nuhnomafon Ion Hufuc, a Concfi na-
snauunu hocna Knun Knuuunckoio.
1224
Tcm nc mcncc Xsui, co cnocu iofonnocfik k hcpcionopam, oka-
sancn n usonnuuu, kak u no npcmn ocyxncnun n amcpukanckou an-
munucfpauuu hponcm koopnunauuu hosuuuu CUA u unfcpccon
ux coksnukon ho HATO. Ofu nohpoci nauoncc ocfpo ncfanu no
npcmn kpusuca, nauanmciocn n mapfc 182 i. ho nohpocy o onk-
ncnnckux (Maninunckux) ocfponax, u no npcmn nahpnxcnnix nuc-
kyccuu o cfpoufcnicfnc oipomnoio iasohponona us Cuupu n 3a-
hannyk Inpohy, kofopomy pcsko hpofununuci Cocnuncnnic Ufa-
fi u n kofopom ina, n uacfnocfu, saunfcpcconana Hfanun. Ofa
usonnuun ninynuna Xsuia n uknc 182 i. yufu n ofcfanky, hpu
sfom on hynuuno sannun o cnocm nccoinacuu c ofxonom anmunucfpa-
uuu Icuiana of ucfkocfu, hocncnonafcninocfu u fncpnocfu namc-
pcnuu n nohpocax nncmncu honufuku.
Ipccmnuk Xsuia na hocfy ioccckpcfapn xopnx Uyniu cymcn
cmniuufi hpousomcnmuc hcpcmcni u honfncpnun unfcpcc Iocy-
napcfncnnoio nchapfamcnfa k nuanoiy c Concfamu, no ocfonfcni-
cfna chococfnonanu yfncpxncnuk hpcncfanncnuu, kofopic ofcfa-
unan Yauncpicp. Hnuuuafuna nosmoxnou ncfpcuu n ncpxax mcxny
Icuianom u Ipcxncnim conhana c amcpukanckum hpcnnoxcnucm o
nosononncnuu hcpcionopon ho cfpafciuucckum noopyxcnunm
(hocnc ofkasa pafuqukauuu noionopa OCB-2, n ofnomcnuu kofo-
poio oc saunfcpcconannic cfoponi sannnnnu o cnocm namcpcnuu
hpuncpxunaficn cio honoxcnuu naxc hpu ofcyfcfnuu kpunuucc-
kux onsafcnicfn). B mac 182 i. amcpukanckuu hpcsuncnf nicfy-
hun c unccu nauana hcpcionopon, kofopic on hpcnnoxun nasnafi
CHB STAKT (StratcgIc Arms KcductIon TaIIs), ufoi hpunafi
cokpamcnuk snaucnuc nopoio hoxcnanun, hockoniky ho-aninuucku
start osnauacf nauano. Ipcxncn c iofonnocfik hpunnn hpcnno-
xcnuc o hponcncnuu hcpcionopon, kofopic nauanuci 2 uknn 182 i.
hapanncnino c hcpcionopamu ho cnpopakcfam. Ho fpynnocfu, nos-
nukmuc hpu ocyxncnuu sfou hocncnncu hponcmi, ncmcnncnno
ofpasunuci u na hcpcionopax o cfpafciuucckux noopyxcnunx.
Mcxny fcm chapfamcnf ooponi pachpocfpanun chcuuaniniu
noknan hon saiononkom Concfckan nocnnan momi, n kofopom inu
hpcncfanncni nannic u nokymcnfi, cnuncfcnicfnonanmuc o concfc-
kom nocnnom hpcnocxoncfnc u o ohacnocfu onnocfoponnux ycfyhok
3ahana. Ofo ino foniko nauanom hcuxonoiuucckou nouni, n ocfa-
nonkc kofopou hpoxonunu ncc hcpcionopi nhnofi no ux hpuocfanon-
ncnun, koina nauanoci pasncpfinanuc cnpopakcf na cnpohcuckux
asax. Concfi (kofopic n sfu mccnui inu nc n cocfonnuu nipao-
fafi nocfouniu ofncf n cnnsu c yxynmcnucm cocfonnun snoponin
Annpohona) pacucnunu sfo kak hponokauuk.
B sfou cufyauuu in sacnyxunakmuu nnumanun momcnf, ko-
c...
1225
fopiu hpcnnapnn na ncckoniko ncf sancpmcnuc sfux coifuu u kpac-
nopcuuno cnuncfcnicfnonan o uhonnpnom xapakfcpc hpoucxonunmcio
nuanoia u o pcaninom snaucnuu pcmcnuu, hpunnfix n nckapc 17
i. Hakanync nauana hcpcionopon CHB Icuian, xcnan hponcmoncfpu-
ponafi iofonnocfi amcpukanucn k komhpomuccy, hpcncfanun cnou na-
puanf pcmcnun nohpoca o cnpopakcfax fak nasinacmiu nyncnou
napuanf, f.c. ofkas amcpukanucn of pasncpfinanun cnpopakcf n o-
mcn na ncmonfax nccx pakcf CC-2O, a nc foniko CC-4 u CC-5, pancc
pasncpnyfix Concfckum Coksom.
Ofum hpcnnoxcnucm, nncmnc ucfkum u canancuponannim,
Icuian, n cymnocfu, paspyman fo, ufo cosnan Kapfcp n 17 i., u
ofkasinancn of onsafcnicfna CUA yuufinafi fouky spcnun cnpo-
hcuucn. Bmccfo amcpukanckux iapanfuu n cnnsu c pasncpfinanucm
cnpopakcf hponosinamancn nosnpaf k status quo antc, k hpcxncmy
cocfonnuk, f.c. ina hpcnnoxcna nosmoxnocfi iukoio ofncfa,
kofopiu cohponoxnancn omanuunimu sannncnunmu o pasopyxc-
nuu, a na camom ncnc osnauan ofkas of pcmcnu, kofopoc Kapfcp
cspaccynno nosnoxun na Cocnuncnnic Ufafi u of kofopoio
Icuian, hpcsuncnf, hpuncpxunanmuucn usonnuuonucfckux nsinn-
non, xcnan ocnoonuficn.
Mcxny fcm of uncu ncfpcuu Icuiana u Ipcxncna hpumnoci of-
kasaficn, koina cfano ncno, ufo concfckuu nuncp fnxcno oncn u
hpakfuuccku nc chococn pykononufi cfpanou u ufo cio samcna
ofknaninanaci foniko hofomy, ufo nc ynananoci hpcononcfi honu-
fuucckuc hpofunopcuun nnyfpu Ionufkpo. Koina n nonpc 182 i.
ymcp Ipcxncn, a Kpuu Annpohon in uspan cio hpccmnukom,
nacfyhun kopofkuu hcpuon paspnnku, hpcpnanniu oncsnik camoio
Annpohona u oocfpcnucm cfonknoncnun ho nohpocy o hpakfuucc-
kom hpumcncnuu nnounoio pcmcnun HATO of nckapn 17 i.
Ofo hpuncno k hpckpamcnuk n nonpc 18J i. Zcncnckux hcpcio-
nopon (n xonc kofopix mcxny Hufuc u Knuuunckum namcfuncn
komhpomucc na ocnonc snauufcninoio cokpamcnun uucna pasmc-
macmix pakcf) u hpoxonunmux hapanncnino hcpcionopon CHB.
Toniko koina kpusuc c cnpopakcfamu munonan cnou ahoicu, cfano
nosmoxno nosononncnuc nuanoia. Onnako amcpukanuam ino usnccf-
no o ccpicsnou oncsnu Annpohona, u y nux cnoxunoci ycxncnuc,
ufo y nonoio nuncpa ino ncnocfafouno npcmcnu nnn ykpchncnun cno-
cio anfopufcfa.
Annpohon ymcp n qcnpanc 184 i., u cmy na cmcny hpumcn npyiou
cfapcu Koncfanfun Hcpncnko, niop kofopoio hponcmoncfpupo-
nan, kak fpynno ino concfckum pykononufcnnm pcmufi nohpoc o
hpccmnukax nnn ncnfcncu pcxncnckoio hokoncnun. Hmcnno sfof
nnufcniniu hcpuon uncpuuu concfckoio pykononcfna, kofopyk nc
1226
moino komhcncuponafi hpucyfcfnuc anfopufcfnoio munucfpa unocf-
pannix ncn Ipomiko, homcman noccfanonncnuk nuanoia n fcucnuc
nccio hcpnoio mannafa amcpukanckoio hpcsuncnfa.
Bosmoxno, sfa apiymcnfauun hpunacf upcsmcpnoc snaucnuc
uucfo nncmnum ocfonfcnicfnam, no qakf ocfacfcn qakfom, ufo
ofcyfcfnuc hpoipccca n mcxiocynapcfncnnix nuhnomafuucckux of-
nomcnunx hosnonuno anfukommynucfuucckomy kpiny, nauoncc
nuskomy k amcpukanckou nonou hpanou, chnanuponafi u uac-
fuuno pcanusonafi pnn unuuuafun, kofopic okasanu ccpicsnoc nc-
cfaunusupykmcc nosncucfnuc na ananc n onacfu noopyxcnuu
mcxny CCCI u CUA. K fomy xc onu hocfanunu concfckoc hpanu-
fcnicfno hcpcn oucni fpynnim niopom: ofpcaiuponafi na anfu-
kommynucfuucckuu nison CUA unu hocfapaficn yknonuficn of
ncio, hockoniky cufyauun nnyfpu concfckoio noka icfpo yxyn-
manaci u ncnosmoxno ino nouficn cc ynyumcnun, ccnu nc hpu-
nnfi panukaninic pcmcnun o hpuopufcfax n uchonisonanuu sko-
nomuucckux pccypcon.
B cnoxunmcucn cufyauuu cmoina yfncpnuficn nonan Amcpuka,
cqopmuponanmancn n pcsynifafc pcqopm, hponcncnnix n hpcniny-
muc ioni, n kofopou ncoysnanniu pcuianusm nosponun hpcnhpu-
numafcnickuu hopin. B onacfu nncmncu honufuku, napnny c fpa-
nuuuonnou nuhnomafucu, hpousomcn oipomniu pocf nocnnix
pacxonon, inu hpunnfi nckofopic naxnic nocnno-cfpafciuucc-
kuc pcmcnun. Kak u Kapfcp, Icuian nincnnn snauufcninic cpcn-
cfna na pasnufuc oiunix noopyxcnuu. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi non-
xni inu honncpxunafi cnoc hpucyfcfnuc no nccm mupc u, n uacf-
nocfu, n mononix ncsanucumix iocynapcfnax. Iina cosnana nonan
komannnan cfpykfypa nnn koopnunauuu amcpukanckoio nmcma-
fcnicfna n 1 cfpan 3ahannou Asuu u Inuxncio Bocfoka. nof
cfan ucnfpaninim sncmcnfom n cucfcmc hcpcnoopyxcnun. Hucno
cio cnunuu nospocno c 455 no 6OO, nknkuan nna nncpnix anuanocua
u 58 ocnix kopancu.
B nncpnou onacfu munucfp ooponi Yauncpicp nnoni opa-
funcn k hnanam, kofopic nc inu sancpmcni n shoxy Kapfcpa.
Iinu hpononxcni uccncnonanun n onacfu ncufponnou omi, pas-
paofku hpousnoncfna omapnuponmukon t-1, mcxkonfuncnfaninix
pakcf JX, honnonnix nonok Jpuu0enm (oncc conpcmcnnix, ucm 1o-
:upuc), c afomnimu nnuiafcnnmu u noopyxcnnix pakcfamu c pasncnnk-
mumucn ociononkamu, ino pcmcno yncnuuufi uucno ociononok amc-
pukanckoio nncpnoio apccnana na 7O'. H hocncnncc n hcpcuucncnuu,
no nc ho snaucnuk ino honoxcno nauano fak nasinacmou +mpu-
meeuueciou o0oponnou unuuuumuoe (COH), f.c. hpockfy cosnanun cuc-
fcmi hpofunopakcfnou ooponi, choconou samufufi nck amcpu-
c...
1227
kanckyk fcppufopuk of yiposi hpcnpafuficn n mumcni nnn afomno-
io nahancnun. Iknxcfnoc qunancuponanuc nocnnix pacxonon nos-
pocno c 181 ho 187 i., koina Yauncpicp ymcn n ofcfanky, u cocfa-
nuno, n ncusmcnnix ucnax, houfu 4J' knxcfnix pacxonon. Onu
yncnuuunuci c 2O8, mnpn nonnapon n fckymux ucnax n 18J i. no
J77 mnpn nonnapon n 188 i.
Hauoncc naxniu achckf sfou hpoipammi in usnoxcn n
pcuu Icuiana, hpousncccnnou um 2J mapfa 18J i., n kofopou on
ninnunyn hpockf COH u opafuncn c hpusinom k amcpukanckou
naykc u fcxnonoiuu cosnafi hpofunochyfnukonic cucfcmi u cnc-
nafi chyfnuku mcncc ynsnumimu nnn nahancnun; pasnunafi uc-
cncnonanun n ucnnx yncnuucnun uucna u qynkuuu chyfnukon, na-
xonnmuxcn na opufc; pasnunafi hpousnoncfno nicokouacfofnix
nascpon, cucfcm hyukonoio opyxun u uccncnonanun nosmoxnocfcu
uchonisonanun sfux fuhon opyxun nnn hpofunopakcfnou ooponi
n kocmocc. Icuian hpcncfanun ncncponfno amuuuosniu u chopniu
n kpunuucckom ofnomcnuu hpockf c yucfom honoxcnuu noionopa
ho IIO, n coofncfcfnuu c kofopim kaxnou ncpxanc paspcmanoci
cosnanuc foniko onnou oipanuucnnou cucfcmi hpofunopakcfnou
ooponi. Icui mna o hpockfc, kofopiu yfncpxnan hpcnocxoncfno
amcpukanckux kocmuucckux fcxnonoiuu no nccm mupc (n fakou
cfchcnu, ufo qpanuysckuu hpcsuncnf pancya Muffcpan, n cnok
oucpcni, nicfyhun c mupnou hpoipammou fcxnonoiuucckux uccnc-
nonanuu, nasnannou :opuiu~).
Ipcnnoxcnniu hpockf umcn nc cfoniko nocnnoc, ckoniko ho-
nufuucckoc snaucnuc. Kacanci pasnoinacuu mcxny Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu u cnpohcuckumu coksnukamu ho nohpocy o hcpcnauc
Concfckomy Coksy fcxnonoiuucckou unqopmauuu, Yauncpicp of-
kponcnno sannun hpu hpcncfanncnuu n Konipcccc hpockfa knxc-
fa na 182 i.: Hc umcn nocfyha k hcpcnonim sahannim fcxnono-
iunm, concfckoc pykononcfno yncf ninyxncno cncnafi niop
mcxny hpuopufcfom nocnno-hpomimncnnou honufuku u coxpanc-
nucm xccfko konfponupycmou honufuucckou cucfcmi. Ics sahan-
nix fcxnonoiuu Concfi okaxyfcn hcpcn nuncmmou, kofopyk onu
nc n cocfonnuu uinopuponafi.
3a sfou apiymcnfauucu, ycuncnnou nahimcnnou pufopukou,
ckpinanoci cymccfno amcpukanckoio nisona Concfckomy Coksy.
Ipanufcnicfno Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, cynn ho mnoiouucncnnim
hpusnakam, xopomo snano o fpynnocfnx concfckou cucfcmi u o fom,
ufo concfckou skonomukc iposun sacfou. Yucnic u honufuku no nccm
mupc yxc snanu, ufo concfckoc omccfno ncfyhuno n hcpuon nchpcc-
cuu, hpcnmccfnonanmcu yhanky. Ofo hpoucxonuno n skonomuucckou
cucfcmc, inc ucnfpanusonannic pcmcnun mcmanu hpousnccfu ncoxo-
1228
numyk nananky mcxanusma pachpcncncnun unnccfuuuu, ufoi sfof
chan in mcncc fnxcnim; oncc foio, nocnno-hpomimncnniu komh-
nckc hpu honncpxkc KICC okasinan nanncnuc, hpononxan nannsi-
nafi cnou hpuopufcfi u coxpancnuc sa Concf-
ckum Coksom ponu muponou cncpxncpxani. Ho sfa ucni, ccnu u
ina nocfuxuma hpu oucni nicokou ucnc n hcpuon skonomuucc-
koio pocfa, kofopiu CCCI hcpcxunan n hpcnmccfnykmuc nccnfu-
ncfun, cfanonunaci ncconmccfumou c honufuucckou cucfcmou,
onimc nc ohupanmcucn, kak cfanunckan, na fcppop, kofopomy nc
ino ohpannanuu naxc n ycnonunx iposunmcu ohacnocfu.
Hmcnno sfy anifcpnafuny, oocfpcnnyk amcpukanckum niso-
nom, hpcncfonno pcmufi Muxauny Iopaucny, kofopiu hocnc cmcp-
fu Hcpncnko n mapfc 185 i. n nospacfc 54 ncf in uspan icnc-
paninim cckpcfapcm HK KICC. Bhonnc nosmoxno, ufo hpockfi
Icuiana u Yauncpicpa (kofopic fpconanu accuinonanuu n 26 mnpn
nonnapon) inu ncpcaninimu, hofomy ufo cosnanuc cucfcmi aconkf-
nou samufi of pakcfnoio nahancnun nc umcno n cnocm ocnonanuu
fcxnonoiuucckux nocfuxcnunu, nocfafounix nnn cc pcanusauuu.
Tcm nc mcncc sfof nison cymccfnonan, u Iopaucny nconnokpafno
hpuxonunoci hpunumafi pcmcnun hon cio nnunnucm.
(.. nsnc Dnncnncc:n? HcBc cnHn:cH
(..(. HCDAH FCHL HATC?
Iacxoxncnun mcxny unfcpccamu amcpukanucn u cnpohcuucn
ofnocufcnino cipin, n ococnnocfu ncqfu u hpuponnoio iasa; nc-
hpcpinnic chopi o snaucnuu paspnnku u ofncfcfncnnocfu, kofopyk
ona nanaiana; macconan hauuqucfckan kamhanun hpofun pasmcmcnun
cnpopakcf u ncnoncpuc cnpohcuucn, naxc afnanfuucckux honufu-
kon, n cnnsu c koncanunmu amcpukanucn n sfom nohpocc; xccfkan
anfuconcfckan hosuuun Icuiana; usmcncnun, hpousomcnmuc n In-
pohc c nosononncnucm uncfufyuuonaninoio u honufuucckoio pas-
nufun IOC u nknkucnun n ncio nonix cfpan, n kofopix panimc cy-
mccfnonanu anfopufapnic pcxumi, honisonanmuccn honncpxkou
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, nc ococnno hpucnymunanmuxcn k cnpohcuc-
komy omccfncnnomy mncnuk, ncc sfu sncmcnfi n conokyhnocfu
hpuncnu k usmcncnunm ofnomcnuu nnyfpu Afnanfuucckoio Coksa.
axc samcna fakou nuunocfu, kak Kapfcp, k kofopomy cnpohcuui uc-
hifinanu cnoxnic uyncfna, na Icuiana, choconoio cs unfcnnckfy-
aninix okonuunocfcu hpnmo nipaxafi cnou micnu (xofn cnoxnyk
amcpukanckyk cucfcmy ncnisn cnccfu k onnou numi nuunocfu hpcsu-
ncnfa, kofopiu nnnncfcn numi cc cumnonom), okasana cnoc nnunnuc
c...
122
na sfof hpouccc. HATO u IOC n nocimunccnfic ioni concpmcnno
ofnuuanuci of fcx uncfufyfon, kakumu onu inu n momcnf cosnanun.
Bcfacf nohpoc, oocnonanno nu ncc cmc cuufafi uhonnpnoc hpo-
funocfonnuc ocnonnou ocik cfpykfypi mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu
n sfu ioni nuo cncnycf yuufinafi pasnuunic qakfopi. Cncncnuc
xc nccx qakfopon foniko k uhonnpnocfu okasinacfcn ncnocfafou-
nim, a hofomy ncoxonumo nanafi unic oucnku unu, ho kpauncu
mcpc, hpunumafi no nnumanuc, ufo n onnou us cncpxncpxan naspcnan
inyokuu kpusuc.
Icnu anmunucfpauun Kapfcpa ina nochpuumuuna k unfcpccam
cnpohcuucn, koina pana na ccn onsafcnicfna ho pasncpfinanuk
cnpopakcf, fo cnpohcuckuc cfpaniuncni HATO nonxni inu
fak xc hponnufi conunapnocfi c amcpukanuamu n ux ofnomcnuu k
Concfckomy Coksy u, n uacfnocfu, c ux pcakuucu na nfopxcnuc n
Aqianucfan. Hccmofpn na oxunacmyk conunapnocfi, kofopan nonx-
na ina hponcmoncfpuponafi omuu nsinnn na muponic hponc-
mi, ncnymuc cfpani HATO nucfanuuponanuci of Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon, hocuufan asuafckuu nohpoc, naxonnmumcn nnc cqcpi ux
unfcpccon, kak foina cfanu ionopufi, f.c. nnc cqcpi, iapanfupo-
nannou ncucfnucm ccncpoafnanfuucckoio noionopa. Onu nc pacuc-
nunanu aqianckuc coifun (u naxc upanckuc coifun) kak hpn-
myk yiposy cnpohcuckou csohacnocfu. Kanuncp Icpmanuu Umunf
sannun, ufo nfopxcnuc n Aqianucfan cosnacf hponcmy BocfokKi
(kacakmykcn ofnomcnuu Concfon c ucnamckum mupom), a nc hpo-
ncmy Bocfok3ahan, safpaiunakmyk Inpohy. B cnok oucpcni,
qpanuysckuu hpcsuncnf Bancpu Zuckap nÒcfsn na ncfpcuc c
Ipcxncnim n Bapmanc n mac 18O i. hifancn pastncnufi cmy, ufo
3ahannan Inpoha oucnunacf muponyk cufyauuk unauc, ucm amc-
pukanui, u nc namcpcna hoxcpfnonafi pcsynifafamu cnpohcuckou
paspnnku panu mupoko ocyxnanmcucn konuchuuu ncncnumocfu
paspnnku (hpomc ionopn, nsaumosanucumocfu mcxny ncucfnunmu
pasnuunix ncpxan n pasnix uacfnx cncfa). Ycunun Bamunifona
ycnufi cnpohcuucn hocncnonafi cio hpumcpy u honncpxafi cank-
uuu hpofun Hpana, yhpannncmoio Xomcunu, unu fakxc oukofu-
ponafi Onumhuuckuc uipi 18O i. n Mocknc okasanuci nahpacnimu k
onimomy oiopucnuk camux amcpukanucn.
Ofu pasnoinacun n nohpocax, ofnocufcnino kofopix nonxni
inu cymccfnonafi omuc unfcpcci u nsaumocnnsannocfi, f.c.
yon:iu, mcxny pasnuunimu fcafpamu muponou honufuku, nisina-
nu y cnpohcuucn ohaccnuc okasaficn nfnnyfimu n mcxnynaponnic
kpusuci, kofopic nc hpcncfannnnu nnn nux unfcpcca u fpconanu
onimux pacxonon. Ha hcpnom sfahc nncmnnn honufuka Icuiana
numi ycununa sfu pacxoxncnun, hoponunmuc onun us camix iny-
12JO
okux kpusucon n Afnanfuucckom aninncc, kofopiu cmc onimc ycu-
nuncn n cnnsu c hauuqucfckumu anfuamcpukanckumu nicfyhncnunmu
hpofun pasncpfinanun cnpopakcf. Kpomc foio, Icuian no 18O i.
nc honisonancn cumhafucu na cfapom konfuncnfc, inc nonan Amcpu-
ka, hpcncfanncnnan inmum kanuqopnuuckum akfcpom, uspannim
naionapn ionocam Kxnix Ufafon, kyna hcpc-
mccfuncn ucnfp amcpukanckou skonomuucckou momu, ina nc-
nocfafouno honnfa. nn onimuncfna cnpohcuckux pykononufcncu
uspanuc Icuiana hpousomno ckopcc naionapn ycununm cpcncfn
macconou unqopmauuu, ucm honufuucckum kauccfnam hpcsuncnfa-
pcchynukanua.
Binnunaci ncchoconocfi cnpohcuucn honnfi, ufo honufuka
Icuiana osnauana inoaniniu ofncf Concfckomy Coksy. Ona cfana
nipaxcnucm ocosnannoio namcpcnun okonuafcnino cnccfu cucfi c
CCCI, koncuno, nc nocnnimu cpcncfnamu, a naionapn copcnnona-
nuk n skonomukc u fcxnonoiuu, knkucnix onacfnx pcnonkuuu n
hpousnonufcninou cqcpc hocncnnux nccnfuncfuu XX ncka, kofo-
poc ninnuno oipanuucnnocfi concfckou momu u okasanoci iyu-
fcninou nnn aconkfnou nnacfu mockonckux hpanufcncu.
opmynupyn sfu samcuanun, ncoxonumo yuufinafi hohifky,
kofopyk ncuscxno hpcnhpumyf ucfopuku, ninnufi noiuucckyk
nsaumocnnsi cnoxnix, no cnyuaunix coifuu. Tcm nc mcncc cnc-
nycf ofmcfufi, ufo cfpcmncnuc nouficn ymcnimcnun momu Co-
ncfckoio Coksa nc foniko n skonomuucckou cqcpc, no u n hnanc
coofnomcnun noopyxcnnix cun ino xapakfcpno nnn honufuucckou
ncnfcninocfu komanni Icuiana, kofopan hpuncna k ipannuosnomy
nnyfpcnncmy ononncnuk Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n pcsynifafc pcu-
ianonckux pcqopm. Amcpukanckan anmunucfpauun ina mcncc
cknonna k nixunanuk, ucm sfo hpcnycmafpunanoci konuchuucu
cncpxunanun, kofopyk xopnx Kcnnan paspaofan n nauanc xo-
nonnou nouni. Tchcpi pcui mna nc o cncpxunanuu, a o ncoxo-
numocfu hponcpufi, nc hpumno nu npcmn nnn pcanusauuu hpcnnu-
ncnuu Kcnnana, hpcnpckanmcio nspin nnyfpcnnux hpofunopcuuu
concfckou cucfcmi n ofnancnnom ynymcm.
Honan amcpukanckan cfpafciun hpcnycmafpunana hpumcncnuc pnna
oipanuuufcninix mcp n fopionix ofnomcnunx c Concfckum Coksom
umcnno n fc ioni, koina cnpohcuui nauanu ocymccfnnnfi conmccf-
nic c CCCI kahufanonnoxcnun. Bamunifon paspaofan noniu hon-
xon k hponcmam pasnufun fakux pciuonon n nchocpcncfncnnou nu-
socfu of Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, kak Hcnfpaninan Amcpuka unu u-
nun u unan, n kofopix safpaiunanuci unfcpcci Inpohi, a fakxc
nokfpuny nocnnoio nmcmafcnicfna n sfu cfpani. Iino sahnanupona-
no maccuponannoc hcpcnoopyxcnuc u unfcncunnoc fcxnonoiuucckoc
c...
12J1
pasnufuc, kofopic sacfanunu i Concfckuu Coks ncucfnufcnino
houfu na ycfyhku, a nc na nixonomcnnic coinamcnun, kak oa noio-
nopa ho OCB.
B fcucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn hocnc okonuanun mannafa Kap-
fcpa u nauana hpanncnun Icuiana, kasanoci, cinanuci camic
mpaunic hpcnckasanun. C 18O i. amcpukanui okasinanu mcnpyk
homomi Iakucfany, cfanmcmy asou nnn anfuconcfckou hapfusan-
ckou nouni; okasinanu honncpxky cunam YHHTA n Anionc, anfu-
cannunucfckum konfpac n Hukapaiya, ymcpcnnim u konccpnafun-
nim hpanufcnicfnam Caninanopa u Inafcmani. Inpohcuckuc io-
cynapcfna-uncni HATO nipasunu nnnoc couyncfnuc foniko ho
aqianckomy nohpocy, no nc hpcnhpunnnu nukakux ncucfnuu. Inpo-
hcuui honaianu, ufo hponcmi Hcnfpaninou Amcpuku, kofopic
cuufanuci ucknkuufcnino komhcfcnuucu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon,
cncnonano pcmafi c homomik pcqopm, kofopic homoinu i nc-
nim cunam yhpannnfi ncmokpafuucckumu mcfonamu. Ofof honxon,
nosmoxno, u in chpancnnunim, no nc yuufinan, ufo nnn Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon u cannunucfi, u hapfusani inu numi coksnuka-
mu CCCI, kofopic cofpynnuuanu c Concfamu c ucnik honopnafi
icicmonuk CUA n afunckou Amcpukc.
Hckofopic coifun 18218J ii. cmniuunu sfy nahpnxcnnocfi
u ncnoncpuc u hpuncnu k usmcncnuk knumafa nnyfpu HATO, k
noccfanonncnuk ofnomcnuu fccnoio cofpynnuuccfna naxc n fcx
sonax, kofopic nchocpcncfncnno nc hpumikanu k afnanfuucckomy
pciuony. Hauoncc hopasufcnina n sfom hnanc fa ncikocfi, c ka-
kou inu pafuquuuponani coinamcnun o cnpopakcfax. Hspa-
nuc couuanucfa pancya Muffcpana na hocf hpcsuncnfa panuuu
n mac 181 i. u cosnanuc safcm hpanufcnicfna c yuacfucm munu-
cfpon-kommynucfon (nhcpnic hocnc 147 i.) hoponuno ohaccnun,
ufo panuun n cmc onimcu mcpc nucfanuupycfcn of HATO u yncf
nicfyhafi sa ofkas of cnpopakcf. Onnako Muffcpan yucn pcak-
uuk qpanuysckoio omccfncnnoio mncnun, inyoko hofpnccnnoio
ycfanonncnucm nocnnoio honoxcnun n Ionimc nnn honanncnun
nnuxcnun paouux Conunapnocfi u nciafunno nochpunumanmcio
munufapusauuk concfckou nncmncu honufuku. Xofn pasmcmcnuc
cnpopakcf nc safponyno panuuk, hpanufcnicfno Iapuxa pasncp-
nyno sncpiuunyk kamhanuk n honncpxky sfou akuuu, nahpanncn-
nyk chcuuanino na fo, ufoi pasncnfi ohaccnun ufaninnckux couua-
nucfon (nxonunmux foina n hpanufcnicfno) u homoui icpmanckomy
kanuncpy Icnimyfy Konk hpcononcfi ohhosuuuk. Ofa kamhanun
Muffcpana hpunnna fakuc kpaunuc qopmi, kak cio hpnmoc nanncnuc
na usupafcncu n II (n nnnapc 18J i.) n honncpxky honufuku
12J2
Konn hpofun koncanuu fcx xc couuan-ncmokpafon.
Iomumo sfoio momnoio u ncoxunannoio nospoxncnun qpan-
uysckoio afnanfusma (nccima sqqckfunno nosncucfnonanmcio na
Icpmanuk), onnonpcmcnno hpomno ionoconanuc n honncpxky cn-
popakcf n npyiux cfpanax: Hfanuu, Icniiuu u Ionnannuu (kofo-
pan hpoionoconana sa c nckofopou ofcpoukou ho npcmcnu).
Ipanna, n fo xc npcmn n Zcncnc nauanuci hcpcionopi, kofopic
ninnuianu fcopcfuucckyk anifcpnafuny pcmcnuk, hpcnnoxcnnomy
HATO. Ho n 182 i. u n cmc onimcu mcpc n 18J i. ncmnoiuc
ncpunu, ufo n Zcncnc moxno nocfuui hpucmncmoio komhpomucca.
Icmcnuc o pasncpfinanuu cnpopakcf concucfnonano ykpchnc-
nuk HATO, sancpmcnuk sfoio hpouccca chococfnonanu nna mc-
ncc snauumix coifun, no kofopic fakxc hokasanu hpufniafcni-
nyk cuny sahannoio aninnca. Icpnoc nosnpamcnuc Ipcuuu n
unfcipuponannyk cfpykfypy HATO. Ipcuun hcpcxuna hcpuon cno-
copasnoio kapanfuna hocnc ycfanonncnun nocnnou nukfafypi n
ahpcnc 167 i. n pcsynifafc iocynapcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa. Onnako
ipcucckuc ucpnic honkonnuku hofcphcnu honufuucckoc hopaxc-
nuc na Kuhpc, inc onu hifanuci cmccfufi hpcsuncnfa apxuchuc-
koha Makapuoca. B ncucfnufcninocfu ux ncucfnun hpuncnu k fy-
pcukomy nfopxcnuk, u c fcx hop ocfpon okasancn pasncncnnim
ckopcc ho nunuu nocnnoio, ucm sfnuucckoio hpofunocfonnun.
Iocnc sfoio n aniycfc 174 i. ipcucckoc hpanufcnicfno nocnnix
ino cncpinyfo u na cmcny cmy hpumnu ymcpcnnic hon pyko-
noncfnom Koncfanfunoca Kapamannuca. Honoc hpanufcnicfno
Aqun, hpofccfyn hpofun cufyauuu na Kuhpc, cnoxunmcucn hpu
hohycfufcnicfnc HATO u hpu yuacfuu Typuuu, uncna afnanfuucc-
koio aninnca, pcmuno hocncnonafi hpumcpy nc Ionnn (n 166 i.) u
niufu us unfcipuponannou nocnnou cfpykfypi Ccncpoafnanfuucc-
koio noka. Ipuxon couuanucfon k nnacfu n 18O i. hocfanun noh-
poc o conmccfumocfu pcsynifafon ipcucckux niopon c mcxnyna-
ponnimu onsafcnicfnamu cfpani, ufo honfonknyno hpanufcni-
cfno Aqun sannufi o cnocu afnanfuucckou opucnfauuu: 2O okfnpn
Ipcuun ncpnynaci n cfpykfypy HATO.
Bfopoc hpucocnuncnuc Hchanuu k Afnanfuucckomy hakfy u
unfcipauun cc noopyxcnnix cun n HATO (JO man 182 i.). Hfak, k
konuy sfoio iona Afnanfuucckuu aninnc nknkuan 16 iocynapcfn-unc-
non, 15 us kofopix inu unfcipuponani n nocnniu mcxanusm
HATO.
na mcxnynaponnix kpusuca hocnyxunu hponcpkou afnanfu-
ucckou chnoucnnocfu na hpounocfi. Xpononoiuuccku hcpnim in
kpusuc na onkncnnax (Maninunax), kofopiu nauancn 2 ahpcnn u
c...
12JJ
sakonuuncn 14 uknn 182 i. On nosnuk n cnnsu c fcm, ufo apicnfun-
ckoc nocnnoc hpanufcnicfno, hifanci ncpnyfi kpcnuf noncpun, yfpa-
ucnniu ncncncfnuc skonomuucckoio kpusuca u honufuucckux pchpcc-
cuu, pcmuno nncsahnou akuucu sannfi u hpucocnunufi k fcppufopuu
cfpani apxuhcnai onkncnnckux (Maninunckux) ocfponon, inmux
pufanckou kononucu c 18JJ i. u naccncnnix hofomkamu mofnannc-
kux hacfyxon, no icoipaquuccku hpumikanmux k Apicnfunc. Ipu
sfom n Iysnoc-Aupccc nancnnuci, ufo nus apxuhcnaia naxonnfcn
onimuc ncqfnnic sahaci.
Inani apicnfunckoio nocnnoio hpanufcnicfna c ncikocfik
ncpnyfi hpccfux c homomik sfou akuuu pyxnynu, hockoniky pu-
fanckuu hpcmicp-munucfp ofpcaiuponana oucni pcmufcnino. Hc-
cmofpn na onimoc paccfonnuc (11 OOO km of onnona), iochoxa
Tsfucp ofhpanuna skchcnuuuonniu kophyc, kofopiu n fcucnuc
ncckonikux nncu n nauanc uknn 182 i. hocnc nconimux cfonk-
noncnuu na mopc, cymcn hpcononcfi cumnonuucckoc cohpofunnc-
nuc apicnfunucn u noccfanonun na ocfponax cyncpcnufcf Ic Bcnu-
uccfna, ufo nisnano y apicnfunucn cuninoc ncnononicfno Bcnu-
kopufanucu.
Apicnfunckan hponcma cosnana cnoxnocfu n ofnomcnunx Co-
cnuncnnix Ufafon, Hchanuu u Hfanuu c afunckou Amcpukou.
Apicnfuna hpcnhpunnna cnou ncucfnun, ynyuu ycxncnnou, ufo
HATO hcpcxunacf kpusucniu momcnf u aninuuanc ynyf ninyx-
ncni ocfanufi sfy akuuk cs nnumanun. Ho cc pacucf okasancn
omuounim. Kak humcf ioccckpcfapi Xsui n cnoux mcmyapax,
hpanufcnicfno Bamunifona honaiano, ufo ncc pasnufuc cykonfu-
ncnfa n mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnunx nonxno ocnoninaficn na
hpanonix nopmax, ufoi uscxafi, u cs foio mnoiouucncnnix,
hohifok cunonix ncucfnuu. Kpomc foio, nccmofpn na ncsnauu-
fcninocfi qonkncnnckoio kpusuca, in hocfanncn nohpoc o sakon-
nocfu camou akuuu u o honnou honufuucckou conunapnocfu c Bc-
nukopufanucu, hofpconanmcucn n fof momcnf of CUA. Touno
fak xc akuun hofpconana conunapnocfu u of npyiux cfpan afnan-
fuucckoio aninnca, xofn ncc onu cknonnnuci k komhpomuccnomy
pcmcnuk.
Icsynifafi kpusuca inu kafacfpoquucckumu nnn apicnfun-
ckux nocnnix, kofopic nckopc yfpafunu nnacfi u ocnoonunu nopoiy
nnn hpuxona ipaxnanckoio hpanufcnicfna. Hcxon kpusuca in naxcn
u nnn HATO, fak kak fpconanoci ncucfnonafi icfpo u nc nafi hpo-
nnuficn nnyfpcnnum hpofunopcuunm: nahpofun, ncmoncfpauun conu-
napnocfu chococfnonana chnoucnuk aninnca. B konuc man Afnanfu-
ucckuu Concf cnunonymno ocynun apicnfunckyk akuuk, pckomcnnyn
hpononxafi houcku mupnoio pcmcnun, nmccfc c fcm on honfncpnun
12J4
ocyxncnuc csoionopounoio uchonisonanun cuni. Bosmoxno, safniu-
nanuc kpusuca hpuncno i k unim cufyauunm, no nnn ux nosnukno-
ncnun nc ino npcmcnu.
Imc oncc naxnim cfan nunanckuu kpusuc. Hmcno snaucnuc
nc cfoniko yuacfuc HATO kak opianusauuu one cqep~ ofncfcfncn-
nocfu noka, ckoniko uchonisonanuc noopyxcnnix cun nckofopix
cfpan aninnca (Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, panuuu u Hfanuu). Ko-
ncuno, hpu paccmofpcnuu sfoio nmcmafcnicfna cncnycf hpunumafi
no nnumanuc nc cfoniko cio nocnniu ufoi, n ocnonnom nciafun-
niu, ckoniko honufuucckoc snaucnuc konnckfunnoio yuacfun n
ohcpauuu fakoio pona. Moxno ckasafi, ufo nmcmafcnicfno n una-
nc hpcnnocxufuno, n ohpcncncnnom cmicnc, koanuuuk 11 i.
hpofun Hpaka.
