0

Marshall McLuhan Catholic Secondary School

Biology Exam
Review
Full course notes for SBI!" Ms# Ma$$e
Cindy %guyen
&'(&')0(*
Last !+dated ,une (&" )0(*
MULTIPLE CHOICE
(# -.IC. /F 0.E F/LL/-I%1 IS %/0 2 3I%14/M5
2# E!B2C0ERI2 4# 6L2%02E
B# 6R/0IS02 E# F!%1I
C# 7IR!SES
C: Viruses are not a kingdom, since they do not show all of the
characteristics of living things
)# 0.E C.2R2C0ERIS0IC 0.20 BES0 .EL6S 4EFI%E 2% /R12%ISM 2S 2
MEMBER /F 2 62R0IC!L2R S6ECIES IS -.IC. /F 0.E F/LL/-I%15
2# I0 L//3S LI3E /0.ER /R12%ISMS#
B# I0 C2% S!CCESSF!LL8 BREE4 -I0. SIMIL2R /R12%ISMS#
C# I0 LI7ES I% 0.E S2ME RE1I/% 2S SIMIL2R /R12%ISMS#
4# I0 E20S 0.E S2ME F//4 2S SIMIL2R /R12%ISMS#
E# I0 .2S 0.E S2ME 428'%I1.0 SLEE6I%1 6200ER% 2S SIMIL2R /R12%ISMS#
B: Organisms of the same species can interbreed, and produce offspring that
are not sterile.
3. STATEMENTS CONCERNING VIRUSES AND HUMAN HEALTH
29 I% M2%8 4ISE2SES C2!SE4 B8 7IR!SES" 0.E 7IR!S 2002C3S CELLS 2S I0
RE6R/4!CES#
B9 M/S0 7IR2L I%FEC0I/%S 2RE 4IFFIC!L0 0/ 0RE20 B!0 2%0IBI/0ICS C2%
FI%2LL8 4ES0R/8 0.EM#
C9 S/ME 7IR!SES C2% REM2I% 4/RM2%0 I% 0.E B/48 F/R 8E2RS BEF/RE
4ISE2SE S8M60/MS 266E2R#
49 /%C/1E%IC 7IR!SES C2% 244 1E%ES 0/ 2 CELL 2%4 0!R% I0 I%0/ 2
C2%CER CELL#
E9 M2%8 7IR2L 4ISE2SES C2% BE C/%0R/LLE4 0.R/!1. 72CCI%20I/%S#
4. A BACTERIAL COLONY THAT IS OBSERVED TO SURVIVE AND
REPRODUCE ONLY WHEN NO OXYGEN IS AROUND WOULD BE
CLASSIFIED AS:
(
2# /BLI120E 2ER/BE 4# F2C!L020I7E 2%2ER/BE
B# /BLI120E 2%2ER/BE
E# %/%E /F 0.E 2B/7E
C# F2C!L020I7E 2ER/BE
5. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A CHARACTERISTIC OF A
MEMBER OF THE KINGDOM PROTISTA?
2# 2RE /%L8
.E0ER/0R/6.IC
4# M/S0 2RE MICR/SC/6IC 2%4 !%ICELL!L2R
B# M/RE RECE%0 0.2% 0.E
B2C0ERI2
E# 2RE CL2SSIFIE4 2S E!32R8/0ES
C# .27E MEMBR2%E:B/!%4
/R12%ELLES
A: ome protists are capable of photosynthesis, so they are autosophs
6 !. FUNGI ARE VITAL TO OTHER ORGANISMS AND TO THE PROPER
FUNCTIONING OF ECOSYSTEMS THROUGH THEIR ROLE AS
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?
2# 6R/4!CERS
4# 4EC/M6/SERS
B# C2R%I7/RES E# C/%S!MERS
C# .ERBI7/RES
!. "ungi are decomposers # $%&' break down dead organic material to
recycle nutrients back into the ecosystems
". WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING HUMAN DISEASES IS CAUSED BY A
FUNGUS?
2# C.IC3E% 6/;
B# M2L2RI2
C# 0!BERC!L/SIS
4# RI%1-/RM
#. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS THE LARGEST PHYLUM IN THE
ANIMAL KINGDOM?
)
2# 6/RIFER2 D. MOLLUSCA
B# 2R0.R/6/42
E. INSECTA
C# 2%%ELI42
$%. WHEN IS A VIRUS PARTICLE ONLY ACTIVE ?
I0 IS /%L8 2C0I7E -.E% RE6LIC20I%1 -I0.I% 2 ./S0" !SI%1 2 ./S0S<
RES/!RCES 2%4 F//4# /%CE I%SI4E 2 ./S0" 2 7IR!S<S S/LE
6!R6/SE IS 0/ M23E 2S M2%8 C/6IES /F I0SELF" 2%4 I%FEC0
/0.ER ./S0 CELLS= E7ER80.I%1 I0 4/ES IS 0/ BE%EFI0 I0S
FI0%ESS 2%4 I%CRE2SE 0.E %!MBER /F I0S /FFS6RI%1 #
$$. IF YOU ARE MOVING TOWARD AN ORGANISM&S HEAD YOU ARE
MOVING IN WHICH DIRECTION?
$'. WHAT ARE THE SMALL HAIR(LIKE PRO)ECTIONS USED FOR
LOCOMOTION BY PARAMECIA?
CILI2 2RE S./R0 .2IR:LI3E 6R/,EC0I/%S !SE4 F/R L/C/M/0I/% /R F/R
FEE4I%1 I% 6R/0/>/2" /R F/R CLE2RI%1 /F 62R0ICLES FR/M
RES6IR20/R8 2IR-28S I% 2%IM2LS#
$3. WHAT ARE PLASMIDS?
M/S0 CELLS C/%02I% 20 LE2S0 /%E C.R/M/S/ME B!0 S/ME CELLS 2LS/
C/%02I% 2% 244I0I/%2L 4%2 ELEME%0 /R ELEME%0S C2LLE4
6L2SMI4S # 6L2SMI4S 2RE 4%2 M/LEC!LES" 1E%ER2LL8 CIRC!L2R"
-.IC. C2% RE6LIC20E I% B2C0ERI2L" 2RC.2E2L 2%4 E!32R8/0IC
CELLS# 0.E8 023E 2472%021E /F 0.E CELL!L2R E%7IR/%ME%0
/F 0.E CELL B!0 C2% 2LS/ C2RR8 2 RIC. 4I7ERSI08 /F 1E%ES
-.IC. C2% BE BE%EFICI2L F/R 0.E CELL#
$4. WHAT IS THE TYPE OF SYMMETRY WHICH BEST DESCRIBES AN
AMOEBA?
2S8MME0R8
$5. WHICH TYPE OF ARCHAEA LOVE SALTY ENVIRONMENTS?
.2L/6.ILES
$6. THE THREE CHAMBERED HEART APPEARS IN WHICH OF THE
FOLLOWING GROUPS?

2M6.IBI2%S .27E 2 0.REE:C.2MBERE4 .E2R0= 0.ERE IS /%L8 /%E

7E%0RICLE
$". FOLLOWING MITOSIS IT IS OBSERVED THAT OF THE TWO NEWLY
FORMED DAUGHTER CELLS* ONE HAS AN EXTRA CHROMOSOME*
AND THE OTHER HAS DEFICIENCY OF ONE CHROMOSOME. THIS
PROBLEM PROBABLY OCCURRED DURING:
$#. WHAT IS THE SE+UENCE OF THE FOLLOWING EVENTS THAT OCCUR
IN MEIOSIS?
0.E /R4ER /F E7E%0S 4!RI%1 MEI/SIS IS 6R/6.2SE (" ME026.2SE ("
2%26.2SE (" 2%4 0EL/6.2SE (# 0.ERE 2RE 0-/ S021ES /F
MEI/SIS %2MEL8 MEI/SIS I 2%4 MEI/SIS II# MEI/SIS IS !%I?!E
BR2%4 /F CELL 4I7ISI/% RES6/%SIBLE F/R SE;!2L
RE6R/4!C0I/% I% E!32R8/0ES#
$!. THE LONGEST PART OF THE CELL CYCLE IN A NORMAL CELL IS:
I%0ER6.2SE
'%. WHAT IS THE DIPLOID NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES REFER TO?
0 .E HAPLOID NUMBER @(9 IS 0.E %!MBER /F C.R/M/S/MES I% 2
12ME0E# 0-/ 12ME0ES F/RM 2 DIPLOID >81/0E -I0. 0-ICE
0.IS %!MBER @)(9 I#E# 0-/ C/6IES /F 2!0/S/M2L C.R/M/S/MES
'$. WHAT IS THE GENETIC DEFECT KNOWN AS DOWN&S SYNDROME
CAUSED BY:
4/-% S8%4R/ME /CC!RS BEC2!SE /F 2% 2B%/RM2LI08 C.2R2C0ERI>E4 B8
2% E;0R2 C/68 /F 1E%E0IC M20ERI2L /% 2LL /R 62R0 /F 0.E
)(S0 C.R/M/S/ME#
''. A SECTION OF DNA HAS NUCLEOTIDE SE+UENCE OF ATAACGTAACA.
WHAT IS THE COMPLEMENTARY SE+UENCE?
4%2A 02001C20010
R%2A !2!!1C2!!C!
'3. HOW ARE ALLELES MOST ACCURATELY DESCRIBED AS?
