CIVIL CODE (France)

MISE A JOUR LEGIFRANCE 21 February 2004

Dernier texte modificateur : ordonnance n 2004-164 du 20 Feb. 2004

Tran!ated "# Geor$e ROU%ETTE& 'rofeor of La(& (it) t)e aitance of Anne *ERTON& Reearc)
Aitant in En$!i)+

CIVIL CODE
English Version (Links to Legifrance)


PRELIMINARY TITLE
O T!E P"#LICATION$ OPERATION AND APPLICATION O %TAT"TE% IN &ENERAL
(Art' ( to ))

#OO* ONE
O PER%ON%

TITLE ONE
O CIVIL RI&!T% (+ to (),(-)

Cha.ter I , Of the En/o01ent of Ci2il Rights (+ to (3)
Cha.ter II , Of the Res.ect of the !41an #o50 (() to (),6)
Cha.ter III , Of the &enetic %t450 of the Partic4lars of a Person an5 of the I5entification of a Person o7ing
to his &enetic Prints ((),(8 to (),(-)

TITLE ONE bis
O RENC! NATIONALITY (17 to 33-2)

Cha.ter I , &eneral Pro2isions ((+ to (+,(-)
Cha.ter II , Of rench Nationalit0 90 #irth ((: to -8,3)

Section I - Of French Persons by Parentage (18 to 18-1)

Section II - Of French Persons by irth in France (1! to 1!-4)

Section III - "o##on Pro$isions (20 to 20-%)

Cha.ter III , Of the Ac;4isition of rench Nationalit0 (-( to --,<)

Section I - Of the &o'es of (c)uiring French *ationa+ity (21 to 21-27)
, 1 - Of the (c)uisition of French *ationa+ity by -eason of Parentage (21)
, 2 - Of the (c)uisition of French *ationa+ity by -eason of &arriage (21-1 to 21-.)
, 3 - Of the (c)uisition of French *ationa+ity by -eason of irth an' -esi'ence in
France/ (21-7 to 21-11)
, 4 - Of the (c)uisition of French *ationa+ity by -eason of a 0ec+aration of *ationa+ity (21-12 to
21-14)
, % - Of the (c)uisition of French *ationa+ity by a 0ecision of the 1o$ern#ent (21-14-
1 to 21-2%-1)
, . - Pro$isions "o##on to so#e &o'es of (c)uiring French *ationa+ity (21-2. to
21-27)

Section II - Of the 2ffects of (c)uiring French *ationa+ity (22 to 22-3)

Cha.ter IV , Of Loss an5 orfeit4re of$ an5 of Reinstate1ent in rench Nationalit0 (-< to -3,()

Section I - Of 3oss of French *ationa+ity (23 to 23-!)
Section II - Of -einstate#ent in French *ationa+ity (24 to 24-3)
Section III - Of Forfeiture of French *ationa+ity (2% to 2%-1)

Cha.ter V , Of Acts relate5 to Ac;4isition or Loss of rench Nationalit0 (-) to -:,()

Section I - Of 0ec+arations of *ationa+ity (2. to 2.-%)
1
Section II - Of ('#inistrati$e 0ecisions (27 to 27-3)
Section III - Of &entions on the -egisters of "i$i+ -egistry (28 an' 28-1)

Cha.ter VI , Of Dis.4tes in Matters of Nationalit0 (-6 to <(,<)

Section I - Of the 4uris'iction of 4u'icia+ "ourts an' the Procee'ings therein (2! to 2!-%)
Section II - Of the Proof of *ationa+ity before 4u'icia+ "ourts (30 to 34)
Section III - Of "ertificates of French *ationa+ity (31 to 31-3)

Cha.ter VII , Of the Effects on rench Nationalit0 of Transfers of %o2ereignt0 relating to Certain Territories
(<- to <-,3)

Cha.ter VIII , %.ecial Pro2isions regar5ing O2erseas Territories (<< to <<,-)

TITLE II
O RECORD% O CIVIL %TAT"% (34 to 101)

Cha.ter I , &eneral Pro2isions (<= to 3=)
Cha.ter II , Of Recor5s of #irth (33 to )-)

Section I - Of 0ec+arations of irth (%% to %!)
Section II - Of "hanges of First *a#es an' *a#e (.0 to .1-4)
Section III - Of -ecor' of (c5no6+e'ge#ent of an I++egiti#ate "hi+' (.2 to .2-1)

Cha.ter III , Of Recor5s of Marriage ()< to +))
Cha.ter IV , Of Recor5s of Death (++ to 6-)
Cha.ter V , Of Recor5s of Ci2il %tat4s concerning %ol5iers an5 Mariners in so1e %.ecial Circ41stances (6<
to 6+)
Cha.ter VI , Of the Ci2il %tat4s of Persons #orn A9roa5 >ho Ac;4ire or Reco2er rench Nationalit0 (6: to
6:,=)
Cha.ter VII , Of the Rectification of Recor5s of Ci2il %tat4s (66 to (8()

TITLE III
O DOMICILE (102 to 111)


TITLE IV
O A#%ENTEE% (112 to 143)

Cha.ter I , Of Pres41.tion of A9sence (((- to (-()
Cha.ter II , Of Declaration of A9sence ((-- to (=<)

TITLE V
O MARRIA&E (144 to 228)

Cha.ter I , Of the ?4alifications an5 Con5itions Re;4ire5 for Contracting a Marriage ((== to ()=)
Cha.ter II , Of the or1alities Relating to the Cele9ration of Marriage (()3 to (+()
Cha.ter III , Of or1al O9/ections to Marriage ((+- to (+6)
Cha.ter IV , Of A..lications for the Ann4l1ent of a Marriage ((:8 to -8-)
Cha.ter V , Of the O9ligations Arising fro1 Marriage (-8< to -(()
Cha.ter VI , Of the Res.ecti2e Rights an5 D4ties of the %.o4ses (-(- to --))
Cha.ter VII , Of the Dissol4tion of Marriage (--+)
Cha.ter VIII , Of %econ5 Marriages (--:)

TITLE VI
O DIVORCE (22! to 310)

Cha.ter I , Of Cases for Di2orce (--6 to -=))

Section I - Of 0i$orce by &utua+ "onsent (230 to 23.)
, 1 - Of 0i$orce on 4oint Petition by the S7ouses (230 to 232)
, 2 - Of 0i$orce Petitione' by one S7ouse an' (cce7te' by the Other (233 to 23.)
Section II - Of 0i$orce for rea5'o6n of "o##unity 3ife (237 to 241)
Section III - Of 0i$orce for Fau+t (242 to 24.)

Cha.ter II , Of Di2orce Procee5ings (-=+ to -36,<)

2
Section I - 1enera+ Pro$isions (247 to 2%0)
Section II - Of "onci+iation (2%1 to 2%2-3)
Section III - Of Interi# Or'ers (2%3 to 2%8)
Section I8 - Of 2$i'ence (2%! to 2%!-3)

Cha.ter III , Of the Conse;4ences of Di2orce (-)8 to -63)

Section I - Of the 0ate at 6hich 0i$orce ta5es 2ffect (2.0 to 2.2-2)
Section II - Of the "onse)uences of 0i$orce for the S7ouses (2.3 to 28%-1)
, 1 - 1enera+ Pro$isions (2.3 to 2.4-1)
, 2 - Of the "onse)uences Pecu+iar to the 8arious "ases for 0i$orce (2.% to 2.!)
, 3 - Of "o#7ensatory enefits (270 to 280-1)
, 4 - Of the 0uty of Su77ort after 0i$orce (282 to 28%)
, % - Of 3o'ging (28%-1)
Section III - Of the "onse)uences of 0i$orce for the "hi+'ren (28. to 2!%)

Cha.ter IV , Of @45icial %e.aration (-6) to <86)

Section I - Of "ases an' Procee'ings for 4u'icia+ Se7aration (2!. to 2!8)
Section II - Of the "onse)uences of 4u'icia+ Se7aration (2!! to 304)
Section III - Of the 2n' of 4u'icia+ Se7aration (30% to 30!)

Cha.ter V , Of the Conflict of La7s in Matters of Di2orce an5 @45icial %e.aration (<(8)

TITLE VII
O PARENT AND C!ILD (I) (311 to 342-8)

Cha.ter I , Pro2isions Co11on to Legiti1ate an5 Illegiti1ate Chil5ren (<(( to <((,--)

Section I - Of Presu#7tions -e+ating to Parentage (311 to 311-3)
Section II - Of (ctions -e+ating to Parentage (311-4 to 311-13)
Section III - Of the "onf+ict of 3a6s -e+ating to Parentage (311-14 to 311-18)
Section I8 - Of &e'ica++y (ssiste' Procreation (311-1! an' 311-20)
Section 8 - Of the -u+es of 0e$o+ution of Fa#i+y *a#e (311-21 an' 311-22)

Cha.ter II , Of Legiti1ate Chil5ren (<(- to <<<,))

Section I - Of the Presu#7tion of Paternity (312 to 318-2)
Section II - Of Proofs of 3egiti#acy (31! to 328)
Section III - Of 3egiti#ation (32! to 333-.)
, 1 - Of 3egiti#ation by &arriage (331 to 332-1)
, 2 - Of 3egiti#ation on the (uthority of the "ourt (333 to 333-.)

Cha.ter III , Of Illegiti1ate Chil5ren (<<= to <=-,:)

Section I - Of the 2ffects of I++egiti#acy an' of the &o'es of 2stab+ishing I++egiti#ate 9inshi7 in 1enera+
(334 to 334-10)
Section II - Of the (c5no6+e'ge#ent of I++egiti#ate "hi+'ren (33% to 33!)
Section III - Of Paternity or &aternity Suits (340 to 341-1)
Section I8 - Of the (ction for Pur7ose of Subsi'ies (342 to 342-8)

TITLE VIII
O ADOPTION (343 to 370-%)

Cha.ter I , Of Plenar0 A5o.tion (<=< to <36)

Section I - Of the -e)uisites for P+enary ('o7tion (343 to 3%0)
Section II - Of the P+acing for Pur7ose of P+enary ('o7tion an' of the 4u'g#ent of P+enary ('o7tion (3%1
to 3%4)
Section III - Of the 2ffects of P+enary ('o7tion (3%% to 3%!)

Cha.ter II , Of Or5inar0 A5o.tion (<)8 to <+8,-)

Section I - Of -e)uisites an' 4u'g#ent (3.0 to 3.2)
Section II - Of the 2ffects of Or'inary ('o7tion (3.3 to 370-2)

3
Cha.ter III , Of the Conflict of La7s relating to A5o.tion an5 of the Effects in rance of A5o.tions Or5ere5
A9roa5 (<+8,< to <+8,3)

TITLE IA
O PARENT AND C!ILD (II B O PARENTAL A"T!ORITY) (371 to 387)

Cha.ter I , Of Parental A4thorit0 7ith regar5 to the Person of a Chil5 (<+( to <:()

Section I / Of the 2:ercise of Parenta+ (uthority (372 to 374-2)
, 1 - 1enera+ Princi7+es (372 to 373-1)
, 2 - Of the 2:ercise of Parenta+ (uthority by Se7arate' Parents (373-2 to 373-2-%)
, 3 - Of the Inter$ention of the Fa#i+y "auses 4u'ge (373-2-. to 373-2-13)
, 4 - Of the Inter$ention of ;hir' Persons (373-3 to 374-2)
Section II - Of 2'ucationa+ (ssistance (37% to 37%-8)
Section III - Of the 0e+egation of Parenta+ (uthority (37. to 377-3)
Section I8 - Of the ;ota+ or Partia+ <ith'ra6a+ of Parenta+ (uthority (378 to 381)

Cha.ter II , Of Parental A4thorit0 7ith regar5 to the Pro.ert0 of a Chil5 (<:- to <:+)

TITLE A
O MINORITY$ O &"ARDIAN%!IP AND O EMANCIPATION (388 to 487)

Cha.ter I , Of Minorit0 (<:: to <::,-)
Cha.ter II , Of &4ar5ianshi. (<:6 to =+3)

Section I - Of the "ases <here either Statutory ('#inistration or 1uar'ianshi7 ;a5es P+ace (38! to 3!2)
Section II - Of the Organi=ation of a 1uar'ianshi7 (3!3 to 448)
, 1 - Of the 4u'ge of 1uar'ianshi7s (3!3 to 3!.)
, 2 - Of 1uar'ians (3!7 to 40.)
, 3 - Of the Fa#i+y "ounci+ (407 to 41.)
, 4 - Of the Other Organs of 1uar'ianshi7 (417 to 42.)
, % - Of the 0uties of a 1uar'ian (427 to 448)
Section III - Of the Functioning of a 1uar'ianshi7 (44! to 4.8)
Section I8 - Of the (ccounts of 1uar'ianshi7 an' of 3iabi+ities (4.! to 47%)

Cha.ter III , Of E1anci.ation (=+) to =:+)

TITLE AI
O MA@ORITY AND O AD"LT% >!O ARE PROTECTED #Y T!E LA> (488 to %1%)

Cha.ter I , &eneral Pro2isions (=:: to =68,<)
Cha.ter II , Of A54lts 4n5er @45icial %4.er2ision (=6( to =6(,))
Cha.ter III , Of A54lts in &4ar5ianshi. (=6- to 38+)
Cha.ter IV , Of A54lts in C4ratorshi. (38: to 3(=)

TITLE AII
O CIVIL COVENANT% O %OLIDARITY AND O CONC"#INA&E (%1%-1 to %1%-8)

Cha.ter I , Of Ci2il Co2enants of %oli5arit0 (3(3,( to 3(3,+)
Cha.ter II , Of Conc49inage (3(3,: )


#OO* II
O PROPERTY AND O T!E VARIO"% MODIICATION% O O>NER%!IP (3() to +(8)


TITLE ONE
O T!E VARIO"% *IND% O PROPERTY (%1. to %43)

Cha.ter I , Of I11o2a9les (3(+ to 3-))
Cha.ter II , Of Mo2a9les (3-+ to 3<))
Cha.ter III , Of Pro.ert0 in its Relations 7ith Those >ho O7n it (3<+ to 3=<)


TITLE II
O O>NER%!IP (3== to 3++)

4
Cha.ter I , Of the Right of Accession to >hat is Pro54ce5 90 a Thing (3=+ to 338)
Cha.ter II , Of the Right of Accession to >hat "nites or Incor.orates Itself 7ith a Thing (33( to 3++)

TITLE III
O "%"R"CT$ O "%E AND O !A#ITATION (3+: to )<))

Cha.ter I , Of "s4fr4ct (3+: to )-=)

Section I - Of the -ights of a >sufructuary (%82 to %!!)
Section II - Of the Ob+igations of a >sufructuary (.00 to .1.)
Section III - Of the &anner in 6hich a >sufruct "o#es to an 2n' (.17 to .24)

Cha.ter II , Of "se an5 of !a9itation ()-3 to )<))

TITLE IV
O %ERVIT"DE% OR LAND %ERVICE% (.37 to 710)

Cha.ter I , Of the %er2it45es Originating fro1 the %it4ation of the Pre1ises ()=8 to )=:)
Cha.ter II , Of the %er2it45es Esta9lishe5 90 %tat4te ()=6 to ):3,()

Section I - Of Party <a++ an' "o##on 0itch (.%3 to .73)
Section II - Of the 0istance an' Inter#e'iate <or5s -e)uire' for "ertain "onstructions (.74)
Section III - Of the 8ie6s o$er the Pro7erty of One?s *eighbour (.7% to .80)
Section I8 - Of 2a$es (.81)
Section 8 - Of -ight of <ay (.82 to .8%-1)

Cha.ter III , Of the %er2it45es Esta9lishe5 90 the Act of Man ():) to +(8)

Section I - Of the 8arious 9in's of Ser$itu'es <hich &ay be 2stab+ishe' o$er Pro7erty (.8. to .8!)
Section II - @o6 Ser$itu'es are 2stab+ishe' (.!0 to .!.)
Section III - Of the -ights of the O6ner of a ;ene#ent to <hich a Ser$itu'e is 0ue (.!7 to 702)
Section I8 - @o6 Ser$itu'es are 2:tinguishe' (703 to 710)

#OO* III
O T!E VARIO"% >AY% !O> O>NER%!IP I% AC?"IRED (711 to 2283)

&ENERAL PROVI%ION% (+(( to +(+)

TITLE ONE
O %"CCE%%ION% (720 to 8!2)

Cha.ter I , Of the O.ening of %4ccessions$ the "ni2ersal Title an5 the Vesting of !eirs in Possession (+-8 to
+-=,()
Cha.ter II , Of the ?4alifications Re;4ire5 for Inheriting , Of Proof of !eirshi. (+-3 to +<8,3)

Section I - Of the Aua+ifications -e)uire' for Inheriting (72% to 72!-1)
Section II - Of Proof of @eirshi7 (730 to 730-%)

Cha.ter III , Of !eirs (+<( to +)+)

Section I - Of the -ights of -e+ati$es in the (bsence of a S7ouse 2ntit+e' to Inherit (733 to 7%%)
, 1 - Of Or'ers of @eirs (734 to 740)
, 2 - Of 0egrees (741 to 74%)
, 3 - Of 0i$ision by ranchesB Paterna+ an' &aterna+ (74. to 7%0)
, 4 - Of -e7resentation (7%1 to 7%%)
Section II - Of the -ights of a S7ouse 2ntit+e' to Inherit (7%. to 7.7)
, 1 - Of the *ature of the -ightsB of their (#ount an' 2:ercise (7%. to 7%8-%)
, 2 - Of the "on$ersion of a >sufruct (7%! to 7.2)
, 3 - Of the ;e#7orary -ights to 3o'ging an' of -ights for 3ife to 3o'ging (7.3 to 7..)
, 4 - Of the -ight to &aintenance (7.7)

Cha.ter IV , Of the Rights of the %tate (+): to ++-)
Cha.ter V , Of the Acce.tance an5 Re.45iation of %4ccessions (++= to :(=)

Section I - Of (cce7tance (774 to 783)
Section II / Of the -enunciation of Successions (784 to 7!2)
%
Section III - Of the enefit of In$entoryB of its 2ffects an' of the Ob+igations of a eneficiary @eir (7!3 to
810)
Section I8 - Of 8acant Successions (811 to 814)

Cha.ter VI , Of Partition an5 of Collations (:(3 to :6-)

Section I - Of >n'i$i'e' O6nershi7 an' of (ction for Partition (81% to 842)
Section II - Of the "o++ationsB (77ro7riation an' (bate#ent of 1ratuitous ;ransfers &a'e to Persons
2ntit+e' to Inherit (843 to 8.!)
Section III - Of the Pay#ent of 0ebts (870 to 882)
Section I8 - Of the 2ffects of Partition an' of <arranty of Shares (883 to 88.)
Section 8 - Of -escission in &atters of Partition (887 to 8!2)

TITLE II
O &IT% INTER VIVO% AND O >ILL% (8!3 to 1100)

Cha.ter I , &eneral Pro2isions (:6< to 688,:)
Cha.ter II , Of the Ca.acit0 to Dis.ose or to Recei2e 90 Inter Vi2os &ift or 90 >ill (68( to 6(-)
Cha.ter III , Of the Dis.osa9le Portion of Pro.ert0 an5 of A9ate1ent (6(< to 6<8)

Section I - Of the 0is7osab+e Portion of Pro7erty (!13 to !1!)
Section II - Of the (bate#ent of 1ifts an' 3egacies (!20 to !30)

Cha.ter IV , Of Inter Vi2os &ifts (6<( to 6)))

Section I - Of the For# of Inter 8i$os 1ifts (!31 to !%2)
Section II - Of 2:ce7tions to the -u+e of Irre$ocabi+ity of Inter 8i$os 1ifts (!%3 to !..)

Cha.ter V , Of Testa1entar0 Dis.ositions (6)+ to (8=+)

Section I - Of 1enera+ -u+es on the For# of <i++s (!.7 to !80)
Section II - Of Particu+ar -u+es on the For# of "ertain <i++s (!81 to 1001)
Section III - Of the (77oint#ents of @eirs an' of 3egacies in 1enera+ (1002)
Section I8 - Of >ni$ersa+ 3egacies (1003 to 100!)
Section 8 - Of 3egacies by >ni$ersa+ ;it+e (1010 to 1013)
Section 8I - Of S7ecific 3egacies (1014 to 1024)
Section 8II - Of ;esta#entary 2:ecutors (102% to 1034)
Section 8III - Of the -e$ocation of <i++s an' of their 3a7se (103% to 1047)

Cha.ter VI , Of Dis.ositions Allo7e5 in a2o4r of &ran5chil5ren of a Donor or Testator or of Chil5renof his
#rothers an5 %isters ((8=: to (8+=)
Cha.ter VII , Of Partitions Ma5e 90 Ascen5ants ((8+3 to (8:8)

Section I - Of Partitions &a'e by 1ifts (107. to 1078-3)
Section II - Of Partitions &a'e by <i++s (107! an' 1080)

Cha.ter VIII , Of &ifts Ma5e 90 Ante,n4.tial Agree1ent to %.o4ses an5 to Chil5ren to 9e #orn of the
Marriage ((8:( to (868)

Cha.ter IA , Of Dis.ositions 9et7een %.o4ses$ either 90 Ante,n4.tial Agree1ent or 54ring Marriage ((86(
to ((88)

TITLE III
O CONTRACT% AND O CONVENTIONAL O#LI&ATION% IN &ENERAL (1101 to 13.!)

Cha.ter I , Preli1inar0 Pro2isions (((8( to ((8+)
Cha.ter II , Of the Essential Re;4isites for the Vali5it0 of Agree1ents (((8: to ((<<)

Section I - Of "onsent (110! to 1122)
Section II - Of the "a7acity of "ontracting Parties (1123 to 112%-1)
Section III - Of the ObCect an' SubCect &atter Of "ontracts (112. to 1130)
Section I8 - Of Cause (1131 to 1133)

Cha.ter III , Of the Effect of O9ligations (((<= to (()+)

Section I - 1enera+ Pro$isions (1134 an' 113%)
Section II - Of the Ob+igation to ;ransfer (113. to 1141)
.
Section III - Of the Ob+igation to 0o or not to 0o (1142 to 114%)
Section I8 - Of 0a#ages -esu+ting fro# the *on-Perfor#ance of an Ob+igation (114. to 11%%)
Section 8 - Of the Inter7retation of (gree#ents (11%. to 11.4)
Section 8I -Of the 2ffect of (gree#ents 6ith -es7ect to ;hir' Parties (11.% to 11.7)

Cha.ter IV , Of the Vario4s *in5s of O9ligations (((): to (-<<)

Section I - Of "on'itiona+ Ob+igations (11.8 to 1184)
, 1 - Of "on'ition in 1enera+ an' of its 8arious 9in's (11.8 to 1180)
, 2 - Of "on'ition Prece'ent (1181 an' 1182)
, 3 - Of "on'ition Subse)uent (1183 an' 1184)
Section II - Of Ob+igations 6ith a ;er# (118% to 1188)
Section III - Of (+ternati$e Ob+igations (118! to 11!.)
Section I8 - Of 4oint an' Se$era+ Ob+igations (11!7 to 121.)
, 1 - Of 4oint an' Se$era+ "re'itors (11!7 to 11!!)
, 2 - Of 4oint an' Se$era+ 0ebtors (1200 to 121.)
Section 8 - Of 0i$isib+e an' In'i$isib+e Ob+igations (1217 to 122%)
, 1 - Of the 2ffects of 0i$isib+e Ob+igations (1220 an' 1221)
, 2 - Of the 2ffects of In'i$isib+e Ob+igations (1222 to 122%)
Section 8I - Of Ob+igations 6ith Pena+ty "+auses (122. to 1233)

Cha.ter V , Of the ECting4ish1ent of O9ligations ((-<= to (<(=)

Section I - Of Pay#ent (123% to 1271)
, 1 - Of Pay#ent in 1enera+ (123% to 1248)
, 2 - Of Pay#ent 6ith Subrogation (124! to 12%2)
, 3 - Of (77ro7riation of Pay#ents (12%3 to 12%.)
, 4 - Of ;en'ers of Pay#ent an' of 0e7osit (12%7 to 12.4)
Section II - Of *o$ation (1271 to 1281)
Section III - Of -e#ission of 0ebt (1282 to 1288)
Section I8 - Of Set-Off (128! to 12!!)
Section 8 - Of &erger (1300 an' 1301)
Section 8I - Of the 3oss of a ;hing 0ue (1302 an' 1303)
Section 8II - Of the (ction for (nnu+#ent or -escission of (gree#ents (1304 to 1314)

Cha.ter VI , Of the Proof of O9ligations an5 of Pa01ent ((<(3 to (<)6)

Section I - Of 0ocu#entary 2$i'ence (131. to 1340)
, 1 - 1enera+ Pro$isions (131. to 131.-4)
, 2 - Of (uthentic Instru#ents (1317 to 1321)
, 3 - Of Instru#ents un'er Pri$ate Signature (1322 to 1332)
, 4 - Of ;a++ies (1333)
, % - Of "o7ies of Instru#ents (1334 to 133.)
, . - Of Instru#ents of -ecognition an' of "onfir#ation (1337 to 1340)
Section II - Of Ora+ 2$i'ence (1341 to 1348)
Section III - Of Presu#7tions (134! to 13%3)
, 1 - Of Presu#7tions 2stab+ishe' by Statute (13%0 to 13%2)
, 2 D Of Presu#7tions <hich are not 2stab+ishe' by Statute (13%3)
Section I8 - Of ('#issions of a Party (13%4 to 13%.)
Section 8 Of Oaths (13%7 to 13.!)
, 1 - Of 0ecisi$e Oaths (13%8 to 13.%)
, 2 - Of Oaths ;en'ere' by a 4u'ge of his O6n &otion (13.. to 13.!)

TITLE IV
O "NDERTA*IN&% ORMED >IT!O"T AN A&REEMENT ((<+8 to (<:))

Cha.ter I , Of ?4asi,Contracts ((<+( to (<:()
Cha.ter II , Of Intentional an5 "nintentional >rongs DOf TortsE ((<:- to (<:))

TITLE IV bis
O LIA#ILITY OR DEECTIVE PROD"CT% ((<:),( to (<:),(:)


TITLE V
O ANTE,N"PTIAL A&REEMENT% AND O MATRIMONIAL RE&IME% ((<:+ to(3:()

Cha.ter I , &eneral Pro2isions ((<:+ to (<66)
7
Cha.ter II , Of the Regi1e of Co114nit0 of Pro.ert0 ((=88 to (3<3)

Part I - Of the Statutory Community of Property (1400 to 14!.)

Section I - Of <hat a "o##unity is "o#7ose' as to (ssets an' 3iabi+ities (1404 to 1420)
, 1 - Of the (ssets of the "o##unity (1401 to 1408)
, 2 - Of the 3iabi+ities of the "o##unity (140! to 1420)
Section II - Of ('#inistration of the "o##unity an' of the Se7arate Pro7erty (1421 to 1440)
Section III - Of the 0isso+ution of the "o##unity (1441 to 14!7)
, 1 - Of the "auses for 0isso+ution an' of Se7aration of Pro7erty (1441 to 14..)
, 2 - Of 3i)ui'ation an' Partition of the "o##unity (14.7 to 1481)
, 3 - Of Ob+igation an' of "ontribution to 3iabi+ities after 0isso+ution (1482 to 14!.)

Part II - Of Conentiona! Community (14!7 to 1%2.)

Section I - Of the "o##unity of &o$ab+es an' (c)uisitions (14!8 to 1%02)
Section II - Of the "+ause of 4oint ('#inistration (1%0% to 1%10)
Section III - Of the "+ause of (77ro7riation on "on'ition of In'e#nity (1%11 to 1%14)
Section I8 - Of the (77ro7riation "+ause (1%1% to 1%1!)
Section 8 - Of the Sti7u+ation of >ne)ua+ Shares (1%20 to 1%2%)
Section 8I - Of >ni$ersa+ "o##unity (1%2.)

Proisions Common to the "#o Parts of Chapter II (1%27)

Cha.ter III , Of the Regi1e of %e.arate Pro.ert0 ((3<) to (3):)
Cha.ter IV , Of the Regi1e of %e.aration in Ac;4isitions ((3)6 to (3:()


TITLE VI
O %ALE% (1%82 to 1701)

Cha.ter I , Of the Nat4re an5 or1 of %ale ((3:- to (36<)
Cha.ter II , Of Those >ho Ma0 #40 an5 %ell ((36= to (36+)
Cha.ter III , Of Things >hich Ma0 9e %ol5 ((36: to ()8()
Cha.ter III,( , Of the %ales of #4il5ings to 9e Erecte5 (()8(,( to ()8(,=)
Cha.ter IV , Of the O9ligations of the %eller (()8- to ()=6)

Section I D 1enera+ Pro$isions
Section II - Of 0e+i$ery / (1.04 to 1.24)
Section III - Of <arranty (1.2% to 1.4!)
, 1 - Of <arranty against 0is7ossession (1.2. to 1.40)
, 2 - Of <arranty against the 0efects of the ;hing So+' (1.41 to 1.4!)

Cha.ter V , Of the O9ligations of the #40er (()38 to ()3+)
Cha.ter VI , Of A2oi5ance an5 Rescission of %ales (()3: to ():3)

Section I - Of Po6er of -e'e#7tion (1.%! to 1.73)
Section II - Of -escission of Sa+es because of 3oss (1.74 to 1.8%)

Cha.ter VII , Of A4ction (():) to ()::)
Cha.ter VIII , Of Assign1ent of Clai1s an5 Other Incor.oreal Rights (():6 to (+8()


TITLE VII
O EAC!AN&E% (1702 to 1707)


TITLE VIII
O !IRIN& (1708 to 1831)

Cha.ter I , &eneral Pro2isions ((+8: to (+(-)
Cha.ter II , Of the Rental of Things ((+(< to (++:)

Section I - Of -u+es "o##on to 3eases of @ouses an' of -ura+ Pro7erty (1714 to 17%1)
Section II - Of S7ecia+ -u+es for 3eases of @ouses (17%2 to 17.2)
Section III - Of S7ecia+ -u+es for (gricu+tura+ 3eases (17.3 to 1778)

8
Cha.ter III , Of the !iring of In54str0 an5 %er2ices ((++6 to (+66,()

Section I - Of the @iring of Ser$ants an' <or5ers (1780 an' 1781)
Section II - Of "arriers by 3an' an' <ater (1782 to 178.)
Section III - Of 2sti#ates an' of <or5s (1787 to 17!!-1)

Cha.ter IV , Of Leases of Li2estock B (:88 to (:<(

Section I - 1enera+ Pro$isions (1800 to 1803)
Section II - Of Or'inary 3eases of 3i$estoc5 (1804 to 1817)
Section III - Of 3eases of 3i$estoc5 by @a+$es (1818 to 1820)
Section I8 - Of 3eases of 3i$estoc5 1rante' by an O6ner to his Far#er or Sharecro77er (1821 to 1830)
, 1 - Of 3i$estoc5 3ease' to a Far#er (1821 to 182.)
, 2 - Of 3i$estoc5 3ease' to a Sharecro77er (1827 to 1830)
Section 8 - Of the "ontract I#7ro7er+y *a#e' 3ease of 3i$estoc5 (1831)


TITLE VIII bis
O T!E CONTRACT O REAL E%TATE PROMOTION (1831-1 to 1831-%)


TITLE IA
O IRM% AND COMPANIE% (1832 to 1873)

Cha.ter I , &eneral Pro2isions ((:<- to (:==,(+)
Cha.ter II , Of Partnershi. for Non,Co11ercial P4r.oses ((:=3 to (:+8,()

Section I - 1enera+ Pro$isions (184% an' 184%-1)
Section II - Of &anage#ent (184. to 18%1)
Section III - Of "o++ecti$e -eso+utions (18%2 to 18%4)
Section I8 - Of *otice to Partners (18%% an' 18%.)
Section 8 - Of the 3iabi+ity of Partners 6ith regar' to ;hir' Parties (18%7 to 18.0)
Section 8I - Of the ;ransfer of Shares of the "a7ita+ (18.1 to 18.8)
Section 8II - Of the <ith'ra6a+ or 0eath of a Partner (18.! to 1870-1)

Cha.ter III F Of "n5isclose5 Partnershi. ((:+( to (:+<)


TITLE IA bis
O A&REEMENT% RELATIN& TO T!E EAERCI%E O "NDIVIDED RI&!T% (1873-1 to 1873-18)

Cha.ter I , Of Agree1ents relating to the ECercise of "n5i2i5e5 Rights in the A9sence of a "s4fr4ct4ar0
((:+<,- to (:+<,(3)
Cha.ter II , Of Agree1ents relating to the ECercise of "n5i2i5e5 Rights in the Presence of a "s4fr4ct4ar0
((:+<,() to (:+<,(:)


TITLE A
O LOAN% (1874 to 1!14)

Cha.ter I , Of Loans for "se or Co11o5ates ((:+3 to (:6()

Section I - Of the *ature of a 3oan for >se (187% to 187!)
Section II - Of the >n'erta5ings of the orro6er (1880 to 1887)
Section III - Of the >n'erta5ings of One <ho 3en's for >se (1888 to 18!1)

Cha.ter II , Of Loans for Cons41.tion or %i1.le Loans ((:6- to (68=)

Section I - Of the *ature of the 3oan for "onsu#7tion (18!2 to 18!7)
Section II - Of the Ob+igations of the 3en'er (18!8 to 1!01)
Section III - Of the >n'erta5ings of the orro6er (1!02 to 1!04)

Cha.ter III , Of Loans at Interest ((683 to (6(=)


TITLE AI
O DEPO%IT% AND O %E?"E%TRATION% (1!1% to 1!.3)
!

Cha.ter I , Of De.osit in &eneral an5 of its Different *in5s ((6(3 an5 (6())
Cha.ter II , Of Act4al De.osits ((6(+ to (63=)

Section I - Of the *ature an' 2ssence of the "ontract of 0e7osit (1!17 to 1!20)
Section II - Of 8o+untary 0e7osits (1!21 to 1!2.)
Section III - Of the Ob+igations of a 0e7ositary (1!27 to 1!4.)
Section I8 - Of the Ob+igations of the Person by <ho# a 0e7osit 6as &a'e (1!47 an' 1!48)
Section 8 - Of *ecessary 0e7osits (1!4! to 1!%4)

Cha.ter III , Of %e;4estrations ((633 to (6)<)

Section I - Of the 8arious 9in's of Se)uestration (1!%%)
Section II - Of "on$entiona+ Se)uestration (1!%. to 1!.0)
Section III - Of 4u'icia+ Se)uestration or 0e7osit (1!.1 to 1!.3)


TITLE AII
O ALEATORY CONTRACT% (1!.4 to 1!83)

Cha.ter I , Of &a1ing an5 #etting ((6)3 to (6)+)
Cha.ter II , Of Contract for Life Ann4it0 ((6): to (6:<)

Section I - Of the -e)uisites for the 8a+i'ity of the "ontract (1!.8 to 1!7.)
Section II - Of the 2ffects of the "ontract bet6een the "ontracting Parties (1!77 to 1!83)


TITLE AIII
O A&ENCY (1!84 to 2010)

Cha.ter I , Of the Nat4re an5 or1 of Agenc0 ((6:= to (668)
Cha.ter II , Of the O9ligations of the Agent ((66( to (66+)
Cha.ter III , Of the O9ligations of the Princi.al ((66: to -88-)
Cha.ter IV , Of the Different >a0s in >hich an Agenc0 Co1es to an En5 (-88< to -8(8)


TITLE AIV
O %"RETY%!IP (2011 to 2043)

Cha.ter I , Of the Nat4re an5 ECtent of %4ret0shi. (-8(( to -8-8)
Cha.ter II , Of the Effects of %4ret0shi. (-8-( to -8<<)

Section I - Of the 2ffects of Suretyshi7 bet6een the "re'itor an' the Surety (2021 to 2027)
Section II - Of the 2ffects of Suretyshi7 bet6een the 0ebtor an' the Surety (2028 to 2032)
Section III - Of the 2ffects of Suretyshi7 bet6een "o-Sureties (2033)

Cha.ter III , Of the ECting4ish1ent of %4ret0shi. (-8<= to -8<6)
Cha.ter IV , Of %tat4tor0 an5 @45icial %4reties (-8=8 to -8=<)


TITLE AV
O COMPROMI%E% (2044 to 20%8)


TITLE AVI
O AR#ITRATION A&REEMENT% (20%! to 2070)


TITLE AVII
O PLED&E% (2071 to 20!1)

Cha.ter I F Of Pa7ns (-8+< to -8:=)
Cha.ter II , Of Ple5ges of I11o2a9les (-8:3 to -86()


TITLE AVIII
O PRIOR C!AR&E% AND MORT&A&E% (20!2 to 2203-1)
10

Cha.ter I , &eneral Pro2isions (-86- to -86=)
Cha.ter II , Of Prior Charges (-863 to -((<)

Section I - Of Prior "harges o$er &o$ab+es (2100 to 2102)
, 1 - Of 1enera+ Prior "harges o$er &o$ab+es (2101)
, 2 - Of Prior "harges o$er Particu+ar &o$ab+es (2102)
Section II - Of S7ecia+ Prior "harges o$er I##o$ab+es (2103)
Section III - Of 1enera+ Prior "harges o$er I##o$ab+es (2104 an' 210%)
Section I8 - @o6 Prior "harges are Preser$e' (210. to 2113)

Cha.ter III , Of Mortgages (-((= to -(=3)

Section I - Of Statutory &ortgages (2121 to 2122)
Section II - Of 4u'icia+ &ortgages (2123)
Section III - Of "on$entiona+ &ortgages (2124 to 2133)
Section I8 - Of the -an5 of &ortgages 6ith -es7ect to 2ach Other (2134)
Section 8 - Of Particu+ar -u+es for the Statutory &ortgage of S7ouses (213% to 2142)
Section 8I - Of Particu+ar -u+es for the Statutory &ortgage of Persons in 1uar'ianshi7 (2143 to 214%)

Cha.ter IV , Of the Mo5e of Registration of Prior Charges an5 Mortgages (-(=) to -(3))
Cha.ter V , Of the Cancellation an5 Re54ction of Registrations (-(3+ to -()3)

Section I - 1enera+ Pro$isions (21%7 to 21.2)
Section II - Particu+ar Pro$isions re+ating to &ortgages of S7ouses an' of Persons in 1uar'ianshi7 (21.3 to
21.%)

Cha.ter VI , Of the Effect of .rior Charges an5 Mortgages against Thir5 Parties in Possession (-()) to
-(+6)
Cha.ter VII , Of the ECting4ish1ent of Prior Charges an5 Mortgages (-(:8)
Cha.ter VIII , Of the Mo5e of Re5ee1ing Pro.ert0 fro1 Prior Charges an5 Mortgages (-(:( to -(6-)
Cha.ter IA , Drepealed by implicationE (-(6< to -(63)
Cha.ter A , Of the P49lic Ins.ection of Registers an5 of the Lia9ilit0 of Registrars (-(6) to --8<,()


TITLE AIA
O ORCED %ALE% AND O RAN*IN& AMON& CREDITOR% (2204 to 2218)

Cha.ter I , Of orce5 %ales (--8= to --(+)
Cha.ter II , Of the Ranking of Cre5itors an5 of the Di2ision of the Procee5s 9et7een The1 (--(:)


TITLE AA
O PRE%CRIPTION AND O PO%%E%%ION (221! to 2283)

Cha.ter I , &eneral Pro2isions (--(6 to ---+)
Cha.ter II , Of Possession (---: to --<3)
Cha.ter III , Of the Ca4ses >hich Pre2ent Prescri.tion (--<) to --=()
Cha.ter IV , Of the Ca4ses >hich Interr4.t or %4s.en5 the R4nning of Prescri.tion (--=- to --36)
Section I - Of the "auses <hich Interru7t Prescri7tion (2242 to 22%0)
Section II - Of the "auses <hich Sus7en' the -unning of Prescri7tion (22%1 to 22%!)

Cha.ter V , Of the Ti1e Re;4ire5 to Prescri9e (--)8 to --:()

Section I - 1enera+ Pro$isions (22.0 an' 22.1)
Section II - Of ;hirty-Eear Prescri7tion (22.2 to 22.4)
Section III - Of ;en- an' ;6enty-Eear Prescri7tion (22.% to 2270-1)
Section I8 - Of So#e Particu+ar Prescri7tions (2271 to 2281)

Cha.ter VI , Of the Mo5e of Protecting Possession (--:- an5 --:<)
11
CIVIL CODE O RANCE
PRELIMINARY TITLE O T!E P"#LICATION$ OPERATION AND
APPLICATION O %TAT"TE% IN &ENERAL
Art' (

Statutes beco#e in force throughout the French territory by $irtue of their being 7ro#u+gate' by
the Presi'ent of the -e7ub+ic FConstitution of 4 O$t. 1%&'( art. 10GH
;hey sha++ be enforce' in e$ery 7art of the -e7ub+ic fro# the #o#ent their 7ro#u+gation can be
5no6nH
;he 7ro#u+gation #a'e by the Presi'ent of the -e7ub+ic sha++ be 'ee#e' 5no6n in the
d)partement 6here the 1o$ern#ent is sitting one 'ay after the 'ay of 7ro#u+gationI an' in a++ the other
d)partementsB after the e:7iry of the sa#e 7erio'B increase' by one 'ay 7er ten #yria#eters (about
t6enty ancient +eagues) bet6een the city 6here the 7ro#u+gation is #a'e an' the chief to6n of each
d)partement
1
.

1
Sha++ continue in force unti+ 31 &ay 2004
Art' ( (Ord. n 2004-164 of 20 Feb. 2004
1
)', Statutes an'B 6hen they are 7ub+ishe' in
the *ourna! Offi$ie! de !a +)pub!i,ue Fran-aiseB a'#inistrati$e acts sha++ co#e into
force on the 'ate s7ecifie' in the# orB in the absence thereofB on the 'ay after their
7ub+icationH @o6e$erB the co##ence#ent of those of their 7ro$isions 6hose
enforce#ent re)uires i#7+e#enting #easures sha++ be 7ost7one' to the 'ate of
co##ence#ent of sai' #easuresH
In case of e#ergencyB statutes 6hose 'ecree of 7ro#u+gation so 7rescribes an'
a'#inistrati$e acts as to 6hich the 1o$ern#ent so or'ers by a s7ecia+ 7ro$ision sha++
co#e into force as soon as they are 7ub+ishe'H
;he 7ro$isions of this (rtic+e sha++ not a77+y to acts of in'i$i'ua+ a77+icationH

1
Sha++ co#e into force on 1 4une 2004
(rtH -
3egis+ation 7ro$i'es on+y for the futureI it has no retros7ecti$e o7erationH

(rtH <
Statutes re+ating to 7ub+ic 7o+icy an' safety are bin'ing on a++ those +i$ing on the territoryH
I##o$ab+es are go$erne' by French +a6 e$en 6hen o6ne' by a+iensH
Statutes re+ating to the status an' ca7acity of 7ersons go$ern French 7ersonsB e$en those resi'ing
in foreign countriesH

(rtH =
( Cu'ge 6ho refuses to gi$e Cu'g#ent on the 7rete:t of +egis+ation being si+entB obscure or
insufficientB #ay be 7rosecute' for being gui+ty of a 'enia+ of CusticeH

(rtH 3
4u'ges are forbi''en to 'eci'e cases sub#itte' to the# by 6ay of genera+ an' regu+atory
7ro$isions H

(rtH )
Statutes re+ating to 7ub+ic 7o+icy an' #ora+s #ay not be 'erogate' fro# by 7ri$ate agree#ents H

#OO* ONE O PER%ON%

TITLE ONE O CIVIL RI&!T%
12

"@(P;2- I - OF 2*4OE&2*; OF "I8I3 -I1@;S

(rtH +
(($t of 26 *une 1''%)

;he e:ercise of ci$i+ rights is unre+ate' to the e:ercise of 7o+itica+ rights 6hich are ac)uire' an'
5e7t in accor'ance 6ith constitutiona+ an' e+ectora+ statutesH

(rtH :
(($t of 26 *une 1''%)

2$ery French 7erson enCoys ci$i+ rightsH

(rtH 6
(($t n .0-64/ of 1. *u!y 1%.0)

2$eryone has the right to res7ect for his 7ri$ate +ifeH
<ithout 7reCu'ice to co#7ensation for inCury suffere'B the court #ay 7rescribe any #easuresB
such as se)uestrationB sei=ure an' othersB a77ro7riate to 7re$ent or 7ut an en' to an in$asion of 7ersona+
7ri$acyI in case of e#ergency those #easures #ay be 7ro$i'e' for by interi# or'erH
(rtH 6,(
(($t n %/-2 of 4 *an. 1%%/)

2$eryone has the right to res7ect of the 7resu#7tion of innocenceH
(0$t n 2000-&16 of 1& *une 2000) <hereB before any sentenceB a 7erson is 7ub+ic+y sho6n as
being gui+ty of facts un'er in)uiries or 7re+i#inary in$estigationB the courtB e$en by interi# or'er an'
6ithout 7reCu'ice to co#7ensation for inCury suffere'B #ay 7rescribe any #easuresB such as the insertion
of a rectification or the circu+ation of a co##uni)uJB in or'er to 7ut an en' to the infringe#ent of the
7resu#7tion of innocenceB at the e:7enses of the natura+ or Curi'ica+ 7erson +iab+e for that infringe#entH

(rtH (8
(($t n .2-626 of & *u!y 1%.2)

2$eryone is boun' to co++aborate 6ith the court so that truth #ay co#e outH
@e 6hoB 6ithout +egiti#ate reasonB e+u'es that ob+igation 6hen it has been +ega++y 7rescribe' to
hi#B #ay be co#7e++e' to co#7+y 6ith itB if nee' be on 7ain of 7erio'ic 7ena+ty 7ay#ent or of a ci$i+
fineB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to 'a#agesH

(rtH ((
(n a+ien enCoys in France the sa#e ci$i+ rights as those that are or 6i++ be grante' to French
7ersons by the treaties of the nation to 6hich that a+ien be+ongsH

(rtH (- an5 (< Frepea!edG

0rt. (=
(n a+ienB e$en if not resi'ing in FranceB #ay be cite' before French courts for the 7erfor#ance
of ob+igations contracte' by hi# in France 6ith a French 7ersonI he #ay be ca++e' before the courts of
France for ob+igations contracte' by hi# in a foreign country to6ar's French 7ersonsH

Art' (3
French 7ersons #ay be ca++e' before a court of France for ob+igations contracte' by the# in a
foreign countryB e$en 6ith an a+ienH

"@(P;2- II D ;@2 OF -2SP2"; OF ;@2 @>&(* O0E
(0$t n %4-6&/ of 2% *u!y 1%%4)

(rtH ()
3egis+ation ensures the 7ri#acy of the 7ersonB 7rohibits any infringe#ent of the +atter?s 'ignity
an' safeguar's the res7ect of the hu#an being fro# the outset of +ifeH

13
(rtH (),(
2$eryone has the right to res7ect for his bo'yH
;he hu#an bo'y is in$io+ab+eH
;he hu#an bo'yB its e+e#ents an' its 7ro'ucts #ay not for# the subCect of a 7atri#onia+ rightH

(rtH (),-
;he court #ay 7rescribe any #easures a77ro7riate to 7re$ent or 7ut an en' to an un+a6fu+
in$asion of the hu#an bo'y or to un+a6fu+ 'ea+ings re+ating to its e+e#ents or 7ro'uctsH

(rtH (),<
;here sha++ be no in$asion of the integrity of the hu#an bo'y e:ce7t in case of K#e'ica+K ( 0$t n
%%-641 of 2. *u!y 1%%%) necessity for the 7ersonH
;he consent of the 7erson concerne' #ust be obtaine' 7re$ious+y e:ce7t 6hen his state
necessitates a thera7eutic inter$ention to 6hich he is not ab+e to assentH

(rtH (),=
*obo'y #ay in$a'e the integrity of #an5in'H
(ny eugenic 7ractice 6hich ai#s at organi=ing the se+ection of 7ersons is forbi''enH
<ithout 7reCu'ice to researches ai#ing at 7re$enting an' treating genetic 'iseasesB there #ay be
no a+teration of the genetic characters 6ith a $ie6 to changing the 'escent of a 7ersonH

(rtH (),3
(gree#ents that ha$e the effect of besto6ing a 7atri#onia+ $a+ue to the hu#an bo'yB its e+e#ents
or 7ro'ucts are $oi'H

(rtH (),)
*o re#uneration #ay be grante' to a 7erson 6ho consents to an e:7eri#entation on hi#se+fB to
the ta5ing of e+e#ents off his bo'y or to the co++ection of 7ro'ucts thereofH

(rtH (),+
(++ agree#ents re+ating to 7rocreation or gestation on account of a thir' 7arty are $oi'H

(rtH (),:
*o infor#ation enab+ing the i'entification of both the 7erson that 'onates an e+e#ent or a
7ro'uct of his bo'y an' the 7erson that recei$es it #ay be 'isc+ose'H ;he 'onor #ay not be ac)uainte'
6ith the i'entity of the recei$er an' the recei$er #ay not be ac)uainte' 6ith that of the 'onorH
In case of thera7eutic necessityB on+y the 7hysicians of the 'onor an' recei$er #ay ha$e access to
the infor#ation enab+ing the i'entification of the t6o 7ersons concerne'H

(rtH (),6
;he 7ro$isions in this cha7ter are #an'atoryH


"@(P;2- III - OF ;@2 12*2;I" S;>0E OF ;@2 P(-;I">3(-S OF ( P2-SO* (*0 OF ;@2
I02*;IFI"(;IO* OF ( P2-SO* O<I*1 ;O @IS 12*2;I" P-I*;S
(0$t n %4-6&/ of 2% *u!y 1%%4)

(rtH (),(8
( genetic stu'y of the 7articu+ars of a 7erson #ay be un'erta5en on+y for #e'ica+ 7ur7oses or in
the interest of scientific research H
;he consent of the 7erson #ust be obtaine' before the carrying out of the stu'yH

(rtH (),((
;he i'entification of a 7erson o6ing to his genetic 7rints #ay on+y be searche' for 6ithin the
fra#e6or5 of in)uiries or in$estigations 7en'ing Cu'icia+ 7rocee'ings or for #e'ica+ 7ur7oses or in the
interest of scientific research H
In ci$i+ #attersB that i'entification #ay be sought on+y in i#7+e#entation of 7roof 7rocee'ings
'irecte' by the court sei=e' of an action ai#ing either at estab+ishing or at contesting a 7arenta+ bon'B or
for getting or 'iscontinuing subsi'iesH ;he consent of the 7erson #ust be obtaine' 7re$ious+y an'
e:7ress+yH
14
<here the i'entification is #a'e for #e'ica+ 7ur7oses or in the interest of scientific researchB the
consent of the 7erson #ust be obtaine' 7re$ious+yH
(rtH (),(-
On+y 7ersons 6ho# ha$e been authori=e' in such a 6ay as 7rescribe' by a 'ecree in Consei!
d12tat are entit+e' to un'erta5e i'entifications o6ing to genetic 7rintsH In the fra#e6or5 of Cu'icia+
7rocee'ingsB those 7ersons #ust besi'es be registere' in a +ist of Cu'icia+ e:7ertsH

(rtH (),(<
(0$t n 2002-/0/ of 4 3ar$h 2002)', *o one #ay be 'iscri#inate' against on the basis of his genetic
featuresH

TITLE ONE bis
O RENC! NATIONALITY
(0$t n %/-// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)

"@(P;2- I - 12*2-(3 P-O8ISIO*S

(rtH (+
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
French nationa+ity is grante'B ac)uire' or +ost accor'ing to the 7ro$isions +ai' 'o6n in this ;it+eB
subCect to any treaties an' other internationa+ co##it#ents of France 6hich #ay a77+yH

(rtH (+,(
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
*e6 statutes re+ate' to the granting of nationa+ity by birth sha++ a77+y to 7ersons 6ho are #inors
at the ti#e of their entry into forceB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the $este' rights of thir' 7arties an' 6ithout
their being a++o6e' to cha++enge the $a+i'ity of transactions 7re$ious+y conc+u'e' on groun' of
nationa+ityH
;he 7ro$isions of the 7rece'ing 7aragra7h sha++ a77+y for 7ur7oses of inter7retation to the
statutes re+ate' to nationa+ity by birth that ha$e co#e into force after the 7ro#u+gation of ;it+e I of this
"o'eH

(rtH (+,-
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
(c)uisition an' +oss of French nationa+ity are go$erne' by the +a6 that is in force at the ti#e of
the act or fact to 6hich +egis+ation attributes those effectsH
;he 7ro$isions of the 7rece'ing 7aragra7h sha++ go$ern for 7ur7oses of inter7retation the
co##ence#ent of the *ationa+ity (cts that 6ere in force before 1! October 1!4%H

(rtH (+,<
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
(77+ications in $ie6 to ac)uiringB +osing French nationa+ity or being reinstate' in that
nationa+ityB as 6e++ as 'ec+arations of nationa+ityB #ayB in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for by +a6B be #a'e 6ithout
authori=ation fro# the age of si:teenH
( #inor un'er si:teen #ust be re7resente' by the 7erson or 7ersons 6ho e:ercise 7arenta+
authority o$er hi#H
(0$t n %&-12& of ' Feb. 1%%&) ( #inor bet6een si:teen an' eighteen 6ho is 7re$ente' fro#
e:7ressing his intention by an i#7airing of his #enta+ or bo'i+y facu+ties #ust be +i5e6ise re7resente'H
;he i#7e'i#ent sha++ be estab+ishe' by the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s of his o6n #otionB on a77+ication of
a #e#ber of the fa#i+y of the #inor or of the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s officeB u7on 7resentation of a
certificate issue' by a s7ecia+ist se+ecte' on a +ist 'ra6n out by the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorH
(0$t n %&-12& of ' Feb. 1%%&) <here the #inor #entione' in the 7rece'ing 7aragra7h is 7+ace'
un'er guar'ianshi7B he is re7resente' by the guar'ian authori=e' to this en' by the fa#i+y counci+ H

(rtH (+,=
(0$t n 200/-111% of 26 4o. 200/)', Fa++ing 6ithin the ter#s of this ;it+eB the 7hrase Kin
Fran$e5 #eans the #etro7o+itan territoryB o$erseas d)partements an' territories as 6e++ as
*e6 "a+e'onia an' the French Southern an' (ntartic 3an'sH
(rtH (+,3
1%
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)

In this ;it+eB #aCority an' #inority sha++ be un'erstoo' accor'ing to the #eaning they ha$e in
French +a6H

(rtH (+,)
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
In or'er to 'eter#ine the French territory at any ti#eB account sha++ be ta5en of #o'ifications
resu+ting fro# enact#ents of the French 1o$ern#ent un'er the "onstitution an' statutesB as 6e++ as
un'er internationa+ treaties 7re$ious+y conc+u'e'H

(rtH (+,+
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
In the absence of con$entiona+ sti7u+ationsB the effects u7on French nationa+ity of anne:ations
an' cessions of territories are go$erne' by the fo++o6ing 7ro$isionsH

(rtH (+,:
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
*ationa+s of the ce'ing State 'o#ici+e' in the anne:e' territories on the 'ay of the transfer of
so$ereignty ac)uire French nationa+ityB un+ess they actua++y estab+ish their 'o#ici+es outsi'e those
territoriesH >n'er the sa#e reser$ationB French nationa+s 'o#ici+e' in the ce'e' territories on the 'ay of
the transfer of so$ereignty +ose that nationa+ityH

(rtH (+,6
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
;he effects u7on French nationa+ity of the accession to in'e7en'ence of for#er o$erseas
d)partements or territories of the -e7ub+ic are 'eter#ine' in "ha7ter 8II of this ;it+eH

(rtH (+,(8
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 17-8 sha++ a77+y for 7ur7oses of inter7retation to changes of nationa+ity
fo++o6ing u7on anne:ations an' cessions of territories resu+ting fro# treaties conc+u'e' before 1!
October 1!4%H
@o6e$erB a+iens 6ho ha' their 'o#ici+es in territories retroce'e' by France un'er the ;reaty of
Paris of 30 &ay 1814 an' 6ho transferre' their 'o#ici+es in France +ater than this ;reatyB 6ere not
a++o6e' to ac)uire French nationa+ity on this groun' un+ess they co#7+ie' 6ith the 7ro$isions of the (ct
of 14 October 1814H French 7ersons 6ho 6ere born outsi'e the retroce'e' territories an' ha$e 5e7t their
'o#ici+es on those territories ha$e not +ost French nationa+ity un'er the ter#s of the afore#entione'
;reatyH

(rtH (+,((
(Or'H n 4&-2441 of 1% O$t. 1%4&)
Pro$i'e' that there is no infringe#ent of the inter7retation gi$en to for#er agree#entsB a change
of nationa+ity #ay notB in any caseB fo++o6 fro# an internationa+ con$entionB un+ess the con$ention so
7ro$i'es e:7ress+yH

(rtH (+,(-
(0$t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
<hereB un'er the ter#s of an internationa+ con$entionB a change of nationa+ity is subCect to the
7erfor#ing of an act of o7tionB that act sha++ be 'eter#ine' as to its for# by the +a6 of the contracting
country in 6hich it is 7erfor#e'H


"@(P;2- II - OF F-2*"@ *(;IO*(3I;E E I-;@

Se$tion I - Of Fren$h Persons by Parenta6e

0rt. (:
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
Is French a chi+'B +egiti#ate or i++egiti#ateB of 6ho# at +east one 7arent is FrenchH

1.
(rtH (:,(
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
If ho6e$er on+y one of the 7arents is FrenchB the chi+' 6ho 6as not born in France has the 7o6er
to re7u'iate the status of French 6ithin si: #onths 7rece'ing an' t6e+$e #onths fo++o6ing his #aCorityH
(0$t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./) ;hat 7o6er is +ost if the a+ien or state+ess 7arent ac)uires French
nationa+ity 'uring the #inority of the chi+'H

Se$tion II - Of Fren$h Persons by 7irth in Fran$e

0rt. (6
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
Is French a chi+' born in France of un5no6n 7arentsH
@e sha++ ho6e$er be 'ee#e' to ha$e ne$er been French ifB 'uring his #inorityB his 7arentage is
estab+ishe' as regar's an a+ien an' ifB un'er the nationa+ +a6 of his 7arentB he has the nationa+ity of the
+atterH

(rtH (6,(
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
Is French/
1L ( chi+' born in France of state+ess 7arentsI
2L ( chi+' born in France of a+ien 7arents an' to 6ho# the trans#ission of the nationa+ity of
either 7arent is not by any #eans a++o6e' by foreign *ationa+ity (ctsH(0$t n 200/-111% of 26 4o.
200/)H
(0$t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%') @e sha++ ho6e$er be 'ee#e' to ha$e ne$er been French ifB
'uring his #inorityB the foreign nationa+ity ac)uire' or 7ossesse' by one of his 7arents ha77ens to 7ass
to hi#H

(rtH (6,-
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
Sha++ be 7resu#e' born in France a chi+' 6hose recor' of birth 6as 'ra6n u7 in accor'ance 6ith
(rtic+e %8 of this "o'eH

(rtH (6,<
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
Is French a chi+'B +egiti#ate or i++egiti#ateB born in France 6here one at +east of his 7arents 6as
hi#se+f born thereH
(rtH (6,=
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
<here ho6e$er on+y one 7arent 6as born in FranceB a chi+' 6ho is French un'er the ter#s of
(rtic+e 1!-3 has the 7o6er to re7u'iate this status 6ithin si: #onths 7rece'ing an' t6e+$e #onths
fo++o6ing his #aCorityH
;hat 7o6er is +ost 6here one of the 7arents ac)uires French nationa+ity 'uring the #inority of the
chi+'H

Se$tion III - Common Proisions

0rt. -8
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
( chi+' 6ho is French un'er this "ha7ter sha++ be 'ee#e' to ha$e been French as fro# his birthB
e$en 6here the statutory re)uire#ents for the granting of French nationa+ity 6ere fu+fi++e' on+y at a +ater
'ateH
(0$t n .6-11.% of 22 8e$. 1%.6) ;he nationa+ity of a chi+' 6ho 6as the subCect of a 7+enary
a'o7tion is 'eter#ine' accor'ing to the 'istinctions set out in (rtic+es 18 an' 18-1B 1!-1B 1!-3 an' 1!-4
abo$eH
(0$t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./) ;he estab+ishing of the status of French +ater than birth #ay not
ho6e$er affect the $a+i'ity of transactions 7re$ious+y conc+u'e' by the 7arty concerne' nor the rights
7re$ious+y ac)uire' by thir' 7arties on the groun' of the a77arent nationa+ity of the chi+'H

(rtH -8,(
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
17
;he 7arentage of a chi+' has effect on his nationa+ity on+y 6here it is estab+ishe' 'uring his
#inorityH

(rtH -8,-
(($t n %/-%%/ of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
( French 7erson 6ho has the 7o6er to re7u'iate French nationa+ity 6here this ;it+e so 7ro$i'es
#ay e:ercise that 7o6er by 6ay of a 'ec+aration uttere' in accor'ance 6ith (rtic+es 2. an' fo++o6ingH
@e #ay 'i$est hi#se+f of that 7o6er fro# the age of si:teen in the sa#e 6ayH

(rtH -8,<
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
In the circu#stances referre' to in the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB nobo'y #ay re7u'iate French
nationa+ity un+ess he 7ro$es that he has by birth the nationa+ity of a foreign countryH

(rtH -8,=
(($t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%')
( French 7erson 6ho en+ists in French forces +oses the 7o6er to re7u'iateH

(rtH -8,3
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 1!-3 an' 1!-4 sha++ not a77+y to chi+'ren born in France of 'i7+o#atic
agents or of regu+ar consu+s of foreign nationa+itiesH
(0$t n %/-%%/ of 22 *u!y 1%%/) ;hose chi+'ren ha$e ho6e$er the 7o6er to ac)uire $o+untari+y
French nationa+ity as 7ro$i'e' for Kin (rtic+e 21-11 be+o6HK ( 0$t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%')


"@(P;2- III - OF ;@2 ("A>ISI;IO* OF F-2*"@ *(;IO*(3I;E

Se$tion I - Of the 3odes of 0$,uirin6 Fren$h 4ationa!ity
, 1 - Of the (c)uisition of French *ationa+ity by -eason of Parentage

(rtH -(
(($t n ./-4 of( % *an. 1%./)
(s of rightB or'inary a'o7tion has no effect on the nationa+ity of an a'o7te' chi+'H

, 2 - Of the (c)uisition of French *ationa+ity by -eason of &arriage

(rtH -(,(
(($t n ./-4 of( % *an. 1%./)
(s of rightB #arriage has no effect on nationa+ityH

(rtH -(,-
(0$t n 200/-111% of 26 4o. 200/)
(n a+ien or state+ess 7erson 6ho #arries an' 6hose s7ouse is of French nationa+ity #ayB after
a 7erio' of t6o years fro# the #arriageB ac)uire French nationa+ity by 6ay of 'ec+aration
7ro$i'e' thatB at the ti#e of the 'ec+arationB the co##unity of +i$ing both affecti$e an'
7hysica+ has not co#e to an en' an' the French s7ouse has 5e7t his or her nationa+ityH ;he
foreign s7ouse #ust a+so 7ro$e a sufficient 5no6+e'ge of the French +anguageB accor'ing to
his or her con'itionH
;he 'uration of the co##unity of +i$ing sha++ be raise' to three years 6here the a+ienB at
the ti#e of the 'ec+arationB 'oes not 7ro$e that he has resi'e' in France uninterru7te'+y for at
+east one year fro# the #arriageH
;he 'ec+aration sha++ be #a'e as 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 2. an' fo++o6ingH
*ot6ithstan'ing the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 2.-1B it sha++ be registere' by the &inister in charge
of natura+isationsH

(rtH -(,<
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
SubCect to the 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 21-4 an' 2.-3B the 7arty concerne' ac)uires French
nationa+ity at the 'ate 6hen the 'ec+aration is uttere'H
18
(rtH -(,=
(($t n %/-%%/ of 22 *u!y 1%%/)

y a 'ecree in Consei! d12tat( the 1o$ern#ent #ayB on groun's of in'ignity or +ac5 of
assi#i+ation other than +inguistic (0$t n 200/-111% of 26 4o. 200/)B o77ose the ac)uisition of French
nationa+ity by the foreign s7ouse 6ithin a 7erio' of one year after the 'ate of the ac5no6+e'ge#ent of
recei7t 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 2.B 7aragra7h 2B orB 6here the registration 6as refuse'B after the 'ay 6hen
the Cu'g#ent 6hich a'#its the +a6fu+ness of the 'ec+aration has entere' into forceH
(0$t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./) If there is an o77osition by the 1o$ern#entB the 7arty concerne'
sha++ be 'ee#e' to ha$e ne$er ac)uire' French nationa+ityH
@o6e$erB the $a+i'ity of transactions conc+u'e' bet6een the 'ec+aration an' the 'ecree that
cha++enges it #ay not be obCecte' to on the groun' that the #a5er 6as not a++o6e' to ac)uire French
nationa+ityH

(rtH -(,3
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
<here a #arriage is 'ec+are' to be $oi' by a Cu'g#ent of a French courtB or of a foreign court
6hose authority is ac5no6+e'ge' in FranceB the 'ec+aration +ai' 'o6n in (rtic+e 21-2 #ay not +a7se 6ith
regar' to the s7ouse 6ho #arrie' in goo' faithH

(rtH -(,)
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
;he annu+#ent of a #arriage #ay not ha$e any effect on the nationa+ity of the chi+'ren born
thereof H

, 3 - Of the (c)uisition of French *ationa+ity by -eason of irth an' -esi'ence in France

(rtH -(,+
(($t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%')
2$ery chi+' born in France of foreign 7arents ac)uires French nationa+ity on his co#ing of age
6hereB at that ti#eB he has his resi'ence in France an' has ha' his usua+ resi'ence in France for a
continuous or 'iscontinuous 7erio' of at +east fi$e yearsB fro# the age of e+e$enH
;he tribunau9 d1instan$e( +oca+ authoritiesB 7ub+ic bo'ies an' ser$ices an' es7ecia++y e'ucationa+
estab+ish#ents are ob+ige' to infor# the 7ub+icB an' in 7articu+ar those 7ersons to 6ho# 7aragra7h 1
a77+iesB of the 7ro$isions in force in #atters of nationa+ityH ;he re)uire#ents as to that infor#ation sha++
be 7rescribe' by a 'ecree in Consei! d12tat.

0rt. -(,:
(($t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%')
;he 7arty concerne' has the 7o6er to 'ec+areB in the 6ay +ai' 'o6n in (rtic+e 2. an' subCect to
his 7ro$ing that he has the nationa+ity of a foreign StateB that he 'isc+ai#s the status of French 6ithin si:
#onths before or t6e+$e #onths after his #aCority H
In this e$entB he sha++ be 'ee#e' to ha$e ne$er been FrenchH

(rtH -(,6
(($t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%')

(ny 7erson 6ho fu+fi+s the re)uire#ents +ai' 'o6n in (rtic+e 21-7 in or'er to ac)uire French
nationa+ity +oses the 7o6er to 'isc+ai# it 6here he en+ists in French forcesH
(ny #inor born in France of foreign 7arents 6ho is regu+ar+y recruite' as a $o+unteer ac)uires
French nationa+ity at the 'ate of his recruit#entH

(rtH -(,(8
(($t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%')

;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 21-7 to 21-! #ay not a77+y to chi+'ren born in France of 'i7+o#atic
agents an' of regu+ar consu+s of foreign nationa+ityH ;hose chi+'ren ha$e ho6e$er the 7o6er to ac)uire
$o+untari+y French nationa+ity as 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 21-11 be+o6H

(rtH -(,((
(($t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%')
1!
( #inor chi+' born in France of foreign 7arents #ay fro# the age of si:teen c+ai# French
nationa+ity by 'ec+arationB in the 6ay +ai' 'o6n in (rtic+es 2. an' fo++o6ing 6hereB at the ti#e of his
'ec+arationB he has in France his resi'ence an' has ha' his usua+ resi'ence in France for a continuous or
'iscontinuous 7erio' of at +east fi$e yearsB fro# the age of e+e$enH
>n'er the sa#e ter#sB French nationa+ity #ay be c+ai#e'B on beha+f of the #inor chi+' born in
France of foreign 7arentsB fro# the age of thirteen an' 6ith his 7ersona+ consentB in 6hich e$ent the
re)uire#ent of usua+ resi'ence in France shou+' be fu+fi++e' fro# the age of eightH

, 4 - Of the (c)uisition of French *ationa+ity by 0ec+aration of *ationa+ity

(rtH -(,(-
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
( chi+' 6ho 6as the subCect of an or'inary a'o7tion by a 7erson of French nationa+ity #ayB u7 to
his #aCorityB 'ec+areB in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 2. an' fo++o6ingB that he c+ai#s the status of
FrenchB if he resi'es in France at the ti#e of his 'ec+arationH
K@o6e$erB the ob+igation of resi'ing is 'is7ense' 6ith 6here the chi+' 6as a'o7te' by a 7erson
of French nationa+ity 6ho 'oes not ha$e his usua+ resi'ence in FranceK (0$t n %'-1.0( 16 3ar$h
1%%')H
&ayB in the sa#e 6ayB c+ai# French nationa+ity/
1L ( chi+'B 6hoB for at +east fi$e yearsB has been she+tere' an' brought u7 by a 7erson of French
nationa+ity or 6hoB for at +east three yearsB has been entruste' to the "hi+'ren?s ai' ser$ice (0$t n 200/-
111% of 26 4o. 200/)HI
2L ( chi+' she+tere' in France an' brought u7 in con'itions that a++o6e' hi# to recei$eB 'uring
fi$e years at +eastB a French e'ucation Kfro# either a 7ub+ic bo'yB or a 7ri$ate bo'y offering the features
'eter#ine' by a 'ecree in Consei! d12tatK (0$t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)H

(rtH -(,(<
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
&ay c+ai# French nationa+ity Kby 'ec+aration uttere' as 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 2. an'
fo++o6ingK (0$t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)B 7ersons 6ho ha$e enCoye' in a constant 6ay the a77arent
status of French for the ten years 7rior to the 'ec+arationH
<here the $a+i'ity of the transactions conc+u'e' before the 'ec+aration 6as #a'e con'itiona+ on
the entit+e#ent of French nationa+ityB that $a+i'ity #ay not be obCecte' to on the so+e groun' that the
'ec+arant ha' not that nationa+ityH

(rtH -(,(=
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
Persons 6ho ha$e +ost French nationa+ity un'er (rtic+e 23-. or against 6ho# 6as raise' the
7ere#7tory e:ce7tion +ai' 'o6n by (rtic+e 30-3 #ay c+ai# French nationa+ity by 'ec+aration uttere' as
7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 2. an' fo++o6ingH
;hey #ust ha$e 5e7t or ac)uire' 7atent cu+tura+B 7rofessiona+B econo#ic or fa#i+y bon's 6ith
FranceB or actua++y 7erfor#e' #i+itary ser$ices in a unit of the French ar#y or fought in French or a++ie'
ar#ies in ti#e of 6arH
;he sur$i$ing s7ouses of the 7ersons 6ho actua++y 7erfor#e' #i+itary ser$ices in a unit of the
French ar#y or fought in French or a++ie' ar#ies in ti#e of 6ar #ay +i5e6ise benefit fro# the
7ro$isions of this (rtic+eB 7aragra7h 1H

, % - Of the (c)uisition of French *ationa+ity by a 0ecision of the 1o$ern#ent

(rtH -(,(=,(
(($t n %%-1141 of 2% 8e$. 1%%%)
French nationa+ity #ay be conferre' by 'ecreeB on a 7ro7osa+ fro# the &inister of 0efenceB to an
a+ien recruite' in French ar#ies 6ho 6as 6oun'e' on 'uty 'uring or on the occasion of an o7erationa+
action an' 6ho #a5es a re)uest hereforH
<here the 7arty concerne' is 'ea'B the sa#e 7roce'ure is o7en to his #inor chi+'ren 6hoB at the
'ay of the 'eathB fu+fi++e' the re)uire#ent of resi'ence +ai' 'o6n in (rtic+e 22-1B subCect to the
con'itions +ai' 'o6n in 7aragra7h 1H

(rtH -(,(3
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
20
K2:ce7t in the circu#stances referre' to in (rtic+e 21-14-1K (0$t n %%-1141 of 2% 8e$. 1%%%)B
the ac)uisition of French nationa+ity by a 'ecision of the 1o$ern#ent resu+ts fro# a natura+isation
grante' by 'ecree at the re)uest of the a+ienH

(rtH -(,()
(Or'H n 4&-2441 of 1% O$t. 1%4&)
*obo'y #ay be natura+ise' un+ess he has his resi'ence in France at the ti#e of the signature of
the 'ecree of natura+isationH

(rtH -(,(+
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
SubCect to the e:ce7tions +ai' 'o6n in (rtic+es 21-18B 21-1! an' 21-20B natura+isation #ay be
grante' on+y to an a+ien 6ho 7ro$es an usua+ resi'ence in France for fi$e years before the sub#ission of
the re)uestH

(rtH -(,(:
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
;he 7robationary 7erio' referre' to in (rtic+e 21-17 sha++ be re'uce' to t6o years/
1L (s regar's the a+ien 6ho has successfu++y co#7+ete' t6o years of uni$ersity e'ucation in $ie6
of getting a 'i7+o#a conferre' by a French uni$ersity or estab+ish#ent of higher e'ucationI
2L (s regar's the a+ien 6ho ga$e or can gi$e significant ser$ices to France o6ing to his
co#7etences an' ta+entsH

(rtH -(,(6
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
&ay be natura+ise' 6ithout the re)uire#ent of a 7robationary 7erio'/
K1L ( #inor chi+' 6ho re#aine' an a+ien a+though one of his 7arents ac)uire' French nationa+ityI
2L ;he s7ouse an' chi+' of age of a 7erson 6ho ac)uires or ac)uire' French nationa+ityK (0$t n
%/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)I
3L Frepea!edG
4L (n a+ien 6ho actua++y 7erfor#e' #i+itary ser$ices in a unit of the French ar#y or 6hoB in ti#e
of 6arB en+iste' $o+untari+y in French or a++ie' ar#iesI
%L ( nationa+ or for#er nationa+ of territories an' States on 6hich France e:ercise' so$ereigntyB
or a 7rotectorateB a #an'ate or a trusteeshi7I
.L (n a+ien 6ho ga$e e:ce7tiona+ ser$ices to France or one 6hose natura+isation is of
e:ce7tiona+ interest for FranceH In this e$entB the 'ecree of natura+isation #ay be grante' on+y after
ta5ing Consei! d12tat?s o7inion an' on the basis of a reasone' re7ort fro# the co#7etent &inisterI
7L (0$t %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%') (n a+ien 6ho obtaine' the status of refugee in accor'ance
6ith the (ct nL %2-8!3 of 2% 4u+y 1!%2 estab+ishing a French Office for the 7rotection of refugees an'
state+ess 7ersonsH

(rtH -(,-8
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
&ay be natura+ise' 6ithout any re)uire#ent as to a 7robationary 7erio' a 7erson 6ho be+ongs to
the French cu+tura+ an' +inguistic unitB 6here he is a nationa+ of territories or States 6hose officia+
+anguage or one of the officia+ +anguages is FrenchB either if French is his #other tongue or if he 7ro$es
schoo+ atten'ance of at +east fi$e years at an institution teaching in FrenchH

(rtH -(,-(
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
French nationa+ity #ay be conferre' by natura+isation on a 7ro7osa+ fro# the &inister of Foreign
(ffairs to any French-s7ea5ing a+ien 6ho #a5es the re)uest thereof an' 6ho contributes by his e#inent
'ee's to the inf+uence of France an' to the 7ros7erity of its internationa+ econo#ic re+ationsH

(rtH -(,--
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
<ith the e:ce7tion of a #inor 6ho #ay a$ai+ hi#se+f of the 7ri$i+ege of (rtic+e 21-1!B 7aragra7h
2 (1L)B nobo'y #ay be natura+ise' un+ess he has reache' the age of eighteenH

(rtH -(,-<
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
21
*obo'y #ay be natura+ise' 6here he is not of goo' character or has incurre' one of the
sentences referre' to in (rtic+e 21-27 of this "o'eH
@o6e$erB sentences 'e+i$ere' abroa' #ay be o$er+oo5e'I in this e$ent the 'ecree that
7ronounces natura+isation #ay be enacte' on+y after assent of the Consei! d12tat.

0rt. -(,-=
(Or'H n 4&-2441 of 1% O$t. 1%4&)
*obo'y #ay be natura+ise' un+ess he 7ro$es his assi#i+ation into the French co##unityB an'
s7ecia++y o6ing to a sufficient 5no6+e'ge of the French +anguageB accor'ing to his con'ition an' of the
rights an' 'uties conferre' by French nationa+ityK (0$t n 200/-111% of 26 4o. 200/)H

(rtH -(,-=,(
(0$t n 200/-111% of 26 4o. 200/)
;he re)uire#ent of 5no6+e'ge of the French +anguage sha++ not a77+y to 7o+itica+ refugees an' state+ess
7ersons 6ho ha$e resi'e' in France regu+ar+y an' usua++y for at +east fifteen years an' 6ho are o$er
se$entyH

(rtH -(,-3
(Or'H n 4&-2441 of 1% O$t. 1%4&)
;he 6ay of carrying out the chec5ing of assi#i+ation an' state of hea+th of an a+ien a6aiting his
natura+isation sha++ be 7rescribe' by 'ecree in Consei! d12tat.

(rtH -(,-3,(
(($t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%')
;he re7+y of the 1o$ern#ent to a re)uest for ac)uisition of French nationa+ity by natura+isation
#ust be #a'e at the +atest 6ithin eighteen #onths after the 'ate 6hen the ac5no6+e'ge#ent of recei7t
that estab+ishes the 'e+i$ery of a++ the 'ocu#ents nee'e' for the co#7+etion of a co#7rehensi$e fi+e is
issue' to the a77+icantH
;hat 7erio' #ay be e:ten'e' on+y once for three #onths by a reasone' 'ecisionH

, . - Pro$isions "o##on to so#e &o'es of (c)uiring French *ationa+ity

(rtH -(,-)
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
Is e)ui$a+ent to a resi'ence in France 6here that resi'ence is a re)uire#ent for the ac)uiring of
French nationa+ity/
1L ;he resi'ing abroa' of an a+ien 6ho e:ercises a 7ri$ate or 7ub+ic 7rofessiona+ acti$ity on
beha+f of the French state or of a bo'y 6hose acti$ity is of s7ecia+ interest for French econo#y or
cu+tureI
2L ( resi'ing in those countries in custo#s union 6ith France 6hich are na#e' by a 'ecreeI
3L (0$t %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%') ( 7resence outsi'e FranceB in ti#e of 7eace as in ti#e of 6arB
in a regu+ar unit of the French ar#y or for the 'uties +ai' 'o6n in oo5 II of the "o'e of *ationa+
Ser$iceI
4L (0$t %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%') ( resi'ing outsi'e France as a $o+unteer for nationa+ ser$iceH
;he e)ui$a+ence as to resi'ence 6hich benefits one s7ouse sha++ be e:ten'e' to the other 6here
they actua++y +i$e togetherH

(rtH -(,-+
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/: 0$t %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%')
*obo'y #ay ac)uire French nationa+ity or be reinstate' in that nationa+ity 6here he has been
sentence' either for or'inary or serious offences that constitute a 'a#age to the fun'a#enta+ interests of
the nation or an act of terroris# orB 6hate$er the offence concerne' #ay beB to a 7ena+ty of si: #onths?
i#7rison#ent or #ore 6ithout sus7ensionH
(0$t n %/-141. of /0 8e$. 1%%/) It sha++ be +i5e6ise for the 7erson 6ho has been subCect either
to an e:c+usion or'er not e:7ress+y re$o5e' or re7ea+e' or to a banish#ent of the French territory not
fu++y enforce'H
(0$t %/-102. of 24 0u6ust 1%%/) It sha++ be +i5e6ise for the 7erson 6hose resi'ence in France is
irregu+ar 6ith res7ect to the statutes an' con$entions concerning the resi'ence of a+iens in France H
(0$t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%') ;he 7ro$isions of this (rtic+e sha++ not a77+y to a #inor chi+'
6ho #ay ac)uire French nationa+ity un'er (rtic+es 21-7B 21-11B 21-12 an' 22-1(nor to a con'e#ne'
7erson 6ho has benefite' fro# a rehabi+itation by o7eration of +a6 or by a Cu'icia+ rehabi+itation in
22
accor'ance 6ith (rtic+e 133-12 of the Pena+ "o'eB or the entry of 6hose sentence has been e:c+u'e'
fro# the certificate nL 2 of the 7o+ice recor'B in accor'ance 6ith (rtic+es 77%-1 an' 77%-2 of the "o'e of
"ri#ina+ Proce'ureK (0$t n 200/-111% of 26 4o. 200/)H

Se$tion II - Of the ;ffe$ts of 0$,uirin6 Fren$h 4ationa!ity

0rt. --
(($t n '/-1046 of ' 8e$. 1%'/)
( 7erson 6ho has ac)uire' French nationa+ity enCoys a++ the rights an' is boun' to a++ the 'uties
attache' to the status of FrenchB fro# the 'ay of that ac)uisitionH

(rtH --,(
(($t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%'I 0$t n %%-1141 of 2% 8e$. 1%%%)
( #inor chi+'B +egiti#ateB i++egiti#ate or 6ho has been the subCect of a 7+enary a'o7tionB one of
the 7arents of 6ho# ac)uires French nationa+ityB beco#es French as of right 6here he has the sa#e
usua+ resi'ence as that 7arentB or resi'es in turn 6ith that 7arent in the e$ent of se7aration or 'i$orceH
;he 7ro$isions of this (rtic+e sha++ not a77+y to the chi+' of a 7erson 6ho ac)uires French
nationa+ity by a 'ecision of the French go$ern#ent or by 'ec+aration of nationa+ity un+ess his na#e is
#entione' in the 'ecree or the 'ec+arationH

(rtH --,-
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
;he 7ro$isions of the 7rece'ing (rtic+e sha++ not a77+y to a #arrie' chi+'H

(rtH --,<
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
@o6e$erB a chi+' 6ho is French un'er (rtic+e 22-1 an' 6ho 6as not born in France has the
7o6er to re7u'iate that status 6ithin si: #onths 7rece'ing an' t6e+$e #onths fo++o6ing his co#ing of
ageH
@e #ust e:ercise that 7o6er by 'ec+aration uttere' as 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 2. an' fo++o6ingH
@e #ay 'i$est hi#se+f of that 7o6er fro# the age of si:teen in the sa#e 6ayH

"@(P;2- I8 - OF 3OSS (*0 FO-F2I;>-2 OfB (*0 OF -2I*S;(;2&2*; I* F-2*"@
*(;IO*(3I;E

Se$tion I - Of <oss of Fren$h 4ationa!ity

0rt. -<
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
(n a'u+t of French nationa+ity resi'ing usua++y abroa'B 6ho ac)uires $o+untari+y a foreign
nationa+ityB +oses French nationa+ity on+y 6here he so 'ec+ares e:7ress+yB in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in
(rtic+es 2. an' fo++o6ing of this ;it+eH

(rtH -<,(
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
;he 'ec+aration in $ie6 to +osing French nationa+ity #ay be subscribe' fro# the fi+ing of the
re)uest for ac)uiring the foreign nationa+ity an'B at the +atestB 6ithin a 7erio' of one year after the 'ate
of that ac)uiringH

(rtH -<,-
(($t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%')
French 7ersons 6ho are un'er the age of thirty-fi$e years #ay not subscribe the 'ec+aration
7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 23 an' 23-1 abo$e un+ess they ha$e co#7+ie' 6ith the 'uties un'er oo5 II of
the "o'e of *ationa+ Ser$iceH

(rtH -<,<
(($t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%')
3oses French nationa+ity a French 7erson 6ho e:ercises the 7o6er to re7u'iate that status in the
circu#stances referre' to in (rtic+es 18-1B 1!-4 an' 22-3H

(rtH -<,=
23
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
3oses French nationa+ity a French 7ersonB e$en being a #inorB 6hoB ha$ing a foreign nationa+ityB
isB on his re)uestB authori=e' by the French 1o$ern#ent to +ose the status of FrenchH
;hat authori=ation sha++ be grante' by 'ecreeH

(rtH -<,3
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
In the e$ent of a #arriage 6ith an a+ienB the French s7ouse #ay re7u'iate French nationa+ity in
accor'ance 6ith (rtic+es 2. an' fo++o6ingB if he or she has ac)uire' the foreign nationa+ity of her or his
s7ouse an' the usua+ resi'ence of the cou7+e is estab+ishe' abroa'H
(0$t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%') @o6e$erB French 7ersons 6ho are un'er the age of thirty-fi$e
#ay not e:ercise that 7o6er of re7u'iation un+ess they ha$e co#7+ie' 6ith the 'uties un'er oo5 II of
the "o'e of *ationa+ Ser$iceH

(rtH -<,)
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
;he +oss of French nationa+ity #ay be recor'e' by Cu'g#ent 6here the 7arty concerne'B French
by 7arentageB has not the a77arent status thereof an' ne$er ha' his usua+ resi'ence in FranceB if the
ancestors fro# 6ho# he he+' French nationa+ity ha$e not ha' the#se+$es the a77arent status of French
or resi'ence in France for ha+f a centuryH
;he Cu'g#ent sha++ 'eter#ine the 'ate 6hen French nationa+ity 6as +ostH It #ay 'eci'e that that
nationa+ity 6as +ost by the 7re'ecessors of the 7arty concerne' an' that the +atter ne$er 6as FrenchH

(rtH -<,+
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
( French 7erson 6ho actua++y beha$es as a nationa+ of a foreign country #ayB 6here he has the
nationa+ity of that countryB be 'ec+are' to ha$e +ost French nationa+ity by 'ecree 6ith assent of the
Consei! d1;tat.

0rt. -<,:
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
3oses French nationa+ity a French 7erson 6hoB fi++ing an e#7+oy#ent in a foreign ar#y or 7ub+ic
ser$ice or in an internationa+ organi=ation of 6hich France is not a #e#berB or #ore genera++y 7ro$i'ing
his assistance to itB 'i' not re+in)uish his e#7+oy#ent or sto7 his assistance not6ithstan'ing the or'er of
the 1o$ern#entH
;he 7arty concerne' sha++ be 'ec+are'B by 'ecree in Consei! d12tat( to ha$e +ost French
nationa+ity un+essB 6ithin the 7erio' 7rescribe' by the or'er an' 6hich #ay not be shorter than fifteen
'ays or +onger than t6o #onthsB he sto7s his occu7ationH
<here the o7inion of the Consei! d12tat is a'$erseB the #easure 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing
7aragra7h #ay be a'o7te' on+y by a 'ecree in "ounci+ of &inistersH

(rtH -<,6
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
3oss of French nationa+ity ta5es effect/
1L <here (rtic+e 23 so 7ro$i'es fro# the 'ate of ac)uisition of the foreign nationa+ityI
2L <here (rtic+es 23-3 an' 23-% so 7ro$i'e fro# the 'ate of the 'ec+arationI
3L <here (rtic+es 23-4B 23-7 an' 23-8 so 7ro$i'e fro# the 'ate of the 'ecreeI
4L <here (rtic+e 23-. so 7ro$i'es fro# the 'ay na#e' in the Cu'g#entH
Se$tion II - Of +einstatement in Fren$h 4ationa!ity

0rt. -=
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
-einstate#ent in French nationa+ity of 7ersons 6ho 7ro$e to ha$e ha' the status of French sha++
resu+t fro# a 'ecree or a 'ec+aration in accor'ance 6ith the 'istinctions 7ro$i'e' for in the (rtic+es
be+o6H

(rtH -=,(
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
-einstate#ent by 'ecree #ay be obtaine' at any age an' 6ithout any re)uire#ent as to a
7robationary 7erio'H (s to other issuesB it sha++ be subCect to the re)uire#ents an' ru+es of natura+isationH

24
(rtH -=,-
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
Persons 6ho Kha$e +ost French nationa+ityK (0$t. n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%') by reason of a
#arriage 6ith an a+ien or ac)uisition of a foreign nationa+ity by an in'i$i'ua+ 'ecision #ayB subCect to
the 7ro$isions Kof (rtic+e 21-27K (0$t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)B be reinstate' by a 'ec+aration
subscribe' in France or abroa' as 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 2. an' fo++o6ingH
;hey #ust ha$e 5e7t or ac)uire' 7atent bon's 6ith FranceB es7ecia++y of cu+tura+B 7rofessiona+B
econo#ic or fa#i+y natureH

(rtH -=,<
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
-einstate#ent by 'ecree or 'ec+aration is effecti$e 6ith regar' to chi+'ren un'er eighteenB
subCect to the con'itions un'er (rtic+es 22-1 an' 22-2 of this ;it+eH

Se$tion III - Of Forfeiture of Fren$h 4ationa!ity

(rtH -3
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
(n in'i$i'ua+ 6ho ac)uire' the status of French #ay be 'ec+are' by 'ecree a'o7te' after assent
of the Consei! d12tat to ha$e forfeite' French nationa+ityB Ksa$e 6here forfeiture has the effect of #a5ing
hi# state+essK (0$t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%')/
1L <here he is sentence' for an act characteri=e' as Kor'inary or serious offence 6hich
constitutes an inCury to the fun'a#enta+ interests of the *ationK (0$t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/) Kor for
an or'inary or serious offence 6hich constitutes an act of terroris#K (0$t n %6-64. of 22 *u!y 1%%6)I
2L <here he is sentence' for an act characteri=e' as Kor'inary or serious offence 7ro$i'e' for
an' 7unishe' by "ha7ter II of ;it+e III of oo5 I8 of the Pena+ "o'eK (0$t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)I
3L <here he is sentence' for e$a'ing the 'uties un'er the "o'e of *ationa+ Ser$iceI
4L <here he co##itte' acts inco#7atib+e 6ith the status of French an' 'etri#enta+ to the
interests of France for the benefit of a foreign StateI
% L Frepea!edGH
(rtH -3,(
(0$t n 200/-111% of 26 4o. 200/)
Forfeiture sha++ be incurre' on+y 6here the facts of 6hich the 7erson concerne' is accuse' an'
6hich are referre' to in (rtic+e 2% occurre' before the ac)uiring of French nationa+ity or
6ithin ten years fro# the 'ate of that ac)uiringH 0$t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./
It #ay be 7ronounce' on+y 6ithin ten years after the 7er7etration of those factsH

"@(P;2- 8 - OF (";S -23(;20 ;O ("A>ISI;IO* O- 3OSS OF F-2*"@ *(;IO*(3I;E

Se$tion I - Of 8e$!arations of 4ationa!ity

(rtH -)
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/: 0$t %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%')
0ec+arations of nationa+ity sha++ be recei$e' by the =u6e d1instan$e or by consu+s in the for#
7rescribe' by 'ecree in Consei! d12tat.
(n ac5no6+e'g#ent of recei7t #ust be issue' after the fi+ing of the 'ocu#ents necessary for
7ro$ing their a'#issibi+ityH

(rtH -),(
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
( 'ec+aration of nationa+ity #ustB on 7ain of nu++ityB be registere' either by the =u6e d1instan$e as
regar's 'ec+arations subscribe' in FranceB or by the &inister of 4ustice as regar's 'ec+arations
subscribe' abroa'H

(rtH -),-
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
;he seats an' territoria+ Curis'iction of the tribunau9 d1instan$e 6hich are e#7o6ere' to recei$e
an' register 'ec+arations of French nationa+ity sha++ be estab+ishe' by 'ecreeH

2%
(rtH -),<
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%//: 0$t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%')
;he &inister or the Cu'ge sha++ refuse to register 'ec+arations 6hich 'o not co#7+y 6ith the
statutory re)uire#entsH
@is reasone' 'ecision sha++ be notifie' to the 'ec+arantB 6ho #ay cha++enge it before the tribuna!
de 6rande instan$e 6ithin si: #onthsH ;he c+ai# #ay be brought 7ersona++y by a #inor fro# the age of
si:teenH
;he 'ecision of refusa+ to register #ust be ta5en 6ithin si: #onths at the +atest after the 'ate
6hen the ac5no6+e'g#ent of recei7t 6hich estab+ishes the fi+ing of a++ the 'ocu#ents necessary for
7ro$ing the a'#issibi+ity of the 'ec+aration is issue' to the 'ec+arantH
;he 7erio' sha++ be e:ten'e' to one year as regar's 'ec+arations subscribe' un'er (rtic+e 21-2H

(rtH -),=
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/: 0$t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%')
<ithin one year fo++o6ing the 'ate 6hen it 6as #a'eB registration #ay be cha++enge' by the
1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s officeMB 6here the statutory re)uire#ents are not #etH
In the absence of a refusa+ to register 6ithin the statutory 7erio'B a co7y of the 'ec+aration sha++ be gi$en
to the 'ec+arant bearing the #ention of the registrationH
;he registration #ay sti++ be o77ose' by the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s office in the e$ent of +ie or
frau' 6ithin t6o years after their being 'etecte'H ;he sto77ing of the co##unity of +i$ing bet6een
s7ouses 6ithin t6e+$e #onths after registration of the 'ec+aration un'er (rtic+e 21-2 sha++ constitute a
7resu#7tion of frau'H

(rtH -),3
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
SubCect to the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 23-!B 7aragra7h 2 (1L)B 'ec+arations of nationa+ityB fro# the
#o#ent that they ha$e been registere'B ta5e effect as fro# the 'ate 6hen they are subscribe'H

Se$tion II - Of 0dministratie 8e$isions

0rt. -+
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
( 'ecision 'ec+aring ina'#issib+eB or a'Courning or refusing a re)uest for natura+isation or
reinstate#ent by 'ecreeB as 6e++ as an authori=ation to +ose French nationa+ity #ust set out its reasonsH

(rtH -+,(
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
( 'ecree 'eci'ing natura+isation or reinstate#entB authori=ation to +ose French nationa+ityB +oss or
forfeiture of that nationa+ity sha++ be a'o7te' an' 7ub+ishe' in for#s 7rescribe' by 'ecreeH It #ay not
ha$e any retros7ecti$e o7erationH

(rtH -+,-
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
( 'ecree 'eci'ing natura+isation or reinstate#ent #ay be 6ith'ra6n 6ith assent of the Consei!
d12tat 6ithin one year after its 7ub+ication in the *ourna! Offi$ie! 6here the 7erson #a5ing the re)uest
'oes not co#7+y 6ith the statutory re)uire#entsI 6here the 'ecision 6as obtaine' by +ie or frau'B the
'ecree #ay be 6ith'ra6n 6ithin t6o years the 'etection of frau'H

(rtH -+,<
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
( 'ecree 'eci'ing +oss on one of the groun's 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 23-7 an' 23-8 or forfeiture
of French nationa+ity sha++ be a'o7te' after the 7erson concerne' has been hear' or su##one' to bring
for6ar' his co##entsH

Se$tion III - Of 3entions on the +e6isters of Cii! +e6istry

0rt. -:
(($t n .'-./1 of 12 *u!y 1%.')

2.
( #ention of a'#inistrati$e acts an' 'ec+arations causing ac)uisition or +oss of French nationa+ity or
reinstate#ent therein sha++ be #a'e in the #argin of the recor' of birthH
(0$t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%') ( #ention of a first issue of a certificate of French nationa+ity
an' of a'Cu'icatory 'ecisions of a court re+ating to that nationa+ity sha++ +i5e6ise be #a'eH

(rtH -:,(
(($t n %'-1.0 of 16 3ar$h 1%%')
&entions re+ating to nationa+ity 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing (rtic+e sha++ be #a'e on co7ies of
recor's of birth or instru#ents 'ra6n u7 as substitutes for the#H
;hose #entions sha++ a+so be #a'e on certificates of birth or on a !iret de fami!!e at the re)uest
of the 7arties concerne'H @o6e$erB the #entions of +ossB 'isc+ai#erB forfeiture ofB o77osition to the
ac)uisition of French nationa+ityB 6ith'ra6a+ of the 'ecree of natura+isation or reinstate#entB or of the
Cu'icia+ 'ecision 6hich has estab+ishe' the a+ien statusB sha++ be #a'e as of right on certificates of birth
an' on a !iret de fami!!e 6here a 7erson 6ho 7re$ious+y ac)uire' or 6as Cu'icia++y a'Cu'ge' that
nationa+ityB or obtaine' a certificate of French nationa+ityB has re)ueste' their being #entione' on those
'ocu#entsH

"@(P;2- 8I - OF 0ISP>;2S I* &(;;2-S OF *(;IO*(3I;E

Se$tion I - Of the *urisdi$tion of *udi$ia! Courts and the Pro$eedin6s therein

0rt. -6
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
;he ci$i+ courts of genera+ Curis'iction sha++ e:ercise e:c+usi$e Curis'iction o$er 'is7utes re+ating
to French or foreign nationa+ity of natura+ 7ersonsH
Issues of nationa+ity sha++ be 7re+i#inary before any other a'#inistrati$e or Cu'icia+ court e:ce7t
cri#ina+ courts 6ith a cri#ina+ CuryH

(rtH -6,(
(($t %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
;he seats an' territoria+ Curis'iction of the tribunau9 de 6rande instan$e 6hich are e#7o6ere' to
try contro$ersies re+ating to French or foreign nationa+ity of natura+ 7ersons are estab+ishe' by 'ecreeH

(rtH -6,-
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
;he 7roce'ure to be fo++o6e' in #atters of nationa+ity an' in 7articu+ar the co##unication to the
1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s office of su##onsB 7+ea'ings an' #etho's of re$ie6B is estab+ishe' by the
"o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureH

(rtH -6,<
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
2$eryone is entit+e' to bring an action for the 'eter#ination of his ha$ing or not the status of
FrenchH
;he 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s office is +i5e6ise entit+e' 6ith res7ect to any 7ersonH It sha++ be a
necessary 'efen'ant in a++ 'ec+aratory actions on nationa+ityH It #ust be Coine' to the action 6hene$er an
issue of nationa+ity is raise' as an inter+ocutory #atter before a court e#7o6ere' to try itH

(rtH -6,=
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
;he 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorNs office sha++ ha$e to sue 6here it is re)ueste' by a 7ub+ic ser$ice or
a thir' 7arty 6ho raise' the 7+ea of nationa+ status before a court 6hich staye' Cu'g#ent un'er (rtic+e
2!H ;he thir' 7arty 7+aintiff sha++ be Coine' to the actionH

(rtH -6,3
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
4u'g#ents han'e' 'o6n in #atters of French nationa+ity by a court of genera+ Curis'iction ha$e
effect e$en against 7ersons 6ho 6ere not 7arties nor re7resente' H
@o6e$erB a 7arty concerne' is co#7etent to attac5 the# by #eans of a thir' 7arty a77+ication for
rehearing 7ro$i'e' that he Coins the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorNs office to the actionH

Se$tion II - Of the Proof of 4ationa!ity before *udi$ia! Courts
27
(rtH <8
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
;he bur'en of 7roof in #atters of French nationa+ity +ies on the 7erson 6hose nationa+ity is in
'is7uteH
@o6e$erB this bur'en +ies on hi# 6ho cha++enges the status of French of a 7erson 6ho ho+'s a
certificate of French nationa+ity issue' as 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 31 an' fo++o6ingH

(rtH <8,(
(Or'H n 4&-2441 of 1% O$t. 1%4&)
<here French nationa+ity is grante' or ac)uire' in another 6ay than 'ec+arationB natura+isationB
reinstate#ent or anne:ation of territoriesB 7roof of it #ay be #a'e on+y by estab+ishing the e:istence of
a++ the statutory re)uire#entsH

(rtH <8,-
(($t n 61-140' of 22 8e$. 1%61)
@o6e$erB 6here French nationa+ity #ay f+o6 on+y fro# 7arentageB it sha++ be 'ee#e'
estab+ishe'B sa$ing 7roof to the contraryB if the 7erson concerne' an' the 7arent 6ho 6as +i5e+y to
trans#it it to hi# ha$e in a constant 6ay enCoye' the a77arent status of FrenchH
(0$t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/) French nationa+ity of 7ersons born in &ayotteB of age on 1
4anuary 1!!4B sha++ be a+ternati$e+y 'ee#e' estab+ishe' if those 7ersons ha$e in a constant 6ay enCoye'
the a77arent status of FrenchH

(rtH <8,<
(($t n 61-140' of 22 8e$. 1%61)
<here a 7erson usua++y resi'es or resi'e' in a foreign countryB in 6hich the ancestors fro#
6ho# he ho+'s nationa+ity by 7arentage ha$e sett+e' for #ore than ha+f a centuryB that 7erson sha++ not
be a++o6e' to 7ro$e that he has French nationa+ity by 7arentage if hi#se+f or the 7arent 6ho 6as +i5e+y
to trans#it it to hi# ha$e not enCoye' the a77arent status of FrenchH
In that e$entB the court sha++ ha$e to recor' the +oss of French nationa+ity un'er (rtic+e 23-.H

(rtH <8,=
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
(7art fro# +oss or forfeiture of French nationa+ityB 7roof of the a+ien status of a 7erson #ay on+y
be estab+ishe' by e$i'encing that the 7arty concerne' 'oes not fu+fi+ any of the statutory re)uire#ents
for ha$ing the status of FrenchH

Se$tion III - Of Certifi$ates of Fren$h 4ationa!ity

0rt. <(
(($t n %&-12& of ' Feb. 1%%&)
;he chief c+er5 of a tribuna! d1instan$e sha++ a+one ha$e the ca7acity to issue a certificate of
French nationa+ity to a 7erson 6ho estab+ishes that he has that nationa+ityH

(rtH <(,(
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
;he seats an' territoria+ Curis'iction of the tribunau9 d1instan$e 6hich are e#7o6ere' to issue
certificates of nationa+ity sha++ be estab+ishe' by 'ecreeH

(rtH <(,-
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
( certificate of nationa+ity sha++ 7oint out 6ith reference to "ha7ters IIB IIIB I8 an' 8II of this
;it+e the statutory 7ro$ision un'er 6hich the 7arty concerne' has the status of French as 6e++ as the
'ocu#ents 6hich a++o6e' its being 'ra6n u7H It sha++ 7re$ai+ unti+ e$i'ence contrary to itH
(0$t n %&-12& of ' Feb. 1%%&) For the issuing of a certificate of nationa+ityB the chief c+er5 of a
tribuna! d1instan$e #ayB fai+ing other e+e#entsB 7resu#e that the recor's of ci$i+ status 'ra6n u7 abroa'
an' 7resente' to hi# 7ro'uce the effects that French +a6 6ou+' ha$e attribute' to the#H

(rtH <(,<
(($t n %&-12& of ' Feb. 1%%&)
28
<here the chief c+er5 of a tribuna! d1instan$e refuses to issue a certificate of nationa+ityB the
7arty concerne' #ay refer the #atter to the &inister of 4ustice 6ho sha++ 'eci'e 6hether there is a case
for the 7erfor#ance of that issuingH

"@(P;2- 8II - OF ;@2 2FF2";S O* F-2*"@ *(;IO*(3I;E OF ;-(*SF2-S OF
SO82-2I1*;E -23(;I*1 ;O "2-;(I* ;2--I;O-I2S

(rtH <-
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
French 7ersons nati$es of the territory of the French -e7ub+icB as it 6as constitute' on the 28
4u+y 1!.0B an' 6ho 6ere 'o#ici+e' on the 'ay of its accession to in'e7en'ence on the territory of a
State that ha' 7re$ious+y the status of an o$erseas territory of the French -e7ub+icB ha$e 5e7t French
nationa+ityH
It sha++ be the sa#e as to the s7ousesB 6i'o6s an' 6i'o6ers an' 'escen'ants of the sai' 7ersonsH

(rtH <-,(
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
French 7ersons of ci$i+ status of genera+ +a6 6ho 6ere 'o#ici+e' in (+geria on the 'ate of the
officia+ announce#ent of the resu+ts of the 7o++ for se+f- 'eter#ination 5ee7 French nationa+ity 6hate$er
their situation 6ith res7ect to (+gerian nationa+ity #ay beH

(rtH <-,-
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
;he French nationa+ity of 7ersons of ci$i+ status of genera+ +a6 6ho 6ere born in (+geria before
the 22 4u+y 1!.2 sha++ be 'ee#e' estab+ishe'B on the ter#s of (rtic+e 30-2B 6here those 7ersons ha$e
enCoye' in a constant 6ay the a77arent status of FrenchH

(rtH <-,<
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
2$ery French 7erson 6hoB at the 'ate of its in'e7en'enceB 6as 'o#ici+e' on the territory of a
State that ha' 7re$ious+y the status of o$erseas d)partement or territory of the -e7ub+ic 5ee7s his
nationa+ity as of right 6here no other nationa+ity 6as grante' to hi# by the +a6 of that StateH
3i5e6iseB the chi+'ren of 7ersons 6ho benefit fro# the 7ro$isions of the 7rece'ing 7aragra7hB
#inors un'er eighteen at the 'ate of the accession to in'e7en'ence of the territory 6here their 7arents
6ere 'o#ici+e'B 5ee7 French nationa+ity as of rightH

(rtH <-,=
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
For#er #e#bers of the Par+ia#ent of the -e7ub+icB of the (sse#b+y of the French >nion an' of
the 2cono#ic "ounci+ 6ho ha$e +ost French nationa+ity an' ac)uire' a foreign nationa+ity un'er a
genera+ 7ro$ision #ay be reinstate' in French nationa+ity by a #ere 'ec+aration 6here they ha$e
estab+ishe' their 'o#ici+es in FranceH
;he sa#e 7o6er is grante' to their s7ouseB 6i'o6er or 6i'o6 an' their chi+'renH

(rtH <-,3
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
;he 'ec+aration of reinstate#ent 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing artic+e #ay be subscribe' by the
7arties concerne'B in accor'ance 6ith (rtic+e 2. an' fo++o6ingB fro# the #o#ent they ha$e reache' the
age of eighteenI it #ay not be #a'e through an agentH It has effect 6ith regar' to #inor chi+'ren on the
ter#s of (rtic+es 22-1 an' 22-2H

"@(P;2- 8III - SP2"I(3 P-O8ISIO*S -21(-0I*1 O82-S2(S ;2--I;O-I2S

(rtH <<
(($t n ./-42 of % *an. 1%./)
For the i#7+e#entation of this "o'e F;it+eG in o$erseas territories/
1L ;he 6or's Ktribuna! de 6rande instan$e5 sha++ each ti#e be re7+ace' by the 6or's Ktribuna!
de premi>re instan$eKI
2L Frepea!edGH

(rtH <<,(
2!
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
*ot6ithstan'ing (rtic+e 2.B the 'ec+aration sha++ be recei$e' by the 7resi'ent of the tribuna! de
premi>re instan$e or by the Cu'ge in charge of the section on 'etach#entH

(rtH <<,-
(($t n %/-%// of 22 *u!y 1%%/)
*ot6ithstan'ing (rtic+e 31B the 7resi'ent of the tribuna! de premi>re instan$e or the Cu'ge in
charge of the section on 'etach#ent has a+one the ca7acity to issue a certificate of French nationa+ity to a
7erson 6ho estab+ishes that he has that nationa+ityH

TITLE II
O RECORD% O CIVIL %TAT"%

"@(P;2- I - 12*2-(3 P-O8ISIO*S

(rtH <=
(($t of 22 O$t. 1%22)
-ecor's of ci$i+ status sha++ state the yearB 'ay an' ti#e 6hen they 6ere recei$e'B the first na#es
an' na#e of the officer of ci$i+ statusB the first na#esB na#esB occu7ations an' 'o#ici+es of a++ 7ersons
na#e' thereinH
;he 'ates an' 7+aces of birth/
a) Of the father an' #other in the recor's of birth an' of ac5no6+e'ge#entI
b) Of the chi+' in the recor's of ac5no6+e'ge#entI
c) Of the s7ouses in the recor's of #arriageI an'
') Of the 'ecease' in the recor's of 'eathB
sha++ be in'icate' 6hen 5no6nH Other6ise the age of those 7ersons sha++ be 'esignate' by their nu#ber
of years as #ust beB in a++ casesB the ages of the 'ec+arantsH (s to the 6itnessesB on+y their status of a'u+t
sha++ be in'icate'H

(rtH <3
Officers of ci$i+ status #ay insert nothing in the recor's they recei$eB by 6ay of a note or of
6hate$er 6or'ingB beyon' 6hat #ust be 'ec+are' by the 'ec+arantsH

(rtH <)
<here the 7arties concerne' are not ob+ige' to a77ear in 7ersonB they #ay be re7resente' by an
agent 6ith a s7ecia+ an' authentic 7o6erH

(rtH <+
(($t of . 8e$. 1'%.)

<itnesses a77earing in connection 6ith recor's of ci$i+ status sha++ be at +east of eighteen years
of ageB re+ati$es or notB 6ithout 'istinction of se:I they sha++ be se+ecte' by the 7arties concerne'H
Frepea!edG

(rtH <:
(Or'H n &'-..% of 2/ au6ust 1%&')
;he officer of ci$i+ status sha++ rea' the recor's to the a77earing 7arties or their agentsB an' to the
6itnessesI he sha++ in$ite the# to ta5e 'irect cognisance of the# before signing the#H
It sha++ be #entione' on the recor's that these for#a+ities ha$e been co#7+ie' 6ithH

(rtH <6

;hose recor's sha++ be signe' by the officer of ci$i+ statusB the a77earing 7arties an' 6itnessesI
or #ention sha++ be #a'e of the cause 7re$enting the a77earing 7arties or 6itnesses fro# signingH

(rtH =8 to =3 Frepea!edG
(rtH =)
<here no registers ha$e e:iste' or 6here they ha$e been +ostB 7roof of the# #ay be recei$e' by
'ocu#ents as 6e++ as by 6itnessesI an' in that e$entB #arriagesB births an' 'eaths #ay be 7ro$e' by
boo5s an' 7a7ers e#anating fro# 'ecease' fathers an' #others as 6e++ as by 6itnessesH

30
(rtH =+
(0$t n 200/-111% of 26 4o. 200/)
Faith #ust be gi$en to recor's of ci$i+ status of French 7ersons an' a+iens #a'e in a foreign
country an' 'ra6n u7 in the for#s in use in that countryB un+ess other recor's or 'ocu#ents 7ossesse'B
e:terna+ 'ata or e+e#ents 'ra6n fro# the recor' itse+f estab+ish that the recor' is irregu+arB forge' or that
the facts 'ec+are' therein 'o not s)uare 6ith truthH
In case of 'oubtB the ser$ice before 6hich a re)uest for the 'ra6ing u7B registration or issuing of a
recor' or of a 'ocu#ent is broughtB sha++ 'e+ay the re)uest an' gi$e notice to the 7erson concerne' that he
#ayB 6ithin t6o #onthsB refer the #atter to the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator in *antes in or'er that the
authenticity of the recor' be chec5e'H
<here he consi'ers groun'+ess the re)uest for chec5ing #a'e to hi#B the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator
sha++ gi$e notice of it to the 7erson concerne' an' the ser$ice 6ithin one #onthH
<here he shares the 'oubts of the ser$iceB the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator in *antes sha++ initiate any
usefu+ in$estigationB es7ecia++y by referring the #atter to the 7ro7er consu+ar authoritiesB 6ithin a 7erio'
6hich #ay not e:cee' si: #onthsB rene6ab+e one #onth for the re)uire#ents of the in)uiryH @e sha++
infor# the 7erson concerne' an' the ser$ice as soon as 7ossib+e of the resu+ts of the in)uiryH
>7on 7resentation of the resu+ts of the in$estigations carrie' outB the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator #ay
refer the #atter to the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e in *antes in or'er that it gi$e Cu'g#ent about the
$a+i'ity of the recor' after ha$ing or'ere'B 6here a77ro7riateB any e:a#ination 7rocee'ings it 'ee#s
a'$isab+eH
(rtH =:
(($t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/?
( recor' of ci$i+ status of French 7ersons in a foreign State is $a+i' 6here it 6as recei$e'B in
accor'ance 6ith French +a6B by 'i7+o#atic or consu+ar agentsH
(0$t of ' *une 1'%/) ( 'u7+icate of the registers of ci$i+ status he+' by these agents sha++ be sent
at the en' of each year to the &inistry of Foreign (ffairs 6hich sha++ 5ee7 the# an' #ay 'e+i$er
certificates fro# the#H

(rtH =6
(($t of 1. 0u6. 1'%.: 0$t of 10 3ar$h 1%/2)
<hene$er the #ention of a recor' re+ating to ci$i+ status #ust be #a'e in the #argin of a recor'
a+rea'y 'ra6n u7 or registere'B it sha++ be #a'e by the officer of his o6n #otionH
;he officer of ci$i+ status 6ho has 'ra6n u7 or registere' the recor' that occasions the #ention
sha++ effect that #ention 6ithin three 'ays on the registers he 5ee7s an'B if the 'u7+icate of the register
on 6hich the #ention is to be effecte' is at the court registrar?s officeB he sha++ sen' a notice to the
1o$ern#ent 7rocurator of his arrondissement.
<here the recor' in the #argin of 6hich the #ention is to be effecte' 6as 'ra6n u7 or registere'
in another $ommune( the notice sha++ be sentB 6ithin three 'aysB to the officer of ci$i+ status of that
$ommune an' the +atter sha++ notify at once the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator of his arrondissement if the
'u7+icate of the register is at the court registrar?s officeH
(0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) <here the recor' in the #argin of 6hich a #ention is to be
effecte' 6as 'ra6n u7 or registere' abroa'B the officer of ci$i+ status 6ho 're6 u7 or registere' the
recor' that occasions the #ention sha++ gi$e notice of itB 6ithin three 'aysB to the &inister of Foreign
(ffairsH

(rtH 38
(($t n 46-21&4 of . O$t. 1%46: 0$t n &6-.'0 of 4 0u6. 1%&6)
(n infringe#ent of the 7rece'ing (rtic+es on the 7art of the officia+s therein na#e' sha++ be
7rosecute' before the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e an' 7unishe' 6ith a fine of 20 to 200 francs (3 to 30
O)H

(rtH 3(
( custo'ian of registers sha++ be ci$i++y +iab+e for the a+terations that occur in the#B subCect to his
re#e'yB if there is occasionB against the authors of those a+terationsH
31
(rtH 3-
(n a+terationB a forgery in recor's of ci$i+ statusB an inscri7tion of those recor's on a +oose +eaf
an' other6ise than on the registers 'esigne' for that 7ur7oseB sha++ gi$e rise to 'a#ages to the 7artiesB
6ithout 7reCu'ice to 7ena+ties 7ro$i'e' for in the Pena+ "o'eH

(rtH 3<
;he 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator at the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e sha++ $erify the state of the
registers 6hen they are 'e7osite' at the court registrar?s officeI he sha++ 'ra6 u7 a #e#oran'u# of
$erificationB 'enounce #inor an' or'inary offences co##itte' by officers of ci$i+ status an' ca++ for
their being sentence' to finesH

(rtH 3=
<hene$er a tribuna! de 6rande instan$e has Curis'iction o$er recor's of ci$i+ statusB the 7arties
concerne' #ay attac5 the Cu'g#entH


"@(P;2- II - OF -2"O-0S OF I-;@

Se$tion I - Of 8e$!arations of 7irth

(0$t n %/-22( ' *an. 1%%/)

(rtH 33
(($t of 20 4o. 1%1%)
0ec+arations of birth sha++ be #a'e 6ithin three 'ays of the 'e+i$eryB to the +oca+ officer of ci$i+
statusH
<here a birth has not been 'ec+are' 6ithin the statutory 7erio'B the officer of ci$i+ status #ay
on+y recor' it in his registers un'er a Cu'g#ent ren'ere' by the court of the arrondissement in 6hich the
chi+' 6as bornB an' a su##ary #ention sha++ be #a'e in the #argin at the 'ate of the birthH <here the
7+ace of birth is un5no6nB the court ha$ing Curis'iction sha++ be the one of the resi'ence of the a77+icantH
(0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) In foreign countriesB 'ec+arations to 'i7+o#atic or consu+ar agents
#ust be #a'e 6ithin fifteen 'ays of the 'e+i$eryH ;hat 7erio' #ay ho6e$er be e:ten'e' by 'ecree in
so#e consu+ar 'istrictsH

(rtH 3)

;he birth of a chi+' sha++ be 'ec+are' by the fatherB orB in absence of the fatherB by the 'octors of
#e'icine or surgeryB #i'6i$esB hea+th officia+s or other 7ersons 7resent at the 'e+i$eryI an'B 6here the
#other has gi$en birth outsi'e her 'o#ici+eB by the 7erson at 6hose 7+ace she has gi$en birthH
(0$t of . Feb. 1%24) -ecor's of birth sha++ be 'ra6n u7 at onceH

(rtH 3+
(0$t of . Feb. 1%24)

( recor' of birth sha++ in'icate the 'ayB the ti#e an' the 7+ace of birthB the se: of the chi+'
FKthe first na#es gi$en to hi#B the fa#i+y na#e fo++o6e' if there is occasion by the #ention of the
Coint 'ec+aration of his 7arents as regar's the choice #a'eBK (0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 2002(
0$t n 200/-&16 of 1' *une 200/
1
G an'B the first na#esB na#esB agesB occu7ations an' 'o#ici+es of
the father an' #otherB an' if there is occasionB those of the a77+icantH If the father an' #other of an
i++egiti#ate chi+'B or one of the#B are not in'icate' to the officer of ci$i+ statusB nothing #ay be
#entione' on the registers on this subCectH
(0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/? ;he first na#es of the chi+' sha++ be chosen by his father an'
#other. K( 6o#an 6ho as5e' to 5ee7 her i'entity secret at the ti#e of the 'e+i$ery #ay #a5e
5no6n the first na#es she 'esires to be gi$en to the chi+'H Other6iseB or 6here his 7arents are
un5no6nB the officer of ci$i+ status chooses three first na#es the +ast of 6hich sha++ ta5e the 7+ace
of a 7atrony#ic Frep!a$ed by Kfa#i+y na#eK (0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 20021G to the chi+' K
(0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6)H ;he officer of ci$i+ status sha++ 6rite 'o6n at once the chosen first
na#es on the recor' of birthH (ny first na#e entere' on the recor' of birth #ay be chosen as the
usua+ first na#eH
<here these first na#es or one of the#B a+one or co#bine' 6ith the other first na#es or
the na#eB a77ear to hi# to be contrary to the 6e+fare of the chi+' or to the rights of thir' 7arties to
32
the 7rotection of their 7atrony#ics Frep!a$ed by Kfa#i+y na#esK ((ct nL 2002-304 of 4 &arch
20021)GB the officer of ci$i+ status sha++ gi$e notice thereof to the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorM 6ithout
'e+ayH ;he +atter #ay refer the #atter to the fa#i+y causes Cu'geMH
<here the Cu'ge consi'ers that the first na#e is not consonant 6ith the 6e+fare of the
chi+' or interferes 6ith the rights of thir' 7arties to the 7rotection of their 7atrony#ics Frep!a$ed by
5fami!y names5 @0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 2001
1
GB he sha++ or'er its re#o$a+ fro# the registers
of ci$i+ statusH <here a77ro7riateB he sha++ gi$e the chi+' another first na#e 6hich he hi#se+f fi:es
in the absence of a ne6 choice by the 7arents that be consonant 6ith the interests aforesai'H (
#ention of the Cu'g#ent sha++ be entere' in the #argin of the recor's of ci$i+ status of the chi+'H

1
Sha++ co#e into force on 1 4anH 200%

(rtH 3+,(
(($t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6)
<here the officer of ci$i+ status of the 7+ace of birth of an i++egiti#ate chi+' enters a #ention of
the ac5no6+e'ge#ent of that chi+' in the #argin of his recor' of birthB he sha++ gi$e notice to the other
7arent by a registere' +etter 6ith re)uest for a'$ice of 'e+i$eryH
If that 7arent cannot be infor#e'B the officer of ci$i+ status sha++ gi$e notice to the 1o$ern#ent
7rocurator 6ho sha++ ha$e a++ the necessary ste7s ta5enH

(rtH 3:
(Or'H n &'-..% of 2/ 0u6. 1%&')
( 7erson 6ho #ay ha$e foun' a ne6-born chi+' is re)uire' to #a5e 'ec+aration of it to the
officer of ci$i+ status of the 7+ace of 'isco$eryH <here he 'oes not consent to ta5e charge of the chi+'B he
sha++ han' hi#B 6ith the c+othing an' other effects foun' 6ith hi#B to the officer of ci$i+ statusH
( 'etai+e' #e#oran'u# sha++ be 'ra6n u7 6hichB besi'es the in'ications 7ro$i'e' for by (rtic+e
34 of this "o'eB sha++ state the 'ateB ti#eB 7+ace an' circu#stances of the 'isco$eryB the a77arent age an'
the se: of the chi+'B any 7ecu+iarities 6hich #ay contribute to his i'entification as 6e++ as the authority
or 7erson to 6ho# he is entruste'H ;hat #e#oran'u# sha++ be entere' as of its 'ate on the registers of
ci$i+ statusH
Fo++o6ing an' se7arate+y fro# this #e#oran'u#B the officer of ci$i+ status sha++ 'ra6 u7 a
recor' that sha++ ta5e the 7+ace of a recor' of birthH esi'es the in'ications 7ro$i'e' for by (rtic+e 34B
that recor' sha++ state the se: of the chi+' as 6e++ as the first na#es an' na#e that are gi$en to hi#I it
sha++ fi: a 'ate of birth that #ay ta++y 6ith his a77arent age an' 'esignate as 7+ace of birth the $ommune
6here the chi+' 6as 'isco$ere'H
Si#i+ar recor's sha++ be 'ra6n u7B on 'ec+aration of the "hi+'ren?s ai' ser$icesB for chi+'ren
7+ace' un'er their guar'ianshi7 an' 'e7ri$e' of a 5no6n recor' of birth or for 6ho# the secret as to
birth has been c+ai#e'H
"o7ies an' certificates of the #e#oran'u# of 'isco$ery or of the interi# recor' of birth sha++
be issue' on the ter#s an' in accor'ance 6ith the 'istinctions un'er (rtic+e %7 of this "o'eH
<here the recor' of birth of the chi+' is foun' or the birth is Cu'icia++y 'ec+are'B the
#e#oran'u# of 'isco$ery an' the interi# recor' of birth sha++ be nu++ifie' at the re)uest of the
1o$ern#ent 7rocurator or of the 7arties concerne'H

(rtH 36
(($t of . Feb. 1%24)
In case of birth 'uring a sea $oyageB a recor' sha++ be 'ra6n u7 6ithin three 'ays of the 'e+i$eryB
u7on 'ec+aration of the father if he is on boar'H
(0$t of ' *une 1'%/) <here the birth ta5es 7+ace 'uring a brea5 in 7ortB a recor' sha++ be 'ra6n
u7 un'er the sa#e ter#s if there is an i#7ossibi+ity to co##unicate 6ith the shore orB if in a foreign
countryB there is no French 'i7+o#atic or consu+ar agent $este' 6ith the functions of an officer of ci$i+
statusH
;hat recor' sha++ be 'ra6n u7B to 6it/ on $esse+s of the StateB by the officer of the *a$y
co##issariat orB in his absenceB by the ca7tain or one 6ho fu+fi+s his functionsI an' on other shi7s by the
ca7tainB #aster or s5i77erB or one 6ho fu+fi+s his functionsH
&ention sha++ be #a'e of the circu#stances a#ong the ones abo$e 7ro$i'e' in 6hich the recor'
6as 'ra6n u7H
;he recor' sha++ be entere' at the en' of the +ist of the cre6H

Se$tion II - Of Chan6es of First 4ames and 4ame
33
(0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)

(rtH )8
( 7erson 6ho estab+ishes a +a6fu+ interest #ay a77+y for a change of his first na#eH ;he
a77+ication is brought before the fa#i+y causes Cu'ge on re)uest of the 7arty concerne' orB 6here the
+atter is a 7erson un'er a 'isabi+ityB on re)uest of his statutory re7resentati$eH (n a'Cunction or
su77ression of first na#es #ay be +i5e6ise 'eci'e'H
<here the chi+' is o$er thirteen his 7ersona+ consent is re)uire'H

(rtH )(
( 7erson 6ho estab+ishes a +a6fu+ interest #ay a77+y for a change of his na#eH
;he a77+ication for a change of na#e #ay be #a'e for the 7ur7ose of 7re$enting the
e:tinguish#ent of the na#e borne by an ancestor or a co++atera+ of the a77+icant u7 to the fourth 'egreeH
;he change of na#e sha++ be authori=e' by 'ecreeH

(rtH )(,(
( 7erson concerne' #ay cha++enge before the Consei! d12tat the 'ecree estab+ishing a change of
na#e 6ithin t6o #onths after its 7ub+ication in the *ourna! Offi$ie!.
( 'ecree estab+ishing a change of na#e ta5es effectB 6here there is no cha++engeB at the en' of
the 7erio' 6ithin 6hich the cha++enge is a'#issib+e orB 6here there is a cha++engeB after its 'is#issa+H

(rtH )(,-
( change of na#e e:ten's as of right to the chi+'ren of the beneficiary 6here they are un'er
thirteenH

(rtH )(,<
( change of na#e of a chi+' o$er thirteen re)uires his 7ersona+ consent 6here this change 'oes
not resu+t fro# the estab+ishing or #o'ifying a 7arenta+ bon'HH
@o6e$erB the estab+ishing or #o'ifying a 7arenta+ bon' i#7+ies the change of a'u+t chi+'ren?s
7atrony#ic Frep!a$ed by Kfa#i+y na#eK (0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 20021)G on+y subCect to their
consentH
1 Sha++ co#e into force on 1 4anH 200%

(rtH )(,=
&entions of the Cu'g#ents of changes of first na#es an' na#e sha++ be entere' in the #argin of
the recor's of ci$i+ status of the 7arty concerne' an'B 6here a77ro7riateB of those of his or her s7ouse
an' his or her chi+'renH
;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 100 an' 101 sha++ a77+y to #o'ifications of first na#es an' na#eH

Se$tion III - Of +e$ord of 0$Ano#!ed6ement of an I!!e6itimate Chi!d

(0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)
(rtH )-
( recor' of ac5no6+e'ge#ent of an i++egiti#ate chi+' sha++ in'icate the first na#esB na#eB 'ate of
birth orB fai+ing 6hichB ageB 7+ace of birth an' 'o#ici+e of the #a5er of the ac5no6+e'ge#ent
It sha++ in'icate the 'ate an' 7+ace of birthB the se: an' first na#es of the chi+' orB fai+ing 6hichB
a++ a77ro7riate infor#ation concerning the birthB subCect to the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 341-1H
( recor' of ac5no6+e'ge#ent sha++ be entere' at its 'ate on the registers of ci$i+ statusH
On+y the #entions 7ro$i'e' for in the first 7aragra7h #ay be entere' in the #argin of the recor'
of birthB if there is oneH
In the circu#stances referre' to in (rtic+e %!B the 'ec+aration of ac5no6+e'ge#ent #ay be
recei$e' by the instru#entary officers na#e' in that (rtic+e an' in the for#s therein in'icate'H
(0$t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002) <hen a recor' of ac5no6+e'ge#ent is estab+ishe'B (rtic+es
371-1 an' 371-2 #ust be rea' to his or her #a5erH

(rtH )-,(
(($t n 2002-%/ of 22 *an. 2002)
<here the registration of a 7aterna+ ac5no6+e'ge#ent 7ro$es i#7ossib+e because of secret as to
her i'entity 7ut for6ar' by the #otherB the father #ay gi$e notice of it to the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorH
;he +atter sha++ un'erta5e the search of the 'ate an' 7+ace of estab+ish#ent of the chi+'?s recor' of birthH

34
"@(P;2- III - OF -2"O-0S OF &(--I(12

(rtH )<
(($t of ' 0pri! 1%2.)
efore the ce+ebration of a #arriageB an officer of ci$i+ status sha++ gi$e 7ub+ic notice of it by
6ay of a bi++ stuc5 u7 on the 'oor of the to6n ha++H ;hat notice sha++ state the first na#esB na#esB
occu7ationsB 'o#ici+es an' resi'ences of the future s7ousesB as 6e++ as the 7+ace 6here the #arriage is to
be ce+ebrate'H
Irres7ecti$e of the a77+ication of the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 170B an officer of ci$i+ status #ay
7rocee' to the 7ub+ic notice 7ro$i'e' for in 7aragra7h 1B orB in case of an e:e#7tion fro#
7ub+ic noticeB to the ce+ebration of the #arriageB on+y after/
- the han'ing o$er by each of the future s7ouses of a #e'ica+ certificate 'ating fro# +ess
than t6o #onthsB that attests that the 7erson concerne' 6as e:a#ine' for 7ur7oses of
#arriageB to the e:c+usion of any other in'icationI
- hearing the future s7ouses Coint+yB e:ce7t in case of i#7ossibi+ity or 6here it a77earsB
u7on e:a#ination of the fi+eB that sai' hearing is not necessary 6ith res7ect to (rtic+e 14.H If
he 'ee#s it necessaryB the officer of ci$i+ status #ay a+so re)uire to ha$e a se7arate ta+5 6ith
one or the other of the future s7ousesH
(n officer of ci$i+ status 6ho 'oes not co#7+y 6ith the 7rescri7tions of the
7rece'ing 7aragra7hs sha++ be 7rosecute' before the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e an'
7unishe' by a fine Kfro# 20 to 200 francsK (3 to 30 O) (0$t n &6-.'0 of 4 0u6.
1%&6)H

(rtH )=
(($t of ' 0pri! 1%2.)
;he bi++ 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing (rtic+e sha++ re#ain stuc5 u7 at the 'oor of the to6n ha++
for ten 'aysH
;he #arriage #ay not be ce+ebrate' before the tenth 'ay after an' e:c+usi$e of that of noticeH
<here the bi++-stic5ing is interru7te' before the e:7iration of that 7erio'B a #ention of it sha++ be
#a'e on the bi++ that has cease' to be stuc5 u7 at the 'oor of the to6n ha++H

(rtH )3
(($t of 21 *une 1%0.)
<here the #arriage has not been ce+ebrate' 6ithin one year after the e:7iry of the 7erio' of
noticeB it #ay no +onger be ce+ebrate' unti+ a ne6 7ub+ic notice has been gi$en in the for# 7ro$i'e'
abo$eH

Art ))
Instru#ents of for#a+ obCection to the #arriage #ust be signe' on the origina+ an' a co7y by the
o77osing 7arties or their agents 6ith s7ecia+ an' authentic 7o6ersI they #ust be ser$e'B 6ith a co7y of
the 7o6erB on the 7ersons or at the 'o#ici+es of the 7arties an' on the officer of ci$i+ statusB 6ho sha++
sta#7 the origina+H

(rtH )+
(($t of ' 0pri! 1%2.)
;he officer of ci$i+ status sha++ #a5eB 6ithout 'e+ayB a su##ary #ention of the for#a+ obCections
in the register of #arriagesI he sha++ a+so #a5eB in the #argin of the entry of those for#a+ obCectionsB a
#ention of Cu'g#ents or instru#ents of 6ith'ra6a+s of 6hich office co7ies ha$e been 'e+i$ere' to hi#H

(rtH ):
(($t. n 46-21&4 of . O$t. 1%46)
In the e$ent of a for#a+ obCectionB the officer of ci$i+ status #ay not ce+ebrate the #arriage
before a 6ith'ra6a+ has been 'e+i$ere' to hi#B on 7ain of fine of 30 francs (4B% O) an' subCect to a++
'a#agesH

(rtH )6
(($t of % 0u6. 1%1%)
<here 7ub+ic notice has been gi$en in se$era+ $ommunesB the officer of ci$i+ status of each
$ommune sha++ for6ar' 6ithout 'e+ay to the one 6ho is to ce+ebrate the #arriage a certificate stating that
there is no for#a+ obCectionH

3%
(rtH +8
(($t of 2 Feb. 1%//)
;he office co7y of the recor' of birth 'e+i$ere' by each one of the future s7ouses to the officer of
ci$i+ status 6ho is to ce+ebrate their #arriage sha++ co#7+y 6ith (rtic+e %7B +ast 7aragra7hB of the "i$i+
"o'e 6ithB if there is occasionB in'ication of the #arrie' status of his father an' #other orB 6here the
future s7ouse is a #inorB in'ication of the ac5no6+e'ge#ent of 6hich he or she 6as the subCectH
(0$t of 11 *u!y 1%2%) ;hat instru#ent #ust not ha$e been issue' #ore than three #onths before
6here it 6as issue' in FranceB an' #ore than si: #onths before 6here it 6as issue' in a co+ony or a
consu+ateH

(rtH +(
(($t of 11 *u!y 1%2%)
( future s7ouse 6ho 6ou+' be unab+e to obtain that instru#ent #ay re7+ace it by 7ro'ucing an
affi'a$it issue' by the Cu'ge of the tribuna! d1instan$e of the 7+ace of his birth or of his 'o#ici+eH
(n affi'a$it sha++ contain a 'ec+aration #a'e by three 6itnessesB of either se:B re+ati$es or notB of
the first na#esB na#eB occu7ation an' 'o#ici+e of the future s7ouse an' of those of his father an'
#otherB 6hen 5no6nI the 7+ace an'B as far as 7ossib+eB the 7erio' of his birth an' the causes that 7re$ent
the intru#ent fro# being 7ro'uce'H ;he 6itnesses sha++ sign the affi'a$it 6ith the Cu'ge of the tribuna!
d1instan$eI an' if any of the# cannot or 'oes not 5no6 ho6 to signB #ention sha++ be #a'e of itH

(rtH +-
(($t n .2-/ of / *an. 1%.2)
*either an affi'a$it nor a refusa+ to issue it #ay be subCect to re$ie6H

(rtH +<
(($t of % 0u6. 1%1%)
(n authentic instru#ent of consent of the father an' #otherB or gran'fathers an' gran'#others
orB fai+ing the#B of the fa#i+y counci+ sha++ contain the first na#esB na#esB occu7ation an' 'o#ici+es of
the future s7ouses an' of a++ those 6ho concurre' in the instru#entB as 6e++ as their 'egree of
consanguinityH
(0$t of 2' Feb. 1%22) 2:ce7t in the case 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 1%! of the "i$i+ "o'eB that
instru#ent of consent sha++ be 'ra6n u7 either by a notaire or by the officer of ci$i+ status of the
'o#ici+e or resi'ence of the ascen'ant an'B abroa'B by French 'i7+o#atic or consu+ar agentsH <here it is
'ra6n u7 by an officer of ci$i+ statusB it #ust be +ega+i=e' on+y 6hen it is to be 7ro'uce' before foreign
authoritiesB sa$e as other6ise 7ro$i'e' in internationa+ con$entionsH

(rtH +=
(($t of 21 *une 1%0.)
( #arriage #ust be ce+ebrate' in the $ommune 6here one of the s7ouses has his or her 'o#ici+e
or resi'ence estab+ishe' by a continuous habitation of at +east one #onth at the 'ate of the 7ub+ic notice
7ro$i'e' for by +a6H

(rtH +3
(($t n 66-/&% of % *une 1%66)
On the 'ay s7ecifie' by the 7artiesB after the 7erio' of 7ub+ic noticeB the officer of ci$i+ statusB at
the to6n ha++B in the 7resence of t6o 6itnesses at +east or four at the #ostB re+ati$e or not of the 7artiesB
sha++ rea' (rtic+es 212B 213 (7aragra7hs 1 an' 2)B 214 (7aragra7h 1) an' 31% (7aragra7h 1) of this "o'e
to the future s7ousesH K(rtic+e 371-1 #ust a+so be rea'K (0$t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)H
(0$t of % 0u6. 1%1%) @o6e$erB in case of serious i#7e'i#entB the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator of the
7+ace of #arriage #ay re)uire the officer of ci$i+ status to beta5e hi#se+f to the 'o#ici+e or resi'ence of
one of the 7arties to ce+ebrate the #arriageH In case of i##inent 'anger of 'eath of one of the future
s7ousesB the officer of ci$i+ status #ay beta5e hi#se+f there before any re)uire#ent or authori=ation of
the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorB to 6ho# he sha++ then notify as soon as 7ossib+e of the necessity of that
ce+ebration outsi'e the to6n ha++H
&ention sha++ be #a'e of this in the recor' of #arriageH
;he officer of ci$i+ status sha++ as5 the future s7ouses an'B if they are #inorsB their ascen'ants
7resent at the ce+ebration an' authori=ing the #arriageB to 'ec+are 6hether an ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent has
been #a'e an'B in the affir#ati$eB the 'ate of that contract an' the na#e an' 7+ace of resi'ence of the
notaire 6ho recei$e' itH
(0$t of 2 Feb. 1%//) <here the 'ocu#ents 7ro'uce' by one of the future s7ouses 'o not accor'
6ith one another as to the first na#es or the s7e++ing of the na#esB he sha++ as5 the one 6ho# they
3.
concern an'B if the +atter is a #inorB his c+osest ascen'ants 7resent at the ce+ebrationB to 'ec+are that the
$ariance resu+ts fro# an o#ission or a #ista5eH
@e sha++ recei$e fro# each 7artyB one after the otherB the 'ec+aration that they 6ish to ta5e each
other as husban' an' 6ifeI he sha++ 7ronounceB in the na#e of the +a6B that they are unite' by #arriageB
an' he sha++ 'ra6 u7 a recor' of it at onceH

(rtH +)
(($t of 4 Feb. 1%2')
( recor' of #arriage sha++ state/
1L ;he first na#esB na#esB occu7ationsB agesB 'ates an' 7+aces of birthB 'o#ici+es an' resi'ences
of the s7ousesI
2L ;he first na#esB na#esB occu7ations an' 'o#ici+es of the fathers an' #othersI
3L ;he consent of the fathers an' #othersB gran'fathers an' gran'#others an' that of the fa#i+y
counci+ 6hereB they are re)uire'I
4L ;he first na#es an' na#e of the 7re$ious s7ouse of each s7ouseI
%L Frepea!edG
.L ;he 'ec+aration of the contracting 7arties that they ta5e each other for s7ouseB an' the
7ronounce#ent of their being unite' by the officer of ci$i+ statusI
7L ;he first na#esB na#esB occu7ationsB 'o#ici+es of the 6itnesses an' their ca7acity as a'u+tsI
8L (0$t of 10 *u!y 1'&0) ;he 'ec+arationB #a'e u7on the )uestion 7rescribe' by the 7rece'ing
(rtic+eB that an ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent 6as #a'e or not an'B as far as 7ossib+eB the 'ate of the agree#ent
if anyB as 6e++ as the na#e an' 7+ace of resi'ence of the notaire 6ho recei$e' itI the 6ho+e on 7ain
against the officer of ci$i+ status of the fine s7ecifie' in (rtic+e %0I
<here the 'ec+aration 6as o#itte' or erroneousB the correction of the recor'B as to the o#ission
or #ista5eB #ay be re)ueste' by the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the rights of the
7arties concerne'B un'er (rtic+e !!H
!L (0$t n %.-%'. of 2' O$t. 1%%.) If there is occasionB the 'ec+aration that an instru#ent of
choice of the a77+icab+e +a6 6as #a'e in accor'ance 6ith ;he @ague "on$ention of 14 &arch 1!78 on
the +a6 a77+icab+e to #atri#onia+ regi#esB as 6e++ as the 'ate an' 7+ace of signature of that instru#ent
an'B 6here a77ro7riateB the na#e an' ca7acity of the 7erson 6ho 're6 itH
(Ord. n &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%) In the #argin of the recor' of birth of each s7ouseB #ention sha++
be #a'e of the ce+ebration of the #arriage an' of the na#e of the s7ouseH

"@(P;2- I8 - OF -2"O-0S OF 02(;@

(rtH ++ Frepea!edG

0rt. +:
(($t of . Feb. 1%24)
( recor' of 'eath #ust be 'ra6n u7 by the officer of ci$i+ status of the $ommune 6here the 'eath
too5 7+aceB u7on the 'ec+aration of a re+ati$e of the 'ecease' or of a 7erson 7ossessing the #ost re+iab+e
an' co#7+ete infor#ation that is 7ossib+e as to the ci$i+ status of the 'ecease'H

(rtH +6
(($t of . Feb. 1%24)
( recor' of 'eath sha++ state/
1L ;he 'ayB ti#e an' 7+ace of the 'eathI
2L ;he first na#esB na#eB 'ate an' 7+ace of birthB occu7ation an' 'o#ici+e of the 'ecease'
7ersonI
3L ;he first na#esB na#esB 7rofessions an' 'o#ici+es of his father an' #otherI
4L ;he first na#es an' na#e of the other s7ouseB 6here the 'ecease' 7erson 6as #arrie'B
6i'o6e' or 'i$orce'I
%L ;he first na#esB na#eB ageB occu7ation an' 'o#ici+e of the 'ec+arant an'B if there is occasionB
his 'egree of consanguinity to the 'ecease' 7ersonH
(++ of 6hich in so far as #ay be 5no6nH
(Ord. of 2% 3ar$h 1%4&) &ention of the 'eath #ust be #a'e in the #argin of the recor' of birth
of the 'ecease' 7ersonH

(rtH +6,(
(($t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)
37
<here a chi+' is 'ea' before his birth 6as 'ec+are' to the ci$i+ registryB the officer of ci$i+ status
sha++ 'ra6 u7 a recor' of birth an' a recor' of 'eath u7on e:hibition of a #e'ica+ certificate stating that
the chi+' 6as born a+i$e an' $iab+e an' s7ecifying the 'ays an' ti#es of his birth an' 'eathH
In the absence of the #e'ica+ certificate 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing 7aragra7hB the officer of
ci$i+ status sha++ 'ra6 u7 a recor' of a +ife+ess chi+'H ;hat recor' sha++ be entere' at its 'ate in the
registers of 'eath an' sha++ state the 'ayB ti#eB an' 7+ace of the 'e+i$eryB the first na#es an' na#esB 'ates
an' 7+aces of birthB occu7ations an' 'o#ici+es of the father an' #other an'B if there is occasionB those of
the 'ec+arantH ;he recor' 'ra6n u7 sha++ be 6ithout 7reCu'ice to 5no6ing 6hether the chi+' has +i$e' or
notI any 7arty concerne' #ay refer the #atter to the Cu'g#ent of the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e.