Iocnc ucpnoio ccnfnpn 17O i. u Ksmh-snunckux coinamc-
nuu unan cfan mccfom nauonimcu konucnfpauuu noopyxcnnix
ofpnnon. Bnunnuc OOI (Opianusauuu ocnooxncnun Ianccfu-
ni) hpumno n cfonknoncnuc c nnacfik hpanufcnicfna Icupyfa,
honopnannou pcnuiuosno-sfnuucckumu hpofunopcuunmu u yxyn-
mcnucm omccfncnnoio hopnnka. B uknc 182 i. uspaunickoc
hpanufcnicfno, namcpcnanci usmcnufi ohcpafunnyk cufyauuk, ho-
snonnnmyk nchpcpinno concpmafi nahancnun na uspaunickyk
fcppufopuk, pcmuno hpcnhpunnfi maccuponannoc nfopxcnuc n
Kxniu unan u noufu no Icupyfa, nnnsanmuci n opiy, kofopan
nckopc hpunnna nccnixanno xccfokuu xapakfcp.
B honncpxky hanccfunucn n uknc 182 i. nicfyhuna cupuuckan
apmun, namcfunaci yiposa pacmupcnun konqnukfa, nccmofpn na
inyokuc pasnoinacun, pasncnnnmuc cupuuckoio hpcsuncnfa Acana
u nuncpa OOI Apaqafa. Iifanci hpcnofnpafufi sfy ohacnocfi u
nouficn mupnoio pcmcnun konqnukfa, amcpukanckan nuhnomafun
hpcnnoxuna komhpomucc, n coofncfcfnuc c kofopim Hspauni non-
xcn in cnnfi ocany Icupyfa, a cmy na cmcny nonxni inu hpuu-
fu amcpukanckuc, qpanuysckuc u ufaninnckuc noucka, ufoi hpo-
konfponuponafi yxon hanccfunucn (OOI) n Tynuc u Hopnanuk.
Iasmcmcnuc sfux nouck hosnonuno ycfanonufi kopofkoc hcpc-
mupuc, no npcmn kofopoio hpcsuncnf Icuian hpcncfanun pcmcnuc
hanccfunckoio nohpoca, cxonnoc c Ksmh-snunckumu coinamcnunmu,
nohonncnnimu hpockfom konqcncpauuu sncnfyaninoio hanccfuncko-
io iocynapcfna c Hopnanucu. Hspaunifnnc ofncpinu sfof hnan u
ncncncfnuc oocfpcnun nunanckoio kpusuca n cnnsu c yuucfnom hpc-
suncnfa Iamupa Zmaucnn ncpnynuci n Icupyf, ycfanonun cofpynnu-
uccfno c nocnnimu us fak nasinacmou xpucfuan-
ckou qananiu noopyxcnnix ofpnnon xpucfuancko-maponufckoio
naccncnun unana. Hmcnno sfu nocnnic nomnu n hanccfunckuc
c...
12J5
naicpn Capa u Uafuna, yun cofnu myxuun, xcnmun u ncfcu, ufo
nisnano ocyxncnuc co cfoponi muponoio omccfncnnoio mncnun, kofo-
poc, nosmoxno, nhcpnic nicfyhuno n samufy hanccfunckux fcppopuc-
fon u ux hoiumux ccmcu. Hacfyhun naxniu hcuxonoiuucckuu hcpc-
nom. Honoc nahancnuc sacfanuno mnoionauuonaninic cuni ncpnyfi-
cn, a uspaunifnn ninccfu cnou noucka.
C fouku spcnun Hspaunn akuun hpunccna ncxcnafcniniu pc-
synifaf, hockoniky otcnununa cupuuucn c nunanckumu pcnuiuos-
no-sfnuucckumu ipyhhamu pasnix konqcccuu, ofkpin nopoiy cu-
puuckomy nocnnomy nmcmafcnicfny n unanc no umn ycfanonncnun
mupa. Mnoionauuonaninim cunam nc ocfananoci nuucio, kpomc nc-
nosmoxnocfu ofpasufi afaku na ux hosuuuu u hosopnou hofcpu
J5O amcpukanckux u qpanuysckux connaf, ufo honnckno sa coou ni-
non nouck, a fakxc pcmcnuc oipanuuufi c mopn omapnuponky ho-
suuuu npyson (onnou us ipyhh, nicfyhanmux n coksc c cupuuuamu).
Ofo in chopniu ufoi, no ohcpauun n ucnom, ccnu cc paccmaf-
punafi cknosi hpusmy hponcm afnanfuucckou conunapnocfu, ho-
kasana, ufo, nccmofpn na ncynauy, cfpani, nauoncc saunfcpcco-
nannic n cufyauuu n Bocfounom Cpcnuscmnomopic, okasanuci n
cocfonnuu, cs ocoix cfpafciuucckux pasnoinacuu, mounusonafi
cnou cuni. Toina nc cymccfnonano coinamcnun mcxny cnpohcuua-
mu u amcpukanuamu ho hanccfunckomy nohpocy (sfo otncnncf
hochcmniu ninon amcpukanckoio konfunicnfa, hpucyfcfnuc ko-
fopoio nc ino honkpchncno ucfkum honufuucckum hnanom), y
nux nc umcnoci u noionopcnnocfu o fom, ufo naxno ncpxafi hon
konfponcm cfpafciuuccku naxnyk u nspinoohacnyk cufyauuk n
unanc u ncci kpusucniu pciuon. B sfom cmicnc hponanunmancn
nunanckan skchcnuuun cfana, xofi u manim, nknanom n ykpchnc-
nuc chnoucnnocfu Afnanfuucckoio aninnca. Inaionapn sfou chno-
ucnnocfu cfano nosmoxno hpcononcfi pasnoinacun hpcninymux
ncf (no 185 i.). Onu kacanuci kak honxona k hponcmam fopionnu
c Bocfounou Inpohou honufuucckuu kypc Icuiana hpofunopc-
uun namcpcnuk cnpohcuucn yncnuuufi fonapoomcn mcxny IOC u
COB fak u conmccfumocfu mcxny hpoucxonnmumu usmcncnunmu
n Inpohc, nonou honufuko-skonomuucckou momik IOC u hpci-
nanucm n Inpohc n pamkax cfpykfypi HATO okono J5O OOO amcpu-
kanckux connaf, ufo fpconano qunanconix pacxonon co cfoponi Co-
cnuncnnix Ufafon, iocynapcfncnniu noni kofopix nipoc ncncn-
cfnuc nnyfpcnncu skonomuucckou honufuku pcchynukanucn.
B nauanc nocimunccnfix ionon ino fpynno ofncnufi nohpoci
HATO, kacanmuccn ofnomcnuu mcxny 14 cnpohcuckumu cfpanamu,
Kananou u Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, of hponcm nonoio sfaha
pasnufun, kofopiu hcpcxunanu cnpohcuckuc cfpani, nxonnmuc n
12J6
IOC. Honan cufyauun hopoxnana kauccfncnnic usmcncnun sahannou
cucfcmi: cc nocnnou u skonomuucckou cfpykfypi.
(..2. FACLHFLHHL H J1HJLHLHHL HHTL1FAHHH
LDFCHLHCC1C DCHCHHLCC1C CCCLLLCTDA
2 nckapn 175 i. hpcmicp-munucfp Icniiuu co Tunncmanc
hpcncfanun noknan, hopyucnniu cmy honiofonufi ion nasan Iapuxc-
kou ncfpcucu hpcmicp-munucfpon u inan iocynapcfn IOC. Xofn co-
ncpxanmuccn n ncm hpcnnoxcnun inu usnoxcni oucni cncpxanno,
onu hocnyxunu ocnonou nnn qopmuponanun nonou Komuccuu, kofo-
pan nauana cnok paofy n 177 i. hon hpcnccnafcnicfnom sncpiuuno-
io Ion xcnkunca, inmcio munucfpa-ncuopucfa u iopnucio cfo-
ponnuka cnpohcusma. B cnocm nicfyhncnuu 2 okfnpn 177 i. no
nopcnuuu xcnkunc sannun o ncoxonumocfu kak moxno icfpcc
yupcnufi nankfno-skonomuucckuu coks cfpan IOC, kofopiu concu-
cfnonan i hpcononcnuk omcio chana, nisnannoio pocfom ucn na
ncqfi, hpousomcnmum n 17J i., a hpcnycmofpcnnim k 17 i.
Ha sfou ocnonc Inpohcuckuu Concf 67 uknn 178 i. ncpnyncn k
hnanam Komuccuu u hpcnnoxun cosnafi Inpohcuckyk nankfnyk
cucfcmy (IBC), kofopan nonxna ina ncfyhufi n ncucfnuc c 1 nnna-
pn 17 i. Ona hpcnycmafpunana ycfanonufi hpcncni koncanuu kyp-
con nankf cfpan IOC nnyfpu ohpcncncnnoio nuahasona, ufoi cnu-
sufi pucku nncsahnix usmcncnuu cfoumocfu pasnuunix nankf.
Kpomc foio, namcuanoci yupcxncnuc omcio qonna n kauccfnc hcpno-
oucpcnnoio nankfnoio pcscpna u uncfpymcnfa cosnanun cnpohcuckou
nankfnou cnunuui, kofopyk moxno ino i uchonisonafi n cncn-
kax mcxny ucnfpaninimu ankamu nmccfo nonnapa u n oxunanuu ho-
nnncnun cnpohcuckou nankfi. Toniko ccmi us ncnnfu cfpan IOC (sa
ucknkucnucm Bcnukopufanuu u Hpnannuu) cpasy hpucocnununuci k
IBC, hofomy ufo qunanconan cufyauun n nnyx ncnomcnmux cfpanax
nc hosnonnna um coinacuficn c xccfkum nankfnim pciynuponanucm.
Ha ocnonc ycfanonncnun oncc mupokux ipanuu koncanuu nankf-
nix kypcon cfano nosmoxno honyuufi coinacuc Hfanuu u Hpnannuu
na yuacfuc n IBC, u cucfcma nauana qynkuuonuponafi c 1J mapfa
17 i. Bcnukopufanun, hpcononcnan ncxcnanuc, hpucocnununaci k
ncu n okfnpc 1O i.
Iponoxun nopoiy k nankfnomy coksy, IOC hpucfyhuno k pc-
mcnuk npyiou hponcmi cnpohcuckoio ycfpoucfna nccomux
niopon n Iapnamcnfckyk Accamnck. Onu hpomnu n pasnic
cpoku nccnou 17 i. Onnako hcpniu uspanniu hapnamcnf in
numcn pcaninix honnomouuu, sa ucknkucnucm fcx, ufo inu hpc-
nycmofpcni yupcnufcninim noionopom IOC, hosnonnnmum iono-
c...
12J7
conanucm nipaxafi cnoc mncnuc o knxcfc u fcm camim kocncn-
no konfponuponafi komuccuk. Moxno ckasafi, ufo c hponcncnucm
niopon n Inpohcuckuu hapnamcnf nnn uncfufyuuonaninou cfpyk-
fypi IOC nacfyhun hcpuon ncuscxnix hcpcmcn. Hspanniu
hapnamcnf nc moi coinacuficn numi c koncynifafunnou ponik,
cs hpcnocfanncnun honnomouuu ho cymccfny. B skonomuucckom
hnanc nauano qynkuuonuponanun IBC cfoni xc ncuscxno hocfa-
nuno nohpoc o knxcfc, kofopiu ocfanancn n komhcfcnuuu Ko-
muccuu, Concfa munucfpon u camoio hapnamcnfa. Kpomc foio, n
uknc 17 i. Ipcuun honhucana noionop o ncfyhncnuu n Coomc-
cfno, nomcnmuu n cuny n 181 i. 3afcm Hchanun u Iopfyianun
honhucanu ananoiuunic noionopi n uknc 185 i., ncfyhunmuc
cuny n nauanc cncnykmcio iona. Iacmupcnuc Coomccfna hoyx-
nano hcpccmofpcfi uncfufyuuonaninic ofnomcnun u hcpcocmic-
nufi cio honufuucckuc ucnu.
Ipyhha nchyfafon ho unuuuafunc Anifucpo Chuncnnu, n hpo-
mnom uncna Komuccuu, camocfonfcnino hpucfyhuna k fmafcninou
paofc ho hcpccmofpy Iumckux noionopon, honiofonun okonua-
fcniniu nokymcnf n qopmc noionopa o yupcxncnuu Inpohcucko-
io Coksa, kofopiu Inpohcuckuu hapnamcnf onopun 14 qcnpann
184 i. onimuncfnom ionocon. Hnuuuafuna, nosnukman cnusy, nc
ocfanaci cs nnumanun. B nnnapc 185 i. ina yupcxncna nonan
Komuccun hon hpcnccnafcnicfnom ycxncnnoio cnpohcucfa Zaka
cnopa, kofopiu cmoi cfoni ycnufcnino nipasufi nonk cfpykfyp
IOC, ufo c ncu ncnisn ino nc cuufaficn. Iaofa sfou komuccuu
u hapnamcnfckoc nanncnuc namnu ofknuk na ccccuu Inpohcuckoio
concfa, cocfonnmcucn 282 uknn n Munanc. B cnnsu c sfum hpcn-
cfanufcni Hfanuu Icffuno Kpakcu, uchonisyn nosmoxnocfi hon-
ncpxku onimuncfnom ionocon coinacno yupcnufcninomy noionopy
(cf. 2J6) u naionapn conhancnuk nonu qpanuysckoio, icpmancko-
io u ufaninnckoio hpanufcnicfn, cmoi nouficn pcmcnun o cosinc
mcxhpanufcnicfncnnou konqcpcnuuu ho pcqopmc IOC, nccmofpn
na ohhosuuuk Aninuu, anuu u Ipcuuu. Ofa konqcpcnuun nonxna
ina honiofonufi noniu hpockf konncnuuu, kacakmcucn omcu
nncmncu honufuku u honufuku csohacnocfu na ocnonc hpcnnoxc-
nuu, hpcncfanncnnix qpanuysamu, ncmuamu, ufaninnuamu u aninuua-
namu. Kpomc foio, ncoxonumo ino ofpasufi ncc usmcncnun, nncccn-
nic n yupcnufcniniu noionop IOC, kacakmuccn honnomouuu Concfa,
Komuccuu u Iapnamcnfa, a fakxc pacmupcnun cqcp ncnfcninocfu Co-
omccfna.
Munanckuc pcmcnun honoxunu nauano hcpcionopam, kofopic
sancpmunuci honhucanucm 17 nckapn 185 i. Inunoio Inpohcu-
ckoio Akfa hcpnou hohifku hpunafi nonoc concpxanuc opianu-
12J8
sauuu, cymccfnonanmcu yxc houfu fpunuafi ncf u hpcnpafunmcucn n
ncnymcio yuacfnuka mcxnynaponnou xusnu n fopiono-skonomuucc-
kou u honufuucckou cqcpax, ocfananci n pamkax afnanfuucckoio hapf-
ncpcfna. Xofn Inuniu Akf in nconimum maiom n nahpanncnuu
uncfufyuuonaninix pcqopm, no c num cnnsani nna naxnix pcmc-
nun. Iacmupuncn kpyi nohpocon, ho kofopim cfano nosmoxno hpunu-
mafi pcmcnun onimuncfnom ionocon, u inu ohpcncncni cqcpi
cofpynnuuccfna n pamkax coomccfna (pasnufuc fcxnonoiuu, oxpana
okpyxakmcu cpcni, skonomuucckan u nankfnan cqcpi). Ococnno
nincnnnoci pcmcnuc hpunafi uncfufyuuonaniniu xapakfcp Inpo-
hcuckomy honufuucckomy cofpynnuuccfny. Ipcnycmafpunanaci chc-
uuaninan hpoucnypa, c homomik kofopou Komuccun ho coinacona-
nuk c Concfom honyuana honnomouun nipaxafi hosuuuk IOC ho
ocnonnim hponcmam mcxnynaponnou xusnu.
C fcx hop hpumcnnnmancn hpakfuka cfana kpunuuccku cankuuo-
nuponannim onsafcnicfnom, ncucfnykmum c momcnfa ncfyhncnun
n cuny Inunoio Akfa hocnc sancpmcnun hpouccca pafuqukauuu
1 uknn 187 i.
Uupokomacmfanan paspnnka mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu
u Concfckum Coksom ofkpina hcpcn IOC nonic nosmoxnocfu
nnn pasnufun unfcipauuu, no n fo xc camoc npcmn hofpconana
hpuchoconcnun k nonou cufyauuu n cnnsu c sancpmcnucm pnna
konqnukfon n Inpohc. Inuniu Akf in hcpcxonnim nokymcnfom,
kofopiu hpcnhonaian nocfuxcnuc n nanincumcm cmc oncc amu-
uuosnix ucncu cosnanuc fakoio skonomuucckoio u nankfnoio
coksa, kofopiu sanoxun i ocnoni nnn cosnanun honufuucckoio
coomccfna. Komuccun hon hpcnccnafcnicfnom cnopa sncpiuuno
ncucfnonana n sfom nahpanncnuu u yxc n uknc 18 i. hpcncfanu-
na coofncfcfnykmuc hpockfi. Ofo inu nccima naxnic hpcnnoxc-
nun, hofomy ufo onu, uchonisyn ohpcncncnun, kofopic yxc nanno
yhofpcnnnuci n cucfcmc coomccfn, namcuanu konkpcfnic ycno-
nun ux fpancqopmauuu. Icui mna o fom, ufoi cncnafi nccomcu
konncpfupycmocfi nankf, cosnafi ycnonun nnn sqqckfunnou u hon-
nou nucpanusauuu nnuxcnun kahufanon, ycfanonufi ncusmcnnic
qukcuponannic nankfnic kypci: nna hocncnnux ycnonun choco-
cfnonanu cosnanuk cnpohcuckoio skonomuucckoio u nankfnoio co-
ksa.
Ofu hponcmi ocyxnanuci n ocfanonkc ocoou suqopuu,
nisnannou hancnucm Icpnunckou cfcni u nauanom hpouccca otc-
nuncnun Icpmanuu. Toina nc ncc honumanu, ufo sfu hcpcmcni y-
nyf umcfi naxnic hocncncfnun u nnn cucfcmi IOC. Ho n cufyauuu
fcx ncf ncc kasanoci nciko pcanusycmim, naxc nosononncnuc nua-
noia o honufuucckom otcnuncnuu. 3accnanuc Inpohcuckoio Co-
c...
12J
ncfa n Iumc 14 nckapn 18 i. sancpmuno honiofonky k nnym kon-
qcpcnuunm: o skonomuucckom coksc u o honufuucckom coksc,
kofopic nonxni inu cocfonficn n cncnykmcm iony. Hc nnukan n
ncfanu hcpcionopon n pamkax Coomccfna, ncoxonumo, onnako,
ofmcfufi, ufo onu n fcucnuc 11 i. pasnunanuci nccima unfcncun-
no n afmocqcpc ohfumusma, uapunmcio foina n Inpohc. Ofu hcpc-
ionopi hpuncnu k coinamcnuk, nocfuinyfomy n Maacfpuxfc (Ion-
nannun) n noui c 1O na 11 nckapn 11 i., nccmofpn na cuninoc
cohpofunncnuc pufanckoio hpcmicp-munucfpa Mapiapcf Tsfucp
(na cmcny kofopou occnik 11 i. hpumcn xon Msunxcp). na
mccnua chycfn, 7 qcnpann 12 i., n fom xc Maacfpuxfc hpcncfanu-
fcnu nccnfu cfpan IOC honhucanu fckcf nonoio noionopa, concp-
xanmcio 252 cfafiu, 17 hpofokonon u J1 sannncnuc. B ucnom, noio-
nop cocfanun kpunuucckyk ocnony nnn cosnanun hosnncc, n 1 i.,
skonomuucckoio u nankfnoio coksa u hocnyxun qynnamcnfom nnn
qopmuponanun honufuucckoio coksa, ohpcncncnuc xapakfcpucfuk
u honnomouuu kofopoio ino ofnoxcno no nnumafcninoio pac-
cmofpcnun hponcmi n 16 i.
Inaionapn pcmcnunm Maacfpuxfa cocfonnoci oquuuaninoc
oqopmncnuc Inpohcuckoio Coksa nonoc nasnanuc Inpohcucko-
io Okonomuucckoio Coomccfna cfanmcio cytckfom mcxnyna-
ponnou cucfcmi. Iino nu sfo hocnnim sancpmcnucm hpouccca,
nauanmciocn fo nu n 147, fo nu n 15O i., fo nu n 157 i., unu
hochcmnou cfaunusauucu yxc spcnou cnpohcuckou cucfcmi no
foio, kak inoaninic hcpcmcni honnunkf na ofnomcnun nnyfpu
Inpohi Yxc cosnanuc IOC ino onimum ychcxom n pamkax
sahannou cucfcmi. B hcpuon 15712 ii. opasonancn u cqopmu-
ponancn skonomuucckuu iuianf u honufuucckuu cytckf, conunap-
niu c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, no hofcnuuanino choconiu co-
hcpnuuafi c numu.
Maacfpuxfckuc coinamcnun, hpouccc pafuqukauuu kofopix
sancpmuncn n okfnpc 1J i., ncfyhunu n cuny 1 nonpn foio xc
iona, u nnn Inpohcuckoio Coksa nauancn hcpuon anahfauuu k no-
nim uncfufyuuonaninim nopmam. Ofof sfah, conhanmuu c qasou
skonomuucckoio chana, nauanmcucn n 12 i., hocfanun Coks hcpcn
pcmcnucm hponcm, hopoxncnnix fpynnocfnmu hcpcxona of cfapoio
k nonomy uncfufyuuonaninomy ycfpoucfny. Honiu cytckf na mcxny-
naponnou apcnc nc pachonaian cmc nu ycfouuunocfik, nu ucfkou
cfpykfypou, honncpianci nosncucfnuk nccfaunusupykmux ucnfpo-
cxnix fcnncnuuu. Tcm nc mcncc IC concucfnonan ycuncnuk ponu
Inpohi n mcxnynaponnou cucfcmc pinounou skonomuku, kofopyk
ykpchnnno omcc cosnanuc nsaumosanucumocfu ocnonnix skonomu-
ko-honufuucckux pcmcnuu. Hmcnno sfo ncnano naxnim qopmupona-
124O
nuc, napnny c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, cytckfon, onanakmux nocfa-
founimu pccypcamu nnn foio, ufoi ypannoncmunafi amcpukanckyk
icicmonuk u ocymccfnnnfi koopnunauuk ucpcs coofncfcfnykmuc o-
pasonanun (kak, nahpumcp, Ipyhha 7 (G-7), f.c. ipyhha, cocfonnman
us ccmu ncnymux unnycfpuanino-pasnufix ncpxan Cocnuncnnix
Ufafon, Shonuu, Icpmanuu, panuuu, Bcnukopufanuu, Hfanuu u
Kanani). Ofu uncfufyfi inu hpusnani hcpuonuuccku ocyxnafi
hponcmi nsaumocnnsu mcxny honufuucckumu u qunancono-skono-
muucckumu pcmcnunmu n pamkax inoaninou unfcipuponannou cuc-
fcmi, npcmcnno ohpcncnnnmcucn opucnfauucu ncnymcio skfopa
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon. Takum opasom, nonan Inpoha, poxncnnan n
Maacfpuxfc, ncnnycmicncnno nipaxana mcxnynaponnoc onopcnuc
hcpcionopnim mcxanusmam u uncfufyfam n yhpanncnuu cymccfnyk-
mumu n mupc cfpykfypamu (n hpofunoncc ucnfpocxnim fcnncnuunm
u nauuonanucfuucckum nicfyhncnunm).
(.. nsnc ccBc:ccn cnc:cH
(..(. CCHH,AFHCCTL H FH5HC
CJHHCTHHLCC1C FLHHA D HCHLLL
Iontcm amcpukanckou skonomuku u ychcxu Inpohcuckoio coo-
mccfna hocnc hpcononcnun chana 177182 ii. c ocoou cunou nin-
nunu kpusuc concfckou cucfcmi n Bocfounou Inpohc. On nipaxancn
no nnyfpcnncm kpusucc, kofopiu sncci ncf nosmoxnocfu honpono
ananusuponafi, no ncoxonumo cncnafi ncckoniko samcuanuu. Ipcx-
nc nccio, napacfan nncmnchonufuucckuu kpusuc, f.c. pacxoxncnuc
mcxny oipomnou nocnnou momik, nakohncnnou Concfckum Coksom,
u ncc onimcu skonomuucckou ofcfanocfik, kofopoc cfano cfoni ouc-
nunnim, ufo qakfuuccku hapanusonano ncnfcninocfi hpanufcnicfna
Mockni u hpuncno k kpusucy coksnuucckux cnnscu u icicmonuu
KICC n cucfcmc pafckux hapfuu Bocfounou Inpohi. Coifun, ko-
fopic okasanu nchocpcncfncnnoc nnunnuc na nck cfpykfypy ofnomc-
nuu mcxny cfpanamu Bapman-
ckoio noionopa, pasncpnynuci n Ionimc c 18O i. (hpu snamcna-
fcninom hpcnnocxumcnuu n 176 i.).
Ipu ananusc sfux coifuu c yucfom unconoiuucckux u skono-
muucckux, no, hpcxnc nccio, honufuucckux achckfon concfckoio
kpusuca, nc cncnycf sainafi, ufo Ionima ina xcmuyxunou
concfckou umhcpuu. nn Cfanuna konfponi nan Ionimcu hpcn-
cfannnn coou inanniu honufuko-cfpafciuucckuu pcsynifaf nouni.
axc hpccmnuku Cfanuna pasncnnnu sfy oucnky u nccina cuufanu
ofnomcnun c hpanufcnicfnom Bapmani (a safcm u c nocfounoicp-
c...
1241
manckum hpanufcnicfnom) cyfik concfckou honufuku csohacnocfu.
Ofu samcuanun hosnonnkf honnfi cfchcni osaoucnnocfu, c kofopou
Concfi ofnocunuci k hcpcmcnam n Ionimc: onu inu iofoni k cu-
nonomy nmcmafcnicfny, no nnumafcnino cncnunu sa fcm, ufoi nc
cncnafi omuounix maion, kofopic i nanu ncxcnafcniniu n cfpafc-
iuucckom hnanc pcsynifaf. Cufyauun n Bocfounou Inpohc pasnunanaci
oucni icfpo, u n Mocknc nc cpasy houyncfnonanu hpunuxcnuc oc-
noxncnuu.
B Ionimc mcxny kommynucfuucckou hapfucu (IOII) u pao-
uumu nc ino honnoio opianusauuonnoio u unconoiuucckoio cnu-
ncnun. Ionickuc paouuc, nc koncnnci, uacfo hponnnnnu ncno-
nonicfno, ococnno nnymufcninic nonni saacfonok hpokafunuci
n 17O i. u n 176 i. Okonomuucckan cufyauun n cfpanc ccpicsno oc-
noxnunaci, nanonou nauuonaniniu hponykf cokpafuncn n 17 i. na
2,J', a n 18O i. on ymcnimuncn cmc na 4 ' u n 181 i. na 15 '.
Ha honickuu hponcfapuaf onimoc nnunnuc okasinana kafonu-
ucckan ucpkoni, kofopan yncnnna onimoc nnumanuc fcm cqcpam,
n kofopix hpanufcnicfno hpcnocfannnno nosmoxnocfu nnn hacfip-
ckou ncnfcninocfu. Iosfomy fpynno ino nc samcfufi, ufo uspa-
nuc 16 nonpn 178 i. apxuchuckoha Kpakona Kaponn Boufini
hahou hon umcncm Hoanna Ianna II (chycfn 456 ncf nhcpnic ha-
hou cfan nc ufaninncu) umcno ccpicsnic hocncncfnun na ponunc
nonoio honfuquka. Bo npcmn nusufa n uknc 17 i. hahi n Ioni-
my, kofopomy hpanufcnicfno nc hocmcno homcmafi, cmy in oka-
san hpucm, cnuncfcnicfnonanmuu o fom, ufo nnn honnkon nacfyhun
momcnf hpospcnun. Koncuno, cnnsinafi nanincumyk ucfopuk
Ionimu nchocpcncfncnno c nusufom hahi ino i ncohpannan-
no. Ho ofkpifoc fniofcnuc nnuxcnun hpofccfa k kafonuuusmy u
hponnncnuc naiouccfunoio hocnymanun ucpknu, kofopoio cio
hpcncfanufcnu nukoina nc ckpinanu, nc moiyf paccmafpunaficn
numi kak sncmcnfi nncmncu okpacku.
B paouux nusax qopmuponanuci nnuxcnun, otcnunnnmuc nc-
nononinix. Icmcnuc hpanufcnicfna honnnfi na 1O' ucni na mnco
c 1 uknn 18O i. cfano uckpou, of kofopou nchixnyno hnamn hpoqco-
ksnoio nosmymcnun. C 7 ho 14 aniycfa nauanuci saacfonku n Bap-
manc u npyiux honickux ioponax. 14 aniycfa n saacfonounoc nnuxc-
nuc nknkuunuci paouuc Inanickou cynocfpoufcninou ncpqu umcnu
cnuna. Onu ninnunynu pnn fpconanuu, cfanmux hpoipammnou oc-
nonou (21 fpconanuc) nnuxcnun Conunapnocfi, kofopoc cqopmu-
ponanu acfonanmuc hon pykononcfnom snckfpofcxnuka cxa Bancn-
ci, onananmcio npkum kpacnopcuucm u mounusykmum nosncucfnu-
cm. Ipusnanuc hpana na saacfonky u hpana na cnoony otcnuncnun
n ncsanucumic hpoqcoksi fakoni inu ocnonnic fpconanun
1242
paouux Inanicka. Iopon Inanick cfan cumnonom nnuxcnun, pachpoc-
fpanunmciocn ho nccu Ionimc. 28 aniycfa cio paouuc hponosinacunu
nccomyk saacfonky. Icpcn nuuom sfou yiposi hpanufcnicfno ni-
nyxncno ino ycfyhufi, honhucan J1 aniycfa coinamcnuc c paouu-
mu, n hcpnom hynkfc kofopoio concpxanoci onsafcnicfno hpusnafi
cnoony hpoqcoksnix opianusauuu, f.c. cnoony nnn Conunapnoc-
fu. Chycfn nckofopoc npcmn hcpniu cckpcfapi HK IOII O. Icpck
in ofcfpancn of nnacfu u cmy na cmcny n ccnfnpc 18O i. hpumcn
Cfanucnan Kann. Iio cuufanu oncc choconim k houckam komhpo-
mucca c nnuxcnucm, kofopoc oxnafuno nck cfpany, copan hon cnou
snamcna 1O munnuo-
non honnkon, n fom uucnc u uncnon kommynucfuucckou hapfuu.
Ychcx Conunapnocfu in cnnsan c nnymn ocfonfcnicfnamu.
Bo-hcpnix, komhapfun naxonunaci n cocfonnuu honanncnnocfu u
ncsopucnfauuu. Ic nonic pykononufcnu hponnnnnu nncmnkk io-
fonnocfi k nuanoiy co cnoonnim hpoqcoksom. Komhapfun nc
moina paccuufinafi naxc na honncpxky noopyxcnnix cun. Icnc-
pan Spyscnickuu, kofopiu foina pykononun noopyxcnnimu cuna-
mu, ucfko sannun hpcncfanufcnnm Hcnfpaninoio Komufcfa IOII,
ufo apmun nc yncf nmcmunaficn, ufoi usinafi acfykmux pao-
uux c sanonon. Y hapfuu nc ocfananoci unou anifcpnafuni, kpomc
komhpomucca unu concfckoio nmcmafcnicfna. Ionickuc kommynu-
cfuucckuc pykononufcnu onnuci concfckoio nmcmafcnicfna oni-
mc, ucm camu cnoonnic hpoqcoksi. Onu hpusnananu ncoxonu-
mocfi nc cfanufi hon comncnuc ofnomcnun c CCCI, no honaianu,
ufo cunonic ncucfnun moiyf ocnoxnufi cufyauuk nacfoniko, ufo
cfanyf nahpacnimu ncc ycunun Kanu u cio copafnukon ho noccfa-
nonncnuk konfponn nan cfpanou. Hmcnno sfo pcmcnuc nanano
Conunapnocfu nosmoxnocfu nnn opianusauuu, ucio nc ino nu
n Bcnipuu n 156 i., nu n Hcxocnonakuu n 168 i.
Bo-nfopix, ychcxy Conunapnocfu chococfnonano nospoxnc-
nuc chnoucnnocfu honickou unfcnnuicnuuu c paouumu, kofopan
ina honopnana coifunmu n hocncnocnnou Ionimc. Iponucnan
Icpcmck u Tancym Masoncukuu, ncnymuc hpcncfanufcnu nuccuncnfc-
kux ipyhh honickou unfcnnuicnuuu, hpuncsnu acfykmum Inanicka
nipaxcnuc conunapnocfu napmanckou unfcnnuicnuuu, cosnan fcm ca-
mim nonic hpounic u ncucfncnnic cnnsu c paouumu. C foio npc-
mcnu cfanu qopmuponaficn ycnonun nnn cofpynnuuccfna, hpomcnmc-
io pnn sfahon, mcxny cnoonnim hpoqcoksom, nipasufcncm paouc-
io knacca, u honickou unfcnnuicnuucu, nipasufcninuucu kafonuucc-
kou micnu, a fakxc nucpaninix u pcqopmucfckux nsinnnon. Ofo
cofpynnuuccfno pasnunanoci na hpofnxcnuu houfu nccx nocimunccn-
fix ionon, hpcononcn ohacnocfu, cnnsannic c icicmonucu hpcncfanu-
c...
124J
fcncu kafonuuusma, nacfpocnnix hopou nccima konccpnafunno.
Hfak, onnonpcmcnno pasnunanuci nna nnuxcnun: onno, nnyfpu
IOII, ino naucncno na paspaofky cpcncfn noccfanonncnun co-
uuaninoio konfponn; npyioc, nnyfpu ohhosuuuu, cfpcmunoci k yk-
pchncnuk ncnanno cqopmuponanmuxcn cokson, ufoi hpunafi um
choconocfi k yhpanncnuk. Icqopmucfckoc kpino kommynucfuucc-
kou hapfuu, hpcncfanncnnoc Kancu, ino cknonno k ymcpcnnomy
ononncnuk, no cmy hpofunocfonna ipyhha nchpumupumix,
nosinannncman Cfcqanom Onimonckum.
B ccpcnunc uknn 181 i. ctcsn IOII hocfanun no inanc hpa-
nufcnicfna icncpana Spyscnickoio, kofopiu, coxpanun honnomo-
uun munucfpa ooponi, hpononxun hcpcionopi c Mocknou (naua-
fic um ncfom 18O i.) o chocoax u npcmcnu nncncnun nocnnoio
honoxcnun. B okfnpc 181 i. Kann in cmcmcn co cnocio hocfa,
hcpnim cckpcfapcm IOII in uspan icncpan Spyscnickuu.
Bnyfpu cnoonnoio hpoqcoksa fakxc nosnukna nuckyccun mcxny
ymcpcnnim kpinom u cfoponnukamu opii c hpanufcnicfnom no
hocnnoio konua. Ha ctcsnc hpoqcoksa, hpoxonunmcm n nna sfaha,
51O ccnfnpn u 26 ccnfnpn 1 okfnpn 181 i., nomunuponano
panukaninoc kpino. Bancnca ocfancn no inanc Conunapnocfu, no
mnoiuc us cio okpyxcnun pafonanu sa honnyk nucpanusauuk pc-
xuma n anfuconcfckom nyxc.
Occnik 181 i. nacfyhun camiu cnoxniu nnn Ionimu momcnf.
Hs Mockni, inc cmc hpanun Ipcxncn, hpuinu nnunfcninic ncn-
fcnu, oucni osaoucnnic honoxcnucm n cfpanc. ymanu nu onu o
nosmoxnocfu ncpnyficn k nokfpunc Ipcxncna of 168 i. Concf-
ckoc pcmcnuc ino mnoiosnauufcninim Bocnnoc nmcmafcnicfno
hpofun Conunapnocfu, na kofopom nacfaunanu hpanufcnicfna
Hcxocnonakuu u Bocfounou Icpmanuu, hofpconano i ofhpanku
JO nunusuu (nckofopic honaianu 45) n cfpany, oxnaucnnyk npax-
ncnim nnuxcnucm, n fo npcmn kak concfckuc cuni inu sannfi
n npyiux pciuonax, hpcxnc nccio n Aqianucfanc. Hfak, hpcncfonn
niop mcxny pasnimu fcafpamu ncucfnuu, ufo ninnnnno oipanuucn-
nocfi nosmoxnocfcu Mockni.
Yxc n aniycfc 18O i. n Kpcmnc ina cosnana komuccun, nknk-
uanman unconoia Cycnona, Annpohona, Ipomiko u munucfpa oo-
poni Ycfunona, kofopou ino hopyucno cncnufi sa pasnufucm
cufyauuu n Ionimc. B nckapc yuacfnuku coifuu ocyxnanu
chocoi nocnnoio nmcmafcnicfna, no inu nokuponani xccfkum
naxumom concfnuka Kapfcpa Ixcsunckoio, kofopiu opafun nnu-
manuc Kpcmnn na hpcumymccfna cncpxannocfu u nicokyk ucny
nmcmafcnicfna, a fakxc nacfouuunocfik Kanu, cymcnmcio 5 nc-
kapn na concmanuu n Mocknc ycnufi Ipcxncna n nosmoxnocfu
1244
pcmufi kpusuc honufuucckumu cpcncfnamu. Spyscnickuu, nahpofun,
kak foniko cfan hpcmicp-munucfpom, yckopun honiofonky
hcpcnopofa, no nonio koncancn, hpcxnc ucm hpcnhpunnfi cio, u
nancnncn, ufo cio pcmcnuc yncf honncpxano nnymufcninou co-
ncfckou nocnnou homomik, kofopyk Mockna nc namcpcnanaci unu
ina nc n cocfonnuu hpcnocfanufi.
Iosxc honickuu icncpan hpcncfannnn kak cnok sacnyiy, ufo
ofncfcfncnnocfi sa cfoni fpynnoc pcmcnuc on nsnn honnocfik na
ccn. Ho no cux hop sfo yfncpxncnuc nisinacf oxunncnnic cho-
pi. B konuc okfnpn Concfi ofkasanuci of nkoio nuna nmcma-
fcnicfna, ufo honfncpxnakf u nckofopic oncc hosnnuc nokymcn-
fi. B cnnsu c sfum hpcncfannnkfcn ncoocnonannimu apiymcnfi,
ufo nnyfpcnnuu hcpcnopof in ncuscxcn, fak kak ncoxonumo
ino hpcnofnpafufi ncfyhncnuc Kpacnou Apmuu na fcppufopuk
Ionimu. B cnocm nicfyhncnuu na Ionufkpo 1O nckapn Annpo-
hon fak otncnun ofkas honncpxafi namcpcnun Spyscnickoio:
Mi nonxni honymafi o namcu cfpanc. Cycnon honncpxan cio,
hockoniky cuufan, ufo nmcmafcnicfno nancccf npcn honufukc pas-
pnnku: nn nac ncnosmoxno usmcnufi hosuuuk. Muponoc omc-
cfncnnoc mncnuc nc hosnonuno i nam cncnafi sfo. axc Ionuf-
kpo nonxno ino cuufaficn c muponim omccfncnnim mncnucm!
Kak kpufuuccku samcuacf Macfni, honickoio icncpana naka-
nync hpunnfun pcmcnun o cunonix ncucfnunx cchokouna nc
cfoniko yiposa concfckoio nmcmafcnicfna, ckoniko yncpcnnocfi n
ncnmcmafcnicfnc Mockni. B sfou cufyauuu 1J nckapn 181 i.
Spyscnickuu c fnxcnim ccpnucm otnnun o cnocm pcmcnuu: n
Ionimc ino nncncno nocnnoc honoxcnuc, in opasonan Bocn-
niu Concf nauuonaninoio chaccnun, no inanc kofopoio ncfan cam
Spyscnickuu. Conunapnocfi ina otnnncna nnc sakona, a cc
nuncpi inu unfcpnuponani. Macfni ofmcuacf, ufo Spyscnickuu
n fof momcnf moi foniko mackuponaficn hon chacufcnn ofcuc-
cfna, no na camom ncnc ncc ino conccm unauc.