2% 2LLELE IS /%E /F 20 LE2S0 0-/ 2L0ER%20I7E F/RMS /F 2 62R0IC!L2R
1E%E# 2LLELES 6R/7I4E 0.E 1E%E0IC I%S0R!C0I/%S F/R
6R/4!C0S 0.20" 2L0./!1. SIMIL2R I% 086E" 2RE 7ISIBL8
4IFFERE%0 @6.E%/086IC2LL8 4IFFERE%09# 0.E 0ERM 2LLELE IS
*
4ERI7E4 0.E 1REE3 0ERM A))&O( !SE4 0/ 4ESCRIBE 2
4IFFERE%CE I% M/R6./L/18 /R F/RM# 20 0.E 1E%E0IC LE7EL"
2LLELES C/%02I% 4IFFERI%1 B2SE SE?!E%CES I% 0.EIR NUCLEIC
ACID @E#1#" DNA9# 2S 2 F/RM /F 2 1E%E" 2% 2LLELE C2RRIES 0.E
I%S0R!C0I/%S F/R 2 62R0IC!L2R 72RI20I/% /F 0.E 1E%E<S
6R/0EI% 6R/4!C0#
'4. THE TERM ,PHENOTYPE& MAY BE DESCRIBED AS?
2 PHENOTYPE @FR/M 1REE3 *%A+(&+(" ME2%I%1 B0/ S./-B" 2%4 $'*O"
ME2%I%1 B086EB9 IS 0.E C/M6/SI0E /F 2% /R12%ISM <S
/BSER72BLE C.2R2C0ERIS0ICS /R 0R2I0S " S!C. 2S I0S
M/R6./L/18 " 4E7EL/6ME%0 " BI/C.EMIC2L /R 6.8SI/L/1IC2L
6R/6ER0IES" 6.E%/L/18 " BE.27I/R " 2%4 6R/4!C0S /F
BE.27I/R @S!C. 2S 2 BIR4<S %ES09
'5. THE DNA BACKBONE CONSISTS OF:
S!12R 2%4 6./S6.20E
'6. THE END PRODUCTS OF HUMAN OOGENESIS INCLUDE: IN TWO
DIFFERENT FORMS -A AND A.. WITH RESPECT TO THE ALLELE
PRESENT* WHICH CONSISTS TYPE OF ALLELE CAN A
HOMO/YGOUS RECESSIVE INDIVIDUAL PRODUCE?
'". TWO PARENTS WERE KNOWN TO BE RIGHT(HANDED. ASSUMING
THAT RIGHT(HANDED -R. IS DOMINANT TO LEFT(HANDED -R.*
WHAT WOULD BE THE GENOTYPES OF THE PARENTS IF THEIR
SON IS LEFT(HANDED?
B/0. 62RE%0S -/!L4 .27E RR 1E%/086E#
0/ C.EC3" RR ; RR C RR" )RR" RR#
RR RE6RESE%0S 0.E 1E%/086E /F 0.E LEF0:.2%4E4 S/%#
'#. TO DETERMINE IF AN ORGANISM WITH A DOMINANT PHENOTYPE IS
HETERO/YGOUS* THE ORGANISM SHOULD BE MATED TO AN
INDIVIDUAL THAT IS:
D
29 .E0ER/>81/!S F/R 0.E 0R2I0 I% ?!ES0I/%
B9 ./M/>81/!S RECESSI7E F/R 0.E 0R2I0 I% ?!ES0I/%
C9 ./M/>81/!S 4/MI%2%0 F/R 0.E 0R2I0 I% ?!ES0I/%
49 /F 0.E S2ME 1E%/086E 2S 0.E /R12%ISM BEI%1 0ES0E4
'!. IN A CROSS OF TWO HETERO/YGOUS * THE PROPORTION OF THE
OFFSPRING THAT WILL HAVE THE SAME GENOTYPE AS THE
PARENTS IS:
3%. A WOMAN WITH BLOOD TYPE A HAS A CHILD WITH BLOOD TYPE O.
WHAT IS THE WOMAN&S GENOTYPE?
I
2
i
3$. DNA IS COMPOSED OF REPEATING SUBUNITS CALLED?
%!CLE/0I4ES M23E !6 4%2# 0.ERE 2RE F/!R 4IFFERE%0 086ES /F
%!CLE/0I4E 6/SSIBLE I% 2 4%2 SE?!E%CE" 24E%I%E" C80/SI%E"
1!2%I%E 2%4 0.8MI%E @C2% BE RE6L2CE4 -I0. 2" C" 1 2%4 09#
0.8MI%E 2%4 24E%I%E C2% /%L8 M23E !6 2 B2SE 62IR
1!2%I%E 2%4 C80/SI%E C2% /%L8 M23E !6 2 B2SE 62IR
0.EREF/RE" 0.8MI%E 2%4 C80/SI%E -/!L4 %/0 M23E !6 2 B2SE 62IR" 2S
IS 0.E C2SE -I0. 24E%I%E 2%4 1!2%I%E#
3'. A NUCLEAOTIDE IS COMPOSED OF
2 %!CLE/0I4E IS C/M6/SE4 /F 2 6./S6.20E" 2 RIB/SE S!12R 2%4 2
%I0R/1E%/!S B2SE# @0.E8<RE I% 0.20 /R4ER 0//9 0.E B/%4S
LI%3I%1 %!CLE/0I4ES 0/1E0.ER 2RE C2LLE4 6./S6./4IES0ER
B/%4S
33. THE DNA DOUBLE HELIX STRUCTURE WAS FIRST DESCRIBED BY:
&
2# B/8ER 2%4 C/.E%# 4# 27ER8" M2CLE/4" 2%4
MCC2R08#
B# -20S/% 2%4 CRIC3#
E# MCCLI%0/C3 2%4 BE2R#
C# FR2%3LI% 2%4 -IL3I%S#
34. DNA* WHICH IS FORMED WHEN FRAGMENTS FROM TWO OR MORE
DIFFERENT ORGANISMS* ARE SPLICED TOGETHER IS CALLED:
REC/MBI%2%0 4%2
35. A SMALL RING OF GENETIC MATERIAL IS CALLED A
2 SM2LL RI%1 /F 1E%E0IC M20ERI2L C2LLE4 2 6L2SMI4
36. CYTOSINE IS ALWAYS PAIRED UP WITH:
1!2%I%E
3". WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS CORRECTLY DESCRIBES
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PH AND EN/YME ACTIVITY?
2# 2LL E%>8MES F!%C0I/% BES0 2R/!%4 6. E#
B# 2LL E%>8MES F!%C0I/% BES0 -.E% 0.E 6. IS LESS 0.2% E#
C# 2LL E%>8MES F!%C0I/% BES0 -.E% 0.E 6. IS 1RE20ER 0.2% E#
4# 0.ERE 2RE S/ME E%>8MES 0.20 F!%C0I/% -.E% 0.E 6. IS LESS 0.2% E
2%4 /0.ERS 0.20 F!%C0I/% -.E% 0.E 6. IS 1RE20ER 0.2% E#
E# 0.ERE 2RE S/ME E%>8MES 0.20 F!%C0I/% -.E% 0.E 6. IS LESS 0.2%
E" S/ME 0.20 F!%C0I/% 2R/!%4 6. E" 2%4 /0.ERS 0.20 F!%C0I/%
-.E% 0.E 6. IS 1RE20ER 0.2% E#
3#. WHAT ARE THE PRODUCTS OF A HYDROLY/ED -DIGESTED.
PROTEIN?
6E60/%ES" 6E60I4ES" 2%4 2MI%/ 2CI4S 2RE 0.E 6R/4!C0S /F C/M6LE0E
.84R/L8SIS
3!. WHAT ARE THE EN/YMES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DIGESTION OF
PROTEINS COLLECTIVELY CALLED?
6R/0EI%2SES
E
4%. WHAT IS THE CLASS OF FOOD THAT IS PRIMARILY DIGESTED IN THE
STOMACH?
0.E /%L8 086ES /F F//4 6R/4!C0S 0.20 2RE 4I1ES0E4 I% 0.E S0/M2C.
2RE 6R/0EI%S# 0.IS IS 2CC/M6LIS.E4 B8 S0/M2C. 2CI4S"
M2I%L8 6E6SI%#
4$. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TRUE OF ARTERIES?
2# 0.E8 2L-28S C2RR8 /;81E%20E4 BL//4#
B# 0.E8 2L-28S C2RR8 4E/;81E%20E4 BL//4#
C# 0.E8 2RE 0.E SI0E /F E;C.2%1E /F M20ERI2LS BE0-EE% 0.E BL//4
2%4 0.E 0ISS!ES#
4# 0.E8 2L-28S C2RR8 BL//4 2-28 FR/M 0.E .E2R0#
E# 0.E8 2L-28S C2RR8 BL//4 0/-2R4 0.E .E2R0#
/R
F# 0.E8 .27E 0.IC3ER -2LLS 0.2% 7EI%S
4'. WHAT IS THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS
2# 0/ FI1.0 I%FEC0I/%
B# 0/ C2RR8 /;81E% 0/ 0.E 0ISS!ES /F 0.E B/48
C# 0/ 2I4 I% SECRE0I%1 -2S0E
4# 2LL /F 0.E 2B/7E
43. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A FUNCTION OF THE LIVER?
2# RE1!L20I/% /F BL//4 S!12R LE7ELS
B# 6R/4!C0I/% /F BILE
C# 4E0/;IFIC20I/% /F B86R/4!C0S
4# REC8CLI%1 /F S/ME C/M6/%E%0S /F RE4 BL//4 CELLS
E# 2LL /F 0.E 2B/7E
F
44. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A FUNCTION OF SALIVA?
