< > [ 2011. 6.

6]
1
1-1
(a)

[ ] .

(b)

[ ] . (, .)

1-2 f(x)
1-3
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

1-4
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

1-5
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

1-6
(a)

(b)

Y- .

(c)

1-7
(a)

(b)

1-8 1-8 (b), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i).

(b)

(e)

. = .

(f)

. = .

(g)

(h)

. x = y2.

(i)

. x = y2.

1-9
(a)

P = a/b (1/b)Q : . . (
.)

(b)

= : C .

1-10 .
2
2-1
(a)

x7 + 23x2 + x-1 + 12x-2

(b)

56 + 3x+y

(c)

ex + 3e2x + exp(x2)

2-2
(a)

(b)

(c)

2-3 $20,000 exp(0.02t)

2-4
(a)

500

(b)

388.4(), 475.1()

(c)

74.9 ()

2-5: 0 exp(0.02)
2-6
(a)

23, 22

(b)

52.64
3

3-1
(a)

X = logb(x) , x = bX . ln(x)
= ln(bX) = X ln(b) . X = ln(x)/ln(b). .

(b)

, ln(blogb(x)) = logb(x) ln (b). (a) ln (x). ,

ln(blogb(x)) = ln(x) . , blogb(x) = x. .

 3-2
(a)
(b)
(c)

8
0
5 log10()

3-3
(a)
(b)
(c)

3
e2
2

(d)

(e)

0 2

(f)

36

15
2

3-4
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

26
ln(3) ln(A)
ln(A) + ln(B) 4
2
ln(B) + 2
3

3-5
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

3-6
(a)

1960~1970
1970~1980
1980~1990
1990~2000
2000~2007

0.139 [13.9%]
0.208 [20.8%]
0.142 [14.2%]
0.066 [6.6%]
0.091 [9.1%]

.
(b)

1960~1970
1970~1980
1980~1990
1990~2000
2000~2007

0.117 [11.7%]
0.187 [18.7%]
0.131 [13.1%]
0.057 [5.7%]
0.089 [8.9%]

.
3-7
(a)

69.7, 70 70

(b)

7.3, 70 7

(c)

3.1, 70 2.8

(d)

1, 70 0.7

r (2 ) 70 , r (2

 ) 70 .
3-8

1970~1980
1980~1990
1990~2000
2000~2007

rA + rK
0.265 0.035 = 0.230
0.157 0.028 = 0.129
0.113 0.016 = 0.097
0.063 0.014 = 0.049

2 . ,
. , Y = AKL .
3-9 Yt = A0L00.7 exp(0.05 + 0.7r)t
3-10 0.87
4
4-1 () = 0
4-2
(a)
(b)

() =
() = 0

(c)

4-3
(a)
(b)

() = 4 + 3
(0) = 3, (1) = 7, (1) = 1

4-4
(a)

F c

(b)

. .

(c)

.
.

4-5 () =

1
2

5 :

 5-1 ()()() + () ()() + ()()()

5-2
(a)
(b)
(c)

24 1
5 4 20
20 3 + 66 2 + 16

5-3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

2()
()
()
8

2()()

5-4
(a)

(b)

(c)

5-5

1
2

5-6

(a)

(b)

2. 1

(c)

;2

. 100 , [%] .

(;)

5-7
(a)

(b)

() = 2. ( ) . ( .)

(c)

() = 2 > 0. , .

6 : ,
6-1
(a)
(b)
(c)

1
4 exp( 2 )
2

6-2
(a)

() = 5 2 + 19. 10x
() = 25 2 10 + 5. 50 10

(b)

() = 6 1. 6 5.
() = ( 2 1)3 . 6( 2 1)2

(c)

() = . 1.
() = . 1.

(d)

() = . 1.
() = 1.

