INTRODUCTION

TO
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
Hands on workshop developed for field relay techs practical approach
Yellow Brick Road
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS
RATIO SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS
VARIOUS TOPICS
TEST
Z = V/I --- accurate value of I

DISTANCE ~ Z
INTRODUCTION
IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument
Transformers C57.13

IEEE Guide for the Application of Current
Transformers Used for Protective Relaying
Purposes C37.110
INTRODUCTION
Bushing, internal to Breakers and
Transformers
Free standing, used with live tank breakers.
Slipover, mounted externally on
breaker/transformers bushings.
Window or Bar - single primary turn
Wound Primary
Optic
MAGNETO-OPTIC CT
Light polarization passing through an
optically active material in the presence of a
magnetic field .
Passive sensor at line voltage is connected to
substation equipment by fiber cable.
Low energy output used for microprocessor
relays
Eliminates heavy support for iron.
DEFINITIONS
EXCITATION CURVE

EXCITATION VOLTAGE

EXCITATION CURRENT

EXCITATION IMPEDANCE
DEFINITIONS
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT/DIAGRAM

POLARITY

BURDEN

TERMINAL VOLTAGE

CLASSIFICATIONS T AND C
DEFINITIONS
KNEE POINT

RELAY ACCURACY CLASS

MULTI-TAPS ACCURACY

SATURATION ERROR - RATIO/ANGLE
EXCITATION CURVE
f
Ip
Ie Ze
Xp
Rp
e
Rs
Sec
g
h
c
d
Pri
Is
EQUIVALENT DIAGRAM
Ve = EXCITATION VOLTAGE Vef
Ie = CURRENT (read a few values)
Ze = IMPEDANCE
Vt = TERMINAL VOLTAGE Vgh
POLARITY - next
TYPICAL EXCITATION BBC
CURRENT vs VOLTAGE
V (volts) Ie(amps) Ze(ohms)
3.0 0.004 750
7.5 0.007 1071
15 0.011 1364
42 ------ -----
85 ------ -----
180 ------ ------
310 ------ 3100
400 0.25 1600
425 ------ ------
450 ------ ------
500 5.0 100.0
520 10.0 52.0
CURRENT vs VOLTAGE
V (volts) Ie(amps) Ze(ohms)
3.0 0.004 750
7.5 0.007 1071
15 0.011 1364
42 0.02 2100
85 0.03 2833
180 0.05 3600
310 0.1 3100
400 0.25 1600
425 0.5 850
450 1.00 450
500 5.0 100.0
520 10.0 52.0
N1
N2
I1
Ze
Ie
I2
Rsec
RB
LB
EXTERNAL
BURDEN
{
Ie+I2
Zint
POLARITY
I1
DEFINITIONS
EXCITATION CURVE
EXCITATION VOLTAGE
EXCITATION CURRENT
EXCITATION IMPEDANCE
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT/DIAGRAM
BURDEN - NEXT
BURDEN
The impedances of loads are called BURDEN
Individual devices or total connected load,
including sec impedance of instrument
transformer.
For devices burden expressed in VA at
specified current or voltage, the burden
impedance Zb is:
Zb = VA/IxI or VxV/VA

RB
LB
BURDEN
=
VA / I
{
EXTERNAL BURDEN
Burden: 0.27 VA @ 5A = .. Ohms
2.51 VA @ 15A = .. Ohms
I2
RB
CT winding resistance = 0.3 ohms
Lead length = 750 ft # 10 wire
Relay burden = 0.05 ohms

QUIZ
DEFINITIONS

CLASSIFICATIONS T AND C
ANSI/IEEE STANDARD FOR
CLASSIFICATION T & C
CLASS T: CTs that have
significant leakage flux within the
transformer core - class T; wound
CTs, with one or more primary-
winding turns mechanically
encircling the core. Performance
determined by test.
CLASS C
CTs with very minimal leakage
flux in the core, such as the
through, bar, and bushing types.
Performance can be calculated.

KNEE POINT
DEFINITIONS
KNEE POINT IEEE IEC - effective
saturation point

Quiz- read a few knee point voltages and also
at 10 amps Ie.