2# .EL6S RE6L2CE C2LCI!M 0.20 .2S BEE% L/S0 FR/M 0.E E%2MEL /F
0.E 0EE0.
B# !SI%1 2M8L2SE" .EL6S 0/ BRE23 4/-% C/M6LE; C2RB/.84R20ES
S0!C3 0/
0.E 0EE0.
C# I%I0I20ES 6R/0EI% 4I1ES0I/%
4# 2LL /F 0.ESE
E# 2 G B
/R
2# M/IS0E%S I%1ES0E4 M20ERI2LS
B# 2%0IB2C0ERI2L 2C0I/%
C# C.EMIC2L 4I1ES0I/%
4# 2LL /F 0.E 2B/7E C./ICES
/R
2# F2CILI020ES S-2LL/-I%1#
B# SER7ES 2S 2 S/L7E%0 F/R M/LEC!LES 0.20 S0IM!L20E 02S0E B!4S#
C# 3EE6S 0.E 6. I% 0.E M/!0. %E2R E#0#
4# .2S 2%0IB2C0ERI2L 2C0I/%#
E# 2LL /F 0.E 2B/7E 2RE F!%C0I/%S /F 0.E S2LI72#
45. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING EN/YMES CHEMICALLY BREAKS DOWN
CARBOHYDRATES:
C2RB/.84R20ES" 2B!%42%0L8 6RESE%0 I% F//4S S!C. 2S BRE24S"
CERE2LS" FR!I0S 2%4 7E1E02BLES" 2RE 0.E M2I% S/!RCE /F
E%ER18 I% 2 4IE0# 4!RI%1 4I1ES0I/%" 2 SERIES /F E%>8M20IC
RE2C0I/%S BRE23 4/-% 0.E C2RB/.84R20ES I% 0.ESE F//4S
I%0/ SIM6LE C2RB/.84R20ES 0.20 2RE E2SIL8 2BS/RBE4 I% 0.E
H
SM2LL I%0ES0I%E# -.ILE C/M6LE; C2RB/.84R20ES RE?!IRE
E%>8MES S!C. 2S S2LI72R8 2M8L2SE" 62%CRE20IC 2M8L2SE 2%4
M2L0/SE F/R 4I1ES0I/%" SIM6LE C2RB/.84R20ES RE?!IRE
LI00LE /R %/ E%>8M20IC RE2C0I/% BEF/RE 2BS/R60I/%#
46. WHICH ARE THE FOLLOWING ARE COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?
0.E RES6IR20/R8 S8S0EM C/%SIS0S /F 0.E %/SE" 6.2R8%;" @0.R/209"
L2R8%;" @7/ICE B/;9 0R2C.E2 @-I%46I6E9" BR/%C.I" 2%4 L!%1S#
S0R!C0!R2LL8 0.E RES6IR20/R8 S8S0EM C/%SIS0S /F 0-/ 62R0S#
(: 0.E !66ER RES6IR20/R8 S8S0EM I%CL!4ES 0.E %/SE" 6.2R8%;" 2%4
2SS/CI20E4 S0R!C0!RES
): 0.E L/-ER RES6IR20/R8 S8S0EM I%CL!4ES 0.E L2R8%;" 0R2C.E2"
BR/%C.I" 2%4 L!%1S#
I0 .2S 0.REE M2I% F!%C0I/%S
(: 6R/7I4ES 12S E;C.2%1E" I%023E /F /) F/R 4ELI7ER8 0/ B/48 CELLS 2%4
ELIMI%20I/% /F C/)" 6R/4!CE4 B8 B/48 CELLS
): .EL6S RE1!L20E BL//4 6.
: C/%02I%S RECE60/RS F/R 0.E SE%SE /F SMELL" FIL0ERS 2IR 2%4
6R/4!CES S/!%4S F/R 7/C2LI>20I/%#
4". WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TRUE WITH RESPECT TO THE
MAMMALIAN HEART?
0.E M2MM2LI2% .E2R0 IS * C.2MBERE4 2%4 S./-S 4/!BLE CIRC!L20I/%#
0.IS ME2%S 0.20 0.E BL//4 62SSES 0.R/!1. 0.E .E2R0 0-ICE
F/R 0.E B/48 0/ BE S!66LIE4 /%CE#
0-/ 20RI2 2%4 0-/ 7E%0RICLES
4#. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS CONSIDERED BAD CHOLESTEROL?
@29 F2008 2CI4
@B9 E%>8ME
@C9 .I1.:4E%SI08 LI6/6R/0EI% @.4L9
(0
@49 L/-:4E%SI08 LI6/6R/0EI% @L4L9
4!. WHEN PATIENTS HAVE THEIR GALLBLADDERS REMOVED* THEY
SHOULD INITIALLY BE PLACED ON A DIET THAT IS LOW IN THE
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?
L/- F20 4IE0
5%. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CORRECTLY OUTLINES THE PATHWAY
THAT IS FOLLOWED BY A RED BLOOD CELL THAT FIRST ENTERS
THE HEART AT THE VENA CAVA?
2# LEF0 20RI!M" LEF0 7E%0RICLE" 6!LM/%2R8 2R0ER8" L!%1S"
6!LM/%2R8 7EI%S" RI1.0 20RI!M" RI1.0 7E%0RICLE"
2/R02
B# LEF0 20RI!M" RI1.0 7E%0RICLE" 6!LM/%2R8 7EI%" L!%1S"
6!LM/%2R8 2R0ER8" RI1.0 20RI!M" LEF0 7E%0RICLE"
2/R02
C# LEF0 20RI!M" LEF0 7E%0RICLE" 6!LM/%2R8 7EI%" L!%1S"
6!LM/%2R8 2R0ER8" RI1.0 20RI!M" RI1.0 7E%0RICLE"
2/R02
4# RI1.0 20RI!M" RI1.0 7E%0RICLE" 6!LM/%2R8 2R0ER8" L!%1S"
6!LM/%2R8 7EI%S" LEF0 20RI!M" LEF0 7E%0RICLE" 2/R02
E# RI1.0 20RI!M" RI1.0 7E%0RICLE" 6!LM/%2R8 7EI%S" L!%1S"
6!LM/%2R8 2R0ER8" LEF0 20RI!M" LEF0 7E%0RICLE"
2/R02
5$. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING OUTLINES THE PATH OF AIR DURING
INSPIRATION?
6.2R8%; L2R8%; 0R2C.E2 BR/%C.I/LE 2L7E/LI
5'. LEUKOCYTES ARE KNOWNS AS 00000000 AND PERFORM THIS
FUNCTION:
3%/-% 2S -.I0E BL//4 CELLS 2%4 4EFE%4 0.E B/48 212I%S0 B/0.
I%FEC0I/!S 4ISE2SE 2%4 F/REI1% I%724ERS
53. THE FIRST HEART BEAT SOUND IS HEARD WHEN:
((
0.E FIRS0 .E2R0 0/%E" /R S
$
" F/RMS 0.E BL!BB /F BL!B:4!BB 2%4 IS
C/M6/SE4 /F C/M6/%E%0S M
(
2%4 0
(
# %/RM2LL8 M
(
6RECE4ES 0
(

SLI1.0L8# I0 IS C2!SE4 B8 0.E S!44E% BL/C3 /F RE7ERSE BL//4
FL/- 4!E 0/ CL/S!RE /F 0.E 20RI/7E%0RIC!L2R 72L7ES " I#E#
0RIC!S6I4 2%4 MI0R2L @BIC!S6I49" 20 0.E BE1I%%I%1 /F
7E%0RIC!L2R C/%0R2C0I/%" /R S8S0/LE #
54. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE FUNCTIONS OF THE VILLI FOUND
IN THE SMALL INTESTINE?
0.E 7ILLI 2%4 MICR/7ILLI 2RE I%%!MER2BLE SM2LL F/L4S /% 0.E
I%0ES0I%2L -2LL" 0.20 M2SSI7EL8 I%CRE2SE 0.E S!RF2CE 2RE2
/F 0.E SM2LL I%0ES0I%E 0/ E%S!RE EFFICIE%0 2%4 R26I4
2BS/R60I/% /F %!0RIE%0S#
55. THE SERIES OF INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES CONTRACTIONS BY WHICH
FOOD MOVES THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE TRACT IS CALLED
6ERIS02LSIS
56. THE DUODENUM IS PART OF THE:
0.E 4!/4E%!M IS 62R0 /F 0.E 4I1ES0I7E 0!BE# I0 IS 0.E FIRS0 SE1ME%0
/F 0.E SM2LL B/-EL# 0.E 4!/4E%!M IS S0R/%1L8 2002C.E4# I0
RECEI7ES 7ESSELS FR/M 0.E 62%CRE2S 2%4 0.E LI7ER # I0 IS
.ERE 0.20 0.E8 S02R0 0.E SELEC0I/%" 0.E /7ERSEEI%1# 0.E
4!/4E%!M IS 2002C.E4 0/ 0.E L!MB2R 4/RS!M S6I%E# 0.IS IS
0.E 6/I%0 -.ERE 0.E S6I%E 4/ES I0S I%FLE;I/%# S/" 0.E
4!/4E%!M RE6RESE%0S R.80.M#
5". THE RELEASE OF FOOD FROM THE STOMACH TO THE SMALL
INTESTINE IS CONTROLLED BY?