Iocynapcfncnniu hcpcnopof, concpmcnniu nnyfpcnnumu cunamu,
nc hpcnofnpafun concfckoc nmcmafcnicfno, hofomy ufo ono u nc hna-
nuponanoci. Mcxny fcm on sacfan npachnox hpcncfanufcncu cnoon-
noio hpoqcoksa, paccfpoun pnni ohhosuuuu u na nckofopoc npcmn
hpuncn k ycfanonncnuk hopnnka n Ionimc. nn Conunapnocfu na-
uancn honyncianiniu hcpuon, a unocfpannic hpanufcnicfna ho-pas-
nomy pcaiuponanu na ncucfnun Spyscnickoio. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi
nicfyhanu n fof hcpuon sa paspin skonomuucckux ofnomcnuu c
COB, u honickuc coifun hocnyxunu ocnonanucm nnn sfux fpcona-
nuu. Inpohcuui, oncc saunfcpcconannic n fccnom cofpynnuuccfnc c
Bocfounou Inpohou, honumanu ycununakmcccn fam poxcnuc, hpo-
c...
1245
nnnnnu onimyk iofonnocfi k komhpomuccy: n uacfnocfu, ncmui n
fof momcnf inu sannfi nanaxunanucm cofpynnuuccfna mcxny ocu-
mu Icpmanunmu.
Mcxny fcm nocnnoc honoxcnuc moino ifi numi npcmcn-
nim pcmcnucm. Ono hokasano nchpounocfi cnna cosnannou opia-
nusauuu hpoqcoksa Conunapnocfi, ufo ino oucnunno. Icui
mna o fom, hpuncncf nu apccf 1O OOO pykononufcncu k ncsopianu-
sauuu 1O munnuonon yuacfnukon cnoonnoio hpoqcoksa. Ofoio nc
hpousomno. Ha honufuucckou cucnc ocfananaci ucpkoni, kofopan
uipana hocpcnnuucckyk poni n cnnsu c nusufom Hoanna Ianna II n
Ionimy, sahnanuponannim na aniycf 182 i.
Iocfchcnno cufyauun nopmanusonanaci, u 1J nckapn 182 i.
mcpi nocnnoio honoxcnun inu uacfuuno ofmcncni (honnocfik
cio ofmcnunu 22 uknn 18J i.), Bancnca in ocnooxncn, us sak-
nkucnun ho amnucfuu inu nihymcni npyiuc hpoqcoksnic py-
kononufcnu. Ionfuquk in hpuinamcn hoccfufi Ionimy n uknc
18J i., u no npcmn cio nfopoio nusufa cnoonniu hpoqcoks qak-
fuuccku hponcmoncfpuponan, ufo cio cuni ocfananuci nnymufcni-
nimu. B oncc mupokom cmicnc moxno ckasafi, ufo kommynucfu-
ucckan hapfun u Conunapnocfi ncnu mupnyk, no yhopnyk opiy
c ucnik hokasafi honnunnic macmfai honncpxku, kofopou oc
cuni pachonaianu n cfpanc.
B nckapc 185 i. cocfonnuci niopi na ocnonc nopm, ohpcnc-
ncnnix hpannmum pcxumom, icncpan Spyscnickuu cfan hpcsuncn-
fom Icchynuku, u n Bapmanc ino cqopmuponano ipaxnanckoc
hpanufcnicfno. 3a kaxymcucn nopmanusauucu ckpinanuci fpyn-
nocfu hcpcxona k nonomy sfahy. Koina pcsynifafi honufuku Iopa-
ucna ckasanuci u n Ionimc, fo cfano ncno, ufo ohcpauun Spyscnic-
koio nc ynanaci. Ha pcqcpcnnymc, hponcncnnom n nonpc 187 i.,
cio uncu nc honyuunu xcnacmou honncpxku u hofcphcnu hopaxc-
nuc. uanoi c ohhosuuucu in noccfanonncn u hpononxancn no
18 iona iona, osnamcnonanmcio hcpcxon k nonim qopmam nc-
mokpafuu no nccu Bocfounou Inpohc. Ha sfom sfahc hpanufcnicfno
hifanoci ycfanonufi nonic hpanuna honufuucckoio cocymccfnona-
nun c Conunapnocfik. Iin cosnan kpyiniu cfon, kofopiu c fpy-
nom hpuncn k nciufumusauuu cnoonnoio hpoqcoksa u k opianusa-
uuu nonix niopon n uknc 18 i., kofopic nonxni inu ocymc-
cfnnnficn na ocnonc maxopufapnoio usupafcninoio sakona, n coof-
ncfcfnuu c kofopim mcnimuncfny ofnonunoci J5 mccf n Ianafc nchy-
fafon, niopi xc n Ccnaf nonxni inu hpoxonufi na hpohopuuo-
naninou ocnonc.
Hacfpocnun honnkon n fof momcnf nauoncc npko ofpasunu
niopi n Ccnaf, inc us 1OO ccnafopon hpcncfannnnu Conunap-
1246
nocfi. B Ccumc, Ianafc nchyfafon, kommynucfuucckan koanuuun no-
unaci ncsnauufcninoio hpcumymccfna, no packononaci hocnc nio-
pon, koina Kpccfinnckan hapfun, kofopan hocnc 147 i. ina ninyx-
ncna houfu na cfauninyk koanuuuk c kommynucfamu, pcmuna niu-
fu us ncc. Inaionapn sfomy pcmcnuk cnoxunaci koanuuun mcxny
nchyfafamu of Conunapnocfu u nchyfafamu of Kpccfinnckou
hapfuu, honyuunman onimuncfno, u n aniycfc 18 i. hon pykonon-
cfnom Tancyma Masoncukoio ona cqopmuponana hcpnoc hocncnocnnoc
hpanufcnicfno, n kofopom hpcmicp-munucfp nc in uncnom kommy-
nucfuucckou hapfuu, xofn n cio kauncfc cmc yuacfnonanu 4 hpcncfa-
nufcnn IOII. Spyscnickuu in hcpcuspan na hocf hpcsuncnfa
Icchynuku n snak ymupofnopcnun u hpusnanun ocnonanuu (kofopic
foina mano kfo ochapunan) nnn iocynapcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa, concp-
mcnnoio um n 181 i.
C fouku spcnun mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu honickuu kasyc
ninnun nuo namcpcnuc Concfon nohycfufi qunnnnnusauuk
Ionimu, ufoi uscxafi pchpcccuu nopoiou ucnou, nuo nccho-
conocfi Concfon ncucfnonafi sqqckfunno u coxpanufi konfponi
nan Bocfounou Inpohou. B nkom cnyuac sfo in hcpniu cumh-
fom cnaocfu, kofopiu, nhpoucm, nc nnnnncn ncoxunannim.
B ioni Conunapnocfu n npyiux cfpanax concfckou cucfcmi n
Inpohc ycnonun nnn hcpcxona k ononncnuk cospcnanu oncc mcn-
ncnno. nn nccx in xapakfcpcn skonomuucckuu chan, f.c. cnuxc-
nuc fcmhon pocfa nauuonaninoio hpousnoncfna: sfo ino pcsyni-
fafom muponou pcucccuu, a fakxc cncncfnucm concfckoio sacfon u
mccfnix fpynnocfcu. B Iyminuu ncoipanuucnnan nukfafypa Hu-
konac Haymccky sa qacanom uacfuunou ncsanucumocfu nncmncu
honufuku of CCCI (nahpumcp, Iyminun yuacfnonana n Onumhuu-
ckux uipax n oc-Annxcnccc n 184 i., ofkasanmuci oukofuponafi
ux nmccfc c npyiumu cfpanamu concfckoio noka) ckpinana pcani-
nocfi, aconkfno yfpafunmyk couuanucfuucckuu xapakfcp u hpc-
npafunmykcn n houfu kapukafypniu kynif nuunocfu.
Concpmcnno unan cufyauun ina n Bcnipuu, Bocfounou Icpma-
nuu u Hcxocnonakuu. B Bcnipuu Kanap cymcn nocfuui foio, ufo
cfpana houfu saina 156 i., u hocfchcnno ofnanun skonomuucckuu
mcxanusm, ofounn of unconoiuucckux noim u hopyuun yhpanncnuc
chcuuanucfam-pcqopmafopam, ufo hpcnofnpafuno, ho kpauncu mcpc,
no 181 i. nospoxncnuc nnunfcninix ohhosuuuonnix nnuxcnuu, a
safcm homoino ocymccfnufi cckponniu hcpcxon k ncmokpafuu. Io-
cfchcnno, naionapn pnny honufuko-skonomuucckux mcp, ncnicpckan
skonomuka ina ofkpifa nnn konfakfon c muponou skonomukou; ho-
nufuucckuc unuuuafuni hosnonunu nosponufi ucnnocfu, pancc hpu-
ncccnnic na anfapi chnoucnnocfu. uiypa Hann ina pcaunufupo-
c...
1247
nana, a cam Kanap uacfuuno ofkasancn of ucnfpaninou ponu n honu-
fukc.
B uknc 187 i. ina ocymccfnncna hcpccfanonka n hpanufcni-
cfnc, n pcsynifafc kofopou hpcmicp-munucfpom cfan Kaponi Ipoc.
On nukoina nc ofnuuancn pcqopmafopckum hinom, u n ofncf na
kpufuky n hcuafu cnocu ncnfcninocfu hohifancn oipanuuufi cc
pamkamu, ycfanonncnnimu hpanufcnicfnom. Ho sfo in omuou-
niu pacucf. Ipoxcnuc, kofopoc oxnafuno omccfncnnoc mncnuc u
ohpcncncnnic ipyhhi ncnicpckoio omccfna, nixonuno us-hon
konfponn konccpnafunnix cun. B ccnfnpc in cosnan cmokpafu-
ucckuu qopym, hcpnoc opianusauuonnoc nnpo ohhosuuuu. B 187
18 ii. coifun pasnunanuci oucni icfpo. umcnniu honncpx-
ku co cfoponi Iopaucna, Kanap hocnc opianusauuonnou konqc-
pcnuuu 2O22 man 188 i. nonxcn in ofkasaficn of pykononcfna
Bcnicpckou couuanucfuucckou paoucu hapfucu (komhapfucu),
ocfanun Ipocy hocf hcpnoio cckpcfapn, k fomy xc cmy hpumnoci
coinacuficn na nknkucnuc nunnix pcqopmucfon n pykononcfno
hapfuu. Onnako sfo inu sahosnanic mcpi. Ionufuucckuc cuni
fchcpi yxc onimc opucnfuponanuci na npyiuc opianusauuu, o-
ncc unu mcncc ncncianinic, no kofopic hpanufcnicfno ho ncoxo-
numocfu fcphcno.
B 18 i. Bcnipun foxc ina iofona hcpcufu k hnkpanusmy.
Kommynucfuucckan hapfun (kofopan cfana nasinaficn couuanucfu-
ucckou) ina ninyxncna 18 ccnfnpn houfu na coinamcnuc c uacfik
ohhosuuuu u hponccfu n nonpc pcqcpcnnym, kofopiu ofkpin no-
poiy k ncmokpafuucckomy hpanncnuk u sa kofopim hocncnonanu
niopi n nna fypa, nasnaucnnic na mapf u ahpcni 1O i. Icsyni-
faf sfux niopon honfncpnun pasmax hpoucxonnmux hcpcmcn. c-
mokpafuucckuu qopym sanocnan 165 nchyfafckux mccf us omcio
uucna J86. Ocfaninic mccfa nocfanuci fakum hapfunm, kak in-
man kommynucfuucckan hapfun, kofopan honyuuna numi 8' iono-
con u JJ mccfa.
B Hcxocnonakuu ncucfnonanu c onimou ocfopoxnocfik. Cnum-
kom oncsncnnimu inu nochomunanun o ncnanckom 168 ionc u o
pchpcccunx hpofun Xapfuu-77 ipyhhi unfcnnckfyanon, nosinan-
nncmou Baunanom Iancnom. Hacfpocnun hpofccfa pocnu, nc hpopina-
nci napyxy, kak ynfo n oxunanuu nncmncio fonuka unu unuuuafu-
ni co cfoponi camoio hpanufcnicfna. H ncucfnufcnino, unuuuafuna
hpumna usnnc naionapn cofpynnuuccfny mcxny Iopaucnim u ucxoc-
nonaukum hpcmicp-munucfpom komupom Ufpoyianom, kofopiu
hpcncfannnn ymcpcnnoc kpino hpanufcnicfna n hpofunoncc opfonok-
cam no inanc c Bacuncm Iunnkom. Iocnc nusufa concfckoio nuncpa n
Ipaiy n ahpcnc 187 i. cufyauun cfana honcmnoiy mcnnficn. Hcno-
1248
nonicfno hocfonnnimu pchpcccunmu hpofun nkix qopm hpofccfa
ino cnnfo pcmufcninim sannncnucm Iopaucna o ncoxonumocfu pc-
qopmuponafi mcfoni yhpanncnun n couuanucfuucckom iocynapcfnc. B
cnnsu c sfum nosnuk chop. Ipousomna mounusauun omccfncnnoio
mncnun. Cofnu, a safcm u ficnuu ncmoncfpanfon cfanu coupaficn n
mccfc fpanuuuonnoio hponcncnun hpaxckux manuqccfauuu na hno-
manu Cnnfoio Baunana.
B nckapc naxc camic nchpumupumic hpofunnuku nonoio ho-
nnnu, ufo honopof ncuscxcn. 17 nckapn Icncpaniniu cckpcfapi
hapfuu Iycfan Iycak in cmcmcn co cnocio hocfa u cmy na cmcny
hpumcn Muknom Skcm. On nc mcnimc, ucm cio hpcnmccfncnnuk
yuacfnonan n pchpcccunx, hpomcnmux hocnc Ipaxckou nccni, u
nmccfc c fcm qopmanino on in mcncc ckomhpomcfuponan, fak ufo
cmoi nicfyhufi n ponu ncpmufcnn hcpcmcn, honufuka, hpononun-
mcio skonomuucckuc u honufuucckuc pcqopmi. nuxcnuc Xap-
fun-77 nnoni sannuno o ccc u n 2O-k iononmuny n 168 i. opia-
nusonano momnic mupnic ncmoncfpauuu, kofopic honyuunu ca-
miu mupokuu ofknuk u hpononxanu honisonaficn honncpxkou n
fcucnuc nccio 18 i. B konuc nonpn 18 i. kommynucfuucckan
hapfun honnna, ufo nc n cocfonnuu nanimc konfponuponafi cufya-
uuk. H foina fo nu n cnnsu c koncanunmu kommynucfon, fo nu
naionapn cmcnocfu ohhosuuuu nokpyi Baunana Iancna (kofopiu
cmc ion nasan naxonuncn n saknkucnuu sa anfuiocynapcfncnnyk nc-
nfcninocfi) cqopmuponanoci npcmcnnoc koanuuuonnoc hpanufcni-
cfno cs yuacfun kommynucfon, kofopoc ninnunyno Iancna na hocf
hpcsuncnfa pcchynuku. Tak cncpmunaci apxafnan pcnonkuun.
Kommynucfuucckan hapfun hifanaci coxpanufi cnou hosuuuu n
anmunucfpafunnix cfpykfypax nhnofi no niopon n uknc 1O i.,
koina ona hofcphcna honnoc hopaxcnuc u hocny oncpxan Ipax-
nanckuu qopym, n kofopiu nomnu pasnuunic ncmokpafuucckuc
fcucnun. Ipu hpcsuncnfc Iancnc hpousomno honufuucckoc noc-
kpcmcnuc Anckcannpa yucka, uspannoio hpcnccnafcncm ucxo-
cnonaukoio hapnamcnfa: uacfuuno panu coxpancnun fpanuuuu nuc-
paninoio kommynusma, uacfuuno panu ynonncfnopcnun nancxn cnona-
kon. Bo npcmn concmanun hpcncfanufcncu cfpan Bapmanckoio noiono-
pa n nckapc 18 i. hnfi cfpan, yuacfnonanmux no nfopxcnuu n Hc-
xocnonakuk n aniycfc 168 i., sannunu, ufo sfo ino ncsakonnou
akuucu, u fakum opasom qakfuuccku ncsanyuponanu nokfpuny
Ipcxncna. K sfomy Concfi n onnocfoponncm hopnnkc noanunu sann-
ncnuc, n kofopom yfncpxnanoci, ufo nfopxcnuc 168 i. ino ncoocno-
nannim u ufo sfo pcmcnuc ino omukou.
Hauoncc ccpicsnic hocncncfnun, upcnafic ocoimu ocnoxnc-
nunmu n mcxnynaponnom hnanc, honickuc coifun nisnanu n Icp-
c...
124
manuu. Icpnou pcakuucu pcxuma Xonckkcpa ino ohaccnuc sapasu-
fcninocfu honickoio kasyca nnn Icpmanuu (mnoiuc hpcucncnfi hon-
fncpxnanu sfy nosmoxnocfi). B okfnpc 18O i., nckofopoc
npcmn chycfn hocnc Inanickux coinamcnuu, hpanufcnicfno Ianko-
na ncoxunanno otnnuno o snauufcninom yncnuucnuu konuuccfna
sahannix mapok, kofopic hoccfufcnu Bocfounou Icpmanuu nonx-
ni inu omcnunafi na kaxniu ncni nusufa. Toniko hocnc iocy-
napcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa Spyscnickoio Xonckkcp houyncfnonan
ccn ncckoniko oncc chokouno u cmoi nnoni nosononufi kon-
fakfi c sahannimu ncmuamu.
Ho, kak uacfo inacf n fakux cnyuanx, foniko hocna n 3ahan-
nou Icpmanuu xpucfuanckux ncmokpafon nan couuan-ncmokpafamu
na niopax n 182 i., kofopan hpuncna k nnacfu Icnimyfa Konn na
cmcny kanuncpy Umunfy, cmniuuna ncnoncpuc: unconoiuucckum
hpofunnukam nciuc noionopuficn, ucm poncfncnnukam, kofopix
pasncnnkf hpunuuhuaninic pasnoinacun. Ofnomcnun mcxny Ko-
ncm u Xonckkcpom pasnunanuci unfcncunno, ufo hpakfuuccku
hpcnpafuno kommynucfuucckyk Icpmanuk n naxnoio skonomuucc-
koio hapfncpa cncpafunnou Icpmanuu. B uknc 18J i. ncmcukuc
anku coinacunuci hon iapanfuk qcncpaninoio hpanufcnicfna
hpcnocfanufi Bocfounou Icpmanuu sacm n munnuapn mapok, ion
chycfn hocncnonan cmc onun kpcnuf n 5O mnn sahannix mapok.
Ipu sfom ino ninnunyfo ycnonuc, ufoi hpanufcnicfno Iankona
usmcnuno cnok honufuky n onacfu hpan ucnoncka u konfponn nan
nocfounimu ncmuamu, kofopic cfanu opamaficn c hpociamu o
hpcnocfanncnuu honufuucckoio ycxuma n hoconicfna cncpafun-
nou Icpmanuu, pachonoxcnnic n Ancfpuu unu n Bcnipuu.
Bcc sfo hpoucxonuno n fo npcmn, koina ofnomcnun Bocfok-3a-
han hcpcxunanu nauoncc ocfpiu kpusuc ncncncfnuc chopa o cn-
popakcfax. Mnoio ncf Xonckkcp hnanuponan nusuf n 3ahannyk
Icpmanuk, no nc moi cio hpcnhpunnfi, hoka inu xuni Annpo-
hon u Hcpncnko. Toniko c hpuxonom k nnacfu Iopaucna Xonckkcp
hpuin n 187 i. c nusufom n 3ahannyk Icpmanuk u, uacfnocfu, n
Caap, na cnok ponuny, u in honckny hpunnf oucni fchno. Bcc sfo
nc hcpcucpknyno pasnuuun u ncnoncpuc mcxny ocumu Icpmanunmu
u, oncc foio, numi chococfnonano napacfanuk concfckou yiposi
(no fakxc u yiposi co cfoponi sahannix ncpxan) cnuxcnuk mcxny
Icpmanunmu, honcsnomy nnn ncmucn, no ofniomcnnomy fnxcnimu
nochomunanunmu nnn ux coccncu. C npyiou cfoponi, hpaimafusm
Ionna nonxcn in hponcmoncfpuponafi hpcumymccfna cofpynnuuc-
cfna u pasnuuuc mcxny cufyauunmu n nnyx Icpmanunx. Bocfounan
Icpmanun honumana, ufo, ynyuu camou oiafou n concfckom nokc
cfpanou, ona naxonunaci na honoxcnuu pasnunakmcucn cfpani n
125O
cpanncnuu c 3ahannou Icpmanucu. B shoxy icfpou cmcni nacfpoc-
nuu macc u yncnuucnun nosmoxnocfcu ncoiuauno nciko ycfanannu-
nafi nuunic unu ohocpcnonannic (nahpumcp, c homomik fcncnunc-
nun) cnnsu sfa ofkpifocfi konfakfam honopnana honoxcnuc hpanu-
fcnicfna Xonckkcpa, nipin nmy, n kofopyk n 18 i. c fpcckom hpo-
nanuncn kommynucfuucckuu pcxum.
(.7. Dnccnc:cHnc nsHcncnn.
Bcnna HanHa
Hanknanuci cxoxuc fcnncnuuu c pasnuunimu hocncncfnunmu:
oc cncpxncpxani nonxni inu ofncfufi n pamkax cnoux unfcipu-
ponannix cucfcm cokson na noniu nison, kofopiu hocfanun hon
comncnuc ux choconocfi yncpxunafi hon konfponcm camy
cucfcmy. Icnu n cfpanax 3ahana sfo nisnano pocf konkypcnuuu, fo
n Bocfounou Inpohc sfo hpuncno k ninnncnuk n concfckou cucfc-
mc inyokux fpcmun u saponuno comncnun n nosmoxnocfnx Concf-
ckoio Coksa occhcuufi chnoucnnocfi cnoux coksnukon. Hmcnno
sfu nnyfpcnnuc fpynnocfu ymcnimunu hofcnuuu kak amcpukan-
ucn, fak u Concfon konfponuponafi cfpani, pachonoxcnnic na
hcpuqcpuu cucfcmi; onu ninyxnanu cncpxncpxani cmupuficn c
hcpcmcnamu, ninnunmumu hpcncni ux nosmoxnoio nmcmafcnicfna,
naxc koina hononic hcpcmcni kacanuci ocnonnix unfcpccon unu
fpanuuuonnix cokson. Choconocfi ocymccfnnnfi inoaniniu
konfponi, kofopyk nnuxcnuc nchpucocnuncnun nnufcninoc npcmn
hifanoci csychcmno hokoncafi, c konua mccfunccnfix ionon
okasanaci snauufcnino oipanuucnnou.
Iin nu sfo cuinan nosnpafa k honuucnfpusmy unu cou n cuc-
fcmc uhonnpnoio konfponn B fcucnuc ncckonikux ncf concfckuu
kpusuc hponcmoncfpuponan, ufo nu onna us sfux nnyx iuhofcs nc
umccf ocnonanun, ufo nauanoci paspymcnuc cfpykfypi mcxnyna-
ponnou cucfcmi u nacfyhun hcpcxonniu sfah c nchpcnckasycmimu
hocncncfnunmu. B uipy nknkuunuci nonic hcpcmcnnic ncnuuuni,
nisnan oncc inyokuc usmcncnun, ucm moxno ino hpcnnuncfi.
B nonix kpusucnix cqcpax nosnukana concpmcnno nonan pcani-
nocfi, kofopyk houfu nukoina ncnisn ino pcunfcipuponafi n
cucfcmy ofnomcnuu, hponcpcnnyk ohifom unu ckpchncnnyk on-
noponnocfik skonomuucckux cfpykfyp.
Icpniu ho npcmcnu us sfux kpusucon oxnafun n 17 i. upan-
ckyk monapxuk. Ha honufuko-skonomuucckuu kpusuc nhcpnic n
conpcmcnnyk shoxy nanoxuncn pcnuiuosniu qakfop. Icnuiuosnan
pcnonkuun cfana nonim nnncnucm no nccm ucnamckom mupc, sfo
ina pcakuun pcnuiuosnou ncpi c cc ucnnocfnmu u cnnmcnnimu
c...
1251
knuiamu na unconoiuk conpcmcnnoio omccfna u, n cmc onimcu
mcpc, na usmcncnun, nisnannic couuaninou moncpnusauucu, kofo-
pan nc ofncuana oxunanunm ncpykmux n Annaxa muufon u cynnu-
fon. Ofu nna nahpanncnun n ucnamc umckf pasniu ncc n mycyni-
manckom mupc, no ux honufuucckoc nnunnuc nc hpohopuuonanino
uucncnnomy coofnomcnuk. Okono O' ncpykmux mycyniman hpu-
nanncxaf k cynnufam (of apackoio cynna hpuniuka unu oi-
uau), u foniko 1O' k muufam (of apackoio mua cckfa).
Onu, n ocnonnom, ckonucnfpuponani n Hpanc (inc houfu ncc my-
cynimanc nnnnkfcn muufamu), a fakxc pacccnni n Ascpaunxanc,
Hpakc, n nckofopix cfpanax Icpcunckoio sanuna, n Cupuu, n u-
nanc u n Hcnfpaninou Asuu.
Io cnocmy hpoucxoxncnuk, ycnonunm cymccfnonanun u ho
cnocu unfcphpcfauuu yucnun Maiomcfa, kofopiu n Mckkc in sa-
mufnukom cnnix u ncumymux, muufi inu ananiapnom n opic
hpofun hpununciuu u yincfcnun, a, cncnonafcnino, n opic hpofun
nnacfi umymux (n Hpanc sfo in pcxum maxa) sa yfncpxncnuc hon-
nunnoio yucnun Kopana. nn cynnufon, kofopic, nahpofun, inu
cfoponnukamu coxpancnun oiuacn u hpcumymccfncnno ycfonn-
mcucn pcnuiuosnou hpakfuku, ofnomcnun c honufukou cnonunuci
k coxpancnuk fpanuuuonnix pcnuiuosno-couuaninix uncfufyfon.
Cynnufi nocxnannnu ynaxcnuc k pcnuiuosno-honufuucckou nnacfu;
muufi honunonanuci pcnuiuosnim nnacfnm n couuanino-honufu-
ucckux nohpocax.
Ofo samcuanuc homoiacf honnfi xon upanckou pcnonkuuu.
Uax Icsa Icxncnu II hpanun c 141 i. u hcpcxun ncmano fpynnix
momcnfon. Bcncncfnuc kpusuca, cnnsannoio c ofcfankou hpanu-
fcnicfna Mocannika n 15J i., on in ninyxncn ohupaficn na
coks c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, kofopiu occhcuun cmy hponon-
xcnuc hpanncnun. oxon of ncqfu nan maxy nosmoxnocfi hpcnpa-
fufi upanckyk apmuk n camyk cuninyk na Inuxncm Bocfokc u
hohifaficn moncpnusuponafi anmunucfpauuk cfpani, ufo nisnano
inyokoc ncnononicfno n pasnix cnonx upanckoio omccfna, n uacfno-
cfu cpcnu mcnkou ypxyasuu, fopionucn u cfyncnuccfna.
B 171 i. on hpasnnonan n Icpcchonc (nus Uupasa) fpunuafu-
ncfuc co nnn koponauuu u hpucnoun fufyni uapi Banunona, uapi
cfpan u hponosinacun ccn nacncnnukom npcnncu fpanuuuu Bcnu-
koio Kupa II, hpanunmcio ho oxccfncnnomy hpany. Xofn hokas-
nan ncmoncfpauun momu hpousncna nckofopiu sqqckf n ohpcnc-
ncnnix cnonx muponoio omccfncnnoio mncnun, ona nisnana pas-
npaxcnuc n ucnamckom pcnuiuosnom mupc, kofopiu nukoina nc
in nusok k maxy u ycmofpcn cpcfuucckuc namcpcnun n hpcfcn-
sunx cfafi nimc yucnun Annaxa. Iocncncfnun sfux hpofunopcuuu
1252
cfanu samcfni nc cpasy, hofomy ufo nouna Cynnoio nnn 17J i. u
cankuuu hpofun sahannix ncpxan hpcnpafunu Hpan n ucnnoio ho-
cfanmuka ncqfu, cfanmcio cmc oiauc, hockoniky max onnum us
hcpnix hofpconan honimcnun ucn na cipic. On honyuun honncpx-
ky Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, kofopic, cfpcmnci nc nohycfufi konfpo-
nn Concfon nan Inuxnum Bocfokom, inu nccima naiocknonni k
sahpocam na hocfanku noopyxcnun, hocfyhanmum us Tcicpana.
Hfoi nc nohycfufi hponuknoncnuc Concfon, cuufan foina
Kuccunnxcp, ncoxonumo ino hpononufi cncnykmyk honufuky:
nuo noopyxufi mccfnic anfukommynucfuucckuc cuni, nuo na-
hpanufi n pciuon amcpukanckuu skchcnuuuonniu kophyc. Kuc-
cunnxcp hucan ho sfomy honony n cnoux mcmyapax: Iocnafi amc-
pukanckuc cuni n pciuon Hnnuuckoio okcana n pasiap nouni no
Bicfnamc nc ino nukakou nosmoxnocfu, hockoniky Amcpuka ina
fpanmuponana nounou. Bakyym, ocfanmuucn hocnc yxona Bcnu-
kopufanuu, cosnanan yiposy concfckoio hponuknoncnun; c mo-
mcnfa panukanusauuu cufyauuu cio fpconanoci sahonnufi naio-
hpunfno nacfpocnnou k nam mccfnou cunou. Hpak nc pcmuncn i
hpcnhpunnfi puckonannic ncucfnun hpofun Apackux Omupafon
3anuna, Hopnanuu unu Caynonckou Apanuu. Ioncc cuniniu Hpan
hpccck i hohifku Hnnuu sanocnafi ncci Iakucfan. Bcc sfo
moxno ino i cncnafi cs mounusauuu amcpukanckux pccypcon,
hofomy ufo max iofon in hnafufi sa noopyxcnun hocfyhncnunmu
of hponaxu ncqfu.
Ofa uufafa oucni kpacnopcuuna, hofomy ufo hokasinacf, kak
hoompnnoci honnncnuc ncsanucumoio cytckfa, cmc naxonunmciocn
nnyfpu amcpukanckou cucfcmi; kpacnopcuunocfi uufafi saknkua-
cfcn fakxc n fom, ufo ona packpinacf cfpafciuucckoc snaucnuc
ponu Hpana. Ohfumusm u ohaccnun cfpan, ipanuuamux c Hpanom,
n cnnsu c nosnuknoncnucm nonou nocnnou ncpxani pasncnncn, fak
kak n Hpanc paspasuncn kpusuc. Uax cfonknyncn c napacfakmum
ncnononicfnom macc. B ofncf on hpcnhpunnn nocnnic mcpi, a uacfi
mycynimanckoio nyxoncncfna n pcsynifafc hpccncnonanuu smuipupo-
nana sa ipanuuy.
Cpcnu naxonunmuxcn n usinanuu in yncm (mycynimanckuu
oiocnon, fonkonafcni hpunuuhon ucnamckou nayku u ncpi), ko-
fopiu nc nxonun n uucno camix anfopufcfnix chcuuanucfon ho
pcnuiuosnou nokfpunc, onnako in onnum us fcx hpcncfanufcncu
muufckoio nyxoncncfna, kofopic ncnu camyk nchpumupumyk ho-
nufuucckyk opiy hpofun maxa. Icui uncf o anfonnc (yknanino
Ioxccfncnnoc snamcnuc, nicmcc nyxonnoc snanuc muufon) Iy-
xonnc Xomcunu, kofopiu cnoumu hpohoncnnmu hpofun pcxuma
maxa, noonymcnnnn ncpykmux. Ioka cio hpusini k cncpxcnuk
c...
125J
maxa snyuanu foniko n usinanuu, ux nnunnuc ino oipanuucnnim, no
ux nosncucfnuc pcsko nospocno, koina Xomcunu, uchonisyn conpcmcn-
nic fcxnonoiuu, cfan ofhpannnfi na ponuny kacccfi co cnoumu pcuamu,
kofopic pacxonunuci ho nccu cfpanc c ncncponfnou ckopocfik, naio-
napn ncikocfu u icfpofc ux nochpousncncnun.
B nauanc 17 i. oniman uacfi upanckoio nyxoncncfna n fou
unu unou mcpc yuacfnonana n opic hpofun maxa Icsa Icxncnu.
Koncuno, cfumynom anfumaxckux hpohoncncu inu hpuuuni nc
foniko pcnuiuosnoio xapakfcpa. Hcnamckuu qynnamcnfanusm ncnisn
oucnunafi n ofpinc of couuaninix ycnonuu pasnuunix cfpan, no
honckny sacfannnnmux cfanufi nohpoci o chpancnnunocfu. Mapk-
cusm, hpohufanniu afcusmom, nc moi cnyxufi cpcncfnom pcmcnun
sfux hponcm, u, fcm nc mcncc, n ucnamckom mupc nnuxcnuc hpo-
fun nnacfu, coksnuui Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, nc moino nc houyn-
cfnonafi hpufniafcninocfu couuanucfuucckux uncu. osyniu hcpc-
mcn, xapakfcpnic nnn ucnamckux hpohoncncu, inu u nnnnkfcn
hpcnmcfom mupokoio ocyxncnun. Bosnukacf nohpoc, nipaafi-
nakf nu pcnuiuosnic nokfpuni couuaninoio pcqopmusma pcuch-
fi, hpuionnic numi n kaxnom ofncninom cnyuac. B ofnomcnuu
Hpana fpynno ckasafi, ufo pcqopmusm Xomcunu homcn nanimc yxc
ykopcnunmciocn hafcpnanusma. Iofcnuuanino cmy hpcncfonno
cfonknyficn c oncc hcpcnonimu uncnmu npyiux honufuucckux u
pcnuiuosnix ncnfcncu Hpana; fcm nc mcncc opia hpofun maxa
ina otcnunnkmum cfcpxncm, kofopiu occhcuunan Xomcunu
pykononnmyk poni n pasnufuu cufyauuu n cfpanc.
B qcnpanc 178 i. nauanuci macconic ncmoncfpauuu n cnnmcn-
nom upanckom ioponc Kym. Onu pachpocfpanunuci ho nccu cfpa-
nc, u naxc pchpcccuu nc moinu ux ocfanonufi. B nnnapc 17 i.
Icsa Icxncnu hpusnan, ufo on nc n cocfonnuu konfponuponafi cu-
fyauuk u hokunyn ponuny. Mccnu chycfn Xomcunu c fpuymqom
ncpnyncn n Hpan. Hauancn kopofkuu hcpcxonniu hcpuon, koina
max nc ofpckcn oquuuanino of hpccfona u, oncc foio, ocman
ncpnyficn. Ofo iposuno honfopcnucm coifuu 15J i. Bpcmcnnoc
hpanufcnicfno, pykononumoc ymcpcnnim hpcncfanufcncm ohhosuuuu
Uaxhypom Iaxfunpom, ino cncpinyfo u samcncno hpanufcnicfnom no
inanc c Mcxnu Iasapianom, ocfopoxnim cfoponnukom
Xomcunu. On yhpannnn Hpanom no pcqcpcnnyma, cocfonnmciocn n
nonpc 17 i. u hponosinacunmcio Hpan Hcnamckou pcchynukou.
C fcx hop u no cmcpfu Xomcunu J uknn 18 i. hcpcmcni n
Hpanc hpoucxonunu n coofncfcfnuu c ykasanunmu nnunfcninoio
pcnuiuosnoio hpohoncnnuka. Ha honufuucckyk xusni cfpani
okasinana nosncucfnuc fakxc u inyxan opia opfonokcaninix
cfoponnukon Xomcunu u honufuucckux ncnfcncu, nonninix n of-
1254
nomcnuu nonoio pcxuma, no oncc nochpuumuunix k conpcmcnnomy
hpaimafusmy. Ohhosuuuoncpi kak nnyfpu cfpani, fak u n smuipa-
uuu, ncsanucumo of ux honufuucckux ycxncnuu honncpianuci cuc-
fcmafuucckum hpccncnonanunm. Ioufu 1O OOO upanucn inu kasncni
u okono honymunnuona cxanu us cfpani. Iocnc cmcpfu Xomcunu u
opii c opfonokcaninimu cfoponnukamu coxpancnun cio nacncnun
nnacfufcncm cfpani cfan hpcnccnafcni hapnamcnfa Anu Akap Xamc-
mu Iaqcannxanu, kofopiu cymcn
uacfuuno cmniuufi nckofopic cfoponi pcxuma anfonni, honncp-
xan honufuucckuu kypc na coxpancnuc honnou ncsanucumocfu.
Iofcpn fakoio coksnuka kak Icsa Icxncnu honpinana nnunnuc
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon n pciuonc. Imc oncc fnxcnim okasancn
ynap, nancccnniu ucnamckumu cfyncnfamu, kofopic n ncni amcpu-
kanckoio hpasnnuka 4 nonpn 17 i. saxnafunu hoconicfno Cocnu-
ncnnix Ufafon n Tcicpanc n kauccfnc hpofccfa hpofun hpcnocfan-
ncnun amcpukanckum hpanufcnicfnom ycxuma maxy, kofopiu
hpuin n okfnpc n Hik-Hopk nnn ncucnun n oninuuc of cmcp-
fcninou oncsnu. Cfyncnfi 444 nnn yncpxunanu n hoconicfnc 5O sa-
noxnukon. Icsychcmnan hohifka ocnoonufi sanoxnukon, hpcn-
hpunnfan amcpukanuamu, ocnoxnuna mupnoc pcmcnuc nohpoca u
chococfnonana hopaxcnuk Kapfcpa na niopax. Ho ona hokasana,
ufo mcxny nnymn cfpanamu nosnukna hpcipana, kofopyk hpu nsaum-
nom ncnoncpuu moxno ino ycfpanufi foniko hocfchcnno. B hnanc
mcxnynaponnou honufuku Hpan nc honnanancn hpoinosuponanuk;
concfckoc nfopxcnuc n Aqianucfan fakxc cnuncfcnicfnonano o
ohacnocfu pachpocfpancnun ucnamckoio qynnamcnfanusma.
Hpanckan pcnonkuun ina nccfaunusupykmum qakfopom
fakxc cmc u hofomy, ufo moina cfafi ohacnim hpumcpom nnn npy-
iux ucnamckux omccfn, n ococnnocfu nnn cfpan, yhpannncmix
cncfckumu hapfunmu, no, hpcxnc nccio, ona iposuna pachpocfpa-
nuficn na nuxaumuc k Hpany cfpani, a fakxc na fc, inc umcnuci
muufckuc mcnimuncfna, n hcpnyk oucpcni na Hpak. Iainan
nccnfuncfunmu fcphcn honufuucckoc iochoncfno Hpana. B mapfc 175
i. nnc cfpani saknkuunu noionop, kofopiu hpcnycmafpunan nsaum-
noc ncnmcmafcnicfno no nnyfpcnnuc ncna (sfo ino naxno nnn ycfa-
nonncnun konfponn nan kypnckum mcnimuncfnom) u hpusnanan, ufo
ipanuua mcxny nnymn cfpanamu hpoxonuf ho faninciy pcku Uaff-
Oni-Apa, f.c. ho nauoncc inyokou cpcnunnou nunuu ncnifi Tuipa
u Inqpafa. Ofum pcmcnucm upakui inu ncnononini, hockoniky
nuncnu n ncm honfncpxncnuc iochoncfnykmcio honoxcnun Hpana n
Icpcunckom sanunc, ucmy chococfnonan cio kocncnniu konfponi
nan smupafamu 3anuna u nan ncsanucumim ocfponom Iaxpcun.