ANSI/IEEE
KNEE POINT
E
x
c
i
t
a
t
i
o
n

V
o
l
t
s

K
n
e
e

P
o
i
n
t

V
o
l
t
s

45 LINE
QUIZ: READ THE KNEE POINT VOLTAGE
KNEE POINT OR EFFECTIVE
POINT OF SATURATION
ANSI/IEEE: as the intersection of the curve
with a 45 tangent line
IEC defines the knee point as the
intersection of straight lines extended from
non saturated and saturated parts of the
excitation curve.
IEC knee is higher than ANSI - ANSI more
conservative.
IEC KNEE POINT
ANSI/IEE
KNEE POINT
EX: READ THE KNEE POINT VOLTAGE
DEFINITIONS
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT/DIAGRAM
EXCITATION VOLTAGE, CURRENT,
IMPEDANCE
TERMINAL VOLTAGE
BURDEN
CLASSIFICATIONS T AND C
EXCITATION CURVE
KNEE POINT IEEE IEC
ACCURACY CLASS

CT ACCURACY CLASSIFICATION
The measure of a CT performance is its
ability to reproduce accurately the primary
current in secondary amperes both is wave
shape and in magnitude. There are two
parts:
Performance on symmetrical ac component.
Performance on offset dc component. Go over the
paper
ANSI/IEEE ACCURACY CLASS
ANSI/IEEE CLASS DESIGNATION C200:
INDICATES THE CT WILL DELIVER A
SECONDARY TERMINAL VOLTAGE OF
200V
TO A STANDARD BURDEN B - 2 (2.0 )
AT 20 TIMES THE RATED SECONDARY
CURRENT
WITHOUT EXCEEDING 10% RATIO
CORRECTION ERROR. Pure sine wave
Standard defines max error, it does not specify the actual error.
ACCURACY CLASS C
STANDARD BURDEN
ACCURACY CLASS: C100, C200, C400, & C800 AT POWER
FACTOR OF 0.5.
STANDARD BURDEN B-1, B-2, B-4 AND B-8 THESE
CORRESPOND TO 1, 2, 4 AND 8.
EXAMPLE STANDARD BURDEN FOR C100 IS 1 , FOR C200
IS 2 , FOR C400 IS 4 AND FOR C800 IS 8 .
ACCURACY CLASS APPLIES TO FULL WINDING, AND ARE
REDUCED PROPORTIONALLY WITH LOWER TAPS.
EFFECTIVE ACCURACY =
TAP USED*C-CLASS/MAX RATIO

AN EXERCISE
2000/5 MR C800 tap used*c-class/max ratio

TAPS KNEE POINT EFFECTIVE ACCURACY

2000/5 .. ...

1500/5 .. ...

1100/5 .. ...

500/5 .. ...

300/5 .. ...

AN EXERCISE
2000/5 MR C800 tap used*c-class/max ratio

TAPS KNEE POINT EFFECTIVE ACCURACY

2000/5 590 800

1500/5 390 600

1100/5 120 440

500/5 132 200

300/5 78 120

AN EXERCISE
2000/5 MR C400 tap used*c-class/max ratio

TAPS KNEE POINT EFFECTIVE ACCURACY

2000/5 .. ...

1500/5 .. ...

1100/5 .. ...

500/5 .. ...

300/5 .. ...

AN EXERCISE
2000/5 MR C400 tap used*c-class/max ratio

TAPS KNEE POINT EFFECTIVE ACCURACY

2000/5 220 400

1500/5 170 300

1100/5 125 220

500/5 55 100

300/5 32 60

CT SELECTION
ACCURACY CLASS
POINT OF SATURATION : KNEE
POINT
IT IS DESIRABLE TO STAY
BELOW OR VERY CLOSE TO
KNEE POINT FOR THE
AVAILABLE CURRENT.
Recap
ANSI/IEEE ACCURACY
CLASS C400
STANDARD BURDEN FOR C400: (4.0 )
SECONDARY CURRENT RATING 5 A
20 TIMES SEC CURRENT: 100 AMPS
SEC. VOLTAGE DEVELOPED: 400V
MAXIMUM RATIO ERROR: 10%
IF BURDEN 2 , FOR 400V, IT CAN SUPPLY
MORE THAN 100 AMPS SAY 200 AMPS
WITHOUT EXCEECING 10% ERROR.
N1
N2
I1
Ze
Ie <10
Isec = 100
Rsec
RB
LB
EXTERNAL
BURDEN
Ie+Isec
Zint
ACCURACY ACLASS: C200 RATED SEC CURRENT = 5 A
EXTERNALBURDEN = STANDARD BURDEN = 2 .0 OHMS
Ve=200 V Isec = 100 A Ie <10 Amps.
I1
PERFORMANCE