29 7ILL!S
B9 C2R4I2C S6.I%C0ER
C9 E6I1L/00IS
49 68L/RIC S6.I%C0ER
5#. THE LARGEST ARTERY IN THE HUMAN BODY IS THE:
2/R02
()
5! 64. WHICH COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
TRAPS SUSPENDED PARTICLES AND HUMIDIFIES -MOISTENS.
THE AIR?
%2S2L C/%C.2EA M!C/S2:C/7ERE4 6R/,EC0I/%S FR/M L20ER2L -2LL /F
E2C. %2S2L C27I08 @S!6ERI/R" MI44LE" 2%4 I%FERI/R9#
I%CRE2SE M!C/S2L S!RF2CE 2RE2" I%CRE2SE 0!RB!LE%CE /F
I%S6IRE4 2IR" 0R26 62R0IC!L20E M200ER" 2%4 -2RM 2%4 .!MI4IF8
I%S6IRE4 2IR# 2LS/ RECL2IM M!C. .E20 2%4 M/IS0!RE FR/M
E;.2LE4 2IR#
&0# 4EFI%E 0I42L 7/L!ME" RESI4!2L 7/L!ME" 7I02L C262CI08" I%S6IR20/R8
7/L!ME" E;6IR20/R8 7/L!ME#
L123 45654789 52: ;<=1>?@
0idal volumes I the amount of air that moves into the lungs in a normal Jreath#
Ins+iratory reserve volume I the extra volume of air that can Je inhaled after a Jreath#
Ex+iratory reserve volume I the amount of air than can Je forced out of the lungs#
7ital ca+acity I the maximum amount of air than can Je exhaled after a Jreath#
Residual air ca+acity I the volume of air that always remains in the lungs# Can only Je removed
Jy o+ening the chest cavity#
0otal lung volume I the vital ca+acity +lus the residual air ca+acity#
&(# -.20 BES0 REFLEC0S 0.E .IER2RC.IC2L /R4ER /F 02;2 FR/M 1E%ER2L
0/ S6ECIFIC5
(
&)# -.20 4/ES BI%/MI2L %/ME%CL20!RE REFER 0/5
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE @2LS/ C2LLE4 BI%/MI%2L NOMENCLATURE
/R BI%2R8 NOMENCLATURE9 IS 2 F/RM2L S8S0EM /F %2MI%1
S6ECIES /F LI7I%1 0.I%1S B8 1I7I%1 E2C. 2 %2ME C/M6/SE4 /F
0-/ 62R0S" B/0. /F -.IC. !SE L20I% 1R2MM20IC2L F/RMS"
2L0./!1. 0.E8 C2% BE B2SE4 /% -/R4S FR/M /0.ER
L2%1!21ES#
&# -.IC. 3I%14/MS C/%02I% E!32R8/0IC /R12%ISMS5
6L2%02E" 2%IM2LI2" F!%1I" 2%4 6R/0IS02
&D# -.20 IS 0.E %2ME /F 0.E 6R/CESS B8 -.IC. 12SES M/7E FR/M 0.E
2L7E/LI 0/ 0.E C26ILL2RIES5
2L7E/L2R 12S E;C.2%1E
&&# -.8 IS 0.E C/M6LE0E SE62R20I/% /F 0.E 6!LM/%2R8 2%4 S8S0EMIC
CIRC!L20I/% S8S0EM %ECESS2R85
6!LM/%2R8 CIRC!L20I/% IS 0.E 6R/CESS /F BRI%1I%1 4E/;81E%20E4
BL//4 2-28 FR/M 0.E .E2R0 I% /R4ER 0/ LE0 I0 BEC/ME
/;81E%20E4 B8 0.E L!%1S F/R 0.E 6R/CESS /F S8S0EMIC
CIRC!L20I/% 0/ S02R0# S8S0EMIC CIRC!L20I/% IS 0.E 0R2%SFER
/F /;81E%20E4 BL//4 0/ 0.E /R12%S 2%4 0ISS!ES 0.E%
C2RR8I%1 0.E 4E/;81E%20E4 BL//4 FR/M 0.IS 6R/CESS B2C3
0/ 0.E .E2R0 0/ 1E0 RE:/;81E%20E4 B8 0.E L!%1S#
0.E SE62R20I/% /F 0.IS IS M2%420/R8 BEC2!SE 0.E BL//4 C/!L4 BE
MIS6L2CE4= 0.E /;81E%20E4 BL//4 C/!L4 /7ERFL/- 0.E
(*
L!%1S 2%4 0.E 4E/;81E%20E4 BL//4 C/!L4 C2!SE M/RE
-2S0E I%0/ 0.E B/48#
&E# -.20 IS 2 .E2R0 2002C35
2 .E2R0 2002C3 .266E%S -.E% 0.E FL/- /F /;81E%:RIC. BL//4 0/ 2
SEC0I/% /F .E2R0 M!SCLE S!44E%L8 BEC/MES BL/C3E4 2%4
0.E .E2R0 C2%<0 1E0 /;81E%# IF BL//4 FL/- IS%<0 RES0/RE4
?!IC3L8" 0.E SEC0I/% /F .E2R0 M!SCLE BE1I%S 0/ 4IE#
&F# -.20 IS 2 .E2R0 B!R%5
.E2R0B!R% IS 2% IRRI020I/% /F 0.E ES/6.21!S 0.20 IS C2!SE4 B8
S0/M2C. 2CI4# 0.IS C2% CRE20E 2 B!R%I%1 4ISC/MF/R0 I% 0.E
!66ER 2B4/ME% /R BEL/- 0.E BRE2S0 B/%E#
TRUE AND FALSE
6!. THE SCIENCE OF CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS IS CALLED TAXIDERMY.
F2LSEA I0KS C2LLE4 02;/%/M8
"%. EUBACTERIA AND ARCHAEBACTERIA ARE THE MOST PRIMITIVE
ORGANISMS IN THE SIX(KINGDOM SYSTEM.
0R!E
"$. PERISTALSIS IS AN INVOLUNTARY PROCESS
0R!E
"'. SOME TESTS PERFORMED AT YOUR DOCTORAS OFFICE COME BACK
INDICATING THAT YOU HAVE BSTREP THROAT.B THIS MEANS
THAT THE BACTERIA INFECTING YOU OCCUR IN CLUMPS.
F2LSE
"3. BOTH THE RIGHT LUNG AND THE LEFT LUNG HAVE THREE LOBES
F2LSE
"4. ONE OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANTS AND FUNGI IS THAT
PLANTS HAVE CHITIN IN THEIR CELL WALLS AND FUNGI HAVE
CELLULOSE.
F2LSEA F!%1I .27E C.I0I% I% 0.EIR CELL -2LLS" -.ILE 6L2%0S /F
CELL!L/SE
(D
"5. ALL CNIDARIANS ARE RADIALLY SYMMETRICAL
F2LSE
"6. THE CARDIAC SPHINCTER IS AT THE END OF THE STOMACH
LOCATED CLOSEST TO THE ESOPHAGUS.
F2LSE
"". THE SMALL INTESTINE IS SHORTER IN LENGTH THAN THE LARGE
INTESTINE
F2LSE
EF# MEMBERS OF THE PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA ARE BILATERALLY
SYMMETRICAL
0R!E
"!. BY SPECIES* CHORDATES MAKE UP THE MA)ORITY OF KNOWN
ANIMAL SPECIES
0R!E
#%. GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA STAIN VIOLETCPURPLE WITH CRYSTAL
VIOLET.
0R!E
#$. MOST DIGESTIVE EN/YMES ARE NOT FOUND IN THE STOMACH
0R!E
#'. CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER IS ALWAYS THE RESULT OF EXCESS
ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
0R!E
#3. IN ORDER FOR GAS EXCHANGE TO TAKE PLACE IN THE ALVEOLI OF
THE LUNGS* THE GASES MUST BE DISSOLVED.
0R!E
#4. THE MOST IMPORTANT SITE FOR THE ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS
IS THE LARGE INTESTINE.
0R!E
(&
#5. BICARBONATE NEUTRALI/ES THE HYDROCHOLRIC ACID RELEASED
FROM THE STOMACH INTO THE SMALL INTESTINE
0R!E
#6. THE BREAKDOWN OR EMULSIFICATION OF FATS BY BILE SALTS IS
AN EXAMPLE OF PHYSICAL DIGESTION
0R!E
#". THE PLEURAL MEMBRANE IS A THIN MEMBRANE COVERING THE
OUTER SURFACE OF THE LUNG.
0R!E
##. THE LARYNX IS THE SPACE AT THE BACK OF THE THROAT WHERE
THE ORAL CAVITY* ESOPHAGUS* TRACHEA* AND NASAL CAVITY
ALL MEET
0R!E
#!. BRONCHITIS OCCURS WHEN THE LUNGS BEGIN TO FILL UP WITH
FLUIDS AND CAN BE CAUSED BY BACTERIA* VIRUSES* OR
CHEMICAL IRRITANTS
0R!E
!%. NO CELL IN THE BODY OF A COMPLEX ORGANISM IS MORE THAN
TWO CELLS AWAY FROM A CAPILLARY
0R!E
!$. A SPECIES IS A GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS THAT ARE
REPRODUCTIVELY COMPATIBLE WITH EACH OTHER* BUT NOT
WITH INDIVIDUALS FROM OTHER GROUPS.