(rtH :8
(0$t of 20 4o. 1%1%)
<here the 'eath occurre' e+se6here than in the $ommune 6here the 'ecease' 6as 'o#ici+e'B
the officer of ci$i+ status sha++B 6ithin the shortest 7ossib+e ti#eB sen' to the officer of ci$i+ status of the
'ecease'?s +ast 'o#ici+eB an office co7y of that recor' 6hich sha++ be i##e'iate+y entere' in the
registersH K;his 7ro$ision sha++ not a77+y to cities 'i$i'e' into arrondissementsB 6hen the 'eath occurre'
in an arrondissement other than the one 6here the 'ecease' 6as 'o#ici+e'K (Ord. n &'-..% of 2/ 0u6.
1%&')H
KIn case of 'eath in hos7ita+s or hea+th unitsB na$a+ or ci$i+ hos7ita+s or other 7ub+ic bo'iesK ( 0$t
n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)B the 'irectorsB #anagers or hea's of those hos7ita+s or bo'ies sha++ gi$e notice
of it to the officer of ci$i+ status or to the 7erson 6ho fu+fi+s his 'utiesB 6ithin t6enty-four hoursH
;he +atter sha++ ca++ there to ascertain the 'eath an' 'ra6 u7 a recor' of itB in accor'ance 6ith the
7rece'ing (rtic+eB u7on the 'ec+arations #a'e to hi# an' accor'ing to the infor#ation obtaine' by hi#H
;here sha++ be 5e7t in sai' hos7ita+sB units an' bo'iesB a register in 6hich those 'ec+arations an'
infor#ation sha++ be entere'H

(rtH :(
<here there are #ar5s or in'ications of $io+ent 'eathB or other circu#stances 6hich gi$e rise to
sus7icion thereofB the buria+ #ay not ta5e 7+ace unti+ a 7o+ice officer hasB 6ith the assistance of a 'octor
in #e'icine or surgeryB 'ra6n u7 a #e#oran'u# of the con'ition of the cor7se an' of the circu#stances
re+ating to itB as 6e++ as of the infor#ation he cou+' co++ect as to the first na#esB na#eB ageB occu7ationB
7+ace of birth an' 'o#ici+e of the 'ecease' 7ersonH

(rtH :-
;he 7o+ice officer sha++ for6ar' at onceB to the officer of ci$i+ status of the 7+ace 6here the
7erson 'ie'B a++ the infor#ation state' in his #e#oran'u#B accor'ing to 6hich the recor' of 'eath sha++
be 'ra6n u7H
;he officer of ci$i+ status sha++ sen' an office co7y of it to the officer of the 'o#ici+e of the
'ecease' 7ersonB if it is 5no6n/ that office co7y sha++ be entere' in the registersH

(rtH :< Frepea!ed by imp!i$ation by 0$t n '1-%0' of % O$t. 1%'1( #hi$h has abo!ished the death pena!tyG

(rtH :=
In case of 'eath in a 7rison or centre of confine#ent or 'etentionB a notice of it sha++ be gi$en at
once by the 5ee7ers or 6ar'ers to the officer of ci$i+ status 6ho sha++ beta5e hi#se+f thereto as 7ro$i'e'
for in (rtic+e 80 an' sha++ 'ra6 u7 the recor' of 'eathH

(rtH :3
In a++ cases of $io+ent 'eath or 'eath in 7risons an' centres of confine#ent F repea!ed by
imp!i$ationGB those circu#stances sha++ not be #entione' in the registers an' the recor's of 'eath sha++
si#7+y be 'ra6n u7 in the for# 7rescribe' by (rtic+e 7!H

(rtH :)
(($t of . Feb. 1%24)
In case of 'eath 'uring a sea $oyage an' un'er the circu#stances 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e %!B a
recor' #ust be 'ra6n u7 6ithin t6enty-four hours by the instru#entary officers na#e' in that (rtic+e
an' in the for#s therein in'icate'H
Frepea!edG
Frepea!edG

(rtH :+
38
(Or'H n &'-..% of 2/ 0u6. 1%&')
<here the bo'y of a 'ecease' 7erson is foun' an' can be i'entifie'B a recor' of 'eath sha++ be
'ra6n u7 by the officer of ci$i+ status of the 7resu#e' 7+ace of 'eathB 6hate$er the ti#e e+a7se'
bet6een the 'eath an' the 'isco$ery of the bo'y #ay beH
P <here the 'ecease' cannot be i'entifie'B the recor' of 'eath sha++ inc+u'e the #ost co#7+ete
'escri7tion of hi#I in the e$ent of +ater i'entificationB the recor' sha++ be rectifie' in the 6ay 7ro$i'e'
for in (rtic+e !! of this "o'eH

(rtH ::
(Or'H n &'-..% of 2/ 0u6. 1%&')
&ay be Cu'icia++y 'ec+are'B on a77+ication of the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator or the 7arties
concerne'B the 'eath of a French 7erson 6ho has 'isa77eare' in or outsi'e FranceB in circu#stances
+i5e+y to i#7eri+ his +ifeB 6here his bo'y cou+' not be foun'H
On the sa#e ter#sB #ay be Cu'icia++y 'ec+are' the 'eath of an a+ien or state+ess 7erson 6ho
'isa77eare' either on a territory un'er the authority of France or aboar' a French shi7 or aircraftB or
e$en abroa' 6here he ha' his 'o#ici+e or usua+ resi'ence in FranceH
;he 7roce'ure of Cu'icia+ 'ec+aration of 'eath sha++ +i5e6ise a77+y 6here the 'eath is certain but
the bo'y cou+' not be foun'H

(rtH :6
(Or'H n &'-..% of 2/ 0u6. 1%&')
;he a77+ication #ust be +o'ge' at the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e of the 7+ace of 'eath or
'isa77earance 6here it occurre' on a territory un'er the authority of FranceB other6ise at the court of the
'o#ici+e or +ast resi'ence of the 'ecease' or 'isa77eare' 7erson orB fai+ing 6hichB at the court of the 7ort
of registry of the aircraft or the shi7 that carrie' hi#H In 'efau+t of any otherB the tribuna! de 6rande
instan$e of Paris sha++ ha$e Curis'ictionH
<here se$era+ 7ersons 'isa77eare' in the course of the sa#e e$entB a Coint a77+ication #ay be
+o'ge' at the court of the 7+ace of the 'isa77earanceB at that of the 7ort of registry orB fai+ing the#B at the
tribuna! de 6rande instan$e of ParisH

(rtH 68
(Or'H n &'-..% of 2/ 0u6. 1%&')
<here it is not #a'e by the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorB the a77+ication #ust be for6ar'e' through
the +atter to the court. ;he case sha++ be in$estigate' an' a'Cu'ge' in cha#bersH ;he assistance of a
counse+ is not re)uire' an' a++ 7rocee'ings as 6e++ as the office co7ies an' certificates thereofB sha++ be
e:e#7t of sta#7 'uties an' registere' gratisH
<here the court is of o7inion that the 'eath is not a'e)uate+y 7ro$e'B it #ay or'er any ste7 in
$ie6 to further infor#ation an' re)uest in 7articu+ar an a'#inistrati$e en)uiry on the circu#stances of
the 'isa77earanceH
<here the 'eath is 'ec+are'B its 'ate sha++ be fi:e' by ta5ing into account the 7resu#7tions
'ra6n fro# the circu#stances of the case an'B fai+ing the#B on the 'ay of the 'isa77earanceH ;hat 'ate
#ay ne$er be un'eter#ine'H

(rtH 6(
(Or'H n &'-..% of 2/ 0u6. 1%&')
;he o7erati$e 7art of a 'ec+aratory Cu'g#ent of 'eath #ust be recor'e' on the registers of ci$i+
status of the actua+ or 7resu#e' 7+ace of 'eath an'B 6here a77ro7riateB on those of the +ast 'o#ici+e of
the 'ecease'H
&ention of the recor'ing sha++ be #a'e in the #argin of the registers at the 'ate of the 'eathH In
case of a Coint Cu'g#entB in'i$i'ua+ certificates sha++ be for6ar'e' to the officers of ci$i+ status of the
+ast 'o#ici+es of the 7ersons 6ho ha$e 'isa77eare'B for 7ur7ose of their being entere'H
0ec+aratory Cu'g#ents of 'eath sha++ ta5e the 7+ace of recor's of 'eath an' are enforceab+e
against thir' 7arties 6ho #ay on+y ha$e the# rectifie' in accor'ance 6ith (rtic+e !! of this "o'eH

(rtH 6-
(Or'H n &'-..% of 2/ 0u6. 1%&')
<here the 7erson 6hose 'eath 6as Cu'icia++y 'ec+are' rea77ears after a 'ec+aratory Cu'g#entB
the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator or any 7arty concerne' #ay a77+y for the annu+#ent of the Cu'g#ent in the
for#s 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 8! an' fo++o6ingH
(0$t n ..-144. of 2' 8e$. 1%..) ;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 130B 131 an' 132 sha++ a77+y 6here
re)uire'H
3!
&ention of the annu+#ent of the 'ec+aratory Cu'g#ent sha++ be #a'e in the #argin of its
recor'ingH

"@(P;2- 8 - OF -2"O-0S OF "I8I3 S;(;>S "O*"2-*I*1 SO30I2-S (*0 &(-I*2-S I*
SO&2 SP2"I(3 "I-">&S;(*"2S

(rtH 6<
(Or'H n &'-..% of 2/ 0u6. 1%&')
-ecor's of ci$i+ status concerning so+'iers an' #ariners of the State sha++ be 'ra6n u7 as
s7ecifie' in the 7rece'ing "ha7tersH
@o6e$erB outsi'e France an' in case of 6arB e:7e'itionB o7eration for the 5ee7ing of or'er an'
7acification or )uartering of French troo7s in foreign territoriesB for occu7ation or un'er
intergo$ern#enta+ agree#entsB those recor's #ay be recei$e' +i5e6ise by #i+itary officers of ci$i+
statusB na#e' by an or'er of the &inister of the (r#e' ForcesH ;hose officers of ci$i+ status are a+so
co#7etent 6ith regar' to non-#i+itary 7ersons 6here the 7ro$isions of the 7rece'ing "ha7ters cannot be
a77+ie'H
In #etro7o+itan FranceB the officers of ci$i+ status referre' to abo$e #ay recei$e recor's
concerning so+'iers an' non-#i+itary 7ersons in the 7arts of the territory 6hereB by reason of
#obi+i=ation or siegeB the #unici7a+ ci$i+ registry is no +onger regu+ar+y ensure'H
0ec+arations of birth in the ar#e' forces sha++ be #a'e 6ithin ten 'ays fo++o6ing the 'e+i$eryH
-ecor's of 'eath #ay be 'ra6n u7 in the ar#e' forces not6ithstan'ing (rtic+e 77 abo$e
Fde!etedG a+though the officer of ci$i+ status cou+' not beta5e hi#se+f to the 'ecease' 7erson an'B
not6ithstan'ing (rtic+e 78B they #ay be 'ra6n u7 on+y on the attestation of t6o 'ec+arantsH

Art 6= Fde!etedG

(rtH 63
(($t n &.-12/2 of 2' 4o. 1%&.)
<here (rtic+e !3B 7aragra7hs 2 an' 3B so 7ro$i'esB recor's of ci$i+ status sha++ be 'ra6n u7 on a
s7ecia+ registerB the 5ee7ing an' 7reser$ation of 6hich sha++ be regu+ate' by a Coint or'er of the &inister
of *ationa+ 0efence an' (r#e' Forces an' the &inister of 2:-Ser$ice#en an' 8icti#s of <arH

(rtH 6)
(($t n &.-12/2 of 2' 4o. 1%&.)
<here a #arriage is ce+ebrate' in one of the cases 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e !3B 7aragra7hs 2 an' 3B
7ub+ic notice sha++ be gi$enB to the e:tent that circu#stances so 7er#itB at the 7+ace of the +ast 'o#ici+e
of the future husban'I they sha++ a+so be #a'e in the unit to 6hich the 7arty concerne' be+ongsB in the
6ay 7ro$i'e' for in an or'er of the &inister of *ationa+ 0efence an' (r#e' Forces H

(rtH 6+
(($t n &.-12/2 of 2' 4o. 1%&.)
-ecor's of 'eath recei$e' by #i+itary authorities in a++ cases 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e !3 abo$eB or
by ci$i+ian authorities as regar's #e#bers of the ar#e' forcesB ci$i+ians 7artici7ating in their actionB in
'uty co$ere' by or'ersB or 7ersons e#7+oye' in the ar#ies? trainB #ay be subCect to a'#inistrati$e
rectification in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in a 'ecree( 6ithin 7erio's an' in territories 6here the #i+itary
authority is entit+e'B by sai' (rtic+e !3B to recei$e those recor's shou+' the occasion ariseH


"@(P;2- 8I D OF ;@2 "I8I3 S;(;>S OF P2-SO*S O-* (-O(0 <@O ("A>I-2 O-
-2"O82- F-2*"@ *(;IO*(3I;E

(0$t n .'-./1 of 12 *u!y 1%.')
Art' 6:
( recor' ta5ing the 7+ace of a recor' of birth sha++ be 'ra6n u7 for any 7erson born abroa' 6ho
ac)uires or reco$ers French nationa+ity un+ess the recor' 'ra6n u7 at his birth 6as a+rea'y entere' on a
register 5e7t by a French authorityH
;hat recor' sha++ state the na#eB first na#es an' se: of the 7arty concerne' an' in'icate the
7+ace an' 'ate of his birthB his 7arentageB his resi'ence at the 'ate of his ac)uiring French nationa+ityH

(rtH 6:,(
40
( recor' ta5ing the 7+ace of a recor' of #arriage sha++ +i5e6ise be 'ra6n u7 6here the 7erson
6ho ac)uires or reco$ers French nationa+ity got 7re$ious+y #arrie' abroa'B un+ess the ce+ebration of the
#arriage 6as a+rea'y ta5en note of by a recor' entere' on a register 5e7t by a French authorityH
;he recor' sha++ state/
- the 'ate an' 7+ace of the ce+ebrationI
- in'ication of the 7erfor#ing authorityI
- the na#esB first na#esB 'ates an' 7+aces of birth of each one of the s7ousesI
- the 7arentage of the s7ousesI an'
- if there is occasionB the na#eB ca7acity an' resi'ence of the authority 6ho recei$e' the ante-
nu7tia+ agree#entH

(rtH 6:,-
One an' the sa#e recor' #ay be 'ra6n u7 containing the state#ents as to birth an' #arriageB
un+ess birth an' #arriage 6ere a+rea'y ta5en note of by recor's entere' on a register 5e7t by a French
authorityH
It sha++ be use' as both a recor' of birth an' a recor' of #arriageH

(rtH 6:,<
;he recor's referre' to in (rtic+es !8 to !8-2 sha++ state besi'es/
- the 'ate on 6hich they 6ere 'ra6n u7I
- the na#e an' signature of the officer of ci$i+ statusI
- the #entions entere' in the #argin of the recor' of 6hich they ta5e the 7+aceI
- in'ication of instru#ents an' Cu'g#ents re+ating to the nationa+ity of the 7ersonH
&ention sha++ be #a'e +ater in the #argin/
- of the in'ications re)uire' for each category of recor' by the +a6 in forceH

(rtH 6:,=
;he 7ersons for 6ho# recor's 6ere 'ra6n u7 un'er (rtic+es !8 to !8-2 +ose the 7o6er of
re)uiring the entry of their recor' of birth or #arriage recei$e' by a foreign authorityH
In the case of conf+ict bet6een the state#ents in a foreign recor' of ci$i+ status or a recor' of
French consu+ar ci$i+ status an' those in a recor' 'ra6n u7 un'er sai' (rtic+esB the +atter sha++ 7re$ai+
unti+ a Cu'g#ent of rectificationH

"@(P;2- 8II - OF ;@2 -2";IFI"(;IO* OF -2"O-0S OF "I8I3 S;(;>S

(rtH 66
(Or'H n &'-..% of 2/ 0u6. 1%&': 8. n '1-&00 of 12 3ay 1%'1)
( rectification of recor's of ci$i+ status sha++ be or'ere' by the 7resi'ent of the courtH
;he rectification of Cu'g#ents 6hich are 'ec+aratory of or su77+y for recor's of ci$i+ status sha++
be or'ere' by the 7resi'ent of the courtH
;he a77+ication for rectification #ay be +o'ge' by any 7arty concerne' or by the 1o$ern#ent
7rocurator I the +atter sha++ act of his o6n #otion 6here the #ista5e or o#ission bears on an essentia+
in'ication of the recor' or of the Cu'g#ent 6hich ta5es its 7+aceH
;he 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator 6ho has territoria+ Curis'iction #ay un'erta5e a'#inistrati$e
rectification of #ere+y c+erica+ #ista5es an' o#issions in the recor' of ci$i+ status/ for this 7ur7ose he
sha++ gi$e a++ necessary instructions 'irect+y to the 'e7ositaries of registersH

(rtH 66,(
(($t n .'-./1 of 12 *u!y 1%.')
Persons entit+e' to 7erfor# the 'uties of an officer of ci$i+ status in or'er to 'ra6 u7 the recor's
referre' to in (rtic+es !8 to !8-2 #ay un'erta5e a'#inistrati$e rectification of #ere+y c+erica+ #ista5es
an' o#issions containe' in those recor's Kor in the #entions inserte' in the #arginsB sa$e those that are
entere' after the #a5ing of the recor'sK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)H

(rtH (88 (0rd. n &'-..% of 2/ 0u6. 1%&')
( Cu'icia+ or a'#inistrati$e rectification of a recor' or Cu'g#ent re+ating to ci$i+ status has effect
$is-Q-$is any 7artyH

(rtH (8( (0rd. n &'-..% of 2/ 0u6. 1%&': 8. n '1-&00 of 12 3ay 1%'1)

41
(n office co7y of the recor' #ay be issue' on+y 6ith the rectifications or'ere'B on 7ain of the
fine 7rescribe' by (rtic+e %0 of the "i$i+ "o'e an' subCect to a++ 'a#ages against the 'e7ositaries of
registersH


TITRE III
O DOMICILE

(rtH (8-
(Or'H n &'-%2/ of . O$t. 1%&')
;he 'o#ici+e of a French 7ersonB as to the e:ercise of his ci$i+ rightsB is at the 7+ace 6here he has
his #ain estab+ish#entH
oat#en an' other 7ersons +i$ing on a boat of in+an' na$igation registere' in FranceB 6ho 'o not
ha$e the 'o#ici+e 7ro$i'e' for by the 7rece'ing 7aragra7h or a statutory 'o#ici+eB #ust e+ect a 'o#ici+e
in one of the $ommunes the na#es of 6hich a77ear on a +ist estab+ishe' by an or'er of the &inister of
4usticeB the &inister of the Interior an' the &inister of Pub+ic <or5sB ;rans7ort an' ;ouris#H @o6e$erB
6age-earning boat#en an' 7ersons +i$ing on boar' 6ith the# #ay 'o#ici+e the#se+$es in another
$ommune 7ro$i'e' that the concern that o7erates the boat has its hea')uarters or an estab+ish#ent thereI
in this e$entB the 'o#ici+e is fi:e' in the offices of the concernI fai+ing an e+ection by the#B those
boat#en an' 7ersons ha$e their 'o#ici+es at the hea')uarters of the concern 6hich o7erates the boat
an'B 6here those hea')uarters are abroa'B at the chartering office in ParisH
Fde!etedG

(rtH (8<
( change of 'o#ici+e ta5es 7+ace in conse)uence of an actua+ resi'ence in another 7+aceB in
a''ition to the intention to fi: one?s #ain estab+ish#ent thereH

(rtH (8=
Proof of that intention sha++ resu+t fro# an e:7ress 'ec+aration #a'e both to the #unici7a+ity of
the 7+ace 6hich one +ea$es an' to that of the 7+ace 6here the 'o#ici+e is transferre'H

(rtH (83
Fai+ing an e:7ress 'ec+arationB 7roof of intention sha++ 'e7en' on circu#stancesH

(rtH (8)
( citi=en ca++e' to a te#7orary or re$ocab+e 7ub+ic office 5ee7s the 'o#ici+e he ha' 7re$ious+yB
un+ess he has #anifeste' an intention to the contraryH

(rtH (8+
(cce7tance of an office conferre' for +ife in$o+$es an i##e'iate transfer of the 'o#ici+e of the
officer to the 7+ace 6here he is to fu+fi+ his 'utiesH

(rtH (8:
(($t n .&-61. of 11 *u!y 1%.&)

( husban' an' a 6ife #ay ha$e 'istinct 'o#ici+es 6ithout conf+icting thereby 6ith the ru+es
concerning the co##unity of +i$ingH
( notice ser$e' u7on one s7ouseB e$en Cu'icia++y se7arate'B in #atters of status an' ca7acity of
7ersonsB #ust a+so be ser$e' u7on his or her s7ouseB un'er 7ain of in$a+i'ityH

(rtH (8:,(
(($t n .&-61. of 11 *u!y 1%.&)

Se7arate resi'ence of the s7ousesB 'uring 7rocee'ings for 'i$orce or Cu'icia+ se7arationB in$o+$es
as of right se7arate 'o#ici+esH

(rtH (8:,-
(($t n .&-61. of 11 *u!y 1%.&)

( #inor 6hen not e#anci7ate' is 'o#ici+e' at his father an' #other?s ho#eH
42
<here the father an' #other ha$e se7arate 'o#ici+esB he is 'o#ici+e' at the ho#e of the 7arent
6ith 6ho# he resi'esH

(rtH (8:,<
(($t n .&-61. of 11 *u!y 1%.&)
(n a'u+t in guar'ianshi7 sha++ be 'o#ici+e' at his guar'ian?s ho#eH

(rtH (86
('u+ts 6ho usua++y ser$e or 6or5 at so#eone e+se?s 7+aceB ha$e the sa#e 'o#ici+e as the 7erson
they ser$e or at 6hose 7+ace they 6or5 6here they +i$e in the sa#e house H

(rtH ((8 Fde!etedG

(rtH (((
<here an instru#ent containsB on the 7art of the 7arties or of one of the#B an e+ection of
'o#ici+e for the i#7+e#entation of that instru#ent in a 7+ace other than that of the actua+ 'o#ici+eI the
ser$ices of noticesB co#7+aints an' 7rocee'ings re+ate' to that instru#ent #ay be 'one at the e+ecte'
'o#ici+e Kan'B subCect to the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 48 of the ne6 "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureB before the
Cu'ge of that 'o#ici+eK (8. n .&-1122 of & 8e$. 1%.&)H


TITLE IV
O A#%ENTEE%

(0$t n ..-144. of 2' 8e$. 1%..)
"@(P;2- I - OF P-2S>&P;IO* OF (S2*"2

(rtH ((-
<here a 7erson has cease' to a77ear at the 7+ace of his 'o#ici+e or resi'ence an' has not been
hear' fro#B the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s #ayB on the a77+ication of the 7arties concerne' or of the
1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorB estab+ish that there is 7resu#7tion of absenceH

(rtH ((<
;he Cu'ge #ay 'esignate one or se$era+ re+ations by b+oo' or #arriage orB 6here a77ro7riateB any
other 7ersons to re7resent the 7erson 7resu#e' absentee in the e:ercise of his rights or in any act 6hich
6ou+' be his concernB as 6e++ as to a'#inister a++ or 7art of his 7ro7erty I the re7resentation of the
7resu#e' absentee an' the a'#inistration of his 7ro7erty sha++ then be subCect to the ru+es 6hich a77+y
to statutory a'#inistration un'er Cu'icia+ su7er$ision such as it is 7ro$i'e' for #inors an'B in a''itionB
un'er the fo++o6ing a#en'#entsH

(rtH ((=
<ithout 7reCu'ice to s7ecific Curis'iction conferre' u7on other courtsB for the sa#e 7ur7osesB the
Cu'ge sha++ fi:B 6here a77ro7riateB accor'ing to the e:tent of the 7ro7ertyB the su#s that shou+' be
a++ocate' year+y to the #aintenance of the fa#i+y or the househo+' e:7ensesH
@e sha++ 'eter#ine ho6 to 7ro$i'e for the sett+ing of chi+'renH
@e sha++ a+so s7ecify ho6 the e:7enses of a'#inistration as 6e++ asB if necessaryB the fees that
#ay be grante' to the 7erson res7onsib+e for the re7resentation of the 7resu#e' absentee an' the
a'#inistration of his 7ro7erty shou+' be sett+e'H

(rtH ((3
;he Cu'ge #ayB at any ti#e an' e$en of his o6n #otionB 7ut an en' to the tas5 of the 7erson thus
'esigne'I he #ay a+so re7+ace hi# H

(rtH (()
<here a 7resu#e' absentee is ca++e' to a 7artitionB (rtic+e 838B 7aragra7h 1B of the "i$i+ "o'e
sha++ a77+yH
@o6e$erB the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s #ay authori=e a 7artitionB e$en 7artia+B an' 'esignate a
notaire to un'erta5e itB in the 7resence of the re7resentati$e of the 7resu#e' absentee or of his substitute
'esignate' as 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 11%B 6here the origina+ re7resentati$e is hi#se+f concerne' in the
7artitionH ;he state#ent of +i)ui'ation is subCect to the a77ro$a+ of the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e .

43
0rt. ((+
;he 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s office sha++ be s7ecia++y res7onsib+e for 6atching o$er the interests
of 7resu#e' absenteesI it sha++ be hear' on a++ c+ai#s 6hich concern the#I it #ay of its o6n #otion
re)uest the i#7+e#entation or a#en'#ent of the #easures 7ro$i'e' for in this ;it+eH

(rtH ((:
<here a 7resu#e' absentee rea77ears or is hear' fro#B on his a77+icationB the Cu'ge sha++ 7ut an
en' to the #easures ta5en for re7resenting hi# an' a'#inistering his 7ro7ertyI he sha++ then reco$er the
7ro7erty #anage' or ac)uire' on his beha+f 'uring the 7erio' of absenceH

(rtH ((6
-ights ac)uire' 6ithout frau' on the basis of the 7resu#7tion of absenceB #ay not be ca++e' in
)uestion again 6here the 'eath of the absentee is estab+ishe' or Cu'icia++y 'ec+are'B 6hate$er the 'ate
fi:e' for the 'eath #ay beH

(rtH (-8
;he 7rece'ing 7ro$isions concerning the re7resentation of 7resu#e' absentees an' the
a'#inistration of their 7ro7erty sha++ a+so a77+y to 7ersons 6hoB because of re#otenessB are notB against
their 6ishB in a 7osition to e:7ress their intentionH

(rtH (-(
;hese sa#e 7ro$isions sha++ not a77+y to 7resu#e' absentees or to 7ersons na#e' in (rtic+e 120
6here they +eft a 7o6er of attorney a'e)uate for the 7ur7ose of re7resenting the# or a'#inistering their
7ro7ertyH
It sha++ be the sa#e 6here a s7ouse #ay 7ro$i'e sufficient+y for the interests concerne' through
a77+ication of the #atri#onia+ regi#e an' 7articu+ar+y as a resu+t of an or'er obtaine' un'er (rtic+es 217
an' 21!B 142. an' 142!H


"@(P;2- II - OF 02"3(-(;IO* OF (S2*"2

(rtH (--
<hen ten years ha$e e+a7se' since the Cu'g#ent that estab+ishe' the 7resu#7tion of absenceB
either in the #anner 7rescribe' in (rtic+e 112B or on the occasion of one of the Cu'icia+ 7rocee'ings
7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 217 an' 21!B 142. an' 142!B absence #ay be 'ec+are' by the tribuna! de 6rande
instan$e( on the a77+ication of any 7erson concerne' or of the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s officeH
It sha++ be the sa#e 6hereB fai+ing that estab+ish#entB the 7erson 6i++ ha$e cease' to a77ear at the
7+ace of his 'o#ici+e or resi'enceB 6ithout ha$ing been hear' fro# for #ore than t6enty yearsH

(rtH (-<
2:tracts of the a77+ication see5ing 'ec+aration of absenceB after being sta#7e' by the
1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s officeB sha++ be 7ub+ishe' in t6o ne6s7a7ers circu+ating in the d)partement orB
6here a77ro7riateB in the country of the 'o#ici+e or +ast resi'ence of the 7erson 6ho re#ains unhear'
froi#H
;he court to 6hich the a77+ication is referre' #ay in a''ition or'er any other #easure gi$ing
notice thereof in any 7+ace 6here it 'ee#s it 7ro7erH
;hose #easures #ust be carrie' out by the 7arty 6ho +o'ges the a77+icationH

(rtH (-=
(s soon as the e:tracts ha$e been 7ub+ishe'B the a77+ication #ust be for6ar'e'B $ia the
1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorB to the court 6hich sha++ 'eci'e accor'ing to the e:hibits an' 'ocu#ents fi+e'
an' in consi'eration of the con'itions of the 'isa77earance as 6e++ as of the circu#stances that can
e:7+ain the +ac5 of ne6sH
;he court #ay or'er any co#7+e#entary #easure of in$estigation an' 7rescribeB if there is
occasionB that an e:a#ination of 6itnesses be #a'e a'$ersari+y 6ith the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorB 6here
the +atter is not an a77+icantB in any 7+ace 6hich it 'ee#s 7ro7erB an' 7articu+ar+y in the arrondissement
of the 'o#ici+eB or those of the +ast resi'encesB 6here they are 'ifferentH

(rtH (-3
(n originating #otion #ay be +o'ge' as ear+y as the year 7rece'ing the e:7iry of the 7erio'
7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 122B 7aragra7hs 1 an' 2H ( 'ec+aratory Cu'g#ent of absence sha++ be han'e'
44
'o6n at +east one year after the 7ub+ication of the e:tracts of that 7etitionH It sha++ estab+ish that the
7erson 7resu#e' absentee has not rea77eare' 'uring the 7erio's referre' to in (rtic+e 122H

(rtH (-)
( #otion see5ing 'ec+aration of absence sha++ be 'ee#e' $oi' 6here the absentee rea77ears or
the 'ate of his 'eath ha77ens to be 'ec+are'B before the han'ing 'o6n of the Cu'g#entH

(rtH (-+
<here a 'ec+aratory Cu'g#ent of absence is han'e' 'o6nB e:tracts thereof sha++ be 7ub+ishe' in
accor'ance 6ith the 'etai+e' ru+es 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 123B 6ithin the 7erio' fi:e' by the courtH ;he
Cu'g#ent sha++ be 'ee#e' $oi' 6here it is not 7ub+ishe' 6ithin that 7erio'H
<here the Cu'g#ent beco#es res Cu'icataB its o7erati$e 7art sha++ be recor'e' on re)uest of the
1o$ern#ent 7rocurator on the registers of 'eath of the 7+ace of 'o#ici+e of the absentee or of his +ast
resi'enceH &ention of that recor'ing sha++ be #a'e in the #argin of the registers at the 'ate of the
Cu'g#ent 'ec+aring the absenceI it sha++ a+so be #a'e in the #argin of the recor' of birth of the 7erson
'ec+are' absenteeH
Fo++o6ing registrationB the Cu'g#ent is enforceab+e $is-Q-$is thir' 7arties 6ho #ay on+y obtain
rectification in accor'ance 6ith (rtic+e !!H

(rtH (-:
( 'ec+aratory Cu'g#ent of absence in$o+$esB fro# the recor'ingB a++ the effects that an
estab+ishe' 'eath of the absentee 6ou+' ha$e ha' H
;he #easures ta5en for the a'#inistration of the 7ro7erty of the absentee in accor'ance 6ith
"ha7ter I of this ;it+e co#e to an en'B sa$e as other6ise 'eci'e' by the court orB fai+ing 6hichB by the
Cu'ge 6ho or'ere' the#H
;he s7ouse of the absentee #ay #arry againH

(rtH (-6
<here an absentee rea77ears or his e:istence is 7ro$e' after the 'ec+aratory Cu'g#ent of
absenceB annu+#ent of that Cu'g#ent #ay be soughtB on a77+ication of the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator or of
any 7arty concerne'H
@o6e$erB 6here a 7arty concerne' 6ishes to be re7resente'B he #ay 'o so on+y through a
counse+ regu+ar+y entit+e' to 7ractiseH
;he o7erati$e 7art of the Cu'g#ent of annu+#ent sha++ be 7ub+ishe' forth6ith in accor'ance 6ith
the 'etai+e' ru+es 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 123H &ention of the Cu'g#ent sha++ be #a'eB fro# the ti#e of
its 7ub+icationB in the #argin of the 'ec+aratory Cu'g#ent of absence an' on any register 6hich refers to
itH

(rtH (<8
(n absentee 6hose e:istence is Cu'icia++y estab+ishe' reco$ers his 7ro7erty an' that he shou+'
ha$e recei$e' 'uring his absence in the con'ition in 6hich it #ay beB the 7rocee's of that 6hich has
been transferre' or the 7ro7erty ac)uire' by 6ay of in$est#ent out of the ca7ita+ or inco#es fa++en 'ue
to hi#H

(rtH (<(
( 7arty concerne' 6ho has in'uce' a 'ec+aration of absence by frau' is +iab+e to restore to the
absentee 6hose e:istence has been Cu'icia++y estab+ishe' the inco#es of the 7ro7erty 6hich he 6ou+'
ha$e enCoye' an' to re#it hi# the +ega+ interests fro# the 'ay of recei7tB 6ithout 7reCu'iceB 6here
a77ro7riateB to co#7+e#entary 'a#agesH
<here frau' fa++s on the s7ouse of the 7erson 'ec+are' absenteeB the +atter is entit+e' to contest
the +i)ui'ation of the #atri#onia+ regi#e to 6hich the 'ec+aratory Cu'g#ent of absence has 7ut an en'H

(rtH (<-
&arriage of an absentee re#ains 'isso+$e'B e$en 6here a 'ec+aratory Cu'g#ent of absence is
annu++e'H

(rtH (<< to (=< Frepea!edG


TITRE IV
O MARRIA&E
4%
"@(P;2- I - OF ;@2 A>(3IFI"(;IO*S (*0 "O*0I;IO*S -2A>I-20 FO- "O*;-(";I*1
( &(--I(12

(rtH (==
( #a+eB unti+ the co#7+etion of eighteen yearsB a fe#a+e unti+ the co#7+etion of fifteen yearsB
#ay not contract #arriageH

(rtH (=3
(($t n .0-1266 of 2/ 8e$. 1%.0)

*e$erthe+essB the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator of the 7+ace 6here a #arriage is to be ce+ebrate' #ay
grant 'is7ensations as to age for serious reasonsH

(rtH (=)
;here is no #arriage 6here there is no consentH

(rtH (=),(
(($t n %/-102. of 24 0u6. 1%%/)
;he #arriage of a French 7ersonB e$en 6here contracte' in a foreign countryB re)uires his being
7resentH

(rtH (=+
*o one #ay contract a secon' #arriage before the 'isso+ution of the firstH

(rtH (=:
(($t of 1. *u!y 1%2.)
&inors #ay not contract #arriage 6ithout the consent of their father an' #otherI in case of
'isagree#ent bet6een the father an' #otherB that 'i$ision i#7+ies consentH
Frepea!edG
Frepea!edG

(rtH (=6
(($t of . Feb. 1%24)
<here one of the t6o is 'ea' or is unab+e to e:7ress his or her intentionB the consent of the other
sufficesH
It is not necessary to 7ro'uce the recor's of 'eath of the father or #other of one of the future
s7ouses 6here the s7ouse or the father an' #other of the 'ecease' certify the 'eath un'er oathH
<here the 7resent resi'ence of the father or #other is un5no6nB an' 6here he or she has not
been hear' fro# for one yearB the #arriage #ay be ce+ebrate' if the chi+' an' the 7arent 6ho consents
#a5e 'ec+aration of this un'er oathH
(++ of 6hich sha++ be #entione' on the recor' of #arriageH
( fa+se oath ta5en in the cases s7ecifie' in this (rtic+e an' the fo++o6ing (rtic+es of this "ha7ter
sha++ be 7unishe' by the 7ena+ties enacte' by (rtic+e 3.3 F (rtic+e 434-13G of the Pena+ "o'eH

(rtH (38

(($t of 1. *u!y 1%2.)
<here the father an' #other are 'ea' or are unab+e to e:7ress their intentionB the gran'fathers
an' gran'#others ta5e their 7+aceI 6here there is 'isagree#ent bet6een a gran'father an' a
gran'#other in the sa#e +ineageB or 6here there is 'isagree#ent bet6een the t6o +ineagesB that 'i$ision
i#7+ies consentH
(0$t of . Feb. 1%24) <here the 7resent resi'ence of the father an' #other is un5no6n an' 6here
they ha$e not been hear' fro# for one yearB the #arriage #ay be ce+ebrate' if the gran'fathers an'
gran'#othersB together 6ith the chi+' hi#se+fB #a5e 'ec+aration of this un'er oathH It sha++ be +i5e6ise
6hereB if one or se$era+ gran'fathers or gran'#others gi$e their consent to the #arriageB the 7resent
resi'ence of the other gran'fathers or gran'#others is un5no6n an' they ha$e not been hear' fro# for
one yearH

(rtH (3(
(($t of 2 Feb. 1%//)

4.
;he 7ro'uction of an office co7yB re'uce' to the o7erati$e 7artB of the Cu'g#ent that 'ec+are' the
absence or or'ere' an e:a#ination of 6itnesses as to the absence of the father an' #otherB gran'fathers
or gran'#others of one of the future s7ousesB is e)ui$a+ent to the 7ro'uction of their recor's of 'eath in
the cases s7ecifie' in (rtic+es 14!B 1%0B 1%8 an' 1%! of this "o'eH

(rtH (3- Frepea!edG

(rtH (3< Frepea!ed by imp!i$ationG

(rtH (3=
(($t of 2 Feb. 1%//)
;he 'isagree#ent bet6een the father an' #otherB bet6een the gran'father an' gran'#other of
the sa#e +ineageB or bet6een ancestors of the t6o +ineages #ay be estab+ishe' by a notaire( re)ueste' by
the future s7ouse an' acting 6ithout the inter$ention of a secon' notaire or of 6itnessesB 6ho 6i++ gi$e
notice of the 7+anne' union to the one or those of the fatherB #other or ancestors 6hose consent has not
yet been gaine' H
;he instru#ent containing the notice sha++ state the first na#esB na#esB occu7ationsB 'o#ici+es
an' resi'ences of the future s7ousesB of their fathers an' #others orB 6here a77ro7riateB of their
gran'7arentsB as 6e++ as the 7+ace 6here the #arriage is to be ce+ebrate' H
It sha++ a+so state a 'ec+aration that this notice is gi$en for 7ur7ose of gaining the consent not yet
grante' an' thatB fai+ing 6hichB the ce+ebration of the #arriage sha++ be 7rocee'e' 6ithH

(rtH (33
(($t of 4 Feb. 1%/4)
;he 'isagree#ent of the ascen'ants #ay a+so be estab+ishe'B either by a +etter bearing an
authenticate' signature an' a''resse' to the officer of ci$i+ status 6ho is to ce+ebrate the #arriageB or by
an instru#ent 'ra6n u7 in the for# 7ro$i'e' for by (rtic+e 73B 7aragra7h 2H
;he instru#ents +iste' in this (rtic+e an' the 7rece'ing (rtic+e sha++ be sta#7e' an' registere'
gratisH

(rtH (3)
(($t of 21 *une 1%0.)
(n officer of ci$i+ status 6ho ce+ebrates #arriages contracte' by sons or 'aughters 6ho ha$e not
reache' the fu++ age of eighteen yearsB 6ithout the consent of the fathers an' #othersB that of the
gran'fathers or gran'#others an' that of the fa#i+y counci+B 6hen it is re)uire'B being #entione' in the
recor' of #arriageB sha++ be sentence' to the fine s7ecifie' in (rtic+e 1!2 of the "i$i+ "o'eB at the suit of
the 7arties concerne' or of the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator of the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e of the
arrondissement 6here the #arriage 6as ce+ebrate'H

(rtH (3+
(($t of 4 Feb. 1%/4)
(n officer of ci$i+ status 6ho has not re)uire' 7roof of the notice 7rescribe' by (rtic+e 1%4 sha++
be sentence' to the fine 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing (rtic+eH

(rtH (3:
(($t of 10 3ar$h 1%1/)
(n i++egiti#ate chi+' +a6fu++y ac5no6+e'ge' 6ho has not reache' the fu++ age of eighteen #ay
not contract a #arriage 6ithout ha$ing gaine' consent of the one of his father an' #other 6ho
ac5no6+e'ge' hi#B or of the t6o if he 6as ac5no6+e'ge' by bothH
(0$t of 1. *u!y 1%2.) In case of 'isagree#ent bet6een the father an' #otherB that 'i$ision
i#7+ies consentH
(0$t of . Feb. 1%24) <here one of the# is 'ea' or unab+e to e:7ress his intentionB the consent of
the other sufficesH
Frepea!edG

(rtH (36
(($t n 64-12/0 of 14 8e$. 1%64)
<here there are no fatherB or #otherB or gran'fathersB or gran'#othersB or 6here a++ are unab+e to
e:7ress their intentionB #inors un'er eighteen years #ay not contract #arriage 6ithout the consent of
the fa#i+y counci+H
47
(n i++egiti#ate chi+' 6ho 6as not ac5no6+e'ge'B an' one 6hoB after being soB +ost his father an'
#other or 6hose father an' #other cannot e:7ress their intentionB #ay #arry before the age of eighteen
years on+y after gaining the consent of the fa#i+y counci+H

(rtH ()8
(($t n 64-12/0 of 14 8e$. 1%64)
<here the 7resent resi'ence of those of the ascen'ants of a #inor un'er eighteen of 6ho# the
'eath is not estab+ishe' is un5no6n an' 6here the ascen'ants ha$e not been hear' fro# for one yearB the
#inor sha++ #a5e a 'ec+aration of it un'er oath before the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s of his resi'enceB 6ith
the assistance of his c+er5B in his cha#bersB an' the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s sha++ 7+ace it on recor'H
;he Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s sha++ gi$e notice of that oath to the fa#i+y counci+ 6hich sha++ ru+e on
the a77+ication for authori=ation to #arryH @o6e$erB the #inor #ay gi$e the oath 'irect+y in the 7resence
of the #e#bers of the fa#i+y counci+H

(rtH ()(
In 'irect +ineageB #arriage is 7rohibite' bet6een a++ ascen'ants an' 'escen'antsB +egiti#ate or
i++egiti#ateB an' the re+ati$es by #arriage in the sa#e +ineageH

(rtH ()-
(($t of 1 *u!y 1%14)
In co++atera+ +ineageB #arriage is 7rohibite' bet6een +egiti#ate or i++egiti#ate brother an' sisterH
Frepea!edG

(rtH ()<
(($t n .2-/ of / *an. 1%.2)
&arriage is further 7rohibite' bet6een unc+e an' nieceB aunt an' ne7he6B 6hether the
re+ationshi7 be +egiti#ate or i++egiti#ateH

(rtH ()=
(($t of 10 3ar$h 1%/')
*e$erthe+essB the Presi'ent of the -e7ub+ic #ay for serious reasons re#o$e the 7rohibitions
entere'/
1L in (rtic+e 1.1 as to #arriages bet6een re+ati$es by #arriage in 'irect +ineage 6here the 7erson
6ho create' the re+ationshi7 is 'ea'I
2L Frepea!edG
3L in (rtic+e 1.3 as to #arriages bet6een unc+e an' nieceB aunt an' ne7he6H


"@(P;2- II - OF ;@2 FO-&(3I;I2S -23(;I*1 ;O ;@2 "232-(;IO* OF &(--I(12

(rtH ()3
(($t of 21 *une 1%0.)
&arriage sha++ be ce+ebrate' 7ub+ic+y before the officer of ci$i+ status of the $ommune 6here one
of the s7ouses has his 'o#ici+e or his resi'ence at the 'ate of the 7ub+ic notice 7ro$i'e' for by (rtic+e .3
an'B in the e$ent of 'is7ensation of 7ub+ic noticeB at the 'ate of the 'is7ensation 7ro$i'e' for by (rtic+e
1.! be+o6H

(rtH ())
(Or'H n &'-..% of 2/ 0u6. 1%&')
;he 7ub+ic notice re)uire' by (rtic+e .3 sha++ be #a'e at the to6n ha++ of the 7+ace of ce+ebration
an' at that of the 7+ace 6here each one of the future s7ouses has his 'o#ici+e orB in the absence of
'o#ici+eB his resi'enceH

(rtH ()+ an5 (): Frepea!edG

(rtH ()6
(($t of ' 0pri! 1%2.)
;he 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator of the arrondissement in 6hich the #arriage is to be ce+ebrate' #ayB
for serious reasonsB 'is7ense 6ith 7ub+ic notice an' 6ith any 7erio' or on+y 6ith the bi++-stic5ing of the
noticeH
48
(Ord. n 4&-2.20 of 2 4o. 1%4&) @e #ay a+soB in e:ce7tiona+ casesB 'is7ense the future s7ousesB
or one of the# on+yB 6ith the han'ing o$er of the #e'ica+ certificate re)uire' by (rtic+e .3B 7aragra7h 2H
;he #e'ica+ certificate #ay not be 'e#an'e' to any of the future s7ouses in case of i##inent
'anger of 'eath of one of the#B as 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 7%B 7aragra7h 3B of this "o'eH

(rtH (+8
(($t of 21 *une 1%0.)
( #arriage contracte' in a foreign country bet6een French 7ersons an' bet6een a French 7erson
an' an a+ien is $a+i' 6here it is ce+ebrate' in the for#s in use in that countryB 7ro$i'e' it 6as 7rece'e'
by the 7ub+ic notice 7rescribe' by (rtic+e .3B in the ;it+e Of +e$ords of Cii! StatusB an' the French
7erson 'i' not co##it a breach of the 7ro$isions containe' in the 7rece'ing "ha7terH
(0$t of 2% 4o. 1%01) It sha++ be +i5e6ise as regar's a #arriage contracte' in a foreign country
bet6een a French#an an' an a+ien (0$t n 200/-111% of 26 4o. 200/)B 6here it 6as ce+ebrate' by
'i7+o#atic agents or by consu+s of FranceB in accor'ance 6ith French +egis+ationH
*e$erthe+essB 'i7+o#atic agents or consu+s #ay on+y 7rocee' to the ce+ebration of the #arriage
bet6een a French#an an' an a+ien 6o#an in the countries 'esignate' by 'ecrees of the Presi'ent of the
-e7ub+icH(0$t n 200/-111% of 26 4o. 200/)2:ce7t in case of i#7ossibi+ity or 6here it a77earsB u7on
e:a#ination of the fi+eB that sai' hearing is not necessary 6ith res7ect to (rtic+e 14.B 'i7+o#atic or
consu+ar agents sha++B for the i#7+e#entation of 7aragra7hs 1 an' 2 of this (rtic+eB 7rocee' to hearing
Coint+y the future s7ouses or s7ousesB accor'ing to the circu#stancesB either at the ti#e of the re)uest for
7ub+ic notice un'er (rtic+e .3B or at the ti#e of the issuing of the certificate of #arriageB or in case of a
re)uest for registration of the #arriage by a French nationa+H 0i7+o#atic or consu+ar agents #ayB if
necessaryB re)uire to ha$e a ta+5 6ith either one of the s7ouses or future s7ousesH ;hey #ay a+so 'e#an'
that the s7ouses or future s7ouses be 7resent on the occasion of each one of the abo$e #entione'
for#a+itiesH

(rtH (+8,(
(($t n %/-102. of 24 0u6. 1%%/)
<here there is serious circu#stantia+ e$i'ence gi$ing rise to the 7resu#7tion that a #arriage
ce+ebrate' abroa' incurs annu+#ent un'er (rtic+es 184B Fde!eted( 0$t n 200/-111% of 26 4o. 200/G or
1!1B the 'i7+o#atic or consu+ar agent in charge of the registration of the recor' sha++ i##e'iate+y infor#
the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s office an' 'efer the registrationH
;he 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator sha++ ru+e u7on the registrationH <here he c+ai#s annu+#ent of the
#arriageB he sha++ or'er that the registration be +i#ite' to the on+y 7ur7ose of referring the #atter to the
courtI unti+ the Cu'ge#ent of the +atterB an office co7y of the registere' recor' #ay be issue' on+y to
Cu'icia+ authorities or 6ith the authori=ation of the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator
<here the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator 'i' not co#e to a 'ecision 6ithin a 7erio' of si: #onths after
the referenceB the 'i7+o#atic or consu+ar agent sha++ register the recor'HH

(rtH (+(
(($t n &%-1&'/ of /1 8e$. 1%&%)
;he Presi'ent of the -e7ub+ic #ayB for gra$e reasonsB authori=e the ce+ebration of the #arriage
6here one of the future s7ouses is 'ea' after the co#7+etion of the officia+ for#a+ities in'icating
une)ui$oca++y his or her consentH
In this caseB the effects of the #arriage 'ate bac5 to the 'ay 7rece'ing that of the 'eath of the
s7ouseH
@o6e$erB this #arriage #ay not in$o+$e any right of intestate succession to the benefit of the
sur$i$or an' no #atri#onia+ regi#e is consi'ere' to ha$e e:iste' bet6een the s7ouses


"@(P;2- III - OF FO-&(3 O42";IO*S ;O &(--I(12

(rtH (+-
;he right to inter7ose an obCection to the ce+ebration of a #arriage be+ongs to the 7erson unite'
by #arriage 6ith one of the t6o contracting 7artiesH

(rtH (+<
(($t of % 0u6. 1%1%)
;he fatherB the #other an'B in the absence of the father an' the #otherB the gran'fathers an'
gran'#others #ay inter7ose an obCection to the #arriage of their chi+'ren an' 'escen'antsB e$en of fu++
ageH
4!
(fter a Cu'icia+ 6ith'ra6a+ of an obCection to a #arriage inter7ose' by an ascen'antB no ne6
obCection inter7ose' by an ascen'ant is a'#issib+e an' #ay 'e+ay the ce+ebrationH

(rtH (+=
In the absence of any ascen'antB the brother or sisterB the unc+e or auntB a cousin-ger#anB of fu++
ageB #ay inter7ose an obCection on+y in the fo++o6ing t6o instances /
1L (0$t of 2 Feb. 1%//) <here the consent of the fa#i+y counci+B re)uire' by (rtic+e 1%!B 6as not
gaine'I
2L <here the obCection is base' u7on the state of insanity of the future s7ouseI that obCectionB the
6ith'ra6a+ of 6hich #ay be uncon'itiona++y 'eci'e' by the courtB #ay be acce7te' on+y on con'ition
for the obCecting 7arty to in'uce a guar'ianshi7 of a'u+ts an' gain a 'ecision thereu7on 6ithin the 7erio'
fi:e' by Cu'g#entH

(rtH (+3
In the t6o cases 7ro$i'e' for by the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB the guar'ian or curator #ay notB 'uring
the continuance of the guar'ianshi7 or curatorshi7B inter7ose an obCectionB un+ess he is so authori=e' by
the fa#i+y counci+B 6hich he #ay con$eneH

(rtH (+3,(
(($t n %/-102. of 24 0u6. 1%%/)
;he 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator #ay inter7ose an obCection in the cases in 6hich he #ight a77+y for
annu+#ent of a #arriageH

(rtH (+3,-
(0$t n 200/-111% of 26 4o. 200/)
<here there is serious circu#stantia+ e$i'ence gi$ing riseB 7ossib+y after ho+'ing the hearings
7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e .3B to the 7resu#7tion that the conte#7+ate' #arriage #ay be annu++e' un'er
(rtic+e 14.B the officer of ci$i+ status #ay refer the #atter to the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorH @e sha++
infor# of it the 7ersons concerne'H
;he 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator sha++B 6ithin fifteen 'ays after the #atter has been brought
before hi#B either +et the #arriage 7rocee'B or inter7ose an obCection to itB or 'eci'e that the
ce+ebration #ust be staye'B 7en'ing the in)uiry he initiatesH @e sha++ #a5e his reasone'
'ecision 5no6n to the officer of ci$i+ status an' to the 7ersons concerne'H
;he 'uration of the stay 'eci'e' by the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator #ay not e:cee' one #onth
rene6ab+e once by a s7ecia++y reasone' 'ecisionH
(fter e:7iry of the stayB the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator sha++ #a5e 5no6n to the officer of
ci$i+ status by a reasone' 'ecision 6hether he a++o6s the ce+ebration of the #arriage or
obCects to itH
2ither of the future s7ousesB e$en #inorB #ay cha++enge the 'ecision to stay or its rene6a+
before the 7resi'ent of the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e 6ho sha++ gi$e Cu'g#ent 6ithin ten
'aysH ;he Cu'g#ent of the 7resi'ent of the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e #ay be referre' to the
court of a77ea+M 6hich sha++ 'eci'e 6ithin the sa#e 7erio'H
(rtH (+)
(($t of ' 0pri! 1%2.)
(n instru#ent of obCection sha++ state the ca7acity in 6hich the 7arty obCecting is entit+e' to 'o
soI it sha++ contain an e+ection of 'o#ici+e at the 7+ace 6here the #arriage is to be ce+ebrate' I it sha++
a+so contain the reasons of the obCection an' re7ro'uce the te:t of +a6 on 6hich the obCection is base'I
the 6ho+e on 7ain of nu++ity an' of 'is)ua+ification of the #inisteria+ officer 6ho has signe' the
instru#ent containing the obCectionH
(0$t of 1& 3ar$h 1%//) (fter one fu++ yearB the instru#ent of o77osition ceases to be effecti$eH It
#ay be rene6e'B e:ce7t in the case referre' to in (rtic+e 173B 7aragra7h 2B abo$eH

(rtH (++
(($t of 1& 3ar$h 1%//)
;he tribuna! de 6rande instan$e sha++ 'eci'e 6ithin ten 'ays on an a77+ication for 6ith'ra6a+
fi+e' by the future s7ousesB e$en #inorsH

(rtH (+:
(($t of 1& 3ar$h 1%//)
%0
If there is an a77ea+ it sha++ be 'is7ose' of 6ithin ten 'aysB an'B 6here the Cu'g#ent un'er a77ea+
has grante' the 6ith'ra6a+ of the obCectionB the court sha++ 'eci'e e$en of its o6n #otionH

(rtH (+6
<here an obCection is set asi'eB the 7arties obCecting #ay be or'ere' to 7ay 'a#agesB 6ith the
e:ce7tion ho6e$er of the ascen'antsH
(0$t of 20 *une 1'%6) (n a77+ication for retria+ 'oes not +ie against a 'efau+t Cu'g#ent 6hich sets
asi'e an obCection to #arriageH

"@(P;2- I8 - OF (PP3I"(;IO*S FO- ;@2 (**>3&2*; OF ( &(--I(12

(rtH (:8
( #arriage contracte' 6ithout the free consent of the t6o s7ousesB or of one of the#B #ay be
attac5e' on+y by the s7ouses or by the one 6hose consent 6as not freeH
(0$t n .&-61. of 11 *u!y 1%.&) <here there 6as a #ista5e as to the 7ersonB or as to essentia+
ca7acities of the 7ersonB the other s7ouse #ay a77+y for annu+#ent of the #arriageH

(rtH (:(
In the case of the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB the a77+ication for annu+#ent #ay no +onger be a'#issib+e
6hene$er there has been continuous cohabitation for si: #onths since the s7ouse ac)uire' his or her fu++
free'o# or the #ista5e 6as 'isco$ere' by hi# or herH

(rtH (:-
( #arriage contracte' 6ithout the consent of the father an' #otherB of the ascen'ants or of the
fa#i+y counci+B 6here this consent 6as necessaryB #ay be attac5e' on+y by those 6hose consent 6as
re)uire'B or by the one of the s7ouses 6ho nee'e' that consent H

(rtH (:<
(n a77+ication for annu+#ent #ay no +onger be institute' by the s7ouses or the 7arents 6hose
consent 6as re)uire'B 6hene$er the #arriage 6as e:7ress+y or tacit+y a77ro$e' by those 6hose consent
6as necessaryB or 6here one year has e+a7se' 6ithout c+ai# on their 7art since they ha$e ha' 5no6+e'ge
of the #arriageH *or #ay it be institute' by the s7ouse 6here one year has e+a7se' 6ithout c+ai# on his
or her 7artB since he or she has reache' the co#7etent age to consent to the #arriage by hi#se+f or
herse+fH

(rtH (:=
(($t of 1% Feb. 1%//)
( #arriage contracte' in $io+ation of the 7ro$isions containe' in (rtic+es 144B 14.B K14.-1BK (0$t
n %/-102. of 24 0u6. 1%%/) 147B 1.1B 1.2 an' 1.3 #ay be attac5e' either by the s7ouses the#se+$esB or
by a++ those 6ho ha$e an interest thereinB or by the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorH

(rtH (:3
@o6e$erB a #arriage contracte' by s7ouses 6ho 'i' not yet ha$e the re)uire' ageB or of 6ho#
one of the t6o ha' not reache' that ageB #ay no +onger be attac5e' /
1L 6here si: #onths ha$e e+a7se' since that s7ouse or the s7ouses ha$e reache' the co#7etent
ageI
2L 6here the 6ifeB 6ho 'i' not ha$e that ageB has concei$e' before si: #onths e+a7se' H

(rtH (:)
;he fatherB the #otherB the ascen'ants an' the fa#i+y 6hen they ha$e consente' to the #arriage
contracte' in the circu#stances referre' to in the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB #ay not be a'#itte' to a77+y for its
annu+#entH

(rtH (:+
In a++ cases in 6hich an a77+ication for annu+#ent #ay be institute'B in accor'ance 6ith (rtic+e
184B by a++ those 6ho ha$e an interest thereinB it #ay not be institute' by co++atera+ re+ati$esB or by the
chi+'ren born of another #arriageB in the +ifeti#e of the s7ousesB un+ess they ha$e a $este' an' 7resent
interestH

(rtH (::
%1
( s7ouse to 6hose 'etri#ent a secon' #arriage 6as contracte'B #ay a77+y for its annu+#ent
e$en 'uring the +ifeti#e of the s7ouse 6ho 6as boun' to hi# or herH

(rtH (:6
<here the ne6 s7ouses raise the in$a+i'ity of the first #arriageB the $a+i'ity or in$a+i'ity of that
#arriage #ust be Cu'ge' beforehan'H

(rtH (68
In a++ cases to 6hich (rtic+e 184 a77+ies an' un'er the #o'ifications containe' in (rtic+e 18%B
the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator #ay an' sha++ a77+y for annu+#ent of the #arriageB 'uring the +ifeti#e of the
s7ousesB an' ha$e the# or'ere' to se7arateH

(rtH (68,(
Frepea!edG
(rtH (6(
( #arriage 6hich 6as not 7ub+ic+y contracte' an' 6hich 6as not ce+ebrate' before the
co#7etent 7ub+ic officerB #ay be attac5e' by the s7ouses the#se+$esB by the father an' #otherB by the
ascen'ants an' by a++ those ha$ing a $este' an' 7resent interestB as 6e++ as by the 1o$ern#ent
7rocuratorH

(rtH (6-
(($t of 21 *une 1%0.)
<here a #arriage 6as not 7rece'e' by the 7ub+ic notice re)uire' or 6here the 'is7ensations
a++o6e' by +a6 6ere not gaine'B or 6here the inter$a+s 7rescribe' bet6een the 7ub+ic notice an' the
ce+ebration 6ere not obser$e'B the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator sha++ ha$e the 7ub+ic officer fine' an a#ount
not e:cee'ing K30 francsK (4B% O ) (0$t n 46-21&4 of . O$t. 1%46) an' sha++ ha$e the contracting 7artiesB
or those un'er 6hose authority they acte'B fine' in 7ro7ortion to their 6ea+thH

(rtH (6<
;he 7ena+ties state' in the 7rece'ing (rtic+e are incurre' by the 7ersons therein na#e' for any
infringe#ent of the ru+es 7rescribe' by (rtic+e 1.%B e$en if those infringe#ents are not he+' to be
sufficient to in$o+$e annu+#ent of the #arriageH

(rtH (6=
*o one #ay c+ai# the )ua+ity of s7ouse an' the ci$i+ effects of #arriage un+ess he or she
7ro'uces a recor' of ce+ebration entere' on the register of ci$i+ statusI e:ce7t in the cases 7ro$i'e' for
by (rtic+e 4.B in the ;it+e Of +e$ords of Cii! Status .

0rt. (63
(77arent status #ay not e:e#7t the a++ege' s7ouses 6ho res7ecti$e+y a$ai+ the#se+$es of it fro#
7ro'ucing the recor' of ce+ebration of the #arriage before the officer of ci$i+ statusH

(rtH (6)
<here there is an a77arent status an' the recor' of ce+ebration of the #arriage before the officer
of ci$i+ status is 7ro'uce'B the s7ouses ha$e res7ecti$e+y no stan'ing to sue for the annu+#ent of that
recor'H

Art' (6+
<hereB ho6e$erB in the case of (rtic+es 1!4 an' 1!%B there are chi+'ren born of t6o 7ersons 6ho
ha$e o7en+y +i$e' as husban' an' 6ife an' 6ho are both 'ea'B the +egiti#acy of the chi+'ren #ay not be
conteste' on the so+e 7rete:t of fai+ure to 7ro'uce the recor' of ce+ebrationB 6hene$er +egiti#acy is
7ro$e' by an a77arent status 6hich is not contra'icte' by the recor' of birthH

(rtH (6:
<here the 7roof of the +a6fu+ ce+ebration of a #arriage is estab+ishe' by the outco#e of a
cri#ina+ 7roce'ureB the entry of the Cu'g#ent on the registers of ci$i+ status secures for the #arriageB
fro# the 'ay of its ce+ebrationB a++ ci$i+ effectsB both as regar's the s7ouses an' the chi+'ren born of that
#arriageH

(rtH (66
%2
<here the s7ouses or one of the# ha$e 'ie' 6ithout ha$ing 'isco$ere' frau'B a cri#ina+ action
#ay be brought by a++ those 6ho ha$e an interest in ha$ing the #arriage 'ec+are' $a+i'B an' by the
1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorH

(rtH -88
<here a 7ub+ic officer is 'ea' 6hen frau' is 'isco$ere'B a ci$i+ action #ay be institute' against
his heirsB by the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorB in the 7resence of the intereste' 7arties an' u7on their
accusationH

(rtH -8(
(($t n .2-/ of / *an. 1%.2)
( #arriage 6hich has been 'ec+are' $oi' 7ro'ucesB ne$erthe+essB its effects 6ith regar' to the
s7ousesB 6here it 6as contracte' in goo' faithH
<here goo' faith e:ists on+y on the 7art of one s7ouseB the #arriage 7ro'uces its effects on+y in
fa$our of that s7ouseH

(rtH -8-
(($t n .2-/ of / *an. 1%.2)
It a+so 7ro'uces its effects 6ith regar' to the chi+'renB e$en though none of the s7ouses 6as in
goo' faithH
(0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) ;he Cu'ge sha++ ru+e on the e:ercise of 7arenta+ authority as in
#atters of 'i$orceH

"@(P;2- 8 - OF ;@2 O3I1(;IO*S (-ISI*1 F-O& &(--I(12

(rtH -8<
;he s7ouses contract togetherB by the so+e fact of #arriageB the ob+igation of fee'ingB su77orting
an' e'ucating their chi+'renH

(rtH -8=
( chi+' has no c+ai# against his father an' #other for a sett+e#ent in $ie6 of #arriage or
other6iseH

(rtH -83
(($t n .2-/ of / *an. 1%.2)
"hi+'ren o6e #aintenance to their father an' #other or other ascen'ants 6ho are in nee'H

(rtH -8)
(($t of % 0u6. 1%1%)
Sons- an' 'aughters-in-+a6 o6e +i5e6ise an' un'er the sa#e circu#stancesB #aintenance to
their father- an' #other-in-+a6B but this ob+igation ceases 6here the s7ouse o6ing to 6ho# the affinity
e:iste' an' the chi+'ren born of his or her union 6ith the other s7ouse are 'ea'H

(rtH -8+
(($t n .2-/ of / *an. 1%.2)
;he ob+igations resu+ting fro# these 7ro$isions are reci7roca+H
*e$erthe+essB 6here the cre'itor has fai+e' serious+y to fu+fi+ his ob+igations to6ar's the 'ebtorB
the Cu'ge #ay 'ischarge the +atter fro# a++ or 7art of the #aintenance ob+igationsH

(rtH -8+,( Frepea!edG

(rtH -8:
(($t n ./-2 of / *an. 1%.2)
&aintenance sha++ be grante' on+y in 7ro7ortion to the nee's of the one 6ho c+ai#s itB an' to the
6ea+th of the one 6ho o6es itH
;he Cu'ge #ayB e$en of his o6n #otion an' accor'ing to the circu#stances of the caseB cou7+e
the 7erio'ica+ 7ay#ents 6ith a re$ision c+ause 7er#itte' by the +a6 in forceH

(rtH -86
%3
<here the one 6ho 7ro$i'es or the one 6ho recei$es #aintenance is 7+ace' again in such a
con'ition that the one can no +onger gi$e itB or the other is no +onger in nee' of itB a 'ischarge or
re'uction of it #ay be a77+ie' forH

(rtH -(8
<here the 7erson 6ho #ust 7ro$i'e #aintenance estab+ishes that he cannot #a5e 7erio'ica+
7ay#entsB the Kfa#i+y causes Cu'geK(0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) #ayB 6ith fu++ 5no6+e'ge of the factsB
or'er that he sha++ recei$e in his ho#eB fee' an' #aintain the one to 6ho# he o6es #aintenanceH

(rtH -((
;he Kfa#i+y causes Cu'geK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) #ay a+so 'eci'e 6hether the father or
#other 6ho 6i++ offer to recei$eB fee' an' #aintain in his or her ho#e the chi+' to 6hich he or she o6es
#aintenance shou+' in that case be e:e#7te' fro# 7erio'ica+ 7ay#entsH

"@(P;2- 8I - OF ;@2 -2SP2";I82 -I1@;S (*0 0>;I2S OF ;@2 SPO>S2S

(rtH -(-
(($t of 22 Sept. 1%42)
S7ouses #utua++y o6e each other fi'e+ityB su77ort an' assistanceH

(rtH -(<
(($t n .0-4&% of 4 *une 1%.0)
S7ouses are res7onsib+e together for the #ateria+ an' #ora+ gui'ance of the fa#i+yH ;hey sha++
7ro$i'e for the e'ucation of the chi+'ren an' sha++ 7re7are their futureH

(rtH -(=
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
<here an ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent 'oes not regu+ate the contributions of the s7ouses to the
#arriage e:7ensesB they sha++ contribute to the# in 7ro7ortion to their res7ecti$e #eans H
Frepea!edG
Frepea!edG
<here one of the s7ouses 'oes not fu+fi+ his or her ob+igationsB he or she #ay be co#7e++e' by
the other to 'o so in the #anner 7ro$i'e' for in the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureH

(rtH -(3
(($t n .0-4&% of 4 *une 1%.0)
S7ouses #utua++y ob+ige the#se+$es to a co##unity of +i$ingH
(0$t n .&-61. of 11 *u!y 1%.&) ;he resi'ence of the fa#i+y is at the 7+ace 6hich they choose by
co##on consentH
(0$t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&) ;he s7ouses #ay notB se7arate+yB 'is7ose of the rights 6hereby
the +o'ging of the fa#i+y is ensure'B or of the 7ieces of furniture 6ith 6hich it is garnishe'H ;he one of
the t6o 6ho 'i' not gi$e his or her consent to the transaction #ay c+ai# the annu+#ent of it/ the action
for annu+#ent is o7en to hi# or her 6ithin the year after the 'ay 6hen he or she ha' 5no6+e'ge of the
transactionB 6ithout 7ossibi+ity of its e$er being institute' #ore than one year after the #atri#onia+
regi#e 6as 'isso+$e'H

(rtH -()
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
2ach s7ouse has fu++ +ega+ ca7acityI but his or her rights an' 7o6ers #ay be restricte' as a
conse)uence of the #atri#onia+ regi#e an' of the 7ro$isions of this "ha7terH

(rtH -(+
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
( s7ouse #ay be authori=e' by a court to enter a+one into a transaction for 6hich the assistance
or the consent of the other s7ouse 6ou+' be necessaryB 6here the +atter is not ab+e to e:7ress his or her
intention or 6here his or her refusa+ is not Custifie' by the interest of the fa#i+yH
;he transaction entere' into un'er the ter#s of a Cu'icia+ authori=ation is effecti$e against the
s7ouse 6hose assistance or consent 6as +ac5ingB 6ithout any 7ersona+ ob+igation incu#bent on hi# or
her resu+ting fro# it

(rtH -(:
%4
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
( s7ouse #ay gi$e the other a 6ritten authori=ation to re7resent hi# or her in the e:ercise of the
7o6ers that the #atri#onia+ regi#e confers to hi# or herH
(0$t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&) @e or she #ayB in a++ casesB free+y re$o5e that authori=ationH

(rtH -(6
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
<here one of the s7ouses is unab+e to e:7ress his or her intentionB the other #ay be Cu'icia++y
entit+e' to re7resent hi# or herB in a genera+ #anner or for so#e 7articu+ar transactionsB in the e:ercise
of the 7o6ers resu+ting fro# the #atri#onia+ regi#eB the ter#s an' e:tent of that re7resentation being
fi:e' by the Cu'geH
Fai+ing a +ega+ 7o6erB 7o6er of attorney or Cu'icia+ entit+e#entB the transactions entere' into by a
s7ouse in re7resentation of the other are effecti$e 6ith regar' to the +atter accor'ing to the ru+es of
#anage#ent of anotherNs businessH

(rtH --8
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
2ach one of the s7ouses has the 7o6er to #a5e a+one contracts 6hich re+ate to the su77ort of the
househo+' or the e'ucation of chi+'ren/ any 'ebt thus contracte' by the one bin's the other Coint+y an'
se$era++yH
*e$erthe+essB Coint an' se$era+ ob+igations 'o not arise as regar's e:7en'itures that are
#anifest+y e:cessi$e 6ith reference to the 6ay of +i$ing of the househo+'B to the usefu+ness or
use+essness of the transactionB to the goo' or ba' faith of the contracting thir' 7artyH
(0$t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&) ;hey 'o not arise eitherB 6here they 6ere not conc+u'e' 6ith
the consent of the t6o s7ousesB as regar's insta+#ent 7urchases or +oans un+ess those re+ate to reasonab+e
su#s nee'e' for the 6ants of e$ery'ay +ifeH

(rtH --8,(
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
<here one of the s7ouses fai+s serious+y in his or her 'uties an' thus i#7eri+s the interests of the
fa#i+yB the Kfa#i+y causes Cu'geK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) #ay 7rescribe any urgent #easure 6hich
those interests re)uireH
@e #ay in 7articu+ar forbi' that s7ouse to #a5eB 6ithout the consent of the otherB grants of his or
her o6n 7ro7erty an' of that of the co##unityB #o$ab+e or i##o$ab+eH @e #ay a+so forbi' the
'is7+acing of #o$ab+esB subCect to the s7ecifying of those 6hich he attributes to the 7ersona+ use of the
one or the other of the s7ousesH
;he 'uration of the #easures 7ro$i'e' for in this (rtic+e #ust be 'eter#ine'H It #ay not e:cee'
three yearsB inc+u'ing a 7ossib+e e:tensionI

(rtH --8,-
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
<here an inCunction 7rohibits the #a5ing of grants of 7ro7erty the con$eyance of 6hich is
subCect to registrationB it #ust be registere' at the suit of the a77+icant s7ouseH ;hat registration ceases to
be effecti$e u7on the e:7iry of the 7erio' 'eter#ine' by the inCunctionB subCect for the 7arty concerne'
to obtain in the inter$a+ a $arying or'erB :hich sha++ be gi$en notice of in the sa#e #anner H
<here an inCunction 7rohibits the granting of #o$ab+esB or the 'is7+acing the#B it sha++ be ser$e'
by the a77+icant on his or her s7ouse an' in$o+$es the effect of ren'ering the +atter a res7onsib+e
custo'ian of the #o$ab+es in the sa#e #anner as a 7erson 6hose 7ro7erty is sei=e'H <here ser$e' on a
thir' 7artyB the +atter sha++ be 'ee#e' in ba' faithH

(rtH --8,<
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
&ay be annu++e'B on c+ai# of the a77+icant s7ouseB a++ transactions entere' into in $io+ation of
the inCunctionB 6here they 6ere #a'e 6ith a thir' 7arty in ba' faithB or e$en 6ith regar' to a 7ro7erty
the con$eyance of 6hich is subCect to registrationB 6here they are si#7+y subse)uent to the registration
7ro$i'e' for by the 7rece'ing (rtic+eH
(n action for annu+#ent #ay be brought by the a77+icant s7ouse 6ithin t6o years after the 'ay
6hen he or she ha' 5no6+e'ge of the transactionB 6ithout 7ossibi+ity of its e$er being institute'B 6here
that transaction is subCect to registrationB #ore than t6o years after its registration H

(rtH --(
%%
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
2ach one of the s7ouses #ay o7enB 6ithout the consent of the otherB a 'e7osit account an' a
securities account in his or her 7ersona+ na#eH
(0$t '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&) <ith regar' to the 'e7ositaryB the 'e7ositor is a+6ays consi'ere'B
e$en after 'isso+ution of the #arriageB to ha$e free 'is7osa+ of the fun's an' of the securities on 'e7ositH

(rtH ---
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
<here one of the s7ouses a77ears a+one to 'o an act of a'#inistration or enCoy#ent or a grant on
a #o$ab+e 6hich he or she ho+'s in'i$i'ua++yB he or she is consi'ere'B 6ith regar' to the thir' 7arty in
goo' faithB to ha$e the 7o6er to 'o that act a+oneH
;his 7ro$ision sha++ not a77+y to 7ieces of furniture referre' to in (rtic+e 21%B 7aragra7h 3B or to
#o$ab+e tangib+e 7ro7erty the nature of 6hich gi$es rise to a 7resu#7tion of o6nershi7 of the other
s7ouse in accor'ance 6ith (rtic+e 1404 H

(rtH --<
(($t '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
2ach s7ouse #ay free+y fo++o6 a tra'eB co++ect his or her earnings an' sa+aries an' 'is7ose of
the# after 'ischarging #arriage e:7enses H

(rtH --= Frepea!edG

(rtH --3
(($t '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
2ach of the s7ouses sha++ a'#inisterB bin' an' transfer a+one his or her 7ersona+ 7ro7erty H

(rtH --)
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
;he 7ro$isions of this "ha7terB on a++ )uestions 6here they 'o not sa$e the a77+ication of ante-
nu7tia+ agree#entsB a77+y by the so+e effect of #arriageB 6hate$er the #atri#onia+ regi#e of the s7ouses
#ay beH

"@(P;2- 8II - OF ;@2 0ISSO3>;IO* OF &(--I(12

(rtH --+
( #arriage is 'isso+$e'/
1L y the 'eath of one of the s7ousesI
2L y 'i$orce +a6fu++y 7ronounce'I
3L Frepea!edG

"@(P;2- 8III - OF S2"O*0 &(--I(12S

(rtH --:
(($t of % 0u6. 1%1%)
( 6ife #ay contract a secon' #arriage on+y three hun're' fu++ 'ays after the 'isso+ution of a
7rece'ing #arriageH
(0$t n .&-61. of 11 *u!. 1%.&) ;hat 7erio' co#es to an en' in case of 'e+i$ery after the 'eath of
the husban'H It a+so co#es to an en' 6here the 6ife 7ro'uces a #e'ica+ certificate attesting that she is
not in a state of 7regnancyH
(0$t n .&-61. of 11 *u!. 1%.&) ;he 7resi'ent of the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e in 6hose
Curis'iction the #arriage is to be ce+ebrate' #ayB by interi# e9 parte or'erB shorten the 7erio' 7ro$i'e'
for by the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB 6here it ob$ious+y resu+ts fro# the circu#stances thatB for three hun're'
'aysB the for#er husban' has not cohabitate' 6ith his 6ifeH ;he 7etition is subCect to trans#ission to the
1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s officeH In the e$ent of a 'is#issa+ of the 7etitionB an a77ea+ #ay be +o'ge'H

TITLE VI
O DIVORCE
(0$t n .&-61. of 11 *u!y 1%.&)

"@(P;2- I - OF "(S2S FO- 0I8O-"2

%.
(rtH --6
0i$orce #ay be 'ecree' in cases/
- either of #utua+ consentI or
- of brea5'o6n of co##unity +ifeI or
- of fau+tH

Se$tion I - Of 8ior$e by 3utua! Consent

,1 - Of 0i$orce on 4oint Petition by the S7ouses

(rtH -<8
<here the s7ouses 7etition together for 'i$orceB they are not re)uire' to #a5e the reason for it
5no6nI they #ust on+y sub#it for the a77ro$a+ of the Cu'ge a 'raft con$ention 6hich regu+ates the
conse)uences of it H
;he 7etition #ay be fi+e' either by the res7ecti$e counse+s of the 7artiesB or by one counse+
chosen by co##on consent H
( 'i$orce by #utua+ consent #ay not be 7etitione' 'uring the first si: #onths of #arriageH

(rtH -<(
;he Cu'ge sha++ consi'er the 7etition 6ith each one of the s7ousesB then sha++ ca++ the# togetherH
@e sha++ then ca++ the counse+ or counse+s H
<here the s7ouses #aintain their intention to 'i$orceB the Cu'ge sha++ in'icate to the# that their
7etition #ust be rene6e' after a three #onths 7erio' for consi'erationH
Fai+ing a rene6a+ 6ithin si: #onths fo++o6ing the e:7iry of the 7erio'B the Coint 7etition +a7sesH

(rtH -<-
;he Cu'ge sha++ 'ecree a 'i$orce 6here he has ac)uire' the con$iction that the intention of the
s7ouses is actua+ an' that each one of the# ga$e consent free+yH @e sha++ a77ro$eB through the sa#e
Cu'g#entB the agree#ent 6hich regu+ates the conse)uences of the 'i$orceH
@e #ay refuse a77ro$a+ an' not 'ecree a 'i$orce 6here he fin's that the agree#ent insufficient+y
7rotects the interests of the chi+'ren or of one of the s7ousesH

,2 - Of 0i$orce Petitione' by one S7ouse an' (cce7te' by the Other

(rtH -<<
One of the s7ouses #ay 7etition for 'i$orce by ta5ing into account a set of facts originating fro#
both of the#B that ren'er into+erab+e the continuance of co##unity +ifeH

(rtH -<=
<here the other s7ouse ac5no6+e'ges the facts before the Cu'geB the +atter 'ecrees 'i$orce
6ithout ha$ing to ru+e on the a++ocation of 6rongsH ( 'i$orce thus 'ecree' 7ro'uces the effects of a
'i$orce 'ecree' against both s7ousesH

(rtH -<3
<here the other s7ouse 'oes not ac5no6+e'ge the factsB the Cu'ge #ay not 'ecree 'i$orceH

(rtH -<)
;he 'ec+arations #a'e by the s7ouses #ay not be use' as e$i'ence in any other action at +a6H

Se$tion II - Of 8ior$e for 7reaAdo#n of Community <ife

0rt. -<+
( s7ouse #ay 7etition for 'i$orce by reason of an e:ten'e' brea5'o6n of co##unity +ifeB 6here
the s7ouses ha$e +i$e' a7art in fact for si: yearsH

(rtH -<:
It sha++ be +i5e6ise 6here the #enta+ facu+ties of the s7ouse ha$eB for si: yearsB been so serious+y
a+tere' that co##unity of +ife no +onger e:ists bet6een the s7ouses an' cannot be restore' in the futureB
accor'ing to the #ost reasonab+e antici7ationsH
;he Cu'ge #ay 'is#iss the a77+ication of his o6n #otionB subCect to (rtic+e 240B 6here 'i$orce
#ay ha$e too serious conse)uences for the i++ness of the s7ouseH
%7
(rtH -<6
( s7ouse 6ho 7etitions for 'i$orce on groun's of brea5'o6n of co##unity +ife sha++ bear a++
the e:7en'itures thereofH In his or her 7etitionB he or she #ust s7ecify the #eans by 6hich the
ob+igations to6ar's the other s7ouse an' the chi+'ren 6i++ be fu+fi++e'H

(rtH -=8
<here the other s7ouse estab+ishes that the 'i$orce 6ou+' resu+tB either for hi# or herB account
being ta5en in 7articu+ar of his or her age an' of the 'uration of the #arriageB or for the chi+'renB in
e:ce7tiona+ #ateria+ or #ora+ har'shi7B the Cu'ge sha++ 'is#iss the 7etitionH
@e #ay e$en 'is#iss it of his o6n #otion in the circu#stances referre' to in (rtic+e 238H

(rtH -=(
rea5'o6n of co##unity +ife #ay be in$o5e' as a groun' for 'i$orce on+y by the s7ouse 6ho
brings the originating 7etitionB ca++e' 7rinci7a+ 7etitionH
;he other s7ouse #ay then bring a 7etitionB ca++e' counter-7etitionB by in$o5ing the 6rongs of
the one 6ho too5 the initiati$eH ;he counter-7etition #ay see5 on+y 'i$orce an' not Cu'icia+ se7arationH
<here the Cu'ge a'#its itB he 'is#isses the 7rinci7a+ 7etition an' 'ecrees 'i$orce against the s7ouse
6ho too5 the initiati$e thereofH

Se$tion III - Of 8ior$e for Fau!t
0rt. -=-
0i$orce #ay be 7etitione' by a s7ouse for facts ascribab+e to the other 6here those facts
constitute a serious or rene6e' $io+ation of the 'uties an' ob+igations of #arriage an' ren'er
unen'urab+e the continuance of co##unity +ifeH

(rtH -=<

It #ay be 7etitione' by a s7ouse 6here the other has been sentence' to one of the 7ena+ties
K7ro$i'e' for by (rtic+e 131-1 of the Pena+ "o'eK (0$t n %2-1// of 16 8e$. 1%%2)H

(rtH -==
-econci+iation of the s7ouses occurre' after the facts a++ege' 7re$ents their being in$o5e' as a
groun' for 'i$orceH
;he Cu'ge sha++ then 'ec+are the 7etition ina'#issib+eH ( ne6 7etition #ay ho6e$er be fi+e' by
reason of facts occurre' or 'isco$ere' after the reconci+iationB the for#er facts being then reca++ab+e in
su77ort of that ne6 7etitionH
;e#7orary continuance or rene6a+ of co##unity +ife #ust not be consi'ere' as a reconci+iation
6here they resu+t on+y fro# necessity or fro# an en'ea$our to conci+iation or fro# the nee's of the
e'ucation of the chi+'renH

(rtH -=3
Fau+ts of the s7ouse 6ho too5 the initiati$e of the 'i$orce 'o not 7re$ent fro# consi'ering his or
her 7etitionI they #ayB ho6e$erB 'e7ri$e the facts 6hich the other s7ouse is re7roache' 6ith of the
seriousness that 6ou+' #a5e the# a groun' for 'i$orceH
;hose fau+ts #ay be a+so in$o5e' by the other s7ouse in su77ort of a counter-7etition in 'i$orce H
<here both 7etitions are grante'B 'i$orce is 'ecree' against both s7ousesH
2$en fai+ing a counter-7etitionB 'i$orce #ay be 'ecree' against both s7ouses 6here 6rongs
against both a77ear in the hearingsH

(rtH -=)
<here 'i$orce is sought un'er (rtic+es 233 to 24%B the s7ouses #ayB as +ong as no Cu'g#ent on
the #erits has been han'e' 'o6nB re)uest the Kfa#i+y causes Cu'geK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/ ) to
estab+ish their agree#ent an' a77ro$e the 'raft con$ention 6hich regu+ates the conse)uences of the
'i$orceH
;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 231 an' 232 sha++ then a77+yH

"@(P;2- II - OF 0I8O-"2 P-O"220I*1S

Se$tion I - Benera! Proisions

(rtH -=+'
%8
;he tribuna! de 6rande instan$e e:ercising ci$i+ Curis'iction has e:c+usi$e Curis'iction to ru+e on
'i$orce an' its conse)uencesH
(0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) One Cu'ge of this court sha++ be assigne' fa#i+y causesH Fde!etedG
;his Cu'ge has Curis'iction to 'ecree a 'i$orceB 6hate$er the groun' for it #ay beH @e #ay
transfer a case as it stan's for hearings before a 'i$ision of the courtH ;hat transfer is as of right 6hen
re)ueste' by a 7arty H
(0$t n '.-&.0 of 22 *u!y 1%'.) @e sha++ a+so ha$e e:c+usi$e Curis'ictionB after the 'ecree of
'i$orceB 6hate$er the groun' for it #ay beB to ru+e on the 'etai+s of the e:ercise of 7arenta+ authorityB
Kon changes as to 7erio'ica+ 7ay#ents an' on re$ision of the co#7ensatory a++o6ance or its ter#s of
7ay#entK (0$t n 2000-&%6 of /0 *une 2000)B as 6e++ as to 'eci'e to entrust the chi+'ren to a thir' 7artyH
@e sha++ then ru+e infor#a++y an' #ay be sei=e' by the 7arties concerne' e$en by a #ere 7etitionH

(rtH -=:
@earings on the caseB the conse)uences of 'i$orce an' interi# or'ers #ay not be 7ub+icH

(rtH -=:,(
In case of a 'i$orce for fau+tB an' on re)uest of the s7ousesB the Kfa#i+y causes Cu'geK (0$t n
%/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) #ay restrict hi#se+f to estab+ish that there are facts constituting a cause of 'i$orce
in the groun's of the Cu'g#entB 6ithout ha$ing to state the 6rongs an' co#7+aints of the 7artiesH

(rtH -=6
<here a 7etition for 'i$orce #ust be brought in the na#e of an a'u+t in guar'ianshi7B it sha++ be
fi+e' by the guar'ian 6ith the authori=ation of the fa#i+y counci+B after a'$ice of the atten'ing 7hysicianH
(n a'u+t in curatorshi7 sha++ bring the action hi#se+f 6ith the assistance of the curatorH

(rtH -=6,(
<here the s7ouse against 6ho# a 7etition is fi+e' is in guar'ianshi7B the action sha++ be brought
against the guar'ianI 6here he or she is in curatorshi7B he or she is the 'efen'antB 6ith the assistance of
the curatorH

(rtH -=6,-
( s7ecia+ guar'ian or curator sha++ be a77ointe' 6here the guar'ianshi7 or curatorshi7 6as
entruste' to the s7ouse of the 7erson un'er a 'isabi+ityH

(rtH -=6,<
<here one of the s7ouses is 7+ace' un'er Cu'icia+ su7er$isionB a 7etition for 'i$orce #ay be trie'
on+y after organi=ation of a guar'ianshi7 or curatorshi7H

(rtH -=6,=
<here one of the s7ouses is 7+ace' un'er one of the 7rotecti$e syste#s 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e
4!0 be+o6B no 7etition for 'i$orce by #utua+ consent #ay be fi+e'H

(rtH -38
In case of statutory inter'iction resu+ting fro# a sentenceB a 7etition for 'i$orce #ay be brought
by the guar'ian on+y 6ith the authori=ation of the 7erson un'er 'isabi+ityH

Se$tion II - Of Con$i!iation

0rt. -3(
<here 'i$orce is sought for brea5'o6n of co##unity +ife or for fau+tB an atte#7t at conci+iation
is co#7u+sory before Cu'icia+ 7rocessionsH It #ay be rene6e' 'uring the 7rocee'ingsH
<here 'i$orce is sought by #utua+ consent of the s7ousesB a conci+iation #ay be atte#7te'
7en'ing the +a6suit accor'ing to the ru+es of 7roce'ure a77ro7riate to that case for 'i$orceH

(rtH -3-
<here the Cu'ge see5s to conci+iate the s7ousesB he #ust 7ersona++y ha$e a ta+5 6ith each of
the# se7arate+y before bringing the# together in his 7resence H
;he counse+s #ust thenB 6here the s7ouses so re)uestB be ca++e' to be 7resent an' 7artici7ate in
the ta+5 H
%!
In the case of (rtic+e 238 an' in that 6here the s7ouse against 6ho# the 7etition is brought 'oes
not a77ear before the Cu'geB the +atter sha++ ne$erthe+ess ha$e a ta+5 6ith the other s7ouse an' urge hi#
or her to consi'erationH

(rtH -3-,(
(n atte#7t at conci+iation #ay be sus7en'e' an' resu#e' 6ithout any for#a+ityB 6ith the
arranging of ti#es for consi'eration for the s7ouses 6ithin a +i#it of eight 'ays H
<here a +onger 7erio' is 'ee#e' a'$isab+eB the Cu'ge #ay 'eci'e to sus7en' the 7rocee'ings
an' resort to a ne6 atte#7t at conci+iation 6ithin si: #onths at #ostH @e #ayB if there is occasionB #a5e
the re)uisite interi# or'ersH

(rtH -3-,-
<here he 'oes not succee' in ha$ing the# renounce 'i$orceB the Cu'ge sha++ try to in'uce the
s7ouses to regu+ate a#icab+y its conse)uencesB in 7articu+ar as regar's the chi+'renB by agree#ents K
6hich #ay be ta5en into account by the forthco#ing Cu'g#entK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)H

(rtH -3-,<
(nything that 6as sai' or 6ritten on the occasion of an atte#7t at conci+iationB 6hate$er the
for# it occurre'B #ay not be in$o5e' for or against a s7ouse or a thir' 7arty in the further 7rocee'ingsH

Se$tion III - Of Interim Orders

0rt. -3<
In case of 'i$orce on Coint 7etitionB the s7ouses the#se+$es regu+ate interi# #easures in a
7ro$isiona+ agree#ent 6hich #ust be anne:e' to their originating 7etition H
;he Cu'ge ho6e$er #ay ha$e the ter#s of that agree#ent 'e+ete' or a#en'e' 6hich a77ear to
hi# to be contrary to the 6e+fare of the chi+'renH

(rtH -3=
(t the ti#e of the a77earance of the s7ouses in the circu#stances referre' to in (rtic+e 233B or of
the 'ecree of non-conci+iation in the other circu#stancesB the Cu'ge sha++ 7rescribe the #easures 6hich
are re)uire' in or'er to ensure the +i$ing of the s7ouses an' the chi+'ren unti+ the 'ate on 6hich the
Cu'g#ent beco#es res Cu'icataH

(rtH -33
;he Cu'ge #ay in 7articu+ar/
1L (uthori=e the s7ouses to resi'e a7artI
2L (++ocate to one of the# the enCoy#ent of the +o'ging an' furniture of the househo+'B or 'i$i'e
that enCoy#ent bet6een the#I
3L Or'er the 'e+i$ery of c+othes an' 7ersona+ be+ongingsI
4L Or'er 7erio'ica+ 7ay#ents an' a++o6ance for costs to be 7ai' by one s7ouse to the otherI
%L 1rant to one of the s7ouses a'$ance 7ay#ents as to his or her 7art in the co##unity 7ro7ertyB
6here circu#stances so 'ictate H

(rtH -3)
(($t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)
"onse)uences of a se7aration for the chi+'ren sha++ be sett+e' in accor'ance 6ith the 7ro$isions
of "ha7ter I of ;it+e IR of this oo5H

(rtH -3+
Fro# the originating 7etitionB the Cu'ge #ay ta5e e#ergency #easuresH
@e #ayB on this groun'B authori=e the 7etitioning s7ouse to resi'e a7artB if occasion be 6ith his
or her #inor chi+'renH
@e #ay a+soB as a safeguar' of the rights of a s7ouseB or'er any 7rotecti$e #easures such as the
affi:ing of sea+s on co##unity 7ro7ertyH ;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 220-1 an' the other safeguar's
7ro$i'e' for by the #atri#onia+ regi#e re#ain ne$erthe+ess a77+icab+eH

(rtH -3:
<here he 'efiniti$e+y 'is#isses a 7etition for 'i$orceB the Cu'ge #ay ru+e on the contributions to
the #arriage e:7ensesB the resi'ence of the fa#i+y an' Kthe 'etai+s of the e:ercise of 7arenta+ authorityK
(0$t n '.-&.0( 22 *u!. 1%'.)H
.0
Se$tion IC - Of ;iden$e

(rtH -36
Facts in$o5e' as groun's for 'i$orce or as a 'efence to a 7etition #ay be estab+ishe' by any
e$i'enceB inc+u'ing a'#issionsH

(rtH -36,(
( s7ouse #ay not 7ro'uce in court +etters e:change' bet6een his or her s7ouse an' a thir' 7arty
6hich he or she obtaine' by 'uress or frau'H

(rtH -36,-
;he certificates 'ra6n u7 on re)uest of a 7arty are set asi'e fro# the hearing 6here there 6as
i++ega+ entry into the 'o#ici+e or un+a6fu+ in$asion of inti#acy of 7ri$ate +ifeH

(rtH -36,<
;he s7ouses #ust co##unicate to each other an' co##unicate to the Cu'ge as 6e++ as to e:7erts
'esignate' by hi#B any infor#ation an' 'ocu#ents a77ro7riate for fi:ing a++o6ances an' 7ay#ents an'
+i)ui'ating the #atri#onia+ regi#eH
;he Cu'ge #ay cause any 7ro7er in)uiry to be instigate' of 'ebtors or of a++ those 6ho ho+'
assets on beha+f of the s7ouses 6ithout 7rofessiona+ secrecy being a++o6e' to be raise'H

"@(P;2- III - OF ;@2 "O*S2A>2*"2S OF 0I8O-"2

Se$tion I - Of the 8ate at #hi$h 8ior$e "aAes ;ffe$t

(rtH -)8
( Cu'g#ent granting 'i$orce 'isso+$es the #arriage at the 'ate at 6hich it ac)uires force of res
Cu'icataH

(rtH -)(
;o contract a ne6 #arriageB the 6ife #ust co#7+y 6ith the 7erio' of three hun're' 'ays
7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 228H

(rtH -)(,(
<here the s7ouses 6ere authori=e' to resi'e a7art 7en'ing the +a6suitB that 7erio' starts running
fro# the 'ay of the Cu'g#ent authori=ing the se7arate resi'ence orB in case of Coint 7etitionB a77ro$ing
the 7ro$isiona+ agree#ent re+ating to this subCectH
;he 6ife #ay re#arry 6ithout 'e+ay 6here 'i$orce 6as grante' in the circu#stances 7ro$i'e'
for in (rtic+es 237 an' 238H

(rtH -)(,-
;he 7erio' co#es to an en' 6here the birth of a chi+' occurs after the 'ecision authori=ing or
a77ro$ing the se7arate resi'ence orB fai+ing 6hichB after the 'ate at 6hich the 'i$orce Cu'g#ent ac)uire'
force of res Cu'icata H
<here the husban' 'ies before the 'i$orce Cu'g#ent ac)uire' force of res Cu'icataB the 7erio'
runs fro# the 'ecision authori=ing or a77ro$ing the se7arate resi'ence H

(rtH -)-
( 'i$orce Cu'g#ent is effecti$e against thir' 7artiesB as regar's the 7ro7erty of the s7ousesB fro#
the 'ay 6hen the for#a+ities of #ention in the #argin 7rescribe' by the ru+es 6hich a77+y to ci$i+ status
ha$e been 7erfor#e' H

(rtH -)-,(
( 'i$orce Cu'g#ent ta5es effect in the re+ations bet6een s7ousesB as regar's their 7ro7ertyB as
fro# the 'ate of su##onsH
(0$t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&) ;he s7ouses #ayB one or the otherB 7etitionB if there is
occasionB that the effect of the Cu'g#ent be carrie' bac5 to the 'ate 6hen they cease' to +i$e together
an' co++aborateH ;he one u7on 6ho# the 6rongs of se7aration fa++ chief+y #ay not obtain that carrying
bac5 H

(rtH -)-,-
.1
(ny ob+igation contracte' by one of the s7ouses on the res7onsibi+ity of the co##unityB any
transfer of co##unity 7ro7erty #a'e by one of the# 6ithin the +i#it of his or her 7o6erB after the
originating 7etitionB sha++ be 'ec+are' $oi'B 6here there is e$i'ence that there 6as frau' of the rights of
the other s7ouse H
H
Se$tion II - Of the Conse,uen$es of 8ior$e for the Spouses

,1 - 1enera+ Pro$isions

(rtH -)<
<here 'i$orce' s7ouses 6ish to contract another union bet6een the#se+$esB a ne6 ce+ebration
of #arriage is re)uire'H

(rtH -)=
Fo++o6ing 'i$orceB each of the s7ouses sha++ resu#e the use of his or her na#eH
@o6e$erB in the circu#stances 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 237 an' 238B the 6ife is entit+e' to 5ee7
the use of the husban'?s na#e 6hen the 'i$orce has been 7etitione' by hi#H
In the other circu#stancesB the 6ife #ay 5ee7 the use of the husban'?s na#e either 6ith his
consentB or 6ith the authori=ation of the Cu'geB 6here she 7ro$es that a 7articu+ar interest +ies therein for
herse+f or for the chi+'renH

(rtH -)=,(
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
<hen he grants 'i$orceB the K#atri#onia+ causes Cu'geK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) sha++ or'er
the +i)ui'ation an' 7artition of the 7atri#onia+ interests of the s7ouses an' ru+eB if there is occasionB on
re)uests for continuation of un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 or 7referentia+ a++ot#entsH

, 2 - Of the "onse)uences Pecu+iar to the 8arious "ases for 0i$orce

(rtH -)3
0i$orce is 'ee#e' grante' against one s7ouse 6here it occurs on his or her e:c+usi$e 6rongsH It
is a+so 'ee#e' grante' against the s7ouse 6ho too5 the initiati$e of the 'i$orce 6here it is obtaine' by
reason of brea5'o6n of co##unity +ifeH
;he s7ouse against 6ho# 'i$orce is grante' +oses the rights 6hich +egis+ation or agree#ent
#a'e 6ith thir' 7arties confer u7on a 'i$orce' s7ouseH
;hose rights are not +ost in case of #utua+ 6rongs or of 'i$orce by #utua+ consentH

(rtH -))
<here 'i$orce is grante' on the e:c+usi$e 6rongs of one of the s7ousesB this one #ay be or'ere'
to 7ay 'a#ages for #ateria+ an' #ora+ har# 6hich his or her s7ouse suffers because of the 'isso+ution
of the #arriageH
;he +atter #ay see5 'a#ages on+y in the occasion of an action for 'i$orce H

(rtH -)+
<here 'i$orce is grante' on the e:c+usi$e 6rongs of one of the s7ousesB this one +oses by
o7eration of +a6 any gifts an' #atri#onia+ a'$antages 6hich his or her s7ouse ha' grante' to her or
hi#B 6hether at the ti#e of the #arriageB or afterH
;he other s7ouse 5ee7s the gifts an' a'$antages 6hich ha' been grante' to hi# or herB e$en
though they 6ere sti7u+ate' to be reci7roca+ an' reci7rocity 'i' not occurH

(rtH -)+,(
<here 'i$orce is grante' on #utua+ 6rongsB each one of the s7ouses #ay re$o5e a++ or 7art of
the gifts an' a'$antages 6hich he or she grante' to the otherH

(rtH -):
<here 'i$orce is grante' on Coint 7etitionB the s7ouses the#se+$es sha++ 'eci'e on the con'ition
of the gifts an' a'$antages 6hich they grante' to each otherI 6here they 'eci'e' nothing in this regar'B
they are 'ee#e' to ha$e 5e7t the# H

(rtH -):,(
.2
<here 'i$orce is grante' on 7etition acce7te' by the other s7ouseB each one of the s7ouses #ay
re$o5e a++ or 7art of the gifts an' a'$antages 6hich he or she grante' to the otherH

(rtH -)6
<here 'i$orce is grante' on the groun' of brea5'o6n of co##unity +ifeB the s7ouse 6ho too5
the initiati$e for 'i$orce +oses by o7eration of +a6 the gift an' a'$antages 6hich the other s7ouse
grante' to hi# or herH
;he other s7ouse 5ee7s his or hersH

, 3 - Of "o#7ensatory enefit

(rtH -+8
2:ce7t 6here it is grante' on the groun' of brea5'o6n of co##unity +ifeB 'i$orce 7uts an en'
to the 'uty of su77ort 7ro$i'e' for by (rtic+e 212 of the "i$i+ "o'e I but one of the s7ouses #ay be
co#7e++e' to 7ay the other a benefit inten'e' to co#7ensateB as far as 7ossib+eB for the 'is7arity that
brea5'o6n of the #arriage creates in the res7ecti$e 6ays of +i$ingH

(rtH -+(
( co#7ensatory benefit sha++ be fi:e' accor'ing to the nee's of the s7ouse to 6ho# it is 7ai'
an' to the #eans of the otherB account being ta5en of the situation at the ti#e of 'i$orce an' of its
e$o+ution in a foreseeab+e futureH
(0$t n 2000-&%6 of /0 *une 2000) In the conte:t of the fi:ing of a co#7ensatory benefitB by the
Cu'ge or by the 7arties in the agree#ent referre' to in (rtic+e 278B or on the occasion of a 7etition for
re$isionB the 7arties sha++ 7ro$i'e the Cu'ge 6ith 'ec+arations certifying on their honour the accuracy of
their #eansB inco#esB 7atri#onies an' 6ays of +i$ingH

(rtH -+-
In 'eter#ining the nee's an' #eansB the Cu'ge sha++ ha$e regar'B in 7articu+arB toS
- the ages an' states of hea+th of the s7ousesI
- (0$t n 2000-&%6 of /0 *une 2000) the 'uration of the #arriageI
- the ti#e a+rea'y 'e$ote' or that #ust be 'e$ote' to the e'ucation of chi+'renI
- their 7rofessiona+ )ua+ifications Kan' 7ositions 6ith regar' to the +abour #ar5etK (0$t n 2000-
&%6 of /0 *une 2000)I
- their e:isting an' foreseeab+e rightsI
- Ktheir res7ecti$e situation as to retire#ent 7ensionsK (0$t n 2000-&%6 of /0 *une 2000)I
- their 7atri#onyB both in ca7ita+ an' inco#eB after the +i)ui'ation of the #atri#onia+ regi#e H

(rtH -+<
"o#7ensatory benefit sha++ be in the nature of a +u#7 su#H Frepea!edG

(rtH -+=
(($t n 2000-&%6 of /0 *une 2000)

"o#7ensatory benefit sha++ ta5e the for# of a ca7ita+ the a#ount of 6hich sha++ be fi:e' by the
Cu'ge H
(rtH -+3
;he Cu'ge sha++ 'eci'e the 'etai+s accor'ing to 6hich the a++ot#ent or a77ro7riation of 7ro7erty
in ca7ita+ 6i++ be #a'e/
1L Pay#ent of a su# of #oneyI
2L Surren'er of 7ro7erty in 5in'B #o$ab+es or i##o$ab+esB Kfor o6nershi7 or usufructB for use or
'6e++ingK (0$t n 2000-&%6 of /0 *une 2000)B the Cu'g#ent o7erating a force' transfer in fa$our of the
cre'itorI
3L 0e7ositing securities 6hich 7ro'uce inco#e in the han's of a thir' 7arty in charge of 7aying
the inco#e to the s7ouse cre'itor of the benefit unti+ the ti#e +i#it fi:e'H
;he 'i$orce Cu'g#ent #ay be #a'e subCect to actua+ 7ay#ent of the ca7ita+ or estab+ish#ent of
the guarantees 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 277H

(rtH -+3,(
(($t n 2000-&%6 of /0 *une 2000)
.3
<here a 'ebtor is not ab+e to 7ay the ca7ita+ un'er the ter#s of (rtic+e 27%B the Cu'ge sha++ fi:
the arrange#ents for 7ay#ent of the ca7ita+B 6ithin the +i#it of height yearsB in the for# of #onth+y or
annua+ 7ay#ents +in5e' to an in'e: in accor'ance 6ith the ru+es a77+icab+e to 7erio'ica+ 7ay#entsH
( 'ebtor #ay re)uest re$ision of those arrange#ents for 7ay#ent in case of a consi'erab+e
change in his or her situationH y 6ay of e:ce7tion the Cu'ge #ay thenB by a s7ecia+ an' reasone'
'ecisionB authori=e the 7ay#ent of the ca7ita+ on a tota+ 7erio' of #ore than eight yearsH
On a 'ebtor s7ouse?s 'eathB the res7onsibi+ity for the ba+ance of the ca7ita+ 7asses to his or her
heirsH @eirs #ay re)uest re$ision of the arrange#ents for 7ay#ent un'er the ter#s of the 7rece'ing
7aragra7hH
( 'ebtor or his or her heirs #ay at any ti#e re'ee# the ba+ance of the ca7ita+H
(fter +i)ui'ation of the #atri#onia+ regi#eB the cre'itor of a co#7ensatory benefit #ay refer to
the Cu'ge a c+ai# for 7ay#ent of the ba+ance of the ca7ita+H

(rtH -+)
(($t n 2000-&%6 of /0 *une 2000)
y 6ay of e:ce7tionB the Cu'ge #ayB by a s7ecia++y reasone' 'ecisionB by reason of the age or
state of hea+th of the cre'itor 6hich 'oes not a++o6 hi# or her to su77+y to his or her nee'sB fi: the
co#7ensatory benefit in the for# of a +ife annuityH @e sha++ ha$e regar' to the factors +ai' 'o6n in
(rtic+e 272 H

(rtH -+),(

K(n annuity sha++ be +in5e' to an in'e:I the in'e: sha++ be 'eter#ine' as in 7erio'ica+ 7ay#ents
#attersK (0$t n 2000-&%6 of /0 *une 2000)H
;he a#ount of an annuity before in'e:-+i5ing sha++ be fi:e' in a unifor# fashion for its entire
'uration or #ay $ary by successi$e 7erio's fo++o6ing the +i5e+y e$o+ution of nee's an' #eansH

(rtH -+),-
(($t n 2000-&%6 of /0 *une 2000)
On a 'ebtor s7ouse?s 'eathB the res7onsibi+ity for the +ife annuity 7asses to his or her heirsH
Sur$i$or?s 7ensions 7ossib+y 7ai' in the 'ecease' s7ouse?s right are 'e'ucte' as of right fro# the annuity
7ai' to the cre'itorH >n+ess other6ise 'eci'e' by the Cu'ge to 6ho# the cre'itor referre' the #atterB a
'e'uction of the sa#e a#ount sha++ sti++ be grante' 6here the cre'itor +oses his or her right to a
sur$i$or?s 7ension H

(rtH -+),<
(($t n 2000-&%6 of /0 *une 2000)
( co#7ensatory benefit fi:e' in the for# of a +ife annuity #ay be re$ise'B 7ost7one' or
su77resse' in case of an i#7ortant change in the #eans or nee's of the 7arties H
-e$ision #ay not +ea' to increase the annuity u7 to an a#ount abo$e the one initia++y fi:e' by
the Cu'ge H
(n action for re$ision +ies 6ith the 'ebtor an' his or her heirs H

(rtH -+),=
(($t n 2000-&%6 of /0 *une 2000)
;he 'ebtor of a co#7ensatory benefit in the for# of a +ife annuity #ay at any ti#e refer the
#atter to the Cu'ge for the 7ur7ose of ru+ing on the re7+ace#ent of the annuity by a ca7ita+ 'eter#ine'
un'er the ter#s of (rtic+es 27% an' 27%-1H
;hat a77+ication #ay be #a'e by the 'ebtor?s heirs H
;he cre'itor of a co#7ensatory benefit #ay #a5e the sa#e a77+ication 6here he or she
estab+ishes that a #o'ification in the situation of the 'ebtor a++o6s that re7+ace#entB in 7articu+ar at the
ti#e of +i)ui'ation of the #atri#onia+ regi#eH

(rtH -++
Irres7ecti$e of a statutory or Cu'icia+ #ortgageB the Cu'ge #ay or'er the 'ebtor s7ouse to
estab+ish a 7+e'geB to gi$e security Gor to enter into a contract that guarantees the 7ay#ent of the annuity
or ca7ita+K (0$t n 2000-&%6 of /0 *une 2000)H

(rtH -+:
In case of Coint 7etitionB the s7ouses sha++ fi: the a#ount an' ter#s of co#7ensatory benefit in
the agree#ent 6hich they sub#it to the Cu'ge for a77ro$a+ H K;hey #ay +ay 'o6n that the 7ay#ent of the
.4
benefit 6i++ co#e to an en' fro# the occurrence of a s7ecific e$entH ;he benefit #ay be in the for# of an
annuity grante' for a +i#ite' 7erio'K (0$t n 2000-&%6 of /0 *une 2000)H
;he Cu'geB ho6e$erB sha++ refuse to a77ro$e the agree#ent 6here it fi:es unfair+y the rights an'
ob+igations of the s7ousesH

(rtH -+6
(n a77ro$e' agree#ent is enforceab+e at +a6 as is a Cu'icia+ 'ecisionH
It #ay be #o'ifie' on+y by a ne6 agree#ent bet6een s7ousesB +i5e6ise sub#itte' to a77ro$a+ H
S7ouses ha$e ne$erthe+ess the 7o6er to 7ro$i'e in their agree#ent that each of the# #ayB in case
of Ki#7ortant change in the #eans an' nee's of the 7artiesK (0$t n 2000-&%6 of /0 *une 2000)B re)uest
the Cu'ge to re$ise the co#7ensatory benefitH

(rtH -:8
;he transfers an' surren'ers 7ro$i'e' for in this Subsection sha++ be 'ee#e' 'e7en'ent on the
#atri#onia+ regi#eH ;hey #ay not be treate' in the sa#e 6ays as giftsH

(rtH -:8,(
;he s7ouse on 6hose e:c+usi$e 6rongs 'i$orce 6as grante' is not entit+e' to any co#7ensatory
benefitH
@e or she #ayB ho6e$erB obtain an in'e#nity by 6ay of e:ce7tion 6hereB account being ta5en of
the 'uration of co##unity +ife an' of the coo7eration brought to the occu7ation of the other s7ouseB it
a77ears ob$ious+y contrary to e)uity to refuse hi# or her any 7ecuniary co#7ensation fo++o6ing
'i$orceH

, 4 - Of the 0uty of Su77ort after 0i$orce

(rtH -:(
<here 'i$orce is grante' for brea5'o6n of co##unity +ifeB the s7ouse 6ho too5 the initiati$e
for 'i$orce re#ains entire+y boun' by the 'uty of su77ort H
In the case of (rtic+e 238B the 'uty of su77ort sha++ co$er a++ that is nee'e' for the #e'ica+
treat#ent of the sic5 s7ouse H

(rtH -:-
;he fu+fi++ing of the 'uty of su77ort sha++ ta5e the for# of 7erio'ica+ 7ay#entsH ;he +atter #ay
a+6ays be re$ise' accor'ing to the #eans an' nee's of each one of the s7ouses H

(rtH -:<
Perio'ica+ 7ay#ents cease to be o6e' by o7eration of +a6 6here the s7ouse 6ho is the cre'itor
of the# contracts a ne6 #arriage H
(n en' sha++ be 7ut to the# 6here the cre'itor +i$es in a state of notorious concubinageH

(rtH -:=
On the 'eath of the 'ebtor s7ouseB the +iabi+ity as to 7ay#ents 7asses to his or her heirsH

(rtH -:3
<here the consistence of the 'ebtor s7ouse?s 7ro7erty so 7er#itsB 7erio'ica+ 7ay#ents #ust be
re7+ace'B in 6ho+e or 7artB by the sett+ing of a ca7ita+B accor'ing to the ru+es of (rtic+es 274 to 27%-1B
K277K (0$t n 2000-&%6 of /0 *une 2000) an' 280H
<here that ca7ita+ beco#es ina'e)uate to co$er the nee's of the cre'itor s7ouseB the +atter #ay
re)uest a co#7+e#ent un'er the for# of 7erio'ica+ 7ay#entsH

, % - Of 3o'ging

(rtH -:3,(
<here the 7re#ises ser$ing as +o'ging for the fa#i+y are the se7arate or 7ersona+ 7ro7erty of one
s7ouseB the Cu'ge #ay grant it on +ease to the other s7ouse/
1L (0$t n '.-&.0 of 22 *u!y 1%'.) <here 7arenta+ authority is e:ercise' by the +atter o$er one or
se$era+ chi+'ren orB in case of e:ercise in co##on of 7arenta+ authorityB 6here one or se$era+ chi+'ren
ha$e their usua+ resi'ence in these +o'gingsI
2L <here 'i$orce 6as grante' on 7etition of the o6ner s7ouseB for brea5'o6n of co##unity +ifeH
.%
In the case 7ro$i'e' for in 1L abo$eB the Cu'ge sha++ fi: the 'uration of the +ease an' #ay rene6
it unti+ the co#ing of age of the youngest of the chi+'renH
In the case 7ro$i'e' for in 2L abo$eB the +ease #ay not be grante' for a 'uration e:cee'ing nine
yearsB but #ay be +engthene' by a ne6 Cu'g#entH It co#es to an en' by o7eration of +a6 in case of
re#arriage of the one to 6ho# it 6as grante'H It sha++ be brought to an en' 6here the +atter +i$es in a
state of notorious concubinageH
In a++ casesB the Cu'ge #ay ter#inate the +ease 6here ne6 circu#stances so CustifyH

Se$tion III - Of the Conse,uen$es of 8ior$e for the Chi!dren

0rt. -:)
(($t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)

"onse)uences of 'i$orce for the chi+'ren sha++ be sett+e' in accor'ance 6ith the 7ro$isions of
"ha7ter I of ;it+e IR of this oo5H

(rtH -:+ to -63 Frepea!edG

"@(P;2- I8 - OF 4>0I"I(3 S2P(-(;IO*

Se$tion I - Of Cases and Pro$eedin6s for *udi$ia! Separation

0rt. -6)
4u'icia+ se7aration #ay be grante' on a77+ication of one of the s7ouses in the sa#e cases an'
subCect to the sa#e con'itions as 'i$orceH

(rtH -6+
( s7ouse against 6ho# a 7etition for 'i$orce is fi+e' #ay #a5e a counterc+ai# for Cu'icia+
se7arationH ( s7ouse against 6ho# a 7etition for Cu'icia+ se7aration is fi+e' #ay #a5e a counterc+ai# for
'i$orceH
<here a 7etition for 'i$orce an' a 7etition for Cu'icia+ se7aration are si#u+taneous+y entertaine'B
the Cu'ge sha++ grant a 'i$orce on 'i$i'e' 6rongs 6ith regar' to both s7ousesH

(rtH -6:
In a''itionB the ru+es containe' in "ha7ter II abo$e sha++ a77+y to the 7rocee'ings for Cu'icia+
se7arationH

Se$tion II - Of the Conse,uen$es of *udi$ia! Separation

0rt. -66
4u'icia+ se7aration 'oes not 'isso+$e #arriage but it 7uts an en' to the 'uty of cohabitationH

(rtH <88

( se7arate' 6ife 5ee7s the use of the husban'?s na#eH *e$erthe+essB the Cu'g#ent of se7aration
or a further Cu'g#ent #ay forbi' it to herH <here a husban' has Coine' her 6ife?s na#e to his na#eB she
#ay a+so re)uest that the husban' be forbi''en to bear itH

(rtH <8(
In case of 'eath of one of the Cu'icia++y se7arate' s7ousesB the other s7ouse 5ee7s the rights
6hich +egis+ation grants to a sur$i$ing s7ouseH @e or sheB ho6e$erB is 'e7ri$e' of the# 6here Cu'icia+
se7aration 6as grante' against hi# or herB accor'ing to the 'istinctions #a'e in (rtic+e 2.%H <here
Cu'icia+ se7aration is grante' on Coint 7etitionB the s7ouses #ay inc+u'e in their agree#ent a renunciation
of the rights of succession conferre' u7on the# by (rtic+es K7%. to 7%7-3 an' 7.4 to 7..K ( 0$t n 2001-
11/& of / 8e$. 2001)H

(rtH <8-
4u'icia+ se7aration a+6ays in$o+$es se7aration of 7ro7ertyH
"oncerning 7ro7ertyB the 'ate at 6hich Cu'icia+ se7aration ta5es effect is 'eter#ine' as 7ro$i'e'
for in (rtic+es 2.2 to 2.2-2H

..
(rtH <8<
4u'icia+ se7aration +ea$es subsisting the 'uty of su77ortI the Cu'g#ent 6hich grants it or a
further Cu'g#ent sha++ fi: the 7erio'ica+ 7ay#ents o6e' to the s7ouse in nee'H
;hose 7ay#ents sha++ be a++otte' irres7ecti$e of 6rongsH ;he 'ebtor s7ouse #ay ne$erthe+ess
in$o5eB if there is occasionB the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 207B 7aragra7h 2H
;hose 7ay#ents are subCect to the ru+es of #aintenance ob+igationsI ne$erthe+essB the 7ro$isions
of (rtic+e 28% sha++ a77+y to the#H

(rtH <8=
SubCect to the 7ro$isions of this SectionB the conse)uences of Cu'icia+ se7aration sha++ obey the
sa#e ru+es as the conse)uences of 'i$orce state' in "ha7ter III abo$eH

Se$tion III - Of the ;nd of *udi$ia! Separation

0rt. <83
8o+untary resu#7tion of co##unity +ife 7uts an en' to Cu'icia+ se7arationH
In or'er to be effecti$e against thir' 7artiesB it #ust either be estab+ishe' by a notaria+ instru#entB
or be the subCect of a 'ec+aration to an officer of ci$i+ statusH &ention of it sha++ be #a'e in the #argin of
the recor' of #arriage Kof the s7ousesB as 6e++ as in the #argins of their recor's of birthK (0$t n '&-
1/.2 of 1/ 8e$. 1%'&)H
Se7aration of 7ro7erty subsists un+ess the s7ouses a'o7t a ne6 #atri#onia+ regi#e as 7ro$i'e'
for in (rtic+e 13!7H

(rtH <8)
On re)uest of one of the s7ousesB a Cu'g#ent of Cu'icia+ se7aration sha++ be con$erte' as of right
into a Cu'g#ent of 'i$orce 6here Cu'icia+ se7aration has +aste' three yearsH

(rtH <8+
In a++ cases of Cu'icia+ se7arationB it #ay be con$erte' into 'i$orce by Coint 7etitionH
<here Cu'icia+ se7aration 6as grante' on Coint 7etitionB it #ay be con$erte' into 'i$orce on+y by
a ne6 Coint 7etition H

(rtH <8:
ecause of a con$ersionB the cause for Cu'icia+ se7aration beco#es the cause for 'i$orceI the
a++ocation of 6rongs is not change'H
;he Cu'ge sha++ fi: the conse)uences of 'i$orceH ;he benefits an' 7ay#ents bet6een s7ouses
sha++ be 'eter#ine' accor'ing to the ru+es a77ro7riate for 'i$orceH

(rtH <86
( 6ife #ay contract a ne6 #arriage as soon as the Cu'g#ent of con$ersion has force of res
Cu'icata H

"@(P;2- 8 - OF ;@2 "O*F3I"; OF 3(<S I* &(;;2-S OF 0I8O-"2 (*0 OF 4>0I"I(3
S2P(-(;IO*

(rtH <(8
0i$orce an' Cu'icia+ se7aration are go$erne' by French +a6 /
- 6here both s7ouses are of French nationa+ityI
- 6here both s7ouses ha$e their 'o#ici+e on French territoryI
- 6here no foreign +a6 consi'ers it shou+' go$ern 6hereas French courts ha$e Curis'iction o$er a
'i$orce or Cu'icia+ se7aration case H

TITLE VII
O PARENT AND C!ILD (I)
(0$t n .2-/ of / *an. 1%.2)
"@(P;2- I - P-O8ISIO*S "O&&O* ;O 321I;I&(;2 (*0 I3321I;I&(;2 "@I30-2*

(rtH <(8,(
(($t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)
(++ chi+'ren 6hose 7arentage is +a6fu++y estab+ishe' ha$e the sa#e rights an' the sa#e 'uties in
their re+ations 6ith their father an' #otherH ;hey enter into the fa#i+y of each of the#H
.7

Se$tion I - Of Presumptions +e6ardin6 Parenta6e

0rt. <((
3egis+ation 7resu#es that a chi+' 6as concei$e' 'uring the 7erio' that e:ten's fro# the three-
hun're'th to the one-hun're' an' eightieth 'ayB inc+usi$eB before the 'ate of birthH
"once7tion is 7resu#e' to ha$e ta5en 7+ace at any ti#e 'uring that 7erio'B 'e7en'ing of 6hat
the 6e+fare of the chi+' re)uiresH
"ontrary e$i'ence #ay be a''uce' to rebut those 7resu#7tionsH

(rtH <((,(
(77arent status sha++ resu+t fro# a sufficient co++ection of facts sho6ing a bon' of 7arentage an'
re+ationshi7 bet6een an in'i$i'ua+ an' the fa#i+y to 6hich he is sai' to be+ongH
(77arent status #ust be continuousH

(rtH <((,-
;he #ain ones of those facts sha++ be/
;hat the in'i$i'ua+ has a+6ays borne the na#e of those fro# 6ho# he is sai' to 'escen'I
;hat the +atter ha$e treate' hi# as their chi+'B an' that he has treate' the# as his father an'
#otherI
;hat they ha$eB in that ca7acityB 7ro$i'e' for his e'ucationB su77ort an' sett+ingI
;hat he is so recogni=e' in society an' by the fa#i+yI
;hat 7ub+ic authorities consi'er hi# as such H

(rtH <((,<
SubCect to the con'itions 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 71 an' 72 of this "o'e he 7arents or the chi+'
#ay a77+y to the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s for an affi'a$it 7ro$ing unti+ 7roof to the contrary the a77arent
statusB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to any other e$i'ence to 6hich they #ay resort to estab+ish its e:istence in
courtB shou+' it be conteste'H
(0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) ;he 7arenta+ bon's estab+ishe' by an a77arent status recor'e' in an
affi'a$it sha++ be #entione' in the #argin of the recor' of birth of the chi+'H

Se$tion II - Of 0$tions +e6ardin6 Parenta6e

0rt. <((,=
*o action is a'#issib+e as to the 7arentage of a chi+' 6ho 6as not born $iab+eH

(rtH <((,3
;he tribuna! de 6rande instan$e e:ercising ci$i+ Curis'iction sha++ ha$e e:c+usi$e Curis'iction to
ha$e cognisance of actions regar'ing 7arentageH

(rtH <((,)
In case of an offence interfering 6ith the 7arentage of an in'i$i'ua+B a cri#ina+ action #ay be
ru+e' u7on on+y after the Cu'g#ent on the )uestion of 7arentage has beco#e res Cu'icataH

(rtH <((,+
<hene$er they are not confine' by statute 6ithin shorter 7erio'sB actions regar'ing 7arentage are
ti#e-barre' after thirty years fro# the 'ay 6hen the in'i$i'ua+ 6as 'e7ri$e' of the status that he c+ai#sB
or began to enCoin the status that is conteste' against hi#H

(rtH <((,:
(n action 6ho be+onge' to an in'i$i'ua+ as to his 7arentage #ay be brought by his heirs on+y
6hen he 'ie' as a #inor or 6ithin fi$e years after his co#ing of age or his e#anci7ationH
@is heirs #ay a+so 7ursue an action 6hich he ha' a+rea'y initiate'B un+ess there 6as a 6ith'ra6a+
or non-suitH

(rtH <((,6
(n action regar'ing 7arentage #ay not be the subCect of a 6ai$erH

(rtH <((,(8
.8
4u'g#ents han'e' 'o6n in #atters of 7arentage are enforceab+e e$en against 7ersons 6ho 6ere
not 7arties theretoI but the +atter are entit+e' to fi+e thir' 7arty a77+ications for rehearingH
4u'ges #ay of their o6n #otion re)uire that a++ the 7arties concerne' against 6ho# they
consi'er Cu'g#ent shou+' be gi$en be Coine' in the actionH

(rtH <((,((
3i5e6iseB 6here in one of the actions grante' by (rtic+es 340 an' 342 be+o6B a 'efence
Frepea!edG is raise'B base' on the fact that the #other ha'B 'uring the +ega+ 7erio' of conce7tionB
intercourse 6ith a thir' 7artyB the Cu'ge #ay or'er that the +atter be Coine' in the actionH

(rtH <((,(-
;he courts sha++ ru+e on conf+icts of 7arentages for 6hich +egis+ation 'i' not +ay 'o6n other
gui'e+ines by estab+ishing the #ost 7robab+e 7arentage through any e$i'enceH
Fai+ing a'e)uate #eans of con$ictionB they sha++ ha$e regar' to the a77arent statusH

(rtH <((,(<
In the case 6here they are constraine' to 'is#iss the c+ai# of a 7arty 6ho actua++y e'ucate' a
#inor chi+'B the courts #ay ne$erthe+essB account being ta5en of the 6e+fare of the chi+'B grant to that
7arty a right of accessH

Se$tion III - Of the Conf!i$t of <a#s +e!atin6 to the ;stab!ishin6 of Parenta6e

0rt. <((,(=
Parentage is go$erne' by the 7ersona+ +a6 of the #other on the 'ay of birth of the chi+'I 6here
the #other is un5no6nB by the chi+'?s 7ersona+ +a6H

(rtH <((,(3
@o6e$erB 6here a +egiti#ate chi+' an' his father an' #otherB or an i++egiti#ate chi+' an' one of
his father an' #other ha$e in France their usua+ co##on or se7arate resi'enceB the a77arent status has
a++ the conse)uences it 7ro'uces accor'ing to French +a6B e$en 6hen the other e+e#ents of the 7arentage
#ay 'e7en' u7on a foreign +a6H

(rtH <((,()
&arriage in$o+$es +egiti#ation 6hereB on the 'ay 6hen the union is ce+ebrate'B that conse)uence
is a'#itte' either by the +a6 go$erning the effects of #arriageB or by the 7ersona+ +a6 of one of the
s7ousesB or by the chi+'?s 7ersona+ +a6H
3egiti#ation on the authority of the court is go$erne'B at the choice of the 7etitionerB either by
the 7ersona+ +a6 of the +atterB or by the chi+'?s 7ersona+ +a6H

(rtH <((,(+
( $o+untary ac5no6+e'ge#ent of 7aternity or #aternity is $a+i' 6here it 6as #a'e in accor'ance
6ith either the 7ersona+ +a6 of his 'oerB or the chi+'?s 7ersona+ +a6H

(rtH <((,(:

(n action for 7ur7oses of subsi'ies is go$erne'B at the choice of the chi+'B by the +a6 of its usua+
resi'ence or the +a6 of the usua+ resi'ence of the 'ebtorH

Se$tion IC D Of 3edi$a!!y 0ssisted Pro$reation

0rt. <((,(6
(($t n %4-6&/ of 2% *u!y 1%%4)

In case of a #e'ica++y assiste' 7rocreation 6ith a thir' 7arty 'onorB no 7arenta+ bon's #ay be
estab+ishe' bet6een the 'onor an' the chi+' born out of the 7rocreationH
*o action in tort #ay +ie against a 'onorH

(rtH <((,-8
(($t n %4-6&/ of 2% *u!y 1%%4)
S7ouses or un#arrie' 7artners 6hoB in or'er to 7rocreateB resort to a #e'ica+ assistance re)uiring
the inter$ention of a thir' 7arty 'onorB #ustB subCect to con'itions that ensure secrecyB gi$e first their
.!
consents to a Cu'ge or a notaire 6ho sha++ infor# the# of the conse)uences of their act as regar's
7arentageH
"onsent gi$en to a #e'ica++y assiste' 7rocreation 7rohibits any action for cha++enging 7arentage
or c+ai#ing a status un+ess it is argue' that the chi+' 6as not born out of the #e'ica++y assiste'
7rocreation or that the consent 6as 'e7ri$e' of effectH
"onsent is 'e7ri$e' of effect in case of 'eathB of the fi+ing of a 7etition for 'i$orce or Cu'icia+
se7aration or of 'iscontinuance of co##unity +ifeB occurre' before the rea+isation of the #e'ica++y
assiste' 7rocreationH It is a+so 'e7ri$e' of effect 6here the #a+e or the fe#a+e re$o5es it in 6riting an'
before the rea+isation of the #e'ica++y assiste' 7rocreationB in the han's of the 7hysician in charge of the
i#7+e#entation of that assistanceH
@e 6hoB after consenting to #e'ica+ assistance to 7rocreationB 'oes not ac5no6+e'ge the chi+'
born out of it ren'ers hi#se+f +iab+e $is-Q-$is the #other an' chi+'
Further#oreB #ay be Cu'icia++y 'ec+are' the 7aternity outsi'e of #arriage of hi# 6hoB after
consenting to a #e'ica+ assistance to 7rocreationB 'oes not ac5no6+e'ge the chi+' born out of itH ;he
action sha++ co#7+y 6ith the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 340-2 to 340-.H

Se$tion C - Of the +u!es of 8eo!ution of Fami!y 4ame

(2002: 0$t n 200/-&16 of 1' *une 200/
1
)
1
Sha++ co#e into force on 1 4anH 200%
Art' <((,-(
<here the 7arentage of a chi+' has been estab+ishe' 6ith regar' to his t6o 7arents at the +atest
on the 'ay of 'ec+aration of his birth or after6ar's but si#u+taneous+yB the 7arents sha++
choose the fa#i+y na#e 6hich 'e$o+$es u7on hi#/ either the father?s na#eB or the #other?s
na#eB or both na#es cou7+e' in the or'er they choose 6ithin the +i#it of one fa#i+y na#e for
each of the#H Fai+ing a Coint 'ec+aration to the officer of ci$i+ status #entioning the choice of
the na#e of the chi+'B the +atter sha++ ta5e the na#e of the 7arent 6ith regar' to 6ho# his
7arentage has first been estab+ishe' an' the father?s na#e 6here his 7arentage has been
estab+ishe' si#u+taneous+y 6ith regar' to bothH
<here a chi+' of 6ho# one 7arent at +east is French is born abroa'B 7arents 6ho ha$e not
a$ai+e' the#se+$es of the 7o6er to choose the na#e in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing
7aragra7h #ay #a5e such a 'ec+aration at the ti#e of the registration of the recor'B at the
+atest 6ithin three years of the birth of the chi+'H
( na#e 'e$o+$ing on a first chi+' has effect as to the other co##on chi+'renH
<here the 7arents or one of the# bear a 'oub+e fa#i+y na#eB they #ayB by a Coint 6ritten
'ec+arationB trans#it on+y one na#e to their chi+'renH

(rtH <((,--
;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 311-21 sha++ a77+y to the chi+' 6ho beco#es French in co#7+iance
6ith (rtic+e 22-1B in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for by a 'ecree in Consei! d12tat.
Art' <((,-<
;he 7o6er to choose 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 311-21 an' 334-2 #ay be e:ercise' on+y onceH

"@(P;2- II - OF 321I;I&(;2 "@I30-2*

Se$tion I - Of the Presumption of Paternity

(rtH <(-
( chi+' concei$e' in 6e'+oc5 has the husban' as his fatherH
@o6e$erB the +atter #ay 'isa$o6 the chi+' in courtB 6here he 7ro$es facts fitte' to 'e#onstrate
that he cannot be the fatherH

(rtH <(<

In case of Cu'g#ent or e$en of 7etitionB either for 'i$orce or for Cu'icia+ se7arationB the
7resu#7tion of 7aternity sha++ not a77+y to a chi+' born #ore than three hun're' 'ays after the or'er
authori=ing the s7ouses to +i$e a7artB an' +ess than one hun're' an' eighty 'ays fo++o6ing either the
fina+ 'is#issa+ of the 7etition or a reconci+iationH
70
;he 7resu#7tion of 7aternity regains ho6e$er its fu++ forceB by o7eration of +a6B 6here the chi+'
has the a77arent status of a +egiti#ate chi+' 6ith regar' to the s7ousesH
(rtH <(<,(
;he 7resu#7tion of 7aternity sha++ be set asi'e 6here a chi+'B recor'e' 6ithout in'ication of the
husban'?s na#eB has an a77arent status on+y 6ith regar' to the #otherH

(rtH <(<,-
<here the 7resu#7tion of 7aternity is set asi'e in the circu#stances 7ro$i'e' for in the
7rece'ing (rtic+esB the 7arentage of a chi+' is estab+ishe' 6ith regar' to the #other as if there 6as a
'isa$o6a+ a'#itte' in courtH
2ach one of the s7ouses #ay re)uest that the effects of the 7resu#7tion of 7aternity be
reinstate' by 7ro$ing thatB 'uring the statutory 7erio' of conce7tionB a 'e facto re+ationshi7 too5 7+aceB
that ren'ers 7robab+e the 7aternity of the husban'H K;he action #ay be brought by the chi+' 6ithin t6o
years after his co#ing of ageK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)H

(rtH <(=
( chi+' born before the one-hun're' an' eightieth 'ay of #arriage is +egiti#ate an' sha++ be
'ee#e' to ha$e been so as fro# his conce7tionH
;he husban'B ho6e$erB #ay 'isa$o6 hi# as 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 312H
@e #ay e$en 'isa$o6 hi# on the so+e 7roof of the 'ate of the 'e+i$eryB un+ess he 5ne6 of the
7regnancy before the #arriageB or beha$e +i5e the father after the birthH

(rtH <(3
;he 7resu#7tion of 7aternity sha++ not a77+y to a chi+' born #ore than three hun're' 'ays after
the 'isso+ution of the #arriage orB in case of 'ec+are' absence of the husban'B to the one 6ho 6as born
#ore than three hun're' 'ays after the 'isa77earanceH

(rtH <()
( husban' #ust institute an action in 'isa$o6a+ 6ithin si: #onths of the birthB 6here he is on
the s7otH
<here he 6as not on the s7otB 6ithin si: #onths fro# his returnH
(n' 6ithin si: #onths fo++o6ing the 'isco$ery of the frau'B 6here the birth of the chi+' 6as
concea+e' fro# hi#H

(rtH <(),(
<here the husban' is 'ea' before ha$ing institute' the actionB but sti++ being 6ithin the
7rescribe' 7erio' for 'oing soB his heirs are entit+e' to contest the +egiti#acy of the chi+'H
;heir action ceases ne$erthe+ess to be a'#issib+e 6here si: #onths ha$e e+a7se' fro# the ti#e
6hen the chi+' has ta5en 7ossession of 7ro7erty c+ai#e' to be 7aterna+B or fro# the ti#e 6hen the chi+'
has 'isturbe' the# in their o6n 7ossessionH

(rtH <(),-
(n e:tra-Cu'icia+ instru#ent containing a 'isa$o6a+ on the 7art of the husban' or a contestation
of +egiti#acy on the 7art of the heirsB is $oi' 6here it is not fo++o6e' by an action at +a6 6ithin the
7erio' of si: #onthsH

(rtH <(+
(($t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)
(n action in 'isa$o6a+ sha++ be 'irecte'B in the 7resence of the #otherB against an ad ho$
a'#inistrator 'esignate' on beha+f of the chi+' by the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in
(rtic+e 38!-3H

(rtH <(:

2$en 6here there is no 'isa$o6a+B the #other #ay contest the 7aternity of the husban'B but on+y
for the 7ur7ose of +egiti#ationB 6hen she re#arrie' 6ith the true father of the chi+' after 'isso+ution of
the #arriage H

(rtH <(:,(
71
On 7ain of 'is#issa+B an actionB 'irecte' against the husban' or his heirsB #ust be Coine' 6ith an
a77+ication for +egiti#ation Kbrought before the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e5 (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an.
1%%/)H
It #ust be +o'ge' by the #other an' her ne6 s7ouse 6ithin si: #onths of their #arriage an'
before the chi+' has reache' the age of se$en yearsH

(rtH <(:,-
4u'g#ent is gi$en on the t6o 7etitions by one an' the sa#e ru+ing
6hich #ay entertain the contestation of +egiti#acy on+y 6here +egiti#ation is a'#itte'H

Se$tion II - Of Proofs of <e6itima$y

(rtH <(6
Parentage of +egiti#ate chi+'ren is 7ro$e' by recor's of birth entere' in the registers of ci$i+
statusH

(rtH <-8
Fai+ing this instru#entB a77arent status of a +egiti#ate chi+' is sufficientH

(rtH <-(
;here is a77arent status of a +egiti#ate chi+' 6here it bin's the chi+' in'i$isib+y to his father an'
#otherH

(rtH <--
*o one #ay c+ai# a status contrary to that 6hich is gi$en to hi# by his recor' of birth an' an
a77arent status consistent 6ith that recor'H
(n' reci7roca++yB no one #ay contest the status of a 7erson 6ho has an a77arent status consistent
6ith his recor' of birthH

(rtH <--,(
If ho6e$er it is a++ege' that there 6as a setting u7 of a su77osititious chi+'B or a substitutionB
e$en unintentiona+B either beforeB or after the 'rafting of the birth recor'B 7roof of it is a'#issib+e an'
#ay be #a'e by any #eansH

(rtH <-<
Fai+ing recor' an' a77arent statusB or 6here the chi+' 6as entere'B either un'er fa+se na#es or
6ithout in'ication of the #other?s na#eB 7roof of the 7arentage K#ay be Cu'icia++y #a'e on+y 6here
there e:ist 7resu#7tions or circu#stantia+ e$i'ence serious enough to a++o6 its being a'#issib+eHK (0$t
n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)H
Frepea!edG

(rtH <-= Frepea!edG

(rtH <-3
"ontrary 7roof #ay be #a'e by any a77ro7riate #eans to estab+ish that the c+ai#ant is not the
chi+' of the #other 6ho# he c+ai#s to ha$e or e$enB #aternity being 7ro$e'B that it is not the chi+' of
the #other?s husban'H
<here the husban' 6as not Coine' in the case for the c+ai#ing of statusB he #ay contest his
7aternity 6ithin a 7erio' of si: #onths after the 'ay 6hen he 5ne6 of the Cu'g#ent 6hich entertaine'
the 7etition of the chi+' ha$ing beco#e res Cu'icataH

(rtH <-)
<ithout 6aiting for a c+ai# of status to be institute' by the chi+'B the husban' #ayB by any
#eansB contest his 7aternity 6ithin a 7erio' of si: #onths after the 'ay 6hen he 5ne6 of the birthH

(rtH <-+

(fter the 'eath of the husban'B his heirs are +i5e6ise entit+e' to contest his 7aternityB either as a
7recautionary ste7 6here the husban' 6as sti++ in the 7rescribe' 7erio' for 'oing soB or in 'efence to a
c+ai# of statusH

72
(rtH <-:
;he s7ousesB se7arate+y or Coint+yB #ayB by bringing in 7roof as 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 323
abo$eB c+ai# a chi+' as their o6nI but if the +atter a+rea'y has an estab+ishe' 7arentageB they #ust first
'e#onstrate its inaccuracyB su77osing that the case is one of those in 6hich the +a6 authori=es that
'e#onstrationH

Se$tion III - Of <e6itimation

0rt. <-6
(($t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)
3egiti#ation #ay benefit a++ i++egiti#ate chi+'ren 7ro$i'e' that their 7arentage has been +a6fu++y
estab+ishe'H

(rtH <<8

3egiti#ation ta5es 7+ace either by #arriage of the 7arentsB or on the authority of the courtH

, 1 - Of 3egiti#ation by &arriage

(rtH <<(
(++ chi+'ren born out of 6e'+oc5B Ke$en 'ecease'K (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)B are +egiti#ate'
by o7eration of +a6 by the subse)uent #arriage of their 7arentsH
<here their 7arentage 6as not a+rea'y estab+ishe'B those chi+'ren #ust be the subCect of an
ac5no6+e'ge#ent at the #o#ent of ce+ebration of the #arriageHH In that e$entB the officer of ci$i+ status
6ho 7erfor#s the ce+ebration sha++ ta5e note of the ac5no6+e'ge#ent an' of the +egiti#ation in a
se7arate recor'H FK;he fa#i+y na#e of the chi+'ren is 'eter#ine' un'er the ru+es +ai' 'o6n in (rtic+e
311-21K (0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 20021)G
1 Sha++ co#e into force on 1 4anH 200%

(rtH <<(,(
<here the 7arentage of an i++egiti#ate chi+' 6as estab+ishe' 6ith regar' to his father an' #other
or one of the# on+y after their #arriageB +egiti#ation #ay ta5e 7+ace on+y by $irtue of a Cu'g#entH
;hat Cu'g#ent sha++ state that the chi+' hasB since the ce+ebration of the #arriageB enCoye' the
a77arent status of their co##on chi+'H

(rtH <<(,-
(ny +egiti#ation sha++ be #entione' in the #argin of the recor' of birth of the +egiti#ate' chi+'H
;hat #ention #ay be re)uire' by any 7arty concerne'H In the case of (rtic+e 331B the officer of
ci$i+ status sha++ 7ro$i'e for it hi#se+fB 6here he ha' 5no6+e'ge of the e:istence of the chi+'renH
K;he #ention of the +egiti#ation on the recor' of birth of an a'u+t chi+' is of no effect on his
7atrony#ic Frep!a$ed by Kfa#i+y na#eK (0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 20021)G 6here the recor' 'oes not
contain in a''ition #ention of the consent of the 7arty concerne' to the #o'ification of his 7atrony#icK
Frep!a$ed by Kfa#i+y na#eK (0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 20021)G (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)H
1 Sha++ co#e into force on 1 4anH 200%

(rtH <<- Frepea!edG

(rtH <<-,(
3egiti#ation confers on a +egiti#ate' chi+' the rights an' 'uties of a +egiti#ate chi+'H
K7y means of a =oint de$!aration produ$ed at the time of the $e!ebration of the marria6e or
as$ertained by the $ourt( the parents are entit!ed to the option proided for in 0rti$!e /11-21(
if parenta6e has been estab!ished in the #ay proided for in 0rti$!e //4-1 and if they did not
aai! themse!es of the po#er 6ien by 0rti$!e //4-25@0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 2002: 0$t
n 200/-&16 of 1' *une 200/
1
?. K3egiti#ation ho6e$er #ay not ha$e the effect of #o'ifying
the 7atrony#ic Frep!a$ed by Kfami!y name5( 0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 2002: 0$t n 200/-
&16 of 1' *une 200/
1
?G of an a'u+t chi+' 6ithout his consentK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)H
It ta5es effect fro# the 'ate of the #arriageH

1
Sha++ co#e into force on 1 4anH 200%

, 2 - Of 3egiti#ation on the (uthority of the "ourt

73
(rtH <<<
<here it a77ears that a #arriage is i#7ossib+e bet6een the t6o 7arentsB the benefit of
+egiti#ation #ay yet be conferre' on the chi+' on the authority of the court 7ro$i'e' that he hasB 6ith
regar' to the 7arent 6ho so re)uestsB the a77arent status of an i++egiti#ate chi+'H

(rtH <<<,(
( 7etition for 7ur7oses of +egiti#ation #ust be initiate' by one of the t6o 7arents or by both
Coint+y before the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e.