CALCULATIONS


BUT
THE REST OF US

SHOW US THE DATA

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
THE MEASURE OF A CT
PERFORMANCE IS ITS ABILITY TO
REPRODUCE ACCURATELY THE
PRIMARY CURRRENT IN SECONDARY
AMPERES - BOTH IN WAVE SHAPE
AND MAGNITUDE . CORRECT
RATIO AND ANGLE.
CT SELECTION AND PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION FOR PHASE FAULTS
600/5 MR Accuracy class C100 is selected
Load Current= 90 A
Max 3 phase Fault Current= 2500 A
Min. Fault Current=350 A


STEPS:
CT Ratio selection
Relay Tap Selection
Determine Total Burden (Load)
CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE Standard
CT Performance using Excitation Curve
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEPS:
CT Ratio selection
Relay Tap Selection
Determine Total Burden (Load)
CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE Standard
CT Performance using Excitation Curve
STEPS:
CT Ratio selection
- within short time and continuous current thermal limits
- max load just under 5A
Load Current= 90 A
CT ratio selection : 100/5


PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: Relay Tap Selection
O/C taps min pickup , higher than the max. load
167%, 150% of specified thermal loading.
Load Current= 90 A for 100/5 CT ratio = 4.5 A sec.
Select tap higher than max load say = 5.0

How much higher relay characteristics, experience and
judgment.

Fault current: min: 350/20 = 17.5
Multiple of PU = 17.5/5 = 3.5
Multiple of PU = 17.5/6 = 2.9

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: Determine Total Burden (Load)

Relay: 2.64 VA @ 5 A and 580 VA @ 100 A
Lead: 0.4 Ohms

Total to CT terminals:

(2.64/5*5 = 0.106) + 0.4 = 0.506 ohms @ 5A

(580/100*100 = 0.058) + 0.4 = 0.458 ohms @ 100 A

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION


STEPS:
CT Ratio selection
Relay Tap Selection
Determine Total Burden (Load)
CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE
Standard
CT Performance using Excitation
Curve
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE Standard
Ip
Ie Ze
Xp
Rp
e
Rs
Sec
g
h
c
d
Pri
Is
Determine voltage @ max fault current CT must develop
across its terminals gh
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: Performance ANSI/IEEE Standard
Vgh = 2500/20 * 0.458 = 57.25

600/5 MR C100 CT used at tap 100/5 -- effective
accuracy class

(100/600) x 100 = ?

CT is capable of developing 16.6 volts.
Severe Saturation. Cannot be used.
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: Performance ANSI/IEEE Standard
For microprocessor based relay:
Burden will change from 0.458 to o.4

Vgh = 2500/20 * 0.4 = 50.0

600/5 MR C100 CT used at tap 100/5 -- effective
accuracy class
(100/600) x 100 = ?

CT is capable of developing 16.6 volts.
Severe Saturation. Cannot be used.
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: Performance ANSI/IEEE Standard
Alternative: use 400/5 CT tap:
Max Load = 90 A
Relay Tap = 90/80 = 1.125 Use: 1.5 relay tap.
Min Fault Multiples of PU=(350/80=4.38, 4.38/1.5= 2.9)
Relay burden at this tap = 1.56 ohms
Total burden at CT terminals = 1.56 + 0.4 = 1.96
Vgh = 2500/80 * 1.96 = 61.25
600/5 MR C100 CT used at tap 400/5-- effective accuracy
class is = (400/600) x 100 = ?
CT is capable of developing 66.6 volts. Within CT capability

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: CT Performance using Excitation Curve
ANSI/IEEE ratings ballpark. Excitation curve method provides relatively exact
method. Examine the curve
Burden = CT secondary resistance + lead resistance +
relay burden

Burden = 0.211 + 0.4 + 1.56 = 2.171

For load current 1.5 A:
Vgh = 1.5 * 2.171 = 3.26 V Ie = 0.024
Ip = (1.5+0.024) * 80 = 123 A
well below the min If = 350 A (350/123=2.84 multiple of
pick up)
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: CT Performance using Excitation Curve


For max fault current
Burden = CT secondary resistance + lead resistance + relay burden
Burden = 0.211 + 0.4 + 1.56 = 2.171

Fault current 2500/80 = 31.25 A:

