1. Deaf musicians detect sounds by sensing vibrations which travel through the floor.

Some
people say that these musicians keep in time better than others, because sound travels faster
through a wooden floor than through the air.
Calculate the speed of sound in wood.
Young modulus of wood =1 !"a
Density of wood = ## kg m
$%
Speed of sound = &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
'()
*or musicians 1# m apart, is there a noticeable time difference between sounds which travel
through the wooden floor and through the air+ ,ustify your answer with relevant calculations.
Speed of sound in air = %%#ms
$1
'()
-he amplitude of the sound vibrations which arrive through the floor is three times larger than
that through the air. .ow do the intensities of these sounds compare+
'()
State how the amplitude of echoes is reduced in a concert hail.
'1)
'-otal / marks)
(. -he speaker shown below is used to produce the bass notes in a music system.
-he cone moves with simple harmonic motion and it emits a single$fre0uency sound of 1## .1.
2hen it is producing a loud sound, the cone moves through a ma3imum distance of (.# mm.
-he e0uation that mathematically describes the displacement of the cone is
x = 1.# 3 1#
$%
cos (4 t.
Show that the data for this speaker lead to the numbers in the e0uation above.
'()
Calculate
'i) the ma3imum acceleration of the cone
5a3imum acceleration = &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
'ii) the ma3imum speed of the cone
5a3imum speed = &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
'%)
6n the grid below sketch the acceleration$time graph for two cycles of vibration of this speaker
cone used under these conditions. 7dd suitable numerical scales to the two a3es.
'%)
83plain why designers ensure that bass speakers have a natural fre0uency of oscillation much
greater than 1## .1.
'()
'-otal 1# marks)
%. 9n 1::; the comet Shoemaker$<evy approached the planet ,upiter on a collision course. ,ust
before the collision, the comet consisted of at least 1/ separate fragments as shown in the
picture.
7ll the fragments had originally been combined in a single comet with a diameter of : km.
Comets like this are made of ice with trapped dust and gas and have a typical density of
=##kgm
$%
.
Show that the minimum mass for the original comet which formed Shoemaker$<evy was about
( 3 1#
1;
kg.
'%)
7s a single comet, Shoemaker$<evy had previously approached ,upiter in 1::(. 7t its closest,
the near side of the comet was : ### km from the centre of ,upiter. 7t this near side of the
comet, ,upiter>s gravitational field strength was 1%./;=4 ?kg
$1
.
Calculate ,upiter>s gravitational field strength at the far side of the comet.
'5ass of ,upiter = 1.4:4/ 3 1#
(/
kg.
!, gravitational constant=./(# 3 1#
$11
?m
(
kg
$(
).
'%)
83plain why the comet broke apart as it passed ,upiter in 1::(.
'()
State one difference and one similarity between gravitational fields and electric fields.
Difference
Similarity
'()
'-otal 1# marks)
;. 7 scientist was investigating the effects of e3treme pressure, as might be e3perienced deep in
the ocean. .e used a polystyrene cup in his investigation and a total pressure of %.= 3 1#
/
"a
was applied to it, s0uashing the cup.
-he volume of the air in the cup>s polystyrene bubbles was originally / 3 1#
$=
m
%
.
Calculate the new volume in the bubbles in the s0uashed cup.
7ssume that the temperature remains constant.
7tmospheric pressure = 1.# 3 1#
=
"a.
@olume = &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
'%)
State one other assumption made in the calculation above.
'1)
9n reality, the temperature drops when going down into the ocean from (= AC at the surface to
1# AC at the depth modelled in the e3periment. Calculate the percentage change in the average
kinetic energy of the air molecules as a result of this temperature change.
'%)
'-otal / marks)
=. Scientists have worked out the age of the 5oon by dating the rocks brought back by the 7pollo
missions. -hey use the decay of potassium$;# to stable argon$;# in the rocksB this process has
a half life of 1.% 3 1#
:
years. 9n one rock sample, the scientists found #.4; g of argon$;# and
#.1# g of potassium$;#.
Cse the data above to calculate the age of the 5oon.
'-otal marks)