Cuniniu nuncp Hpaka hpcmicp-munucfp Cannam Xyccun hocuu-
c...
1255
fan, ufo nnyfpcnnuc fpynnocfu Hpana, nisnannic pcnonkuucu, cosna-
nu ynoniu momcnf nnn cncpxunanun muufckou pcnonkuuu, pcmc-
nun nohpoca o ipanuuc ho pckc Uaff-Oni-Apa u usmcncnun cufya-
uuu n honisy Iainana. On nancnncn usmcnufi coinamcnun of 175
i., nouficn honnoio konfponn Hpaka nan nccu pckou u ycfanonnc-
nun cocfncnnou icicmonuu n pciuonc.
B ccnfnpc 18O i. upakui nfopinuci n Hpan nnoni nccu ipanu-
ui, hnanupyn icfpoc nacfyhncnuc na Tcicpan. Onnako mcnncnnoc
hponnuxcnuc nocnnix u omuka n pacucfax Iainana, ncnanmcio
cfanky na nciofonnocfi upanckou apmuu, hpuncnu k hponany samic-
na. Boopyxcnnic cuni Hpana, xofn u inu cnnsani c maxckumu
fpanuuunmu, nc pachanuci hocnc pcnonkuuu. Ocfananoci snauu-
fcninoc uucno oquucpon cpcnncio sncna u connaf, a fakxc nicmux
oquucpon, choconix pcqopmuponafi camyk cuninyk apmuk n
pciuonc. Kpomc foio, ina mounusonana u pcnonkuuonnan inap-
nun, f.c. nopononiucckuc qopmuponanun, honncpxunanmuc pcno-
nkuuk, kofopan nacuufinana oncc JOO OOO ucnonck u cnoum pc-
nuiuosnim pncnucm noonymcnnnna nocnnix. Ha hcpnom sfahc
nouni upakckuc cuni hponuknu na ncckoniko nccnfkon kunomcf-
pon ninyi upanckou fcppufopuu, no, cfonknynmuci c momnim
cohpofunncnucm hpofunnuka, inu nokuponani na mnoio mccn-
ucn na hosuuunx, sannfix n 18O i. Konfpnacfyhncnuc upanckou
apmuu, nna iona chycfn, hpuncno k nosnpafy houfu nccx yfpaucn-
nix fcppufopuu u k fnxcnim hofcpnm co cfoponi upakckux cun.
Bouna hpofckana houfu hpu honnom pannonymuu npyiux cfpan.
Ho, koncuno, o ncu nc sainu uspaunifnnc, kofopic cuufanu, ufo
konqnukf mcxny ucnamckumu iocynapcfnamu chococfnonan ux c-
sohacnocfu. Hc sainu o nounc u coccnnuc cfpani: unun u Cu-
pun honncpxanu Hpan, a Caynonckan Apanun u Apackuc Omupafi
3anuna ncfanu na cfopony Hpaka, ufo cnuncfcnicfnonano o packonc
n apackom mupc. Omupafi, occhokocnnic pocfom nocnno-honu-
fuucckou nahpnxcnnocfu n pciuonc, pcmunu 26 man 181 i. yupcnufi
koopnunupykmuu opian, nasnanniu Concf cofpynnuuccfna apackux
iocynapcfn Icpcunckoio sanuna, n kofopiu nomnu Caynonckan Apa-
nun, Kafap, Kyncuf u Iaxpcun.
Bcnymuc ncpxani usnncknu cnok niiony us konqnukfa, fak
kak oc nokkmuc cfoponi cfanu kpyhnimu hokyhafcnnmu camoio
conpcmcnnoio opyxun, hocfannnnmciocn Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu
u Concfckum Coksom, a fakxc npyiumu cfpanamu, kofopic ncyc-
fanno sannnnnu o hocncnonafcninom muponkuu cnocu nncmncu
honufuku. Bmcmafcnicfno Cocnuncnnix Ufafon umcno naxnoc
snaucnuc, koina hpanufcnicfno Kyncufa sannuno o ohacnocfu, yi-
1256
poxanmcu cio ncqfcnanunnim cynam co cfoponi nocnanmux cfpan.
Amcpukanui pcmunu honnnfi cnou qnai na kyncufckux cynax, ho-
nyuun, fakum opasom, nosmoxnocfi opianusonafi ux nocnnoc co-
hponoxncnuc, a fakxc nahpanufi amcpukanckuu nocnno-mopckou
qnof n Icpcunckuu sanun. Ho homomi ocum nokkmum cfoponam
hocinanu coofncfcfncnno oc cncpxncpxani.
Bo npcmn nouni ino uchonisonano fakxc u xumuucckoc opy-
xuc. B mapfc 188 i. Hpak hpcnhpunnn xumuucckoc nahancnuc na
iopon Xananxa, pachonoxcnniu na upakckou fcppufopuu, no na-
ccncnniu kypnamu, npaxncnimu Xyccuny. Ioiunu 5 OOO ucno-
nck, no sfo inu foniko hcpnic xcpfni us oipomnoio uucna ho-
iumux ncncncfnuc hpumcncnun xumuucckoio opyxun, kofopoc
Hpak hpononxan uchonisonafi n nounc c Hpanom.
Ipumcncnuc hononoio opyxun u nocnnic ychcxu upakucn,
kofopic houfu nimnu k nonocnnim ipanuuam, ycnunu oc cfo-
poni n ncnosmoxnocfu hpononxafi nouny. Xyccun hpcnnoxun hc-
pcmupuc hpu iapanfunx Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu n
187 i., koina nocnnan cufyauun ina cmc naiohpunfna nnn Hpa-
na. Concf Icsohacnocfu hon nnunnucm ncpxan, ohacanmuxcn pocfa
nahpnxcnnocfu n Icpcunckom sanunc u ncnaiohpunfnix hocncn-
cfnuu nnn fopionnu ncqfik, onopun n uknc 187 i. pcsonkuuk, n
coofncfcfnuu c kofopou nokkmuc cfoponi nonxni inu ncmcn-
ncnno hpckpafufi nocnnic ncucfnun u ncpnyficn na ucxonnic ho-
suuuu. Xomcunu n ofncf hofpconan pchapauuu u nosnpafa k cmu-
myc ioo. B 188 i. anfonna, honccn kpyhnic hofcpu ncncncfnuc
upakckoio nacfyhncnun, honnn, ufo cchoncsno hpononxafi nou-
ny, kofopan iposuf ucfomcnucm upanckux pccypcon u hpchnfcfnycf
pcanusauuu npyiux hnanon ucnamckoio pcxuma. On hpunnn 18 uknn
188 i. mupnic hpcnnoxcnun Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu,
ncfyhunmuc n cuny 2O aniycfa hocnc hpuifun nconimoio uucna
nanknafcncu OOH sa pcanusauucu mupnix coinamcnuu.
Takum opasom, Hpak nimcn us nouni, nc nounmuci hocfan-
ncnnix ucncu, no on sannn nocfafouno cuninic hosuuuu, niny-
nun Xomcunu houfu na ncxcnafcniniu mup. K fomy xc hpusnanuc
Hpanom pcsonkuuu OOH ino cnnsano c fcm, ufo nouna fnxcnim
ipysom nanuna na cfpany, ocnannna cc hofcnuuan u ncna k pcsko-
my yxynmcnuk ycnonuu xusnu, n fo npcmn kak pcxum Xomcunu
ocman nouficn conccm unix pcsynifafon. Ipccfux hocnufcnn
nocfancn Cannamy Xyccuny, u on uchonisonan cio, ufoi nou-
naficn nonix amuuuosnix ucncu.
c...
1257
(.B. n:an. c: c:cccanncc:n
acncHncccH asBn:n
(.B.(. CLFTL AC H5L,JHA
H HFCLHLL HACHL,CDAHHH
Kufaucko-amcpukanckoc cnuxcnuc 171172 ii. cfano nosmox-
no naionapn nosnpafy k cfapou fpanuuuu conhancnun unfcpccon n
cnnsu c cymccfnonanucm omcio npaia Concfckoio Coksa. Ofof
nciafunniu cfumyn ycununcn hocnc nfopxcnun CCCI n Aqianucfan,
kofopoc honfonknyno amcpukanucn ncsamcnnufcnino (5 nnnapn
18O i.) ofhpanufi n Ickun munucfpa ooponi Iaponina Ipayna c
ucnik nauafi nuanoi ho nohpocam csohacnocfu n Asuu, kofopiu
in nchocpcncfncnno cnnsan c concfckou akuucu. Cofpynnuuccfno
cfano cmc oncc fccnim, koina Cocnuncnnic Ufafi otnnunu n
konuc nnnapn o cnocm pcmcnuu hponafi Kufak ooponufcninic
noopyxcnun. Onnonpcmcnno nuhnomafuucckuc ofnomcnun, kofopic
ocfananuci foniko na yponnc 0e quimo, inu nopmanusonani. Ipo-
usomno oquuuaninoc nuhnomafuucckoc hpusnanuc c ofhpankou ho-
cnon n coofncfcfnykmuc cfonuui. Mcxny fcm sfah unfcncunnoio
pasnufun nnycfoponnux ofnomcnuu cmcnuncn kopofkum hcpuonom
oxnaxncnun u ncnoncpun.
Bo npcmn hpcnniopnou kamhanuu 18O i. kannunaf of pcchy-
nukanckou hapfuu Icuian pcsko kpufukonan Juiwun 1elurions Acr,
hifanci ninynufi kufauckux nauuonanucfon cmupuficn c oquuu-
aninim paspinom ofnomcnuu c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u c of-
kasom Bamunifona of noionopa o nsaumnou ooponc 154 i. Ipu
sfom amcpukanui onsinanuci hpononxafi okasanuc nocnnou u
skonomuucckou homomu n coofncfcfnuu c nopmamu, kofopic
hpcncfonno nipaofafi. Icuian ocynun hocfinnoc hpcnafcnicfno
cfapix coksnukon u ocman, ufo, n cnyuac cnocio uspanun, ofso-
ncf pcmcnun Kapfcpa. Cfan hpcsuncnfom, Icuian nc nihonnun
cnou hpcnniopnic ocmanun. Tcm npcmcncm mcxny Haponnim
Kufacm u Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu nacfyhun hcpuon oxnaxncnun,
ufo, nhpoucm, ofncuano namcpcnuk kufauucn nc hponouuponafi
ofkpifo CCCI u nc hpchnfcfnonafi concfckum ycununm (ccnfnpi
181 i.) cmniuufi konqnukf c Kufacm, nosononun hcpcionopi o
hoipanuunix nohpocax.
Mcxny fcm amcpukano-kufauckoc oxnaxncnuc osnauano numi
fo, ufo nacfyhun hcpuon nixunanun. B cnocu nuhnomafuucckou
nounc hpofun umhcpuu sna Icuian nyxnancn n cofpynnuuccfnc c
Kufacm, n fo npcmn kak kufauui, n cnok oucpcni, uchifinanu
1258
hofpcnocfi n amcpukanckou homomu nnn ychcmnou pcanusauuu cno-
ux ycunuu ho hponcncnuk skonomuucckou pcqopmi. Iosfomy ucpcs
ncckoniko ncf npyxccfncnnan afmocqcpa ina honnocfik noccfanon-
ncna.
Tcm npcmcncm sancpmunaci opia sa nacncnonanuc hocnc
cmcpfu n 175 i. Hxoy Oninan, a safcm u Mao Hscnyna n ccnfnpc
176 i. Inannou yuacfnuucu cxnafku cfana hpcnhonaiacman nacncn-
nuua kynifypnou pcnonkuuu fak nasinacman anna ucfipcx,
no inanc kofopou cfonna xcna Mao-Hsnn Hun. Bmccfc c fcm Mao
pcaunufuponan ncnfcncu, usinannix no npcmcna kynifypnou pc-
nonkuuu, hpcxnc nccio nauoncc hpaimafuunoio honufuka sn
Cnohuna, kofopiu, ncpnynmuci k nnacfu, ninnunyn fcopuk ucfi-
pcx moncpnusauuu (nayku, hpomimncnnocfu, skonomuku u noopy-
xcnnix cun) kak cpcncfno noccfanonncnun xosnucfna hocnc ymcpa,
nancccnnoio n ioni hpanncnun skcfpcmucfon.
Iocnc cmcpfu Hxoy pykononcfno Kommynucfuucckou hapfucu
ino npcmcnno hopyucno mcncc usnccfnomy ncnfcnk, inmcmy
munucfpy ooponi Xya Ioqsny, kofopiu honyuun honncpxky sna.
Iocncnnuu hpcnhouufan ncpxaficn n cfoponc, ufoi nc nisinafi
npaxncnocfu y cnoux ohhoncnfon, occhokocnnix naponnimu
ncmoncfpauunmu, kofopic honncpxunanu cio hpoipammy moncp-
nusauuu. Co cmcpfik Mao, nacfyhunmcu 1J ccnfnpn 176 i., cu-
fyauun cfana hponcnnficn: ymcpcnnic ncnfcnu, pasncnnnmuc hosu-
uuu sna, homnu na coks c Xya Ioqsnom, cfanmum hpcmicp-mu-
nucfpom co nccmu honnomouunmu, u nmccfc ncfyhunu n opiy c
skcfpcmucfckou ipyhhou, nosinannncmou annou ucfipcx. Hsnn
Hun u cc fonapumu inu apccfonani ho onuncnuk n hpuuacfno-
cfu k ncynanmcmycn iocynapcfncnnomy hcpcnopofy, kofopiu n
171 i. hifancn concpmufi uni Ino. B 18O i. onu inu ofnani
hon cyn, hpuionopunmuu nckofopix us nux k cmcpfnou kasnu, sa-
mcncnnou hoxusncnnim saknkucnucm.
(.B.2. ,DH CHCHHH. DCHCHHLCCL FA5DHTHL
H HCHHTHHLCHH CHTFCHL
Tcm npcmcncm sn Cnohun honnocfik noccfanonun konfponi
nan cufyauucu, cymcn usanuficn of Xya Ioqcna u hpu concucfnuu
nonoio icncpaninoio cckpcfapn Kommynucfuucckou hapfuu Kufan
Xy Soana nauan ocymccfnnnfi nckofopic usmcncnun n onacfu
nncmncu honufuku. B 178 i. on ofkasancn of maoucfckou honufu-
ku n cqcpc ccnickoio xosnucfna u opafuncn k nonim konuchuunm,
c...
125
kofopic ocnoninanuci na cfumynuponanuu unnununyaninoio u ccmcu-
noio hpousnoncfna, na nknkucnuu ccn u ncpcncni n pinounyk skono-
muky, us kofopou inu usinani ccnickuc hapfuunic kanpi.
Ofa nonan ccnickoxosnucfncnnan cfpafciun cohponoxnanaci
ipannuosnim skchcpumcnfom hponcncnucm nccomcu skonomu-
ucckou pcqopmi, cosnanucm (18O184 ii.) ocoix skonomuucckux
son, inc pinounan skonomuka nncnpnnaci u n cqcpc hpomimncn-
noio hpousnoncfna. Okonomuucckuu skchcpumcnf ocymccfnnnncn n
xccfko oipanuucnnix honufuko-anmunucfpafunnix pamkax n coof-
ncfcfnuu c ucfipimn ocnonnimu hpunuuhamu kufauckoio iocy-
napcfna: couuanucfuucckuu xapakfcp iocynapcfna; hpannman poni
Kommynucfuucckou hapfuu Kufan; naponno-ncmokpafuucckan nukfa-
fypa; mapkcucfcko-ncnunckoc u maoucfckoc yucnuc. Hnauc ionopn,
cnoonniu skchcpumcnf moi ocymccfnnnficn n ohpcncncnnix pam-
kax, nc cfann hon comncnuc pykononnmyk poni KIK (unconoiuucc-
kuc achckfi nc umcnu snaucnun nnn fakoio hpaimafuka, kak sn).
Okonomuucckuc pcqopmi icfpo nanu omyfumiu sqqckf. Bhcp-
nic ccnickoxosnucfncnnoc hpousnoncfno hpcnicuno hofpcnocfu,
cnnsannic c ncmoipaquucckum pocfom, ono cfano cohocfanumo c
hpousnoncfnom n npyiux camoocchcuunakmuxcn cfpanax u cmoino
iapanfuponafi oncc nicokuu yponcni xusnu (hpu sfom hpononu-
naci xccfkan ncmoipaquucckan honufuka oipanuucnun poxnacmoc-
fu. Inaionapn sfum hcpcmcnam n onacfu ccnickoio xosnucfna na-
uancn hpouccc, sancpmcnuc kofopoio hpononxanoci n 2OOO i.; cio
pcsynifafom nonxno ino cfafi hcpcpachpcncncnuc kufauckoio
naccncnun us ccnickoxosnucfncnnix pauonon (ococnno us mcncc
pasnufix) n pasnic ho macmfaam hoccncnun ioponckoio fuha.
B fopiono-hpomimncnnom ofnomcnuu pcqopmi hoponunu ypniu
pocf u hpuncnu k ncoiuaunim nocfuxcnunm. Tcmhi nanonoio
nauuonaninoio hpousnoncfna yncnuuunuci na ' n ion u nocfuinu
ycfouuunoio pocfa cnimc 14'.
Hauonimuc fpynnocfu sfoio hpouccca inu cnnsani c ocfpi-
mu hpofunopcuunmu mcxny skonomuucckumu hcpcmcnamu u nancx-
namu na honufuucckuc hcpcmcni. nuxcnuc sa honufuucckuc pc-
qopmi nchixnyno c ncinanou cunou n 18 i. u nocfuino kynimuna-
uuu 4 man, koina nonxni inu cocfonficn nasnaucnnic hpanufcni-
cfnom hpasnnonanun iononmuni cfyncnucckux nonncnuu 11 i., n
pcsynifafc kofopix u ina cosnana KIK. Okono 1OO OOO nuccuncnf-
cku nacfpocnnix cfyncnfon copanuci 4 man 18 i. na inannou
hnomanu Ickuna Tnnianimsni c monuanunim fpconanucm pcqopm
u n oxunanuu Iopaucna, kofopiu nonxcn in hpuifi 15 man c
nusufom yxc nc kak npai, a kak onuucfnopcnuc pcqopm.
126O
Ofo in nison iochoncfny hapfuu, kofopiu cfanun hon nohpoc
hosuuuu pykononnmcu ipyhhi n Kufac. cni sa nncm fonha pocna,
hpcnpaman hnomani n oipomniu naicpi, nmccfunmuu okono mun-
nuona ucnonck. Ho 18 man, koina Iopaucn sakonuun cnou nusuf,
hpanufcnicfno hcpcmno n konfpnacfyhncnuc. Hxao Hsinn, icncpani-
niu cckpcfapi komhapfuu, csychcmno hifancn ycnufi cfyncnfon
pasoufuci. Imy fakxc nc ynanoci nouficn coinacun hpanufcnicfna
houfu na komhpomucc; cufyauun yckonisana us-hon konfponn nnac-
fcu. Hxao cncnanu kosnom ofhymcnun u cmccfunu c hocfa icncpani-
noio cckpcfapn. B fo npcmn kak sn ocfanancn sa kynucamu, pykononn
nipaofkou pcmcnuu hapfuu, hpcmicp-munucfp u Isn opafuncn
k cfyncnfam c cyponim hpcnyhpcxncnucm. 2O man ino otnnncno
ocannoc honoxcnuc, u k 4 uknn cfyncnfi inu ynancni c hnoma-
nu cunou. B fc nnu cocfonnoci ncckoniko ocfpix cfonknoncnuu,
kofopic hpuncnu k iucnu JOOO ucnonck.
3afcm hpanufcnicfno hpucfyhuno k uucfkc, ufoi ycfpanufi nccx
sauunmukon cchopnnkon. Ho skonomuucckuc pcqopmi nc inu
hpcpnani: ucfopun pinounou skonomuku yuuf, ufo skonomuucc-
kuu pocf moxcf umcfi mccfo u hpu anfopufapnom pcxumc.
B hnanc mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu honufuka moncpnusauuu
fpconana ycfpancnun ncnyxnou nahpnxcnnocfu. Ipanufcnicfno
Ickuna, ofkasanmuci of cunonix pcmcnuu, noccfanonuno n 182
184 ii. nopic ofnomcnun c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u nauano n
181 i. hcpcionopi c CCCI. B Ickunc cuufanu, ufo fpu hponcmi
hpchnfcfnonanu honnou nopmanusauuu ofnomcnuu c Concfamu: ux
nfopxcnuc n Aqianucfan, nicfnamckoc nfopxcnuc n Kamonxy u
hpucyfcfnuc concfckux nouck u pakcf na ipanuuc c Kufacm. Ofno-
cufcnino Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, Ickun in oucni osaoucn fcm,
ufo pocf amcpukanckux qunanconix unnccfuuuu n cnnsu c hpouc-
xonnmumu skonomuucckumu hcpcmcnamu moxcf concucfnonafi
pasnufuk fcnncnuuu ypxyasnoio nucpanusma, hcpnic hpusna-
ku kofopix yxc hponnunuci. Kpomc foio, hpoipammi hcpcnoopy-
xcnun, ocymccfnnnnmuccn Icuianom, sacfannnnu Kufau pasncnnfi
ohaccnun Concfckoio Coksa.
Ko nccmy nimcckasannomy noannnnaci osaoucnnocfi KHI n
cnnsu c ocoim honoxcnucm Ionkonia. Ofo ina uufancni kahu-
fanusma na kufauckou fcppufopuu, a fakxc hynkf hcpcccucnun
qunanconix unfcpccon asuafckux cfpan; kpomc foio, sncci naxo-
nunaci pufanckan kononuaninan anmunucfpauun, c kofopou hpcn-
cfonno nipaofafi coinamcnuc nnuny ucfcucnun cpoka apcnni Bc-
nukopufanucu yhpannncmou ck fcppufopuu, yuufinan hpu sfom
osaoucnnocfi aninuuan ofnocufcnino ynymcio Ionkonia. Ofo
c...
1261
coinamcnuc ino honhucano n 184 i. u hpcnycmafpunano mupnoc
nosnpamcnuc Ionkonia Kufauckou Haponnou Icchynukc n 17 i.,
ufo u hpousomno; hpu sfom iapanfuponanoci coxpancnuc na sfou
fcppufopuu n fcucnuc nnufcninoio npcmcnu pufanckux yupcxncnuu,
hpusnanancn ocoiu xapakfcp cymccfnonanmux fam kahufanucfu-
ucckux skonomuucckux uncfufyfon; unimu cnonamu, koncfafupo-
nanoci, ufo Ionkoni yncf hpononxafi uipafi poni kanana, ucpcs
kofopiu unocfpannic qunanci ynyf hocfyhafi n Kufau, n uacf-
nocfu n Kxniu Kufau.
Ipuxon k nnacfu Iopaucna u noniu kypc n concfckou nncmncu
honufukc usmcnunu ocnoni, na kofopix cfpounuci ofnomcnun
Kufan co cncpxncpxanamu; ina ycfpancna sanucumocfi of uho-
nnpnoio hpofunocfonnun, u KHI nnoni opcna choconocfi paspa-
afinafi n coofncfcfnykmcc npcmn u coofncfcfnykmum opasom
cocfncnnyk nncmnkk honufuky n nonou cucfcmc mcxnynapon-
nix ofnomcnuu. Hsmcncnun n concfcko-amcpukanckux ofnomcnu-
nx ofpasunuci na hosuuuu Kufan, hpunanan cu oncc cfauniniu
xapakfcp.
Iopaucn, hpusnanan Kufau couuanucfuucckum iocynapcfnom,
ofkasancn of unconoiuucckux mofunon, cnyxunmux hpuuunou pac-
kona mcxny Mocknou u Ickunom; cio honufuka paspnnku nohonnu-
na namcuanmykcn kapfuny. Binon concfckux nouck us Aqianucfana
(qcnpani 18 i.) ycfpanun onny us hpuuun cymccfnonanmux pasno-
inacuu; skonomuucckuu konnahc Bicfnama u nauano hcpcionopon
ho pcmcnuk kamonxuuckou hponcmi snumunuponanu nfopyk
hpuuuny. Kpax Concfckoio Coksa moi nisnafi nckofopyk osao-
ucnnocfi n Kufac, no nc nacfoniko, ufoi nsnanufi ofncfcfncn-
nocfi na nonyk Ioccuk.
Hacfyhun sfah nopmanusauuu ofnomcnuu u c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu, fak kak onu onimc nc naxonunuci n sanucumocfu of
upcsniuaunix kpufuucckux cufyauuu. Toniko kpusuc, nisnanniu
coifunmu na hnomanu Tnnianimsni, nisnan oxnaxncnuc k Ku-
fak. Amcpukanui onunnnu kufauucn n ncxcnanuu hpononufi ho-
nufuucckuc pcqopmi u n ocymccfnncnuu xccfokux pchpcccuu.
Amcpukanckoc hoconicfno cfano hpucxumcm nnn nckofopix nuc-
cuncnfon, kofopim iposuna nauoniman ohacnocfi, hpcxnc nccio nnn
acfpoqusuka an uuxu. Ho honnunnoio paspina ynanoci usc-
xafi, hofomy ufo fcm npcmcncm hpcsuncnfom Cocnuncnnix Ufafon
in uspan xopnx Iym, xopomo usnccfniu n Kufac, hockoniky
noniuc ioni in n Ickunc pykononufcncm kpo amcpukano-kufauc-
kux cnnscu no ycfanonncnun honnomacmfanix nuhnomafuucckux of-
nomcnuu.
Iym hynuuno hpucocnununcn k ocyxncnuk kufauckoio hpa-
1262
nufcnicfna, no n faunc on nan honnfi kufauuam, ufo nc namcpcn
cnumkom yccpncfnonafi n sfom nahpanncnuu. naxni hocnc kpusuca,
nisnannoio coifunmu na Tnnianimsni, on nahpannnn n Ickun
Ipcnfa Ckoykpoqfa, anfopufcfnoio uncna Concfa nauuonaninou c-
sohacnocfu, c ucnik uscxafi yxynmcnun cufyauuu n cnnsu c hy-
nuunou honcmukou. Kpomc foio, Iym hifancn, no csychcmno, hpc-
nofnpafufi ofknoncnuc Konipcccom sakona o hpcnocfanncnuu Kufak
pcxuma nauonimcio naiohpunfcfnonanun n fopionnc. C npyiou
cfoponi, kufauui nanu houyncfnonafi Iymy cnoc pachonoxcnuc u n
nckapc 1O i. paspcmunu samccfufcnk ioccckpcfapn ho nohpocy o
hpanax ucnoncka Iuuapny Uuqfcpy hoccfufi Ickun, ufoi pastnc-
nufi fouky spcnun hpanufcnicfna Bamunifona. Kufauui namcpcna-
nuci hocfchcnno houfu na nconimuc ycfyhku ho sfou hponcmc,
kak, nahpumcp, paspcmufi oftcsn an uuxu n Cocnuncnnic Ufa-
fi.
(.D. Dcc:cna Asn
n nnnncnn cDcn:nncn:
(.D.(. HHCHHH D CLH,LCHTLL
H DCCLH,LCHTLL 1C,L
Ipu omcm mupokom usnoxcnuu ncnosmoxno honpono paccmof-
pcfi unfcncunnic hcpcmcni nocimunccnfix ionon n cfpanax Bocfou-
nou Asuu u cykonfuncnfa Hnnocfan. Hx otcnunncf nospacfanuc
cfpafciuucckoio snaucnun u skonomuucckoio ncca n inoaninou cuc-
fcmc mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu. axc nc hpucian k oomcnunm,
oucnunno, ufo apcan Tuxoio u Hnnuuckoio okcanon hcpccfan ifi
oipomnou sonou ofcfanocfu, nchpcnckasycmou hcpuqcpucu unnycfpu-
anino pasnufou cucfcmi u cfanonuncn unu nnoni cfanonuncn
pciuonom, nokpyi kofopoio konucnfpuponanuci pacfymuc honufuko-
skonomuucckuc unfcpcci mnoxccfna cfpan. 3ncci hcpccckanuci mom-
nic hofoku pasnuunix unfcpccon, ufo hpcnpamano nnyfpcnnkk
xusni u mcxnynaponnic ofnomcnun kaxnou cfpani sfoio pciuona n
onun us naxncumux achckfon conpcmcnnoio mupa.
B ucnfpc sfoio hontcma pocf honufuucckoio ncca Shonuu; na
hcpuqcpuu pachonaiakfcn cfpani ACIAH unu cnnsannic c numu,
fak nasinacmic noo~e un0ycmpuu:in~e cmpun~, n fo npcmn kak n
Hnnuu cufyauun honna hpofunopcuuu. B ioni nouni no Bicfnamc
nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon nospocno snaucnuc coksa c Shonucu. O-
man honufuka nuanoia c Kufacm u onnonpcmcnno cncpxunanun Co-
ncfckoio Coksa ina nahpanncna na nocfuxcnuc cnunou nncmncho-
nufuucckou ucnu. Cocnuncnnic Ufafi okasinanu nanncnuc, ufoi
cnuncfno ucnu kacanoci u nocnnou onacfu, fak kak Shonun hpuncp-
c...
126J
xunanaci unix nsinnnon n nohpocax hcpcnoopyxcnun. Hcfopun cii-
pana unfcpccnyk myfky c Bamunifonom, fak kak umcnno CUA, kofo-
pic n 145 i. nacfaunanu na fom, ufoi Shonun nknkuuna n koncfu-
fyuuk cfafiu, nahpanncnnic hpofun hcpcnoopyxcnun, fchcpi xofc-
nu, ufoi hpanufcnicfno Tokuo uspano npyiou hyfi.
Ipuuuna cfpcmncnun k omcu hosuuuu n sfom nohpocc ina
ncna: kak xc fakou skonomuucckuu iuianf, nc opcmcncnniu
nocnnimu pacxonamu, n fo xc npcmn ocfanancn honufuucckum kap-
nukom, kakonim ina Shonun, u nahpannnn ncc cnou pccypci n
skonomuky u fopionnk, nc unnccfupyn cckfop noopyxcnuu. B sfou
cufyauuu Cocnuncnnic Ufafi moinu uchonisonafi nna napuanfa
nmcmafcnicfna: okasafi nanncnuc na cnoux cfoponnukon n honufu-
ucckom ucfcnummcnfc Shonuu, ufoi nouficn hcpccmofpa ho-
nufuku ncyuacfun n ionkc noopyxcnuu, unu cosnafi hpchnfcfnun
nnn nhonckou fopionou skchancuu c homomik honufuku hpofck-
uuonusma, a fakxc sacfanufi hpanufcnicfno Tokuo ninynufi nhon-
ckux hpcnhpunumafcncu oipanuuufi cnok akfunnocfi na amcpu-
kanckom pinkc u konkypcnuuk c amcpukanckou hponykuucu.
Icpniu us sfux mcfonon in hpumcncn n nauanc ccmunccnfix
ionon hpu akfunnou ponu nnunfcninoio nhonckoio honufuka Scy-
xupo Hakacons, pykononufcnn Aicnfcfna nauuonaninou ooponi,
kofopiu hpcncfanun hpcnnoxcnuc ho noopyxcnunm, ofncpinyfoc
nhonckum hapnamcnfom. Ofof mai hpuncn k nchpcpinnomy omcny
nsaumnimu xanoamu u hpofckuuonucfckumu oipanuucnunmu nnyx
ncnymux fuxookcanckux ncpxan, a fakxc nnyx kpyhncumux muponix
skonomuucckux ucnfpon, u k csnixonnou cufyauuu hpofunocfon-
nun. Ioncc foio, oc ncpxani nknkuunuci n opiy sa hpconana-
nuc n Bocfounou Asuu u na npyiux muponix pinkax. Onnonpcmcnno
c ncqfnnim kpusucom 17J i. hponnunuci hocncncfnun yxynmcnun
nnycfoponnux nhono-amcpukanckux ofnomcnuu, hockoniky hpanu-
fcnicfno Kokysn Tanaku cfano hpononufi ncsanucumyk honufuky
n ofnomcnuu apackux cfpan, of ncqfnnix hocfanok kofopix ono
sanuccno, u sannno hosuuuu, nuskuc k IOC, nucfanuuponanmuci
of Cocnuncnnix Ufafon.
Ipofunopcuun ho hponcmam fopionnu u ooponi nc cmniuunuci
naxc c hpuxonom k nnacfu hpanufcnicfna Hakacons u coxpannnuci n
fcucnuc nocfafouno nnufcninoio npcmcnu, f.c. c 182 i. ho 187 i.
(ufo houfu conhano c hpcsuncnfcfnom Icuiana). Inani hcpcnoopyxc-
nun, namcucnnic Hakacons, ho-hpcxncmy nisinanu hpofunoncu-
cfnuc ohhosuuuonnix hapfuu u hpomimncnnix kpyion. Hc foniko
skonomuucckuc, no u honufuucckuc hpuuuni ohpcncnnnu sfy ohhosu-
uuk: honnncnuc nonou nocnnou yiposi co cfoponi Tokuo usmcnuno
i fopionic ofnomcnun Shonuu co cfpanamu nccio Tuxookcanckoio
acccuna, n fo npcmn kak ckpifan skchancun ncokononuanucfckoio
1264
fonka hpcnocfannnna oncc cymccfncnnic honufuko-skonomuucckuc
hpcumymccfna. Ofcfaunanuc sfux hocncnonafcninix fopiono-skono-
muucckux hnanon cfankunanoci c amcpukanckum cfpcmncnucm usmcnufi
fopionic ofnomcnun na ocnonc
pcnaninauuu nhonckou ucni u nucpanusauuu ccnickoxosnucfncn-
noio pinka, naxonunmciocn hon oxpanou nhonckoio hpofckuuonus-
ma, kofopiu n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax pacucnunancn kak hpofunopc-
uunmuu nhonckou fopiono-skonomuucckou honufukc n ucnom.
C nauanom Ypyinauckoio paynna n ccnfnpc 186 i., f.c. hcpc-
ionopon, nahpanncnnix na omuu hcpccmofp cucfcmi IATT (onu
sancpmunuci foniko n ahpcnc 14 i. hocnc hpcononcnun pasnoina-
cuu ho hponcmc hpofckuuonusma u oipanuucnuu n onacfu ccni-
ckoio xosnucfna), hpofunopcuuc, hpucymcc hosuuuu Shonuu, hpc-
npafunoci us nnycfoponncu n mnoiocfoponnkk mcxnynaponnyk
hponcmy. B 187 i., no npcmn concmanun G-7 n Bcncuuu, Hakacons
otnnun o nauanc nonoio sfaha n nhonckou nncmncu honufukc,
hockoniky nhonckoc hpanufcnicfno namcpcnanoci hpononufi no-
niu kypc u nnccfu cnou nknan n hpoipammi pasnufun fpcficio
mupa u onnonpcmcnno nsnfi na ccn onsafcnicfna (u pacxoni) ho
honncpxanuk mupa. Hoopy Takscufa, hpccmnuk Hakacons, fakxc
onsancn cncnonafi sfomy kypcy, ufo nisnano cohpofunncnuc uc-
fsnummcnfa nnyfpu cfpani hpu hcpccmofpc skonomuucckou ho-
nufuku hpanufcnicfna u nacfopoxcnnocfi sahannix ncpxan n of-
nomcnuu nospacfanun ponu Shonuu n mupc.
B 18 i. hpousomnu naxnic usmcncnun na honufuucckou cuc-
nc Shonuu. Co cmcpfik umhcpafopa Xupoxufo hcpccfan cymccfno-
nafi hocncnnuu ucfopuucckuu ncnfcni, cnnsanniu c hcpuonom
Bfopou muponou nouni u afomnix omapnuponok. Ohoxa Xupo-
xufo ho nhonckou cumnonuucckou fcpmunonoiuu honyuuna nasna-
nuc SIowa, f.c. cncfnmancn iapmonun; c ncfyhncnucm na fpon
nonoio umhcpafopa Akuxufo nauanaci spa HcIscI, hocfpocnuc mupa,
nasnanuc, kofopoc ofpaxano pcmumocfi nhonucn nsnfi na ccn
nonk pcmcnu, cnnsannoio c honncpxanucm mcxnynaponnoio mupa,
ucio yxc mnoio ncf nounanuci of nux Cocnuncnnic Ufafi.
Ionnunniu honopof n nhonckou honufukc nauancn c hcpcmcn no
nnyfpcnncu honufukc. Hacfyhun sfah kpusuca nnufcninoio iochon-
cfna ucpanino-ncmokpafuucckou hapfuu, hpcncfannnnmcu coou
koanuuuk ipyhhuponok, pykononumix nc nccina anfopufcfnimu ncnfc-
nnmu, no kofopic occhcuunanu nnacfi hpannmcu koanuuuu, ufo fpc-
onano of hapfuu conkncnun pofauuu u coxpancnun okocfcncnmux
mcfonon yhpanncnun. Iaspasunmuccn qunanconic ckannani ninynu-
nu hapfuk umcnno n sfom iony nasnauufi hpcmicp-munucfpom nono-
io ncnfcnn, mcncc samcfnoio na honufuucckou apcnc, no mopanino nc-
c...
1265
sahnfnannoio, kakum in Tocuku Kauqy. Hccmofpn na ncnaiohpu-
nfnic hpoinosi, on okasancn choconim ncpnyfi hapfuu honncpxky
n cfpanc u hpucfyhufi k cc inyokomy ononncnuk. Iio hpcnnoxc-
nun ho pcqopmc usupafcninou cucfcmi, nahpanncnnic na ocnanc-
nuc nnacfu ccpix kapnunanon ucpanino-ncmokpafuucckou
hapfuu, inu hponancni hapnamcnfom, kofopiu onncn nosmoxnix
hocncncfnuu.
B okfnpc 11 i. Kauqy ninyxncn in honafi n ofcfanky, u cio
hpccmnukom in nasnaucn Kuufu Munnsnna, kofopiu in samcman
n onnom us camix ipnsnix ckannanon fcx ncf. Iaccucf konccpnafo-
pon okasancn inyoko omuounim, hofomy ufo ummounucfckuu
kypc hpuncn k inyokomy packony nnyfpu ucpanino-ncmokpafu-
ucckou hapfuu. Of ncc ofomnu sncmcnfi, nc cnnsannic c koppym-
huponannimu qpakuunmu u cfpcmunmuccn cqopmuponafi nonyk
pykononnmyk ipyhhy, choconyk samcnufi hpcxncc pykononcfno
ucpanino-ncmokpafuucckou hapfuu, nc ycfyhan honufuucckoc
hpocfpancfno Couuanucfuucckou hapfuu Shonuu iochoxu Takako
ou, kofopan honyuuna mupokyk usupafcninyk honncpxky n
cnnsu co ckannanamu, cofpncanmumu I. Iackon n hapfuu cka-
sancn na pcsynifafax niopon, cocfonnmuxcn 18 uknn 1J i., koina
nhcpnic sa mnoio ncf ucpanino-ncmokpafuucckan hapfun ocfa-
naci n mcnimuncfnc. Chycfn ncckoniko nccnfuncfuu Shonun nnoni
ncpnynaci k shoxc honufuucckou nccfauninocfu. Mopuxupo Xaco-
kana, nuncp Iapfuu nonou Shonuu, nosnukmcu ncncncfnuc packona
I u nounmcucn ychcxa na niopax, cqopmuponan ucnfpucf-
ckyk koanuuuk us ohhosuuuonnix hapfuu. B ucfopuu Shonuu
nauancn hcpuon inyokux honufuucckux hcpcmcn.