0rt. <<<,-
<here one of the 7arents 6asB at the ti#e of conce7tionB in bon's of a 6e'+oc5 6hich is not
'isso+$e'B his or her 7etition is a'#issib+e on+y 6ith the consent of her or his s7ouseH

(rtH <<<,<
;he court sha++ $erify 6hether the statutory con'itions are fu+fi++e' an'B after recei$ing or
in'ucingB if there is occasionB the co##ents of the chi+' hi#se+fB of the other 7arent 6here he or she is
not a 7arty to the 7etitionB as 6e++ as that of the s7ouse of the 7etitionerB it sha++ 7ronounce the
+egiti#ationB if it consi'ers it is Custifie'H

(rtH <<<,=
( +egiti#ation on the authority of the court ta5es effect at the 'ate of the Cu'g#ent 6hich
7ronounces it fina++yH
<here it too5 7+ace on 7etition of one of the 7arentsB it 'oes not ha$e any effect 6ith regar' to
the otherI it 'oes not in$o+$e change of the FKfa#i+yK (0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 20021)G na#e of the
chi+'B un+ess the court other6ise 'eci'esH
1 Sha++ co#e into force on 1 4anH 200%

(rtH <<<,3
<here +egiti#ation on the authority of the court 6as 7ronounce' 6ith regar' to both 7arentsB
the chi+' sha++ ta5e the na#e of the father Frep!a$ed by Kthe fa#i+y na#e of the chi+' is
'eter#ine' un'er the ru+es +ai' 'o6n by (rtic+es 311-21 an' 311-23K (0$t n 2002-/04 of 4
3ar$h 20021)GI 6here he is a #inorBK the court sha++ ru+e on the ter#s of e:ercise of 7arenta+
authorityK (0$t n '.-.&0 of 22 *u!y 1%'.) as in #atters of 'i$orceH
1 Sha++ co#e into force on 1 4anH 200%

(rtH <<<,)
;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 331-2B Frepea!edG an' 332-1B 7aragra7h 1B sha++
a77+y to +egiti#ation on the authority of the court
1
H
1
Sha++ continue in force unti+ 31 0ec 2004H

Art' <<<,)', 5"he proisions of 0rti$!e //1-2 and of the first t#o
para6raphs of 0rti$!e //2-1 sha!! app!y to !e6itimation on the authority of
the $ourt @0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 2002 1?.
1 Sha++ co#e into force on 1 4an 200%

"@(P;2- III - OF I3321I;I&(;2 "@I30-2*

Se$tion I - Of the ;ffe$ts of I!!e6itima$y and of the 3odes of ;stab!ishin6 I!!e6itimate Einship in
Benera!

0rt. <<=
Frepea!edG
Fde!etedG

(rtH <<=,(
(n i++egiti#ate chi+' ac)uires the na#e of the 7arent 6ith regar' to 6ho# his 7arentage has
been estab+ishe' in the first 7+aceI Fhis father1s name( #here his parenta6e has been
estab!ished simu!taneous!y #ith re6ard to both. de!eted by 0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h
20021)G
1 Sha++ co#e into force on 1 4an 200%

74
(rtH <<=,-
2$en 6here his 7arentage 6as estab+ishe' on+y in the secon' 7+ace 6ith regar' to the fatherB
an i++egiti#ate chi+' #ay ta5e the +atter?s na#e by substitution 6henB 'uring his #inorityB the
t6o 7arents #a5e Coint 'ec+aration of it before Kthe chief c+er5 of the tribuna! de 6rande
instan$e5 (0$t n %&-12& of ' Feb. 1%%&)
1H
<here the chi+' is #ore than KthirteenK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) years o+'B his
7ersona+ consent is re)uire'H

1
Sha++ continue in force unti+ 30 0ecH 2004

Art' <<=,-', 5Fhere the name of an i!!e6itimate $hi!d #as not transmitted in the #ay
proided for in 0rti$!e /11-21( his parents may( by means of a =oint de$!aration made before
the offi$er of $ii! status( $hoose durin6 his minority #hether they #i!! substitute to it the
fami!y name of the parent #ith re6ard to #hom parenta6e #as estab!ished in the se$ond
p!a$e( or $oup!e their t#o names( in the order they $hoose( #ithin the !imit of one fami!y name
for ea$h of them. 3ention of the $han6e of name sha!! appear in the mar6in of the re$ord of
birth.5 @ 0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 2002: 0$t n 200/-&16 of 1' *une 200/
1
?.
<here the chi+' is #ore than KthirteenK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) years o+'B his
7ersona+ consent is re)uire'H

1
Sha++ co#e into force on 1 4an 200%

(rtH <<=,< ' KIn the other casesB the change of na#e of an i++egiti#ate chi+' #ust be re)ueste' to the
fa#i+y causes Cu'geH @o6e$erB the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e sei=e' of a re)uest for the change of
status of an i++egiti#ate chi+' #ay in one an' the sa#e Cu'g#ent ru+e on it an' on the a77+ication for the
change of na#e of the chi+' that 6as brought before itK

(($t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)H
(n action #ay be institute' 'uring the #inority of the chi+' an' 6ithin t6o years fo++o6ing
either its co#ing of ageB or a #o'ification brought about in his statusH

(rtH <<=,=
;he substitution of na#e e:ten's as of right to the #inor chi+'ren of the 7arty concerne'H It
e:ten's to a'u+t chi+'ren on+y 6ith their consentH

(rtH <<=,3

Fai+ing estab+ishe' 7aternityB the #other?s husban' #ayB by substitutionB confer his o6n na#e on
the chi+' by a 'ec+aration #a'e Coint+y 6ith the #otherB un'er the con'itions +ai' 'o6n in (rtic+e
334-2 abo$e
1
H
H ;he chi+' #ay ho6e$er re)uest to ta5e bac5 the na#e 6hich he bore beforeB through a 7etition
sub#itte' to the Kfa#i+y causes Cu'geK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)B 6ithin t6o years fo++o6ing
his co#ing of ageH

1
Sha++ continue in force unti+ 31 0ecH 2004H

Art' <<=,3', Fai!in6 estab!ished maternity or paternity( the father1s #ife or the mother1s husband
a$$ordin6 to the $ir$umstan$es may $onfer by substitution her or his fami!y name to the $hi!d by a
de$!aration made =oint!y #ith the other spouse( sub=e$t to the $onditions set out in 0rti$!e //4-2.
Sub=e$t to the same $onditions( the $oup!ed names of both spouses may a!so be $onferred on the
$hi!d in the order they hae $hosen and #ithin the !imit of one name for ea$h of them.G @ 0$t n
2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 20021?.
;he chi+' #ay ho6e$er re)uest to ta5e bac5 the na#e 6hich he bore beforeB through a 7etition
sub#itte' to the Kfa#i+y causes Cu'geK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)B 6ithin t6o years
fo++o6ing his co#ing of ageH
1 Sha++ co#e into force on 1 4an 200%

(rtH <<=,)
;he ru+es for attributing a na#e 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing (rtic+es sha++ not 7reCu'ice the
effects of an a77arent statusH

(rtH <<=,+ Frepea!edG
7%
(rtH <<=,:
(($t n '2-&/6 of 2& *une 1%'2)
I++egiti#ate 7arentage is +a6fu++y estab+ishe' by $o+untary ac5no6+e'ge#entH
I++egiti#ate 7arentage #ay a+so be +a6fu++y estab+ishe' by an a77arent status or by the effect of a
Cu'g#entH

(rtH <<=,6
(n ac5no6+e'ge#ent is $oi'B a 7aternity or #aternity action is not a'#issib+eB 6here the chi+'
has a +egiti#ate 7rentage a+rea'y estab+ishe' by an a77arent statusH

(rtH <<=,(8
<here there e:ists bet6een the father an' #other of the i++egiti#ate chi+' one of the
i#7e'i#ents to #arriage 7ro$i'e' for by (rtic+es 1.1 an' 1.2 abo$e by reason of 5inshi7B if 7arentage
is a+rea'y estab+ishe' 6ith regar' to the oneB it is forbi''en to estab+ish 7arentage 6ith regar' to the
otherH

Se$tion II - Of the 0$Ano#!ed6ement of I!!e6itimate Chi!dren

0rt. <<3
(($t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)
(c5no6+e'g#ent of an i++egiti#ate chi+' #ay be #a'e in the recor' of birthB by an instru#ent
recei$e' by the officer of ci$i+ status or by any other authentic instru#entH
;he instru#ent sha++ contain the state#ents 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e .2H
(0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6) It sha++ a+so contain a #ention that the #a5er of the
ac5no6+e'ge#ent 6as infor#e' of the 'i$isib+e character of the bon' of i++egiti#ate 5inshi7H

(rtH <<)
(n ac5no6+e'ge#ent of the father 6ithout in'ication of the #other an' a'#ission on her 7artB
has effect on+y 6ith regar' to the fatherH

(rtH <<+
( recor' of birth 'esignating the #other is 'ee#e' to be an ac5no6+e'g#entB 6here it is
corroborate' by an a77arent statusH

(rtH <<:
So +ong as it is not conteste' in courtB an ac5no6+e'ge#ent ren'ers ina'#issib+e the estab+ishing
of another 7arentage 6hich contra'icts itH

(rtH <<6
(n ac5no6+e'ge#ent #ay be conteste' by a++ 7ersons ha$ing an interest thereinB inc+u'ing his
#a5erH
(n action #ay a+so be institute' by the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s office 6here circu#stantia+
e$i'ence base' on the instru#ents the#se+$es ren'ers i#7robab+e the 'ec+are' 7aternity or #aternityH KIt
#ay +i5e6ise be institute' 6here ac5no6+e'ge#ent 6as #a'e for e$a'ing the ru+es 6hich go$ern
a'o7tionK (0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6)H
<here there e:ists an a77arent status 6hich is consistent 6ith the ac5no6+e'ge#ent an' has
+aste' at +east ten years after itB no contestation is any +onger a'#issib+eB un+ess on the 7art of the other
7arentB of the chi+' hi#se+f or of those 6ho c+ai# to be the true 7arentsH

Se$tion III D Of Paternity and 3aternity Suits

0rt. <=8
(($t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)

Paternity out of 6e'+oc5 #ay be Cu'icia++y 'ec+are'H
Proof of it #ay be #a'e on+y 6here there e:ist serious 7resu#7tions or circu#stantia+ e$i'enceH

(rtH <=8,( Frepea!edG

(rtH <=8,-
;he action be+ongs on+y to the chi+'H
7.
0uring the #inority of the chi+'B the #otherB a+beit a #inorB is a+one entit+e' to institute itH
<here the #other 'i' not ac5no6+e'ge the chi+'B 6here she is 'ea' or unab+e to e:7ress her
intentionB the action sha++ be institute' as 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 4.4B 7aragra7h 3B of this "o'eH

(rtH <=8,<
(($t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)
(n action to estab+ish 7aternity #ust be brought against the a++ege' father or against his heirsI in
the absence of heirs or 6here they ha$e renounce' the successionB against the StateB the renouncing heirs
being ne$erthe+ess Coine' in the action in or'er to #aintain their rightsH

0rt. <=8,=

(n action #ust be institute' 6ithin t6o years after the chi+'?s birthB on 7ain of +a7seH
(0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) <here ho6e$er the a++ege' father an' the #other ha$e +i$e'B
'uring the statutory 7erio' of conce7tionB in a state of concubinage in$o+$ingB in the absence of
co##unity +ifeB an en'uring or continuous re+ationshi7B the action #ay be institute' unti+ the e:7iry of a
7erio' of t6o years fo++o6ing the en'ing of the concubinageH <here the a++ege' father contribute' to the
su77ortB the e'ucation or the sett+ing of the chi+' in the ca7acity of a fatherB the action #ay be institute'
unti+ the e:7iry of a 7erio' of t6o years fo++o6ing the en'ing of that contributionH
<here an action 6as not institute' 'uring the #inority of the chi+'B the +atter #ay institute it
'uring t6o years after his co#ing of ageH

(rtH <=8,3
<here it entertains the actionB the court #ayB on 7etition of the #otherB or'er the father to
rei#burse her for a++ or 7art of her #aternity an' su77ort e:7enses 'uring the three #onths 7rece'ing
an' the three #onths fo++o6ing the birthB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to 'a#ages she #ay c+ai# un'er (rtic+es
1382 an' 1383H

(rtH <=8,)
;he court sha++ ru+eB if there is occasionB on the attribution of na#e an' on 7arenta+ authorityB
un'er (rtic+es 334-3 an' K372K (0$t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)H

(rtH <=8,+
<hen 'is#issing the 7etitionB the Cu'ges #ayB ho6e$erB a++o6 subsi'ies to the chi+'B if the
re+ationshi7 bet6een the #other an' the 'efen'ant 6as 7ro$e' in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 342
an' fo++o6ingH

(rtH <=(
(($t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)
&aternity suits are a++o6e' subCect to (rtic+e 341-1H
;he chi+' 6ho brings the action #ust 7ro$e that he is the one to 6ho# the a++ege' #other has
gi$en birthH
(0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) Proof of it #ay be #a'e on+y 6here there e:ist serious
7resu#7tions or circu#stantia+ e$i'enceH

(rtH <=(,(
(($t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)
(fter a chi+'?s birthB his #other #ay re)uest that the secrecy as to her a'#ittance an' i'entity be
7reser$e'H

Se$tion IC - Of the 0$tion for Purpose of Subsidies

(rtH <=-
(n i++egiti#ate chi+' 6hose 7aterna+ 7arentage is not +a6fu++y estab+ishe' #ay c+ai# subsi'ies to
the one 6ho ha' a re+ationshi7 6ith his #other 'uring the statutory 7erio' of conce7tionH
(0$t n ..-14&6 of 2% 8e$. 1%..) (n action #ay be institute' 'uring the 6ho+e #inority of the
chi+'I the +atter #ay sti++ institute it 6ithin t6o years fo++o6ing his co#ing of age 6here it 6as not 'one
'uring his #inorityH
(n action is a'#issib+e e$en 6here the father or #other 6ereB at the ti#e of the conce7tionB in
the bon's of a 6e'+oc5 6ith another 7ersonB or if there e:iste' bet6een the# an i#7e'i#ent to #arriage
go$erne' by (rtic+es 1.1 to 1.4 of this "o'eH
77

(rtH <=-,(
(n action for 7ur7ose of subsi'ies #ay a+so be institute' by the chi+' of a #arrie' 6o#anB
6here his recor' of +egiti#ate chi+' is not corroborate' by an a77arent statusH

Art'<=-,-
Subsi'ies sha++ be sett+e'B in the for# of 7erio'ica+ 7ay#entsB accor'ing to the nee's of the chi+'B
the #eans of the 'ebtor an' his fa#i+y situationH
Perio'ica+ 7ay#ents #ay be o6e' beyon' the co#ing of age of the chi+'B 6here he is sti++ in
nee'B un+ess that circu#stance is i#7utab+e to his fau+tH

(rtH <=-,<
<here there is occasion to a77+y (rtic+e 311-11 abo$eB the Cu'geB fai+ing other factors for
'ecisionB has the 'iscretion to i#7ose on the 'efen'ants an in'e#nity inten'e' to ensure the su77ort an'
e'ucation of the chi+'B 6here fau+ts are estab+ishe' against the# or co##it#ents 6ere 7re$ious+y
entere' into by the#H
;hat in'e#nity sha++ be co++ecte' by the "hi+'ren?s ai' ser$iceB a 7ub+ic-interest organi=ation or a
Cu'icia+ agent boun' to 7rofessiona+ secrecyB 6ho 6i++ 7ay it o$er to the statutory re7resentati$e of the
chi+'H ;he ter#s of this co++ecting an' of this 7aying o$er sha++ be fi:e' by 'ecreeH
;he 7ro$isions go$erning subsi'ies sha++ a77+y to that in'e#nity as to other issuesH

(rtH <=-,=
(($t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)

( 'efen'ant #ay 'efeat a c+ai# by 7ro$ing by any #eans that he cannot be the father of the
chi+'H

(rtH <=-,3
;he res7onsibi+ity of subsi'ies sha++ be trans#itte' to the succession of the 'ebtor un'er the ru+es
of (rtic+e K7.7K (0$t n 2001-11/& of / 8e$. 2001)H

(rtH <=-,)
(rtic+es 340-2B 340-3 an' 340-% abo$e sha++ a77+y to an action for 7ur7ose of subsi'iesH

(rtH <=-,+
( Cu'g#ent 6hich a6ar's subsi'ies creates bet6een the 'ebtor an' the beneficiaryB as 6e++ asB if
there is occasionB bet6een each of the# an' the 7arents or the s7ouse of the otherB the i#7e'i#ents to
#arriage regu+ate' by (rtic+es 1.1 to 1.4 of this "o'eH

(rtH <=-,:
-es Cu'icata on an action for 7ur7ose of subsi'ies gi$es rise to no bar to 7rocee'ings against a
subse)uent 7aternity suitH
;he a6ar' of subsi'ies ceases to ha$e effect 6here the 7aterna+ 7arentage of the chi+' ha77ens to
be estab+ishe' subse)uent+y 6ith regar' to so#eone e+se than the 'ebtorH


TITLE VIII
O ADOPTION
(0$t n 66-&00 of 11 *u!y 1%66)

"@(P;2- I - OF P32*(-E (0OP;IO*

Se$tion I D Of the +e,uisites for P!enary 0doption

(rtH <=<
(($t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6)
('o7tion #ay be 7etitione' by t6o s7ouses not Cu'icia++y se7arate' B #arrie' for #ore than t6o
years or 6ho are both o+'er than t6enty-eight yearsH

(rtH <=<,(
78
('o7tion #ay be a+so 7etitione' by a 7erson o$er Kt6enty-eight years of ageK (0$t n %6-604 of
& *u!y 1%%6)H
<here the a'o7ter is #arrie' an' not Cu'icia++y se7arate'B his or her s7ouse?s consent is re)uire'
un+ess this s7ouse is unab+e to e:7ress his or her intentionH

(rtH <=<,-
(($t n .6-11.% of 22 8e$. 1%.6)
;he re)uire#ent as to age 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing (rtic+e is not i#7ose' in the case of
a'o7tion of the s7ouse?s chi+'H

(rtH <==
;he a'o7ters #ust be fifteen years o+'er than the chi+'ren 6ho# they 7ro7ose to a'o7tH <here
the +atter are their s7ouse?s chi+'ren the re)uire' 'ifference of age is on+y ten yearsH
(0$t n .6-11.% of 22 8e$. 1%.6) ;he court #ayB ho6e$erB if there are goo' reasonsB #a5e an
a'o7tion or'er 6here the 'ifference in ages is s#a++er than that 7ro$i'e' for by the 7rece'ing 7aragra7hH

(rtH <=3
('o7tion is a++o6e' on+y in fa$our of chi+'ren un'er fifteenB 6ho ha$e been recei$e' in the
ho#e of the a'o7ter or a'o7ters for at +east si: #onthsH
<here ho6e$er the chi+' is o+'er than fifteen an' has been recei$e' before ha$ing reache' that
age by 7ersons 6ho 'i' not fu+fi+ the statutory re)uire#ents for a'o7ting or 6here he 6as the subCect of
an or'inary a'o7tion before reaching that ageB 7+enary a'o7tion #ay be a77+ie' for if the con'itions for
it are fu+fi++e'B K'uring the #inority of the chi+' an' 6ithin t6o years fo++o6ing his co#ing of ageK ( 0$t
n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6)H
<here it is o+'er than KthirteenK (0$t n .6-11.% of 22 8e$. 1%.6)B an a'o7te' #ust 7ersona+y
consent to his 7+enary a'o7tionH

(rtH <=3,(
(($t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6)
P+enary a'o7tion of the s7ouse?s chi+' is a++o6e'/
1L <here the chi+' has a +a6fu++y estab+ishe' 7arentage on+y 6ith regar' to that s7ouseI
2L <here the 7arent other than the s7ouse has been tota++y 'e7ri$e' of 7arenta+ authorityI
3L <here the 7arent other than the s7ouse is 'ea' an' has +eft no ascen'ant of the first 'egree or
6here the +atter ob$ious+y too5 no further interest in the chi+'H

(rtH <=)
*o one #ay be a'o7te' by se$era+ 7ersons un+ess by t6o s7ousesH
(0$t n .6-11.% of 22 8e$. 1%.6) @o6e$erB a ne6 a'o7tion #ay be or'ere' either after the 'eath
of the a'o7ter or the t6o a'o7tersB or after the 'eath of one of the t6o a'o7ters if the re)uest is #a'e by
the ne6 s7ouse of the sur$i$orH

(rtH <=+
&ay be a'o7te'/
1L "hi+'ren to the a'o7tion of 6ho# the father an' #other or the fa#i+y counci+ ha$e $a+i'+y
consente'I
2L <ar's of the StateI
3L "hi+'ren 'ec+are' aban'one' in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 3%0H

(rtH <=:
<here the 7arentage of a chi+' is estab+ishe' 6ith regar' to his father an' #otherB the +atter #ust
both consent to the a'o7tionH
<here one of the# is 'ea' or unab+e to e:7ress his or her consent or has +ost his or her rights of
7arenta+ authorityB the consent of the other sufficesH

(rtH <=:,(
<here the 7arentage of a chi+' is estab+ishe' on+y 6ith regar' to one of his 7arentsB that one sha++
gi$e the consent to a'o7tionH

(rtH <=:,-
7!
<here the father an' #other of the chi+' are 'ea'B unab+e to e:7ress their intention or 'e7ri$e'
of their rights of 7arenta+ authorityB consent sha++ be gi$en by the fa#i+y counci+B after a'$ice of the
7erson 6ho actua++y ta5es care of the chi+'H
It sha++ be +i5e6ise 6here the 7arentage of the chi+' is not estab+ishe'H
(rtH -=:,<
"onsent to the a'o7tion sha++ be gi$en Kbefore the c+er5 in chiefK (0$t n %&-424 of ' Feb. 1%%&)
of the tribuna! d1instan$e of the 'o#ici+e or resi'ence of the 7erson 6ho consentsB or before a French or
foreign notaireB or before French 'i7+o#atic or consu+ar agentsH It #ay a+so be recei$e' by the "hi+'ren?s
ai' ser$ice 6here the chi+' 6as entruste' to the#H
"onsent to a'o7tion #ay be 6ith'ra6n 6ithin Kt6o #onthsK (0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6)H
<ith'ra6a+ #ust be #a'e by registere' +etter 6ith re)uest for a'$ice of 'e+i$ery a''resse' to the 7erson
or ser$ice that recei$e' the consent to a'o7tionH ;he han'ing o$er of the chi+' to his 7arents on e$en
$erba+ re)uest sha++ a+so be treate' as 7roof of the 6ith'ra6a+H
<hereB on the e:7iry of the 7erio' of Kt6o #onthsK (0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6)B consent 6as
not 6ith'ra6nB the 7arents #ay sti++ re)uest restitution of the chi+'B 7ro$i'e' that he has not been 7+ace'
for 7ur7ose of a'o7tionH <here the 7erson 6ho recei$e' hi# refuses to gi$e hi# bac5B the 7arents #ay
refer the #atter to the court 6hichB ta5ing into account the 6e+fare of the chi+'B sha++ 'eter#ine 6hether
there is occasion to or'er his restitutionH y effect of restitutionB a consent to a'o7tion +a7sesH

(rtH <=:,=
(($t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6)
<here the father an' #other or the fa#i+y counci+ consent to the a'o7tion of a chi+' by
entrusting hi# to the "hi+'ren?s ai' ser$ice or to a bo'y authori=e' for a'o7tionB the choice of the
a'o7ter is +eft to the guar'ian 6ith the agree#ent of the fa#i+y counci+ of the 6ar's of the State or of the
fa#i+y counci+ of the guar'ianshi7 organi=e' on the initiati$e of the bo'y authori=e' for a'o7tionH

(rtH <=:,3
2:ce7t 6here there e:ists a bon' of re+ationshi7 by b+oo' or by #arriage u7 to the si:th 'egree
inc+usi$e bet6een the a'o7ter an' the a'o7teeB the consent to a'o7tion of chi+'ren un'er t6o years o+' is
$a+i' on+y if the chi+' 6as actua++y entruste' to the "hi+'ren?s ai' ser$ice Kor to a bo'y authori=e' for
a'o7tionK (0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6)H

(rtH <=:,)
;he court #ay #a5e an a'o7tion or'er 6here it consi'ers abusi$e the refusa+ of consent raise'
by the +egiti#ate or i++egiti#ate 7arents or by one of the# on+yB 6hen they too5 no further interest in the
chi+' at the ris5 of en'angering his hea+th or #ora+ityH
It sha++ be +i5e6ise in case of abusi$e refusa+ of consent by the fa#i+y counci+H

(rtH <=6
(s regar's the 6ar's of State 6hose 7arents 'i' not consent to an a'o7tionB consent sha++ be
gi$en by the fa#i+y counci+ of those 6ar'sH

(rtH <38
(($t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6)
( chi+' recei$e' by a 7ri$ate 7ersonB a bo'y or a "hi+'ren?s ai' ser$iceB 6hose 7arents ob$ious+y
too5 no further interest to hi# 'uring the year 7rece'ing the institution of a 7etition for 'ec+aration of
aban'on#entB sha++ be 'ec+are' aban'one' by the tribuna! de 6rande instan$eB e:ce7t in case of a great
'istress of the 7arents an' 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the 7ro$isions of 7aragra7h 4H ( 7etition for 'ec+aration
of aban'on#ent is re)uire' to be trans#itte' by the 7ri$ate 7ersonB the bo'y or the "hi+'ren?s ai' ser$ice
6ho ha$e recei$e' the chi+' on the e:7iry of a 7erio' of one year 6here the 7arents ob$ious+y too5 no
further interest to it H
(0$t n .6-11.% of 22 8e$. 1%.6) (re 'ee#e' to ha$e ob$ious+y ta5en no further interest to their
chi+' 7arents 6ho ha$e not entertaine' 6ith hi# re+ations necessary to #aintain bon's of affectionH
( #ere 6ith'ra6a+ of consent to a'o7tionB a re)uest for ne6s or a 6ish e:7resse' but not carrie'
out to ta5e the chi+' bac5 #ay not be a to5en of interest sufficient to constitute the groun' of a 'is#issa+
as of right of a 7etition for 'ec+aration of aban'on#entH K;hose ste7s #ay not interru7t the 7erio' set out
in 7aragra7h 1K(0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)H
(ban'on#ent #ay not be 'ec+are' 6hereB 'uring the 7erio' set out in 7aragra7h 1 of this (rtic+eB
a #e#ber of the fa#i+y 7etitione' to assu#e care of the chi+' an' 6here that 7etition is 'ec+are' to be
consonant 6ith the 6e+fare of the chi+'H
80
<here it 'ec+ares that the chi+' is aban'one'B the court sha++B by the sa#e or'erB 'e+egate the
rights of 7arenta+ authority o$er the chi+' to the "hi+'ren?s ai' ser$iceB to the bo'y or to the 7ri$ate
7erson K6ho recei$e' the chi+' or to 6ho# the +atter 6as entruste'K (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)H
( thir' 7arty a77+ication for re$ocation of the or'er is a'#issib+e on+y in case of 'ece7tionB frau'
or #ista5e as to the i'entity of the chi+'H
Se$tion II - Of the P!a$in6 for Purpose of P!enary 0doption and of the *ud6ment of P!enary 0doption

0rt. <3(
P+acing for the 7ur7ose of a'o7tion #ust be #a'e by actua+ entrusting to the 7ros7ecti$e
a'o7ters of a chi+' for 6ho# a $a+i' an' fina+ consent to a'o7tion 6as gi$enB of a 6ar' of State or of a
chi+' 'ec+are' aban'one' by Cu'icia+ 'ecisionH
<here the 7arentage of the chi+' is not estab+ishe'B there #ay be no 7+acing for 7ur7ose of
a'o7tion 'uring a 7erio' of Kt6o #onthsK (0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6) after the recei$ing of the chi+'H
P+acing #ay not ta5e 7+ace 6here the 7arents of the chi+' ha$e 7etitione' for the restitution of
the chi+' so +ong as there is no 'ecision on the conc+usi$eness of that 7etition at the re)uest of the #ost
'i+igent 7artyH

(rtH <3-
P+acing for the 7ur7ose of a'o7tion is a bar to a restitution of the chi+' to his fa#i+y of originH It
'efeats any 'ec+aration of 7arentage an' any ac5no6+e'ge#entH
<here a 7+acing for the 7ur7ose of a'o7tion co#es to an en' or 6here the court refuses to or'er
a'o7tionB the effects of 7+acing are retroacti$e+y set asi'eH

(rtH <3<
(n a'o7tion or'er #ay be #a'e at the re)uest of the a'o7ter by the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e
6hich sha++ $erify K6ithin si: #onths after reference to the courtK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)B 6hether
the statutory re)uire#ents are fu+fi++e' an' a'o7tion is consonant 6ith the 6e+fare of the chi+'H
(0$t n .6-11.% of 22 8e$. 1%.6) In case the a'o7ter has 'escen'antsB the court sha++ $erify in
a''ition 6hether the a'o7tion is not +i5e+y to i#7eri+ fa#i+y +ifeH
<here the a'o7ter 'ies after ha$ing 7ro7er+y recei$e' the chi+' for 7ur7ose of his a'o7tionB a
7etition #ay be fi+e' on his or her beha+f by the sur$i$ing s7ouse or by one of the a'o7ter?s heirsH
(0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6) <here the chi+' 'ies after being 7ro7er+y recei$e' for 7ur7ose of
its a'o7tionB the 7etition #ay ne$erthe+ess be fi+e'H ;he Cu'g#ent has effect on the 'ay 7rece'ing the
'eath an' in$o+$es on+y #o'ification of the ci$i+ status of the chi+'H
(n a'o7tion or'er sha++ not state its reasonsH

(rtH <3<,(
(($t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6)
In case of a'o7tion of a 6ar' of State KB of a chi+' entruste' to a bo'y authori=e' for a'o7tionK
(0$t n 2002-%/ of 22 *an. 2002)B or of an a+ien chi+' 6ho is not the chi+' of the a'o7ter?s s7ouseB the
court sha++ $erify before #a5ing an a'o7tion or'er that the 7etitioner or 7etitioners gaine' an
authori=ation to a'o7t or 6ere 'is7ense' 6ith itH
<here an authori=ation 6as refuse' or 6as not issue' 6ithin the statutory 7erio'B the court #ay
#a5e an a'o7tion or'er if it consi'ers that the 7etitioners ha$e the ca7acity to recei$e the chi+' an' that
the a'o7tion is consonant 6ith his 6e+fareH

(rtH <3<,-' ( thir' 7arty a77+ication for re$ocation of the a'o7tion or'er is a'#issib+e on+y in case of
'ece7tion or frau' i#7utab+e to the a'o7tersH

(rtH <3=
<ithin fifteen 'ays of the 'ate on 6hich it ca#e into force of res Cu'icataB an or'er 7ronouncing
7+enary a'o7tion sha++ be registere' on the registers of ci$i+ status of the 7+ace of birth of the a'o7teeB on
re)uest of the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorH
(0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6) <here the a'o7tee 6as born in a foreign countryB the or'er sha++
be registere' on the registers of the centra+ ser$ice of ci$i+ status of the &inistry of Foreign (ffairsH
;he registration sha++ state the 'ayB hour an' 7+ace of birthB the se: of the chi+' as 6e++ as his
FKfa#i+y na#e an'K (0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 20021)G first na#es such as they resu+t fro# the
a'o7tion or'erB the first na#esB na#esB 'ate an' 7+ace of birthB occu7ation an' 'o#ici+e of the a'o7ter or
a'o7tersH It #ay not contain any in'ication as to the actua+ 7arentage of the chi+'H
;he registration ta5es the 7+ace of a recor' of birth for the a'o7teeH
81
K;he origina+ recor' of birth 5e7t by a French officer of ci$i+ status an'B 6here a77ro7riateBK (0$t
n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6) the recor' of birth estab+ishe' un'er (rtic+e %8 sha++B on the initiati$e of the
1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorB be sta#7e' Kadoption5 an' treate' as $oi'H
1 Sha++ co#e into force on 1 Se7tH 2003H

Se$tion III D Of the ;ffe$ts of P!enary 0doption
0rt. <33
('o7tion 7ro'uces its effects fro# the 'ay of the fi+ing of the 7etition for a'o7tionH

(rtH <3)
('o7tion confers on the chi+' a 7arentage 6hich substitutes for his origina+ 7arentage/ the
a'o7tee ceases to be+ong to his b+oo' fa#i+yB subCect to the 7rohibitions of #arriage referre' to in
(rtic+es 1.1 to 1.4H
(0$t n .6-11.% of 22 8e$. 1%.6) @o6e$erB an a'o7tion of the s7ouse?s chi+' sti++ +ea$es e:tant
his origina+ 7arentage 6ith regar' to that s7ouse an' his or her fa#i+yH It 7ro'ucesB further#oreB the
effects of an a'o7tion by t6o s7ousesH

(rtH <3+
('o7tion confers on the chi+' the na#e of the a'o7ter Fan'B in case of a'o7tion by t6o s7ousesB
the husban'?s na#eHHB de!eted by 0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 20021 G
FKIn case of a'o7tion by t6o s7ousesB the na#e conferre' on a chi+' is 'eter#ine' un'er the ru+es
+ai' 'o6n in (rtic+e 311-21HK (0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 20021)G
On re)uest of the a'o7ter or a'o7tersB the court #ay #o'ify the first na#es of the chi+'H
<here the a'o7ter is a #arrie' 6o#anB the court #ayB in the a'o7tion or'erB 'eci'e 6ith the
consent of the husban' of the a'o7ter that the na#e of the husban' 6i++ be conferre' on the a'o7teeI
6here the husban' is 'ea' or unab+e to e:7ress his intentionB the court sha++ in its 'iscretion #a5e a
'eter#ination after consu+ting the heirs of the husban' or the c+osest 7ersons entit+e' to inherit fro#
hi#H Frep!a$ed byH K<here the a'o7ter is a #arrie' 6o#an or a #arrie' #anB the court #ayB in the
a'o7tion or'erB 'eci'eB on re)uest of the a'o7terB that the na#e of the s7ouse 6i++ be conferre' on the
a'o7teeB subCect to the consent of the s7ouseH ;he court #ay a+soB on re)uest of the a'o7ter an' subCect
to the consent of the s7ouseB confer on the chi+' the cou7+e' na#es of the s7ouses in the or'er they
choose an' 6ithin the +i#it of one fa#i+y na#e for each of the#H
K<here the husban' or the 6ife of the a'o7ter is 'ea' or unab+e to e:7ress his or her intentionB
the court sha++ in its 'iscretion #a5e a 'eter#ination after consu+ting the heirs of the 'ecease' or the
c+osest 7ersons entit+e' to inherit fro# hi# or herHK (0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 20021) G
1 Sha++ co#e into force on 1 Se7t 2003

(rtH <3+,(
(($t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 20021)
;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 311-21 sha++ a77+y to a chi+' 6ho 6as the subCect of an a'o7tion
+a6fu++y or'ere' abroa' an' ha$ing in France the effects of a 7+enary a'o7tionH
;he a'o7ters sha++ e:ercise the o7tion a$ai+ab+e un'er that (rtic+e at the ti#e of the re)uest for
registration of an a'o7tion or'er by 'ec+aration sent to the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator of the 7+ace 6here
that registration is to be #a'eH
<here the a'o7ters re)uest an or'er for enforce#ent of a foreign a'o7tion or'erB they sha++ Coin a
'ec+aration of o7tion to their re)uestH &ention of that 'ec+aration sha++ be #a'e in the 'ecisionH
&ention of the na#e chosen sha++ be #a'e at the suit of the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorB in the
chi+'?s recor' of birthH
1 Sha++ co#e into force on 1 Se7t 2003

(rtH <3:
(n a'o7tee hasB in the fa#i+y of the a'o7terB the sa#e rights an' ob+igations as a chi+' K6hose
7arentage is estab+ishe' un'er ;it+e 8II of this oo5K (0$t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)H

(rtH <36
('o7tion is irre$ocab+eH


"@(P;2- II D OF O-0I*(-E (0OP;IO*

Se$tion I D Of +e,uisites and *ud6ment
82

0rt. <)8
Or'inary a'o7tion is a++o6e' irres7ecti$e of the age of the a'o7teeH
(0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6) <here there are serious reasons Custifying itB an or'inary a'o7tion
of a chi+' 6ho 6as the subCect of a 7+enary a'o7tion is a++o6e'H
<here the a'o7tee is o$er KthirteenK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)B he #ust 7ersona++y consent to
the a'o7tionH

(rtH <)(
(($t n 2001-111 of 6 Feb. 2001)

;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 343 to 344B 34. to 3%0B 3%3B 3%3-1B 3%3-2B 3%% an' 3%7B +ast 7aragra7h
F rep!a$ed by / Kthe +ast t6o 7aragra7hs of (rtic+e 3%7K (0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 20021)GB are
a77+icab+e to or'inary a'o7tionH
1 Sha++ co#e into force on 1 4anH 200%

(rtH <)-
<ithin fifteen 'ays of the 'ate on 6hich it beco#es res Cu'icataB the or'er that 7ronounces an
or'inary a'o7tion #ust be #entione' or registere' on the registers of ci$i+ status on re)uest of the
1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorH

Se$tion II D Of the ;ffe$ts of Ordinary 0doption

0rt. <)<
(0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)
Or'inary a'o7tion confers the na#e of the a'o7ter on the a'o7tee by a''ing it to the na#e of
the +atterH
K<here the a'o7tee an' the a'o7terB or one of the#B bear a 'oub+e fa#i+y na#eB the na#e
conferre' to the a'o7tee resu+ts fro# the a''ition of the a'o7ter?s na#e to his o6n na#eB
6ithin the +i#it of one na#e for each of the#H ;he choice be+ongs to the a'o7terB 6ho #ust
obtain the consent of the a'o7tee 6here the +atter is o+'er than thirteenH
KIn case of an a'o7tion by t6o s7ousesB the na#e cou7+e' 6ith that of the a'o7tee sha++ beB
on re)uest of the a'o7tersB either that of the husban'B or that of the 6ifeB 6ithin the +i#it of
one na#e for each of the#B an'B fai+ing an agree#entB the first of the husban'?s na#esH
<here the a'o7tee bears a 'oub+e fa#i+y na#eB the choice of the na#e 6hich is 7reser$e'
be+ongs to the a'o7tersB 6ho #ust obtain the consent of the a'o7tee 6here he is o+'er than
thirteenH In case of 'isagree#ent or fai+ing a choiceB the na#e of the a'o7ters 7reser$e' is
a''e' to the first of the a'o7tee?s na#esH (0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 2002: 0$t n 200/-
&16 of 1' *une 200/1)
;he courtB ho6e$erB #ay on re)uest of the a'o7terB 'eci'e that the a'o7tee 6i++ bear on+y
the na#e of the a'o7terH KIn $ase of an adoption by t#o spouses( the fami!y name substituted
to that of the adoptee may( at the $hoi$e of the adopters( be either that of the husband( or that
of the #ife( or the $oup!ed names of the spouses in the order they $hoose and #ithin the !imit
of one name for ea$h of them5 @0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 20021?H ;hat re)uest #ay a+so be
fi+e' after the a'o7tionH <here the a'o7tee is o+'er than thirteenB his 7ersona+ consent to that
substitution of a 7atrony#ic Frep!a$ed byH 5fami!y name5 @0$t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h
20021)G is re)uire'H

1
Sha++ co#e into force on 1 4anH 200%

(rtH <)<,(
(($t n 2002-/04 of 4 3ar$h 20021)

;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 3.3 sha++ a77+y to a chi+' 6ho has been the subCect of an a'o7tion
+a6fu++y or'ere' abroa' an' 6hich has in France the effects of an or'inary a'o7tionB 6here the recor' of
birth is 5e7t by a French authorityH
;he a'o7ters #ust e:ercise the o7tion a$ai+ab+e un'er that (rtic+e by a 'ec+aration sent to the
1o$ern#ent 7rocurator of the 7+ace 6here the recor' of birth is 5e7t on the occasion of a re)uest for
u7'ating the +atterH
&ention of the na#e chosen is entere' on the recor' of birth of the chi+'B at the suit of the
1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorH
1 Sha++ co#e into force on 1 4anH 200%
83

(rtH <)=
(n a'o7tee re#ains in his fa#i+y of origin an' 7reser$es a++ his rights thereinB in 7articu+ar his
rights of successionH
;he 7rohibitions to #arriage 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 1.1 to 1.4 of this "o'e a77+y bet6een the
a'o7tee an' his fa#i+y of originH

(rtH <)3
(n a'o7ter isB 6ith regar' to the a'o7teeB a+one in$este' of a++ the rights of 7arenta+ authorityB
inc+u'ing that of consenting to the #arriage of the a'o7teeB un+ess she or he is the s7ouse of the father or
of the #other of the a'o7teeI in that e$entB the a'o7ter has 7arenta+ authority concurrent+y 6ith his or her
s7ouseB K6ho retains a+one the e:ercise of itB subCect to a Coint 'ec+aration 6ith the a'o7ter before the
chief c+er5 of the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e for the 7ur7ose of an e:ercise in co##on of that
authorityK (0$t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)H
;he rights of 7arenta+ authority are e:ercise' by the a'o7ter or a'o7ters on the Kter#s 7ro$i'e'
for by "ha7ter I of ;it+e IR of this oo5K (0$t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)H
;he ru+es of statutory a'#inistration an' of guar'ianshi7 of K#inorsK (0$t n 2002-/0& of 4
3ar$h 2002) sha++ a77+y to an a'o7teeH

(rtH <))
;he bon' of 5inshi7 resu+ting fro# a'o7tion e:ten' to the Frepea!edG chi+'ren of the a'o7teeH
&arriage is 7rohibite' /
1L et6een the a'o7terB the a'o7tee an' his 'escen'antsI
2L et6een the a'o7tee an' the a'o7ter?s s7ouseI reci7roca++yB bet6een the a'o7ter an' the
a'o7tee?s s7ouseI
3L et6een the a'o7tee chi+'ren of the sa#e in'i$i'ua+I
4L et6een the a'o7tee an' the a'o7ter?s chi+'renH
*e$erthe+essB the 7rohibitions to #arriage 7ro$i'e' for in 3L an' 4L abo$e #ay be +ifte' by
'is7ensation of the Presi'ent of the -e7ub+icB 6here there are serious reasonsH
(0$t n .6-11.% of 22 8e$. 1%.6) ;he 7rohibition to #arriage 7ro$i'e' for in 2L abo$e #ay be
+ifte' in the sa#e con'itions 6here the 7erson 6ho create' the 5inshi7 is 'ecease'H

(rtH <)+
(n a'o7tee o6es #aintenance to the a'o7ter 6here he is in nee' an'B reci7roca++yB an a'o7ter
o6es #aintenance to the a'o7teeH
;he ob+igation of #aintenance continues to e:ist bet6een the a'o7tee an' his father an' #otherH
@o6e$erB the father an' #other of the a'o7tee are boun' to 7ro$i'e #aintenance to hi# on+y 6here he
cannot obtain it fro# the a'o7terH

(rtH <):
(($t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)
(n a'o7tee an' his 'escen'ants ha$eB in the fa#i+y of the a'o7terB the rights to succession
7ro$i'e' for in oo5 IIIB ;it+e IB "ha7ter IIIH
(0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6) ;he a'o7tee an' his 'escen'ants 'o not ha$eB ho6e$erB the status
of co#7u+sory heirs 6ith regar' to the ascen'ants of the a'o7terH

(rtH <):,(
<here an a'o7tee 'ies 6ithout 'escen'antsB 7ro7erty gi$en by the a'o7ter or recei$e' through
succession fro# hi# sha++ return to the a'o7ter or his 'escen'antsB 6here it sti++ e:ists in 5in' at the ti#e
of the 'eath of the a'o7teeB on con'ition to contribute to 'ebts an' subCect to the $este' rights of thir'
7artiesH Pro7erty recei$e' gratuitous+y by the a'o7tee fro# his father an' #other sha++ return +i5e6ise to
the +atter or to their 'escen'antsH
;he sur7+us of 7ro7erty of an a'o7tee sha++ be 'i$i'e' in ha+$es bet6een the fa#i+y of origin an'
the a'o7ter?s fa#i+yB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the rights of the s7ouse on the 6ho+e of the successionH

(rtH <)6
;he effects of an a'o7tion continue not6ithstan'ing the subse)uent estab+ish#ent of a 7arenta+
boB'H

(rtH <+8
(($t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6)
84
<here serious reasons so CustifyB a'o7tion #ay be re$o5e' B on re)uest of the a'o7ter or the
a'o7teeB orB 6here the +atter is a #inorB of that of the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s officeH
( re)uest for re$ocation #a'e by the a'o7ter is a'#issib+e on+y 6here the a'o7tee is o$er
fifteenH
<here the a'o7tee is a #inorB the father an' #other by b+oo' orB fai+ing the#B a #e#ber of the
fa#i+y of origin u7 to the 'egree of cousin-ger#an #ay a+so re)uest re$ocationH

(rtH <+8,(
(n or'er 6hich re$o5es an a'o7tion sha++ state its reasons
Its o7erati$e 7art sha++ be #entione' in the #argin of the recor' of birth or of the registration of
the a'o7tion or'erB in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 3.2 H

(rtH <+8,-
-e$ocation causes a++ effects of a'o7tion to cease for the future H


"@(P;2- III - OF ;@2 "O*F3I"; OF 3(<S -23(;I*1 ;O (0OP;IO* (*0 OF ;@2
2FF2";S I* F-(*"2 OF (0OP;IO*S O-02-20 (-O(0
(0$t n 2001-111 of 6 Feb. 2001)

(rtH <+8,<
;he re)uire#ents for a'o7tion are go$erne' by the nationa+ +a6 of the a'o7ter orB in case of
a'o7tion by t6o s7ousesB by the +a6 6hich go$erns the effects of their unionH ('o7tion ho6e$er #ay
not be or'ere' 6here it is 7rohibite' by the nationa+ +a6s of both s7ousesH
('o7tion of a foreign #inor #ay not be or'ere' 6here his 7ersona+ +a6 7rohibits that institutionB
un+ess the #inor 6as born an' resi'es usua++y in FranceH
<hate$er the a77+icab+e +a6 #ay beB a'o7tion re)uires the consent of the statutory re7resentati$e
of the chi+'H "onsent #ust be freeB obtaine' 6ithout any co#7ensationB subse)uent to the birth of the
chi+' an' infor#e' as to the conse)uences of a'o7tionB s7ecia++y 6here it is gi$en for the 7ur7ose of a
7+enary a'o7tionB as to the entire an' irre$ocab+e character of the brea5ing off of the 7re-e:isting
7arenta+ bon'H

(rtH <+8,=
;he effects of an a'o7tion or'ere' in France are those of French +a6H

(rtH <+8,3
(n a'o7tion +a6fu++y or'ere' in a foreign country 7ro'uces in France the effects of a 7+enary
a'o7tion 6here it brea5s off co#7+ete+y an' irre$ocab+y the 7re-e:isting 7arenta+ bon'H Fai+ing 6hichB it
7ro'uces the effects of an or'inary a'o7tionH It #ay be con$erte' into a 7+enary a'o7tion 6here the
re)uire' consents 6ere gi$en e:7ress+y an' a'$ise'+yH


TITLE IA
O PARENT AND C!ILD (II B O PARENTAL A"T!ORITY)
(0$t n .0-4&% of 4 *une 1%.0)

"@(P;2- I - OF P(-2*;(3 (>;@O-I;E <I;@ -21(-0 ;O ;@2 P2-SO* OF ( "@I30

(rtH <+(
( chi+'B at any ageB o6es honour an' res7ect to his father an' #otherH

(rtH <+(,(

(($t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)

Parenta+ authority is a set of rights an' 'uties 6hose fina+ity is the 6e+fare of the chi+'H
It is $este' in the father an' #other unti+ the #aCority or e#anci7ation of the chi+' in or'er to
7rotect hi# in his securityB hea+th an' #ora+ityB to ensure his e'ucation an' a++o6 his 'e$e+o7#entB
sho6ing regar' to his 7ersonH
Parents sha++ #a5e a chi+' a 7arty to Cu'g#ents re+ating to hi#B accor'ing to his age an' 'egree
of #aturityH
8%

(rtH <+(,-
(($t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)

2ach one of the 7arents sha++ contribute to the e'ucation an' su77ort of the chi+'ren in 7ro7ortion
to his or her #eansB to those of the other 7arent an' to the nee's of the chi+'H
;hat ob+igation 'oes not co#e to an en' as of right 6here the chi+' is of ageH

(rtH <+(,<
( chi+' #ay notB 6ithout the 7er#ission of the father an' #otherB +ea$e the fa#i+y ho#e an' he
#ay be re#o$e' fro# it on+y in cases of necessity as 'eter#ine' by statuteH

(rtH <+(,=
(($t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)

( chi+' has the right to ha$e 7ersona+ re+ations 6ith his gran'7arentsH On+y serious reasons #ay
constitute a bar to that rightH
<here the 6e+fare of the chi+' so re)uiresB the fa#i+y causes Cu'ge sha++ fi: the 'etai+s of the
re+ations bet6een a chi+' an' a thir' 7ersonB re+ati$e or notH

(rtH <+(,3
(($t n %6-12/' of /0 8e$. 1%%6)

( chi+' #ay not be se7arate' fro# its brothers an' sistersB un+ess this is not 7ossib+e or 6here his
6e+fare 'ictates a 'ifferent so+utionH If there is occasionB the Cu'ge sha++ ru+e on the re+ations bet6een
the brothers an' sistersH

Se$tion I - Of the ;9er$ise of Parenta! 0uthority

, 1 - 1enera+ Princi7+es

0rt. <+-
(($t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)
;he father an' #other sha++ e:ercise in co##on 7arenta+ authorityH
<hereB ho6e$erB 7arentage is estab+ishe' 6ith regar' to one of the# #ore than one year after the
birth of a chi+' 6hose 7arentage is a+rea'y estab+ishe' 6ith regar' to the otherB the +atter a+one re#ains
$este' 6ith the e:ercise of 7arenta+ authorityH It sha++ be +i5e6ise 6here 7arentage is Cu'icia++y 'ec+are'
6ith regar' to the secon' 7arent of the chi+'H
Parenta+ authority #ay ho6e$er be e:ercise' in co##on in case of Coint 'ec+aration of the father
an' #other before the chief c+er5 of the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e or u7on Cu'g#ent
of the fa#i+y causes Cu'geH

(rtH <+-,( an5 Art' <+-,(,( Frepea!edG

(rtH <+-,-
<here one of the K7arentsK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) 7erfor#s a+one an usua+ act of 7arenta+
authority concerning the 7erson of the chi+'B he or she sha++ be consi'ere' to be acting 6ith the consent
of the other 6ith regar' to thir' 7arties in goo' faithBH

(rtH <+<
(($t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)
Sha++ be 'e7ri$e' of the e:ercise of 7arenta+ authority the father or #other 6ho is unab+e to
e:7ress his or her intentionB by reason of a 'isabi+ityB absence or any other causeH

(rtH <+<,(
(($t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)
<here one of the father an' #other 'ies or is 'e7ri$e' of the e:ercise of 7arenta+ authorityB the
other sha++ e:ercise that authority a+oneH

,2 - Of the 2:ercise of Parenta+ (uthority by Se7arate' Parents
(0$t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)
8.

(rtH <+<,-
Se7aration of the 7arents has no inf+uence on the ru+es of 'e$o+ution of the e:ercise of 7arenta+
authorityH
2ach of the father an' #other sha++ #aintain 7ersona+ re+ations 6ith the chi+' an' res7ect the
bon's of the +atter 6ith the other 7arentH
(ny change of resi'ence of one of the 7arentsB 6here it #o'ifies the ter#s of e:ercise of 7arenta+
authorityB sha++ be the subCect of a notice to the other 7arentB 7re$ious+y an' in 'ue ti#eH In case of
'isagree#ent bet6een the#B the #ost 'i+igent 7arent sha++ refer the #atter to the fa#i+y causes Cu'ge
6ho sha++ ru+e accor'ing to 6hat the 6e+fare of the chi+' re)uiresH ;he Cu'ge sha++ a77ortion re#o$a+
e:7enses an' a'a7t accor'ing+y the a#ount of the contribution to the su77ort an' e'ucation of the chi+'H

(rtH <+<,-,(
<here the 6e+fare of the chi+' so re)uiresB the Cu'ge #ay co##it e:ercise of 7arenta+ authority
to one of the 7arentsH
;he e:ercise of the right of access an' +o'ging #ay be refuse' to the other 7arent on+y for
serious reasonsH
;hat 7arent sha++ 5ee7 the right an' 'uty to su7er$ise the su77ort an' e'ucation of the chi+'H @e
or she #ust ha$e notice of the i#7ortant choices re+ating to the +ife of the chi+'H @e or she sha++ co#7+y
6ith the ob+igation that 'e$o+$es u7on hi# or her un'er (rtic+e 371-2H

(rtH <+<,-,-
In case of a se7aration bet6een the 7arentsB or bet6een the +atter an' the chi+'B a contribution to
his su77ort an' e'ucation sha++ ta5e the for# of 7erio'ica+ 7ay#ents to be 7ai'B accor'ing to the
circu#stancesB by one of the 7arents to the otherB or to the 7erson to 6ho# the chi+' is entruste'H
;he ter#s an' guaranties of those 7erio'ica+ 7ay#ents sha++ be fi:e' by the a77ro$e' agree#ent
referre' to in (rtic+e 373-2-7 orB fai+ing 6hichB by the Cu'geH
;hose 7ay#ents #ay in 6ho+e or in 7art ta5e the for# of a 'irect ta5ing charge of costs incurre'
on beha+f of a chi+'H
;hey #ay in 6ho+e or in 7art be effecte' un'er the for# of a right of use an' '6e++ingH

(rtH <+<,-,<
<here the consistence of the 'ebtor?s 7ro7erty so 7er#itsB 7erio'ica+ 7ay#ents #ay be re7+ace'B
in 6ho+e or in 7artB un'er the ter#s an' guarantees 7ro$i'e' for by the a77ro$e' agree#ent or by the
Cu'geB by the 7ay#ent of a su# of #oney in the han's of an accre'ite' bo'y res7onsib+e for granting in
counter7art to the chi+' an in'e:-+in5e' annuityB a surren'er of 7ro7erty in usufruct or an a++ocation of
7ro7erty yie+'ing inco#eH

(rtH <+<,-,=
(scri7tion of a''itiona+ #eansB in 7articu+ar un'er the for# of 7erio'ica+ 7ay#entsB #ayB if
there is occasionB be re)ueste' +ater onH

(rtH <+<,-,3
( 7arent 6ho has 7ri#ari+y the res7onsibi+ity of an a'u+t chi+' 6ho cannot #eet his o6n nee's
#ay as5 the other 7arent to 7ay a contribution to his su77ort an' e'ucationH ;he Cu'ge #ay 'eci'e or the
7arents agree that this contribution be 7ai' in 6ho+e or in 7art into the han's of the chi+'H


, 3 - Of the Inter$ention of the Fa#i+y "auses 4u'ge
(0$t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)

(rtH <+<,-,)
( Cu'ge of the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e in charge of fa#i+y causes sha++ sett+e issues brought
before hi# in the fra#e6or5 of this "ha7ter in 6atching in 7articu+ar o$er the safeguar'ing of the
6e+fare of #inor chi+'renH
;he Cu'ge #ay or'er #easures that a++o6 to 7rotect continuity an' effecti$eness of the 5ee7ing
of the bon's of the chi+' 6ith each of his 7arentsH
@e #ay in 7articu+ar or'er an entry on the 7ass7orts of the 7arents to 7rohibit the chi+'?s
'e7arture fro# the territory 6ithout the authori=ation of the t6o 7arentsH

(rtH <+<,-,+
87
Parents #ay sei=e the fa#i+y causes Cu'ge to ha$e a77ro$e' the agree#ent through 6hich they
organi=e the ter#s of e:ercise of 7arenta+ authority an' estab+ish their contributions to the su77ort an'
e'ucation of the chi+'H
;he Cu'ge sha++ a77ro$e the agree#ent un+ess he obser$es that it 'oes not sufficient+y 7rotect the
6e+fare of the chi+' or that the consent of the 7arents 6as not free+y gi$enH

(rtH <+<,-,:
;he Cu'ge #ay a+so be sei=e' by one of the 7arents or the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorB 6ho #ay
hi#se+f be sei=e' by a thir' 7ersonB re+ati$e or notB for the 7ur7ose of ru+ing u7on the ter#s of e:ercise
of 7arenta+ authority an' the contribution to the su77ort an' e'ucation of the chi+'H

(rtH <+<,-,6
In co#7+iance 6ith the t6o 7rece'ing (rtic+esB the resi'ence of a chi+' #ay be fi:e' a+ternate+y
at the 'o#ici+e of each of the 7arents or at the 'o#ici+e of one of the#H
On re)uest of one of the 7arents or in case of 'isagree#ent bet6een the# about the #o'e of
resi'ence of the chi+'B the Cu'ge #ay or'er 7ro$isiona++y an a+ternate resi'ence of 6hich he sha++
'eter#ine the 'urationH On the e:7iry of itB the Cu'ge sha++ ru+e fina++y on the resi'ence of the chi+'
a+ternate+y at the 'o#ici+e of each of the 7arents or at the 'o#ici+e of one of the#H

(rtH <+<,-,(8
In case of 'isagree#entB the Cu'ge sha++ en'ea$our to conci+iate the 7artiesH
For the 7ur7ose of #a5ing easier the search by the 7arents of a consensua+ e:ercise of 7arenta+
authorityB the Cu'ge #ay offer the# a #easure of #e'iation an'B after gaining their agree#entB 'esignate
a fa#i+y #e'iator 6ho 6i++ initiate itH
@e #ay ca++ u7on the# to #eet a fa#i+y #e'iator 6ho 6i++ ac)uaint the# 6ith the subCect an'
7rogress of such a #easureH

(rtH <+<,-,((
<here he ru+es on the ter#s of e:ercise of 7arenta+ authorityB the Cu'ge sha++ ta5e into
consi'eration in 7articu+ar/
1L ;he 7ractice 7re$ious+y fo++o6e' by the 7arents or the agree#ents they entere' into ear+ierI
2L Fee+ings e:7resse' by a #inor chi+' in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 388-1I
3L ;he ca7acity of each 7arent to assu#e his or her 'uties an' to res7ect the rights of the otherI
4L ;he resu+t of court-or'ere' a77raisa+s 7ossib+y carrie' outB ta5ing into account in 7articu+ar
the age of the chi+'I
%L Infor#ation co++ecte' in 7ossib+e socia+ en)uiries an' counter-en)uiries 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e
373-2-12H

(rtH <+<,-,(-
efore any 'ecision fi:ing the ter#s of e:ercise of 7arenta+ authority an' of the right of accessB
or entrusting the chi+'ren to a thir' 7ersonB the Cu'ge #ay assign the tas5 of un'erta5ing a socia+ en)uiry
to any )ua+ifie' 7ersonH ;his is for the 7ur7ose of co++ecting infor#ation on the situation of the fa#i+y
an' on the con'itions in 6hich the chi+'ren +i$e an' are e'ucate'H
<here one of the 7arents contests the conc+usions of a socia+ in)uiryB a counter-in)uiry #ay be
or'ere' on his or her re)uestH
( socia+ in)uiry #ay not be use' in a tria+ of a cause for 'i$orceH

(rtH <+<,-,(<
;he 7ro$isions of an a77ro$e' agree#ent as 6e++ as the Cu'g#ents re+ating to the e:ercise of
7arenta+ authority #ay be $arie' or co#7+ete' at any ti#e by the Cu'geB on re)uest of the 7arents or of a
7arent or of the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorB 6ho hi#se+f #ay be sei=e' by a thir' 7ersonB re+ati$e or notH

, 4 - Of the Inter$ention of ;hir' Persons

(rtH <+<,<
(($t n '.-&.0 of 22 *u!y 1%'.)
GSe7aration of the 7arentsK (0$t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002) is not a bar to the 'e$o+ution
7ro$i'e' for by (rtic+e 373-1B e$en 6here the 7arent 6ho re#ains ab+e to e:ercise 7arenta+ authority
6as 'e7ri$e' of the e:ercise of so#e attributes of that authority by the effects of a Cu'g#ent 'e+i$ere'
against hi# or herH
88
(0$t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002) ;he Cu'ge #ayB by 6ay of e:ce7tion an' 6here the 6e+fare of the
chi+' so re)uiresB in 7articu+ar 6hen one of the 7arents is 'e7ri$e' of the e:ercise or 7arenta+ authorityB
'eci'e to entrust the chi+' to a thir' 7ersonB chosen 7referab+y 6ithin his re+ati$esH @e sha++ be sei=e' an'
sha++ ru+e un'er (rtic+es 373-2-8 an' 373-2-11H
In e:ce7tiona+ circu#stancesB the Kfa#i+y causes Cu'geK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) 6ho
'eci'es on the ter#s of e:ercise of 7arenta+ authority after Ka se7aration of the 7arentsK ( 0$t n 2002-
/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002) #ay 'eci'eB e$en in the +ifeti#e of the 7arentsB that in case of 'eath of the 7arent
6ho e:ercises 7arenta+ authorityB the chi+' #ay not be 7+ace' in the custo'y of the sur$i$orH @e #ayB in
that e$entB 'esignate the 7erson to 6ho# the chi+' sha++ te#7orari+y be entruste'H
Fde!etedG

(rtH <+<,=
(($t n '.-&.0 of 22 *u!y 1%'.)
<here the chi+' 6as entruste' to a thir' 7artyB 7arenta+ authority sha++ continue to be e:ercise'
by the father an' #otherI ho6e$erB the 7erson to 6ho# the chi+' 6as entruste' sha++ 7erfor# a++ the
usua+ acts regar'ing his su7er$ision an' e'ucationH
;he Kfa#i+y causes Cu'geK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)B 6here he te#7orari+y entrusts the chi+'
to a thir' 7ersonB #ay 'eci'e that the +atter sha++ re)uire the estab+ish#ent of a guar'ianshi7H

(rtH <+=
(($t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)
<here the 7arentage of an i++egiti#ate chi+' is estab+ishe' on+y 6ith regar' to one of his 7arentsB
the +atter sha++ e:ercise 7arenta+ authority a+oneH
<here his 7arentage is estab+ishe' 6ith regar' to both 7arents un'er ter#s 'ifferent fro# those
7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 372B 7arenta+ authority sha++ be e:ercise' by the #otherH It sha++ ho6e$er be
e:ercise' in co##on by both 7arents 6here they #a5e a Coint 'ec+aration thereof before the Kc+er5 in
chief of the tribuna! de 6rande instan$eK (0$t n %&-12& of ' Feb. 1%%&)H
In a++ cases the fa#i+y causes Cu'ge #ayB on re)uest of the fatherB the #other or the 1o$ern#ent
7rocurator?s officeB #o'ify the ter#s of e:ercise of 7arenta+ authority 6ith regar' to an i++egiti#ate chi+'H
@e #ay 'eci'e that it 6i++ be e:ercise' either by one of the t6o 7arentsB or in co##on by both 7arentsI
in that caseB he sha++ 'esignate the 7arent at 6hose ho#e the chi+' 6i++ ha$e his usua+ resi'enceH
;he fa#i+y causes Cu'ge #ay grant a right of su7er$ision to the 7arent 6ho 'oes not ha$e the
e:ercise of 7arenta+ authorityH @e #ay refuse hi# or her a right of access an' +o'ging on+y for serious
reasonsH
In case of e:ercise in co##on of 7arenta+ authorityB the 7arent at 6hose ho#e the chi+'ren 'o
not usua++y resi'e sha++ contribute to their su77ort an' e'ucation in 7ro7ortion to the res7ecti$e #eans of
the 7arentsH

(rtH <+=,(
(($t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)
;he court 6hich 'eci'es on the estab+ishing of an i++egiti#ate 7arentage #ay 'eci'e to entrust
the chi+' te#7orari+y to a thir' 7erson 6ho 6i++ be in charge of re)uiring the organi=ation of a
guar'ianshi7H

(rtH <+=,-
In a++ cases 7ro$i'e' for in this ;it+eB a guar'ianshi7 #ay be estab+ishe' e$en 6here there is no
7ro7erty to be a'#inistere'H
It sha++ be then organi=e' in accor'ance 6ith the 7ro$isions of ;it+e RH

Se$tion II - Of ;du$ationa! 0ssistan$e

0rt. <+3
<here the hea+thB security or #ora+ity of a not e#anci7ate' #inor are i#7eri++e'B or 6here the
con'itions of his e'ucation are serious+y en'angere'B #easures of e'ucationa+ assistance #ay be
Cu'icia++y or'ere' on re)uest of the father an' #other Coint+yB or of one of the#B Kof the 7erson or bo'y
to 6ho# the chi+' 6as entruste'K (0$t n '.-&.0 of 22 *u!y 1%'.? or of the guar'ianB of the #inor
hi#se+f or of the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s officeH 2:ce7tiona++yB the Cu'ge #ay be sei=e' of his o6n
#otion H
;hey #ay be or'ere' at the sa#e ti#e 6ith regar' to se$era+ chi+'ren 'e7en'ent on a sa#e
7arenta+ authority H
8!
(0$t n '6-1. of 6 *an. 1%'6) ;he 'ecision sha++ fi: the 'uration of the #easure 6ithout
e:cee'ing t6o yearsB 6here it re+ates to an e'ucationa+ #easure i#7+e#ente' by a ser$ice or bo'yH (
#easure #ay be rene6e' by a Cu'g#ent setting out the groun's on 6hich it is base'H

(rtH <+3,(
;he Cu$eni+e Cu'ge sha++ ha$e Curis'ictionB subCect to a77ea+B in a++ #atters re+ating to e'ucationa+
assistanceH
@e sha++ a+6ays en'ea$our to secure the a'hesion of the fa#i+y to the #easure conte#7+ate'H

(rtH <+3,-
<hene$er 7ossib+eB a #inor #ust be 5e7t in his 7resent circ+eH In that caseB the Cu'ge sha++
'esignateB either a )ua+ifie' 7ersonB or a ser$ice of obser$ationB e'ucation or rehabi+itation in the free
co##unityB 6ith the #ission of bringing ai' an' counse+ to the fa#i+y in or'er to o$erco#e the #ateria+
or #ora+ 'ifficu+ties 6hich it is encounteringH ;hat 7erson or ser$ice sha++ be res7onsib+e for fo++o6ing
the 'e$e+o7#ent of the chi+' an' #a5ing a 7erio'ica+ re7ort of it to the Cu'geH
;he Cu'ge #ay a+so #a5e the 5ee7ing of the chi+' in his circ+e con'itiona+ on s7ecific
ob+igationsB such as that of regu+ar+y atten'ing a #e'ica+ or e'ucationa+ institutionB or'inary or
s7ecia+i=e'B or of e:ercising a 7rofessiona+ acti$ityH

(rtH <+3,<
<here it is necessary to 6ith'ra6 the chi+' fro# his 7resent circ+eB the Cu'ge #ay 'eci'e to
entrust hi#/
1L K;o the other 7arentK (0$t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002) I
2L ;o another #e#ber of the fa#i+y or to a trust6orthy thir' 7ersonI
3L ;o a #e'ica+ or e'ucationa+B or'inary or s7ecia+i=e'B ser$ice or institutionI
4L K;o a d)partementa! "hi+'ren?s ai' ser$iceK (0$t n '%-4'. of 10 *u!y 1%'%) H
@o6e$erB 6here a 7etition for 'i$orce 6as fi+e' or a 'i$orce or'er han'e' 'o6n bet6een the
father an' #otherB those #easures #ay be ta5en on+y if a ne6 circu#stance +i5e+y to en'anger the #inor
is re$ea+e' after the 'ecision K6hich ru+es on the ter#s of e:ercise of 7arenta+ authority or entrusts the
chi+' to a thir' 7ersonK (0$t n '.-&.0 of 22 *u!y 1%'.? . ;hey #ay not be a bar to the 7o6er of the
Kfa#i+y causes Cu'geK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) to 'eci'eB Kun'er (rtic+e 373-3K (0$t n 2002-/0& of
4 3ar$h 2002)B to 6ho# the chi+' is to be entruste'H ;he sa#e ru+es sha++ a77+y to Cu'icia+ se7arationH

(rtH <+3,=
(($t n '.-&.0 of 22 *u!y 1%'.?
In the circu#stances s7ecifie' in 1LB 2L an' 3L of the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB the Cu'ge #ay assign
either to a )ua+ifie' 7ersonB or to a ser$ice of obser$ationB e'ucation or rehabi+itation in the free
co##unityB the #ission of bringing ai' an' counse+ to the 7erson or the ser$ice to 6ho# the chi+' 6as
entruste'B as 6e++ as to the fa#i+yB an' of fo++o6ing the 'e$e+o7#ent of the chi+'H
In a++ casesB the Cu'ge #ay Coin the han'ing o$er of the chi+' 6ith the sa#e ter#s as un'er
(rtic+e 37%-2B 7aragra7h 2H @e #ay a+so 'eci'e that 7erio'ica+ re7ort sha++ be #a'e to hi# as to the
situation of the chi+'H

(rtH <+3,3
Pro$isiona++yB but subCect to a77ea+B the Cu'ge #ayB 7en'ing suitB either or'er the 7ro$isory
han'ing o$er of the chi+' to a rest or obser$ation centreB or ta5e one of the #easures 7ro$i'e' for in
(rtic+es 37%-3 an' 37%-4H
In case of e#ergencyB the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator of the 7+ace 6here the chi+' 6as foun'B sha++
ha$e the sa#e 7o6erB 6ith the res7onsibi+ity of referring the #atter 6ithin eight 'ays to the co#7etent
Cu'ge 6ho sha++ #aintainB $ary or re$o5e the #easureH

(rtH <+3,)
0ecisions ta5en in #atters of e'ucationa+ assistance #ayB at any ti#eB be $arie' or re$o5e' by
the Cu'ge 6ho too5 the#B either of his o6n #otionB or on re)uest of the father an' #other Coint+y or of
one of the#B Kof the 7erson or ser$ice to 6ho# the chi+' 6as entruste'K (0$t n '.-&.0 of 22 *u!y 1%'.?
or of the guar'ianB the chi+' hi#se+f or the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s officeH

(rtH <+3,+
;he father an' #other 6hose chi+' ga$e occasion for a #easure of e'ucationa+ assistance 5ee7
their 7arenta+ authority o$er hi# an' e:ercise a++ the attributes of it that are not inco#7atib+e 6ith the
!0
i#7+e#entation of the #easureH ;hey #ay not e#anci7ate the chi+' 6ithout authori=ation of the Cu$eni+e
Cu'geB 6hi+e the #easure of e'ucationa+ assistance is being i#7+e#ente'
<here it 6as necessary to 7+ace the chi+' outsi'e the 7arents? ho#eB the +atter 5ee7 a right of
corres7on'ence an' a right of accessH ;he Cu'ge sha++ fi: the ter#s thereof an' #ay e$enB if the 6e+fare
of the chi+' so re)uiresB 'eci'e that the e:ercise of these rights or of one of the# sha++ be te#7orari+y
sus7en'e'H K;he Cu'ge #ay in'icate that the +oca#+ity of 7+ace#ent of the chi+' sha++ be chosen so as to
#a5e easierB as far as 7ossib+eB the e:ercise of the right of access for the 7arent or 7arentsK ( 0$t n %'-
6&. of 2% *u!y 1%%') H

(rtH <+3,:
;he e:7enses of su77ort an' e'ucation of the chi+' 6ho 6as the subCect of a #easure of
e'ucationa+ assistance continue to 'e$o+$e u7on its father an' #other as 6e++ as u7on his ascen'ants
fro# 6ho# #aintenance #ay be c+ai#e'B e:ce7t for the 7o6er of the Cu'ge to 'ischarge the# of it in
6ho+e or in 7artH

(rtH <+3,6
(0$t n 2002-/0/ of 4 3ar$h 2002)', ;he Cu'g#ent 6hichB un'er (rtic+e 37%-3B 7aragra7h 3B
entrusts the #inor to an institution 6hich recei$es 7ersons a'#itte' by reason of #enta+
'iseasesB sha++ be han'e' 'o6n after 'etai+e' #e'ica+ a'$ice fro# a 7hysician not be+onging
to the institutionB for a 'uration 6hich #ay not e:cee' fifteen 'aysH
;he 7ro$ision #ay be rene6e'B after #e'ica+ assent gi$en by a 7sychiatrist of the
recei$ing institutionB for a 'uration of one #onthB rene6ab+eH
Se$tion III D Of the 8e!e6ation of Parenta! 0uthority
0rt. <+)
*o re+in)uish#ent or transfer re+ating to 7arenta+ authority #ay be effecti$eB un+ess un'er a
Cu'g#ent in the cases s7ecifie' be+o6H

(rtH <+),(
( Kfa#i+y causes Cu'geK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) #ayB 6here he is ca++e' to ru+e u7on Kthe
ter#s of e:ercise of 7arenta+ authority or u7on the e'ucation of a #inor chi+' or 6here he 'eci'es to
entrust a chi+' to a thir' 7ersonK (0$t n '.-&.0 of 22 *u!y 1%'.)B ta5e into consi'eration the co$enants
6hich the father an' #other #ay ha$e free+y conc+u'e' bet6een the# on this subCectB un+ess one of
the# a''uces serious reasons 6hich a++o6 hi# or her to re$o5e his or her consentH

(rtH <++
(($t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)
;he father an' #otherB Coint+y or se7arate+yB #ayB 6here circu#stances so re)uireB sei=e a Cu'ge
for the 7ur7ose of ha$ing 'e+egate' a++ or 7art of the e:ercise of their 7arenta+ authority to a thir' 7ersonB
#e#ber of the fa#i+yB trust6orthy near re+ationB institution a77ro$e' for recei$ing chi+'ren or
d)partementa! "hi+'ren?s ai' ser$iceH
In case of 7+ain 'isinterest or 6here the 7arents are unab+e to e:ercise a++ or 7art of 7arenta+
authorityB the in'i$i'ua+B the bo'y or the d)partementa! "hi+'ren?s ai' ser$ice 6ho recei$e' the chi+'
#ay a+so sei=e the Cu'ge for 7ur7ose of ha$ing 'e+egate' to the# 7arenta+ authority 6ho++y or 7artia++yH
In a++ cases referre' to in this (rtic+eB both 7arents sha++ be ca++e' in the caseH <here the chi+' concerne'
is the subCect of a #easure of e'ucationa+ assistanceB 'e+egation #ay occur on+y after o7inion of the
Cu$eni+e Cu'geH

(rtH <++,(
(($t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)
0e+egationB tota+ or 7artia+B of 7arenta+ authority resu+ts fro# the Cu'g#ent han'e' 'o6n by the
fa#i+y causes Cu'geH
@o6e$erB a Cu'g#ent of 'e+egation #ay 7ro$i'eB for the nee's of e'ucation of a chi+'B that the
father an' #otherB or one of the#B sha++ share a++ or 7art of the e:ercise of 7arenta+ authority 6ith the
thir' 7erson 'e+egateeH ;hat 'i$ision sha++ re)uire consent of the 7arent or 7arents in so far as they
e:ercise 7arenta+ authorityH ;he 7resu#7tion in (rtic+e 372-2 sha++ a77+y 6ith regar' to transactions
7erfor#e' by the 'e+egator or 'e+egators an' the 'e+egateeH
!1
;he Cu'ge #ay be sei=e' of the 'ifficu+ties that a share' e:ercise of 7arenta+ authority #ay
7ro'uce by the 7arentsB one of the#B the 'e+egatee or the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorH @e sha++ ru+e in
accor'ance 6ith the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 373-2-11 H

(rtH <++,-
In a++ casesB 'e+egation #ay co#e to an en' or be re#o$e' by a ne6 Cu'g#entB 6here ne6
circu#stances are a''uce'H
In the case 6here the father an' #other are grante' the return of the chi+'B the Kfa#i+y causes
Cu'geK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/) sha++ 7+ace on the#B un+ess they are necessitousB rei#burse#ent of
a++ or 7art of the e:7enses of su77ortH
Fde!etedG

(rtH <++,<
;he right to consent to the a'o7tion of a #inor #ay ne$er be 'e+egate'H

Se$tion IC D Of the "ota! or Partia! Fithdra#a! of Parenta! 0uthority
0rt. <+:
y e:7ress 7ro$ision of a cri#ina+ Cu'g#entB 7arenta+ authority #ay be Ktota++y 6ith'ra6nK (0$t
n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6) fro# the father an' #other 6ho are sentence' either as 7er7etratorsB co-
7er7etrators or acco#7+ices of a serious or or'inary offence co##itte' on the 7erson of their chi+'B or as
co-7er7etrators or acco#7+ices of a serious or or'inary offence co##itte' by their chi+'BH
;hat K6ith'ra6a+K (0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6) #ay be a77+ie' to ascen'ants other than the
father an' #other as regar's that 7art of 7arenta+ authority 6hich they #ay ha$e o$er their 'escen'antsH

(rtH <+:,(
;he father an' #other 6ho Ka7art fro# any cri#ina+ sentenceB either by #a+treat#entB or by
usua+ an' e:cessi$e consu#7tion of a+coho+ic be$erages or 'rug a''ictionB or by a notorious #iscon'uct
or cri#ina+ acti$itiesK or by +ac5 of care or 6ant of gui'anceB ob$ious+y en'anger the securityB hea+th or
#ora+ity of the chi+'B K#ay be tota++y 6ith'ra6n 7arenta+ authorityK (0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6)H
;he father an' #other 6hoB for #ore than t6o yearsB ha$e intentiona++y abstaine' fro#
e:ercising the rights an' fu+fi++ing the 'uties they retaine' un'er (rtic+e 37%-7B #ay +i5e6ise Kbe tota++y
6ith'ra6n 7arenta+ authorityK (0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6)H
(n action Kfor tota+ 6ith'ra6a+ of 7arenta+ authorityK (0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6) sha++ be
brought before the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e( either by the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s officeB or by a
#e#ber of the fa#i+y or by the chi+'?s guar'ianH

(rtH <+6
(($t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6)
( tota+ 6ith'ra6a+ of 7arenta+ authority or'ere' un'er one of the t6o 7rece'ing (rtic+es affects
by o7eration of +a6 a++ the attributesB 7atri#onia+ as 6e++ as 7ersona+B connecte' 6ith 7arenta+ authorityI
in the absence of other 'eter#inationB it e:ten's to a++ #inor chi+'ren a+rea'y born at the ti#e of the
Cu'g#entH It in$o+$esB for the chi+'B 'is7ensation fro# #aintenance ob+igationB in 'erogation fro#
(rtic+es 20% to 207B un+ess other6ise 7ro$i'e' by the Cu'g#ent of 6ith'ra6a+H

(rtH <+6,(
(($t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6)
Instea' of a tota+ 6ith'ra6a+B the Cu'g#ent #ay be confine' to or'ering a 7artia+ 6ith'ra6a+ of
7arenta+ authorityB +i#ite' to the attributes it s7ecifiesH It #ay a+so 'eci'e that a tota+ or 7artia+
6ith'ra6a+ of 7arenta+ authority 6i++ be effecti$e on+y 6ith regar' to certain chi+'ren a+rea'y bornH

(rtH <:8
<hen it or'ers Ka tota+ or 7artia+ 6ith'ra6a+ of 7arenta+ authority orK (0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y
1%%6) of the right of custo'yB the court sei=e' sha++B 6here the other 7arent is 'ea' or has +ost the
e:ercise of 7arenta+ authorityB either K'esignate a thir' 7erson to 6ho# the chi+' 6i++ be te#7orari+y
entruste'K (0$t n '.-&.0 of 22 *u!y 1%'.) 6ith the res7onsibi+ity of re)uesting the organi=ation of a
guar'ianshi7B or entrust the chi+' to the "hi+'ren?s ai' ser$iceH
It #ay ta5e the sa#e #easures 6here 7arenta+ authority has 'e$o+$e' on one of the 7arents
through the effect Kof a tota+ 6ith'ra6a+ of 7arenta+ authority or'ere'K (0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6)
against the otherH

(rtH <:(
!2
;he father an' #other 6ho ha$e been the subCect Kof a tota+ 6ith'ra6a+ of 7arenta+ authorityK
(0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6) or of a 6ith'ra6a+ of rights for one of the groun's 7ro$i'e' for in
(rtic+es 378 an' 378-1B #ayB by 6ay of a 7etitionB gain fro# the tribuna! de 6rande instan$eB by
7ro$ing ne6 circu#stancesB the restitution to the#B in 6ho+e or in 7artB of the rights of 6hich they 6ere
'e7ri$e'H
(n a77+ication for restitution #ay be fi+e' on+y one year at the ear+iest after the Cu'g#ent
or'ering Kthe tota+ or 7artia+ 6ith'ra6a+ of 7arenta+ authorityK (0$t n %6-604 of & *u!y 1%%6) beca#e
irre$ocab+eI in case of 'is#issa+B it #ay be rene6e' on+y after a ne6 7erio' of one yearH *o a77+ication
is a'#issib+e 6hereB before the fi+ing of the 7etitionB the chi+' has been 7+ace' for the 7ur7ose of
a'o7tionH
<here restitution is grante'B the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s office sha++B if there is occasionB a77+y
for #easures of e'ucationa+ assistanceH


"@(P;2- II - OF P(-2*;(3 (>;@O-I;E <I;@ -21(-0 ;O ;@2 P-OP2-;E OF ( "@I30

(rtH <:-
;he father an' #other ha$eB subCect to the 'istinctions that fo++o6B the a'#inistration an'
enCoy#ent of the 7ro7erty of their chi+'H

(rtH <:<
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)

Statutory a'#inistration sha++ be e:ercise' Coint+y by the father an' #other 6here they e:ercise
in co##on 7arenta+ authority an'B in the other casesB un'er Cu'icia+ su7er$isionB either by the father or
by the #otherB accor'ing to the 7ro$isions of the 7rece'ing "ha7terH
Statutory enCoy#ent is attache' to statutory a'#inistration/ it be+ongs either to the t6o 7arents
Coint+yB or to the one of the father an' #other 6ho is res7onsib+e for the a'#inistrationH

(rtH <:=
;he right of enCoy#ent co#es to an en' /
1L (s soon as the chi+' has co#7+ete' Ksi:teen yearsK (0$t n .4-6/1 of & *u!y 1%.4)B or e$en
ear+ier 6hen he contracts #arriageI
2L ;hrough the causes 6hich 7ut an en' to 7arenta+ authorityB or e$enB #ore 7articu+ar+yB through
those 6hich 7ut an en' to statutory a'#inistrationI
3L ;hrough the causes 6hich in$o+$e e:tinction of any usufructH

(rtH <:3
;he charges of such enCoy#ent are/
1L ;hose to 6hich usufructuaries are +iab+e in genera+I
2L ;he fee'ingB su77orting an' e'ucating the chi+'B accor'ing to his 6ea+thI
3L 0ebts 6hich bur'en a succession recei$e' by the chi+' to the e:tent that they #ust be
'ischarge' out of the inco#eH

(rtH <:)
;hat enCoy#ent #ay not ta5e 7+ace for the benefit of a sur$i$ing s7ouse 6ho o#its to #a5e an
in$entoryB authentic or un'er 7ri$ate signatureB of 7ro7erty o6e' to a #inorH

(rtH <:+
Statutory enCoy#ent 'oes not e:ten' to 7ro7erty ac)uire' by a chi+' through his 6or5B or to that
6hich is 'onate' or be)ueathe' to hi# un'er the e:7ress con'ition that the father an' #other #ay not
ha$e enCoy#ent of the#H

TITLE A
O MINORITY$ O &"ARDIAN%!IP AND O EMANCIPATION

"@(P;2- I - OF &I*O-I;E

(rtH <::
(($t n .4-6/1 of & *u!y 1%.4)
( #inor is an in'i$i'ua+ of either se: 6ho has not yet reache' the fu++ age of eighteen yearsH
!3

(rtH <::,(
(($t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)
In a++ 7rocee'ings re+ating to hi#B a #inor ca7ab+e of 'iscern#ent #ayB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the
7ro$isions as to his inter$ention or consentB be hear' by the Cu'ge or the 7erson a77ointe' by the Cu'ge
for that 7ur7oseH <here a #inor so re)uestsB his hearing #ay be 'enie' on+y by a Cu'g#ent
setting out s7ecia++y the groun's on 6hich it is base'H
H @e #ay be hear' a+oneB 6ith a counse+ or a 7erson of his choiceH <here that choice 'oes not a77ear to
be consonant 6ith the 6e+fare of the chi+'B the Cu'ge #ay a77oint another 7ersonH
;he hearing of a #inor 'oes not confer on hi# the status of a 7arty to the 7rocee'ingsH

(rtH <::,-
(($t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)
<hereB in a +a6suitB the interests of a #inor a77ear to be in conf+ict 6ith those of his statutory
re7resentati$esB the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s in the #anner 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 38!-3B orB fai+ing 6hichB
the Cu'ge 6ho is sei=e' of the case sha++ a77oint an ad ho$ a'#inistrator 6ho has the res7onsibi+ity to
re7resent hi#H
"@(P;2- II - OF 1>(-0I(*S@IP

(0$t n 64-12/0 of 14 8e$. 1%64)

Se$tion I - Of the Cases Fhere either Statutory 0dministration or Buardianship "aAes P!a$e

0rt. <:6
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
<here 7arenta+ authority is e:ercise' in co##on by the t6o+ 7arentsB they are statutory
a'#inistratorsH In the other casesB statutory a'#inistration be+ongs to the 7arent 6ho e:ercises 7arenta+
authorityH

(rtH <:6,(
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
Statutory a'#inistration is outright 6here the t6o 7arents e:ercise 7arenta+ authority in co##onH

(rtH <:6,-
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
Statutory a'#inistration is 7+ace' un'er su7er$ision of the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s 6here one or
the other of the t6o 7arents is 'ea' or is K'e7ri$e' of the e:ercise of 7arenta+ authorityK (0$t n 2002-
/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002?I it sha++ be +i5e6ise Kin case of uni+atera+ e:ercise of 7arenta+ authorityK (0$t n
2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002?.

(rtH <:6,<
( statutory a'#inistrator acts as an agent for the #inor in a++ ci$i+ transactionsB e:ce7t cases
6here the +a6 or usage authori=es #inors to act for the#se+$esH
<here his interests are in conf+ict 6ith those of the #inorB he #ust ha$e an a'#inistrator ad ho$
a77ointe' by the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sH KIn the absence of any suit of the statutory a'#inistratorB the
Cu'ge #ay un'erta5e that a77oint#ent on re)uest of the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s officeB of the #inor
hi#se+f or of his o6n #otionK (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)H
Pro7erty 'onate' or be)ueathe' to a #inor un'er the con'ition that it sha++ be a'#inistere' by a
thir' 7erson is not subCect to statutory a'#inistrationH ;hat thir' 7erson a'#inistrator has the 7o6ers
conferre' on hi# by the gift or 6i++I fai+ing 6hichB those of an a'#inistrator un'er Cu'icia+ su7er$isionH

(rtH <:6,=
(($t n .&-61. of 11 *u!y 1%.&)
In outright statutory a'#inistrationB each of the K7arentsK (0$t n '&-1/2. of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&) is
'ee#e'B 6ith regar' to thir' 7artiesB to ha$e recei$e' fro# the other the 7o6er to 'o a+one the
transactions for 6hich a guar'ian 6ou+' not nee' any authori=ationH

(rtH <:6,3
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
In outright statutory a'#inistrationB the 7arents 7erfor# together the transactions that a guar'ian
cou+' 'o on+y 6ith the authori=ation of the fa#i+y counci+H
!4
Fai+ing agree#ent bet6een the 7arentsB a transaction #ust be authori=e' by the Cu'ge of
guar'ianshi7sH
2$en by #utua+ agree#entB the 7arents #ay neither se++ a#icab+yB nor contribute to a 7artnershi7
an i##o$ab+e or a business concern be+onging to the #inorB nor contract +oans on his beha+fB nor 6ai$e
a right for hi# 6ithout the authori=ation of the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sH ;he sa#e authori=ation is
re)uire' for an a#icab+e 7artition an' the state#ent of +i)ui'ation sha++ be a77ro$e' in the 6ay 7ro$i'e'
for in (rtic+e 4..H
<here a transaction causes +oss to the #inorB the 7arents are +iab+e for it Coint+y an' se$era++yH

(rtH <:6,)
(($t n .&-61. of 11 *u!y 1%.&)
In statutory a'#inistration un'er Cu'icia+ su7er$isionB an a'#inistrator #ust 7ro$i'e hi#se+f
6ith an authori=ation fro# the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s in or'er to 7erfor# the transactions that a
guar'ian #ay 'o on+y 6ith an authori=ationH
@e #ay 'o the other transactions a+oneH

(rtH <:6,+
(($t n .0-4&% of 4 *u!y 1%.0)
(s to other issuesB the ru+es of guar'ianshi7 sha++ a77+y to statutory a'#inistrationB 6ith the
a'Cust#ents resu+ting fro# the +atter?s being 'e7ri$e' of fa#i+y counci+ an' su7er$isory guar'ianB an'
6ithout 7reCu'icingB on the other 7artB to the rights that the father an' #other ho+' un'er ;it+e Of
Parenta! 0uthority in 7articu+ar as regar's the e'ucation of the chi+' an' the usufruct of his 7ro7ertyH

(rtH <68
( guar'ianshi7 #ust be o7ene' 6here the father an' #other are both 'ea' or are K'e7ri$e' of
the e:ercise of 7arenta+ authorityK (0$t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002)H
It #ust a+so be o7ene' 6ith regar' to an i++egiti#ate chi+' 6here neither the father nor the #other
ha$e $o+untari+y ac5no6+e'ge' itH
;here is no 'erogation to s7ecific statutes go$erning the "hi+'ren?s ai' ser$iceH

(rtH <6(
In the case of statutory a'#inistration un'er Cu'icia+ su7er$isionB the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s #ay
at any ti#eB either of his o6n #otionB or at the re)uest of re+ati$es by b+oo' or #arriage or of the
1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s officeB 'eci'e to o7en guar'ianshi7B after hearing or su##oning the statutory
a'#inistratorB e:ce7t in e#ergencyH ;he +atter #ay notB fro# the a77+ication an' unti+ fina+ Cu'g#entB
e:ce7t in cases of e#ergencyB enter into any transaction that 6ou+' re)uire the authori=ation of the
fa#i+y counci+ 6ere a guar'ianshi7 o7ene'H
;he Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s #ay a+so 'eci'eB but on+y for serious reasonsB to o7en a guar'ianshi7
in the case of an outright statutory a'#inistrationH
In both casesB 6here a guar'ianshi7 is o7ene'B the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s sha++ con$ene the
fa#i+y counci+ 6hich #ay either na#e the statutory a'#inistrator as guar'ianB or 'esignate another
guar'ianH

(rtH <6-
<here an i++egiti#ate chi+' ha77ens to be ac5no6+e'ge' by one of his 7arents after the o7ening
of a guar'ianshi7B the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s #ayB on re)uest of that 7arentB 'eci'e to substitute
statutory a'#inistration to guar'ianshi7 un'er (rtic+e 38!-2H

Se$tion II - Of the Or6aniIation of a Buardianship

, 1 - Of the 4u'ge of 1uar'ianshi7s

(rtH <6<
;he office of Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s is e:ercise' by a Cu'ge of the tribuna! d1instan$e in 6hose
territoria+ Curis'iction the #inor has his 'o#ici+eH

(rtH <6=
<here the #inor?s 'o#ici+e is transferre' to another 7+aceB the guar'ian sha++ forth6ith gi$e
notice of it to the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s 7re$ious+y sei=e'H ;he +atter sha++ for6ar' the fi+e of the
guar'ianshi7 to the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s of the ne6 'o#ici+eH &ention of that for6ar'ing sha++ be 5e7t
in the court office of the tribuna! d1instan$e.
!%

0rt. <63
( Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s sha++ e:ercise a genera+ su7er$ision o$er statutory a'#inistrations an'
guar'ianshi7s of his Curis'ictionH
@e #ay con$ene statutory a'#inistratorsB guar'ians an' other organs of guar'ianshi7B re)uire
c+arifications fro#B #a5e obser$ations toB an' grant inCunctions against the#H
@e #ay sentence to the fine 7ro$i'e' for in the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ure those 6hoB 6ithout
+a6fu+ e:cuseB 'i' not co#7+y 6ith his inCunctionsH

(rtH <6)
;he 7rocee'ings before a Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s sha++ be regu+ate' by the "o'e of "i$i+
Proce'ureH

, 2 - Of 1uar'ians

(rtH <6+
;he in'i$i'ua+ right to se+ect a guar'ianB re+ati$e or notB be+ongs on+y to the +ast 'ying of the
father an' #otherB 6here he or she has 5e7tB on the 'ay of 'eathB the e:ercise of statutory a'#inistration
or guar'ianshi7H

(rtH <6:
;hat a77oint#ent #ay be #a'e on+y in the for# of a 6i++ or of a s7ecia+ 'ec+aration before a
notaire.

0rt. <66 an5 =88 Frepea!edG

(rtH =8(
( guar'ian se+ecte' by the father or #other #ay not be co#7e++e' to acce7t guar'ianshi7B un+ess
he is further#ore 6ithin the c+ass of the 7ersons to 6ho#B fai+ing that s7ecia+ se+ectionB the fa#i+y
counci+ #ight ha$e assign the 'uty thereofH

(rtH =8-
<here no guar'ian 6as se+ecte' by the +ast 'ying of the father an' #otherB guar'ianshi7 of a
Fde!eted( 0$t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002G chi+' is conferre' on the one of the ascen'ants 6ho is of the
c+osest 'egreeH

(rtH =8<
In case of concurrence bet6een ascen'ants of the sa#e 'egreeB the fa#i+y counci+ sha++ 'esignate
the one a#ong the# 6ho 6i++ be guar'ianH

(rtH =8=
<here there is neither testa#entary guar'ian nor ascen'ant guar'ianB or 6here the one 6ho 6as
'esignate' in that ca7acity ha77ens to cease his officeB a guar'ian sha++ be gi$en to the #inor by the
fa#i+y counci+H

(rtH =83
;hat counci+ sha++ be con$ene' by the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sB either of his o6n #otion or on
sub#ission therefor #a'e to hi# by re+ati$es by b+oo' or #arriage of the father an' #otherB cre'itors or
other 7arties concerne' or the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s officeH (ny 7erson #ay co#7+ain to the Cu'ge
against the fact that 6i++ gi$e occasion to the a77oint#ent of a guar'ianH

(rtH =8)
( guar'ian sha++ be 'esignate' for the 'uration of a guar'ianshi7H
;he fa#i+y counci+ #ay ho6e$er 7ro$i'e for his re7+ace#ent in the course of the guar'ianshi7
6here serious circu#stances so re)uireB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to cases of e:cuseB inca7acity or re#o$a+H

, 3 - Of Fa#i+y "ounci+

(rtH =8+
( fa#i+y counci+ is co#7ose' of four to si: #e#bersB inc+u'ing the su7er$isory guar'ianB but
not the guar'ian or the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sH
!.
;hey sha++ be 'esignate' by the Cu'ge for the 'uration of the guar'ianshi7H ;he Cu'ge #ayB
ho6e$erB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to (rtic+es 428 an' fo++o6ingB 7ro$i'e of his o6n #otion for the re7+ace#ent
of one or se$era+ #e#bers in the course of guar'ianshi7 in or'er to res7on' to changes 6hich #ay occur
in the con'ition of the 7artiesH
(rtH =8:
;he Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s sha++ se+ect the #e#bers of the fa#i+y counci+ a#ong the re+ati$es by
b+oo' or #arriage of the father an' #other of the #inorB in a77raising a++ the circu#stances of the case/
nearness of 'egreeB 7+ace of resi'enceB ages an' abi+ities of the 7arties concerne'H
@e #ust a$oi'B as far as 7ossib+eB +ea$ing one of the t6o +ines 6ithout re7resentationH ut he
sha++ ha$e regar'B abo$e a++B to the usua+ re+ations 6hich the father an' #other ha' 6ith the $arious
re+ati$es by b+oo' or #arriageB as 6e++ as to the interest that those re+ati$es ha$e sho6n or a77ear to be
ab+e to sho6 to the 7erson of the chi+'H

(rtH =86
;he Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s #ay a+so ca++ u7onB to for# 7art of the fa#i+y counci+B frien'sB
neighbours or any other 7ersons 6ho# he consi'ers ab+e to ta5e interest in the chi+'H

(rtH =(8
( fa#i+y counci+ is con$ene' by the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sH It sha++ be so 6here con$ening is
re)uire' either by t6o of its #e#bersB or by the guar'ian or su7er$isory guar'ianB or by the #inor
hi#se+f 7ro$i'e' he is of the fu++ age of Ksi:teen yearsK (0$t n .4-6/1 of & *u!y 1%.4)H
(0$t n %'-/'1 of 14 3ay 1%%') ( fa#i+y counci+ sha++ a+so be con$ene' on the re)uest of a
#inor un'er si:teen an' ca7ab+e of 'iscern#entB un+ess other6ise 'eci'e' 6ith 7articu+ar reasons by the
Cu'geH
(rtH =((
*otice con$ening a #eeting #ust be ser$e' at +east eight 'ays before the #eetingH
(0$t n %'-2'1 of 14 3ay 1%%') Pre$ious+y to that #eetingB the Cu'ge sha++ ho+' a hearing of the
#inor ca7ab+e of 'iscern#ent in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 388-1H
(rtH =(-
&e#bers of the fa#i+y counci+ are ob+ige' to atten' #eetings in 7ersonH 2ach oneB ho6e$erB #ay
be re7resente' by a re+ati$e by b+oo' or #arriage of the father an' #other of the #inorB 6here that
re+ati$e is not a+rea'yB in his o6n na#eB a #e#ber of the fa#i+y counci+H ( husban' #ay re7resent his
6ife or reci7roca++yH
&e#bers of the fa#i+y counci+ 6hoB 6ithout a +a6fu+ e:cuseB are neither 7resent nor $a+i'+y
re7resente'B sha++ incur the fine 7ro$i'e' for by the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureH

(rtH =(<
<here the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s consi'ers that a Cu'g#ent #ay be han'e' 'o6n 6ithout the
ho+'ing of a #eeting being necessaryB he sha++ notify to each one of the #e#bers of the counci+ the te:t
of the 'ecision to be ta5en 6ith a77ro7riate c+arificationsH
2ach of the #e#bers sha++ cast his $ote by +etter #issi$e 6ithin the 7erio' fi:e' to hi# by the
Cu'geI fai+ing 6hichB he sha++ incur the fine 7ro$i'e' for by the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureH

(rtH =(=
( fa#i+y counci+ #ay 'e+iberate on+y 6here at +east ha+f of its #e#bers are 7resent or
re7resente'H <here that nu#ber is not attaine'B the Cu'ge #ayB either a'Courn the #eeting orB in case of
e#ergencyB ta5e the 'ecision hi#se+fH

(rtH =(3
( fa#i+y counci+ is 7resi'e' o$er by the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sB 6ho is entit+e' to $ote 6ith a
casting $ote in case of a 7arity of $otesH
;he guar'ian #ust atten' the #eetingsI he is hear' but 'oes not $oteB nor 'oes the su7er$isory
guar'ian 6here he re7resents the guar'ianH
(0$t n %'-/'1 of 14 3ay 1%%') ( #inor ca7ab+e of 'iscern#ent #ayB 6here the Cu'ge 'oes not
consi'er it contrary to his 6e+fareB atten' #eetings in an a'$isory ca7acityH ( #inor o$er the fu++ age of
si:teen #ust be ca++e' 6here the #eeting 6as con$ene' on his re)uisitionH
In no case #ay his consent to a transaction 'ischarge the guar'ian an' the other organs of
guar'ianshi7 fro# their +iabi+itiesH

(rtH =()
!7
-eso+utions of a fa#i+y counci+ are $oi' 6here they 6ere obtaine' by frau' or 'ece7tionB or
6here substanti$e for#a+ities 6ere o#itte'H
In$a+i'ity is re#e'ie' by a ne6 reso+ution e)ui$a+ent to a confir#ation un'er (rtic+e 1338H
(n action for annu+#ent #ay be brought by the guar'ianB the su7er$isory guar'ianB #e#bers of
the fa#i+y counci+ or by the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s officeB 6ithin t6o years fo++o6ing the reso+utionB
as 6e++ as by the 6ar' beco#e of age or e#anci7ate'B 6ithin t6o years fo++o6ing his co#ing of age or
his e#anci7ationH Prescri7tion 'oes not run 6here there 6as 'ece7tion or frau'B unti+ the fact is
'isco$ere'H
;ransactions 7erfor#e' un'er a nu++ifie' reso+ution are the#se+$es $oi'ab+e in the sa#e #annerH
;he 7erio'B ho6e$erB runs fro# the transaction an' not fro# the reso+utionH

, 4 - Of the Other Organs of 1uar'ianshi7

(rtH =(+
;he fa#i+y counci+B ha$ing regar' to the abi+ities of the 7ersons concerne' an' the co#7osition
of the 7atri#ony to be a'#inistere'B #ay 'eci'e that the guar'ianshi7 6i++ be 'i$i'e' bet6een a
guar'ian to the 7erson an' a guar'ian to the 7ro7ertyB or that the #anage#ent of 7articu+ar 7ro7erty 6i++
be entruste' to a 'e7uty guar'ianH
1uar'ians so a77ointe' sha++ be in'e7en'entB an' not +iab+e to each otherB in their res7ecti$e
functionsB un+ess other6ise or'ere' by the fa#i+y counci+H

(rtH =(:
1uar'ianshi7 is a 7ersona+ officeH
It 'oes not e:ten' to a guar'ian?s s7ouseH <hereB ho6e$erB that s7ouse intru'es into the
#anage#ent of the 6ar'?s 7atri#onyB he or she beco#es Coint+y an' se$era++y +iab+e 6ith the guar'ian
for a++ #anage#ent subse)uent to the intrusionH

(rtH =(6
1uar'ianshi7 'oes not e:ten' to a guar'ian?s heirsH ;he +atter are +iab+e on+y for the #anage#ent
of their 7re'ecessorI an'B 6here they are a'u+tsB they are boun' to continue it unti+ the a77oint#ent of a
ne6 guar'ianH

(rtH =-8
In e$ery guar'ianshi7B there sha++ be a su7er$isory guar'ianB a77ointe' by the fa#i+y counci+
a#ong its #e#bersH
;he functions of a su7er$isory guar'ian consist in the su7er$ision of the #anage#ent of the
guar'ian an' in re7resenting a #inor 6here his interests conf+ict 6ith those of the guar'ianH
<here he obser$es so#e #is#anage#entB he #ustB on 7ain of incurring 7ersona+ +iabi+ityB
i##e'iate+y infor# the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s of itH

(rtH =-(
<here a guar'ian intru'es into the #anage#ent before the a77oint#ent of a su7er$isory
guar'ianB he #ay be 'is#isse' fro# the guar'ianshi7B if there 6as frau' on his 7artB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to
co#7ensation 'ue to the #inorH

(rtH =-- Frepea!edG

0rt. =-<
<here a guar'ian is a re+ati$e by b+oo' or #arriage of the #inor on+y in one +ineB the su7er$isory
guar'ian sha++ be ta5enB as far as 7ossib+eB fro# the other +ineH

(rtH =-=

( su7er$isory guar'ian 'oes not re7+ace as of right a guar'ian 6ho 'ie' or beca#e un'er a
'isabi+ityB or 6ho 'isc+ai#s the guar'ianshi7I but he then sha++B on 7ain of 'a#ages that #ay resu+t fro#
it to the #inorB see5 the a77oint#ent of a ne6 guar'ianH

(rtH =-3
;he office of a su7er$isory guar'ian co#es to an en' at the sa#e ti#e as that of the guar'ianH

(rtH =-)
!8
( guar'ian #ay not see5 the 'is#issa+ of a su7er$isory guar'ian or $ote in the fa#i+y counci+s
that are con$ene' for that 7ur7oseH

, % - Of the 0uties of a 1uar'ian

(rtH =-+
1uar'ianshi7B a 7rotection 'ue to a chi+'B is a 7ub+ic officeH

(rtH =-:
Sa$e the father an' #other in the case of (rtic+e 3!1B 7ersons to 6ho# ageB i++nessB re#otenessB
e:ce7tiona++y absorbing 7rofessiona+ or fa#i+y acti$ities or a 7re$ious guar'ianshi7 ren'er that ne6
office 7articu+ar+y hea$yB #ay be 'is7ense' fro# guar'ianshi7H

(rtH =-6
Sa$e the father an' #otherB #ay be 'ischarge' fro# guar'ianshi7 7ersons 6ho cannot continue
to 7erfor# it because of one of the causes 7ro$i'e' for by the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB 6here it occurre' since
the a77oint#entH

(rtH =<8 an5 =<( Frepea!edG

(rtH =<-
One 6ho 6as not a re+ati$e by b+oo' or #arriage of the father an' #other of a #inor #ay not be
co#7e++e' to acce7t a guar'ianshi7H

(rtH =<<
(($t n '%-4'. of 10 *u!y 1%'%)
<here a guar'ianshi7 re#ains $acantB the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s sha++ re#it it to the State if it
concerns an a'u+tB an' to the "hi+'ren?s ai' ser$ice if it concerns a #inorH

(rtH =<=
2:cuses that 'is7ense or 'ischarge fro# a guar'ianshi7 #ay be e:ten'e' to a su7er$isory
guar'ian an' e$en to #e#bers of the fa#i+y counci+B but on+y accor'ing to the seriousness of the causeH

(rtH =<3 an5 =<) Frepea!edG

(rtH =<+
( fa#i+y counci+ sha++ ru+e on the e:cuses of the guar'ian an' the su7er$isory guar'ianI the
Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s on the e:cuses offere' by #e#bers of the fa#i+y counci+H

(rtH =<:
<here an a77ointe' guar'ian is 7resent in 7erson at the reso+ution 6hich re#its guar'ianshi7 to
hi#B he sha++ i##e'iate+yB an' on 7ain of ha$ing a++ subse)uent c+ai#s 'ec+are' non-a'#issib+eB offer
his e:cuses on 6hich the fa#i+y counci+ sha++ 'e+iberateH

(rtH =<6
<here he 6as not 7resent in 7ersonB he sha++B 6ithin eight 'ays of notice of a77oint#ent being
ser$e' u7on hi#B ha$e the fa#i+y counci+ con$ene' to 'e+iberate on his e:cusesH

(rtH ==8
<here his e:cuses are reCecte'B he #ay #a5e a77+ication to the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e to
ha$e the# acce7te'I but he is boun' to a'#inister te#7orari+y 7en'ing suitH

(rtH ==(
;he $arious 'uties of guar'ianshi7 #ay be assu#e' by any 7ersonB 6ithout 'istinction of se:B
but 6ith reser$ation of the causes of inca7acityB e:c+usionB 'is#issa+ or cha++enge e:7resse' be+o6H

(rtH ==-
(re inca7ab+e of the $arious 'uties of guar'ianshi7/
1L &inorsB sa$e the father or #otherI
2L ('u+ts un'er guar'ianshi7B insane 7ersons an' a'u+ts un'er curatorshi7H

!!
(rtH ==<
(re e:c+u'e' or 'is#isse' by o7eration of +a6 fro# the $arious 'uties of guar'ianshi7/
1L ;hose 6ho 6ere sentence' to an aff+icti$e or infa#ous 7unish#ent or to 6ho# e:ercise of the
'uties of guar'ianshi7 6as forbi''en un'er (rtic+e 42 F131-2.G of the Pena+ "o'eH
;hey #ayB ho6e$erB be a'#itte' to the guar'ianshi7 of their o6n chi+'renB u7on assent of the
fa#i+y counci+H
2L ;hose 6ho ha$e been 'e7ri$e' of 7arenta+ authorityH

(rtH ===
&ay be e:c+u'e' or 'is#isse' fro# the $arious 'uties of guar'ianshi7 7eo7+e of notorious
#iscon'uct an' those 6hose i#7robityB usua+ neg+igence or inabi+ity for business has been estab+ishe'H

(rtH ==3
;hose 6ho ha$eB or 6hose father an' #other ha$e 6ith the #inor a contro$ersy ca++ing into
)uestion the status of the +atter or a significant 7art of his 7ro7erty #ust resign an' #ay be cha++enge' as
to the $arious 'uties of guar'ianshi7H

(rtH ==)
<here a #e#ber of the fa#i+y counci+ is subCect to e:c+usionB 'is#issa+ or cha++engeB the Cu'ge
of guar'ianshi7s sha++ 'eci'e hi#se+fB either of his o6n #otionB or on 'e#an' of the guar'ianB of the
su7er$isory guar'ian or of the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s officeH

(rtH ==+
<here a cause for e:c+usionB 'is#issa+ or cha++enge re+ates to a guar'ian or a su7er$isory
guar'ianB the fa#i+y counci+ sha++ 'eci'eH It sha++ be con$ene' by the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sB either of
his o6n #otionB or on 'e#an' #a'e by the 7ersons #entione' in (rtic+e 410 or by the 1o$ern#ent
7rocurator?s officeH

(rtH ==:
( guar'ian or su7er$isory guar'ian #ay be e:c+u'e'B 'is#isse' or cha++enge' on+y after being
hear' or su##one'H
<here he acce7ts the reso+utionB #ention sha++ be #a'e thereof an' a ne6 guar'ian or
su7er$isory guar'ian sha++ ta5e office at onceH
<here he 'oes not acce7tB he #ay #a5e an a77+ication to $acate un'er the ru+es of the "o'e of
"i$i+ Proce'ureI but the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s #ayB if he consi'ers that there is an e#ergencyB
7rescribe forth6ith interi# #easures for the 6e+fare of the #inorH

Se$tion III - Of the Fun$tionin6 of a Buardianship

0rt. ==6
( fa#i+y counci+ sha++ regu+ate the genera+ con'itions of su77ort an' e'ucation of the chi+'B
ha$ing regar' to the intention 6hich the father an' #other #ay ha$e e:7resse' on this subCectH

(rtH =38
( guar'ian sha++ ta5e care of the 7erson of the #inor an' sha++ re7resent hi# in a++ ci$i+
transactionsB sa$e the cases 6here the +a6 or usage authori=es #inors to act for the#se+$esH
@e sha++ a'#inister his 7ro7erty +i5e a 7ru'ent a'#inistrator an' be +iab+e for the 'a#ages that
6ou+' resu+t fro# his #is#anage#entH
@e #ay not buy the #inor?s 7ro7erty or ta5e it on +ease for rent or far# +easeB un+ess the fa#i+y
counci+ has authori=e' the su7er$isory guar'ian to #a5e a +ease 6ith hi#B or acce7t the assign#ent of
any right or c+ai# against his 6ar'H

(rtH =3(
( guar'ian sha++ a'#inister an' act in that ca7acity fro# the 'ay of his a77oint#entB 6here it
6as #a'e in his 7resenceI other6iseB fro# the 'ay 6hen notice of it 6as ser$e' u7on hi#H
<ithin the ten 'ays 6hich fo++o6B he sha++ re)uire the +ifting of sea+sB if they 6ere affi:e'B an'
sha++ at once ha$e an in$entory of the #inor?s 7ro7erty #a'eB in the 7resence of the su7er$isory
guar'ianH (n office co7y of that in$entory sha++ be sent to the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sH
Fai+ing an in$entory 6ithin the 7rescribe' 7erio'B the su7er$isory guar'ian sha++ refer the #atter
to the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s for the 7ur7ose of its being #a'eB on 7ain of being Coint+y an' se$era++y
+iab+e 6ith the guar'ian for a++ or'ers ren'ere' in fa$our of the 6ar'H 0efau+t of in$entory sha++
100
authori=e the 6ar' to #a5e 7roof of the $a+ue an' co#7osition of his 7ro7erty by any #eansB e$en
co##on re7uteH
<here a #inor o6es so#ething to the guar'ianB the +atter sha++ so 'ec+are in the in$entoryB on
7ain of forfeitureB on the 'e#an' that the 7ub+ic officer is re)uire' to #a5e to hi#B an' #ention of
6hich sha++ be #a'e in the #e#oran'u#H

(rtH =3-
<ithin the three #onths 6hich fo++o6 the initiating of a guar'ianshi7B a guar'ian sha++ con$ert
into registere' securities or 'e7osit a++ the bearer securities be+onging to the #inor into an account
o7ene' in the na#e of the #inor an' #entioning the #inorityB 6ith a 'e7ositary accre'ite' by the
1o$ern#ent to recei$e fun's an' securities of 6ar'sB un+ess he is authori=e' to se++ the# as 7ro$i'e' for
in (rtic+es 4%7 an' 4.8H
@e sha++ si#i+ar+yB an' un'er the sa#e reser$ationB con$ert into registere' securities or 'e7osit
6ith an accre'ite' 'e7ositary the bearer securities that the #inor recei$es after6ar'sB in 6hate$er
#annerB 6ithin the sa#e 7erio' of three #onths after the entry into 7ossessionH
@e #ay not 6ith'ra6 the bearer securities 'e7osite' as 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing 7aragra7hsB
or con$ert registere' securities into bearer securitiesB un+ess con$ersion is #a'e through a 'e7ositary
accre'ite' by the 1o$ern#ent
;he fa#i+y counci+ #ayB if necessaryB fi: a +onger 7erio' for the 7erfor#ance of such o7erationsH

(rtH =3<
( guar'ian #ay gi$e a recei7t for fun's 6hich he recei$es for the account of the 6ar' on+y 6ith
the counter-signature of the su7er$isory guar'ian
;hose fun's sha++ be 'e7osite' by hi# into an account o7ene' in the na#e of the #inor an'
#entioning the #inorityB 6ith a 'e7ositary accre'ite' by the 1o$ern#ent to recei$e fun's an' securities
of 6ar'sH
0e7osit is to be #a'e 6ithin the 7erio' of one #onth after the recei$ing of fun'sI 6here that
7erio' e+a7sesB the guar'ian isB as of rightB 'ebtor for the interestsH

(rtH =3=
On the initiating of a guar'ianshi7B the fa#i+y counci+ sha++ 'eter#ine at a roof esti#ateB an'
accor'ing to the i#7ortance of the 7ro7erty #anage'B the su# annua++y a$ai+ab+e for the su77ort an'
e'ucation of the 6ar'B the e:7enses of a'#inistration of his 7ro7ertyB as 6e++ as 7ossib+y the a++o6ance
that #ay be grante' to the guar'ianH
;he sa#e reso+ution sha++ s7ecify 6hether the guar'ian is authori=e' to 7ut on the account the
sa+aries of 7articu+ars a'#inistrators or agents for 6hose assistance he #ay as5B un'er his o6n
res7onsibi+ityH
;he fa#i+y counci+ #ay a+so authori=e the guar'ian to #a5e a contract for the #anage#ent of
the #ar5etab+e securities of the 6ar'H ;he reso+ution sha++ 'esignate the contracting thir' 7arty ha$ing
regar' to his so+$ency an' 7rofessiona+ e:7erienceB an' s7ecify the ter#s of the contractH
*ot6ithstan'ing any sti7u+ation to the contraryB the contract #ayB at any ti#eB be ter#inate' in the na#e
of the 6ar'H

(rtH =33
( fa#i+y counci+ sha++ 'eter#ine the su# at 6hich sha++ begin for the guar'ian the res7onsibi+ity
to rein$est the +i)ui' ca7ita+ of the #inorB as 6e++ as the sur7+us of the inco#eH ;hat rein$est#ent sha++
be #a'e 6ithin a 7erio' of si: #onthsB sa$e e:tension by the fa#i+y counci+H <here that 7erio' e+a7sesB
the guar'ian is as of right accountab+e for the interestsH
;he nature of the 7ro7erty that #ay be ac)uire' in rein$est#ent sha++ be 'eter#ine' by the
fa#i+y counci+B either in a'$anceB or on the occasion of each transactionH
In any caseB thir' 7arties sha++ not be guarantors of the rein$est#entH

(rtH =3)
(s a re7resentati$e of a #inorB a guar'ian sha++ 7erfor# a++ acts of a'#inistration a+oneH
@e #ay thus transferB for $a+ueB #o$ab+es of current use an' 7ro7erty ha$ing character of 7rofitsH
3eases agree' to by a guar'ian 'o not confer on the +esseeB against a #inor beco#e of ageB any
right to rene6a+ or any right to re#ain on the 7re#ises at the e:7iry of the +easeB not6ithstan'ing any
statutory 7ro$ision to the contraryH ;hose 7ro$isionsB ho6e$erB sha++ not a77+y to +eases grante' before
the instituting of the guar'ianshi7 an' rene6e' by the guar'ianH
;ransactions 6hichB for the #anage#ent of the #ar5etab+e securities of the 6ar'B #ust be
'ee#e' acts of a'#inistration entering into the res7onsibi+ities an' 7o6ersB either of statutory
101
a'#inistrators an' guar'iansB or of accre'ite' 'e7ositariesB sha++ be 'eter#ine' by 'ecree in Consei!
d12tat.
0rt. =3+
( guar'ian #ay notB 6ithout being thereto authori=e' by the fa#i+y counci+B #a5e transfers in
the na#e of the #inorH
<ithout that authori=ationB he #ay notB in 7articu+arB borro6 for the 6ar'B or 'is7ose of or
encu#ber 6ith rea+ rights i##o$ab+esB business concernsB #ar5etab+e securities an' other incor7orea+
rightsB or #o$ab+es 6hich are 7recious or constitute an i#7ortant 7art of the 6ar'?s 7atri#onyH

(rtH =3:
In gi$ing its authori=ationB a fa#i+y counci+ #ay 7rescribe a++ ste7s it consi'ers a77ro7riateB in
7articu+ar as to the rein$est#ent of the fun'sH

(rtH =36
( sa+e of i##o$ab+es an' business concerns that be+ong to a #inor sha++ be 'one 7ub+ic+y by
auctionB in the 7resence of the su7er$isory guar'ianB subCect to the con'itions +ai' 'o6n by (rtic+es !%3
an' fo++o6ing of the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ure F(rtic+es 1271 an' fo++o6ing of the ne6 "o'e of "i$i+
Proce'ureGH
( fa#i+y counci+ #ayB ho6e$erB authori=e an a#icab+e sa+eB either by 7ub+ic auction 6ith an
o7ening bi' it sha++ fi:B or by 7ri$ate agree#entB at 7rices an' ter#s it sha++ 'eter#ineH In case of
a#icab+e auctionB an outbi''ing #ay a+6ays be #a'eB as 7ro$i'e' for in the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureH
( contribution to a 7artnershi7 of an i##o$ab+e or business concern #ay ta5e 7+ace by 7ri$ate
agree#ent It #ust be authori=e' by the fa#i+y counci+ on the re7ort of an e:7ert 6ho# the Cu'ge of
guar'ianshi7s sha++ 'esignateH
&ar5etab+e securities registere' on an officia+ +ist sha++ be so+' through the agency of a
stoc5bro5er Fa bro5er-'ea+erGH
Other #ar5etab+e securities sha++ be so+' by auction through the agency of a stoc5bro5er Fa
bro5er-'ea+erG or a notaire 'esignate' in the reso+ution 6hich authori=es the sa+eH ;he fa#i+y counci+
#ayB ho6e$erB on the re7ort of an e:7ert 'esignate' by the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sB authori=e the sa+e of
it by 7ri$ate agree#ent at 7rices an' un'er ter#s it sha++ 'eter#ineH

(rtH =)8
;he authori=ation re)uire' by (rtic+e 4%7 for the transfer of 7ro7erty of a #inor sha++ not a77+y
6here a Cu'g#ent has or'ere' a sa+e by auction on re)uest of a co-o6ner of the 7ro7erty he+' un'i$i'e'H

(rtH =)(
( guar'ian #ay acce7t a succession accruing to a #inor on+y un'er benefit of in$entoryH ;he
fa#i+y counci+ #ayB ho6e$erB by a s7ecia+ reso+utionB authori=e hi# to acce7t it uncon'itiona++y 6here
the assets #anifest+y e:cee' the +iabi+itiesH
( guar'ian #ay not re7u'iate a succession accruing to a #inor 6ithout an authori=ation of the
fa#i+y counci+H

(rtH =)-
In case the succession re7u'iate' in the na#e of a #inor has not been acce7te' by any one e+seB
it #ay be reta5enB either by the guar'ian authori=e' for that 7ur7ose by a ne6 reso+ution of the fa#i+y
counci+B or by the #inor 6hen he has co#e of ageI but in the con'ition in 6hich it is at the ti#e it is
reta5en an' 6ithout any 7ossibi+ity of re$ie6 of the sa+es an' other transactions +a6fu++y 7erfor#e'
'uring the $acancyH

(rtH =)<
( guar'ian #ay acce7t 6ithout authori=ation gifts an' s7ecific +egacies accruing to the 6ar'B
un+ess they are encu#bere' 6ith chargesH

(rtH =)=
( guar'ian #ayB 6ithout authori=ationB +o'ge a c+ai# re+ating to 7atri#onia+ rights of the #inorH
@e #ay +i5e6ise aban'on the 7rocee'ingsH ;he fa#i+y counci+ #ay enCoin hi# to initiate an actionB to
aban'on itB or to #a5e offers for the 7ur7ose of aban'on#entB on 7ain of being +iab+eH
( guar'ian #ay 'efen' a+one an action brought against the #inorB but he #ay ac)uiesce in it
on+y 6ith the authori=ation of the fa#i+y counci+H
(n authori=ation of the fa#i+y counci+ is a+6ays re)uire' for actions re+ating to non-7atri#onia+
rightsH
102

(rtH =)3
( guar'ian #ay notB 6ithout an authori=ation of the fa#i+y counci+B fi+e an a77+ication for
7artition in the na#e of the #inorI but he #ayB 6ithout that authori=ationB re7+y to an a77+ication for
7artition brought against the #inor or Coin in a co++ecti$e 7etition for the 7ur7ose of 7artitionB +o'ge' by
a++ the 7arties concerne' un'er (rtic+e 822H

(rtH =))
In or'er to 7ro'uce 6ith regar' to a #inor the sa#e fu++ effect as it 6ou+' 'o bet6een a'u+tsB a
7artition #ust be #a'e in courtB in accor'ance 6ith the 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 81% an' fo++o6ingH
;he fa#i+y counci+ #ayB ho6e$erB authori=e an a#icab+e 7artitionB e$en 7artia+H In that caseB it
sha++ 'esignate a notaire to 7rocee' theretoH ;he state#ent of +i)ui'ationB to 6hich sha++ be attache' the
reso+ution of the fa#i+y counci+B #ust be sub#itte' to the a77ro$a+ of the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e.
(ny other 7artition sha++ be consi'ere' as on+y 7ro$isiona+H

(rtH =)+
( guar'ian #ay co#7ro#ise in the na#e of the #inor on+y after ha$ing the fa#i+y counci+
a77ro$e the ter#s of the co#7ro#iseH

(rtH =):
In a++ cases 6here the authori=ation of the fa#i+y counci+ is re)uire' for the $a+i'ity of an act of
the guar'ianB it #ay be substitute' by that of the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sB 6here the act to be #a'e
in$o+$es 7ro7erty the ca7ita+ $a+ue of 6hich 'oes not e:cee' a su# that is fi:e' by 'ecree
1
H
;he Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s #ay a+soB on re)uest of a guar'ianB authori=e a sa+e of #ar5etab+e
securities instea' an' in 7+ace of the fa#i+y counci+ 6here it a77ears to hi# that there 6ou+' be 'anger
in 'e+ayB but on con'ition that a re7ort be #a'e as soon as 7ossib+e to the fa#i+y counci+ 6hich 6i++
'eci'e on the rein$est#entH

1
8. n 6&-%61 of & 4o. 1%6& H 1000 000 F @1& /00 J?

Se$tion IC - Of the 0$$ounts of Buardianship and Of <iabi!ities

0rt. =)6
2$ery guar'ian is accountab+e for his #anage#ent 6hen it co#es to an en'H

(rtH =+8
efore the en' of a guar'ianshi7B a guar'ian is boun' to 'e+i$er each year to the su7er$isory
guar'ian an account of #anage#entH ;hat account sha++ be 6ritten an' 'e+i$ere' 6ithout costB on
unsta#7e' 7a7erH
(0$t n %&-12& of ' Feb. 1%%&) ;he su7er$isory guar'ian sha++ trans#it the account 6ith his
co##ents to the c+er5 in chief of the tribuna! d1instan$e 6ho #ay as5 hi# any infor#ationH In case of
'ifficu+tyB the c+er5 in chief sha++ re7ort to the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s 6ho #ay con$ene the fa#i+y
counci+B 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the 7o6er of the Cu'ge to get co##unication of the account an' su7er$ise
it at any ti#eH
<here a #inor reaches the fu++ age of Ksi:teen yearsK (0$t n .4-6/1 of & *u!y 1%.4)B the Cu'ge
of guar'ianshi7s #ay 'eci'e that the account sha++ be co##unicate' to hi#H

(rtH =+(
<ithin the three #onths fo++o6ing the en' of a guar'ianshi7B a fina+ account sha++ be ren'ere'B
either to the #inor hi#se+fB ha$ing beco#e of age or e#anci7ate'B or to his heirsH ;he guar'ian sha++
a'$ance the costs of itI they sha++ be charge' to the 6ar'H
( guar'ian #ust be a++o6e' therein a++ e:7enses sufficient+y 6arrante' an' #a'e for a usefu+
7ur7oseH
<here a guar'ian ha77ens to cease his functions before the en' of the guar'ianshi7B he sha++
ren'er a reca7itu+atory account of his #anage#ent to the ne6 guar'ian 6ho #ay acce7t it on+y 6ith the
authori=ation of the fa#i+y counci+B u7on the co##ents of the su7er$isory guar'ianH

(rtH =+-
( #inor co#e of age or e#anci7ate' #ay a77ro$e an account of guar'ianshi7 on+y one #onth
after the guar'ian ga$e it to hi#B against a recei7tB 6ith su77orting 'ocu#entsH (n a77ro$a+ gi$en before
the en' of the 7erio' is $oi'H
103
(+so $oi' is any agree#ent entere' into bet6een the 6ar'B beco#e of age or e#anci7ate'B an'
hi# 6ho 6as his guar'ian 6here it has the effect of re+easing the +atterB in 6ho+e or in 7artB fro# his
ob+igation to ren'er accountH
<here an account gi$es rise to contro$ersiesB they sha++ be 7rosecute' an' a'Cu'ge' as 7ro$i'e'
for in the ;it+e Of 0$$ountin6 of the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureH

(rtH =+<
(77ro$a+ of an account 'oes not 7reCu'ice actions for co#7ensation that #ay be+ong to a 6ar'
against a guar'ian or other organs of the guar'ianshi7H
;he State is a+one +iab+e 6ith regar' to the 6ar'B sa$e its action of recourse if there is occasionB
for 'a#age resu+ting fro# 6hate$er fau+t co##itte' in the functioning of the guar'ianshi7B either by the
Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s or his c+er5B Kor by the c+er5 in chief of the tribuna! d1instan$e5 (0$t n %&-12& of
' Feb. 1%%&)B or by the 7ub+ic a'#inistrator in charge of a $acant guar'ianshi7 un'er (rtic+e 433H
(n action for 'a#ages by the 6ar' against the State sha++ be brought in a++ cases before the
tribuna! de 6rande instan$e.

(rtH =+=
;he su# to 6hich the ba+ance 'ue by the guar'ian #ay a#ount bears interest by o7eration of +a6
fro# the a77ro$a+ of the account an'B at the +atestB three #onths after the en' of the guar'ianshi7H
Interests on 6hat #ay be 'ue to the guar'ian by the #inor run on+y fro# the 'ay of 'e#an' for
7ay#ent 6hich fo++o6e' the a77ro$a+ of the accountH

(rtH =+3
(ny action by the #inor against a guar'ianB organs of the guar'ianshi7 or the State re+ating to
guar'ianshi7 #atters is ti#e-barre' after fi$e yearsB counting fro# #aCorityB e$en 6here there has been
e#anci7ationH

"@(P;2- III - OF 2&(*"IP(;IO*
(0$t n 64-12/ of 14 8e$. 1%64)


(rtH =+)
(($t n .4-6/1 of & *u!y 1%.4)
( #inor is e#anci7ate' as a #atter of right by #arriageH

(rtH =++
(($t n .4-6/1 of & *u!y 1%.4)
( #inorB e$en un#arrie'B #ay be e#anci7ate' 6hen he has reache' the fu++ age of si:teen yearsH
K(fter the #inor has been hear'K (0$t n %/-22 of ' *an. 1%%/)B that e#anci7ation sha++ be
7ronounce'B if there are 7ro7er reasonsB by the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sB on re)uest of the father an'
#other or of one of the#H
<here the re)uest is fi+e' by on+y one 7arentB the Cu'ge sha++ 'eci'e after hearing the otherB
un+ess the +atter is unab+e to e:7ress his or her intentionH

(rtH =+:
(($t n .4-6/1 of & *u!y 1%.4)
( #inor +eft 6ithout father an' #other #ay in the sa#e #anner be e#anci7ate' on re)uest of the
fa#i+y counci+H

(rtH =+6
<hereB in the case of the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB the guar'ian ha$ing ta5en no ste7B a #e#ber of the
fa#i+y counci+ is of o7inion that the #inor can be e#anci7ate'B he #ay re)uire the Cu'ge of
guar'ianshi7s to con$ene the counci+ in or'er to consi'er the #atterH ;he #inor hi#se+f #ay re)uest that
con$eningH

(rtH =:8
;he account of the a'#inistration or guar'ianshi7B as the case #ay beB is ren'ere' to an
e#anci7ate' #inor in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 471H

(rtH =:(
(n e#anci7ate' #inor is ca7ab+eB +i5e an a'u+tB of a++ transactions of ci$i+ +ifeH
104
@e #ust ho6e$erB in or'er to #arry or gi$e hi#se+f in a'o7tionB co#7+y 6ith the sa#e ru+es as if
he 6as not e#anci7ate'H

(rtH =:-
(n e#anci7ate' #inor ceases to be un'er the authority of his father an' #otherH
;he +atter are not +iab+e as of rightB in their so+e ca7acity as father or #otherB for 'a#age that he
#ay cause to others after his e#anci7ationH

(rtH =:< to =:) Frepea!edG

(rtH =:+
(($t n .4-6/1 of & *u!y 1%.4)
(n e#anci7ate' #inor #ay not be a #erchantH


TITLE AI
O MA@ORITY AND O AD"LT% >!O ARE PROTECTED #Y T!E LA>
(0$t n 6'-& of / *an. 1%6')

"@(P;2- I - 12*2-(3 P-O8ISIO*S

(rtH =::
(($t n .4-6/1 of & *u!y 1%.4)
&aCority is fi:e' at the fu++ age of eighteen yearsI at that age one is ca7ab+e of a++ the transactions
of ci$i+ +ifeH
*e$erthe+essB an a'u+t 6ho# an i#7airing of his 7ersona+ facu+ties 7+aces in the i#7ossibi+ity of
7ro$i'ing a+one for his interests is 7rotecte' by the +a6B either on the occasion of a s7ecific transactionB
or in a continuous #annerH
&ay be +i5e6ise 7rotecte' an a'u+t 6hoB because of his 7ro'iga+ityB insobriety or i'+enessB is in
'anger to fa++ into nee' or co#7ro#ises the fu+fi+#ent of his fa#i+y ob+igationsH

(rtH =:6
In or'er to enter into a $a+i' transactionB it is necessary to be of soun' #in'H ut it is for those
6ho see5 annu+#ent on that groun' to 7ro$e the e:istence of a #enta+ 'isor'er at the ti#e of the
transactionH
0uring the +ifeti#e of an in'i$i'ua+B an action for annu+#ent #ay be brought on+y by hi#B or by
his guar'ian or curatorB 6here one of the# 6as a77ointe' for hi# after6ar'sH It is ti#e-barre' after the
7erio' 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 1304H

(rtH =:6,(
(fter his 'eathB transactions entere' into by an in'i$i'ua+B other than a gift inter $i$os or a 6i++B
#ay be conteste' on the groun' 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing (rtic+e on+y in the cases +iste' be+o6/
1L <here a transaction in itse+f 'isc+oses 7roof of a #enta+ 'isor'erI
2L <here it 6as entere' into in a ti#e 6hen the in'i$i'ua+ 6as 7+ace' un'er Cu'icia+ su7er$isionI
3L <here a 7etition 6as initiate' before the 'eath in or'er to ha$e a guar'ianshi7 or curatorshi7
o7ene'H

(rtH =:6,-
( 7erson 6ho has cause' 'a#age to another 6hen he 6as un'er the inf+uence of a #enta+
'isor'er is nonethe+ess +iab+e to co#7ensationH

(rtH =68
<here #enta+ facu+ties are 'isor'ere' by an i++nessB an infir#ity or feeb+eness 'ue to ageB the
interests of the 7erson are safeguar'e' by one of the syste#s of 7rotection 7ro$i'e' for in the fo++o6ing
"ha7tersH
;he sa#e syste#s of 7rotection a77+y to the i#7airing of bo'i+y facu+ties if it 7re$ents the
e:7ression of intentionH
(n i#7airing of #enta+ or bo'i+y facu+ties #ust be #e'ica++y estab+ishe'H

(rtH =68,(
10%
;he #etho's of #e'ica+ treat#entB in 7articu+ar as to the choice bet6een hos7ita+isation an' care
at ho#eB are in'e7en'ent of the syste# of 7rotection re+ating to ci$i+ interestsH
-eci7roca++yB the syste# re+ating to ci$i+ interests is in'e7en'ent of the #e'ica+ treat#entH
*e$erthe+essB Cu'g#ents by 6hich the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s organi=es the 7rotection of ci$i+
interests #ust be 7rece'e' by an a'$ice of the atten'ing 7hysicianH

(rtH =68,-
<hate$er the syste# of 7rotection a77+icab+e #ay beB the +o'ging of the 7rotecte' 7erson an' the
furniture 6ith 6hich it is e)ui77e' #ust be 5e7t at his 'is7osa+ as +ong as it is 7ossib+eH
Po6er of a'#inistrationB as regar's that 7ro7ertyB a++o6s on+y agree#ents for 7recarious
enCoy#entB 6hich sha++ cease fro# the return of the 7rotecte' 7ersonB 'es7ite any 7ro$ision or
sti7u+ation to the contraryH
<here it beco#es necessary or it is in the interest of the 7rotecte' 7erson to 'is7ose of rights
re+ating to +o'ging or to transfer the furnitureB the transaction #ust be a77ro$e' by the Cu'ge of
guar'ianshi7sB after a'$ice of the atten'ing 7hysicianB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the other for#a+ities 6hich
the nature of the 7ro7erty #ay re)uireH Sou$enirs an' other obCects of a 7ersona+ character #ust a+6ays
be e:ce7te' fro# transfer an' 5e7t at the 'is7osa+ of the 7rotecte' 7ersonB 6here a77ro7riateB than5s to
the institution of treat#entH

(rtH =68,<
;he 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator of the 7+ace of treat#ent an' the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s #ay $isit or
cause to be $isite' a'u+ts 7rotecte' by +a6B 6hate$er the syste# of 7rotection a77+icab+e to the# #ay beH

"@(P;2- II - OF (0>3;S >*02- 4>0I"I(3 S>P2-8ISIO*

(rtH =6(
(n a'u+t 6hoB for one of the causes 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 4!0B nee's to be 7rotecte' in the
transactions of ci$i+ +ifeB #ay be 7+ace' un'er Cu'icia+ su7er$isionH

(rtH =6(,(
4u'icia+ su7er$ision resu+ts fro# a 'ec+aration #a'e to the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator in the 6ay
7ro$i'e' for by the "o'e of Pub+ic @ea+thH
( Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sB to 6ho# 7rocee'ings in guar'ianshi7 or curatorshi7 ha$e been
referre'B #ay 7+ace the 7erson 6ho# it shou+' be a'$isab+e to 7rotect un'er Cu'icia+ su7er$isionB
7en'ing suitB by an interi# or'er trans#itte' to the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorH

(rtH =6(,-
(n a'u+t 7+ace' un'er Cu'icia+ su7er$ision 5ee7s the e:ercise of his rightsH
@o6e$erB the transactions he entere' into an' the un'erta5ings he contracte' #ay be rescin'e'
for or'inary +oss or abate' in case of e:cessB e$en though they #ay not be annu++e' un'er (rtic+e 48!H
"ourts sha++ ta5e into consi'erationB on this subCectB the 6ea+th of the 7rotecte' 7ersonB the goo'
or ba' faith of those 6ho 'ea+t 6ith hi#B the usefu+ness or use+essness of the
transactionH (n action for rescission or abate#ent #ay be broughtB 'uring the +ifeti#e
of the 7ersonB by a++ those 6ho 6ou+' ha$e stan'ing to 7etition for the o7ening of a guar'ianshi7 an'B
after his 'eathB by his heirsH It is ti#e-barre' after the 7erio' 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 1304H

(rtH =6(,<
<here a 7erson has a77ointe' an agent for the 7ur7ose of a'#inistering his 7ro7ertyB either
beforeB or after being 7+ace' un'er Cu'icia+ su7er$isionB that agency #ust be fu+fi++e'H
@o6e$erB 6here a 7o6er of attorney e:7ress+y #entions that it 6as gi$en on account of the
7erio' of su7er$isionB it #ayB 'uring that 7erio'B be re$o5e' by the 7rinci7a+ on+y 6ith the authori=ation
of the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sH
In a++ casesB the Cu'geB either of his o6n #otionB or on re)uest of one of the 7arties 6ho 6ou+'
ha$e stan'ing to re)uest the o7ening of a guar'ianshi7B #ay or'er the re$ocation of the agencyH
@e #ay a+soB e$en of his o6n #otionB or'er that Kthe accounts be sub#itte' to the c+er5 in chief
of the tribuna! d1instan$e for a77ro$a+B 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the 7o6er of the Cu'ge to e:ercise hi#se+f
that su7er$isionK (0$t n %&-12& of ' Feb. 1%%&)H

(rtH =6(,=
In the absence of an agencyB the ru+es of #anage#ent of anotherNs business sha++ be fo++o6e'H
10.
@o6e$erB those 6ho 6ou+' ha$e stan'ing to re)uest the o7ening of a guar'ianshi7 are un'er the
ob+igation to 'o the acts of 7reser$ation necessitate' by the #anage#ent of the 7atri#ony of the
7rotecte' 7erson 6here they ha' 5no6+e'ge of their urgency as 6e++ as of the 'ec+aration for 7ur7ose of
su7er$isionH ;he sa#e ob+igation fa++s un'er the sa#e con'itions on the 'irector of the treating
institution orB 7ossib+yB on the one 6ho she+ters at his ho#e the 7erson un'er su7er$isionH
(n ob+igation to 'o acts of 7reser$ation in$o+$esB 6ith regar' to thir' 7artiesB the corres7on'ing
7o6erH

(rtH =6(,3
<here there is occasion to act outsi'e the cases 'efine' in the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB any 7arty
concerne' #ay gi$e notice thereof to the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sH
;he Cu'ge #ayB either a77oint a s7ecia+ agent for the 7ur7ose of 'oing a s7ecific transaction or a
series of transactions of the sa#e natureB 6ithin the +i#its of 6hat a guar'ian #ight 'o 6ithout the
authori=ation of the fa#i+y counci+B or 'eci'e of his o6n #otion to o7en a guar'ianshi7 or a curatorshi7B
or 'irect the 7arty concerne' to instigate hi#se+f the o7ening 6here he is one of those ha$ing stan'ing to
re)uest it

(rtH =6(,)
4u'icia+ su7er$ision co#es to an en' 6ith a ne6 'ec+aration certifying that the 7re$ious situation
has co#e to an en'B by +a7se of the 'ec+aration un'er the 7erio's of the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ure or by its
cance++ation u7on 'ecision of the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorH
It co#es a+so to an en' 6ith the o7ening of a guar'ianshi7 or of a curatorshi7 fro# the 'ay 6hen
the ne6 syste# of 7rotection ta5es effectH

"@(P;2- III - OF (0>3;S I* 1>(-0I(*S@IP

(rtH =6-

( guar'ianshi7 sha++ be o7ene' 6here an a'u+tB for one of the causes 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 4!0B
nee's to be re7resente' in a continuous #anner in the transactions of ci$i+ +ifeH

(rtH =6<
;he o7ening of a guar'ianshi7 sha++ be or'ere' by the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s on re)uest of the
7erson 6ho# there is occasion to 7rotectB of his or her s7ouseB un+ess co##unity of +i$ing has cease'
bet6een the#B of his or her ascen'ants or 'escen'antsB brothers an' sistersB of the curator or of the
1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorI it #ay a+so o7ene' by the Cu'ge of his o6n #otionH
Other re+ati$es by b+oo' or #arriageB or frien'sB #ay on+y #a5e 5no6n to the Cu'ge the cause
that cou+' Custify the o7ening of a guar'ianshi7H It sha++ be +i5e6ise 6ith the atten'ing 7hysician an' the
'irector of the institutionH
;he 7ersons referre' to in the t6o 7rece'ing 7aragra7hs #ayB e$en 6here they 'i' not inter$ene
into the caseB a77ea+ to the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e against a Cu'g#ent 6hich o7ene' a guar'ianshi7H

(rtH =6<,(
;he Cu'ge #ay or'er the o7ening of a guar'ianshi7 on+y 6here the i#7airing of #enta+ or bo'i+y
facu+ties of the sic5 7erson 6as ascertaine' by a s7ecia+ist chosen fro# a +ist estab+ishe' by the
1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorH
;he o7ening of a guar'ianshi7 sha++ be or'ere' in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in the "o'e of "i$i+
Proce'ureH

(rtH =6<,-
4u'g#ents o7eningB #o'ifying or 6ith'ra6ing a guar'ianshi7 #ay be enforce' against thir'
7arties on+y t6o #onths after #ention of the# 6as #a'e in the #argin of the recor' of birth of the
7rotecte' 7ersonB as 7ro$i'e' for in the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureH
2$en fai+ing that #entionB they are ne$erthe+ess enforceab+e against thir' 7arties 6ho ha'
7ersona+ 5no6+e'ge of the#H

(rtH =6=
( guar'ianshi7 #ay be o7ene' for an e#anci7ate' #inor as for an a'u+tH
(s regar's a non-e#anci7ate' #inorB a 7etition #ay e$en be initiate' an' a'Cu'ge' 'uring the
+ast year of #inorityI but guar'ianshi7 sha++ ta5e effect on+y fro# the 'ay 6hen he co#es of ageH

107
(rtH =63
Sha++ a77+y a+so to guar'ianshi7s of a'u+ts the ru+es 7rescribe' by Sections 2B 3 an' 4 of "ha7ter
II of ;it+e R of this oo5 for guar'ianshi7s of #inorsB sa$eB ho6e$erB those 6hich re+ate to the e'ucation
of the chi+' an'B in a''itionB un'er the fo++o6ing a#en'#entsH

(rtH =6)
( s7ouse is the guar'ian of the other s7ouseB un+ess co##unity of +i$ing has cease' bet6een
the# or the Cu'ge is of o7inion that another reason 7re$ents his or her being entruste' 6ith guar'ianshi7H
(++ other guar'ians are 'ati$eH
( guar'ianshi7 of an a'u+t #ay be conferre' on a Curi'ica+ 7ersonH

(rtH =6),(
*obo'yB e:ce7t the s7ouseB 'escen'ants an' Curi'ica+ 7ersons #ay be co#7e++e' to ho+'
guar'ianshi7 of an a'u+t beyon' fi$e yearsH On the e:7iry of that 7erio'B the guar'ian #ay re)uest an'
sha++ gain his re7+ace#entH

(rtH =6),-
(n atten'ing 7hysician #ay not be a guar'ian or a su7er$isory guar'ian of his 7atientH ut the
Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s #ay a+6ays ca++ on hi# to 7artici7ate in the fa#i+y counci+ in an a'$isory
ca7acityH
( guar'ianshi7 #ay not be conferre' on a treating institutionB or on any 7erson ho+'ing therein a
gainfu+ occu7ation un+ess they are one of those 6ho ha' stan'ing to re)uest the o7ening of a
guar'ianshi7H (n e:ecuti$e e#7+oyee of the institution #ay ho6e$er be 'esignate' as #anager of the
guar'ianshi7 in the circu#stances referre' to in (rtic+e 4!!H

(rtH =6+
<here there is Ka re+ati$e by b+oo' or by #arriageK (0$t n %6-4&2 of 2' 3ay 1%%6) )ua+ifie' for
#anaging the 7ro7ertyB the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s #ay 'eci'e that he sha++ #anage it as a statutory
a'#inistratorB 6ithout a su7er$isory guar'ian or a fa#i+y counci+B in accor'ance 6ith the ru+es that
a77+yB as regar's the 7ro7erty of a #inorB to statutory a'#inistration un'er Cu'icia+ su7er$isionH

(rtH =6:
;here is no occasion to o7en a guar'ianshi7 6hich 6ou+' 'e$o+$e on a s7ouse 6here the
interests of a 7rotecte' 7erson can be 7ro$i'e' for a'e)uate+y in accor'ance 6ith the #atri#onia+
regi#e an' in 7articu+ar 6ith the ru+es of (rtic+es 217 an' 21!B 142. an' 142!H

(rtH =66
<hereB in consi'eration of the co#7osition of the 7ro7erty to be #anage'B the Cu'ge of
guar'ianshi7s consi'ers it use+ess to estab+ish a co#7+ete guar'ianshi7B he #ay +i#it hi#se+f to
'esignate as #anager of the guar'ianshi7B 6ithout su7er$isory guar'ian or fa#i+y counci+B either an
e:ecuti$e e#7+oyee be+onging to the a'#inistrati$e staff of the treating institutionB or a s7ecia+
a'#inistratorB chosen in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in a 'ecree in Consei! d12tat.