F2LSE
!'. ONLY ARTERIS CARRY OXYGENATED BLOOD
F2LSE
!3. THE SEMILUNAR VALVES ARE LOCATED BETWEEN THE ATRIA AND
THE VENTRICLES
F2LSE
(E
!4. HEART RATE REMAINS CONSTANT WHETHER AN INDIVIDUAL IS
STANDING* SITTING* OR LYING DOWN.
F2LSE
!5. THE INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES PULL THE RIB CAGE
DOWNWARD WHEN YOU ARE INFLATING A BALLOON
0R!E
!6. THE LARYNX IS A FLAP OF CARTILAGE THAT PREVENTS FOOD FROM
ENTERING THE TRACHEA.
F2LSE#
COMMUNICATION
(# 0he cardiac s+hincter is the valve at the to+ of the stomach while the +yloric s+hincter is the valve
at the Jottom of the stomach
)# Em+hysema is a disease of the res+iratory system# It causes healthy tissue to Je re+laced with
destroyed tissue in the affected organ#
# Each alveoli is surrounded Jy a ca+illary networL to allow for increased gas exchange
*# In a 4%2 strand" cytosine is always +aired with guanine
D# Cells +roduced Jy the MMMM tissue differentiate into all other +lant tissues
&# Insulin is made in the +ancreas and controls how cells u+taLe#
E# 0he contraction of the of the heart muscle is called inhalation'ins+iration and their relaxation Is
called exhalation'ex+iration
F# 0he +aramecium is covered Jy thousands of hair:liLe structures called cilia used in locomotion#
H# 0he most +rimitive Lingdoms are archaeJacteria and euraJacteria
(0# 4uring times of unfavoraJle environmental conditions" some cells can form dormant cells Lnown
as MMMMM
((# Cells that have a ha+loid chromosome numJer are Lnown as gametes
()# 2 s+ecial chart" referred to as a test cross" hel+s us organi$e the results of a cross Jetween the sex
cells of two individuals#
(# 0he loss of water va+or in +lants is called trans+iration
(*# ,ames -atson and Francis CricL develo+ed a three:dimensional model of 4%2#
(D# 0he o+ening of the trachea is the larynx
(&# 0he dome:sha+ed sheet of muscle that se+arates the chest cavity from the aJdominal cavity is
Lnown as the dia+hragm
(F
(E# 2eroJic res+iration taLes +lace in the +resence of oxygen#
(F# 0he incisors are s+eciali$ed teeth used for crushing#
(H# 0he 4%2 +roLaryotes is not contained within a nucleus
)0# 0he contraction of the heart muscle is called systole
)(# 2 multicellular organism that re+roduces Jy s+ores and hy+hae Jelongs to the Lingdom Fungi
))# 0he tricus+id is a valve" which se+arates the right atrium and the right ventricle#
)# 4uring cytoLinesis in +lant cells" the cell wall forms Jetween the two new daughter cells#
THINKING AND APPLICATION
("M20C. 0.E F/LL/-I%1 .!M2% 4ISE2SES -I0. 0.E 620./1E% 0.20
C2!SES I0# 0.E S2ME 2%S-ER C2% BE !SE4 M/RE 0.2% /%CE# @&
M2R3S9
4. ring worm
5. tooth decay
D# cold sore
4. yeast infection
:. malaria
?. mad cow disease
a9 Jacteria
J9 virus
c9 fungus
d9 +rotest
e9 +rion
)# E;6L2I% 0.E EC/L/1IC2LL8 IM6/R02%0 R/LE /F 0.E 6L2%0:LI3E
6R/0IS0S#
0.E8 2RE C/MM/%L8 C2LLE4 2L12E
IM6/R02%0 /R12%ISM 2S I0 IS 0.E B2SE /F 2LL F//4 C.2I%S M23I%1
M!C. /F 0.E 4I7ERSI08 /F 2?!20IC LIFE" -.IC. M23E !6 2
C/%SI4ER2BLE 62R0 /F 6.80/6L2%30/%#
6R/4!CES M/RE /;81E% 0.2% 2LL 0.E 6L2%0S I% 0.E -/RL4#
(H
3. IF BACTERIUM CELL UNDERGOES BINARY FISSION EVERY 3 MINUTES*
THEN HOW LONG WOULD IT TAKE FOR THERE TO BE $%'4
BACTERIA IN PETRI DISH? SHOW YOUR WORK
4* GIVE THREE EXAMPLES OF FUNGI AS BENEFICIAL AND HARMFUL TO
HUMANS.
M/!L4 F!%1I I F/!%4 I% BRE24 2%4 S/ME 2RE 62R2SI0IC /F 6L2%0S /R
I%SEC0S#
8E2S0 F!%1I I C2!SES 4ISE2SES I% 6L2%0S @E;# 266LE SC2B9
M!S.R//M F!%1I I 1R/- /% 0REES C2% C2!SE SM!0 2%4 R!S0 6L2%0S#
F!%1I M28 BE !SEF!L F/R 4EC/M6/SI0I/% /F 4E24 M20ERI2LS"
M!S.R//MS" /R E20" 6E%ICILLI%" 8E2S0 F/R BRE24 BEER 2%4
-I%E#
5. NAME FIVE DIGESTIVE EN/YMES AND BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THEIR
FUNCTION:
6E6SI% I BRE23 6R/0EI% I%0/ SM2LL 6E60I4ES
12S0RIC 2M8L2SE I 4E1R2420I/% /F S02RC.
)0
1EL20I%/SE I 4E1R2420I/% /F 1EL20I% 2%4 C/LL21E% @6RESE%0 2S
6R/0E/1L8C2%S I% ME209
RE%I% I C/%7ERSI/% /F LI?!I4 MILLS 0/ S/LI4 62R0ICLES
12S0RIC LI62SE I 4E1R2420I/% /F B!00ER F20
6. WHAT ARE THE TWO BASIC BODY SYMMETRIES THAT ARE AN
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTIC THAT SEPARATES CERTAIN
ANIMAL PHYLA FROM OTHERS?
2%IM2LS I% 0.E 6.8L2 C%I42RI2 2%4 EC.I%/4ERM202 2RE R24I2LL8
S8MME0RIC"N(O 2L0./!1. M2%8 SE2 2%EM/%ES 2%4 S/ME
C/R2LS .27E BIL20ER2L S8MME0R8 4EFI%E4 B8 2 SI%1LE
S0R!C0!RE" 0.E SI6./%/1L86. #
". DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYTOTIC
ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA: PRESENCE OF A
NUCLEUS* PHOTOSYNTHETIC ABILITY* PRESENCE OF A
CAPSULE.
Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell
N14=?1@ 6resent 2Jsent
PE<8<@928E?@7@
5D7=789
6resent @in +lants9 Some do= chloro+hyll scattered in the
cyto+lasm
PF?@?24? <G
456@1=?
2Jsent 2re +resent in some
F# 0.E 2B/ BL//4 1R/!6S S./- C/4/MI%2%CE I% 0.E 2 2%4 B 2LLELES
-.IC. 2RE B/0. C/M6LE0EL8 4/MI%2%0 /7ER /# I% 2%/0.ER
BL//4 1R/!6" 0.E R. F2C0/R S./-S C/M6LE0E 4/MI%2%CE /7ER
R.
:
F2C0/R9# !SE 2 6!%%E00 S?!2RE 2%4 S./- 0.E C/M6LE0E
6.E%/086ES 2%4 1E%/086ES 0.20 2RE 6/SSIBLE F/R 0.EIR
C.IL4RE% I% 0.IS 4I.8BRI4 CR/SS#
)(
!. A GENETIC DISORDER IN HUMANS RESULTS IN THE ABSENCE OF
CERTAIN CONTRACTILE PROTEIN IN THE MICROTUBULES OF
CILIA AND FLAGELLA. EXPLAIN HOW THIS DISORDER MAY
CAUSE RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS AND MALE STERILITY.
CILI2 I% 0.E RES6IR20/R8 S8S0EM : 02LL CELLS LI%I%1 0.E BR/%C.I/LES
SECRE0E M!C!S -.IC. 0R26S 4IR0 2%4 0R27ELS 0/ 0.E M/!0.
2%4 %/SE B8 !SE /F 0.E CILI2#
S6ERM M/7E B8 ME2%S /F FL21ELL2
$%. INVESTIGATE THE PEDIGREE SHOWN BELOW WHICH SHOES THE
BLOOD TYPES OF A FAMILY.
FILL IN THE GENOTYPES FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL USING THE STANDARD
GENOTYPES SYMBOLS -IA* IB* I.
IDENTIFY THE ADOPTED INDIVIDUAL IN THE FAMILY BY DRAWING A
LARGE CIRCLE AROUND HIM OR HER THEN GIVE AN
EXPLANATION WHY YOU MADE THE SELECTION.