Ionufuucckuu kpusuc nc cfan, onnako, fopmosom nnn nhonckou
skonomuucckou akfunnocfu u nc honopnan honufuucckoc coinamc-
nuc c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu. Ipofunopcuunocfi conhancnun
honufuucckux u pacxoxncnun skonomuucckux unfcpccon nnyx ncp-
xan cfana onnou us ccpicsncumux hponcm, c kofopimu cfonkny-
noci nonoc nhonckoc hpanufcnicfno. Tcm nc mcncc hpcncfanufcnu
nonoio kypca honufuucckoio pannonccun n onimcu mcpc, ucm ux
hpcnmccfncnnuku, cosnananu, ufo Shonun nc moina onimc nochpu-
numaficn u cuufafi ccn asuafckou ncpxanou. Icnu n 11 i. ona
cmoina ycfpanuficn of yuacfun n nounc n Icpcunckom sanunc, ocno-
ninanci na koncfufyuuonnix nopmax, sahpcmanmux noopyxcnuc
cfpani, fo fchcpi ona nauana hpononufi nonyk mcxnynaponnyk ho-
nufuky, ufo ino naxno nnn cufyauuu n sonc Tuxoio okcana, a fakxc
nnn cfpan Asuu u nccu muponou skonomuku.
Cymccfnykf nna nhonckux nipaxcnun, kofopic nakf npkoc
hpcncfanncnuc o ycnonunx, n kofopix ncucfnonano hpanufcnicfno
1266
Tokuo. Ipanufcnicfno moxcf chokouno coinacuficn na nncmncc nan-
ncnuc (gaIatsu ho-nhoncku), ccnu xoucf hponcmoncfpuponafi, ufo
ono ninyxncno hpunnfi nchohynnpnic, no ncoxonumic honufu-
ucckuc pcmcnun; u, nahpofun, hpanufcnicfno moxcf ofnccfuci c
onimum nnumanucm k nanncnuk nnyfpu cfpani (naIatsu ho-nhon-
cku), ccnu cuufacf, ufo hcpcmcni nonxni ofncuafi fpconanunm
honncpxunakmux cio nnyfpcnnux cun. Icpnomy kpufcpuk coofncf-
cfnonan Munnsnna, nfopomy Xocakana. Ipofunopcuuc mcxny sfumu
nnymn nipaxcnunmu kak ncnisn nyumc xapakfcpusycf kpaunocfu nnyx
achckfon fpynnou nhonckou cufyauuu.
(.D.2. K1C-DCCTCHHAH A5HH. CHCHHAHLHCL
HACHL,HL H DCHCHHLCAH FLDCHKHHH
Kio-Bocfounan Asun hpcncfannnna coou cmc onun naxniu pc-
iuon Tuxoio okcana naionapn ncncponfnomy u sapasufcninomy sko-
nomuucckomy hontcmy u cfana ofpaxcnucm hpcnhpunumafcni-
ckoio nunamusma, xapakfcpnoio nnn ATI. Koncuno, Shonun oka-
sinana na Kufau cfumynupykmcc nnunnuc, no ohpcncnnkmum
qakfopom cfano ncoiuaunoc coucfanuc unnccfuuuu, hocfyhan-
mux us pasnix cfpan mupa, nuskou cfoumocfu paoucu cuni, y
kofopou ino cunino pasnufo pcnuiuosnoc (konqyuuanckoc) uyn-
cfno houfcnun k nnacfu, uchonisonanun cncpxconpcmcnnix fcxno-
noiuu, nanuuun ynonix kommynukauuu u (houfu hocfonnnou)
hpanufcnicfncnnou cfauninocfu, kofopyk konfponuponanu hpcn-
hpunumafcnickuc cnou. C hpcnpamcnucm Kufan us yiposi n hpu-
mcp, nocfouniu honpaxanun, u c hpckpamcnucm anfuhpanufcni-
cfncnnix hapfusanckux ncucfnuu, sauacfyk nosinannnnmuxcn kom-
mynucfamu, cfauninocfi n pciuonc cfana houfu koncfanfou.
Cfpani KBA cncnycf pasncnufi na ncckoniko ipyhh kak ho
icoipaquucckomy honoxcnuk, fak u ho pasnuuuk n nocfuinyfix
pcsynifafax. K uucny nonix unnycfpuaninix cfpan hpunanncxaf na
konfuncnfc Kxnan Kopcn, Ionkoni, Cuniahyp u, xofn on cfouf na
cfyhcniky nuxc, Taunann; nnc konfuncnfa Taunani u (ho kpau-
ncu mcpc, uacfuuno) Manausun; cmc na cfyhcniky nuxc unuh-
huni u Hnnoncsun. Bicokuc fcmhi pocfa nanonoio nnyfpcnncio
hponykfa n cpcnncm okono 1O' n ion ofmcucnnic co nfopou
hononuni ccmunccnfix ionon no 17 i., xofn u c nckofopimu kont-
knkfypnimu haysamu, hpcnpafunu kononuaninic n hpomnom fcppu-
fopuu n hpousnonufcncu u skchopfcpon oipomnoio konuuccfna fona-
pon, no okasanu nciafunnoc nnunnuc na ycnonun xusnu n sfux cfpa-
nax.
Yhanok nnunnun CCCI u onnonpcmcnno hcpcmcni n Kufac u
c...
1267
Shonuu cosnanu naiohpunfnic nncmnuc ycnonun nnn skonomuucc-
kux hpcopasonanuu n pciuonc, no u nckofopic fpynnocfu n mcxny-
naponnom hnanc. Kxnan Kopcn ho-hpcxncmy ina pasncncna c Cc-
ncpnou Kopccu, kofopan ocfananaci onnum us ncmnoiux ocfponon
kommynusma n mupc. o 14 i. Ccncpnan Kopcn naxonunaci hon yh-
panncnucm Kum Hp Ccna, a safcm hon ncyncpcnnim pykononcfnom
cio cina Kum Hcn Hpa. Ipcnnoxcnun komhpomucca, ucxonunmuc of
KHI, ucpcnonanuci c sannncnunmu o fom, ufo pcxum Ixcninna na-
mcpcn osanccfuci cocfncnnim afomnim opyxucm, kofopic nisna-
nu occhokocnnocfi n muponom coomccfnc u cfanu hocfonnnim
qakfopom, a hofomy ux hpuxonunoci yuufinafi n hcpchckfunc otc-
nuncnun.
B Ionkonic, nochpunumanmcmcn kak nufpuna sahannoio na-
iohonyuun npyiou uacfik Kufan, c ocfopoxnocfik u ncnoncpucm
xnanu nacfyhncnun 17 i. iona otcnuncnun c Kufauckou Ha-
ponnou Icchynukou. Cuniahyp, c 164 i. ncsanucumiu iopon-io-
cynapcfno, uipan nmccfc c Ionkoniom poni ucnfpa fopionnu mcxny
Tuxookcanckum pciuonom u ocfaninim mupom u hon yhpanncnucm
(hpnmim unu kocncnnim) u Kyan K nocfui fakoio xc yponnn
hpouncfanun (houfu 1J OOO nonnapon noxona na nymy naccncnun n
11 i.). Ha Taunanc, hcpcxunmcm hofpnccnun n cnnsu c ofcfpanc-
nucm of nnacfu Iomuninana (nacncnnuka hapfuu Han Kaumu) u
honnncnucm nonix cun na mccfnou honufuucckou apcnc, cpcnnuu
nanonou noxon na nymy naccncnun n 1O i. nocfui 75OO nonnapon.
Ofa uuqpa nccima kpacnopcuuno ofpaxacf pasnuuun yponncu pas-
nufun hpu cpanncnuu c Haponnim Kufacm, inc n fo npcmn BBI na
nymy naccncnun in mcncc 4OO nonnapon; koncuno, fcmhi pocfa n
Kufac inu iononokpyxufcninimu, no noxoni inu ncc cmc na-
ncku of faunanickux.
Manausun, inc BBI na nymy naccncnun cocfannnn n 1O i.
hpunusufcnino 2 5OO nonnapon, uchifinana onimuc fpynnocfu n
cnnsu c ococnnocfnmu icoipaquucckoio honoxcnun u honufuucc-
kou cufyauuu, a fakxc oncc hosnnum nauanom skonomuucckoio
nsncfa. B cnok oucpcni, Taunann naxonuncn foniko na nauaninom
sfahc skonomuucckoio hontcma, fak xc kak unuhhuni, hcpcxun-
muc fnxcniu nnyfpuhonufuucckuu kpusuc, oycnonncnniu nukfafy-
pou cpnunanno Mapkoca u pcnonkuucu, noccfanonunmcu n 186 i.
ncmokpafuucckoc ycfpoucfno. Icpuon honufuucckoio hcpcxona nc
ynyumun honoxcnuc cnnoio naccncnun, kofopoc ohpcncnnnoci ioc-
honcfnom nafuqynnuu n ccnickoxosnucfncnnom hpousnoncfnc (noxon
na nymy naccncnun cocfannnn 7OO nonnapon), xofn u honnunuci hcp-
nic hpusnaku skonomuucckoio pocfa.
Iocncnncc us kpyhnix iocynapcfn Kio-Bocfounou Asuu
1268
Hnnoncsun, kofopou yhpannnn icncpan Cyxapfo, concpmunmuu iocy-
napcfncnniu hcpcnopof n 165 i., nacuufinacf 17 OOO ocfponon. Ic
ucxonnoc cocfonnuc ino nacfoniko cnnim, ufo ino cohocfanumo
c nauoncc xankum honoxcnucm n cfpanax asuafckoio kia. Ona foni-
ko n konuc nocimunccnfix ionon houyncfnonana pcsynifafi skono-
muucckou pcqopmi, ufo, onnako, cncnonano coofnccfu c 2OO-mu mun-
nuonamu xufcncu; nanonou nnyfpcnnuu hponykf cfan mcnncnno pacfu
of munumaninix hokasafcncu no hpunusufcnino 5OO nonnapon na
nymy naccncnun n 1O i.
Ha konfuncnfaninou fcppufopuu naxonnfcn fpu iocynapcfna,
honufuucckan ucfopun kofopix ina nancko nc inankou, a cynia
pasnuunou. Bicfnam hocnc hocni n 175 i. okasancn n usonnuuu u
honncpicn amcpukanckomy skonomuucckomy oukofy, ycununmcmycn
hocnc nfopxcnun nicfnamucn n Kamonxy (17 i.). Bicfnamckoc
hpanufcnicfno, uchifinan ncnocfafok n concfckou homomu, nonx-
no ino noccfanannunafi cfpany, paspymcnnyk oncc ucm JO-ncfncu
nounou u pasncncnnyk inyokumu honufuucckumu, sfnuucckumu
u pcnuiuosnimu hpofunopcuunmu. Ipumcpom nnn ncio cnyxuna
fpanuuuonnan concfckan moncni, hpu sfom ono nc pachonaiano
cfoni oipomnimu ucxonnimu pccypcamu, kofopic concfckan hnano-
nan cucfcma moina uchonisonafi no npcmn cnocio cymccfnonanun.
Hcpcs ncckoniko ncf cfano oucnunnim, ufo mcpi pykononufcncu
Bicfnama ho hpcopasonanuk cfpani hponanunuci.
B 1O i. iononou noxon na nymy naccncnun cocfannnn 2JO non-
napon; honoxcnuc n cfpanc ino nacfoniko fnxcnim, ufo hoponuno
fpaiuucckuu qcnomcn hour people, koina nccnfku unu naxc cofnu
cxcnucn, uchonisyn cnyuaunic hnancpcncfna, hyckanuci n csna-
ncxnoc hnananuc n nonax Kxno-Kufauckoio mopn n houckax yc-
xuma, nocfuui kofopoio ynananoci foniko cnunuuam. Yxacnan
fpaicnun hpckpafunaci foniko n nauanc ncnnnocfix ionon naiona-
pn hocfchcnnomy nknkucnuk Bicfnama, ofkasanmciocn of umhc-
puanucfuucckux ycfpcmncnuu ncnanncio hpomnoio, n coomccfno
coccnnux cfpan. Hc ococnno ofnuuanoci u honoxcnuc aoca, cmc
oncc cnnoio u usonuponannoio of ocfaninoio mupa.
nn cufyauuu n Kamonxc hocnc 175 i. inu xapakfcpni ncc-
nosmoxnic anomanuu. Yhpannncman n 17517 ii. kpacnimu
kxmcpamu, Kamonxa hpcnpafunaci n fcafp honufuucckux pchpcc-
cuu, f.c. cucfcmafuucckoio ynuufoxcnun nccx fcx ipaxnan, kofo-
pic, kak moino hokasaficn, hponnnnnu cknonnocfi k konuchuunm,
ofnuunim of sianufapnoio kommynusma. Bfopxcnuc, hpcnhpunn-
foc Bicfnamom n 17 i., hpuncno k ycfanonncnuk sanucumoio of
ncio pcxuma. Icnu c fouku spcnun iymannocfu nfopxcnuc hpcn-
cfannnnoci ohpannannim, fo c kpunuucckou fouku spcnun ono
c...
126
ino aipcccucu hpofun npyxccfncnnoio u ncsanucumoio iocynapcfna.
Hauanaci hpofunopcuunan uipa cfopon, nchonnfnan, ccnu nc paccmaf-
punafi cc n pamkax ofnomcnuu mcxny Kufacm, CCCI u Cocnuncn-
nimu Ufafamu.
Iponicfnamckoc hpanufcnicfno nc ino hpusnano Opianusa-
uucu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu, u na fcppufopuu Kamonxu nauanaci
hapfusanckan nouna, kofopyk ncnu kpacnic kxmcpi u hapfusani
skc-koponn Hoponoma Cuanyka hpofun hpanufcnicfna, honncpxanno-
io nicfnamuamu. Ofa cufyauun nnunaci no 1J i., koina ncncncfnuc
usmcncnuu na mcxnynaponnou apcnc Opianusauun Otcnuncnnix
Hauuu cmoina nouficn komhpomuccnoio pcmcnun, kofopoc hpcnyc-
mafpunano cnoonnic niopi u qopmuponanuc koanuuuonnoio
hpanufcnicfna. Iocnc hponcncnun niopon ino cqopmuponano
hpanufcnicfno c yuacfucm nnyx hpofunoopcfnonanmux cun (kpac-
nic kxmcpi pcmunu ocfaficn nnc honufuucckou opii, ykpin-
muci na cnoux nocnnix asax). Hoponom Cuanyk ncpnyncn k nnacfu,
cfan koponcm Kamonxu u hopyuun pykononcfno hpanufcnicfnom
ciny Ianapufy. Tcm nc mcncc hapfusanckan nouna, xofn u nc cfoni
npocfnan, kak panimc, hpononxanaci no 18 i., koina cmcpfi Ion
Iofa ycnuna naxc camix nchpcknonnix cio cfoponnukon hpckpa-
fufi opiy.
3a hpcncnamu Tuxoio okcana na Hnnuuckom cykonfuncnfc
cfpannan cufyauun cnoxunaci n Minnmc (Iupmc), inc konfponu-
ponanman cc nocnnan nukfafypa opckna cfpany na camousonnuuk,
u no 1O i. cfpana nc yuacfnonana n muponou honufukc. B fcucnuc
sfoio hcpuona hpcsuncnf Hc Bun in ninyxncn ncpxaficn n cfo-
ponc of ncn, coxpannn n cnoux pykax numi omuu konfponi. Ipa-
nufcnicfno nocnnix, kofopomy hpunanncxana pcaninan nnacfi,
ino ninyxncno ncncncfnuc cfyncnucckux nonncnuu coinacuficn
na hponcncnuc cnoonnix niopon, kofopic niuipana, honyuun
onimuncfno ionocon, ohhosuuuonnan hapfun, pykononuman Ayni
Can Cy Hxu, noucpik Ayni Cana, onnoio us ocnonafcncu Iupmi,
yufoio n 147 i. Iocnc hponcncnun niopon nanncnuc na nocn-
nix ymcnimunoci u onu cmoinu noccfanonufi cnou konfponi nan
cufyauucu, honanun ncc nuccuncnfckuc nnuxcnun u saknkuun
n fkpimy hpcncfanufcncu ohhosuuuu. Iupma, hcpcumcnonannan
n Minnmy, nimna us usonnuuu naionapn fopionim konfakfam c
Taunannom u hpusinam hpcncfanufcncu ohhosuuuu, kofopim yna-
noci hcpchpanufi cnou opamcnun sa hpcncni cfpani.
(.D.. HAHCTAH H HH,HH
Ha Hnnuk u Iakucfan mcxnynaponnic usmcncnun okasanu
127O
hpnmoc nosncucfnuc. Cfpafciuucckoc snaucnuc Iakucfana, fccno cnn-
sannoio c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, n ococnnocfu hocnc concfckoio
nfopxcnun n Aqianucfan, oucni nospocno, on houyncfnonan ccn na
hcpcnncm kpac opii nc foniko n ofnomcnuu CCCI u Hnnuu, no u
pcnonkuuonnoio Hpana. Iakucfan hpcnocfannnn ycxumc aqianc-
kum cxcnuam u cnyxun asou nnn honiofonku ohcpauuu n xonc an-
fuconcfckou hapfusanckou nouni. Ipanufcnu Hcnamaana uchifina-
nu cfpax, ufo sa okkyhauucu Aqianucfana kpocfcn oncc omupniu
hnan, naucncnniu na saxnaf Icnynxu-
cfana, ufo ofkpino i CCCI nopoiy k Hnnuuckomy okcany.
Iocfonnnan mcxnynaponnan nahpnxcnnocfi hpcnpamana Ia-
kucfan n onno us knkucnix iocynapcfn n hnanc honncpxanun ino-
aninoio pannonccun n hcpuon xononnou nouni. Ionoxcnuc oc-
noxnnnoci fakxc ncncncfnuc nnyfpcnnux fpynnocfcu hakucfanckoio
hpanufcnicfna, hponnunmuxcn no npcmn kpusuca 171 i., kofopiu
hpuncn k ofncncnuk Ianinancm. Ipofunopcuun mcxny nocnnou u
honufuucckou ncpxymkou, a fakxc cpcnu apucfokpafuucckou onu-
iapxuu, cnnsannou c ncncnucm Iakucfana na hponunuuu, n ococn-
nocfu, sfo ofnocunoci k cohcpnuuccfny mcxny Cunnom (hponunuu-
cu Ixyffo) u Icnnxaom (camou oiafou hponunuucu cfpani),
oocfpnnu honufuucckyk ocfanonky n Iakucfanc.
o 174 i. y nnacfu n Iakucfanc naxonunoci ipaxnanckoc hpa-
nufcnicfno no inanc c 3yniqukapom Anu Ixyffo. Ho hopaxcnuc n
nounc c Hnnucu u ofncncnuc Ianinancm honopnanu anfopufcf
ipaxnanckoio hpanufcnicfna, u n 174 i. nocnnic nsnnu nnacfi nc-
hocpcncfncnno n cnou pyku. Hmu pykononun icncpan Moxammcn
3un-yni-Xak, nukfafop, nnacfi kofopoio ohupanaci na cofpynnuuc-
cfno c amcpukanuamu. Ho nocnnic nncsahno yfpafunu cnok nnacfi
n aniycfc 188 i., koina icncpan 3un hoiu n anuakafacfpoqc, cfan-
mcu, nosmoxno, cncncfnucm hokymcnun. Bocnnic, konfponupo-
nanmuc nnacfi hpcsuncnfa pcchynuku, hocuufanu ncoxonumim c
yucfom hcpcmcn na mcxnynaponnou apcnc nohycfufi k nnacfu ipax-
nanckoc hpanufcnicfno. Onu hifanuci cmniuufi nanncnuc Iakuc-
fanckou naponnou hapfuu, pykononumou Icnasup Ixyffo, noucpik
hpcmicp-munucfpa, cmcmcnnoio n 174 i. u hpuionopcnnoio k cmcp-
fu n 17 i. Biopi hpunccnu fpuymqaninyk hocny mononou (J5
ncf) noucpu Ixyffo, kofopan cfana hpcmicp-munucfpom hcpnou
xcnmunou, sannnmcu fakou hocf n mycynimanckou cfpanc. Tcm nc
mcncc cc pykononcfno hpanufcnicfnom hpononxanoci ncnonio. B 1O i.
Icnasup Ixyffo onununu n concucfnuu koppyhuuu u n napymcnuu
sakonnocfu. Ona ina apccfonana, safcm ina ninyxncna hpckpa-
fufi honufuucckyk ncnfcninocfi u ykpificn y ccn n nomc, a ho-
snncc hokunyfi cfpany. Ha nonix niopax ychcxa nounaci Iakuc-
c...
1271
fanckan naponnan hapfun hon pykononcfnom Hanasa Uapuqa. Ho u
sfo nc hpunccno cfauninocfu: n 1J i. Uapuq in cmcmcn nocn-
nimu, u foniko Bcpxonniu Cyn ncpnyn cio na hocf hpcmicpa.
Bnyfpcnnnn cufyauun n Iakucfanc oocfpnnaci n cnnsu co cnox-
nimu ncmoipaquucckumu hponcmamu (hpucyfcfnuc aqian-
ckux cxcnucn), a fakxc ncncncfnuc pasnufun nnuxcnun ucnamuc-
fon, ycununmcio cnoc nnunnuc ho nccu cfpanc. Bnyfpcnncc hono-
xcnuc yxynmanoci cmc u hofomy, ufo Iakucfan uacfuuno yfpafun
cnok hpcxnkk cfpafciuucckyk poni. 3ancpmcnuc xononnou nouni
ocnauno cnnsu c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u ocfanuno Iakucfan
no nnacfu cfpaxa hcpcn momnim unnuuckum coccnom, ncncncfnuc
ucio cmy hpumnoci camocfonfcnino pcmafi nohpoc o cocfncnnou
csohacnocfu. B sfou cufyauuu cfana pcanusoninaficn uncn cosna-
nun nauuonaninoio afomnoio opyxun, ufo, onnako, nc choco-
cfnonano pocfy csohacnocfu, oncc foio, hopoxnano ncnanucfi k
cfpanc, kofopan c fpynom hifanaci nknkuuficn n hpouccc skono-
muucckoio pocfa, nounmuci nckofopoio ychcxa, no uyncfnonana
ccn cmc oucni ncyncpcnno. Hauonimuc ohaccnun Iakucfan ni-
sinan y Hnnuu n cnnsu c cckoncunim chopom sa onananuc Kam-
mupom u yiposou nonou ofkpifou nouni mcxny nnymn cfpanamu
(1 i.).
B ioni xononnou nouni ncc Hnnuu n mcxnynaponnix ncnax
hponnnnncn numi kocncnnim opasom, nccmofpn na macmfai
cfpani u oipomniu hofcnuuan, kofopiu cu cmc hpcncfonno hpu-
opccfu hocnc ypciynuponanun nnyfpcnnux hpofunopcuuu. Cfpa-
nou pykononun Hnnuuckuu nauuonaniniu konipccc, no inanc ko-
fopoio cnauana cfonn Hcpy, a safcm cio noui Hnnupa Iannu
(ona ina yufa n okfnpc 184 i.). Hucncnnocfi naccncnun Hn-
nuu nipocna c J7O munnuonon xufcncu n 147 i. no hpunusufcni-
no 866 munnuonon n 12 i. Takum opasom, pcui mna o cfpanc ho
uucncnnocfu naccncnun nfopou n mupc hocnc Kufan.
Hnnun ina cnnou cfpanou, hpanufcnicfno kofopou cfankuna-
noci c mnoiouucncnnimu fpynnocfnmu, cnnsannimu c pcnuiuosni-
mu fpanuuunmu, couuaninim paccnocnucm, co cnoxnocfik camou cu-
cfcmi yhpanncnun, hockoniky na cc fcppufopuu cocymccfnonanu o-
ncc cofnu hpanufcncu, onananmux cocfncnnimu honnomouunmu, u
hofomy n sanauy ucnfpaninou nnacfu nxonuno nc nohycfufi hpounc-
fanun mccfnuuccfna. Cfpany pasnupano nckonoc hpofunoopcfno mcx-
ny mycynimanckum mcnimuncfnom, cocfannnnmum hpumcpno 11' na-
ccncnun, u oipomnim unnyucfckum onimuncfnom. B hocncnnuc
ioni sfo hpofunocfonnuc nnoni oocfpunoci, ycununcn hpofccf un-
nyucfon hpofun ucnamckoio qynnamcnfanusma, nosnuk unnyucfckuu
skcfpcmusm, ufo hpuncno k nchpcpinnim cfonknoncnunm mcxny cfo-
1272
ponnukamu pasnix pcnuiuu.
Ofu fpynnocfu nc homcmanu Hnnuu niufu us cocfonnun nu-
mcfi u ionona u cfafi cfpanou, choconou occhcuufi ccn hpo-
nykfamu hufanun, n ncu naxc nosnuknu ocfponku naiohonyuun.
Tak nasinacman scncnan pcnonkuun, f.c. pauuonanusauun ccni-
ckoxosnucfncnnoio hpousnoncfna, cncnana nosmoxnim pocf hpous-
noncfna hponykfon hufanun, xofn u ncpannomcpniu n pasnix pc-
iuonax, ufo ncuscxno hpu icoipaquucckux macmfaax Hnnuu u
mnoioopasuu qopm cocfncnnocfu (napnny c mcnkou cocfncn-
nocfik u afpauccfnom cymccfnonanu kpyhnic scmcninic nafuqyn-
nuu). Ypanusauun u unnycfpuanusauun usmcnunu skonomuucckyk
cufyauuk, xofn ncoxonumiu yponcni camoocchcucnun, coofncf-
cfnykmuu honnunnou moncpnusauuu, fak u nc in nocfuinyf.
Oipanuucnnocfi yponnn pasnufun Hnnuu ina cnnsana c honu-
fuucckou nccfauninocfik, nacfyhunmcu hocnc yuucfna Hnnupi
Iannu. C iucnik n 11 i. Ianxuna Iannu, nfopoio cina Hnnupi
u cc hpccmnuka, nauancn hcpuon cmyfi, ofmcucnniu hancnucm an-
fopufcfa hapfuu Konipccca n cfpanc u pocfom nnunnun hapfuu
Ixapafun xanafa, cfpcmunmcucn uchonisonafi unnyucfckuu qyn-
namcnfanusm hpofun hnkpanusma hapfuu Konipccca.
Bo nncmnchonufuucckom hnanc Hnnun sannna hosuuuk hpo-
funocfonnun Kufak, nucfanuuponanun of Cocnuncnnix Ufafon,
hockoniky ona uipana ncnymyk poni n nnuxcnuu nchpucocnunc-
nun, a fakxc n cnnsu c oocfpcnucm cc konqnukfa c Iakucfanom.
Bhnofi no konua xononnou nouni Hnnun no nncmncu honufukc
opucnfuponanaci na coks c CCCI, xofn nukoina nc hpunumana
pcmcnuu, nisinanmux mymniu ofknuk. B hcpnou hononunc ncnn-
nocfix ionon hocnc pcmcnun hponcmi Bicfnama na nckofopoc
npcmn cmniuunuci hpofunopcuun c Kufacm u hpcxnuc chopi ho
hoipanuunim nohpocam, hopoxncnnic nsaumnim ncnoncpucm n
ofnomcnun ohpcncncnun ipanuu coofncfcfnykmux cqcp nnunnun.
Hnnun ychcmno nknkuunaci n naiohpunfnyk mcxnynaponnyk
kontknkfypy, u cu nhcpnic hpcncfanunaci nosmoxnocfi ohpcnc-
nufi cocfncnnic nauuonaninic unfcpcci camocfonfcnino, n coof-
ncfcfnuu c nosspcnunmu cc pykononnmux honufukon, a nc hon nos-
ncucfnucm nanncnun usnnc. Bnyfpcnnuu honufuucckuu kpusuc, xofn
u nc hpuocfanonun skonomuucckuu pocf, sacfanun Hnnuk cocpcnofo-
uufi nnumanuc na hponcmax cnocio honyocfpona.
(.(O. Hnc 1cDacBa Bnac:n
B CcBc:ccH Ccsc
(.(O.(. CTFJTJFHLH XAFATLF
c...
127J
CCDLTCC1C DCHCHHLCC1C FH5HCA
Bo npcmn hcpnoio hpcsuncnfckoio mannafa Ionanina Icuiana
(181184 ii.) Cocnuncnnic Ufafi hcpcxunanu naionapn cio
honufukc hcpuon momnoio skonomuucckoio hontcma, pocfa unncc-
fuuuu kak n ipaxnanckoc hpousnoncfno, fak u n ionky noopyxc-
nuu. Onu concucfnonanu usmcncnuk xapakfcpa uhonnpnou cucfc-
mi, hucanix u nchucanix nopm cocymccfnonanun, pocun nison
concfckum hpcfcnsunm nouficn ananoiuunix ucncu. Ofof nison
nonxcn in ninnufi, ocfakfcn nu ychcxu Concfon n onacfu noopy-
xcnuu cnuncfncnnou anifcpnafunou couuanino-skonomuucckomy
kpusucy, nanucmcmy nan Concfckum Coksom.
Iino usnccfno, ufo concfckoc omccfno yxc mnoio ncf naxo-
nufcn n cocfonnuu yhanka. Ipanufcnicfno Mockni csychcmno
hifanoci ckpifi, hpcxnc nccio, of cnoux ipaxnan, ucfunnoc ho-
noxcnuc ncmcu, no skchcpfi nccio mupa snanu pcaninic ycnonun
pasnufun concfckoio omccfna. Mancnkon, Xpymcn, Kociiun u
Ipcxncn pasnimu chocoamu cspcsynifafno hifanuci namyhafi
hyfu pcqopm. Hsnnc pasnananuci cyponic oucnku. Iancnuc fcm-
hon pocfa, icfpoc ucfomcnuc pccypcon, ncoxonumix nnn hpo-
nonxcnun hpouccca pasnufun, fcxnonoiuucckan ofcfanocfi n pas-
nix cckfopax, nuchpohopuuu mcxny pacxonamu na nocnnic u
ipaxnanckuc nyxni cosnananu hpcncfanncnuc o Concfckom Coksc
kak o nounc, kofopoio yncpxunanu na noiax foniko cio nochcxu; n
ncm nuncnu omccfno, ncchoconoc hpcononcfi nnacfi oipomnoio,
kocnoio u koppymhuponannoio kpokpafuucckoio ahhapafa, omc-
cfno, ninyxncnnoc monuafi n cnnsu c hpunynufcninim nicsnom
unu ccinkou nuccuncnfon u ncofnpafumo kafunmcccn k yhanky.
Hckofopic cfafucfuucckuc nannic nakf hpcncfanncnuc o macmfa-
ax kpusucnix nnncnuu. Huxchpuncncnnan fanuua ofpaxacf pocf
nanonoio nauuonaninoio hponykfa u hpousnonufcninocfi fpyna n
hpoucnfnom coofnomcnuu, hpu sfom cfouf ofmcfufi, ufo n Concf-
ckom Coksc hpousnonufcninocfi n hpomimncnnocfu cocfannnna
55' of amcpukanckou, a n ccnickom xosnucfnc 1O'.
1ocm npou:oo0cmou u npou:oo0ume:inocmu mpy0u o +++1
Iokasafcni Ioni
16O165 16517O 17O175 17518O 18O
BBI 5,O 5,J J,7 2,7 1,4
Ipousnonufcninocfi J,4 J,2 2,O 1,J O,2
fpyna, ucn.u
Oman hpousnonufcni- O,6 1,1 O,5 O,8 1,
1274
nocfi (c yucfom safpaf
fpyna, kahufana, scmnu)
Ipomimncnnoc hpous- 6,6 6,J 5, J,6 J,4
noncfno
Ipousnonufcninocfi J,6 J,1 4,4 2,O 2,4
fpyna n hpomimncn-
nocfu, ucn.u
Oman hpousnonufcni- O,1 O,5 1,1 O,6 O,2
nocfi n hpomimncnnoc-
fu (hpousnoncfno c yuc-
fom safpaf ucnonckoua-
con u kahufanon)
Hcfounuk: tiuler . TIc SovIct Iaradox: cxtcrnaI cxpansIon, IntcrnaI dccIInc.
Iondon, 186. I. 6O.
Tcmhi pocfa concfckoio ccnickoxosnucfncnnoio hpousnoncfna
n ucnom cnusunuci c 4,J' n 15116O ii. no J,7' n 16117O ii.
u no O,' n nccnfuncfuc 17117 ii. B 18J185 ii. fcmhi poc-
fa ccnickoxosnucfncnnoio hpousnoncfna na nymy naccncnun cnu-
sunuci na 2'. Tcmhi pocfa omcio otcma hpomimncnnoio hpo-
usnoncfna inu cncnykmumu: 1O,2 (151155); 8,J (15616O);
6,6 (161165); 6,J (16617O); 5, (171175); J,4 (176
18O). Moxno ofmcfufi, ufo cnuxcnuc hpupocfa hpousnoncfna
hponykfon hufanun u hpcnmcfon hofpcncnun ino npamafuucc-
kum, n onacfu mamunocfpocnun cnuxcnuc fcmhon pocfa ino
snauufcninim, no nc kpufuucckum.
pyiuc nannic, hpuncncnnic Ccncpunom Iauncpom, ofnocnfcn
k ccnickoxosnucfncnnomy hpousnoncfny, inc n 181 i. ino sannfo
26' paoucu cuni (hpu sfom n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax, n cncpa-
funnou Icchynukc Icpmanuu u panuuu coofncfcfncnno J', 6'
u 8'). Tpakfopniu hapk CCCI n 181 i. nocfuian 2 6OO OOO hpo-
fun 4 655 OOO cnunuu n Cocnuncnnix Ufafax, ncf cmicna iono-
pufi o kauccfnc u ycnonunx pcmonfa.
Moxno cohocfannnfi u npyiuc nannic, no onu nc kacakfcn
nahpnmyk mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu, xofn u nnunkf na nux.
Oman kapfuna honfncpxnana ncchoconocfi concfckou cucfcmi hpc-
ononcfi ofcfananuc. Hchpousnonufcninoc ccnickoc xosnucfno, kofo-
poc sanuccno of nncmnux sakyhok (n 181 i. CCCI umhopfuponan us
Cocnuncnnix Ufafon 4O mnn fonn scpna), ofcfanan hpomimncn-
nocfi, fcxnonoiuu, ncnocfounic ncnukou cfpani, ncc sfo cnunc-
fcnicfnonano o fom, ufo CCCI cmoi cfafi ncnukou nncpnou u kocmu-
ucckou ncpxanou, no nc pcmun, oncc foio, ycyiyun hponcmi, ko-
fopic inu hpuuunamu pcnonkuuu 117 i.: ofcyfcfnuc ncoxonumo-
c...
1275
io yncnuucnun nauuonaninoio oiafcfna u oncc pannomcpnoio cio
pachpcncncnun; ncpancncfno n naiococfonnuu; ncynaua ycfpcmncnuu
k chpancnnunocfu u cnoonc. B Concfckom Coksc nauana nocimunc-
cnfix ionon nc ino nu cnooni, nu naiococfonnun, nu chpancnnu-
nocfu.
Kopnu kpusuca ncxanu n camou konuchuuu Cfanuna, cosnan-
mcio ucnfpanusonannyk skonomuky, ocnonannyk na omccfncn-
nou cocfncnnocfu cpcncfn hpousnoncfna u na hnanuponanuu ho
hnfuncfkam. Konfponi nan pachpcncncnucm kahufanonnoxcnuu
hpu usounuu pccypcon, nanuuuu ncmcnou paoucu cuni u hpo-
cfcumux fcxnonoiunx in nosmoxcn no fcx hop, hoka cymccfnona-
na onna unu ncckoniko us sfux cocfannnkmux. B 6O-c ioni cfano
ncno, ufo concfckan nnacfi nc moxcf onimc ohupaficn na sfu
qakfopi, xapakfcpnic nnn pasnunakmcucn cfpani, u nonxna pc-
mafi hponcmi moncpnusauuu omccfna.
Icqopmi cfanu ncoxonumi, u concfckuc pykononufcnu n fc-
ucnuc mnoiux ncf hifanuci ycfpanufi hpofunopcuun konuchuuu
hpousnonufcninou cucfcmi, cc cnaic mccfa, cfanonunmuccn ncc
oncc oucnunnimu. Iponcmi oocfpnnuci n cnnsu c fcm, ufo nk-
an pcqopma napymana coofnomcnuc mcxny unnccfuuunmu n nocn-
no-hpomimncnniu komhnckc u unnccfuuunmu n hpousnoncfno
hpcnmcfon hofpcncnun. Mcxny fcm hofpcufcnu cfanonunuci ncc
oncc fpconafcninimu, ncncncfnuc usmcncnun nnyfpcnnux kpufc-
pucn u cpanncnun c kauccfnom sahannix usncnuu, ufo ino ncus-
cxno naionapn cpcncfnam macconou unqopmauuu.
pnxnckmcc pykononcfno cfonno hcpcn anifcpnafunou, fpco-
nanmcu nonou sncpiuu u choconocfu nipaofafi nonic honxoni.
Ono nonxno ino pcmufi hponcmy, kofopyk nc moina ooufu
naxc hnanonan skonomuka, ncoxonumocfi niopa. axc n yc-
nonunx pcaninoio couuanusma in ncuscxcn skonomuucckuu ni-
op, kofopiu osnauan ohpcncncnuc hpuopufcfa mcxny pacxonamu
na nocnnic ucnu, na kocmuucckuc uccncnonanun, na pasnufuc fnxc-
nou hpomimncnnocfu u pacxonamu na npyiuc nyxni. Yknonnficn
of niopa osnauano ckafinaficn k fnxcnomy kpusucy. Iosfomy
momcnf hpunnfun pcmcnun hpunuxancn oucni icfpo. Concfckuc
pykononufcnu sfo xopomo ocosnananu, u Annpohon, kofopiu nonioc
npcmn nosinannnn KII (f.c. concfckuc cckpcfnic cnyxi), snan pc-
aninoc honoxcnuc ncmcu u hifancn cnnunyfi ncno c mcpfnou fouku
sa fo kopofkoc npcmn, koina on in icncpaninim cckpcfapcm HK
KICC.
Koncanun, nakoncu, sakonuunuci. Ipusnanuc ncofnoxnocfu
cokpamcnun kahufanonnoxcnuu n nocnnic ofpacnu osnauano nc-
oxonumocfi cosnanun unoio mcxnynaponnoio honufuucckoio knu-
1276
mafa, occhcuunanmcio ymcnimcnuc pucka hpu pcanusauuu sfoio pc-
mcnun nnn cucfcmi, kofopan nccina cfanuna csohacnocfi no inany
yina. Hnauc ionopn, cmc oncc akfyaninim cfanonunoci hcpcocmic-
ncnuc ofnomcnuu c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu, ufoi occhcuufi ycfa-
nonncnuc nnufcninoio mupa, a fakxc hocfonnnoio u uckpcnncio co-
inacun, ufo hosnonuno i hpcnofnpafufi nocnnic unuuncnfi, kofo-
pic moinu homcmafi pckonncpcuu, paspaofannou concfckumu hnano-
nimu opianamu. Takum opasom, cnnsi mcxny nncmncu u nnyfpcnncu
honufukou hponnnnnaci n honnou mcpc, honfncpxnan hocfynaf, ufo
niop nncmnchonufuucckoio kypca ohpcncnncfcn nnyfpcnnumu qakfo-
pamu.
(.(O.2. HFHXC, 1CFLAHLDA DHACTH.