0rt. 388
( #anager of a guar'ianshi7 sha++ co++ect the inco#es of the 7rotecte' 7erson an' a77+y the# to
the su77ort an' treat#ent of the +atter an' 'ischarge of the #aintenance ob+igations for 6hich he #ay be
+iab+eH <here there is an e:cessB he sha++ 'e7osit it into an account 6hich he #ust o7en 6ith an
accre'ite' 'e7ositaryH 2ach yearB he sha++ ren'er account of his #anage#ent 'irect+y to the Kc+er5 in
chief of the tribuna! d1instan$e( 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the 7o6er of the Cu'ge to re)uest at any ti#e fro#
the c+er5 in chief co##unication of the account of #anage#ent an' 'irect trans#itta+ of the accountingK
(0$t n %&-12& of ' Feb. 1%%&)H
<here other acts beco#e necessaryB he sha++ refer the #atter to the Cu'ge 6ho #ay either
authori=e hi# to 'o the#B or 'eci'e to estab+ish the guar'ianshi7 co#7+ete+yH

(rtH 38(
<hen o7ening a guar'ianshi7 or in a subse)uent Cu'g#entB the Cu'geB u7on o7inion of the
atten'ing 7hysicianB #ay +ist so#e transactions that the 7erson in guar'ianshi7 6i++ ha$e the ca7acity to
enter into hi#se+fB either a+oneB or 6ith the assistance of the guar'ian or of the 7erson stan'ing in his
stea'H

(rtH 38-
108
(++ transactions entere' into by a 7rotecte' 7erson after the Cu'g#ent of o7ening of a
guar'ianshi7 are $oi' as of rightB subCect to the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 4!3-2H

(rtH 38<
Prior transactions #ay be annu++e' 6here the cause 6hich 'eter#ine' the o7ening of the
guar'ianshi7 e:iste' notorious+y at the ti#e 6hen they 6ere #a'eH

(rtH 38=
( 6i++ #a'e after the o7ening of a guar'ianshi7 is $oi' as of rightH
( 6i++ 7re$ious+y #a'e re#ains $a+i'B un+ess it is 7ro$e' thatB since the o7ening of the
guar'ianshi7B the reason 6hich 'eter#ine' the testator to so 'is7ose has 'isa77eare'H

(rtH 383
<ith authori=ation of the fa#i+y counci+B gifts #ay be #a'e in the na#e of an a'u+t in
guar'ianshi7B but on+y in fa$our of his 'escen'ants an' by 6ay of a'$ance#entB or in fa$our of the
s7ouseH

(rtH 38)
2$en in the cases of artic+es 4!7 an' 4!!B #arriage of an a'u+t in guar'ianshi7 is a++o6e' on+y
6ith the consent of a fa#i+y counci+ s7ecia++y con$ene' in or'er to consi'er the #atterH ;he counci+ #ay
'eci'e on+y after hearing the future s7ousesH
;here is no occasion for a #eeting of the fa#i+y counci+ 6here the father an' #other both gi$e
their consent to the #arriageH
In a++ casesB the o7inion of the atten'ing 7hysician is re)uire'H

(rtH 38),(
(($t n %%-%44 of 1& 4o. 1%%%)
('u+ts in guar'ianshi7 #ay not enter into a ci$i+ co$enant of so+i'arityH
<hereB 'uring a ci$i+ co$enant of so+i'arityB one of the 7artners is 7+ace' un'er guar'ianshi7B the
guar'ian authori=e' by the fa#i+y counci+ orB fai+ing 6hichB the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s #ay 7ut an en'
to the co$enant in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e %1%-7B 7aragra7h 1 or 2H
<here the initiati$e to cance+ the co$enant is ta5en by the other 7artnerB the notice #entione' in
the sa#e (rtic+eB 7aragra7h 2 an' 3B sha++ be ser$e' on the guar'ianH

(rtH 38+
1uar'ianshi7 co#es to an en' 6ith the causes that 'eter#ine' itI ne$erthe+ess re#o$a+ of it #ay
be or'ere' on+y in co#7+ying 6ith the for#a+ities 7rescribe' for attaining its o7ening an' a 7erson in
guar'ianshi7 #ay resu#e the e:ercise of his rights on+y after a Cu'g#ent of re#o$a+H
;he #etho's of re$ie6 7ro$i'e' for by (rtic+e 4!3B 7aragra7h 3B #ay be resorte' to on+y against
Cu'g#ents that refuse to gi$e re#o$a+ of a guar'ianshi7H

"@(P;2- I8 - OF (0>3;S I* ">-(;O-S@IP

(rtH 38:
<here an a'u+tB for one of the causes 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 4!0B 6ithout being unab+e to act for
hi#se+fB has nee' of being a'$ise' or su7er$ise' in transactions of ci$i+ +ifeB he #ay be 7+ace' un'er a
syste# of curatorshi7H

(rtH 38:,(
(n a'u+t to 6ho# (rtic+e 488B 7aragra7h 3B refers #ay a+so be 7+ace' un'er a syste# of
curatorshi7H

(rtH 386
"uratorshi7 is o7ene' an' co#es to an en' in the sa#e 6ay as a guar'ianshi7 of a'u+tsH
It is subCect to the sa#e re)uire#ents as to noticeH

(rtH 386,(
In a curatorshi7 there is no other organ than the curatorH
( s7ouse is curator for the other s7ouse un+ess co##unity of +i$ing has cease' bet6een the# or
the Cu'ge is of o7inion that another reason 7re$ents his or her being entruste' 6ith curatorshi7H (++ other
curators #ust be a77ointe' by the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sH
10!
(rtH 386,-
;he 7ro$isions re+ating to the 'uties of a guar'ian sha++ a77+y to the office of a curatorB un'er the
a#en'#ents 6hich guar'ianshi7 of a'u+ts in$o+$esH

(rtH 3(8
(n a'u+t in curatorshi7 #ay notB 6ithout the assistance of his curatorB enter into any transaction
6hichB un'er the syste# of guar'ianshi7 of a'u+tsB re)uires an authori=ation of the fa#i+y counci+H *or
#ay heB 6ithout that assistanceB recei$e ca7ita+ or #a5e in$est#ent of itH
<here a curator refuses his assistance to a transactionB a 7erson in curatorshi7 #ay re)uest a
su77+etory authori=ation fro# the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sH

(rtH 3(8,(
<here an a'u+t in curatorshi7 has entere' a+one into a transaction for 6hich the assistance of a
curator 6as re)uire'B hi#se+f or the curator #ay see5 the annu+#ent of itH
(n action for annu+#ent is ti#e-barre' after the 7erio' 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 1304B or e$enB
before e:7iry of that 7erio'B in conse)uence of the a77ro$a+ that the curator #ay ha$e gi$en to the
transactionH

(rtH 3(8,-
(ny ser$ice #a'e on an a'u+t in curatorshi7 #ay be a+so #a'e on the curatorB on 7ain of
in$a+i'ityH

(rtH 3(8,<
In cases 6here the assistance of a curator 6as not re)uire' by statuteB transactions into 6hich an
a'u+t in curatorshi7 #ay ha$e entere' a+one re#ain ne$erthe+ess subCect to actions for rescission or
abate#ent regu+ate' by (rtic+e 4!1-2B as though they 6ere entere' into by a 7erson un'er Cu'icia+
su7er$isionH

(rtH 3((
<hen o7ening a curatorshi7 or in a subse)uent Cu'g#entB the Cu'geB u7on o7inion of the
atten'ing 7hysicianB #ay +ist so#e transactions that the 7erson in curatorshi7 6i++ ha$e the ca7acity to
enter into a+oneB in 'erogation fro# (rtic+e %10B orB in$erse+yB a'' other transactions to those for 6hich
that (rtic+e re)uires the assistance of a curatorH

(rtH 3(-
<hen a77ointing a curatorB the Cu'ge #ay or'er that he a+one sha++ recei$e the inco#es of the
7erson in curatorshi7B sett+e e:7enses 6ith regar' to thir' 7artiesB an' 'e7osit the e:cessB if anyB into an
account o7ene' 6ith an accre'ite' 'e7ositaryH
( curator a77ointe' 6ith that tas5 sha++ ren'er an account of his #anage#ent each year to the
Kc+er5 in chief of the tribuna! d1instan$e( 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the 7o6er of the Cu'ge to re)uest at any
ti#e fro# the c+er5 in chief co##unication of the account of #anage#ent an' 'irect trans#itta+ of the
accountingK (0$t n %&-12& of ' Feb. 1%%&)H H

(rtH 3(<
( 7erson in curatorshi7 #ay free+y #a5e his 6i++B e:ce7t for a77+ication of (rtic+e !01B if there is
occasionH
@e #ay #a5e a gift on+y 6ith the assistance of his curatorH

(rtH 3(=
(s regar's #arriage of an a'u+t in curatorshi7B the consent of the curator is re)uire'I fai+ing
6hichB that of the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sH

(rtH 3(3 Frepea!edG


TITLE AII
O CIVIL COVENANT% O %OLIDARITY AND O CONC"#INA&E
(0$t n %%-%44 of 1& 4o. 1%%%)

"@(P;2- I - OF "I8I3 "O82*(*;S OF SO3I0(-I;E
(rtH 3(3,(
110
( ci$i+ co$enant of so+i'arity is a contract entere' into by t6o natura+ 7ersons of ageB of 'ifferent
se:es or of a sa#e se:B to organi=e their co##on +ifeH

(rtH 3(3,-
On 7ain of nu++ityB there #ay not be a ci$i+ co$enant of so+i'arity/
1L et6een ascen'ants an' 'escen'ants in 'irect +ineB bet6een re+ati$es by #arriage in 'irect
+ine an' bet6een co++atera+s unti+ the thir' 'egree inc+usi$eI
2L et6een t6o 7ersons of 6ho# one at +east is boun' by the bon's of #arriageI
3L et6een t6o 7ersons of 6ho# one at +east is a+rea'y boun' by a ci$i+ co$enant of so+i'arityH

(rtH 3(3,<
;6o 7ersons 6ho enter into a ci$i+ co$enant of so+i'arity sha++ #a5e a Coint 'ec+aration of it at
the court office of the tribuna! d1instan$e un'er the Curis'iction of 6hich they fi: their co##on
resi'enceH
On 7ain of 'is#issa+B they sha++ fi+e 6ith the c+er5 the agree#ent conc+u'e' bet6een the# in
'u7+icate origina+ an' a'' the 'ocu#ents of ci$i+ status 6hich a++o6 to estab+ish the $a+i'ity of the
transaction 6ith res7ect to (rtic+e %1%-2B as 6e++ as a certificate of the court office of the tribuna!
d1instan$e of their 7+aces of birth orB in case of birth abroa'B of the court office of the tribuna! de 6rande
instan$e of ParisB attesting that they are not a+rea'y boun' by a ci$i+ co$enant of so+i'arityH
(fter the fi+ing of the set of 'ocu#entsB the c+er5 sha++ enter that 'ec+aration into a registerH
;he c+er5 sha++ countersign an' 'ate the t6o origina+s of the agree#ent an' gi$e the# bac5 to
each 7artnerH
@e sha++ ha$e a #ention of the 'ec+aration entere' into a register he+' in the court office of the
tribuna! d1instan$e of the 7+ace of birth of each 7artner orB in case of birth abroa'B in the court office of
the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e of ParisH
(n entry in the register of the 7+ace of resi'ence sha++ attribute an un'is7utab+e 'ate to the ci$i+
co$enant of so+i'arity an' ren'er it effecti$e against thir' 7artiesH
(ny a#en'#ent to the co$enant sha++ be the subCect of a Coint 'ec+aration entere' at the court
office that recei$e' the initia+ transactionB to 6hich sha++ be a''e'B on 7ain of 'is#issa+ an' in 'u7+icate
origina+B the instru#ent a#en'ing the agree#entH ;he for#a+ities 7ro$i'e' for in 7aragra7h 4 sha++
a77+yH
(broa'B the entry of a Coint 'ec+aration of a co$enant bin'ing t6o 7artners of 6ho# one at +east
is of French nationa+ityB the for#a+ities 7ro$i'e' for in 7aragra7hs 2 an' 4 an' those re)uire' in case of
an a#en'#ent of the co$enant sha++ be the res7onsibi+ity of French 'i7+o#atic an' consu+ar agentsH

(rtH 3(3,=
Partners boun' by a ci$i+ co$enant of so+i'arity sha++ 7ro$i'e #utua+ #ateria+ an' #ora+ ai' to
each otherH ;he ter#s of that ai' sha++ be fi:e' by the co$enantH
Partners sha++ be Coint+y an' se$era++y +iab+e 6ith regar' to thir' 7arties for 'ebts incurre' by one
of the# for the nee's of e$ery'ay +ife an' for e:7enses re+ating to the co##on +o'gingH

(rtH 3(3,3
Partners to a ci$i+ co$enant of so+i'arity sha++ +ay 'o6nB in the agree#ent referre' to in (rtic+e
%1%-3B 7aragra7h 2B 6hether they 6ish to sub#it to the syste# of un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 the furniture they
6ou+' ac)uire for $a+ue after the conc+usion of the co$enantH Fai+ing 6hichB that furniture sha++ be
'ee#e' un'i$i'e' in ha+$esH It sha++ be +i5e6ise 6here the 'ate of ac)uisition of that 7ro7erty #ay not
be estab+ishe'H
;he other 7ro7erty of 6hich 7artners beco#e o6ners for $a+ue after the conc+usion of the
co$enant sha++ be 'ee#e' un'i$i'e' in ha+$es 6here the instru#ent of ac)uisition or of subscri7tion
'oes not other6ise 7ro$i'eH

(rtH 3(3,)
;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 832 sha++ a77+y bet6een 7artners to a ci$i+ co$enant of so+i'arity in
case of 'isso+ution of itB sa$e those re+ating to a++ or 7art of an agricu+tura+ ho+'ingB as 6e++ as to an
un'i$i'e' share or to 7artnershi7 shares of that ho+'ingH

(rtH 3(3,+
<here 7artners 'eci'e by #utua+ agree#ent to 7ut an en' to a ci$i+ co$enant of so+i'arityB they
sha++ fi+e a Coint 6ritten 'ec+aration 6ith the court office of the tribuna! d1instan$e un'er the Curis'iction
of 6hich one of the# at +east has his resi'enceH ;he c+er5 sha++ enter that 'ec+aration into a register an'
sha++ ensure its 7reser$ationH
111
<here one of the 7artners 'eci'es to 7ut an en' to a ci$i+ co$enant of so+i'arityB he or she sha++
ser$e notice of his or her 'ecision on the other an' sha++ sen' a co7y of that notice to the court office of
the tribuna! d1instan$e 6hich recei$e' the initia+ instru#entH
<here one of the 7artners 7uts an en' to a ci$i+ co$enant of so+i'arity by #arryingB he or she
sha++ notify his or her 'ecision to the other by ser$ice an' sha++ sen' co7ies of the +atter an' of his or her
recor' of birth on 6hich #ention of the #arriage has been #a'eB to the court office of the tribuna!
d1instan$e 6hich recei$e' the initia+ instru#entH
<here a ci$i+ co$enant of so+i'arity co#es to an en' by the 'eath of at +east one of the 7artnersB
the sur$i$or or any 7arty concerne' sha++ sen' a co7y of the recor' of 'eath to the court office of the
tribuna! d1instan$e 6hich recei$e' the initia+ instru#entH
( c+er5 6ho recei$es a 'ec+aration or instru#ents 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing 7aragra7hs sha++
enter or ha$e entere' #ention of the en' of the co$enant into the #argin of the initia+ instru#entH @e
sha++ a+so ha$e registration of that #ention 6ritten into the #argin of the register 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e
%1%-3B 7aragra7h %H
(broa'B recei$ingB recor'ing an' 7reser$ing a 'ec+aration or instru#ents referre' to in the first
four 7aragra7hs sha++ be the res7onsibi+ity of French 'i7+o#atic or consu+ar agentsB 6ho sha++ a+so
un'erta5e or ha$e un'erta5en #entions 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing 7aragra7hH
( ci$i+ co$enant of so+i'arity sha++ co#e to an en'B accor'ing to the circu#stances/
1L (s soon as a #ention is #a'e in the #argin of the initia+ instru#ent of the Coint 'ec+aration
7ro$i'e' for in the first 7aragra7hI
2L ;hree #onths after ser$ice 'e+i$ere' un'er 7aragra7h 2B 7ro$i'e' that a co7y of it 6as
brought to the 5no6+e'ge of the c+er5 of the court 'esignate' in that 7aragra7hI
3L On the 'ate of the #arriage or of the 'eath of one of the 7artnersH
Partners sha++ un'erta5e the#se+$es the +i)ui'ation of the rights an' ob+igations resu+ting on their
beha+f fro# the ci$i+ co$enant of so+i'arityH Fai+ing an agree#entB the Cu'ge sha++ ru+e on the 7atri#onia+
conse)uences of the breachB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to 'a#age 7ossib+y suffere'H

"@(P;2- II - OF "O*">I*(12

(rtH 3(3,:
"oncubinage is an union in factB characteri=e' by a +ife in co##on offering a character of
stabi+ity an' continuityB bet6een t6o 7ersonsB of 'ifferent se:es or of the sa#e se:B 6ho +i$e in cou7+eH

#OO* T>O
O PROPERTY AND O T!E VARIO"% MODIICATION% O O>NER%!IP

TITLE ONE
O T!E VARIO"% *IND% O PROPERTY

(rtH 3()
(++ 7ro7erty is #o$ab+e or i##o$ab+eH


"@(P;2- I - OF I&&O8(32S

(rtH 3(+
Pro7erty is i##o$ab+eB either by its nature or by its 'estination or by the obCect to 6hich it
a77+iesH

(rtH 3(:
3an's an' bui+'ings are i##o$ab+es by their natureH

(rtH 3(6
<in'#i++s or 6ater#i++sB fi:e' on 7i++ars an' for#ing 7art of a bui+'ingB are a+so i##o$ab+es by
their natureH

(rtH 3-8
@ar$ests stan'ing by roots an' the fruit of trees not yet gathere' are a+so i##o$ab+esH
(s soon as cro7s are cut an' the fruit se7arate'B e$en though not re#o$e'B they are #o$ab+esH
<here on+y a 7art of a har$est is cutB this 7art a+one is #o$ab+eH

112
(rtH 3-(
;he nor#a+ cutting of un'er6oo' or of ti#ber 7erio'ica++y cut beco#es #o$ab+e on+y as the
cutting 'o6n of trees 7rocee'sH

(rtH 3--
(ni#a+s 6hich the o6ner of a tene#ent 'e+i$ers to a far#er or share cro77er for far#ingB
6hether they are a77raise' or notB sha++ be 'ee#e' i##o$ab+es so +ong as they re#ain attache' to the
tene#ent un'er the ter#s of the agree#entH
(ni#a+s +ease' to other than far#ers or share cro77ers are #o$ab+esH

(rtH 3-<
Pi7es use' to bring 6ater into a house or other i##o$ab+e are i##o$ab+es an' for# 7art of the
tene#ent to 6hich they are attache'H

(rtH 3-=
K(ni#a+s an' things that the o6ner of a tene#ent 7+ace' thereon for the use an' 6or5ing of the
tene#ent are i##o$ab+e by 'estinationK (0$t n %%-& of 6 *an. 1%%%)H
;husB
(ni#a+s attache' to far#ingI
Far#ing i#7+e#entsI
See's gi$en to far#ers or share cro77ersI
Pigeons in 7igeon-housesI
<arren rabbitsI
eehi$esI
KFishes of 6aters not referre' to in (rtic+e 402 F3H 231-3G of the -ura+ "o'e an' of stretches of
6ater referre' to in (rtic+es 432 an' 433 F3H 231-. an' 3H 231-7G of the sa#e "o'eK (0$t n '4-&12 of
2% *une 1%'4)I Fno# (rtic+es 3H 431-. an' 3H 431-7 of the "o'e of the 2n$iron#entGK
<ine 7ressersB boi+ersB sti++sB $ats an' barre+sI
I#7+e#ents necessary for 6or5ing iron6or5sB 7a7er-#i++s an' other factoriesI
Stra6 an' #anureB
are i##o$ab+es by 'estination 6here they ha$e been 7+ace' by the o6ner for the use an' 6or5ing of the
tene#entH
(++ #o$ab+es 6hich the o6ner has attache' to the tene#ent 7er7etua++y are a+so i##o$ab+es by
'estinationH

(rtH 3-3
(n o6ner sha++ be 'ee#e' to ha$e attache' #o$ab+es 7er7etua++y to his tene#entB 6here they are
fastene' 6ith 7+aster or #ortar or ce#entB or 6here they cannot be re#o$e' 6ithout being bro5en or
'a#age'B or 6ithout brea5ing or 'a#aging the 7art of the tene#ent to 6hich they are affi:e'H
;he #irrors of an a7art#ent sha++ be 'ee#e' 7er7etua++y 7+ace' 6here the f+ooring to 6hich they
ha$e been fastene' is 7art of the 7ane++ingH
It sha++ be the sa#e as to 7ictures an' other orna#entsH
(s regar's statuesB they are i##o$ab+es 6here they are 7+ace' in a recess 'esigne' e:7ress+y to
recei$e the#B e$en though they can be re#o$e' 6ithout brea5age or 'a#ageH

(rtH 3-)
;he usufruct of i##o$ab+e thingsI
Ser$itu'es or +an' ser$icesI
(ctions for the 7ur7ose of reco$ering an i##o$ab+eB
are i##o$ab+es by the obCect to 6hich they a77+yH

"@(P;2- II - OF &O8(32S

(rtH 3-+
Pro7erty is #o$ab+e by its nature or by 7rescri7tion of +a6H

(rtH 3-:
(($t n %%-& of 6 *an. 1%%%)
(ni#a+s an' things 6hich can #o$e fro# one 7+ace to anotherB 6hether they #o$e by
the#se+$esB or 6hether they can #o$e on+y as the resu+t of an e:traneous 7o6erB are #o$ab+es by their
nature H
113
(rtH 3-6
Ob+igations an' actions ha$ing as their obCect su#s 'ue or #o$ab+e effectsB shares or interests in
financia+B co##ercia+ or in'ustria+ concernsB e$en 6here i##o$ab+es 'e7en'ing on these enter7rises
be+ong to the concernsB are #o$ab+es by 7rescri7tion of +a6H ;hose shares or interests sha++ be 'ee#e'
#o$ab+es 6ith regar' to each shareho+'er on+yB as +ong as the concern +astsH
Per7etua+ or +ife annuitiesB either fro# the State or 7ri$ate in'i$i'ua+sB are a+so #o$ab+es by
7rescri7tion of +a6H

(rtH 3<8
(ny annuity estab+ishe' in 7er7etuity for the 7rice of sa+e of an i##o$ab+eB or as con'ition to a
con$eyanceB for $a+ue or gratuitousB of an i##o$ab+e tene#entB is essentia++y re'ee#ab+eH
( cre'itor #ay ne$erthe+ess regu+ate the ter#s an' con'itions of the re'e#7tionH
@e #ay a+so sti7u+ate that the annuity #ay be re'ee#e' on+y after a certain ti#eB 6hich #ay
ne$er e:cee' thirty years/ any sti7u+ation to the contrary is $oi'H

(rtH 3<(
oatsB ferry-boatsB shi7sB f+oating #i++s an' bathsB an' genera++y a++ 6or5s 6hich are not fastene'
to 7i++ars an' 'o not for# 7art of a houseB are #o$ab+es/ a sei=ure of so#e of these things #ay ho6e$erB
o6ing to their i#7ortanceB be subCect to certain s7ecia+ 7rocee'ingsB as e:7+aine' in the "o'e of "i$i+
Proce'ureH

(rtH 3<-
&ateria+s co#ing fro# the 'e#o+ition of a bui+'ingB those gathere' for erecting a ne6 oneB are
#o$ab+es unti+ they are use' by a 6or5er in bui+'ing o7erationsH

(rtH 3<<
;he 6or' moab!e( use' a+one in 7ro$isions of +a6 or of #anB 6ithout any other a''ition or
'esignationB 'oes not inc+u'e rea'y #oneyB 7recious stonesB cre'itsB boo5sB #e'a+sB instru#ents of
sciencesB arts an' 7rofessionsB c+othingB horsesB carriagesB 6ea7onsB grainB 6ineB hay an' other
co##o'itiesI neither 'oes it inc+u'e 6hat is in$o+$e' in a businessH

(rtH 3<=
;he 6or's furnishin6 moab!es inc+u'e on+y #o$ab+es inten'e' for use an' orna#entation of
a7art#entsB such as ta7estriesB be'sB seatsB #irrorsB c+oc5sB tab+esB china an' other artic+es of such 5in'H
Pictures an' statues that for# 7art of the furniture of an a7art#ent are a+so inc+u'e' thereinB but
not co++ections of 7ictures 6hich #ay be in ga++eries or s7ecia+ roo#sH
It sha++ be +i5e6ise of china/ on+y that 6hich is 7art of the 'ecoration of an a7art#ent is inc+u'e'
un'er the 'eno#ination of furnishin6 moab!es.

(rtH 3<3
;he e:7ression moab!e property( that of furniture or moab!e effe$ts inc+u'e genera++y e$ery
thing 6hich is 'ee#e' to be a #o$ab+e accor'ing to the ru+es abo$e set forthH

(rtH 3<)
( sa+e or gift of a houseB 6ith a++ that is foun' thereinB 'oes nor inc+u'e rea'y #oneyB or cre'its
an' other rights 6hose instru#ents of tit+e #ay ha$e been 'e7osite' in the houseI a++ other #o$ab+e
effects are inc+u'e'H

"@(P;2- III - OF P-OP2-;E I* I;S -23(;IO*S <I;@ ;@OS2 <@O O<* I;

(rtH 3<+
Pri$ate in'i$i'ua+s ha$e the free 'is7osa+ of 7ro7erty 6hich be+ongs to the#B subCect to the
#o'ifications estab+ishe' by +egis+ationH
Pro7erty 6hich 'oes not be+ong to 7ri$ate in'i$i'ua+s is a'#inistere' an' #ay be transferre'
on+y in the for#s an' accor'ing to the ru+es 6hich are 7ecu+iar to itH

(rtH 3<:
<aysB roa's an' streets of 6hich the State is in chargeB na$igab+e or f+oatab+e ri$ers an' strea#sB
beachesB foreshoreB 7ortsB harboursB anchorages an' genera++y a++ 7arts of French territory 6hich are not
ca7ab+e of 7ri$ate o6nershi7 are 'ee#e' to be 'e7en'encies of the Pub+ic 0o#ainH

114
(rtH 3<6
(++ 7ro7erty 6ithout a c+ai#ant an' a #asterB an' that of 7ri$ate 7ersons 6ho 'ie 6ithout heirs or
6hose successions are aban'one'B be+ong to the Pub+ic 0o#ainH

(rtH 3=8
;he gatesB 6a++sB 'itches an' batt+e#ents of fortifie' 7+aces an' fortressesB are a+so 7art of the
Pub+ic 0o#ainH

(rtH 3=(
It sha++ be +i5e6ise 6ith +an'sB fortifications an' batt+e#ents of 7+aces 6hich are no +onger
fortifie' 7+aces/ they be+ong to the StateB un+ess they ha$e been +a6fu++y transferre'B or o6nershi7 has
been ac)uire' by 7rescri7tion against itH

(rtH 3=-
"o##on 7ro7erty is that to 6hose o6nershi7 or re$enue the inhabitants or one or se$era+
$ommunes ha$e a $este' rightH

(rtH 3=<
One #ay ha$e a right of o6nershi7B or a #ere right of enCoy#entB or on+y +an' ser$ices to be
c+ai#e' on 7ro7ertyH

TITLE II
O O>NER%!IP

Art' 3==
O6nershi7 is the right to enCoy an' 'is7ose of things in the #ost abso+ute #annerB 7ro$i'e' they
are not use' in a 6ay 7rohibite' by statutes or regu+ationsH

(rtH 3=3
*o one #ay be co#7e++e' to yie+' his o6nershi7B un+ess for 7ub+ic 7ur7oses an' for a fair an'
7re$ious in'e#nityH

(rtH 3=)
O6nershi7 of a thingB either #o$ab+e or i##o$ab+eB gi$es a right to e$erything it 7ro'uces an'
to 6hat is accessori+y unite' to itB either natura++y or artificia++yH
;hat right is ca++e' ri6ht of a$$ession.

"@(P;2- I - OF ;@2 -I1@; OF (""2SSIO* ;O <@(; IS P-O0>"20 E ( ;@I*1

(rtH 3=+
*atura+ or cu+tura+ fruit of the +an'I
-e$enuesI
Increase in stoc5B be+ong to the o6ner by right of accessionH

(rtH 3=:
(($t n 60-464 of 1. 3ay 1%60)
Fruit 7ro'uce' by a thing be+ong to the o6ner on+y on con'ition that he re7ays the costs of
7+oughingB 6or5s an' see's incurre' by thir' 7arties an' 6hose $a+ue #ust be assesse' at the 'ate of
re7ay#entH

(rtH 3=6
(($t n 60-464 of 1. 3ay 1%60)
( #ere 7ossessor #a5es fruits his o6n on+y 6here he 7ossesses in goo' faithH If notB he is boun'
to restore the 7ro'ucts 6ith the thing to the o6ner 6ho c+ai#s itI 6here the sai' 7ro'ucts are not foun'
in 5in'B their $a+ue #ust be a77raise' at the 'ate of re7ay#entH

(rtH 338
( 7ossessor is in goo' faith 6here he 7ossesses as o6nerB un'er an instru#ent of transfer of
6hose 'efects he 'oes not 5no6H
@e ceases to be in goo' faith fro# the ti#e those 'efects are 5no6n to hi#H

11%
"@(P;2- II - OF ;@2 -I1@; OF (""2SSIO* ;O <@(; >*I;2S O- I*"O-PO-(;2S I;S23F
<I;@ ( ;@I*1

(rtH 33(
2$erything 6hich unites an' incor7orates itse+f 6ith a thing be+ongs to the o6nerB accor'ing to
the ru+es hereafter +ai' 'o6nH

Se$tion I - Of the +i6ht of 0$$ession +e!atin6 to Immoab!e "hin6s

0rt. 33-
O6nershi7 of the groun' in$o+$es o6nershi7 of 6hat is abo$e an' be+o6 itH
(n o6ner #ay #a5e abo$e a++ the 7+antings an' constructions 6hich he 'ee#s 7ro7erB un+ess
other6ise 7ro$i'e' for in the ;it+e Of Seritudes or <and Seri$es.
@e #ay #a5e be+o6 a++ constructions an' e:ca$ations 6hich he 'ee#s 7ro7er an' 'ra6 fro#
these e:ca$ations a++ the 7ro'ucts 6hich they can gi$eB subCect to the +i#itations resu+ting fro# statutes
an' regu+ations re+ating to #ines an' fro# 7o+ice statutes an' regu+ationsH

(rtH 33<
(++ constructionsB 7+antings an' 6or5s on or insi'e a 7iece of +an' are 7resu#e' #a'e by the
o6nerB at his e:7enses an' be+onging to hi#B un+ess the contrary is 7ro$e'I 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the
o6nershi7B either of an un'ergroun' ga++ery un'er a bui+'ing of anotherB or of any other 7art of the
bui+'ingB 6hich a thir' 7arty #ay ha$e ac)uire' or #ay ac)uire by 7rescri7tion

(rtH 33=
(($t n 60-464 of 1. 3ay 1%60)
(n o6ner of the groun' 6ho #a'e constructionsB 7+antings an' 6or5s 6ith #ateria+s 6hich 'i'
not be+ong to hi#B sha++ 7ay the $a+ue of the#B a77raise' at the 'ate of 7ay#entI he #ay a+so be or'ere'
to 7ay 'a#agesB if there is occasion/ but the o6ner of the #ateria+s #ay not re#o$e the#H

(rtH 333
(($t n 60-464 of 1. 3ay 1%60)
<here 7+antingsB constructions or 6or5s 6ere #a'e by a thir' 7arty an' 6ith #ateria+s
be+onging to the +atterB the o6ner of the tene#ent has the rightB subCect to the 7ro$isions of 7aragra7h 4B
either to 5ee7 the o6nershi7 of the#B or to co#7e+ the thir' 7arty to re#o$e the#H
<here the o6ner of the tene#ent re)uires to ha$e the constructionsB 7+antings or 6or5s
su77resse'B it sha++ be 'one at the e:7ense of the thir' 7artyB an' 6ithout any co#7ensation for hi#I the
thir' 7arty #ay further#ore be or'ere' to 7ay 'a#ages for +oss 6hich the o6ner of the tene#ent #ay
ha$e suffere'H
<here the o6ner of the tene#ent 7refers to 5ee7 o6nershi7 of the constructionsB 7+antings or
6or5sB he #ustB at his choiceB re7ay the thir' 7arty either a su# e)ua+ to that by 6hich the tene#ent has
increase' in $a+ueB or the cost of the #ateria+s an' the 7rice of the +abour a77raise' at the 'ate of
re7ay#entB account being ta5en of the con'ition in 6hich the sai' 7+antingsB constructions or 6or5s are H
<here the 7+antingsB constructions or 6or5s 6ere #a'e by an e$ince' thir' 7arty 6ho 6ou+' not
ha$e been +iab+e to restoring the fruits o6ing to his goo' faithB the o6ner #ay not insist on the
su77ression of the sai' 6or5sB constructions an' 7+antationsB but he has the choice to re7ay the thir'
7arty either of the su#s referre' to in the 7rece'ing 7aragra7hH

(rtH 33)
0e7osits an' accretions 6hich gather successi$e+y an' i#7erce7tib+y in tene#ents on the ban5 of
a ri$er or strea# are ca++e' a!!uion.
(++u$ion benefits to the ri7arian o6nerB 6hether it be a )uestion of a ri$er or of a strea#
na$igab+eB f+oatab+e or notI on con'itionB in the first caseB that he +ea$es a foot7ath or to6ing-7athB in
accor'ance 6ith regu+ationsH

(rtH 33+
;he sa#e ru+e sha++ a77+y to san'ban5s for#e' by running 6ater 6hich 6ith'ra6s insensib+y
fro# one of its ban5s an' 7rocee's onto the other/ the o6ner of the unco$ere' ban5 7rofits fro# the
a++u$ionB 6ithout the ri7arian o6ner of the o77osite si'e being a++o6e' to c+ai# the +an' 6hich he has
+ostH
;hat right 'oes not arise 6ith regar' to foreshoreH

11.
(rtH 33:
(++u$ion 'oes not arise 6ith regar' to +a5es an' 7on'sB 6hose o6ner a+6ays 5ee7s the +an'
co$ere' by the 6ater 6hen it reaches the +e$e+ of the out+et of the 7on'B e$en 6here the $o+u#e of 6ater
'ecreasesH
-eci7roca++yB the o6ner of a 7on' 'oes not ac)uire any right to the ri7arian +an's 6hich its 6ater
ha77ens to co$er 'uring e:traor'inary f+oo'sH

(rtH 336
<here a ri$er or strea#B na$igab+e or notB re#o$es by a su''en 'rift a consi'erab+e an'
recogni=ab+e 7art of a ri7arian fie+' an' carries it to6ar's a +o6er fie+' or to the o77osite ban5B the
o6ner of the 7art re#o$e' #ay c+ai# his 7ro7ertyI but he is co#7e++e' to fi+e his c+ai# 6ithin one year/
after that 7erio'B it 6i++ no +onger be a'#issib+eB un+ess the o6ner of the fie+' to 6hich the 7art re#o$e'
has been Coine' has not yet ta5en 7ossession of itH

(rtH 3)8
Is+an'sB is+etsB 'e7osits 6hich gather in the be's of ri$ers or of na$igab+e or f+oatab+e strea#s
be+ong to the StateB un+ess there is an instru#ent of tit+e or 7rescri7tion to the contraryH

(rtH 3)(
Is+an's an' 'e7osits 6hich gather in strea#s not na$igab+e nor f+oatab+e be+ong to the ri7arian
o6ners on the si'e 6here the is+an' gathere'/ 6here the is+an' has not gathere' on one si'eB it be+ongs
to ri7arian o6ners of both si'esB beginning fro# a +ine su77ose'+y 'ra6n in the #i''+e of the ri$erH

0rt. 3)-
<here a strea# or ri$erB in for#ing a ne6 ar#B cuts off an' surroun's a fie+' of a ri7arian o6ner
an' #a5es an is+an' of itB that o6ner 5ee7s the o6nershi7 of his fie+'B a+though the is+an' gathere' in a
ri$er or a strea# na$igab+e or f+oatab+eH

(rtH 3)<
(($t of ' 0pri! 1'%')
<here a ri$er or a strea# na$igab+e or f+oatab+e for#s a ne6 course by aban'oning its for#er
be'B the ri7arian o6ners #ay ac)uire o6nershi7 of that for#er be'B each one in his o6n right unti+ a +ine
su77ose'+y 'ra6n in the #i''+e of the strea#H ;he 7rice of the for#er be' #ust be fi:e' by e:7erts
a77ointe' by the 7resi'ent of the court of the +ocation of the +an'B on re)uest of the pr)fet of the
d)partement.
<here the ri7arian o6ners fai+ to 'ec+areB 6ithin three #onths of the notice ser$e' u7on the# by
the pr)fetB their intention to 7urchase at the 7rices fi:e' by the e:7ertsB the con$eyance of the ancient
be' #ust be #a'e un'er the ru+es 6hich go$ern a+ienation of the 'o#ain of the StateH
;he 7rocee's of the sa+e sha++ be 'istribute' as a co#7ensation to the o6ners of the tene#ents
fi++e' by the ne6 course in 7ro7ortion to the $a+ue of the groun' ta5en fro# each of the#H

(rtH 3)=
PigeonsB rabbitsB fishes 6hich go to another 7igeon-houseB 6arren or Kstretch of 6ater referre' to
in (rtic+es 432 an' 433 F 3H 231-. an' 3H 231-7G of the -ura+ "o'eK (0$t n '4-&12 of 2% *une 1%'4)B
be+ong to the o6ner of these thingsB 7ro$i'e' that they 6ere not attracte' by frau' or gui+eH

Se$tion II - Of the +i6ht of 0$$ession +e!atin6 to 3oab!e "hin6s

(rtH 3)3

<here the right of accession a77+ies to t6o #o$ab+e things be+onging to t6o 'ifferent #astersB it
'e7en's entire+y on the 7rinci7+es of natura+ e)uityH
;he fo++o6ing ru+es 6i++ ser$e as e:a#7+es to the Cu'ge to #a5e u7 his #in'B in unforeseen
situationsB accor'ing to the circu#stances of the caseH

(rtH 3))
(($t n 60-464 of 1. 3ay 1%60)
<here t6o things be+onging to 'ifferent #astersB 6hich ha$e been so Coine' as to for# one
6ho+eB are ne$erthe+ess se7arab+eB so that one #ay subsist 6ithout the otherB the 6ho+e be+ongs to the
#aster of the thing 6hich for#s the #ain 7artB subCect to the ob+igation of 7aying to the other the $a+ueB
a77raise' at the 'ate of 7ay#entB of the thing 6hich has been Co7ine'H
117
(rtH 3)+
;he 7art to 6hich the other has been Coine' on+y for the useB orna#entation or co#7+etion of the
first is 'ee#e' the #ain 7artH

(rtH 3):
<hereB ho6e$erB the thing Coine' is of #uch #ore $a+ue than the #ain thing an' 6here it 6as
use' 6ithout the 5no6+e'ge of the o6nerB the +atter #ay re)uest that the thing Coine' be se7arate' in
or'er to be returne' to hi#B e$en 6here there #ay resu+t so#e 'eterioration of the thing to 6hich it has
been Coine'H

(rtH 3)6
<here of t6o things Coine' to for# one 6ho+eB one cannot be consi'ere' as the accessory of the
otherB that one is 'ee#e' the #ain 6hich has the greater $a+ueB or the greater $o+u#e 6here the $a+ues
are a77ro:i#ate+y e)ua+H

(rtH 3+8
(($t n 60-464 of 1. 3ay 1%60)
<here a crafts#an or any 7erson 6hate$er has use' #ateria+ 6hich 'i' not be+ong to hi# to
#a5e a thing of a ne6 5in'B 6hether the #ateria+ can resu#e its origina+ for# or notB he 6ho 6as the
o6ner of it has the right to c+ai# the thing #a'e out of it by re7aying the 7rice of the +abour a77raise' at
the 'ate of re7ay#entH

(rtH 3+(
(($t n 60-464 of 1. 3ay 1%60)
<here ho6e$er the +abour 6as so i#7ortant that it great+y e:cee's the $a+ue of the #ateria+ use'B
the ser$ice 6i++ then be 'ee#e' the #ain 7art an' the 6or5#an has the right to 5ee7 the thing 6roughtB
by re7aying the o6ner the $a+ue of the #ateria+B a77raise' at the 'ate of re7ay#entH

(rtH 3+-
(($t n 60-464 of 1. 3ay 1%60)
<here a 7erson has 7art+y use' #ateria+ 6hich be+onge' to hi# an' 7art+y #ateria+ 6hich 'i'
not be+ong to hi# to #a5e a thing of a ne6 5in'B 6ithout either of the t6o #ateria+s being entire+y
'estroye'B but in such a 6ay that they cannot be se7arate' 6ithout incon$enienceB the thing is co##on
to the t6o o6nersB as to oneB on account of the #ateria+ 6hich be+onge' to hi#B an' as to the otherB on
account both of the #ateria+ 6hich be+onge' to hi# an' of the 7rice of his +abourH ;he 7rice of the
+abour #ust be a77raise' at the 'ate of the auction sa+e 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e %7%H

(rtH 3+<
<here a thing has been for#e' by a #ing+ing of se$era+ #ateria+s be+onging to 'ifferent o6nersB
of 6hich none ho6e$er can be consi'ere' as the #ain #ateria+B if the #ateria+s can be se7arate'B he
6ithout 6hose 5no6+e'ge the #ateria+s ha$e been #ing+e' #ay re)uest that they be se7arate'H
<here the #ateria+s can no +onger be se7arate' 6ithout incon$enienceB they ac)uire o6nershi7
of the# in co##onB in 7ro7ortion to the )uantityB the )ua+ity an' the $a+ue of the #ateria+s be+onging to
each of the#H

(rtH 3+=
(($t n 60-464 of 1. 3ay 1%60)
<here the #ateria+ be+onging to one of the o6ners 6as far su7erior to the other in )uantity an'
7riceB then the o6ner of the #ateria+ su7erior in $a+ue #ay re)uest the thing resu+ting fro# the #ing+ingB
by re7aying the other the $a+ue of his #ateria+B a77raise' at the 'ate of re7ay#entH

(rtH 3+3

<here a thing re#ains in co##on bet6een the o6ners of the #ateria+s fro# 6hich it has been
#a'eB it #ust be so+' by auction for their co##on benefitH

(rtH 3+)
(($t n 60-464 of 1. 3ay 1%60)
In a++ cases 6here the o6ner 6hose #ateria+ 6as use' 6ithout his 5no6+e'ge to #a5e a thing of
a 'ifferent 5in' #ay c+ai# o6nershi7 of that thingB he has the choice of re)uesting restitution of his
118
#ateria+ in the sa#e 5in'B )uantityB 6eightB #easure an' goo' )ua+ityB or its $a+ue a77raise' at the 'ate
of restitutionH

(rtH 3++
;hose 6ho ha$e #a'e use of #ateria+s be+onging to othersB an' 6ithout their 5no6+e'geB #ay
a+so be or'ere' to 7ay 'a#agesB if there is occasionB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to cri#ina+ 7rosecutionB if nee'
beH


TITLE III
O "%"R"CT$ O "%E AND O !A#ITATION

"@(P;2- I - OF >S>F->";

(rtH 3+:
>sufruct is the right to enCoy things of 6hich another has o6nershi7 in the sa#e #anner as the
o6ner hi#se+fB but on con'ition that their substance be 7reser$e'H

(rtH 3+6
>sufruct is estab+ishe' by +a6 or by a 7erson?s 6ishH

(rtH 3:8
>sufruct #ay be estab+ishe' outrightB or at a certain 'ateB or con'itiona++yH

(rtH 3:(
It #ay be estab+ishe' on any 5in' of #o$ab+e an' i##o$ab+e 7ro7ertyH

Se$tion I - Of the +i6hts of a Ksufru$tuary

0rt. 3:-
( usufructuary has the right to enCoy a++ 5in's of fruitsB either natura+ or cu+tura+B or re$enuesB
6hich the thing of 6hich he has the usufruct can 7ro'uceH

(rtH 3:<
*atura+ fruits are those 6hich are the s7ontaneous 7ro'uct of the earthH ;he 7ro'uce an' increase
of ani#a+s are a+so natura+ fruitsH
"u+tura+ fruits of a tene#ent are those 6hich are obtaine' by cu+ti$ationH

(rtH 3:=
-e$enues are rents of housesB interests on su#s 'ueB arrears of annuitiesH
Prices of far#ing +eases are a+so inc+u'e' in the c+ass of re$enuesH

(rtH 3:3
*atura+ an' cu+tura+ fruitsB hanging fro# branches or roots 6hen a usufruct beginsB be+ong to the
usufructuaryH
;hose 6hich are in the sa#e con'ition 6hen the usufruct co#es to an en'B be+ong to the o6nerB
6ithout co#7ensation on either si'e for 7+oughing an' see'sB but a+so 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the 7ortion of
the fruits 6hich #ay be ac)uire' by a tenant 7aying rent in 5in' 6ho #ay be there at the beginning or at
the ter#ination of the usufructH

(rtH 3:)
-e$enues are 'ee#e' to be ac)uire' 'ay by 'ayB an' be+ong to the usufructuary in 7ro7ortion to
the 'uration of his usufructH ;his ru+e sha++ a77+y to 7rocee's of far#ing +easesB as 6e++ as to rents of
houses an' other re$enuesH

(rtH 3:+
(($t n 60-464 of 1. 3ay 1%60)
<here a usufruct inc+u'es things 6hich cannot be use' 6ithout being consu#e'B such as #oneyB
grainB +i)uorsB a usufructuary has the right to use the#B but 6ith the res7onsibi+ity of returningB at the en'
of the usufructB either things of the sa#e )uantity an' )ua+ity or their $a+ue a77raise' at the ti#e of
restitutionH
11!
(rtH 3::
( usufruct of a +ife annuity a+so gi$es the usufructuaryB 'uring the 'uration of his usufructB the
right to co++ect arrearages of itB 6ithout being +iab+e to any restitutionH

(rtH 3:6
<here a usufruct inc+u'es things 6hichB 6ithout being consu#e' at onceB 'eteriorate gra'ua++yB
such as c+othes or furnishing #o$ab+esB the usufructuary has the right to #a5e use of the# for the use to
6hich they are inten'e' an' is on+y boun' to return the# at the en' of the usufruct in the con'ition in
6hich they areB not 'eteriorate' through his intentiona+ 6rong or fau+tH

(rtH 368

<here a usufruct inc+u'es un'er6oo'B a usufructuary is boun' to res7ect the or'er an' )uota of
cuttingsB in accor'ance 6ith the 7arce++ing or the unifor# usage of the o6nersI 6ithout ho6e$er
co#7ensation in fa$our of the usufructuary or of his heirsB for or'inary cuttingsB either of co77iceB or of
sta''+esB or of forest trees that 6ere not 'one 'uring his enCoy#entH
;rees 6hich can be re#o$e' fro# a tree nursery 6ithout 'a#aging itB for# 7art of a usufruct
on+y on con'ition for the usufructuary of co#7+ying 6ith the usages of the 7+ace in re7+acing the#H

(rtH 36(
( usufructuary a+so benefitsB a+6ays by obser$ing the 7erio's an' usages of the for#er o6nersB
by the 7arts of 6oo's of ti#ber trees in 6hich 7erio'ica+ cuttings are #a'eB 6hether those cuttings are
#a'e 7erio'ica++y o$er a certain e:tent of +an'B or 6hether they are #a'e of a certain )uantity of trees
ta5en in'iscri#inate+y o$er the 6ho+e surface of the 7ro7ertyH

(rtH 36-
In a++ other casesB a usufructuary #ay not interfere 6ith 6oo's of ti#ber trees/ he #ay on+y use
the trees 6hich ha$e been u7roote' or bro5en by acci'ent to #a5e the re7airs 6hich he is boun' to
#a5eI he #ay e$en for that 7ur7ose ha$e trees cut 'o6nB if necessaryB 7ro$i'e' the necessity of so 'oing
is ascertaine' 6ith the o6nerH

(rtH 36<
@e #ay ta5e $ine 7ro7s in the 6oo'sI he #ay a+so ta5e annua+ or 7erio'ica+ 7ro'ucts fro# the
treesI a++ of 6hich being 'one accor'ing to the usage of the country or the custo# of the o6nersH

(rtH 36=
Fruit trees 6hich 'ieB e$en those 6hich are u7roote' or bro5en by acci'entB be+ong to the
usufructuaryB subCect to the con'ition of re7+acing the# by othersH

(rtH 363
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
( usufructuary #ay enCoy by hi#se+fB gi$e on +ease to anotherB e$en se++ or transfer his right
gratuitous+yH
3eases that a usufructuary #a'e a+one for a 7erio' e:cee'ing nine years areB in case of
ter#ination of the usufructB bin'ing 6ith regar' to the bare-o6ner on+y for the ti#e re#aining to runB
either of the first 7erio' of nine years 6here the 7arties are sti++ in itB or of the secon' 7erio'B an' so on
in or'er that the +essee has on+y the right to conc+u'e the enCoy#ent of the 7erio' of nine years in 6hich
he isH
3eases of nine years or un'er 6hich an usufructuary a+one #a5es or rene6s #ore than three
years before ter#ination of a current +ease 6here it re+ates to rura+ 7ro7ertyB or #ore than t6o years
before the sa#e ti#e 6here it re+ates to housesB are 6ithout effectB un+ess their 7erfor#ance began
before ter#ination of the usufructH
( usufructuary #ay notB 6ithout the assistance of the bare-o6nerB gi$e on +ease a rura+ tene#ent
or an i##o$ab+e inten'e' for co##ercia+B in'ustria+ or craft useH Fai+ing assent of the bare-o6nerB a
usufructuary #ay be authori=e' by a court to 'o that transaction a+oneH

(rtH 36)
( usufructuary enCoys the increase resu+ting fro# a++u$ion to the thing of 6hich he has the
usufructH

(rtH 36+
120
@e enCoys the rights of ser$itu'eB of 6ay an' genera++y a++ rights 6hich an o6ner #ay enCoyB an'
he enCoys the# in the sa#e 6ay as the o6ner hi#se+fH

(rtH 36:
@e a+so enCoysB in the sa#e 6ay as the o6nerB #ines an' )uarries 6hich are being 6or5e' 6hen
the usufruct beginsI 6hereB ho6e$erB a 6or5ing 6hich #ay not be carrie' on 6ithout a concession is
concerne'B a usufructuary #ay enCoy it on+y after gaining 7er#ission fro# the Presi'ent of the -e7ub+icH
@e has no right to #ines an' )uarries not yet o7ene'B or to 7eat bogs 6hose 6or5ing has not yet
begunB or to a treasure-tro$e 6hich #ay be 'isco$ere' 'uring the 'uration of the usufructH

(rtH 366
(n o6ner #ay notB by his acts or in any #anner 6hatsoe$erB inCure the rights of a usufructuaryH
On his 7artB a usufructuary #ay notB on ter#ination of the usufructB c+ai# any co#7ensation for
the i#7ro$e#ents 6hich he asserts to ha$e #a'eB e$en though the $a+ue of the thing has been increase'
therebyH
@e or his heirs #ay ho6e$er re#o$e #irrorsB 7ictures an' other orna#ents 6hich he #ay ha$e
set u7B but 7ro$i'e' he restores the 7re#ises to their for#er con'itionH

Se$tion II - Of the Ob!i6ations of a Ksufru$tuary

0rt. )88
( usufructuary ta5es things in the con'ition in 6hich they areI but he #ay enter into enCoy#ent
on+y after ha$ing an in$entory of the #o$ab+es an' a state#ent as to the i##o$ab+es subCect to the
usufruct 'ra6n u7B the o6ner being 7resent or he ha$ing been 'u+y su##one'H

(rtH )8(
@e sha++ gi$e security to enCoy as a 7ru'ent a'#inistratorB un+ess he is 'is7ense' 6ith by the
instru#ent creating the usufructI ho6e$erB the father an' #other 6ho ha$e the +ega+ usufruct of their
chi+'ren?s 7ro7ertyB a se++er or 'onor 6ho reser$e' the usufructB are not ob+ige' to gi$e securityH

(rtH )8-
<here a usufructuary 'oes not fin' a securityB the i##o$ab+es sha++ be gi$en on +ease or
se)uestere'I
Su#s inc+u'e' in the usufruct sha++ be in$este'I
"o##o'ities sha++ be so+' an' the 7rocee's arising out of it sha++ be +i5e6ise in$este'I
;he interest on those su#s an' the 7rocee's of +eases sha++ be+ong in that case to the
usufructuaryH

(rtH )8<
Fai+ing a security on the 7art of a usufructuaryB an o6ner #ay 'e#an' that #o$ab+es 6hich fa++
into 'ecay through use be so+'B an' the 7rocee's in$este' +i5e that of co##o'itiesI the usufructuary
sha++ then enCoy the interest 'uring his usufruct/ ho6e$erB a usufructuary #ay re)uestB an' the Cu'ges
#ay or'erB accor'ing to the circu#stancesB that a 7art of the #o$ab+es necessary for his use be +eft to
hi#B on his o6n #ere guarantee gi$en on oathB an' subCect to the con'ition of 7resenting the# again on
ter#ination of the usufructH

(rtH )8=
0e+ay in gi$ing security 'oes not 'e7ri$e a usufructuary of the fruits to 6hich he #ay be
entit+e'/ they are o6e' to hi# fro# the ti#e 6hen the usufruct beganH

(rtH )83
( usufructuary is on+y boun' to re7airs of #aintenanceH
&aCor re7airs re#ain the res7onsibi+ity of the o6nerB un+ess they 6ere occasione' by the +ac5 of
re7airs of #aintenance since the beginning of the usufructI in 6hich case the usufructuary is a+so +iab+e
for the#H

(rtH )8)
&aCor re7airs are those to #ain 6a++s an' $au+tsB the restoring of bea#s an' of entire co$eringsI
;hat of 'a#sB breast 6a++s an' enc+osing 6a++s a+so in entiretyH
(++ other re7airs are of #aintenanceH

121
(rtH )8+
*either an o6ner nor a usufructuary are boun' to rebui+' 6hat has fa++en fro# 'ecay or has been
'estroye' by a fortuitous e$entH

(rtH )8:
( usufructuary is +iab+e 'uring his enCoy#ent for a++ the annua+ charges u7on the 7ro7ertyB such
as ta:es an' others 6hichB accor'ing to usageB are 'ee#e' to be charges on the fruitsH

(rtH )86
(s to charges that #ay be i#7ose' u7on the o6nershi7 for the 'uration of the usufructB an o6ner
an' a usufructuary contribute to the# as fo++o6s/
;he o6ner is boun' to 7ay the# an' the usufructuary #ust account to hi# for interestI
<here they are a'$ance' by the usufructuaryB he #ay c+ai# the ca7ita+ at the en' of the usufructH

(rtH )(8
( +egacyB #a'e by a testatorB of a +ife annuity or of 7erio'ica+ 7ay#entsB #ust be 7ai' 6ho++y by
the uni$ersa+ +egatee of the usufructB an' by a +egatee by uni$ersa+ tit+e of the usufruct in 7ro7ortion to
his enCoy#entB 6ithout any c+ai#ing bac5 on their 7artH

(rtH )((
( s7ecific usufructuary is not +iab+e for 'ebts for 6hich the tene#ent is #ortgage'/ 6here he is
co#7e++e' to 7ay the#B he has a re#e'y against the o6nerB subCect to 6hat is 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e
1020 in the ;it+e Of Bifts Inter Cios and of Fi!!s.

0rt. )(-
( usufructuaryB either uni$ersa+B or by uni$ersa+ tit+eB sha++ contribute 6ith the o6ner to the
7ay#ent of 'ebts as fo++o6s/
;he $a+ue of the tene#ent subCect to usufruct sha++ be a77raise'I the contribution to the 'ebts
sha++ be then fi:e'B in accor'ance 6ith that $a+ueH
<here a usufructuary 6ishes to a'$ance the su# for 6hich the tene#ent is +iab+eB the ca7ita+
sha++ be restore' to hi# at the en' of the usufructB 6ithout any interestH
<here a usufructuary 'oes not 6ish to #a5e that a'$anceB the o6ner has the choice either to 7ay
that su#B in 6hich case the usufructuary sha++ account to hi# for interest 'uring the 'uration of the
usufructB or to ha$e a 7ortion of the 7ro7erty subCect to the usufruct so+' to the e:tent of the a#ount 'ueH

(rtH )(<
( usufructuary is ob+ige' to 7ay on+y the costs of the suits re+ating to enCoy#ent an' of the other
or'ers to 6hich those suits #ay gi$e riseH

(rtH )(=
<here 'uring the 'uration of an usufruct a thir' 7arty co##its any encroach#ent u7on the
tene#entB or interferes in any other 6ay 6ith the rights of the o6nerB the usufructuary is boun' to notify
the +atter thereofI fai+ing 6hichB he is +iab+e for a++ +oss 6hich #ay resu+t fro# it to the o6nerB as he
6ou+' be for 'i+a7i'ations co##itte' by hi#se+fH

(rtH )(3
<here an usufruct is estab+ishe' on+y o$er an ani#a+ 6hich ha77ens to 'ie 6ithout the fau+t of
the usufructuaryB the +atter is not boun' to return another oneB or to 7ay an a77raisa+ of itH

(rtH )()
(($t n 60-464 of 1. 3ay 1%60)
<here a her' u7on 6hich a usufruct 6as estab+ishe' 7erishes entire+y by acci'ent or 'isease an'
6ithout the fau+t of the usufructuaryB the +atter is boun' to account to the o6ner on+y for the s5insB or of
their $a+ue a77raise' at the 'ate of restitutionH
<here the her' 'oes not 7erish entire+yB the usufructuary is boun' to re7+ace the hea's of the
ani#a+s that ha$e 7erishe'B to the e:tent of the increase in stoc5H

Se$tion III - Of the 3anner in #hi$h a Ksufru$t $omes to an ;nd

(rtH )(+
( usufruct is e:tinguishe'/
122
y the natura+ Frepea!ed by imp!i$ationG 'eath of the usufructuaryI
y the e:7iry of the ti#e for 6hich it 6as grante'I
y the conso+i'ation or $esting in the sa#e 7erson of the t6o ca7acities of usufructuary an' of
o6nerI
y non-user of the right 'uring thirty yearsI
y the tota+ +oss of the thing u7on 6hich the usufruct 6as estab+ishe'H

(rtH )(:
>sufruct #ay a+so cease through abuse 6hich a usufructuary #a5es of his enCoy#entB either by
co##itting 'i+a7i'ations u7on the tene#entB or by a++o6ing it to 'ecay for 6ant of #aintenanceH
"re'itors of a usufructuary #ay inter$ene in contro$ersiesB for the 7reser$ation of their rightsI
they #ay offer to re7air the 'i+a7i'ations co##itte' an' to gi$e guarantees for the futureH
4u'ges #ayB accor'ing to the seriousness of the circu#stancesB or'er either the abso+ute
e:tinguish#ent of the usufructB or the re-entry of the o6ner into the enCoy#ent of the thing subCect
theretoB 7ro$i'e' that he 7ays annua++y to the usufructuaryB or to his assignsB a fi:e' su#B u7 to the ti#e
6hen the usufruct shou+' ha$e cease'H

(rtH )(6
( usufruct 6hich is not grante' to 7ri$ate in'i$i'ua+s #ay +ast on+y thirty yearsH

(rtH )-8
( usufruct grante' unti+ a thir' 7arty reaches a fi:e' age +asts unti+ that ti#eB e$en though the thir' 7arty
'ies before the fi:e' ageH

(rtH )-(
;he sa+e of a thing subCect to usufruct in$o+$es no change in the right of the usufructuaryI he
continues to enCoy his usufruct un+ess he has for#a++y 6ai$e' itH

(rtH )--
"re'itors of a usufructuary #ay ha$e a 6ai$er annu++e'B 6here it 6as 7reCu'icia+ to the#H

(rtH )-<
<here a 7art on+y of a thing subCect to usufruct is 'estroye'B usufruct is 7reser$e' on 6hat
re#ainsH

(rtH )-=
<here a usufruct is estab+ishe' on+y on a bui+'ingB an' that bui+'ing is 'estroye' by fire or other
acci'entB or co++a7ses fro# 'ecayB the usufructuary #ay not ha$e the right to enCoy the groun' or the
#ateria+sH
<here the usufruct 6as estab+ishe' on an area of 6hich the bui+'ing 6as a 7artB the usufructuary
enCoys the groun' an' the #ateria+sH

"@(P;2- II - OF >S2 (*0 OF @(I;(;IO*

(rtH )-3
-ights of use an' habitation are estab+ishe' an' +ost in the sa#e #anner as usufructH

(rtH )-)
;hey #ay not be enCoye' un+ess security has been 7re$ious+y gi$enB an' state#ents an'
in$entories #a'eB as in the case of usufructH

(rtH )-+
( user an' a 7erson ha$ing a right of habitation sha++ enCoy +i5e 7ru'ent a'#inistratorsH

(rtH )-:
-ights of use an' of habitation are regu+ate' by the instru#ents 6hich ha$e estab+ishe' the# an'
are #ore or +ess e:tensi$eB 'e7en'ing u7on their 7ro$isionsH

(rtH )-6
<here an instru#ent 'oes not #a5e c+ear the e:tent of these rightsB they sha++ be regu+ate' as
fo++o6sH
123

(rtH )<8
( 7erson 6ho has the use of the fruits of a tene#ent #ay on+y 'e#an' 6hat is necessary for his
nee's an' those of his fa#i+yH
@e #ay 'e#an' the# e$en for the nee's of chi+'ren arri$e' since the granting of the useH

(rtH )<(
( user #ay neither transfer nor +ease his right to another 7ersonH

(rtH )<-
@e 6ho has a right of habitation in a houseB #ay +i$e there 6ith his fa#i+yB e$en though he 6as
not #arrie' at the ti#e 6hen that right 6as grante' to hi#H

(rtH )<<
( right of habitation is restricte' to 6hat is necessary for the habitation of the 7erson to 6ho#
that right is grante'B an' of his fa#i+yH

(rtH )<=
( right of habitation #ay not be transferre' or +ease'H

(rtH )<3
<here an user ta5es a++ the fruits of a tene#entB or occu7ies the 6ho+e of a houseB he is subCecte'
to the e:7enses of cu+ti$ationB re7airs of #aintenance an' 7ay#ent of ta:esB +i5e a usufructuaryH
<here he ta5es on+y a 7art of the fruits or occu7ies on+y a 7art of a houseB he sha++ contribute in
7ro7ortion to 6hat he enCoysH

(rtH )<)
>se of 6oo's an' forests is regu+ate' by a s7ecific +egis+ationH

TITLE IV
O %ERVIT"DE% OR LAND %ERVICE%

Art' )<+
( ser$itu'e is a charge i#7ose' on an i##o$ab+e for the use an' uti+ity of another i##o$ab+e
be+onging to another o6nerH

(rtH )<:
( ser$itu'e #ay not estab+ish any 7re-e#inence of an i##o$ab+e o$er the otherH

(rtH )<6
It resu+ts either fro# the natura+ +ocation of the 7re#isesB or fro# ob+igations i#7ose' by statuteB
or fro# agree#ents bet6een o6nersH

"@(P;2- I - OF ;@2 S2-8I;>02S O-I1I*(;I*1 F-O& ;@2 SI;>(;IO* OF ;@2 P-2&IS2S

(rtH )=8
3o6er tene#ents are subCecte' to those 6hich are higherB to recei$e 6aters 6hich f+o6 natura++y
fro# the# 6ithout the han' of #an ha$ing contribute' theretoH
( +o6er o6ner #ay not raise 'a#s 6hich 7re$ent that f+o6H
(n u77er o6ner #ay not 'o anything that 6orsens the ser$itu'e of the +o6er tene#entH

(rtH )=(
(($t of ' 0pri! 1'%')
(n o6ner has the right to use an' 'is7ose of rain6ater 6hich fa++s on his tene#entH
<here the use of those 6aters or the course gi$en to the# 6orsens the natura+ ser$itu'e of f+o6
estab+ishe' by (rtic+e .40B a co#7ensation is 'ue to the o6ner of the +o6er tene#entH
;he sa#e 7ro$ision sha++ a77+y to s7ring 6aters originating on a tene#entH
<hereB by borings or subterranean 6or5sB an o6ner causes 6aters to rise fro# his tene#entB the
o6ners of +o6er tene#ents #ust recei$e the#I but they are entit+e' to co#7ensation in case of +oss
resu+ting fro# their f+o6H
124
@ousesB courtsB gar'ensB 7ar5s an' enc+osures a'Coining '6e++ings #ay not be subCecte' to any
6orsening of the ser$itu'e of f+o6 in the cases 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing 7aragra7hsH
"ontro$ersies 6hich the estab+ish#ent an' e:ercise of the ser$itu'es 7ro$i'e' for by these
7aragra7hs #ay gi$e rise toB an' the sett+e#entB if anyB of the co#7ensations 'ue to the o6ners of +o6er
tene#entsB #ust be broughtB subCect to re$ie6B before the Cu'ge of the tribuna! d1instan$e of the $anton
6hoB in his Cu'g#ent #ust reconci+e the interests of agricu+ture an' in'ustry 6ith the res7ect 'ue to
o6nershi7H
If there is occasion for an a77raise#entB one e:7ert on+y #ay be a77ointe'

(rtH )=-
(($t of ' 0pri! 1'%')
( 7erson 6ho has a s7ring on his tene#ent #ay a+6ays use the 6ater on his 6ishesB 6ithin the
+i#its an' for the nee's of his 7ro7ertyH
(n o6ner of a s7ring #ay no +onger use it to the 'etri#ent of the o6ners of the +o6er tene#ents
6hoB for #ore than thirty yearsB ha$e #a'e an' co#7+ete'B on the tene#ent 6here the 6ater s7ringsB
a77arent an' 7er#anent 6or5s inten'e' to use the 6aters an' faci+itating their 7assage 6ithin their
7ro7ertyH
*or #ay he use the# so as to 'e7ri$e the inhabitants of a $ommuneB $i++age or ha#+etB of the
6ater 6hich is necessary to the#I but 6here the inhabitants ha$e not ac)uire' or 7rescribe' the useB the
o6ner #ay c+ai# a co#7ensation 6hich sha++ be fi:e' by e:7ertsH

(rtH )=<
(($t of ' 0pri! 1'%')
<hereB as soon as they +ea$e the tene#ent 6here they s7out outB s7ring 6aters for# a
6atercourse 7resenting the nature of 7ub+ic an' running 6atersB the o6ner #ay not 'i$ert the# fro#
their natura+ courseB to the 'etri#ent of +o6er usersH

(rtH )==
( 7erson 6hose 7ro7erty bor'ers running 6ater other than that 6hich is 'ec+are' a 'e7en'ency
of the Pub+ic 0o#ain by (rtic+e %38 in the ;it+e Of 8ifferent Einds of Property( #ay use it as it f+o6s for
irrigating his 7ro7ertyH
( 7erson through 6hose 7ro7erty that 6ater f+o6s #ay e$en use it o$er the inter$a+ it runs
through itB 7ro$i'e' he returns it to its or'inary course 6hen it +ea$es his tene#entsH

(rtH )=3
<here a contro$ersy arises bet6een o6ners to 6ho# those 6aters #ay be usefu+B the courtsB in
their 'ecisionsB #ust reconci+e the interests of agricu+ture 6ith the res7ect 'ue to o6nershi7I an'B in a++
casesB the s7ecia+ an' +oca+ regu+ations on the course an' use of 6aters #ust be co#7+ie' 6ithH

(rtH )=)
(ny o6ner #ay co#7e+ his neighbour to a setting of boun'aries of their contiguous tene#entsH
Setting boun'aries sha++ be 'one at co##on e:7enseH

(rtH )=+
(n o6ner #ay enc+ose his 7ro7ertyB subCect to the e:ce7tion +ai' 'o6n in (rtic+e .82H

(rtH )=:
(n o6ner 6ho 6ishes to be enc+ose' +oses his right to co##onage an' free 7astureB in
7ro7ortion to the +an' that he so 6ith'ra6sH

"@(P;2- II - OF ;@2 S2-8I;>02S 2S;(3IS@20 E S;(;>;2

(rtH )=6
Ser$itu'es estab+ishe' by statute are for the 7ur7ose of 7ub+ic or co##una+ uti+ityB or of the
uti+ity of 7ri$ate in'i$i'ua+sH

(rtH )38
;hose estab+ishe' for 7ub+ic or co##una+ uti+ity ha$e as their subCects to6ing-7aths a+ong
na$igab+e or f+oatab+e strea#sB the #a5ing or re7airing of roa's an' of other 7ub+ic or #unici7a+ 6or5sH
(++ that re+ates to that 5in' of ser$itu'es is 7rescribe' by statutes or s7ecific regu+ationsH

12%
(rtH )3(
;he +a6 subCects o6ners to $arious ob+igations to6ar's each otherB in'e7en'ent of any
agree#entH

(rtH )3-
Part of those ob+igations are regu+ate' by statutes on rura+ 7o+iceI
;he others re+ate to 7arty 6a++s an' co##on 'itchesB to cases in 6hich an outer 6a++ is necessaryB
to $ie6s o$er the 7ro7erty of a neighbourB to ea$es an' to right of 6ayH

Se$tion I - Of Party Fa!!s and Common 8it$hes

0rt. )3<
In cities an' in the countryB any 6a++ ser$ing as se7aration bet6een bui+'ings u7 to the 7oint of
'isCunctionB or bet6een courtyar's an' gar'ensB an' e$en bet6een enc+osures in fie+'sB is 'ee#e' to be a
7arty 6a++B un+ess there is an instru#ent of tit+e or an in'ication to the contraryH
(rtH )3=
;here is an in'ication of a non-7arty 6a++ 6here the to7 of a 6a++ is straight an' 7er7en'icu+ar
fro# its facing on one si'e an' sho6s an inc+ine' 7+ane on the otherI
2$en 6here there is on one si'e on+y either a co7ing or stone fi++ets an' corbe+s 6hich 6ere
7+ace' there in bui+'ing the 6a++H
In such casesB a 6a++ is 'ee#e' to be+ong e:c+usi$e+y to the o6ner on 6hose si'e the ea$es or
stone corbe+s an' fi++ets areH

(rtH )33
-e7airing an' reconstruction of a 7arty 6a++ #ust be borne by a++ those 6ho ha$e a right to itB
an' in 7ro7ortion to the right of eachH

(rtH )3)
@o6e$erB any co-o6ner of a 7arty 6a++ #ay e:cuse hi#se+f fro# contributing to re7airing an'
reconstructing by 6ai$ing the right in co##onB 7ro$i'e' the 7arty 6a++ 'oes not su77ort a bui+'ing
6hich be+ongs to hi#H

(rtH )3+
( co-o6ner #ay bui+' against a 7arty 6a++B an' 7+ace there bea#s or Coists through the 6ho+e
thic5ness of the 6a++B #ore or +ess fifty-four #i++i#etresB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to a neighbour?s right to ha$e
the bea# shortene' 6ith a chise+ 'o6n to ha+f of the 6a++B 6here he hi#se+f 6ishes to +ay bea#s in the
sa#e 7+aceB or to bac5 a chi#ney against itH

(rtH )3:
(($t n 60-464 of 1. 3ay 1%60)
( co-o6ner #ay ha$e a 7arty 6a++ raise'I but he #ust 7ay a+one the e:7ense of the raising an' of
the re7airs of #aintenance abo$e the height of the co##on enc+osureI he #ust a+so 7ay a+one the costs
of #aintenance of the co##on 7art of the 6a++ 'ue to the raising an' re7ay to the neighbouring o6ner
a++ the e:7enses #a'e necessary for the +atter by the raisingH

(rtH )36
<here a 7arty 6a++ is not in a con'ition to su77ort a raisingB the 7erson 6ishing to raise it #ust
ha$e it entire+y rebui+t at his o6n e:7enseB an' the thic5ness in e:cess #ust be ta5en on his si'eH

(rtH ))8
(($t n 60-464 of 1. 3ay 1%60)
( neighbour 6ho 'i' not contribute to a raising #ay ac)uire rights in co##on on it by 7aying
one-ha+f of the e:7ense it has cost an' the $a+ue of one-ha+f of the groun' su77+ie' for the a''itiona+
thic5nessB if there is anyH ;he e:7ense that the raising has cost #ust be a77raise' at the 'ate of
ac)uisitionB account being ta5en of the con'ition in 6hich the raise' 7art of the 6a++ isH

(rtH ))(
(($t n 60-464 of 1. 3ay 1%60)
(n o6ner a'Coining a 6a++ #ay #a5e it a 7arty 6a++ in 6ho+e or in 7art by re7aying to the #aster
of the 6a++ ha+f the e:7ense 6hich it has costB or ha+f the e:7ense 6hich the 7art of the 6a++ 6hich he
6ishes to #a5e a 7arty 6a++ has cost an' ha+f the $a+ue of the groun' on 6hich the 6a++ 6as bui+tH ;he
12.
e:7ense 6hich the 6a++ has cost #ust be a77raise' at the 'ate of ac)uisition of rights in co##on on itB
account being ta5en of the con'ition in 6hich it isH

(rtH ))-
( neighbour #ay not #a5e a recess in a 7arty 6a++ or a77+y or bui+' u7 a 6or5 on it 6ithout the
consent of the otherB orB on his refusa+B 6ithout ha$ing ha' e:7erts 'eter#ine the necessary ste7s in or'er
that the ne6 6or5 be not 'etri#enta+ to the other?s rightsH

(rtH ))<
In cities an' suburbsB e$eryone #ay co#7e+ his neighbour to contribute to the constructions an'
re7airs of an enc+osure se7arating their housesB court-yar's an' gar'ens situate' in those cities an'
suburbs/ the height of the enc+osure sha++ be fi:e' accor'ing to s7ecific regu+ations or unifor# an'
recogni=e' usages an'B fai+ing usages an' regu+ationsB a 'i$i'ing 6a++ bet6een neighboursB 6hich 6i++
be constructe' or restore' in the futureB sha++ be at +east thirty-t6o 'eci#etres highB inc+u'ing the co7ingB
in cities of fifty thousan' sou+s an' #oreB an' t6enty-si: 'eci#etres in the othersH

(rtH ))= Frepea!edG

(rtH ))3
<here a 7arty 6a++ or a house is rebui+tB acti$e an' 7assi$e ser$itu'es continue 6ith regar' to the
ne6 6a++ or the ne6 houseB 6ithoutB ho6e$erB their being a++o6e' to beco#e #ore bur'enso#eB an'
7ro$i'e' rebui+'ing is #a'e before 7rescri7tion is ac)uire'H

(rtH )))
(($t of 20 0u6. 1''1)
2$ery enc+osure se7arating tene#ents is 'ee#e' to be he+' in co##onB un+ess there is on+y one
7ro7erty actua++y enc+ose'B or there is an instru#ent of tit+eB 7rescri7tion or in'ication to the contraryH
(s regar's 'itchesB there is an in'ication that they are not he+' in co##on 6here the
e#ban5#ent or s7oi+ of earth is foun' on on+y one si'e of the 'itchH
( 'itch is 'ee#e' to be+ong e:c+usi$e+y to the one on 6hose si'e the s7oi+ is situate'H

(rtH ))+
(($t of 20 0u6. 1''1)
( co##on enc+osure #ust be #aintaine' at co##on e:7enseI but a neighbour #ay e+u'e that
ob+igation by 6ai$ing o6nershi7 in co##onH
;hat 7o6er ceases 6here the 'itch ser$es usua++y for the f+o6ing of 6atersH

(rtH )):
(($t of 20 0u6. 1''1)
( neighbour 6hose 7ro7erty a'Coins a 'itch or a he'ge not he+' in co##on #ay not co#7e+ the
o6ner of that 'itch or he'ge to con$ey rights in co##on to hi#H
( co-o6ner of a co##on he'ge #ay 'estroy it u7 to the +i#it of his 7ro7ertyB 7ro$i'e' he bui+'s
a 6a++ u7on that +i#itH
;he sa#e ru+e sha++ a77+y to the co-o6ner of a co##on 'itch 6hich is use' on+y as an enc+osureH

(rtH ))6
(($t of 20 0u6. 1''1)
So +ong as a he'ge is he+' in co##onB its 7ro'ucts be+ong to the o6ners in ha+$esH

(rtH )+8
(($t of 20 0u6. 1''1)
;rees situate' in a co##on he'ge are he+' in co##on as the he'ge isH ;rees 7+ante' on the
'i$i'ing +ine of t6o tene#ents are a+so 'ee#e' to be he+' in co##onH <here they 'ie or are cut or
u7roote'B those trees are 'i$i'e' in ha+$esH Fruits are gathere' at Coint e:7ense an' 'i$i'e' a+so in
ha+$esB either 6hen they fa++ natura++yB or 6hen the fa++ 6as cause'B or 6hen they 6ere 7ic5e'H
2ach o6ner has the right to re)uire that the trees he+' in co##on be u7roote'H

(rtH )+(
(($t of 20 0u6. 1''1)
It is 7er#itte' to ha$e treesB shrubs or bushes near the +i#it of a neighbouring 7ro7erty on+y at
the 'istance a++o6e' by the s7ecific regu+ations 7resent+y in force or by unifor# an' recogni=e' usagesB
127
an' fai+ing regu+ations an' usagesB at the 'istance of t6o #etres fro# the 'i$i'ing +ine of the t6o
tene#ents as regar's 7+antations 6hose height e:cee's t6o #etresB an' at the 'istance of ha+f a #etre as
regar's other 7+antationH
;reesB bushes an' shrubs of a++ 5in's #ay be 7+ante' in es7a+iers on each si'e of a 'i$i'ing 6a++B
6ithout ha$ing to 5ee7 to any 'istanceB but they #ay not 7ass the crest of the 6a++H
<here a 6a++ is not a 7arty 6a++B the o6ner a+one has the right to +ean es7a+iers against itH

(rtH )+-
(($t of 20 0u6. 1''1)
( neighbour #ay re)uire that treesB shrubs an' bushes 7+ante' at a 'istance +ess than the
statutory 'istanceB be u7roote' or re'uce' to the height fi:e' in the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB un+ess there is an
instru#ent of tit+eB an a'Cust#ent #a'e by the o6nerB or thirty-year 7rescri7tionH
<here the trees 'ieB or 6here they are cut or u7roote'B a neighbour #ay re7+ace the# on+y by
5ee7ing to the statutory 'istancesH

(rtH )+<
(($t of 20 0u6. 1''1: 0$t of 12 Feb. 1%21)
One o$er 6hose 7ro7erty branches of a neighbour?s treesB bushes an' shrubs Cut out #ay co#7e+
the +atter to cut the#H Fruits 6hich ha$e fa++en natura++y fro# these branches be+ong to hi#H
<here rootsB bra#b+es an' brush6oo' Cut out on his 7ro7ertyB he has the right to cut the#
hi#se+f u7 to the +i#it of the 'i$i'ing +ineH
;he right to cut rootsB bra#b+es an' brush6oo' or to ha$e branches of treesB bushes or shrubs cut
#ay not be +ost by 7rescri7tionH

Se$tion II - Of the8istan$e and of Intermediate ForAs +e,uired for Certain Constru$tions

0rt. )+=
@e 6ho has a 6e++ or a cess7oo+ 'ug near a 6a++B 6hether it is a 7arty 6a++ or notB
@e 6ho 6ishes to bui+' a chi#ney or a fire-7+aceB a forgeB an o$en or a furnaceB
Set a stab+e against itB
Or 7+ace against that 6a++ a store of sa+t or a hea7 of corrosi$e #ateria+sI
Is ob+ige' to +ea$e the 'istance 7rescribe' by regu+ations an' s7ecific usages re+ating to those
thingsB or to 'o the 6or5s 7rescribe' by the sa#e regu+ations an' usages in or'er to a$oi' inCuring a
neighbourH

Se$tion III D Of the Cie#s oer the Property of One1s 4ei6hbour

0rt. )+3
One of the neighbours #ay notB 6ithout the consent of the otherB cut in a 7arty 6a++ any 6in'o6
or o7eningB in any #anner 6hate$erB e$en in fi:e' fan+ightsH

(rtH )+)
;he o6ner of a 6a++ 6hich is not a 7arty 6a++B a'Coining the 7ro7erty of another 7ersonB #ay cut
o7enings or 6in'o6s in itB in +ea'e' iron an' fi:e' fan+ightsH
;hose 6in'o6s #ust be 7ro$i'e' 6ith an iron +attice 6hose #eshes sha++ ha$e an a7erture of
one 'eci#etre (about three inchesB eight +ines) at the #ostB an' 6ith a fra#e of fi:e' fan+ightsH

(rtH )++
;hose 6in'o6s or o7enings #ay on+y be #a'e at t6enty si: 'eci#etres (eight feet) abo$e the
f+oor or groun' of the roo# 6hich one 6ishes to gi$e +ight toB 6here it is on the groun' f+oorB an' at
nineteen 'eci#etres (si: feet) abo$e the f+oor of the u77er storiesH

(rtH )+:
(($t n 6.-12&/ of /0 8e$. 1%6.)
One #ay not ha$e straight $ie6s or bo6 6in'o6sB or ba+conies or si#i+ar 7roCections o$er the
neighbour?s 7ro7ertyB 6hether enc+ose' or notB if there is not a 'istance of nineteen 'eci#etres bet6een
the 6a++ 6here they are cut an' the sai' 7ro7ertyB un+ess the tene#ent or the 7art of the tene#ent o$er
6hich the $ie6 bears is a+rea'y bur'ene'B for the benefit of the tene#ent 6hich 7rofits by itB 6ith a
ser$itu'e of 6ay 6hich 7re$ents the erecting of constructionsH

(rtH )+6
128
(($t n 6.-12&/ of /0 8e$. 1%6.)
One #ay notB subCect to the sa#e reser$ationB ha$e si'e or ob+i)ue $ie6s on the sa#e 7ro7ertyB
un+ess there is a 'istance of si: 'eci#etresH

(rtH ):8
;he 'istance #entione' in the t6o 7rece'ing (rtic+es counts fro# the outer facing of the 6a++ in
6hich the o7ening is cutB an'B 6here there are ba+conies or other si#i+ar 7roCectionsB fro# their e:terior
+ine u7 to the 'i$i'ing +ine of the t6o tene#entsH

Se$tion IC - Of ;aes

0rt. ):(
(n o6ner #ust #a5e his roofs in such a 6ay that rain6ater fa++s on his +an' or on the 7ub+ic
high6ayI he #ay not ha$e it 7our on his neighbour?s tene#entH

Se$tion C - Of +i6ht of Fay

0rt. ):-
(($t n 6.-12&/ of /0 8e$. 1%6.)
(n o6ner 6hose tene#ents are enc+a$e' an' 6ho has no 6ay out to the 7ub+ic high6ayB or on+y
one 6hich is insufficient either for an agricu+tura+B in'ustria+ or co##ercia+ 6or5ing of his 7ro7ertyB or
for carrying out o7erations of bui+'ing or 'e$e+o7#entB is entit+e' to c+ai# on his neighbours? tene#ents
a 6ay sufficient for the co#7+ete ser$icing of his o6n tene#entsB 7ro$i'e' he 7ays a co#7ensation in
7ro7ortion to the 'a#age he #ay causeH

(rtH ):<
(($t of 20 0u6. 1''1)
;he 6ay #ust be ta5en regu+ar+y on the si'e 6here the route fro# the enc+a$e' tene#ent to the
7ub+ic high6ay is shortest
It #ust ho6e$er be fi:e' at the +east 'a#ageab+e 7+ace for the 7erson o$er 6hose tene#ent it is
a++o6e'H

(rtH ):=
(($t of 20 0u6. 1''1)
<here a tene#ent is enc+ose' because of its 'i$i'ing in conse)uence of a sa+eB an e:changeB a
7artition or any other contractB a 6ay #ay be re)ueste' on+y on the +an's 6hich 6ere the subCect of those
transactionsH
@o6e$erB in the case 6here a sufficient 6ay cannot be #a'e o$er the 'i$i'e' tene#entsB (rtic+e
.82 sha++ a77+yH

(rtH ):3
(($t of 20 0u6. 1''1)
;he +ocation an' #anner of a ser$itu'e of 6ay for enc+a$e#ent are estab+ishe' by a continuous
usage for thirty yearsH
(n action for co#7ensation in the case 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e .82 is subCect to be ti#e-barre'B
an' the 6ay #ay be continue'B a+though an action for co#7ensation is no +onger a'#issib+eH

(rtH ):3,(
(($t n .1-4%4 of 2& *une 1%.1)
In case of 'iscontinuance of the enc+a$e#ent an' 6hate$er be the 6ay in 6hich the +ocation an'
#anner of the ser$itu'e 6ere 'eter#ine'B the o6ner of the ser$ient tene#ent #ayB at any ti#eB in$o5e
the e:tinguish#ent of the ser$itu'e 6here the ser$ice of the 'o#inant tene#ent is ensure' un'er the
con'itions of (rtic+e .82H
Fai+ing a#icab+e agree#entB that 'isa77earance #ust be ascertaine' by a Cu'icia+ 'ecisionH

"@(P;2- III - OF ;@2 S2-8I;>02S 2S;(3IS@20 E ;@2 ("; OF &(*

Se$tion I - Of the Carious Einds of Seritudes #hi$h may be ;stab!ished oer Property

0rt. ):)
12!
O6ners are 7er#itte' to estab+ish o$er their 7ro7ertyB or in fa$our of their 7ro7ertyB such
ser$itu'es as they 'ee# 7ro7er( 7ro$i'e' ho6e$er that the ser$ices estab+ishe' are +ai' neither on a
7erson nor in fa$our of a 7ersonB but on+y on a tene#ent an' for a tene#entB an' 7ro$i'e' that those
ser$itu'es #oreo$er are not in any 6ay contrary to 7ub+ic 7o+icyH
;he use an' e:tent of the ser$itu'es thus estab+ishe' are regu+ate' by the instru#ent 6hich
creates the#I fai+ing an instru#entB by the fo++o6ing ru+esH

(rtH ):+
Ser$itu'es are estab+ishe' either for the use of bui+'ingsB or for that of tene#entsH
;hose of the first 5in' are ca++e' urbanB 6hether the bui+'ings to 6hich they are 'ue are +ocate'
in a city or in the countryH
;hose of the secon' 5in' are na#e' rura!.

0rt. )::
Ser$itu'es are either continuous or 'iscontinuousH
"ontinuous ser$itu'es are those 6hose usage is or #ay be unceasing 6ithout nee' of a 7resent
act of #an/ such are 6ater-7i7esB se6ersB $ie6s an' others of that 5in'H
0iscontinuous ser$itu'es are those 6hich nee' a 7resent act of #an in or'er to be e:ercise'/
such are rights of 6ayB 'ra6ing 6aterB 7asturing an' others si#i+arH

(rtH ):6
Ser$itu'es are a77arent or non-a77arentH
(77arent ser$itu'es are those 6hich sho6 the#se+$es by outer 6or5sB such as a 'oorB a 6in'o6B
an a)ue'uctH
*on-a77arent ser$itu'es are those 6hich 'o not ha$e an outer sign of their e:istenceB such as for
instance a 7rohibition to bui+' on a tene#entB or to bui+' on+y u7 to a fi:e' heightH

Se$tion II - Lo# Seritudes are ;stab!ished

0rt. )68
"ontinuous an' a77arent ser$itu'es are ac)uire' by an instru#ent of tit+e or by 7ossession of
thirty yearsH

(rtH )6(
"ontinuous non-a77arent ser$itu'es an' 'iscontinuous ser$itu'esB 6hether a77arent or notB #ay
be estab+ishe' on+y by an instru#ent of tit+eH
PossessionB e$en i##e#oria+B is not sufficient to estab+ish the#B 6ithoutB ho6e$erB one being
a++o6e' to cha++enge to'ay ser$itu'es of that 5in' a+rea'y ac)uire' by 7ossession in +oca+ities 6here
they 6ere a++o6e' to be ac)uire' in that 6ayH

(rtH )6-
('Cust#ent #a'e by the o6ner is e)ui$a+ent to an instru#ent of tit+e as to continuous an'
a77arent ser$itu'esH

(rtH )6<
;here is an a'Cust#ent #a'e by the o6ner on+y 6here it is 7ro$e' that the t6o tene#ents at
7resent 'i$i'e' be+onge' to the sa#e o6ner an' that it 6as through hi# that things 6ere 7ut in the
con'ition 6hich gi$es rise to the ser$itu'eH

(rtH )6=
<here an o6ner of t6o tene#ents bet6een 6hich an a77arent sign of ser$itu'e e:istsB 'is7oses
of one 7ro7erty an' the contract 'oes not contain any agree#ent re+ating to the ser$itu'eB the +atter
continues to e:ist acti$e+y or 7assi$e+y in fa$our of the tene#ent con$eye' or u7on the tene#ent
con$eye'H

(rtH )63
(n instru#ent creating a ser$itu'eB 6ith regar' to those 6hich #ay not be ac)uire' by
7rescri7tionB #ay be re7+ace' on+y by an instru#ent recogni=ing the ser$itu'eB e#anating fro# the
o6ner of the tene#ent subCecte' to the ser$itu'eH

(rtH )6)
130
<here a 7erson estab+ishes a ser$itu'eB he is 'ee#e' to grant a++ that is necessary to use itH
For instanceB a ser$itu'e to 'ra6 6ater fro# another?s fountain necessari+y in$o+$es a right of
6ayH

Se$tion III - Of the +i6hts of the O#ner of a "enement to #hi$h a Seritude is 8ue

0rt. )6+
( 7erson to 6ho# a ser$itu'e is 'ueB has the right to #a5e a++ 6or5s necessary to use an'
#aintain itH

(rtH )6:
;hose 6or5s sha++ be at his e:7enseB an' not at that of the o6ner of the tene#ent subCecte' to the
ser$itu'eB un+ess the instru#ent creating the ser$itu'e 7ro$i'es for the contraryH

(rtH )66
2$en in the case 6here the o6ner of a tene#ent subCecte' to a ser$itu'e is co#7e++e' un'er the
instru#ent to #a5e the 6or5s necessary for the use or 7reser$ation of a ser$itu'e at his o6n e:7enseB he
#ay a+6ays e:e#7t hi#se+f fro# the bur'en by 6ai$ing the ser$ient tene#ent to the o6ner of the
tene#ent to 6hich the ser$itu'e is 'ueH

(rtH +88
<here a 7ro7erty for 6hich a ser$itu'e 6as estab+ishe' ha77ens to be 'i$i'e'B the ser$itu'e
re#ains 'ue for each 7ortionB 6ithout ho6e$er the con'ition of the ser$ient tene#ent beco#ing #ore
bur'enso#eH
;husB for instanceB in case of a right of 6ayB a++ the co-o6ners are ob+ige' to use it at the sa#e
7+aceH

(rtH +8(
;he o6ner of a tene#ent 6hich o6es a ser$itu'e #ay 'o nothing ten'ing to 'i#inish its use or
to #a5e it #ore incon$enientH
;husB he #ay not change the con'ition of the 7re#ises or re#o$e the e:ercise of the ser$itu'e to
a 7+ace 'ifferent fro# the one 6here it 6as origina++y assigne'H
ut ho6e$erB 6here that origina+ assigning has beco#e #ore onerous to the o6ner of the
ser$ient tene#entB or 6here it 7re$ents hi# fro# #a5ing a'$antageous re7airs on itB he #ay offer to the
o6ner of the other tene#ent a 7+ace as con$enient for the e:ercise of his rightsB an' the +atter #ay not
refuse itH

(rtH +8-
On his 7artB he 6ho has a right of ser$itu'e #ay on+y use it in accor'ance 6ith his instru#ent of
tit+eB 6ithout being a++o6e' to #a5eB either on the tene#ent 6hich o6es the ser$itu'eB or on the
tene#ent to 6hich it is 'ueB any change 6hich 6ou+' ren'er the con'ition of the for#er #ore
bur'enso#eH

Se$tion IC - Lo# Seritudes are ;9tin6uished

0rt. +8<
Ser$itu'es cease 6hen things are in such a con'ition that they can no +onger be use'H

(rtH +8=
;hey re$i$e 6here things are restore' in such a #anner that they can be use'I un+ess ti#e has
a+rea'y e+a7se'B sufficient to gi$e rise to the 7resu#7tion that the ser$itu'e is e:tinguishe'B as state' in
(rtic+e 707H

(rtH +83
( ser$itu'e is e:tinguishe' 6hen the tene#ent to 6hich it is o6e'B an' the one 6hich o6es itB
are unite' in the sa#e han'sH

(rtH +8)
( ser$itu'e is e:tinguishe' by non-user 'uring thirty yearsH

(rtH +8+
131
;he thirty years begin to runB accor'ing to the 'ifferent 5in's of ser$itu'esB either fro# the 'ay
6hen one cease' to enCoy the#B 6ith res7ect to 'iscontinuous ser$itu'esB or fro# the 'ay 6hen an act
contrary to the ser$itu'e has been 7erfor#e'B 6ith res7ect to continuous ser$itu'esH

(rtH +8:
;he #anner of a ser$itu'e #ay be ti#e-barre' +i5e the ser$itu'e itse+f an' in the sa#e 6ayH

(rtH +86
<here a 7ro7erty in fa$our of 6hich a ser$itu'e is estab+ishe' be+ongs to se$era+ 7ersons in
un'i$i'e' o6nershi7B enCoy#ent by one 7re$ents 7rescri7tion against a++ of the#H

(rtH +(8
<hereB a#ong co-o6nersB there is one against 6ho# 7rescri7tion cou+' not runB such as a #inorB
he 5ee7s the rights of a++ the othersH

#OO* III
O T!E VARIO"% >AY% IN >!IC! O>NER%!IP I% AC?"IRED
12*2-(3 P-O8ISIO*S

(rtH +((
O6nershi7 of 7ro7erty is ac)uire' an' trans#itte' by successionB by gift inter $i$os or 6i++B an'
by the effect of ob+igationsH

(rtH +(-
O6nershi7 is a+so ac)uire' by accession or incor7orationB an' by 7rescri7tionH

(rtH +(<
Pro7erty 6hich has no #aster be+ongs to the StateH

(rtH +(=
;here are things 6hich be+ong to nobo'y an' 6hose usage is co##on to a++H
Pub+ic or'er statutes regu+ate the #anner of enCoying the#H

(rtH +(3
;he right to hunt or fish is a+so regu+ate' by s7ecific statutesH

(rtH +()
O6nershi7 of a treasure tro$e be+ongs to hi# 6ho 'isco$ers it on his o6n tene#entI 6here a
treasure tro$e is 'isco$ere' on another?s tene#entB one ha+f of it be+ongs to hi# 6ho 'isco$ere' itB an'
the other ha+f to the o6ner of the tene#entH
( treasure tro$e is any hi''en or burie' thing of 6hich nobo'y can 7ro$e o6nershi7 an' 6hich
is 'isco$ere' by a #ere chanceH

(rtH +(+
-ights to f+otsa#B to effects cast u7 by the seaB of 6hate$er nature they #ay beB to 7+ants an'
herbages 6hich gro6 on the seashoreB are a+so regu+ate' by s7ecific statutesH
It sha++ be the sa#e as to +ost things 6hose #aster 'oes not a77earH

TITLE ONE
O %"CCE%%ION%

Art' +(: an5 +(6 Frepea!edG
"@(P;2- O*2 - OF ;@2 OP2*I*1 OF S>""2SSIO*SB ;@2 >*I82-S(3 ;I;32 (*0 ;@2
82S;I*1 OF @2I-S I* POSS2SSIO*

(0$t n 2001-11/& of / 8e$. 2001)

(rtH +-8
132
Successions are o7ene' by 'eathB at the +atest 'o#ici+e of the 'ecease' H

(rtH +-(
Successions 'e$o+$e accor'ing to +egis+ation 6here the 'ecease' 'i' not 'is7ose of his 7ro7erty
by gratuitous transfers H
;hey #ay 'e$o+$e through gratuitous transfers insofar as the +atter are consistent 6ith inheritab+e
reser$eH

(rtH +--
(gree#ents ha$ing the 7ur7ose of creating or 'isc+ai#ing rights u7on a++ or 7art of a succession
not yet o7ene' or of a 7ro7erty being 7art of it are effecti$e on+y 6here authori=e' by +egis+ation H

(rtH +-<
>ni$ersa+ successors an' successors by uni$ersa+ tit+e are +iab+e for an in'efinite ob+igation to the
'ebts of a succession H

(rtH +-=
@eirs 'esignate' by +egis+ation are $este' by o7eration of +a6 in 7ossession of the 7ro7ertyB
rights an' actions of the 'ecease' I
>ni$ersa+ +egatees an' 'onees are $este' in 7ossession in the con'itions 7ro$i'e' for in ;it+e II
of this oo5H
Fai+ing the#B succession is ac)uire' by the State 6ho nee's a court or'er to ta5e 7ossession H

(rtH +-=,(
;he 7ro$isions of this ;it+eB in 7articu+ar those 6hich re+ate to o7tionB un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 an'
7artition sha++ a77+yB as #ay be thought 7ro7erB to uni$ersa+ +egatees or 'oneesB or +egatees or 'onees by
uni$ersa+ tit+eB sa$e as other6ise 7ro$i'e' by a s7ecific ru+e H

"@(P;2- II - OF ;@2 A>(3IFI"(;IO*S -2A>I-20 FO- I*@2-I;I*1 OF P-OOF OF
@2I-S@IP
(0$t n 2001-11/& of / 8e$. 2001)

Se$tion I - Of theMua!ifi$ations +e,uired for Inheritin6

0rt. +-3
In or'er to inheritB one #ust e:ist at the ti#e of the o7ening of the succession orB ha$ing been
concei$e'B be born $iab+e H
( 7erson 6hose absence is 7resu#e' un'er (rtic+e 112 #ay inherit H

(rtH +-3,(
<here t6o 7ersonsB one of 6ho# 6as entit+e' to the other?s successionB 'ie in the sa#e e$entB
the or'er of 'eaths sha++ be estab+ishe' by any #eansH
<here that or'er #ay not be 'eter#ine'B the succession of each of the# 'e$o+$es 6ithout the
other being ca++e' to itH
<hereB ho6e$erB one of the co-'ecease' +ea$es 'escen'antsB the +atter #ay re7resent their
7re'ecessor in tit+eB 6hen re7resentation is a++o6e'H

(rtH +-)
(re un6orthy of inheriting an'B as suchB #ust be e:c+u'e' fro# succession /
1L One 6ho is sentence'B as 7er7etrator or acco#7+iceB to a serious 7ena+ty for ha$ing
intentiona++y gi$en or atte#7te' to gi$e 'eath to the 'ecease'I
2L One 6ho is sentence'B as 7er7etrator or acco#7+iceB to a serious 7ena+ty for ha$ing
intentiona++y struc5 b+o6s at or co##itte' $io+ence or assau+t that 7ro$o5e' the 'ecease'Ns 'eath
6ithout intention of causing itH

(rtH +-+
&ay be 'ec+are' un6orthy of inheriting /
1L One 6ho is sentence'B as 7er7etrator or acco#7+iceB to a correctiona+ 7ena+ty for ha$ing
intentiona++y gi$en or atte#7te' to gi$e 'eath to the 'ecease'I
2L One 6ho is sentence'B as 7er7etrator or acco#7+iceB to a correctiona+ 7ena+ty for ha$ing
intentiona++y co##itte' $io+ence that 7ro$o5e' the 'ecease'?s 'eath 6ithout intention of causing itI
133
3L One 6ho is sentence' for fa+se testi#ony borne against the 'ecease' in cri#ina+ 7rocee'ingsI
4L One 6ho is sentence' for abstaining intentiona++y fro# 7re$enting either a serious or an
or'inary offence against the 7hysica+ integrity of the 'ecease'B 6herefro# 'eath resu+te'B 6hereas he
cou+' 'o so 6ithout any 'anger as to hi# or thir' 7ersons I
%L One 6ho is sentence' for a s+an'erous cri#ina+ charge against the 'ecease' 6hereB re+ating to
the acts 'enounce'B a serious 7ena+ty 6as incurre' I
&ay a+so be 'ec+are' un6orthy of inheriting those 6ho ha$e co##itte' acts referre' to in 1L an'
2L abo$e an' 6ith regar' to 6ho#B by reason of their 'eathB the 7ub+ic right of action cou+' not be
e:ercise' or 6as e:tinguishe' H

(rtH +-+,(
( 'ec+aration of un6orthiness 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 727 sha++ be 7ronounce' after the o7ening
of the succession by the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e on a77+ication of another heirH (n a77+ication #ust
be brought 6ithin si: #onths of the 'eath 6here the sentence or con$iction 7rece'es the 'eathB or 6ithin
si: #onths of that Cu'g#ent 6here it fo++o6s the 'eath H
In the absence of heirsB a re)uest #ay be fi+e' by the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s officeH

(rtH +-:
Is not e:c+u'e' fro# succession a 7erson entit+e' to inherit subCect to a cause of un6orthiness
7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 72. an' 727B 6here the 'ecease'B after the facts an' the 5no6+e'ge he ha'
thereofB has state' by an e:7ress 'ec+aration of intention in the for# of a 6i++B that he inten's to #aintain
hi# in his rights to succession or #a'e a gratuitous transferB uni$ersa+ or by uni$ersa+ tit+eB in his fa$ourH

(rtH +-6
(n heir 6ho is e:c+u'e' fro# a succession on account of un6orthiness is ob+ige' to return a++
inco#es an' re$enues 6hich he enCoye' since the o7ening of the succession H

(rtH +-6,(
"hi+'ren of an un6orthy 7erson #ay not be e:c+u'e' on account of their 7arent?s fau+tB 6hether
they co#e to the succession on their o6n beha+f or through re7resentationI but an un6orthy 7erson #ay
notB in any caseB c+ai# o$er the 7ro7erty of that succession the enCoy#ent that the +a6 grants to the
fathers an' #others o$er the 7ro7erty of their chi+'renH

Se$tion II - Of Proof of Leirship

0rt. +<8
Proof of heirshi7 #ay be #a'e by any #eansH
*o changes are #a'e in the 7ro$isions or unifor# usages re+ating to the issuing of certificates of
o6nershi7 or inheritance by Cu'icia+ or a'#inistrati$e authoritiesH

(rtH +<8,(
Proof of heirshi7 #ay resu+t fro# an affi'a$it 'ra6n u7 by a notaire on re)uest of one or se$era+
assignsH
Fai+ing an ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent or +ast 6i++ an' testa#ent of the 7re'ecessor in tit+e of the
7erson 6ho re)uires itB an affi'a$it #ay a+so be 'ra6n u7 by the c+er5 in chief of the tribuna! d1instan$e
of the 7+ace of o7ening of the successionH
(n affi'a$it sha++ refer to the recor' of 'eath of the 7erson 6hose succession is o7ene' an' sha++
#ention the su77orting 'ocu#ents 6hich #ay ha$e been fi+e'B such as recor's of ci$i+ statusB an'B
7ossib+yB 'ocu#ents re+ating to the e:istence of gratuitous transfers #ortis causa 6hich #ay affect the
'e$o+ution of the successionH
It sha++ contain the assertionB signe' by the assign or assigns #a5ers of the re)uestB that they are
entit+e'B a+one or 6ith others 6ho# they s7ecifyB to co#e into a++ or 7art of the succession of the
'ecease'H
(ny 7erson 6hose state#ents see# to be usefu+ #ay be ca++e' to the affi'a$itH

(rtH +<8,-
(n assertion containe' in an affi'a$it 'oes not in$o+$eB 7er seB acce7tance of the successionH

(rtH +<8,<
Faith #ust be gi$en to an affi'a$it so estab+ishe'B unti+ e$i'ence contrary to itH
134
( 7erson 6ho a$ai+s hi#se+f of it is 7resu#e' to ha$e rights of succession in the 7ercentage
herein state'H

(rtH +<8,=
;he heirs 'esignate' in an affi'a$it or their co##on agent are 'ee#e'B 6ith regar' to thir'
7ersons 7ossessing 7ro7erty of the successionB to ha$e free 'is7osa+ of that 7ro7erty an'B 6here fun's
are concerne'B free 'is7osa+ of the# in the 7ercentage state' in the affi'a$itH

(rtH +<8,3
( 7erson 6hoB 5no6ing+y an' in ba' faithB a$ai+s hi#se+f of an inaccurate affi'a$itB incurs the
7ena+ties of concea+#ent 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 7!2B 6ithout 7reCu'ice for 'a#agesH

"@(P;2- III - OF @2I-S
(0$t n 2001-11/& of / 8e$. 2001)

(rtH +<(
Succession 'e$o+$es by +a6 to the re+ati$es an' s7ouse entit+e' to inherit on the fo++o6ing ter#sH

(rtH +<-
( sur$i$ing s7ouse non-'i$orce'B against 6ho# there 'oes not e:ist an or'er of Cu'icia+
se7aration ha$ing force of res Cu'icata is a s7ouse entit+e' to inheritH

Se$tion I - Of the +i6hts of +e!aties in the 0bsen$e of a Spouse ;ntit!ed to Inherit

0rt. +<<
3egis+ation 'oes not 'iscri#inate bet6een +egiti#ate an' i++egiti#ate chi+'ren in or'er to
'eter#ine re+ati$es ca++e' to inherit H
-ights resu+ting fro# a'o7tion are regu+ate' in the ;it+e Of 0doptionH

, 1 - Of Or'ers of @eirs

(rtH +<=
In the absence of a s7ouse entit+e' to inheritB re+ati$es are ca++e' to succee' as fo++o6s/
1L "hi+'ren an' their 'escen'antsI
2L ;he father an' #otherI brothers an' sisters an' the 'escen'ants of the +atterI
3L (scen'ants other than the father an' #otherI
4L "o++atera+s other than brothers an' sisters an' the 'escen'ants of the +atterH
2ach of these four categories constitutes an or'er of heirs 6hich e:c+u'es the fo++o6ingH

(rtH +<3
"hi+'ren or their 'escen'ants succee' to their father an' #other or other ascen'antsB 6ithout
'istinction of se: or 7ri#ogenitureB e$en 6here born of 'ifferent #arriagesH

(rtH +<)
<here a 'ecease' +ea$es neither 'escen'antsB nor brother or sisterB or 'escen'ants of the +atterB
his father an' #other inherit fro# hi#B each one ta5ing one ha+fH

(rtH +<+
<here the father an' #other ha$e 'ie' before the 'ecease' an' the +atter +ea$es no 'escen'antsB
the brothers an' sisters of the 'ecease' or their 'escen'ants inherit fro# hi#B e:c+u'ing the other
re+ati$esB ascen'ants or co++atera+sH

(rtH +<:
<here the father an' #other out+i$e the 'ecease' an' the +atter has no 'escen'antsB but brothers
an' sisters or 'escen'ants of the +atterB one-)uarter of the succession 'e$o+$es to each one of the father
an' #otherB an' the re#aining ha+f to the brothers an' sisters or to their 'escen'antsH
<here on+y one of the father an' #other sur$i$esB one-)uarter of the succession 'e$o+$es to the
+atterB an' three-)uarters to the brothers an' sisters or to their 'escen'ants H

(rtH +<6
13%
Fai+ing heirs of the first t6o or'ersB succession 'e$o+$es to ascen'ants other than the father an'
#other H

(rtH +=8
Fai+ing heirs of the first three or'ersB succession 'e$o+$es to co++atera+ re+ati$es of the 'ecease'
other than brothers an' sisters an' the 'escen'ants of the +atter H

, 2 - Of 0egrees

(rtH +=(
;he 7ro:i#ity of re+ationshi7 is estab+ishe' by the nu#ber of generationsI each generation is
ca++e' a 'egree H

(rtH +=-
;he se)uence of 'egrees for#s the +ineI the se)uence of 'egrees bet6een 7ersons 'escen'ing
one fro# the other is ca++e' the 'irect +ineI the se)uence of 'egrees bet6een 7ersons 6ho 'o not 'escen'
one fro# the otherB but 6ho 'escen' fro# a co##on ancestorB is ca++e' the co++atera+ +ineH
0escen'ing 'irect +ine is se7arate' fro# ascen'ing 'irect +ineH

(rtH +=<

In the 'irect +ineB as #any 'egrees are counte' as there are generations bet6een the 7ersons/
thusB a son isB 6ith regar' to his fatherB in the first 'egreeB a gran'son in the secon'I an' reci7roca++y the
father an' gran'father 6ith regar' to sons an' gran'sonsH
In the co++atera+ +ineB 'egrees are counte' by generations fro# one of the re+ati$es to an'
e:c+usi$e of the co##on ancestorB an' fro# the +atter to the other re+ati$eH
;husB t6o brothers are re+ati$es in the secon' 'egreeI unc+e an' ne7he6 are in the thir' 'egreeI
first cousins in the fourth 'egreeI an' so onH

(rtH +==
In each or'erB the heir 6ho is in the nearest 'egree e:c+u'es an heir in a +ater 'egreeH
In the sa#e 'egreeB heirs inherit in e)ua+ shares an' by hea'sH
;he 6ho+eB subCect to 6hat 6i++ be +ai' 'o6n hereafter as to 'i$ision by branches an'
re7resentationH

(rtH +=3
"o++atera+ re+ati$es #ay not inherit beyon' the si:th 'egreeH

, 3 - Of 0i$ision by ranchesB Paterna+ an' &aterna+

(rtH +=)
Parenthoo' is 'i$i'e' into t6o branchesB 'e7en'ing on 6hether it 7rocee's fro# the father or the
#otherH

(rtH +=+
<here succession 'e$o+$es to ascen'antsB it is 'i$i'e' in ha+$es bet6een those of the 7aterna+
branch an' those of the #aterna+ branchH

(rtH +=:
In each branchB the ascen'ant 6ho is in the nearest 'egree inheritsB to the e:c+usion of a++ othersH
;he ascen'ants in the sa#e 'egree inherit by hea'sH
Fai+ing an ascen'ant in a branchB the ascen'ants of the other branch sha++ ta5e the 6ho+e
successionH

(rtH +=6
<here succession 'e$o+$es to co++atera+s other than brothers an' sisters an' their 'escen'antsB it
is 'i$i'e' in ha+$es bet6een those of the 7aterna+ branch an' those of the #aterna+ branchH

(rtH +38
In each branchB the co++atera+ 6ho is in the nearest 'egree inheritsB to the e:c+usion of a++ othersH
;he co++atera+s in the sa#e 'egree inherit by hea'sH
13.
Fai+ing a co++atera+ in a branchB the co++atera+s of the other branch sha++ ta5e the 6ho+e
successionH

, 4 - Of -e7resentation

(rtH +3(
-e7resentation is a fiction of the +a6 6hich causes the re7resentati$e to enter into the rights of
the 7erson re7resente'H

(rtH +3-
-e7resentation ta5es 7+ace 6ithout +i#itation in the 'escen'ing 'irect +ineH
It is a'#itte' in a++ casesB 6hether the chi+'ren of the 'ecease' co#7ete 6ith the 'escen'ants of
a 7re'ecease' chi+'B or 6hether a++ the chi+'ren of the 'ecease' ha$ing 'ie' before hi#B the 'escen'ants
of sai' chi+'ren are in e)ua+ or une)ua+ 'egrees bet6een the#H

(rtH +3-,(
-e7resentation 'oes not ta5e 7+ace in fa$our of ascen'antsI in each of the t6o +inesB the nearest
a+6ays e:c+u'es the re#otestH

(rtH +3-,-
In the co++atera+ +ineB re7resentation is a'#itte' in fa$our of chi+'ren an' 'escen'ants of brothers
or sisters of the 'ecease'B 6hether they co#e to the succession concurrent+y 6ith unc+es an' auntsB or
6hetherB a++ the brothers an' sisters of the 'ecease' ha$ing 'ie' before hi#B the succession 'e$o+$es on
their 'escen'ants in e)ua+ or une)ua+ 'egreeH

(rtH +3<
In a++ cases in 6hich re7resentation is a'#itte'B 7artition sha++ be #a'e by stoc5sB as if the
re7resente' 7erson ca#e to the successionI if there is occasionB it sha++ be #a'e by sub'i$ision of stoc5H
<ithin a stoc5 or sub'i$ision of stoc5B 7artition sha++ be #a'e by hea'sH

(rtH +3=
One re7resents 7re'ecease' 7ersonsB one 'oes not re7resent those 6ho ha$e renounce'H
One #ay re7resent a 7erson to 6hose succession one has renounce'H

(rtH +33
-e7resentation is a'#itte' in fa$our of the chi+'ren an' 'escen'ants of an un6orthy heirB
a+though the +atter is a+i$e on the o7ening of the successionH
"hi+'ren of an un6orthy heir concei$e' before the o7ening of a succession of 6hich the
un6orthy heir 6as e:c+u'e' sha++ return to the succession of the +atter the 7ro7erty they ha$e inherite' in
his stea'B 6here they co#e in co#7etition 6ith other chi+'ren concei$e' after the o7ening of the first
successionH
"o++ation sha++ be #a'e un'er the 7ro$isions of Section 2 of "ha7ter 8I of this ;it+e H

Se$tion II - Of the +i6hts of a Spouse ;ntit!ed to Inherit

, 1 - Of the *ature of the -ightsB of their (#ount an' 2:ercise

(rtH +3)
( s7ouse entit+e' to inherit is ca++e' to a succession either a+oneB or in co#7etition 6ith the
re+ati$es of a 'ecease'H

(rtH +3+
<here a 7re'ecease' s7ouse +ea$es chi+'ren or 'escen'antsB the sur$i$ing s7ouse sha++ ta5eB at
his or her o7tionB either the usufruct of the 6ho+e of the e:isting 7ro7erty or the o6nershi7 of the )uarter
6here a++ the chi+'ren are born fro# both s7ouses an' the o6nershi7 of the )uarter in the 7resence of
one or se$era+ chi+'ren 6ho are not born fro# both s7ousesH

(rtH +3+,(
<hereB in the absence of chi+'ren or 'escen'antsB a 'ecease' +ea$es his father an' #otherB the
sur$i$ing s7ouse sha++ ta5e one ha+f of the 7ro7ertyH ;he other ha+f 'e$o+$es for one )uarter to the father
an' for one )uarter to the #other H
137
<here the father or the #other is 7re'ecease'B the share 6hich he 6ou+' ha$e ta5en 'e$o+$es to
the sur$i$ing s7ouse H

(rtH +3+,-
In the absence of chi+'ren or 'escen'ants of the 'ecease' or of his father an' #otherB the
sur$i$ing s7ouse sha++ ta5e the 6ho+e succession H

Art' +3+,<
*ot6ithstan'ing (rtic+e 7%7-2B in case of 7re'ecease of the father an' #other an' in absence of
'escen'antsB the 7ro7erty that the 'ecease' recei$e' fro# the# by succession or gift an' that is foun' in
5in' in the succession 'e$o+$es for one ha+f to the brothers an' sisters of the 'ecease' or to their
'escen'antsB the#se+$es 'escen'ing fro# the 7re'ecease' 7arent or 7arents fro# 6ho# the 'e$o+ution
originatesH

(rtH +3:
<here a sur$i$ing s7ouse ta5es the 6ho+e or the three )uarters of the 7ro7ertyB the ascen'ants of
the 'ecease'B other than the father an' #otherB 6ho are in nee' are entit+e' to a #aintenance ob+igation
against the succession of the 7re'ecease'H
;he 7erio' 6ithin 6hich it #ay be c+ai#e' is of one year after the 'eath or the #o#ent fro#
6hich the heirs cease to 7erfor# the 7ay#ents they #a'e before to the ascen'antsH In case of un'i$i'e'
o6nershi7 the 7erio' sha++ be e:ten'e' unti+ the co#7+etion of the 7artitionH
Perio'ica+ 7ay#ents sha++ be obtaine' fro# the successionH ;hey sha++ be borne by a++ the heirs
an'B in case of insufficiencyB by a++ the s7ecific +egateesB in 7ro7ortion to 6hat they recei$e'H
IfB ho6e$erB the 'ecease' e:7ress+y 'ec+are' that such +egacy shou+' be 7ai' in 7reference to the
otherB (rtic+e !27 sha++ a77+yH

(rtH +3:,(
<here a sur$i$ing s7ouse has an o7tion bet6een o6nershi7 or usufructB his or her rights #ay not
be assigne' so +ong as he or she 'i' not e:ercise the o7tionH

(rtH +3:,-
;he o7tion of a s7ouse bet6een usufruct an' o6nershi7 #ay be 7ro$e' by any #eansH

(rtH +3:,<
(ny heir #ay re)uest in 6riting a s7ouse to e:ercise his or her o7tionH <here he or she fai+s to
co#e to a 'ecision in 6riting 6ithin three #onthsB the s7ouse sha++ be 'ee#e' to ha$e chosen the
usufruct H

(rtH +3:,=
<here he or she 'ies 6ithout ha$ing co#e to a 'ecisionB the s7ouse sha++ be 'ee#e' to ha$e
chosen the usufruct H

(rtH +3:,3
;he ca+cu+ation of the right in fu++ o6nershi7 of a s7ouse 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 7%7 an' 7%7-1
#ust be effecte' on an aggregate for#e' of a++ the 7ro7erty e:isting at the 'eath of his or her s7ouse to
6hich sha++ be unite' fictitious+y that 6hich he or she has 'is7ose' 6ithB by an act inter $i$os or
testa#entaryB in fa$our of 7ersons entit+e' to inheritB by 6ay of a'$ance#entH
;he s7ouse #ay e:ercise his or her right on+y on 7ro7erty 6hich the 7re'ecease' has not
'is7ose' 6ith by act inter $i$os or testa#entaryB an' 6ithout 7reCu'icing reser$e' rights or rights to
co++ationH

, 2 - Of the "on$ersion of a >sufruct

0rt. +36
(ny usufruct be+onging to a s7ouse u7on the 7ro7erty of the 7re'ecease'B 6hether it resu+ts fro#
+egis+ationB fro# a 6i++ or fro# a gift of future 7ro7ertyB gi$es rise to a 7o6er of con$ersion into a +ife
annuityB on re)uest of one of the heirs bare-o6ners or of the s7ouse hi#se+f or herse+f entit+e' to inheritH

(rtH +36,(
( 7o6er of con$ersion #ay not be renounce' H "oheirs #ay not be 'e7ri$e' of it by the intention
of the 7re'ecease'H
138
(rtH +)8
Fai+ing an agree#ent bet6een the 7artiesB an a77+ication for con$ersion sha++ be referre' to the
Cu'geH It #ay be institute' unti+ fina+ 7artitionH
<here he entertains the a77+ication for con$ersionB the Cu'ge sha++ 'eter#ine the a#ount of the
annuityB the guarantees 6hich the 'ebtor heirs sha++ gi$eB as 6e++ as the a77ro7riate 5in' of in'e:-+in5ing
to #aintain the initia+ e)ui$a+ence of the annuity to the usufructH
;he Cu'geB ho6e$erB #ay not or'er against the intention of the s7ouse the con$ersion of the
usufruct bearing on the +o'ging 6hich he or she occu7ies as his or her #ain resi'enceB as 6e++ as on the
furniture 6ith 6hich it is fitte'H

(rtH +)(
;hrough an agree#ent bet6een the heirs an' the s7ouseB it #ay be 7rocee'e' to a con$ersion of
the usufruct of the s7ouse into a ca7ita+H

(rtH +)-
;he con$ersion of an usufruct is 7art of the 7erfor#ing of a 7artitionH It 'oes not 7ro'uce a
retroacti$e effectB sa$e sti7u+ations of the 7arties to the contraryH

, 3 - Of the ;e#7orary -ight to 3o'ging an' of the -ight for 3ife to 3o'ging

(rtH +)<
<hereB at the ti#e of the 'eathB a s7ouse entit+e' to inherit actua++y occu7iesB as his or her #ain
habitationB a +o'ging be+onging to the s7ouses or fu++y 'e7en'ing u7on the successionB he or she has by
o7eration of +a6B 'uring one yearB the gratuitous enCoy#ent of that +o'gingB as 6e++ as of the furnitureB
inc+u'e' in the successionB 6ith 6hich it is fitte'H
<here his or her habitation 6as secure' through a +ease B the rents thereof sha++ be re7ai' to hi#
or her 'uring the yearB as the 7ay#ents 7rocee'H
;he rights 7ro$i'e' for in this (rtic+e sha++ be 'ee#e' 'irect effects of the #arriage an' not
rights of inheritanceI
;his (rtic+e is #an'atoryH

(rtH +)=
Sa$e intention to the contrary e:7resse' by the 'ecease' in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e !71B a
s7ouse entit+e' to inherit 6ho actua++y occu7ie'B at the ti#e of the 'eathB as his or her #ain habitationB a
+o'ging be+onging to the s7ouses or fu++y 'e7en'ing u7on the successionB has on this +o'gingB unti+ his or
her 'eathB a right of habitation an' a right of use on the furnitureB inc+u'e' in the successionB 6ith 6hich
it is fitte'H
;hose rights of habitation an' of use are e:ercise' subCect to the con'itions 7ro$i'e' for in
(rtic+es .27B .31B .34 an' .3%H
;he s7ouseB the other heirsB or one of the# #ay insist on an in$entory of the #o$ab+es an' a
state#ent of the i##o$ab+e subCecte' to the rights of use an' of habitation being 'ra6n u7H
*ot6ithstan'ing (rtic+es .31 an' .34B 6here it resu+ts fro# the situation of the s7ouse that the
+o'ging subCect to the right of habitation is no +onger a'a7te' to his or her nee'sB the s7ouse or his or her
re7resentati$e #ay +ease it for an use other than co##ercia+ or rura+ in or'er to 7ro$i'e necessary #eans
for ne6 con'itions of '6e++ingH

(rtH +)3
;he $a+ue of the rights of habitation an' use sha++ be a77ro7riate' to the $a+ue of the rights of
succession ta5en by the s7ouseH
<here the $a+ue of the rights of habitation an' use is +esser than that of the rights of successionB
the s7ouse #ay ta5e the re#ain'er on the e:isting 7ro7ertyH
<here the $a+ue of the rights of habitation an' use is higher than that of his or her rights of
successionB the s7ouse is not boun' to co#7ensate the succession on account of the e:cessH

(rtH +)3,(
( s7ouse has one year after the 'eath in or'er to e$i'ence his or her intention to benefit fro#
those rights of habitation an' useH

(rtH +)3,-
13!
<here the +o'ging 6as the subCect of a +easeB a s7ouse entit+e' to inherit 6hoB at the ti#e of the
'eathB actua++y occu7ie' the 7re#ises as his or her #ain habitation benefits by the right of use u7on the
furnitureB inc+u'e' in the successionB 6ith 6hich it is fitte'H

(rtH +))
( s7ouse entit+e' to inherit an' the heirs #ayB by agree#entB con$ert the rights of habitation an'
use into a +ife annuity or a ca7ita+H
<here a #inor or a 7rotecte' a'u+t are a#ong the 7arties to an agree#entB the +atter #ust be
authori=e' by the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sH

, 4 - Of the -ight to &aintenance

(rtH +)+
;he succession of a 7re'ecease' s7ouse o6es #aintenance to a s7ouse entit+e' to inherit 6ho is
in nee'H ;he 7erio' 6ithin 6hich to c+ai# it is one year after the 'eath or the ti#e 6here the heirs cease
to 7erfor# the 7ay#ents they #a'e before to the s7ouseH In case of un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 the 7erio' sha++
be e:ten'e' unti+ the co#7+etion of the 7artitionH
Perio'ica+ 7ay#ents sha++ be obtaine' fro# the successionH ;hey sha++ be borne by a++ the heirs
an'B in case of insufficiencyB by a++ the s7ecific +egateesB in 7ro7ortion to 6hat they recei$e'H
IfB ho6e$erB the 'ecease' e:7ress+y 'ec+are' that such +egacy shou+' be 7ai' in 7reference to the
otherB (rtic+e !27 sha++ a77+yH

"@(P;2- I8 - OF ;@2 -I1@;S OF ;@2 S;(;2

(rtH +):
(Or'H n &'-1/0. of 2/ 8e$. 1%&')

In absence of heirsB a succession is ac)uire' by the State H

(rtH +)6
(Or'H n &'-1/0. of 2/ 8e$. 1%&')
;he a'#inistration of 0o#ains 6hich c+ai#s a right to a succession is boun' to ha$e sea+s
affi:e' an' to cause an in$entory to be #a'e in the for#s 7rescribe' for the acce7tance of successions
un'er benefit of in$entory H

(rtH ++8
(Or'H n &'-1/0. of 2/ 8e$. 1%&')
It #ust 7etition to obtain fro# the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e in 6hose territoria+ Curis'iction
the succession 6as o7ene'B a court or'er to ta5e 7ossessionH
It is 'is7ense' fro# using the ser$ices of a counse+I the court sha++ ru+e on the 7etition three
#onths an' forty 'ays after a notice an' bi++ in the usua+ for#sB an' after ha$ing hear' the 1o$ern#ent
7rocuratorH
<hereB the $acancy ha$ing been 'u+y 'ec+are'B the a'#inistration of 0o#ains has been
a77ointe' curatorB it #ayB before fi+ing its 7etitionB 7rocee' by itse+f to the for#a+ities of notice 7ro$i'e'
for in the 7rece'ing 7aragra7hH
In a++ casesB bi++-stic5ing sha++ be 7ro$e' by a co7y of the bi++ signe' by the 'irector of 0o#ains
an' bearing a certificate of the #ayor of the 7+ace of o7ening of the successionH

(rtH ++( Frepea!edG

(rtH ++-
(Ord. n &'-1/0. of 2/ 8e$. 1%&')
;he a'#inistration of 0o#ains 6hich 'oes not fu+fi+ the for#a+ities 7rescribe' for it #ay be
or'ere' to 7ay 'a#ages to the heirsB if any shou+' a77earH

(rtH ++< Frepea!edG

"@(P;2- 8 - OF ;@2 (""2P;(*"2 (*0 -2P>0I(;IO* OF S>""2SSIO*S

Se$tion I - Of 0$$eptan$e
0rt. ++=
140
( succession #ay be acce7te' outright or subCect to benefit of in$entoryH

(rtH ++3
*o one is ob+ige' to acce7t a succession 6hich 'e$o+$es u7on hi# H

(rtH ++)
(($t of 1' Feb. 1%/')
Successions 'e$o+$ing on #inors an' on a'u+ts in guar'ianshi7 #ay be +a6fu++y acce7te' on+y in
accor'ance 6ith the 7ro$isions of the ;it+e Of 3inority( of Buardianship and of ;man$ipation.