6-3

1
2

6-4
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

1 + ()
2() () 1
4[()]3 ()
2() + 2 () + 3[()]2 ()
() + ()
1
2()

()

2(); 2 ()
[()]2

2() ();3[()]2

(h)

6-5
( 3 ) = (1 + 3) 3
( 3 ) = 3(2 + 3) 3
(b) [exp( 2 + 3 2)] = (2 + 3) exp( 2 + 3 2)
[exp( 2 + 3 2)] = (4 2 + 12 + 11)exp( 2 + 3 2)
(a)

8 3

[2 ln( 4 + 2)] =

(c)

4 :2

[2 ln( 4 + 2)] =

( ) =

(d)

(e)

(f)

1;

ln

) =

ln

) =

48 2 8 6
( 4 + 2)2

, ( ) =

;2

ln

1;ln
2

1
(ln )2

, (

, (

ln

ln

1
(ln )2

2
(ln )3

;3:2 ln

) =

) =
3

6-6
(a)

(3 5 2 0.2 ) = 15 4 0.4 ;0.8 , (3 5 2 0.2 ) = 60 3 + 0.32 ;1.8

(b)

(
(

ln(:1)

) =

1
(:1)

ln(:1)

) =

ln(:1)
2

2:1
2 (:1)2
2 )

2 (:1)
;4

2 ln( :1)
3

(c)

( ;3

(e)

(f)

(g)

)(
= (2 )( 4 ) + ( 2 )(3 2 ;1 )
[( 2 )( 3 )] = 2( 3 ) + (2 )(3 2 ;1 ) + (2 )(3 2 ;1 ) + ( 2 )(6
( 1) ;2
([()]2 ) = 4(2 + 1), ([()]2 ) = 8

(h)

( ln[()]) =

(i)

( 3 ) = ;1 3 2 , ( 3 ) = ( 1) ;2 6

(j)

(k)

+ 3)( 3 2)] = ( + 3) :2 2 ;1 + 9 2 , [( + 3)( 3 2)] = ( + 2)( + 3) :1 2(

1)
+ 18
[( + 4) 2 ] = 2 + 2( + 4) 2 , [( + 4) 2 ] = 4( + 5) 2

+ 2
= 3 + 2 2 2
( ;3 + 2 2 ) = 12 ;5 + 2 4 2
(d) [3 2 ( ;3 + 0.5 )] = 3 ;2 + 7.5 1.5
[3 2 ( ;3 + 0.5 )] = 6 ;3 + 11.25 0.5
2 ;2

4
[( 2

2 2
3

+ = +

, *

2 ;2

6
2 :1

) = (:)2 , (

:
[(

+ =

4
)]

1
3

, ( ln[()]) =

;6 2 :6
( 2 :1)2

) = (:)3

;2

(l)
6-7
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

exp( + )
1
2

( 2 ;2 )
;

: )2
2

( 1) 3

6-8
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

3 2 (ln )2 + 2 2 ln
2

(ln )2
ln
10(ln )9

2 ln

+ 6 ln + 18 + 6

6-9

 6-10 2()()
6-11

7
7-1
1

, , .

(a)

MC() =

(b)

MC() = , , .

(a)

(b)

(c)

MC() = 32 + 2 + , , .

(d)

MC() = 2 2 , , .

(c)
(e)

(d)

MC() = ( + );1
i.

0 < < 1: , . ( )

ii.

1 < < 2: , . ( )

iii.

> 2: , . ( )

7-2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

1
2

> 0. a q ( )

= > 0. a q

= 32 > 0. a q
= 2 2 > 0. a q
= ( 1)( + );2 > 0. b < 1 , b > 1

7-3
(a)
(b)

(c)

(d)
(e)
(f)

(:1)ln(:1)

7-4
(a)

= 13.7; = 13.77. 0.07 (dy )

(b)

= 0.5; = 0.4975. 0.0025

(c)

= 30.3; = 30.601. 0.301

7-5
(a)
(i)
(ii)

= 0.6; = 0.61
= 0.06; = 0.0601

(i)
(ii)

= 0.01111 ; = 0.011494
= 0.00111 ; = 0.001115

(i)
(ii)

= 0.0125 ; = 0.012461
= 0.0025 ; = 0.002498

(b)

(c)

7-6 2.0025

10

 7-7
(a)

0.74

(b)

dy y . [ (?) (a)
. ln(2) = 0.69 .]

7-8
(a)

1.043

(b)

dy y .
8 : (1)

8-1
(a)

(b)

(c)

x = 2 , x = 0

(d)

x = 1 , x = 1 . , x = 0 .

(e)

x = 1 , x = 1

8-2 q = 5
8-3 , , , , <,
9 : (2)
9-1
(a)

. .

(b)

. .

(c)

(0) > 0 = 0 , (2) < 0 = 2 .

