DESIGN OF A LOW-PASS

BUTTERWORTH FILTER
NEEMA AGGARWAL, HADAR COHEN, JOE MERCEDES, CAROLINE YU
PROF. H. AHMAD SPRING 2014 ECE 194A
INTRODUCTION
Purpose: design a low-pass Butterworth linear filter
Specifications:
maximum passband attenuation Amax=1dB
minimum stopband attenuation Amin= 20dB
passband edge frequency fc= 25kHz
stopband edge frequency fs=50kHz
variable dc gain Ko in the range 5< Ko < 10
Process:
Determine the order and transfer function
Select an appropriate topology
Design and construct circuit
Obtain measurements and check results using MATLAB
INTRODUCTION- BUTTERWORTH FILTER
All-pole lowpass filter with no ripples in the passband
Butterworth filter has a slower frequency response roll
off as compared to a Chebyshev
Comparison of Butterworth and Chebyshev Filters Ideal Low-Pass Filter
TRANSFER FUNCTION
SIMULATION DIAGRAM
A cascade topology was chosen with:
Two 2nd-order Sallen-Key filters
One 1st-order lowpass filter
One inverting amplifier to provide gain
SALLEN-KEY #1
741
SALLEN-KEY #2
741
FIRST ORDER LOW-PASS
741
INVERTER
741
UNIT STEP RESPONSE
Found at long duty cycle
Peaked at amplitude of 10 at .4 seconds
IMPULSE RESPONSE
Found at short duty cycle
Peaked at amplitude of 7 at .2 seconds
FREQUENCY RESPONSE
Frequency Range: 18Hz to 100Hz
INPUT AMPLITUDE RESTRICTIONS
The effective input voltage range is approximately from
400mV to 1V.
Outside of this range the filter degenerates and the
voltage gain deviates from the designed specifications.
CONCLUSION
The implementation of this Lowpass
Butterworth Filter followed the design
specifications with a degree of unavoidable
error due to:
Tolerances of electrical components
(resistors, capacitors, and operational
amplifiers)
The precision and accuracy of the
equipment used (oscilloscope, power
source, and function generator)
In future implementations of this filter, it may
prove fruitful to examine different realizations,
such as direct form, parallel, and feedback
configurations.