0rt. +++
;he effects of acce7tance go bac5 to the 'ay of the o7ening of the succession H

(rtH ++:
(cce7tance #ay be e:7ress or by con'uct/ it is e:7ress 6here one assu#es the tit+e or ca7acity
of heir in an authentic or 7ri$ate instru#entI it is by con'uct 6here the heir 'oes an act 6hich
necessari+y i#7+ies his intention of acce7ting an' 6hich he 6ou+' be entit+e' to 'o on+y in his ca7acity
as heirH

(rtH ++6
(cts of #ere 7reser$ationB su7er$ision an' interi# a'#inistration are not acts of acce7tance of a
successionB un+ess the tit+e or ca7acity of heir has been assu#e' thereinH

(rtH +:8
( giftB sa+e or assign#ent of his rights of inheritance #a'e by one of the co-heirsB either to a
strangerB or to a++ his co-heirsB or to so#e of the#B in$o+$es on his 7art acce7tance of the successionH
It sha++ be the sa#e /
1L as to the renunciationB e$en gratuitousB 6hich one of the heirs #a5es in fa$our of one or
se$era+ of his co-heirsI
2L as to the renunciation 6hich he #a5es in fa$our of a++ his co-heirs 6ithout 'istinctionB 6here
he recei$es the 7rice of his renunciationH

(rtH +:(
<here a 7erson to 6ho# a succession has 'e$o+$e' 'ies 6ithout ha$ing re7u'iate' it or 6ithout
ha$ing acce7te' it e:7ress+y or by con'uctB his heirs #ay acce7t or re7u'iate it on his beha+fH

(rtH +:-
<here those heirs 'o not agree as to acce7ting or re7u'iating the successionB it #ust be acce7te'
un'er benefit of in$entoryH

(rtH +:<
(n a'u+t #ay attac5 an acce7tanceB e:7ress or by con'uctB 6hich he #a'e of a successionB on+y
in the case 6here that acce7tance 6as the resu+t of a 'ece7tion co##itte' u7on hi#/ he #ay ne$er c+ai#
on the groun' that he suffere' +ossB e:ce7t on+y in the case 6here the succession is absorbe' or re'uce'
#ore than one-ha+f through the 'isco$ery of a 6i++ un5no6n at the ti#e of the acce7tanceH

Se$tion II - Of the +enun$iation of Su$$essions

0rt. +:=
-enunciation of a succession #ay not be 7resu#e'I it #ay on+y be #a'e at the court office of
the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e in the arrondissement of 6hich the succession 6as o7ene'B on a s7ecia+
register 5e7t for that 7ur7oseH

(rtH +:3
(n heir 6ho renounces sha++ be 'ee#e' to ha$e ne$er been an heirH

(rtH +:)
;he share of a renouncing heir accrues to his co-heirsI 6here he is a+oneB it 'e$o+$es u7on the
ne:t 'egreeH

(rtH +:+
141
One #ay ne$er ta5e by re7resentation of an heir 6ho renounce'/ 6here the 7erson renouncing is
the on+y heir in his 'egreeB or 6here a++ the co-heirs renounceB chi+'ren co#e in their o6n right an'
inherit by hea'sH

(rtH +::
"re'itors of one 6ho renounces to the 'etri#ent of their rights #ay be authori=e' by the court to
acce7t the succession on beha+f of their 'ebtorB in his 7+ace an' stea'H
In that caseB the renunciation is a$oi'e' on+y in fa$our of the cre'itors an' to the e:tent on+y of
their c+ai#s/ it is not so in fa$our of the heir 6ho renounce' H

(rtH +:6
;he 7o6er to acce7t or re7u'iate a succession is e:tinguishe' by the +ength of ti#e re)uire' for
the +ongest 7rescri7tion of i##o$ab+e rights H

(rtH +68
So +ong as 7rescri7tion of the right to acce7t is not effecti$e against the heirs 6ho renounce'B
they ha$e the 7o6er to sti++ acce7t the successionB 6here it has not a+rea'y been acce7te' by other heirsI
6ithout 7reCu'iceB ho6e$erB to the rights 6hich thir' 7arties #ay ha$e ac)uire' to 7ro7erty of the
successionB either by 7rescri7tionB or by transactions +a6fu++y entere' into 6ith the curator of the $acant
successionH

(rtH +6(
One #ay notB e$en by an ante-nu7tia+ agree#entB renounce the succession of a +i$ing 7erson or
transfer contingent rights 6hich one #ay ha$e to that successionH

(rtH +6-
@eirs 6ho ha$e #isa77ro7riate' or concea+e' ite#s of 7ro7erty of a successionB are 'e7ri$e' of
the 7o6er to renounce it/ they re#ain outright heirsB not6ithstan'ing their renunciationB 6ithout being
a++o6e' to c+ai# any share in the things #isa77ro7riate' or concea+e'H

Se$tion III - Of the 7enefit of Inentory( of its ;ffe$ts and of the Ob!i6ations of a 7enefi$iary Leir

0rt. +6<
;he 'ec+aration of an heirB that he inten's to assu#e that ca7acity on+y un'er benefit of
in$entoryB #ust be #a'e at the court office of the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e in the arrondissement of
6hich the succession 6as o7ene'/ it #ust be entere' on the register 'esigne' for recei$ing acts of
renunciation H

(rtH +6=
;hat 'ec+aration is effecti$e on+y 6here it is 7rece'e' or fo++o6e' by a true an' e:act in$entory
of the 7ro7erty of the successionB in the #anner 7rescribe' by the +egis+ation on 7roce'ureB an' 6ithin
the 7erio's 6hich sha++ be hereafter s7ecifie'H

(rtH +63
(n heir has three #onths for #a5ing the in$entoryB fro# the 'ay of the o7ening of the
successionH
@e has in a''itionB for 'e+iberating on his acce7tance or renunciationB a 7erio' of forty 'aysB
6hich sha++ co##ence to run fro# the 'ay of e:7iry of the three #onths gi$en for the in$entoryB or fro#
the 'ay of the c+osing of the in$entory if it 6as finishe' before the three #onthsH

(rtH +6)
<hereB ho6e$erB there e:ist in the succession artic+es +iab+e to 6aste a6ay or cost+y to 5ee7B an
heir #ayB in his ca7acity of being entit+e' to inheritB an' 6ithout there being an acce7tance on his 7art
thereby 7resu#e'B ha$e hi#se+f authori=e' by the court to 7rocee' to a sa+e of those artic+esH
;hat sa+e #ust be 'one by a 7ub+ic officerB after the bi++s an' notice regu+ate' by +egis+ation on
7roce'ureH

(rtH +6+
<hi+e the 7erio's for #a5ing an in$entory an' 'e+iberating are e+a7singB an heir #ay not be
co#7e++e' to assu#e a ca7acity an' no Cu'g#ent #ay be obtaine' against hi#/ 6here he renounces
142
6hen the 7erio's ha$e e+a7se' or beforeB the e:7enses 6hich he has +a6fu++y incurre' u7 to that ti#e are
the res7onsibi+ity of the successionH

(rtH +6:

(fter the e:7iry of the abo$e-#entione' 7erio'sB an heirB in case of 7rocee'ings brought against
hi#B #ay re)uire a ne6 7erio' 6hich the court to 6hich the #atter 6as referre' #ay grant or refuse
accor'ing to the circu#stancesH

(rtH +66
;he costs of the 7rocee'ingsB in the case of the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB are the res7onsibi+ity of the
successionB 6here the heir 7ro$es either that he ha' no 5no6+e'ge of the 'eathB or that the 7erio's 6ere
insufficientB either because of the +ocation of the 7ro7ertyB or because of the contro$ersies 6hich ha$e
arisen / 6here he 'oes not #a5e that 7roofB the costs are his 7ersona+ res7onsibi+ityH

(rtH :88
*e$erthe+essB after the e:7iry of the 7erio's grante' by (rtic+e 7!%B an' e$en of those gi$en by
the Cu'ge un'er (rtic+e 7!8B an heir 5ee7s the 7o6er to sti++ #a5e an in$entory an' to stan' as heir
beneficiaryB 6here he has not acte' as heir or 6here there 'oes not e:ist against hi# a Cu'g#ent ha$ing
beco#e res Cu'icata 6hich con'e#ns hi# in the ca7acity of outright heirH

(rtH :8(
(n heir 6ho has been gui+ty of concea+#ent or 6ho has o#itte'B 5no6ing+y an' in ba' faithB to
inc+u'e artic+es of the succession in the in$entoryB is 'e7ri$e' of the benefit of in$entoryH

(rtH :8-
;he effect of the benefit of in$entory is to gi$e an heir the a'$antage/
1L ;o be ob+ige' to 7ay the 'ebts of the succession on+y to the e:tent of the $a+ue of the 7ro7erty
6hich he recei$esB an' e$en to be a++o6e' to 'ischarge hi#se+f fro# 7aying the 'ebts by aban'oning a++
the 7ro7erty of the succession to the cre'itors an' +egateesI
2L *ot to #ing+e his 7ersona+ 7ro7erty 6ith that of the successionB an' to 5ee7 against it the right
to as5 for 7ay#ent of his c+ai#sH

(rtH :8<
( beneficiary heir is res7onsib+e for a'#inistering the 7ro7erty of the successionB an' #ust
account for his a'#inistration to cre'itors an' +egateesH
@e #ay be constraine' as to his 7ersona+ 7ro7erty on+y after ha$ing been gi$en notice to 7resent
his accountB an' ha$ing fai+e' to co#7+y 6ith that ob+igationH
(fter an au'iting of the accountB he #ay be constraine' as to his 7ersona+ 7ro7erty on+y to the
e:tent of the ba+ance of 6hich he is 'ebtorH

(rtH :8=
@e is +iab+e on+y for gross fau+ts in the a'#inistration for 6hich he has chargeH

(rtH :83
@e #ay se++ #o$ab+es of the succession on+y through a 7ub+ic officerB by auction an' after the
usua+ bi++s an' noticesH
<here he 7ro'uces the# in 5in'B he is +iab+e on+y for 'e7reciation or 'eterioration cause' by his
neg+igent con'uctH

(rtH :8)
@e #ay se++ i##o$ab+es on+y in the for#s 7rescribe' by the ru+es of 7roce'ureI he is ob+ige' to
transfer the 7rocee's thereof to #ortgage cre'itors 6ho #a'e the#se+$es 5no6nH

(rtH :8+
<here cre'itors or other 7ersons concerne' so re)uireB he is ob+ige' to gi$e goo' an' so+$ent
security for the $a+ue of the #o$ab+es containe' in the in$entory an' for the 7ortion of the 7rocee's of
the i##o$ab+es not transferre' to #ortgage cre'itorsH
<here he fai+s to gi$e that securityB the #o$ab+es sha++ be so+' an' the 7rocee's thereof
'e7osite'B as 6e++ as the 7rocee's not transferre' of the i##o$ab+esB for the 7ur7ose of 'ischarging the
+iabi+ities of the successionH
143

(rtH :8:
<here there are attaching cre'itorsB a beneficiary heir #ay 7ay on+y in the or'er an' #anner
fi:e' by the Cu'geH
<here there are no attaching cre'itors he sha++ 7ay cre'itors an' +egatees as they 7resent
the#se+$esH

(rtH :86
"re'itors 6ho 'i' not attachB 6ho 7resent the#se+$es after the au'iting of the account an' the
7ay#ent of the ba+ance B #ay on+y e:ercise their re#e'ies against the +egateesH
In either caseB the re#e'y is ti#e-barre' after the +a7se of three yearsB after the 'ay of the
au'iting of the account an' the 7ay#ent of the ba+anceH

(rtH :(8
"osts of sea+sB if any ha$e been affi:e'B of in$entory an' of accountB are charge' against the
succession H

Se$tion IC - Of Ca$ant Su$$essions

0rt. :((
<hereB after e:7iry of the 7erio's for #a5ing the in$entory an' 'e+iberatingB no one 7resents
hi#se+f to c+ai# a successionB an' there are no 5no6n heirs or the 5no6n heirs ha$e renounce'B the
succession is 'ee#e' $acantH

(rtH :(-
;he tribuna! de 6rande instan$e in 6hose arrondissement it is o7ene'B sha++ a77oint a curator on
re)uest of the 7ersons concerne'B or on 'e#an' of the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorH

(rtH :(<
( curator of a $acant succession is ob+ige' first of a++ to ha$e its state of being estab+ishe' by an
in$entory/ he sha++ e:ercise an' enforce its rightsI he sha++ ans6er c+ai#s brought against itI he sha++
a'#inisterB 6ith the res7onsibi+ity of ha$ing the fun's for#ing 7art of the successionB as 6e++ as the
7rocee's fro# the sa+e of #o$ab+es or i##o$ab+esB 'e7osite' into the fun's of the recei$er of the
nationa+ office for the 7reser$ation of rights an' 6ith the res7onsibi+ity of accounting to 6ho#e$er it
#ay be+ongH

(rtH :(=
;he 7ro$isions of Section III of this "ha7terB on the for#s of an in$entoryB the #etho' of
a'#inistrationB an' the accounts to be ren'ere' by a beneficiary heirB sha++ a77+y #oreo$er to curators of
$acant successionsB Kinsofar as they are not contrary to the 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 1000 an' 1001 of the
"o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureK (Ord. n &'-100. of 24 O$t. 1%&') H

"@(P;2- 8I - OF P(-;I;IO* (*0 OF "O33(;IO*S

Se$tion I - Of Kndiided O#nership and of the 0$tion for Partition

(rtH :(3
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
*o one #ay be co#7e++e' to re#ain in un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 an' a 7artition #ay a+6ays be
in'uce'B un+ess it 6as 'e+aye' by Cu'g#ent or agree#ent H
KOn re)uest of an un'i$i'e' co-o6nerB a court #ay 'e+ay 7artitionK (0$t n .'-62. of 10 *une
1%.') for t6o years at the #ost 6here its i##e'iate carrying out cou+' affect the $a+ue of the un'i$i'e'
7ro7erty Kor 6here one of the un'i$i'e' co-o6ners can sett+e in an agricu+tura+ ho+'ing 'e7en'ing on the
succession on+y at the en' of that 7erio'K (0$t n '0-&02 of 4 *u!y 1%'0)H ;hat 'e+ay #ay be a77+ie' to
the 6ho+e of the un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty or on+y to 7art of it H
Further#oreB 6here un'i$i'e' co-o6ners 6ish to re#ain in un'i$i'e' o6nershi7B the court #ayB
on re)uest of one or se$era+ of the#B on the basis of the interests as they stan'B an' 6ithout 7reCu'ice to
the a77+ication of (rtic+es 832 to 832-3B a++ot his shareB after a77raisa+B to the one 6ho sought 7artitionB
either in 5in'B if it can easi+y be 'isCoine' fro# the re#ain'er of the un'i$i'e' 7ro7ertyB or in #oneyB if
the a++ot#ent in 5in' cannot be con$enient+y #a'eB or if the a77+icant e:7resses his 7reference for itI
6here there is not a sufficient su# in the un'i$i'e' 7ro7ertyB the co#7+e#ent sha++ be re#itte' by those
144
of the un'i$i'e' co-o6ners 6ho concurre' in the re)uestB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the 7ossibi+ity for the
other un'i$i'e' co-o6ners to 7artici7ate in it if they e:7ress the 6ish of 'oing soH ;he share of each of
the# in the un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty sha++ be increase' in 7ro7ortion to his re#ittanceH

(rtH :(3,(
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
Fai+ing an a#icab+e agree#entB un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 of an agricu+tura+ ho+'ing for#ing an
econo#ic unit an' 6hose 'e$e+o7#ent 6as secure' by the 'ecease' or by his or her s7ouse #ay be
#aintaine'B un'er the ter#s fi:e' by the courtB on re)uest of the 7ersons referre' to in 7aragra7hs 3 an'
4 be+o6 H ;he court sha++ ru+e on the basis of the interests as they stan' an' of the 7ossibi+ities of
e:istence 6hich the fa#i+y can 'eri$e fro# the un'i$i'e' 7ro7ertyH ;he #aintenance of un'i$i'e'
o6nershi7 re#ains 7ossib+e 6here the ho+'ing inc+u'es e+e#ents of 6hich the heir or the s7ouse 6as
a+rea'y o6ner or co-o6ner before the o7ening of the successionH
>n'i$i'e' o6nershi7 #ay a+so be #aintaine' on re)uest of the sa#e 7ersons an' un'er the
ter#s fi:e' by the courtB as regar's o6nershi7 of 7re#ises use' for habitation or for 7rofessiona+
7ur7oses 6hichB at the ti#e of the 'eathB 6ere actua++y use' for that habitation or for those 7ur7oses by
the 'ecease' or his or her s7ouseH It sha++ be the sa#e for #o$ab+e artic+es 6hich are usefu+ for the
e:ercise of the 7rofessionH
<here the 'ecease' +ea$es one or se$era+ #inor 'escen'antsB the #aintenance of un'i$i'e'
o6nershi7 #ay be re)ueste' either by the sur$i$ing s7ouseB or by any heirB or by the statutory
re7resentati$e of the #inorsH
In the absence of #inor 'escen'antsB the #aintenance of un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 #ay be re)ueste'
on+y by the sur$i$ing s7ouse an' 7ro$i'e' that he 6as before the 'eathB or has beco#e by reason of the
'eathB co-o6ner of the agricu+tura+ ho+'ing or of the 7re#ises use' for habitation or for 7rofessiona+
7ur7osesH If it is a case of 7re#ises use' for habitationB the s7ouse #ust ha$e resi'e' on the s7ot at the
ti#e of the 'eathH
&aintenance of un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 #ay not be 7rescribe' for a 'uration +onger than fi$e yearsH
In #ay be rene6e'B in the case 7ro$i'e' for in 7aragra7h 3B unti+ the co#ing of age of the youngest of
the 'escen'antsB an'B in the case 7ro$i'e' for in 7aragra7h 4B unti+ the 'eath of the sur$i$ing s7ouseH

(rtH :(3,-
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
(ny un'i$i'e' o6ner #ay ta5e the necessary ste7s for the 7reser$ation of the un'i$i'e'
7ro7ertyH
@e #ay use for that 7ur7ose fun's of the un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty 6hich he ho+'sB an' he is 'ee#e' to
ha$e the free 'is7osa+ of the# 6ith regar's to thir' 7artiesH
Fai+ing fun's of the un'i$i'e' 7ro7ertyB he #ay co#7e+ his un'i$i'e' co-o6ners to #a5e 6ith
hi# the necessary e:7en'ituresH
<here un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty is encu#bere' 6ith an usufructB those 7o6ers are effecti$e against the
usufructuary to the e:tent that the +atter is res7onsib+e for re7airsH

(rtH :(3,<
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
(cts of a'#inistration an' 'is7osition re+ating to un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty re)uire the consent of a++
the un'i$i'e' co-o6ners H ;hey #ay gi$e to one or se$era+ of the# genera+ authority for a'#inistrationH
( s7ecia+ authority is re)uire' for any act 6hich 'oes not be+ong to a nor#a+ #anage#ent of the
un'i$i'e' 7ro7ertyB as 6e++ as for the conc+usion an' rene6a+ of +easesH
<here one un'i$i'e' o6ner ta5es u7 the #anage#ent of the un'i$i'e' 7ro7ertyB 6ith the
5no6+e'ge of the others an' ne$erthe+ess 6ithout o77osition on their 7artB he is 'ee#e' to ha$e recei$e'
an i#7+ie' authorityB co$ering acts of a'#inistrationB but not acts of 'is7osition or conc+usion or rene6a+
of contractsH

(rtH :(3,=
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
<here one of the un'i$i'e' o6ners is unab+e to e:7ress his intentionB another #ay be Cu'icia++y
entit+e' to re7resent hi#B in a genera+ #anner or for so#e 7articu+ar transactionsB the ter#s an' e:tent of
that re7resentation being fi:e' by the Cu'geH
Fai+ing statutory 7o6erB contractua+ authority or Cu'icia+ entit+e#entB the acts 'one by a
un'i$i'e' o6ner on beha+f of another are effecti$e 6ith regar' to the +atter un'er the ru+es of
#anage#ent of anotherNs businessH

14%
(rtH :(3,3
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
(n un'i$i'e' o6ner #ay be Cu'icia++y authori=e' to 'o a+one an act for 6hich the consent of an
un'i$i'e' co-o6ner 6ou+' be re)uire'B 6here the refusa+ of the +atter i#7eri+s the co##on interestH
K;he Cu'ge #ay notB on re)uest of a bare-o6nerB or'er the sa+e of the fu++ o6nershi7 of a
7ro7erty encu#bere' 6ith an usufructB against the 6ish of the usufructuaryK (0$t n '.-4%' of 6 *u!y
1%'.)H
(n act #a'e 6ithin the ter#s fi:e' by the Cu'icia+ authori=ation is effecti$e against the
un'i$i'e' o6ner 6hose consent 6as 6anting H

(rtH :(3,)
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
;he 7resi'ent of the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e #ay 7rescribe or authori=e a++ urgent #easures
6hich the co##on interest re)uires H
@e #ay in 7articu+ar authori=e an un'i$i'e' o6ner to co++ect fro# 'ebtors of the un'i$i'e'
7ro7erty or fro# 'e7ositaries of un'i$i'e' #oney fun's 'esigne' to #eet urgent nee'sB 6hi+e
7rescribingB 6here re)uire'B the ter#s of their useH ;hat authori=ation 'oes not in$o+$e )ua+ifying as
regar's a sur$i$ing s7ouse or a heirH
@e #ay a+soB either 'esignate an un'i$i'e' o6ner as a'#inistrator 6ith ob+igation if there is
occasion of gi$ing securityB or a77oint a se)uestrerH (rtic+es 1873-% to 1873-! of this "o'e sha++ a77+y as
#ay be thought 7ro7er to the 7o6ers an' ob+igations of the a'#inistratorB un+ess they are other6ise
regu+ate' by the Cu'geH

(rtH :(3,+
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
;he 7resi'ent of the court #ay a+so 7rohibit the shifting of tangib+e #o$ab+es reser$ing the right
to s7ecifying those of 6hich he grants the 7ersona+ usage to one or another of the 7ersons entit+e'B un'er
the res7onsibi+ity on the +atter to gi$e securityB if he 'ee#s it necessaryH

(rtH :(3,:
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
<hoe$er co++ects re$enues or incurs e:7enses for the account of the un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 #ust
5ee7 a state#ent of the# 6hich is at the 'is7osa+ of the un'i$i'e' o6nersH

(rtH :(3,6
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
2ach un'i$i'e' o6ner #ay use an' enCoy un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty in accor'ance 6ith its 'estinationB
to the e:tent co#7atib+e 6ith the rights of the other un'i$i'e' o6ners an' 6ith the effect of the acts
+a6fu++y #a'e in the course of the un'i$i'e' o6nershi7H Fai+ing an agree#ent bet6een the 7ersons
concerne'B the e:ercise of that right sha++ be regu+ate'B 7ro$isiona++yB by the 7resi'ent of the court H
(n un'i$i'e' o6ner 6ho uses or enCoys 7ri$ate+y an un'i$i'e' thing is +iab+e to an in'e#nityB
un+ess other6ise agree' H

(rtH :(3,(8
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
Fruits an' re$enues of un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty accrue to the un'i$i'e' o6nershi7B in 'efau+t of
interi# 7artition or of any other agree#ent estab+ishing 'i$i'e' enCoy#entH
*o in)uiry re+ating to fruits an' re$enues #ayB ho6e$erB be a'#issib+e #ore than fi$e years after
the 'ate on 6hich they 6ere or cou+' ha$e been co++ecte'H
2ach un'i$i'e' o6ner is entit+e' to benefits co#ing fro# un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty an' bears the +oss
in 7ro7ortion to his rights in the un'i$i'e' 7ro7ertyH

(rtH :(3,((
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
(ny un'i$i'e' o6ner #ay c+ai# his annua+ share in the benefitsB +ess the e:7enses in$o+$e' by
acts to 6hich he consente' or 6hich are effecti$e against hi#H
Fai+ing another tit+eB the e:tent of the rights of each in the un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 resu+ts fro# the
affi'a$it or fro# the abstract of in$entory 'ra6n u7 by the notaire .
In case of contro$ersyB the 7resi'ent of the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e #ay or'er an interi#
'istribution of the benefitsB subCect to an account to be #a'e before the fina+ +i)ui'ationH
14.
>7 to the a#ount of a$ai+ab+e #oneyB he #ay +i5e6ise or'er an a'$ance in ca7ita+ on the rights
of an un'i$i'e' o6ner in the 7artition to co#eH
(rtH :(3,(-
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
(n un'i$i'e' o6ner 6ho #anages one or se$era+ un'i$i'e' ite#s of 7ro7erty is accountab+e for
the 7ro'ucts of his #anage#entH @e is entit+e' to co#7ensation for his acti$ity on ter#s fi:e' a#icab+y
orB fai+ing 6hichB by Cu'icia+ 'ecisionH

(rtH :(3,(<
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
<here an un'i$i'e' o6ner has i#7ro$e' at his e:7enses the con'ition of un'i$i'e' 7ro7ertyB
account of it #ust be ta5en for hi# accor'ing to e)uityB 6ith regar' to the increase in $a+ue of the
7ro7erty at the ti#e of 7artition or of transferH (ccount sha++ be ta5en +i5e6ise for hi# of the necessary
out+ays he #a'e out of his o6n #oney for the 7reser$ation of sai' 7ro7ertyB e$en though they 'i' not
i#7ro$e itH
-eci7roca++yB an un'i$i'e' o6ner is res7onsib+e for 'egra'ations an' 'eteriorations 6hich ha$e
'i#inishe' the $a+ue of the un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty through his act or fau+tH

(rtH :(3,(=
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
(n un'i$i'e' o6ner 6ho inten's to transferB for $a+ueB to a 7erson outsi'e the un'i$i'e'
o6nershi7B a++ or 7art of his rights in the un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty or in one or se$era+ artic+es of that 7ro7erty
sha++ gi$e notice by e:tra-Cu'icia+ act to the other un'i$i'e' o6ners of the 7rice an' ter#s of the 7+anne'
transfer as 6e++ as of the na#eB 'o#ici+e an' occu7ation of the 7erson 6ho inten's to ac)uire itH
(ny un'i$i'e' o6ner #ayB 6ithin the 7erio' of one #onth fo++o6ing that noticeB #a5e 5no6n to
the transferorB by e:tra-Cu'icia+ actB that he e:ercises a right of 7re-e#7tion at the 7rice an' ter#s of
6hich he 6as notifie'H
In case of 7re-e#7tionB the 7erson 6ho is e:ercising it sha++ ha$e an instru#ent of sa+e 'rafte'
6ithin a 7erio' of t6o #onthsB counting fro# the 'ate of sen'ing his re7+y to the se++erH (fter that
7erio'B his 'ec+aration of 7re-e#7tion is $oi' by o7eration of +a6B fifteen 'ays after a notice of 'efau+t
re#aine' ineffecti$eB an' 6ithout 7reCu'ice to 'a#ages 6hich #ay be c+ai#e' of hi# by the se++er H
<here se$era+ un'i$i'e' o6ners e:ercise their rights of 7re-e#7tionB un+ess other6ise agree'B
they are 'ee#e' to ac)uire together the 7ortion 7ut u7 for sa+e in 7ro7ortion to their res7ecti$e shares in
the un'i$i'e' o6nershi7H
<here ter#s of 7ay#ent ha$e been grante' by the transferorB (rtic+e 833-1 sha++ a77+yH

(rtH :(3,(3
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
<here there is occasion for an auction of a++ or 7art of the rights of an un'i$i'e' o6ner in
un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty or in one or #ore artic+es of that 7ro7ertyB the counse+ or notaire #ust infor# the
un'i$i'e' o6ners of it by notice one #onth before the 'ate 7+anne' for the sa+eH K2ach un'i$i'e' o6ner
#ay ta5e the 7+ace of the 7urchaser 6ithin a 7erio' of one #onth after the auctionB by 'ec+aration at the
court office or 6ith the notaireK (0$t n .'-62. of 10 *une 1%.')H
;he 7articu+ars estab+ishe' for the 7ur7ose of the sa+e #ust #ention the rights of substitutionH

(rtH :(3,()
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
2$ery transfer or auction #a'e in 'efiance of (rtic+es 81%-14 an' 81%-1% is $oi'H (n action for
annu+#ent is ti#e-barre' after fi$e yearsH It #ay be brought on+y by those on 6ho# notices 6ere to be
ser$e' or by their heirsH

(rtH :(3,(+
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
"re'itors 6ho #ight ha$e +e$ie' e:ecution on the un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty before there 6as un'i$i'e'
o6nershi7B an' those 6hose c+ai#s resu+t fro# the 7reser$ation or #anage#ent of the un'i$i'e'
7ro7ertyB sha++ be 7ai' by 'e'uction fro# the assets before 7artitionH ;hey #ayB in a''itionB con'uct
attach#ent or sei=ure an' sa+e of the un'i$i'e' 7ro7ertyH
Persona+ cre'itors of an un'i$i'e' o6ner #ay not attach or sei=e the +atter?s share in un'i$i'e'
7ro7ertyB 6hether #o$ab+e or i##o$ab+eH
;hey ha$eB ho6e$erB the 7o6er to instigate 7artition in the na#e of their 'ebtor or to inter$ene in
a 7artition instigate' by hi#H ;he un'i$i'e' co-o6ners #ay sto7 the course of the action for 7artition by
147
'ischarging the ob+igation in the na#e an' on beha+f of the 'ebtorH ;hose 6ho e:ercise that 7o6er sha++
be rei#burse' by 'e'uction fro# the un'i$i'e' 7ro7ertyH
(rtH :(3,(:
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 81% to 81%-17 sha++ a77+y to un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty in usufruct to the
e:tent that they are consistent 6ith the ru+es on usufructH
;he notices 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 81%-14B 81%-1% an' 81%-1. #ust be ser$e' on any bare
o6ner an' on any usufructuaryH ut a usufructuary #ay ac)uire a share in bare o6nershi7 on+y 6here no
bare o6ner offers to ac)uire itI a bare o6ner #ay ac)uire a share in usufruct on+y 6here no usufructuary
offers to ac)uire itH

0rt. :()
( 7artition #ay be a77+ie' for e$en 6here one of the heirs has enCoye' se7arate+y a 7art of the
7ro7erty of the successionB if there 6as no instru#ent of 7artition nor 7ossession a'e)uate to ac)uire
7rescri7tion H

(rtH :(+
(($t of 1% *une 1%/%)
(s regar's #inors or a'u+ts in guar'ianshi7B an action for 7artition #ay be brought by their
guar'ians s7ecia++y authori=e' by a fa#i+y counci+H
(s regar's absent coheirsB the action be+ongs to the re+ati$es $este' 6ith 7ossessionH

(rtH :(: Frepea!edG

(rtH :(6
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
<here a++ the heirs are 7resent an' fu++y ca7ab+eB a 7artition #ay be #a'e in such #anner an'
through such act as the 7arties 'ee# 7ro7er H

(rtH :-8
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
Pro7erty of a succession #ayB in 6ho+e or in 7artB be subCect to #easures of 7reser$ationB such as
the affi:ing of sea+sB on re)uest of a 7arty concerne' or of the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s officeB un'er the
con'itions an' fo++o6ing the for#s 'eter#ine' by the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureH

(rtH :-( Frepea!edG

(rtH :--
(0.-<a# of 1. *une 1%/')
(n action for 7artition an' the contro$ersies arising either on the occasion of #aintaining
un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 or 'uring the 7rocee'ings of 7artitionB sha++ beB on 7ain of annu+#entB sub#itte'
on+y to the court of the 7+ace of o7ening of the successionI it is before that court that auctions sha++ be
#a'e an' that c+ai#s re+ating to the 6arranty of shares bet6een co7arceners an' those for rescission of a
7artition sha++ be broughtH In the case 6here an atte#7t to conci+iation as 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 48
Frepea!edG of the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ure ta5es 7+aceB the Cu'ge of the tribuna! d1instan$e of the 7+ace
of o7ening of the succession sha++ a+one be co#7etentB on 7ain of annu+#entH
(0$t of 1& 8e$. 1%21) <here a++ the 7arties agreeB the court #ay be sei=e' of an a77+ication for
7artition through a co++ecti$e re)uest signe' by their counse+sH If there is occasion for an auctionB the
re)uest sha++ contain an u7set 7rice 6hich 6i++ ser$e as an a77raisa+H In that caseB the Cu'g#ent sha++ be
han'e' 'o6n in cha#bers an' is not a77ea+ab+e 6here the sub#issions of the re)uest are acce7te' by
the court 6ithout #o'ificationH
(0$t of 1% *une 1%/%) ;he 7ro$isions of the 7rece'ing 7aragra7hs sha++ a77+y 6ithout nee' of a
7re$ious authori=ationB 6hate$er the ca7acity of the 7arty concerne' #ay be an' e$en 6here he is
re7resente' by a Cu'icia+ agentH

(rtH :-<
<here one of the coheirs refuses to consent to a 7artitionB or 6here contro$ersies ariseB either as
to the 6ay of 7rocee'ingB or as to the #anner of sett+ing itB the court sha++ 'eci'e as in su##ary #attersB
or sha++ a77ointB if necessaryB for the 7rocee'ings of 7artitionB one of the Cu'gesB on 6hose re7ort it sha++
'eci'e the contro$ersiesH

148
(rtH :-=
(77raisa+ of the i##o$ab+es sha++ be #a'e by e:7erts chosen by the 7arties concerne'B orB u7on
their refusa+B a77ointe' by the court of its o6n #otionH
;he #e#oran'u# of the e:7erts sha++ state the basis of the a77raisa+I it sha++ in'icate 6hether the
artic+e a77raise' can be con$enient+y 7artitione'I in 6hat #annerI fina++yB in case of 7artitionB it sha++ fi:
each one of the shares that can be for#e' therefro#B an' their $a+ueH

(rtH :-3
(77raisa+ of the #o$ab+esB 6here there 6as no $a+uation in a regu+ar in$entoryB #ust be #a'e by
5no6+e'geab+e 7ersonsB at a fair 7rice an' 6ithout increaseH

(rtH :-)
2ach one of the coheirs #ay c+ai# his share of the #o$ab+es an' i##o$ab+es of the succession
in 5in'/ ne$erthe+essB 6here there are attaching or sei=ing cre'itorsB or 6here the #aCority of the coheirs
'ee# a sa+e necessary for the 'ischarge of the 'ebts an' +iabi+ities of the successionB #o$ab+es sha++ be
so+' 7ub+ic+y in the or'inary #annerH

(rtH :-+
(0.-<a# of 1. *une 1%/')
<here the i##o$ab+es cannot be con$enient+y 7artitione' or a++ocate' in the con'itions
7ro$i'e' for by this "o'eB a sa+e by auction #ust ta5e 7+ace before the courtH
;he 7artiesB ho6e$erB 6here they are a++ of fu++ ageB #ay consent that the auction be he+' before a
notaireB on the choice of 6ho# they agreeH

(rtH :-:
(fter the i##o$ab+es an' #o$ab+es ha$e been a77raise' an' so+'B if there is occasionB the
su7er$ising Cu'ge sha++ sen' the 7arties before a notaire u7on 6ho# they agreeB or 6ho# he a77oints of
his o6n #otionB if the 7arties 'o not agree u7on a choiceH
efore that officer sha++ be 'eter#ine' the accounts of 6hat the 7arties #ay o6e each otherB the
for#ation of the genera+ #assB the co#7osition of the shares an' the a++ot#ents to be #a'e to each of the
co7arcenersH

(rtH :-6
2ach coheir sha++ return to the #assB accor'ing to the ru+es hereafter +ai' 'o6nB the gifts 6hich
ha$e been #a'e to hi# an' the su#s of 6hich he is 'ebtorH

(rtH :<8
<here co++ation is not #a'e in 5in'B the coheirs to 6ho# it is o6e'B sha++ a77ro7riate an
e)ui$a+ent 7ortion fro# the #ass of the successionH
(77ro7riations sha++ be #a'eB as far as 7ossib+eB on things of the sa#e 5in'B character an' goo'
)ua+ity as those not returne' in 5in'H

(rtH :<(
(fter those a77ro7riationsB out of 6hat re#ains of the #assB the co#7osition is #a'e of as #any
e)ua+ shares as there are co7arcener heirs or co7arcener stoc5sH

(rtH :<-
(0.-<a# of 1. *une 1%/')
In for#ing an' co#7osing sharesB the 7arce++ing out of +an's an' the s7+itting u7 of ho+'ings
#ust be a$oi'e'H
In so far as 7arce++ing out of +an's an' s7+itting u7 of ho+'ings can be a$oi'e'B each share #ustB
as far as 7ossib+eB be co#7ose'B in 6ho+e or in 7artB of #o$ab+es or i##o$ab+esB of rights or of c+ai#s
of e)ui$a+ent $a+ueH
K( sur$i$ing s7ouse or any co-o6ner heir #ay re)uest a 7referentia+ a++ot#ent by 6ay of
7artitionB un'er the res7onsibi+ity of a co#7ensationB if anyB of any agricu+tura+ ho+'ingB or 7art of
agricu+tura+ ho+'ingB constituting an econo#ic unitB or un'i$i'e' 7ortion of an agricu+tura+ unitB e$en
for#e' in 7art fro# a 7ro7erty of 6hich he 6as a+rea'y o6ner or co-o6ner before the 'eathB in 6hose
'e$e+o7#ent he actua++y 7artici7ates or 7artici7ate'I in the case of an heirB the re)uire#ent as to
7artici7ation #ay ha$e been fu+fi++e' by his or her s7ouseH If there is occasionB the re)uest for
7referentia+ a++ot#ent #ay bear on shares of the ca7ita+B 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the a77+ication of the
14!
statutory 7ro$isions or of artic+es of association on the continuation of a 7artnershi7 6ith the sur$i$ing
s7ouse or one or se$era+ heirsH
K;he sa#e ru+es sha++ a77+y to any co##ercia+B in'ustria+ or craft concernB 6hose i#7ortance
'oes not e:c+u'e a fa#i+y nature K (0$t n '2-&%6 of 10 *u!y 1%'2)H
(0$t n '0-&02 of 4 *u!y 1%'0) In the case 6here neither the sur$i$ing s7ouseB nor any co-o6ner
heir re)uests the a77+ication of the 7ro$isions 7ro$i'e' for in 7aragra7h 3 abo$e or those of (rtic+es
832-1 or 832-2B 7referentia+ a++ot#ent #ay be grante' to any co7arcener 7ro$i'e' he ob+iges hi#se+f to
gi$e on +easeB 6ithin a 7erio' of si: #onthsB the 7ro7erty un'er consi'eration un'er the ter#s fi:e' in
"ha7ter 8II of ;it+e I of oo5 8I F"ha7ter 8I of ;it+e I of oo5 I8G of the -ura+ "o'e to one or se$era+
of the coheirs fu+fi++ing the 7ersona+ re)uire#ents 7ro$i'e' for in 7aragra7h 3 abo$e or to one or se$era+
'escen'ants of those coheirs fu+fi++ing the sa#e con'itions H
( sur$i$ing s7ouse or any co-o6ner heir #ay a+so re)uest 7referentia+ a++ot#ent /
Of the o6nershi7 or right to +ease of the 7re#ises 6hich actua++y ser$e hi# or her as habitationB
6here he or she ha' resi'ence here at the ti#e of the 'eath KB 6ith the furniture 6hich garnishes the#K
(0$t n 2001-11/& of / 8e$. 2001)I
Of the o6nershi7 or right to +ease of the 7re#ises use' for 7rofessiona+ 7ur7oses 6hich ser$e
actua++y for the e:ercise of his or her occu7ation an' of the furniture for 7rofessiona+ 7ur7oses 6hich
garnishes the 7re#isesI
Of the 6ho+e of #o$ab+e artic+es necessary for the ho+'ing of a rura+ 7ro7erty far#e' by the
'ecease' as tenant far#er or sharecro77er 6here the +ease continues for the 7rofit of the a77+icant or
6here a ne6 +ease is grante' to the +atterH
Preferentia+ a++ot#ent #ay be sought Coint+y by se$era+ 7ersons entit+e' to inheritH KPreferentia+
a++ot#ent of the o6nershi7 of the 7re#ises an' of the furniture 6hich gaenishes itB referre' to in
7aragra7h 7B is as of right for a sur$i$ing s7ouseK (0$t n 2001-11/& of / 8e$. 2001)H
KIn the circu#stances referre' to in the 7rece'ing 7aragra7hB an a++ottee sur$i$ing s7ouse #ay
re)uire fro# his co7arceners 7erio'sB 6hich #ay not e:cee' ten yearsB for 7ay#ent of a fraction of the
ba+anceB e)ua+ to a ha+f at the #ostH >n+ess other6ise agree'B the su#s re#aining 'ue bear an interest at
the statutory rateH
KIn case of sa+e of the 7re#ises or of the furniture 6hich garnishes the#B the fraction of the
ba+ance 6hich re+ates to it beco#es i##e'iate+y 'ueI in case of 7artia+ sa+esB the 7rocee's of those sa+es
sha++ be 7ai' to the co7arceners an' a77ro7riate' to the fraction of the ba+ance sti++ 'ueH
K-ights resu+ting fro# a 7referentia+ a++ot#ent #ay not 7reCu'ice rights for +ife of use an'
habitation 6hich a s7ouse #ay e:ercise un'er (rtic+e 7.4K (0$t n 2001-11/& of / 8e$. 2001)H
KFai+ing an a#icab+e agree#entB a re)uest for 7referentia+ a++ot#ent sha++ be brought before the
courtB 6hich sha++ 'eci'e on the basis of the interest as they stan'I in case of se$era+ re)uests re+ating to
a ho+'ing or a concernB the court sha++ ta5e into account the fitness of the $arious a77+icants to #anage
that ho+'ing or concern an' to re#ain thereinB an' in 7articu+ar the 'uration of their 7ersona+ ta5ing 7art
in the o7eration of the ho+'ing or of the concernK (0$t n '2-&%6 of 10 *u!y 1%'2) H
Pro7erty 6hich for#s the subCect of the a++ot#ent sha++ be a77raise' at its $a+ue on the 'ay of
7artition H
>n+ess other6ise a#icab+y agree' bet6een the co7arcenersB a ba+ance 6hich #ay be o:e' sha++
be 7ai' cash H

(rtH :<-,(
(($t n '0-&02 of 4 *u!y 1%'0)
*ot6ithstan'ing the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 832B 7aragra7hs K14 an' 1. K (0$t n 2001-11/& of /
8e$. 2001) an' un+ess #aintenance in un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 is re)ueste' un'er (rtic+es 81%B 7aragra7h 2B
an' 81%-1B 7referentia+ a++ot#ent referre' to in (rtic+e 832B 7aragra7h 3B is as of right as regar's any
agricu+tura+ ho+'ing 6hich 'oes not e:cee' the +i#its of surface fi:e' by 'ecree in Consei! d12tat. In
case of se$era+ re)uestsB the court sha++ 'esignate the a++ottee or Coint a++ottees on the basis of the
interests as they stan' an' of the fitness of the $arious a77+icants to #anage the ho+'ing an' to re#ain
therein H
In the circu#stances referre' to in the 7rece'ing 7aragra7hB e$en 6here a 7referentia+ a++ot#ent
6as Cu'icia++y grante'B the a++ottee #ay re)uire fro# his co7arceners 7erio's 6hich #ay not e:cee' ten
years for 7ay#ent of a fraction of the ba+anceB e)ua+ to a ha+f at #ostH 2:ce7t other6ise agree'B su#s
re#aining 'ue bear interest at the statutory rateH
(0$t n 61-1/.' of 1% 8e$. 1%61) In case of sa+e of the 6ho+e of an a++otte' 7ro7erty the fraction
of the ba+ance re#aining o6e' beco#es i##e'iate+y 'ueI in case of 7artia+ sa+esB the 7rocee's of those
sa+es sha++ be 7ai' to the co7arceners an' a77ro7riate' to the fraction of the ba+ance sti++ 'ueH
Frepea!edG

1%0
(rtH :<-,-
(($t n '0-&02 of 4 *u!y 1%'0)
<here #aintenance in un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 6as not or'ere' un'er (rtic+es 81%B 7aragra7h 2B
an' 81%-1B an' fai+ing a 7referentia+ a++ot#ent in o6nershi7 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 832B 7aragra7h 3B
or 832-1B a sur$i$ing s7ouse or any co-o6ner heir #ay re)uest 7referentia+ a++ot#ent of a++ or 7art of
i##o$ab+e 7ro7erty or rights for agricu+tura+ 7ur7oses 'e7en'ing on the successionB 6ith a $ie6 to
estab+ishing an agricu+tura+ +an' grou7ing 6ith one or se$era+ coheirs an'B as the case #ay beB one or
se$era+ thir' 7ersonsH
;hat a++ot#ent is of right 6here the sur$i$ing s7ouse or one or se$era+ of the coheirs fu+fi++ing
the 7ersona+ )ua+ifications 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 832B 7aragra7h 3B re)uire that there be gi$en the# on
+ease a++ or 7art of the 7ro7erty of the grou7ingB subCect to the con'itions +ai' 'o6n in "ha7ter 8II of
;it+e I of oo5 8I F"ha7ter 8I of ;it+e I of oo5 I8G of the -ura+ "o'eH
In case of se$era+ re)uestsB the 7ro7erty of the grou7ing #ayB 6here its co#7osition so 7er#itsB
be the subCect of se$era+ +eases benefiting 'ifferent coheirsI other6iseB an' fai+ing an a#icab+e
agree#ent the court sha++ 'esignate the +essee ta5ing into account the fitness of the $arious a77+icants to
#anage the 7ro7erty concerne' an' to re#ain thereinH <here the ter#s an' con'itions of that +ease or
of those +eases 6ere not the subCect of an agree#entB they sha++ be fi:e' by the courtH
;he i##o$ab+e 7ro7erty an' rights 6hich the a77+icants 'o not inten' to contribute to the
agricu+tura+ +an' grou7ingB together 6ith the other 7ro7erty of the successionB sha++ be a++otte' by
7riorityB 6ithin the +i#its of their res7ecti$e rights of successionB to the un'i$i'e' o6ners 6ho 'i' not
agree to the for#ation of the grou7ingH <here those un'i$i'e' o6ners 'o not obtain the 6ho+e of their
rights through the a++ot#ent thus #a'eB a ba+ance #ust be 7ai' to the#H >n+ess other6ise a#icab+y
agree' bet6een the co7arcenersB a ba+ance 6hich #ay be o6e' sha++ be 7ai' 6ithin the year fo++o6ing
the 7artitionH It #ay be effecte' through a gi$ing in 7ay#ent un'er the for# of shares in the agricu+tura+
+an' grou7ingB un+ess the 7arties concerne'B 6ithin the #onth fo++o6ing the 7ro7osa+ #a'e to the#B
#a5e 5no6n their o77osition to that #o'e of 7ay#entH
Partition is co#7+ete on+y after the signature of the instru#ent of constitution of the agricu+tura+
+an' grou7ing an'B if there is occasionB of the +ong-ter# +ease or +easesH

(rtH :<-,<
(($t n '0-&02 of 4 *u!y 1%'0)
<here an agricu+tura+ ho+'ing constituting an econo#ic unit an' not o7erate' un'er the for# of
a 7artnershi7 is not #aintaine' in un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 un'er (rtic+es 81%B 7aragra7h 2B an' 81%-1B an'
6as not the subCect of a 7referentia+ a++ot#ent 6ithin the ter#s 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 832B 832-1 or
832-2B a sur$i$ing s7ouse or any co-o6ner heir 6ho 6ishes to continue the e:7+oiting in 6hich he or she
actua++y 7artici7ates or 7artici7ate' #ay re)uireB not6ithstan'ing any re)uest for auctionB that the
7artition be conc+u'e' subCect to the con'ition that his or her co7arceners grant to hi# or her a +ong-ter#
+ease un'er the ter#s fi:e' in "ha7ter 8II of ;it+e I of oo5 8I F"ha7ter 8I of ;it+e I of oo5 I8G of the
-ura+ "o'eB on the +an's of the ho+'ing 6hich fa++ to the#H >n+ess other6ise a#icab+y agree' bet6een
the 7artiesB the one 6ho re)uests to benefit by those 7ro$isions sha++ recei$e by 7riority in his or her
share the bui+'ings for e:7+oitation an' habitationH
;he 7rece'ing 7ro$isions sha++ a77+y to a 7art of an agricu+tura+ ho+'ing 6hich can constitute an
econo#ic unitH
(ccount sha++ be ta5enB if there is occasionB of 'e7reciation 'ue to the e:istence of a +ease in the
a77raisa+ of the +an's inc+u'e' in the $arious sharesH
(rtic+es 807 an' 808 F3H 412-14 an' 3H 412-1%G of the -ura+ "o'e sha++ 'eter#ine the s7ecific
ru+es for the +ease referre' to in the first 7aragra7h of this (rtic+eH
<here there are se$era+ re)uestsB the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e sha++ 'esignate the beneficiary
or beneficiaries on the basis of the interests as they stan' an' of the fitness of the $arious a77+icants to
#anage a++ or 7art of the ho+'ing or to re#ain thereinH
<hereB 'ue to the ob$ious unfitness of the a77+icant or a77+icants to #anage a++ or 7art of the
ho+'ingB the interests of the coheirs ris5 being i#7eri++e'B the court #ay 'eci'e that there is no occasion
to a77+y the first three 7aragra7hs of this (rtic+eH
(n econo#ic unit referre' to in 7aragra7h 1 can be for#e' in 7art of 7ro7erty of 6hich a
sur$i$ing s7ouse or a heir 6as a+rea'y o6ner or co-o6ner before the 'eathH (s regar's a heirB the
re)uisite of 7artici7ation #ay ha$e been fu+fi++e' by his or her s7ouseH

(rtH :<-,=
(($t n '0-&02 of 4 *u!y 1%'0)
;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 832B 832-1B 832-2 an' 832-3 sha++ benefit a s7ouse or any heirB
6hether co-o6ner in fu++ or bare o6nershi7 H
1%1
;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 832B 832-2 an' 832-3 sha++ benefit a+so a beneficiaryB uni$ersa+ or by
uni$ersa+ tit+eB of the succession by $irtue of a 6i++ or of a contractua+ institutionH
(rtH :<<
Ine)ua+ity of shares in 5in' sha++ be co#7ensate' by a re$ersionB either in the for# of an
annuityB or in #oneyH

(rtH :<<,(
(($t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)
<here the 'ebtor of a ba+ance has obtaine' ti#e for 7ay#ent an'B as a resu+t of econo#ic
circu#stancesB the $a+ue of the 7ro7erty 7ut in his share has increase' or +essene' by #ore than one-
fourth since the 7artitionB the su#s re#aining 'ue sha++ increase or +essen in the sa#e 7ro7ortionH
;he 7arties #ayB ho6e$erB agree that the a#ount of the ba+ance 6i++ not $aryH

(rtH :<=
Shares are #a'e by one of the coheirs 6here they can agree bet6een the#se+$es on the choice
an' 6here the one chosen acce7ts the charge/ other6ise the shares sha++ be #a'e by an e:7ert a77ointe'
by the su7er$ising Cu'geH
;hey sha++ then be 'ra6n by +otsH

(rtH :<3
efore 'ra6ing the +otsB each co7arcener is a++o6e' to 7resent obCections as to their for#ationH

(rtH :<)
;he ru+es estab+ishe' for the 'i$ision of the #asses to be 7artitione' sha++ a+so be fo++o6e' in the
sub'i$ision to be #a'e bet6een the co7arcener stoc5sH

(rtH :<+

<hereB in o7erations referre' to a notaireB contro$ersies ariseB the notaire sha++ 'ra6 u7 a
#e#oran'u# of the 'ifficu+ties an' res7ecti$e state#ents of the 7artiesB an' sha++ refer the# to the
su7er$isor a77ointe' for the 7artitionI an' as to other issuesB 7rocee'ings sha++ be con'ucte' as
7rescribe' by +egis+ation re+ating to 7roce'ureH

(rtH :<:
(($t n 64-12/0 of 14 8e$. 1%64)
<here a++ coheirs are not 7resentB a 7artition #ust be #a'e in courtB un'er the ru+es of (rtic+es
81! to 837H
It sha++ be the sa#e 6here there are a#ong the# non-e#anci7ate' #inors or a'u+ts in
guar'ianshi7B subCect to (rtic+e 4..H
<here there are se$era+ #inorsB a s7ecia+ an' 'istinct guar'ian #ay be gi$en to each of the#H

(rtH :<6
(($t n 64-12/0 of 14 8e$. 1%64)
<here there is occasion for an auctionB in the case 7ro$i'e' for in 7aragra7h 1 of the 7rece'ing
(rtic+eB it #ay be #a'e on+y in court 6ith the for#a+ities 7rescribe' for the transfer of the 7ro7erty of
#inorsH Outsi'ers sha++ a+6ays be a'#itte'H

(rtH :=8
(($t n 64-12/0 of 14 8e$. 1%64)
Partitions #a'e in accor'ance 6ith the ru+es abo$e 7rescribe' in the na#e of K7resu#e'
absenteesK (0$t n ..-144. of 2' 8e$. 1%..) an' 7ersons not 7resent are fina+I they are te#7orary on+y
6here the 7rescribe' ru+es 6ere not co#7+ie' 6ithH

(rtH :=( Frepea!edG
(rtH :=-
(fter 7artitionB each co7arcener sha++ recei$e the instru#ents of tit+e 7ertaining to the 7ro7erty
6hich fa++s on hi#H
Instru#ents of tit+e of a 'i$i'e' 7ro7erty sha++ re#ain to the one 6ho has the +argest 7artB 6ith
the res7onsibi+ity to assist 6ith the# those of his co7arceners 6ho ha$e an interest thereinB 6here he is
re)uire' to 'o soH
1%2
Instru#ents of tit+e co##on to a 6ho+e inheritance sha++ be 'e+i$ere' to the one 6ho# a++ the
heirs ha$e chosen to be the 'e7ositary of the#B 6ith the res7onsibi+ity to assist the co7arceners 6ith
the#B 6hene$er re)uire'H <here there is a 'ifficu+ty about that choiceB it sha++ be regu+ate' by the
Cu'ge H

Se$tion II - Of the Co!!ations( 0ppropriation and 0batement of Bratuitous "ransfers 3ade to Persons
;ntit!ed to Inherit

0rt. :=<
(($t of 24 3ar$h 1'%')
2$ery heirB e$en beneficiaryB co#ing into a successionB sha++ return to his coheirs e$erything he
has recei$e' fro# the 'ecease'B by gift inter $i$osB 'irect+y or in'irect+yI he #ay not 5ee7 the gifts #a'e
to hi# by the 'ecease' un+ess they 6ere #a'e e:7ress+y o$er an' abo$e his shareB or 6ith e:e#7tion
fro# co++ationH
3egacies #a'e to a heir are 'ee#e' to be #a'e o$er an' abo$e his 7artB un+ess the testator has
e:7resse' his 6ish to the contraryB in 6hich case the +egatee #ay on+y c+ai# his +egacy by ta5ing +essH

(rtH :==
(($t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)
1ifts #a'e o$er an' abo$e the share or 6ith e:e#7tion fro# co++ation #ay be retaine'B an'
+egacies #ay be c+ai#e' by an heir co#ing into a 7artitionB on+y u7 to the a#ount of the 'is7osab+e
7ortion/ the e:cess is subCect to re'uction H

(rtH :=3
(n heir 6ho renounces a succession #ay ne$erthe+ess retain the gift inter $i$os or c+ai# the
+egacy #a'e to hi# u7 to the a#ount of the 'is7osab+e 7ortionH

(rtH :=)
( 'onee 6ho 6as not a 7resu#7ti$e heir at the ti#e of the giftB but 6ho is entit+e' to inherit on
the 'ay of the o7ening of the successionB is a+so boun' to co++ationB un+ess the 'onor has e:e#7te' hi#
fro# itH

(rtH :=+
1ifts an' +egacies #a'e to the son of a 7erson 6ho is entit+e' to inherit at the ti#e of the o7ening
of the successionB are a+6ays 'ee#e' to ha$e been #a'e 6ith e:e#7tion fro# co++ationH
;he father co#ing to the succession of the 'onor is not boun' to co++ate the#H

(rtH :=:
3i5e6iseB a son co#ing in his o6n right to the succession of the 'onor is not boun' to co++ate a
gift #a'e to his fatherB e$en if he has acce7te' the +atter?s successionI but 6here the son co#es on+y by
re7resentationB he sha++ co++ate 6hat 6as gi$en to his fatherB e$en in the case 6here he has re7u'iate' his
successionH

Art' :=6
1ifts an' +egacies #a'e to the s7ouse of a s7ouse entit+e' to inherit are 'ee#e' to be #a'e 6ith
e:e#7tion fro# co++ationH
<here gifts an' +egacies are #a'e Coint+y to t6o s7ousesB one of 6ho# on+y inheritsB the +atter
co++ates the ha+fI 6here the gifts are #a'e to the s7ouse entit+e' to inheritB he or she sha++ co++ate the
6ho+eH

(rtH :38
"o++ation is #a'e on+y to the succession of the 'onorH

(rtH :3(
"o++ation is 'ue for 6hat has been 'e$ote' to the sett+ing of one of the coheirsB or for the
7ay#ent of his 'ebtsH

(rtH :3-
;he e:7enses of foo'B su77ortB e'ucationB a77renticeshi7B the or'inary costs of outfittingB those
of 6e''ings an' usua+ 7resentsB sha++ not be co++ate'H

1%3
(rtH :3<
It sha++ be the sa#e 6ith 7rofits 6hich a heir #ay ha$e #a'e out of agree#ents entere' into 6ith
the 'ecease'B 6here those agree#ents 'i' not offer any in'irect a'$antage 6hen they 6ere #a'eH

(rtH :3=
3i5e6iseB no co++ation is 'ue for 7artnershi7s conc+u'e' 6ithout frau' bet6een the 'ecease' an'
one of his heirsB 6here the artic+es thereof 6ere regu+ate' by an authentic instru#entH

(rtH :33
(($t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)
( 7ro7erty 6hich 7erishes through a fortuitous e$ent an' 6ithout fau+t of the 'onee is not subCect
to co++ationH
<hereB ho6e$erB that 7ro7erty 6as restore' through an in'e#nity recei$e' because of its +ossB a
'onee sha++ co++ate it in the 7ro7ortion that the in'e#nity ser$e' to restore itH
<here the in'e#nity 6as not use' for that 7ur7oseB it is itse+f subCect to co++ation H

(rtH :3)
Fruits an' interests fro# things subCect to co++ation are 'ue on+y fro# the 'ay of the o7ening of
the successionH

(rtH :3+
"o++ation is on+y 'ue by a coheir to his coheirI it is not 'ue to +egatees nor to cre'itors of the
successionH

(rtH :3:
(($t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)
"o++ation is #a'e by ta5ing +essH It #ay not be re)uire' in 5in' un+ess other6ise sti7u+ate' in the
instru#ent of giftH
In case of such a sti7u+ationB con$eyances an' creations of rea+ rights grante' by the 'onee are
e:tinguishe' in conse)uence of co++ationB un+ess the 'onor has consente' to the#H

(rtH :36
(($t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)
(n heir a+so has the 7o6er to co++ate in 5in' 7ro7erty gi$en 6hich sti++ be+ongs to hi# 7ro$i'e'
that 7ro7erty be free fro# any encu#brance or occu7ancy 6ith 6hich it 6as not a+rea'y bur'ene' at the
ti#e of the giftH

(rtH :)8
(($t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)
"o++ation is 'ue of the $a+ue of the 7ro7erty gi$en at the ti#e of 7artitionB accor'ing to its
con'ition at the ti#e of the giftH
<here the 7ro7erty 6as transferre' before 7artitionB account sha++ be ta5en of the $a+ue it ha' at
the ti#e of transfer an'B 6here a ne6 7ro7erty 6as substitute' for the 7ro7erty transferre'B of the $a+ue
of that ne6 7ro7erty at the ti#e of 7artitionH
;he 6ho+eB un+ess other6ise sti7u+ate' in the instru#ent of giftH
<here it resu+ts fro# such a sti7u+ation that the $a+ue to be co++ate' is +ess than the $a+ue of the
7ro7erty 'eter#ine' accor'ing to the ru+es of a77raisa+ 7ro$i'e' for by (rtic+e !22 be+o6B that
'ifference for#s an in'irect a'$antage $este' in the 'onee o$er an' abo$e his shareH

(rtH :)(
(($t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)
<here co++ation is #a'e in 5in' an' the con'ition of the 7ro7erty gi$en 6as i#7ro$e' by the act
of the 'oneeB account thereof #ust be ta5en to hi#B in consi'eration of that by 6hich their $a+ue has
increase' at the ti#e of 7artition or transferH
3i5e6ise account #ust be ta5en to the 'onee of the necessary e:7enses 6hich he #a'e for the
7reser$ation of the 7ro7ertyB e$en if they ha$e not i#7ro$e' itH

(rtH :)-
(($t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)
( coheir 6ho #a5es co++ation in 5in' #ay retain 7ossession of the 7ro7erty gi$en unti+ the su#s
'ue to hi# for e:7enses or i#7ro$e#ents ha$e been actua++y rei#burse'H
1%4

(rtH :)<
(($t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)
( 'oneeB on his 7artB #ustB in case of co++ation in 5in'B account for 'egra'ations an'
'eteriorations 6hich ha$e re'uce' the $a+ue of the 7ro7erty gi$en through his act or fau+tH

(rtH :)=
(($t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)
( gift #a'e in a'$ance of his share to a co#7u+sory heir 6ho acce7ts the succession sha++ be
a77ro7riate' to his share of reser$e an'B subsi'iari+y to the 'is7osab+e 7ortionB un+ess other6ise agree'
in the instru#ent of giftH
;he e:cess is subCect to abate#entH
( gift #a'e in a'$ance of his share to a co#7u+sory heir 6ho renounces the succession is treate'
as a gift o$er an' abo$e the 'onee?s shareH

(rtH :)3
(($t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)
( gratuitous transfer #a'e o$er an' abo$e the beneficiary?s share sha++ be a77ro7riate' to the
'is7osab+e 7ortionH ;he e:cess is subCect to abate#entH

(rtH :))
(($t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)
1ifts #a'e to a 7erson entit+e' to inheritB or to 7ersons entit+e' to inheritB Coint+yB 6hich e:cee'
the 'is7osab+e 7ortion #ay be retaine' in 6ho+e by the beneficiariesB 6hate$er the e:cess #ay beB
7ro$i'e' they co#7ensate the coheirs in #oneyH

(rtH :)+
(($t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)
<here a +egacy #a'e to a 7erson entit+e' to inheritB or to 7ersons entit+e' to inheritB Coint+yB
re+ates to a 7ro7erty or se$era+ ite#s of 7ro7erty 6hich co#7ose a 6ho+e 6hose $a+ue e:cee's the
'is7osab+e 7ortionB the +egatee or +egatees #ayB 6hate$er the e:cessB c+ai# in tota+ity the subCect #atter
of the gratuitous transferB 7ro$i'e' they co#7ensate the coheirs in #oneyH It sha++ be +i5e6ise e$en
6here the gratuitous transfer in$o+$es #o$ab+e ite#s of 7ro7erty 6hich 6ere in the co##on use of the
'ecease' an' of the +egatee H

(rtH :):
(($t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)
<here abate#ent #ay not be re)uire' in 5in'B a 'onee or +egatee is 'ebtor for an in'e#nity
e)ui$a+ent to the e:cess 7ortion of the abatab+e gratuitous transferH ;hat in'e#nity sha++ be ca+cu+ate'
accor'ing to the $a+ue of the artic+es 'onate' or be)ueathe' at the ti#e of 7artitionB an' their con'ition
on the 'ay 6hen the gratuitous transfer too5 effectH
It is 7ayab+e at the ti#e of 7artitionB sa$e agree#ent bet6een the coheirsH @o6e$erB 6here the
subCect #atter of the gratuitous transfer is an ite# of the 7ro7erty 6hich #ay be the subCect of a
7referentia+ a++ot#entB 7erio's #ay be grante' by the courtB account being ta5en of the interests as they
stan'B if they 6ere not grante' by the transferorH ;he granting of those 7erio's #ay not in any case ha$e
the effect of 'eferring 7ay#ent of the in'e#nity beyon' ten years fro# the o7ening of the successionH
;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 833-1 sha++ then a77+y to the 7ay#ent of the su#s 'ueH
Fai+ing agree#ent or sti7u+ation to the contraryB those su#s bear interests at the statutory rate in
ci$i+ #attersH ('$antages resu+ting fro# 7erio's an' #etho's of 7ay#ent grante' 'o not constitute a
gratuitous transferH
In case of sa+e of the 6ho+e of a 7ro7erty 'onate' or be)ueathe'B the su#s re#aining 'ue
beco#e i##e'iate+y 'ueI in case of 7artia+ sa+esB the 7rocee's of those sa+es are 7ai' to the coheirs an'
a77ro7riate' to the su#s sti++ 'ueH

(rtH :)6
(($t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)
"o++ation of a su# of #oney is e)ua+ to its a#ountH <hereB ho6e$erB it 6as use' to ac)uire
7ro7ertyB co++ation of the $a+ue of that 7ro7erty is 'ueB in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 8.0 H

Se$tion III - Of the Payment of 8ebts

1%%
0rt. :+8
"oheirs contribute bet6een the#se+$es to the 7ay#ent of the 'ebts an' +iabi+ities of the
successionB each one in 7ro7ortion to 6hat he ta5es fro# itH

(rtH :+(
( +egatee un'er uni$ersa+ tit+e contributes 6ith the heirs 7ro rata to his benefitI but a s7ecific
+egatee is not he+' for the 'ebts an' +iabi+itiesB e:ce7t ho6e$er a forec+osure action against a be)ueathe'
i##o$ab+eH

(rtH :+-
<here i##o$ab+es of a succession are encu#bere' by annuities 6ith a s7ecia+ #ortgageB each
coheir #ay re)uire that the annuities be rei#burse' an' the i##o$ab+es free' before the co#7osing of
the sharesH <here the coheirs 7artition the succession in the con'ition in 6hich it stan'sB the encu#bere'
i##o$ab+e #ust be a77raise' at the sa#e rate as the other i##o$ab+esI the ca7ita+ of the annuity sha++
be 'e'ucte' fro# the tota+ $a+ueI the heir in 6hose share that i##o$ab+e fa++s has a+one the charge of
ser$icing the annuity an' is +iab+e for it to6ar's his coheirsH

(rtH :+<
@eirs are he+' to the 'ebts an' +iabi+ities of the succession 7ersona++y for their e)ua+ share an'
7ortionB an' by #ortgage for the 6ho+eI subCect to their re#e'y either against their coheirsB or against
the uni$ersa+ +egateesB for the 7art to 6hich the +atter #ust contributeH

(rtH :+=
( s7ecific +egatee 6ho has 7ai' a 'ebt encu#bering a be)ueathe' i##o$ab+e re#ains
subrogate' to the rights of the cre'itor against the heirs an' successors un'er uni$ersa+ tit+eH

(rtH :+3
( coheir or successor un'er uni$ersa+ tit+e 6hoB because of a #ortgageB has 7ai' #ore than his
share of a co##on 'ebtB has a re#e'y against the other heirs or successors un'er uni$ersa+ tit+e on+y for
the share 6hich each of the# #ust bear 7ersona++yB e$en in the case 6here the coheir 6ho 7ai' the 'ebt
has cause' hi#se+f to be subrogate' to the rights of the cre'itorI 6ithout 7reCu'iceB ho6e$erB of the
rights of a coheir 6hoB because of benefit of in$entoryB has retaine' the 7o6er to 'e#an' 7ay#ent of his
7ersona+ c+ai#B +i5e any other cre'itorH

(rtH :+)
In case of inso+$ency of one of the coheirs or successors un'er uni$ersa+ tit+eB his share of the
#ortgage 'ebt #ust be 'i$i'e' 7ro rata bet6een a++ the othersH

(rtH :++
2nforceab+e instru#ents against a 'ecease' are e)ua++y enforceab+e against a heir 7ersona++yI
cre'itorsB ho6e$erB #ay see5 enforce#ent on+y eight 'ays after notice of those instru#ents has been
ser$e' u7on the heir 7ersona++y or at his 'o#ici+eH

(rtH :+:
;hey #ay re)uestB in any case an' against any cre'itorB se7aration of the 'ecease'?s 7atri#ony
fro# the heir?s 7atri#onyH

(rtH :+6
;hat rightB ho6e$erB #ay no +onger be e:ercise' 6here there is no$ation in the c+ai# against the
'ecease'B by acce7tance of the heir as 'ebtorH

(rtH ::8
It is ti#e-barre'B 6ith regar' to #o$ab+esB after the +a7se of three yearsH
<ith regar' to i##o$ab+esB an action #ay be brought as +ong as they are in the han's of the heirH

(rtH ::(
"re'itors of an heir are not a++o6e' to re)uest the se7aration of the 7atri#onies against the
cre'itors of the successionH

(rtH ::-
1%.
In or'er to 7re$ent that 7artition be #a'e in frau' of their rightsB cre'itors of a co7arcener #ay
o77ose its being #a'e out of their 7resenceI they ha$e the right to inter$ene in it at their o6n e:7enseI
but they #ay not attac5 a 7artition achie$e'B un+essB ho6e$erB it 6as #a'e 6ithout the# an'
not6ithstan'ing an obCection they 6ou+' ha$e #a'eH

Se$tion IC - Of the ;ffe$ts of Partition and of Farranty of Shares

0rt. ::<
(($t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6)
2ach coheir sha++ be 'ee#e' to ha$e succee'e' a+one an' i##e'iate+y to a++ the effects
co#7rise' in his shareB or fa++ing to hi# through auctionB an' ne$er to ha$e ha' o6nershi7 of the other
effects of the successionH
It sha++ be the sa#e as to the 7ro7erty 6hich ca#e to hi# through any other act +ea'ing to the
cessation of un'i$i'e' o6nershi7H One sha++ not 'istinguish 'e7en'ing on 6hether the act causes
un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 to cease in 6ho+e or in 7artB 6ith regar' on+y to so#e ite#s of 7ro7erty or to so#e
heirsH
@o6e$erB transactions +a6fu++y 7erfor#e' either un'er an agency gi$en by the coheirsB or un'er
a Cu'icia+ authori=ationB #aintain their effects 6hate$er the a++ot#ent of the 7ro7erty 6hich 6as the
subCect thereof #ay be at the ti#e of the 7artitionH

(rtH ::=
"oheirs re#ain res7ecti$e+y 6arrantors to6ar's each other on+y for 'isturbances an'
'is7ossession 6hich resu+t fro# a cause 7re$ious to the 7artitionH
;he 6arranty #ay not arise 6here the 5in' of 'is7ossession suffere' 6as e:ce7te' by a s7ecific
an' e:7ress c+ause of the instru#ent of 7artitionI it ceases 6here a heir suffers 'is7ossession by his o6n
fau+tH

(rtH ::3
2ach coheir is 7ersona++y ob+ige' in 7ro7ortion to his here'itary share to in'e#nify his coheir for
the +oss 6hich 'is7ossession cause' to hi#H
<here one of the coheirs is inso+$entB the 7ortion for 6hich he is res7onsib+e #ust be e)ua++y
'i$i'e' bet6een the 6arrantor an' a++ the so+$ent coheirsH

(rtH ::)
;he 6arranty of so+$ency of the 'ebtor of an annuity #ay be enforce' on+y 6ithin the fi$e years
fo++o6ing the 7artitionH <arranty on account of inso+$ency 'oes not arise 6here it ha77ene' on+y since
the 7artition achie$e'H

Se$tion C - Of +es$ission in 3atters of Partition

0rt. ::+
Partitions #ay be rescin'e' for reason of $io+ence or 'ece7tionH
;here #ay a+so be occasion for rescission 6here one of the coheirs estab+ishesB to his 7reCu'iceB
+oss a#ounting to #ore than one fourthH ;he #ere o#ission of an artic+e of the succession 'oes not gi$e
rise to an action for rescissionB but on+y to a su77+e#ent to the instru#ent of 7artitionH

(rtH :::
(n action for 7artition is a++o6e' against any act ai#ing at 7utting an en' to an un'i$i'e'
o6nershi7B bet6een coheirsB 6hether it be characteri=e' as a sa+eB e:changeB sett+e#entB or in any other
#annerH
utB after the 7artitionB or the act 6hich ta5es its 7+aceB an action for rescission is no +onger
a'#issib+e against a sett+e#ent #a'e o$er the rea+ 'ifficu+ties 6hich the first act 7resente'B e$en though
no suit has been initiate' on that subCectH

(rtH ::6
(n action is not a'#itte' against a sa+e of rights to succession #a'e 6ithout frau' to one of the
coheirsB at his o6n ris5B by his other coheirs or one of the#H

(rtH :68
In or'er to 'eci'e 6hether there has been +ossB the artic+es sha++ be a77raise' accor'ing to their
$a+ue at the ti#e of 7artitionH
1%7

(rtH :6(
;he 'efen'ant in a c+ai# for rescission #ay sto7 the course of it an' 7re$ent a ne6 7artition by
offering an' 'e+i$ering to the 7+aintiff the su77+e#ent of his here'itary shareB either in #oneyB or in 5in'H

(rtH :6-
( coheir 6ho has transferre' his share in 6ho+e or in 7artB is no +onger entit+e' to bring an action
for rescission on groun' of 'ece7tion or $io+enceB 6here the transfer 6hich he #a'e is subse)uent to the
'isco$ery of the 'ece7tionB or to the en'ing of the $io+enceH

TITLE II
O &IT% INTER VIVO% AND O >ILL%


"@(P;2- I - 12*2-(3 P-O8ISIO*S

(rtH :6<
One #ay 'is7ose of his 7ro7erty gratuitous+y on+y by gift inter $i$os or by 6i++B in the for#s
hereinafter +ai' 'o6nH

(rtH :6=
( gift inter $i$os is a transaction by 6hich the 'onor 'i$ests hi#se+f no6 an' irre$ocab+y of the
thing 'onate'B in fa$our of the 'onee 6ho acce7ts itH

(rtH :63
( 6i++ is a transaction by 6hich a testator 'is7osesB for the ti#e 6hen he is no +onger a+i$eB of the
6ho+e or 7art of his 7ro7ertyB an' 6hich he #ay re$o5eH

(rtH :6)
Substitutions are 7rohibite' H
(ny 'is7osition by 6hich a 'oneeB an heir a77ointe' or a +egateeB is assigne' the 'uty to 5ee7
an' return to a thir' 7artyB is $oi'B e$en 6ith regar' to the 'oneeB the heir a77ointe' or the +egateeH
Frepea!edG

(rtH :6+
(re e:ce7te' fro# the first t6o 7aragra7hs of the 7rece'ing (rtic+e the 'is7ositions 6hich the
fathers an' #others an' the brothers an' sisters are a++o6e' to #a5e un'er "ha7ter 8I of this ;it+eH

(rtH :6:
( 'is7osition by 6hich a thir' 7arty is ca++e' to ta5e a giftB an inheritance or a +egacyB in case a
'oneeB an heir a77ointe' or a +egatee 6ou+' not ta5e itB sha++ not be consi'ere' as a substitutionB an' is
$a+i' H

(rtH :66
It sha++ be the sa#e as regar's an inter $i$os or testa#entary 'is7osition by 6hich a usufruct is
'onate' to one 7erson an' bare o6nershi7 to another H

(rtH 688
In any inter $i$os or testa#entary 'is7ositionB the con'itions 6hich are i#7ossib+e or those
6hich are contrary to +egis+ation or goo' #ora+sB sha++ be 'ee#e' to be not 6ritten H

(rtH 688,(
(($t n .1-&26 of / *u!y 1%.1)
"+auses of ina+ienabi+ity concerning a 7ro7erty 'onate' or be)ueathe' are $a+i' on+y 6here they
are te#7orary an' Custifie' by a serious an' +egiti#ate interestH 2$en in that caseB a 'onee or +egatee #ay
be Cu'icia++y authori=e' to 'is7ose of the 7ro7erty if the interest 6hich Custifie' the c+ause has
'isa77eare' or if it ha77ens that a #ore i#7ortant interest so re)uiresH
Frepea!edG
;he 7ro$isions of this (rtic+e 'o not 7reCu'ice gratuitous transfers grante' to Curi'ica+ 7ersons or
e$en to natura+ 7ersons res7onsib+e for for#ing Curi'ica+ 7ersonsH

1%8
(rtH 688,-
(($t n '4-&62 of 4 *u!y 1%'4)
( beneficiary #ay a77+y for Cu'icia+ re$ision of the con'itions an' charges encu#bering the gifts
or +egacies 6hich he has recei$e'B 6hereB in conse)uence of a change of circu#stancesB 7erfor#ance of
the# has beco#e for hi# e:tre#e+y 'ifficu+tB or serious+y 'etri#enta+H

(rtH 688,<
(($t n '4-&62 of 4 *u!y 1%'4)
( c+ai# for re$ision sha++ be brought as a #ain actionI it #ay be so a+so as a counterc+ai#B in
re7+y to an action for 7erfor#ance or re$ocation brought by the heirs of the 'is7osing 7ersonH
It sha++ be brought against the heirsI it sha++ be brought at the sa#e ti#e against the 1o$ern#ent
7rocurator?s office 6here there is 'oubt as to the e:istence or i'entity of so#e of the#I 6here there is no
5no6n heirB it #ust be brought against the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator?s officeH
;he +atter sha++B in any caseB ha$e the case co##unicate' to hi#H

(rtH 688,=
(($t n '4-&62 of 4 *u!y 1%'4)
( Cu'ge sei=e' of a c+ai# for re$ision #ayB accor'ing to the circu#stances an' e$en of his o6n
#otionB either re'uce the )uantity or inter$a+s of the 7erfor#ances encu#bering the gratuitous transferB
or #o'ify their character #a5ing a++o6ance for the intention of the 'is7osing 7ersonB or e$en #erge
the# 6ith ana+ogous 7erfor#ances resu+ting fro# other gratuitous transfersH
@e #ay authori=e the transfer of a++ or 7art of the 7ro7erty 6hich is the subCect #atter of the
gratuitous transfer 6ith or'ering that the 7rocee's thereof be use' for 7ur7oses in 5ee7ing 6ith the
intention of the 'is7osing 7artyH
@e sha++ 7rescribe #easures a'a7te' to #aintainB as far as 7ossib+eB the 'eno#ination 6hich the
'is7osing 7erson inten'e' to gi$e to his gratuitous transferH

(rtH 688,3
(($t n '4-&62 of 4 *u!y 1%'4)
( c+ai# is a'#issib+e on+y ten years after the 'eath of the 'is7osing 7erson orB in case of a
succession of c+ai#sB ten years after the Cu'g#ent 6hich or'ere' the 7re$ious re$isionH
( beneficiary #ust Custify the ste7s he too5B 'uring the inter$a+B to 7erfor# his ob+igationsH

(rtH 688,)
(($t n '4-&62 of 4 *u!y 1%'4)
;hir' 7arty a77+ication for rehearing against a Cu'g#ent acce'ing to an a77+ication for re$ision is
a'#issib+e on+y in case of frau' chargeab+e to the 'onee or +egateeH
;he retraction or refor#ation of the Cu'g#ent attac5e' 'oes not gi$e rise to any action against
the thir' 7arty 7urchaser in goo' faithH

(rtH 688,+
(($t n '4-&62 of 4 *u!y 1%'4)
<hereB after re$isionB 7erfor#ance of the con'itions or chargesB such as it 6as origina++y
7ro$i'e'B beco#es 7ossib+e againB it #ay be re)ueste' by the heirsH

(rtH 688,:
(($t n '4-&62 of 4 *u!y 1%'4)
Sha++ be 'ee#e' not 6ritten any c+ause by 6hich a 'is7osing 7arty 'e7ri$es of a gratuitous
transfer a 7erson 6ho )uestions the $a+i'ity of a c+ause of ina+ienabi+ity or re)uests authori=ation to
transferH

"@(P;2- II - OF ;@2 "(P("I;E ;O 0ISPOS2 O- ;O -2"2I82 E I*;2- 8I8OS 1IF; O-
E <I33

(rtH 68(
;o #a5e an inter $i$os gift or a 6i++ one #ust be of soun' #in'H

(rtH 68-
(++ 7ersons #ay 'is7ose an' recei$eB either by inter $i$os giftB or by 6i++B e:ce7t those 6ho#
+egis+ation 'ec+ares to be inca7ab+eH

1%!
(rtH 68<
( #inor un'er si:teen years of age #ay not in any 6ay 'is7oseB e:ce7t for 6hat is 7ro$i'e' for
in "ha7ter IR of this ;it+eH

(rtH 68=
(($t n 64-12/0 of 14 8e$. 1%64)
( #inor 6ho has reache' the age of si:teen years an' is not e#anci7ate'B #ay on+y 'is7ose by
6i++B an' on+y to the e:tent of ha+f of the 7ro7erty 6hich +egis+ation a++o6s an a'u+t to 'is7ose ofH
(0$t of 2' O$t. 1%16) <hereB ho6e$erB he is ca++e' u7 for a ca#7aign of 6arB he #ayB 'uring the
'uration of the hosti+itiesB 'is7ose of the sa#e 7ortion as if he 6ere of fu++ ageB in fa$our of any of his
re+ati$esB or of se$era+ of the# u7 to the si:th 'egree inc+usi$e or in fa$our of his sur$i$ing s7ouseH
Fai+ing re+ati$es of the si:th 'egree inc+usi$eB a #inor #ay 'is7ose as a 7erson of fu++ age 6ou+'
'oH

(rtH 683 Frepea!edG

(rtH 68)
;o be ca7ab+e of recei$ing inter $i$osB one nee' on+y to be concei$e' at the ti#e of the giftH
;o be ca7ab+e of recei$ing by 6i++B one nee' on+y to be concei$e' at the ti#e of the 'eath of the
testatorH
@o6e$erB the gift or 6i++ #ay on+y ta5e effect if the chi+' is born $iab+eH

(rtH 68+
( #inorB a+though he has reache' the age of si:teenB #ay not 'is7ose to the benefit of his
guar'ianB e$en by 6i++H
(0$t n 64-12/0 of 14 8e$. 1%64) ( #inorB ha$ing beco#e of age or e#anci7ate'B #ay not
'is7oseB either by gift inter $i$os or by 6i++B to the benefit of the 7erson 6ho 6as his guar'ianB un+ess the
fina+ account of the guar'ianshi7 has been 7re$ious+y ren'ere' an' au'ite'H
In the abo$e t6o casesB the ascen'ants of #inors 6ho are or 6ho 6ere their guar'ians are
e:ce7te'H

(rtH 68: an5 68:,( Frepea!edG

(rtH 68:,-
(($t n .2-/ of / *an. 1%.2)
In inter $i$os an' testa#entary 'is7ositionsB the 7hrases Ksons an' gran'sonsB chi+'ren an'
gran'chi+'renKB 6ithout other a''ition or 'esignationB refer to i++egiti#ate 'escent as 6e++ as +egiti#ateB
un+ess the contrary resu+ts fro# the instru#ent or fro# circu#stancesH

(rtH 686
0octors in #e'icine or surgeryB hea+th officers an' 7har#acists 6ho ha$e treate' a 7erson 'uring
the 'isease of 6hich he 'iesB #ay not benefit fro# the inter $i$os or testa#entary 'is7ositions 6hich he
#a'e in their fa$our 'uring the course of that i++nessH
(re e:ce7te' /
1L S7ecific re#unerati$e 'is7ositionsB 6ith regar' to the #eans of the 'is7osing 7arty an' to the
ser$ices ren'ere'I
2L >ni$ersa+ 'is7ositionsB in the case of re+ationshi7 u7 to the fourth 'egree inc+usi$eB 7ro$i'e'
ho6e$er the 'ecease' has no heir in the 'irect +ineI un+ess the 7erson in 6hose fa$our the 'is7osition
6as #a'e is hi#se+f one of those heirsH
;he sa#e ru+es sha++ a77+y to #inisters of 6orshi7H

(rtH 6(8
0is7ositions inter $i$os or by 6i++ to the benefit of a+#shousesB of the 7oor of a $ommune or of
7ub+ic-uti+ity institutions #ay on+y ta5e effect as they are authori=e' by 'ecreeH

(rtH 6((
(ny 'is7osition in fa$our of a 7erson un'er a 'isabi+ity is $oi'B 6hether it is 'isguise' un'er the
for# of a contract for $a+ueB or is #a'e un'er the na#es of inter#e'iariesH
(re 'ee#e' inter#e'iaries the father an' #otherB the chi+'ren an' 'escen'antsB an' the s7ouse
of the 7erson un'er a 'isabi+ityH

1.0
(rtH 6(- Frepea!edG
"@(P;2- III - OF ;@2 0ISPOS(32 PO-;IO* OF P-OP2-;E (*0 OF ((;2&2*;

Se$tion I - Of the 8isposab!e Portion of Property

(rtH 6(<
(($t n .2-/ of / *an. 1%.2)
1ratuitous transfersB either by inter $i$os acts or by 6i++sB #ay not e:cee' ha+f of the 7ro7erty of
a 'is7osing 7ersonB 6here he +ea$es on+y one chi+' at his 'eathI one-thir'B 6here he +ea$es t6o chi+'renI
one-fourthB 6here he +ea$es three or a greater nu#berI 6ithout there being occasion to 'iscri#inate
bet6een +egiti#ate an' i++egiti#ate chi+'ren Frepea!edGH

(rtH 6(<,(
(($t n .2-/ of / *an. 1%.2)
(re inc+u'e' in (rtic+e !13B un'er the na#e of chi+'renB 'escen'ants in 6hate$er 'egreeB
a+though they #ust be counte' on+y for the chi+' 6hose 7+ace they ta5e in the succession of the
'is7osing 7artyH

(rtH 6(=
(($t n .2-/ of / *an. 1%.2)
1ratuitous transfersB either by inter $i$os acts or by 6i++sB #ay not e:cee' ha+f of the 7ro7erty
6hereB fai+ing chi+'renB a 'ecease' +ea$es one or se$era+ ascen'ants in each of the +inesB 7aterna+ an'
#aterna+B an' three-fourths 6here he +ea$es ascen'ants on+y in one +ine H
;he 7ro7erty thus reser$e' for the benefit of ascen'ants is recei$e' by the# in the or'er that the
+a6 ca++s the# to succee'/ they a+one are entit+e' to that reser$e in a++ cases 6here a 7artition
concurrent+y 6ith co++atera+s 6ou+' not gi$e the# the 7ortion of 7ro7erty assigne' to itH

(rtH 6(=,(
(($t n 2001-11/& of / 8e$. 2001)
1ratuitous transfersB either by inter $i$os acts or by 6i++sB #ay not e:cee' three-fourths of the
7ro7erty 6hereB fai+ing 'escen'ants an' ascen'antsB a 'ecease' +ea$es a sur$i$ing s7ouseB not 'i$orce'B
against 6ho# 'oes not e:ist an or'er of Cu'icia+ se7aration beco#e res Cu'icata an' 6ho is not a 7arty to
'i$orce or Cu'icia+ se7aration 7rocee'ingsH

(rtH 6(3 to 6(3,- Frepea!edG

(rtH 6()
GFai+ing 'escen'antsB ascen'ants or a sur$i$ing s7ouseB not 'i$orce'B against 6ho# an or'er of
Cu'icia+ se7aration beco#e res Cu'icata 'oes not e:ist an' 6ho is not a 7arty to 'i$orce or Cu'icia+
se7aration 7rocee'ingsK (0$t n 2001-11/& of / 8e$. 2001)B gratuitous transfers by inter $i$os acts or by
6i++s #ay e:haust the 6ho+e 7ro7ertyH

(rtH 6(+
<here a 'is7osition by inter $i$os act or by 6i++ is of a usufruct or of an annuity 6hose $a+ue
e:cee's the 'is7osab+e 7ortionB the heirs for 6hose benefit the +a6 estab+ishes a reser$e ha$e the o7tionB
either to 7erfor# that 'is7osition or to 6ai$e o6nershi7 of the 'is7osab+e 7ortionH

(rtH 6(:
;he $a+ue in fu++ o6nershi7 of 7ro7erty transferre'B either on con'ition of 7aying a +ife annuityB
or non-returnab+eB or 6ith reser$ation of a usufructB to one of the 7ersons entit+e' to inherit in the 'irect
+ineB sha++ be a77ro7riate' to the 'is7osab+e 7ortionI an' the e:cessB if anyB sha++ be co++ate' to the #assH
;hat a77ro7riation an' that co++ation #ay not be re)ueste' by those of the other 7ersons entit+e' to
inherit in the 'irect +ine 6ho #ay ha$e consente' to those transfersB an'B in no caseB by 7ersons entit+e'
to inherit in the co++atera+ +ineH

(rtH 6(6
(($t of 24 3ar$h 1'%')
;he 'is7osab+e 7ortion #ay be 'onate' in 6ho+e or in 7artB either by act inter $i$os or by 6i++B to
the chi+'ren or other 7ersons entit+e' to inherit fro# the 'onorB 6ithout being subCect to co++ation by the
'onee or +egatee co#ing to the successionB 7ro$i'e' thatB as regar's giftsB the 'is7osition 6as #a'e
e:7ress+y o$er an' abo$e the shareH
1.1
( 'ec+aration that a gift is o$er an' abo$e the share #ay be #a'eB either in the instru#ent
containing the 'is7ositionB or afterB in the for# of inter $i$os or testa#entary 'is7ositionsH

Se$tion II - Of the 0batement of Bifts and <e6a$ies

0rt. 6-8
0is7ositions either inter $i$os or #ortis causaB 6hich e:cee' the 'is7osab+e 7ortion sha++ be
abate' to that 7ortion at the ti#e of the o7ening of the successionH

(rtH 6-(
(bate#ent of 'is7ositions inter $i$os #ay be re)ueste' on+y by those for 6hose benefit the +a6
#a5es a reser$eB by their heirs or assigns/ 'oneesB +egatees or cre'itors of a 'ecease' #ay not re)uest
that abate#ent or benefit by itH

(rtH 6--
(($t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)
(bate#ent is 'eter#ine' by for#ing a #ass of a++ the 7ro7erty e:isting at the 'eath of the 'onor
or testatorH
One sha++ a'' fictitious+y to itB after 'e'ucting the 'ebtsB that of 6hich he has 'is7ose' by gift
inter $i$os accor'ing to its con'ition at the ti#e of the gift an' its $a+ue at the o7ening of the successionH
<here 7ro7erty has been transferre'B account sha++ be ta5en of its $a+ue at the ti#e of transfer an'B if
there 6as substitutionB of the $a+ue of the ne6 7ro7erty on the 'ay of the o7ening of the successionH
One sha++ ca+cu+ate on a++ that 7ro7ertyB ha$ing regar' to the 5in' of heirs 6ho# he +ea$esB the
7ortion 6hich the 'ecease' #ay ha$e 'is7ose' ofH

(rtH 6-<
;here sha++ ne$er be occasion to abate gifts inter $i$osB unti+ the $a+ue of a++ the 7ro7erty
inc+u'e' in the testa#entary 'is7ositions has been e:hauste'I an' 6here there is occasion for that
abate#ent it sha++ be 'one beginning 6ith the +ast gift an' so onB going bac5 fro# the +ast to the o+'estH

(rtH 6-=
(($t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)
( co#7u+sory heir fa$oure' o$er an' abo$e his share beyon' the 'is7osab+e 7ortion an' 6ho
acce7ts the succession bears the abate#ent in $a+ue as is +ai' 'o6n in (rtic+e 8..I u7 to his rights in the
reser$eB abate#ent sha++ be #a'e by ta5ing +essH
@e #ay c+ai# a++ the artic+es be)ueathe' 6here the re'ucib+e 7ortion 'oes not e:cee' his share in
the reser$eH

(rtH 6-3
<here the $a+ue of the inter $i$os gifts e:cee's or e)ua+s the 'is7osab+e 7ortionB a++ the
testa#entary 'is7ositions +a7seH

(rtH 6-)
<here the testa#entary 'is7ositions e:cee'B either the 'is7osab+e 7ortionB or that 7art of the
7ortion re#aining after 'e'uction of the $a+ue of the inter $i$os giftsB abate#ent sha++ be #a'e 7ro rataB
6ithout any 'istinction bet6een uni$ersa+ +egacies an' s7ecific +egaciesH

(rtH 6-+
*e$erthe+essB in a++ cases 6here the testator e:7ress+y 'ec+are' that he inten's that a +egacy be
7ai' in 7reference to othersB that 7reference #ust ta5e 7+ace/ an' the +egacy to 6hich it a77+ies sha++ be
abate' on+y 6here the $a+ue of the others 'oes not co#7+ete the statutory reser$eH

(rtH 6-:

( 'onee sha++ return the fruits of 6hat e:cee's the 'is7osab+e 7ortion fro# the 'ay of the 'eath
of the 'onorB 6here a c+ai# for abate#ent 6as brought 6ithin the yearI other6iseB fro# the 'ay of the
c+ai#H

(rtH 6-6
(($t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)
1.2
-ights in re# create' by a 'onee are e:tinguishe' by the effect of abate#entH ;hose rightsB
ho6e$erB #aintain their effects 6here the 'onor consente' to the# in the constituti$e instru#ent or in a
subse)uent instru#entH ;he 'onee is res7onsib+e for 'e7reciation resu+ting fro# itH

(rtH 6<8
(n action for abate#ent or reco$ery #ay be brought by the heirs against thir' 7arties ho+'ing
i##o$ab+es 6hich 6ere 7art of gifts an' 6ere con$eye' by the 'oneesB in the sa#e #anner an' in the
sa#e or'er as against the 'onees the#se+$esB an' after attach#ent or sei=ure an' sa+e of their 7ro7ertyH
;hat action #ust be brought fo++o6ing the or'er of the 'ates of the con$eyancesB beginning by the #ost
recentH
(0$t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1) <here a 'onor has consente' to the transfer 6ith the accor' of a++
co#7u+sory heirs born an' a+i$e at the ti#e of itB an action #ay no +onger be brought against a thir'
7arty ho+'erH

"@(P;2- I8 - OF I*;2- 8I8OS 1IF;S

Se$tion I - Of the Form of Inter Cios Bifts

0rt. 6<(
(++ acts containing an inter $i$os gift sha++ be e:ecute' before notaires( in the or'inary for# of
contractsI an' there sha++ re#ain the origina+ of the#B on 7ain of annu+#entH

(rtH 6<-
(n inter $i$os gift is bin'ing u7on the 'onor an' 7ro'uces effect on+y fro# the 'ay 6hen it is
acce7te' in e:7ress ter#sH
(cce7tance #ay be #a'e 'uring the +ifeti#e of the 'onorB by a subse)uent an' authentic
instru#ent of 6hich the origina+ sha++ re#ainI but then the gift has effectB 6ith regar' to the 'onorB on+y
fro# the 'ay 6hen he has been gi$en notice of the instru#ent 6hich estab+ishes that acce7tanceH

(rtH 6<<
<here the 'onor is of fu++ ageB acce7tance #ust be #a'e by hi# or in his na#eB by a 7erson
ha$ing a 7o6er of attorneyB containing authority to acce7t the gift #a'eB or a genera+ authority to acce7t
a++ gifts 6hich ha$e or #ay ha$e been #a'eH
;hat 7o6er of attorney #ust be e:ecute' before notairesI an' an office co7y of it #ust be
anne:e' to the origina+ of the giftB or to the origina+ of the acce7tance B if #a'e by a se7arate instru#entH

(rtH 6<= Frepea!edG

(rtH 6<3
( gift #a'e to a non-e#anci7ate' #inor or to an a'u+t in guar'ianshi7 #ust be acce7te' by his
guar'ianB in accor'ance 6ith (rtic+e 4.3B in the ;it+e Of 3inority( of Buardianship and of ;man$ipation
.
Frepea!edG
(0$t n 64-12/0 of 14 8e$. 1%64) *e$erthe+essB the father an' #other of a non-e#anci7ate'
#inorB or the other ascen'antsB e$en 'uring the +ifeti#e of the father an' #otherB a+though they are not
guar'ians of the #inorB #ay acce7t on his beha+fH

(rtH 6<)
( 'eaf an' 'u#b 7erson 6ho 5no6s ho6 to 6rite #ay acce7t by hi#se+f or through an agentH
<here he cannot 6riteB acce7tance #ust be #a'e by a curator a77ointe' for that 7ur7oseB
accor'ing to the ru+es +ai' 'o6n in the ;it+e Of 3inority( of Buardianship and of ;man$ipation.

0rt. 6<+

1ifts #a'e to the benefit of a+#shousesB of the 7oor of a $ommune or of 7ub+ic-uti+ity institutions
#ust be acce7te' by the a'#inistrators of those $ommunes or institutionsB after they ha$e been 'u+y
authori=e'H

(rtH 6<:
( gift 'u+y acce7te' is co#7+ete by the so+e consent of the 7artiesI an' o6nershi7 of the artic+es
'onate' is transferre' to the 'onee 6ithout nee' of any other 'e+i$eryH
1.3
(rtH 6<6
(Or'H n &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%)
<here there is a gift of 7ro7erty ca7ab+e of being #ortgage'B registration of the instru#ents
containing the gift an' the acce7tanceB as 6e++ as the notice of acce7tanceB if it too5 7+ace by se7arate
instru#entB #ust be #a'e at the +an' registry in the arrondissement 6here the 7ro7erty is situate'H

(rtH 6=8
Frepea!edG
<here a gift is #a'e to #inorsB to a'u+ts in guar'ianshi7B or to 7ub+ic institutionsB registration
sha++ be #a'e at the suit of guar'iansB curators or a'#inistratorsH

(rtH 6=(
(Or'H n &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%)
Fai+ure to ha$e the registration #a'e #ay be set u7 by a++ intereste' 7ersonsB e:ce7tB ho6e$erB
those 6ho are res7onsib+e for ha$ing the registration #a'eB or their assignsB an' the 'onorH

(rtH 6=-
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
&inors an' a'u+ts in guar'ianshi7 sha++ not be reinstate' in case of fai+ure to acce7t or register
the giftsI subCect to their re#e'y against their guar'iansB if there is occasionB an' 6ithout reinstate#ent
ta5ing 7+aceB e$en 6here the guar'ians are inso+$entH

(rtH 6=<
(n inter $i$os gift #ay on+y inc+u'e the e:isting 7ro7erty of the 'onorI 6here it inc+u'es
7ro7erty to co#eB it is $oi' in this regar'H

(rtH 6==
(ny inter $i$os gift #a'e subCect to con'itions 6hose 7erfor#ance 'e7en's on the so+e intention
of the 'onorB is $oi'H

(rtH 6=3
It is +i5e6ise $oi' 6here it 6as #a'e un'er the con'ition of 7aying 'ebts or +iabi+ity other than
those 6hich e:iste' at the ti#e of the giftB or 6hich are e:7resse' either in the instru#ent of giftB or in a
state#ent 6hich shou+' be anne:e' theretoH

(rtH 6=)
In the case 6here the 'onor has reser$e' to hi#se+f the free'o# to 'is7ose of an artic+e inc+u'e'
in the giftB or of a fi:e' su# out of the 7ro7erty 'onate'B if he 'ies 6ithout ha$ing 'is7ose' of the#B the
sai' artic+e or su# sha++ be+ong to the 'onor?s heirsB not6ithstan'ing a++ c+auses an' sti7u+ations to the
contraryH

(rtH 6=+
;he four 7rece'ing (rtic+es sha++ not a77+y to the gifts #entione' in "ha7ters 8III an' IR of this
;it+eH

(rtH 6=:
(ny act of gift of #o$ab+e effects is $a+i' on+y as to the effects of 6hich a state#ent of a77raisa+B
signe' by the 'onor an' the 'oneeB or by those 6ho acce7t for the +atterB is anne:e' to the origina+ of the
giftH

(rtH 6=6
( 'onor is a++o6e' to reser$e for his benefit or to 'is7ose for the benefit of anotherB of the
enCoy#ent or the usufruct of the #o$ab+e or i##o$ab+e 7ro7erty 'onate'H

(rtH 638
<here a gift of #o$ab+e effects is #a'e 6ith reser$ation of usufructB the 'onee is ob+ige'B at the
e:7iry of the usufructB to ta5e the effects 'onate' 6hich are in 5in'B in the con'ition in 6hich they areI
an' he has an action against the 'onor or his heirs on account of the artic+es 6hich 'o not e:istB u7 to the
a#ount of the $a+ue 6hich 6as gi$en to the# in the state#ent of a77raisa+H

(rtH 63(
1.4
( 'onor #ay sti7u+ate a right of re$ersion of the ite#s 'onate'B either for the case of the
7re'ecease of the 'onee a+oneB or for the case of the 7re'ecease of the 'onee an' of his 'escen'antsI
;hat right #ay be sti7u+ate' on+y for the benefit of the 'onor a+one H

(rtH 63-
;he effect of the right of re$ersion is to rescin' a++ con$eyances of the i##o$ab+e 7ro7erty
'onate'B an' to #a5e the 7ro7erty re$ert to the 'onorB free an' unencu#bere' by any +iabi+ities an'
#ortgagesB e:ce7tB ho6e$erB the #ortgage of 'o6ry an' of ante-nu7tia+ agree#entsB 6here the other
7ro7erty of the 'onor s7ouse is not sufficient an' on+y in the case 6here the gift 6as #a'e by the sa#e
ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent fro# 6hich those rights an' #ortgages resu+t H

Se$tion II - Of ;9$eptions to the +u!e of Irreo$abi!ity of Inter Cios Bifts

0rt. 63<
(n inter $i$os gift #ay be re$o5e' on+y for non-7erfor#ance of the con'itions un'er 6hich it
6as #a'eB on account of ingratitu'eB an' on account of unforeseen birth of chi+'renH

(rtH 63=
In the case of re$ocation for non-7erfor#ance of the con'itionsB the 7ro7erty sha++ re$ert to the
han's of the 'onor free of a++ charges an' #ortgages grante' by the 'onee/ an' the 'onor sha++ ha$e the
sa#e rights against thir' 7arties ho+'ing the i##o$ab+es 'onate' as he 6ou+' ha$e against the 'onee
hi#se+fH

(rtH 633
(n inter $i$os gift #ay be re$o5e' on account of ingratitu'e on+y in the fo++o6ing cases/
1L <here the 'onee has #a'e an atte#7t against the +ife of the 'onorI
2L <here he has been gui+ty of crue+tyB serious offences or grie$ous insu+ts against hi#I
3L <here he refuses #aintenance to hi#H

(rtH 63)
-e$ocation on account of non-7erfor#ance of con'itions or of ingratitu'e #ay ne$er ta5e 7+ace
by o7eration of +a6H

(rtH 63+
( c+ai# for re$ocation on account of ingratitu'e #ust be brought 6ithin the yearB fro# the 'ay of
the offence 6ith 6hich the 'onee is charge' by the 'onorB or fro# the 'ay 6hen the offence cou+' ha$e
been 5no6n by the 'onorH
;hat re$ocation #ay not be a77+ie' for by the 'onor against the heirs of the 'oneeB or by the
heirs of the 'onor against the 'oneeB un+essB in the +atter caseB the action has been initiate' by the 'onorB
or he has 'ie' 6ithin a year after the offenceH

(rtH 63:
(Or'H n &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%)
( re$ocation on account of ingratitu'e #ay not 7reCu'ice transfers #a'e by a 'oneeB or
#ortgages an' other rea+ encu#brances 6ith 6hich he #ay ha$e bur'ene' the subCect #atter of the giftB
7ro$i'e' they a++ are 7re$ious to the registration of the c+ai# for re$ocation at the +an' registry of the
7+ace of the 7ro7erty H
In case of re$ocationB the 'onee sha++ be or'ere' to return the $a+ue of the artic+es transferre'B
6ith regar' to the ti#e of the c+ai#B an' the fruitsB fro# the 'ay of that c+ai#H

(rtH 636
1ifts in fa$our of #arriage #ay not be re$o5e' on account of ingratitu'eH

(rtH 6)8
(++ inter $i$os gifts #a'e by 7ersons 6ho ha' no chi+'ren or 'escen'ants 7resent+y +i$ing at the
ti#e of the giftB of 6hate$er $a+ue they #ay beB an' for 6hate$er reason they #ay ha$e been #a'eB an'
a+though they 6ere reci7roca+ or re#unerati$eB e$en those #a'e in fa$our of #arriage by 7ersons other
than the ascen'ants to the s7ousesB or by the s7ouses to each otherB are re$o5e' by o7eration of +a6 by
the unforeseen birth of a +egiti#ate chi+' of the 'onorB e$en 7osthu#ousB or by +egiti#ation by
subse)uent #arriage of an i++egiti#ate chi+'B 6here he 6as born after the giftH

1.%
(rtH 6)(
;hat re$ocation sha++ ta5e 7+aceB a+though the chi+' of the 'onor 6as concei$e' at the ti#e of the
giftH

(rtH 6)-
( gift is +i5e6ise re$o5e' e$en if the 'onee has ta5en 7ossession of the 7ro7erty 'onate' an' the
+atter has been +eft 6ith hi# by the 'onor after the birth of the chi+'I 6ithoutB ho6e$erB the 'onee being
ob+ige' to return the fruits co++ecte' by hi#B of 6hate$er nature they #ay beB before the 'ay 6hen notice
of the birth of the chi+' or of his +egiti#ation by subse)uent #arriage 6as ser$e' on hi# by 7rocess or
other instru#ent in 'ue for#I an' e$en 6here the c+ai# for reco$ering the 7ro7erty 'onate' 6as brought
on+y after that noticeH

(rtH 6)<
Pro7erty inc+u'e' in a gift re$o5e' by o7eration of +a6B sha++ re$ert to the 7atri#ony of the 'onor
free fro# a++ encu#brances an' #ortgages grante' by the 'oneeB 6ithout there being a77ro7riate'B e$en
subsi'iari+yB to the restitution of the 'o6ry of the 6ife of that 'oneeB to her reco$eries or other ante-
nu7tia+ agree#entsI an' that sha++ ta5e 7+ace e$en though the gift 6as #a'e in fa$our of the #arriage of
the 'onee an' inc+u'e' in the agree#entB an' the 'onor has boun' hi#se+f as suretyB through the giftB for
the 7erfor#ance of the ante-nu7tia+ agree#entH

(rtH 6)=
1ifts re$o5e' in this 6ay #ay not be re$i$e' or resu#e their effectB either by the 'eath of the
'onor?s chi+'B or by any confir#atory instru#entI an' 6here the 'onor 6ishes to 'onate the sa#e
7ro7erty to the sa#e 'oneeB either before or after the 'eath of the chi+' through 6hose birth the gift 6as
re$o5e'B he #ay 'o so on+y by a ne6 'is7ositionH

(rtH 6)3
(ny c+ause or agree#ent by 6hich a 'onor renounces the re$ocation of a gift on account of
unforeseen birth of a chi+'B sha++ be consi'ere' as $oi' an' #ay not 7ro'uce any effect H

(rtH 6))
( 'oneeB his heirs or assignsB or others 'etaining things 'onate'B #ay set u7 7rescri7tion to
assert a gift re$o5e' by the unforeseen birth of a chi+' on+y after a 7ossession of thirty yearsB 6hich #ay
start running on+y fro# the 'ay of the birth of the +atest chi+' of the 'onorB e$en 7osthu#ousI an'
6ithout 7reCu'ice to interru7tionsB as 7ro$i'e' by +a6H

"@(P;2- 8 - OF ;2S;(&2*;(-E 0ISPOSI;IO*S

Se$tion I - Of Benera! +u!es on the Form of Fi!!s

0rt. 6)+
(ny 7erson #ay 'is7ose by 6i++B either un'er the na#e of a77oint#ent of an heirB or un'er the
na#e of +egacyB or un'er any other 'eno#ination suitab+e for e:7ressing his 6ishH

(rtH 6):
( 6i++ #ay not be #a'e in the sa#e instru#ent by t6o or se$era+ 7ersonsB either for the benefit
of a thir' 7ersonB or as a #utua+ an' reci7roca+ 'is7ositionH

(rtH 6)6
( 6i++ #ay be ho+ogra7hicB or #a'e by a 7ub+ic instru#entB or in the secret for#H

(rtH 6+8
(n ho+ogra7hic 6i++ is not $a+i' un+ess it is entire+y 6rittenB 'ate' an' signe' by the han' of the
testator/ it is not subCect to any other for#H

(rtH 6+(
(($t n &0-1&1/ of ' 8e$. 1%&0)
( 6i++ by 7ub+ic instru#ent sha++ be recei$e' by t6o notaires or by one notaire atten'e' by t6o
6itnessesH

(rtH 6+-
1..
(($t n &0-1&1/ of ' 8e$. 1%&0)
<here a 6i++ is recei$e' by t6o notairesB it sha++ be 'ictate' to the# by the testatorI one of those
notaires sha++ 6rite it hi#se+f or sha++ ha$e it 6ritten by han' or #echanica++yH
<here there is on+y one notaireB it #ust a+so be 'ictate' by the testatorI the notaire sha++ 6rite it
hi#se+f or sha++ ha$e it 6ritten by han' or #echanica++yH
In either caseB it #ust be rea' o$er to the testatorH
(++ of 6hich sha++ be e:7ress+y #entione'H

(rtH 6+<
(($t n &0-1&1/ of ' 8e$. 1%&0)
;hat 6i++ #ust be signe' by the testator in the 7resence of the 6itnesses an' of the notaireI 6here
the testator 'ec+ares that he 'oes not 5no6 ho6 to sign or is unab+e to 'o soB his 'ec+aration sha++ be
e:7ress+y #entione' in the instru#entB as 6e++ as the cause 6hich 7re$ents hi# fro# signingH

(rtH 6+=
(($t n &0-1&1/ of ' 8e$. 1%&0)
;he 6i++ #ust be signe' by the 6itnesses an' by the notaire .

0rt. 6+3
3egateesB in 6hate$er c+ass they #ay beB their re+ati$es by b+oo' or #arriage u7 to the fourth
'egree inc+usi$eB or c+er5s of the notaires by 6ho# the instru#ents are recei$e'B #ay not be ta5en as
6itnesses of a 6i++ by 7ub+ic instru#entH

(rtH 6+)
(($t n &0-1&1/ of ' 8e$. 1%&0)
<here a testator 6ishes to #a5e a secret 6i++B the 7a7er 6hich contains the 'is7ositions or the
7a7er use' as an en$e+o7eB if there is oneB sha++ be c+ose'B sta#7e' an' sea+e' u7H
;he testator sha++ 7resent it thus c+ose'B sta#7e' an' sea+e' u7 to the notaire an' to t6o
6itnessesB or he 6i++ ha$e it c+ose'B sta#7e' an' sea+e' u7 in their 7resence an' he sha++ 'ec+are that the
contents of that 7a7er is his 6i++B signe' by hi#B an' 6ritten by hi# or by anotherB 6hi+e affir#ing in
that +atter caseB that he has 7ersona++y $erifie' its contentsI he sha++ in'icateB in a++ casesB the #o'e of
6riting use' (by han' or #echanica+)H
;he notary sha++ 'ra6 u7B in origina+ not recor'e'B an instru#ent of su7erscri7tion 6hich he sha++
6rite or ha$e 6ritten by han' or #echanica++y on that 7a7erB or on the sheet use' as an en$e+o7 an'
bearing the 'ate an' in'ication of the 7+ace 6here it 6as 'oneB a 'escri7tion of the co$er an' of the 7rint
of the sea+B an' #ention of a++ the abo$e-#entione' for#a+itiesI that instru#ent sha++ be signe' by the
testator as 6e++ as by the notaire an' the 6itnessesH
(++ that is #entione' abo$e sha++ be 'one 6ithout interru7tion an' 6ithout atten'ing to other
instru#entsH
In case the testator cannot sign the instru#ent of su7erscri7tion o6ing to an i#7e'i#ent arisen
since the signature of the 6i++B #ention sha++ be #a'e of the 'ec+aration 6hich he #a5es of it an' of the
reason he gi$es for itH

(rtH 6++
(($t n &0-1&1/ of ' 8e$. 1%&0)
<here the testator 'oes not 5no6 ho6 to sign or 6as unab+e to 'o so 6hen he ha' his
'is7ositions 6rittenB one sha++ 7rocee' as +ai' 'o6n in the 7rece'ing (rtic+eI in a''itionB there sha++ be
#entione' on the instru#ent of su7erscri7tion that the testator 'ec+are' that he 'i' not 5no6 ho6 to sign
or 6as unab+e to 'o so 6hen he ha' his 'is7ositions 6rittenH

(rtH 6+:
;hose 6ho 'o not 5no6 ho6 or are unab+e to rea'B #ay not #a5e 'is7ositions in the for# of a
secret 6i++H

(rtH 6+6
(($t n &0-1&1/ of ' 8e$. 1%&0)
In case the testator is unab+e to s7ea5B but can 6riteB he #ay #a5e a secret 6i++B subCect to the
e:7ress con'ition that the 6i++ be signe' by hi# an' 6ritten by hi# or anotherB that he 7resent it to the
notaire an' to the 6itnesses an' that he 6rite at the to7 of the instru#ent of su7erscri7tionB in their
7resenceB that the 7a7er he 7resents is his 6i++ an' signH &ention sha++ be #a'e in the instru#ent of
su7erscri7tion that the testator has 6ritten an' signe' those 6or's in the 7resence of the notaire an' of
1.7
the 6itnesses an'B further#oreB a++ 6hich is 7rescribe' by (rtic+e !7. an' is not inconsistent 6ith this
(rtic+e sha++ be co#7+ie' 6ithH
In a++ cases 7ro$i'e' for in this (rtic+e an' in the 7rece'ing (rtic+esB a secret 6i++ in 6hich the
statutory for#a+ities 6ere not co#7+ie' 6ith an' 6hich is $oi' as suchB is $a+i' ho6e$er as a
ho+ogra7hic 6i++B 6here a++ the re)uisites for its $a+i'ity as ho+ogra7hic 6i++ are fu+fi++e'B e$en if it 6as
na#e' a secret 6i++H

(rtH 6:8
(($t n &0-1&1/ of ' 8e$. 1%&0)
<itnesses ca++e' to ta5e 7art in 6i++s #ust be French an' of fu++ ageB 5no6 ho6 to sign an' ha$e
the enCoy#ent of their ci$i+ rights H ;hey #ay be of either se: but a husban' an' his 6ife #ay not be
6itnesses to the sa#e instru#entH

Se$tion II - Of Parti$u!ar +u!es on the Form of Certain Fi!!s

0rt. 6:(
(($t of 1. 3ay 1%00)
<i++s of so+'iersB of sai+ors of the State an' of 7ersons e#7+oye' 6ith the ar#ies #ay be
recei$e' in the cases an' on the ter#s 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e !3B either by a su7erior officer or #i+itary
'octor of a corres7on'ing ran5B in the 7resence of t6o 6itnessesI or by t6o officia+s of the
Auarter#aster 0e7art#ent or t6o officers of the co##issariatI or by one of those officia+s or officers in
the 7resence of t6o 6itnessesI or fina++yB in an iso+ate' 'etach#entB by the officer co##an'ing the
'etach#entB 6ith the assistance of t6o 6itnessesB 6here it 'oes not e:ist in the 'etach#ent a su7erior
officer or #i+itary 'octor of a corres7on'ing ran5B an officia+ of the Auarter#aster 0e7art#ent or an
officer of the co##issariatH
;he 6i++ of the officer co##an'ing an iso+ate' 'etach#ent #ay be recei$e' by the officer
co#ing after hi# in or'er of 'utyH
;he right to #a5e a 6i++ in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in this (rtic+e sha++ e:ten' to 7risoners in the
han's of the ene#yH

(rtH 6:-
(($t of 1. 3ay 1%00)
<i++s #entione' in the 7rece'ing (rtic+e #ay a+soB 6here the testator is i++ or 6oun'e'B be
recei$e' in hos7ita+s or #i+itary #e'ica+ units such as 'efine' by #i+itary regu+ationsB by the senior
surgeonB 6hate$er his ran5 #ay beB 6ith the assistance of the #anaging a'#inistration officerH
Fai+ing that a'#inistration officerB the 7resence of t6o 6itnesses is necessaryH

(rtH 6:<
(($t of ' *une 1'%/)
In a++ casesB an origina+ in 'u7+icate of the 6i++s #entione' in the t6o 7rece'ing (rtic+es sha++ be
#a'eH
<here this for#a+ity cou+' not be fu+fi++e' because of the state of hea+th of the testatorB an office
co7y of the 6i++ sha++ be 'ra6n u7 to ta5e the 7+ace of the secon' origina+I that office co7y sha++ be
signe' by the 6itnesses an' by the instru#entary officersH &ention sha++ be #a'e therein of the reasons
6hich 7re$ente' the secon' origina+ fro# being 'ra6n u7H
(s soon as co##unications are 7ossib+e an' 6ithin the shortest ti#eB the t6o origina+s or the
origina+ an' the office co7y of the 6i++ sha++ be a''resse' se7arate+y an' by 'ifferent #ai+sB un'er c+ose'
an' sea+e' co$erB to the &inister of <ar or of the *a$yB to be fi+e' 6ith the notaire in'icate' by the
testator orB fai+ing an in'icationB 6ith the 7resi'ent of the cha#ber of notaires of the arrondissement of
the +ast 'o#ici+eH

(rtH 6:=
(($t of ' *une 1'%/)
( 6i++ #a'e in the #anner estab+ishe' abo$e is $oi' si: #onths after the testator has co#e to a
7+ace 6here he is at +iberty to use the or'inary for#sB un+essB before the e:7iry of that 7erio'B he is again
7+ace' in one of the s7ecia+ situations 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e !3H ;he 6i++ is then $a+i' 'uring that
s7ecia+ situation an' 'uring a ne6 7erio' of si: #onths after its e:7iryH

(rtH 6:3
1.8
<i++s #a'e in a 7+ace 6ith 6hich a++ co##unication is interru7te' because of the 7+ague or other
contagious 'iseaseB #ay be #a'e before the Cu'ge of the tribuna! d1instan$e or before one of the
#unici7a+ officia+s of the $ommuneB in the 7resence of t6o 6itnessesH
(0$t of 2' *u!y 1%1&) ;his 7ro$ision sha++ a77+y to those suffering fro# those 'iseasesB as 6e++ to
those 6ho are in the conta#inate' 7+acesB a+though they are not 7resent+y i++H

(rtH 6:)
(($t of 2' *u!y 1%1&)
<i++s #a'e in an is+an' of the 2uro7ean territory of FranceB 6here there e:ists no office of
notaireB 6hen there is an i#7ossibi+ity of co##unicating 6ith the continentB #ay be recei$e' as is +ai'
'o6n in the 7rece'ing (rtic+eH ;he i#7ossibi+ity of co##unicating #ust be certifie' in the instru#ent
by the Cu'ge of the tribuna! d1instan$e or the #unici7a+ officia+ 6ho recei$e' the 6i++H

(rtH 6:+

;he 6i++s #entione' in the t6o 7rece'ing (rtic+es beco#e $oi' si: #onths after co##unications
ha$e been re-estab+ishe' in the 7+ace 6here the testator isB or si: #onths after he has gone to a 7+ace
6here they are not interru7te'H

(rtH 6::
(($t of ' *une 1'%/)
In the course of a sea $oyageB either on the 6ay or 'uring a sto77age in 7ortB 6here it is
i#7ossib+e to co##unicate 6ith +an'B or 6here it 'oes not e:ist in the 7ortB if it is in a foreign countryB a
French 'i7+o#atic or consu+ar agent $este' 6ith the functions of a notaireB 6i++s of 7ersons 7resent on
boar' sha++ be recei$e'B in the 7resence of t6o 6itnesses/ on shi7s of the StateB by the a'#inistration
officer orB in his absenceB by the ca7tain or one 6ho fu+fi+s his functionsI an' on other shi7s by the
ca7tainB #aster or s5i77erB 6ith the assistance of the chief officerB orB in their absenceB by those 6ho
fu+fi+ their functionsH
;he instru#ent sha++ in'icate that of the abo$e 7ro$i'e' circu#stances in 6hich it 6as recei$e'H

(rtH 6:6
(($t of ' *une 1'%/)
On shi7s of the stateB un'er the circu#stances 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB the 6i++ of
the a'#inistration officer sha++ be recei$e' by the ca7tain or by one 6ho fu+fi+s his functions an'B 6here
there is no a'#inistration officerB the 6i++ of the ca7tain sha++ be recei$e' by the one co#ing after hi# in
or'er of 'utyH
On other shi7sB the 6i++ of the ca7tainB #aster or s5i77erB or that of the chief officerB sha++B un'er
the sa#e circu#stancesB be recei$e' by the 7ersons 6ho co#e after the# in or'er of 'utyH

(rtH 668
(($t of ' *une 1'%/)
In a++ casesB an origina+ in 'u7+icate of the 6i++s #entione' in the t6o 7rece'ing (rtic+es sha++ be
#a'eH
<here that for#a+ity cou+' not be fu+fi++e' because of the state of hea+th of the testatorB an office
co7y of the 6i++ sha++ be 'ra6n u7 to ta5e the 7+ace of the secon' origina+I that office co7y sha++ be
signe' by the 6itnesses an' by the instru#entary officersH &ention sha++ be #a'e of the reasons 6hich
7re$ente' the secon' origina+ fro# being 'ra6n u7 H

(rtH 66(
(($t of ' *une 1'%/)
(t the first sto77age in a foreign 7ort 6here there is a French 'i7+o#atic or consu+ar agent B one
of the origina+s or the office co7y of the 6i++ sha++ be 'e+i$ere'B un'er c+ose' an' sea+e' co$erB into the
han's of that officia+B 6ho sha++ for6ar' it to the &inister of the *a$yB in or'er that it #ay be 'e7osite'
as is state' in (rtic+e !83H

(rtH 66-
(($t of ' *une 1'%/)
>7on the arri$a+ of the shi7 in a French 7ortB the t6o origina+s of the 6i++B or the origina+ an' its
office co7yB or the origina+ 6hich re#ainsB in case of trans#ission or 'e+i$ery effecte' 'uring the course
of the $oyageB sha++ be 'e7osite'B un'er c+ose' an' sea+e' co$erB for the shi7s of the StateB at the office
of co##issioningB an' for other shi7sB at the office of sea#en?s registrationH 2ach of those 'ocu#ents
1.!
sha++ be a''resse' se7arate+y an' by 'ifferent #ai+sB to the &inister of the *a$yB 6ho sha++ for6ar' the#
as is state' in (rtic+e !83H

(rtH 66<
(($t of ' *une 1'%/)
On the +ist of the cre6B in regar' to the na#e of the testatorB #ention sha++ be #a'e of the
'e+i$ery of the origina+s or office co7y of the 6i++ #a'e to the consu+ateB to the office of co##issioning
or to the office of sea#en?s registrationB in accor'ance 6ith the 7rescri7tions of the 7rece'ing (rtic+esH

(rtH 66=
(($t of ' *une 1'%/)
( 6i++ #a'e 'uring the course of a sea $oyageB in the for# 7rescribe' in (rtic+es !88 an'
fo++o6ingB is $a+i' on+y 6here the testator 'ies on boar' or 6ithin si: #onths after +an'ing in a 7+ace
6here he cou+' ha$e re'one it in the or'inary for#sH
@o6e$erB 6here the testator un'erta5es a ne6 sea $oyage before e:7iry of that 7erio'B the 6i++ is
$a+i' 'uring the 'uration of that $oyage an' 'uring a ne6 7erio' of si: #onths after the testator has
'ise#bar5e' againH

(rtH 663
(($t of ' *une 1'%/)
0is7ositions inserte' in a 6i++ #a'eB in the course of a sea $oyageB to the benefit of the officers
of the shi7 other that those 6ho are re+ati$es by b+oo' or #arriage of the testatorB are nu++ an' $oi'H
It sha++ be the sa#eB 6hether the 6i++ is #a'e in the ho+ogra7hic for# or recei$e' in accor'ance
6ith (rtic+es !88 an' fo++o6ingH

(rtH 66)
(($t of ' *une 1'%/)
( rea'ing sha++ be gi$en to the testatorB in the 7resence of the 6itnessesB of the 7ro$isions of
(rtic+es !84B !87 or !!4B as the case #ay beB an' #ention of that rea'ing sha++ be #entione' in the 6i++ H

(rtH 66+
(($t of ' *une 1'%/)
;he 6i++s inc+u'e' in the abo$e (rtic+es of this Section sha++ be signe' by the testatorB by those
6ho ha$e recei$e' the# an' by the 6itnessesH

(rtH 66:
(($t of ' *une 1'%/)
<here a testator 'ec+ares that he is unab+e or 'oes not 5no6 ho6 to signB #ention sha++ be #a'e
of his 'ec+arationB as 6e++ as of the reason 6hich 7re$ents hi# fro# signingH
In the case 6here the 7resence of t6o 6itnesses is re)uire'B the 6i++ sha++ be signe' by one of
the# at +eastB an' #ention sha++ be #a'e of the reason 6hy the other 'i' not signH

(rtH 666
( French 7erson 6ho is in a foreign country #ay #a5e his testa#entary 'is7ositions by
instru#ent un'er 7ri$ate signatureB as is 7rescribe' in (rtic+e !70B or by authentic instru#entB in the
for#s in use in the 7+ace 6here the instru#ent is #a'eH

(rtH (888
<i++s #a'e in a foreign country #ay be enforce' on 7ro7erty situate' in France on+y after they
ha$e been registere' at the office of the 'o#ici+e of the testatorB 6here he has 5e7t oneB other6iseB at the
office of his +ast 5no6n 'o#ici+e in FranceI an' in the case the 6i++ contains 'is7ositions of i##o$ab+es
there situate'B it sha++ be a+so registere' at the registry of the situation of those i##o$ab+esB 6ithout a
'oub+e ta: being charge' H

(rtH (88(
;he for#a+ities to 6hich the $arious 6i++s are subCect un'er the 7ro$isions of this Section an' the
7rece'ing one sha++ be co#7+ie' 6ith on 7ain of annu+#entH

Se$tion III - Of the 0ppointments of Leirs and of <e6a$ies in 6enera!

(rtH (88-
170
;esta#entary 'is7ositions are either uni$ersa+B or by uni$ersa+ tit+eB or s7ecificH
2ach of those 'is7ositionsB 6hether #a'e un'er the 'esignation of a77oint#ent of an heirB or
#a'e un'er the 'esignation of +egacyB 7ro'uces its effect accor'ing to the ru+es hereafter +ai' 'o6n for
uni$ersa+ +egaciesB for +egacies by uni$ersa+ tit+eB or for s7ecific +egaciesH

Se$tion IC - Of Kniersa! <e6a$ies

0rt. (88<
( uni$ersa+ +egacy is a testa#entary 'is7osition by 6hich a testator 'onates to one or #ore
7ersons the entirety of the 7ro7erty 6hich he #ay +ea$e at his 'eathH

(rtH (88=
<hereB at the 'eath of a testatorB there are heirs to 6ho# a 7ortion of his 7ro7erty is reser$e' by
+a6B those heirs are sei=e' by o7eration of +a6B by the 'eathB of a++ the 7ro7erty of the successionI an' a
uni$ersa+ +egatee is co#7e++e' to re)uest of the# the 'e+i$ery of the 7ro7erty inc+u'e' in the 6i++H

(rtH (883
@o6e$erB in the sa#e casesB a uni$ersa+ +egatee has the enCoy#ent of the 7ro7erty inc+u'e' in the
6i++ fro# the 'ay of the 'eathB 6here a c+ai# for 'e+i$ery 6as brought 6ithin one year after that ti#eI
other6iseB that enCoy#ent sha++ on+y co##ence fro# the 'ay of a c+ai# brought in courtB or fro# the
'ay 6hen 'e+i$ery 6as $o+untari+y agree' toH

(rtH (88)
<here at the 'eath of a testator there are no heirs to 6ho# a 7ortion of the 7ro7erty is reser$e'
by +a6B a uni$ersa+ +egatee is sei=e' by o7eration of +a6 by the 'eath of the testatorB 6ithout being
co#7e++e' to re)uest 'e+i$eryH

(rtH (88+
(($t n 66-1012 of 2' 8e$. 1%66)
efore it 7ro'uces its effectsB an ho+ogra7hic or secret 6i++ sha++ be 'e7osite' in the han's of a
notaireH ;he 6i++ sha++ be o7ene' 6here it is sea+e' H ;he notaire sha++ 'ra6 u7 at once a #e#oran'u# of
the o7ening an' of the con'ition of the 6i++B 6hi+e s7ecifying the circu#stances of the 'e7ositH ;he 6i++
as 6e++ as the #e#oran'u# sha++ ta5e their 7+ace a#ong the origina+ recor's of the notaire.
<ithin the #onth fo++o6ing the 'ate of the #e#oran'u#B the notaire sha++ a''ress an office
co7y of it an' a facsi#i+e of the 6i++ to the chief c+er5 of the tribuna! d1instan$e of the 7+ace of o7ening
of the successionB 6ho sha++ ac5no6+e'ge recei7t of those 'ocu#ents an' sha++ 7+ace the# a#ong his
origina+ recor'sH

(rtH (88:
In the case of (rtic+e 100.B 6here the 6i++ is ho+ogra7hic or secretB a uni$ersa+ +egatee is boun'
to a77+y to be $este' 6ith 7ossessionB by an or'er of the 7resi'entB 6ritten at the foot of a 7etitionB to
6hich the instru#ent of 'e7osit sha++ be Coine'H

(rtH (886
( uni$ersa+ +egatee 6ho co#7etes 6ith an heir to 6ho# the +a6 reser$es a 7ortion of the
7ro7ertyB is +iab+e for the 'ebts an' charges of the succession of the testatorB 7ersona++y to the e:tent of
his share an' 7ortionB an' as to #ortgages to the e:tent of the 6ho+eI an' he is res7onsib+e for 7aying a++
the +egaciesB e:ce7t in case of abate#entB as is state' in (rtic+es !2. an' !27H

Se$tion C - Of <e6a$ies by Kniersa! "it!e

0rt. (8(8
( +egacy by uni$ersa+ tit+e is one by 6hich the testator be)ueaths a 7ortion of the 7ro7erty of
6hich the +a6 7er#its hi# to 'is7oseB such as a ha+fB a thir'B or a++ his i##o$ab+esB or a++ his #o$ab+esB
or a fi:e' 7ortion of a++ his i##o$ab+es or of a++ his #o$ab+esH
(ny other +egacy constitutes on+y a s7ecific 'is7ositionH

(rtH (8((
3egatees by uni$ersa+ tit+e are ob+ige' to re)uest 'e+i$ery fro# the heirs to 6ho# a 7ortion of
7ro7erty is reser$e' by +a6I an'B fai+ing the#B fro# the heirs ca++e' in the or'er estab+ishe' by the ;it+e
Of Su$$essions.
171
0rt. (8(-
( +egatee by uni$ersa+ tit+e is +iab+eB +i5e a uni$ersa+ +egateeB for the 'ebts an' charges of the
succession of the testatorB 7ersona++y to the e:tent of his share an' 7ortionB an' as to #ortgages to the
e:tent of the 6ho+eH

(rtH (8(<
<here a testator has 'is7ose' of on+y a 7art of the 'is7osab+e 7ortionB an' has 'one so by
uni$ersa+ tit+eB that +egatee is res7onsib+e for 7aying the s7ecific +egacies 7ro rata 6ith the natura+ heirsH

Se$tion CI - Of Spe$ifi$ <e6a$ies

0rt. (8(=
(n outright +egacy gi$es to the +egateeB fro# the 'ay of the 'eath of the testatorB a right to the
thing be)ueathe'B 6hich right #ay be trans#itte' to his heirs or assignsH
*e$erthe+essB a s7ecific +egatee #ay be $este' 6ith the 7ossession of the thing be)ueathe'B or
c+ai# the fruits or interests of it on+y fro# the 'ay of his c+ai# for 'e+i$eryB #a'e fo++o6ing the or'er
estab+ishe' by (rtic+e 1011B or fro# the 'ay 6hen 'e+i$ery 6as $o+untari+y grante' to hi#H

(rtH (8(3
Interests or fruits of a thing be)ueathe' accrue to the +egateeB fro# the 'ay of the 'eathB an'
6ithout a c+ai# ha$ing been brought by hi# in court/
1L <here the testator has e:7ress+y e:7resse' his 6ish in this regar' in the 6i++I
2L <here an annuity or a 7ension has been be)ueathe' as a #aintenanceH

(rtH (8()
;he costs of a c+ai# for 'e+i$ery sha++ be charge' to the successionB 6ithout ho6e$er a re'uction
of the statutory reser$e resu+ting fro# itH
-ecor'ing fees are 'ue by the +egateeH
(++ of 6hichB un+ess other6ise 'irecte' by the 6i++H
2ach +egacy #ay be registere' se7arate+yB 6ithout that registration benefiting to anyone other
than the +egatee or his assignsH

(rtH (8(+
;he heirs of the testatorB or other 'ebtors for a +egacyB are 7ersona++y +iab+e for its 7ay#entB each
one 7ro rata of the share an' 7ortion by 6hich he benefits in the successionH
;hey are res7onsib+e as to #ortgages for the 6ho+eB u7 to the a#ount of the $a+ue of the
i##o$ab+es of the succession 6hich they #ay ho+'H

(rtH (8(:
;he thing be)ueathe' sha++ be 'e+i$ere' 6ith its necessary accessoriesB an' in the con'ition in
6hich it stan's on the 'ay of the 'eath of the 'onorH

(rtH (8(6
<here a 7erson 6ho be)ueathe' o6nershi7 of an i##o$ab+eB has increase' it thereafter by
ac)uisitionsB those ac)uisitionsB e$en if contiguousB sha++ not be 'ee#e' to for# a 7art of the +egacyB
fai+ing a ne6 'is7ositionH
It #ay not be so of i#7ro$e#ents or of ne6 constructions #a'e on the tene#ent be)ueathe'B or
of an enc+osure 6hose s7ace the testator has increase'H

(rtH (8-8
<hereB before the 6i++ or after6ar'sB a thing be)ueathe' has been #ortgage' for a 'ebt of the
successionB or e$en for the 'ebt of a thir' 7ersonB or 6here it is bur'ene' 6ith a usufructB the one 6ho is
ob+ige' to 7ay the +egacy is not boun' to 'isencu#ber the thingB un+ess he has been 'irecte' to 'o so by
an e:7ress 7ro$ision of the testatorH

(rtH (8-(
<here a testator has be)ueathe' a thing be+onging to othersB the +egacy is $oi'B 6hether the
testator 5ne6 or not that the thing 'i' not be+ong to hi#H

(rtH (8--
172
<here a +egacy is of an un'eter#ine' thingB the heir are not ob+ige' to gi$e it of the best )ua+ityB
an' he #ay not offer it of the 6orstH

(rtH (8-<
( +egacy #a'e to a cre'itorB #ay not be 'ee#e' a set-off against his c+ai#B nor a +egacy #a'e to
a ser$ant a set-off against his 6agesH

(rtH (8-=
( s7ecific +egatee is not +iab+e for the 'ebts of the successionB subCect to the abate#ent of the
+egacyB as abo$e state'B an' subCect to a forec+osure action by cre'itorsH

Se$tion CII - Of "estamentary ;9e$utors

(rtH (8-3
( testator #ay a77oint one or se$era+ testa#entary e:ecutorsH

(rtH (8-)
@e #ay $est the# in 7ossession of the 6ho+e or on+y of 7art of his #o$ab+esI but $esting #ay
not +ast for #ore than one year an' one 'ay after his 'eathH
<here he 'i' not grant it to the#B they #ay not 'e#an' itH

(rtH (8-+
(n heir #ay cause $esting to cease by offering to 'e+i$er to the testa#entary e:ecutors a su#
sufficient to 7ay the +egacies of #o$ab+esB or by Custifying that 7ay#entH

(rtH (8-:
( 7erson 6ho #ay not bin' hi#se+f #ay not be a testa#entary e:ecutorH

(rtH (8-6 Frepea!edG

(rtH (8<8
( #inor #ay not be a testa#entary e:ecutorB e$en 6ith the authori=ation of his guar'ian For
curatorB repea!ed by imp!i$ationGH

(rtH (8<(
;esta#entary e:ecutors sha++ ha$e sea+s affi:e'B 6here so#e of the heirs are #inorsB a'u+ts in
guar'ianshi7 or absenteesH
;hey sha++ ha$e an in$entory #a'e of the 7ro7erty of the successionB in the 7resence of the
7resu#7ti$e heirB or he ha$ing been 'u+y su##one'H
;hey sha++ in'uce the sa+e of #o$ab+esB if there is insufficient #oney to 7ay the +egaciesH
;hey sha++ ta5e care that the 6i++ is carrie' outI an'B in case of contro$ersy as to its carrying outB
they #ay inter$ene to su77ort its $a+i'ityH
;hey sha++ account for their #anage#ent on the e:7iry of the year fro# the 'eath of the testatorH

(rtH (8<-
;he 7o6ers of a testa#entary e:ecutor #ay not 7ass to his heirsH

(rtH (8<<
<here there are se$era+ testa#entary e:ecutors 6ho ha$e acce7te'B one a+one #ay act in 'efau+t
of the othersI an' they are Coint+y an' se$era++y +iab+e for the account of the #o$ab+es 6hich 6as
entruste' to the#B un+ess the testator has 'i$i'e' their 'uties an' each of the# has confine' hi#se+f to
those 6hich 6ere assigne' to hi#H

(rtH (8<=
2:7enses incurre' by a testa#entary e:ecutor for affi:ing sea+sB for the in$entoryB the account
an' other e:7enses re+ating to his 'utiesB sha++ be charge' to the successionH

Se$tion CIII - Of the +eo$ation of Fi!!s and of their <apse

0rt. (8<3
173
<i++s #ay on+y be re$o5e'B in 6ho+e or in 7artB by a subse)uent 6i++B or by an instru#ent before
notairesB containing the 'ec+aration of a change of intentionH

(rtH (8<)
Subse)uent 6i++s 6hich 'o not re$o5e 7re$ious ones in an e:7ress #anner annu+ on+y those of
the 'is7ositions therein containe' 6hich are inconsistent 6ith the ne6 onesB or 6hich are contrary to
the#H

(rtH (8<+
( re$ocation #a'e in a subse)uent 6i++ 7ro'uces its fu++ effectB e$en though the ne6 6i++ is not
carrie' out through a 'isabi+ity of the heir a77ointe' or the +egateeB or their refusa+ to ta5e itH

(rtH (8<:
(ny transfer #a'e by the testator of a++ or 7art of the thing be)ueathe'B e$en by a sa+e 6ith
o7tion of re'e#7tion or by e:changeB in$o+$es re$ocation of the +egacy as to e$erything that 6as
transferre'B e$en though the subse)uent transfer is $oi' an' the thing has returne' to the han's of the
testatorH

(rtH (8<6
(ny testa#entary 'is7osition +a7ses 6here the one in 6hose fa$our it 6as #a'e 'oes not sur$i$e
the testatorH

(rtH (8=8
(ny testa#entary 'is7osition #a'e un'er a con'ition 'e7en'ing u7on an uncertain e$entB an'
such thatB in the intention of the testatorB that 'is7osition is to be carrie' out on+y 6here the e$ent
ha77ens or 'oes not ha77enB +a7ses if the a77ointe' heir or the +egatee 'ies before the con'ition is
fu+fi++e'H

(rtH (8=(
( con'ition 6hichB in the intention of the testatorB on+y sus7en's the carrying out of the
'is7ositionB 'oes not 7re$ent the a77ointe' heir or the +egatee fro# ha$ing a $este' right trans#issib+e to
his heirsH

(rtH (8=-
( +egacy +a7sesB 6here the thing be)ueathe' tota++y 7erishes in the +ifeti#e of the testatorH
It sha++ be +i5e6ise 6here it 7erishes after his 'eathB 6ithout the act or fau+t of the heirB a+though
the +atter #ay ha$e been on notice to 'e+i$er itB if it 6ou+' +i5e6ise ha$e 7erishe' in the han's of the
+egateeH

(rtH (8=<
( testa#entary 'is7osition +a7ses 6here the a77ointe' heir or the +egatee re7u'iates it or is
inco#7etent to ta5e it H

(rtH (8==
;here sha++ be occasion for accruer to the benefit of the +egateesB in the case 6here a +egacy is
#a'e Coint+y to se$era+ of the#H
( +egacy sha++ be 'ee#e' Coint+y #a'e 6here it is #a'e by one an' the sa#e 'is7osition an'
6here the testator 'i' not assign the share of each of the co-+egatees in the thing be)ueathe'H

(rtH (8=3
It sha++ +i5e6ise be 'ee#e' Coint+y #a'e 6hen a thing 6hich is not susce7tib+e of being 'i$i'e'
6ithout 'eterioration is 'onate' by the sa#e 6i++ to se$era+ 7ersonsB e$en se7arate+yH

(rtH (8=)
;he sa#e causes 6hichB accor'ing (rtic+e !%4 an' the first t6o 7ro$isions of (rtic+e !%%B a++o6 a
c+ai# for re$ocation of an inter $i$os giftB sha++ Custify a c+ai# for re$ocation of testa#entary
'is7ositionsH

(rtH (8=+
<here that c+ai# is base' u7on a grie$ous insu+t against the #e#ory of the testatorB it #ust be
brought 6ithin one year after the 'ay of the offenceH
174
"@(P;2- 8I - OF 0ISPOSI;IO*S (33O<20 I* F(8O>- OF ;@2 1-(*0"@I30-2* OF (
0O*O- O- ;2S;(;O- O- OF ;@2 "@I30-2* OF @IS -O;@2-S (*0 SIS;2-S

(rtH (8=:
Pro7erty of 6hich the father an' #other #ay 'is7oseB #ay be 'onate' by the#B in 6ho+e or in
7artB to one or se$era+ of their chi+'ren by inter $i$os or testa#entary actB 6ith the ob+igation of
returning that 7ro7erty to the chi+'ren born an' to be bornB in the first 'egree on+yB of sai' 'oneesH

(rtH (8=6
Is $a+i'B in case of 'eath 6ithout chi+'renB a 'is7osition 6hich a 'ecease' #a'e by inter $i$os or
testa#entary act for the benefit of one or se$era+ of his brothers or sistersB of a++ or 7art of the 7ro7erty
6hich is not reser$e' by +a6 in his successionB 6ith the ob+igation of returning that 7ro7erty to the
chi+'ren born an' to be bornB in the first 'egree on+yB of sai' 'onee brothers or sistersH

(rtH (838
;he 'is7ositions a++o6e' by the t6o 7rece'ing (rtic+es are $a+i' on+y 6here the ob+igation to
return is for the benefit of a++ the chi+'ren born an' to be born of the instituteB 6ithout e:ce7tion or
7reference by reason of age or se:H

(rtH (83(
<hereB in the abo$e casesB an institute subCect to restitution for the benefit of his chi+'ren 'iesB
+ea$ing chi+'ren in the first 'egree an' 'escen'ants of a 7re-'ecease' chi+'B the +atter sha++ ta5e the
7ortion of the 7re-'ecease' chi+'B by re7resentationH

(rtH (83-
<here a chi+'B brother or sister to 6ho# 7ro7erty 6as 'onate' by an inter $i$os actB 6ithout
ob+igation of restitutionB acce7ts a ne6 gratuitous transfer #a'e by an inter $i$os or testa#entary actB
subCect to the con'ition that the 7ro7erty 7re$ious+y 'onate' be bur'ene' 6ith that ob+igationB they are
no +onger a++o6e' to 'i$i'e the t6o 'is7ositions #a'e for their benefit an' to renounce the secon' to be
satisfie' 6ith the firstB e$en if they offer to return the 7ro7erty inc+u'e' in the secon' giftH

(rtH (83<
;he rights of the substitutes ta5e effect fro# the ti#e 6henB for 6hate$er reasonB the enCoy#ent
of the chi+'B the brother or the sister institutes co#es to an en'/ an antici7ate' 6ai$er of the enCoy#ent
for the benefit of the institutes #ay not 7reCu'ice cre'itors of the institute antece'ent to the 6ai$erH

(rtH (83= Frepea!ed by imp!i$ationG

(rtH (833
(($t n 64-12/0 of 14 8e$. 1%64)
( 7erson 6ho #a5es the 'is7ositions a++o6e' by the 7rece'ing (rtic+es #ayB by the sa#e actB or
by a subse)uent actB in authentic for#B a77oint a guar'ian in charge of the e:ecution of those
'is7ositions/ that guar'ian #ay be 'is7ense' on+y for one of the causes e:7resse' in (rtic+es 428 an'
fo++o6ingH

(rtH (83)
Fai+ing such guar'ianB one sha++ be na#e' at the suit of the institute or of his guar'ian 6here he
is a #inorB 6ithin a 7erio' of one #onth after the 'ay of the 'eath of the 'onor or testatorB or after the
'ay 6henB since that 'eathB the act containing the 'is7osition has beco#e 5no6nH

(rtH (83+
(n institute 6ho 'i' not co#7+y 6ith the 7rece'ing (rtic+e +oses the benefit of the 'is7ositionI
an'B in that caseB the right #ay be 'ec+are' to be $este' in the substitutesB at the suit either of the
substitutes 6here they are of fu++ ageB or of their guar'ian or curatorB 6here they are #inors or a'u+ts in
guar'ianshi7B or of any re+ati$e of the substitutes of fu++ ageB #inors or a'u+ts in guar'ianshi7B or e$en
e9 offi$ioB at the suit of the 1o$ern#ent 7rocurator of the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e of the 7+ace 6here
the succession 6as o7ene'H

(rtH (83:
(fter the 'eath of the 7erson 6ho has 'is7ose' 6ith an ob+igation of restitutionB there sha++ be
#a'eB in the or'inary for#sB an in$entory of a++ the 7ro7erty an' effects co#7osing the successionB
17%
e:ce7tB ne$erthe+essB in case of a s7ecific +egacyH ;hat in$entory sha++ inc+u'e an a77raisa+ at a fair 7rice
of the #o$ab+es an' #o$ab+e effectsH

(rtH (836
It sha++ be 'one at the re)uest of the institute an' 6ithin the 7erio' fi:e' in the ;it+e Of
Su$$essions( in the 7resence of the guar'ian a77ointe' for the e:ecutionH ;he e:7enses sha++ be ta5en
fro# the 7ro7erty inc+u'e' in the successionH

(rtH (8)8
<here an in$entory 6as not #a'e on re)uest of the institute 6ithin the abo$e 7erio'B it sha++ be
'one 6ithin the fo++o6ing #onth at the suit of the guar'ian a77ointe' for the e:ecutionB in the 7resence
of the institute or of his guar'ianH

(rtH (8)(
<here the t6o 7rece'ing (rtic+es ha$e not been co#7+ie' 6ithB the sa#e in$entory sha++ be
'oneB at the suit of the 7ersons 'esignate' in (rtic+e 10%7B the institute or his guar'ian an' the guar'ian
a77ointe' for the e:ecution being su##one'H

(rtH (8)-
;he institute sha++ ha$e a sa+e 7asse' on toB by bi++s an' auctionsB of a++ the #o$ab+es an' effects
inc+u'e' in the 'is7ositionB 6ith the e:ce7tion ne$erthe+ess of those #entione' in the t6o fo++o6ing
(rtic+esH

(rtH (8)<
;he furniture an' other #o$ab+e things 6hich are inc+u'e' in the 'is7osition un'er the e:7ress
con'ition of 5ee7ing the# in 5in'B sha++ be returne' in the con'ition in 6hich they are at the ti#e of the
restitutionH

(rtH (8)=
"att+e an' i#7+e#ents use' to e:7+oit +an's sha++ be 'ee#e' inc+u'e' in the 'onations inter
$i$os or testa#entary of sai' +an'sI an' the institute is boun' on+y to ha$e the# a77raise' an' e$a+uate'B
in or'er to return a +i5e $a+ue at the ti#e of the restitutionH

(rtH (8)3
<ithin a 7erio' of si: #onths after the 'ay of the c+osing of the in$entoryB an institute sha++
in$est the rea'y #oneyB the fun's co#ing fro# the 7rocee's of the #o$ab+es an' effects 6hich ha$e
been so+'B an' 6hat is recei$e' fro# bi++s recei$ab+eH
;hat 7erio' #ay be e:ten'e' if there is occasionH

(rtH (8))
(n institute is +i5e6ise boun' to in$est the fun's co#ing fro# bi++s recei$ab+e 6hich are
reco$ere' an' fro# re'e#7tions of annuitiesI an' thisB 6ithin three #onths at the +atest after he has
recei$e' the#H

(rtH (8)+
;hat in$est#ent sha++ be #a'e in accor'ance 6ith the 'irections of the #a5er of the 'is7ositionB
6here he 'esignate' the nature of the 7ro7erty in 6hich the in$est#ent #ust be #a'eI other6iseB it #ay
be #a'e on+y in i##o$ab+es or 6ith a 7rior charge on i##o$ab+esH

(rtH (8):
;he in$est#ent 7rescribe' by the 7rece'ing (rtic+es sha++ be #a'e in the 7resence an' at the suit
of the guar'ian a77ointe' for the e:ecutionH

(rtH (8)6
(Or'H n &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%)
0is7ositions by inter $i$os or testa#entary actsB 6ith an ob+igation of restitutionB sha++B at the suit
either of the institute or of the guar'ian a77ointe' for the e:ecutionB be registere'B as to i##o$ab+es in
accor'ance 6ith the statutes an' regu+ations re+ating to +an' registrationB an' as to 7referentia+ or
#ortgage' c+ai#s fo++o6ing the 7rescri7tions of (rtic+es 2148 an' 214!B 7aragra7h 2B of this "o'eH

(rtH (8+8
17.
3ac5 of KregistrationK (Ord. n &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%) of an instru#ent containing a 'is7osition
#ay be set u7 by cre'itors an' thir' 7arties 7urchasersB e$en against #inors or a'u+ts in guar'ianshi7B
subCect to the re#e'y against the institute an' the guar'ian for the e:ecutionB an' 6ithout the #inors or
a'u+ts in guar'ianshi7 being reinstate' against that +ac5 of KregistrationK (Ord. n &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%)B
e$en 6here the institute an' the guar'ian are inso+$entH

(rtH (8+(
3ac5 of KregistrationK (Ord. n &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%) #ay not be #a'e goo' or consi'ere' as
re#e'ie' by 5no6+e'ge 6hich the cre'itors or thir' 7arties 7urchasers #ay ha$e ha' of the 'is7osition
in other 6ays than by the KregistrationK (Ord. n &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%)H

(rtH (8+-
0oneesB +egateesB an' e$en the Fde!etedG heirs of the 7erson 6ho #a'e the 'is7ositionB an'
+i5e6ise their 'oneesB +egatees or heirs #ay notB in any e$entB set u7 against the substitutes the +ac5 of
KregistrationK (Ord. n &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%) or of recor'ingH

(rtH (8+<
( guar'ian a77ointe' for the e:ecution is 7ersona++y +iab+eB 6here he has notB in e$ery 6ayB
co#7+ie' 6ith the ru+es hereabo$e +ai' 'o6n for estab+ishing the 7ro7ertyB for the sa+e of #o$ab+esB for
the in$est#ent of the fun'sB for the registration an' recor'ing an'B in genera+B 6here he has not ta5en a++
the necessary ste7s so that the ob+igation of restitution be 6e++ an' faithfu++y fu+fi++e'H

(rtH (8+=
<here the institute is a #inorB he #ay notB e$en in case of inso+$ency of his guar'ianB be
reinstate' against non-co#7+iance 6ith the ru+es 7rescribe' by the (rtic+es of this "ha7terH

"@(P;2- 8II - OF P(-;I;IO*S &(02 E (S"2*0(*;S
(0$t n .1-&2/ of / *u!y 1%.1)

(rtH (8+3
;he father an' #other an' other ascen'ants #ay #a5e a 'istribution an' 7artition of their
7ro7erty bet6een their chi+'ren an' 'escen'antsH
;hat act #ay be #a'e un'er the for# of a 7artition #a'e by gift or of a 7artition #a'e by 6i++H It
sha++ co#7+y 6ith the for#a+itiesB re)uisites an' ru+es 7rescribe' for inter $i$os gifts in the first caseB
an' for 6i++s in the secon'B subCect to the a77+ication of the 7ro$isions 6hich fo++o6H
(0$t n ''-1& of & *an. 1%'') <here their 7ro7erty inc+u'es an in'i$i'ua+ concern of an
in'ustria+B co##ercia+B craftB agricu+tura+ or 7rofessiona+ characterB the father an' #other an' other
ascen'ants #ayB un'er the sa#e con'itions an' 6ith the sa#e effectsB 'istribute an' 7artition the#
bet6een their chi+'ren an' 'escen'ants an' other 7ersons un'er the for# of a 7artition #a'e by giftB
7ro$i'e' the tangib+e an' intangib+e 7ro7erty a++ocate' for the e:7+oiting of the concern is 7art of that
'istribution an' that 7artitionB an' that 'istribution an' that 7artition ha$e the effect of assigning to those
other 7ersons on+y the o6nershi7 of a++ or 7art of that 7ro7erty or its enCoy#entH

(rtH (8+3,(
( 7artition #a'e by an ascen'ant #ay not be attac5e' for reason of +ossH

(rtH (8+3,-
;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 833-1B 7aragra7h 1B sha++ a77+y to ba+ances 6hich are the
res7onsibi+ity of 'oneesB not6ithstan'ing any agree#ent to the contraryH

(rtH (8+3,<
<here the 6ho+e of the 7ro7erty 6hich an ascen'ant +ea$es on the 'ay of his or her 'eath has not
been inc+u'e' in the 7artitionB that ite# of his or her 7ro7erty 6hich has not been inc+u'e' sha++ be
assigne' or 7artitione' in accor'ance 6ith the +a6H

Se$tion I - Of Partitions 3ade by Bifts

0rt. (8+)
( 7artition #a'e by gift #ay ha$e as its subCect #atter on+y e:isting 7ro7ertyH
( gift an' a 7artition #ay be #a'e by se7arate actsB 7ro$i'e' the ascen'ant is a 7arty to both
actsH
177

(rtH (8++
Pro7erty recei$e' by 'escen'ants as an antici7ate' 7artition constitutes an a'$ance#ent of their
7ortions of reser$eB un+ess it 6as 'onate' e:7ress+y o$er an' abo$e their sharesH

(rtH (8++,(
( 'escen'ant 6ho 'i' not 7artici7ate in a 7artition #a'e by gift or 6ho recei$e' a 7art be+o6 his
7ortion of the reser$e #ay bring an action for abate#ent 6here there 'oes not e:ist at the o7ening of the
succession 7ro7erty not inc+u'e' in the 7artition an' sufficient to for# or #a5e his reser$e co#7+eteB
account being ta5en of the gratuitous transfers by 6hich he #ay ha$e 7rofite'H

(rtH (8++,-
Partitions #a'e by gifts sha++ fo++o6 the ru+es of inter $i$os gifts for a++ 6hich regar's
a77ro7riationB ca+cu+ation of the reser$e an' abate#entH
(n action for abate#ent #ay be brought on+y after the 'eath of the ascen'ant 6ho #a'e the
7artition or of the sur$i$or of the ascen'ants in case of Coint 7artitionH It is ti#e-barre' after fi$e years
fro# the sai' 'eathH
( chi+' not yet concei$e' at the ti#e of a 7artition #a'e by gift has a si#i+ar action to for# or
#a5e his here'itary share co#7+eteH

(rtH (8+:
*ot6ithstan'ing the ru+es 6hich a77+y to inter $i$os giftsB the 7ro7erty 'onate' #ustB un+ess
other6ise agree'B be a77raise' at the 'ay of the 7artition #a'e by gift as regar's a77ro7riation an'
ca+cu+ation of the reser$eB 7ro$i'e' a++ the chi+'ren +i$ing or re7resente' at the 'eath of the ascen'ant
ha$e recei$e' a share in the antici7ate' 7artition an' ha$e e:7ress+y acce7te' itB an' no reser$ation of a
usufruct bearing on a su# of #oney has been 7ro$i'e' forH

(rtH (8+:,(
;he shares of certain KbeneficiariesK (0$t n ''-1& of & *an. 1%'') #ay be for#e'B in 6ho+e or in
7artB fro# giftsB either subCect to co++ationB or o$er an' abo$e their sharesB 6hich they a+rea'y recei$e'
fro# the ascen'antB 6ith regar' 7ossib+y to the in$est#ents an' re-in$est#ents 6hich they #ay ha$e
#a'e in the inter$a+H
;he 'ate of a77raisa+ a77+icab+e to an antici7ate' 7artition sha++ a+so a77+y to the 7re$ious gifts
6hich are thus incor7orate' into itH (ny sti7u+ation to the contrary sha++ be 'ee#e' not 6rittenH

(rtH (8+:,-
;he 7arties #ay a+so agree that a 7re$ious gift o$er an' abo$e a 'onee?s share be incor7orate'
into a 7artition an' a77ro7riate' to the 7ortion of the reser$e of the 'onee as an a'$ance#entH

(rtH (8+:,<
;he agree#ents s7ecifie' in the t6o 7rece'ing (rtic+es #ay ta5e 7+ace e$en in the absence of
ne6 gifts of the ascen'antH ;hey sha++ not be consi'ere' as gratuitous transfers bet6een 'escen'ants but
as a 7artition #a'e by the ascen'antH

Se$tion II - Of Partitions 3ade by Fi!!s

0rt. (8+6
( 7artition #a'e by a 6i++ 7ro'uces on+y the effects of a 7artitionH Its beneficiaries ha$e the
ca7acity of heirs an' #ay not forego a$ai+ing the#se+$es of the 6i++ in or'er to c+ai# a ne6 7artition of
the successionH

(rtH (8:8
( chi+' or 'escen'ant 6ho 'i' not recei$e a share e)ua+ to his 7ortion of the reser$e #ay bring
an action for abate#ent in accor'ance 6ith (rtic+e 1077-2H

"@(P;2- 8III - OF 1IF;S &(02 E (*;2-*>P;I(3 (1-22&2*; ;O SPO>S2S (*0 ;O
"@I30-2* ;O 2 O-* OF ;@2 &(--I(12

(rtH (8:(
2$ery inter $i$os gift of e:isting 7ro7ertyB a+though #a'e by an ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent to the
s7ouses or to one of the#B is subCect to the genera+ ru+es 7rescribe' for the gifts #a'e as suchH
178
It #ay not ta5e 7+ace for the benefit of chi+'ren to be born e:ce7t in the cases state' in "ha7ter
8I of this ;it+eH

(rtH (8:-
;he father an' #otherB other ascen'antsB co++atera+ re+ati$es of the s7ouses an' e$en outsi'ers
#ay 'is7ose of a++ or 7art of the 7ro7erty they 6i++ +ea$e on the 'ay of their 'eathB by an ante-nu7tia+
agree#entB as 6e++ for the benefit of sai' s7ousesB as for the benefit of chi+'ren to be born of their
#arriageB in case the 'onor 6ou+' sur$i$e the 'onee s7ouseH
Such giftB a+though #a'e on+y for the benefit of the s7ouses or of one of the#B sha++ a+6aysB in
the sai' case of sur$i$a+ of the 'onorB be 7resu#e' #a'e for the benefit of the chi+'ren an' 'escen'ants
to be born of the #arriageH

(rtH (8:<
( giftB in the for# s7ecifie' in the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB is irre$ocab+eB in this sense on+y that the
'onor #ay not 'is7ose gratuitous+y of the 7ro7erty containe' in the giftB 6ith the e:ce7tion of #o'erate
su#sB by 6ay of rei#burse#ent or other6iseH

(rtH (8:=
( gift by an ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent #ay be 'one cu#u+ati$e+y of e:isting an' future 7ro7ertyB in
a++ or in 7artB 7ro$i'e' a state#ent of the 'ebts an' charges of the 'onor e:isting at the ti#e of the gift is
anne:e' to the instru#entI in 6hich caseB the 'onee sha++ be at +ibertyB at the ti#e of the 'eath of the
'onorB to retain the e:isting 7ro7ertyB by 6ai$ing the 'ifference of the 'onor?s 7ro7ertyH

(rtH (8:3
<here the state#ent #entione' in the 7rece'ing (rtic+e 6as not anne:e' to the instru#ent
containing a gift of the e:isting an' future 7ro7ertyB a 'onee is ob+ige' to acce7t or re7u'iate that gift in
6ho+eH In case of acce7tanceB he #ay c+ai# on+y the 7ro7erty e:isting on the 'ay of the 'eath of the
'onorB an' he is +iab+e to 7ay a++ the 'ebts an' charges of the successionH

(rtH (8:)
( gift #ay a+so be #a'e by an ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent in fa$our of the s7ouses an' of chi+'ren to
be born of their #arriageB subCect to the con'ition of 7aying 6ithout 'istinction a++ the 'ebts an' charges
of the succession of the 'onorB or subCect to other con'itions of 6hich the fu+fi+#ent 'e7en's u7on his
6ishB by 6hate$er 7erson the gift is #a'e/ the 'onee is ob+ige' to fu+fi+ the con'itions un+ess he 7refers
to renounce the giftI an' in case a 'onor by an ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent has reser$e' to hi#se+f the 7o6er
to 'is7ose of an artic+e inc+u'e' in the gift of his e:isting 7ro7ertyB or of a fi:e' su# to be ta5en out of
that sa#e 7ro7ertyB if he 'ies 6ithout ha$ing 'is7ose' of the#B the artic+e or the su# sha++ be 'ee#e'
inc+u'e' in the gift an' sha++ be+ong to the 'onee or his heirsH

(rtH (8:+
1ifts #a'e by an ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent #ay not be attac5e' or 'ec+are' $oi' on the 7rete:t of
+ac5 of acce7tanceH

(rtH (8::
(ny gift #a'e in fa$our of a #arriage +a7ses 6here the #arriage 'oes not fo++o6H

(rtH (8:6
1ifts #a'e to one of the s7ousesB un'er the ter#s of (rtic+es 1082B 1084 an' 108. abo$eB +a7se
6here the 'onor sur$i$es the 'onee s7ouse an' his or her 'escen'ants H

(rtH (868
(++ gifts #a'e to s7ouses by their ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent areB 6hen the succession of the 'onor
o7ensB abatab+e u7 to the 7ortion 6hich the +a6 a++o6s the 'onor to 'is7ose ofH

"@(P;2- IR - OF 0ISPOSI;IO*S 2;<22* SPO>S2SB 2I;@2- E (*;2-*>P;I(3
(1-22&2*; O- 0>-I*1 &(--I(12

(rtH (86(
S7ouses #ayB by an ante-nu7tia+ agree#entB #a5e to each otherB or one to the otherB such gift as
they 'ee# 7ro7erB un'er the a#en'#ents hereafter +ai' 'o6nH

17!
(rtH (86-
(ny inter $i$os gift of e:isting 7ro7ertyB #a'e bet6een s7ouses by an ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent
sha++ not be 'ee#e' #a'e un'er con'ition of sur$i$a+ of the 'onee 6here that con'ition is not for#a++y
e:7resse'I an' it sha++ be subCect to a++ the ru+es an' for#s abo$e 7rescribe' for these 5in's of giftsH

(rtH (86<
( gift of future 7ro7ertyB or of e:isting an' future 7ro7ertyB #a'e bet6een s7ouses by an ante-
nu7tia+ agree#entB either sing+e or reci7roca+B sha++ be subCect to the ru+es +ai' 'o6n by the 7rece'ing
"ha7terB as regar's si#i+ar gifts #a'e by a thir' 7ersonB e:ce7t that it #ay not 7ass to the chi+'ren born
of the #arriageB in case of 'eath of the 'onee s7ouse before the 'onor s7ouseH

(rtH (86=
(($t n .2-/ of / *an. 1%.2)
( s7ouse #ayB either by an antenu7tia+ agree#entB or 'uring #arriageB in case he or she +ea$es no
+egiti#ate or i++egiti#ate chi+'ren or 'escen'antsB 'is7ose in fa$our of the other s7ouse in o6nershi7B of
e$erything he or she #ay 'is7ose of in fa$our of a strangerB an'B in a''itionB of the bare o6nershi7 of the
7ortion reser$e' to ascen'ants by (rtic+e !14 of this "o'eH

(rtH (86=,(
(($t n .2-/ of / *an. 1%.2)
<here a s7ouse +ea$es chi+'ren or 'escen'antsB either +egiti#ateB born or not of the #arriageB or
i++egiti#ateB he or she #ay 'is7ose in fa$our of the other s7ouseB either of o6nershi7 of 6hat he or she
#ay 'is7ose of in fa$our of a strangerB or of one-fourth of his 7ro7erty in o6nershi7 an' of the other
three-fourths in usufructB or e+se of the tota+ity of 7ro7erty in usufruct on+yH

(rtH (86=,- Frepea!edG

(rtH (86=,<
(($t n .2-/ of / *an. 1%.2)
"hi+'ren or 'escen'ants #ayB not6ithstan'ing any sti7u+ation of the 'is7osing 7arty to the
contraryB re)uireB as to 7ro7erty subCect to usufructB that an in$entory of #o$ab+es as 6e++ as a state#ent
of i##o$ab+es be 'ra6n u7B that fun's be in$este' an' that bearer securities beB at the choice of the
usufructuaryB con$erte' into registere' securities or 'e7osite' 6ith an accre'ite' 'e7ositaryH

(rtH (863
( #inor #ayB by an ante-nu7tia+ agree#entB 'onate to the other s7ouseB either by a sing+e gift or
by a reci7roca+ giftB on+y 6ith the consent an' assistance of those 6hose consent is re)uire' for the
$a+i'ity of the #arriageI an' 6ith that consentB he #ay 'onate e$erything the +a6 a++o6s a s7ouse of fu++
age to 'onate to the other s7ouseH

(rtH (86)
(($t of 1' Feb. 1%/')
(++ gifts #a'e bet6een s7ousesB 'uring the #arriageB a+though na#e' inter $i$osB are a+6ays
re$ocab+eH
Frepea!edG
;hose gifts are not re$o5e' by the unforeseen birth of chi+'renH

(rtH (86+ an5 (86+,( Frepea!edG

(rtH (86:
(($t n .2-/ of / *an. 1%.2)
<here a re#arrie' s7ouse #a'eB to his or her secon' s7ouseB 6ithin the +i#its of (rtic+e 10!4-1B
a gratuitous transfer in o6nershi7B each chi+' of the first be' hasB so far as he is concerne'B un+ess
other6ise une)ui$oca++y 'irecte' by the 'is7osing 7artyB the 7o6er to substitute to the fu+fi+#ent of that
transfer the 6ai$er of the usufruct of the share of succession he 6ou+' ha$e recei$e' fai+ing a sur$i$ing
s7ouse H
;hose 6ho ha$e e:ercise' that 7o6er #ay re)uire the a77+ication of the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e
10!4-3 H

(rtH (866
180
S7ouses #ay not in'irect+y 'onate to each other #ore 6hat they are a++o6e' by the abo$e
7ro$isions H
(ny giftB 6hether 'isguise' or #a'e to inter#e'iariesB is $oi'H

(rtH (866,(
(($t n 6.-11.% of 2' 8e$. 1%6.)
<here a s7ouse ac)uires a 7ro7erty 6ith fun's 6hich 6ere 'onate' to hi# or her by the other for
that 7ur7oseB the gift is on+y of the fun's an' not of the 7ro7erty in 6hich they 6ere in$este'H
In that caseB the rights of the 'onor or of his or her heirs ha$e as their subCect #atter a su# of
#oney accor'ing to the 7resent $a+ue of the 7ro7ertyH <here the 7ro7erty has been transferre'B one
consi'ers the $a+ue it ha' on the 'ay of the transferB an' 6here a ne6 7ro7erty has been substitute' to
the 7ro7erty transferre'B the $a+ue of that ne6 7ro7ertyH

(rtH ((88 Frepea!edG

TITLE III
O CONTRACT% OR O CONVENTIONAL O#LI&ATION% IN &ENERAL

"@(P;2- I - P-23I&I*(-E P-O8ISIO*S

(rtH ((8(
( contract is an agree#ent by 6hich one or se$era+ 7ersons bin' the#se+$esB to6ar's one or
se$era+ othersB to transferB to 'o or not to 'o so#ethingH

(rtH ((8-
( contract is syna!!a6mati$ or bi!atera! 6here the contracting 7arties bin' the#se+$es #utua++y
to6ar's each otherH

(rtH ((8<
It is uni!atera! 6here one or #ore 7ersons are boun' to6ar's one or se$era+ othersB 6ithout there
being any ob+igation on the 7art of the +atterH

(rtH ((8=
It is $ommutatie 6here each 7arty bin's hi#se+f to transfer or 'o a thing 6hich is consi'ere' as
the e)ui$a+ent of 6hat is transferre' to hi# or of 6hat is 'one for hi#H
<here the e)ui$a+ent consists in a chance of gain or of +oss for each 7artyB 'e7en'ing u7on an
uncertain e$entB a contract is a!eatory.