(d)

(0) = 0 , (1) > 0, (1) < 0 x = 1 , x = 1 .

(e)

(1) > 0 (1) < 0. x = 1 , x = 1 .

9-2
(a)

() .

(b)

() .

(c)

() .

(d)

() .

(e)

> 1 , 0 < < 1 .

(f)

9-3 , .
9-4
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

() < 0
() = 0
() > 0
() < 0

11

 9-5
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

() < 0
() = 0
() > 0
() > 0

9-6
(a)

, , . , (0) 0 ,
.

(b)

. .

2(:)

10 : (1)
10-1 () =

1
12

4 + 1

10-2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

6 2 +
1
3
1
4
1
2

3 + 2 + 5 +
2

4 +
ln|| +

exp( 2 ) +

10-3
(a)
(b)
(c)

+
2
5

2 +

ln|6 3 + 2| +

10-4
(a)
(b)
(c)

1
3

3 ln() 3 +
9
2

3 + 6 6 +
1
3

2 (1 + 2 )2

2
15

(1 + 2 )2 +

10-5
(a)

ln( 2 + 4) +

(b)

2 +
1
( 2 1)6 +

(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)

12
1

(2 2 + 3)6 +

24
1 3

3
1
4
2
5

+ 3 +

[ln( + 2)]2 +
5

(1 + )2 (1 + )2 +

2
15

1
2( 2 :1)

(4

4( 2 :1)2
5

3 )2

(4 3 )2 +
9

10-6
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

1 4

4
1
3
1
3
1
4

+ 2 3 +

( 1)3 +
1

3 + 2 2 +
2

( + 2)4 +

12

(e)
(f)
(g)

1
3
1
3

3 2 + +
2

3 3 + 4 ln|| +

[ln()]2 2 ln() + 2 +
11 : (2)

11-1
(a)

144

(b)

97

(c)
(d)
(e)

1
4
1
2

( 20 4 )
ln(5)
25

11-2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

8
1
7

;1
9
10

11-3
(a)

(b)

1
4

11-4
(a)

(b)

(c)

2
3

11-5
(a)
(b)
(c)

2 ln(3)
8
ln(2)

3
[ln(2)]2

13

(d)

1
3

11-6
(a)
(b)
(c)

0
(1) (0)
()
12 : (3)

12-1 10 ln(1.5)
12-2 65
12-3

2
(:1)(:2)

12-4 .

(a)

(b)

(1)

(0) = 0, (1) = 1

(2)

, () > 0

(3)

, () > 0

B [()]2
(1)
(2)

[(0)]2 = 0, [(1)]2 = 1
([()]2 ) > 0

(3)

([()]2 ) > 0 .

B A

12-5
(a)
(b)
(c)

=
1 ln(2)
1
13

13-1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

0
3
(
)
9/2 15/2
11
11
2 3 1
(4 6 2)
6 9 3
11
2 4 6
[3 6 9]
1 2 3
33 35
(
)
50 49

13-2
= (

4
4 5 4 ()
),
= (5
2 2 3
4

2
2) =
3

13-3
(a)

3 , (1 3)

14

(b)

3 , (3 1)

(c)

(1 1),

(d)

(3 3)

(e)

(1 3)

(f)

(3 1)

(g)

(1 3)

(h)

, (1 1)

14
14-1
(a)
(b)
(c)

3
1
4
(6
1
2
(1
2
(

3
4
)( ) = ( )
10
1
2 3
1
3 5) () = (0)

9
1 2
2 1
2
1
1 ) () = (2)

4 3
0

14-2
= 0
3
= 2000
4
= 500 1000
= 0
14-3
(a)

det() = 51 0 .

(b)

det() = 2 0 .

(c)

det() = 1 2. .

(d)

det() = ( + ) + 2 0 .

1
2

1
14-4 = ( )
2
14-5
(a)

0
(i) () = ( )
0
7

(ii) () = (51
11)
51

(b)

(c)

(d)

0
(i) () = ( )
0

2
(ii) () = ( )
1
1
1
(i) (0, 0) . = , (, ) = (, ) .
2
2

1
1
1
(ii) () = ( ) . = (, ) = (, 2 ) .
2
2
1
;
2
(i) ( + ) + 0 (0, 0) . ( + ) + 2 = 0 (, ) = (,
)

2
(ii) ( + ) + 0 () = (;)(;); (
) . ( + ) + 2 =
+
0, = (, ) = (,

1;(;)

) . , .