Vgh = 31.25 * 2.171 = 67.84 V Ie = 0.16

Beyond the knee of curve, small amount 0.5% does not significantly
decreases the fault current to the relay.
I2
RB
CT winding resistance = 0.3 ohms
Lead length = 750 ft # 10 wire
Relay burden = 0.05 ohms as constant
Fault current = 12500A/18000A
CT CLASS = C400/C800
2000/5 MR current transformer
CT RATIO = 800/5
TEST
Determine CT performance using Excitation Curve
method:
AN EXAMPLE C400
CT RESISTANCE 0.3 OHMS
LEAD RESISTANCE 1.5 OHMS
IMPEDANCE OF VARIOUS DEVICES 0.05
OHMS
FAULT CURRENT 12500 AMPS
CT RATIO 800/5
ACCURACY CLASS C400

supply curves C400/800
CALCULATIONS for 12500 A C400
BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D -
DEVICES)
Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 12500/160
Ve = 144.5 VOLTS Plot on curve
Plot on C400
CALCULATIONS for 18000 C400
BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D -
DEVICES)
Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 18000/160
Ve = 209 VOLTS Plot on curve
Plot on C400
ANOTHER EXAMPLE C800
CT RESISTANCE 0.3 OHMS
LEAD RESISTANCE 1.5 OHMS
IMPEDANCE OF VARIOUS DEVICES 0.05
OHMS
FAULT CURRENT 12500 AMPS
CT RATIO 800/5
ACCURACY CLASS C800

supply curves C400/800
CALCULATIONS for 12500 A C800
BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D -
DEVICES)
Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 12500/160
Ve = 144.5 VOLTS Plot on curve
Plot on C800
CALCULATIONS for 18000 A C800
BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D -
DEVICES)
Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 18000/160
For 18,000 A (Ve =209 V) Plot on curve
Plot on C800
FAULT CURRENT
MAGNITUDES
25 -33 KA 8
20 - 25 KA 10
12.5 -20 KA 46
20 - 25 KA 35
10 -12.5 KA 35
<10 KA +150
REFER TO PAGE 6 OF PAPER
RED DELICIOUS
C400
ZONE1
Z = V/A

DISTANCE ~ Z
STANDARD DATA FROM
MANUFACTURER
ACCURACY:
RELAY CLASS C200
METERING CLASS, USE 0.15%
0.3%, 0.6% & 1.2% AVAIALABLE BUT NOT
RECOMMENDED
0.15% MEANS +/- 0.15% error at 100%
rated current and 0.30% error at 10% of rated
current ( double the error)

STANDARD DATA FROM
MANUFACTURER
CONTINUOUS (Long Term) rating
Primary

Secondary, 5 Amp ( 1Amp)

Rating factor (RF) of 2.0 provides Twice
Primary and Secondary rating continuous at
30degrees
STANDARD DATA FROM
MANUFACTURER
SHORT TIME TERMINAL RATINGS
Transmission Voltage Applications
One Second Rating = 80% Imax Fault, based
on IxIxT=K where T=36 cycles & I=Max fault
current
Distribution Voltage Applications
One Second Rating = Maximum Fault Current
level
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
CURRENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED
CONNECTED WIRING AND RELAY
RATINGS AT MAXIMUM LOAD. NOTE
DELTA CONNECTD CTs PRODUCE
CURRENTS IN CABLES AND RELAYS
THAT ARE 1.732 TIMES THE
SECONDARY CURRENTS
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
SELECT RATIO TO BE GREATER
THAN THE MAXIMUM DESIGN
CURRENT RATINGS OF THE
ASSOCIATED BREAKERS AND
TRANSFORMERS.
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
RATIOS SHOULD NOT BE SO HIGH AS
TO REDUCE RELAY SENSITIVITY,
TAKING INTO ACCOUNT AVAILABLE
RANGES.
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS

THE MAXIMUM SECONDARY
CURRENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 20
TIMES RATED CURRENT. (100 A FOR
5A RATED SECONDARY)
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
HIGHEST CT RATIO PERMISSIBLE
SHOULD BE USED TO MINIMIZE
WIRING BURDEN AND TO OBTAIN
THE HIGHEST CT CAPABILITY AND
PERFORMANCE.
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
FULL WINGING OF MULTI-RATIO
CTs SHOULD BE SELECTED
WHENEVER POSSIBLE TO AVOID
LOWERING OF THE EFFECTIVE
ACCURACY CLASS.
TESTING
Core Demagnetizing
The core should be demagnetized as the final
test before the equipment is put in service.
Using the Saturation test circuit, apply enough
voltage to the secondary of the CT to saturate
the core and produce a cecondary currrent of 3-
5 amps. Slowly reduce the voltage to zero
before turning off the variac.



TESTING
Saturation
The saturation point is reached when there is a rise
in the test current but not the voltage.

TESTING
Flashing
This test checks the polarity of the CT
Ratio
Insulation test