0rt. ((83
( contract of beneo!en$e is one by 6hich one of the 7arties 7rocures a 7ure+y gratuitous
a'$antage to the otherH

(rtH ((8)
( contract for a!ue is one 6hich ob+iges each 7arty to transfer or 'o so#ethingH

(rtH ((8+
"ontractsB 6hether they ha$e a s7ecific 'eno#ination or notB are subCect to genera+ ru+esB 6hich
are the subCect #atter of this ;it+eH
Particu+ar ru+es for certain contracts are +ai' 'o6n un'er the ;it+es re+ating to each of the#I an'
the 7articu+ar ru+es for co##ercia+ transactions are +ai' 'o6n by the +egis+ation that re+ates to co##erceH

"@(P;2- II - OF ;@2 2SS2*;I(3 -2A>ISI;2S FO- ;@2 8(3I0I;E OF (1-22&2*;S

(rtH ((8:
Four re)uisites are essentia+ for the $a+i'ity of an agree#ent/
;he consent of the 7arty 6ho bin's hi#se+fI
@is ca7acity to contractI
( 'efinite obCect 6hich for#s the subCect-#atter of the un'erta5ingI
( +a6fu+ $ause in the ob+igationH

Se$tion I - Of Consent
181
0rt. ((86
;here is no $a+i' consentB 6here the consent 6as gi$en on+y by errorB or 6here it 6as e:torte'
by 'uress or abuse' by 'ece7tionH

(rtH (((8
2rror is a groun' for annu+#ent of an agree#ent on+y 6here it rests on the $ery substance of the
thing 6hich is the obCect thereofH
It is not a groun' for annu+#ent 6here it on+y rests on the 7erson 6ith 6ho# one has the
intention of contractingB un+ess regar' toSfor that 7erson 6as the #ain $ause of the agree#ent H

(rtH ((((
0uress e:erte' against the 7erson 6ho has contracte' the ob+igation is a groun' for annu+#ent
e$en though it 6as e:erte' by a thir' 7arty 'ifferent fro# the one for 6hose benefit the agree#ent 6as
#a'eH

(rtH (((-
;here is 'uress 6here it is of a nature to #a5e an i#7ression u7on a reasonab+e 7erson an'
6here it can ins7ire hi# 6ith a fear of e:7osing his 7erson or his 6ea+th to consi'erab+e an' 7resent
har#H
-egar' sha++ be 7ai'B on this )uestionB to the ageB the se: an' the con'ition of the 7ersonsH

(rtH (((<
0uress is a groun' for annu+#ent of a contractB 6here it is e:erte' not on+y against a contracting
7artyB but a+so against the 7arty?s s7ouseB against his or her 'escen'ants or ascen'antsH

(rtH (((=
-e$erentia+ fear a+one to6ar's a fatherB #other or other ascen'antB 6ithout any 'uress being
e:erte' B #ay not suffice to annu+ a contractH

(rtH (((3
( contract #ay no +onger be attac5e' on the groun' of 'uress 6hereB since 'uress has cease'B
that contract has been a77ro$e'B either e:7ress+yB or by con'uctB or in +etting the ti#e fi:e' by +a6 for
restitution e+a7seH

(rtH ((()
0ece7tion is a groun' for annu+#ent of a contract 6here the sche#es use' by one of the 7arties
are such that it is ob$ious thatB 6ithout the#B the other 7arty 6ou+' not ha$e entere' into the contractH
It #ay not be 7resu#e'B an' #ust be 7ro$e'H

(rtH (((+
(n agree#ent entere' into by errorB 'uress or 'ece7tion is not $oi' by o7eration of +a6I it on+y
gi$es rise to an action for annu+#ent or rescissionB in the cases an' in the #anner e:7+aine' in Section
8II of "ha7ter 8 of this ;it+eH

(rtH (((:
3oss $itiates agree#ents on+y in certain contracts an' 6ith regar' to certain 7ersonsB as 6i++ be
e:7+aine' in the sa#e SectionH

(rtH (((6
(s a ru+eB one #ayB bin' onese+f an' sti7u+ate in his o6n na#eB on+y for onese+fH

(rtH ((-8
One #ayB ne$erthe+ess stan' guarantee for a thir' 7artyB by 7ro#ising his actingI subCect to a
co#7ensation against hi# 6ho stoo' guarantee or 7ro#ise' to obtain ratificationB 6here the thir' 7arty
refuses to 5ee7 the un'erta5ingH

(rtH ((-(

One #ay +i5e6ise sti7u+ate for the benefit of a thir' 7artyB 6here it is the con'ition of a
sti7u+ation 6hich one #a5es for onese+f or of a gift 6hich one #a5es to anotherH @e 6ho #a'e that
sti7u+ation #ay no +onger re$o5e itB 6here the thir' 7arty 'ec+ares that he 6ishes to ta5e a'$antage of itH
182

(rtH ((--
One is 'ee#e' to ha$e sti7u+ate' for hi#se+f an' for his heirs an' assignsB un+ess the contrary is
e:7resse' or resu+ts fro# the nature of the agree#entH

Se$tion II - Of the Capa$ity of Contra$tin6 Parties

0rt. ((-<
(ny 7erson #ay enter into a contractB un+ess he has been 'ec+are' inca7ab+e of it by +a6H

(rtH ((-=
(($t n 6'-& of / *an. 1%6'?
(re inca7ab+e of entering into a contractB to the e:tent 'efine' by +a6/
*on-e#anci7ate' #inorsI
('u+ts 7rotecte' 6ithin the #eaning of (rtic+e 488 of this "o'eH

(rtH ((-3
(($t n 6'-& of / *an. 1%6'?
Persons ca7ab+e of bin'ing the#se+$es #ay not set u7 the inca7acity of those 6ith 6ho# they
ha$e #a'e a contractH

(rtH ((-3,(
(($t n 6'-& of / *an. 1%6'?
2:ce7t for authori=ation by courtB it is forbi''enB on 7ain of annu+#entB for 6ho#e$er e:ercises
a function or fi++s an e#7+oy#ent in an institution she+tering e+'er+y 7ersons or 'is7ensing 7sychiatric
careB to stan' as 7urchaser of a 7ro7erty or assignee of a right be+onging to a 7erson a'#itte' to the
institutionB or to ta5e on +ease +o'gings occu7ie' by that 7erson before his a'#ission to the institutionH
For the i#7+e#entation of this (rtic+eB sha++ be 'ee#e' inter#e'iariesB the s7ouseB ascen'ants
an' 'escen'ants of the 7ersons to 6ho# the abo$e-enacte' 7rohibitions a77+yH

Se$tion III - Of the Ob=e$t and Sub=e$t-3atter of Contra$ts

0rt. ((-)
(ny contract has for its obCect a thing 6hich one 7arty bin's hi#se+f to transferB or 6hich one
7arty bin's hi#se+f to 'o or not to 'oH

(rtH ((-+
;he #ere use or the #ere 7ossession of a thing #ay be the obCect of a contractB +i5e the thing
itse+fH

(rtH ((-:
On+y things 6hich #ay be the subCect #atter of +ega+ transactions bet6een 7ri$ate in'i$i'ua+s
#ay be the obCect of agree#entsH

(rtH ((-6
(n ob+igation #ust ha$e for its obCect a thing 'eter#ine' at +east as to its 5in'H
;he )uantity of the thing #ay be uncertainB 7ro$i'e' it can be 'eter#ine'H

(rtH ((<8
Future things #ay be the obCect of an ob+igationH
One #ay not ho6e$er renounce a succession 6hich is not o7enB or #a5e any sti7u+ation 6ith
res7ect to such successionB e$en 6ith the consent of hi# 6hose succession is concerne'H

Se$tion IC - Of "ause

(rtH ((<(
(n ob+igation 6ithout $ause or 6ith a fa+se $auseB or 6ith an un+a6fu+ $ause( #ay not ha$e any
effectH

(rtH ((<-
(n agree#ent is ne$erthe+ess $a+i'B a+though its $ause is not e:7resse'H
183

(rtH ((<<
( $ause is un+a6fu+ 6here it is 7rohibite' by +egis+ationB 6here it is contrary to 7ub+ic #ora+s or
to 7ub+ic 7o+icyH

"@(P;2- III - OF ;@2 2FF2"; OF O3I1(;IO*S

Se$tion I - Benera! Proisions

0rt. ((<=
(gree#ents +a6fu++y entere' into ta5e the 7+ace of the +a6 for those 6ho ha$e #a'e the#H
;hey #ay be re$o5e' on+y by #utua+ consentB or for causes authori=e' by +a6H
;hey #ust be 7erfor#e' in goo' faithH

(rtH ((<3
(gree#ents are bin'ing not on+y as to 6hat is therein e:7resse'B but a+so as to a++ the
conse)uences 6hich e)uityB usage or statute gi$e to the ob+igation accor'ing to its natureH

Se$tion II D Of the Ob!i6ation to "ransfer

0rt. ((<)
(n ob+igation to transfer carries that of 'e+i$ering the thing an' of 5ee7ing it unti+ 'e+i$eryB on
7ain of 'a#ages to the cre'itorH

(rtH ((<+
(n ob+igation to 6atch o$er the 7reser$ation of a thingB 6hether the agree#ent has as its obCect
the 7rofit of one 7artyB or it has as its obCect their co##on 7rofitB co#7e+s the one 6ho is res7onsib+e to
gi$e it a++ the care of a 7ru'ent a'#inistratorH
;hat ob+igation is #ore or +ess e:tensi$e as regar's certain contractsB 6hose effectsB in this
res7ectB are e:7+aine' un'er the ;it+es 6hich re+ate to the#H

(rtH ((<:
(n ob+igation of 'e+i$ering a thing is co#7+ete by the so+e consent of the contracting 7artiesH
It #a5es the cre'itor the o6ner an' 7+aces the thing at his ris5s fro# the ti#e 6hen it shou+'
ha$e been 'e+i$ere'B a+though the han'ing o$er has not been #a'eB un+ess the 'ebtor has been gi$en
notice to 'e+i$erI in 6hich caseB the thing re#ains at the ris5 of the +atterH

(rtH ((<6
( 'ebtor is gi$en notice of 'efau+t either through a 'e#an' or other e)ui$a+ent act Ksuch as a
+etter #issi$eB 6here a sufficient re)uisition resu+ts fro# its ter#sK (0$t n %1-6&0 of % *u!y 1%%1)B or by
the effect of the agree#ent 6here it 7ro$i'es that the 'ebtor 6i++ be 7ut in 'efau+t 6ithout any notice an'
through the #ere e:7iry of ti#e H

(rtH ((=8
;he effects of an ob+igation to con$ey or 'e+i$er an i##o$ab+e are regu+ate' in the ;it+e Of Sa!es
an' in the ;it+e Of Prior Char6es and 3ort6a6es.

0rt. ((=(
<here a thing 6hich one is boun' to transfer or 'e+i$er to t6o 7ersons successi$e+y is 7ure+y
#o$ab+eB the one of the t6o 6ho has been 7ut in actua+ 7ossession is 7referre' an' re#ains o6ner of itB
a+though his tit+e is subse)uent as to 'ateB 7ro$i'e' ho6e$er that the 7ossession is in goo' faithH

Se$tion III - Of the Ob!i6ation to 8o or not to 8o

0rt. ((=-
(ny ob+igation to 'o or not to 'o reso+$es itse+f into 'a#agesB in case of non-7erfor#ance on the
7art of the 'ebtorH

(rtH ((=<
184
*e$erthe+essB a cre'itor is entit+e' to re)uest that 6hat has been 'one through breach of the
un'erta5ing be 'estroye'I an' he #ay ha$e hi#se+f authori=e' to 'estroy it at the e:7ense of the 'ebtorB
6ithout 7reCu'ice to 'a#agesB if there is occasionH
(rtH ((==
( cre'itor #ay a+soB in case of non-7erfor#anceB be authori=e' to ha$e the ob+igation 7erfor#e'
hi#se+fB at the 'ebtor?s e:7ense H K;he +atter #ay be or'ere' to a'$ance the su#s necessary for that
7erfor#ance K (0$t n %1-6&0 of % *u!y 1%%1) H

(rtH ((=3
<here there is an ob+igation not to 'oB he 6ho $io+ates it o6es 'a#ages by the #ere fact of the
$io+ationH

Se$tion IC - Of 8ama6es +esu!tin6 from the 4on-Performan$e of Ob!i6ations

0rt. ((=)
0a#ages are 'ue on+y 6here a 'ebtor is gi$en notice to fu+fi+ his ob+igationB e:ce7t ne$erthe+ess
6here the thing 6hich the 'ebtor has boun' hi#se+f to transfer or to 'o cou+' be
transferre' or 'one on+y 6ithin a certain ti#e 6hich he has a++o6e' to e+a7seH K*otice of 'efau+t #ay
fo++o6 fro# a +etter #issi$e 6here a sufficient re)uisition resu+ts fro# itK (0$t n %1-6&0 of % *u!y 1%%1)H

(rtH ((=+
( 'ebtor sha++ be or'ere' to 7ay 'a#agesB if there is occasionB either by reason of the non-
7erfor#ance of the ob+igationB or by reason of 'e+ay in 7erfor#ingB 6hene$er he 'oes not 7ro$e that the
non-7erfor#ance co#es fro# an e:terna+ cause 6hich #ay not be ascribe' to hi#B a+though there is no
ba' faith on his 7artH

(rtH ((=:
;here is no occasion for any 'a#ages 6here a 'ebtor 6as 7re$ente' fro# transferring or fro#
'oing that to 6hich he 6as boun'B or 'i' 6hat 6as forbi''en to hi#B by reason of for$e ma=eure or of a
fortuitous e$entH

(rtH ((=6
0a#ages 'ue to a cre'itor areB as a ru+eB for the +oss 6hich he has suffere' an' the 7rofit 6hich
he has been 'e7ri$e' ofB subCect to the e:ce7tions an' #o'ifications be+o6H

(rtH ((38
( 'ebtor is +iab+e on+y for 'a#ages 6hich 6ere foreseen or 6hich cou+' ha$e been foreseen at
the ti#e of the contractB 6here it is not through his o6n intentiona+ breach that the ob+igation is not
fu+fi++e'H

(rtH ((3(
2$en in the case 6here the non-7erfor#ance of the agree#ent is 'ue to the 'ebtor?s intentiona+
breachB 'a#ages #ay inc+u'eB 6ith res7ect to the +oss suffere' by the cre'itor an' the 7rofit 6hich he
has been 'e7ri$e' ofB on+y 6hat is an i##e'iate an' 'irect conse)uence of the non-7erfor#ance of the
agree#entH

(rtH ((3-
<here an agree#ent 7ro$i'es that he 6ho fai+s to 7erfor# it 6i++ 7ay a certain su# as 'a#agesB
the other 7arty #ay not be a6ar'e' a greater or +esser su#H
(0$t n .&-&%. of % *u!y 1%.&) *e$erthe+essB the Cu'ge #ay Ke$en of his o6n #otionK (0$t n '&-
10%. of 11 O$t. 1%'&) #o'erate or increase the agree' 7ena+tyB 6here it is ob$ious+y e:cessi$e or
ri'icu+ous+y +o6H (ny sti7u+ation to the contrary sha++ be 'ee#e' un6rittenH

(rtH ((3<
(0$t n .&-61% of 11 *u!y 1%.&? In ob+igations 6hich are restricte' to the 7ay#ent of a certain
su#B the 'a#ages resu+ting fro# 'e+ay in 7erfor#ance sha++ consist on+y in a6ar'ing interests at the
statutory rateB e:ce7t for s7ecia+ ru+es for co##erce an' suretyshi7H
(Ord. n &%-14' of . *an. 1%&%) ;hose 'a#ages are 'ue 6ithout the cre'itor ha$ing to 7ro$e any
+ossH
18%
(0$t n .&-61% of 11 *u!y 1%.&? ;hey are 'ue on+y fro# the 'ay of a 'e#an' for 7ay#ent Kor of
another e)ui$a+ent act such as a +etter #issi$e 6here a sufficient re)uisition resu+ts fro# itK (0$t n %2-
644 of 1/ *u!y 1%%2)B e:ce7t in the case 6here the +a6 #a5es the# run as a #atter of rightH
(0$t of . 0pri! 1%00) ( cre'itor to 6ho# his 'ebtor in 'e+ay has cause'B by his ba' faithB a +oss
in'e7en'ent of that 'e+ay #ay obtain 'a#ages 'istinct fro# the interest on arrears of the 'ebtH
(rtH ((3<,(
(($t n '&-6.. of & *u!y 1%'&)
In a++ #attersB the a6ar' of a co#7ensation in$o+$es interest at the statutory rate e$en fai+ing a
c+ai# or a s7ecific 7ro$ision in the Cu'g#entH Sa$e as other6ise 7ro$i'e' by +egis+ationB that interest
runs fro# the han'ing 'o6n of the Cu'g#ent un+ess the Cu'ge other6ise ru+es H In case a u'g#ent
a++o6ing an in'e#nity for co#7ensation of a +oss is unreser$e'+y affir#e' by an a77e++ate Cu'geB the
'eter#ination as a #atter of +a6 7ro'uces interest as fro# the Cu'g#ent of first instanceH In the other
casesB an in'e#nity a++o6e' on a77ea+ 7ro'uces interest fro# the Cu'g#ent gi$en in a77ea+H ;he
a77e++ate Cu'ge #ay a+6ays 'erogate fro# the 7ro$isions of this 7aragra7hH

(rtH ((3=
Interests 'ue on ca7ita+ #ay 7ro'uce interestB either by a Cu'icia+ c+ai#B or by a s7ecia+
agree#entB 7ro$i'e' thatB either in the c+ai#B or in the agree#entB the interest concerne' be o6e' at +east
for one 6ho+e yearH

(rtH ((33
*e$erthe+essB the re$enue o6e'B such as far# rentsB rentsB arrearages of 7er7etua+ or +ife
annuitiesB 7ro'uce interest fro# the 'ay of the c+ai# or of the agree#entH
;he sa#e ru+e sha++ a77+y to the restitution of fruits an' to interest 7ai' by a thir' 7arty to a
cre'itor on beha+f of the 'ebtor H

Se$tion C- Of the Interpretation of 06reements

0rt. ((3)
One #ust in agree#ents see5 6hat the co##on intention of the contracting 7arties 6asB rather
than 7ay attention to the +itera+ #eaning of the ter#sH

(rtH ((3+
<here a c+ause a'#its of t6o #eaningsB one sha++ rather un'erstan' it in the one 6ith 6hich it
#ay ha$e so#e effectB than in the #eaning 6ith 6hich it cou+' not 7ro'uce anyH

(rtH ((3:
;er#s 6hich a'#it of t6o #eanings sha++ be ta5en in the #eaning 6hich best suits the subCect
#atter of the contractH

(rtH ((36
<hat is a#biguous sha++ be inter7rete' by 6hat is in use in the region 6here the contract 6as
#a'eH

(rtH (()8
;er#s 6hich are custo#ary sha++ be su77+e#ente' in the contractB e$en though they are not
e:7resse' thereH

(rtH (()(
(++ the c+auses of an agree#ent are to be inter7rete' 6ith reference to one another by gi$ing to
each one the #eaning 6hich resu+ts fro# the 6ho+e instru#entH

(rtH (()-
In case of 'oubtB an agree#ent sha++ be inter7rete' against the one 6ho has sti7u+ate'B an' in
fa$our of the one 6ho has contracte' the ob+igation H

(rtH (()<
@o6e$er genera+ the ter#s in 6hich an agree#ent is 7hrase' #ay beB it sha++ inc+u'e on+y the
things u7on 6hich the 7arties a77ear to ha$e inten'e' to contractH

(rtH (()=
18.
<here in a contract one case 6as e:7resse' for e:7+aining the ob+igationB it sha++ not be 'ee#e'
that it 6as thereby inten'e' to re'uce the sco7e of the agree#ent 6hich e:ten's as of right to cases not
e:7resse'H

Se$tion CI - Of the ;ffe$t of 06reements #ith +espe$t to "hird Parties
0rt. (()3
(gree#ents 7ro'uce effect on+y bet6een the contracting 7artiesI they 'o not har# a thir' 7artyB
an' they benefit hi# on+y in the case 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 1121H

(rtH (())
*e$erthe+essB cre'itors #ay e:ercise their 'ebtor?s rights an' actionsB e:ce7t those 6hich are
e:c+usi$e+y 'e7en'ent on the 7ersonH

(rtH (()+
;hey #ay a+soB on their o6n beha+fB attac5 transactions #a'e by their 'ebtor in frau' of their
rights H
(0$t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&) ;hey sha++ ne$erthe+essB as to those of their rights 6hich are +ai'
'o6n in the ;it+e Of 0nte-nuptia! 06reement and of 3atrimonia! +e6imesB co#7+y 6ith the ru+es therein
7rescribe' H

"@(P;2- I8 - OF ;@2 8(-IO>S 9I*0S OF O3I1(;IO*S

Se$tion I - Of Conditiona! Ob!i6ations

, 1 - Of "on'ition in 1enera+ an' of its 8arious 9in's

(rtH (():
(n ob+igation is con'itiona+ 6here it is #a'e to 'e7en' u7on a future an' uncertain e$entB either
by sus7en'ing it unti+ the e$ent ha77ensB or by cance++ing itB accor'ing to 6hether the e$ent ha77ens or
notH

(rtH (()6
( $asua! con'ition is one 6hich 'e7en's u7on chance an' 6hich is in no 6ay in the 7o6er of the
cre'itor or of the 'ebtorH

(rtH ((+8
( potestatie con'ition is one 6hich #a5es the fu+fi+#ent of the agree#ent 'e7en' u7on an
e$ent 6hich one or the other of the contracting 7arties has the 7o6er to #a5e ha77en or to 7re$entH

(rtH ((+(
( mi9ed con'ition is one 6hich 'e7en's at the sa#e ti#e u7on the 6ish of one of the contracting
7artiesB an' u7on the 6ish of a thir' 7artyH

(rtH ((+-
(ny con'ition re+ating to an i#7ossib+e thingB or contrary to 7ub+ic #ora+sB or 7rohibite' by +a6B
is $oi'B an' ren'ers $oi' the agree#ent 6hich 'e7en's u7on itH

(rtH ((+<
( con'ition not to 'o an i#7ossib+e thing 'oes not ren'er $oi' the ob+igation contracte' u7on
that con'itionH

(rtH ((+=
(n ob+igation is $oi' 6here it 6as contracte' subCect to a 7otestati$e con'ition on the 7art of the
one 6ho bin's hi#se+fH

(rtH ((+3
2$ery con'ition #ust be fu+fi++e' in the #anner in 6hich the 7arties ha$e in a++ +i5e+ihoo' 6ishe'
an' inten'e' that it shou+' beH

(rtH ((+)
187
<here an ob+igation is contracte' subCect to the con'ition that an e$ent 6i++ ha77en 6ithin a
fi:e' ti#eB that con'ition is 'ee#e' fai+e' 6here the ti#e has e+a7se' 6ithout the e$ent ha$ing
ha77ene' H <here there is no ti#e fi:e'B the con'ition #ay a+6ays be fu+fi++e'I an' it is 'ee#e' fai+e'
on+y 6hen it has beco#e certain that the e$ent 6i++ not ha77en H

(rtH ((++
<here an ob+igation is contracte' subCect to the con'ition that an e$ent 6i++ not ha77en in a fi:e'
ti#eB that con'ition is fu+fi++e' 6hen that ti#e has e:7ire' 6ithout the e$ent ha$ing ha77ene'/ it is so
too 6henB before the ter#B it is certain that the e$ent 6i++ not ha77enI an' 6here there is no 'eter#ine'
ti#eB it is fu+fi++e' on+y 6hen it is certain that the e$ent 6i++ not ha77enH

(rtH ((+:
( con'ition is 'ee#e' fu+fi++e' 6here it is the 'ebtorB boun' un'er that con'itionB 6ho has
7re$ente' it fro# being fu+fi++e'H

(rtH ((+6
( con'ition 6hich is fu+fi++e' has a retroacti$e effect to the 'ay 6hen the un'erta5ing 6as
contracte'H <here the cre'itor 'ies before the con'ition is fu+fi++e'B his rights 7ass to his heirH

(rtH ((:8
( cre'itor #ayB before the con'ition is fu+fi++e'B ta5e a++ ste7s to 7reser$e his rightH

, 2 - Of "on'ition Prece'ent

(rtH ((:(
(n ob+igation contracte' un'er a con'ition 7rece'ent is one 6hich 'e7en's either on a future an'
uncertain e$entB or on an e$ent ha$ing 7resent+y ha77ene'B but sti++ un5no6n to the 7artiesH
In the first caseB the ob+igation #ay be 7erfor#e' on+y after the e$entH
In the secon' caseB the ob+igation ta5es effect as fro# the 'ay 6hen it 6as contracte'H

(rtH ((:-
<here an ob+igation 6as contracte' un'er a con'ition 7rece'entB the thing 6hich is the subCect
#atter of the agree#ent re#ains at the ris5 of the 'ebtor 6ho has boun' hi#se+f to 'e+i$er it on+y in the
case of the occurrence of the con'itionH
<here the thing 7erishes entire+yB 6ithout the fau+t of the 'ebtorB the ob+igation is e:tinguishe'H
<here the thing has been 'eteriorate' 6ithout the fau+t of the 'ebtorB the cre'itor has the choice
either to a$oi' the ob+igationB or to 'e#an' the thing in the con'ition in 6hich it isB 6ithout any 7rice
re'uctionH
<here the thing has been 'eteriorate' through fau+t of the 'ebtorB the cre'itor has the right either
to a$oi' the ob+igationB or to 'e#an' the thing in the con'ition in 6hich it isB 6ith 'a#agesH

, 3 - Of "on'ition Subse)uent

(rtH ((:<
( con'ition subse)uent is one 6hichB 6hen it is fu+fi++e'B brings about the re$ocation of the
ob+igationB an' 6hich 7uts things bac5 in the sa#e con'ition as if the ob+igation ha' not e:iste'H
It 'oes not sus7en' the fu+fi+#ent of the ob+igationI it on+y co#7e+s the cre'itor to return 6hat he
has recei$e'B in the case 6here the e$ent conte#7+ate' by the con'ition ha77ensH

(rtH ((:=
( con'ition subse)uent is a+6ays i#7+ie' in syna++ag#atic contractsB for the case 6here one of
the t6o 7arties 'oes not carry out his un'erta5ingH
In that caseB the contract is not a$oi'e' as of rightH ;he 7arty to6ar's 6ho# the un'erta5ing has
not been fu+fi++e' has the choice either to co#7e+ the other to fu+fi+ the agree#ent 6hen it is 7ossib+eB or
to re)uest its a$oi'ance 6ith 'a#agesH
($oi'ance #ust be a77+ie' for in courtB an' the 'efen'ant #ay be grante' ti#e accor'ing to
circu#stancesH

Se$tion II - Of Ob!i6ations #ith a "erm

0rt. ((:3
188
( ter# 'iffers fro# a con'itionB in that it 'oes not sus7en' the un'erta5ingB of 6hich it on+y
'e+ays the fu+fi+#entH

(rtH ((:)
<hat is 'ue on+y 6ith a ter# #ay not be c+ai#e' before the e:7iry of the ter#I but 6hat 6as
7ai' in a'$ance #ay not be reco$ere'H
(rtH ((:+
( ter# is a+6ays 7resu#e' sti7u+ate' in fa$our of the 'ebtorB un+ess it fo++o6s fro# the
sti7u+ationB or fro# the circu#stancesB that it 6as a+so agree' in fa$our of the cre'itorH

(rtH ((::
(($t n '&-%' of 2& *an. 1%'&)
( 'ebtor #ay no +onger c+ai# the benefit of a ter# 6here by his o6n act he has +essene' the
guarantees 6hich he ha' gi$en his cre'itor by the contractH

Se$tion III - Of 0!ternatie Ob!i6ations

0rt. ((:6
;he 'ebtor of an a+ternati$e ob+igation is 'ischarge' by the 'e+i$ery of one of the t6o things
6hich 6ere inc+u'e' in the ob+igationH

(rtH ((68
;he choice be+ongs to the 'ebtorB 6here it 6as not e:7ress+y grante' to the cre'itorH

(rtH ((6(
( 'ebtor #ay 'ischarge hi#se+f by 'e+i$ering one of the things 7ro#ise'I but he #ay not co#7e+
the cre'itor to recei$e a 7art of one an' a 7art of the otherH

(rtH ((6-
(n ob+igation is outrightB a+though contracte' in an a+ternati$e #annerB 6here one of the t6o
things 7ro#ise' cou+' not be the subCect #atter of the ob+igationH

(rtH ((6<
(n a+ternati$e ob+igation beco#es outrightB 6here one of the things 7ro#ise' 7erishes an' #ay
no +onger be 'e+i$ere'B e$en through the fau+t of the 'ebtorH ;he 7rice of that thing #ay not be offere' in
its 7+aceH
<here both ha$e 7erishe'B an' the 'ebtor is at fau+t as to one of the#B he sha++ 7ay the 7rice of
the one 6hich has 7erishe' +astH

(rtH ((6=
<hereB in the cases 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB the choice 6as conferre' to the cre'itor
un'er the agree#entB
2ither one of the things on+y has 7erishe'I an' thenB if it is 6ithout fau+t of the 'ebtorB the
cre'itor sha++ ha$e the one 6hich re#ainsI if the 'ebtor is at fau+tB the cre'itor #ay 'e#an' the thing
6hich re#ainsB or the 7rice of the one 6hich has 7erishe'I
Or both things ha$e 7erishe'I an' thenB if the 'ebtor is at fau+t as to bothB or e$en on+y as to one
of the#B the cre'itor #ay 'e#an' the 7rice of one or the otherB at his choiceH

(rtH ((63
<here both things ha$e 7erishe' 6ithout the fau+t of the 'ebtorB an' before he 6as 7ut in 'efau+tB
the ob+igation is e:tinguishe'B in accor'ance 6ith (rtic+e 1302H

(rtH ((6)
;he sa#e 7rinci7+es sha++ a77+y in case there are #ore than t6o things inc+u'e' in the
a+ternati$e ob+igationH

Se$tion IC - Of *oint and Seera! Ob!i6ations

, 1 - Of 4oint an' Se$era+ "re'itors

(rtH ((6+
18!
(n ob+igation is Coint an' se$era+ bet6een se$era+ cre'itorsB 6here the instru#ent of tit+e
e:7ress+y gi$es to each of the# the right to 'e#an' 7ay#ent of the 6ho+e c+ai#B an' 7ay#ent #a'e to
one of the# 'ischarges the 'ebtorB a+though the benefit of the ob+igation is to be 7artitione' an' 'i$i'e'
bet6een the $arious cre'itorsH

(rtH ((6:
It is at the choice of the 'ebtor to 7ay one or another of Coint an' se$era+ cre'itors B so +ong as he
is not 7re$ente' by +ega+ 7rocee'ings institute' by one of the#H
*e$erthe+essB a re+ease gi$en by on+y one of the Coint an' se$era+ cre'itors 'ischarges the 'ebtor
on+y for the share of that cre'itor H

(rtH ((66
(n act 6hich interru7ts the running of the statute of +i#itation 6ith res7ect to one of the Coint
an' se$era+ cre'itors benefits the other cre'itorsH

, 2 - Of 4oint an' Se$era+ 0ebtors

(rtH (-88
;here is Coint an' se$era+ +iabi+ity on the 7art of 'ebtors 6here they are boun' for a sa#e thingB
so that each one #ay be co#7e++e' for the 6ho+eB an' 7ay#ent #a'e by one a+one 'ischarges the others
to6ar's the cre'itorH

(rtH (-8(
(n ob+igation #ay be Coint an' se$era+ a+though one of the 'ebtors is boun' 'ifferent+y fro#
another for 7ay#ent of the sa#e thingI for instanceB 6here one is boun' on+y con'itiona++yB 6hereas the
other?s un'erta5ing is outrightB or 6here one has been gi$en ti#e 6hich has not been grante' to the
otherH

(rtH (-8-
4oint an' se$era+ +iabi+ity #ay not be 7resu#e'/ it #ust be e:7ress+y sti7u+ate'H
;his ru+e on+y ceases in the cases 6here Coint an' se$era+ +iabi+ity e:ists as a #atter of rightB
un'er a statutory 7ro$isionH

(rtH (-8<
( cre'itor of an ob+igation contracte' Coint+y an' se$era++y #ay a77+y to the one of the 'ebtors
he 6ishes to chooseB 6ithout the +atter being a++o6e' to set u7 the benefit of 'i$isionH

(rtH (-8=
Procee'ings brought against one of the 'ebtors 'o not 7re$ent the cre'itor fro# instituting
si#i+ar ones against the othersH

(rtH (-83
<here a thing 'ue has 7erishe' through the fau+t of one or se$era+ of the Coint an' se$era+
'ebtors or after they 6ere gi$en notice of 'efau+tB the other 'ebtors are not 'ischarge' fro# the
ob+igation to 7ay the 7rice of the thingI but they are not +iab+e for 'a#agesH
;he cre'itor #ay on+y reco$er 'a#ages fro# the 'ebtors through 6hose fau+t the thing has
7erishe' or fro# those 6ho 6ere un'er notice of 'efau+tH

(rtH (-8)
Procee'ings institute' against one of the Coint an' se$era+ 'ebtors interru7ts the running of the
statute of +i#itation 6ith res7ect to a++H

(rtH (-8+
( 'e#an' for interest brought against one of the Coint an' se$era+ 'ebtors causes interest to run
6ith res7ect to a++H

(rtH (-8:
( Coint an' se$era+ co-'ebtor sue' by the cre'itor #ay set u7 a++ the 'efences 6hich resu+t fro#
the nature of the ob+igationB an' a++ those 6hich are 7ersona+ to hi#B as 6e++ as those 6hich are co##on
to a++ the co-'ebtorsH
@e #ay not set u7 'efences 6hich are 7ure+y 7ersona+ to so#e of the other co-'ebtorsH
1!0

(rtH (-86
<here one of the 'ebtors beco#es the so+e heir of the cre'itorB or 6here the cre'itor beco#es the
so+e heir of one of the 'ebtorsB the #erger e:tinguishes the Coint an' se$era+ c+ai# on+y for the share an'
7ortion of the 'ebtor or of the cre'itorH

(rtH (-(8
( cre'itor 6ho consents to a 'i$ision of the 'ebt 6ith res7ect to one of the co-'ebtors retains his
Coint an' se$era+ action against the othersB but on+y un'er 'e'uction of the share of the 'ebtor 6ho# he
has 'ischarge' fro# the Coint an' se$era+ +iabi+ityH

(rtH (-((
( cre'itor 6ho recei$es se$era++y the share of one of his 'ebtorsB 6ithout reser$ing in the recei7t
the Coint an' se$era+ +iabi+ity or his rights in genera+B renounces Coint an' se$era+ +iabi+ity on+y 6ith
res7ect to this 'ebtorH
( cre'itor is not 'ee#e' to re+ease the 'ebtor fro# the Coint an' se$era+ +iabi+ity 6here he
recei$es fro# hi# a su# e)ua+ to the 7ortion for 6hich he is boun'B 6here the recei7t 'oes not #ention
that it is for his share .
It sha++ be +i5e6ise as to a #ere c+ai# brought against one of the 'ebtors for his share( 6here the
+atter has not a'#itte' the c+ai#B or 6here no co#7ensatory Cu'g#ent has been han'e' 'o6n H

(rtH (-(-
( cre'itor 6ho recei$es se$era++y an' 6ithout reser$ation fro# one the co-'ebtors his 7ortion in
the arrears or interest on the 'ebtB +oses the Coint an' se$era+ +iabi+ity on+y for the arrears or interest 'ueB
not for those to beco#e 'ue or for the ca7ita+B un+ess the se$era+ 7ay#ent has been continuing for ten
consecuti$e yearsH

(rtH (-(<
(n ob+igation contracte' Coint+y an' se$era++y to6ar's a cre'itor is 'i$i'e' by o7eration of +a6
bet6een the 'ebtorsB 6ho are +iab+e bet6een the#se+$es on+y each one for his share an' 7ortionH

(rtH (-(=
;he co-'ebtor of a Coint an' se$era+ ob+igationB 6ho 7ai' it in fu++B #ay reco$er fro# the others
on+y the share an' 7ortion of each one of the# H
<here one of the# is inso+$entB the +oss occasione' by his inso+$ency sha++ be a77ortione' 7ro
rata bet6een a++ the other so+$ent co-'ebtors an' the one 6ho #a'e the 7ay#ent H

(rtH (-(3
In case the cre'itor 6ai$es the Coint an' se$era+ action 6ith res7ect to one of the 'ebtorsB if one
or se$era+ of the other co-'ebtors beco#e inso+$entB the 7ortion of those inso+$ent sha++ be a77ortione'
7ro rata bet6een a++ the 'ebtorsB e$en bet6een those 7re$ious+y 'ischarge' fro# the Coint an' se$era+
+iabi+ity by the cre'itorH

(rtH (-()
<here the affair for 6hich the 'ebt 6as contracte' Coint+y an' se$era++y concerns on+y one of the
Coint an' se$era+ co-ob+igorsB the +atter are +iab+e for the 6ho+e 'ebt to6ar's the other co-'ebtorsB 6ho
#ust be consi'ere' 6ith regar' to hi# on+y as his sureties H

Se$tion C - Of 8iisib!e and Indiisib!e Ob!i6ations

0rt. (-(+
(n ob+igation is 'i$isib+e or in'i$isib+e accor'ing to 6hether its obCect is a thing 6hich in its
'e+i$eryB or an act 6hich in its 7erfor#anceB is or not susce7tib+e of a 'i$ision either 7hysica+ or
inte++ectua+ H

(rtH (-(:

(n ob+igation is in'i$isib+eB a+though the thing or act 6hich is its obCect is 'i$isib+e by its natureB
6here the 6ay in 6hich it is consi'ere' in the ob+igation 'oes not ren'er it susce7tib+e to 7art
7erfor#ance H

1!1
(rtH (-(6
( sti7u+ate' Coint an' se$era+ +iabi+ity 'oes not gi$e the character of in'i$isibi+ity to an
ob+igationH

, 1 - Of the 2ffects of 0i$isib+e Ob+igations

(rtH (--8
(n ob+igation 6hich is susce7tib+e of being 'i$i'e' #ust be 7erfor#e' bet6een the cre'itor an'
the 'ebtor as though it 6ere in'i$isib+eH 0i$isibi+ity o7erates on+y as to their heirsB 6ho #ay c+ai# the
'ebt or are boun' to 7ay it on+y for the shares 6hich they recei$e or for 6hich they are +iab+e as
re7resenting the cre'itor or the 'ebtor H

(rtH (--(
;he 7rinci7+e estab+ishe' in the 7rece'ing (rtic+e is subCect to e:ce7tionsB 6ith regar' to the
heirs of a 'ebtor/
1L <here the 'ebt is secure' by a #ortgageI
2L <here it is of a thing certainI
3L <here it is a )uestion of an a+ternati$e 'ebt of things at the choice of the cre'itorB of 6hich
one is in'i$isib+eI
4L <here one of the heirs is #a'e a+one res7onsib+eB by the instru#ent of tit+eB of the
7erfor#ance of the ob+igationI
%L <here it resu+tsB either fro# the nature of the un'erta5ingB or fro# the thing 6hich is the
obCect of itB or fro# the 7ur7ose inten'e' in the contractB that the intention of the contracting 7arties 6as
that the 'ebt shou+' not be 7artia++y 'ischarge'H
In the first three casesB the heir 6ho 7ossesses the thing 'ue or the tene#ent #ortgage' for the
'ebt #ay be sue' for the 6ho+e on the thing 'ue or on the tene#ent #ortgage'B subCect to his re#e'y
against his co-heirsH In the fourth caseB the heir 6ho is a+one res7onsib+e for the 'ebtB an' in the fifth
caseB each heirB #ay a+so be sue' for the 6ho+eB subCect to his re#e'y against his co-heirs H

, 2 - Of the 2ffects of In'i$isib+e Ob+igations

(rtH (---
2ach one of those 6ho ha$e Coint+y contracte' an in'i$isib+e 'ebt is +iab+e for the 6ho+eB
a+though the ob+igation 6as not contracte' Coint+y an' se$era++yH

(rtH (--<
It sha++ be +i5e6ise 6ith regar' to the heirs of a 7erson 6ho has contracte' such an ob+igationH

(rtH (--=
2ach heir of the cre'itor #ay 'e#an' 7erfor#ance of an in'i$isib+e ob+igation in 6ho+eH
@e #ay not re+ease a+one the 6ho+e 'ebtI he #ay not recei$e a+one the 7rice instea' of the thingH
<here one of the heirs has a+one re+ease' the 'ebt or recei$e' the 7rice of the thingB his co-heir #ay
c+ai# the in'i$isib+e thing on+y by ta5ing into account the 7ortion of the co-heir 6ho has gi$en the
re+ease or recei$e' the 7riceH

(rtH (--3
(n heir of the 'ebtorB 6ho is sue' for the 6ho+e ob+igationB #ay re)uest ti#e for Coining his co-
heirs in the actionB un+ess the 'ebt is of such a nature that it can be 'ischarge' on+y by the sue' heirB
against 6ho# Cu'g#ent #ay then be gi$enB subCect to his re#e'y for co#7ensation against his co-heirsH

Se$tion CI - Of Ob!i6ations #ith Pena!ty C!auses

0rt. (--)
( 7ena+ty is a c+ause by 6hich a 7ersonB in or'er to ensure 7erfor#ance of an agree#entB bin's
hi#se+f to so#ething in case of non-7erfor#anceH

(rtH (--+
*u++ity of the 7rinci7a+ ob+igation in$o+$es that of the 7ena+ty c+auseH
*u++ity of the +atter 'oes no in$o+$e that of the 7rinci7a+ ob+igationH

(rtH (--:
1!2
( cre'itorB instea' of c+ai#ing the 7ena+ty sti7u+ate' against the 'ebtor 6ho is un'er notice of
'efau+tB #ay 7rocee' 6ith the 7erfor#ance of the 7rinci7a+ ob+igation H

(rtH (--6
( 7ena+ty c+ause is a co#7ensation for the 'a#ages 6hich the cre'itor suffers fro# the non-
7erfor#ance of the 7rinci7a+ ob+igationH
@e #ay not c+ai# at the sa#e ti#e the 7rinci7a+ an' the 7ena+tyB un+ess it 6as sti7u+ate' for a
#ere 'e+ayH

(rtH (-<8
<hether the origina+ ob+igation containsB or not a ter# 6ithin 6hich it #ust be 7erfor#e'B the
7ena+ty is incurre' on+y 6here the one 6ho is boun' either to 'e+i$erB or to ta5eB or to 'oB is un'er notice
of 'efau+tH

(rtH (-<(
(($t 4 .&-&%. of % *u!y 1%.&)
<here an un'erta5ing has been 7erfor#e' in 7artB the agree' 7ena+ty #ay KB e$en of his o6n
#otionBK (0$t n '&-10%. of 11 O$t. 1%'&) be +essene' by the Cu'ge in 7ro7ortion to the interest 6hich
the 7art 7erfor#ance has 7rocure' for the cre'itorB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the a77+ication of (rtic+e 11%2H
(ny sti7u+ation to the contrary sha++ be 'ee#e' not 6rittenH

(rtH (-<-
<here an origina+ ob+igation contracte' 6ith a 7ena+ty c+ause re+ates to an in'i$isib+e thingB the
7ena+ty is incurre' by the breach of on+y one of the heirs of the 'ebtorB an' it #ay be c+ai#e'B either for
the 6ho+e against the 7erson in breachB or against each of the co-heirs for their share an' 7ortionB an' by
#ortgage for the 6ho+eB subCect to their re#e'y against the one 6ho cause' the 7ena+ty to be incurre'H

(rtH (-<<
<here an origina+ ob+igation contracte' un'er a 7ena+ty is 'i$isib+eB the 7ena+ty is incurre' by
the one of the 'ebtor?s heirs 6ho contra$enes that ob+igationB an' for the share on+y for 6hich he 6as
boun' in the 7rinci7a+ ob+igationB 6ithout there being any action against those 6ho ha$e 7erfor#e' itH
(n e:ce7tion is #a'e to this ru+e 6here the 7ena+ty c+ause ha$ing been a''e' for the 7ur7ose
that 7ay#ent #ay not be #a'e 7artia++yB a co-heir has 7re$ente' the 7erfor#ance of the ob+igation in
6ho+eH In that caseB the entire 7ena+ty #ay be c+ai#e' against hi#B an' against the other co-heirs for
their 7ortion on+yB an' subCect to their re#e'yH

"@(P;2- 8 - OF ;@2 2R;I*1>IS@&2*; OF O3I1(;IO*S

(rtH (-<=
Ob+igations are e:tinguishe'/
y 7ay#entI
y no$ationI
y $o+untary re+easeI
y set-offI
y #ergerI
y the +oss of the thingI
y nu++ity or rescissionI
y the effect of a con'ition subse)uentB as 6as e:7+aine' in the 7rece'ing "ha7terI an'
y the running of the statute of +i#itationB 6hich 6i++ be the subCect #atter of a s7ecia+ ;it+eH


Se$tion I - Of Payment

, 1 - Of Pay#ent in 1enera+

(rtH (-<3
(ny 7ay#ent su77oses a 'ebt/ 6hat has been 7ai' 6ithout being o6e' is subCect to restitutionH
-estitution is not a++o6e' 6ith res7ect to natura+ ob+igations 6hich 6ere $o+untari+y 'ischarge'H

(rtH (-<)
1!3
(n ob+igation #ay be 'ischarge' by any 7erson ha$ing an interest thereinB such as a co-ob+igee
or a suretyH
(n ob+igation #ay e$en be 'ischarge' by a thir' 7arty 6ho has no interest thereinB 7ro$i'e' that
7arty acts in the na#e an' on beha+f of the 'ebtorB orB 6here he acts in his o6n na#eB he is not
subrogate' to the rights of the cre'itorH

(rtH (-<+
(n ob+igation to 'o #ay not be 'ischarge' by a thir' 7arty against the 6ish of the cre'itorB 6here
the +atter has an interest in ha$ing it 7erfor#e' by the 'ebtor hi#se+f H

(rtH (-<:
In or'er to 7ay $a+i'+yB one #ust be the o6ner of the thing gi$en in 7ay#entB an' be ca7ab+e of
transferring itH
*e$erthe+essB the 7ay#ent of a su# of #oney or of so#e other thing 6hich is consu#e' by useB
#ay not be reco$ere' fro# a cre'itor 6ho has consu#e' it in goo' faithB a+though the 7ay#ent of it 6as
#a'e by a 7erson 6ho 6as not the o6ner or 6ho 6as not ca7ab+e of transferring itH

(rtH (-<6
Pay#ent #ust be #a'e to the cre'itorB or so#ebo'y ha$ing authority fro# hi#B or authori=e' by
the court or by statute to recei$e for hi#H
Pay#ent #a'e to a 7erson 6ho has no authority to recei$e for the cre'itorB is $a+i'B 6here the
+atter ratifies it or has 7rofite' by itH

(rtH (-=8
Pay#ent #a'e in goo' faith to one 6ho 6as in 7ossession of the c+ai# is $a+i'B e$en if the
7ossessor is after6ar's 'is7ossesse'H

(rtH (-=(
Pay#ent #a'e to a cre'itor is not $a+i'B 6here he 6as inca7ab+e of recei$ing itB un+ess the 'ebtor
7ro$es that the thing 7ai' has turne' to the a'$antage of the cre'itorH

(rtH (-=-

Pay#ent #a'e by a 'ebtor to his cre'itorB not6ithstan'ing an attach#ent or a garnish#ent is not
$a+i'B 6ith res7ect to the attaching or garnishing cre'itors/ the +atter #ayB accor'ing to their rightsB
co#7e+ hi# to 7ay againB subCectB in that case on+yB to his re#e'y against the cre'itorH

(rtH (-=<
( cre'itor #ay not be co#7e++e' to recei$e a thing 'ifferent fro# the one 6hich is o6e' to hi#B
a+though the $a+ue of the thing offere' is e)ua+ or e$en greaterH

(rtH (-==
(($t n %1-6&0 of % *u!y 1%%1)
( 'ebtor #ay not co#7e+ a cre'itor to recei$e 7ay#ent in 7art of a 'ebtB e$en 'i$isib+eH

(rtH (-==,(
(($t n %1-6&0 of % *u!y 1%%1)
@o6e$erB ta5ing into account the 'ebtor?s 7osition an' in consi'eration of the cre'itor?s nee'sB a
Cu'ge #ayB 6ithin a t6o-year +i#itB 'efer or s7rea' out the 7ay#ent of su#s 'ueH
y a s7ecia+ Cu'ge#entB setting out the groun's on 6hich it is base'B
B the Cu'ge #ay or'er that the su#s corres7on'ing to the 'eferre' 'ue 'ates carry interest at a re'uce'
rate 6hich #ay not be +o6er than the statutory rate or that the 7ay#ents be a77ro7riate' first to the
ca7ita+H
Further#oreB he #ay subor'inate those #easures to the 7erfor#anceB by the 'ebtorB of acts
a77ro7riate for faci+itating or guaranteeing the 7ay#ent of the 'ebtH
;he 7ro$isions of this (rtic+e sha++ not a77+y to 'ebts for #aintenanceH

(rtH (-==,-
(($t n %1-6&0 of % *u!y 1%%1)

1!4
;he Cu'g#ent han'e' 'o6n un'er (rtic+e 1244-1 staysB the enforce#ent 7rocee'ings 6hich
#ay ha$e been institute' by the cre'itorH Increases of interest or 7ena+ties incurre' because of 'e+ay
cease to be 'ue 'uring the 7erio' fi:e' by the Cu'geH

(rtH (-==,<
(($t n %1-6&0 of % *u!y 1%%1)
(ny sti7u+ation contrary to the 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 1244-1 an' 1244-2 sha++ be 'ee#e' not
6rittenH
(rtH (-=3
;he 'ebtor of a thing certain an' 'eter#ine' is 'ischarge' by the 'e+i$ery of the thing in the
con'ition in 6hich it is at the ti#e of 'e+i$eryB 7ro$i'e' that 'eteriorations 6hich ha77ene' to it 'i' not
co#e fro# his act or his fau+tB or fro# that of 7ersons for 6ho# he is res7onsib+eB or that before those
'eteriorations he 6as not un'er notice of 'efau+tH

(rtH (-=)
<here a 'ebt is of a thing 'eter#ine' on+y as to its 5in'B a 'ebtor is not ob+ige' to gi$e it in the
best of its 5in'I but he #ay not offer it in its 6orstH

(rtH (-=+
(Or'H n &'-12%' of 2/ 8e$. 1%&')
Pay#ent #ust be #a'e in the 7+ace 'esignate' by the agree#ent H <here a 7+ace is not
'esignate'B 7ay#entB if it is for a thing certain an' 'eter#ine'B #ust be #a'e at the 7+ace 6here the
thing for#ing the obCect of the ob+igation 6as at the ti#e of that ob+igationH
Perio'ica+ 7ay#ents or'ere' for #aintenance #ust be #a'eB subCect to a contrary or'er of the
Cu'geB at the 'o#ici+e or at the resi'ence of the 7erson 6ho is to recei$e the#H
(7art fro# those casesB 7ay#ent #ust be #a'e at the 'o#ici+e of the 'ebtorH

(rtH (-=:
;he costs of 7ay#ent are borne by the 'ebtorH

, 2 - Of Pay#ent 6ith Subrogation

(rtH (-=6
Subrogation to the rights of a cre'itor for the benefit of a thir' 7erson 6ho 7ays hi# is either
con$entiona+ or statutoryH

(rtH (-38
Such subrogation is con$entiona+/
1L <here a cre'itor recei$ing his 7ay#ent fro# a thir' 7erson subrogates hi# to his rightsB
actionsB 7rior charges or #ortgages against the 'ebtor/ that subrogation #ust be e:7ress an' #a'e at the
sa#e ti#e as the 7ay#entI
2L <here a 'ebtor borro6s a su# for the 7ur7ose of 7aying his 'ebtB an' of subrogating the
+en'er to the rights of the cre'itorH In or'er that this subrogation be $a+i'B the instru#ent of +oan an' the
recei7t #ust be 'ra6n u7 before notaires I in the instru#ent of +oan there #ust be 'ec+are' that the su#
6as borro6e' in or'er to #a5e the 7ay#entB an' in the recei7tB there #ust be 'ec+are' that the 7ay#ent
has been #a'e fro# the fun's furnishe' for this 7ur7ose by the ne6 cre'itorH ;hat subrogation has its
effect 6ithout the concurrence of the 6ish of the cre'itorH

(rtH (-3(
Subrogation ta5es 7+ace by o7eration of +a6/
1L For the benefit of the 7erson 6hoB being hi#se+f a cre'itorB 7ays another cre'itor 6ho is
7referre' to hi# by reason of his 7rior charges or #ortgagesI
2L For the benefit of the 7urchaser of an i##o$ab+eB 6ho e#7+oys the 7rice of his 7urchase for
the 7ay#ent of the cre'itors to 6ho# that 7ro7erty 6as #ortgage'I
3L For the benefit of the 7erson 6hoB being boun' 6ith others or for others to the 7ay#ent of a
'ebtB 6as intereste' in 'ischarging itI
4L For the benefit of a beneficiary heir 6ho 7ai' fro# his o6n fun's the 'ebts of a successionH

(rtH (-3-
;he subrogation estab+ishe' by the 7rece'ing (rtic+es ta5es 7+aceB as 6e++ against sureties as
against 'ebtors/ it #ay not 7reCu'ice a cre'itor 6here he has on+y been 7ai' in 7artI in that caseB he #ay
1!%
enforce his rightsB for 6hat re#ains 'ue to hi#B in 7reference to the 7erson fro# 6ho# he recei$e' on+y
7art 7ay#entH

, 3 - Of (77ro7riation of Pay#ents

(rtH (-3<
( 'ebtor of se$era+ 'ebts has the right to 'ec+areB 6hen he 7aysB 6hat 'ebt he inten's to
'ischarge H
(rtH (-3=
( 'ebtor of a 'ebt 6hich bears interest or 7ro'uces arrears B #ay notB 6ithout the consent of the
cre'itorB a77ro7riate the 7ay#ent 6hich he #a5es to the ca7ita+ in 7reference to the arrears or interest/ a
7ay#ent #a'e on ca7ita+ an' interestB but 6hich is not in fu++B sha++ be a77ro7riate' first to interestH

(rtH (-33
<here a 'ebtor of $arious 'ebts has acce7te' a recei7t by 6hich the cre'itor has a77ro7riate'
6hat he recei$e' to one of those 'ebts in 7articu+arB the 'ebtor #ay no +onger re)uest a77ro7riation to a
'ifferent 'ebtB un+ess there has been 'ece7tion or tric5 on the 7art of the cre'itorH

(rtH (-3)
<here a recei7t 'oes not bear any a77ro7riationB the 7ay#ent sha++ be a77ro7riate' to the 'ebt
6hich the 'ebtor ha' at that ti#e the greatest interest in 'ischarging a#ong those 6hich are +i5e6ise
'ueI other6iseB to the 'ebt 'ueB a+though +ess bur'enso#e than those 6hich are notH
<here the 'ebts are of e)ua+ natureB a77ro7riation sha++ be #a'e to the o+'estI a++ things being
e)ua+B it sha++ be #a'e 7ro7ortionate+yH

, 4 - Of ;en'ers of Pay#ent an' of 0e7osit

(rtH (-3+
<here a cre'itor refuses to recei$e his 7ay#entB the 'ebtor #ay #a5e hi# an actua+ ten'erB an'
u7on the refusa+ of the cre'itor to acce7t itB 'e7osit the su# or the thing ten'ere'H
(ctua+ ten'ers fo++o6e' by a 'e7osit 'ischarge the 'ebtorI they ta5e the 7+ace of 7ay#ent 6ith
res7ect to hi#B 6here they are $a+i'+y #a'eB an' the thing thus 'e7osite' re#ains at the ris5 of the
cre'itorH

(rtH (-3:
In or'er that an actua+ ten'er be $a+i'B it is necessary/
1L ;hat it be #a'e to a cre'itor ha$ing ca7acity to recei$eB or to the one 6ho has authority to
recei$e for hi#I
2L ;hat it be #a'e by a 7erson ca7ab+e of 7ayingI
3L ;hat it be for the entire su# 'ueB for the arrears or interest 'ueB for +i)ui'ate' costsB an' for a
su# for non-+i)ui'ate' costsB subCect to its being #a'e u7I
4L ;hat the ter# ha$e e+a7se'B 6here it 6as sti7u+ate' in fa$our of the cre'itorI
%L ;hat the con'ition un'er 6hich the 'ebt has been contracte' has ha77ene'I
.L ;hat the ten'er be #a'e at the 7+ace agree' u7on for 7ay#ent an' thatB 6here there is no
s7ecia+ agree#ent as to the 7+ace of 7ay#entB it be #a'e either to the 7erson of the cre'itorB or at his
'o#ici+eB or at the 'o#ici+e e+ecte' for 7erfor#ance of the agree#entI
7L ;hat the ten'er be #a'e by a #inisteria+ officer ha$ing ca7acity for such actsH

(rtH (-36 Frepea!edG

Art' (-)8
;he costs of an actua+ ten'er an' of a 'e7osit are borne by the cre'itorB 6here they are $a+i'I

(rtH (-)(
So +ong as the 'e7osit has not be acce7te' by the cre'itorB the 'ebtor #ay 6ith'ra6 itI an'
6here he 6ith'ra6s itB his co-'ebtors or his sureties are not 'ischarge' H

(rtH (-)-
<here a 'ebtor has hi#se+f obtaine' a Cu'g#ent beco#e res Cu'icataB 6hich has 'ec+are' his
ten'er an' 'e7osit goo' an' $a+i'B he #ay no +ongerB e$en 6ith the consent of the cre'itorB 6ith'ra6 his
'e7osit to the 'etri#ent of his co-'ebtors or of his sureties H
1!.

(rtH (-)<
( cre'itor 6ho has consente' to the 'ebtor?s 6ith'ra6ing his 'e7osit after it ha' been 'ec+are'
$a+i' by a Cu'g#ent beco#e res Cu'icataB #ay no +ongerB for the 7ay#ent of his c+ai#B enforce the 7rior
charges an' #ortgages 6hich attache' thereto/ he has on+y a #ortgage fro# the 'ay 6hen the act by
6hich he has consente' to the 6ith'ra6a+ of the 'e7osit has been c+othe' 6ith the for#s re)uire' to
estab+ish a #ortgageH

(rtH (-)=
<here the thing o6e' is a thing certain 6hich #ust be 'e+i$ere' at the 7+ace 6here it isB the
'ebtor #ust 'e#an' of the cre'itor that he re#o$es itB by notice ser$e' u7on hi# 7ersona++y or to his
'o#ici+e or to the 'o#ici+e e+ecte' for the 7erfor#ance of the agree#entH ;hat 'e#an' #a'eB 6here the
cre'itor 'oes nor re#o$e the thing an' the 'ebtor nee's the 7+ace in 6hich it is setB he #ay obtain fro#
the court 7er#ission to 'e7osit it in so#e other 7+aceH

(rtH (-)3 to (-+8 Frepea!edG

Se$tion II - Of 4oation

(rtH (-+(
*o$ation is brought about in three 6ays/
1L <here a 'ebtor contracts to6ar's his cre'itor a ne6 'ebt 6hich is substitute' for the o+' oneB
6hich is e:tinguishe'I
2L <here a ne6 'ebtor is substitute' for the o+' one 6ho is 'ischarge' by the cre'itorI
3L <hereB by the effect of a ne6 un'erta5ingB a ne6 cre'itor is substitute' for the o+' oneB
to6ar's 6ho# the 'ebtor is 'ischarge'H

(rtH (-+-
*o$ation #ay be brought about on+y bet6een 7ersons ca7ab+e of contractingH

(rtH (-+<
*o$ation #ay not be 7resu#e'I the 6ish to bring it about #ust c+ear+y resu+t fro# the
instru#entH

(rtH (-+=
*o$ation by substitution of a ne6 'ebtor #ay be brought about 6ithout the assistance of the first
'ebtorH

(rtH (-+3
( 'e+egation by 6hich a 'ebtor gi$es a cre'itor another 'ebtor 6ho bin's hi#se+f to6ar's the
cre'itorB 'oes not bring about a no$ationB un+ess the cre'itor has e:7ress+y 'ec+are' that he inten'e' to
'ischarge his 'ebtor 6ho #a'e the 'e+egationH

(rtH (-+)
( cre'itor 6ho has 'ischarge' a 'ebtor by 6ho# a 'e+egation 6as #a'eB has no re#e'y against
that 'ebtorB 6here the 'e+egate beco#es inso+$entB un+ess the instru#ent contains an e:7ress reser$e or
the 'e+egate 6as a+rea'y Fun'er a Cu'icia+ arrange#entGB or inso+$ent at the ti#e of the 'e+egationH

(rtH (-++
( #ere in'icationB #a'e by a 'ebtorB of a 7erson 6ho is to 7ay in his stea'B 'oes not bring about
a no$ationH
It sha++ be +i5e6ise as to a #ere in'ication #a'e by a cre'itorB of a 7erson 6ho is to recei$e for
hi#H

(rtH (-+:
Prior charges an' #ortgages of a for#er c+ai# 'o not 7ass to the one 6hich is substitute' to itB
un+ess the cre'itor has e:7ress+y reser$e' the#H

Art' (-+6
<here no$ation is brought about by substitution of a ne6 'ebtorB the origina+ 7rior charges an'
#ortgages of the c+ai# 'o not 7ass on the 7ro7erty of the ne6 'ebtorH
1!7
(0$t n .1-&.% of 16 *u!y 1%.1) ;he origina+ 7rior charges an' #ortgages of the c+ai# #ay be
reser$e' 6ith the consent of the o6ners of the encu#bere' 7ro7ertyB for the guarantee of the
7erfor#ance of the un'erta5ing of the ne6 'ebtor H

(rtH (-:8
<here no$ation is brought about bet6een a cre'itor an' one of the Coint an' se$era+ 'ebtorsB the
7rior charges an' #ortgages of the for#er c+ai# #ay be reser$e' on+y on the 7ro7erty of the 7erson 6ho
contracts the ne6 'ebtH

(rtH (-:(
"o-'ebtors are re+ease' by a no$ation #a'e bet6een a cre'itor an' one of the Coint an' se$era+
'ebtorsH
( no$ation brought about 6ith res7ect to a 7rinci7a+ 'ebtor 'ischarges the suretiesH
*e$erthe+essB 6here a cre'itor in the first caseB has re)uire' a'hesion of the co-'ebtors orB in the
secon' caseB that of the suretiesB the for#er c+ai# subsistsB 6here the co-'ebtors or the sureties refuse to
agree to the ne6 arrange#entH

Se$tion III - Of +emission of 8ebt

0rt. (-:-
( $o+untary re#ittance of the origina+ instru#ent un'er 7ri$ate signatureB by a cre'itor to a
'ebtorB is 7roof of 'ischargeH

Art' (-:<
( $o+untary re#ittance of the e:ecutory co7y of the instru#ent of tit+e estab+ishes a 7resu#7tion
of re#ission of the 'ebt or of 7ay#entB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to 7roof of the contraryH

Art' (-:=
( $o+untary re#ittance of the origina+ instru#ent un'er 7ri$ate signatureB or of the e:ecutory
co7y of the instru#ent of tit+eB to one of the Coint an' se$era+ 'ebtorsB has the sa#e effect for the benefit
of his co-'ebtorsH

(rtH (-:3
( re#ission or agree' 'ischarge for the benefit of one of the Coint an' se$era+ co-'ebtors re+eases
a++ the othersB un+ess the cre'itor has e:7ress+y reser$e' his rights against the +atterH
In that +ast caseB he #ay reco$er the 'ebt on+y after 'e'ucting the share of the one to 6ho# he
has #a'e the re#issionH

(rtH (-:)
( re#ittance of a thing gi$en as 7+e'ge 'oes not suffice to estab+ish a 7resu#7tion of re#ission
of 'ebtH

Art' (-:+
( re#ission or agree' 'ischarge grante' to a 7rinci7a+ 'ebtor re+eases the suretiesI
;hat grante' to a surety 'oes not re+ease the 7rinci7a+ 'ebtorI
;hat grante' to one of the sureties 'oes not re+ease the othersH

(rtH (-::

<hat a cre'itor has recei$e' fro# a surety to 'ischarge his security sha++ be a77ro7riate' to the
'ebtB an' turn to the 'ischarge of the 7rinci7a+ 'ebtor an' of the other suretiesH

%ection IV , Of %et,Off

Art. (-:6
<here t6o 7ersons are 'ebtors to6ar's each otherB set-off is brought about 6hich e:tinguishes
both 'ebtsB in the #anner an' in the cases hereafter +ai' 'o6nH

(rtH (-68
1!8
Set-off is brought about as of right by the so+e o7eration of the +a6B e$en 6ithout the 5no6+e'ge
of the 'ebtorsI the t6o 'ebts are reci7roca++y e:tinguishe'B fro# the #o#ent 6hen they ha77en to e:ist
at the sa#e ti#eB to the e:tent of their res7ecti$e a#ountsH

(rtH (-6(
Set-off ta5es 7+ace on+y bet6een t6o 'ebts 6hich ha$e +i5e6ise as their obCect a su# of #oney
or a certain )uantity of fungib+es of the sa#e 5in' an' 6hich are +i5e6ise +i)ui' an' 'ueH
>n'is7ute' 7erfor#ances in cro7s or co##o'itiesB an' 6hose 7rice is fi:e' by #ar5et +istsB #ay
be set off against +i)ui' an' 'ue su#sH

(rtH (-6-
0ays of grace are not a bar to set-offH

(rtH (-6<
Set-off ta5es 7+ace 6hate$er the origin of either 'ebt #ay beB e:ce7t in the case/
1L Of a c+ai# for restitution of a thing of 6hich the o6ner has been unCust+y 'e7ri$e'I
2L Of a c+ai# for restitution of a 'e7osit or of a +oan for useI
3L Of a 'ebt 'ue for #aintenance 'ec+are' not +iab+e to attach#entH

(rtH (-6=
( surety #ay raise set-off for 6hat the cre'itor o6es to the 7rinci7a+ 'ebtorH
ut a 7rinci7a+ 'ebtor #ay not raise set-off of 6hat the cre'itor o6es to the suretyH
Si#i+ar+yB a Coint an' se$era+ 'ebtor #ay not raise set-off of 6hat the cre'itor o6es to his co-
'ebtorH

Art' (-63
( 'ebtor 6ho has acce7te' outright the assign#ent 6hich a cre'itor #a'e of his rights to a thir'
7arty #ay no +onger raise against the assignee a set-off 6hich he #ight ha$e raise' against the assignor
before the acce7tanceH
(s regar's an assign#ent 6hich 6as not acce7te' by the 'ebtorB but notice of 6hich has been
ser$e' u7on hi#B it 7re$ents on+y set-off as to c+ai#s subse)uent to that noticeH

(rtH (-6)
<here t6o 'ebts are not 7ayab+e at the sa#e 7+aceB set-off #ay be raise' on+y by gi$ing
satisfaction as to the costs of 'e+i$eryH

(rtH (-6+
<here se$era+ 'ebts 'ue by the sa#e 7erson #ay be set off B the sa#e ru+es are fo++o6e' as to
set-off as those estab+ishe' for a77ro7riation by (rtic+e 12%.H

Art' (-6:
Set-off 'oes not ta5e 7+ace to the 'etri#ent of the $este' rights of thir' 7artiesH ;husB a 7erson
6hoB being a 'ebtorB has beco#e a cre'itor after an attach#ent has been #a'e in his han's by a thir'
7arty #ay not raise set-off to the 'etri#ent of the attaching 7artyH

(rtH (-66
@e 6ho has 7ai' a 'ebt 6hich 6as e:tinguishe' as of right by set-off #ay no +ongerB by
enforcing the c+ai# for 6hich he has not raise' set-offB a$ai+ hi#se+f of the 7rior charges or #ortgages
attache' theretoB to the 'etri#ent of thir' 7artiesB un+ess he ha' goo' reason for not being a6are of the
c+ai# 6hich 6ou+' ha$e set off his 'ebtH

Se$tion C - Of 3er6er

0rt. (<88
<here the ca7acities of cre'itor an' 'ebtor are unite' in the sa#e 7ersonB a #erger is #a'e as of
right 6hich e:tinguishes both c+ai#sH

(rtH (<8(

( #erger 6hich is brought about in the 7erson of a 7rinci7a+ 'ebtor benefits his suretiesI
1!!
;hat 6hich is brought about in the 7erson of a surety 'oes not in$o+$e e:tinguish#ent of the
7rinci7a+ ob+igation I
;hat 6hich is brought about in the 7erson of a cre'itorB benefits his Coint an' se$era+ co-'ebtors
on+y as to the share an' 7ortion of 6hich he 6as 'ebtorH

Se$tion CI - Of the <oss of a "hin6 8ue

0rt. (<8-
<here a thing certain an' 'eter#ine' 6hich 6as the obCect of an ob+igation 7erishesB #ay no
+onger be the subCect #atter of +ega+ transactions bet6een 7ri$ate in'i$i'ua+sB or is +ost in such a 6ay
that its e:istence is abso+ute+y un5no6nB the ob+igation is e:tinguishe' if the thing has 7erishe' or has
been +ost 6ithout the fau+t of the 'ebtorB an' before he 6as un'er notice of 'efau+tH
2$en 6here the 'ebtor is un'er notice of 'efau+tB if he has not assu#e' fortuitous e$entsB the
ob+igation is e:tinguishe' in the case 6here the thing 6ou+' a+so ha$e 7erishe' in the han's of the
cre'itor if it ha' been 'e+i$ere' to hi#H
;he 'ebtor is ob+ige' to 7ro$e the fortuitous e$ent 6hich he a++egesH
In 6hate$er #anner a thing 6hich has been sto+en #ay ha$e 7erishe'B or been +ostB its +oss 'oes
not e:cuse the 7erson 6ho too5 it a6ay fro# restitution of its 7riceH

(rtH (<8<
<here a thing 7erishesB #ay no +onger be the subCect #atter of +ega+ transactions bet6een 7ri$ate
in'i$i'ua+sB or is +ostB 6ithout the fau+t of the 'ebtorB he is ob+ige'B if there are any rights or actions for
in'e#nity 6ith res7ect to that thingB to assign the# to his cre'itorH

Section 8II - Of the (ction for (nnu+#ent or -escission of (gree#ents

(rtH (<8=
(($t n 6'-0& of / *an . 1%6')
In a++ cases 6here an action for annu+#ent or rescission of an agree#ent is not +i#ite' to a
shorter ti#e by a s7ecia+ statuteB that action +asts fi$e yearsH
In case of 'uressB that ti#e runs on+y fro# the 'ay 6hen it has cease'I in case of error or
'ece7tionB fro# the 'ay 6hen they 6ere 'isco$ere'H
(s regar's transactions entere' into by a #inorB the ti#e runs on+y fro# the 'ay of #aCority or
e#anci7ationI an' as regar's transactions entere' into by a 7rotecte' a'u+tB fro# the 'ay 6hen he ha'
5no6+e'ge of the#B 6hi+e being in a situation to $a+i'+y re'o the#H It runs against the heirs of a 7erson
un'er a 'isabi+ity on+y fro# the 'ay of the 'eathB un+ess it has begun to run 7re$ious+yH

(rtH (<83
(($t n 64-12/0 of 14 8e$. 1%64)
( #ere +oss gi$es rise to rescission in fa$our of a non-e#anci7ate' #inorB 6ith res7ect to a++
5in's of agree#entsH

(rtH (<8)
( #inor is not entit+e' to rescission on the groun' of +ossB 6here it resu+ts on+y fro# a casua+ an'
unforeseen e$entH
(rtH (<8+
,( #ere 'ec+aration of #aCorityB #a'e by a #inorB is not a bar to rescissionH

(rtH (<8:
(($t n .4-6/1 of & *u!y 1%.4)
( #inor 6ho 7ractises a 7rofession is not entit+e' to rescission against un'erta5ings 6hich he
has ta5en u7on hi#se+f in the 7ractice thereofH

(rtH (<86
( #inor is not entit+e' to rescission against the ter#s containe' in his ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent
6here they 6ere #a'e 6ith the consent an' assistance of those 6hose consent is re)uire' for the $a+i'ity
of his #arriageH

(rtH (<(8,
@e is not entit+e' to rescission against the ob+igations resu+ting fro# his intentiona+ or
unintentiona+ 6rongsH
200

(rtH (<((
@e is no +onger a++o6e' to re7u'iate an un'erta5ing 6hich he ha' entere' into 'uring his
#inority 6here he has ratifie' it 6hen an a'u+tB 6hether that un'erta5ing 6as $oi' in its for#B or on+y
subCect to rescissionH

(rtH (<(-
(($t of 1' Feb. 1%/')
<here #inors or a'u+ts in guar'ianshi7 are entit+e' in those ca7acities to rescission against their
un'erta5ingsB the re7ay#ent of 6hat #ay ha$e been 7ai' 'uring the #inority or the guar'ianshi7 of
a'u+ts in conse)uence of those un'erta5ingsB #ay not be 'e#an'e'B un+ess it is 7ro$e' that 6hat has
been 7ai' has turne' to their benefitH
(rtH (<(<
('u+ts are entit+e' to rescission for +oss on+y in the cases an' subCect to the con'itions s7ecia++y
+ai' 'o6n in this "o'eH

(rtH (<(=
<here the for#a+ities re)uire' 6ith regar' to #inors or a'u+ts in guar'ianshi7 either for the
con$eyance of an i##o$ab+eB or for the 7artition of a successionB ha$e been fu+fi++e'B they sha++ beB in
re+ation to those transactionsB consi'ere' as though they ha' #a'e the# 'uring #aCority or before the
guar'ianshi7 of a'u+tsH


"@(P;2- 8I - OF ;@2 P-OOF OF O3I1(;IO*S (*0 OF P(E&2*;

(rtH (<(3
( 7erson 6ho c+ai#s the 7erfor#ance of an ob+igation #ust 7ro$e itH
-eci7roca++yB a 7erson 6ho c+ai#s to be re+ease' #ust substantiate the 7ay#ent or the fact 6hich
has 7ro'uce' the e:tinguish#ent of his ob+igationH

(rtH (<(3,(
(($t n 2000-2/0 of 1/ 3ar$h 2000)
;he ru+es re+ating to 'ocu#entary e$i'enceB ora+ e$i'enceB 7resu#7tionsB a'#issions of 7arties
an' oaths are e:7+aine' in the fo++o6ing Sections H

Se$tion I - Of 8o$umentary ;iden$e

, 1 - 1enera+ Pro$isions

(0$t n 2000-2/0 of 1/ 3ar$h 2000)

(rtH (<()
0ocu#entary e$i'enceB or e$i'ence in 6ritingB resu+ts fro# a se)uence of +ettersB charactersB
figures or of any other signs or sy#bo+s ha$ing an inte++igib+e #eaningB 6hate$er their #e'iu# an' the
6ays an' #eans of their trans#ission #ay beH

(rtH 131.-1
( 'ocu#ent in e+ectronic for# is a'#issib+e as e$i'ence in the sa#e #anner as a 7a7er-base'
'ocu#entB 7ro$i'e' that the 7erson fro# 6ho# it 7rocee's can be 'u+y i'entifie' an' that it be
estab+ishe' an' store' in con'itions ca+cu+ate' to secure its integrityH

(rtH (<(),-
<here a statute has not fi:e' other 7rinci7+esB an' fai+ing a $a+i' agree#ent to the contrary
bet6een the 7artiesB the Cu'ge sha++ regu+ate the conf+icts in #atters of 'ocu#entary e$i'ence by
'eter#ining by e$ery #eans the #ost cre'ib+e instru#entB 6hate$er its #e'iu# #ay beH

(rtH (<(),<
(n e+ectronic-base' 'ocu#ent has the sa#e 7robati$e $a+ue as a 7a7er-base' 'ocu#ent H

(rtH (<(),=
201
;he signature necessary to the e:ecution of a +ega+ transaction i'entifies the 7erson 6ho a77oses
itH It #a5es c+ear the consent of the 7arties to the ob+igations 6hich f+o6 fro# that transactionH <hen it
is a77ose' by a 7ub+ic officerB it confers authenticity to the 'ocu#entH
<here it is e+ectronicB it consists in a re+iab+e 7rocess of i'entifying 6hich safeguar's its +in5
6ith the instru#ent to 6hich it re+atesH ;he re+iabi+ity of that 7rocess sha++ be 7resu#e'B unti+ 7roof to
the contraryB 6here an e+ectronic signature is create'B the i'entity of the signatory secure' an' the
integrity of the instru#ent safeguar'e'B subCect to the con'itions +ai' 'o6n by 'ecree in Consei! dN2tat .

, 2 - Of (uthentic Instru#ents

0rt. (<(+
(n authentic instru#ent is one 6hich has been recei$e' by 7ub+ic officers e#7o6ere' to 'ra6
u7 such instru#ents at the 7+ace 6here the instru#ent 6as 6ritten an' 6ith the re)uisite for#a+itiesH
(0$t n 2000-2/0 of 1/ 3ar$h 2000) It #ay be 'ra6n u7 on an e+ectronic #e'iu# 6here it is
estab+ishe' an' store' in con'itions fi:e' by 'ecree in Consei! dN2tat .

0rt. (<(:
(n instru#ent 6hich is not authentic because of the +ac5 of 7o6er or inca7acity of the officerB or
of a 'efect in for#B has the $a+ue of a 7ri$ate instru#entB if it 6as signe' by the 7artiesH

(rtH (<(6
(n authentic instru#ent is conc+usi$e e$i'ence of the agree#ent it contains bet6een the
contracting 7arties an' their heirs or assignsH
*e$erthe+ess in case of a cri#ina+ co#7+aint for forgeryB the e:ecution of the instru#ent
a++ege'+y forge' is sus7en'e' by the in'ict#entI an' in case of a++egation of forgery #a'e inci'enta++yB
the courts #ayB accor'ing to the circu#stancesB sus7en' te#7orari+y the e:ecution of the instru#entH

(rtH (<-8
(n instru#entB either authenticB or un'er 7ri$ate signatureB is e$i'ence bet6een the 7artiesB e$en
of 6hat is e:7resse' on+y in 'ec+aratory ter#sB 7ro$i'e' the 'ec+aration has a 'irect connection 6ith the
o7erati$e 7artH 0ec+arations irre+e$ant to the o7erati$e 7art #ay on+y be use' as a co##ence#ent of
7roofH

(rtH (<-(
"ounter +etters #ay be effecti$e on+y bet6een the contracting 7artiesI they #ay not be effecti$e
against thir' 7artiesH

, 3 - Of Instru#ents un'er Pri$ate Signature

(rtH (<--',(n instru#ent un'er 7ri$ate signatureB ac5no6+e'ge' by the 7erson against 6ho# it is set u7B
or statutori+y he+' as ac5no6+e'ge'B isB bet6een those 6ho ha$e signe' it an' bet6een their heirs an'
assignsB as conc+usi$e as an authentic instru#entH

(rtH (<-<
( 7erson against 6ho# an instru#ent un'er 7ri$ate signature is set u7 is ob+ige' to for#a++y
a'#it or 'isc+ai# his han'6riting or his signatureH
@is heirs or assigns #ay confine the#se+$es to 'ec+are that they are not a6are of the han'6riting
or the signature of their 7re'ecessor in tit+eH

(rtH (<-=',In the case 6here the 7arty 'isc+ai#s his han'6riting or his signatureB an' in the case 6here
his heirs or assigns 'ec+are that they are not a6are of the#B a $erification sha++ be or'ere' in courtH

(rtH (<-3
Instru#ents un'er 7ri$ate signature 6hich contain syna++ag#atic agree#ents are $a+i' on+y
insofar as they ha$e been #a'e in as #any origina+s as there are 7arties ha$ing a 'istinct interestH
One origina+ suffices for a++ the 7ersons 6ho ha$e the sa#e interestH
2ach origina+ #ust in'icate the nu#ber of origina+s 6hich ha$e been #a'eH
*e$erthe+essB a fai+ure to #ention that the origina+s ha$e been #a'e in 'u7+icateB tri7+icateB etcHB
#ay not be set u7 by the 7arty 6ho has 7erfor#e' on his 7art the agree#ent entere' on the instru#entH

(rtH (<-)
202
(($t n '0-&2& of 12*u!y 1%'0)
;he +ega+ transaction by 6hich one 7arty a+one un'erta5es to6ar's another to 7ay hi# a su# of
#oney or to 'e+i$er hi# a fungib+e #ust be ascertaine' in an instru#ent 6hich carries the signature of
the 7erson 6ho subscribes that un'erta5ing as 6e++ as the #entionB 6ritten Tby hi#se+fU (0$t n 2000-
2/0 of 1/ 3ar$h 2000)B of the su# or of the )uantity in fu++ an' in figuresH In case of 'ifferenceB the
instru#ent un'er 7ri$ate signature is $a+i' for the su# 6ritten in fu++H

(rtH (<-+ Frepea!edG

(rtH (<-:
Instru#ents un'er 7ri$ate signature ha$e a 'ate against thir' 7arties on+y fro# the 'ay 6hen they
ha$e been registere'B fro# the 'ay of the 'eath of the one or one of those 6ho ha$e signe' the#B or fro#
the 'ate 6hen their gist is estab+ishe' in instru#ents 'ra6n u7 by 7ub+ic officersB such as #e#oran'a of
sea+ing or of in$entoryH

(rtH (<-6
;he registers of #erchants are not e$i'ence of the su77+ies therein #entione' against 7ersons
6ho are not #erchantB e:ce7t for 6hat 6i++ be state' 6ith regar' to oathsH

(rtH (<<8
;he boo5s of #erchants are e$i'ence against the#I but he 6ho 6ishes to ta5e a'$antage fro#
the# #ay not se7arate fro# the# 6hat they contain contrary to his c+ai#H

(rtH (<<(
Fa#i+y registers an' 7a7ers 'o not constitute an instru#ent of tit+e for the one 6ho 6rote the#H
;hey are e$i'ence against hi#/ 1L in a++ cases 6here they for#a++y state a 7ay#ent recei$e' I 2L 6here
they contain an e:7ress #ention that the entry has been #a'e to #a5e goo' a 'efect of the instru#ent in
fa$our of the 7erson in 6hose benefit they state an ob+igationH

(rtH (<<-
( 6riting #a'e by a cre'itor at the en'B in the #argin or on the bac5 of an instru#ent 6ho has
a+6ays re#aine' in his 7ossessionB is e$i'enceB a+though not signe' or 'ate' by hi#B 6here it ten's to
estab+ish the 'ischarge of the 'ebtorH
It sha++ be +i5e6ise 6ith a 6riting #a'e by a cre'itor on the bac5B or in the #arginB or at the en'
of the 'u7+icate of an instru#ent or of a recei7tB 7ro$i'e' that 'u7+icate is in the han's of the 'ebtorH

, 4 - Of ;a++ies

(rtH (<<<
;a++ies corres7on'ing to their sa#7+es are e$i'ence bet6een 7ersons 6ho are in the 7ractice of
thus estab+ishing the su77+ies they furnish or recei$e in retai+H

, % - Of "o7ies of Instru#ents

(rtH (<<=
<here the origina+ instru#ent is sti++ e:tantB co7ies are e$i'ence on+y of 6hat is containe' in the
instru#entB 6hose 7ro'uction #ay a+6ays be re)uire'H

(rtH (<<3
<here the origina+ instru#ent no +onger e:istsB co7ies are e$i'ence accor'ing to the fo++o6ing
'istinctions/
1L 2:ecutory or first office co7ies are e$i'ence as the origina+ is/ it sha++ be +i5e6ise 6ith the
co7ies 6hich ha$e been #a'e un'er the authority of the courtB the 7arties being 7resent or 'u+y
su##one'B or 6ith those 6hich ha$e been #a'e in the 7resence of the 7arties an' by their #utua+
consentH
2L "o7ies 6hichB 6ithout the authority of the court or 6ithout the consent of the 7arties an' since
the 'e+i$ery of the e:ecutory or first office co7iesB ha$e been #a'e fro# the origina+ of the instru#ent
by the notaire 6ho recei$e' itB or by one of his successorsB or by 7ub+ic officers 6hoB in such ca7acityB
are 'e7ositaries of the origina+sB #ayB in case or +oss of the origina+B be e$i'ence 6hen they are ancientH
;hey sha++ be 'ee#e' ancient 6here they are #ore than thirty years o+'H
203
<here they are +ess than thirty years o+'B they #ay on+y be use' as a co##ence#ent of 7roof in
6ritingH
3L <here the co7ies #a'e fro# the origina+ of an instru#ent 6ere 'one by the notaire 6ho
recei$e' itB or by one of his successorsB or by 7ub+ic officers 6hoB in such ca7acityB are 'e7ositaries of
the origina+sB they #ay be use'B ho6e$er ancient they #ay beB on+y as a co##ence#ent of 7roof in
6ritingH
4L "o7ies of co7ies #ayB accor'ing to the circu#stancesB be consi'ere' as #ere infor#ationH

(rtH (<<)
;he registration of an instru#ent on 7ub+ic registers #ay on+y be use' as a co##ence#ent of
7roof in 6ritingI an' e$en for that 7ur7ose it sha++ be necessary /
1L ;hat it be certain that a++ the origina+s of the notaireB of the year in 6hich the instru#ent
a77ears to ha$e been #a'eB are +ostB or that one 7ro$es that the +oss of the origina+ occurre' through a
7articu+ar acci'entI
2L ;hat there e:ist an or'er+y +ist of the notaireB 6hich estab+ishes that the instru#ent 6as #a'e
at the sa#e 'ateH
<hereB o6ing to the concurrence of these t6o circu#stances ora+ e$i'ence is a'#itte'B those
6ho 6ere 6itnesses to the instru#ent sha++ be hear'B if they are sti++ a+i$e H

, . - Of Instru#ents of -ecognition an' of "onfir#ation

(rtH (<<+',Instru#ents of recognition 'o not re+ie$e fro# the 7ro'uction of the origina+ instru#entB
un+ess its ter#s are s7ecia++y state' thereinH
<hat they #ay contain in a''ition to the origina+ instru#entB or 6hat is 'ifferent thereinB has no
effectH
*e$erthe+essB 6here there are se$era+ consistent recognitionsB su77orte' by 7ossessionB an' of
6hich one 'ates bac5 thirty yearsB the cre'itor #ay be re+ie$e' fro# 7ro'ucing the origina+ instru#entH

(rtH (<<:
(n instru#ent of confir#ation or ratification of an ob+igation against 6hich +egis+ation a++o6s an
action for annu+#ent or rescission is $a+i' on+y 6here are foun' therein the gist of that ob+igationB
#ention of the groun' of the action for rescissionB an' the intention to cure the 'efect u7on 6hich that
action is base'H
Fai+ing an instru#ent of confir#ation or ratificationB it is sufficient that the ob+igation be
7erfor#e' $o+untari+y after the ti#e 6hen the ob+igation #ight be $a+i'+y 7erfor#e' or ratifie'H
"onfir#ationB ratificationB or $o+untary 7erfor#ance in the for#s an' at the ti#e 'eter#ine' by
+a6B i#7+ies 6ai$er of the groun's an' e:ce7tions 6hich #ight be raise' against that instru#entB
6ithout 7reCu'ice ho6e$er to the rights of thir' 7artiesH

(rtH (<<6
( 'onor #ay not cure by any act of confir#ation the 'efects of a gift inter $i$osB $oi' as to for#/
it #ust be re#a'e in the for# 7rescribe' by +a6H

(rtH (<=8
"onfir#ation or ratificationB or $o+untary 7erfor#ance of a gift by the heirs or assigns of a 'onorB
after his 'eathB i#7+ies that they 6ai$e their right to raise either the 'efects in for# or any other
'efencesH

Se$tion II - Of Ora! ;iden$e

0rt. (<=(
(($t n '0-&2& of 12 *u!y 1%'0)
(n instru#ent before notaires or un'er 7ri$ate signature #ust be e:ecute' in a++ #atters
e:cee'ing a su# or $a+ue fi:e' by 'ecree
1
B e$en for $o+untary 'e7ositsB an' no 7roof by 6itness is
a++o6e' against or beyon' the contents of instru#entsB or as to 6hat is a++ege' to ha$e been sai' beforeB
at the ti#e ofB or after the instru#entsB a+though it is a )uestion of a +esser su# or $a+ueH
(++ of 6hich 6ithout 7reCu'ice to 6hat is 7rescribe' in the statutes re+ating to co##erceH

1
8. n '0-&// of 1& *u!y 1%'0 / % 000 F (800 O)

(rtH (<=-
(($t n '0-&2& of 12 *u!y 1%'0)
204
;he abo$e ru+e sha++ a77+y 6here an action containsB in a''ition to a c+ai# for ca7ita+B a c+ai# for
interest 6hichB a''e' to the ca7ita+B e:cee's the figure 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing (rtic+eH

(rtH (<=<
(($t n '0-&2& of 12 *u!y 1%'0)
( 7erson 6ho has brought a c+ai# e:cee'ing the figure 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 1341 #ay no
+onger be a++o6e' to 7ro'uce ora+ e$i'enceB e$en by re'ucing his origina+ c+ai#H

(rtH (<==
(($t n '0-&2& of 12 *u!y 1%'0)
Ora+ e$i'ence #ay not be a++o6e' on a c+ai# for a su# e$en +esser than that 6hich is 7ro$i'e'
for in (rtic+e 1341B 6here that su# is 'ec+are' to be the ba+ance or to for# 7art of a +arger c+ai# 6hich
is not 7ro$e' in 6ritingH

(rtH (<=3
(($t n '0-&2& of 12 *u!y 1%'0)
<hereB in the sa#e 7rocee'ingsB a 7arty asserts se$era+ c+ai#s for 6hich he has no 6ritten
instru#entB an' 6hereB Coine' togetherB they e:cee' the su# 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 1341B ora+ e$i'ence
of the# #ay not be a++o6e'B a+though the 7arty a++eges that those c+ai#s co#e fro# 'ifferent origins an'
that they 6ere for#e' at 'ifferent ti#esB un+ess those rights are 'eri$e' fro# successionB gift or
other6iseB fro# 'ifferent 7ersonsH

(rtH (<=)
(++ c+ai#sB 6hate$er their groun' #ay beB 6hich are not fu++y Custifie' in 6ritingB sha++ be
brought by the sa#e 7rocessB after 6hich the other c+ai#s of 6hich there is no 6ritten e$i'ence #ay not
be recei$e' H

(rtH (<=+
;he abo$e ru+es are subCect to e:ce7tion 6here there e:ists a co##ence#ent of 7roof in 6ritingH
Is so ca++e' any instru#ent in 6riting 6hich e#anates fro# the 7erson against 6ho# a c+ai# is
broughtB or fro# the 7erson he re7resentsB an' 6hich #a5es 7robab+e the a++ege' factH
(0$t n .&-&%6 of % *u!y 1%.&) &ay be consi'ere' by the Cu'ge as e)ui$a+ent to a
co##ence#ent of 7roof in 6riting the 'ec+arations #a'e by a 7arty at the ti#e of his 7ersona+
e:a#inationB his refusa+ to ans6er or his absence at the e:a#ination H

(rtH (<=:
(($t n '0-&2& of 12 *u!y 1%'0)
;he abo$e ru+es are a+so subCect to e:ce7tions 6here the ob+igation arises fro# a )uasi-contractB
an intentiona+ or unintentiona+ 6rongB or 6here one of the 7arties either 'i' not ha$e the #ateria+ or
#ora+ 7ossibi+ity to 7rocure a 6ritten 7roof of a +ega+ transactionB or has +ost the instru#ent 6hich
ser$e' hi# as 6ritten 7roof in conse)uence of a fortuitous e$ent or of for$e ma=eure.
;hey are a+so subCect to e:ce7tions 6here a 7arty or a 'e7ositary has not 5e7t the origina+
instru#ent an' 7resents a co7y 6hich is a re7ro'uction that is not on+y faithfu+ but a+so en'uringH Is
'ee#e' en'uring an in'e+ib+e re7ro'uction of the origina+ 6hich in$o+$es a non-re$ersib+e a+teration of
the #e'iu#H

Section III - Of Presu#7tions

0rt. (<=6
Presu#7tions are the conse)uences that a statute or the court 'ra6s fro# a 5no6n fact to an
un5no6n factH

, 1 - Of Presu#7tions 2stab+ishe' by Statute

(rtH (<38
( statutory 7resu#7tion is one 6hich is attache' by a s7ecia+ statute to certain transactions or to
certain factsI such as/
1L ;he transactions 6hich a statute 'ec+ares $oi'B as 7resu#e' #a'e in frau' of its 7ro$isionsB
fro# their nature a+oneI
2L ;he cases in 6hich a statute 'ec+ares o6nershi7 or 'ischarge to resu+t fro# certain 'eter#ine'
circu#stancesI
20%
3L ;he authority 6hich +a6 gi$es to res Cu'icataI
4L ;he force 6hich +a6 attaches to an a'#ission of a 7arty or to his oathH

(rtH (<3(
;he force of res =udi$ata ta5es 7+ace on+y 6ith res7ect to 6hat 6as the subCect #atter of a
Cu'g#entH It is necessary that the thing c+ai#e' be the sa#eI that the c+ai# be base' on the sa#e
groun'sI that the c+ai# be bet6een the sa#e 7arties an' brought by the# an' against the# in the sa#e
ca7acityH

(rtH (<3-
( statutory 7resu#7tion 'is7enses fro# any 7roof hi# in 6hose fa$our it e:istsH
*o 7roof is a++o6e' against a statutory 7resu#7tionB 6hereB on the basis of such 7resu#7tionB
the +a6 annu+s certain transactions or 'enies a right of actionB un+ess it reser$es contrary e$i'ence an'
subCect to 6hat 6i++ be sai' on Cu'icia+ oath an' a'#issionsH

, 2 - Of Presu#7tions <hich are not 2stab+ishe' by Statute

(rtH (<3<
;he 7resu#7tions 6hich are not estab+ishe' by a statute are +eft to the insight an' carefu+ness of
the Cu'gesB 6ho sha++ on+y a'#it seriousB 7recise an' concurrent 7resu#7tionsB an' in the cases on+y
6here statutes a'#it ora+ e$i'enceB un+ess a transaction is attac5e' for reason of frau' or 'ece7tionH

Se$tion IC - Of 0dmissions of a Party

0rt. (<3=
(n a'#ission 6hich is set u7 against a 7arty is either e:tra-Cu'icia+ or Cu'icia+H

(rtH (<33
(n a++egation of an e:tra-Cu'icia+ a'#ission 6hich is 7ure+y $erba+ is use+ess 6hene$er the c+ai#
is one in 6hich ora+ e$i'ence 6ou+' not be a'#issib+eH

(rtH (<3)
( Cu'icia+ a'#ission is a 'ec+aration 6hich a 7arty or his s7ecia+ agent #a5es in courtH
It is conc+usi$e e$i'ence against hi# 6ho #a'e itI
It #ay not be 'i$i'e' against hi#I
It #ay not be re$o5e'B un+ess it is 7ro$e' that it 6as the resu+t of an error of factH It #ight not be
re$o5e' un'er the 7rete:t of an error of +a6H

Se$tion C - Of Oaths

0rt. (<3+
( Cu'icia+ oath is of t6o 5in's /
1L ;he one 6hich a 7arty ten'ers to the other in or'er to #a5e the Cu'g#ent of the case 'e7en'
u7on it/ it is ca++e' de$isie I
2L ;he one 6hich is ten'ere' by the Cu'ge of his o6n #otion to one or another of the 7artiesH

, 1 - Of 0ecisi$e Oaths

(rtH (<3:
( 'ecisi$e oath #ay be ten'ere' in any 5in' of contro$ersies 6hatsoe$erH

(rtH (<36
It #ay be ten'ere' on+y as to a fact 6hich is 7ersona+ to the 7arty to 6ho# it is ten'ere'H

(rtH (<)8
It #ay be ten'ere' at a++ stages of the case an' a+though there e:ists no co##ence#ent of 7roof
in 6riting of the c+ai# or of the 'efence in re+ation to 6hich it is instigate'H

(rtH (<)(
20.
( 7erson to 6ho# an oath is ten'ere'B 6ho refuses it or 'oes not consent to ten'er it bac5 to his
o77onentB or an o77onent to 6ho# it has been ten'ere' bac5 an' 6ho refuses itB sha++ be 'efeate' in his
c+ai# or in his 'efenceH

(rtH (<)-
(n oath #ay not be ten'ere' bac5 6here the fact to 6hich it re+ates 'oes not concern both
7artiesB but is 7ure+y 7ersona+ to the one to 6ho# the oath 6as ten'ere'H

(rtH (<)<
<here an oath ten'ere' or ten'ere' bac5 has been ta5enB the o77onent is not a'#itte' to 7ro$e
the fa+sity of itH

(rtH (<)=
;he 7arty 6ho has ten'ere' or ten'ere' bac5 an oath #ay no +onger retract 6here the o77onent
has 'ec+are' that he is rea'y to ta5e the oathH

(rtH (<)3
(n oath is e$i'ence on+y for the benefit of the 7erson 6ho has ten'ere' it or against hi#B an' for
the benefit of his heirs an' assigns or against the#H
*e$erthe+ess an oath ten'ere' by one of the Coint an' se$era+ cre'itors to a 'ebtor 'ischarges the
+atter on+y for the share of that cre'itorI
(n oath ten'ere' to a 7rinci7a+ 'ebtor 'ischarges a+so the suretiesI
;he one ten'ere' to one of the Coint an' se$era+ 'ebtors benefits the co-'ebtorsI
(n' the one ten'ere' to a surety benefits the 7rinci7a+ 'ebtorH
In the +ast t6o casesB the oath of a Coint an' se$era+ co-'ebtor or of a surety benefits the other co-
'ebtors or the 7rinci7a+ 'ebtor on+y 6here it has been ten'ere' in connection 6ith the 'ebtB an' not 6ith
the circu#stance of the Coint an' se$era+ +iabi+ity or of the securityH

, 2 - Of Oaths ;en'ere' by a 4u'ge of his O6n &otion

(rtH (<))
( Cu'ge #ay ten'er an oath to one of the 7artyB in or'er either to #a5e the 'ecision of the case
'e7en' u7on itB or on+y to fi: the a#ount of the or'erH

(rtH (<)+

( Cu'ge #ay ten'er an oath of his o6n #otionB 6ith reference either to a c+ai# or to a 'efence
set u7 against itB on+y subCect to the fo++o6ing t6o con'itionsI it is necessary/
1L ;hat the c+ai# or the 'efence be not fu++y substantiate'I
2L ;hat it be not 6ho++y 'e7ri$e' of 7roofH
Outsi'e those t6o casesB the Cu'ge #ust either a'#it or 'is#iss the c+ai# outrightH

(rtH (<):
(n oath ten'ere' by the Cu'ge of his o6n #otion to one of the 7arties #ay not be ten'ere' bac5
by that 7arty to the otherH

(rtH (<)6
(n oath as to the $a+ue of a thing c+ai#e' #ay be ten'ere' by the Cu'ge to the 7+aintiff on+y
6here it is other6ise i#7ossib+e to estab+ish that $a+ueH
2$en in that caseB the Cu'ge #ust 'eter#ine the su# u7 to the a#ount of 6hich the 7+aintiff sha++
be be+ie$e' on his oathH


TITLE IV
O "NDERTA*IN&% ORMED >IT!O"T AN A&REEMENT


Art' (<+8
"ertain un'erta5ings are for#e' 6ithout the inter$ention of any agree#entB either on the 7art of
hi# 6ho bin's hi#se+fB or on the 7art of hi# to6ar's 6ho# he is boun'H
207
So#e of the# resu+t fro# the so+e authority of +egis+ationI others arise fro# an act 7ersona+ to
the one 6ho is ob+igate'H
;he for#er are the un'erta5ings for#e' in$o+untari+yB such as those bet6een neighbouring
o6nersB or those of guar'ians an' other a'#inistrators 6ho #ay not refuse the 'uties 6hich are i#7ose'
u7on the#H
>n'erta5ings arising fro# an act 7ersona+ to hi# 6ho is boun' resu+t either fro# )uasi-
contractsB or fro# intentiona+ or unintentiona+ 6rongsI they constitute the subCect-#atter of this ;it+e H

"@(P;2- I - OF A>(SI-"O*;-(";S

(rtH (<+(
Auasi-contracts are 7ure+y $o+untary acts of #anB fro# 6hich there resu+ts so#e un'erta5ing
to6ar's a thir' 7artyB an' so#eti#es a reci7roca+ un'erta5ing of both 7artiesH
(rtH (<+-
<here one $o+untari+y #anages anotherNs businessB 6hether the o6ner is a6are of the
#anage#entB or 6hether he is notB he 6ho #anages contracts a tacit un'erta5ing to continue the
#anage#ent 6hich he has e#bar5e' onB an' to co#7+ete it unti+ the o6ner is in a 7osition to +oo5 after
it hi#se+fI he #ust a+so ta5e charge of a++ the continuations of that businessH
@e is then subCect to a++ the ob+igations 6hich 6ou+' resu+t fro# an e:7ress authority 6hich the
o6ner #ight ha$e confi'e' to hi#H

(rtH (<+<
@e is boun' to continue his #anage#entB a+though the o6ner ha77ens to 'ie before the business
is achie$e' B unti+ a heir is ab+e to ta5e o$er the businessH

(rtH (<+=
@e is boun' to bring to the #anage#ent of the business a++ the care of a 7ru'ent a'#inistratorH
*e$erthe+essB the circu#stances 6hich ha$e +e' hi# to ta5e the res7onsibi+ity of the business
#ay authori=e the Cu'ge to restrain the 'a#ages 6hich 6ou+' resu+t fro# the fau+ts or neg+igent con'uct
of the #anagerH

(rtH (<+3
;he o6ner 6hose business has been 6e++ #anage' #ust fu+fi+ the un'erta5ings 6hich the
#anager has contracte' in his na#eB in'e#nify hi# for a++ the 7ersona+ un'erta5ings into 6hich he has
entere' an' rei#burse hi# for a++ the usefu+ or necessary e:7enses 6hich he has incurre'H

(rtH (<+)
@e 6ho recei$es by error or 5no6ing+y 6hat is not o6e' to hi# is boun' to #a5e restitution to
the 7erson fro# 6ho# he has un'u+y recei$e' itH

(rtH (<++
<here a 7erson 6hoB by errorB be+ie$e' hi#se+f to be the 'ebtorB 7ays a 'ebtB he has the right to
reco$ery against the cre'itorH
*e$erthe+essB that right ceases 6here the cre'itor has cance++e' his instru#ent of tit+e in
conse)uence of the 7ay#entB subCect to the re#e'y of the 7erson 6ho has 7ai' against the true 'ebtorH

(rtH (<+:
<here there has been ba' faith on the 7art of the 7erson 6ho recei$e'B he is boun' to #a5e
restitutionB of the ca7ita+ as 6e++ as of interest or fruitsB fro# the 'ay of 7ay#entH

(rtH (<+6
<here the thing un'u+y recei$e' is an i##o$ab+e or a tangib+e #o$ab+eB the 7erson 6ho has
recei$e' it bin's hi#se+f to #a5e restitution in 5in'B if it e:istsB or of its $a+ueB if it has 7erishe' or
'eteriorate' through his fau+tI he is e$en guarantor of its +oss by fortuitous e$entB if he recei$e' it in ba'
faithH

(rtH (<:8
<here the 7erson 6ho recei$e' in goo' faith has so+' the thingB he #ust #a5e restitution on+y of
the 7rocee's of the sa+eH

(rtH (<:(
208
;he 7erson to 6ho# a thing is restore' #ust accountB e$en to a 7ossessor in ba' faithB of a++ the
necessary an' usefu+ e:7enses 6hich ha$e been incurre' for the 7reser$ation of the thingH

"@(P;2- II OF I*;2*;IO*(3 (*0 >*I*;2*;IO*(3 <-O*1S
FOF "O+"SG

(rtH (<:-
(ny act 6hate$er of #anB 6hich causes 'a#age to anotherB ob+iges the one by 6hose fau+t it
occurre'B to co#7ensate itH

(rtH (<:<
2$eryone is +iab+e for the 'a#age he causes not on+y by his intentiona+ actB but a+so by his
neg+igent con'uct or by his i#7ru'enceH
(rtH (<:=
( 7erson is +iab+e not on+y for the 'a#ages he causes by his o6n actB but a+so for that 6hich is
cause' by the acts of 7ersons for 6ho# he is res7onsib+eB or by things 6hich are in his custo'yH
(0$t of . 4o. 1%22) @o6e$erB a 7erson 6ho 7ossessesB regar'+ess of the basis thereofB a++ or 7art
of a bui+'ing or of #o$ab+e 7ro7erty in 6hich a fire has originate' is not +iab+e to6ar's thir' 7arties for
'a#ages cause' by that fire un+ess it is 7ro$e' that the fire #ust be attribute' to his fau+t of to the fau+t
of 7ersons for 6ho# he is res7onsib+eH
(0$t of . 4o. 1%22) ;his 7ro$ision #ay not a77+y to the +an'+or' an' tenant re+ationshi7B 6hich
re#ains go$erne' by (rtic+es 1733 an' 1734 of the "i$i+ "o'eH
(0$t n .0-4&% of 4 *une 1%.0? ;he father an' #otherB in so far as they e:ercise T7arenta+
authorityU (0$t n 2002-/0& of 4 3ar$h 2002?( are Coint+y an' se$era++y +iab+e for the 'a#age cause' by
their #inor chi+'ren 6ho +i$e 6ith the#H
&asters an' e#7+oyersB for the 'a#age cause' by their ser$ants an' e#7+oyees in the functions
for 6hich they ha$e been e#7+oye'I
;eachers an' crafts#enB for the 'a#age cause' by their 7u7i+s an' a77rentices 'uring the ti#e
6hen they are un'er their su7er$isionH
(0$t of & 0pri! 1%/.) ;he abo$e +iabi+ity e:istsB un+ess the father an' #other or the crafts#en
7ro$e that they cou+' not 7re$ent the act 6hich gi$es rise to that +iabi+ityH
(0$t of & 0pri! 1%/.) (s to teachersB the fau+tsB i#7ru'ence or neg+igent con'ucts in$o5e' against
the# as ha$ing cause' the 'a#aging act #ust be 7ro$e' by the 7+aintiff at the tria+B in accor'ance 6ith
the genera+ +a6H

(rtH (<:3
;he o6ner of an ani#a+B or the 7erson using itB 'uring the 7erio' of usageB is +iab+e for the
'a#age the ani#a+ has cause'B 6hether the ani#a+ 6as un'er his custo'yB or 6hether it ha' straye' or
esca7e' H

(rtH (<:)
;he o6ner of a bui+'ing is +iab+e for the 'a#age cause' by its co++a7seB 6here it ha77ens as a
resu+t of +ac5 of #aintenance or of a 'efect in its construction H


TITLE IV bis
O LIA#ILITY OR DEECTIVE PROD"CT%

(0$t n %'-/'% of 1% 3ay 1%%')

(rtH (<:),(
( 7ro'ucer is +iab+e for 'a#ages cause' by a 'efect in his 7ro'uctB 6hether he 6as boun' by a
contract 6ith the inCure' 7erson or notH

Art. (<:),-
;he 7ro$isions of this ;it+e sha++ a77+y to a 'a#age resu+ting fro# an inCury to the 7erson or to a
7ro7erty other than the 'efecti$e 7ro'uctH

(rtH (<:),<
( 7ro'uct is any #o$ab+eB e$en though incor7orate' into an i##o$ab+eB inc+u'ing the 7ro'ucts
of the soi+B of stoc5-far#ingB of hunting an' fishingH 2+ectricity sha++ be 'ee#e' a 7ro'uctH
20!

(rtH (<:),=
( 7ro'uct is 'efecti$e 6ithin the #eaning of this ;it+e 6here it 'oes not 7ro$i'e the safety
6hich a 7erson is entit+e' to e:7ectH
In or'er to a77raise the safety 6hich a 7erson is entit+e' to e:7ectB regar' sha++ be ha' to a++ the
circu#stances an' in 7articu+ar to the 7resentation of the 7ro'uctB the use to 6hich one cou+' reasonab+y
e:7ect that it 6ou+' be 7utB an' the ti#e 6hen the 7ro'uct 6as 7ut into circu+ationH
( 7ro'uct sha++ not be consi'ere' 'efecti$e for the so+e reason that a better 7ro'uct is
subse)uent+y 7ut into circu+ationH

(rtH (<:),3
( 7ro'uct is 7ut into circu+ation 6hen the 7ro'ucer has $o+untari+y 7arte' 6ith itH
( 7ro'uct is 7ut into circu+ation on+y onceH
(rtH (<:),)
Is a 7ro'ucerB the #anufacturer of a finishe' 7ro'uctB the 7ro'ucer of a ra6 #ateria+B the
#anufacturer of a co#7onent 7artB 6here he acts as a 7rofessiona+H
For the i#7+e#entation of this ;it+eB sha++ be treate' in the sa#e 6ay as a 7ro'ucer any 7erson
acting as a 7rofessiona+/
1L <ho 7resents hi#se+f as the 7ro'ucer by 7utting his na#eB tra'e #ar5 or other 'istinguishing
feature on the 7ro'uctI
2L <ho i#7orts a 7ro'uct into the 2uro7ean "o##unity for sa+eB hireB 6ith or 6ithout a 7ro#ise
of sa+eB or any other for# of 'istributionH
Sha++ not be 'ee#e' 7ro'ucersB 6ithin the #eaning of this ;it+eB the 7ersons 6hose +iabi+ity #ay
be sought on the basis of (rtic+es 17!2 to 17!2-. an' 1.4.-1H

(rtH (<:),+
( se++erB a hirerB 6ith the e:ce7tion of a finance +essor or of a hirer si#i+ar to a finance +essorB or
any other 7rofessiona+ su77+ier is +iab+e for the +ac5 of safety of a 7ro'uct in the sa#e con'itions as a
7ro'ucer H
;he re#e'y of a su77+ier against a 7ro'ucer is subCect to the sa#e ru+es as a c+ai# brought by a
'irect $icti# of a 'efectH @o6e$erB he #ust ta5e action 6ithin the year fo++o6ing the 'ate of his being
su##one' H

(rtH (<:),:
In case of 'a#age cause' by a 7ro'uct incor7orate' into anotherB the 7ro'ucer of the co#7onent
7art an' the one 6ho has effecte' the incor7oration are Coint+y an' se$era++y +iab+e H

(rtH (<:),6
;he 7+aintiff is re)uire' to 7ro$e the 'a#ageB the 'efect an' the causa+ re+ationshi7 bet6een
'efect an' 'a#ageH

(rtH (<:),(8
( 7ro'ucer #ay be +iab+e for a 'efect a+though the 7ro'uct 6as #anufacture' in accor'ance 6ith
the ru+es of the tra'e or of e:isting stan'ar's or a+though it 6as the subCect of an a'#inistrati$e
authori=ationH

(rtH (<:),((
( 7ro'ucer is +iab+e as of right un+ess he 7ro$es/
1L ;hat he 'i' not 7ut the 7ro'uct into circu+ationI
2L ;hatB ha$ing regar' to the circu#stancesB it is 7robab+e that the 'efect 6hich cause' the
'a#age 'i' not e:ist at the ti#e 6hen the 7ro'uct 6as 7ut into circu+ation by hi# or that this 'efect
ca#e into being after6ar'sI
3L ;hat the 7ro'uct 6as not for the 7ur7ose of sa+e or of any other for# of 'istributionI
4L ;hat the state of scientific an' technica+ 5no6+e'geB at the ti#e 6hen he 7ut the 7ro'uct into
circu+ationB 6as not such as to enab+e the e:istence of the 'efect to be 'isco$ere'I or
%L ;hat the 'efect is 'ue to co#7+iance 6ith #an'atory 7ro$isions of statutes or regu+ationsH
;he 7ro'ucer of a co#7onent 7art is not +iab+e either 6here he 7ro$es that the 'efect is
attributab+e to the 'esign of the 7ro'uct in 6hich the co#7onent has been fitte' or to the 'irections gi$en
by the 7ro'ucer of that 7ro'uctH

(rtH (<:),(-
210
( 7ro'ucer #ay not in$o5e the e:onerating circu#stance 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 138.-11B 4LB
6here 'a#age 6as cause' by an e+e#ent of the hu#an bo'y or by 7ro'ucts thereofH
( 7ro'ucer #ay not in$o5e the e:onerating circu#stance 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 138.-11B 4L an' %LB
6hereB face' 6ith a 'efect 6hich has re$ea+e' itse+f 6ithin a 7erio' of ten years after the 7ro'uct has
been 7ut into circu+ationB he 'i' not ta5e the a77ro7riate ste7s to a$oi' its 'a#aging conse)uencesH

(rtH (<:),(<
;he +iabi+ity of a 7ro'ucer #ay be re'uce' or 'isa++o6e' 6hereB ha$ing regar' to a++ the
circu#stancesB the 'a#age is cause' both by a 'efect in the 7ro'uct an' by the fau+t of the inCure'
7erson or of a 7erson for 6ho# the inCure' 7erson is res7onsib+eH

(rtH (<:),(=
;he +iabi+ity of a 7ro'ucer to6ar's an inCure' 7erson sha++ not be re'uce' 6here the act or
o#ission of a thir' 7arty contribute' to the 7ro'uction of the 'a#ageH

(rtH (<:),(3
;he c+auses 6hich ten' to e:e#7t fro# or to +i#it the +iabi+ity for 'efecti$e 7ro'ucts are
forbi''en an' sha++ be 'ee#e' not 6rittenH
*e$erthe+essB as to 'a#ages cause' to 7ro7erty not use' by the inCure' 7arty #ain+y for his o6n
7ri$ate use or consu#7tionB the c+auses sti7u+ate' bet6een 7rofessiona+s are $a+i' H

(rtH (<:),()
2:ce7t for fau+t of the 7ro'ucerB the +iabi+ity of the +atterB base' on the 7ro$isions of this ;it+eB
sha++ be e:tinguishe' on the e:7iry of a 7erio' of ten years after the actua+ 7ro'uct 6hich cause' the
'a#age 6as 7ut into circu+ationB un+ess the inCure' 7erson has in the #eanti#e institute' 7rocee'ingsH

(rtH (<:),(+
(n action for the reco$ery of 'a#ages base' on the 7ro$isions of this ;it+e is ti#e-barre' after a
7erio' of three years fro# the 'ate on 6hich the 7+aintiff 5ne6 or ought to ha$e 5no6n the 'a#ageB the
'efect an' the i'entity of the 7ro'ucerH

(rtH (<:),(:
;he 7ro$isions of this ;it+e #ay not affect any rights 6hich an inCure' 7erson #ay ha$e
accor'ing to the ru+es of contractua+ or tort +iabi+ity or of a s7ecia+ +iabi+ity syste#H
( 7ro'ucer re#ains +iab+e for the conse)uences of his fau+t or for that of the 7ersons for 6ho#
he is res7onsib+eH

TITLE V
O ANTE,N"PTIAL A&REEMENT% AND O MATRIMONIAL RE&IME%

(0$t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)


"@(P;2- I - 12*2-(3 P-O8ISIO*S

(rtH (<:+
3egis+ation regu+ates conCuga+ associationB 6ith res7ect to 7ro7ertyB on+y in 'efau+t of s7ecia+
agree#entsB 6hich the s7ouses #ay enter into as they 'ee# 7ro7erB 7ro$i'e' they are not contrary to
7ub+ic #ora+s an' to the fo++o6ing 7ro$isionsH

(rtH (<::
S7ouses #ay 'erogate neither to the 'uties an' rights 6hich resu+t for the# fro# #arriageB nor
to the ru+es of 7arenta+ authorityB statutory a'#inistration an' guar'ianshi7H

(rtH (<:6

<ithout 7reCu'ice to gratuitous transfers 6hich #ay ta5e 7+ace accor'ing to the for#s an' in the
cases 7ro$i'e' for by this "o'eB s7ouses #ay not #a5e any agree#ent or 6ai$er 6hose obCect 6ou+' be
to change the statutory or'er of successionsH

(rtH (<68
211
;hey #ayB ho6e$erB sti7u+ate thatB at the 'isso+ution of the #arriage by the 'eath of one of the#B
the sur$i$or 6i++ ha$e the 7o6er to ac)uire orB shou+' the occasion ariseB to ha$e a++otte' to hi# or her
certain 7ersona+ 7ro7erty of the first to 'ieB on con'ition that he or she accounts for it to the successionB
accor'ing to the $a+ue 6hich they ha$e on the 'ay 6hen that 7o6er is e:ercise'H

(rtH (<6(
(n ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent sha++ 'eter#ine the 7ro7erty to 6hich the 7o6er grante' to the
sur$i$or 6i++ re+ateH It #ay fi: #etho's of a77raisa+ an' ter#s of 7ay#entB e:ce7t abate#ent in fa$our of
beneficiary heirs 6here there is an in'irect a'$antageH
;a5ing into account those c+auses an' fai+ing an agree#ent bet6een the 7artiesB the $a+ue of the
7ro7erty sha++ be fi:e' by the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e .