15

 14-6 :

14-7 det() = 12
30 18 4
=(0
0
4)
12 6 4
14-8
(a)
(b)
(c)

32 = 6
det() = 12
7
1

2
(2 ) = ( 2 )
3
1

14-9 ( )( + + 2 ) = + + 2 2 3 = 3 =
14-10 .
15
15-1
(a)

(b)

1
3
(2 ) = (2)
3
1
1
3/11
(2 ) = ( 2/11 )
3
1/11

15-2
(a)
(b)

2 = 2
2 = 0

15-3
(a)

+ = , =

(b)

( + )/( + )

+ 0 , ( ) = (
). >

( )/( + )
.

(c)

( ) , ( )
, ( ) , , ( )
,

15-4
0 :0 :1

(a)

(b)

0 1

1;;(1;)
1

. .

1;;(1;)

, .
16
16-1
(a)
(b)
(c)

= 8 3 3 + 6, = 4 2 9 2 , = 8, = 8 9 2 , = 18
= , = , = 0, = 1, = 0
= 2 , = 2, = 0, = 2, = 2

16

(d)

= 2 2:3 , = 3 2:3 , = 4 2:3 , = 6 2:3 , = 9 2:3

(e)

= (;)2, = (;)2, = (;)3, (;)3 , = (;)3

2(:)

16-2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
16-3

= 2,

= 6

3 2

= 20 2 5 ,

= : ,

=
=

2
1

:
:
1
1

= ,

;1

= 10 4 10 4

= :

= ,

= 1 1 1 2 2 (=

1
1

),

;1

= 2 1 1 2 2

(=

2
2

16-4
(a)

,
.

(b)

(c)

1 .

(d)

2 .
17 :

17-1 1152 7 432 5 36 3 12

17-2 35
17-3

0.35
5

= ()

= ()

17-4 45 2 + 4 + 1
17-5
(a)

= (2 + ) + ( + 2)

(b)

= +
2
2

(c)

(d)

;0
1
1

;0

;0

1 + 2 + exp(3 ) 3

17-6
(a)
(b)

1
15

0
18

18-1 .

(a)

(b)

17

(c)

4 3 ;2 3
;4 3 ;3 2 2

18-2 .

(a)

1:3

(b)

1;3
6 5

(c)

5 4

18-3 1
18-4
1

(a)

. , .

(b)

(1) =

18-5

(4,3) =

15

18-6
. (6,3, 3) = 27 0 ,

(a)

1 2 .

(b)

= ,

2
9

28

= , (6.2,2.9)

(c)
18-7

(a)

(b)
18-8

=
=

( )

1
; ( )

1
( )

>0

>0

18-9 . , .
18-10
18-11

()
(1; ()): ()

>0

19
19-1
(a)

(b)

(c)

( + + )

(d)

19-2
(a)
(b)

(, ) = ()()2 = 3 2 = 3 (, )
+ = ( 2 + 3 2 ) + (2) = 3 2 + 3 3 = 3(, )

(c)

(, ) = ()2 + 3()2 = 2 ( 2 + 3 2 ) = 2 (, ). 2 .

18

(d)

3 (1, ) = 3 (

+ 1) = 2 + 3 = (, ). 3 ( , 1) .

19-3
(a)

(b)

1 1 + 2 2 = 1 (21 + 2 ) + 2 (1 + 22 ) = 212 + 21 2 + 222 = 2(1 , 2 )

(c)

1 2 1 , 0 .

19-4
(a)

, 1 = 2 = 3 = 0

(b)

, 1 = 2 = 3 = 0

(c)

, 1 + 2 + 3 = 0

(d)

, 1 + 2 + 3 = 0

19-5
(a)
(b)

1
1

2
2

=0

1 + 2 + = 0 . (a .)

19-6
(a)

1 + 2 = 1 . ( )

(b)

1 .

19-7
(a)

= 0 , 1 , 2 .

(b)

1 .

(c)

1 + 2 = 1 .

(d)

1 + 2 = 1 .
20

20-1
(a)

( , ) = (1, 1), (1, 1) .

(b)

1
7
( ) = (16
) , .