HLFDLL CC1HALLHHH C FLH1AHC
Iocnc cmcpfu Hcpncnko pcmafi sfy naxnyk sanauy hpcncfonno
Muxauny Iopaucny, ponunmcmycn n 1J1 i. u hofomy nipaxanmc-
my nacfpocnun nonoio hokoncnun concfckux honufukon, cqopmu-
ponanmuxcn hocnc pcnonkuuu. 11 mapfa 185 i. icncpaninim cck-
pcfapcm HK KICC in uspan noniu honufuk nnn houcka nonix
pcmcnuu. B ioni hpcinanun y nnacfu u, n cmc onimcu cfchcnu,
hocnc foio kak n 11 i. on ninyxncn in ocfanufi cnou hocf,
nuunocfi Iopaucna nisinana mnoiouucncnnic chopi u pasnuu-
nic oucnku. Iocfchcnno cnoxuncn cio opas kak cnocio pona
onunokoio icpon, pocunmcio nison nchocnumou cucfcmc, kak
nuunocfu, onanakmcu mupokum kpyiosopom u ynunufcninou un-
fyuuucu, kak sqqckfunnoio hpohaiannucfa, kak ncnfcnn, nccymcio
mupy mup u ncmokpafuk Concfckomy Coksy, kak ucnoncka pasym-
noio u ocmofpufcninoio, kofopiu xofcn hocfchcnno nifamufi
Concfckuu Coks us onofa fpynnocfcu na cpci ncmokpafuu u
hpouncfanun. H nakoncu, n ncm nuncnu ucnoncka, kofopoio n aniyc-
fc 11 i. hpcnanu camic nuskuc copafnuku, ucnoncka, opcucn-
noio na hpcxncnpcmcnniu, no nc ynusufcniniu honufuucckuu
sakaf, hofomy ufo sa num coxpanuncn hpccfux honufuka, hono-
xunmcio koncu xononnou nounc; on houfu nannsan cc sancpmcnuc
nchpumupumomy Icuiany u sakpchun cio c xopnxcm Iymcm. C fc-
ucnucm npcmcnu nuunocfi Iopaucna hpcncfana n nonom cncfc.
Inan opianusonannoio hcpcxonnoio hcpuona, kofopiu on hpcnna-
ian, hpuopcn nonoc snaucnuc n cpanncnuu c xaofuunim hcpcxon-
nim sfahom, kofopiu hcpcxunacf Ioccun.
Hspanuc Iopaucna na hocf pykononufcnn Kommynucfuucckou
hapfuu Concfckoio Coksa hpousomno nc n pcsynifafc nncsahnoio
c...
1277
osapcnun, a ncncncfnuc hpouccca fpynnou opii nnyfpu Ionufkpo
u houcka ucnoncka, kofopiu coofncfcfnonan i fpconanunm cnoxun-
mcucn cufyauuu. B 185 i., n cnou 54 iona, Iopaucn yxc hpunannc-
xan (u nanno) k concfckou nomcnknafypc. Hfak, cmc no npcmn oncs-
nu Ipcxncna cio umn nasinanu cpcnu ncmnoiux nosmoxnix hpccm-
nukon kak kommynucfuucckoio pykononufcnn, onananmcio ncoxonu-
mimu choconocfnmu nnn pcmcnun hponcm hapfuu. Hspanuc Ann-
pohona u Hcpncnko cnuncfcnicfnonano o namcpcnnom hpomcxyfounom
pcmcnuu, ufoi nafi nosmoxnocfi hokoncnuk Ipcxncna ucucphafi
cnou kannunafypi. Ho n cnyuac c Hcpncnko niop nnno osnauan
oiunyk hohifky hofnnyfi npcmn u hpcononcfi hocncnncc cohpo-
funncnuc hpu niopc pcqopmafopa.
Hfak, Iopaucn nanno cfpcmuncn sannfi hocf icncpaninoio
cckpcfapn, umcn ucfkyk ucni cncnafi hapfuk oncc sqqckfun-
nou, oncc conpcmcnnou, oncc nocfounou. Cnauana on pcmun,
ufo ncoxonumo ocymccfnufi nepecmpouiy, f.c. pcqopmi, u nnccfu
e:ucnocmi, f.c. cnoony cnona. Bof fc inannic sncmcnfi, na kofo-
pic on, kak nuncp KICC, ohupancn, ufoi kommynusm u iocynap-
cfno n Concfckom Coksc cmoinu nafi ofncf fpconanunm npcmc-
nu. Hc nisinanu comncnuu cio nonninocfi kak kommynucfa, u cio
namcpcnun ncucfnonafi n pamkax hapfuunou unconoiuu, ufoi
hpuchocoufi cc k nonim npcmcnam. O sfom cnuncfcnicfnonanu
nicfyhncnun Iopaucna, ofnocnmuccn k hcpnomy sfahy cio pyko-
noncfna. Ofnocufcnino nnyfpcnncu honufuku on yfncpxnan, ufo
nc hufacf comncnuu n hpcnocxoncfnc couuanucfuucckou cucfcmi,
n fcx naiohpunfnix pcsynifafax, kofopic ona hpunccna concfcko-
my napony u n ncoxonumocfu ocfanaficn ncpnimu couuanucfuucc-
kou uncc. On ionopun: Couuanusm nonxcn nccfu k hpoipcccy ho-
cnocmy, cnoumu mcfonamu unu, ufoi ifi founcc, concfckumu
mcfonamu. Iosfomy ncoxonumo chnofufi ncc cuni, ufoi no-
uficn nauuonaninoio hontcma, naionapn fncpnou pcmumocfu
hocfanufi hpouniu apicp ofknoncnunm of couuanucfuucckux
hpunuuhon. Ipcnannocfi ncny u couuanucfuucckan nucuuhnuna
inu fou asou, ohupanci na kofopyk, moxno ino unfu nanimc,
nc komhpomcfupyn yxc nocfuinyfic pcsynifafi.
Ofo inu cfapic uncu, no Iopaucn nncc n nux cmcnocfi, pcmu-
fcninocfi, ocfpofy n honumanuu hpuuun sacfon, cnok nonk u namc-
pcnuc opoficn c pasasapunanucm cpcncfn, snoyhofpcncnunmu u nc-
chpancnnunocfik, c ofknoncnunmu of hpanonix nopm. Ho ncc sfo
paccmafpunanoci n hnanc ynyumcnun kommynusma. Iopaucn honuman,
u c fcucnucm npcmcnu ncc nyumc, macmfai kpusuca, oxnafunmcio
cfpany, kofopiu in ofniomcn cmc u nauuonanucfuucckumu nnuxc-
1278
nunmu no mnoiux pciuonax umhcpuu, no on onanan ohfumusmom u
sncpiucu u in ycxncn n fom, ufo oncsni cmc moxno nincuufi.
On in uyxn micnu, ufo CCCI noxunacf hocncnnuc ioni kommy-
nucfuucckou shoxu, fakxc on in nanck of ncucfnufcninoio honu-
manun snaucnun ncmokpafuu n kahufanu-
cfuucckom omccfnc. Iio cfpafciun ina cnnsana nc c konuchuucu
pcnonkuuu usnyfpu, a ckopcc c konuchuucu pcqopm.
Mnoiuc cpannunanu, u nc cs ocnonanun, hcpccfpouky c nonim
usnanucm Honou skonomuucckou honufuku (HOI), sanymannou
cnunim n 2O-c ioni. Icqopmi paccmafpunanuci kak nananka
cymccfnonanmcio mcxanusma, kofopan nonxna ina uchpanufi ho-
noxcnuc ncmcu, no nc mcnnfi camo ux ycfpoucfno. B hpomimncn-
nocfu u ccnickom xosnucfnc, n onacfu hpan ucnoncka u n ncoxu-
nanno nakanunmcmcn nohpocc mcxnauuonaninix ofnomcnuu Iop-
aucn nouncn nckofopix usmcncnuu, no on nukoina nc hcpccfyhan
hopoi, sa kofopim hcpcmcni cfanu i ncopafumimu. On cfapancn
ncucfnonafi ocfopoxno, ufoi nc nisnafi oncsncnnoio packona
couuaninix u skonomuucckux cun n cfpanc. On hopoxnan pacfymuc
oxunanun, no n ufoic nisnan pasouaponanuc n ipomkux ocmanunx,
fak kak hpcnhpunnfic mcpi hpuncnu k nconimum pcsynifafam.
Baxncumumu hponcmamu in u nohpoc o hpanax ucnoncka,
pcqopma hpan cocfncnnocfu n ccnickom xosnucfnc, usmcncnuc
cucfcmi yhpanncnun n hpomimncnnocfu u hcpccmofp mcxnauuo-
naninix ofnomcnuu n Concfckom Coksc. Iopaucn honomcn k pc-
mcnuk sfux hponcm, hnanupyn nnccfu ynyumcnun, coxpannn camy
cfpykfypy, a nc cosnanan nonyk. Yipoxanmcc cmy honufuucckoc
hopaxcnuc ino cncncfnucm unnksuu, ufo nosmoxno pcqopmupo-
nafi pcxum pcaninoio couuanusma n cfpanc, kofopou yhpannnnu n
coofncfcfnuu c nocfanmumucn n nacncncfno cfanunckumu mcfona-
mu. Hcnisn ofpuuafi, ufo Iopaucn ncnuccku hifancn nincuufi
oninoio, no oninou in yxc ncusncuum.
B sfux ycnonunx Iopaucn, usanunmuci of nuunix hpucfpacfuu,
pasncpnyn akfunnyk u hocncnonafcninyk nncmnchonufuucckyk
ncnfcninocfi. Ona cfana hpcnnapufcninim ycnonucm hcpccfpouku.
Xofn hcpccfpouka nukoina nc ina ocymccfnncna n coofncf-
cfnuu c samicnom Iopaucna, no pcmcnun, hpusnannic cncnafi cc
nosmoxnou, hpcxnc nccio hcpccmofp ofnomcnuu c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu unu, kak ionopnf mnoiuc, okonuanuc xononnou nouni,
nof honnunniu pcsynifaf, c kofopim ino u yncf cnnsano umn Iop-
aucna. Hcni (f.c. pcqopma kommynucfuucckou cucfcmi) nc ina
nocfuinyfa u hpcnpafunaci n muq, a cpcncfno hpcnpafunoci n ucni.
B nauanc cnocu ncnfcninocfu n kauccfnc icncpaninoio cckpcfa-
c...
127
pn Iopaucn cuufan, ufo hocnc nocfuxcnun huka mcxnynaponnou na-
hpnxcnnocfu, cnnsannou c pasncpfinanucm pakcf CC-2O u paspinom
Zcncnckux hcpcionopon, hpousomno nckofopoc cc cmniucnuc, koina
hocnc hcpcuspanun Icuiana na hocf hpcsuncnfa n nonpc 184 i.
mcxny Ipomiko u iocynapcfncnnim cckpcfapcm CUA Uyniucm
ina nocfuinyfa oman noionopcnnocfi o nosononncnuu hcpciono-
pon. cucfnufcnino, 12 mapfa 185 i. nauanuci hcpcionopi, no onu
nafonknynuci na hpchnfcfnuc, kofopoc moino homcmafi ynymcmy
pasnufuk ofnomcnuu mcxny cncpxncpxanamu, n nunc concfckou oh-
hosuuuu fak nasinacmou cfpafciuucckou ooponnou unuuuafunc
(COH), paspaofannou Icuianom u Yauncpicpom u cfanmcu hpcnmc-
fom pasnoinacuu mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u CCCI. Yauncp-
icp namcpcnancn hponcmoncfpuponafi ncoxonumocfi uchonisonanun
fcxnonoiuucckux pccypcon, kofopimu onanano foniko hcpcnonoc o-
mccfno, hosfomy on hocfanun Concfi hcpcn nuncmmou: ckpifi cnoc
ofcfananuc n oxunanuu, koina ono yncf c onimum fpynom hpcono-
ncno, unu ofkpifo sannufi o cnocu cnaocfu n nancxnc na amcpukan-
ckuc ycfyhku. Iopaucn hocnc cnocio uspanun nipan nfopou napu-
anf u nauan hcpcionopi o ofkasc amcpukanucn of COH kak ycnonuu
nnn oncc mupokoio coinamcnun. On nancnncn na ycfyhky co cfopo-
ni amcpukanucn, no sfoio nc hpousomno, u on in ninyxncn hpu-
snafi ofcfananuc cnocu cfpani, honhucan cfpafciuucckuc coinamc-
nun, kofopic nhcpnic okasanu cymccfncnnoc nnunnuc na pcaninoc
coofnomcnuc cun mcxny nnymn cncpxncpxanamu.
Icpniu ocfpiu sfah nuckyccuu ho sfomy nohpocy ofnocufcn k
hcpuony mcxny ccnfnpcm 185 i., koina Concfi hpcncfanunu cnou
hpcnnoxcnun ho pasopyxcnuk u nhcpnic hpunnnu hpunuuh cy-
mccfncnnoio cokpamcnun cfpafciuucckux noopyxcnuu, u 2O21 no-
npn, koina Iopaucn u Icuian nhcpnic ncfpcfunuci n Zcncnc,
nosononun hpakfuky pciynnpnix cammufon, hpcpnannyk hocnc
ncfpcuu Ipcxncna u Kapfcpa n 17 i. B Zcncnc cocfonnaci ccp-
ncunan ncfpcua, kofopan hponcmoncfpuponana Icuiany nocfouncfna
cocccnnuka. Iopaucn, kak nchomunacf Uyniu n cnoux nncnnukax,
ofcfaunan hpccmcfncnnocfi nncmncu u nnyfpcnncu concfckou ho-
nufuku, no nmccfc c fcm hponnun ccn kak honufuk, c kofopim
moxno nauafi hpunuuhuanino nonic hcpcionopi. Uyniu ynuncn
n Iopaucnc ucnoncka, concpmcnno nchoxoxcio na fcx concfckux
hpcncfanufcncu, kofopix snanu amcpukanui, u cfpcmunmciocn k
komhpomuccy, panu kofopoio moxno ino hoxcpfnonafi naxc
COH. Hfak, Uyniu paccyxnan cmc n fcpmunax ananca cun mcxny
cncpxncpxanamu, n fo npcmn kak Icuian, oncc nuskuu k Yaun-
cpicpy, uchonisyn ncc cnou nuhnomafuucckuc choconocfu, naho-
128O
pucfo ncn hcpcionopi, nounanci nc komhpomucca, a honnou ka-
hufynnuuu cocccnnuka.
B Zcncnc nc ynanoci nocfuui nukakoio pcsynifafa, no oa nu-
ncpa onsanuci hpononxafi nauafic hcpcionopi, coinacunmuci
hpunnfi sa ocnony hpunuuh 5O' cokpamcnun nncpnix noopyxcnuu
kaxnou cfoponou. Yhofpcncnuc fcpmuna nncpnic noopyxcnun
osnauano, ufo na hcpcionopax nc ina pcmcna hponcma cnpopa-
kcf, f.c. nc ino nocfuinyfo coinamcnuc ho nohpocy o fom,
nknkuafi nu ux n cfpafciuucckuc noopyxcnun (concfckoc hpcnno-
xcnuc) unu cuufafi opyxucm fcafpa nocnnix ncucfnuu, o kofopom
cncnycf nccfu hcpcionopi ofncnino (amcpukanckoc hpcnnoxcnuc).
Iponcma COH n cmc onimcu mcpc honnunna na nfopou sfah
hcpcionopon, no nauana kofopoio oc cfoponi ncnu ofkpifyk
hpohaiannucfckyk kamhanuk. C nnnapn ho okfnpi 186 i. nohpoc
o ofkasc of COH in nomunupykmum, hofomy ufo on ninnuiancn
n kauccfnc hpcnnapufcninoio ycnonun nccx hpcnnoxcnuu o komhpo-
muccc co cfoponi Concfon u hocfonnno ofncpiancn amcpukanuamu.
Iopaucn hifancn cmniuufi xccfkocfi ux hosuuuu, otnnun o na-
mcpcnuu Concfon ninccfu noucka us Aqianucfana n coofncfcfnuu
c ipaqukom, kofopiu nckopc hpcncfonno ohpcncnufi. Tpynnocfu
nnyfpu CCCI ninnunuci n ahpcnc 186 i. c fpaiuucckou anapucu
na afomnou cfanuuu n Hcpnoinc na Ykpaunc. Ona nc foniko
hpuncna k onimomy uucny xcpfn u nisnana mupokyk nonny cfpa-
xa n cnnsu c nihancnucm panuoakfunnix ocankon ho nccu Inpohc,
no u hponcmoncfpuponana fcxnonoiuucckyk ofcfanocfi concfckux
afomnix hpcnhpunfuu, f.c. hpcnhpunfuu, nnnnnmuxcn hcpcnonou
ofpacnik, fccno cnnsannou c nayunimu nocfuxcnunmu CCCI.
Hcpnoinickan anapun ninynuna Iopaucna sannfi ooponu-
fcninic hosuuuu. Icuian, nochonisonanmuci momcnfom cnaocfu
cnocio hpofunnuka, sannun 27 man, ufo Cocnuncnnic Ufafi nc
cuufakf ccn onimc cnnsannimu noionopom OCB-2 17 i. (kofo-
piu nukoina nc in pafuquuuponan u n napymcnuu kofopoio
Icuian nconnokpafno onunnn Concfi) u no nccx cnoux pcmcnunx
ho nncpnou hponcmc CUA ynyf ucxonufi us cocfncnnou oucnku
xapakfcpa cfpafciuucckou yiposi c concfckou cfoponi, a nc ocno-
ninaficn na nocfuinyfix noionopcnnocfnx. Tpynnocfu cnoxunmcucn
cufyauuu n honnou mcpc hponcmoncfpuponan cammuf IcuianIopa-
ucn, hpoxonunmuu 1112 okfnpn 186 i. n cfonuuc Hcnannuu Icu-
kinnukc. Xofn ocfanonka na hcpcionopax ina koncfpykfunnou, no
hponcma COH, cnonno kamcni hpcfknoncnun, nonncna nan yuacfnu-
kamu cammufa. Ynanoci snauufcnino hponnunyficn ho hyfu noiono-
pcnnocfu o cokpamcnuu cfpafciuucckux noopyxcnuu; ino pcmcno,
c...
1281
ufo kaxnan us cfopon nc yncf umcfi cnimc 16OO nocufcncu u nc
oncc 6OOO ociononok; ino nocfuinyfo coinamcnuc o cfpafciuucc-
kux omapnuponmukax, no ncc sfo hpu ycnonuu, ufo coinamcnuc y-
ncf nknkuafi fakxc ofkas Icuiana of COH. Hchifinan nanncnuc co
cfoponi nocnnix, Iopaucn in nc n cocfonnuu cncnafi ycfyhku n
sfom nohpocc.
Takum opasom, cammuf n Icukinnukc cfan momcnfom ucfuni
nnn pasnufun ofnomcnuu mcxny ocumu ncpxanamu u nnn ynymcio
hpouccca pasopyxcnun. nn nocfuxcnun noionopcnnocfu Iopaucny
hpcncfonno hokasafi, iofon nu on coinacuficn c fcm, ufo Cocnuncn-
nic Ufafi hpononxaf skchcpumcnf, kofopiu Concfckuu Coks n
fo npcmn nc moi ccc hosnonufi. On nonxcn in hponcmoncfpupo-
nafi, pannosnaucn nu houck komhpomucca honufukc paspnnku, ko-
fopyk hpononun Ipcxncn, unu xc on nnnncfcn cncncfnucm hpusna-
nun concfckou cnaocfu, ofcfananun of Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, hpu-
snanucm hponana ycunuu Cfanuna u cio hpccmnukon hocnc 145 i.,
nahpanncnnix na fo, ufoi nouficn cfpafciuucckoio hapufcfa c
Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u naxc hpcnocxoncfna nan numu.
Bcci 187 i. Iopaucn u concfckuc nuhnomafi inu sannfi
houckom fakoio nixona us fyhuka, nosnukmcio no npcmn hcpcio-
nopon n Icukinnukc, kofopiu hosnonun i ckpifi ofkas Concf-
ckoio Coksa of cio hosuuuu. Ofof ion in ofmcucn u kpusucni-
mu momcnfamu, u ncmoncfpauucu nopou nonu, kak, nahpumcp,
paspcmcnuc Iopaucna n kanyn poxnccfna 186 i. Annpck Caxapo-
ny ncpnyficn us ccinku k honnoucnnou nayunou akancmuucckou
paofc n Mocknc. uhnomafuucckyk paofy onimcu uacfik ncnu
skchcpfi u munucfpi unocfpannix ncn: Uyniu c amcpukanckou
cfoponi u noniu concfckuu munucfp Onyapn Ucnapnnansc, cmc-
nunmuu Ipomiko, ninnunyfoio (f.c. sannunyfoio) na hocf Ipcn-
ccnafcnn Ipcsunuyma Bcpxonnoio Concfa CCCI.
Hauoncc nciko Icuian homcn na ofkas of pasncpfinanun u na
ninon yxc ycfanonncnnix cnpopakcf. Iopaucn nnoni nicfyhun
n qcnpanc c hpcnnoxcnucm nyncnoio napuanfa, cfoni nopoioio
nnn Icuiana. Ho n sfom nohpocc cymccfnonano hpchnfcfnuc kpu-
nuucckoio xapakfcpa, cnnsannoc c fcm, ufo pcmcnuc hononoio
pona kacanoci nc foniko Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, no u nccx yuacfnu-
kon HATO u ofncninix hpanufcnicfn, kofopic hyfcm nnycfopon-
nux coinamcnuu noionopunuci o pasmcmcnuu na ux fcppufopuu
as nnn pakcf fuha Icpmuni-2 u kpinafix pakcf. Coxpannnaci nu
y cnpohcuucn hofpcnocfi n amcpukanckou samufc unu hpoucmcn-
muc usmcncnun cncnanu cc mcncc ncoxonumou, a cnpopakcfi
usnumnumu B aniycfc 187 i. kanuncp II Koni ypan kamcni
1282
hpcfknoncnun na hyfu hcpcionopon, koina sannun o cnocu iofonnocfu
ofkasaficn of nonix pakcf, ufoi Concfi u amcpukanui hpumnu
k coinamcnuk o ynuufoxcnuu nccx pakcf cpcnncio u mcnimcio
panuyca ncucfnun, pasmcmcnnix n Inpohc.
Tak in ofkpif hyfi k fpcficu ncfpcuc n ncpxax mcxny Icuia-
nom u Iopaucnim, hpomcnmcu n Bamunifonc n afmocqcpc nc-
moncfpafunnou ccpncunocfu 71O nckapn 187 i. Bhcpnic hocnc
nfopou muponou nouni ncfpcua na nicmcm yponnc hpunccna cfoni
omyfumic pcsynifafi u cfana hpcnknucu k ynuufoxcnuk ohpcnc-
ncnnoio fuha noopyxcnuu, a nc foniko k ux oipanuucnuk. oio-
nop, honhucanniu 8 nckapn n cfonuuc Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, yc-
fanannunan, ufo n fcucnuc fpcx ncf ncc pakcfi panuycom ncucfnun
of 5OO no 55OO kunomcfpon, f.c. pakcfi fcafpa nocnnix ncucfnuu,
nonxni ifi ynuufoxcni, sa ucknkucnucm fcx, kofopic ofnocu-
nuci k cucfcmam nauuonaninou nncpnou ooponi panuuu u Bc-
nukopufanuu.
Bhcpnic ino nocfuinyfo coinamcnuc o ynuufoxcnuu ohpc-
ncncnnoio fuha afomnoio opyxun, u, xofn pcmcnuc kacanoci foni-
ko J4' cymccfnykmcio n mupc nncpnoio hofcnuuana, ono nisna-
no oocnonanniu snfysuasm u uyncfno nsaumnoio ynonncfnopcnun
y yuacfnukon hcpcionopon. K fomy xc, noionop hpcnycmafpunan
mcxanusm unchckuuu nnn hponcpku cio nihonncnun na coofncf-
cfnykmux asax, ufo hpuncno k ncoxonumocfu saknkucnun chc-
uuaninoio coinamcnun c hnfik cfpanamu HATO, inc inu pasmc-
mcni cnpopakcfi: Icpmanucu, Aninucu, Hfanucu, Icniiucu u
Ionnannucu. oionop nhcpnic hpoun pcmi n fpanuuuonnou ho-
nospufcninocfu Concfon, ohacanmuxcn nohyckafi na cnou nocnnic
asi unchckuuu hofcnuuaninix hpofunnukon.
Oipanuucnnocfi noionopa, c cnpohcuckou fouku spcnun, sak-
nkuanaci n fom, ufo n ncm ofcyfcfnonanu cfafiu o ynuufoxcnuu
fakfuucckux pakcf, f.c. pakcf c panuycom ncucfnun mcncc 5OO km,
uchonisycmix n fpanuuuonnix konqnukfax. Ofof nohpoc kacancn,
hpcxnc nccio, Icpmanuu, kofopan sanumana honoxcnuc qophocfa
n cnyuac hpcnhonaiacmoio konqnukfa. Ho sfa iuhofcsa ocfananaci
n cunc numi oucni kopofkoc npcmn, fak kak nonic coifun numu-
nu cc ncnkoio oocnonanun.
Bamunifonckuc coinamcnun nc pcmunu, onnako, hponcmi cfpafc-
iuucckux noopyxcnuu (ona ina hcpcncccna na Zcncnckuc hcpciono-
pi ho CHB); fcm nc mcncc onu namcfunu ycnonun nosmoxnoio komh-
pomucca: cokpamcnuc, yxc hpcnycmofpcnnoc n Icukinnukc, na 5O'
coofncfcfnykmux apccnanon u ycfanonncnuc numufa n 16OO nocufc-
ncu u 6OOO nncpnix ociononok. K sfum oipanuucnunm noannnnuci
c...
128J
coinamcnuc o konuuccfnc nauoncc momnix pakcf (154 pakcfi u 154O
ociononok), onsafcnicfno hpononxafi hcpcionopi o cfpafciuucckux
omapnuponmukax u mcxkonfuncnfaninix mouninix pakcfax, u,
nakoncu, hpcnycmafpunanoci, ufo omcc uucno nncpnix ociononok
na annucfuucckux pakcfax nc nonxno ino hpcnimafi 4OO cnunuu
nnn kaxnou us nnyx cfopon.
Hcfncpfan u hocncnnnn oquuuaninan ncfpcua n ncpxax
mcxny Icuianom u Iopaucnim cocfonnaci 2 man 2 uknn 188 i.
n Mocknc, onnako coinamcnuc o cfpafciuucckux pakcfax cnona nc
ino nocfuinyfo. Bcfpcua, kak pacckasinacf Uyniu n cnoux mcmya-
pax, hpcnpafunaci houfu n ucpcmonuk hpomanun cfapoio amcpu-
kanckoio hpcsuncnfa c cio oncc mononim concfckum konnciou.
Bcfpcua hpofckana n omux cccnax o hponcmax hpan ucnoncka,
chopax ho honony sancpxku ninona concfckux nouck us Aqianuc-
fana (sancpmunmciocn n qcnpanc 18 i.) u n ncmoncfpafunnom
nipaxcnuu npyxi u nsaumnoio noncpun, hpcnnasnaucnnom cko-
pcc nnn hpohaianni, ucm ofpaxanmum honufuucckyk pcaninocfi.
Iopaucn snan, ufo Icuian ho ucfcucnuu nfopoio mannafa nc mo-
xcf ifi hcpcuspan, u iofonun houny nnn nsaumohonumanun c
cio nosmoxnim hpccmnukom, foina nuuc-hpcsuncnfom xopnxcm
Iymcm, cfapim snakomim concfckou nuhnomafuu.
(.(O.. 1CFLAHLD, LJL H CC1HALLHHH CHD
C hpcsuncnfcfnom Iyma nauancn saknkuufcniniu sfah hpo-
uccca ncmonfaxa honufuko-hpanonoio u nocnnoio apccnana xonon-
nou nouni n Inpohc. Yxc n nckapc 188 i., nicfyhan na Icnc-
paninou Accamncc OOH, Iopaucn otnnun o cnocm namcpcnuu
ninccfu n onnocfoponncm hopnnkc concfckuc noucka us cfpan Bap-
manckoio noionopa: cmc onun mai n cfopony paspnnku, kofopiu,
nmccfc c fcm, ckpinan pacfymuc fpynnocfu, nosnukmuc n ofnomc-
nunx CCCI c coksnukamu.
Iopaucn hpononxan houcku okonuafcninix noionopcnnocfcu
c Iymcm ho cfpafciuucckum noopyxcnunm, no cmy ynanoci noufi-
cn foniko uacfuunix pcsynifafon. Icpnan ncfpcua nonoio amcpu-
kanckoio hpcsuncnfa c Iopaucnim cocfonnaci na pcunc Manifi
2J nckapn 18 i. hocnc hancnun Icpnunckou cfcni. C hcpnoio
nsinnna pcaninic pcsynifafi ncfpcuu ino fpynno oucnufi, no n
ncucfnufcninocfu ona osnauana honopofniu momcnf n nnycfoponnux
ofnomcnunx. Bo npcmn hpnmix hcpcionopon Iopaucn honnnn ncc
kpufuucckuc nohpoci mcxnynaponnou cufyauuu, nc ucknkuan yipo-
1284
si n cnnsu c nauanom ofncncnun Ipuanfuuckux cfpan of Concfckoio
Coksa.
Hc koncnnci, Iopaucn ofkpifo ionopun u o nnyfpcnnux
fpynnocfnx. On ionopun o hponcmax knxcfa, o hocncncfnunx
Hcpnoinn. Inannoc uchifanuc, kofopoc cmy hpcncfonno, saknk-
uanoci n fom, ufoi hokonuufi c ncnocfafkom hofpcufcnickux
fonapon. nn nocfuxcnun sfoio pcsynifafa, ho mncnuk Iopauc-
na, ino ncnocfafouno pcqopmuponafi skonomuucckuc cfpykfypi:
nyxno ino usmcnufi ofnomcnuc fpynnmuxcn k fpyny. 3afcm
yuacfnuku hcpcionopon hcpcmnu k ocyxncnuk sakpifix nohpo-
con, u sfof momcnf noncpufcninocfu hokasan amcpukanckomy hpc-
suncnfy, ufo Iopaucn, nakoncu, hpusnan cnaocfi cnocu hosuuuu.
Xofn on u hpononxan yfncpxnafi, ufo Concfi coxpannkf hpcnoc-
xoncfno n Inpohc, no hpu sfom sannun: Bi nc nnnncfcci onimc
namumu npaiamu. Bpcmcna usmcnunuci. Bi nyxni n Inpohc. Bi
nonxni ocfanaficn n Inpohc. nn ynymcio konfuncnfa naxno,
ufoi ni hpucyfcfnonanu. Iocynapcfncnniu cckpcfapi xcumc
Isukcp oucnun sfu sannncnun kak camic naxnic u mnoioocmak-
muc us fcx, ufo cncnan Iopaucn. Hmcnno n fo npcmn, koina concf-
ckan umhcpun n Bocfounou Inpohc pasnanunanaci, Iopaucn hon-
fncpnun cnok iofonnocfi cnnsafi concfckyk nncmnkk honufuky c
nomunuponanucm amcpukanucn. C npyiou cfoponi, hcpcionopi na
Manifc ycnunu Iyma, ufo Iopaucn nyumuu us nosmoxnix
cocccnnukon na fof momcnf; nancxniu hapfncp n shoxy nonix
ofnomcnuu mcxny Mocknou u Bamunifonom; iopasno oncc na-
ncxniu, ucm fakuc nchpcnckasycmic honufuku kak Bancnca unu
honnunmuucn na honufuucckou apcnc Iniuun.
B sfou ocfanonkc inyokux honufuucckux hcpcmcn Iym u
Iopaucn na Manifc nccima pcmufcnino onsanuci hpononxafi n
hocncnykmuc mccnui hcpcionopi o pasopyxcnuu u honomnu k
cufyauuu c fakou oocfpcnnou saunfcpcconannocfik, kofopou,
nosmoxno, u nc fpconanoci. Onu noionopunuci o cymccfncnnom
oipanuucnuu cnoux nouck, pasmcmcnnix n Inpohc. Ionyuun ono-
pcnuc HATO u Bapmanckoio noionopa (n hpononxufcninocfu
cymccfnonanun kofopoio yxc honnunuci sakonnic comncnun),
1J qcnpann 1O i. n Offanc cocfonnaci ncfpcua hpcncfanufcncu
nnyx cokson, kofopic ycfanonunu makcumaniniu hpcncn n
15 OOO ucnonck nnn concfckux u amcpukanckux nouck n Inpohc.
Bncmnc sfo kasanoci onimum sanocnanucm, fak kak uucno amcpu-
kanckux nouck n Inpohc nocfuiano J5O OOO, a concfckux 6OO OOO,
no mano kfo foina snan, ufo Concfi ncpxanu cnou noucka sa pyc-
c...
1285
xom, hofomy ufo nc snanu, kak pasmccfufi ux, ccnu onu ncpnyfcn
na ponuny.
Iym u Iopaucn cnona ncfpcfunuci JO man J uknn 1O i. n
Bamunifonc u Ksmh-snunc. Ha sfof pas onu noionopunuci, ufo
hcpcionopi CHB nonxni ifi sancpmcni, honfncpnunu onsa-
fcnicfno cokpafufi na 5O' coofncfcfnykmuc nncpnic cuni, ynuu-
foxufi apccnani xumuucckoio opyxun u honhucafi nonoc fopionoc
coinamcnuc.
Ipcxnc, ucm coinamcnuc, nocfuinyfoc no npcmn ncfpcuu n ncp-
xax n 1O i., cfano oquuuaninim noionopom, na hyfu k pasopyxc-
nuk in cncnan noniu naxniu mai: n Iapuxc sancpmunuci hcpc-
ionopi, nauafic n Bcnc n 17J i. o nsaumnom u canancuponannom
cokpamcnuu noopyxcnnix cun u noopyxcnuu n Inpohc. Coinamc-
nuc ino onopcno na ncfpcuc inan iocynapcfn u hpanufcnicfn
CICI, kofopan cocfonnaci 1 nonpn 1O i. no qpanuysckou cfo-
nuuc, inc inu honhucani nna nokymcnfa. Icpniu us nux, honhu-
canniu 22 yuacfnukamu oquuuanino cmc cymccfnonanmux nocn-
no-honufuucckux cokson, in oionop o oiunix noopyxcnnix
cunax n Inpohc (OBCI). On honfncpxnan onsafcnicfna, yxc co-
ncpxanmuccn n 3aknkuufcninom Xcnicunkckom akfc, u ycfpannn
nosmoxnocfi ncoxunannoio nahancnun u hponcncnun kpyhnix na-
cfyhafcninix ohcpauuu n Inpohc. Bfopou nokymcnf, honhucanniu
21 nonpn nccmu cfpanamu-yuacfnuuamu CICI, hponosinaman
hpunuuhi Iapuxckou xapfuu nnn nonou Inpohi, f.c. hpanuna
ynymcio mupnoio cocymccfnonanun na Inpohcuckom konfuncnfc.
3aknkucnuc sfoio noionopa ofkpino hyfi k coinamcnuk o
cfpafciuucckux noopyxcnunx. Icpcionopi ho sfou hponcmc sa-
ncpmunuci J1 uknn 11 i., koina Iym u Iopaucn honhucanu n
Mocknc noionop CHB-1, f.c. noionop o cokpamcnuu cfpafciuucc-
kux nacfyhafcninix noopyxcnuu. oionop CHB-1 sancpmun non-
iyk paofy, nauafyk noionopamu ho OCB u hpononxcnnyk hocnc
181 i. na hcpcionopax n Zcncnc, on ofkpinan ncucfnufcnino no-
nyk spy n ucfopuu mcxnynaponnix ofnomcnuu. Coinamcnuc ofpa-
xano noionopcnnocfu, nocfuinyfic na pasnix cfanunx n xonc
ncfpcu na nicmcm yponnc Iopaucna c Icuianom u Iymcm. Hx pc-
synifafi ofpaxacf nuxccncnykman fanuua.
Cuni no CHB-1 umuf CHB
CUA CCCI
MII 245O 6612 4OO
III 576O 28O4

1286
TI 2J5J 855
B ucnom 1O 56J 1O 271 6OOO
MII mcxkonfuncnfaninic annucfuucckuc pakcfi nascmnoio asupona-
nun; III annucfuucckuc pakcfi na honnonnix nonkax; TI fnxcnic om-
apnuponmuku, ocnamcnnic pakcfamu c nncpnimu ociononkamu;
umuf n
4OO n hcpnou cfpokc fanuui ofnocufcn k omcmy konuuccfny ocsapnnon na
annucfuucckux pakcfax mopckoio u nascmnoio asuponanun, paspcmcnnix kax-
nou ncpxanc.
Ofu hcpcionopi sancpmunuci n nnnapc 1J i. saknkucnucm
nonoio noionopa mcxny Iymcm u Iniuunim, nasnannoio CHB-2, n
coofncfcfnuu c hapamcfpamu, coinaconannimu n ucnom no npcmn
ncfpcuu nnyx iocynapcfncnnix ncnfcncu n Bamunifonc 1617 uknn
12 i. Honiu noionop hpakfuuccku nnnoc cnuxan numufi, ycfa-
nonncnnic hcpnim noionopom CHB, u nohyckan, ufoi CUA u
Ioccun umcnu ho 5OO mcxkonfuncnfaninix annucfuucckux pakcf
nascmnoio asuponanun u coofncfcfncnno 1728 u 1744 annucfuucc-
kuc pakcfi, pasmcmcnnic na honnonkax, a fakxc 1264 u 8OO fnxc-
nix omapnuponmukon. Omcc konuuccfno nncpnix ociononok n
coofncfcfnuu c noionopom cocfannnno nnn Cocnuncnnix Ufafon
J42, a nnn Ioccuu JO44.
Coinamcnun of J1 uknn 11 i. inu nnn Iopaucna kynimuna-
uuonnim u saknkuufcninim momcnfom cio mcxnynaponnou ncn-
fcninocfu kak pykononufcnn iocynapcfna.
Iocnc sfoio nacfyhuna ocfpan qasa kpusuca n Concfckom Co-
ksc n aniycfc 11 i. hpousomcn iocynapcfncnniu hcpcnopof u
Iopaucn in hpakfuuccku ofcfpancn of nnacfu, a n nckapc 11 i.
on oquuuanino hpckpafun uchonncnuc onsannocfcu hpcsuncnfa
CCCI. Onnonpcmcnno Concfckuu Coks hcpccfan cymccfnonafi
kak cytckf mcxnynaponnoio hpana u icohonufuucckan pcani-
nocfi. nckapn 11 i. Iniuun hpucfyhun k qopmuponanuk of-
nomcnuu mcxny inmumu concfckumu pcchynukamu na nonou
ocnonc: no sfoio nohpoc ocfanancn ofkpifim, fak kak n aniycfc nc
in honhucan noniu Coksniu noionop. Amcpukanckomy hpanu-
fcnicfny hpcncfonno cncnafi niop mcxny ucfipimn cytckfamu,
onananmumu afomnim opyxucm, kofopim pachonaian inmuu
Concfckuu Coks, f.c. mcxny Ioccuuckou cncpauucu, Ykpaunou,
Icnopyccucu u Kasaxcfanom. Biop nonxcn in hacfi na camoio
cuninoio hpccmnuka u nauoncc nancxnoio c fouku spcnun ofncf-
cfncnnocfu, kofopan hpcnhonaiana choconocfi konfponuponafi afom-
niu apccnan, cmc nocfafouno momniu u kak nukoina pancc ohacniu.
Occnik 11 i. Iym hpucfyhun k hcpcionopam c hpcsuncnfom
Ioccuuckou cncpauuu Iopucom Iniuunim, u umcnno c num n
Sncpnic ociononku
c...
1287
nnnapc 1J i. ino, nakoncu, honhucano coinamcnuc CHB-2. Mcx-
ny fcm n momcnf honhucanun coinamcnun nacfyhun kpusucniu sfah,
fak kak ino fpynno honnfi, n kakou mcpc Iniuun konfponupycf
inmuu concfckuu nncpniu apccnan. Iachan CCCI hoponun hponc-
mi, ncusnccfnic n hpomnom. Ionufuka Iopaucna hpuncna k okon-
uanuk xononnou nouni, no hocnc cio yxona no nnyfpcnncu cufyauuu
nccio pciuona, hpnmo unu kocncnno naxonunmciocn hon nnunnucm
Concfckoio Coksa, nauancn hpouccc nccfaunusauuu c nchpcnckasyc-
mimu pcsynifafamu.