(rtH (<6-
;he 7o6er grante' to the sur$i$or +a7ses 6here he 'i' not e:ercise itB by notice ser$e' u7on the
heirs of the 7re'ecease'B 6ithin a 7erio' of one #onth after the 'ay 6hen the +atter ga$e hi# notice to
co#e to a 'ecisionH ;hat notice #ay not ta5e 7+ace before the e:7iry of the 7erio' 7ro$i'e' for in the
;it+e Of Su$$essions for #a5ing an in$entory an' 'e+iberating H
<here ser$e' 6ithin that 7erio'B the notice generates a sa+e on the 'ay 6hen the 7o6er is
e:ercise' orB 6here a77ro7riateB constitutes a 7rocess of 7artitionH

(rtH (<6<
S7ouses #ay 'ec+areB in a genera+ 6ayB that they inten' to #arry un'er one of the regi#es
7ro$i'e' for by this "o'eH
In the absence of s7ecia+ sti7u+ations 'erogating fro# the co##unity regi#e or #o'ifying itB the
ru+es estab+ishe' in the first Part of "ha7ter II sha++ constitute the or'inary +a6 of FranceH

(rtH (<6=
(++ #atri#onia+ agree#ents sha++ be 'ra6n u7 in an instru#ent before notaireB in the 7resence
an' 6ith the si#u+taneous consent of a++ the 7ersons 6ho are 7arties thereto or of their agentsH
(t the ti#e of the signature of the agree#entB the notaire sha++ 'e+i$er to the 7arties a certificate
on unsta#7e' 7a7er an' 6ithout costsB stating his na#e an' 7+ace of resi'enceB the na#esB first na#esB
occu7ations an' resi'ences of the future s7ousesB as 6e++ as the 'ate of the ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent H ;hat
certificate sha++ state that it #ust be +o'ge' 6ith the officer of ci$i+ status before the ce+ebration of the
#arriage H
<here the recor' of #arriage #entions that an ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent 6as not #a'eB the s7ouses
sha++ beB 6ith regar' to thir' 7artiesB 'ee#e' #arrie' un'er the regi#e of genera+ +a6B un+essB in the
transactions entere' into 6ith those thir' 7artiesB they ha$e 'ec+are' that they #a'e an ante-nu7tia+
agree#entH
(0$t n %4-126 of 11 Feb. 1%%4) In a''itionB 6here one of the s7ouses is a #erchant at the ti#e
of the #arriage or beco#es so +aterB the ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent an' its a#en'#ents sha++ be gi$en 7ub+ic
noticeB at his or her initiati$e an' on his or her o6n res7onsibi+ityB subCect to the con'itions an' un'er the
sanctions 7ro$i'e' for by the 7ro$isions of statutes an' regu+ations re+ating to the register of tra'e an'
co#7aniesH

(rtH (<63
(n ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent #ust be 'ra6n u7 before the ce+ebration of the #arriage an' #ay ta5e
effect on+y on the 'ay of that ce+ebrationH

(rtH (<6)
(#en'#ents #a'e in ante-nu7tia+ agree#ents before the ce+ebration of the #arriage #ust be
estab+ishe' by an instru#ent 'ra6n u7 in the sa#e for#sH Further#oreB no change or counter-+etter is
$a+i' 6ithout the 7resence an' the si#u+taneous consent of a++ the 7ersons 6ho 6ere 7arties to the ante-
nu7tia+ agree#entB or of their agentsH
(ny a#en'#ents or counter-+ettersB e$en 7ro$i'e' 6ith the for#s 7rescribe' by the 7rece'ing
(rtic+eB sha++ be 6ithout effect 6ith res7ect to thir' 7artiesB un+ess they 6ere 'ra6n u7 at the en' of the
origina+ of the ante-nu7tia+ agree#entI an' a notaire #ay 'e+i$er neither an e:ecutory nor an office co7y
of the ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent 6ithout transcribing the a#en'#ent or counter-+etter at the en'H
(fter the ce+ebration of the #arriageB there #ay be no a#en'#ent to the #atri#onia+ regi#e
e:ce7t by the effect of a Cu'g#entB either on the a77+ication of one of the s7ousesB in the case of
se7aration of 7ro7erty or of other Cu'icia+ 7rotecti$e #easuresB or on Coint 7etition of both s7ousesB in the
case of the fo++o6ing (rtic+eH
212

(rtH (<6+
(fter t6o years of a77+ication of a #atri#onia+ regi#eB either con$entiona+ or statutoryB the
s7ouses #ay agree in the interest of the fa#i+y to a#en' it or e$en to change it entire+yB by a notaria+
instru#entB 6hich sha++ be sub#itte' to the a77ro$a+ of the court of their 'o#ici+eH
(++ 7ersons 6ho 6ere 7arties to the #o'ifie' agree#ent sha++ be su##one' in the 7rocee'ings
in a77ro$a+I but not their heirsB if they ha$e 'ie'H
(n a77ro$e' change has effect bet6een the 7arties fro# the Cu'g#ent an'B 6ith regar' to thir'
7artiesB three #onths after #ention of it has been entere' in the #argin of both co7ies of the recor' of
#arriageH @o6e$erB e$en fai+ing that #entionB an a#en'#ent is effecti$e against thir' 7arties 6hereB in
the transactions entere' into 6ith the#B the s7ouses ha$e 'ec+are' that they ha$e a#en'e' their
#atri#onia+ regi#eI
&ention of the Cu'g#ent of a77ro$a+ sha++ be #a'e on the origina+ of the a#en'e' ante-nu7tia+
agree#ent H
;he a77+ication an' the 'ecision of a77ro$a+ sha++ be 7ub+ishe' on the ter#s an' subCect to the
7ena+ties 7ro$i'e' for in the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureI further#oreB 6here one of the s7ouses is a
#erchantB the 'ecision sha++ be 7ub+ishe' on the ter#s an' subCect to the 7ena+ties 7ro$i'e' for by the
regu+ations re+ating to the co##ercia+ registerH
<here there has been a frau' on their rightsB cre'itors #ay resort to a thir' 7arty a77+ication for
re$ocation of the Cu'g#ent of a77ro$a+ in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureH

(rtH (<6+,(
(($t n .&-61. of 11 *u!y 1%.&)',;he 7ro$isions of the 7rece'ing (rtic+e sha++ not a77+y to the
agree#ents entere' into by s7ouses in the course of 'i$orce 7rocee'ings 6ith the $ie6 of +i)ui'ating
their #atri#onia+ regi#eH
(rtic+es 14%0 an' 14%1 sha++ a77+y to those agree#entsH

(rtH (<6+,-
(($t n %.-%'. of 2' O$t. 1%%.)
<here s7ouses s7ecify the +a6 a77+icab+e to their #atri#onia+ regi#e un'er the "on$ention on
the +a6 a77+icab+e to #atri#onia+ regi#esB #a'e in ;he @ague on 14 &arch 1!78B (rtic+es 13!7-3 an'
13!7-4 sha++ a77+yH

(rtH (<6+,<
(($t n %.-%'. of 2' O$t. 1%%.)
<here the s7ecification of the a77+icab+e +a6 is #a'e before the #arriageB the future s7ouses
sha++ 7resent to the officer of ci$i+ status either the instru#ent through 6hich they ha$e o7erate' that
s7ecificationB or a certificate 'e+i$ere' by the co#7etent 7erson to estab+ish that instru#entH ( certificate
sha++ state the na#es an' first na#es of the future s7ousesB the 7+ace 6here they are +i$ingB the 'ate of
the instru#ent of s7ecificationB as 6e++ as the na#esB )ua+ifications an' resi'ence of the 7erson 6ho has
estab+ishe' itH
<here the s7ecification of the a77+icab+e +a6 is #a'e in the course of a #arriageB the s7ouses
sha++ ha$e the #easures or 7ub+ic notice re+ating to the s7ecification of the a77+icab+e +a6 #a'e subCect
to the con'itions an' for#s 7ro$i'e' for in the ne6 "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureH
On the occasion of the s7ecification of the a77+icab+e +a6B before the #arriage or in its courseB
the s7ouses #ay s7ecify the nature of the #atri#onia+ regi#e they chooseH
<here one of the s7ouses is a #erchant at the ti#e of the #arriage or beco#es so after6ar'sB the
instru#ent of s7ecification of the a77+icab+e +a6B 'ra6n u7 before the #arriage or in its course sha++ be
gi$en 7ub+ic notice on the ter#s an' subCect to the 7ena+ties 7ro$i'e' for by the 7ro$isions re+ating to
the register of co##erce an' co#7aniesH

(rtH (<6+,=
(($t n %.-%'. of 2' O$t. 1%%.)
<here the s7ecification of the a77+icab+e +a6 is #a'e in the course of a #arriageB that
s7ecification ta5es effect bet6een the 7arties fro# the estab+ish#ent of the instru#ent of s7ecification
an'B 6ith res7ect to thir' 7artiesB three #onths after the for#a+ities of 7ub+ic notice 7ro$i'e' for in
(rtic+e 13!7-3 ha$e been fu+fi++e'H
@o6e$erB e$en fai+ing fu+fi+#ent of those for#a+itiesB the s7ecification of the a77+icab+e +a6 is
effecti$e against thir' 7arties 6hereB in the transactions entere' into 6ith the#B the s7ouses ha$e
'ec+are' 6hich +a6 is a77+icab+e to their #atri#onia+ regi#eH

213
(rtH (<6+,3
(($t n %.-%'. of 2' O$t. 1%%.)
<here a change in the #atri#onia+ regi#e ta5es 7+ace in accor'ance 6ith a foreign +a6 6hich
go$erns the effects of the #arriageB the s7ouses sha++ ha$e 7ub+ic notice #a'e as 7ro$i'e' for in the ne6
"o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureH

(rtH (<6+,)
(($t n %.-%'. of 2' O$t. 1%%.)
( change of #atri#onia+ regi#e ta5es effect bet6een the 7arties fro# the Cu'g#ent or fro# the
instru#ent 6hich 7ro$i'es for it an'B 6ith res7ect to thir' 7artiesB three #onths after the for#a+ities of
notice 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 13!7-% ha$e been fu+fi++e'H
@o6e$erB e$en fai+ing fu+fi+#ent of those for#a+itiesB the change of #atri#onia+ regi#e is
effecti$e against thir' 7arties 6hereB in the transactions entere' into 6ith the#B the s7ouses ha$e
'ec+are' that they ha$e a#en'e' their #atri#onia+ regi#eH

(rtH (<6:
( #inor ha$ing ca7acity to contract #arriage has ca7acity to consent to a++ the agree#ents of
6hich that contract is susce7tib+e an' the agree#ents an' gifts he has #a'e therein are $a+i'B 7ro$i'e'
he ha'B in #a5ing the agree#entB the assistance of a++ the 7ersons 6hose consent is necessary for the
$a+i'ity of the #arriageH
<here #atri#onia+ con$entions ha$e been entere' into 6ithout that assistanceB the annu+#ent
thereof #ay be sue' for by the #inor or by the 7ersons 6hose consent 6as re)uire'B but on+y u7 to the
e:7iry of the year fo++o6ing the co#ing of ageH

(rtH (<66
(n a'u+t in guar'ianshi7 or curatorshi7 #ay not enter into #atri#onia+ con$entions un+ess
assiste'B at the contractB by those 6ho #ust consent to his #arriageH
Fai+ing that assistanceB annu+#ent of the agree#ents #ay be sought 6ithin the year of the
#arriageB either by the 7erson un'er a 'isabi+ity hi#se+fB or by those 6hose consent 6as re)uire'B or by
the guar'ian or the curatorH

"@(P;2- II D OF ;@2 -21I&2 OF "O&&>*I;E OF P-OP2-;E

P0+" I D OF "L; S"0"K"O+O CO33K4I"O OF P+OP;+"O

0rt. (=88
"o##unity of 7ro7erty 6hich is estab+ishe' fai+ing an agree#ent or by a si#7+e 'ec+aration of
being #arrie' un'er the co##unity of 7ro7erty regi#eB is subCect to the ru+es e:7+aine' in the fo++o6ing
three SectionsH

Se$tion I D Of Fhat a Community is Composed as to 0ssets and <iabi!ities

, 1 - Of the (ssets of the "o##unity

(rtH (=8(
;he assets of the co##unity co#7rise ac)uisitions #a'e by the s7ouses together or se7arate+y
'uring the #arriageB an' co#ing both fro# their 7ersona+ acti$ity an' fro# sa$ings #a'e on the fruits
an' inco#es of their 7ersona+ 7ro7ertyH

(rtH (=8-
(ny 7ro7ertyB #o$ab+e or i##o$ab+eB sha++ be 'ee#e' an ac)uisition of the co##unity 6here it
is not 7ro$e' that it is a se7arate 7ro7erty of one of the s7ouses in accor'ance 6ith a 7ro$ision of +a6H
<here a 7ro7erty is one of those 6hich 'o not 'is7+ay 7roof or #ar5 of their originB 7ersona+
o6nershi7 of a s7ouseB if 'is7ute'B sha++ be estab+ishe' in 6ritingH Fai+ing an in$entory or other
conte#7oraneous+y constitute' 7roofB the Cu'ge #ay ta5e into consi'eration a++ 6ritingsB in 7articu+ar
fa#i+y instru#ents of tit+eB registers an' 7a7ersB as 6e++ as ban5 'ocu#ents an' in$oicesH @e #ay e$en
a'#it testi#onia+ or 7resu#7ti$e e$i'enceB 6here he obser$es that it 6as #ateria++y or #ora++y
i#7ossib+e for one s7ouse to obtain a 6ritingH

(rtH (=8<
2ach s7ouse retains fu++ o6nershi7 of his or her se7arate 7ro7ertyH
214
;he co##unity is entit+e' on+y to fruits co++ecte' an' not consu#e'H ut a rei#burse#ent #ay
be 'ue to itB at the ti#e of the 'isso+ution of the co##unityB for fruits 6hich a s7ouse fai+e' to co++ect or
has frau'u+ent+y consu#e'B 6ithoutB ho6e$erB any in)uiry being a'#issib+e further than the +ast fi$e
yearsH

(rtH (=8=
"onstitute se7arate 7ro7erty by their natureB e$en 6here they ha$e been ac)uire' 'uring the
#arriageB c+othes an' be+ongings for the 7ersona+ use of one of the s7ousesB actions for co#7ensation for
bo'i+y or #ora+ har#B ina+ienab+e c+ai#s an' 7ensionsB an'B #ore genera++yB a++ 7ro7erty 6hich has a
7ersona+ character an' a++ rights e:c+usi$e+y attache' to the 7ersonH
"onstitute a+so se7arate 7ro7erty by their natureB but subCect to a rei#burse#ent if there is
occasionB i#7+e#ents necessary to the occu7ation of one of the s7ousesB un+ess they are accessory to
business assets or to an enter7rise for#ing 7art of the co##unityH

(rtH (=83
-e#ain se7arate 7ro7erty the ite#s of 7ro7erty of 6hich the s7ouses ha' o6nershi7 or
7ossession on the 'ay of the ce+ebration of the #arriageB or 6hich they ac)uireB 'uring the #arriageB
through successionB gift or +egacyH
( gratuitous transfer #ay sti7u+ate that the 7ro7erty 6hich is its subCect-#atter 6i++ be+ong to the
co##unityH Pro7erty fa++s into co##unityB un+ess other6ise sti7u+ate'B 6here a gratuitous transfer is
#a'e Coint+y to both s7ousesH
Pro7erty surren'ere' or transferre' by the fatherB #other or other ascen'ant to one of the
s7ousesB either in or'er to 'ischarge 6hat he o6es to hi# or herB or un'er the ob+igation of 7aying 'ebts
of the 'onor to outsi'ersB re#ain se7arate 7ro7ertyB subCect to rei#burse#entH

(rtH (=8)
"onstitute se7arate 7ro7ertyB subCect to rei#burse#ent if there is occasionB 7ro7erty ac)uire' as
accessory to a se7arate 7ro7erty as 6e++ as ne6 securities an' other increases connecte' 6ith securities
6hich are se7arate 7ro7ertyH
"onstitute a+so se7arate 7ro7ertyB through the effect of rea+ subrogationB c+ai#s an' in'e#nities
6hich ta5e the 7+ace of se7arate 7ro7ertyB as 6e++ as 7ro7erty ac)uire' in in$est#ent or rein$est#entB in
accor'ance 6ith (rtic+es 1434 an' 143%H

(rtH (=8+
Pro7erty ac)uire' in e:change for a 7ro7erty 6hich be+onge' se7arate+y to one of the s7ouses is
itse+f se7arate 7ro7ertyB subCect to rei#burse#ent 'ue to the co##unity or by itB 6here there is a
ba+anceH
@o6e$erB 6here the ba+ance charge' to the co##unity is greater than the $a+ue of the transferre'
7ro7ertyB the 7ro7erty ac)uire' in e:change fa++s into the co##on stoc5B subCect to rei#burse#ent for
the benefit of the transferorH

(rtH (=8:
(n ac)uisitionB #a'e by auction or other6iseB of a 7art of a 7ro7erty of 6hich one of the s7ouses
6as an un'i$i'e' o6nerB 'oes not constitute an ac)uisitionB subCect to the rei#burse#ent 'ue to the
co##unity for the su# it #ay ha$e su77+ie'H

, 2 - Of the 3iabi+ities of the "o##unity

(rtH (=86
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
;he +iabi+ities of the co##unity co#7rise/
- 'efiniti$e+yB #aintenance 'ue by the s7ouses an' 'ebts incurre' by the# for the su77ort of the
househo+' an' the e'ucation of chi+'renB un'er (rtic+e 220I
- 'efiniti$e+y or subCect to rei#burse#entB accor'ing to the circu#stancesB other 'ebts arising 'uring the
co##unityH

(rtH (=(8
0ebts 6hich the s7ouses o6e' on the 'ay of the ce+ebration of the #arriageB or 6ith 6hich the
successions an' gratuitous transfers fa++ing to the# 'uring the #arriage are bur'ene'B re#ain 7ersona+ to
the#B both as to ca7ita+ an' to arrears or interestH

21%
(rtH (=((
In the case of the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB cre'itors of either s7ouse #ay on+y enforce 7ay#ent on the
se7arate 7ro7erty Tan' the inco#eU (0$t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&) of their 'ebtorH
;hey #ay a+soB ho6e$erB sei=e 7ro7erty of the co##unity 6here the #o$ab+es 6hich be+onge'
to their 'ebtor on the 'ay of the #arriage or 6hich fe++ to hi# by succession or gratuitous transfer ha$e
been #erge' into the co##on 7atri#ony an' can no +onger be i'entifie' un'er the ru+es of (rtic+e 1402H

(rtH (=(-
-ei#burse#ent is 'ue to the co##unity 6hich has 7ai' a 7ersona+ 'ebt of a s7ouseH

(rtH (=(<

(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)',Pay#ent of 'ebts 6hich either s7ouse o6esB for 6hate$er reasonB
'uring the co##unityB #ay a+6ays be enforce' on co##unity 7ro7ertyB un+ess there 6as frau' of the
'ebtor s7ouse an' ba' faith of the cre'itorB an' subCect to rei#burse#ent 'ue to the co##unityB if there
is occasionH

(rtH (=(=
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
;he earnings an' 6ages of a s7ouse #ay be attache' by the cre'itors of his or her s7ouse on+y
6here the ob+igation 6as contracte' for the su77ort of the househo+' or the e'ucation of chi+'renB un'er
(rtic+e 220H
<here the earnings an' 6ages are 7ai' into a current or 'e7osit accountB the +atter #ay be
attache' on+y un'er the con'itions 'eter#ine' by 'ecreeH

(rtH (=(3
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
2ach s7ouse #ay ob+igate on+y his se7arate 7ro7erty an' his inco#eB by surety or +oanB un+ess
they ha$e been contracte' 6ith the e:7ress consent of the other s7ouseB 6hoB in that caseB 'oes not
ob+igate his se7arate 7ro7ertyH

(rtH (=()
( co##unity 6hich has 'ischarge' a 'ebt for 6hich it #ay ha$e been sue' un'er the 7rece'ing
(rtic+esB is ne$erthe+ess entit+e' to rei#burse#entB 6hene$er that un'erta5ing ha' been contracte' in the
7ersona+ interest of one of the s7ousesB for e:a#7+e for the ac)uisitionB 7reser$ation or i#7ro$e#ent of a
se7arate 7ro7ertyH

(rtH (=(+

( co##unity is entit+e' to rei#burse#entB 'e'uction being #a'eB if there is occasionB of the
benefit 'eri$e' for itB 6here it 7ai' fines incurre' by one s7ouse by reasons of cri#ina+ offencesB or
'a#ages an' costs for 6hich he or she ha' been he+' +iab+e in tortH
It is +i5e6ise entit+e' to rei#burse#ent 6here the 'ebt 6hich it 'ischarge' 6as contracte' by one
of the s7ouses in conte#7t of the 'uties 6hich the #arriage 7rescribe' to hi# or herH

(rtH (=(:
<here a 'ebt has beco#e a co##unity 'ebt in on+y one s7ouseNs rightB it #ay not be enforce'
on the se7arate 7ro7erty of the otherH
<here it is Coint an' se$era+B a 'ebt is 'ee#e' to beco#e a co##unity 'ebt in both s7ousesN
rightH Frepea!edG

(rtH (=(6 an5 (=-8H Frepea!edG

Se$tion II D Of the 0dministration of the Community and of the Separate Property

0rt. (=-(
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
2ach s7ouse has the 7o6er to a'#inister a+one the co##on 7ro7erty an' to 'is7ose of itB subCect
to being accountab+e for fau+ts co##itte' in his or her #anage#entH ;ransactions entere' into 6ithout
frau' by a s7ouse are enforceab+e against the otherH
21.
( s7ouse 6ho fo++o6s a se7arate 7rofessionB has a+one the 7o6er to 7erfor# acts of
a'#inistration an' 'is7osition necessary for itH
(++ of 6hich is subCect to (rtic+es 1422 to 142%H

(rtH (=--
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
One s7ouse #ay notB 6ithout the otherB 'is7ose inter $i$osB gratuitous+yB of the co##on
7ro7ertyH

(rtH (=-<
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)',( +egacy #a'e by one s7ouse #ay not e:cee' his or her share in the
co##unityH
<here a s7ouse has be)ueathe' a 7ro7erty of the co##unityB the +egatee #ay c+ai# it in 5in'
on+y ifB by the effect of 7artitionB the 7ro7erty fa++s into the share of the testatorNs heirsI if the 7ro7erty
'oes not fa++ into the share of those heirsB the +egatee is entit+e' to rei#burse#ent of the tota+ $a+ue of the
7ro7erty be)ueathe'B on the shareB in the co##unityB of the heirs of the testator s7ouse an' on the
se7arate 7ro7erty of the +atterH

(rtH (=-=
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
One s7ouse #ay notB 6ithout the otherB transfer or encu#ber 6ith rights in rem i##o$ab+esB
business assets an' enter7rises 'e7en'ing on the co##unityB or non-negotiab+e rights in a fir# an'
tangib+e #o$ab+es 6hose a+ienation re)uires 7ub+ic noticeH One s7ouse #ay notB 6ithout the otherB
co++ect the ca7ita+ co#ing fro# those o7erationsH

(rtH (=-3
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
One s7ouse #ay notB 6ithout the otherB gi$e on +ease a rura+ tene#ent or an i##o$ab+e for
co##ercia+B in'ustria+ or craft use 'e7en'ing on the co##unityH Other +eases on co##on 7ro7erty #ay
be entere' into by one s7ouse a+one an' are subCect to the ru+es 7ro$i'e' for regar'ing +eases #a'e by a
usufructuaryH

(rtH (=-)
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
<here one of the s7ouses isB in an en'uring 6ayB unab+e to e:7ress his or her 6ishB or if his or
her #anage#ent of the co##unity re$ea+s unfitness or frau'B the other s7ouse #ay re)uest in court to be
substitute' for hi# or her in the e:ercise of those 7o6ersH ;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 144% to 1447 sha++
a77+y to that re)uestH
( s7ouse thus entit+e' by court has the sa#e 7o6ers 6hich the s7ouse 6ho# he or she re7+aces
6ou+' ha$e ha'I he or she #ayB 6ith the authori=ation of the courtB enter into transactions for 6hich his
or her consent 6ou+' ha$e been re)uire' if a substitution ha' not ta5en 7+aceH
( s7ouse 'e7ri$e' of his or her 7o6ers #ayB +ater onB re)uest their restitution to the courtB by
estab+ishing that their transfer to the other s7ouse is no +onger Custifie'H

(rtH (=-+
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
<here one of the s7ouses has gone beyon' his or her 7o6ers on co##on 7ro7ertyB the other #ay
a77+y for annu+#ent of itB un+ess he has ratifie' the transactionH
(n action for annu+#ent #ay be brought by the s7ouse 'uring t6o years after the 'ay 6hen he
ha' 5no6+e'ge of the transactionB 6ithout ne$er being a'#issib+e #ore than t6o years after the
'isso+ution of the co##unityH

Art' (=-:
2ach s7ouse has the a'#inistration an' enCoy#ent of his or her se7arate 7ro7erty an' #ay
'is7ose of it free+yH

Art'(=-6'
,<here one of the s7ouses isB in an en'uring 6ayB unab+e to e:7ress his or her 6ishB or if he or she
i#7eri+s the interests of the fa#i+yB either by a++o6ing his or her se7arate 7ro7erty to 6aste a6ay or by
'issi7ating or e#be==+ing the inco#e 6ith'ra6n fro# the#B he or she #ayB on a77+ication of the other
217
s7ouseB be 'i$este' of the rights of a'#inistration an' enCoy#ent attribute' by the 7rece'ing (rtic+eH
;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 144% to 1447 sha++ a77+y to that a77+icationH
>n+ess the a77oint#ent of a Cu'icia+ a'#inistrator a77ears necessaryB the Cu'g#ent sha++ grant to
the 7+aintiff s7ouse the 7o6er to a'#inister the se7arate 7ro7erty of the 'i$este' s7ouseB as 6e++ as to
co++ect the fruits thereofB 6hich sha++ be a77ro7riate' to the #arriage e:7enses an' the e:cess use' for
the benefit of the co##unityH
Fro# the a77+icationB the 'e7ri$e' s7ouse #ay 'is7ose a+one of the bare o6nershi7 of his or her
7ro7erty on+yH
@e or she #ayB +ater onB re)uest the restitution of his or her rights to the courtB if he or she
estab+ishes that the causes 6hich ha' Custifie' the 'i$esting no +onger e:istH

(rtH (=<8 Frepea!edG

(rtH (=<(
<hereB 'uring the #arriageB one of the s7ouses grants to the other the a'#inistration of his or
her se7arate 7ro7ertyB the ru+es of agency sha++ a77+yH ;he agent s7ouse isB ho6e$erB 'is7ense' fro#
accounting for fruitsB 6here the 7o6er of attorney 'oes not e:7ress+y so re)uireH

(rtH (=<-
<here one of the s7ouses ta5es in han' the #anage#ent of the se7arate 7ro7erty of the otherB
6ith the 5no6+e'ge of the +atter but ne$erthe+ess 6ithout o77osition on his or her 7artB there is 'ee#e'
to be an i#7+ie' agencyB 6ith authority to #a5e acts of a'#inistration an' enCoy#entB but not acts of
'is7ositionH
;hat s7ouse sha++ be res7onsib+e for his or her #anage#ent to6ar's the other as 6ou+' an agentH
@o6e$erB he or she #ust account on+y for e:isting fruitsI as regar's those 6hich he or she fai+e' to
co++ect or frau'u+ent+y consu#e'B he or she #ay be sue' on+y 6ithin a +i#itation of the +ast fi$e yearsH
<here one of the s7ouses has interfere' in the #anage#ent of the se7arate 7ro7erty of the other
in conte#7t of an estab+ishe' o77ositionB he or she is +iab+e for a++ the resu+ts of his or her interference
an' accountab+e 6ithout +i#itation for a++ the fruits 6hich he or she has co++ecte'B fai+e' to co++ect or
frau'u+ent+y consu#e'H

(rtH (=<<
;he co##unity o6es rei#burse#ent to the o6ner s7ouse 6hene$er it has 'ra6n benefit fro#
se7arate 7ro7ertyH
It sha++ be soB notab+yB 6here it has co++ecte' fun's 6hich 6ere se7arate 7ro7erty or 6hich ca#e
fro# the sa+e of a se7arate 7ro7ertyB 6ithout there ha$ing been #a'e in$est#ent or re-in$est#entH
<here a contro$ersy arisesB 7roof that co##unity 're6 benefit fro# se7arate 7ro7erty #ay be
a''uce' by any #eansB inc+u'ing testi#ony an' 7resu#7tionsH

(rtH (=<=
In$est#ent or re-in$est#ent is 'ee#e' #a'e 6ith regar' to a s7ouseB 6hene$erB at the ti#e of an
ac)uisitionB it is 'ec+are' that it 6as #a'e fro# se7arate fun'sB or fro# fun's co#ing fro# the 'is7osa+
of a se7arate 7ro7ertyB an' in or'er to ta5e its 7+ace as in$est#ent or re-in$est#entH Fai+ing such
'ec+aration in the instru#entB in$est#ent or re-in$est#ent ta5es 7+ace on+y through agree#ent of the
s7ouses an' 7ro'uces effect on+y in their reci7roca+ re+ationshi7sH
Frepea!edG

(rtH (=<3
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
<here in$est#ent or re-in$est#ent is #a'e in antici7ationB the 7ro7erty ac)uire' is se7arateB
7ro$i'e' that the su#s e:7ecte' fro# the se7arate 7atri#ony be 7ai' to the co##unity 6ithin fi$e years
after the 'ate of the transactionH

(rtH (=<)
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
<here the 7rice an' e:7enses of the ac)uisition e:cee' the su# fro# 6hich in$est#ent or re-
in$est#ent 6as #a'eB the co##unity is entit+e' to rei#burse#ent for the e:cessH <hereB ho6e$erB the
share of the co##unity is greater than that of the ac)uiring s7ouseB the 7ro7erty ac)uire' fa++s into
co##unityB subCect to rei#burse#ent 'ue to the s7ouseH

(rtH (=<+
218
<hene$er a su# is ta5en fro# the co##unityB either to 'ischarge the 7ersona+ 'ebts or charges
of one of the s7ousesB such as the 7rice or 7art of the 7rice of a se7arate 7ro7erty of his or her o6nB or
the re'e#7tion of +an' ser$icesB or for the reco$eryB 7reser$ation or i#7ro$e#ent of his or her 7ersona+
7ro7ertyB an' genera++y 6hene$er one of the t6o s7ouses 'ra6s a 7ersona+ 7rofit fro# the co##unity
7ro7ertyB he or she o6es rei#burse#ent thereforH

(rtH (=<:
<here the father an' #other Coint+y #a5e a gift in fa$our of a co##on chi+' 6ithout s7ecifying
the 7ortion for 6hich they inten'e' to contribute theretoB they are 'ee#e' to ha$e contribute' each for
one ha+fB 6hether the gift 6as 7ro$i'e' or 7ro#ise' fro# co##unity 7ro7ertyB or 6hether fro# 7ersona+
7ro7erty of one of the s7ousesH
In the secon' caseB the s7ouse fro# 6hose 7ersona+ 7ro7erty the gift 6as #a'e hasB on the
7ro7erty of the otherB an action for co#7ensation for ha+f of the sai' giftB ha$ing regar' to the $a+ue of
the 7ro7erty 'onate' at the ti#e of the giftH

(rtH (=<6
( gift #a'e to a co##on chi+' fro# co##unity 7ro7erty is charge' to the co##unityH
(0$t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&) It is borne by each s7ouse for one ha+f on the 'isso+ution of the
co##unityB un+ess one of the#B in #a5ing itB e:7ress+y 'ec+are' that he or she 6ou+' ta5e charge of it
for the 6ho+e or for a share e:cee'ing one ha+fH

(rtH (==8
<arranty of the gift is 'ue fro# any 7erson 6ho #a'e itI an' interest runs as fro# the 'ay of the
#arriageB a+though there is a ter# for the 7ay#entB un+ess other6ise sti7u+ate'H

Se$tion III D Of the 8isso!ution of the Community

, 1 - Of the "auses for 0isso+ution an' of Se7aration of Pro7erty

0rt. (==(
( co##unity is 'isso+$e'/
1L y the 'eath of one of the s7ousesI
2L Ty 'ec+are' absenceU (0$t n ..-144. of 2' 8e$. 1%..)I
3L y 'i$orceI
4L y Cu'icia+ se7arationI
%L y se7aration of 7ro7ertyI
.L y change of #atri#onia+ regi#eH

(rtH (==-
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
*o continuance of a co##unity #ay ta5e 7+aceB not6ithstan'ing any agree#ent to the contraryH
2ither s7ouse #ay re)uestB if there is occasionB thatB in their #utua+ re+ationsB the effect of the
'isso+ution be carrie' bac5 to the 'ate 6hen they cease' to +i$e together an' co++aborateH ;he one u7on
6ho# the 6rongs of se7aration chief+y fa++ #ay not obtain that carrying bac5 H

(rtH (==<
<here through the 'isor'er of the affairsB #isa'#inistration or #iscon'uct of one s7ouseB it
a77ears that the u7ho+'ing of the co##unity i#7eri+s the interest of the other s7ouseB the +atter #ay sue
in court for se7aration of 7ro7ertyH
(ny $o+untary se7aration is $oi'H

(rtH (===
Se7aration of 7ro7ertyB a+though or'ere' in courtB is $oi' 6here the 7rocee'ings ten'ing to
+i)ui'ate the rights of the 7arties ha$e not be initiate' 6ithin three #onths after the Cu'g#ent has
beco#e res Cu'icata or 6here the fina+ sett+e#ent has not occurre' 6ithin the year of the o7ening of the
7rocess of +i)ui'ationH ;he 7erio' of one year #ay be e:ten'e' by the 7resi'ent of the court in the for#
of interi# re+ief 7rocee'ingsH

(rtH (==3
21!
;he a77+ication an' Cu'g#ent of se7aration of 7ro7erty sha++ be gi$en 7ub+ic notice on the ter#s
an' subCect to the 7ena+ties 7ro$i'e' for by the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureB as 6e++ as by the regu+ations
re+ating to co##erce 6here one of the s7ouses is a #erchantH
( Cu'g#ent or'ering a se7aration of 7ro7erty e:ten's bac5 as to its effect to the 'ay of the
a77+icationH
&ention of the Cu'g#ent sha++ be #a'e in the #argin of the recor' of #arriage as 6e++ as on the
origina+ of the ante-nu7tia+ agree#entH

(rtH (==)
"re'itors of a s7ouse #ay not a77+y for a se7aration of 7ro7erty in his or her rightH

(rtH (==+
<here an action for se7aration of 7ro7erty has been broughtB cre'itors #ay 'e#an' fro# the
s7ousesB by 7a7er ser$e' in the courthouseB to ha$e the a77+ication an' su77orting 'ocu#ents
co##unicate' to the#H ;hey #ay e$en inter$ene in the case for the 7reser$ation of their rightsH
<here se7aration has been or'ere' in frau' of their rightsB they #ay a77ea+ against it by 6ay of
thir' 7arty a77+ication for re$ocation of Cu'g#entB un'er the con'itions 7ro$i'e' for in the "o'e of "i$i+
Proce'ureH

(rtH (==:
;he s7ouse 6ho has obtaine' the se7aration of 7ro7erty sha++ contributeB in 7ro7ortion to his or
her #eans an' to those of the other s7ouseB both to the househo+' e:7enses an' to those re+ating to the
e'ucation of chi+'renH
@e or she sha++ bear entire+y those e:7ensesB 6here nothing is +eft to the otherH

(rtH (==6
( se7aration of 7ro7erty Cu'icia++y or'ere' has the effect of 7utting the s7ouses un'er the regi#e
of (rtic+es 1%3. an' fo++o6ingH
(0$t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&) ;he courtB 6here it 7ronounces se7arationB #ay or'er that one
of the s7ouses sha++ 7ay his or her contribution into the han's of the other s7ouseB 6ho sha++ assu#e
a+one thenceforth 6ith regar' to thir' 7arties the 7ay#ent of a++ the +iabi+ities of the #arriageH

(rtH (=38
(($t n .&-61. of 11 *u!y 1%.&)
0uring 'i$orce 7rocee'ingsB s7ouses #ay enter into any agree#ents for the +i)ui'ation an'
7artition of the co##unityH
;hose agree#ents sha++ be #a'e through a notaria+ instru#entB e:ce7t in case of Coint 7etitionH

(rtH (=3(
(($t n .&-61. of 11 *u!y 1%.&)
;he agree#ents thus entere' into are sus7en'e'B 6ith regar' to their effectsB unti+ the
7ronounce#ent of the 'i$orceI they #ay be enforce'B e$en in the re+ations bet6een s7ousesB on+y 6here
the Cu'g#ent has gaine' force of res Cu'icataH
One of the s7ouses #ay re)uest that the Cu'g#ent of 'i$orce #o'ify the agree#ent 6here the
conse)uences of 'i$orce fi:e' by that Cu'g#ent ca++ into )uestion the bases of the +i)ui'ation an'
7artitionH

(rtH (=3- to (=)) Frepea!edG

, 2 - Of 3i)ui'ation an' Partition of the "o##unity

(rtH (=)+
(fter the 'isso+ution of the co##unityB each s7ouse sha++ reta5e that of his or her 7ro7erty 6hich
'i' not fa++ into the co##unityB 6here it e:ists in 5in'B or the 7ro7erty subrogate' theretoH
;hen sha++ ta5e 7+ace the +i)ui'ation of the co##on stoc5B as to assets an' +iabi+itiesH

(rtH (=):
Sha++ be estab+ishe' in the na#e of each s7ouse an account of the rei#burse#ent 6hich the
co##unity o6es to hi# or her an' of the rei#burse#ent 6hich he or she o6es to the co##unityB in
accor'ance 6ith the ru+es 7rescribe' in the 7rece'ing SectionsH

220
(rtH (=)6
-ei#burse#ent sha++ beB in genera+B e)ua+ to the s#a++er of the t6o su#s 6hich the e:7en'itures
#a'e an' the 7rofit sti++ e:tant re7resentH
@o6e$erB it #ay not be +ess than the e:7en'iture #a'e 6here the +atter 6as necessaryH
(0$t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&) It #ay not be +ess than the 7rofit sti++ e:tant 6here the $a+ue
borro6e' 6as use' to ac)uireB 7reser$e or i#7ro$e a 7ro7erty 6hich is foun'B on the 'ay of the
+i)ui'ation of the co##unityB in the borro6er 7atri#onyH <here the 7ro7erty ac)uire'B 7reser$e' or
i#7ro$e' has been a+ienate' before the +i)ui'ationB the 7rofit sha++ be a77raise' on the 'ay of the
a+ienationI 6here a ne6 7ro7erty has been subrogate' to the a+ienate' 7ro7ertyB the 7rofit sha++ be
a77raise' 6ith regar' to that ne6 7ro7ertyH

(rtH (=+8
<hereB after the ba+ance is #a'eB the account 7resents a resi'ue in fa$our of the co##unityB the
s7ouse sha++ return the a#ount thereof to the co##on stoc5H
<here it 7resents a resi'ue in fa$our of a s7ouseB the +atter has the o7tion either to re)uire
7ay#ent or to a77ro7riate co##on 7ro7erty u7 to the a#ount 'ueH

(rtH 1471
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
(77ro7riations sha++ be enforce' first on rea'y #oneyB ne:t on the #o$ab+es an' subsi'iari+y on the
i##o$ab+es of the co##unityH ( s7ouse 6ho #a5es the a77ro7riation is entit+e' to choose the #o$ab+es
an' i##o$ab+es 6hich he or she a77ro7riatesH @e or she #ay notB ho6e$erB 7reCu'ice by that o7tion the
rights 6hich the other s7ouse #ay ha$e to re)uest the continuation of the un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty or the
7referentia+ a++ot#ent of certain ite#s of 7ro7ertyH
<here the s7ouses 6ish to a77ro7riate the sa#e 7ro7ertyB one sha++ 7rocee' by 'ra6ing +otsH

(rtH 1472
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
In case the co##unity is not a'e)uateB the a77ro7riations of each s7ouse sha++ be in 7ro7ortion
to the a#ount of the rei#burse#ent 6hich are 'ue to hi# or herH
@o6e$erB 6here the ina'e)uacy of the co##unity is i#7utab+e to the fau+t of one of the
s7ousesB the other s7ouse #ay #a5e a77ro7riation before hi# or her on the 6ho+e of co##on 7ro7ertyI
he or she #ay #a5e the# subsi'iari+y on the se7arate 7ro7erty of the +iab+e s7ouseH

(rtH 1473
-ei#burse#ent 'ue by the co##unity or to the co##unity bears interest by o7eration of +a6
fro# the 'ay of the 'isso+utionH
(0$t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&) @o6e$erB 6here a rei#burse#ent is e)ua+ to the 7rofit sti++
e:tantB interest runs fro# the 'ay of +i)ui'ationH

(rtH (=+=
(77ro7riations in co##on 7ro7erty constitute an o7eration of 7artitionH ;hey 'o not confer on the
s7ouse 6ho enforces the# any right to be 7referre' to the cre'itors of the co##unityB e:ce7t the 7riority
resu+ting fro# +ega+ #ortgageB 6here there is occasionH

(rtH (=+3
(fter a++ a77ro7riations ha$e been carrie' out on the stoc5B the e:cess sha++ be 'i$i'e' by ha+$es
bet6een the s7ousesH
<here an i##o$ab+e of the co##unity is an anne: of another i##o$ab+e be+onging se7arate+y to
one of the s7ousesB or 6here it is contiguous to that bui+'ingB the o6ner s7ouse has the 7o6er to ha$e it
a++otte' to hi# or her by 'e'uction fro# his or her share or subCect to a ba+anceB accor'ing to the $a+ue of
the 7ro7erty on the 'ay 6hen a++ot#ent is re)ueste'H

(rtH (=+)
Partition of a co##unityB as to e$erything re+ating to its for#sB continuation of un'i$i'e'
o6nershi7 an' 7referentia+ a++ot#entB auction of 7ro7ertyB effects of 7artitionB 6arranty an' ba+ances is
subCect to a++ the ru+es estab+ishe' in the ;it+e Of Su$$essions 6ith res7ect to 7artitions bet6een coheirsH
@o6e$erB as to co##unities 'isso+$e' by 'i$orceB Cu'icia+ se7aration or se7aration of 7ro7ertyB
7referentia+ a++ot#ent is ne$er as of rightB an' it #ay a+6ays be or'ere' that the 6ho+e of a ba+ance 6hich
#ay be 'ue sha++ be 7ayab+e cashH

221
(rtH (=++
;he s7ouse 6ho has 'i$erte' or concea+e' any artic+es of the co##unityB sha++ be 'e7ri$e' of his
or her share in sai' artic+esH

(rtH (=+:
(fter a 7artition is c+ose'B 6here one of the s7ouses is the 7ersona+ cre'itor of the otherB for
instance because the 7rocee's of his or her 7ro7erty ha$e been use' to 7ay a 7ersona+ 'ebt of the other
s7ouseB or for any other causeB he or she #ay enforce the c+ai# against the share of the co##unity
co#ing to the other or against the otherNs se7arate 7ro7ertyH

(rtH (=+6
;he 7ersona+ c+ai#s 6hich the s7ouses ha$e to enforce against each other 'o not gi$e rise to
a77ro7riation an' bear interest on+y fro# the 'ay of the 'e#an'H
(0$t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&) >n+ess other6ise agree' by the 7artiesB they sha++ be a77raise'
accor'ing to the ru+es of (rtic+e 14.!B 7aragra7h 3B in the cases for 6hich it 7ro$i'esI interest then runs
fro# the 'ay of the +i)ui'ationH

(rtH (=:8
1ifts 6hich one of the s7ouses #ay ha$e #a'e to the other sha++ be enforce' on+y on the share of
the 'onor in the co##unity an' on his or her se7arate 7ro7ertyH

(rtH (=:( Frepea!edG

, 3 - Ob+igation an' of "ontribution to 3iabi+ities after 0isso+ution

(rtH (=:-
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)

2ach s7ouse #ay be sue' for the 6ho+e of the 'ebts e:isting on the 'ay of 'isso+utionB 6hich ha'
entere' into the co##unity in his or her o6n rightH

(rtH (=:<
2ach s7ouse #ay be sue' on+y for ha+f of the 'ebts 6hich ha' entere' into the co##unity in the
other s7ouseNs rightH
(0$t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&) (fter 7artitionB an' sa$e the case of concea+#entB he or she is
+iab+e for the# on+y u7 to the share of the assets 6hich he or she recei$esB 7ro$i'e' there 6as an
in$entoryB an' un'er the ob+igation to account both for the contents of that in$entory an' for 6hat he or
she has recei$e' through the 7artitionB as 6e++ as for the co##on +iabi+ities a+rea'y 'ischarge'H

(rtH (=:=
;he in$entory 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing (rtic+e sha++ be #a'e in the for#s regu+ate' by the
"o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureB a'$ersari+y 6ith the other s7ouse or the +atter ha$ing been 'u+y su##one'H It
sha++ be c+ose' 6ithin nine #onths after the 'ay 6hen the co##unity 6as 'isso+$e'B e:ce7t for e:tension
of ti#e grante' by an interi# re+ief Cu'geH It sha++ be asserte' genuine an' true before the 7ub+ic officer
6ho recei$e' itH

(rtH (=:3
2ach s7ouse sha++ contribute by ha+$es to the co##unity 'ebts for 6hich a rei#burse#ent 6as
not 'ueB as 6e++ as to the costs of sea+ingB in$entoryB sa+e of #o$ab+esB +i)ui'ationB auction an' 7artitionH
@e or she bears a+one the 'ebts 6hich ha' beco#e co##on on+y subCect to rei#burse#ent
chargeab+e to hi# or herH

(rtH (=:)
;he s7ouse 6ho #ay ta5e a'$antage of the benefit of (rtic+e 1483B 7aragra7h 2B 'oes not
contribute for #ore than the share of the assets 6hich he or she recei$es to the 'ebts 6hich ha' entere'
into the co##unity in the other s7ouseNs rightB un+ess it is a )uestion of 'ebts for 6hich he or she o6e'
rei#burse#entH

(rtH (=:+
;he s7ouse 6ho 7ai' abo$e the 7ortion for 6hich he or she 6as +iab+e un'er the 7rece'ing
(rtic+es has a re#e'y for the e:cess against the otherH
222

(rtH (=::
@e or she has notB for that e:cessB any reco$ery against the cre'itorB un+ess the recei7t states that
he or she inten's to 7ay on+y 6ithin the +i#it of his or her ob+igationH

(rtH (=:6
;he s7ouse 6hoB by the effect of a #ortgage enforce' on an i##o$ab+e 6hich he recei$e' in
7artitionB is sue' for the 6ho+e of a co##unity 'ebt has as of right a re#e'y against the other for ha+f of
that 'ebtH

(rtH (=68
;he 7ro$isions of the 7rece'ing (rtic+es are not a bar to a c+ause of the 7artition 6hichB 6ithout
7reCu'icing the rights of thir' 7artiesB ob+iges either s7ouse to 7ay a 7ortion of the 'ebts other than that
6hich is fi:e' abo$eB or e$en to 'ischarge the +iabi+ities in fu++H

(rtH (=6('
,;he heirs of the s7ouses e:erciseB in case of 'isso+ution of the co##unityB the sa#e rights as the s7ouse
6ho# they re7resent an' are subCect to the sa#e ob+igationsH Frepea!edG

Art' (=6- to (=6) Frepea!edG

P0+" II D OF CO4C;4"IO40< CO33K4I"O

0rt. (=6+
S7ouses #ayB in their ante-nu7tia+ agree#entB #o'ify statutory co##unity by any 5in's of
agree#ent not contrary to (rtic+e 1387B 1388 an' 138!H
;hey #ayB es7ecia++yB agree/
1L ;hat the co##unity sha++ inc+u'e #o$ab+es an' ac)uisitionsI
2L ;hat it 6i++ be 'erogate' to the ru+es re+ating to a'#inistrationI
3L ;hat one of the s7ouse 6i++ ha$e the 7o6er to a77ro7riate certain 7ro7erty on con'ition of an
in'e#nityI
4L ;hat one of the s7ouses 6i++ ha$e an a77ro7riation c+auseI
%L ;hat the s7ouses 6i++ ha$e une)ua+ sharesI
.L ;hat there 6i++ be a uni$ersa+ co##unity bet6een the#H
;he ru+es on statutory co##unity sha++ re#ain a77+icab+e on a++ )uestions 6hich ha$e not been
the subCect of the agree#ent of the 7artiesH

Se$tion I D Of the Community of 3oab!es and 0$,uisitions

0rt. (=6:
<here s7ouses agree that there 6i++ be bet6een the# a co##unity of #o$ab+es an' ac)uisitionsB
the co##on assets co#7riseB in a''ition to 7ro7erty 6hich 6ou+' for# 7art of it un'er the regi#e of
statutory co##unityB the #o$ab+e 7ro7erty of 6hich the s7ouses ha' o6nershi7 or 7ossession on the 'ay
of the #arriage or 6hich has fa++en to the# after6ar's through succession or gratuitous transferB un+ess
the 'onor or testator has sti7u+ate' the contraryH
-e#ains se7arate 7ro7ertyB ne$erthe+essB that of the #o$ab+e 7ro7erty 6hich 6ou+' ha$e for#e'
se7arate 7ro7erty by its nature by $irtue of (rtic+e 1404B un'er the statutory regi#eB if it ha' been
ac)uire' 'uring the co##unityH
<here one of the s7ouses ac)uires an i##o$ab+e after the ante-nu7tia+ agree#entB 6hich
containe' a sti7u+ation of co##unity of #o$ab+es an' ac)uisitionsB an' before the ce+ebration of the
#arriageB the i##o$ab+e ac)uire' 'uring that inter$a+ enters the co##unityB un+ess the ac)uisition 6as
#a'e in 7erfor#ance of so#e c+ause of the ante-nu7tia+ agree#entB in 6hich case it is regu+ate'
accor'ing to the agree#entH

(rtH (=66
For# 7art of the +iabi+ities of the co##unityB un'er that regi#eB other than the 'ebts 6hich
6ou+' for# 7art of it un'er the statutory regi#eB a fraction of those 6ith 6hich the s7ouses 6ere a+rea'y
bur'ene' 6hen they #arrie'B or 6ith 6hich successions an' gratuitous transfer 6hich fa++ to the#
'uring the #arriage are bur'ene'H
;he fraction of +iabi+ities 6hich the co##unity bears is 7ro7ortionate to the fraction of assets
6hich it recei$esB accor'ing to the ru+es of the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB either fro# the 7atri#ony of the s7ouse
223
on the 'ay of the #arriageB or fro# the 6ho+e of 7ro7erty 6hich is the subCect of the succession or
gratuitous transferH
In or'er to estab+ish that 7ro7ortionB the consistency an' $a+ue of the assets sha++ be 7ro$e' in
accor'ance 6ith (rtic+e 1402H

(rtH (388
;he 'ebts to 6hich the co##unity is +iab+eB as a counter7art of the 7ro7erty it recei$esB are its
fina+ res7onsibi+ityH

(rtH (38(
;he a77ortion#ent of +iabi+ities 7rior to the #arriage or bur'ening successions an' gratuitous
transfers #ay not 7reCu'ice the cre'itorsH ;hey 5ee7B in a++ casesB the right to sei=e 7ro7erty 6hich
7re$ious+y constitute' their securityH ;hey #ay e$en enforce their 7ay#ent against the 6ho+e of the
co##unityB 6here the #o$ab+e 7ro7erty of their 'ebtor has been #erge' into the co##on 7atri#ony
an' #ay no +onger be i'entifie' un'er the ru+es of (rtic+e 1402H

(rtH (38- Frepea!edG

Se$tion II D Of the C!ause of *oint 0dministration

0rt. (38<
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
S7ouses #ay agree that they 6i++ a'#inister Coint+y the co##unityH
In that caseB the acts of a'#inistration an' of 'is7osition of co##unity 7ro7erty sha++ be #a'e
un'er the Coint signature of both s7ousesB an' they in$o+$e as of right Coint an' se$era+ +iabi+ity of the
s7ousesH
(cts of 7reser$ation #ay be 'one se7arate+y by each s7ouseH

(rtH (38= to (3(8 Frepea!ed by imp!i$ationG

Se$tion III D Of the C!ause of 0ppropriation on Condition of Indemnity

(rtH (3((
S7ouses #ay sti7u+ate that the sur$i$or or one of the# if he or she sur$i$esB or e$en one of the#
in a++ the cases of 'isso+ution of the co##unityB 6i++ ha$e the 7o6er to a77ro7riate certain co##on
7ro7ertyB 6ith the res7onsibi+ity of accounting for it to the co##unity accor'ing to the $a+ue it has on
the 'ay of 7artitionB un+ess other6ise agree'H

(rtH (3(-
(n ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent #ay fi: the bases of a77raisa+ an' the ter#s of 7ay#ent of a 7ossib+e
ba+anceH @a$ing regar' to those c+auses an' fai+ing an agree#ent bet6een the 7artiesB the $a+ue of that
7ro7erty sha++ be fi:e' by the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e.

0rt. (3(<
( 7o6er of a77ro7riation +a7ses 6here the benefiting s7ouse 'oes not e:ercise it by notice
ser$e' u7on the other s7ouse or his or her heirs 6ithin a 7erio' of one #onth after the 'ay 6hen the
+atter ha$e ser$e' u7on hi# or her notice to co#e to a 'ecisionH ;hat notice #ay not itse+f be ser$e'
before the e:7iry of the 7erio' 7ro$i'e' for in the ;it+e Of Su$$essions for #a5ing an in$entory an'
'e+iberatingH

(rtH (3(=
(77ro7riation is an o7eration of 7artition/ 7ro7erty a77ro7riate' is 'e'uce' fro# the share of the
benefiting s7ouseI 6here its $a+ue e:cee's that shareB there is occasion for 7ay#ent of a ba+anceH
S7ouses #ay agree that the in'e#nity o6e' by the #a5er of an a77ro7riation 6i++ be 'e'uce'
subsi'iari+y fro# his or her rights in the succession of the 7re'ecease' s7ouseH

Se$tion IC D Of the 0ppropriation C!ause

0rt. (3(3
224
It #ay be agree' in an ante-nu7tia+ agree#entB that the sur$i$or of the s7ousesB or one of the# if
he or she sur$i$esB 6i++ be authori=e' to a77ro7riate fro# the co##on stoc5B before any 7artitionB either
a s7ecifie' su#B or a s7ecifie' 7ro7erty in 5in'B or a s7ecifie' )uantity of a 'eter#ine' 5in' of 7ro7ertyH

(rtH (3()
(77ro7riation is not consi'ere' as a giftB either as to substanceB or as to for#B but as a agree#ent
re+ating to #arriage an' bet6een 7artnersH

(rtH (3(+ Frepea!edG

(rtH (3(:
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
<here co##unity is 'isso+$e' in the +ifeti#e of the s7ousesB there is no occasion for the #a5ing
of an a77ro7riationI but the s7ouseB to 6hose benefit it 6as sti7u+ate'B 5ee7s his or her right for the case
of sur$i$a+B un+ess #atri#onia+ a'$antages ha$e been +ost as of right or re$o5e' fo++o6ing a 'i$orce or
Cu'icia+ se7aration or'erB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the a77+ication of (rtic+e 2.8H @e or she #ay re)uire surety
fro# the other s7ouse in 6arranty of those rightsH

(rtH (3(6
"re'itors of the co##unity are a+6ays entit+e' to ha$e the artic+es a77ro7riate' so+'B subCect to
the re#e'y of the s7ouse against the re#ain'er of the co##unityH

Se$tion C D Of the Stipu!ation of Kne,ua! Shares

0rt. (3-8
S7ouses #ay 'erogate fro# the 7artition estab+ishe' by +a6H

(rtH (3-(
<here it has been sti7u+ate' that a s7ouse an' his or her heirs 6i++ ha$e on+y a certain share in the
co##unityB such as a thir' or a fourthB the s7ouse thus +i#ite' or his or her heirs are +iab+e for the 'ebts
of the co##unity on+y in 7ro7ortion to the share 6hich they ta5e fro# the assetsH
;he agree#ent is $oi' 6here it co#7e+s the s7ouse thus +i#ite' or his or her heirs to bear a +arger
7artB or 6here it e:e#7ts the# fro# bearing a share of the 'ebts e)ua+ to that 6hich they ta5e fro# the
assetsH

(rtH (3-- an5 (3-< Frepea!edG

(rtH (3-=
(++ot#ent of the entire co##unity #ay be agree' on+y for the case of sur$i$a+B either for the
benefit of a s7ecifie' s7ouseB or for the benefit of 6hoe$er sur$i$esH ;he s7ouse 6ho thus retains the
6ho+e of the co##unity is ob+ige' to 7ay a++ its 'ebtsH
It #ay a+so be agree'B for the case of sur$i$a+B that one of the s7ouses 6i++ ha$eB in a''ition to his
or her ha+fB the usufruct of the 7re'ecease'Ns shareH In that caseB he or she sha++ contribute to the 'ebtsB as
to the usufructB accor'ing to the ru+es of (rtic+e .12H
;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 1%18 sha++ a77+y to those c+auses 6hen the co##unity is 'isso+$e' in
the +ifeti#e of the t6o s7ousesH

(rtH (3-3
( sti7u+ation of une)ua+ shares an' a c+ause of fu++ a++ot#ent are not 'ee#e' a giftB neither as to
substance nor as to for#B but si#7+y agree#ents re+ating to #arriage an' bet6een 7artnersH
>n+ess other6ise sti7u+ate'B they #ay not 7re$ent the heirs of the 7re'ecease' s7ouse to ta5e bac5
the contributions an' ca7ita+ ha$ing fa++en into the co##unity in the right of their 7re'ecessor in tit+eH

Se$tion CI D Of Kniersa! Community

0rt. (3-)
S7ouses #ay by their ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent estab+ish a uni$ersa+ co##unity of their 7ro7ertyB
#o$ab+e an' i##o$ab+eB 7resent an' futureH @o6e$erB un+ess other6ise sti7u+ate'B 7ro7erty 6hich
(rtic+e 1404 'ec+ares se7arate by its nature 'oes no fa++ into that co##unityH
( uni$ersa+ co##unity bears 'efiniti$e+y a++ the 'ebts of the s7ousesB 7resent an' futureH

22%

P+OCISIO4S CO33O4 "O "L; "FO P0+"S OF CL0P";+ II

(rtH 1%27
;he a'$antages 6hich either s7ouse #ay 'ra6 fro# the c+auses of a con$entiona+ co##unityB as
6e++ as those 6hich #ay resu+t fro# a #ing+ing of #o$ab+es or of 'ebtsB are not 'ee#e' giftsH
(0$t n 2001-11/& of / 8e$. 2001) @o6e$erB in the case 6here there are chi+'ren 6ho are not born
of the t6o s7ousesB any agree#ent ha$ing the conse)uence of 'onating to one of the s7ouses beyon' the
7ortion regu+ate' by (rtic+e 10!4-1B in the ;it+e Of Bifts Inter Cios and of Fi!!s is ineffecti$e as to the
6ho+e e:cessI but #ere gains resu+ting fro# co##on business an' fro# sa$ings #a'e out of the
res7ecti$e a+though une)ua+ inco#es of both s7ouses are not consi'ere' as an a'$antage #a'e to the
7reCu'ice of the chi+'ren of another be'H
(rtH (3-: to (3<3 Frepea!edG


"@(P;2- III - OF ;@2 -21I&2 OF S2P(-(;2 P-OP2-;E

(rtH (3<)
<here s7ouses ha$e sti7u+ate' in their ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent that their 7ro7erty 6i++ be se7arateB
each of the# 5ee7s the a'#inistrationB enCoy#ent an' free 'is7osa+ of his or her 7ersona+ 7ro7ertyH
2ach re#ains a+one +iab+e for the 'ebts arising in his or her se+fB before or 'uring #arriageB e:ce7t
in the case of (rtic+e 220H

(rtH (3<+
;he s7ouses sha++ contribute to the e:7enses of the #arriage in accor'ance 6ith the ter#s of their
agree#entI an' 6here none e:ists in this regar'B in the 7ro7ortion 'eter#ine' by (rtic+e 214H

(rtH (3<:
<ith res7ect both to the other s7ouse an' to thir' 7artiesB a s7ouse #ay 7ro$e by any #eans that
he or she has the e:c+usi$e o6nershi7 of a 7ro7ertyH
;he 7resu#7tions of o6nershi7 estab+ishe' in the ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent are effecti$e 6ith
res7ect to thir' 7artiesB as 6e++ as in the re+ations bet6een s7ousesB un+ess other6ise agree'H "ounter
7roof is as of rightB an' #ay be #a'e by any #eans a77ro7riate to estab+ish that the 7ro7erty 'oes not
be+ong to the s7ouse 'esignate' by the 7resu#7tionB or e$enB 6here it be+ongs to hi# or herB that it 6as
ac)uire' through a gratuitous transfer fro# the other s7ouseH
Pro7erty on 6hich neither s7ouse #ay estab+ish an e:c+usi$e o6nershi7 is 'ee#e' to be+ong to
the# in un'i$i'e' o6nershi7B to each by ha+fH

(rtH (3<6
<hereB 'uring the #arriageB one of the s7ouses entrusts to the other the a'#inistration of his
7ersona+ 7ro7ertyB the ru+es of agency sha++ a77+yH ;he agent s7ouse is ho6e$er e:e#7te' fro#
accounting for the fruitsB if the 7o6er of attorney 'oes not e:7ress+y ob+ige hi# or her to 'o soH

(rtH (3=8',<here one of the s7ouses ta5es the #anage#ent of the otherNs business in han'B 6ith the
5no6+e'ge of the +atter an' ne$erthe+ess 6ithout o77osition on his or her 7artB she or he is 'ee#e' to
ha$e an i#7+ie' agencyB 6ith authority to #a5e acts of a'#inistration an' enCoy#entB but not acts of
'is7ositionH
;hat s7ouse is res7onsib+e for his or her #anage#ent to the other as an agentH @o6e$erB he or she
is accountab+e on+y for the e:isting fruitsI as regar's those 6hich he has fai+e' to co++ect or frau'u+ent+y
consu#e'B he #ay be sue' on+y 6ithin the +i#it of the +ast fi$e yearsH
<here one of the s7ouses has interfere' in the #anage#ent of the otherNs 7ro7erty in conte#7t of
an estab+ishe' o77ositionB he or she is res7onsib+e for a++ the conse)uences of that interferenceB an'
accountab+e 6ithout +i#itation for a++ the fruits 6hich he or she has co++ecte'B fai+e' to co++ect or
frau'u+ent+y consu#e'H

(rtH (3=(
One of the s7ouses is not the 6arrantor of a fai+ure to in$est or rein$est the otherNs 7ro7ertyB
un+ess he or she has interfere' in o7erations of a+ienation or co++ection or un+ess it is 7ro$e' that the fun's
6ere recei$e' by hi# or herB or he or she has 7rofite' by the#H

(rtH (3=-
22.
(($t n .&-61. of 11 *u!y 1%.&)
(fter 'isso+ution of a #arriage by the 'eath of one of the s7ousesB the 7artition of the un'i$i'e'
7ro7erty bet6een s7ouses 6ith se7arate 7ro7ertyB as to a++ that re+ates to its for#sB #aintenance of
un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 an' 7referentia+ a++ot#entB auction of 7ro7ertyB effects of 7artitionB 6arranty an'
ba+ancesB is subCect to a++ the ru+es 6hich are estab+ishe' in the ;it+e Of Su$$essions for 7artitions bet6een
co-heirsH
;he sa#e ru+es sha++ a77+y after 'i$orce or Cu'icia+ se7arationH @o6e$erB 7referentia+ a++ot#ent
sha++ ne$er be as of rightH It #ay a+6ays be 'eci'e' that the 6ho+e of a ba+ance 6hich #ay be o6e' sha++
be 7ayab+e cashH

(rtH (3=<
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
;he ru+es of (rtic+e 147! sha++ a77+y to the c+ai#s 6hich one s7ouse #ay ha$e to enforce against
the otherH

(rtH (3== to (3): Frepea!edG

"@(P;2- I8 D OF ;@2 -21I&2 OF P(-;I"IP(;IO* I* ("A>ISI;IO*S

(rtH (3)6
<here the s7ouses ha$e 'ec+are' that they #arrie' un'er the regi#e of 7artici7ation in
ac)uisitionsB each of the# 5ee7s the a'#inistrationB enCoy#ent an' free 'is7osa+ of his or her 7ersona+
7ro7ertyB 6ithout 'istinguishing bet6een that 6hich be+onge' to hi# or her on the 'ay of the #arriage or
6hich has co#e to hi# or her after by succession or gratuitous transfer an' that 6hich he or she has
ac)uire' for $a+ue 'uring the #arriageH 0uring the #arriageB that regi#e o7erates as if the s7ouses 6ere
#arrie' un'er the regi#e of se7aration of 7ro7ertyH (t the 'isso+ution of the regi#eB each s7ouse is
entit+e' to 7artici7ate by ha+$es in $a+ue in the net ac)uisitions foun' in the 7atri#ony of the otherB an'
esti#ate' o6ing to the 'oub+e a77raisa+ of the origina+ 7atri#ony an' of the fina+ 7atri#onyH
;he right to 7artici7ate in the ac)uisitions #ay not be assigne' as +ong as the #atri#onia+ regi#e
is not 'isso+$e'H <here 'isso+ution occurs through the 'eath of one s7ouseB his or her heirs ha$eB on the
net ac)uisitions #a'e by the otherB the sa#e rights as their 7re'ecessor in tit+eH

(rtH (3+8
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
(n origina+ 7atri#ony inc+u'es the 7ro7erty 6hich be+onge' to the s7ouse on the 'ay of the
#arriage an' those 6hich he or she has ac)uire' after6ar's by succession or gratuitous transferB as 6e++
as a++ 7ro7erty 6hichB in the regi#e of co##unityB constitutes se7arate 7ro7erty by its nature 6ithout
gi$ing rise to rei#burse#entH (ccount sha++ not be ta5en of the fruits of that 7ro7erty nor of the 7arts of
that 7ro7erty 6hich 6ou+' ha$e been in the nature of fruit or of 6hich the s7ouse has 'is7ose' through
gift inter $i$os 'uring the #arriageH
;he co#7osition of the origina+ 7atri#ony sha++ be 7ro$e' by a 'escri7ti$e state#entB e$en un'er
7ri$ate signatureB estab+ishe' in the 7resence of the other s7ouse an' signe' by hi# or herH
Fai+ing a 'escri7ti$e state#entB or 6here it is inco#7+eteB 7roof of the co#7osition of the origina+
7atri#ony #ay be a''uce' on+y through the #eans of (rtic+e 1402H

(rtH (3+(
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
Origina+ 7ro7erty sha++ be a77raise' accor'ing to its con'ition on the 'ay of the #arriage or of the
ac)uisition an' accor'ing to its $a+ue on the 'ay 6hen the #atri#onia+ regi#e is +i)ui'ate'H <here it has
been a+ienate'B one sha++ retain its $a+ue on the 'ay of the a+ienationH <here ne6 7ro7erty has been
subrogate' to 7ro7erty a+ienate'B one sha++ ta5e into consi'eration the $a+ue of that ne6 7ro7ertyH
Fro# the origina+ assets sha++ be 'e'ucte' the 'ebts 6ith 6hich they 6ere bur'ene'B re-e$a+uate'B
if there is occasionB accor'ing to the ru+es of (rtic+e 14.!B 7aragra7h 3H <here the +iabi+ities e:cee' the
assetsB that e:cess sha++ be fictitious+y unite' to the fina+ 7atri#onyH

(rtH (3+-
For# 7art of the fina+ 7atri#ony a++ the 7ro7erty 6hich be+ongs to a s7ouse on the 'ay 6hen the
#atri#onia+ regi#e is 'isso+$e'B inc+u'ingB 6here a77ro7riateB that of 6hich he or she #ay ha$e
'is7ose' of #ortis causa an' 6ithout e:c+u'ing the su#s of 6hich he or she #ay be cre'itor against the
other s7ouseH <here there is a 'i$orceB Cu'icia+ se7aration or antici7ate' +i)ui'ation of the ac)uisitionsB
the #atri#onia+ regi#e is 'ee#e' 'isso+$e' on the 'ay of the a77+icationH
227
;he co#7osition of the fina+ 7atri#ony sha++ be 7ro$e' by a 'escri7ti$e state#entB e$en un'er
7ri$ate signatureB 6hich a s7ouse or his or her heirs #ust estab+ish in the 7resence of the other s7ouse or
of his or her heirsB or they ha$ing been 'u+y su##one'H ;hat state#ent sha++ be 'ra6n u7 6ithin nine
#onths after the 'isso+ution of the #atri#onia+ regi#eB e:ce7t for e:tension of ti#e grante' by the
7resi'ent of the court in the for# of interi# re+ief 7rocee'ingsH
Proof that the fina+ 7atri#ony 6ou+' ha$e inc+u'e' other 7ro7erty #ay be a''uce' by any #eansB
e$en by testi#ony an' 7resu#7tionsH
2ach s7ouse #ayB as to the 7ro7erty of the otherB re)uire the fi:ing of sea+s an' an in$entory in
accor'ance 6ith the ru+es 7ro$i'e' for in the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureH

(rtH (3+<
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
;o the e:isting 7ro7erty sha++ be fictitious+y Coine' the 7ro7erty 6hich is not inc+u'e' in the origina+
7atri#ony an' of 6hich a s7ouse has 'is7ose' by gift inter $i$os 6ithout the consent of the other s7ouseB
as 6e++ as that 6hich he or she has frau'u+ent+y a+ienate'H (n a+ienation on
con'ition of a +ife annuity or non-re7ayab+e sha++ be 7resu#e' to ha$e been #a'e in frau' of the s7ouseNs
rightsB un+ess the +atter agree'H

(rtH (3+=
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
2:isting 7ro7erty sha++ be a77raise' accor'ing to its con'ition at the ti#e of the 'isso+ution of the
#atri#onia+ regi#e an' to its $a+ue on the 'ay of the +i)ui'ation of the +atterH Pro7erty a+ienate' by gifts
inter $i$osB or in frau' of the rights of the other s7ouse sha++ be a77raise' accor'ing to its con'ition on the
'ay of the a+ienation an' to the $a+ue 6hich it 6ou+' ha$e ha'B if it ha' been 5e7tB on the 'ay of the
+i)ui'ationH
Fro# the assets thus re7+enishe' sha++ be 'e'ucte' a++ the 'ebts 6hich are not yet 'ischarge'B
inc+u'ing the su#s 6hich #ay be o6e' to the other s7ouseH
;he $a+ueB on the 'ay of a+ienationB of the i#7ro$e#ents brought about 'uring the #arriage in an
origina+ 7ro7erty 'onate' by one s7ouse 6ithout the consent of the other before the 'isso+ution of the
#atri#onia+ regi#e sha++ be a''e' to the fina+ 7atri#onyH

(rtH (3+3
<here the fina+ 7atri#ony of a s7ouse is +ess than his or her origina+ 7atri#onyB the 'eficit is
borne entire+y by that s7ouseH <here it is greaterB the increase constitutes the net ac)uisitions an' gi$es
rise to 7artici7ationH
<here there are net ac)uisitions on both si'esB they sha++ first be set offH On+y the e:cess sha++ be
7artitione'/ the s7ouse 6hose gain is the +esser is cre'itor 6ith regar' to the other s7ouse for ha+f of that
e:cessH
;o a c+ai# for 7artici7ationB one sha++ a''B in or'er to 7ut the# un'er the sa#e sett+e#entB the
su#s of 6hich a s7ouse #ay in other res7ects be cre'itor to6ar's the otherB for $a+ues 7ro$i'e' 'uring
the #arriage an' other in'e#nitiesB 'e'uction being #a'eB 6here necessaryB of 6hat that s7ouse #ay be
'ebtor to6ar's the otherH

(rtH (3+)
( c+ai# for 7artici7ation gi$es rise to 7ay#ent in #oneyH <here a 'ebtor s7ouse #eets serious
'ifficu+ties in #a5ing it entire+y as soon as the +i)ui'ation is c+ose'B the Cu'ges #ay grant hi# or her a
ti#e 6hich #ay not e:cee' fi$e yearsB subCect to the con'ition of gi$ing security an' 7aying interestH
( c+ai# for 7artici7ation #ay ho6e$er gi$e rise to a sett+e#ent in 5in'B either by consent of both
s7ousesB or un'er an or'er of the Cu'ge 6here the 'ebtor s7ouse 7ro$es serious 'ifficu+ties 6hich 7re$ent
hi# or her fro# 'ischarging it in #oneyH
;he sett+e#ent in 5in' 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing 7aragra7h is consi'ere' as an o7eration of
7artition 6here the 7ro7erty a++otte' 6as not inc+u'e' in the origina+ 7atri#ony or 6here the a++ottee
s7ouse shares in the succession of the otherH
;he +i)ui'ation is not effecti$e against cre'itors of the s7ouses/ they retain the right to sei=e
7ro7erty a++otte' to the s7ouse of their 'ebtorH

(rtH (3++
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
( cre'itor s7ouse sha++ enforce 7ay#ent of his or her c+ai# for 7artici7ation first on e:isting
7ro7erty an' subsi'iari+yB beginning 6ith the #ost recent a+ienationsB on the 7ro7erty #entione' in
(rtic+e 1%73 6hich ha' been a+ienate' by gifts inter $i$os or in frau' of the rights of the other s7ouseH
228

(rtH (3+:
>7on 'isso+ution of the #atri#onia+ regi#eB 6here the 7arties 'o not agree to 7rocee' to
+i)ui'ation through agree#entB one of the# #ay a77+y to the court for ha$ing it 7rocee'e' to in courtH
;he ru+es 7rescribe' for reaching a Cu'icia+ 7artition of successions an' co##unities sha++ a77+y
to that a77+icationB as #ay be thought 7ro7erH
;he 7arties sha++ co##unicate reci7roca++y to each other an' sha++ co##unicate to the e:7erts
'esignate' by the Cu'geB a++ infor#ation an' 'ocu#ents a77ro7riate to the +i)ui'ationH
( c+ai# for +i)ui'ation is ti#e-barre' after three years fro# the 'isso+ution of the #atri#onia+
regi#eH "+ai#s +ying against thir' 7arties Tun'er (rtic+e 11.7U (0$t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&) are
ti#e- barre' after t6o years fro# the c+ose of the +i)ui'ationH

(rtH (3+6
<here a77+ication of the ru+es of a77raisa+ 7ro$i'e' for by (rtic+es 1%71 an' 1%74 abo$e 6ou+'
+ea' to a resu+t ob$ious+y contrary to e)uityB the court #ay 'erogate fro# the# on the a77+ication of one
of the s7ousesH

(rtH (3:8
<here the 'isor'er of the affairsB #isa'#inistration or #iscon'uct of one s7ouseB gi$e rise to
fearing that the continuance of the #atri#onia+ regi#e i#7eri+s the interest of the otherB the +atter #ay
a77+y for the antici7ate' +i)ui'ation of his or her c+ai# for 7artici7ationH
;he ru+es of se7aration of 7ro7erty sha++ a77+y to that a77+icationH
<here the a77+ication is entertaine'B the s7ouses sha++ be 7+ace' un'er the syste# of artic+es 1%3.
to 1%41H

(rtH (3:(
<hen sti7u+ating 7artici7ation in ac)uisitionsB the s7ouses #ay a'o7t any ter# not contrary to
(rtic+es 1387B 1388 an' 138!H
;hey #ay in 7articu+ar agree on a c+ause of une)ua+ 7artitionB or sti7u+ate that the sur$i$or of
the# or one of the# if he or she sur$i$esB 6i++ be entit+e' to the 6ho+e of the net ac)uisitions #a'e by the
otherH
It #ay a+so be agree' bet6een the s7ouses that the one 6hoB at the ti#e of the 'isso+ution of the
regi#eB has against the other a c+ai# for 7artici7ationB #ay 'e#an' the gi$ing in 7ay#ent of certain
7ro7erty of the other s7ouseB if he or she estab+ishes an essentia+ interest in ha$ing it attribute' to hi# or
herH

TITLE VI
O %ALE%

"@(P;2- I - OF ;@2 *(;>-2 (*0 FO-& OF S(32S

(rtH (3:-
( sa+e is an agree#ent by 6hich one 7erson bin's hi#se+f to 'e+i$er a thingB an' another to 7ay
for itH
It #ay be #a'e by an authentic instru#ent or by an instru#ent un'er 7ri$ate signatureH

(rtH (3:<
It is co#7+ete bet6een the 7artiesB an' o6nershi7 is ac)uire' as of right by the buyer 6ith res7ect
to the se++erB as soon as the thing an' the 7rice ha$e been agree' u7onB a+though the thing has not yet been
'e+i$ere' or the 7rice 7ai'H

(rtH (3:=
( sa+e #ay be #a'e outright or subCect to a con'ition either 7rece'ent or subse)uentH
It #ay a+so ha$e as its obCect t6o or #ore a+ternati$e thingsH
In a++ these casesB its effect is regu+ate' by the genera+ 7rinci7+es re+ating to agree#entsH

(rtH (3:3
<here goo's are not so+' in bu+5 but by 6eightB nu#ber or #easureB a sa+e is not co#7+eteB in that
the things so+' are at the ris5 of the se++er unti+ they ha$e been 6eighe'B counte' or #easure'I but the
buyer #ay c+ai# either the 'e+i$ery or 'a#agesB if there is occasionB in case of non-7erfor#ance of the
un'erta5ingH
22!

(rtH (3:)
<hereB on the contraryB the goo's ha$e been so+' in bu+5B the sa+e is co#7+ete a+though the goo's
ha$e not yet been 6eighe'B counte' or #easure'H

(rtH (3:+
<ith res7ect to 6ineB oi+ an' other things 6hich it is custo#ary to taste before buying the#B there
is no sa+e so +ong as the buyer has not taste' an' acce7te' the#H

(rtH (3::
( sa+e #a'e u7on tria+ sha++ a+6ays be 'ee#e' #a'e un'er a con'ition 7rece'entH

(rtH (3:6
( 7ro#ise of sa+e is the sa#e as a sa+eB 6here there is reci7roca+ consent of both 7arties as to the
thing an' the 7riceH
(0$t of /0 *u!y 1%/0) <here that 7ro#ise re+ates to 7+ots a+rea'y in +ots or to be in +otsB its
acce7tance an' the agree#ent that 6i++ resu+t therefro# sha++ be estab+ishe' by the 7ay#ent of an
insta+#ent on the 7riceB 6hate$er the na#e gi$en to that insta+#ent #ay beB an' by the $esting 6ith
7ossession of the 7+otH
;he 'ate of the agree#entB e$en 7ut into +ega+ for# after6ar'sB is that of the 7ay#ent of the first
insta+#entH

(rtH (3:6,(
(($t n 2000-120' of 1/ 8e$. 2000)
Is ren'ere' $oi' any uni+atera+ un'erta5ing entere' into for the 7ur7ose of ac)uiring an
i##o$ab+e 7ro7erty or right for 6hich a 7ay#ent is re)uire' or recei$e' fro# the 7erson 6ho bin's
hi#se+fB 6hate$er the $ause an' the for# thereof #ay beH

(rtH (368
<here a 7ro#ise to se++ 6as #a'e 6ith an earnestB each contracting 7arty is at +iberty to 6ith'ra6H
;he one 6ho has gi$en itB by +osing itH
(n' the one 6ho has recei$e' itB by returning t6ice the a#ountH

(rtH (36(
;he 7rice of a sa+e #ust be 'eter#ine' an' state' by the 7artiesH

(rtH (36-
It #ay ho6e$er +eft to the esti#ation of a thir' 7ersonI 6here that 7erson is un6i++ing or unab+e to
#a5e an esti#ateB there is no sa+eH

(rtH (36<
;he costs of instru#ents an' other accessory to a sa+e sha++ be charge' to the buyerH

"@(P;2- II - OF ;@OS2 <@O &(E >E O- S233

(rtH (36=
(++ those to 6ho# +egis+ation 'oes not forbi' to 'o so #ay buy or se++H

(rtH (363 Frepea!edG

(rtH (36)
&ay notB either by the#se+$es or through inter#e'iariesB beco#e 7urchasersB on 7ain of
annu+#ent/
1uar'iansB as to the 7ro7erty of those un'er their guar'ianshi7I
(gentsB as to the 7ro7erty 6hich they ha$e charge of se++ingI
('#inistratorsB as to that of the $ommunes or 7ub+ic institutions entruste' to their careI
Pub+ic officersB as to nationa+ 7ro7erty 6hose sa+e is #a'e through their 'utiesH

(rtH (36+
4u'gesB Frepea!ed by imp!i$ationGB #e#bers of the Cu'iciary acting as 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorsB
registrarsB bai+iffsB aou)sB counse+sB a'$ocates an' notaires #ay not beco#e assignees of suitsB conteste'
230
rights an' actions 6hich are 6ithin the Curis'iction of the court in the territory 6ithin 6hich they e:ercise
their 'utiesB on 7ain of annu+#entB an' of costs an' 'a#agesH

"@(P;2- III - OF ;@I*1S <@I"@ &(E 2 SO30

0rt. (36:
2$erything 6hich #ay be the subCect of +ega+ transactions bet6een 7ri$ate in'i$i'ua+s #ay be
so+'B 6here s7ecia+ statutes 'o not 7rohibit their a+ienationH

(rtH (366
;he sa+e of a thing be+onging to another is $oi'/ it #ay gi$e rise to 'a#ages 6here the buyer 'i'
not 5no6 that the thing be+onge' to anotherH
(rtH ()88 Frepea!edG

(rtH ()8(
<hereB at the ti#e of the sa+eB the thing so+' has 6ho++y 7erishe'B the sa+e is $oi'H
<here on+y a 7art of the thing has 7erishe'B the buyer has the choice to 6ai$e the sa+e or to c+ai#
the 7art sa$e'B by ha$ing the 7rice 'eter#ine' 7ro7ortiona++yH

"@(P;2- III-1 - OF ;@2 S(32S OF >I30I*1S ;O 2 2-2";20

(0$t n 6.-/ of / *an. 1%6.)

(rtH ()8(,(
;he sa+e of a bui+'ing to be erecte' is that by 6hich the se++er bin's hi#se+f to erect a bui+'ing 6ithin a
7erio' 'eter#ine' by the contractH
It #ay be conc+u'e' for future 'e+i$ery or in a future state of co#7+etionH

(rtH ()8(,-
( sa+e for future 'e+i$ery is the contract by 6hich the se++er un'erta5es to 'e+i$er the bui+'ing on
its co#7+etionB an' the buyer un'erta5es to ta5e 'e+i$ery of it an' to 7ay the 7rice of it at the 'ate of
'e+i$eryH ;he transfer of o6nershi7 is achie$e' by o7eration of +a6 by the ac5no6+e'ge#ent of the
co#7+etion of the bui+'ing through an authentic instru#entI it is effecti$e retroacti$e+y on the 'ay of the
sa+eH

(rtH ()8(,<
( sa+e in a future state of co#7+etion is the contract by 6hich a se++er transfers at once to the
buyer his rights in the groun' as 6e++ as the o6nershi7 of the e:isting structuresH ;he 6or5s to co#e
beco#e the 7ro7erty of the buyer as they 7rocee'I the buyer is boun' to 7ay the 7rice of the# as the 6or5
7rocee'sH
;he se++er 5ee7s the 7o6ers of a bui+'ing o6ner unti+ a77ro$a+ of the 6or5H

(rtH ()8(,=
(n assign#ent by a 7urchaser of the rights arising fro# a sa+e of a bui+'ing to be erecte'
substitutes by o7eration of +a6 the assignee in the ob+igations of the buyer to6ar's the se++erH
<here the sa+e 6as unite' 6ith an agencyB the +atter continues bet6een the se++er an' the assigneeH
;hose 7ro$isions sha++ a77+y to any transfer inter $i$osB $o+untary or co#7u+soryB or by reason of
'eathH

"@(P;2- I8 - OF ;@2 O3I1(;IO*S OF ;@2 S2332-

Se$tion I D Benera! Proisions

0rt. ()8-
;he se++er is ob+ige' to e:7+ain c+ear+y 6hat he bin's hi#se+f toH
(ny obscure or a#biguous agree#ent sha++ be inter7rete' against the se++erH

(rtH ()8<
@e has t6o #ain ob+igationsB that to 'e+i$er an' that to 6arrant the thing 6hich he se++sH

Se$tion II - Of 8e!iery
231

(rtH ()8=
0e+i$ery is the transfer of the thing so+' into the 7o6er an' 7ossession of the buyerH

(rtH ()83
;he ob+igation to 'e+i$er i##o$ab+es is fu+fi++e' on the 7art of the se++er 6here he has han'e'
o$er the 5eysB in case of a bui+'ingB or 6here he has han'e' o$er the instru#ents of tit+eH

(rtH ()8)
0e+i$ery of #o$ab+e effects is the outco#e /
2ither of a rea+ 'e+i$eryI
Or of the han'ing o$er of the 5eys of the bui+'ings 6hich contain the#I
Or e$en of the so+e consent of the 7artiesB 6here the transfer cannot ta5e 7+ace at the ti#e of the
sa+eB or 6here the buyer a+rea'y ha' the# in his 7o6er on another basisH

(rtH ()8+
0e+i$ery of intangib+e rights is #a'e either by han'ing o$er the instru#ents of tit+eB or by the use
6hich the 7urchaser #a5es of the# 6ith the consent of the se++erH

(rtH ()8:
;he e:7enses of 'e+i$ery sha++ be charge' to the se++erB an' those of re#o$a+ to the buyerB un+ess
other6ise agree'H

(rtH ()86
0e+i$ery sha++ be #a'e at the 7+ace 6here the thing so+' 6as at the ti#e of the sa+eB un+ess
other6ise agree'H

(rtH ()(8
<here the se++er fai+s to #a5e 'e+i$ery 6ithin the ti#e agree' u7on bet6een the 7artiesB the
7urchaser #ayB at his choiceB a77+y for a$oi'ance of the sa+eB or for his being $este' 6ith 7ossessionB if
the 'e+ay resu+ts on+y fro# an act of the se++erH

(rtH ()((
In a++ casesB the se++er sha++ be or'ere' to 7ay 'a#agesB 6here the 7urchaser has suffere' a +oss
because of the fai+ure to 'e+i$er at the agree' ti#e H

(rtH ()(-
;he se++er is not ob+ige' to 'e+i$er the thing 6here the buyer 'oes not 7ay the 7rice of it un+ess the
se++er has grante' hi# ti#e for the 7ay#entH

(rtH ()(<
*or is he ob+ige' to 'e+i$erB e$en if he has a++o6e' ti#e for the 7ay#entB 6hereB since the sa+eB
the buyer Fis un'er a Cu'icia+ arrange#entG or inso+$entB so that the se++er is in i##inent 'anger of +osing
the 7riceI un+ess the buyer gi$es hi# security to 7ay at the ti#e-+i#itH

(rtH ()(=
;he thing #ust be 'e+i$ere' in the con'ition in 6hich it is at the ti#e of the sa+eH
Fro# that 'ayB a++ the fruits be+ong to the 7urchaserH

(rtH ()(3
;he ob+igation to 'e+i$er the thing inc+u'es its accessories an' a++ that 6as 'esigne' for its
7er7etua+ useH

(rtH ()()
;he se++er is ob+ige' to 'e+i$er the ca7acity such as it is s7ecifie' in the contractB subCect to the
#o'ifications hereinafter e:7resse'H

(rtH ()(+
<here the sa+e of an i##o$ab+e 6as #a'e 6ith in'ication of the ca7acityB at the rate of so #uch
for a #easureB the se++er is ob+ige' to 'e+i$er to the 7urchaserB if the +atter so re)uiresB the )uantity state'
in the contractI
232
(n' if he cannot 'o soB or if the 7urchaser 'oes not so re)uireB the se++er is ob+ige' to suffer a
7ro7ortionate re'uction in 7riceH

(rtH ()(:
<hereB on the contraryB in the case or the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB the ca7acity is greater than the one
state' in the contractB the 7urchaser has the choice to 7ro$i'e the sur7+us of the 7riceB or to re7u'iate the
contractB if the e:cess is one-t6entieth abo$e the ca7acity 'ec+are'H

(rtH ()(6
In a++ other casesB
<hether the sa+e is #a'e of a 'efinite an' +i#ite' thingB
<hether it has as its obCect 'istinct an' se7arate tene#entsB
<hether it begins 6ith the #easureB or by the 'esignation of the 7ro7erty so+' fo++o6e' by the
#easureB
;he e:7ression of that #easure 'oes not gi$e rise to any increase of 7riceB in fa$our of the se++er
for the e:cess of #easureB or in fa$our of the 7urchaserB to any 'i#inution in 7rice for +esser #easureB
un+ess the 'ifference bet6een the actua+ #easure an' the one e:7resse' in the contract is of one-t6entieth
#ore or +essB 6ith regar' to the $a+ue of a++ the things so+'B un+ess other6ise sti7u+ate'H

(rtH ()-8
In the case 6hereB un'er the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB it is necessary to raise the 7rice for e:cess of
#easureB the 7urchaser has the choice either to re7u'iate the contract or to 7ro$i'e the sur7+us of the
7riceB 6ith interest if he has 5e7t the i##o$ab+eH

(rtH ()-(
In a++ cases in 6hich the 7urchaser is entit+e' to re7u'iate the contractB the se++er is boun' to return
to hi#B besi'es the 7riceB if he has recei$e' itB the costs of the contractH

(rtH ()--
(n action for an increase of 7riceB on the 7art of the se++erB an' that for a 'i#inution in 7rice or for
ter#ination of the contractB on the 7art of the buyerB #ust be brought 6ithin the yearB after the 'ay of the
contractB on 7ain of +a7seH

(rtH ()-<
<here t6o tene#ents ha$e been so+' by the sa#e contract for one an' the sa#e 7riceB 6ith the
'esignation of the #easures of each of the#B an' 6here there is +ess ca7acity in the oneB an' #ore in the
otherB set-off is #a'e u7 to the a#ount 'ueI an' an actionB either for an increaseB or for a 'i#inution in
7riceB ta5es 7+ace on+y in accor'ance 6ith the ru+es abo$e +ai' 'o6nH

(rtH ()-=
;he )uestion of ascertaining u7on 6ho#B bet6een the se++er an' the 7urchaserB fa++s the +oss or
'eterioration of the thing so+' before its 'e+i$eryB sha++ be 'eci'e' accor'ing to the ru+es 7rescribe' in the
;it+e Of Contra$ts or of Conentiona! Ob!i6ations in Benera!.

Se$tion III - Of Farranty

0rt. ()-3
;he 6arranty 6hich the se++er o6es to the 7urchaser has t6o obCects/ the first is the 7eacefu+
7ossession of the thing so+'I the secon'B the +atent 'efects of that thingB or re'hibitory $icesH

, 1 - Of <arranty against 0is7ossession

(rtH ()-)
(+though no sti7u+ation as to 6arranty has been #a'e at the ti#e of the sa+eB the se++er is ob+ige'
as of right to 6arrant the 7urchaser against a 'is7ossession of the thing so+' 6hich he #ay suffer in 6ho+e
or in 7artB or against encu#brances a++ege' on that thingB an' not 'ec+are' at the ti#e of the sa+eH

(rtH ()-+
;he 7arties #ayB by 7articu+ar agree#entsB a'' to this ob+igation of right or 'i#inish its effectI
they #ay e$en agree that the se++er #ay not be subCect to any 6arrantyH

233
(rtH ()-:
(+though it be sai' that the se++er #ay not be subCect to any ob+igationB he ne$erthe+ess re#ains
+iab+e to that 6hich resu+ts fro# an act 6hich is his o6nI any agree#ent to the contrary is $oi'H

(rtH ()-6',In the sa#e case of sti7u+ation of no 6arrantyB the se++erB in case of 'is7ossessionB is boun' to
return the 7riceB un+ess the 7urchaser 5ne6B at the ti#e of the sa+eB of the 'anger of 'is7ossessionB or
un+ess he bought at his o6n ris5H

(rtH ()<8
If a 6arranty has been 7ro#ise'B or if no sti7u+ation 6as #a'e in this res7ectB 6here the
7urchaser is 'is7ossesse'B he is entit+e' to c+ai# against the se++er/
1L ;he return of the 7riceI
2L ;hat of the fruits 6here he is ob+ige' to return the# to the o6ner 6ho 'is7ossesses hi#I
3L ;he e:7enses incurre' in re+ation 6ith the 6arranty c+ai# of the buyerB an' those incurre' by
the origina+ 7+aintiffI
4L Fina++yB 'a#agesB as 6e++ as the e:7enses an' 7ro7er costs of the contractH

(rtH ()<(
<hereB at the ti#e of 'is7ossessionB the thing so+' has 'ecrease' in $a+ue or has been significant+y
'a#age'B either o6ing to the neg+igent con'uct of the buyerB or by acci'ents of for$e ma=eureB the se++er
ne$erthe+ess is boun' to return the 6ho+e 7riceH

(rtH ()<-
ut if the 7urchaser has 'eri$e' so#e 7rofit fro# the 'i+a7i'ations #a'e by hi#B the se++er is
entit+e' to retain fro# the 7rice a su# e)ua+ to that 7rofitH

(rtH ()<<
<here the thing so+' has increase' in 7rice at the ti#e of the 'is7ossessionB e$en in'e7en'ent+y
fro# an act of the 7urchaserB the se++er is ob+ige' to 7ay hi# 6hat it is 6orth abo$e the 7rice of the sa+eH

(rtH ()<=
( se++er is boun' to re7ay the 7urchaser or to #a5e the 7erson 6ho 'is7ossesses hi# re7ay hi#
for a++ the usefu+ re7airs an' i#7ro$e#ents 6hich he has #a'e on the tene#entH

(rtH ()<3
<here a se++er has so+' the tene#ent of another in ba' faithB he is ob+ige' to re7ay the 7urchaser
for a++ the e:7ensesB e$en for +u:ury or 7+easureB 6hich the +atter #ay ha$e #a'e on the tene#entH

(rtH ()<)
<here a 7urchaser is 'is7ossesse' fro# on+y 7art of the thingB 6hich is of such i#7ortanceB in
7ro7ortion to the 6ho+eB that the 7urchaser 6ou+' not ha$e bought 6ithout the 7art of 6hich he is
'is7ossesse'B he #ay ha$e the sa+e ter#inate'H

(rtH ()<+

<hereB in case of 'is7ossession of 7art of a tene#ent so+'B the sa+e is not ter#inate'B the $a+ue of
the 7art of 6hich the 7urchaser is 'is7ossesse' sha++ be rei#burse' to hi# accor'ing to an a77raisa+ at the
ti#e of the 'is7ossessionB an' not in 7ro7ortion to the tota+ 7rice of the sa+eB 6hether the thing so+' has
increase' or 'ecrease' in $a+ueH

(rtH ()<:
<here a 7ro7erty so+' isB 6ithout any 'ec+aration ha$ing been #a'eB encu#bere' 6ith non-
a77arent ser$itu'es 6hich are of such i#7ortance that it is to be 7resu#e' that the 7urchaser 6ou+' not
ha$e bought if he ha' 5no6n of the#B he #ay a77+y for ter#ination of the contractB un+ess he 7refers to
content hi#se+f 6ith an in'e#nityH

(rtH ()<6
;he other )uestions to 6hich 'a#ages resu+ting for the 7urchaser fro# the non-7erfor#ance of
the sa+e #ay gi$e rise sha++ be 'eci'e' in accor'ance 6ith the genera+ ru+es estab+ishe' in the ;it+e Of
Contra$ts and of Conentiona! Ob!i6ations in Benera!.

234
0rt. ()=8'
,( 6arranty against 'is7ossession ceases 6here the 7urchaser has a++o6e' a fina+ Cu'g#entB or a
Cu'g#ent no +onger a77ea+ab+eB to be han'e' 'o6n against hi# 6ithout Coining his se++er in the
7rocee'ingsB if the +atter 7ro$es that there 6ere sufficient groun's to ha$e the action 'is#isse'H

, 2 - Of <arranty against the 0efects of the ;hing So+'

(rtH ()=(
( se++er is boun' to a 6arranty on account of the +atent 'efects of the thing so+' 6hich ren'er it
unfit for the use for 6hich it 6as inten'e'B or 6hich so i#7air that use that the buyer 6ou+' not ha$e
ac)uire' itB or 6ou+' on+y ha$e gi$en a +esser 7rice for itB ha' he 5no6n of the#H

(rtH ()=-
( se++er is not +iab+e for 'efects 6hich are 7atent an' 6hich the buyer cou+' ascertain for hi#se+fH

(rtH ()=-,(
(($t n 6.-&4. of . *u!y 1%6.)
;he se++er of a bui+'ing to be erecte' #ay not be 'ischarge'B either before a77ro$a+ of the 6or5B
or before the e:7iry of a 7erio' of one #onth after the $esting of the 7urchaser into 7ossessionB for
'efects of construction then 7atentH
;here #ay be no occasion for a$oi'ance of the contract or for 'i#inution in 7rice 6here the se++er
bin's hi#se+f to re7air the 'efectH

(rtH ()=<
@e is +iab+e for +atent 'efectsB e$en though he 'i' not 5no6 of the#B un+ess he has sti7u+ate' that
he 6ou+' not be boun' to any 6arranty in that caseH

(rtH ()==
In the cases of (rtic+es 1.41 an' 1.43B the buyer has the choice either of returning the thing an'
ha$ing the 7rice re7ai' to hi# or of 5ee7ing the thing an' ha$ing a 7art of the 7rice re7ai' to hi#B as
a77raise' by e:7ertsH

(rtH ()=3
<here the se++er 5ne6 of the 'efects of the thingB he is +iab+eB in a''ition to restitution of the 7rice
6hich he recei$e' fro# hi#B for a++ 'a#ages to6ar's the buyerH

(rtH ()=)
<here the se++er 'i' not 5no6 of the 'efects of the thingB he is on+y +iab+e for restitution of the
7rice an' for rei#bursing the buyer for the costs occasione' by the sa+eH

(rtH ()=),(
(($t n .'-12 of 4 *an. 1%.')
;he se++er of a bui+'ing to be erecte' is +iab+eB fro# the a77ro$a+ of the 6or5B for the ob+igations
for 6hich the architectsB contractors an' other 7ersons boun' to6ar's the bui+'ing o6ner by a contract of
hiring of in'ustry an' ser$ices are the#se+$es +iab+e un'er (rtic+es 17!2B 17!2-1B 17!2-2 an' 17!2-3 of
this "o'eH
;hose 6arranties benefit the successi$e o6ners of the bui+'ingH
;here #ay be no occasion for a$oi'ance of the sa+e or 'i#inution in 7rice 6here the se++er bin's
hi#se+f to re7air the 'a#ages s7ecifie' in (rtic+es 17!2B 17!2-1 an' 17!2-2 of this "o'e an' to ta5e u7on
hi#se+f the 6arranty 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 17!2-3H

(rtH ()=+
<here the thing 6hich ha' 'efects 7erishes because of its ba' )ua+ityB the +oss fa++s u7on the
se++er 6ho is +iab+e to the buyer for restitution of the 7rice an' other co#7ensations e:7+aine' in the t6o
7rece'ing (rtic+es F(rtic+es 1.4% an' 1.4.GH
ut a +oss occasione' by a fortuitous e$ent fa++s u7on the buyerH

(rtH ()=:
;he action resu+ting fro# re'hibitory $ices #ust be brought by the buyer 6ithin a short ti#eB
accor'ing to the nature of the re'hibitory $ices an' the usage of the 7+ace 6here the sa+e 6as #a'eH
23%
(0$t n 6.-&4. of . *u!y 1%6.) In the case 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 1.42-1B the action #ust be
broughtB un'er 7ain of being ti#e-barre'B 6ithin the year fo++o6ing the 'ate on 6hich the se++er #ay be
'ischarge' fro# 7atent 'efectsH

(rtH ()=6
It 'oes nor ta5e 7+ace 6ith regar' to sa+es #a'e by or'er of the courtH

"@(P;2- 8 - OF ;@2 O3I1(;IO*S OF ;@2 >E2-

(rtH ()38
;he #ain ob+igation of the buyer is to 7ay the 7rice on the 'ay an' at the 7+ace fi:e' by the sa+eH

(rtH ()3(
<here nothing has been fi:e' in this regar' at the ti#e of the sa+eB the buyer #ust 7ay at the 7+ace
an' at the ti#e 6here an' 6hen 'e+i$ery is to be #a'eH

(rtH ()3-
;he buyer o6es interest on the 7rice of the sa+e u7 to the ti#e of the 7ay#entB in the three
fo++o6ing cases/
<here it has been so agree' at the ti#e of the sa+eI
<here the thing so+' an' 'e+i$ere' 7ro'uces fruits or other inco#esI
<here the buyer is un'er notice to 7ayH
In that +ast caseB interest runs on+y fro# the noticeH

(rtH ()3<
<here the buyer is 'isturbe' or right+y fears that he 6i++ be 'isturbe' by an actionB either for a
#ortgage or for reco$ery of 7ro7ertyB he #ay sus7en' the 7ay#ent of the 7rice unti+ the se++er has cause'
the 'isturbance to ceaseB un+ess the +atter 7refers to gi$e securityB or un+ess it 6as sti7u+ate' that the buyer
6i++ 7ay not6ithstan'ing a 'isturbanceH

(rtH ()3=
<here the buyer 'oes not 7ay the 7riceB the se++er #ay a77+y for a$oi'ance of the sa+eH

(rtH ()33
;he a$oi'ance of a sa+e of i##o$ab+es sha++ be or'ere' at once 6here the se++er is in 'anger of
+osing the thing an' the 7riceH
<here that 'anger 'oes not e:istB the Cu'ge #ay grant the 7urchaser a 7erio' #ore or +ess +ong
accor'ing to the circu#stancesH
<here that 7erio' e:7ires 6ithout the buyer ha$ing 7ai'B the a$oi'ance of the sa+e sha++ be
or'ere'H

(rtH ()3)
<here it has been sti7u+ate' at the ti#e of the sa+e of i##o$ab+es thatB fai+ing 7ay#ent 6ithin the
7erio' agree' u7onB the sa+e 6i++ be a$oi'e' by o7eration of +a6B the 7urchaser #ay ne$erthe+ess 7ay after
the e:7iry of the 7erio'B so +ong as he is not gi$en notice by a 'e#an' for 7ay#entI butB after that
'e#an'B the Cu'ge #ay not grant hi# any 7erio'H

(rtH ()3+
In #atters of sa+e of co##o'ities an' #o$ab+e effectsB the a$oi'ance of the sa+e ta5es 7+ace by
o7eration of +a6B an' 6ithout any 'e#an'B for the benefit of the se++erB after the e:7iry of the 7erio'
agree' u7on for the re#o$a+H

"@(P;2- 8I - OF (8OI0(*"2 (*0 -2S"ISSIO* OF S(32S

(rtH ()3:
In'e7en'ent+y of the groun's for annu+#ent or a$oi'ance a+rea'y e:7+aine' in this ;it+eB an' of
those 6hich are co##on to a++ agree#entsB a contract of sa+e #ay be a$oi'e' through the e:ercise of a
7o6er of re'e#7tion an' on account of the chea7ness of the 7riceH

Se$tion I - Of Po#er of +edemption

23.
(rtH ()36
( 7o6er of re'e#7tion or re7urchase is an agree#ent by 6hich the se++er reser$es to hi#se+f the
ta5ing bac5 of the thing so+'B through restitution of the 7urchase 7riceB an' the rei#burse#ent 6hich
(rtic+e 1.73 'ea+s 6ithH

(rtH ())8
( 7o6er of re'e#7tion #ay not be sti7u+ate' for a ti#e e:cee'ing fi$e yearsH
<here it has been sti7u+ate' for a +onger ti#eB it sha++ be re'uce' to that ti#eH

(rtH ())(
;he ti#e fi:e' is of the essence an' #ay not be e:ten'e' by the Cu'geH

(rtH ())-
<here the se++er has not e:ercise' his 7o6er of re'e#7tion 6ithin the ti#e fi:e'B the 7urchaser
re#ains the irre$ocab+e o6nerH

(rtH ())<
;he ti#e runs against a++ 7ersonsB e$en against a #inorB subCect to a re#e'y against those 6ho# it
#ay concernB if there is occasionH

(rtH ())=

;he se++er un'er a c+ause of re'e#7tion #ay e:ercise his 7o6er against a secon' 7urchaserB e$en
6hen the 7o6er of re'e#7tion has not been 'ec+are' in the secon' contractH

(rtH ())3

;he 7urchaser un'er a c+ause of re'e#7tion e:ercises a++ the rights of his se++erI he #ay ac)uire
o6nershi7 by 7rescri7tion both against the true o6ner an' against those 6ho c+ai# rights or #ortgages on
the thing so+'H

(rtH ()))
@e #ay o77ose the benefit of sei=ure an' sa+e against the cre'itors of his se++erH

(rtH ())+
<here the 7urchaser un'er a c+ause of re'e#7tion of an un'i$i'e' 7art of a 7ro7erty beco#es the
successfu+ bi''er for the 6ho+e in an auction sa+e in'uce' against hi#B he #ay co#7e+ the se++er to ta5e
bac5 the 6ho+e 6hen the +atter 6ishes to #a5e use of the c+auseH

(rtH ()):
<here se$era+ 7ersons ha$e Coint+y so+'B an' by a sa#e contractB a co##on 7ro7ertyB each #ay
e:ercise the 7o6er of re'e#7tion on+y for the share 6hich he ha' in itH

(rtH ())6

It sha++ be the sa#e 6here the 7erson 6ho has so+' a 7ro7erty a+one has +eft se$era+ heirsH
2ach one of these co-heirs #ay #a5e use of the 7o6er of re'e#7tion on+y for the share he ta5es
in the successionH

(rtH ()+8
utB in the case of the t6o 7rece'ing (rtic+esB the 7urchaser #ay 'e#an' that a++ the co-se++ers or
a++ the co-heirs be Coine' in the 7rocee'ings in or'er to agree bet6een the# as to the re'e#7tion of the
6ho+e 7ro7ertyI an' 6here they 'o not agreeB their action sha++ be 'is#isse'H

(rtH ()+(
<here the sa+e of a 7ro7erty be+onging to se$era+ 7ersons has not been Coint+y #a'e an' of the
6ho+e 7ro7erty togetherB an' 6here each has on+y so+' the share 6hich he ha' thereinB they #ay e:ercise
se7arate+y the 7o6er of re'e#7tion on the 7ortion 6hich be+onge' to the#I
(n' the 7urchaser #ay not co#7e+ the one 6ho enforces it in that 6ay to re'ee# the 6ho+eH

(rtH ()+-
237
<here the 7urchaser has +eft se$era+ heirsB the 7o6er of re'e#7tion #ay be e:ercise' against each
of the# on+y for his shareB in the case 6here it is sti++ un'i$i'e'B an' in that 6here the thing so+' has been
7artitione' bet6een the#H
utB 6here a 7artition of the succession has ta5en 7+aceB an' the 7ro7erty so+' has fa++en to the
share of one of the#B the 7o6er of re'e#7tion #ay be e:ercise' against hi# for the 6ho+eH

(rtH ()+<
( se++er 6ho #a5es use of a c+ause of re'e#7tion sha++ rei#burse not on+y the 7urchase 7riceB but
a+so the e:7enses an' fair costs of the sa+eB the necessary re7airs an' those 6hich ha$e increase' the
$a+ue of the tene#entB u7 to the a#ount of that increaseH @e #ay be $este' into 7ossession on+y after
ha$ing 'ischarge' a++ those ob+igationsH
(Ord. n &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%) <here the se++er co#es into his 7ro7erty again through the effect
of a c+ause of re'e#7tionB he reta5es it free of a++ encu#brances an' #ortgages 6ith 6hich the 7urchaser
#ay ha$e bur'ene' itB 7ro$i'e' that the c+ause has been 'u+y registere' at the +an' registryB before the
registration of the sai' encu#brances an' #ortgagesH @e is boun' to carry out the +eases #a'e 6ithout
frau' by the 7urchaserH

Se$tion II - Of +es$ission of Sa!es be$ause of <oss

0rt. ()+=
<here a se++er has suffere' a +oss greater than se$en-t6e+fths of the 7rice of an i##o$ab+eB he is
entit+e' to a77+y for the rescission of the sa+eB e$en though he #ay ha$e e:7ress+y renounce' in the
contract the facu+ty of a77+ying for that rescission an' ha$e 'ec+are' to 'onate the sur7+usH

(rtH ()+3
In or'er to ascertain 6hether there has been a +oss of the se$en-t6e+fthsB the i##o$ab+e #ust be
a77raise' accor'ing to its con'ition an' its $a+ue at the ti#e of the sa+eH
(0$t of 2' 4o. 1%4%) In the case of a uni+atera+ 7ro#ise of sa+eB the +oss is a77raise' on the 'ay of
its e:ecutionH

(rtH ()+)
;he c+ai# is no +onger a'#issib+e after the e:7iry of t6o yearsB after the 'ay of the sa+eH
;hat ti#e runs against F#arrie' 6o#enB repea!ed by imp!i$ationGB an' against absenteesB a'u+ts in
guar'ianshi7 an' #inors co#ing in the right of an a'u+t 6ho has so+'H
;hat ti#e a+so runs an' is not sus7en'e' 'uring the 7erio' sti7u+ate' for a c+ause of re'e#7tionH

(rtH ()++
Proof of +oss #ay be a++o6e' on+y through Cu'g#entB an' in the case on+y 6here the facts a++ege'
are 7robab+e an' serious enough to in'uce a 7resu#7tion of +ossH

(rtH ()+:
;hat 7roof #ay be a''uce' on+y through a re7ort 'ra6n by three e:7erts 6ho are ob+ige' to #a5e
a sing+e Coint #e#oran'u#B an' to gi$e but a sing+e o7inion by a 7+ura+ity of $otesH

(rtH ()+6
<here there are 'ifferent o7inionsB the #e#oran'u# sha++ contain the reasons thereofB but it sha++
not be a++o6e' to 'isc+ose the o7inion of each e:7ertH

(rtH ():8
;he three e:7erts sha++ be a77ointe' by the courtB un+ess the 7arties ha$e agree' to a77oint a++
three Coint+yH

(rtH ():(
In the case 6here the action for rescission is entertaine'B the 7urchaser has the choiceB either to
return the thing 6hi+e ta5ing bac5 the 7rice 6hich he 7ai' for itB or to 5ee7 the tene#ent 6hi+e 7aying the
ba+ance of the fair 7riceB after 'e'ucting one-tenth of the tota+ 7riceH
( thir' 7arty in 7ossession has the sa#e rightB sa$e his 6arranty against his se++erH

(rtH ():-
<here the 7urchaser 7refers to 5ee7 the thing by 7aying the ba+ance s7ecifie' by the 7rece'ing
(rtic+eB he o6es the interest of that ba+anceB fro# the 'ay of the c+ai# for rescissionH
238
<here he 7refers to return it an' to ta5e bac5 the 7riceB he sha++ return the fruits fro# the 'ay of
the c+ai#H
Interest on the 7rice 6hich he has 7ai' is a+so counte' for hi# fro# the 'ay of the sa#e c+ai#B or
fro# the 'ay of 7ay#entB 6here he has not co++ecte' any fruitsH

(rtH ():<
-escission for +oss 'oes not ta5e 7+ace in fa$our of the buyerH

(rtH ():=
It 'oes not ta5e 7+ace in any sa+e 6hichB accor'ing to +a6B #ay on+y be #a'e by or'er of the courtH

(rtH ():3
;he ru+es e:7+aine' in the 7rece'ing Section for cases in 6hich se$era+ 7ersons ha$e so+' Coint+y
or se7arate+yB an' for the one in 6hich the 7urchaser has +eft se$era+ heirsB sha++ +i5e6ise be co#7+ie'
6ith 6hen bringing an action for rescissionH

"@(P;2- 8II - OF (>";IO*

(rtH ():)
<here a thing co##on to se$era+ 7ersons cannot be 7artitione' con$enient+y an' 6ithout +ossI
Or 6hereB in a 7artition of 7ro7erty in co##on #a'e a#icab+yB there is any 7ro7erty 6hich none
of the co7arceners can or 6ishes to ta5eB
( sa+e thereof sha++ be #a'e by auction an' the 7rocee's sha++ be 'istribute' bet6een the co-
o6nersH

(rtH ():+
2ach co-o6ner is at +iberty to re)uest that outsi'ers be gi$en notice of the sa+e/ they sha++
necessari+y be gi$en notice 6here one of the co-o6ners is a #inorH

(rtH ()::
;he #etho' an' for#a+ities to be co#7+ie' 6ith for an auction are e:7+aine' in the ;it+e Of
Su$$essions an' in the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureH

"@(P;2- 8III - OF (SSI1*&2*; OF "3(I&S (*0 OF O;@2- I*"O-PO-2(3 -I1@;S

(rtH ():6
In case of assign#ent of a c+ai#B or of a right or of an action against a thir' 7artyB 'e+i$ery ta5es
7+ace bet6een the assignor an' the assignee by han'ing o$er the instru#ent of tit+eH

(rtH ()68
(n assignee is $este' 6ith regar' to thir' 7arties on+y by notice of the assign#ent ser$e' u7on the
'ebtorH
*e$erthe+essB the assignee #ay +i5e6ise be $este' by acce7tance of the assign#ent gi$en by the
'ebtor in an authentic actH

(rtH ()6(
<hereB before the 'ebtor has been gi$en notice by the assignor or the assigneeB the 'ebtor has
7ai' the assignorB he is +a6fu++y 'ischarge'H

(rtH ()6-
;he sa+e or assign#ent of a c+ai# inc+u'es the accessories of the c+ai#B such as securityB 7rior
charges an' #ortgagesH

(rtH ()6<
( 7erson 6ho se++s a c+ai# or any other incor7orea+ right #ust 6arrant its e:istence at the ti#e of
the assign#entB e$en though it is #a'e 6ithout 6arrantyH

(rtH ()6=
@e is res7onsib+e for the so+$ency of the 'ebtor on+y 6here he has boun' hi#se+f theretoB an' on+y
u7 to the a#ount of the 7rice 6hich he has recei$e' for the c+ai#H

23!
(rtH ()63

<here he has 7ro#ise' the so+$ency of the 'ebtorB that 7ro#ise on+y re+ates to the 7resent
so+$encyB an' 'oes not e:ten' to the futureB un+ess the assignor has e:7ress+y so sti7u+ate'H

(rtH ()6)
( 7erson 6ho se++s an inheritance 6ithout s7ecifying its contents in 'etai+B is boun' to 6arrant
on+y his ca7acity as heirH

(rtH ()6+
If he ha' a+rea'y benefite' by fruits of so#e tene#ent or recei$e' the a#ount of so#e c+ai#
be+onging to that inheritanceB or so+' so#e effects of the successionB he is boun' to rei#burse the
7urchaser thereforB un+ess he has e:7ress+y reser$e' the# at the ti#e of the sa+eH

(rtH ()6:
;he 7urchaser #ust on his 7art rei#burse the se++er for 6hat the +atter has 7ai' for the 'ebts an'
charges of the successionB an' reco#7ense hi# for e$erything for 6hich he 6as cre'itorB un+ess other6ise
sti7u+ate'H

(rtH ()66
( 7erson against 6ho# a +itigious right has been assigne' #ay ha$e hi#se+f re+ease' by the
assignee by rei#bursing hi# for the actua+ 7rice of the assign#ent 6ith the e:7enses an' fair costsB an'
6ith interest fro# the 'ay 6hen the assignee has 7ai' the 7rice of the assign#ent #a'e to hi#H

(rtH (+88
( #atter is 'ee#e' +itigious as soon as there is a case an' contro$ersy as to the #erits of the rightH

(rtH (+8(
;he 7ro$ision +ai' 'o6n in (rtic+e 1.!! sha++ not a77+y/
1L In the case 6here the assign#ent has been #a'e to a co-heir or co-o6ner of the right assigne'I
2L <here it has been #a'e to a cre'itor in 7ay#ent of 6hat is 'ue to hi#I
3L <here it has been #a'e to the 7ossessor of the 7ro7erty to 6hich the +itigious right re+atesH


TITLE VII
O EAC!AN&E%


Art' (+8-
(n e:change is a contract by 6hich the 7arties gi$e to each other one thing for anotherH

(rtH (+8<
(n e:change is the outco#e of the so+e consent of the 7artiesB in the sa#e #anner as a sa+eH

(rtH (+8=
<here one of the e:changers has a+rea'y recei$e' the thing gi$en to hi# in e:change an' he
7ro$es after6ar's that the other contracting 7arty is not the o6ner of that thingB he #ay not be co#7e++e'
to 'e+i$er the thing that he has 7ro#ise' in #utua+ e:changeB but on+y to return the thing 6hich he has
recei$e'H

(rtH (+83
;he e:changer 6ho is 'is7ossesse' of the thing 6hich he has recei$e' in e:change has the choice
bet6een c+ai#ing 'a#ages or c+ai#ing bac5 his thingH

(rtH (+8)
-escission on account of +oss 'oes not ta5e 7+ace in contracts of e:changeH

(rtH (+8+
(++ the other ru+es +ai' 'o6n for contracts of sa+e sha++ a77+y to e:changes as to other issuesH


240
TITLE VIII
O !IRIN&

"@(P;2- I - 12*2-(3 P-O8ISIO*S

(rtH (+8:
;here are t6o 5in's of contracts of hiring/
One for thingsB
(n' one for 6or5H

(rtH (+86

;he hiring of things is a contract by 6hich one of the 7arties bin's hi#se+f to ha$e the other enCoy
a thing 'uring a certain ti#eB an' at a charge of a certain 7rice 6hich the +atter bin's hi#se+f to 7ay hi#H

(rtH (+(8
;he hiring of 6or5 is a contract by 6hich one of the 7arties bin's hi#se+f to 'o so#ething for the
otherB at a charge of a 7rice agree' bet6een the#H

(rtH (+((
;hese t6o #o'es of hiring are further sub'i$i'e' into se$era+ 7articu+ar 5in's/
;he hiring of houses an' #o$ab+es is ca++e' a !ease for rent:
;hat of rura+ 7ro7ertyB an a6ri$u!tura! !ease:
;hat of 6or5 or of ser$iceB a hire:
;hat of ani#a+s of 6hich the 7rofits are 'i$i'e' bet6een the o6ner an' the one to 6ho# he
entrusts the#B a !iesto$A !ease:
;stimates( $ontra$ts or fi9ed bar6ainsB for the un'erta5ing of a 6or5 at a charge of a 'eter#ine'
7riceB are a+so hiringB 6here the #ateria+ is 7ro$i'e' by the one for 6ho# the 6or5 is 'oneH
;hese +ast three 5in's ha$e s7ecia+ ru+esH

(rtH (+(-
3eases of nationa+ 7ro7ertyB of the 7ro7erty of $ommunes an' 7ub+ic institutions are subCect to
s7ecia+ ru+esH

"@(P;2- II - OF ;@2 -2*;(3 OF ;@I*1S

(rtH (+(<
One #ay rent a++ 5in's of 7ro7ertyB #o$ab+es an' i##o$ab+esH

Se$tion I D Of the +u!es Common to <eases of Louses and of +ura! Property

0rt. (+(=
(Or'H of 1. O$t. 1%4&: 0$t n46-6'2 of 1/ 0pri! 1%46)
One #ay +ease either in 6riting or $erba++yB e:ce7tB as regar's rura+ 7ro7ertyB for the a77+ication of
the ru+es 7articu+ar to agricu+tura+ +eases an' sharecro77ingH

(rtH (+(3

<here a +ease #a'e 6ithout any 6riting has not yet been carrie' outB an' one of the 7arties 'enies
itB 7roof #ay not be a''uce' through 6itnessesB ho6e$er #o'erate the 7rice #ay beB an' a+though it is
a++ege' that a 'e7osit 6as 7ai'H
Oath #ay be ten'ere' on+y to the one 6ho 'enies the +easeH

(rtH (+()
<here there is a contro$ersy as to the 7rice of a $erba+ +ease 6hich is being carrie' outB an' there
is no recei7tB the o6ner sha++ be be+ie$e' u7on his oathB un+ess the tenant 7refers to a77+y for an a77raisa+
by e:7ertsI in 6hich caseB the costs of the a77raise#ent sha++ be charge' to hi#B if the a77raisa+ e:cee's
the 7rice 6hich he has 'ec+are'H

(rtH (+(+
241
( +essee has the right to sub+et or e$en to assign his +ease to another 7ersonB un+ess that facu+ty
has been forbi''en to hi#H
It #ay be forbi''en 6ho++y or in 7artH
Such a c+ause is a+6ays strictH

(rtH (+(:
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+e %!%B 7aragra7hs 2 an' 3B re+ating to +eases #a'e by usufructuaries sha++
a77+y to +eases #a'e by a guar'ian 6ithout authori=ation of the fa#i+y counci+H

(rtH (+(6

( +essor is boun'B by the nature of the contractB an' 6ithout nee' of any 7articu+ar sti7u+ation/
1L ;o 'e+i$er the thing +ease' to the +essee Tan'B 6here the #ain '6e++ing of the +atter is
concerne'B a 'ecent +o'gingU (0$t n 2000-120' of 1/8e$. 2000)I
2L ;o #aintain that thing in or'er so that it can ser$e the use for 6hich it has been +etI
3L ;o secure to the +essee a 7eacefu+ enCoy#ent for the 'uration of the +easeI
4L (0$t n46-6'2 of 1/ 0pri! 1%46) ;o secure a+so the 7er#anence an' )ua+ity of 7+antingsH

(rtH (+-8
( +essor is boun' to 'e+i$er the thing in goo' re7air of 6hate$er characterH
@e #ustB 'uring the ter# of the +easeB #a5e a++ the re7airs 6hich #ay beco#e necessaryB other
than those incu#bent u7on +esseesH

(rtH (+-(
( 6arranty is 'ue to the tenant for a++ $ices or 'efects of the thing +ease' 6hich 7re$ent use of itB
a+though the +essor 'i' not 5no6 of the# at the ti#e of the +easeH
<here any +oss resu+ts to the +essee fro# those $ices or 'efectsB the +essor is ob+ige' to in'e#nify
hi#H

(rtH (+--
<hereB 'uring the ter# of the +easeB the thing +ease' is 6ho++y 'estroye' by a fortuitous e$entB the
+ease is ter#inate' by o7eration of +a6I 6here it is 'estroye' on+y in 7artB the +essee #ayB accor'ing to the
circu#stancesB a77+y either for a re'uction in 7riceB or e$en for ter#ination of the +easeH In either caseB no
co#7ensation is o6e'H

(rtH (+-<
( +essor #ay notB 'uring the ter# of the +easeB change the for# of the thing +ease'H

(rtH (+-=
<hereB 'uring the +easeB the thing +ease' nee's urgent re7airs 6hich cannot be 7ost7one' unti+ its
en'B the +essee #ust bear the#B 6hate$er incon$enience they cause hi# an' a+though he is 'e7ri$e' of a
7art of the thing +ease' 6hi+e they are being #a'eH
ut 6here those re7airs +ast #ore than forty 'aysB the rent sha++ be re'uce' in 7ro7ortion to the
ti#e an' to the 7art of the thing +ease' of 6hich he has been 'e7ri$e'H
<here the re7airs are of such a nature that they ren'er uninhabitab+e 6hat is re)uire' for the
+o'ging of the +essee an' his fa#i+yB he #ay ha$e the +ease ter#inate'H

(rtH (+-3',( +essor is not boun' to 6arrant the +essee against 'isturbance 6hich thir' 7ersons cause to his
enCoy#ent by assau+tB 6ithout c+ai#ing in other res7ects any right to the thing +ease'I but the +essee #ay
7rocee' against the# in his o6n na#eH

(rtH (+-)
<hereB on the contraryB the tenant or the far#er ha$e been 'isturbe' in their enCoy#ent in
conse)uence of an action re+ating to the o6nershi7 of the tene#entB they are entit+e' to a 7ro7ortionate
re'uction of the rent of the +ease or agricu+tura+ +easeB 7ro$i'e' that a notice of the 'isturbance an' of the
i#7e'i#ent has been ser$e' u7on the o6nerH

(rtH (+-+
<here those 6ho ha$e co##itte' assau+t c+ai# to ha$e so#e right to the 7ro7erty +ease'B or
6here the +essee hi#se+f is su##one' in court to be or'ere' to re+in)uish a++ or 7art of that thingB or to
242
suffer the e:ercise of so#e ser$itu'eB he #ust ha$e the +essor #a'e a 7arty to 6arranty 7rocee'ings an'
sha++ be +eft out of the actionB if he so 'e#an'sB by na#ing the +essor on 6hose beha+f he 7ossessesH

(rtH (+-:
( +essee is boun' to t6o #ain ob+igations/
1L ;o #a5e use of the thing +ease' as a 7ru'ent a'#inistrator an' accor'ing to the 7ur7oses
inten'e' by the +easeB or accor'ing to those 7resu#e' un'er the circu#stancesB fai+ing an agree#entI
2L ;o 7ay the rent at the agree' ti#esH

(rtH (+-6
<here the +essee uses the thing +ease' for another use than the one for 6hich it 6as inten'e'B or
fro# 6hich 'a#age #ay resu+t to the +essorB the +atter #ayB accor'ing to the circu#stancesB ha$e the +ease
ter#inate'H

(rtH (+<8
<here an in$entory of fi:tures has been #a'e bet6een the +essor an' the +esseeB the +atter #ust
return the thing such as he recei$e' itB accor'ing to that in$entoryB e:ce7t for 6hat has 7erishe' or has
been 'eteriorate' through 'ecay or for$e ma=eure.

0rt. (+<(
<here no in$entory has been #a'eB the +essee is 7resu#e' to ha$e recei$e' the 7re#ises in a
goo' state of re7airs incu#bent u7on +esseesB an' #ust return the# in the sa#e stateB e:ce7t for 7roof to
the contraryH

(rtH (+<-
@e is ans6erab+e for the 'eteriorations or +osses occurring 'uring his enCoy#entB un+ess he 7ro$es
that they too5 7+ace 6ithout his fau+tH

(rtH (+<<
@e is ans6erab+e for fireB un+ess he 7ro$es/
;hat the fire ha77ene' by a fortuitous e$ent or for$e ma=eureB or by a 'efect of constructionB or
;hat the fire 6as co##unicate' through a neighbouring houseH

(rtH (+<=
(($t of & *an. 1''/)

<here there are se$era+ tenantsB they are a++ +iab+e for a fire in 7ro7ortion to the renta+ $a+ue of the
7art of the bui+'ing 6hich they occu7yI
>n+ess they 7ro$e that the fire has originate' in the '6e++ing of one of the#B in 6hich caseB that
one a+one is +iab+eI or
>n+ess so#e of the# 7ro$e that the fire cou+' not ha$e starte' 6ith the#B in 6hich case those
ones are not +iab+eH

(rtH (+<3
( +essee is res7onsib+e for the 'eteriorations an' +osses 6hich occur through the act of 7ersons of
his house or of his sub-tenantsH

(rtH (+<)
<here a +ease 6as #a'e 6ithout 6ritingB one of the 7arties #ay gi$e the other notice to )uit on+y
by obser$ing the 7erio' fi:e' by the usage of the 7+aceH

(rtH (+<+
( +ease ceases by o7eration of +a6 at the e:7iry of the ter# fi:e'B 6here it has been #a'e in
6ritingB 6ithout it being necessary to gi$e notice to )uitH

(rtH (+<:
<hereB at the e:7iry of 6ritten +easesB the +essee re#ains an' is +eft in 7ossessionB a ne6 +ease
ta5es 7+aceB 6hose effect is regu+ate' by the (rtic+e re+ating to +eases #a'e 6ithout 6ritingH

(rtH (+<6
243
<here a notice to )uit has been ser$e'B the +esseeB a+though he has continue' his enCoy#entB #ay
not in$o5e a tacit rene6a+H

(rtH (+=8
In the case of the t6o 7rece'ing (rtic+esB a security gi$en for a +ease 'oes not e:ten' to the
ob+igations resu+ting fro# an e:tensionH

(rtH (+=(
( contract of +ease is ter#inate' by the +oss of the thing +ease' an' by the res7ecti$e fai+ure of the
+essor an' the +essee to 7erfor# their un'erta5ingsH

(rtH (+=-
( contract of +ease is not ter#inate' by the 'eath of the +essor or by that of the +esseeH

(rtH (+=<
(Or'H n 4&-2/'0 of 1. O$t. 1%4&: 0$t n46-6'2 of 1/ 0pri! 1%46)
<here a +essor se++s a thing +ease'B the 7urchaser #ay not e$ict the agricu+tura+ tenantB
sharecro77er or tenant 6ho has an authentic +ease or one 6hose 'ate is un'is7utab+eH
@e #ayB ho6e$erB e$ict a tenant of non-rura+ 7ro7erty 6here he has reser$e' that right by the
contract of +easeH

(rtH (+==
(Or'H n 4&-2/'0 of 1. O$t. 1%4&)
<here it 6as agree' at the ti#e of the +ease that in case of sa+eB the 7urchaser 6ou+' be a++o6e' to
e$ict the +essee an' no sti7u+ation 6as #a'e as to 'a#agesB the +essor is boun' to in'e#nify the tenant in
the fo++o6ing #annerI

(rtH (+=3
In case of a houseB a7art#ent or sho7B the +essor sha++ 7ay to the e$icte' tenantB as 'a#agesB a su#
e)ua+ to the 7rice of the rent 'uring the ti#e 6hichB accor'ing to the usage of the 7+aceB is a++o6e'
bet6een the notice to )uit an' the 'e7artureH

(rtH (+=)
In case of rura+ 7ro7ertyB the in'e#nity 6hich the +essor #ust 7ay sha++ be one-thir' of the 7rice of
the +ease for the 6ho+e ti#e 6hich re#ains to runH

(rtH (+=+
<here #anufacturesB factories or other estab+ish#ents 6hich re)uire +arge a'$ances are
concerne'B the in'e#nity sha++ be fi:e' by e:7ertsH

(rtH (+=:
(Or'H n 4&-2/'0 of 1. O$t. 1%4&)
( 7urchaser 6ho 6ishes to #a5e use of the facu+ty reser$e' by the +ease to e$ict a tenant in case
of sa+e is a+so boun' to infor# hi# 6ithin the 7erio' custo#ary in the 7+ace for notices to )uitH

(rtH (+=6
(Or'H n 4&-2/'0 of 1. O$t. 1%4&)
;enants #ay not be e$icte' un+ess the 'a#ages e:7+aine' abo$e ha$e been 7ai' to the# by the
+essor orB in his 'efau+tB by the ne6 7urchaserH

(rtH (+38
<here a +ease is not #a'e by authentic instru#ent or has not an un'is7utab+e 'ateB the 7urchaser
is not +iab+e for any 'a#agesH

(rtH (+3(
(($t n 62-%02 of 4 0u6. 1%62)
;he right to a +ease of 7re#isesB 6ithout 7rofessiona+ or co##ercia+ characterB 6hich is actua++y
use' for the '6e++ing of t6o s7ouses an' e$en 6here the +ease 6as conc+u'e' before the #arriageB isB
6hate$er their #atri#onia+ regi#e #ay be an' not6ithstan'ing any agree#ent to the contraryB consi'ere'
to be+ong to both s7ousesH
244
In case of 'i$orce or Cu'icia+ se7arationB that right #ay be a++otte' by the court sei=e' of the
a77+ication for 'i$orce or Cu'icia+ se7arationB on account of the socia+ an' fa#i+y interests concerne'B to
one of the s7ousesB subCect to the rights to rei#burse#ent or in'e#nity for the benefit of the other s7ouseH
(0$t n 2001-11/& of / 8e$. 2001) In case of 'eath of one of the s7ousesB the sur$i$ing s7ouse co-
+essee has an e:c+usi$e right on itB e:ce7t 6here he or she e:7ress+y renounces itH

Se$tion II Of the Spe$ia! +u!es for <eases of Louses

0rt. (+3-
( tenant 6hich 'oes not garnish the house 6ith sufficient furniture #ay be e$icte'B un+ess he
gi$es sufficient security to ans6er for the rentH

(rtH (+3<
( sub-tenant is +iab+e to the o6ner on+y u7 to the a#ount of the 7rice of his sub-+ease 6hich he
#ay o6e at the ti#e of the sei=ureB 6ithout his being a++o6e' to set off 7ay#ents #a'e in a'$anceH
Pay#ents #a'e by a sub-tenant either un'er a sti7u+ation containe' in his +easeB or as a
conse)uence of the usage of the 7+aceB are not 'ee#e' to be #a'e in a'$anceH

(rtH (+3=
-e7airs incu#bent u7on the tenant or those of routine #aintenance for 6hich a tenant is
res7onsib+eB un+ess other6ise sti7u+ate'B are those 6hich are consi'ere' as such by the usage of the 7+ace
an'B a#ong othersB the re7airs to be #a'e /
;o fire7+acesB bac5-7+atesB #ante+7ieces an' #ante+she+$esI
;o the 7+astering of the botto# of 6a++s of f+ats an' other 7+aces of '6e++ingB to the height of one
#etreI
;o 7a$e#ents an' ti+es of roo#sB 6here on+y a fe6 are bro5enI
;o 7anes of g+assB un+ess they are bro5en by hai+B or other acci'entsB e:traor'inary an' by for$e
ma=eureB for 6hich a tenant #ay not be #a'e res7onsib+eI
;o 'oorsB 6in'o6sB boar's for 7artitioning or c+osing sho7sB hingesB bo+ts an' +oc5sH

(rtH (+33
*one of the re7airs 'ee#e' as incu#bent u7on a tenant #ay be charge' to tenantsB 6here they are
occasione' on+y through 'ecay or for$e ma=eure.

0rt. (+3)
;he c+eaning of 6e++s an' that of cess7oo+s are charge' to the +essorB un+ess there is a c+ause to the
contraryH

(rtH (+3+
( +ease of furniture su77+ie' to garnish a 6ho+e houseB a 6ho+e #ain bui+'ingB a sho7B or a++ others
f+atsB is 'ee#e' #a'e for the usua+ 'uration of +eases of housesB #ain bui+'ingsB sho7s or other f+atsB
accor'ing to the usage of the 7+aceH

(rtH (+3:
( +ease of a furnishe' a7art#ent is 'ee#e' #a'e by the year 6here it has been #a'e for so #uch
a yearI
y the #onthB 6here it has been #a'e for so #uch a #onthI
y the 'ayB 6here it has been #a'e for so #uch a 'ayH
<here nothing sho6s that the +ease 6as #a'e for so #uch a yearB a #onth or a 'ayB the tenancy is
'ee#e' #a'e accor'ing to the usage of the 7+aceH

(rtH (+36
<here the tenant of a house or a f+at continues his enCoy#ent after the e:7iry of the +ease in
6ritingB 6ithout obCection on the 7art of the +essorB he sha++ be 'ee#e' to occu7y the# un'er the sa#e
con'itionsB for the ter# fi:e' by the usage of the 7+aceB an' he #ay not +ea$e nor be e$icte' e:ce7t after
a notice to )uit ser$e' accor'ing to the usage of the 7+aceH

(rtH (+)8
In case of ter#ination o6ing to the fau+t of the +esseeB the +atter is boun' to 7ay the 7rice of the
rent 'uring the ti#e necessary for re-rentingB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to 'a#ages 6hich #ay ha$e resu+te' fro#
the abuseH
24%

(rtH (+)(
( +essor #ay not ter#inate the tenancyB a+though he 'ec+ares that he 6ishes to occu7y hi#se+f the
house +ease' B un+ess there is a sti7u+ation to the contraryH

(rtH (+)-
<here it 6as agree'B in the contract of +easeB that the +essor #ay co#e an' occu7y the houseB he is
boun' to gi$e notice to )uit in a'$anceB at the ti#es fi:e' by the usage of the 7+aceH

Se$tion III D Of the Spe$ia! +u!es for 06ri$u!tura! <eases

0rt. (+)< Frepea!edG
(rtH (+)=
In case of breachB the o6ner is entit+e' to re-enter into enCoy#ent an' the +essee sha++ be or'ere'
to 7ay the 'a#ages resu+ting fro# the non-7erfor#ance of the +easeH

(rtH (+)3
<hereB in an agricu+tura+ +easeB tene#ents are gi$en a +esser or greater ca7acity than the one they
rea++y ha$eB there is occasion for an increase or a 'ecrease in 7rice for the far#er on+y in the cases an'
un'er the con'itions e:7resse' in the ;it+e Of Sa!es.

0rt. (+))
<here the +essee of a rura+ 7ro7erty 'oes not furnish it 6ith catt+e an' i#7+e#ents necessary for
its far#ingB 6here he aban'ons cu+ti$atingB 6here he 'oes not cu+ti$ate as a 7ru'ent o6nerB 6here he
#a5es of the thing +ease' a use other than that for 6hich it 6as inten'e'B orB in genera+B 6here he 'oes not
co#7+y 6ith the ter#s of the +ease an' the +essor suffers a +oss therebyB the +essor #ayB accor'ing to the
circu#stancesB ha$e the +ease ter#inate'H
In case of ter#ination o6ing to an act of the +esseeB he is +iab+e for 'a#agesB as is state' in (rtic+e
17.4H

(rtH (+)+
(ny +esser of rura+ 7ro7erty is boun' to store the cro7s in the 7+ace 7ro$i'e' for that 7ur7ose
accor'ing to the +easeH

(rtH (+):
( +essee of rura+ 7ro7erty is boun' to gi$e notice to the o6ner of a++ encroach#ents 6hich #ay be
co##itte' against the tene#entsB on 7ain of a++ costs an' 'a#agesH
;hat notice #ust be gi$en 6ithin the sa#e 7erio' as that fi:e' for the case of an originating c+ai#
accor'ing to the 'istance bet6een 7+acesH

(rtH (+)6
<here the +ease is #a'e for se$era+ yearsB an'B 'uring the ter# of +easeB the 6ho+e or ha+f of a
cro7 at +east is carrie' off by fortuitous e$entsB the far#er #ay as5 for a rebate of the 7rice of the +easeB
un+ess he is co#7ensate' by the 7rece'ing cro7sH
<here he is not co#7ensate'B the a77raisa+ of the rebate #ay ta5e 7+ace on+y at the en' of the
+easeB at 6hich ti#eB a set-off sha++ be #a'e of a++ the years of enCoy#entI
(n' ne$erthe+ess the Cu'ge #ay te#7orari+y e:e#7t the +essee fro# 7aying a 7art of the 7rice by
reason of the +oss suffere'H

(rtH (++8
<here a +ease is on+y for one yearB an' the +oss is of the 6ho+e or at +east of ha+f the fruitsB the
+essee is 'ischarge' fro# a 7ro7ortionate 7art of the 7rice of the rentH
@e #ay not c+ai# any rebate 6here the +oss is of +ess than one-ha+fH

(rtH (++(
( far#er #ay not obtain any rebate 6here the +oss of the fruits occurs after they ha$e been
se7arate' fro# the groun'B un+ess the +ease gi$es the o6ner a share of the cro7 in 5in'I in 6hich caseB the
o6ner #ust bear his share of the +ossB 7ro$i'e' the +essee 6as not un'er notice to 'e+i$er his share of the
cro7 to hi#H
*either #ay a far#er as5 for a rebateB 6here the cause of the 'a#age e:iste' an' 6as 5no6n at
the ti#e 6hen the +ease 6as #a'eH
24.

(rtH (++-
( +essee #ay be #a'e res7onsib+e for fortuitous e$ents by an e:7ress sti7u+ationH

(rtH (++<
;hat sti7u+ation sha++ on+y a77+y to or'inary fortuitous e$entsB such as hai+B +ightningB frost or
fai+ure of the cro7H
It #ay not e:ten' to e:traor'inary fortuitous e$entsB such as the ra$ages of 6arB or a f+oo'B to
6hich the country is not or'inari+y subCectB un+ess the +essee has been #a'e res7onsib+e for a++ the
fortuitous e$entsB foreseen or unforeseenH

(rtH (++=
(n un6ritten +ease of a rura+ tene#entB is 'ee#e' #a'e for the ti#e 6hich is necessary in or'er
that the +essee co++ects a++ the fruits of the 7ro7erty far#e'H
;hus an agricu+tura+ +ease of a fie+'B of a $ineyar'B an' of any other tene#ent 6hose fruits are
co++ecte' in 6ho+e 'uring the course of a yearB is 'ee#e' #a'e for one yearH
( +ease of arab+e +an'sB 6here they are 'i$i'e' by brea5 or seasonB is 'ee#e' #a'e for as #any
years as there are brea5sH

(rtH (++3
(($t of 1& *u!y 1%42)
( +ease of rura+ 7ro7ertiesB a+though un6rittenB ceases at the e:7iry of the ti#e s7ecifie' by the
7rece'ing (rtic+e on+y through the effect of a 6ritten notice to )uit gi$en by one of the 7arties to the
otherB si: #onths at +east before that ti#eH
Fai+ing a notice to )uit gi$en in the ti#e abo$e s7ecifie'B a ne6 +ease ta5es 7+ace 6hose effect is
regu+ate' by (rtic+e 1774H
It sha++ be the sa#e 6hereB at the e:7iry of 6ritten +easesB the +essee re#ains an' is +eft in
7ossessionH

(rtH (++) Frepea!edG

(rtH (+++
( 'e7arting far#er #ust +ea$e to the one 6ho succee's hi# in the cu+ti$ationB suitab+e +o'ging
an' other faci+ities for the 6or5 of the fo++o6ing yearI an' reci7roca++yB the entering far#er #ust 7ro$i'e
the one 6ho is 'e7arting 6ith suitab+e +o'ging an' other faci+ities for the consu#7tion of fo''er an' for
har$ests 6hich re#ain to be #a'eH
In either caseB the usage of the 7+ace #ust be co#7+ie' 6ithH

(rtH (++:
( 'e7arting far#er #ust a+so +ea$e the stra6s an' #anure of the yearB 6here he has recei$e' the#
on entering into 7ossessionI an' e$en 6here he 'i' not recei$e the#B the o6ner #ay retain the#
accor'ing to his a77raisa+H

"@(P;2- III - OF ;@2 @I-I*1 OF I*0>S;-E (*0 S2-8I"2S

(rtH (++6
;here are three #ain 5in's of hiring of in'ustry an' ser$ices/
1L ;he hiring of 6or5ers 6ho enter the ser$ice of so#eoneI
2L ;hat of carriersB as 6e++ by +an' as by 6aterB 6ho un'erta5e to carry 7ersons or goo'sI
3L (0$t n 6.-/ of / *an. 1%6.) ;hat of architectsB contractors for 6or5 an' technicians fo++o6ing
researchB esti#ates or contractsH

Se$tion I - Of the Lirin6 of Serants and ForAers

0rt. (+:8
One 7erson #ay engage his ser$ices on+y for a ti#e B or for a s7ecifie' un'erta5ingH
(0$t of 2. 8e$. 1'%0) ;he hiring of ser$ices #a'e 6ithout 'eter#ination of 'uration #ay a+6ays
cease through the 6ish of one of the contracting 7artiesH
*e$erthe+essB the ter#ination of the contract through the 6ish of one on+y of the contracting
7arties #ay gi$e rise to 'a#agesH
247
;o fi: the co#7ensation to be grante'B if anyB account sha++ be ta5en of usagesB of the nature of the
ser$ices hire'B of the ti#e e+a7se'B of the 'e'uctions #a'e an' of the 7ay#ents #a'e in $ie6 of a
retire#ent 7ensionB an'B in genera+B of a++ the circu#stances 6hich #ay estab+ish the e:istence an'
'eter#ine the e:tent of the +oss cause'H
;he 7arties #ay not renounce in a'$ance the contingent right to c+ai# 'a#ages un'er the abo$e
7ro$isionsH
;he contro$ersies to 6hich the a77+ication of the 7rece'ing 7aragra7hs #ay gi$e riseB 6hen they
are brought before ci$i+ courts an' before courts of a77ea+B sha++ be 7re7are' for tria+ as su##ary
7rocee'ings an' trie' as e#ergenciesH

(rtH (+:( Frepea!edG

Se$tion II - Of Carriers by <and and by Fater
0rt. (+:-
"arriers by +an' an' by 6ater are subCectB for the custo'y an' 7reser$ation of the things 6hich
are entruste' to the#B to the sa#e ob+igations as inn5ee7ers 6ho are 'ea+t 6ith in the ;it+e Of 8eposits
and of Se,uestration.

0rt. (+:<
;hey ans6er not on+y for 6hat they ha$e a+rea'y recei$e' in their boat or carriageB but a+so for
6hat has been 'e+i$ere' to the# in 7ort or in 6arehouseB to be 7+ace' in their boat or carriageH

(rtH (+:=
;hey are +iab+e for the +oss an' 'a#ages of the things 6hich are entruste' to the#B un+ess they
7ro$e that they ha$e been +ost or 'a#age' by fortuitous e$ent or for$e ma=eure.