(c)

( , ) = ( , ) ( , ) .

(d)

1 = 3, 2 = 4 .

13

7
1 1

2 2

20-2
(a)

( , ) = (

2; ;:2

(b)

>

(c)

) .

=(

2:1

2:1

4;1 4;1

) .

= ( + 3, ) .

20-3
(a)
(b)

4(2:1)

= > 0,

= <0

= (4;1)2 < 0,

6
2

2(1:2)

= (4;1)2 < 0

19

(c)

= 1 > 0,

=0

20-4 (, ) = (0,0) , , .
20-5
(a)
(b)
(c)

0 1
= (
), |1 | = 0, |2 | = || = 1
1 0
0 2
= (
), |1 | = 0, |2 | = || = 4 2
2 2
8
8 9 2
= (
), |1 | = 8, |2 | = || = 144 2 (8 9 2 )2
2
8 9
18

20-6
(a)

(b)

:
2
:

, =

2(:)

:
2

+ . [* min( , ) max( , ).]

2

20-7
(a)
(b)

= (1 + 2 )[1 + 2 ] + (1 + 2 ) 21 = 0,

= (1 + 2 )[1 + 2 ] + (1 + 2 ) = 0

|1 | = 2
(1 + 2 ) 2 < 0, |2 | = 4
(1 + 2 ) > 0. .
(;)

(c)

(;)

= >0
2

20-8
(a)
(b)

(1 , 2 , 3 ) = (1, 2, 1) . .
1
9
(2 ) = (12), .
3
9

20-9
(a)
(b)
(c)

1
1

= ()1 + () = 0,
=

= ()2 + () = 0

3 ( )

(-).
21 : (1)

21-1 1 + 22 , 1 + 2 = 10, 10 1 , 1 + 210 1,

21-2
(a)

1 = 25, 2 =

(b)

1 =

41

, 2 =

75
2
3
42

21-3
1

(a)

1 = .

(b)

20

1
21

1
10;1

= 0, 2, 8

22 : (2)
22-1
(a)

(, , ) = 2 + 2 + 4 2 + [8 ], ( , , ) = (8, 0, 16) .

(b)

(1 , 2 , ) = 312 + 22 21 2 + [1 1 2 ], (1, 2 , ) = ( , , ) .

(c)

(, , ) = 10 + 40 + (2 ), (1 , 2 , ) = (4,1,40)

(d)

(1 , 2 , ) = ln(2) + ln(1 ) + 2 ln(2 ) + (16 41 2 ), 1 = , 2 =

1 2 2
3 3 3

25

(e)

(1 , 2 , ) = (1 + 2)(2 + 1) + (20 1 52 ),

(f)

(, , , ) = + (5 ), =

(g)

(1 , 2 , 3 , ) = 12 + 22 + 32 + (0 1 2 3 ), 2 =
5

10

10

22-2 = = , =

22-3 (, ) = (

, =
1

2 2

5
3

2
5

32

16

1,

, = = , =
3

0
2 :2

, =
3

= + , =

25

= 3 , 1 =

0
2 :2

5
2

, =

2 =

(b)

2 =

(c)

, 1 =

) (

1
2

1
2

), (, ) = (

2 2

) (

1
2

, 1 =

2
:
;1
;

1
2
2

+ ,
2 1 =

;1
;

1
2
2
1

+ 1

22-5
(a)

= (:)+1

(b)

(c)

+1

1 2

:
;1
;

1
2
2

23 : (3)
23-1
(a)

f11 < 0 f11f22 (f12)2 > 0

(b)

(a) .

23-2
2

) , =
: 0
2
=
, ()
:

) .
: 0
2

(a)

= (

(b)

()

20

2
:

(a) .

21

2 :2

, )

22-4
(a)

 23-3
0

(a)

1 = 2(0 0), 2 = +

(b)

(; 0 ) = + = (0 0 ) + 0 .

0
2

. ,
(c)

2 = +

0
0

= 0 , 0 = (

=+

0
0

= 2(0 0 ) = 1

= 2 .

0 ) . 23-2

K* . 0 > 2 > 0,
. , 0 < 2 < 0

.
23-4
(a)

= 1 2 + 1 [ 1 1 2 2 ] + 2 [ 1 ]

(b)

2 > 0 <

21

21

x1 .
c ,
.

22