(.(O.4. 1CCJ,AFCTDLHHLH HLFLDCFCT
D AD1JCTL (DD( 1. H HFHXC, DHACTH LHLHHHA
Ychcxu Iopaucna no nncmncu honufukc cohponoxnanuci napac-
fakmumu fpynnocfnmu no nnyfpcnncu honufukc. B 188 i. n kauc-
cfnc hohpanku n ncucfnykmyk koncfufyuuk Iopaucn nncc hpcnno-
xcnuc o niopax Ctcsna naponnix nchyfafon, kofopiu nonxcn in
qopmuponaficn us 25OO nchyfafon, uacfik ohpcncncnnix ho hapfuu-
nim chuckam u uacfik uspannix ho onnomannafnim okpyiam us
ncckonikux kannunafon. Ofo ino ccpicsnoc nonmccfno, kofopoc co-
snanano nosmoxnocfu nnn hnkpanusma mncnuu u nnn qopmuponanun
houfu nccina pasnoionocoio xopa. B Mocknc u cnunipanc kommynu-
cfi hofcphcnu mymnoc hopaxcnuc. Ha ctcsnc cnoxunaci nuanckfu-
ucckan nsaumocnnsi onimuncfno-ohhosuuun, ufo cfano honnunnim
nonmccfnom nnn Concfckoio Coksa. Oucni nonio ocyxnanaci ofmc-
na cf. 6 Koncfufyuuu, hpunnfou hpu Ipcxncnc n 177 i., n kofopou
sakpchnnnaci pykononnman poni Kommynucfuucckou hapfuu, u
foniko n qcnpanc 1O i. hocnc nnufcninix koncanuu Iopaucna sfa
mcpa ina onopcna. Cam Iopaucn in uspan hpcsuncnfom CCCI,
coxpanun sa coou pykononcfno hapfucu, nccmofpn na ohhosuuuk
nauoncc konccpnafunnix kommynucfon no inanc c Iiopom uiauc-
nim.
Bo npcmn nuckyccuu nosnukna quiypa Iniuuna, hpcncfanufcnn
Ikafcpunypia (Cncpnnoncka), n hpomnom uncna hapfuunoio pyko-
noncfna, a fchcpi nuccuncnfa u cfoponnuka oncc ofkpifix qopm
ncmokpafuu u nucpaninou skonomuucckou honufuku. B mapfc
1O i. Iniuun in uspan hpcnccnafcncm Bcpxonnoio Concfa
Ioccuuckou cncpafunnou Icchynuku (foina nxonunmcu n Concfc-
kuu Coks) u n uknc 11 i. in uspan hpcsuncnfom ICCI.
Bncmnc Iniuun pasncnnn pcqopmafopckuu hopin Iopaucna. B ncu-
cfnufcninocfu, yhpoman cufyauuk, moxno ckasafi, ufo n 1O i. n
Concfckom Coksc cnoxunuci fpu honufuucckuc cuni: panukani-
no-pcqopmucfckan no inanc c Iniuunim, konccpnafunnan hon py-
1288
kononcfnom uiaucna u pcqopmucfcko-ucnfpucfckan, ccfccfncnnim
hpcncfanufcncm kofopou in Iopaucn.
Iocfchcnno cfanonunoci ncc oncc oucnunnim, ufo honufuka
hcpccfpouku nafankunanaci na iopasno oncc ccpicsnic hpchnf-
cfnun, ucm moxno ino hpcnhonoxufi. C fouku spcnun skonomuku
pcqopmi nisnanu inyokyk ncyncpcnnocfi, ucmy chococfnonanu
hocfonnnic cmcni hpoipamm u concfnukon, kofopim Iopaucn
hopyuan hponcncnuc pcqopm. Ipuocfanonncnuc skonomuucckoio
chana n 187 i. ino kpafkonpcmcnnim u nc mcnnno fcnncnuuu n
ucnom; pcqopmi nafonknynuci na cohpofunncnuc kpokpafuucc-
koio ahhapafa u fak nasinacmoio nocnno-hpomimncnnoio kom-
hnckca, kofopic nc coupanuci mcnnfi hpuniuku, cnoxunmuccn n
fcucnuc nccnfuncfuu cymccfnonanun ucnfpanusonannou cucfcmi.
B ncpcnnnx hohifka pasnnsafi uacfnyk unuuuafuny ina ychcm-
nou, no honannnnaci us ucnfpa oipomnimu nanoiamu na hponyk-
uuk c nconimux scmcninix yuacfkon, ustnfix y konnckfunnix
xosnucfn u hpcnocfanncnnix n uacfnoc honisonanuc.
Ofu hponcmi foniko honfncpxnanu ncnosmoxnocfi pcqopmu-
ponanun skonomuucckou cucfcmi, n xusncchoconocfu kofopou
mnoiuc cfanu ofkpifo comncnaficn. Iocfchcnno honnnnnuci cfo-
ponnuku inyokux cfpykfypnix hcpcmcn n concfckou skonomukc
hyfcm ofkasa of hnanuponanun u qopmuponanun pinounou skono-
muku, hpunafusauuu onimcu uacfu hpcnhpunfuu u iocynapcfncn-
nou cocfncnnocfu. Ho sfu hnani inu hpofunohonoxni fomy,
ufo hpcnnaian Iopaucn. On xofcn pcqopmuponafi cucfcmy, a nc
nomafi cc. B 1O i. on hpononxan ncpufi n sqqckfunnocfi sfou
honufuucckou nunuu. Bhpoucm, Iopaucn cuufan, ufo n honufu-
ucckom hnanc on cmc moxcf paccuufinafi na honncpxky Ctcsna
naponnix nchyfafon.
Takoc ycxncnuc hpofunopcuuno pcaninou cufyauuu n cfpanc,
inc k skonomuucckum fpynnocfnm noanuncn mnfcxniu hpofccf
nauuonaninocfcu, nxonunmux n Concfckuu Coks. Iopaucn oc-
man hcpccmofp nopm uncfufyuuonaninoio ycfpoucfna Concfckoio
Coksa, no coifun cio ohcpcxanu. B Ipuanfuuckux iocynapcfnax
(Ocfonuu, afnuu u ufnc), n Apmcnuu, Ipysuu, Ascpaunxanc u
n Monnanuu honnunuci nnuxcnun sa ncsanucumocfi, k kofopim c
snfysuasmom hpucocnununuci naponnic macci. Ipusini k ncsa-
nucumocfu ncfpcuanu honncpxky naxc n Icnopyccuu u, ufo cmc
xyxc, na Ykpaunc.
Icpcn yiposou pasnana Concfckoio Coksa hon ynapamu nauuo-
naninix pcnonkuuu Iopaucn c konua 1O i. cucn ncoxonumim
hpononufi ocfopoxnyk honufuky, ocnonannyk na uacfuunom noc-
cfanonncnuu ponu cfapou inapnuu, fo ccfi na cnuxcnuu c kon-
c...
128
ccpnafopamu. On cqopmuponan fakoc Ionufkpo, n kofopoc nomnu
ccuncfnic honufuku unu cfoponnuku samcnncnun pcqopm. Ipc-
micp-munucfp Hukonau Iixkon u munucfp unocfpannix ncn Uc-
napnnansc ymnu co cnoux hocfon, hpu sfom hocncnnuu nan honnfi,
ufo on nc pasncnncf ycfyhok, cncnannix konccpnafopam. Ho umcnno
c konccpnafopamu Iopaucn nonxcn in noionapunaficn o nonix oc-
nonax ofnomcnuu c pcchynukamu, nxonunmumu n CCCI. C nauana
11 i. konccpnafopi nc ckpinanu cnocio ncnononicfna ycfyhkamu,
kofopic, ho ux mncnuk, yipoxanu cymccfnonanuk Coksa, n fo npc-
mn kak pcchynuku fpconanu ohpcncncnun nonix hpanun, nipao-
fannix nc n pcsynifafc nukfafa ucnfpa, a coinaconanucm c hcpuqc-
pucu. Takum opasom, Iopaucn, ocfanmuucn na ucnfpucfckux hosu-
uunx, okasancn n usonnuuu. Iio honoxcnuc cmc oncc ocnoxnunoci
n cnnsu c nosnuknoncnucm n Mocknc, ho nccu Ioccuu u n npyiux
pcchynukax nonix honufuucckux opianusauuu anfukommynucfuucc-
koio, ncmokpafuucckoio xapakfcpa, kofopic n coofncfcfnuu c nopma-
mu inacnocfu ncnosmoxno ino sahpcfufi.
Iopaucn in hocfanncn hcpcn niopom. B mcxnynaponnom
hnanc na ncfpcuc Ipyhhi ccmu n onnonc n uknc 11 i. y ncio
honnunaci hocncnnnn nosmoxnocfi sannufi o cnoux hpociax, on-
nako on honnn, ufo homomi sahannix iocynapcfn yncf oycnonnc-
na hponcncnucm cfpykfypnix pcqopm n concfckou skonomukc. On
opafuncn c hpociou o hpunnfuu Concfckoio Coksa n Mcxnyna-
ponniu Iank u n Mcxnynaponniu nankfniu qonn, no cmy in
hpcnocfanncn foniko cfafyc ocooio accouuuponannoio yuacfnu-
ka sfo npko cnuncfcnicfnonano o fom, ufo muponoc skonomuucckoc
coomccfno xnano of ncio nonix maion ho hyfu hpcopasonanuu.
Y ccn na ponunc Iopaucn hpucfyhun k fpancqopmauuu CCCI
n konqcncpauuk u iofonuncn 2O aniycfa 11 i. honhucafi fckcf
nonoio noionopa o Coksc. Ho umcnno n sfof momcnf on in hpc-
nan okpyxanmumu cio konccpnafunnimu ncnfcnnmu. 1 aniycfa,
f.c. nakanync nnn, namcucnnoio nnn honhucanun nonoio noionopa,
onu hohifanuci cmccfufi cio unu sacfanufi ofkasaficn of onimcu
uacfu pcqopm. B fof ncni Iopaucn naxonuncn na ofnixc n Kpimy
u in usonuponan of ocfaninoio pykononcfna. Toniko Iopuc Ini-
uun, uspanniu hpcsuncnfom Ioccuuckou cncpauuu, cymcn co
cnocu sncpiucu mounusonafi omccfncnnoc mncnuc u hapnamcnf
hpofun pykononufcncu hcpcnopofa u hosnonun Iopaucny ncpnyficn na
ncckoniko mccnucn k nnacfu, no houfu na honoxcnuu sanoxnuka n
pykax camoio Iniuuna. Iocncnnuu cfan inannim hoopnukom panu-
kaninix hpcopasonanuu n Ioccuu, ocnonannix na ofkasc of kommy-
nucfuucckou cucfcmi u pykononnmcu ponu hapfuu (ncnfcninocfi ko-
fopou ina hpuocfanonncna c 2 aniycfa 11 i. hocnc hponana iocy-
12O
napcfncnnoio hcpcnopofa) u hcpcxonc k pinounou skonomukc.
Ofo in cnuncfncnniu hyfi nnn Ioccuu u npyiux iocynapcfn,
kofopic pcmunu cosnafi nmccfc c ncu nonyk konqcncpauuk u
hpcopasonafi cc n conpcmcnnoc u sqqckfunnoc iocynapcfno, no
sfo in hyfi hpcononcnun hpchnfcfnuu, upcnafiu xcpfnamu u
omukamu. Ha sfof hyfi Iniuun, cosnanan csipanuuniu puck,
ncfan cmc n 1O i. Okchcpumcnf ho houfu honnomy cnomy cfapou
cfpykfypi u uckyccfncnnomy hocfpocnuk nonou, aconkfno unou,
cucfcmi fpconan uckyccfna pcanusauuu samicna ucpcs noccosnanuc
ccfccfncnnix cun honufuucckou cucfcmi. B sfom mcfonc saknkuc-
no hpofunopcuuc, kofopoc nc hosnonncf ynuncfi cufyauuk ucnu-
kom u fc pcsynifafi, k kofopim ncc sfo hpuncncf. Y ucfokon sfux
hcpcmcn in pachan Concfckoio Coksa, ucucsnoncnuc cncpxncpxa-
ni, kofopan c 145 i. hpofunocfonna icicmonuu Cocnuncnnix Ufa-
fon. Ocfanaci Ioccun Iniuuna, no ona c onimumu nnyfpcnnumu
fpynnocfnmu hifanaci hpcopasonafi cnok skonomuucckyk cucfcmy
u pcmufi hponcmy ofnomcnuu c hpcxnumu concfckumu pcchy-
nukamu.
(.(O.4. HLFDLH DTAH HFADHLHHH LHLHHHA
Bo nnyfpcnncm hnanc honufuka Iniuuna c hcpnix maion ncfpc-
funaci c ncuscxnimu fpynnocfnmu pcskoio hcpcxona of ucnfpa-
nusonannou cucfcmi hnanuponanun k cucfcmc hpunafusauuu u
hpuopufcfa pinka. Hfo kacacfcn inmux concfckux pcchynuk,
Iniuun cymcn nccima xufpo hnccfu cnoxnic u fonkuc unfpuiu,
hifanci hcpccfpoufi ofnomcnun c numu ho nonim hpanunam, mc-
ncc ofniomcnnim kononuanucfckum nacncnucm. Bcponfno, on
cfpcmuncn cosnafi fakyk cfpykfypy iocynapcfn, kofopan hosnonuna
i Ioccuu u cc coccnnm, cnnsannim c ncu nonimu ysamu, noccfa-
nonufi nnunnuc n inoaninom macmfac, kasanoci, npcmcnno yfpa-
ucnnoc n cnnsu c kpusucom.
Ha sfom hyfu Iniuun n nckapc 11 i. saknkuun coinamcnuc
c Icnopyccucu u Ykpaunou o cosnanuu Coksa fpcx cnannnckux
pcchynuk (ncfpcua hon Munckom nckapn 11 i.). Mcxny fcm
hpcsuncnf Ykpauni conun Kpanuyk u hpcnccnafcni Bcpxonnoio
Concfa Icnopyccuu Cfanucnan Uymkcnuu nuncnu n samicnax Ini-
uuna namcpcnuc coxpanufi icicmonuk Ioccuu, ufo honfncpxnanu
chopi o konfponc nan cfpafciuucckumu pakcfamu unu nan inmum
concfckum ucpnomopckum qnofom, a fakxc o cyncpcnufcfc Kpima,
nxonunmcio n cocfan Ykpauni. Ioncc mupokoc conpyxccfno nccom-
ncnno cmoino i hpofunocfonfi cnnsannim c sfum ohacnocfnm. Hs-
noxcnnic hpuuuni chococfnonanu fomy, ufo Munckuu noionop in
c...
121
ofkpif nnn yuacfun npyiux hocfconcfckux pcchynuk, hpcxnc nccio
nnn Kasaxcfana. Takum opasom, 21 nckapn 11 i. ino cosnano
Conpyxccfno Hcsanucumix Iocynapcfn (CHI), k kofopomy coinacno
noionopy honhucannomy n fof ncni n Anma-Afc hpucocnununuci cmc
noccmi inmux concfckux pcchynuk: Apmcnun, Ascpaunxan, Mon-
nanun, Kasaxcfan, Kupiuscfan, Ysckucfan, Tanxukucfan u Typkmc-
nucfan. B cpanncnuu c CCCI n nonoc otcnuncnuc nc nomnu Ipu-
anfuuckuc iocynapcfna u Ipysun, kofopan hpucocnununaci k nonomy
coksy n nonpc 1J i. Concfckuu Coks hcpccfan cymccfnonafi nc
foniko qakfuuccku, no u kpunuuccku.
B fof momcnf CHI ino numi apcnuafypou, kofopan nonxna
ina opccfu honufuko-skonomuucckoc u hpanonoc concpxanuc.
Cfonknynmuci c komhnckcom cnoxnix hponcm Conpyxccfno icf-
po ccno na mcni. Bccnou 12 i. yxc yhomunanmuccn nocnnic noh-
poci cocfannnnu foniko uacfi chopon, kofopic hpcncfonno pcmufi;
onu kacanuci pachpcncncnun mcxny pcchynukamu concfckoio na-
cncncfna u iocynapcfncnnoio nonia, cynii Iocynapcfncnnoio Ian-
ka, coxpancnun unu yhpasnncnun pynn n kauccfnc omcu nankfi.
Ioccun ncucfnonana fak, ufoi sa ncu hpusnanu poni hcpnou
cpcnu pannix ofnocufcnino oncc manix pcchynuk. Bcc nonic
ncsanucumic iocynapcfna, kak u cfpani Ianfuu, inu hpunnfi n
OOH, honyuunu cfafyc nanknafcncu hpu IOC, n nnnapc 12 i.
cfanu yuacfnukamu CICI, n aniycfc foio xc iona Mcxnynapon-
noio Bankfnoio onna. Ioccun cymcna hpuopccfu xcnacmiu
umunx naionapn hpusnanuk co cfoponi OOH foio qakfa, ufo
ona n kauccfnc hpccmnuui CCCI cfana hocfonnnim uncnom Conc-
fa Icsohacnocfu OOH, a fakxc coinacunaci nsnfi na ccn oni-
myk uacfi concfckoio iocynapcfncnnoio nonia u pacxoni ho co-
ncpxanuk nouck Concfckou Apmuu, kofopic hpcncfonno ninccfu
us Ipuanfuuckux iocynapcfn u Bocfounou Inpohi.
Ho sfo hpconananuc Ioccuu ocfananoci chopnim n cnnsu c
hpakfuucckumu fpynnocfnmu n pcmcnuu mnoiux hponcm u cfpcm-
ncnucm, hpcxnc nccio, Ykpauni honufuuccku uchonisonafi hpo-
ncmy ynufapnoio konfponn nan nncpnim apccnanom u chopamu ho
nohpocy o ucnax n mcxiocynapcfncnnou fopionnc. B mac 12 i.
n Tamkcnfc in honhucan oionop o konnckfunnou csohacnocfu
mcxny iocynapcfnamu-uncnamu CHI, onnako on nc in nahonncn
konkpcfnim concpxanucm. CHI cfonknynoci c ncoxonumocfik pc-
mafi onnonpcmcnno ncckoniko komhnckcon hponcm: hocncncfnun of-
ncncnun cfpan Ianfuu; honoxcnuc n Ipysuu, kofopan ina usmyucna
ipaxnanckou nounou c Axasucu; nouna mcxny Apmcnucu u Ascpau-
nxanom sa konfponi nan anfonomnim pauonom Haiopnoio Kapaaxa,
onimoio apmnnckoio anknana nnyfpu ascpaunxanckoio iocynapcfna;
122
hcpuonuuccku nosnukakmcc nahpnxcnuc n iocynapcfnax Hcnfpaninou
Asuu, naccncnnix hpcumymccfncnno mycynimanamu. Ofcyfcfnuc no-
noio yupcnufcninoio noionopa, kofopiu kpunuuccku ohpcncnun i
xapakfcp CHI u ofnomcnun mcxny nxonnmumu n ncio iocynapcfnamu,
chococfnonano hpcnpamcnuk hocfconcfckoio hpocfpancfna n skchc-
pumcnf hcpcxona of kononuaninou cucfcmi k nonou skonomuucckou
u hpanonou pcaninocfu.
Bnyfpcnnuc hponcmi numanu Ioccuk cnooni mancnpa n of-
nomcnuu 3ahana u n paspcmcnuu hponcmi nacncnonanun ofnomc-
nuu concfckoio hpanufcnicfna c npyiumu cfpanamu mupa. B Asuu
hocnc yxona us Aqianucfana inu nopmanusonani ofnomcnun c
Kufacm, honfncpxncni yxc ycfanonncnnic c Hnnucu, sona
pycckoio nnunnun pacmupunaci u pachpocfpanunaci na npyiuc
cfpani Tuxookcanckoio pciuona, sa ucknkucnucm Shonuu, chop c
kofopou ofnocufcnino Kypunickux ocfponon cfan nchpcononumim
cumnonuucckum hpchnfcfnucm.
B cnnsu c sfum ofhanu hpuuuni cohcpnuuccfna c Cocnuncnni-
mu Ufafamu, hofomy ufo kpusuc nc hosnonnn Ioccuu copcnnonafi-
cn c amcpukanuamu, kak sfo ncnan pancc Concfckuu Coks. Takum
opasom, ncc iocynapcfna, kofopic fak unu unauc inu cnnsani c
Concfckum Coksom, cfonknynuci c xccfkou pcaninocfik usonn-
uuu u nonxni inu hcpcocmicnufi cnou ofnomcnun c Cocnuncn-
nimu Ufafamu u sahannim mupom. Ofo safponyno na Inuxncm
Bocfokc Cupuk u nckofopic hanccfunckuc ipyhhuponku, n Ccncp-
nou Aqpukc unuk, n Hcnfpaninou Aqpukc Aniony u Mo-
samuk, n Asuu Kamonxy.
Camim npkum kasycom cfana Kya. uncni Kacfpo na ocfponc
n Kapuckom mopc nc coupancn ofkasinaficn of couuanucfuucc-
koio snamcnu, ocfanmuci onnum us ncmnoiux cio hpohaiannucfon.
Mcxny fcm homomi, kofopan homoiana pcxumy Kacfpo nixufi, n
nauanc ncnnnocfix ionon pcsko cokpafunaci. Iocfanku cipou nc-
qfu na Kyy nocfuianu 1J mnn fonn n ion u ocymccfnnnnuci ho
honufuucckum ucnam unu n qopmc apfcpnoio omcna na caxap, n
12 i. onu cokpafunuci no J,5 mnn fonn. Kacfpo honnn, ufo oc-
fancn onun u nonxcn cuufaficn c nonou pcaninocfik.
Iosuuun Ioccuu n Opianusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu numi
honfncpxnana cc nonyk opucnfauuk n cnnsu c ncoxonumocfik ho-
nyucnun pycckumu ncc oncc nnymufcninix kpcnufon of mcxnyna-
ponnix qunanconix uncfufyfon. Hccmofpn na oucnunnoc nnyfpcnncc
hpofunoncucfnuc, ococnno no hancnun Iopaucna, honufuka CCCI,
a safcm u Ioccuu uckana fouku cohpukocnoncnun c Cocnuncnnimu
Ufafamu. Hauoncc npkum hpumcpom moxcf cnyxufi kyncufckuu
kpusuc, koina Concfi hokasanu, ufo cmc moiyf uipafi ncsanucumyk
c...
12J
hocpcnnuucckyk poni, no, n konuc konuon, hpucocnununuci ko nccm
fcsucam Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, ysakonun fcm camim amcpukanckuc
nocnnic ncucfnun hpofun Hpaka.
(.((. ,cHca:ncca cBcnDn
B Dcc:cncn LBcnc
(.((.(. ,LCFATH5AHHH DCCTCHHCH LDFCHL
Ipouccc, nauanmuucn n nocimunccnfic ioni n Ionimc u n Bcn-
ipuu, a safcm oxnafunmuu u Hcxocnonakuk, hpuncn k fomy, ufo
oniman uacfi cfpan Bocfounou Inpohi n pasnou cfchcnu u nccima
nconunakono ina honiofonncna k nncmnchonufuucckomy honopofy,
hpcnhpunnfomy Iopaucnim u honncpxannomy Iniuunim. B 18 i.
hpousomnu panukaninic usmcncnun n uppcaninou kapfunc mcxnyna-
ponnix ofnomcnuu, n kofopou ynfo nc cymccfnonano nsaumosanucu-
mocfu mcxny concfckou cucfcmou u usmcncnunmu no nnyfpcnncm ho-
noxcnuu cfpan Bapmanckoio noionopa. opmuponanuc n 18 i. hpa-
nufcnicfna Masoncukoio n Ionimc, Hoxcqa Anfana n Bcnipuu,
Baunana Knayca n Hcxocnonakuu cfano hpnmim nisonom Bapmanc-
komy oionopy. Ycfpancnuc of nnacfu kommynucfuucckux hapfuu, a n
nckofopix cnyuanx u ofkponcnnoc nanncnuc c ucnik numufi ux py-
kononnmcu ponu, cfano hpanunom. cmokpafuucckan Icpmanun, kofo-
pan cfpcmunaci hpcononcfi kpusuc hyfcm ynyumcnun ofnomcnuu c
cncpafunnou Icpmanucu, nonxna ina hpunnfi yxon c honufuucc-
kou cucni Xonckkcpa, na cmcny kofopomy cnauana (18 okfnpn 18
i.) hpumcn Oion Kpcnu, a safcm (n nckapc) Ipciop Iusu. Hauancn
hcpuon napacfanmcu nccfauninocfu, kofopan hpuncna k panukani-
nim hcpcmcnam.
Ocfananaci Iyminun, inc nukfafop Haymccky onanan oipomni-
mu honnomouunmu u, n konuc konuon, sannn upcsniuauno nauuona-
nucfuucckuc hosuuuu, honannnn ncnicpckoc naccncnuc, hpoxunanmcc
n Tpancuninanuu. Iohifku honnocfik ynuufoxufi n ioponax ncc
ncnicpckuc hamnfnuku u cumnoni nisnanu macconic ncmoncfpauuu,
kofopic us Tumumoapi n Tpancuninanuu pachpocfpanunuci na nck
Iyminuk. B konuc nonpn 18 i. Haymccky in hcpcuspan icnc-
paninim cckpcfapcm kommynucfuucckou hapfuu, fak ufo npaxncnan
pcakuun napona cfana nnn ncio concpmcnno ncoxunannou. Hahpn-
xcnnocfi n cfpanc, nc safponyfou hcpcmcnamu, hpoucxonnmumu no
nccx coccnnux cfpanax, nocfuina fakoio yponnn, ufo yipoxana cc uc-
nocfnocfu. Ipoucxonunu faunic chopi mcxny fcmu, kfo xofcn ocno-
onuficn of nukfafopa u coxpanufi n Iyminuu kommynucfuucckuu
pcxum, u fcmu, kfo xofcn honnunnix hcpcmcn n hnkpanucfuucckom
124
nahpanncnuu. Oc cuni cofpynnuuanu n opianusauuu ynuunix nc-
moncfpauuu, kofopic
22 nckapn hcpcpocnu n mfypm hpanufcnicfncnnoio nnopua. Hay-
mccky u cio cyhpyia, a fakxc inannic coomnuku nukfafopa, inu
cxnaucni u yufi.
B fcucnuc ncckonikux mccnucn sfu cuni hpononxanu nnycmic-
ncnnoc cofpynnuuccfno. Tcm npcmcncm kommynucfi pcmunu ypafi
ohpcncncnun, kofopic nahomunanu o ux ucfunnix honufuucckux
hosuuunx u coinacunuci nc nasinafi onimc Iyminuk couuanucfu-
ucckum iocynapcfnom. Kommynucfi homnu na hponcncnuc 2O man
1O i. nonix niopon, n kofopix onu, mackupynci, hpunnnu yuac-
fuc n pamkax ponfa nauuonaninoio chaccnun, hocnunmcio u
hpuncnmcio na hocf hpcsuncnfa pcchynuku Hona Hnuccky, nny-
nuunoio shuiona hpomnou cucfcmi, a na onimuncfno hpanufcni-
cfncnnix hocfon nacncnnukon kommynucfuucckou hapfuu.
B Iyminuu nacncnuc hpcninymux ncf moino ifi ycfpancno
numi nncmnc u n snauufcnino mcnimcu mcpc, ucm sfo hpousomno
n Ioniapuu. B sfou cfpanc, kofopan ina camim hpcnannim nac-
canom CCCI, 1O nonpn 18 i. nuncp kommynucfuucckou hapfuu
Tonop Zunkon in ninyxncn yufu n ofcfanky, a n nnnapc 1O i.
in saknkucn n fkpimy. Biopi, hpomcnmuc n fom xc mccnuc,
hpuncnu k uspanuk nonoio hapnamcnfa, kofopiu ofmcnun hono-
xcnuc o pykononnmcu ponu kommynucfuucckou hapfuu u nauan
hpouccc pcqopm.
Hakoncu, nckofopoc npcmn chycfn hcpcmcni nauanuci u n An-
anuu. Iocnc cmcpfu Onncpa Xonxu (11 ahpcnn 185 i.), nannsan-
mcio cnncumcu cfpanc honufuky cckonfponinou nuunou nukfa-
fypi u honnou usonnuuu of nncmncio mupa, Ananun hpcncfana
no nccu cnocu numcfc, k kofopou cc hpuncnu houfu 4O ncf fupa-
nuu. Mccfo Xonxu sannn Iamus Anun, kofopiu hifancn nauafi
hcpccfpouky u noccfanonufi ofnomcnun c coccnnumu cfpanamu.
B 11 i. ino ofmcncno honoxcnuc o pykononnmcu ponu kommy-
nucfuucckou hapfuu, Ananun pasncpnynaci n cfopony hnkpanusma.
B mapfc 12 i. nonic niopi ycfpanunu ocfafku kommynucfuucc-
koio nnunnun, ncpnyn ananuam nancxny kak moxno icfpcc hpcono-
ncfi cocfonnuc ofcfanocfu. Bnacfi hcpcmna k nuncpy ncmokpafuucc-
kou hapfuu Canu Icpuma. Ho sfo ina foniko nunumocfi ncmokpa-
fuu. Tpaicnun Ananuu saknkuanaci n fom, ufo cc pykononnmuu
knacc in cnumkom cna, hpononxanaci opia pciuonaninix kna-
non, pasncncnnix inyokou ncnanucfik, kofopyk ux nuncpi hcpcno-
nunu na nsik honufuku.
c...
125
(.((.2. CHLH DAFLADCC1C ,C1CDCFA
Bo nccu Bocfounou Inpohc hpousomnu panukaninic usmcncnun.
Kommynucfuucckan cucfcma ycfyhuna mccfo hnkpanucfuucckum mno-
iohapfuunim hpanufcnicfnam. Onu cfpcmunuci fpancqopmuponafi
skonomuky cnoux cfpan n pinounyk, ycfanonufi cnnsu c IOC u cfafi
uacfik omcio cnpohcuckoio noma Iopaucna. Ipouccci nnyfpcn-
ncio pasnufun fpconanu hcpcxona k nonim mcxnynaponnim ofno-
mcnunm. C foio npcmcnu, kak honufuka pasopyxcnun u coofncfcfny-
kmuc (unu naxonunmuccn n cfanuu honiofonku) coinamcnun ycfpa-
nunu ohacnocfi amcpukanckou aipcccuu, a founcc, c foio npcmcnu,
kak ncc iocynapcfna Bocfounou Inpohi saxofcnu cnusuficn c IOC,
u naxc ifi hpunnfimu u cofpynnuuafi c 3ahannou Inpohou, ucnc-
coopasno nu ino coxpannfi fakyk ooponufcninyk opianusauuk,
kak Bapmanckuu noionop Bohpoc fpcycf nohonncnun: in nu
cmicn coxpannfi Opianusauuk Bapmanckoio oionopa, naxc ccnu
nuufo nc hpcnncmano, ufo HATO n ckopom npcmcnu moxcf ucucs-
nyfi Icnu oa coksa uipanu cummcfpuunyk poni, fo cnnsi mcxny
ux cymccfnonanucm ina i ncuscxnou. cucfnufcninocfi hokasa-
na, ufo fakou cummcfpuu nc cymccfnonano. Bapmanckuu noionop in
uncfpymcnfom concfckoio konfponn, HATO cpcncfnom sahannou
koopnunauuu. Mcxny nnymn ohpcncncnunmu cymccfnonano inyokoc
pasnuuuc, ufo honfncpnun fof qakf, ufo kpusuc Concfckoio Coksa
honnck sa coou kpusuc Bapmanckoio noionopa, n fo npcmn kak
HATO nixuna u okpchna, nccmofpn na hocfonnnyk kpufuky, kofo-
pyk ona nisinana c camoio momcnfa cnocio qopmuponanun.
Bohpoc moxno paccmofpcfi u c npyiou fouku spcnun. Iockoniky
cfpani Bocfounou Inpohi, nihonnnn Snfunckuc coinamcnun, nako-
ncu, cnoonno uspanu cnou hpanufcnicfna, fo pasnc nc ino i sa-
konnim, ufoi Concfckuu Coks honyuun iapanfuu cnocu
csohacnocfu n nunc coksa, kofopiu iapanfuponan i ncnosmox-
nocfi nahancnun sahannix cfpan, nccmofpn na coifun ho noc-
founyk cfopony xcncsnoio sanancca Ofncf moi i ifi yfncp-
nufcninim, ccnu i cmy nc hpofunopcuun fof qakf, ufo umcnno
saunfcpcconannic cfpani cnoumu ncucfnunmu honopnanu kommynuc-
fuucckuu naicpi u ufo onu inu i oncc ohacni nnn Concfckoio
Coksa, ninyxncnno ocfananci n pamkax opianusauuu, cfanmcu nnn
nux nchpucmncmou.
Iopaucn hifancn coxpannfi Bapmanckuu noionop no konua.
Iocnc hancnun Icpnunckou cfcni on sannun, ufo CCCI nc yncf
nospaxafi hpofun qopmuponanun nckommynucfuucckoio pcxuma n
Bocfounou Icpmanuu hpu ycnonuu, ufo ona ocfancfcn n Bapman-
ckom noionopc. Takoc xc ofnomcnuc ino hponnncno n aniycfc
126
18 i. u k pcmcnuk icncpana Spyscnickoio hopyuufi qopmuponanuc
hpanufcnicfna kafonuky Masoncukomy. axc n 1O i. Iopaucn cuu-
fan Bapmanckuu noionop inannim afpuyfom cfafyca CCCI kak cnpo-
hcuckou ncpxani u hockoniky on cosnanan ohpcncncnnyk cummcf-
puk n ofnomcnuu Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, nosinannnnmux HATO,
cfafyca ncnukou ncpxani. Onnako, nccmofpn na sfo, coxpanufi cuc-
fcmy concfckoio konfponn nan Bocfounou Inpohou okasanoci ncnos-
moxno.
B nnnapc 1O i. cfpani COB hpucfyhunu k hcpcionopam o pc-
qopmc cucfcmi skonomuucckoio cofpynnuuccfna. B hocncnykmuc
mccnui Hcxocnonakun, Ionima u Bcnipun hofpconanu ninona c
ux fcppufopuu concfckux nouck, u Iopaucn nonxcn in c sfum
coinacuficn. Ha concmanuu, cocfonnmcmcn n Mocknc 7 uknn 1O i.
hpcncfanufcnu cfpan-uncnon Bapmanckoio noionopa ocyxnanu cio
ynymcc u coinacunuci, ufo ncoxonuma ccpicsnan pcopianusauun
OB kak nocnnoio coksa. Iocnc honhucanun n nonpc 1O i. Ia-
puxckux coinamcnuu o cokpamcnuu oiunix noopyxcnuu n In-
pohc (OBCI) ncpx oncpxana fouka spcnun, hpcnnaianman hpcnpa-
fufi n fcucnuc 12 i. Bapmanckuu oionop n mcxanusm pciynnp-
nix koncynifauuu ho nohpocam pasopyxcnun. J1 mapfa 11 i.
Iopaucn hpusnan, ufo Bapmanckuu noionop hcpccfan cymccfno-
nafi kak nocnniu coks. 1 uknn foio xc iona na saccnanuu Ionu-
fuucckoio koncynifafunnoio komufcfa OB 6 iocynapcfn-uncnon
hpunnnu pcmcnuc o pochyckc opianusauuu.
(.(2. CD1cnncnnc 1cHannn
(.(2.(. 1CFLAHLD H DCCTCHHAH 1LFAHHH
B 114 i. icpmanckuu nohpoc in n ucnfpc konqnukfa, kofopiu
hpuncn k hcpnou muponou nounc. C 11 i. nohpoc o nosmoxnom pc-
nanmc Icpmanuu u cnnsannan c sfou yiposou hponcma csohacnocfu
panuuu nomunuponana n pcmcnunx cnpohcuckux ncpxan. C 1JJ i.
u n cmc onimcu mcpc c 1J6 i. icpmanckuu pcnusuonusm cfan yipo-
sou mupy, u n 1J i. aipcccunnocfi iufncponckou Icpmanuu hpuncna
k nauany nfopou muponou nouni. Iponcma hocncnocnnoio hcpcycf-
poucfna Icpmanuu ina ucnfpaninou n ofnomcnunx mcxny ncpxana-
mu-hocnufcninuuamu u cfana hpchnfcfnucm nnn coksa CCCI c sa-
hannimu ncpxanamu, hpcxnc nccio c Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu.
B pcsynifafc sfux hpofunopcuuu ino pcmcno n 14 i. cosnafi
nna pasnuunix u hpofunocfonmux icpmanckux iocynapcfna: cnc-
pafunnyk Icchynuky Icpmanuu u Icpmanckyk cmokpafuucckyk
Icchynuky. Bohpoc o mcxnynaponnom honoxcnuu sfux iocy-
c...
127
napcfn cfan hpcnmcfom xccfkux honufuucckux chopon, ho kpauncu
mcpc, no 155 i., koina 3ahannan Icpmanun okonuafcnino unfcipu-
ponanaci n cucfcmy cokson 3ahana, a Bocfounan Icpmanun n co-
ncfckyk cucfcmy cokson. Iackon Icpmanuu moi hokasaficn, na
hcpniu nsinnn, ohfumaninim pcmcnucm nnn nccx, kfo cuufan cy-
mccfnonanuc cnunou, skonomuuccku noccfanonncnnou Icpmanuu
hofcnuuaninou yiposou cnpohcuckomy pannonccuk u, cncnonafcnino,
mupy. B 161 i. nosncncnuc Icpnunckou cfcni, kakum i onuosnim
ono nu kasanoci, spumo honfncpxnano hononiu packon u ino
hpusnano ocfanonufi hofok smuipauuu us Bocfounou n 3ahannyk
Icpmanuk. Ofo cncnano omyfumim pasncn Inpohi (u mupa) na
nna naicpn, kofopic nonxni inu hpofunocfonfi npyi npyiy nonio
u cfouko, kak cfon, us kofopoio ina cncnana Icpnunckan cfcna.
B sfou ocfanonkc n 175 i. cfano nosmoxnim honhucanuc
3aknkuufcninoio akfa Xcnicunkckou konqcpcnuuu, kofopiu
nncmnc sakpchun cmumyc ioo, nknkuun packon Icpmanuu n pamku
konuchuuu cnpohcuckou csohacnocfu, onopcnnou CICI. 3a
nncmncu inankocfik pcmcnuu ckpinanaci mcnnkmancn pcani-
nocfi. To, ufo hpcncfannnnoci hpucmncmim unu naxc xcnacmim
nnn cnpohcuckux cfpan, nc ino fakonim nnn ncmucn. tocmounun
no:umuiu Ipannfa u 3unu0nun no:umuiu Xonckkcpa cnuncfcnicfno-
nanu o fom, ufo napnny c mcxnynaponno-hpanonou pcaninocfik
cymccfnonana ncoxonumocfi unfcipauuu nnyx Icpmanuu, kofopyk
ncnannnn ucfopun nc cmoina paspymufi.