It is im+ossiJle for for the offs+ring
0o have the I
2
I
B
genoty+e
((# 2 CR/SS BE0-EE% 2 BL2C3 C20 2%4 2 02% C20 6R/4!CE 2 02BB8
6200ER% @BL2C3 2%4 02% F!R 0/1E0.ER9
2# -hat ty+e of +attern inheritance is occurring here5 Incom+lete dominance
B# -hat would Je the genoty+e and +henoty+e ratios when a female tan cat is crossed with a male taJJy
cat5 Show all your worL#
))
()# E;6L2I% 0.E 1R26. BEL/-# 4E0ERMI%E 0.E F/LL/-I%1 ?!2%0I0IESA
0idal 7olumeA F00mL
Ins+iratory Reserve 7olumeA )F00mL I 000mL
7ital Ca+acity C 07 P IR7 P ER7 @F00mL P )F00mL P ((00mL C *E00mL9
Residential 7olumeA ((00mL
(# %2ME 2%4 BRIEFL8 4ESCRIBE 0.E FI7E M2I% S0E6S I% 0.E L80IC C8CLE
/F 2 7IR!S5
2ttachment I 7irus attaches to host cell and inQects its 4%2
6enetration I only nucleic acid is inQected into the cell through the hole caused Jy the tail fiJers and
en$ymes
Synthesis I re+lication of viral nucleic acid" +rotein" and envelo+e
2ssemJly I S+iLe +roteins insert into the cell mememJrane" the ca+sia forms around the nucleic acid to
form the mature virus
Realease I !sually Jy lysis
(*# I% 6E2 6L2%0S" 8ELL/- 6/4 C/L/R IS 4/MI%2%0 0/ 1REE% 6/4 C/L/!R
4ESCRIBE 2 CR/SS 0.20 -/!L4 4E0ERMI%E -.E0.ER 2 6E2 6L2%0 -I0.
8ELL/- 6/4S IS ./M/>81/!S /R .E0ER/>81/!S F/R 6/4 C/L/!R
)
If the yellow +ods are crossed with homo$ygous green +ods and the result was that all of the offs+ring
were yellow" then the +arent yellow +od would Je a homo$ygous yellow +od# If the results came out as
green and yellow +od colors" then the yellow +od would Je a hetero$ygous mix#
1I7E 0.E 6.E%/086ES 2%4 1E%/086ES F/R 0.E 62RE%0S 2%4 0.E
E;6EC0E4 /FFS6RI%1 /F 0.IS CR/SS IF 0.E 6E2 6L2%0 -ERE I% F2C0
.E0ER/>81/!S
1enoty+esA 2a" 22" aa
6henoty+esA R yellow" S green
(D# -.20 IS 0.E 4IFFERE%CE BE0-EE% !LCERS 2%4 .E2R0B!R% @E;6L2I%
-.20 0.E8 2RE 2%4 ./- 0/ 0RE20 0.EM95
!lcers
4isease caused Jy the Jacteria .# +ylori# 0he Jacteria +roduces suJstances that weaLen the
mucus lining causing the stomach to Jurn
.eart Jurn
-hen digestive acids in the stomach flow JacL u+ towards the eso+hagus#
!lcer meds
2nti:Jiotics" +roton +um+ inhiJiters" u++er endosco+y G surgery#
.eartJurn treatment
%on +rescri+tion meds" 66I" .:) JlocLers @histamine rece+tor9
(&# I% .!M2%S" 42R3 .2IR @29 IS 4/MI%2%0 0/ BL/%4E .2IR 2%4 C!RL8
.2IR @B9 IS 4/MI%2%0 0/ S0R2I1.0 .2IR# 0-/ 62RE%0S
.E0ER/>81/!S F/R E2C. 0R2I0 .27E C.IL4RE%# -.20 2RE 0.E
1E%/086ES 2%4 6.E%/086ES /F 0.EIR /FFS6RI%15

)*
Genotypes: 1/16 AABB, 2/16 AABb, 1/16 AAbb, 2/16 AaBB, 4/16 AaBb, 2/16 Aabb,
1/16 aaBB, 2/16 aaBb, 1/16 aabb
Phenotypes: 9 curly and dark hair, 3 curly and blond(e), 3 straight and dark, 1 straight
and blonde
(E# M23E 2 C.2R0 C/M62RI%1 0.E F!%C0I/%S 2%4 6.8SIC2L 4ESCRI60I/%S
BE0-EE% 0.E F/LL/-I%1 /R12%SA
a9 Liver and +ancreas
LiverA
S9@8?>: 4igestive
L<4587<2: !nder your dia+hragm" more to the right side of your Jody
PE9@745= :?@4F7687<2: -edge:sha+ed" s+ongy organ
F12487<2: 0o get rid of toxins" to regulate your Jlood sugar levels and to +roduce Jile
6ancreasA
S9@8?>: 4igestive
L<4587<2: Behind the stomach and level with the to+ of the small intestine
PE9@745= :?@4F7687<2: 6istol:sha+ed
F12487<2: Secreting digestive en$ymes and hormones that control Jlood sugar levels
J9 Small and large intestines
Small IntestineA
S9@8?>: 4igestive
L<4587<2: 2Jdomen
PE9@745= :?@4F7687<2: 2 five metre long narrow tuJe that hangs in sausage:liLe coils
F12487<2: Chemical digestion of food and aJsor+tion of nutrients into your Jlood
Large intestineA
S9@8?>: 4igestive
L<4587<2: Surrounding your small intestine
PE9@745= :?@4F7687<2: (#D metre:long tuJe
F12487<2: 0o convert food waste +roducts into faeces
c9 Eso+hagus and trachea
FunctionsA trachea is a +art of the res+iratory system while the eso+hagus forms +art of
the digestive system# Since they Jelong to different systems" they +erform se+arate
functions#
StructureA 0he trachea" commonly called a wind+i+e" is a strong and wide tuJe that
hel+s in trans+orting air to the Jronchi# It is the most im+ortant +art of animals that
Jreathe in through their lungs# Since it su++lies the Jody with oxygen" it is very
)D
im+ortant for the trachea to remain o+en at all times# Some allergic reactions may cause
an inflammation of the trachea# 0he eso+hagus is smaller and more flexiJle in structure
@naturally" looL at the amount of food it needs to trans+ortT9# It is the linL Jetween your
mouth and the stomach# Muscular movements of the eso+hagus result in the +assage of
food from the mouth to the stomach cavity# 0he eso+hagus and the trachea are located
at roughly the same +lace# 0he e+iglottis I a tiny fla+ that +rotects the trachea when you
swallow something se+arates them#
d9 .eart and lungs
.eartA
System: Cardiovascular
Location: Between your lungs
Physical description: Grapefruit-sized and cone-shaped
Function: To pump oxygen-rich blood throughout your body and oxygen-poor blood to
your lungs
LungsA
System: Respiratory
Location: In your chest inside your rib cage
Physical description: !arge rounded light spongy inflatable organs
Function: To deliver oxygen to and remove carbon dioxide from your blood
e9 1all Jladder and a++endixA
System: "igestive
Location: #n the underside of your liver
Physical description: $ear-shaped green muscular sac
Function: To store and concentrate bile produced in your liver
2++endixA
System: %n&nown
Location: 'ttached to the first part of your large intestine
Physical description: ' narrow muscular worm-li&e pouch usually around nine
centimeters long
Function: %n&nown
(F# %2ME 0.E 0.REE 62R0S /F 0.E SM2LL I%0ES0I%E 2%4 BRIEFL8 4ESCRIBE
-.20 .266E%S I% E2C. 62R0 /F 0.IS /R12%#
Ileum I aJsorJs 7itamin B()" and Jile salts
,eQunum I aJsorJ carJohydrates and +roteins
4uodenum I Leaves +artly digested food
(H# 4ESCRIBE 0.E 6.8SIC2L 6R/CESSES 0.20 C2!SE 2IR 0/ C/ME I%0/ 2%4
/!0 /F 0.E L!%1S 2%4 4ESCRIBE 0.E 6RESS!RE C.2%1ES 0.20
/CC!R 4!RI%1 I%.2L20I/% 2%4 E;.2L20I/%#
Inhalation is the process of taking air into the lungs. For this to occur, the air pressure inside the
lungs must be lower than that of the external atmosphere as air flows from areas of higher
)&
pressure to lower pressure. This is achieved by the contraction of the external intercostal muscles
and the relaxation of the internal intercostal, which acts to pull the ribcage upwards and
outwards, hence, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm also contracts to
extend the cavity further downwards. Due to the function of the pleural membrane, the size of
the lungs is increased which, in turn, creates an area of lower air pressure inside the lungs; hence,
air is drawn into the lungs.
Exhalation is the process of expelling air out of the lungs. For this to occur, the air pressure
inside the lungs must be higher than that of the external atmosphere as air flows from areas of
higher pressure to ones of lower pressure. This is achieved by the relaxation of the external
intercostal muscles, which bring the rib cage inwards, and the diaphragm bulges upwards
(recoiling to its original shape) respectively. The internal intercostal muscles contract so as to
pull the rib cage further inwards, hence, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and that of
the lungs which, in turn, creates high pressure in the lungs; hence air is pushed out of lungs. In
passive breathing, the movements of the diaphragm are responsible - the ribs aren't needed.
