t

B
E
t
D
J H +
v
D
0 B
Maxwells Equations
point form
What is E?
Coulombs Law
Chapter 2 Electric Field
Intensity
Coulomb's Law

8.854 x 10
-12
F/m
permitivity of free space
k
1
4
F
Q Q
4 r
1 2
o
2

F k
Q Q
r
e
1 2
2
Newtons
Force acting on Q
2
due to Q
1
Origin
Q
1
Q
2
R
12
r
2
r
1
a
12
F
2
R
12
= r
2
- r
1
12
2
12 0
2 1
2
4
a F
R
Q Q

1 2
1 2
12
-
-
r r
r r
a
F
2
= -F
1
Electric Field
F a
1
t
1 t
o 1t
Q Q
4 R

t
F
a E
t
1
Q
Q
4 R
t
1
o 1t

t
N
C
V
m

1 volt
J
C
Nm
C
V
m
N
C

In general:
E a
R

Q
4 R o
2

!! a
R
is the unit vector from the charge to the point where the
field is to be measured
Q
1
Q
t
R
1t
r
t
r
1
a
1t
F
t
R
1t
= r
t
- r
1
Electric Field
Q
Q
t
R

= r - r
`

r
r
`
E
Origin
(x
`
,y
`
,z
`
)
(x,y,z)
Imaginary
Unit Test
Charge
E a
R

Q
4 R o
2

2
0
1
r
4
Q
E
r

2 / 3
2 2 2
0
0
R
) (
4
2
4
origin at the charge }For
2 2 2
z y x
z y x Q
r
Q
z y x
z y x
z y x
z y x
r
z y x
z y x
+ +
+ +

+ +
+ +

+ +
a a a
a E
a a a
R
R
a
a a a R

In rectangular co-ordinates
r
o
2
r 4
a E

For a point charge at the center of a spherical coordinate system:

3D Model
[ ]

charges n for
4
E(r)
' 4
'
'
'
' 4
E(r)
1
0
3 2
0
m
n
m
m
m Q
o
Q Q
a
r r
r r
r r
r r
r r
r r

2 / 3
0
0
2
) ' (
2
) ' (
2
) ' (
] ) ' ( ) ' ( ) ' [(
4
2
4

,
_

+ +
+ +

z z y y x x
z z y y x x Q

'
'
'
Q
E(r)
z y x a a a
r r
r r
r r

For charge elsewhere:

3
0
3
0
3
0
3
' 4
'

' 4
'

' 4
'

'
'
4
r r
r r
r r
r r
r r
r r
r r
r r

dv
ds
dl
Q
v
s
l
E
Line C/m
Sheet C/m
2
Volume C/m
3
Charge Distributions
Example Field Due to a Line Charge
r a a
r a
R r r a a
R
a
R
R
a a
z
z
z
R
z
+

+
+

+
+

z
z '
z - z ' )
z - z ' )
z - z ' )
z - z ' )
2
2
'
' (
(
(
(
2
2

+
+

2
3
2 2
o
L
) ) z' - z ( (
) z' - z ( (
4
dz'

z
a a
E

+
+
+

2
3
2 2
o
2
3
2 2
o
L
) ) z' - z ( ( 4
dz' ) z' - z (
) ) z' - z ( ( 4
dz'

z
a
a
L
d d z '
L

dz
`
r
r`
z

Line charge
2 2 2 2
2
3
2 2
2 2
2
3
2 2
2
1
2 2 2
2
3
2 2
L
) z' - z (
) a (x
dx
1
) a (x
dx
) ) z' - z ( (
) z' - z (
) (a
dx
+

+

+
+

+

L L L
L
x
x
a x
x
x
dx
(a
a
x
(a
2
2
2
+

x x
2
3
2
2
1
2
1
) )
a and
dz' dx
1
dz'
dx

) z' - z ( let x

'

1
1
]
1

+
+
1
1
]
1

Z
L
a a E
2 2 2 2
2
o
) z' - z (
1
) z' - z (
) z' - z (
4

Finally:
( )

a E
a a E
o
o
2
0
2
4
L
Z
L

'

,
_

Observations:

a E
o 2
L

Varies as 1/
Always in the radial direction
What would the Field Look Like for a Finite Length Charge?
z y
z y x
a a r
a a a r
' ' ' z y
z y x
+
+ +
Electric Field Due to a Sheet Charge
2 2 2
) ' ( ) ' ( '
) ' ( ) ' ( '
z z y y x
z z y y x
+ +
+ +
r r
a a a r r
z y x

z' y' s s s Q d d d d

) ' (
] ) ' [( 4
z' y'

] ) ' ( ) ' ( [ 4
] ) ' ( ) ' ( [ z' y'
2 2 2
2
3
2 2
2
3
2 2 2

+
+

+ +
+ +

z z x c
c y y
d sxd
z z y y x
z z y y x d sd
o
o

z y x
a a a
E
r
`
ds=dy

dz

(y
`
,z
`
)
(x,y,z)

s
2 2
2
2
3
2 2 c u
u 1
) c (u
u
+

c
d
' dy du
) ' (

y y u
x
a '
) ' ( ) ' (
'
) ' ( 4
1
2 2 2
2 2
dz
z z x y y
y y
z z x
sx
o

1
1
]
1

+ +

x
a
2 2
) ' (
'
) 2 (
4
1
z z x
sxdz
o

+ a
a
v
a v
dv
arctan
2 2
x a
x a
dz dv
z z v

2 2
'
) ' (
x
x
a
a
o
s
s
s
x
z z
x

2
2 2 2
) ' arctan(
2
1
0
0

,
_

1
]
1

x
a
o
s

2
E
tan(x)
x
-/2
/2
n
o
s
a

2
E
Multiple Sources
E
T
=E
1
+E
2
+E
3
+E
n