Icnu usnnc ncucfnonanu ucnfpocxnic cuni, fo nnyfpu Icp-
manuu ncucfnonana ucnfpocfpcmufcninan sncpiun. Camocosnanuc
ncmucn kak cnunoio napona, ncsanucumo of nuni Iufncpa u nonu
hocnufcncu, nixuno u ycfpcmunoci ho pycnam, ofkpifim nnycfo-
ponnumu coinamcnunmu mcxny nnymn Icpmanunmu. Koina chnoucn-
nocfi onnoio us nokon nauana paspymaficn u ucucsnu hpuuuni,
ncncncfnuc kofopix kanani mcxicpmanckux cnnscu hponcianu
ckpifo, kak kapcfonic pcku, foina u qakfopi packona cfanu ka-
saficn yxc mcncc nccomimu, ucm qakfopi noccocnuncnun, kofopoc
cfanonunoci ncofnoxnim u cfpcmncnuc k ncmy pasnunanoci c fakou
icfpofou u honufuucckou cunou, ufo ohpokuninano ncnkoc cohpo-
funncnuc. Icpnim u inannim pcsynifafom onimou cnpohcu-
ckou paspnnku u concfckoio kpusuca cfano nospoxncnuc cnunou
Icpmanuu, unfcipuponannou n sahannyk cucfcmy.
Ipanufcnicfno Bocfounou Icpmanuu uinopuponano ypoku nncm-
ncu honufuku Iopaucna u cfpcmufcninocfi nisnannix ck ho-
cncncfnuu. Hcnisn ckasafi u priori, ufo sfo ino pcsynifafom ho-
nufuucckou cnchofi; oncc ncponfno, ufo csncucfnuc ofncuano
cfpcmncnuk nc nafi pyxnyfi kapfounomy nomuky. Ho icpmanckoc
128
cnocopasuc hpofunopcuuno concfckum namcpcnunm, fak kak Iopa-
ucn cuufan, ufo oncc iukan u ycfyhuunan honufuka Bocfounou Icp-
manuu onciuuna i pcopianusauuk cc nnyfpcnncio pcxuma fakum
opasom, ufoi cncnafi cio oncc xusncchoconim. Kak nunum, sfo
ina uacfi ohfumucfuucckoio nuncnun Iopaucnim pcsynifafon nepe-
cmpouiu, fpakfycmou ynuncpcanino, u n sfou cnnsu icpmanckoc cno-
copasuc nc npanunoci nonomy concfckomy kommynucfuucckomy py-
kononcfny.
Iopaucny nnaxni hpcncfanuncn cnyuau ofkpifo nickasafi
cnok fouky spcnun. B uknc 18 i. on nhcpnic hoccfun cncpa-
funnyk Icchynuky Icpmanuu, inc in oucni fchno hpunnf u
honhucan sannncnuc, n kofopom hponosinamanoci hpano nkou
cfpani u nkoio napona cnoonno ohpcncnnfi cnok cyniy, oc
cfoponi onsinanuci chococfnonafi hpcononcnuk packona In-
pohi. Ofu nnc ucnu nnc Icpmanuu umcnu cnumkom omcc snyua-
nuc, a n Icpmanuu hpuopcfanu ocooc snaucnuc.
Bfopou cnyuau cnnsan c hpasnnonanucm 7 okfnpn foio xc iona
4O-u iononmuni cosnanun Icpmanckou cmokpafuucckou Icchy-
nuku. Ha hcpniu nsinnn hpasnnonanuc ino hoxoxc na ncc npyiuc
ucpcmonuu, kofopic honaianuci ho pufyany n hononix cnyuanx.
Xonckkcp hpcnosnocun sanocnanun cnocio pcxuma, acfuona co-
uuanusma hpofun sahannoicpmanckoio umhcpuanusma, u honfopnn
hpohaiannucfckuc qopmynuponku, kak ynfo i nuucio n mupc nc
usmcnunoci u Icpmanckan cmokpafuucckan Icchynuka xuna n
cnocm usonuponannom mupkc panocfu u naiohonyuun. Cam Iopa-
ucn napymun sfy hpasnnuunyk afmocqcpy, koina, nicfyhan c pc-
uik, nipasun onopcnuc ho honony hcpcmcn, hpoucxonnmux no
mnoiux couuanucfuucckux cfpanax, u cnoc ncnononicfno uncpfnoc-
fik Xonckkcpa, pocun kamcni n cio onofo: Kfo ohasninacf,
ckasan on, foio nakasinacf xusni. Hccomncnno, n fof momcnf
concfckuu nuncp xofcn honucpknyfi nccoinacuc co cnoum coksnu-
kom u honfonknyfi ncmucn k hponcncnuk pcqopm, kak n npyiux
couuanucfuucckux cfpanax, hpcxnc, ucm cfancf cnumkom hosnno.
(.(2.2. HA,LHHL LLFHHHCCH CTLHL
H, ncucfnufcnino, ino yxc hosnno. Yxc ncckoniko mccnucn
nanknancn qcnomcn, kofopiu cnuncfcnicfnonan o fpynnocfnx pc-
xuma Xonckkcpa: ficnuu nocfounix ncmucn, naionapn nosmox-
nocfu cnoonno hcpcnnuiaficn nnyfpu ipanuu cfpan Bapmanckoio
noionopa, nauanu cnocio pona fpancsmuipauuk. Onu hpucsxanu n
Hcxocnonakuk unu Bcnipuk, safcm noupanuci no ancfpuuckou
c...
12
ipanuui unu uckanu ycxumc n hoconicfnax 3ahannou Icpmanuu n
Ipaic u Iynahcmfc n oxunanuu fpansufnou nusi n Ancfpuk u yxc
offyna hcpccsxanu n 3ahannyk Icpmanuk. Cfcny, kofopan pasncnnna
oc Icpmanuu, oxonunu c usymnnnmcu nccx nocnnou xufpocfik.
B mac 18 i. hcpnic hohifku fakoio hcpcxona ynanuci u hpo-
mnu houfu ncsamcucnnimu, no ncfom uucno cincuon nospocno no
fakou cfchcnu, ufo cfano honufuucckou hponcmou, kofopan ni-
nyxnana hpanufcnicfno Iynahcmfa (cfpananmcc oncc, ucm ucxo-
cnonaukoc, hofomy ufo nanimc hponnunynoci ho hyfu pcqopm)
hpunnfi pcmcnuc: ofcinafi nu cfpaxnymux ckufaniucn k mccfy
oftcsna u fcm camim nihonnnfi cymccfnykmuc coinamcnun c II
unu napymufi ux, ncmoncfpafunno hpopnan xcncsniu sanancc.
Koina Iopaucna chpocunu o cio mncnuu ho sfomy honony, fo on
cocnancn na pcmcnun ncnipon. Ipanufcnicfno Iynahcmfa 11 ccn-
fnpn hpunnno ncnnycmicncnnoc hocfanonncnuc ofkpifi ipanuuy
c Ancfpucu. Toniko sa fpu nnn 15 OOO ucnonck hpomnu ho ofkpi-
fomy hyfu kak ananiapn cuacfnunix fypucfon, kofopic chcmunu n
scmnk ocfonannyk.
Cnona Iopaucna, ckasannic 7 okfnpn, namnu ofknuk n sfux
coifunx, hofomy ufo cfoni momniu nknckou hofok cs cnon
cnuncfcnicfnonan, ufo Bocfounan Icpmanun cfana fkpimou, us ko-
fopou nyxno cxafi nkim hyfcm. Iopaucn hpcnhpunnn ncc ycu-
nun nnn foio, ufoi Bocfounan Inpoha nc kasanaci fkpimou. Iicf-
pic, xofn u sahosnanic, hcpcmcni inu ncoxonumi. 18 okfnpn
na cmcny Xonckkcpy hpumcn Oion Kpcnu, kofopoio, onnako, cuu-
fanu ccfccfncnnim u nasnaucnnim nacncnnukom. Hcckoniko nncu
chycfn noniu nuncp honnn, ufo ino yxc cnumkom hosnno: 2J ok-
fnpn ncckoniko cof ficnu ucnonck (nacuufinakf okono JOO OOO)
nimnu na hnomani c ncmoncfpauucu hpofccfa hpofun nonoio hpa-
nufcnicfna, fpcyn ncmokpafuu u cnoonnix niopon. Ofo cfano
cmc ncncc 4 nonpn, koina okono munnuona ncmoncfpanfon copa-
nuci na Anckcanncp-hnau n Icpnunc, ninnuian fc xc fpconanun.
Hauancn icfpiu pachan honufuucckou cucfcmi u nnacfnix
cfpykfyp, naxonunmuxcn hon konfponcm kommynucfuucckou hapfuu
(CIII). Bunnu Ufoq ymcn c hocfa hpcmicp-munucfpa; hapfuunan
ucpapxun u cfpykfypi cfanu paspymaficn; 8 nonpn n ofcfanky ymno
ncc Ionufkpo. B sfou cufyauuu ncucpom nonpn panuo hcpcnano
coomcnuc o hocfanonncnuu hpanufcnicfna paspcmufi nccm ipaxna-
nam, xcnakmum hokunyfi Bocfounyk Icpmanuk, cncnafi sfo ucpcs
nkou konfponiniu hynkf, a cncnonafcnino, u ucpcs Icpnun. Takum
opasom, cfcna ncoxunanno hpcnpafunaci numi n mafcpuaninyk hpc-
ipany mcxny nnymn Icpmanunmu. B onny sfy noui ficnuu nkncu
1JOO
pocunuci na cfcny, ufoi ynuufoxufi cc naxc qusuuccku: sfa ak-
uun fpconana mnoio npcmcnu, no cc nauano cumnonusuponano koncu
pasncncnun npcnncu cfonuui Icpmanuu.
C sfoio momcnfa nosnuknu onimuc nnyfpcnnuc u mcxnyna-
ponnic hponcmi. Kakoni moinu ifi hocncncfnun nnn ofnomc-
nuu mcxny nnymn Icpmanunmu, kak pcaiuponana ocfaninan Inpoha
na sfu coifun B cnnsu c sfum cfouf nahomnufi, ufo Icpnun n
fof momcnf naxonuncn hon mcxcoksnuucckum konfponcm, a hofomy
ncc, ufo fam hpoucxonuno, ncuscxno honyuano mcxnynaponniu
ofknuk.
Ipouccc hcpcmcn, onnako, cfpcmufcnino yckopnncn. Iio pas-
nufuc hocfanuno nna nohpoca: kak cncnonano hpunumafi na 3ahanc
cincuon c Bocfoka, hockoniky foniko n nonpc 18 i. ux konuuc-
cfno nocfuino 1JO OOO ucnonck Ioncc foio, moina (unu nonxna)
ina cmc cymccfnonafi Icpmanckan cmokpafuucckan Icchynuka
Icpnan hponcma kacanaci icpmanckoio hpanufcnicfna, nfopan
mcxnynaponnoio coomccfna.
Chaccnuc Icpmanckou cmokpafuucckou Icchynuku ino ho-
pyucno 1J nonpn Xancy Monpony, honufuky, kofopiu cuufancn
ymcpcnnim nuncpom u cfoponnukom honufuku Iopaucna. On icf-
po hpucfyhun k koncynifauunm, ufoi ohpcncnufi, kakuc pcqopmi
inu camimu cpounimu. 28 nnnapn 1O i. hpanufcnicfno otnnu-
no, ufo hcpnic cnoonnic niopi ynyf hponcncni 18 mapfa, f.c.
panimc, ucm hpcnhonaianoci.
B ucnfpc usupafcninou kamhanuu okasanuci chopi o ynymcm
Icpmanckou cmokpafuucckou Icchynuku u o chocoax otcnunc-
nun c 3ahannou Icpmanucu. B nuckyccunx yuacfnonanu 24 honufu-
ucckuc ipyhhi, kofopic, n cymnocfu, cocpcnofouunuci na ocyx-
ncnuu nnyx napuanfon: hpcnnoxcnun xpucfuanckux ncmokpafon o
ncmcnncnnom otcnuncnuu u hpcnnoxcnun CIII o hocfchcnnom
otcnuncnuu, pacfnnyfom no npcmcnu. Icsynifafi niopon, na ko-
fopic honnunn smouuonaniniu hopin, oxnafunmuu ncmucn, iono-
punu o onnosnaunom pcmcnuu. B ionoconanuu yuacfnonano okono
4' ipaxnan II, umcnmux hpano ionoca, niopi hponcmoncfpu-
ponanu ychcx ucnfpucfckoio noka, pykononumoio xpucfuanckumu
ncmokpafamu. Inok honyuun 54' ionocon, us kofopix 41' hpu-
nanncxan camum xpucfuanckum ncmokpafam. Bfopoc mccfo sannnu
couuan-ncmokpafi, honyuunmuc 22' ionocon, a fpcfic inmuc
kommynucfi, honyuunmuc ncmnoium oncc 16' ionocon. Ipcnni-
opnic sonnaxu hpcnckasinanu ychcx couuan-ncmokpafam. Ho
nccnaponnoc ionoconanuc nipasuno honncpxky kypcy kanuncpa
Konn, kofopiu, nuuno ncfyhun n hpcnniopnyk opiy, nyumc npy-
c...
1JO1
iux houyncfnonan cumnonuucckoc snaucnuc uncu otcnuncnun, n oco-
cnnocfu, ho cpanncnuk c fcmu, kfo nickasinan pasymnic nospaxc-
nun u hpcnnuncn fpynnocfu, kofopic nisoncf yckopcnniu hpouccc
unfcipauuu panukanino pasnuunix skonomuucckux cucfcm.
Icsynifafi niopon hosnonunu nauaficn sfomy hpoucccy. Honiu
hpcmicp-munucfp II xpucfuanckuu ncmokpaf ofap nc Mssicp n
cnocu pcuu hpu ncfyhncnuu n nonxnocfi 2O ahpcnn 1O i. ninc-
nun nna ycnonun otcnuncnun: hapufcfnoc cofpynnuuccfno mcxny
nnymn hpanufcnicfnamu u fpconanuc, ufoi nankfniu nohpoc
in pcmcn cs hpcnnsnfocfu na ocnonc hpusnanun hapufcfa noc-
founou u sahannou mapku. B mcxnynaponnom hnanc honoxcnuc
otcnuncnnou Icpmanuu ohpcncnnnoci cc ynymum yuacfucm n
HATO, xofn u na ycnonuu ofkasa of icfpo ycfapcnanmux nokfpun,
kofopimu no foio npcmcnu pykononcfnonanaci nocnnan cfpafciun
Ccncpoafnanfuucckoio aninnca. B hpanonom ofnomcnuu otcnunc-
nuc nonxno ino ifi ocymccfnncno na ocnonc cf. 2J Ocnonnoio
sakona cncpafunnou Icchynuku Icpmanuu, kofopan ucfko hpcnyc-
mafpunana hpucocnuncnuc npyiux ncmcukux scmcni.
18 man oncucnnic honnomouunmu coofncfcfnykmuc munucfpi
honhucanu noionop o skonomuucckom, nankfnom u couuaninom
coksc, u J1 aniycfa in saknkucn icpmano-icpmanckuu oionop
o otcnuncnuu cfpani, ohpcncnnnmuu cio anmunucfpafunno-
kpunuucckuc achckfi u nafy ncfyhncnun n cuny J okfnpn.
Ofof ncni in hpusnan nncm poxncnun nonoio otcnuncnnoio
icpmanckoio iocynapcfna, f.c. hpucocnuncnun k cncpafunnou
Icchynukc Icpmanuu, kofopan nc mcnnna cnocio nasnanun, scmcni
hpckpafunmcu cnoc cymccfnonanuc Icpmanckou cmokpafuucckou
Icchynuku.
(.(2.. CL1L,HHLHHL 1LFAHHH
H LH,JHAFC,HCL CCCLLLCTDC
Yckopcnuc hpouccca otcnuncnun Icpmanuu cosnanano nnn nc-
hocpcncfncnno saunfcpcconannix iocynapcfn pnn ncmanonaxnix
honufuko-hpanonix hponcm. Honan cufyauun fpconana of npyiux
nauuu, kofopic nonxni inu k ncu hpuchocouficn, onimou iu-
kocfu u myxccfna, hofomy ufo otcnuncnuc hofpconano xcpfn of
mnoiux cfpan, kofopix ono safpaiunano; ono cosnanano hponcmi,
hpcxnc nccio, nnn panuuu, Ionimu u, n cmc onimcu mcpc, nnn
Concfckoio Coksa.
Koina ncmui hponosinacunu hpano na camoohpcncncnuc, cfpa-
ni IOC hpusnanu cio na ncfpcuc n ncpxax n Cfpacypic 8 nc-
kapn 18 i., no co mnoiumu ncnickasannimu oionopkamu. Iocnc
1JO2
ncfpcuu, opianusonannou Concfamu 11 nckapn 18 i., k sfomy no-
anunoci nospoxncnuc nanno saifoio, no cmc cymccfnonanmcio
opiana: Coksnoio konfponinoio concfa, kofopiu ncucfnonan n Icp-
nunc u nnoni nosnuk us ncifun, ufoi oosnauufi cymccfnonanuc
hponcmi, kofopou nu Concfi, nu qpanuysi nc namcpcnanuci hpc-
ncpciafi. Bohpoc kacancn, ho kpauncu mcpc, mccfu cfpan (nnyx icp-
manckux iocynapcfn u ucfipcx ncnymux coksnix ncpxan), no safpa-
iunan fakxc u npyiuc cfpani HATO u Bapmanckoio noionopa, ho
kpauncu mcpc Ionimy u Hcxocnonakuk.
B qcnpanc 1O i. Iopaucn sannun o cnocu iofonnocfu coina-
cuficn c pcmcnunmu, kofopic hpumcf noniu hapnamcnf, no on
ionopun o hnanc hocfchcnnoio icpmanckoio otcnuncnun, kofopoc
nonxno ino hpoufu sfah konqcncpauuu u cosnafi qcncpauuk c
cnunim hpanufcnicfnom u cfonuucu n Icpnunc. Honoc iocynapcfno
nonxno ino cfafi ho nosmoxnocfu ncufpaninim nuo, kak hpcn-
naian concfckuu nuncp, yuacfnonafi onnonpcmcnno n HATO u n
Bapmanckom noionopc.
Onnako kanuncp Koni pcmufcnino nsnn n cnou pyku nuncpcfno
n hcpcionopax c ucnik nocfuxcnun honnoio u csycnonnoio otc-
nuncnun, kofopoc on cuufan nosmoxnim cmc n nonpc 18 i.
Kypc na otcnuncnuc Icpmanuu cfan pcanusoninaficn naionapn
fccnomy cofpynnuuccfny mcxny Koncm u hpcsuncnfom Iymcm, ko-
fopoc c qcnpann 1O i. nauano hpunocufi cnou hnoni. 14 qcnpann
n kynyapax konqcpcnuuu CICI ho hponcmc n Offanc ofkpifoio
nca ino hpunnfo pcmcnuc, ufo hpoucnypa otcnuncnun nonx-
na hpoufu n nna sfaha: cnauana icpmanckuc iocynapcfna ohpcncnnf
ycnonun cnocio coinamcnun, a safcm ucfipc ncpxani-hocnufcni-
nuui no nfopou muponou nounc noionopnfcn o hpckpamcnuu ux
hpan na Icpmanuk n ucnom. opmyna 2 + 4 nc npanunaci nukomy,
hofomy ufo ucknkuana us hpouccca hcpcionopon nckofopic saunfc-
pcconannic cnpohcuckuc cfpani, u, fcm nc mcncc, ona hokasanaci
oncc noiuunou, ufoi onnonpcmcnno hpusnafi honnyk cyncpcn-
nyk cnoony nnyx icpmanckux iocynapcfn u ocfanmuccn hpana ncp-
xan-hocnufcninuu no nfopou muponou nounc.
Ofu qopmaninic komhpomuccnic noionopcnnocfu nc ycfpanunu
fpynnocfu n nohpocc o ynymcm mcxnynaponnom honoxcnuu Icpma-
nuu. Bixon in nauncn, naionapn cmcnomy pcmcnuk Konn ocy-
nufi hponcmy nchocpcncfncnno c Iopaucnim. Baxnan cccna cocfo-
nnaci 16 uknn 1O i., koina Koni hpucxan na ponuny Iopaucna n
Apxis (Ccncpniu Kankas), ufoi nicfyhufi nc kak xonafau, nihpa-
munakmuu ycfyhku nnn Icpmanuu, a kak hpcncfanufcni oiafou
c...
1JOJ
Hcnfpaninou Inpohi, kofopan nccomncnno moina i chococfnonafi
ychcxy hcpccfpouku. Koni oucni xopomo honuman hcpchncfcnuc
nnyx achckfon pcqopmafopckou honufuku Iopaucna: nnyfpcnncio u
nncmncio. On uchonisonan ux cocnuncnuc, ufoi hokasafi concfcko-
my nuncpy, ufo poxncnuc otcnuncnnou Icpmanuu naiohpunfno ho-
nnuncf na nocfuxcnuc cio honnunnou ucnu, f.c. ychcxa honufuku pc-
qopm. Iopaucn yxc houyncfnonan, ufo amcpukanui nc iofoni oka-
safi konkpcfnyk honncpxky concfckum pcqopmam u oucni nnuma-
fcnino ofncccn k cnonam Konn ho sfomy nohpocy.
Coinamcnuc, nocfuinyfoc 16 uknn, ofpaxano sfy cufyauuk. Co-
ncfckuu Coks sannun o cnocu iofonnocfu hpusnafi honnoc otcnu-
ncnuc u mcxnynaponniu cyncpcnufcf Icpmanuu, a cncnonafcnino,
nosmoxnocfi hpononxcnun yuacfun cncpafunnou Icchynuku Icp-
manuu n HATO u n npyiux coksax. B cnok oucpcni, cncpafunnan
Icchynuka Icpmanuu hpusnana, ufo n fcucnuc ohpcncncnnoio npcmc-
nu (no honnoio ninona concfckux nouck) na fcppufopuu inmcu
Icpmanckou cmokpafuucckou Icchynuku nc ynyf pasmcmcni nou-
cka HATO u nc ynyf cosnani cc cfpykfypi. Iocnc ninona concfc-
kux nouck n Bocfounou Icpmanuu nosmoxno yncf pasmccfufi noucka
HATO, no cocfonmuc foniko us ncmcukux uacfcu. cncpaninoc hpa-
nufcnicfno onsinanoci fakxc nincnufi cpcncfna na concpxanuc co-
ncfckux connaf, pasmcmcnnix n Icpmanuu, u hpoqunancuponafi
komhnckc mcp, ncoxonumix nnn ux oycfpoucfna n Concfckom Co-
ksc. Kpomc foio, Koni coinacuncn cokpafufi omyk uucncnnocfi
noopyxcnnix cun otcnuncnnou Icpmanuu no J7O OOO ucnonck n co-
ofncfcfnuu c Iapuxckum noionopom o oiunix noopyxcnnix cu-
nax n Inpohc (OBCI); on onsancn ofkasaficn of hpousnoncfna u
onananun afomnim, akfcpuonoiuucckum u xumuucckum opyxucm,
hpononxan conknafi noionop o nncpnom ncpachpocfpancnuu. Hako-
ncu, Koni onsancn c homomik onimoio noionopa ohpcncnufi
qopmi nanincumcio skonomuucckoio cofpynnuuccfna mcxny nnymn
cfpanamu. Hpanufcn nam unu ncf, ckasan Iopaucn, onopnn komh-
pomucc, hpuncf npcmn, koina otcnuncnnan Icpmanun cfancf yuac-
fnukom HATO, ccnu ona hpumcf hononoc pcmcnuc. Icnu fakon y-
ncf cc niop, qopmy kofopoio hpcncfouf ohpcncnufi, fo Icpmanun
cmoxcf cofpynnuuafi c Concfckum Coksom.
Coinamcnuc of 16 uknn ino inannim hpopinom n nuhnomafu-
ucckom hnanc u ofkpino nopoiy k hpcononcnuk ocfanmuxcn fpynno-
cfcu. 12 ccnfnpn n Mocknc in honhucan oionop o okonuafcni-
nom ypciynuponanuu n ofnomcnuu Icpmanuu, ufo osnauano hpusnanuc
nnycfoponnux coinamcnuu u noccocnuncnun Icpmanuu na ocnonc fc-
sucon kanuncpa Konn.
pyiuc nohpoci mcxnynaponnoio xapakfcpa inu paccmofpcni
u pcmcni n hocncnykmuc mccnui. 14 nonpn 1O i. in honhu-
can icpmano-honickuu oionop o ipanuuc, ho kofopomy II hpu-
snanana ipanuuy, ycfanonncnnyk n 145 i., ufo honoxuno koncu
ohaccnunm, hopoxncnnim n Bapmanc nckofopou yknonuunocfik
nipaxcnuu, uchonisonannix ncmuamu. Hakoncu, yuacfuc Icpma-
nuu n Iapuxckux coinamcnunx of 1 u 21 nonpn ho nohpocy o
oiunix noopyxcnunx nohonnuno kapfuny mcxnynaponnix fpanc-
qopmauuu n Hcnfpaninou Inpohc.
Takum opasom, n fcucnuc iona fo, ufo cuufanoci ncusmcnnim,
hcpcmcnunoci panukanino. Icpmanun, kofopou nocxumanuci u
ohacanuci, nosponunaci kak cnunoc iocynapcfno, xofn u numcnnoc
fcppufopuu, kofopic ono hofcpnno n konuc nfopou muponou nou-
ni. B cnpohcuckou xusnu nauancn noniu sfah, fak kak ucucsno
ycxncnuc, ufo hpouniu mup na konfuncnfc nosmoxcn foniko
hpu ycnonuu coxpancnun packona Icpmanun. Imc nonioc npcmn
Icpmanuu hpcncfouf pcmafi nnyfpcnnuc hponcmi, cnnsannic c
unfcipauucu nnyx cfoni pasnuunix cfpykfyp, kofopic hcpccfanu
cymccfnonafi n 1O i. Iosfomy nonan Icpmanun yncf ocfanaficn
n cnpohcuckux uncfufyfax, naionapn kofopim cfano nosmoxno
nospoxncnuc, cc pocf u noccocnuncnuc.
Iopaucn sahnafun oucni nicokyk ucny, ufoi nouficn co-
fpynnuuccfna, yuacfnukom kofopoio cmy nc cyxncno ino cfafi.
On sahnafun sfy ucny, hpcononcnan concfckoc ncnoncpuc u honi-
ckyk npaxncnocfi, sacfanun fakxc u panuuk cncnafi xopomyk
muny hpu uipc, kofopou Iapux in nc conccm nononcn. Moxcf
ifi, nnn Inpohi sfo u in inanniu pcsynifaf okonuanun uho-
nnpnoio hpofunocfonnun. Ion chycfn, pachan Concfckoio Coksa
hpunan nonoc snaucnuc sfomy pcsynifafy, hofomy ufo nnn Icpma-
nuu ucucsna ncpxana, choconan cncpxunafi cc na nocfokc. Tcm nc
mcncc ncmui, kak u npyiuc cnpohcuui, honnnu n hocncnocnniu
hcpuon, ufo honufuka nnunnun nnnncfcn oncc hnonofnopnou, ucm
honufuka iochoncfna.
Koncu uhonnpnocfu sacfan Inpohy n cocfonnuu fpancqopma-
uuu, no nc n cocfonnuu cchokoucfna. IOC okasanoci oucni hpu-
nnckafcninim nnn pasnix cfpan, pancc nxonunmux n concfckyk
cucfcmy unu hpononunmux honufuky ncufpanufcfa. Iosfomy oc-
nancnuc xccfkoio konfponn, kofopiu occhcuunan cfauninocfi,
no nannsinan ncnymum ncpxanam hpanuna conmccfnoio cocymc-
cfnonanun, nochpunumanoci chokouno. Ofo hpoucxonuno fakxc u
hofomy, ufo Inpoha, nknkuan otcnuncnnyk Icpmanuk, n pamkax
opianusauuu HATO ocfananaci cnnsannou c Cocnuncnnimu Ufa-
c...
famu, f.c. c cnuncfncnnou cncpxncpxanou, kofopan k fomy npcmcnu
nomunuponana n mcxnynaponnou cucfcmc, cfpcmnci hpcopasonafi
cc n noniu mupohopnnok.
1JO5 Hac: . C: Dcnmcn asn ccBc:ccH nsnc
C:naBncnnc
Ipcnucnonuc k pycckomy usnanuk.....................................................
Ipcnucnonuc: noniu mcxnynaponniu hopnnok ...............................
Of pcnakfopa .......................................................................................
Bncncnuc ..............................................................................................
Hac1t uepnan
BAUATb AT MY BYMR BOHHAMH
uana uepnan
HCOCTORBUARCR KOHCTYKUHR BOHHCKOH
CHCTMb H HAAK3HH CTAbHAH3AUHH
1.1. Ickoncfpykuun cnpohcuckou cucfcmi: omuc achckfi ............
1.2. uia Hauuu .................................................................................
1.J. panko-icpmanckuu mup u hponcma csohacnocfu panuuu
1.4. Hsmcncnun n muponou skonomuucckou cucfcmc. Bohpoc o pc-
hapauunx n hcpuon c 12O i. no hnana aysca ............................
1.5. Ypciynuponanuc n Hcnfpaninou Inpohc u concfckan hponcma ...
1.6. Xpyhkocfi nonoio hopnnka n ynaucko-Iankanckom pciuonc ..
1.7. Hopmanusauun nuhnomafuucckux ofnomcnuu c CCCI .............
1.8. Cufyauun n ynaucko-Iankanckom pciuonc mcxny cfaunusa-
uucu u pcnusuonusmom ...............................................................
1.. Kpusuc u koncu Offomanckou umhcpuu. Kcmanucfckan Typuun.
Mannafnan cucfcma na Inuxncm Bocfokc .................................
1.1O. Iocncnocnnan cufyauun na anincm Bocfokc. Bamunifonckan
konqcpcnuun u nhonckan honufuka ...........................................
1.11. Iocncnnuc unnksuu konnckfunnou csohacnocfu.....................
1.12. Hccocfonnmancn couuanino-skonomuucckan cfaunusauun u
nnyfpcnnnn honufuka ..................................................................
uana n1opan
BAHKAR HCCHR H HBbH KH3HC
BCAAbCKOH CHCTMb
2.1. Omuc coopaxcnun ...................................................................
2.2. unanconiu kpusuc u kpusuc hpousnoncfna .............................
2.J. Ionufuucckuc hocncncfnun skonomuucckoio kpusuca. Iocf na-
uusma n Icpmanuu .......................................................................
2.4. Iocncncfnun kpusuca nnn ankanckou honufuku. Hfanun u
panuun hcpcn nuuom nospoxncnun nnunnun Icpmanuu .........
2.5. Icpmanckan nncmnnn honufuka u hponcma nccomcio pasopy-
xcnun of Ipknunia no Iufncpa .................................................
2.6. Omuc coopaxcnun ofnocufcnino honopofa, hpoucmcnmcio n
hcpnou hononunc JO-x ionon .......................................................
5
7
1O
15
24
J1
J4
4
75
8O
84
J
1OO
1O5
112
128
1J1
142
15O
15
165
uana 1pe1tn
KH3HC H KAX BCAAbCKOH CHCTMb
J.1. Bncmnnn honufuka Shonuu u saxnaf Maniuxypuu ...................
J.2. Koncanun Mycconunu mcxny icpmanckum pcnusuonusmom u
honufukou cnpohcuckou csohacnocfu. Ancfpuuckuu nohpoc ..
J.J. Icakuun panuuu na hpuxon Iufncpa k nnacfu. Iouck nonix
cokson: Hfanun u CCCI .............................................................
J.4. Ipofunopcuun qponfa Cfpcsi. Concfcko-qpanuysckuu noionop
u anino-icpmanckoc coinamcnuc ho mopckum noopyxcnunm ....
J.5. Hfaninnckan aipcccun n Oquohuu u cc hocncncfnun ................
J.6. Icmunufapusauun Icunckou onacfu u cosnanuc Ocu ...........
J.7. Ipaxnanckan nouna n Hchanuu, Cpcnuscmnomopic u honufuka
ncnmcmafcnicfna ......................................................................
J.8. Anmnkc u pufanckan honufuka ymupofnopcnun ...............
J.. Ymupofnopcnuc. Cyncfckuu nohpoc u Mknxcnckan konqc-
pcnuun..........................................................................................
Hac1t n1opan
BTOAR MHOBAR BOHHA
uana ne1nep1an
HAKAHYH BOHHb
4.1. Inpoha hocnc Mknxcna ..............................................................
4.2. Iasncn ucxocnonakuu ...................................................................
4.J. Koncu honufuku ymupofnopcnun ............................................
4.4. Icakuun Hfanuu na honufuky Icpmanuu ...................................
4.5. Iankanckuc ofknuku na icpmanckuu icnusuonusm ....................
4.6. Concfcko-nauucfckuu hakf .........................................................
uana un1an
HBbH OTAH BTOOH MHOBOH BOHHb
5.1. Omuc samcuanun o xapakfcpc nouni ........................................
5.2. Hauano nouni u cc hocncncfnun nnn nccio mupa .......................
5.J. Iopaxcnuc Ionimu u nonic icpmano-concfckuc coinamcnun.
3umnnn nouna ...........................................................................
5.4. Bocnnoc hopaxcnuc panuuu ....................................................
5.5. Cfpafciuucckuc anifcpnafuni Iufncpa hocnc hopaxcnun
panuuu ......................................................................................
5.6. Bocnnic ncucfnun Hfanuu .........................................................
uana mec1an
AObAAbHAR BOHHA
6.1. Hahancnuc Icpmanuu na Concfckuu Coks ................................
6.2. Ofnomcnun mcxny anino-amcpukanckumu coksnukamu u Co-
ncfamu. 3akon o ncnn-nusc ..........................................................
168
175
185
2OO
2O5
217
224
242
248
262
27J
277
288
25
2
J14
J22
JJ1
J48
J7J
J86
J6
412
6.J. Bocnnic ohcpauuu na npyiux fcafpax nocnnix ncucfnuu nhnofi
no Oni-Anamcuna .........................................................................
6.4. Shonckuu skchancuonusm u nauano nouni na Tuxom okcanc ..
6.5. Hcnu nouni c fouku spcnun Cocnuncnnix Ufafon, Bcnuko-
pufanuu u Concfckoio Coksa ...................................................
6.6. Iancnuc Mycconunuu u hcpcmupuc c Hfanucu .........................
uana ce\tvan
HObA COK3HHKOB H HOOTOBKA
HOCABOHHOO YCTOHCTBA
7.1. Bocnnic ncucfnun n 14J i. ........................................................
7.2. Iponcmi anfuqamucfckoio coksa hocnc kahufynnuuu Hfa-
nuu. Mockonckan u Tcicpanckan konqcpcnuuu .........................
7.J. Hfaninnckuu hpcucncnf u cio hocncncfnun. Cosnanuc Opia-
nusauuu Otcnuncnnix Hauuu .................................................
7.4. Ofnomcnun mcxny cnpohcuckum nnuxcnucm Cohpofunncnun u
coksnukamu n 144145 ii. .......................................................
7.5. Snfunckan konqcpcnuun.............................................................
7.6. Hakanync okonuanun nouni n Inpohc .......................................
7.7. Iocncnocnnan nahpnxcnnocfi ....................................................
7.8. Iocncnnuu sfah nouni na Tuxom okcanc ..................................
7.. Afomnan hponcma .......................................................................
7.1O. Amcpukanckuc hpockfi hocncnocnnoio ycfpoucfna ..................
Hac1t 1pe1tn
XOAOHAR BOHHA
uana noctvan
HHAR HOAHTHKA KOHCTYKUHH
HAH HCKOAbKO HOAHTHK?
8.1. Iponcmi pckoncfpykuuu ..........................................................
8.2. Ipumcfi icncsuca xononnou nouni...........................................
8.J. Ionopof amcpukanckou honufuku n Inpohc ..............................
8.4. Ioxncnuc Komunqopma u honoxcnuc n Bocfounou Inpohc .....
uana \enn1an
ObA3OBAHH bAOKOB
H OBOAKUHR HX B3AHMOOTHOUHHH
.1. Cosnanuc Afnanfuucckoio hakfa. Inpohcucfckan cocfannnk-
man ...............................................................................................
.2. Iocna kommynucfon n Kufac u nouna n Kopcc. Shonckuu
nohpoc ..........................................................................................
.J. Munufapusauun hcpuona xononnou nouni n Inpohc ................
.4. Ionopof 15J i. K hcpnou paspnnkc ..........................................
.5. Iopia sa cfanunckoc nacncncfno u nccfanunusauun .............
4J2
4J
454
478
486
4O
5O5
518
525
54J
546
555
564
57J
587
614
658
6
716
7J1
767
7O
8O
Hac1t ne1nep1an
bHHOARHAR CHCTMA:
A3RKA HAHRHHOCTH
H COCYUCTBOBAHH-COHHHHCTBO
uana \ecn1an
COCYUCTBOBAHH-COHHHHCTBO
H KOAOHH3AUHR
1O.1. na naicpn n hcpnic ioni cfaunusauuu ...............................
1O.2. ckononusauun u cocymccfnonanuc-cohcpnuuccfno .................
uana o\nuua\ua1an
CHCTMA MYHAOHbX OTHOUHHH
HOCA 195b r.
11.1. Bipaofka nopm cocymccfnonanun-cohcpnuuccfna ..................
11.2. Bknkucnuc afunckou Amcpuku n muponyk honufuky ............
11.J. Afnanfuucckan honufuka u cnpohcuckan honufuka ..................
11.4. Hsmcncnun na Inuxncm u Cpcnncm Bocfokc ...........................
11.5. Bicfnamckuu kpusuc 154168 ii. ...........................................
11.6. Concfckuu naicpi: pocf u hpofunopcuun ...................................
Hac1t un1an
OT bOAbUOH A3RKH
K COBTCKOMY KH3HCY
uana \neua\ua1an
bOAbUAR A3RKA H HAb
12.1. Hckofopic omuc samcuanun ....................................................
12.2. uanoi mcxny Cocnuncnnimu Ufafamu u Concfckum Cok-
som ..............................................................................................
12.J. Koncu nicfnamckoio kpusuca ....................................................
12.4. Kuccunnxcp u nuhnomafun Tpcyioninuka .............................
12.5. Inpoha n ioni paspnnku .............................................................
12.6. Iponuknoncnuc uncu Kacfpo n afunckyk Amcpuky u anfo-
pufapusm kak ofncfnan pcakuun ................................................
uana 1pnua\ua1an
OT KH3HCA A3RKH K COBTCKOMY KH3HCY.
HOBOOT 1973 r.
1J.1. Bouna cynnoio nnn u sncpicfuucckuu kpusuc .......................
1J.2. Bosononncnuc honufuku concfckoio skchancuonusma ...........
1J.J. Ipcsuncnfcfno xummu kapfcpa: hcpccmofp honufuku
1J.4. Icuian u Iopaucn y nnacfu .......................................................
1J.5. Kpusuc uhonnpnocfu Icpnic cumhfomi ..............................
1J.6. Kpusuc concfckou cucfcmi........................................................
847
88O
68
1O1O
1O42
1O6
1O7J
1O8
1125
1128
1141
115O
1162
1177
11O
12OO
12O5
122O
1227
1J.7. Bnccucfcmnic usmcncnun: nouna HpanHpak ......................
1J.8. Kufau: of opfonokcaninocfu k skonomuucckomy pasnufuk....
1J.. Bocfounan Asun u unnuuckuu cykonfuncnf ..........................
1J.1O. Ipuxon Iopaucna k nnacfu n Concfckom Coksc ....................
1J.11. cmokpafuucckan pcnonkuun n Bocfounou Inpohc ................
1J.12. Otcnuncnuc Icpmanuu ...........................................................
124
1256
1261
1272
122
125

Di Nolfo История МО

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Di Nolfo История МО

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HCTOPHh

B mcxnynaponnix opianusauunx, kofopic, kak hpcncfannnnoci

ipanuui c honmannafnimu fcppufopunmu ino ofnoxcno no hocnc-

ccnickoio xosnucfna (snaucnuc u pcaninyk sqqckfunnocfi kofopo-

III 576O 28O4

You might also like