)0# 0.E .!M2% RES6IR20/R8 S8S0EM .2S 24260E4 0/ 0.E 0ERRES0RI2L
E%7IR/%ME%0# I4E%0IF8 2%4 4ESCRIBE FE20!RES /F 0.E .!M2%
RES6IR20/R8 S8S0EM 0.20 E%2BLE .!M2%S 0/ S!R7I7E /% L2%4#
0he res+iratory system has +layed a +ivotal role in the ada+tation of life to terrestrial
environments from aUuatic environments# 0he res+iratory system allows an organism to
exchange gasses with its environment" thus ex+osing an animals tissues to oxygen @/)9
and dis+osing of carJon dioxide @C/)9 Early organisms de+ended on water and
moisture to facilitate exchange of gasses# Structures evolved which allowed organisms to
res+ire without de+ending on moisture# Land verteJrates Jreath using lungs" which are
internal sacs lined with moist e+ithelium# 0he trachea" a long thin tuJe sha+ed Jy rings
of cartilage" connects the oral cavity with the lungs# 0he trachea Jranches into two
Jronchi" one leading to each lung# 0he Jronchi forL into smaller tuJes" called
Jronchioles# Cilia" mucus" and moist e+ithelium coat the trachea and lungs and larger
Jronchi in terrestrial verteJrates# 0he dia+hragm" a stri+ of muscle Jelow the lung
constricts during inhalation and relaxes during exhalation#
)(# -.8 4/ES%K0 8/!R S0/M2C. 4I1ES0 I0SELF5
0he stomach is +rotected Jy the e+ithelial cells" which +roduce and secrete a D745FD<258?:rich
solution that coats the mucosa# BicarJonate is alLaline" a Jase" and neutrali$es the acid secreted
Jy the +arietal cells" +roducing water in the +rocess# 0his continuous su++ly of JicarJonate is
the main way that your stomach +rotects itself from auto digestion @the stomach digesting itself9
and the overall acidic environment#
))# -.20 2RE 0.E F!%C0I/%S /F S2LI725
It contains many im+ortant suJstances" including electrolytes" mucus" antiJacterial
com+ounds and various en$ymes# 0he digestive functions of saliva include moistening
food" and hel+ing to create a food Jolus" so it can Je swallowed easily#
Saliva contains the en$yme amylase that JreaLs some starches down into maltose and
dextrin#
)E
0hus" digestion of food occurs within the mouth" even Jefore food reaches the stomach#
)# E;6L2I% -.8 /%E SI4E /F 0.E .E2R0 .2S 0.IC3ER -2LLS 0.2% 0.E
/0.ER SI4E /F 0.E .E2R0#
0he left side of the heart has to Juild u+ the +ressure to +ush the Jlood through
the entire Jody#
2ll the right side has to do is acce+t the Jlood returning from the Jody @which is
at a much lower +ressure9 then sUuee$e it through the lungs to the left side of the
heart @which is a lot easier and shorter than +um+ing it through the entire Jody9#
0hus" the left side has more muscle to +um+ with than the right side#
)*# S!RF2CE 2RE2 IS 2% IM6/R02%0 C/%CE60 I% BI/L/18# -.8 IS S!RF2CE
2RE2 ESSE%0I2L F/R 6R/6ER BI/L/1IC2L F!%C0I/%I%15 CLE2RL8
E;6L2I% ./- S!RF2CE 2RE2 IS IM6/R02%0 I% E2C. /F 0.E
F/LL/-I%1 C2SES BEL/-#
a9 in the cellA @ex# Surface area9
surface area to volume ratio is very critical to a cell#
a large surface area to volume ratio means that a cell can exchange materials with its
surroundings more effectively#
for exam+le" the RBCs of mammals have a circular Jiconcave sha+e which hel+s in increasing
the surface o volume ratio# this hel+s it in easy exchange of gases with other cells cells in various
tissues#
J9 in the digestive systemA @ex# 7illi9
2nimals use teeth to grind food down into smaller +articles" increasing surface area for
aJsor+tion# Long fingerliLe tuJes called villi greatly increase the surgace area of the small
intestine for aJsor+tion of nutrients
c9 in the res+iratory systemA @ex# 2lveoli9
2lveoli greatly increase the surface area of lungs" which hel+s to maximi$e the volume of oxygen
and carJon dioxide that diffuses to and from the lungs#
d9 in the circulatory systemA @ex# Ca+illaries9
0he walls of the ca+illaries are only one cell thicL : ca+illary walls are made u+ of a single layer
of endothelial cells# Ca+illary walls are very leaLy and have +ores a++roximately (00nm in
length from which essential suJstances such as oxygen and glucose can diffuse out of and into
the tissues# 0he thin walls also aid diffusion" as diffusion is most effective over short distances#
0he ca+illaries are relative small vessels" with a diameter of only Eum @micrometres9" and the
diameter of the ca+illaries is a++roximately the same as that of a Red Jlood cell# 2s a result" as
Jlood +asses through the ca+illaries" the red Jlood cells are sUuee$ed u+ against the ca+illary
and this aids the release of oxygen from the oxyhaemogloJin inside the red Jlood cell#
Ca+illaries also maLe u+ the largest total volume of all the Jlood vessels in the Jody : there are
many" many ca+illaries in the Jody" and each vessel is very small so ca+illaries surround tissues
)F
and su++ly them with the essential nutrients that they need# 0he large numJer of ca+illaries
+rovides a large surface area for exchange of suJstances#
)D# /CC2SI/%2LL8 2 C.IL4 IS B/R% -I0. 2% /6E%I%1 I% 0.E .E2R0
BE0-EE% 0.E RI1.0 2%4 LEF0 7E%0RICLES# E;6L2I% ./- S!C. 2
4EFEC0 -/!L4 2FFEC0 0.E EFFICIE%C8 /F 0.E CIRC!L20/R8
S8S0EM#
%ormally" the left side of the heart only +um+s Jlood to the Jody" and the heartKs right
side only +um+s Jlood to the lungs
-hen a large o+ening exists Jetween the ventricles" a large amount of oxygen rich @red9
Jlood cells from the heartKs left side is forced through the defect into the right side# 0his
Jlood is +um+ed JacL to the lungs" even though is has already Jeen refreshed with
oxygen#
!nfortunately" this causes the heart to +um+ more Jlood
0he heart" es+ecially the left atrium and left ventricle" will Jegin to englarge from the
added worL# .igh Jlood +ressure may occur in the lungsK Jlood vessels Jecause more
Jlood is there# /ver time" the increased +ulmonary hy+ertension may +ermanently
damage the Jlood vessels
)&# %2ME 0.E F/!R C/M6/%E%0S /F 4I1ES0I/%#
0he four stages of digestion areA
: Motility
Motility is a term coined in the movement of digestive tract or its muscular contractions# 0he
digestive tract has two ty+es of movements" which are +ro+ulsive movements and mixing
movements# 0he +ro+ulsive movement refers to the +ushing of the food forward through the
digestive tract# 0he mixing movement" on the other hand" serves two functions in the +rocess of
digestion# First" it aids in digestion Jecause of the mixing of food with digestive Quices# Second" it
also hel+s in aJsor+tion Jy ex+osing the +arts of the contents of the intestines to the surfaces
that aJsorJs nutrients#
: Secretion
0he +rocess of digestion is in need of various digestive Quices that largely hel+ in JreaLing down
the food into +ieces# 0he exocrine glands secrete all the necessary Quices and en$ymes in the
different +arts of the digestive tract# 0he Quices that are secreted during the +rocess of digestion
are com+osed of electrolytes" water and other organic com+onents# %ormally" the Quices are
secreted in the +art of the small intestines called as lumen and was reaJsorJed Jy the Jody after
their crucial +artici+ation in digestion# -hen a +erson is vomiting or having a diarrhea" disaJle
the Quice and en$ymes reaJsor+tion causing loss of fluids in the Jody#
: 4igestion
0he food that is consumed Jy humans is com+osed of large macromolecules that cannot go
through the +lasma memJranes in order to Je aJsorJed Jy the Jody# 4igestion is the term often
referred to the Jiochemical +rocess of JreaLing down of food into smaller units and maLing it
easier to Je aJsorJed Jy the Jody#
: 2Jsor+tion
0he final stage of digestion is the aJsor+tion of JroLen macromolecules" nutrients" vitamins and
minerals in the small intestine" which is divided into three segments# 0hese are duodenum"
)H
QeQunum and ileum# !+on the aJsor+tion of the vital nutrients and minerals" it is trans+orted
into the JodyKs internal environment# 0he cells are now aJle to use the various elements and
com+ounds to carry out the various Jodily functions and +rocesses#
)E G 0A B2C0ERI2L %/ME%CL20!RE @3%/- ./- 0/ %2ME 0.E 4IFFERE%0
086ES /F B2C0ERI29
T96?@ <G B548?F75
0here are seven main grou+s of Jacteria" distinguished Jy their sha+e and the ty+e of cell wall
they +ossess# Four of the seven ty+es maLe u+ the maQority of all JacteriaA
1ram +ositive cocci
1ram negative cocci
1ram +ositive Jacilli
1ram negative Jacilli
Cocci are s+herical cells" Jacilli are rod:sha+ed# Bacteria of either sha+e that have thicL cell walls
are termed gram +ositive Jecause of the way they taLe u+ the 1ram stain# 0hose with thin cell
walls are termed gram negative# 0hese four main ty+es are descriJed in more detail Jelow#
0here are also three other" more rare ty+es of JacteriaA
S+irochaetesA corLscrew:sha+ed Jacteria that fall into three s+ecies" all of which cause s+ecific
diseases# 0re+onema Jacteria cause sy+hilis and yaws" Le+tos+ira Jacteria cause
le+tos+irosis and Borrelia Jacteria cause Lyme disease#
RicLettsiaA Jacteria from the RicLettsiaceae family" which can only live and survive inside
other living cells# /ne ty+e causes the disease ty+hus#
Myco+lasmaA Jacteria that have no cell wall# 0hese can infect humans and cause +neumonia#
GF5> P<@787;? B548?F75
0he gram +ositive cocci include the well Lnown s+ecies Sta+hylococcus and Stre+tococcus#
Bacteria from Joth s+ecies fall into the category of friendly Jacteria= they do no harm and
+erform useful functions in the human Jody and in the environment# Some s+ecies can also Je
+athogenic# Sta+hylococcus aureus can cause im+etigo and scalded sLin syndrome" food
+oisoning and toxic shocL syndrome# Stre+tococcus +yogenes is the cul+rit usually res+onsiJle
for tonsillitis and severe sore throats @Vstre+ throatK9" Jut it can cause many other infections#
1ram +ositive Jacilli include CoryneJacterium di+htheriae" which causes di+htheria" Listeria
monocytogenes" found in un+asteuri$ed dairy +roducts and res+onsiJle for dangerous infectious
in +regnant women" and Jacteria from the s+ecies LactoJacillus" friendly Jacteria found in the
gut#
0his grou+ also includes two of the most dangerous ty+es of Jacteria Lnown to humans# /ne is
the Bacillus s+ecies that causes anthrax" and the other is Clostridium# /ne Clostridium s+ecies
causes tetanus" another leads to Jotulism" a deadly form of food +oisoning#
GF5> N?3587;? B548?F75
0here are two main ty+es of gram negative cocci" Joth Jelonging to the genus %eisseria#
%eisseria meningitidis causes a form of meningitis" %eisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually
transmitted infection gonorrhae# 0he two s+ecies are more commonly called the meningococcus
and the gonococcus#
1ram negative Jacilli are a large and varied grou+ that are suJdivided into several further
categories# 0he EnteroJacteria include many s+ecies that cause food +oisoning in humans I E#
coli" Salmonella" Shigella" 6roteus" and also the +lague Jacterium 8ersinia +estis# 0he 7iJrio
0
grou+ contain Jacteria that are sha+ed more liLe commas than rods I and include the Jug that
is res+onsiJle for cholera#
.elicoJacter +ylori @.# +ylori9 is also a gram negative Jacillus# 0his Jacterium has Jeen
identified in the last )D years as a maQor cause of stomach ulcers#
/ther gram negative Jacilli are .aemo+hila influen$ae" which causes +neumonia" Bordetella
+ertussis" which causes whoo+ing cough" and Brucella Jacteria" which are associated with
Jrucellosis in cattle# 2 final grou+ is the Bacteroides" a s+ecies of Jacteria that are very common
in the human gut# In fact" they maLe u+ a Uuarter of the dead Jacteria in faeces#
)F# 2 S0!4E%0 ME2S!RES .IS BL//4 6RESS!RE FIRS0 -.ILE RES0I%1 2%4
0.E% 2F0ER E;ERCISE
i9 6redict how exercise would affect the studentKs +ulse rate
It would go higher
ii9 6rovide +hysiological reasons ex+laining why this change in +ulse rate is ex+ected#
4uring exercise" your heart rate goes u+ in direct +ro+ortion to the intensity of the worLout to
meet the increasing demands of the Jody# -hen muscles contract re+eatedly as in cardio
exercises" a signal is sent to the Jrain to increase the numJer of heart contractions +er minute#
0o accom+lish this" +arasym+athetic nervous system activity" which Lee+s heart rate low during
resting conditions" is withdrawn and sym+athetic nervous system activity" also Lnown as the
fight or flight system" is increased# 0ogether" this results in an increase in heart rate" which
facilitates a higher s+eed of delivery for sources of energy :: sugar and fat" and oxygen to the
worLing muscles#
)H# S./!L4 SCIE%0IS0S 200EM60 0/ 4E7EL/6 0RE20ME%0S" -.IC. 0!R%
1E%ES /% 2%4 /FF5 4/ SCIE%0IS0 .27E 0.E RI1.0 0/ 2L0ER
.!M2% 1E%ES5
0urning genes off and on meansA
o /ff C for the gene to Jecome com+letely dysfunctional# Either as a missing gene
for a +articular tasL or trait or Qust a mutation#
o /n C for the gene to Je functional and active# 0his gene is what the off genes are
su++osed to Je doing and are the fundamentals for the worLing Jody#
E;2M6LESA Choose ( of them
o 2utomatismA Some Jrain cells are considered inactive and Jy doing this
treatment" the inactive cells can Je re+laced Jy active cells#
o Cystic FiJrosisA 2n inactive gene that does not let cells +roduce ions needed for
the Jody thus maLing sticLy mucus in the Jody# 1ene thera+y would alter this
gene to maLe cells that do +roduce ions and will regulate airflow#
(# 1E%E 0.ER268 M/0.2 F!C32S#
1ene thera+y is an ex+erimental techniUue that uses genes to treat or +revent disease# In the
future" this techniUue may allow doctors to treat a disorder Jy inserting a gene into a +atientKs
cells instead of using drugs or surgery# Researchers are testing several a++roaches to gene
(
thera+y" includingA
Re+lacing a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy co+y of the gene#
Inactivating" or WLnocLing out"X a mutated gene that is functioning im+ro+erly#
Introducing a new gene into the Jody to hel+ fight a disease#
2lthough gene thera+y is a +romising treatment o+tion for a numJer of diseases @including
inherited disorders" some ty+es of cancer" and certain viral infections9" the techniUue remains
risLy and is still under study to maLe sure that it will Je safe and effective# 1ene thera+y is
currently only Jeing tested for the treatment of diseases that have no other cures#
1ene thera+y can Je Jroadly classified into two ty+es# /ne is the somatic cell thera+y and the
other is the re+roductive cell or germ line thera+y# In somatic cell thera+y" the somatic cells are
targeted for gene re+lacement" whereas in the re+roductive cell thera+y" the defective gene lies
in the re+roductive cells that are re+laced Jy the correct gene# 0he alterations made in the
genetic maLeu+ of the somatic cells are corrective only for the +atient# 0his change is not
inherited Jy the treated +erson<s offs+ring# .owever" in case of germline gene thera+y" the
changes are +assed on to the descendants of the treated individual# .ence" this line of treatment
has the +otential of altering the human gene +ool for good#
.ow is 1ene 0hera+y 4one5
0he thera+y de+ends u+on vectors that are carriers of the normal genes that transfer them to the
cells that have the defective gene# /ne of the most +o+ular vectors are virus" most +o+ularly
retroviruses that have the ca+aJility of inQecting their genetic material into the host cells# 0his
viral genetic material is armed with the correct gene and once it integrates with the host
genome" all the cells resulting from cell division of the host cell will contain the co+y of the
correct gene in +lace of the defective one# Li+osomes" adeno:viruses and using naLed 4%2 are
some other o+tions for vectors that are Jeing investigated to re+lace defective genes in
organisms#
1ene 0hera+y 6ros
0he single most factors that gives gene thera+y its edge is its incrediJle thera+eutic +otential#
0he human race has always Jeen under the continuous onslaught of diseases# 2s we find cure for
some of the diseases" new and more virulent forms of germs attacL us# 2lthough such diseases
can Je cured through medicines" genetic disorders have no cure unless the correct one re+laces
the defective gene and this is what gene thera+y aims at# Moreover" Jy targeting the
re+roductive cells" such defects can Je got rid of for good# 6eo+le suffering from genetic
disorders liLe 6arLinson<s disease" 2l$heimer<s disease and .untington<s disease are some of
those whose only ho+e for cure is gene thera+y#
1ene 0hera+y Cons
Scientific IssuesA 2lthough the most +o+ular choice as a vector" using virus for the +ur+ose is not
fool+roof# 0here is a s+ecific +oint within the host genome where the correct gene should Je
introduced# 0here is no guarantee that the viral en$yme that is res+onsiJle for this ste+ will Je
aJle to introduce the correct gene at the s+ecific +oint in the host chromosome# In case" there is
an error in this +rocess" it would result in error in the genetic maLeu+ of the cell and can result
in serious disorders#
Moreover" the Jody<s immune system may destroy the vector as it may +erceive the carrier as a
foreign Jody# 0hen there are +roJlems with introducing thera+eutic 4%2 and the ra+idly
dividing nature of certain cells that are hurdles in gene thera+y +roviding long term Jenefits to
+atients# 4ue to this reason a +atient may need to undergo multi+le thera+y treatment
+rocesses# But with this again comes the +roJlem of the immune system# /nce a foreign Jody
)
triggers the immune system" it attacLs the foreign Jody more aggressively when it invades the
Jody next time#
Ethical IssuesA 1iven the technology involved" it is oJvious that gene thera+y treatment will Je
ex+ensive# It will Je Qust the rich who would Je aJle to afford its Jenefits# 0his gives rise to the
refrain that gene thera+y will maLe the rich" richer and the +oor" +oorer#
-e Lnow the +otential of re+roductive gene thera+y# 0he sco+e of this line of treatment triggers
the fear of eugenics : a term that denotes creation of a su+erior race" the idea that media has
tried to emJody in the conce+t of designer JaJies# 2lthough this definitely isn<t on the minds of
geneticists Jut it is difficult to erase the re+ercussions of .itler<s Jelief in su+remacy of the
2ryan race#
Religious IssuesA Mani+ulating genetic maLeu+ of man is aJsolutely unacce+taJle Jy those with
strong religious Jeliefs# 2ccording to them altering genes is similar to tinLering with nature# It<s
liLe Uuestioning 1od<s will or in other words" <+laying 1od<#
!ndouJtedly" the thera+eutic advantage of gene thera+y is a Jlessing for manLind# .owever"
unless the techniUues of gene thera+y are +erfected" gene thera+y +ros and cons will Lee+
fueling the controversy#