0rt. (+:3
"o##on carriers by +an' or by 6aterB an' 7ub+ic hau+age contractorsB #ust 5ee7 account boo5s
for the #oneyB the artic+es an' 7arce+s 6hich they ta5e charge ofH

(rtH (+:)
"o##on carriers an' 'irectors of 7ub+ic carriage an' hau+ageB #asters of boats an' shi7sB are in
a''ition subCect to 7articu+ar regu+ations 6hich constitute the +a6 bet6een the# an' other citi=ensH

Se$tion III - Of ;stimates and of ForAs

(rtH (+:+
<here one instructs a 7erson to 'o a 6or5B it #ay be agree' that he 6i++ furnish his 6or5 or his
in'ustry on+yB or that he 6i++ a+so furnish the #ateria+H

(rtH (+::
<hereB in case the 6or5er furnishes the #ateria+B the thing ha77ens to 7erishB in 6hate$er #annerB
before it is 'e+i$ere'B the +oss fa++s u7on the 6or5erB un+ess the #aster 6as gi$en notice to recei$e the
thingH

(rtH (+:6
In case the 6or5er furnishes his 6or5 on+yB if the thing ha77ens to 7erishB the 6or5#an is +iab+e
for his fau+t on+yH

(rtH (+68
<hereB in the case of the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB the thing ha77ens to 7erishB a+though 6ithout any
fau+t on the 6or5er?s 7artB before the 6or5 6as recei$e'B an' 6ithout the #aster being gi$en notice to
chec5 itB the 6or5er #ay not c+ai# any 6agesB un+ess the thing has 7erishe' through 'efect of the
#ateria+H

(rtH (+6(
<here a 6or5 for se$era+ 7ieces or by #easure is concerne'B it #ay be chec5e' by 7arts/ chec5ing
is 'ee#e' to ha$e been #a'e for a++ the 7arts 7ai'B if the #aster 7ays the 6or5er in 7ro7ortion to the
6or5 'oneH

(rtH (+6-
248
(($t n .'-12 of 4 *an. 1%.')
(ny bui+'er of a 6or5 is +iab+e as of rightB to6ar's the bui+'ing o6ner or 7urchaserB for 'a#agesB
e$en resu+ting fro# a 'efect of the groun'B 6hich i#7eri+ the strength of the bui+'ing or 6hichB affecting
it in one of its constituent 7arts or one of its e+e#ents of e)ui7#entB ren'er it unsuitab+e for its 7ur7osesH
Such +iabi+ity 'oes not ta5e 7+ace 6here the bui+'er 7ro$es that the 'a#ages 6ere occasione' by
an e:traneous e$entH

(rtH (+6-,(
(($t n .'-12 of 4 *an. 1%.')
(re 'ee#e' bui+'ers of the 6or5/
1L (ny architectB contractorB technician or other 7erson boun' to the bui+'ing o6ner by a contract
of hire of 6or5I
2L (ny 7erson 6ho se++sB after co#7+etionB a 6or5 6hich he bui+t or ha' bui+tI
3L (ny 7erson 6hoB a+though acting in the ca7acity of agent for the bui+'ing o6nerB 7erfor#s
'uties si#i+ar to those of a hirer out of 6or5H

(rtH (+6-,-
(($t n .'-12 of 4 *an. 1%.')
;he 7resu#7tion of +iabi+ity estab+ishe' by (rtic+e 17!2 a+so e:ten's to 'a#ages affecting the
strength of the e+e#ents of e)ui7#ent of a bui+'ingB but on+y 6here the +atter are an in'issociab+e an'
integra+ 7art of the 6or5s of 'e$e+o7#entB foun'ationB ossatureB c+ose or co$erH
(n e+e#ent of e)ui7#ent is 'ee#e' to be an in'issociab+e 7art of one of the 6or5s +iste' in the
7rece'ing (rtic+e 6here the 'e#ountingB 'isasse#b+ing or re7+acing thereof cannot be effecte' 6ithout
'eterioration or re#o$a+ of #ateria+ fro# that 6or5H

(rtH (+6-,<
(($t n .'-12 of 4 *an. 1%.')
Other e+e#ents of e)ui7#ent of a bui+'ing are the subCect of a 6arranty of goo' running for a
#ini#u# 7erio' of t6o years after the a77ro$a+ of the 6or5H

(rtH (+6-,=
(($t n .'-12 of 4 *an. 1%.')
;he #anufacturer of a 6or5B of a 7art of a 6or5 or of an e+e#ent of e)ui7#ent 'esigne' an'
7ro'uce' for #eeting 7recise an' 7re'eter#ine' re)uire#ents 6hen in 6or5ing or'erB is Coint+y an'
se$era++y +iab+e for the ob+igations 7+ace' by (rtic+es 17!2B 17!2-2 an' 17!2-3 on the hirer out of 6or5
6ho #a'e useB 6ithout #o'ification an' in co#7+iance 6ith the 'irections of the #anufacturerB of the
6or5B 7art of 6or5 or e+e#ent of e)ui7#ent concerne'H
For the 7ur7ose of this (rtic+eB sha++ be treate' in the sa#e 6ay as #anufacturers/
( 7erson 6ho i#7orte' a 6or5B a 7art of 6or5 or an e+e#ent of e)ui7#ent #anufacture' abroa'I
( 7erson 6ho 7resente' it as his o6n 6or5 by ha$ing his na#eB his tra'e #ar5 or any other
'istinguishing sign a77ear on itH

(rtH (+6-,3
(($t n .'-12 of 4 *an. 1%.')
(ny c+ause of a contract ha$ing the 7ur7oseB either of e:c+u'ing or +i#iting the +iabi+ity 7ro$i'e'
for in (rtic+es 17!2B 17!2-1 an' 17!2-2B or of e:c+u'ing Tthe 6arranties 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 17!2-3
an' 17!2-.U (0$t n %0-112% of 1% 8e$. 1%%0) or of +i#iting their e:tentB or setting asi'e or +i#iting the
Coint an' se$era+ +iabi+ity 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 17!2-4B sha++ be 'ee#e' not 6rittenH

(rtH (+6-,)
(($t n .'-12 of 4 *an. 1%.')
(77ro$a+ is the act by 6hich the bui+'ing o6ner 'ec+ares that he acce7ts the 6or5 6ith or 6ithout
reser$ationH It occurs at the suit of the first re)uesting 7artyB either a#icab+y orB fai+ing 6hichB Cu'icia++yH
In any caseB it sha++ be 7ronounce' a'$ersari+yH
;he 6arranty of 7erfecte' co#7+etionB to 6hich a contractor is he+' 'uring a 7erio' of one yearB
after the a77ro$a+B e:ten's to the re7airs of a++ shortco#ings in'icate' by the bui+'ing o6nerB either
through reser$ations #entione' in the #e#oran'u# of a77ro$a+B or by 6ay of 6ritten notice as to those
re$ea+e' after the a77ro$a+H
;he 7erio's re)uire' for the carrying out of the 6or5s of re7air sha++ be fi:e' by co##on
agree#ent by the bui+'ing o6ner an' the contractor concerne'H
24!
Fai+ing such an agree#ent or in case of non-carrying out 6ithin the 7erio' fi:e'B the 6or5s #ayB
after a notice of 'efau+t re#aine' ineffecti$eB be carrie' out at the e:7enses an' ris5s of the 'efau+ting
contractorH
;he carrying out of the 6or5s re)uire' un'er the 6arranty of 7erfecte' co#7+etion sha++ be
estab+ishe' by co##on agree#ent orB fai+ing 6hichB Cu'icia++yH
;he 6arranty 'oes not e:ten' to the 6or5s re)uire' to re#e'y the effects of nor#a+ 6ear or of
useH

(rtH (+6<
<here an architect or a contractor has un'erta5en to erect a bui+'ing at a fi:e' 7riceB accor'ing to
a 7+an sett+e' an' agree' 6ith the o6ner of the groun'B he #ay not as5 for any increase in the 7riceB either
un'er the 7rete:t of increase in +abour or #ateria+B or un'er that of changes or a''itions #a'e in the 7+anB
un+ess those changes or a''itions ha$e been authori=e' in 6riting an' the 7rice agree' 6ith the o6nerH

(rtH (+6='
,( #aster #ayB by his 6ish a+oneB ter#inate a contract at a fi:e' 7riceB a+though the 6or5 has a+rea'y
begunB by co#7ensating the contractor for a++ his e:7ensesB for a++ his 6or5sB an' for a++ that he cou+'
ha$e earne' in that un'erta5ingH

(rtH (+63
( contract of hiring of 6or5 is 'isso+$e' by the 'eath of the 6or5erB of the architect or of the
contractorH

(rtH (+6)
ut the o6ner is boun' to 7ay to their successionB in 7ro7ortion to the 7rice gi$en in the
agree#entB the $a+ue of the 6or5s 'one an' that of the #ateria+s 7re7are'B on+y 6here those 6or5s or
#ateria+s can be usefu+ to hi#H

(rtH (+6+
( contractor is res7onsib+e for the acts of the 7ersons 6ho# he e#7+oysH

(rtH (+6:
&asonsB car7enters an' other 6or5ers 6ho ha$e been e#7+oye' in the construction of a bui+'ing B
or of other 6or5s #a'e un'er a contract to 'o 6or5B ha$e an action against the 7erson for 6ho# the
6or5s ha$e been 'one on+y u7 to the a#ount for 6hich that 7erson is 'ebtor to6ar's the contractorB at the
ti#e 6hen their action is institute'H

(rtH (+66
&asonsB car7entersB +oc5s#iths an' other 6or5ers 6ho enter 'irect+y into contracts for a 'efinite
+u#7 su#B are subCect to the ru+es 7rescribe' in this Section/ they are contractors as to the 7art they
un'erta5eH

(rtH (+66,(
(($t n %4-4.& of 10 *une 1%%4)
( bui+'ing o6ner 6ho enters into a 7ri$ate constructiona+ 6or5s contract referre' to in (rtic+e
177!B 3LB #ust 6arrant to the contractor the 7ay#ent of the su#s o6e' 6hen they e:cee' a thresho+'
fi:e' by 'ecree in Consei! dN2tat
(
'
<here a bui+'ing o6ner has recourse to a s7ecific cre'it for financing the 6or5sB the cre'it
institution #ay not 7ay the a#ount of the +oan to a 7erson 'ifferent fro# the ones #entione' in (rtic+e
177!B 3LB so +ong as the +atter ha$e not recei$e' 7ay#ent of the 6ho+e of the c+ai# arising fro# the
contract corres7on'ing to the +oanH Pay#ents sha++ be #a'e by a 6ritten or'er an' un'er the e:c+usi$e
res7onsibi+ity of the bui+'ing o6ner into the han's of the 7erson or of an agent a77ointe' for that 7ur7oseH
<here a bui+'ing o6ner 'oes not ha$e recourse to a s7ecific cre'it or 6here he has recourse to it
on+y in 7artB an' fai+ing a guarantee resu+ting fro# a 7articu+ar sti7u+ationB 7ay#ent sha++ be 6arrante' by
a Coint an' se$era+ suretyshi7 agree' to by a cre'it institutionB an insurance co#7any or an institution of
co++ecti$e guaranteeB accor'ing to ter#s fi:e' by 'ecree in Consei! dN2tat. So +ong as no guarantee has
been gi$en an' the contractor is not 7ai' for the 6or5s carrie' outB the +atter #ay sus7en' 7erfor#ance of
the contract after a notice of 'efau+t re#aine' ineffecti$e at the en' of a 7erio' of fifteen 'aysH
(0$t n %&-%6 of 1 Feb. 1%%&) ;he 7ro$isions of the 7rece'ing 7aragra7h sha++ not a77+y 6here the
bui+'ing o6ner enters into a constructiona+ 6or5s contract on his o6n beha+f an' to #eet nee's 6hich 'o
not be+ong to an occu7ation re+ating to that contractH
2%0
;he 7ro$isions of this (rtic+e sha++ not a77+y to the contracts conc+u'e' by a bo'y referre' to in
(rtic+e 3H 411-2 of the ui+'ing an' @ousing "o'e or by a se#i-7ub+ic co#7anyB for +o'gings to be
rente' 6hich ha$e recei$e' an ai' of the State an' ha$e been carrie' out by that bo'y or co#7anyH

(
8. n%%-6&' of /0 *u!y 1%%%/ 7! 000 F (12 000 O)

"@(P;2- I8 - OF 32(S2S OF 3I82S;O"9

Se$tion I - Benera! Proisions

(rtH (:88
( +ease of +i$estoc5 is a contract by 6hich one of the 7arties gi$es the other a stoc5 of catt+e to be
5e7tB fe' an' care' forB un'er the ter#s agree' bet6een the#H

(rtH (:8(
;here are se$era+ 5in's of +eases of +i$estoc5/
Si#7+e or or'inary +ease of +i$estoc5B
3ease of +i$estoc5 by ha+$esB
3ease of +i$estoc5 gi$en to a far#er or sharecro77erH
;here is a+so a fourth 5in' of contract i#7ro7er+y na#e' !ease of !iesto$A.

0rt. (:8-
( +ease of +i$estoc5 #ay be #a'e for any 5in' of ani#a+s ca7ab+e of increase or of 7rofit for
agricu+ture or tra'eH

(rtH (:8<
Fai+ing s7ecia+ agree#entB those contracts are regu+ate' by the fo++o6ing 7rinci7+esH

Se$tion II - Of Ordinary <eases of <iesto$A

0rt. (:8=
(n or'inary +ease of +i$estoc5 is a contract by 6hich one 7erson gi$es another catt+e to be 5e7tB
fe' an' care' forB on con'ition that the +essee 6i++ 7rofit fro# ha+f the increase in stoc5 an' 6i++ a+so bear
one-ha+f of the +ossH

(rtH (:83
(($t of % *une 1%41)
;he state#ent of the nu#berB 'escri7tion an' a77raisa+ of the ani#a+s 'e+i$ere'B 6hich a77ears in
the +easeB 'oes not transfer o6nershi7 of the# to the +esseeH It has no other 7ur7ose than to be use' as
basis for the sett+e#ent to occur on the 'ay 6hen the contract co#es to an en'H

(rtH (:8)
( +essee is boun' to gi$e the care of a 7ru'ent o6ner to the 7reser$ation of the +i$estoc5H

(rtH (:8+
@e is +iab+e for a fortuitous e$ent on+y 6here it 6as 7rece'e' by so#e fau+t on his 7artB 6ithout
6hich the +oss 6ou+' not ha$e occurre'H

(rtH (:8:
In case of 'is7uteB the +essee is boun' to 7ro$e the fortuitous e$entB an' the +essor is boun' to
7ro$e the fau+t 6hich he ascribes to the +esseeH

(rtH (:86
( +essee 6ho is 'ischarge' by a fortuitous e$ent is a+6ays boun' to account for the hi'es of the
ani#a+sH

(rtH (:(8
(($t of & 4o. 1%41)
<here the +i$estoc5 7erishes in 6ho+e 6ithout a fau+t of the +esseeB the +oss fa++s on the +essorH
<here on+y a 7art of it 7erishesB the +oss is borne Coint+yB accor'ing to the 7rice of the origina+
a77raisa+ an' that of the a77raisa+ at the e:7iry of the +easeH

2%1
(rtH (:((
It #ay not be sti7u+ate'/
;hat the +essee sha++ bear the tota+ +oss of the +i$estoc5B a+though occurre' through a fortuitous
e$ent an' 6ithout his fau+tI
Or that he sha++ bear in the +oss a greater share than in the 7rofitsI
Or that the +essor sha++B at the en' of the +easeB set a7art so#ething #ore than the +i$estoc5 6hich
he has furnishe'H
(ny agree#ent of this 5in' is $oi'H
;he +essee sha++ a+one benefit fro# #i+5B #anure an' 6or5 of the ani#a+s +ease'H
;he 6oo+ an' the increase in stoc5 sha++ be 'i$i'e'H

(rtH (:(-
( +essee #ay not 'is7ose of any ani#a+ of a her' or f+oc5B either fro# the stoc5 or fro# the
increaseB 6ithout the consent of the +essor 6ho hi#se+f #ay not 'is7ose of it 6ithout the consent of the
+esseeH
(rtH (:(<
<here +i$estoc5 is gi$en to the tenant of anotherB notice of it #ust be gi$en to the +an'+or' fro#
6ho# that tenant ho+'sI other6iseB he #ay sei=e it an' ha$e it so+' for 6hat his tenant o6es hi#H

(rtH (:(=
( +essee #ay not shear 6ithout the consent of the +essorH

(rtH (:(3
<here no ti#e has been fi:e' by the agree#ent for the 'uration of a +easeB it is 'ee#e' #a'e for
three yearsH

(rtH (:()
;he +essor #ay c+ai# its ter#ination soonerB 6here the +essee 'oes not fu+fi+ his ob+igationsH

(rtH (:(+
(($t of % *une 1%41)
(t the en' of the +ease or at the ti#e of its ter#inationB the +essor sha++ set a7art ani#a+s of each
5in' in or'er to obtain a stoc5 of catt+e si#i+ar to that 6hich he 'e+i$ere'B in 7articu+ar as to nu#berB
bree'B ageB 6eight an' )ua+ity of the ani#a+sI the e:cess sha++ be 7artitione'H
<here there are not enough ani#a+s to re7+enish the stoc5 of catt+e such as 'efine' abo$eB the
7arties sha++ account to each other for the +oss on the basis of the $a+ue of the ani#a+s on the 'ay 6hen the
contract co#es to an en'H
(ny agree#ent un'er 6hichB at the en' of the +ease or at the ti#e of its ter#inationB the +essee
sha++ +ea$e a stoc5 of catt+e of a $a+ue e)ua+ to the 7rice of the a77raisa+ of the one 6hich he recei$e'B is
$oi'H

Se$tion III - Of <eases of <iesto$A by La!es

0rt. (:(:
( +ease of +i$estoc5 by ha+$es is a fir# in 6hich each contracting 7arty furnishes one ha+f of the
catt+eB 6hich re#ain in co##on for 7rofits or for +ossH

(rtH (:(6
( +essee sha++ a+one 7rofit fro# #i+5B #anure an' 6or5s of the ani#a+sB as in an or'inary +ease of
+i$estoc5H
( +essor sha++ be entit+e' on+y to one ha+f of the 6oo+ an' of the increaseH
(ny agree#ent to the contrary is $oi'B un+ess the +essor is the o6ner of the far# of 6hich the
+essee is far#er or sharecro77erH

(rtH (:-8
(++ the other ru+es of an or'inary +ease of +i$estoc5 sha++ a77+y to a +ease of +i$estoc5 by ha+$esH

Se$tion IC - Of <eases of <iesto$A Branted by an O#ner to his Farmer or Share$ropper

, 1 - Of 3i$estoc5 3ease' to a Far#er

2%2
(rtH (:-(
(($t of % *une 1%41)
Such +ease (a+so ca++e' iron !ease of !iesto$A) is one by 6hich the o6ner of an agricu+tura+
ho+'ing gi$es it on +ease on con'ition that at the e:7iry of the +easeB the far#er sha++ +ea$e the sa#e stoc5
of catt+e as that 6hich he recei$e'H

(rtH (:--

(($t of % *une 1%41)

;he state#ent of the nu#berB 'escri7tion an' a77raisa+ of the ani#a+s 'e+i$ere'B 6hich a77ears in
the +easeB 'oes not transfer o6nershi7 of the# to the +esseeH It has no other 7ur7ose than to be use' as
basis for the sett+e#ent to occur on the 'ay 6hen the contract co#es to an en'H

(rtH (:-<
(++ 7rofits be+ong to the far#er 'uring the 7erio' of his +easeB un+ess other6ise agree'H

(rtH (:-=
In +eases of +i$estoc5 +ease' to a far#erB the #anure is not a#ong the 7ersona+ 7rofits of the
+esseesB but be+ongs to the far#B for the cu+ti$ation of 6hich it #ust be e:c+usi$e+y use'H

(rtH (:-3
(($t of & O$t. 1%41)
3ossB e$en tota+ an' by fortuitous e$entB fa++s 6ho++y u7on the far#erB un+ess other6ise agree'H

(rtH (:-)
(($t of % *une 1%41)
(t the en' of the +ease or at the ti#e of its ter#inationB the +essee sha++ +ea$e ani#a+s of each 5in'
co#7osing a stoc5 of catt+e si#i+ar to that 6hich he recei$e'B in 7articu+ar as to nu#berB bree'B ageB
6eight an' )ua+ity of the ani#a+sH
<here there is an e:cessB it be+ongs to hi#H
<here there is a 'eficitB sett+e#ent bet6een the 7arties sha++ be #a'e on the basis of the $a+ue of
the ani#a+s on the 'ay 6hen the contract co#es to an en'H
(ny agree#ent un'er 6hichB at the en' of the +ease or at the ti#e of its ter#inationB the +essee
sha++ +ea$e a stoc5 of catt+e of a $a+ue e)ua+ to the 7rice of the a77raisa+ of the one 6hich he recei$e'B is
$oi'H

, 2 - Of 3i$estoc5 3ease' to a Sharecro77er

(rtH (:-+
(($t of & O$t. 1%41)
<here the +i$estoc5 7erishes in 6ho+e 6ithout a fau+t of the sharecro77erB the +oss fa++s on the
+essorH

(rtH (:-:

It #ay be sti7u+ate' that the sharecro77er sha++ surren'er to the +essor his 7art of the f+eece at a
7rice be+o6 the or'inary $a+ueI
;hat the +essor sha++ ha$e a +arger share of the 7rofitI
;hat he sha++ ha$e ha+f of the #i+5I
ut it #ay not be sti7u+ate' that the sharecro77er sha++ bear the 6ho+e +ossH

(rtH (:-6
Such +ease co#es to an en' 6ith the +ease of the far#H

(rtH (:<8
(s to other issuesB it sha++ be subCect to a++ the ru+es of an or'inary +ease of +i$estoc5H

Se$tion C D Of the Contra$t Improper!y 4amed <ease of <iesto$A

0rt. (:<(
2%3
<here one or se$era+ co6s are gi$en to be she+tere' an' fe'B the +essor 5ee7s o6nershi7 o$er
the#I he has on+y the 7rofit of the ca+$es 6hich are born of the#H


TITLE VIII bis
O T!E CONTRACT O REAL E%TATE PROMOTION
(0$t n .1-&.% of 16 *u!y 1%.1)

(rtH (:<(,(
( contract of rea+ estate 7ro#otion is an agency for the Coint interest of both 7arties by 6hich a
7erson sai' Krea! estate promoterU bin's hi#se+f to6ar's a bui+'ing o6ner to ha$e the carrying out of a
7rogra# of construction of one or se$era+ bui+'ings un'erta5en for an agree' 7rice an' by 6ay of
contracts of hiring of ser$icesB as 6e++ as to un'erta5e hi#se+f or ha$e un'erta5enB for an agree'
re#unerationB a++ or 7art of the +ega+B a'#inistrati$e an' financia+ for#a+ities or transactions concurring
for the sa#e 7ur7oseH ;hat 7ro#oter is the 6arrantor of the 7erfor#ance of the ob+igations 7+ace' on the
7ersons 6ith 6ho# he has 'ea+t on beha+f of the bui+'ing o6nerH T@e is in 7articu+ar res7onsib+e for the
ob+igations resu+ting fro# (rtic+es 17!2B 17!2-1B 17!2-2 an' 17!2-3 of this "o'eU (0$t n .'-12 of 4
*an. 1%.')H
<here a 7ro#oter bin's hi#se+f to 7erfor# 7ersonna+y 7art of the o7erations of the 7rogra#B he is
boun'B as to those o7erationsB for the ob+igations of a hirer out of 6or5sH

(rtH (:<(,-
(s to the 7ro#oterB the contract in$o+$es authority to conc+u'e contractsB a77ro$e the 6or5sB c+ose
agree#ents an' genera++yB 'o in the na#e of the bui+'ing o6nerB a++ the transactions re)uire' by the
carrying out of the 7rogra#B u7 to the a#ount of the +u#7-su# agree'H
@o6e$erB a 7ro#oter bin's the bui+'ing o6nerB by the +oans he contracts or the acts of 'is7osa+ he
enters intoB on+y un'er a s7ecia+ agency containe' in the contract or in a subse)uent instru#entH
;he bui+'ing o6ner is boun' to 7erfor# the un'erta5ings contracte' on his beha+f by the 7ro#oter
6ithin the authority 6hich the +atter ho+'s un'er a statute or the agree#entH

(rtH (:<(,<
<hereB before the co#7+etion of the 7rogra#B the bui+'ing o6ner assigns the rights he has on itB
the assignee is substitute' to hi# by o7eration of +a6B as to assets an' +iabi+itiesB for the 6ho+e of the
contractH T;he assignor is 6arrantor of the 7erfor#ance of the ob+igations 7+ace' on the bui+'ing o6ner
by the contract assigne'U (0$t n .2-64% of 11 *u!y 1%.2)H
S7ecia+ agencies gi$en to the 7ro#oter continue bet6een the +atter an' the assigneeH
;he 7ro#oter #ay not substitute a thir' 7arty for hi#se+f in the 7erfor#ance of the ob+igations
6hich he has contracte' 6ith the bui+'ing o6ner 6ithout the consent of the +atterH
( contract of rea+ estate 7ro#otion is effecti$e against thir' 7arties on+y fro# the 'ate of its entry
on the +an' registerH

(rtH (:<(,=
;he tas5 of a 7ro#oter co#es to an en' 6ith the 'e+i$ery of the 6or5 on+y 6here the accounts for
construction ha$e been 'efinite+y sett+e' bet6een the bui+'ing o6ner an' the 7ro#oterB a++ of 6hich
6ithout 7reCu'icing the actions for 'a#ages 6hich #ay be+ong to the bui+'ing o6ner against the
7ro#oterH

(rtH (:<(,3
4u'icia+ arrange#ent or +i)ui'ation 'oes not in$o+$e as of right the ter#ination of a contract of
rea+ estate 7ro#otionH (ny sti7u+ation to the contrary sha++ be 'ee#e' not 6rittenH



TITLE IA
O IRM% AND COMPANIE%
(0$t n .'-% of 4 *an. 1%.')


"@(P;2- I 12*2-(3 P-O8ISIO*S

(rtH (:<-
2%4
(($t n '&-6%. of 11 *u!y 1%'&)
( fir# is estab+ishe' by t6o or se$era+ 7ersons 6hich agree by a contract to a77ro7riate 7ro7erty
or their in'ustry for a co##on $enture 6ith a $ie6 to sharing the benefit or 7rofiting fro# the sa$ing
6hich #ay resu+t therefro#H
It #ay be estab+ishe'B in the cases 7ro$i'e' for by statuteB through an act of 6i++ of one 7erson a+oneH
;he #e#bers bin' the#se+$es to contribute to +ossesH

(rtH (:<-,(
T2$en 6here they use on+y co##unity 7ro7erty for the contributions to a fir# or for the
ac)uisition of shares of a fir#B t6o s7ouses a+one or 6ith other 7ersons #ay be #e#bers of a sa#e fir#
an' 7artici7ate together or not in the #anage#ent of the fir#U (0$t n '2-&%6 of 10 *u!y 1%'2)H
;he a'$antages an' gratuitous transfers resu+ting fro# a fir# agree#ent bet6een s7ouses #ay not be
a$oi'e' because they 6ou+' constitute 'isguise' giftsB 6here their ter#s ha$e been regu+ate' by an
authentic instru#entH

(rtH (:<-,-
(($t n '2-&%6 of 10 *u!y 1%'2)
One s7ouse #ay notB un'er the 7ena+ty 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 1427B #a5e use of co##unity
7ro7erty in or'er to #a5e a contribution to a fir# or ac)uire non-negotiab+e shares of a fir# 6ithout the
other s7ouse being infor#e' thereof an' 7roof of it being a''uce' in the instru#entH
;he ca7acity of #e#ber is ac5no6+e'ge' to the s7ouse 6ho #a5es the contribution or the ac)uisitionH
;he ca7acity of #e#ber is a+so ac5no6+e'ge'B for ha+f of the shares subscribe' or ac)uire'B to the s7ouse
6ho ga$e notice to the fir# of his or her intention to be 7ersona++y a #e#berH <here he or she gi$es
notice of his or her intention at the ti#e of the contribution or ac)uisitionB the acce7tance or agree#ent of
the #e#bers is effecti$e as to both s7ousesH <here the notice is after the contribution or ac)uisitionB the
c+auses re)uiring a77ro$a+ 7ro$i'e' for this 7ur7ose in the artic+es of association or of 7artnershi7 are
a$ai+ab+e as against the s7ouseI at the ti#e of the reso+ution on a77ro$a+B the #e#ber s7ouse 'oes not
7artici7ate in the $ote an' his or her shares are not ta5en into account in ca+cu+ating the )uoru# an' the
#aCorityH
;he 7ro$isions of this (rtic+e sha++ a77+y on+y to fir#s 6hose shares are not negotiab+e an' on+y unti+
'isso+ution of the co##unityH

(rtH (:<<
2$ery fir# #ust ha$e +a6fu+ obCects an' be for#e' in the co##on interest of the #e#bersH

(rtH (:<=
;he 7ro$isions of this "ha7ter sha++ a77+y to a++ fir#s an' co#7aniesB un+ess other6ise 7ro$i'e'
for by statute by reason of their for# or of their obCectsH

(rtH (:<3
;he #e#oran'u# an' the artic+es of association or of 7artnershi7 #ust be 'ra6n u7 in 6ritingH
;hey sha++ 'eter#ineB in a''ition to the contributions of each #e#berB the for#B the obCectsB the na#eB
the registere' 7+ace of businessB the ca7ita+ of the fir#B the 'uration of the fir# an' its ru+es of
functioningH

(rtH (:<)
>n+ess other6ise sti7u+ate'B the #e#oran'u# an' the artic+es #ay be a#en'e' on+y by
unani#ous agree#ent of the #e#bersH
In no case #ay the co##it#ents of a #e#ber be increase' 6ithout his consentH

(rtH (:<+
2$ery fir# 6hose registere' 7+ace of business is +ocate' on the French territory is subCect to the
7ro$isions of French +a6H
;hir' 7arties #ay a$ai+ the#se+$es of the registere' 7+ace of business 'eter#ine' in the artic+esB but the
+atter is not a$ai+ab+e as against the# 6here the actua+ 7+ace of business is +ocate' e+se6hereH

(rtH (:<:
;he 'uration of a fir# #ay not e:cee' ninety-nine yearsH

(rtH (:<6
2%%
<here the #e#oran'u# an' the artic+es 'o not contain a++ the state#ents re)uire' by +egis+ation
or 6here a for#a+ity 7rescribe' by it for the for#ation of a fir# 6as o#itte' or irregu+ar+y co#7+ete'B
any 7erson concerne' #ay a77+y to the court for ha$ing the regu+ari=ation of the for#ation or'ere'B by
the i#7osition of a 7erio'ic 7ena+ty 7ay#entH ;he 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorNs office is entit+e' to sue for
the sa#e 7ur7osesH
;he sa#e ru+es sha++ a77+y in case of a#en'#ent of the #e#oran'u# an' of the artic+esH
;he action for 7ur7oses of regu+ari=ation 7ro$i'e' for in 7aragra7h 1 is ti#e-barre' after three years fro#
the registration of the fir# or fro# the recor'ing of the instru#ent a#en'ing the #e#oran'u# or the
artic+esH

(rtH (:=8
;he 7ro#otersB as 6e++ as the first #e#bers of the #anage#entB 'irection an' a'#inistrati$e
organsB are Coint+y an' se$era++y +iab+e for the +oss cause' either by the 6ant of a co#7u+sory state#ent in
the #e#oran'u# or the artic+esB or by the o#ission or irregu+ar co#7+etion of a for#a+ity 7rescribe' for
the for#ation of the fir#H
In case of a#en'#ent of the #e#oran'u# or of the artic+esB the 7ro$isions of the 7rece'ing 7aragra7h
sha++ a77+y to the #e#bers of the #anage#entB 'irection an' a'#inistrati$e organs then in officeH
;he action is ti#e-barre' after ten years fro# the 'ay 6hen one or the otherB accor'ing to the
circu#stancesB of the for#a+ities 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 183!B 7aragra7h 3B has been co#7+ete'H

(rtH (:=(
Fir#s 6hich ha$e not been thereto authori=e' by statute are 7rohibite' to #a5e 7ub+ic offerings or
to issue negotiab+e securitiesB on 7ain of in$a+i'ity of the contracts conc+u'e' or of the securities issue'H

(rtH (:=-
Fir#s other than the un'isc+ose' 7artnershi7s referre' to in "ha7ter III enCoy Curi'ica+ 7ersona+ity
fro# their registrationH
>nti+ registration the re+ations bet6een #e#bers are go$erne' by the fir# agree#ent an' by the genera+
7rinci7+es of +a6 6hich a77+y to contracts an' ob+igationsH

(rtH (:=<
Persons 6ho ha$e acte' on beha+f of a fir# in the #a5ing before registration are +iab+e for the
ob+igations arising fro# the acts so 7erfor#e'B Coint+y an' se$era++y 6here the fir# is a #erchantB Coint+y
in the other casesH ( fir# regu+ar+y registere' #ay ta5e u7on itse+f the un'erta5ings entere' intoB 6hich
are then 'ee#e' to ha$e been contracte' by it as fro# the outsetH

(rtH (:=<,(
( contribution of 7ro7erty or of a right subCect to registration in or'er to be effecti$e as against
thir' 7arties #ay be registere' before the registration of the fir# an' on con'ition that the +atter ta5es
7+aceH Fro# the +atterB the effects of the for#a+ity retroact to the 'ate of its fu+fi+#entH

(rtH (:=<,-
;he rights of each #e#ber in the ca7ita+ of the fir# are in 7ro7ortion to his contribution at the
ti#e of the for#ation of the fir# or in the course of its e:istenceH
(0$t n '2-&%6 of 10 *u!y 1%'2) "ontributions in in'ustry 'o not ta5e 7art in the for#ation of the ca7ita+
of the fir# but gi$e rise to an assigning of shares 6hich entit+es to the 7artition of 7rofits an' net assetsB
on con'ition that the +osses are contribute' toH

(rtH (:=<,<
2ach #e#ber is 'ebtor to6ar's the fir# for a++ that he has 7ro#ise' to contribute to it in 5in'B in
#oney or in in'ustryH
"ontributions in 5in' sha++ be e:ecute' by transfer of the corres7on'ing rights an' by the actua+
a$ai+abi+ity of the 7ro7ertyH
<here a contribution re+ates to o6nershi7B the contributor is 6arrantor to6ar's the fir# in the sa#e 6ay
as a se++er to6ar's his buyerH
<here it re+ates to enCoy#entB the contributor is 6arrantor to6ar's the fir# in the sa#e 6ay as a +essor
to6ar's his +esseeH @o6e$erB 6here a contribution re+ating to enCoy#ent concerns generic things or any
other 7ro7erty boun' to be rene6e' 'uring the 'uration of the fir#B the contract transfers to the +atter the
o6nershi7 of the 7ro7erty contribute'B on con'ition that he returns a sa#e )uantityB )ua+ity an' $a+ue
thereofI in that caseB the contributor is 6arrantor in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing 7aragra7hH
2%.
;he #e#ber 6ho 6as to contribute a su# to the fir# an' has not 'one soB beco#es by o7eration of +a6
an' 6ithout noticeB 'ebtor for interests on that su# fro# the 'ay 6hen it shou+' ha$e been 7ai' an'
6ithout 7reCu'ice to greater 'a#agesB if there is occasionH TFurther#oreB 6here ca++s for fun's in or'er to
7ay u7 the fu++ a#ount of ca7ita+ ha$e not been #a'e 6ithin a statutory 7erio'B any 7erson concerne'
#ay a77+y to the 7resi'ent of the court 6ho sha++ 'eci'e by 6ay of interi# re+ief 7rocee'ings either to
or'er the a'#inistratorsB 'irectors an' #anagers to carry out those ca++s for fun's by i#7osing a 7erio'ic
7ena+ty 7ay#entB or to a77oint an agent in charge of carrying out that for#a+ityU (0$t n 2001-420 of 1&
3ay 2001)H
;he #e#ber 6ho has boun' hi#se+f to contribute his in'ustry to the fir# sha++ account to it for a++ the
7rofits 6hich he has gaine' through the acti$ity 6hich is the subCect #atter of his contributionH

(rtH (:=<,=
In a++ cases consi'ering the assign#ent of a #e#berNs rights in the fir#B or the re'e#7tion of
those rights by the fir#B the $a+ue of those rights sha++ be 'eter#ine'B in case of 'is7uteB by an e:7ert
a77ointe'B either by the 7artiesB or fai+ing an agree#ent bet6een the#B by or'er of the 7resi'ent of the
court 6ho sha++ 'eci'e by 6ay of interi# re+ief 7rocee'ings an' 6hose Cu'g#ent sha++ be fina+H
(rtH (:=<,3
(($t n ''-1& of & *an. 1%'')
In a''ition to an action for co#7ensation for the +oss 7ersona++y suffere'B one or se$era+ #e#bers
#ay institute an action on beha+f of the fir# against the 'irectorsH ;he c+ai#ants are entit+e' to see5
co#7ensation for the +oss suffere' by the fir#I in case of a6ar'B the 'a#ages sha++ be a++ocate' to the
fir#H
Sha++ be 'ee#e' not 6ritten any c+ause of the #e#oran'u# or of the artic+es +ea'ing to subor'inate the
bringing of an action on beha+f of a fir# to a 7re+i#inary o7inion or to the authori=ation of the #eeting of
the #e#bers or 6hich 6ou+' i#7+y antici7ate' 6ai$er of the bringing of that actionH
*o 'ecision of a #eeting of #e#bers #ay +ea' to e:tinguish an action for co#7ensation against the
'irectors for fau+t co##itte' in the fu+fi+#ent of their 'utiesH

(rtH (:==
2$ery #e#ber has the right to 7artici7ate in co++ecti$e 'ecisionsH
;he co-o6ners of an un'i$i'e' share of the ca7ita+ sha++ be re7resente' by a sing+e 7ro:yB chosen a#ong
the un'i$i'e' o6ners or outsi'eH In case of 'isagree#entB the 7ro:y sha++ be 'esignate' in courtB at the
suit of the first re)uesting 7artyH
<here a share is bur'ene' 6ith a usufructB the right to $ote be+ongs to the bare-o6nerB e:ce7t for
'ecisions re+ating to the a++ocation of 7rofitsB in 6hich case it is reser$e' for the usufructuaryH
;he #e#oran'u# or the artic+es #ay 'erogate fro# the t6o 7rece'ing 7aragra7hsH

(rtH (:==,(
>n+ess other6ise agree'B the share of each #e#ber in the 7rofits an' his contribution to +osses are
'eter#ine' in 7ro7ortion to his hare in the ca7ita+ of the fir# an' the share of a #e#ber 6ho has
contribute' on+y his in'ustry is e)ua+ to that of the #e#ber 6ho has contribute' the +eastH
@o6e$erB a sti7u+ation by 6hich a #e#ber is a++otte' the 6ho+e of the 7rofit gaine' by the fir#B or is
re+ease' for the 6ho+e of the +ossesB the one by 6hich a #e#ber is e:c+u'e' in 6ho+e fro# the 7rofit or is
+iab+e for the 6ho+e of the +osses sha++ be 'ee#e' not 6rittenH

(rtH (:==,-
(($t n .'-.&/ of 1. *u!y 1%.')
( #ortgage or any other security in rem on 7ro7erty of the fir# #ay be gi$en by $irtue of 7o6ers
resu+ting fro# reso+utions or 'e+egations estab+ishe' un'er 7ri$ate signaturesB a+though the #ortgage or of
the security #ust be grante' by an authentic instru#entH

(rtH (:==,<
;he 7ro7er transfor#ation of a fir# into a fir# of another ty7e 'oes not in$o+$e the creation of a
ne6 Curi'ica+ 7ersonH It sha++ be the sa#e as to e:tension of 'uration or any other a#en'#ent of the
#e#oran'u# or artic+esH

(rtH (:==,=
( fir#B e$en in +i)ui'ationB #ay be absorbe' by another fir# or 7artici7ate in the for#ation of a
ne6 fir#B by 6ay of #ergerH
It #ay a+so transfer its 7atri#ony by 6ay of s7+it-off to e:isting or ne6 fir#sH
;hose 'ea+ings #ay occur bet6een fir#s of 'ifferent ty7esH
2%7
;hey sha++ be 'eci'e'B by each fir# concerne'B in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for as to a#en'#ent of the
#e#oran'u# or artic+esH
<here the 'ea+ing in$o+$es the creation of ne6 fir#sB each of the# sha++ be for#e' in accor'ance
6ith the ru+es a77ro7riate to the ty7e of fir# a'o7te'H

(rtH (:==,3
T;he reuniting of a++ the shares of the ca7ita+ into a sing+e han' 'oes not in$o+$e the 'isso+ution of
the fir# by o7eration of +a6H (ny 7erson concerne' #ay a77+y for that 'isso+ution 6here the situation has
not been regu+ari=e' 6ithin the 7erio' of one yearH ;he court #ay grant the fir# a #a:i#u# 7erio' of si:
#onths to regu+ari=e the situationH It #ay not ru+e for 'isso+ution 6hereB on the 'ay 6hen it 'eci'esB that
regu+ari=ation has occurre'U (0$t n '1-1161 of /0 8e$. 1%'1)H
;he fact that the usufruct of a++ the shares of ca7ita+ be+ongs to the sa#e 7erson has no
conse)uence as to the e:istence of the fir#H
TIn case of 'isso+utionB it in$o+$es the uni$ersa+ transfer of the 7atri#ony of the fir# to the so+e
#e#berB 6ithout there being occasion for +i)ui'ationH ;he cre'itors #ay obCect to the 'isso+ution 6ithin a
7erio' of thirty 'ays after the recor'ing of the +atterH ( Cu'icia+ 'ecision sha++ 'is#iss the obCection or
or'er either the 7ay#ent of the c+ai#sB or the constitution of 6arranties 6here the fir# offers any an'
6here they are consi'ere' sufficientH ;he transfer of the 7atri#ony is carrie' out an' the Curi'ica+ 7erson
$anishes on+y at the en' of the 7erio' for obCection orB if there is occasionB 6here the obCection has been
'is#isse' in first instance or 6here the 7ay#ent of the c+ai#s has been #a'e or the 6arranties
constitute'U (0$t n ''-1& of & *an. 1%'')
T;he 7ro$isions of 7aragra7h 3 sha++ not a77+y to fir#s 6hose so+e #e#ber is a natura+ 7ersonU
(0$t n 2001-420 of 1& 3ay 2001)H

(rtH (:==,)
(n e:tension of the 'uration of a fir# #ust be 'eci'e' by a unani#ous $ote of the #e#bersB orB
6here the #e#oran'u# or artic+es so 7ro$i'eB by the #aCority re)uire' for their a#en'#entH
One year at +east before the 'ate of the e:7iry of the fir#B the o7inion of the #e#bers #ust be
ta5en for the 7ur7ose of 'eci'ing 6hether the 'uration of the fir# #ust be e:ten'e'H
Fai+ing 6hichB any #e#ber #ay a77+y to the 7resi'ent of the court ru+ing by interi# e: 7arte
or'erB for the a77oint#ent of a Cu'icia+ agent in charge of instituting the consu+tation 7ro$i'e' for abo$eH

(rtH (:==,+
( fir# co#es to an en'/
1L y the e:7iry of the ti#e for 6hich it 6as for#e'B e:ce7t for an e:tension of 'uration 'eci'e'
in accor'ance 6ith (rtic+e 1844-.I
2L y the achie$e#ent or the e:tinction of its obCectsI
3L y annu+#ent of the fir# agree#entI
4L y antici7ate' 'isso+ution 'eci'e' by the #e#bersI
%L y antici7ate' 'isso+ution or'ere' by the court on a77+ication of a #e#ber for Cust reasonsB
notab+y in case of non-7erfor#ance of his ob+igations by a #e#berB or of 'isagree#ent bet6een #e#bers
6hich 7ara+yses the running of the fir#I
.L y antici7ate' 'isso+ution or'ere' by the court in the case 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 1844-%I
7L Ty the effect of a Cu'g#ent or'ering the 6in'ing-u7 or tota+ transfer of the assets of the fir#U
(0$t n ''-1& of & *an. 1%'')I
8L For any other reason s7ecifie' in the #e#oran'u# or artic+esH

(rtH (:==,:
;he 'isso+ution of a fir# in$o+$es its +i)ui'ationB e:ce7t for the cases 7ro$i'e' for by (rtic+e
1844-4 Tan' by (rtic+e 1844-%B 7aragra7h 3U (0$t n ''-1& of & *an. 1%'')H It is effecti$e against thir'
7ersons on+y after it has been recor'e'H
( +i)ui'ator sha++ be a77ointe' in accor'ance 6ith the 7ro$isions of the #e#oran'u# or of the
artic+esH <here they are si+entB he sha++ be a77ointe' by the #e#bers orB 6here the +atter 6ere unab+e to
#a5e that a77oint#entB by or'er of the courtH ( +i)ui'ator #ay be 'is#isse' in the sa#e #annerH ;he
a77oint#ent an' the 'is#issa+ are effecti$e against thir' 7ersons on+y after they ha$e been recor'e'H
*either the fir# nor thir' 7ersons #ayB in or'er to e+u'e their un'erta5ingsB a$ai+ the#se+$es of an
irregu+arity in the a77oint#ent or 'is#issa+ of a +i)ui'atorB 6here the +atter has been 'u+y recor'e'H
;he Curi'ica+ 7ersona+ity of a fir# sti++ e:ists for the nee's of +i)ui'ation unti+ recor'ing of its
c+osingH
2%8
<here the c+osing of a +i)ui'ation has not ha77ene' 6ithin three years after the 'isso+utionB the
1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorNs office or any 7erson concerne' #ay refer the #atter to the court 6hich sha++
ha$e the +i)ui'ation institute' or co#7+ete'B 6here it has begunH

(rtH (:==,6
(fter 7aying the 'ebts an' rei#bursing the ca7ita+ of the fir#B the 7artition of the assets sha++ be
#a'e a#ong the #e#bers in the sa#e 7ro7ortion as their 7artici7ation in the 7rofitsB e:ce7t for c+ause or
agree#ent to the contraryH
;he ru+es re+ating to the 7artition of successionsB inc+u'ing 7referentia+ a++ot#entB sha++ a77+y to
7artitions bet6een #e#bers of a fir# or co#7anyH
@o6e$erB the #e#bers #ay +a6fu++y 'eci'eB either in the #e#oran'u# or artic+esB or by a
se7arate reso+ution or instru#entB that certain 7ro7erty sha++ be a++otte' to certain #e#bersH Fai+ing
6hichB any 7ro7erty contribute' 6hich is foun' in 5in' in the assets to be 7artitione' sha++ be a++otte'B on
his re)uest an' on con'ition of a'Cust#entB if there is occasionB to the #e#ber 6ho ha' contribute' itH
;hat facu+ty sha++ be e:ercise' before any other right to a 7referentia+ a++ot#entH
(++ #e#bersB or so#e of the# on+yB #ay a+so re#ain in un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 of a++ or 7art of the
7ro7erty of the fir#H ;heir re+ationshi7s as to that 7ro7erty sha++ be then regu+ate'B at the c+ose of the
+i)ui'ationB by the 7ro$isions re+ating to un'i$i'e' o6nershi7H
(rtH (:==,(8
(nnu+#ent of a fir# #ay resu+t on+y fro# the infringe#ent of the 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 1832B
1832-1B 7aragra7h 1B an' 1833 or fro# one of the groun's for annu+#ent of contracts in genera+H
(ny c+ause of the #e#oran'u# or of the artic+es contrary to a #an'atory 7ro$ision of this ;it+eB
the sanction of 6hose infringe#ent is not annu+#ent of the fir#B sha++ be 'ee#e' not 6rittenH
(nnu+#ent of transactions or reso+utions of the organs of a fir# #ay resu+t on+y fro# the
infringe#ent of a #an'atory 7ro$ision of this ;it+e or fro# one of the groun's for annu+#ent of contracts
in genera+H

(rtH (:==,((
(n action for annu+#ent is e:tinguishe' 6here the groun' for annu+#ent has cease' to e:ist on
the 'ay 6hen the court ru+es on the #erits in first instanceB un+ess that annu+#ent is base' on the
6rongfu+ness of the obCects of the fir#H

(rtH (:==,(-
In case of annu+#ent of a fir# or of transactions or reso+utions subse)uent to its for#ationB base'
on a 'efect in consent or on the 'isabi+ity of a #e#berB an' 6here regu+ari=ation #ay ta5e 7+aceB any
7erson ha$ing an interest therein #ay 7ut on notice the 7erson 6ho is ab+e of 'oing soB either to
regu+ari=eB or to sue for annu+#ent 6ithin a 7erio' of si: #onths on 7ain of being ti#e-barre'H ;he fir#
sha++ be infor#e' of that 7utting on noticeH
;he fir# or a #e#ber #ay sub#it to the court sei=e' 6ithin the 7erio' 7ro$i'e' for in the
7rece'ing 7aragra7hB any #easure a77ro7riate to c+ear a6ay the interest of the 7+aintiffB 7articu+ar+y
through the re'e#7tion of his rights in the fir#H In that case the court #ayB either ru+e for annu+#ent or
#a5e co#7u+sory the 7ro7ose' #easure 6here they ha$e been 7re$ious+y a'o7te' by the fir# in the
con'itions 7ro$i'e' for the a#en'#ents of the #e#oran'u# or of the artic+esH ;he $ote of the #e#ber
6hose re'e#7tion of the rights is a77+ie' for is of no effect on the 'ecisions of the fir#H
In case of 'is7uteB the $a+ue of the rights in the fir# to re'ee# fro# a #e#ber sha++ be
'eter#ine' in accor'ance 6ith the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 1843-4H

(rtH (:==,(<
( court to 6hich an action for annu+#ent has been referre'B #ayB e$en of its o6n #otionB fi: a
7erio' to a++o6 for the re#e'y of the in$a+i'itiesH It #ay not or'er annu+#ent +ess than t6o #onths after
the 'ate of the originating 7rocessH
<hereB in or'er to re#e'y an in$a+i'ityB a #eeting #ust be con$ene'B or a consu+tation of the
#e#bers ta5e 7+aceB an' 6here 7roof is gi$en of a 7ro7er notice con$ening that #eeting or of the sen'ing
to the #e#bers of the te:t of the 7ro7ose' reso+utions 6ith the 'ocu#ents 6hich #ust be co##unicate'
to the#B the court sha++ grant by Cu'g#ent the 7erio' necessary for the #e#bers to co#e to a 'ecisionH

(rtH (:==,(=
;he actions for annu+#ent of a fir# or of transactions or reso+utions subse)uent to its for#ation
are ti#e-barre' after three years fro# the 'ay 6hen annu+#ent 6as incurre'H

(rtH (:==,(3
2%!
<here annu+#ent of a fir# is or'ere'B it 7uts an en'B 6ithout retroacti$ityB to the 7erfor#ance of
the contractH
(s regar's the Curi'ica+ 7erson 6hich #ay ha$e co#e into beingB it 7ro'uces the effects of a
Cu'icia++y or'ere' 'isso+utionH

(rtH (:==,()
*either the fir# nor the #e#bers #ay a$ai+ the#se+$es of an annu+#ent 6ith regar' to thir'
7arties in goo' faithH @o6e$erB annu+#ent resu+ting fro# a 'isabi+ity or fro# one of the 'efects in consent
is a$ai+ab+e e$en against thir' 7arties by the 7erson un'er a 'isabi+ity an' his statutory re7resentati$esB or
by the #e#ber 6hose consent 6as abuse' by errorB 'ece7tion or 'uressH

(rtH (:==,(+
(n action for co#7ensation base' on the annu+#ent of the fir# or of transactions an' reso+utions
subse)uent to the for#ation is ti#e-barre' after three years fro# the 'ay 6hen the Cu'g#ent of
annu+#ent has beco#e res Cu'icataH
;he $anishing of the groun' for annu+#ent is not a bar to the bringing of an action for 'a#ages
for the 7ur7ose of co#7ensating the +oss cause' by the 'efect by 6hich the fir#B the transaction or the
reso+ution 6as $itiate'H ;hat action is ti#e-barre' after three years fro# the 'ay 6hen the in$a+i'ity 6as
re#e'ie'H

"@(P;2- II - OF P(-;*2-S@IP FO- *O*-"O&&2-"I(3 P>-POS2S

Se$tion I - Benera! Proisions

(rtH (:=3
;he 7ro$isions of this "ha7ter sha++ a77+y to a++ fir#s for non-co##ercia+ 7ur7osesB un+ess they
are 'erogate' fro# by the 7articu+ar statutory status to 6hich so#e of the# are subCectH
@a$e non-co##ercia+ character a++ fir#s to 6hich +egis+ations 'oes not attribute another
character by reason of their for#B nature or obCectsH

(rtH (:=3,(
;he ca7ita+ of a 7artnershi7 sha++ be 'i$i'e' into e)ua+ sharesH
(0$t n 2001-116' of 11 8e$. 2001) ;he 7ro$isions of "ha7ter I of ;it+e III of oo5 II of the
"o##ercia+ "o'e re+ating to the $ariab+e ca7ita+ of co#7anies sha++ a77+y to 7artnershi7s for non-
co##ercia+ 7ur7osesH

Se$tion II D Of 3ana6ement

(rtH (:=)',( 7artnershi7 sha++ be #anage' by one or se$era+ 7ersonsB 7artners or notB a77ointe' either by
the artic+es of 7artnershi7B or by a s7ecia+ actB or by a reso+ution of the 7artnersH
;he artic+es sha++ fi: the ru+es for the 'esignation of the #anager or #anagers an' the #etho' of
organi=ation of the #anage#entH
>n+ess other6ise 7ro$i'e' in the artic+esB a #anager sha++ be a77ointe' by a reso+ution of the
7artners re7resenting #ore than ha+f of the shares of the 7artnershi7H
<here the artic+es are si+entB an' 6here the 7artners ha$e not 'eci'e' other6ise at the ti#e of the
a77oint#entB the #anagers sha++ be 'ee#e' a77ointe' for the 'uration of the 7artnershi7H
<hereB for 6hate$er reasonB a 7artnershi7 is 'e7ri$e' of a #anagerB any 7artner #ay a77+y to the
7resi'ent of the court 'eci'ing by interi# re+ief or'er for the 'esignation of a Cu'icia+ agent in charge of
con$ening a #eeting of the 7artners for the 7ur7ose of a77ointing one or se$era+ #anagersH

(rtH (:=),(
(7art fro# the cases referre' to in (rtic+e 1844-7B a 7artnershi7 co#es to an en' through
antici7ate' 'isso+ution 6hich a court #ay or'er on a77+ication of any 7erson concerne'B 6here it has
been 'e$oi' of #anager for #ore than one yearH

(rtH (:=),-
;he a77oint#ent an' cessation of 'uties of the #anagers #ust be recor'e'H
*either a 7artnershi7 nor thir' 7arties #ay a$ai+ the#se+$es of an irregu+arity in the a77oint#ent
of #anagers or in the cessation of their 'uties in or'er to e+u'e their un'erta5ingsB 6here those 'ecisions
ha$e been 'u+y recor'e'H

2.0
(rtH (:=+
<here a Curi'ica+ 7erson carries on the #anage#entB its #anagers are subCect to the sa#e
con'itions an' ob+igations an' incur the sa#e ci$i+ an' 7ena+ +iabi+ities as though they 6ere #anagers on
their o6n beha+fB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the Coint an' se$era+ +iabi+ity of the Curi'ica+ 7erson 6hich they
'irectH

(rtH (:=:
In the re+ationshi7s bet6een 7artnersB a #anager #ay 'o a++ the acts of #anage#ent 6hich the
interest of the 7artnershi7 re)uiresH
<here there are se$era+ #anagersB they e:ercise those 7o6ers se7arate+yB e:ce7t for the right
6hich be+ongs to each of the# to obCect to a transaction before it is conc+u'e'H
(++ of 6hich fai+ing a s7ecia+ 7ro$ision in the artic+es on the #etho' of a'#inistrationH

(rtH (:=6
In the re+ationshi7s 6ith thir' 7artiesB a #anager bin's the 7artnershi7 through transactions 6hich
fa++ un'er the obCects of the 7artnershi7H
In case of 7+ura+ity of #anagersB they 7ossess se7arate+y the 7o6ers 7ro$i'e' for in the 7rece'ing
7aragra7hH (n obCection #a'e by one #anager to the transactions of another #anager is of no effect 6ith
regar' to thir' 7artiesB un+ess it is 7ro$e' that they ha$e ha' 5no6+e'ge of itH
"+auses of the artic+es +i#iting the 7o6ers of the #anagers #ay not be in$o5e' against thir'
7artiesH

(rtH (:38
2ach #anager is +iab+e in'i$i'ua++y to6ar's the 7artnershi7 an' to6ar's thir' 7artiesB either for
$io+ations of statutes an' regu+ationsB or for an infringe#ent of the artic+esB or for fau+ts co##itte' in his
#anage#entH
<here se$era+ #anagers ha$e 7artici7ate' in the sa#e actsB their +iabi+ity is Coint an' se$era+
to6ar's thir' 7arties an' 7artnersH
@o6e$erB in their re+ationshi7s bet6een the#B the court sha++ 'eter#ine the contributory share of
each in the co#7ensation for the +ossH

(rtH (:3(
>n+ess the artic+es 7ro$i'e other6iseB a #anager #ay be 'is#isse' by a reso+ution of the 7artners
re7resenting #ore than ha+f of the shares of the 7artnershi7H <here a 'is#issa+ is 'eci'e' 6ithout Cust
reasonB it #ay gi$e rise to 'a#ages
( #anager #ay a+so be 'is#isse' by the courts for a +egiti#ate causeB on a77+ication of any
7artnerH
>n+ess other6ise 7ro$i'e'B the 'is#issa+ of a #anagerB 6hether he is a 7artner or notB 'oes not
in$o+$e 'isso+ution of the 7artnershi7H <here the 'is#isse' #anager is a 7artnerB he #ayB un+ess the
artic+es 7ro$i'e other6iseB or the other 7artners 'eci'e antici7ate' 'isso+ution of the 7artnershi7B
6ith'ra6 fro# it in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 18.!B 7aragra7h 2H

Se$tion III - Of Co!!e$tie +eso!utions

0rt. (:3-
-eso+utions 6hich e:cee' the 7o6ers conferre' u7on #anagers sha++ be 7asse' accor'ing to the
7ro$isions of the artic+es orB fai+ing such 7ro$isionsB by the 7artners unani#ous+yH

(rtH (:3<
-eso+utions sha++ be 7asse' by the 7artners con$ene' in a #eetingH ;he artic+es #ay a+so 7ro$i'e
that they 6i++ resu+t fro# a 6ritten consu+tationH

(rtH (:3=
-eso+utions #ay a+so resu+t fro# the consent of a++ the 7artners e:7resse' in an instru#entH

Se$tion IC- Of 4oti$e to Partners

0rt. (:33
;he 7artners are entit+e' to obtainB at +east once a yearB notice of the boo5s an' 'ocu#ents of the
7artnershi7B an' to as5 )uestions in 6riting on the #anage#ent of the 7artnershi7B to 6hich a re7+y #ust
be #a'e in 6riting 6ithin the 7erio' of one #onthH
2.1

(rtH (:3)
;he #anagers #ustB at +east once in the yearB account for their #anage#ent to the 7artnersH ;hat
state#ent of accounts #ust inc+u'e a co#7rehensi$e 6ritten re7ort on the acti$ity of the 7artnershi7
'uring the year or the accounting 7erio' e+a7se' inc+u'ing a state#ent of the 7rofits rea+i=e' or
foreseeab+e an' of the +osses incurre' or foreseenH

Se$tion C D Of the <iabi!ity of Partners #ith +e6ard to "hird Parties

0rt. (:3+
<ith regar' to thir' 7artiesB 7artners are +iab+e in'efinite+y for 'ebts of the 7artnershi7 in
7ro7ortion to their share in the ca7ita+ of the 7artnershi7 on the 'ate 6hen fa++ing 'ue or on the 'ay of
cessation of 7ay#entsH
( 7artner 6ho has contribute' on+y his in'ustry is +iab+e +i5e the one 6hose contribution in the
ca7ita+ is the s#a++estH

(rtH (:3:
"re'itors #ay sue a 7artner for 7ay#ent of the 'ebts of the 7artnershi7 on+y after suing first an'
$ain+y the Curi'ica+ 7ersonH

(rtH (:36
(++ actions against 7artners 6ho are not +i)ui'ators or their heirs an' assigns are ti#e-barre' after
fi$e years fro# the ti#e 6hen the 'isso+ution of the 7artnershi7 has been recor'e'H

(rtH (:)8
<here there is inso+$encyB 7ersona+ ban5ru7tcyB Cu'icia+ +i)ui'ation or Cu'icia+ arrange#ent
befa++ing a 7artnerB un+ess the others unani#ous+y 'eci'e to 'isso+$e the 7artnershi7 by antici7ation or
that 'isso+ution is 7ro$i'e' for by the artic+esB rei#burse#ent sha++ be #a'eB subCect to the con'itions set
out in (rtic+e 1843-4B of the rights in the 7artnershi7 of the 7arty concerne'B 6ho then +oses the status of
7artnerH

Se$tion CI D Of the "ransfer of Shares of the Capita!

0rt. (:)(
Shares of the ca7ita+ #ay be transferre' on+y 6ith the a77ro$a+ of a++ the 7artnersH
;he artic+es #ay ho6e$er agree that the a77ro$a+ 6i++ be obtaine' by a #aCority 6hich they fi:B
or that it #ay be grante' by the #anagersH ;hey #ay a+so 'is7ense fro# a77ro$a+ the transfers #a'e to
7artners or to the s7ouse of one of the#H >n+ess other6ise 7ro$i'e' by the artic+esB transfers #a'e to
ascen'ants or 'escen'ants of the transferor are not subCect to a77ro$a+H
*otice sha++ be gi$en of the 7+anne' transferB 6ith re)uest for a77ro$a+B to the 7artnershi7 an' to
each one of the 7artnersH *otice sha++ be gi$en on+y to the 7artnershi7 6here the artic+es 7ro$i'e that the
a77ro$a+ #ay be grante' by the #anagersH
<here t6o s7ouses are si#u+taneous+y #e#bers of one 7artnershi7B the transfers #a'e by one of
the# to the other #ustB in or'er to be $a+i'B resu+t fro# a notaria+ instru#ent or fro# an instru#ent un'er
7ri$ate signature ha$ing ac)uire' an un'is7utab+e 'ate other6ise than by the 'eath of the transferorH

(rtH (:)-
<here se$era+ 7artners e:7ress their 6ish to ac)uireB they areB un+ess there is a c+ause or an
agree#ent to the contraryB 'ee#e' 7urchasers in 7ro7ortion to the nu#ber of shares 6hich they he+'
7re$ious+yH
<here no 7artner stan's as 7urchaserB the 7artnershi7 #ay ha$e the shares ac)uire' by a thir'
7erson 'esignate' by the other 7artners unani#ous+y or accor'ing to the #etho's 7ro$i'e' for by the
artic+esH ;he 7artnershi7 #ay a+so initiate the re'e#7tion of the shares for the 7ur7ose of cance++ing the#H
;he transferor sha++ be gi$en notice of the na#es of the 7ro7ose' 7urchaser or 7urchasersB
7artners or thir' 7ersonsB or of the offer of re'e#7tion by the 7artnershi7B as 6e++ as of the 7rice offere'H
In case of 'is7ute on the 7riceB the +atter sha++ be fi:e' in accor'ance 6ith the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e
1843-4B the 6ho+e 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the right of the transferor to 5ee7 his sharesH

(rtH (:)<
<here no offer of re'e#7tion is #a'e to the transferor 6ithin a 7erio' of si: #onths after the +ast
of the notifications 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 18.1B 7aragra7h 3B a77ro$a+ of the transfer sha++ be 'ee#e'
2.2
grante'B un+ess the other 7artners 'eci'eB 6ithin the sa#e 7erio'B the antici7ate' 'isso+ution of the
7artnershi7H
In the +atter caseB the transferor #ay cause that 'ecision to +a7se by #a5ing it 5no6n that he
6ai$es the transfer 6ithin a 7erio' of one #onth after the sai' 'ecisionH

(rtH (:)=
;he 7ro$isions of the t6o 7rece'ing (rtic+es #ay be 'erogate' fro# on+y in or'er to #o'ify the
7erio' of si: #onths stare' in (rtic+e 18.3B 7aragra7h 1B an' 7ro$i'e' the 7erio' state' in the artic+es be
not o$er one year or be+o6 one #onthH

(rtH (:)3
( transfer of shares of ca7ita+ #ust be 'ra6n u7 in 6ritingH It sha++ be #a'e in$o5ab+e against the
7artnershi7 un'er the for#s 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 1.!0 orB 6here the artic+es so sti7u+ateB by transfer on
the registers of the 7artnershi7H
It #ay be in$o5e' against thir' 7ersons on+y after co#7+etion of those for#a+ities an' after
recor'ingH
(rtH (:))
Shares of the ca7ita+ #ay be the subCect of a 7+e'ge atteste'B either by an authentic instru#entB or
by an instru#ent un'er 7ri$ate signature ser$e' u7on the 7artnershi7 or acce7te' by it in an authentic
instru#ent an' gi$ing rise to a recor'ing 6hose 'ate 'eter#ines the ran5 of the 7+e'gee cre'itorsH ;hose
6hose instru#ents are recor'e' on the sa#e 'ay ran5 e)ua++yH
;he 7rior charge of a 7+e'gee cre'itor stan's on the 7+e'ge' rights on the ca7ita+ through the so+e
fact of recor'ing the 7+e'geH

(rtH (:)+
(ny 7artner #ay obtain fro# the other 7artners their a77ro$a+ of a 7+an of 7+e'ge un'er the sa#e
con'itions as their a77ro$a+ of a transfer of sharesH
( consent gi$en to a 7+an of 7+e'ge in$o+$es a77ro$a+ of the transferee in case of force' sa+e of
the shares of ca7ita+ on con'ition that notice of the sa+e be gi$en to the 7artners an' the 7artnershi7 at
+east one #onth before the sa+eH
2ach 7artner #ay substitute hi#se+f for the 7urchaser 6ithin a 7erio' of fi$e c+ear 'ays fro# the
sa+eH <here se$era+ 7artners e:ercise that facu+tyB they sha++ beB un+ess there is a c+ause or an agree#ent to
the contraryB 'ee#e' 7urchasers in 7ro7ortion to the nu#ber of shares 6hich they he+' 7re$ious+yH <here
no 7artner e:ercises that facu+tyB the 7artnershi7 #ay re'ee# the shares itse+fB for the 7ur7ose of
cance++ing the#H

(rtH (:):
*otice #ust be gi$en +i5e6ise of a force' sa+e 6hich 'oes not resu+t fro# a 7+e'ge to 6hich the
other 7artners ha$e gi$en their a77ro$a+B one #onth before the sa+e to the 7artners or to the 7artnershi7H
;he 7artners #ayB 6ithin that 7erio'B 'eci'e to 'isso+$e the 7artnershi7 or to ac)uire the shares in
the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 18.2 an' 18.3H
<here a sa+e has ta5en 7+aceB the 7artners or the 7artnershi7 #ay e:ercise the facu+ty of
substitution 6hich is theirs un'er (rtic+e 18.7H ;he non-e:ercise of that facu+ty in$o+$es a77ro$a+ of the
7urchaserH

Se$tion CII D Of the Fithdra#a! or 8eath of a Partner

0rt. (:)6
<ithout 7reCu'ice to the rights of thir' 7ersonsB a 7artner #ay 6ith'ra6 tota++y or 7artia++y fro#
the 7artnershi7B subCect to the con'itions +ai' 'o6n in the artic+es orB fai+ing 6hichB after authori=ation
gi$en by a unani#ous reso+ution of the other 7artnersH ;hat 6ith'ra6a+ #ay a+so be authori=e' by a
Cu'icia+ 'ecision for Cust reasonsH
>n+ess (rtic+e 1844-!B 7aragra7h 3B a77+iesB the 7artner 6ho 6ith'ra6s is entit+e' to
rei#burse#ent of the $a+ue of his rights in the 7artnershi7B fi:e' in accor'ance 6ith (rtic+e 1843-4B
fai+ing an a#icab+e agree#entH

(rtH (:+8
( 7artnershi7 is not 'isso+$e' by the 'eath of a 7artnerB but continues 6ith his heirs or +egateesB
un+ess the artic+es 7ro$i'e that they #ust be a77ro$e' of by the 7artnersH
It #ay ho6e$er be agree' that the 'eath 6i++ in$o+$e 'isso+ution of the 7artnershi7 or that it 6i++
continue 6ith on+y the sur$i$ing 7artnersH
2.3
It #ay a+so be agree' that the 7artnershi7 6i++ continue either 6ith the sur$i$ing s7ouseB or 6ith
one or se$era+ of the heirsB or 6ith any other 7erson 'esignate' by the artic+es or 6here the +atter so
authori=eB by a testa#entary 'is7ositionH
>n+ess the artic+es 7ro$i'e other6iseB 6here the succession 'e$o+$es u7on a Curi'ica+ 7ersonB the
+atter #ay beco#e a 7artner on+y 6ith the a77ro$a+ of the other 7artnersB grante' un'er the con'itions
7ro$i'e' for by the artic+esB or fai+ing 6hichB by unani#ous agree#ent of the 7artnersH

(rtH (:+8,(
@eirs or +egatees 6ho 'o not beco#e 7artner are entit+e' on+y to the $a+ue of the shares in the
ca7ita+ of their 7re'ecessor in tit+eH ;hat $a+ue #ust be 7ai' to the# by the ne6 ho+'ers of the shares or by
the 7artnershi7 itse+f 6here it has re'ee#e' the# for the 7ur7ose of cance++ing the#H
;he $a+ue of these shares in the ca7ita+ sha++ be 'eter#ine' on the 'ay of 'eath in the con'itions
7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 1843-4H

"@(P;2- III - OF >*0IS"3OS20 P(-;*2-S@IP

(rtH (:+(
Partners #ay agree that the 7artnershi7 6i++ not be registere'H ;he 7artnershi7 is then ca++e'
Tun'isc+ose' 7artnershi7UH It is not a Curi'ica+ 7erson an' is not subCect to registrationH
;he 7artners free+y agree u7on the obCectsB o7eration an' #etho's of the un'isc+ose' 7artnershi7B
7ro$i'e' that the #an'atory 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 1832B 1832-1B 1833B 183.B 7aragra7h 2B 1841B 1844B
7aragra7h 1 an' 1844-1B 7aragra7h 2B be not 'erogate' fro#H

(rtH (:+(,(
>n+ess a 'ifferent organi=ation has been 7ro$i'e' forB the re+ationshi7s bet6een 7artners are
go$erne'B as #ay be thought 7ro7erB either by the 7ro$isions 6hich a77+y to 7artnershi7s for non-
co##ercia+ 7ur7osesB 6here the fir# is of a non-co##ercia+ characterB orB 6here it is of a co##ercia+
characterB by those 6hich a77+y to 7artnershi7s for co##ercia+ 7ur7osesH

(rtH (:+-
<ith regar' to thir' 7artiesB each 7artner re#ains o6ner of the 7ro7erty 6hich he 7+ace' at the
'is7osa+ of the 7artnershi7H
Sha++ be 'ee#e' un'i$i'e' bet6een the 7artners the 7ro7erty ac)uire' by in$est#ent or re-
in$est#ent of un'i$i'e' fun's 'uring the 7artnershi7 an' that 6hich 6as un'i$i'e' before being 7+ace'
at the 'is7osa+ of the 7artnershi7H
It sha++ be +i5e6ise for that 6hich the 7artners ha$e agree' to 7+ace in un'i$i'e' o6nershi7H
It #ay further#ore be agree' that one of the 7artners isB 6ith regar' to the othersB o6ner of a++ or
7art of the 7ro7erty 6hich he ac)uires 6ith a $ie6 to the carrying out of the obCects of the 7artnershi7H

(rtH (:+-,(
2ach 7artner contracts in his o6n na#e an' is a+one boun' 6ith regar' to thir' 7artiesH
@o6e$erB 6here the un'isc+ose' 7artners act as 7artners to thir' 7artiesN 5no6+e'geB each one of
the# is boun' 6ith regar' to the +atter for the ob+igations arising fro# acts 7erfor#e' in that ca7acity by
one of the othersB Coint+y an' se$era++y 6here the 7artnershi7 is a #erchantB Coint+yB in the other casesH
It sha++ be the sa#e as to a 7artner 6hoB through his interferenceB has +e' the contracting 7arty to
be+ie$e that he inten'e' to bin' hi#se+f to6ar's hi# or of 6ho# it is 7ro$e' that the un'erta5ing has
turne' to his benefitH
In a++ casesB as to 7ro7erty 'ee#e' un'i$i'e' un'er (rtic+e 1872B 7aragra7h 2 an' 3B sha++ a77+y
in the re+ationshi7s 6ith thir' 7artiesB either the 7ro$isions of "ha7ter 8I of ;it+e I of oo5 III of this
"o'eB orB 6here the for#a+ities 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 1873-2 ha$e been co#7+ete'B those of ;it+e IR bis
of this oo5B a++ the 7artners being thenB un+ess other6ise agree'B 'ee#e' #anagers of the un'i$i'e'
o6nershi7H

(rtH (:+-,-
<here an un'isc+ose' 7artnershi7 is of in'efinite 'urationB its 'isso+ution #ay resu+t at any ti#e
fro# a notice ser$e' by one of the# on a++ the 7artnersB 7ro$i'e' that the notice be in goo' faith an' not
#a'e ino77ortune+yH
>n+ess other6ise agree'B no 7artner #ay re)uest 7artition of the un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty un'er (rtic+e
1872 so +ong as the 7artnershi7 is not 'isso+$e'H

(rtH (:+<
2.4
;he 7ro$isions of this "ha7ter sha++ a77+y to 'e facto 7artnershi7sH

TITLE IA bis
O A&REEMENT% RELATIN& TO T!E EAERCI%E O "NDIVIDED RI&!T%

@0$t n .6-12'6 of /1 8e$. 1%.6?


0rt. (:+<,(
;he 7ersons ha$ing rights to be e:ercise' on un'i$i'e' 7ro7ertyB as o6nersB bare o6ners or
usufructuaries #ay enter into agree#ents re+ating to the e:ercise of those rightsH

"@(P;2- I D OF (1-22&2*;S -23(;I*1 ;O ;@2 2R2-"IS2 OF >*0I8I020 -I1@;S I*
;@2 (S2*"2 OF ( >S>F->";>(-E

(rtH (:+<,-
<here they a++ consent theretoB un'i$i'e' co-o6ners #ay agree to re#ain in un'i$i'e'
o6nershi7H
On 7ain of annu+#entB the agree#ent #ust be 'ra6n u7 in an instru#ent inc+u'ing the
'escri7tion of the un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty an' in'ication of the shares be+onging to each un'i$i'e' o6nerH
<here the un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty inc+u'es c+ai#sB the for#a+ities of (rtic+e 1.!0 sha++ ta5e 7+aceI 6here it
inc+u'es i##o$ab+esB the for#a+ities of +an' registration sha++ ta5e 7+aceH

(rtH (:+<,<
;he agree#ent #ay be conc+u'e' for a 'eter#ine' 'uration 6hich #ay not e:cee' fi$e yearsH It
#ay be rene6e' by an e:7ress 'ecision of the 7artiesH ( 7artition #ay be instigate' before the agree'
ter# on+y 6here there are 7ro7er reasons for itH
;he agree#ent #ay a+so be conc+u'e' for an in'eter#inate 'urationH In that caseB a 7artition #ay
be instigate' at any ti#eB 7ro$i'e' it is not in ba' faith or ino77ortuneH
It #ay be 'eci'e' that an agree#ent for a 'eter#ine' 'uration 6i++ be rene6e' by tacit e:tension
of the 7erio'B for a 'eter#ine' or in'eter#inate 'urationH Fai+ing such agree#entB the un'i$i'e'
o6nershi7 sha++ be go$erne' by (rtic+es 81% an' fo++o6ing at the e:7iry of the agree#ent for a
'eter#ine' 'urationH

(rtH (:+<,=
;he ca7acity or 7o6er to 'is7ose of the un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty is re)uire' for an agree#ent 'esigne'
to #aintain un'i$i'e' o6nershi7H
;he agree#ent #ayB ho6e$erB be conc+u'e' on beha+f of a #inorB by his statutory re7resentati$e
a+oneI but in that caseB the #inorB beco#e of ageB #ay 7ut an en' to itB 6hate$er its 'uration #ay beB
6ithin the year fo++o6ing his #aCorityH
Frepea!edG

0rt. (:+<,3
;he un'i$i'e' co-o6ners #ay a77oint one or se$era+ #anagersB chosen fro# a#ong the#se+$es
or notH ;he #etho's of a77ointing an' 'is#issing a #anager #ay be 'eter#ine' by a unani#ous 'ecision
of the un'i$i'e' o6nersH
Fai+ing such an agree#entB a #anager ta5en fro# a#ong the un'i$i'e' o6ners #ay be 'is#isse'
fro# his 'uties on+y by a unani#ous 'ecision of the other un'i$i'e' o6nersH
( #anager 6ho is not an un'i$i'e' o6ner #ay be 'is#isse' in the 6ay agree' u7on a#ong his
7rinci7a+s orB fai+ing 6hichB by a 'ecision ta5en by a #aCority of the un'i$i'e' o6ners as to nu#ber an'
sharesH
In a++ casesB 'is#issa+ #ay be or'ere' by the court on a77+ication of one un'i$i'e' o6ner 6here
the #anagerB through his #is#anage#entB i#7eri+s the interests of the un'i$i'e' o6nershi7H
<here a 'is#isse' #anager is an un'i$i'e' o6nerB the agree#ent sha++ be 'ee#e' conc+u'e' for
an in'eter#inate 'uration fro# his 'is#issa+H

(rtH (:+<,)
( #anager re7resents the un'i$i'e' o6ners 6ithin his authorityB either for transactions of ci$i+
+ifeB or in court as 7+aintiff or 'efen'antH @e sha++ gi$eB in a #ere+y 'ec+aratory 6ayB the na#es of a++ the
un'i$i'e' o6ners in the first 7roce'ura+ 'ocu#entH
2.%
( #anager sha++ a'#inister the un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 an' e:ercises for this 7ur7ose the 7o6ers
Tconferre' on each s7ouseU (0$t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&) on co##unity 7ro7ertyH @e #ayB ho6e$erB
'is7ose of tangib+e #o$ab+es on+y for the nee's of a nor#a+ use of the un'i$i'e' o6nershi7B or a+so
6here things 'ifficu+t to 7reser$e or subCect to 'ecay are concerne'H (ny c+ause e:ten'ing the authority of
a #anager sha++ be 'ee#e' not 6rittenH

(rtH (:+<,+
( #anager sha++ e:ercise the authority gi$en by the 7rece'ing (rtic+e e$en 6here there is a 7erson
un'er a 'isabi+ity a#ong the un'i$i'e' o6nersH
*e$erthe+essB (rtic+e 4%.B 7aragra7h 3B sha++ a77+y to +eases grante' in the course of an un'i$i'e'
o6nershi7H

(rtH (:+<,:
0ecisions 6hich e:cee' the authority of a #anager sha++ be 7asse' unani#ous+yB e:ce7t for the
#anagerB 6here he is hi#se+f an un'i$i'e' o6nerB to a$ai+ hi#se+f of the re#e'ies 7ro$i'e' for by
(rtic+es 81%-4B 81%-% an' 81%-.H
<here there are #inors or a'u+ts un'er a 'isabi+ity a#ong the un'i$i'e' o6nersB the 'ecisions
referre' to in the 7rece'ing 7aragra7h gi$e rise to the a77+ication of the ru+es of 7rotection 7ro$i'e' for in
their fa$ourH
It #ay be agree' bet6een the un'i$i'e' o6ners that in the absence of 7ersons un'er a 'isabi+ity
certain categories of 'ecisions 6i++ be 7asse' other6ise than unani#ous+yH @o6e$erB no un'i$i'e'
i##o$ab+e #ay be transferre' 6ithout the agree#ent of a++ the un'i$i'e' o6ners un+ess it is un'er
(rtic+es 81%-4 an' 81%-% abo$eH

(rtH (:+<,6
(n agree#ent of un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 #ay regu+ate the #etho's of a'#inistration in case of a
7+ura+ity of #anagersH Fai+ing s7ecia+ sti7u+ationsB the +atter ho+' se7arate+y the authgority 7ro$i'e' for by
(rtic+e 1873-.B subCect to the right of each to obCect to any transaction before it is conc+u'e'H

(rtH (:+<,(8
>n+ess other6ise agree'B a #anager is entit+e' to re#uneration for his 6or5H ;he ter#s of it sha++
be fi:e' by the un'i$i'e' o6nersB to the e:c+usion of the 7arty concerne'B orB fai+ing 6hichB by the
7resi'ent of the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e 6ho sha++ gi$e a 7ro$isiona+ ru+ingH
( #anager is +iab+e as an agent for the fau+ts he co##its in his #anage#entH

(rtH (:+<,((
2ach un'i$i'e' o6ner #ay re)uire notice of a++ 'ocu#ents re+ating to the #anage#entH (
#anager #ustB once a yearB account for his #anage#ent to the un'i$i'e' o6nersH On that occasionB he
sho6s in 6riting the 7rofits #a'e an' the +osses incurre' or foreseeab+eH
2ach un'i$i'e' o6ner is ob+ige' to 7artici7ate in the e:7enses for 7reser$ation of the un'i$i'e'
7ro7ertyH Fai+ing a s7ecia+ agree#entB (rtic+es 81%-!B 81%-10 an' 81%-11 of this "o'e sha++ a77+y to the
e:ercise of the right of use an' enCoy#entB as 6e++ as to the sharing of 7rofits an' +ossesH

(rtH (:+<,(-
In case of transfer of a++ or 7art of the rights of an un'i$i'e' o6ner in the un'i$i'e' 7ro7ertyB or
in one or se$era+ ite#s of that 7ro7ertyB the un'i$i'e' co-o6ners enCoy the rights of 7re-e#7tion an'
substitution 7ro$i'e' for by (rtic+es 81%-14 to 81%-1. an' 81%-18 of this "o'eH
;he agree#ent sha++ be 'ee#e' conc+u'e' for an in'eter#inate 'uration 6hereB for any reason
6hate$erB an un'i$i'e' share 'e$o+$es u7on a 7erson not be+onging to the un'i$i'e' o6nershi7H

(rtH (:+<,(<
;he un'i$i'e' o6ners #ay agree that u7on the 'eath of one of the#B each sur$i$or #ay ac)uire
the share of the 'ecease' or that the sur$i$ing s7ouseB or any other 'esignate' heir #ay ha$e it a++otte' to
hi# Ton con'ition that he accounts for it to the succession accor'ing to its $a+ue at the ti#e of the
ac)uisition or of the a++ot#entU (0$t n .'-62. of 10 *une 1%.')H
<here se$era+ un'i$i'e' o6ners or se$era+ heirs si#u+taneous+y e:ercise their facu+ty of
ac)uisition or a++ot#entB they sha++ be 'ee#e'B un+ess other6ise agree'B to ac)uire together the share of
the 'ecease' in 7ro7ortion to their res7ecti$e rights in the un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 or the successionH
;he 7ro$isions of this (rtic+e #ay not 7reCu'ice the a77+ication of the 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 832
to 832-3H

2..
(rtH (:+<,(=
( facu+ty of ac)uisition or a++ot#ent +a7ses 6here its beneficiary has not e:ercise' it through
notice ser$e' on the sur$i$ing un'i$i'e' o6ners or on the heirs of the 7re'eceaser 6ithin the 7erio' of
one #onth after the 'ay 6hen he has been gi$en notice to co#e to a 'ecisionH ;hat notice #ay not itse+f
ta5e 7+ace before the e:7iry of the 7erio' 7ro$i'e' for in the ;it+e Of Su$$essions for #a5ing an
in$entory an' 'e+iberatingH
<here no facu+ty of ac)uisition or a++ot#ent has been 7ro$i'e' forB or 6here it has +a7se'B the
share of the 'ecease' fa++s to his heirs or +egateesH In such caseB the agree#ent of un'i$i'e' o6nershi7
sha++ be 'ee#e' conc+u'e' for an in'eter#inate 'uration fro# the 'ay of the o7ening of the successionH

(rtH (:+<,(3
(rtH 81%-17 sha++ a77+y to cre'itors of an un'i$i'e' o6nershi7B as 6e++ as to 7ersona+ cre'itors of
the un'i$i'e' o6nersH
@o6e$erB the +atter #ay instigate 7artition on+y in the cases 6here their 'ebtor cou+' hi#se+f
instigate itH In the other casesB they #ay sue for sei=ure an' sa+e of the share of their 'ebtor in the
un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 by co#7+ying 6ith the for#a+ities 7ro$i'e' for by the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureH ;he
7ro$isions of (rtic+e 1873-12 sha++ then a77+yH

"@(P;2- II D OF (1-22&2*;S -23(;I*1 ;O ;@2 2R2-"IS2 OF >*0I8I020 -I1@;S I*
;@2 P-2S2*"2 OF ( >S>F->";>(-E

(rtH (:+<,()
<here un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty is bur'ene' 6ith a usufructB agree#entsB subCect as a ru+e to the
7ro$isions of the 7rece'ing "ha7terB #ay be conc+u'e'B either bet6een the bare o6nersB or bet6een the
usufructuariesB or bet6een the ones an' the othersH ;here #ay a+so be an agree#ent bet6een those 6ho
are in un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 as to enCoy#ent an' the one 6ho is bare o6ner of the 6ho+e 7ro7ertyB as 6e++
as bet6een a uni$ersa+ usufructuary an' the bare o6nersH

(rtH (:+<,(+
<here the usufructuaries 6ere not 7arties to the agree#entB thir' 7arties 6ho ha$e 'ea+t 6ith the
#anager of an un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 #ay not a$ai+ the#se+$es of the 7o6ers 6hich 6ou+' ha$e been
grante' to hi# by the bare o6ners to the 7reCu'ice of the rights of usufructH

(rtH (:+<,(:',<here an agree#ent conc+u'e' bet6een usufructuaries an' bare o6ners 7ro$i'es that
'ecisions 6i++ be 7asse' by a #aCority in nu#ber an' in sharesB the rights to $ote attaching to shares is
'i$i'e' by ha+$es bet6een the usufruct an' the bare o6nershi7B un+ess the 7arties agree' other6iseH
(ny e:7ense e:cee'ing the ob+igations of a usufructuaryB such as 'efine' in (rtic+es %82 an'
fo++o6ingB bin's hi# on+y 6ith his consent gi$en in the agree#ent itse+f or through a +ater instru#entH
;he transfer of fu++ o6nershi7 of the un'i$i'e' 7ro7erty #ay not be #a'e 6ithout the consent of
the usufructuaryB e:ce7t for the case 6here it is in'uce' by the cre'itors entit+e' to sue for sa+eH


TITLE A
O LOAN%

Art' (:+=
;here are t6o 5in's of +oans/
;hat of things 6hich can be use' 6ithout being 'estroye'B
(n' that of things 6hich are consu#e' by the use 6hich is #a'e of the#H
;he first 5in' is ca++e' !oan for use or $ommodateI
;he secon' is ca++e' !oan for $onsumption B or si#7+y !oan.

"@(P;2- I - OF 3O(*S FO- >S2 O- "O&&O0(;2S

Se$tion I D Of the 4ature of a <oan for Kse

0rt. (:+3
( +oan for use or co##o'ate is a contract by 6hich one of the 7arties 'e+i$ers to the other a thing
to be use'B on con'ition that the borro6er returns it after #a5ing use of itH

(rtH (:+)
2.7
Such +oan is essentia++y gratuitous'

Art' (:++
;he +en'er re#ains the o6ner of the thing +oane'H

(rtH (:+:
2$erything 6hich #ay be the subCect of +ega+ transactions bet6een 7ri$ate in'i$i'ua+sB an' 6hich
is not consu#e' by use #ay be the obCect of such an agree#entH

(rtH (:+6
>n'erta5ings 6hich are for#e' by a co##o'ate 7ass to the heirs of the 7erson 6ho +en'sB an' to
the heirs of the 7erson 6ho borro6sI
ut 6here a +oan 6as #a'e on+y on account of the borro6erB an' to hi# 7ersona++yB then his heirs
#ay not continue to enCoy the thing +oane'H

Se$tion II D Of the KndertaAin6s of the 7orro#er

0rt. (::8
;he borro6er is boun' to ta5e care of the 5ee7ing an' 7reser$ation of the thing +oane' +i5e a
7ru'ent o6nerH @e #ay use it on+y for the use 'eter#ine' by its nature or by the agree#entI a++ of 6hichB
on 7ain of 'a#agesB if there is occasionH

(rtH (::(
<here the borro6er e#7+oys the thing for another useB or for a +onger ti#e than he oughtB he is
+iab+e for the +oss occurre'B e$en through a fortuitous e$entH

(rtH (::-
<here the thing +oane' 7erishes through a fortuitous e$ent of 6hich the borro6er cou+' ha$e
7reser$e' it by #a5ing use of his o6nB or 6hereB being ab+e to sa$e on+y one of the#B he 7referre' his
o6nB he is +iab+e for the +oss of the otherH

(rtH (::<
<here the thing has been a77raise' 6hen +oane'B the +oss 6hich ha77ensB e$en through a
fortuitous e$entB fa++s on the borro6erB un+ess other6ise agree'H

(rtH (::=
<here the thing 'eteriorates through the so+e effect of the use for 6hich it 6as borro6e'B an'
6ithout any fau+t on the 7art of the borro6erB he is not +iab+e for the 'eteriorationH

(rtH (::3
;he borro6er #ay not retain the thing to offset 6hat the +en'er o6es hi#H

(rtH (::)
<here the borro6er has #a'e so#e e:7ense in or'er to use the thingB he #ay not rec+ai# itH

(rtH (::+
<here se$era+ 7ersons ha$e Coint+y borro6e' the sa#e thingB they are Coint+y an' se$era++y +iab+e
to6ar's the +en'erH

Se$tion III D Of the KndertaAin6s of One #ho <ends for Kse

0rt. (:::
;he +en'er #ay ta5e bac5 the thing +oane' on+y after the ter# agree' u7on orB fai+ing an
agree#entB after it has ser$e' the use for 6hich it 6as borro6e'H

(rtH (::6
*e$erthe+essB 6hereB 'uring that 7erio'B or before the nee' of the borro6er has cease'B the +en'er
ha77ens to be in a 7ressing an' unforeseen nee' of the thingB the Cu'ge #ayB accor'ing to the
circu#stancesB co#7e+ the borro6er to return it to hi#H

(rtH (:68
2.8
<hereB 'uring the ter# of the +oanB the borro6er has been co#7e++e'B for the 7reser$ation of the
thingB to so#e e:traor'inary e:7enseB necessary an' so urgent that he 6as no ab+e to infor# the +en'er
thereofB the +atter is +iab+e to rei#burse hi#H

(rtH (:6(

<here the thing +oane' has such 'efects that it #ay cause har# to the 7erson 6ho uses itB the
+en'er is +iab+eB 6here he 5ne6 of the 'efects an' 'i' not 6arn the borro6erH

"@(P;2- II D OF 3O(*S FO- "O*S>&P;IO* O- SI&P32 3O(*S

Se$tion I D Of the 4ature of the <oan for Consumption

0rt. (:6-
( +oan for consu#7tion is a contract by 6hich one of the 7arties 'e+i$ers to the other a certain
)uantity of things 6hich are consu#e' by useB on con'ition that the +atter sha++ return as #uch to hi# in
the sa#e 5in' an' )ua+ityH

(rtH (:6<
;hrough such a +oanB the borro6er beco#es the o6ner of the thing +oane'I an' the +oss fa++s u7on
hi#B in 6hate$er #anner it occursH

Art' (:6=
;hings 6hichB a+though of the sa#e 5in'B 'iffer in'i$i'ua++yB such as ani#a+sB #ay not be gi$en
by 6ay of +oan of consu#7tion/ it is then a +oan for useH

(rtH (:63
;he ob+igation 6hich resu+ts fro# a +oan of #oney is a+6ays for the nu#erica+ su# state' in the
contractH
<here there is a rise or a fa++ in currency before the ti#e of 7ay#entB the 'ebtor #ust return the
nu#erica+ su# +oane'B an' #ust 'o so on+y in the currency ha$ing +ega+ ten'er at the ti#e of the
7ay#entH

(rtH (:6)
;he ru+e +ai' 'o6n in the 7rece'ing (rtic+e sha++ not a77+yB 6here the +oan 6as #a'e in bu++ionsH

(rtH (:6+
<here bu++ions or co##o'ities ha$e been +oane'B 6hate$er the rise or fa++ in their 7rice #ay beB
the 'ebtor sha++ a+6ays return the sa#e )uantity an' )ua+ityB an' return on+y thatH

Se$tion II D Of the Ob!i6ations of the <ender

0rt. (:6:
In a +oan for consu#7tionB the +en'er is he+' to the +iabi+ity estab+ishe' by (rtic+e 18!1 for a +oan
for useH

(rtH (:66
;he +en'er #ay not c+ai# the things +oane' bac5 before the agree' ti#eH

(rtH (688
<here no ti#e has been fi:e' for restitutionB the Cu'ge #ay a++o6 the borro6er a 7erio' accor'ing
to the circu#stancesH

(rtH (68(

<here it has on+y been agree' that the borro6er 6ou+' 7ay 6hen he cou+'B or he ha' the #eansB
the Cu'ge sha++ fi: a ti#e for the 7ay#entB accor'ing to the circu#stancesH

Se$tion III D Of the KndertaAin6s of the 7orro#er

0rt. (68-
2.!
;he borro6er is boun' to return the things +oane'B in the sa#e )uantity an' )ua+ity an' at the ti#e
agree'H

(rtH (68<
<here he is unab+e to 'o soB he is boun' to 7ay their $a+ue ta5ing into account the ti#e an' the
7+ace 6here the thing 6as to be returne' accor'ing to the agree#entH
<here those ti#e an' 7+ace ha$e not been regu+ate'B 7ay#ent sha++ be #a'e at the 7rice of the
ti#e an' the 7+ace 6here the +oan 6as #a'eH

(rtH (68=
(($t of . 0pri! 1%00)
<here the borro6er 'oes not return the things +oane' or their $a+ue at the agree' ti#eB he o6es
interest thereon fro# the 'ay of the notice or of the Cu'icia+ c+ai#H

"@(P;2- III D OF 3O(*S (; I*;2-2S;
(rtH (683
It is +a6fu+ to sti7u+ate interest for a si#7+e +oanB either of #oneyB or of co##o'itiesB or of other
#o$ab+e thingsH

(rtH (68)
;he borro6er 6ho has 7ai' interest 6hich 6as not sti7u+ate' #ay neither rec+ai# itB nor
a77ro7riate it to the ca7ita+H

(rtH (68+
Interest is statutory or con$entiona+H Statutory interest is fi:e' by statute
1
H "on$entiona+ interest
#ay e:cee' statutory interest 6hene$er a statute 'oes not so 7rohibit
2
H
;he rate of con$entiona+ interest #ust be fi:e' in 6ritingH
1
3onetary and Finan$ia! Code 0rt. <. /1/-2
2
Consumer Code 0rt. <. /1/-1 to <. /1/-/

(rtH (68:
( recei7t for ca7ita+ gi$en 6ithout reser$ations as to the interest gi$es rise to a 7resu#7tion of
7ay#ent of the +atter an' o7erates 'ischarge of itH

(rtH (686
Interest #ay be sti7u+ate' u7on a ca7ita+ 6hich the +en'er un'erta5es not to rec+ai#H
In that caseB the +oan ta5es the na#e of sett!ement of an annuity.

(rtH (6(8
;hat annuity #ay be sett+e' in t6o 6aysB 7er7etua++y or for +ifeH

(rtH (6((
( 7er7etua+ annuity is essentia++y re'ee#ab+eH
;he 7arties #ay agree on+y that the re'e#7tion 6i++ not ta5e 7+ace before a ti#e 6hich #ay not
e:cee' ten yearsB or 6ithout notification has been gi$en to the cre'itor at the 7erio' of notice 6hich they
ha$e 'eter#ine'H

(rtH (6(-
;he 'ebtor of an annuity sett+e' as 7er7etua+ #ay be co#7e++e' to re'ee# it/
1L <here he ceases to 7erfor# his ob+igations 'uring t6o yearsI
2L <here he fai+s to furnish the +en'er 6ith the security 7ro#ise' by the contractH

(rtH (6(<
;he ca7ita+ of an annuity sett+e' as 7er7etua+ beco#es a+so 'ue in case of FCu'icia+ arrange#entG
or inso+$ency of the 'ebtorH

(rtH (6(=
;he ru+es re+ating to +ife annuities are +ai' 'o6n in the ;it+e Of 0!eatory Contra$ts.


TITLE AI
270
O DEPO%IT% AND O %E?"E%TRATION%

"@(P;2- I - OF 02POSI; I* 12*2-(3 (*0 OF I;S 0IFF2-2*; 9I*0S

(rtH (6(3
(s a ru+eB a 'e7osit is a transaction by 6hich one recei$es the thing of anotherB on con'ition of
5ee7ing it an' returning it in 5in'H

(rtH (6()
;here are t6o 5in's of 'e7osits/ actua+ 'e7osit an' se)uestrationH

"@(P;2- II - OF (";>(3 02POSI;S

Se$tion I - Of the 4ature and ;ssen$e of the Contra$t of 8eposit

0rt. (6(+
(n actua+ 'e7osit is a contract essentia++y gratuitousH

Art' (6(:
It #ay ha$e as its obCect on+y #o$ab+e thingsH

(rtH (6(6
It is co#7+ete on+y by the actua+ or sy#bo+ic han'ing o$er of the thing 'e7osite'H
( sy#bo+ic han'ing o$er is sufficient 6here the 'e7ositary is a+rea'y in 7ossessionB in so#e
other ca7acityB of the thing 6hich one agrees to +ea$e 6ith hi# as a 'e7ositH

(rtH (6-8
0e7osit is $o+untary or necessaryH

Se$tion II - Of Co!untary 8eposits

0rt. (6-(
( $o+untary 'e7osit is conc+u'e' by the reci7roca+ consent of the 7erson 6ho #a5es the 'e7osit
an' of the one 6ho recei$es itH

(rtH (6--
( $o+untary 'e7osit #ay on+y be #a'e by the o6ner of the thing 'e7osite' or 6ith his e:7ress or
tacit consentH

(rtH (6-< Frepea!edG

(rtH (6-=
H<here a 'e7osit 6hich e:cee's the figure 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 1341 is not 7ro$e' in 6ritingU
(0$t n '0-&2& of 12 *u!y 1%'0)B the one 6ho is sue' as 'e7ositary is be+ie$e' on his 'ec+arationB either as
to the fact itse+f of the 'e7ositB or as to the thing 6hich 6as its obCectB or as to the fact of its restitutionH

(rtH (6-3
( $o+untary 'e7osit #ay ta5e 7+ace on+y bet6een 7ersons ca7ab+e of contractingH
*e$erthe+essB 6here a 7erson ca7ab+e of contracting acce7ts a 'e7osit #a'e by a 7erson un'er a
'isabi+ityB he is +iab+e for a++ the ob+igations of a true 'e7ositaryI he #ay be sue' by the guar'ian or
a'#inistrator of the 7erson 6ho #a'e the 'e7ositH

(rtH (6-)
<here a 'e7osit 6as #a'e by a 7erson 6ho is ca7ab+e to a 7erson 6ho is notB the 7erson 6ho
#a'e the 'e7osit has on+y a c+ai# for the reco$ery of the thing 'e7osite'B so +ong as it e:ists in the han's
of the 'e7ositaryB or a c+ai# in restitution u7 to the a#ount of the benefit 'eri$e' by the +atterH

Se$tion III - Of the Ob!i6ations of a 8epositary

0rt. (6-+
271
( 'e7ositary #ust ta5eB in the 5ee7ing of the thing 'e7osite'B the sa#e care as he 'oes in the
5ee7ing of the things 6hich be+ong to hi#H

(rtH (6-:
;he 7ro$ision of the 7rece'ing (rtic+e sha++ be a77+ie' #ore strict+y/
1L <here the 'e7ositary has $o+unteere' for recei$ing the 'e7ositI
2L <here he has sti7u+ate' a sa+ary for the 5ee7ing of the 'e7ositI
3L <here the 'e7osit has been #a'e so+e+y in the interest of the 'e7ositaryI
4L <here it has been e:7ress+y agree' that the 'e7ositary 6ou+' be +iab+e for any 5in' of fau+tH

(rtH (6-6
( 'e7ositary is notB in any caseB +iab+e for the acci'ents of for$e ma=eureB un+ess he 6as gi$en
notice to return the thing 'e7osite'H

(rtH (6<8
@e #ay not #a5e use of the thing 'e7osite'B 6ithout the e:7ress or i#7+ie' 7er#ission of the
'e7ositorH

(rtH (6<(
@e #ay not atte#7t to 5no6 6hat the things are 6hich ha$e been 'e7osite' 6ith hi#B 6hen they
ha$e been entruste' to hi# in a c+ose' chest or un'er a sea+e' co$erH

(rtH (6<-
( 'e7ositary #ust return the e:act sa#e thing 6hich he has recei$e'H
;husB a 'e7osit of su#s of #oney #ust be returne' in the sa#e coins in 6hich it 6as #a'eB
either in the case of increase or in the case of 'ecrease of their $a+ueH

(rtH (6<<
( 'e7ositary is on+y boun' to return the thing 'e7osite' in the con'ition in 6hich it is at the ti#e
of restitutionH 0eteriorations 6hich 'i' not occur through his act sha++ be borne by the 'e7ositorH

(rtH (6<=
( 'e7ositary fro# 6ho# the thing 6as ta5en a6ay through a for$e ma=eure B an' 6ho has
recei$e' a 7rice or so#ething in its 7+aceB #ust restore 6hat he has recei$e in e:changeH

(rtH (6<3
(n heir of the 'e7ositaryB 6ho has so+' in goo' faith the thing of 6hose 'e7osit he 6as not a6areB
is on+y boun' to return the 7rice 6hich he has recei$e'B or to assign his action against the buyerB 6here he
has not recei$e' the 7riceH

(rtH (6<)
<here a thing 'e7osite' has 7ro'uce' fruits 6hich 6ere co++ecte' by the 'e7ositaryB he is ob+ige'
to return the#H @e o6es no interest on #oney 'e7osite'B e:ce7t fro# the 'ay 6hen he has been gi$en
notice to #a5e the restitutionH

(rtH (6<+
( 'e7ositary #ust return the thing 'e7osite' on+y to the one 6ho has entruste' it to hi#B or to the
one in 6hose na#e the 'e7osit 6as #a'eB or to the one 6ho has been 'esignate' to recei$e itH

(rtH (6<:
@e #ay not re)uire the one 6ho #a'e the 'e7osit to 7ro$e that he 6as the o6ner of the thing
'e7osite'H
*e$erthe+essB 6here he 'isco$ers that the thing has been sto+enB an' 6ho the true o6ner isB he
#ust gi$e the +atter notice of the 'e7osit 6hich 6as #a'e to hi#B 6ith 'e#an' to c+ai# it 6ithin a
'eter#ine' an' sufficient 7erio'H <here the one to 6ho# notice has been gi$en fai+s to c+ai# the 'e7ositB
the 'e7ositary is +a6fu++y 'ischarge' by the han'ing o$er of it to the one fro# 6ho# he recei$e' itH

(rtH (6<6
In case of FHHHG 'eath of the 7erson 6ho #a'e the 'e7ositB the thing 'e7osite' #ay be returne' on+y
to his heirH
<here there are se$era+ heirsB it #ust be returne' to each of the# for their share an' 7ortionH
272
<here the thing 'e7osite' is in'i$isib+eB the heirs #ust agree bet6een the# to recei$e itH

(rtH (6=8
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
<here the 7erson 6ho has #a'e the 'e7osit has been 'e7ri$e' of his 7o6ers of a'#inistrationB
the 'e7osit #ay be returne' on+y to the one 6ho has the a'#inistration of the 7ro7erty of the 'e7ositorH

(rtH (6=(
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
<here a 'e7osit has been #a'e by a guar'ian or an a'#inistratorB in one of these ca7acitiesB it
#ay be returne' on+y to the 7erson 6ho# the guar'ian or a'#inistrator re7resente'B if their #anage#ent
or a'#inistration has co#e to an en'H

(rtH (6=-
<here the contract of 'e7osit s7ecifies the 7+ace 6here the restitution #ust be #a'eB the
'e7ositary is boun' to bring the thing 'e7osite' to that 7+aceH <here there are trans7ort costsB they sha++
be charge' to the 'e7ositorH

(rtH (6=<
<here the contract 'oes not s7ecify the 7+ace of restitutionB it #ust be 'one in the $ery 7+ace of
the 'e7ositH

(rtH (6==
( 'e7osit #ust be returne' to the 'e7ositor as soon as he c+ai#s itB e$en 6here the contract has
fi:e' a 'eter#ine' 7erio' for the restitutionI un+ess there is in the han's of the 'e7ositary an attach#ent
or a forbi''ing to return an' re#o$e the thing 'e7osite'H

(rtH (6=3 Frepea!ed by imp!i$ationG

(rtH (6=)
(++ the ob+igations of a 'e7ositary co#e to an en' 6here he ha77ens to 'isco$er an' 7ro$e that he
is hi#se+f the o6ner of the thing 'e7osite'H

Se$tion IC - Of the Ob!i6ations of the Person by Fhom a 8eposit #as 3ade

0rt. (6=+
;he 7erson 6ho #a'e a 'e7osit is boun' to rei#burse the 'e7ositary for e:7enses incurre' for
the 7reser$ation of the thing 'e7osite'B an' to in'e#nify hi# for a++ the +osses 6hich the 'e7osit #ay
ha$e occasione' hi#H

(rtH (6=:
( 'e7ositary #ay retain the 'e7osit unti+ fu++ 7ay#ent of 6hat is o6e' hi# by reason of the
'e7ositH

Se$tion C D Of 4e$essary 8eposits

0rt. (6=6
( necessary 'e7osit is one 6hich 6as force' by so#e acci'entB such as a fireB ruinB 7i++ageB
shi76rec5 or other unforeseen e$entH

(rtH (638
(($t n '0-&2& of 12 *u!y 1%'0)
Proof by 6itnesses #ay be a'#itte' as to a necessary 'e7ositB a+though the a#ount concerne'
e:cee's the figure 7ro$i'e' for by (rtic+e 1341H

(rtH (63(

(s to other issuesB a necessary 'e7osit sha++ be go$erne' by a++ the ru+es 7re$ious+y +ai' 'o6nH

(rtH (63-
(($t n ./-1141 of 24 8e$. 1%./)
273
Inn5ee7ers or hote+-5ee7ers are +iab+eB as 'e7ositariesB for c+othesB +uggage an' $arious effects
brought into their business 7re#ises by a tra$e++er +o'ging 6ith the#I the 'e7osit of effects of that 5in'
sha++ be consi'ere' as a necessary 'e7ositH

(rtH (63<
(($t n ./-1141 of 24 8e$. 1%./)
;hey are +iab+e for theft or for 'a#age to those effectsB 6hether the theft 6as co##itte' or the
'a#age cause' by their ser$ants or e#7+oyeesB or by strangers going to an' fro in the hote+H
;hat +iabi+ity is un+i#ite'B not6ithstan'ing any c+ause to the contraryB in case of theft or
'eterioration of a++ 5in's of effects 'e7osite' 6ithin their han's or 6hich they refuse' to recei$e 6ithout
rightfu+ reasonH
In a++ other casesB 'a#ages 'ue to a tra$e++er areB to the e:c+usion of any agree' +o6er +i#itationB
+i#ite' to the e)ui$a+ent of one-hun're' ti#es the 7rice of renta+ of +o'ging 7er 'ayB e:ce7t 6hen the
tra$e++er 7ro$es that the 'a#age he has suffere' resu+ts fro# a fau+t of the 7erson 6ho she+ters hi# or of
the 7ersons for 6ho# the +atter is res7onsib+eH

(rtH (63=
(($t n ./-1141 of 24 8e$. 1%./)
Inn5ee7ers or hote+-5ee7ers are not +iab+e for thefts or 'a#age 6hich ha77en through for$e
ma=eureB nor for the +oss 6hich resu+ts fro# the nature or fro# a 'efect of the thingB on con'ition that
they 7ro$e the fact 6hich they a++egeH
In 'erogation to the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 1!%3B inn5ee7ers or hote+-5ee7ers are res7onsib+e for
the obCects +eft in $ehic+es 7ar5e' on a 7+ace of 6hich they ha$e 7ri$ate enCoy#ent u7 to the a#ount of
fifty ti#es the 7rice of renta+ of +o'ging 7er 'ayH
(rtic+es 1!%2 an' 1!%3 sha++ not a77+y to +i$ing ani#a+sH

"@(P;2- III D OF S2A>2S;-(;IO*S

Se$tion I D Of the Carious Einds of Se,uestration

0rt. (633
Se)uestration is either con$entiona+ or Cu'icia+H

Se$tion II D Of Conentiona! Se,uestration

0rt. (63)
"on$entiona+ se)uestration is a 'e7osit #a'e by one or se$era+ 7ersonsB of a thing in contestB into
the han's of a thir' 7arty 6ho bin's hi#se+f to return itB after the contro$ersy is o$erB to the 7erson 6ho
6i++ be Cu'ge' entit+e' to obtain itH

(rtH (63+
Se)uestration nee' not be gratuitousH

(rtH (63:
<here it is gratuitousB it is go$erne' by the ru+es of an actua+ 'e7ositB subCect to the 'ifferences
hereinafter state'H

(rtH (636
Se)uestration #ay ha$e as its obCect not on+y #o$ab+e effectsB but a+so i##o$ab+esH

(rtH (6)8
( 'e7ositary in charge of a se)uestration #ay be 'ischarge'B before the en' of the contro$ersyB
on+y by consent of a++ the intereste' 7artiesB or for a reason Cu'ge' rightfu+H

Se$tion III D Of *udi$ia! Se,uestration or 8eposit

0rt. (6)(
( court #ay or'er se)uestration/
1L Of #o$ab+es sei=e' on a 'ebtorI
2L Of an i##o$ab+e or of a #o$ab+e thing 6hose o6nershi7 or 7ossession is in contest bet6een
t6o or se$era+ 7ersonsI
274
3L Of things 6hich a 'ebtor ten'ers in or'er to be 'ischarge'H

(rtH (6)-
;he a77oint#ent of a Cu'icia+ custo'ian 7ro'uces reci7roca+ ob+igations bet6een the attaching
7arty an' the custo'ianH ( custo'ian #ust gi$e the care of a 7ru'ent o6ner for the 7reser$ation of the
things sei=e'H
@e #ust 7resent the#B either to the attaching 7arty for being 'ischarge' in case of sa+eB or to the
7arty against 6hose 7ro7erty e:ecution has been +e$ie'B in case of cance++ation of the sei=ureH
;he ob+igation of an attaching 7arty consists in 7aying the custo'ian the sa+ary fi:e' by +a6H

(rtH (6)<
4u'icia+ se)uestration sha++ be gi$enB either to a 7erson agree' u7on by the 7arties concerne'B or
to a 7erson a77ointe' by the Cu'ge of his o6n #otionH
In either caseB the one to 6ho# a thing is entruste' is subCect to a++ the ob+igations 6hich a
con$entiona+ se)uestration in$o+$esH


TITLE AII
O ALEATORY CONTRACT%

Art' (6)=
(n a+eatory contract is a reci7roca+ agree#ent 6hose effectsB as to a'$antages an' to +ossesB either
for a++ the 7artiesB or for one or se$era+ of the#B 'e7en' u7on an uncertain e$entH
Such are/
Insurance contractsI
otto#ry contractsI
1a#ing an' bettingI
"ontracts for +ife annuityH
;he first t6o are go$erne' by #ariti#e +a6H

"@(P;2- I - OF 1(&I*1 (*0 2;;I*1

(rtH (6)3
3egis+ation 'oes not grant any action for a ga#ing 'ebt or for the 7ay#ent of a betH

(rtH (6))
1a#es 7ro7er to train in the use of ar#sB foot or horse racesB chariot racesB tennis an' other ga#es
of the sa#e 5in' 6hich in$o+$e s5i++ an' bo'i+y e:erciseB are e:ce7te' fro# the 7rece'ent 7ro$isionH
*e$erthe+essB the court #ay 'is#iss the co#7+aint 6here the su# see#s e:cessi$eH

(rtH (6)+
In no case #ay the +oser reco$er 6hat he has $o+untari+y 7ai'B un+ess there 6asB on the 7art of the
6innerB 'ece7tionB frau' or s6in'+ingH

"@(P;2- II - OF "O*;-("; FO- 3IF2 (**>I;E

Se$tion I - Of the +e,uisites for the Ca!idity of the Contra$t

0rt. (6):
( +ife annuity #ay be sett+e' for $a+ueB for a su# of #oney or for a $a+uab+e #o$ab+e thingB or for
an i##o$ab+eH

(rtH (6)6
It #ay a+so be sett+e'B 7ure+y gratuitous+yB by gift inter $i$os or by 6i++H It #ust then bear the
for#s re)uire' by +egis+ationH

(rtH (6+8
In the case of the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB a +ife annuity #ay be abate'B 6here it e:cee's 6hat one is
a++o6e' to 'is7ose ofI it is $oi'B 6here it is for the benefit of a 7erson inca7ab+e of recei$ing itH

(rtH (6+(
27%
( +ife annuity #ay be sett+e' either on the hea' of the one 6ho furnishes the 7rice of itB or on the
hea' of a thir' 7ersonB 6ho has no right to enCoy itH

(rtH (6+-
It #ay be sett+e' on one or se$era+ hea'sH

(rtH (6+<
It #ay sett+e' for the benefit of a thir' 7ersonB a+though the 7rice is 7ai' by another 7ersonH
In the +atter caseB a+though it has the character of a gratuitous transferB it is not subCect to the
for#s re)uire' for giftsI e:ce7t for the cases of abate#ent an' a$oi'ance state' in (rtic+e 1!70H
(0$t n 6/-10%2 of 6 4o. 1%6/) <hereB sett+e' by s7ouses or one of the#B an annuity is
sti7u+ate' to be re$ertib+e in fa$our of the sur$i$ing s7ouseB the c+ause 6hich i#7orts that 7ro7erty is to
re$ert to hi# or her #ay ha$e the character of a gratuitous transfer or that of a transaction for $a+ueH In
that +atter caseB the rei#burse#ent or the in'e#nity o6e' by the beneficiary of the re$ersion to the
co##unity or to the succession of the 7re'eceaser is e)ua+ to the $a+ue of the re$ersion of the annuityH
2:ce7t for contrary intention of the s7ousesB an annuity is 'ee#e' to ha$e been grante' gratuitous+yH

(rtH (6+=
( contract for +ife annuity create' on the hea' of a 7erson 6ho 6as 'ea' at the 'ay of the contract
'oes not 7ro'uce any effectH

(rtH (6+3
It sha++ be the sa#e for a contract by 6hich an annuity 6as create' on the hea' of a 7erson
suffering fro# an i++ness of 6hich he 'ie' 6ithin t6enty 'ays after the 'ate of the contractH

(rtH (6+)
( +ife annuity #ay be sett+e' at the rate 6hich it 7+ease the 7arties to fi:H

Se$tion II - Of the ;ffe$ts of the Contra$t bet#een the Contra$tin6 Parties

0rt. (6++
;he one in 6hose fa$our a +ife annuity 6as sett+e' for a 7rice #ay a77+y for the ter#ination of
the contract 6here the grantor 'oes not gi$e the guarantees sti7u+ate' for its 7erfor#anceH

(rtH (6+:
;he #ere fai+ure to 7ay the inco#e of the annuity 'oes not entit+e the one in 6hose fa$our it is
sett+e' to a77+y for the rei#burse#ent of the ca7ita+ or to re-enter into the tene#ent transferre' by hi#/
he on+y has the right to sei=e an' ha$e the 7ro7erty of his 'ebtor so+' an' to ha$e or'ere' or agree' thatB
out of the 7rocee's of the sa+eB a sufficient su# be in$este' for the 7ay#ent of the inco#eH

(rtH (6+6
( grantor #ay not e:onerate hi#se+f fro# 7aying the annuityB by offering to rei#burse the
ca7ita+B an' 6ai$ing reco$ery of the inco#e 7ai'I he is boun' to 7ay the annuity 'uring the 6ho+e +ife of
the 7erson or 7ersons on 6hose hea's the annuity 6as sett+e'B 6hate$er the 'uration of the +ife of those
7ersons #ay be an' ho6e$er onerous the 7ay#ent of the annuity #ay ha$e beco#eH

(rtH (6:8
( +ife annuity is ac)uire' by the annuitant on+y in 7ro7ortion to the nu#ber of 'ays he has +i$e'H
*e$erthe+essB 6here it 6as agree' that it 6ou+' be 7ai' in a'$anceB the insta+#ent 6hich ought to
be 7ai' is ac)uire' fro# the 'ay 6hen its 7ay#ent ought to be #a'eH

(rtH (6:(
( +ife annuity #ay be sti7u+ate' to be e:e#7t fro# e:ecution on+y 6here it 6as sett+e'
gratuitous+yH

(rtH (6:- Frepea!ed by imp!i$ationG

(rtH (6:<
;he annuitant of an annuity #ay c+ai# inco#e on+y by 7ro$ing his e:istenceB or that of the
7erson on 6hose hea' it 6as sett+e'H

27.

TITLE AIII
O A&ENCY

"@(P;2- I OF ;@2 *(;>-2 (*0 FO-& OF (12*"E

(rtH (6:=
(n agency or 7o6er of attorney is a transaction by 6hich a 7erson gi$es to another the authority
to 'o so#ething for the 7rinci7a+ an' in his na#eH
(n agency is for#e' on+y through acce7tance of the agentH

(rtH (6:3
T(n agency #ay be gi$en by an authentic instru#ent or by an instru#ent un'er 7ri$ate signatureB
e$en by +etterH It #ay a+so be gi$en $erba++yB but 7roof of it by 6itness is recei$e' on+y in accor'ance 6ith
the ;it+e Of Contra$ts or of Conentiona! Ob!i6ations in Benera! K(0$t n '0-&2& of 12 *u!y 1%'0)H
(cce7tance of an agency #ay be on+y tacit an' resu+t fro# the 7erfor#ance of it effecte' by the
agentH

(rtH (6:)
(n agency is gratuitousB un+ess there is an agree#ent to the contraryH

(rtH (6:+
It is either s7ecia+ an' for one or se$era+ 'ea+s on+yB or genera+ an' for a++ the affairs of the
7rinci7a+H

(rtH (6::
(n agency 6or'e' in genera+ ter#s inc+u'es on+y acts of a'#inistrationH
<here it is inten'e' to transfer or #ortgageB or 'o so#e other transaction re+ating to o6nershi7B
the agency #ust be e:7ressH

(rtH (6:6
(n agent #ay 'o nothing beyon' 6hat is e:7resse' in his agency/ the authority to co#7ro#ise
'oes not inc+u'e that to enter into an arbitration agree#entH

(rtH (668
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
( non-e#anci7ate' #inor #ay be chosen as an agentI but the 7rinci7a+ has an action against hi#
on+y in accor'ance 6ith the genera+ ru+es re+ating to the ob+igations of #inorsH

"@(P;2- II - OF ;@2 O3I1(;IO*S OF ;@2 (12*;

(rtH (66(
(n agent is boun' to 7erfor# the agency so +ong as he res7onsib+e for itB an' is +iab+e for the
'a#ages 6hich #ay resu+t fro# his non-7erfor#anceH
@e is a+so boun' at the 'eath of the 7rinci7a+ to co#7+ete a #atter initiate'B 6here there is 'anger
in 'e+ayH

(rtH (66-
(n agent is +iab+e not on+y for intentiona+ breachB but a+so for fau+ts co##itte' in his
#anage#entH
*e$erthe+essB the +iabi+ity for fau+ts is i#7+e#ente' +ess rigorous+y against the one 6hose agency
is gratuitous than against the one recei$ing a sa+aryH

(rtH (66<
2$ery agent is boun' to account for his #anage#entB an' to return to the 7rinci7a+ a++ that he
recei$e' by $irtue of his 7o6er of attorneyB e$en 6here 6hat he recei$e' 6as not o6e' to the 7rinci7a+H

(rtH (66=
(n agent ans6ers for the one 6ho# he has substitute' for hi#se+f in his #anage#ent/ 1L 6here
he 'i' not recei$e the authority to substitute so#eoneI 2L 6here that authority 6as grante' to hi# 6ithout
'esignation of a 7erson an' the one 6ho# he has chosen 6as notorious+y inco#7etent or inso+$entH
277
In a++ casesB a 7rinci7a+ #ay 'irect+y sue the 7erson 6ho# the agent has substitute' for hi#se+fH

(rtH (663
<here there are se$era+ 7ro:ies or agents a77ointe' by the sa#e instru#entB there is no Coint an'
se$era+ +iabi+ity bet6een the#B un+ess it is e:7resse'H

(rtH (66)
(n agent o6es interest on su#s e#7+oye' for his o6n useB fro# that useI an' on those of 6hich
he is 'ebtor for the ba+anceB fro# the 'ay 6hen he is gi$en noticeH

(rtH (66+
(n agent 6ho has gi$en the 7arty 6ith 6ho# he contractsB in that ca7acityB a sufficient 5no6+e'ge
of his authority is not he+' to any 6arranty for 6hat has been #a'e outsi'e the sco7e of that authorityB
un+ess he has 7ersona++y ta5en charge of itH

"@(P;2- III - OF ;@2 O3I1(;IO*S OF ;@2 P-I*"IP(3

(rtH (66:
( 7rinci7a+ is boun' to 7erfor# the un'erta5ings contracte' by the agentB in accor'ance 6ith the
authority grante' to hi#H
@e is boun' for 6hat #ay ha$e been 'one outsi'e its sco7eB on+y 6here he has e:7ress+y or
tacit+y ratifie' itH

(rtH (666
( 7rinci7a+ #ust rei#burse the agent for the a'$ances an' e:7enses 6hich the +atter #a'e for the
7erfor#ance of the agencyB an' 7ay hi# his sa+ary 6here it has been 7ro#ise'H
<here no fau+t #ay be ascribe' to the agentB the 7rinci7a+ #ay not 'is7ense 6ith #a5ing those
rei#burse#ents an' 7ay#entsB e$en if the #atter 'i' not succee'B an' he #ay not ha$e the a#ount of the
e:7enses an' a'$ances re'uce' on the 7rete:t that they cou+' ha$e cost +essH

(rtH -888
( 7rinci7a+ #ust a+so co#7ensate the agent for the +osses 6hich the +atter has incurre' on the
occasion of his #anage#entB 6ithout an i#7ru'ent act being ascribab+e to hi#H

(rtH -88(
Interest on the a'$ances #a'e by the agent is o6e' to hi# by the 7rinci7a+B fro# the 'ay of the
a'$ances 6hich are 7ro$e'H

(rtH -88-
<here an agent has been a77ointe' by se$era+ 7ersonsB for a co##on affairB each of the# is
Coint+y an' se$era++y +iab+e to6ar's hi# for a++ the effects of the agencyH

"@(P;2- I8 - OF ;@2 0IFF2-2*; <(ES I* <@I"@ (* (12*"E "O&2S ;O (* 2*0

(rtH -88<
(n agency co#es to an en'/
y the re$ocation of the agentI
y the renunciation of the agency by the +atterI
y the FHHG 'eathB guar'ianshi7 of a'u+ts or inso+$encyB either of the 7rinci7a+B or of the agentH

(rtH -88=
( 7rinci7a+ #ay re$o5e his 7o6er of attorney 6hen he 7+eases an' co#7e+B if there is occasionB
the agent to return to hi#B either the instru#ent un'er 7ri$ate signature 6hich contains itB or the origina+
of the 7o6er of attorneyB 6here it has been 'e+i$ere' 6ithout being recor'e'B or the office co7yB 6here
the origina+ has been 5e7tH

(rtH -883
( re$ocation of 6hich on+y the agent has been gi$en notice is not effecti$e against thir' 7arties
6ho ha$e 'ea+t 6ithout 5no6ing of that re$ocationB e:ce7t for the re#e'y of the 7rinci7a+ against the
agentH

278
(rtH -88)
;he a77oint#ent of a ne6 agent for the sa#e affair in$o+$es re$ocation of the first oneB fro# the
'ay 6hen notice of it has been gi$en to the +atterH

(rtH -88+
(n agent #ay renounce the agency by gi$ing notice of his renunciation to the 7rinci7a+H
*e$erthe+essB 6here that renunciation 7reCu'ices the 7rinci7a+B he #ust be co#7ensate' by the
agentB un+ess the +atter is unab+e to continue the agency 6ithout hi#se+f suffering a consi'erab+e +ossH

(rtH -88:
<here an agent has no 5no6+e'ge of the 'eath of the 7rinci7a+ or of one of the other causes
6hich #a5e an agency co#e to an en'B 6hat he has 'one in that ignorance is $a+i'H

(rtH -886
In the abo$e casesB the un'erta5ings of the agent sha++ be 7erfor#e' 6ith regar' to thir' 7arties
6ho are in goo' faithH

(rtH -8(8
In case of 'eath of an agentB his heirs #ust gi$e notice of it to the 7rinci7a+B an'B in the #eanti#eB
atten' to 6hat the circu#stances #ay re)uire in the interest of the +atterH


TITLE AIV
O %"RETY%!IP

"@(P;2- I - OF ;@2 *(;>-2 (*0 2R;2*; OF S>-2;ES@IP

(rtH -8((
( 7erson 6ho #a5es hi#se+f surety for an ob+igation bin's hi#se+f to6ar's the cre'itor to
7erfor# that ob+igationB if the 'ebtor 'oes not 7erfor# it hi#se+fH

(rtH -8(-
( suretyshi7 #ay e:ist on+y on a $a+i' ob+igationH
One #ay ne$erthe+ess stan' surety for an ob+igationB a+though it #ay be a$oi'e' by a 'efence
7ure+y 7ersona+ to the ob+igorI for instanceB in case of #inorityH

(rtH -8(<
( suretyshi7 #ay not e:cee' 6hat is o6e' by the 'ebtorB nor be contracte' un'er #ore onerous
con'itionsH
It #ay be contracte' for a 7art of the 'ebt on+yB an' un'er +ess onerous con'itionsH
( suretyshi7 6hich e:cee's the 'ebtB or 6hich is contracte' un'er #ore onerous con'itionsB is
not $oi'/ it is on+y re'ucib+e to the e:tent of the 7rinci7a+ ob+igationH

(rtH -8(=
One #ay beco#e surety 6ithout an or'er of the 7erson for 6ho# one beco#es boun'B an' e$en
6ithout his 5no6+e'geH
One #ay a+so beco#e suretyB not on+y of the 7rinci7a+ 'ebtorB but a+so of the 7erson 6ho has
gi$en security for hi#H

(rtH -8(3
Suretyshi7 is not 7resu#e'I it #ust be e:7ressB an' one #ay not e:ten' it beyon' the +i#its 6ithin
6hich it 6as contracte'H

(rtH -8()
In'efinite suretyshi7 of a 7rinci7a+ ob+igation e:ten's to the accessories of the 'ebtB e$en to the
costs of the first c+ai# B an' to a++ those subse)uent to the notice gi$en of it to the suretyH
(0$t n %'-6&. of 2% *u!y 1%%') <here that suretyshi7 is contracte' by a natura+ 7ersonB the
+atter sha++ be infor#e' by the cre'itor of the e$o+ution of the a#ount of the c+ai# guarantee' an' of
those accessories at +east once a year at the 'ate agree' bet6een the 7arties orB fai+ing 6hichB at the
anni$ersary 'ate of the contractB on 7ain of forfeiture of a++ the accessories of the 'ebtsB costs an'
7ena+tiesH
27!

(rtH -8(+
;he un'erta5ings of the sureties 7ass to their heirs FHHGH

(rtH -8(:
( 'ebtor co#7e++e' to gi$e a surety #ust 7resent one 6ho has ca7acity to contractB sufficient
7ro7erty to ans6er for the obCect of the ob+igationB an' 6hose 'o#ici+e is in the territory of the $our
dNappe! 6here it #ust be gi$enH

Art' -8(6
;he so+$ency of a surety is a77reciate' on+y 6ith regar' to his +an'e' 7ro7erty e:ce7t in #atters
of co##erce an' 6here the 'ebt is #o'erateH
-egar' sha++ not be ha' to i##o$ab+es in 'is7ute or 6hose sei=ure an' force' sa+e 6ou+' be too
'ifficu+t because of re#oteness of their +ocationH

(rtH -8-8
<here a surety recei$e' by the cre'itorB $o+untari+y or in courtB beco#es after6ar's inso+$entB a
ne6 one #ust be gi$enH
;he so+e e:ce7tion to that ru+e ta5es 7+ace 6here the surety 6as gi$en on+y un'er an agree#ent
by 6hich the cre'itor has re)uire' such a 7erson as suretyH

"@(P;2- II - OF ;@2 2FF2";S OF S>-2;ES@IP

Se$tion I - Of the ;ffe$t of Suretyship bet#een the Creditor and the Surety

0rt. -8-(
( surety is boun' to6ar's the cre'itor to 7ay hi# on+y u7on the 'ebtorNs fai+ureB 6hose 7ro7erty
#ust be 7re$ious+y e:hauste'B un+ess the surety has renounce' the benefit of sei=ure an' sa+eB or un+ess he
is boun' Coint+y an' se$era++y 6ith the 'ebtorB in 6hich case the effect of his un'erta5ing is go$erne' by
the 7rinci7+es estab+ishe' for Coint an' se$era+ 'ebtsH

(rtH -8--
( cre'itor is boun' to e:haust the #ain 'ebtorNs 7ro7erty on+y 6here the surety re)uires hi# to
'o soB on the institution of 7rocee'ings against the +atterH

(rtH -8-<
( surety 6ho re)uires sei=ure an' sa+e #ust 7oint out to the cre'itor the 7ro7erty of the 7rinci7a+
'ebtor an' furnish a sufficient su# to ha$e the 7rocee'ings carrie' outH
@e #ay not 7oint out 7ro7erty of the 7rinci7a+ 'ebtor situate' out of the arrondissement of the
$our dNappe! of the 7+ace 6here 7ay#ent #ust be #a'eB nor 7ro7erty 6hich is in +itigationB nor that
6hich is #ortgage' for the 'ebt an' no +onger in the 7ossession of the 'ebtorH

(rtH -8-=
<hene$er the surety has 7ointe' out the 7ro7erty authori=e' by the 7rece'ing (rtic+e an' has
furnishe' a sufficient su# to ha$e the sei=ure an' sa+e carrie' outB the cre'itor isB to the e:tent of the
7ro7erty 7ointe' outB +iab+e to6ar's the surety for the inso+$ency of the 7rinci7a+ 'ebtor 6hich has
occurre' in conse)uence of his fai+ure to institute 7rocee'ingsH TIn any caseB the a#ount of the 'ebts
resu+ting fro# a suretyshi7 #ay not ha$e the effect of 'e7ri$ing a natura+ 7erson 6ho stoo' as surety of a
#ini#u# inco#e fi:e' by (rtic+e 3H 331-2 of the "onsu#er "o'eU (0$t n %'-6&. of 2% *u!y 1%%')H

(rtH -8-3
<here se$era+ 7ersons ha$e beco#e surety of the sa#e 'ebtor for a sa#e 'ebtB each one is +iab+e
for the 6ho+e 'ebtH

(rtH -8-)
*e$erthe+essB each oneB un+ess he has renounce' the benefit of 'i$isionB #ay 'e#an' that the
cre'itor 7re$ious+y 'i$i'e his action an' re'uce it to the 7art an' 7ortion o6e' by each suretyH
<hereB at the ti#e 6hen one of the sureties ha' the 'i$ision effecte'B so#e of the# 6ere
inso+$entB that surety is 7ro7ortionate+y +iab+e for those inso+$enciesI but he #ay no +onger be sue' for
inso+$encies ha77ening after the 'i$isionH

280
(rtH -8-+
<here a cre'itor has hi#se+f an' $o+untari+y 'i$i'e' his actionB he #ay not go bac5 on that
'i$isionB a+though there 6ere inso+$ent sureties e$en before the ti#e 6hen he consente' theretoH

Se$tion II - Of the ;ffe$t of Suretyship bet#een the 8ebtor and the Surety

0rt. -8-:
( surety 6ho has 7ai' has his re#e'y against the 7rinci7a+ 'ebtorB 6hether the suretyshi7 has
been gi$en 6ith or 6ithout the 5no6+e'ge of the 'ebtorH
;hat re#e'y ta5es 7+ace both for the 7rinci7a+ an' for the interest an' costsI ne$erthe+essB the
surety has a re#e'y on+y for the costs he has incurre' since he has gi$en notice to the 7rinci7a+ 'ebtor of
the 7rocee'ings institute' against hi#H
@e a+so has a re#e'y for 'a#agesB if there is occasionH

(rtH -8-6
( surety 6ho has 7ai' the 'ebt is subrogate' to a++ the rights 6hich the cre'itor ha' against the
'ebtorH

(rtH -8<8
<here there 6ere se$era+ 7rinci7a+ 'ebtorsB Coint+y an' se$era++y +iab+e for a sa#e 'ebtB he 6ho
stoo' as surety for the# a++ hasB against each of the#B a re#e'y for the reco$ery of the 6ho+e 'ebtH

(rtH -8<(
( surety 6ho has 7ai' a first ti#e has no re#e'y against a 7rinci7a+ 'ebtor 6ho has 7ai' a secon'
ti#eB 6here he has not infor#e' hi# of his 7ayingI e:ce7t for his re#e'y for reco$ery against the
cre'itorH
<here a surety has 7ai' 6ithout being sue' an' 6ithout infor#ing the 7rinci7a+ 'ebtorB he has no
re#e'y against hi# in the case 6hereB at the ti#e of 7ay#entB that 'ebtor 6ou+' ha$e ha' argu#ents to
ha$e the 'ebt 'ec+are' e:tinctI e:ce7t for his re#e'y for reco$ery against the cre'itorH

(rtH -8<-
2$en before 7ayingB a surety #ay bring suit against the 'ebtor to be in'e#nifie' by hi#/
1L <here he is sue' in court for 7ay#entI
2L <here the 'ebtor is Fun'er a Cu'icia+ arrange#entG or inso+$entI
3L <here the 'ebtor 6as boun' to 'ischarge hi# 6ithin a certain ti#eI
4L <here the 'ebt has beco#e 'ue by the e:7iry of the ter# for 6hich it 6as contracte'I
%L (t the en' of ten yearsB 6here the 7rinci7a+ ob+igation has no fi:e' ter# of #aturityB un+ess the
7rinci7a+ ob+igationB such as a guar'ianshi7B is not e:tinguishab+e before a 'eter#inate ti#eH

Se$tion III - Of ;ffe$t of Suretyship bet#een Co-Sureties

0rt. -8<<
<here se$era+ 7ersons ha$e been sureties for the sa#e 'ebtor in regar' to the sa#e 'ebtB a surety
6ho has satisfie' the 'ebt has a re#e'y against the other suretiesB for the share an' 7ortion of each of
the#H
ut this re#e'y on+y ta5es 7+ace 6here the surety has 7ai' in one of the cases #entione' in the
7rece'ing (rtic+eH

"@(P;2- III - OF ;@2 2R;I*1>IS@&2*; OF S>-2;ES@IP

(rtH -8<=
;he ob+igation 6hich resu+ts fro# a suretyshi7 is e:tinguishe' by the sa#e causes as other
ob+igationsH

(rtH -8<3
( #erger 6hich ta5es 7+ace in the 7ersons of a 7rinci7a+ 'ebtor an' his suretyB 6here they beco#e
heirs one to the otherB 'oes not e:tinguish the action of the cre'itor against the 7erson 6ho has stoo' as
surety for the suretyH

(rtH -8<)
281
( surety #ay set u7 against the cre'itor a++ the 'efences 6hich be+ong to the 7rinci7a+ 'ebtorB an'
6hich are inherent to the 'ebtH
ut he #ay not set u7 the 'efences 6hich are 7ure+y 7ersona+ to the 'ebtorH

(rtH -8<+
( surety is 'ischarge' 6here the subrogation to the rightsB #ortgages an' 7rior c+ai#s of the
cre'itorB #ay no +onger ta5e 7+ace in fa$our of the suretyB by the act of that cre'itorH T(ny c+ause to the
contrary sha++ be 'ee#e' not 6rittenU (0$t n '4-14' of 1 3ar$h 1%'4)H

(rtH -8<:

;he $o+untary acce7tance on the 7art of a cre'itor of an i##o$ab+e or of any 7ro7erty in 7ay#ent
of the 7rinci7a+ 'ebtB 'ischarges the suretyB e$en 6here the cre'itor is after6ar's e$icte' therefro#H

(rtH -8<6
( #ere e:tension grante' by the cre'itor to the 7rinci7a+ 'ebtor 'oes not 'ischarge the suretyB 6ho
#ay in that case sue the 'ebtor to co#7e+ hi# to 7ayH

"@(P;2- I8 - OF S;(;>;O-E (*0 4>0I"I(3 S>-2;I2S

(rtH -8=8
<hene$er a 7erson is boun'B by +a6 or by a Cu'g#entB to gi$e a suretyB the surety ten'ere' #ust
fu+fi+ the con'itions re)uire' in (rtic+es 2018 an' 201!H
Frepea!ed by imp!i$ationG

0rt. -8=(
( 7erson 6ho cannot fin' a surety is a'#itte' to gi$e instea' a 7a6n as sufficient 7+e'geH

(rtH -8=-
( Cu'icia+ surety #ay not 'e#an' the sei=ure an' sa+e of the 7rinci7a+ 'ebtorNs 7ro7ertyH

(rtH -8=<
( 7erson 6ho has #ere+y beco#e the surety of a Cu'icia+ surety #ay not 'e#an' the sei=ure an'
sa+e of the 7ro7erty of the 7rinci7a+ 'ebtor an' of the suretyH


TITLE AV
O COMPROMI%E%

Art' -8==
( co#7ro#ise is a contract by 6hich the 7arties sett+e an arisen contro$ersyB or 7re$ent a
contro$ersy fro# arisingH
;hat contract #ust be #a'e in 6ritingH

(rtH -8=3
In or'er to co#7ro#iseB one #ust ha$e the ca7acity to 'is7ose of the things inc+u'e' in the
co#7ro#iseH
( guar'ian #ay co#7ro#ise on beha+f of a #inor or of an a'u+t in guar'ianshi7 on+y in
accor'ance 6ith (rtic+e 4.7B in the ;it+e Of 3inors( of Buardianship and of ;man$ipationI an' he #ay
co#7ro#ise 6ith a #inor co#e of age 6ith res7ect to the account of guar'ianshi7 on+y in accor'ance
6ith (rtic+e 472 of the sa#e ;it+eH
Communes an' 7ub+ic institutions #ay co#7ro#ise on+y 6ith the e:7ress authori=ation of the
Presi'ent of the -e7ub+icH

(rtH -8=)
( co#7ro#ise #ay ta5e 7+ace as to ci$i+ interests resu+ting fro# an offenceH
;he co#7ro#ise 'oes not 7re$ent 7rosecution by the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorNs officeH

(rtH -8=+
One #ay a'' to a co#7ro#ise the sti7u+ation of a 7ena+ty against the 7arty 6ho fai+s to 7erfor#
itH
282

(rtH -8=:
"o#7ro#ises are confine' to their 7ur7ose/ a renunciation #a'e therein of a++ rightsB actions an'
c+ai#s e:ten's on+y to 6hat re+ates to the contro$ersy about 6hich the co#7ro#ise has arisenH

(rtH -8=6
"o#7ro#ises regu+ate on+y the contro$ersies 6hich are co#7rise' thereinB 6hether the 7arties
ha$e e:7resse' their intention in s7ecia+ or genera+ ter#sB or that intention co#es out as a necessary
conse)uence of 6hat is e:7resse'H

(rtH -838
<here a 7erson 6ho has #a'e a co#7ro#ise as to a right 6hich he ha' in his o6n na#e ac)uires
after6ar's a si#i+ar right in the na#e of another 7ersonB he is not boun' by the co#7ro#ise 7re$ious+y
#a'e 6ith res7ect to the right ne6+y ac)uire'H

(rtH -83(
( co#7ro#ise #a'e by one of the intereste' 7arties 'oes not bin' the others an' #ay not be
in$o5e' by the#H

(rtH -83-
"o#7ro#ises ha$eB bet6een the 7artiesB the authority of res Cu'icata of a fina+ Cu'g#entH
;hey #ay not be attac5e' on account of an error of +a6B nor on account of +ossH

(rtH -83<
*e$erthe+essB a co#7ro#ise #ay be rescin'e'B 6here there is an error as to the 7erson or as to the
subCect-#atter of the contro$ersyH
It #ay a+so be rescin'e' 6here there is 'ece7tion or 'uressH

(rtH -83=
(n action for rescission of a co#7ro#ise a+so +ies 6here it has been #a'e in e:ecution of an
instru#ent 6hich is $oi'B un+ess the 7arties ha$e e:7ress+y 'ea+t about the nu++ityH

(rtH -833
( co#7ro#ise #a'e on 'ocu#ents 6hich ha$e since then been foun' fa+se is entire+y $oi'H

(rtH -83)
( co#7ro#ise #a'e as to a suit co#e to an en' o6ing to a Cu'g#ent ha$ing force of res Cu'icataB
of 6hich the 7arties or one of the# 6ere not a6areB is $oi'H
<here the Cu'g#ent un5no6n to the 7arties 6as subCect to a77ea+B the co#7ro#ise is $a+i'H

(rtH -83+
<here the 7arties ha$e co#7ro#ise' genera++y on a++ the #atters 6hich they #ight ha$e 6ith one
anotherB the instru#ents 6hich 6ere then un5no6n to the# an' 6hich #ay ha$e been after6ar's
'isco$ere'B are not a groun' for rescissionB un+ess they ha$e been 5e7t through the act of one of the
7artiesH
ut the co#7ro#ise is $oi' 6here it re+ates to one #atter on+y to 6hich it is 7ro$e'B by the
ne6+y 'isco$ere' instru#entsB that one of the 7arties ha' no rightH

(rtH -83:
(n error of ca+cu+ation in a co#7ro#ise #ust be correcte''


TITLE AVI
O AR#ITRATION A&REEMENT%

@0$t n .2-626 of & *u!y 1%.2?

0rt. -836
(++ 7ersons #ay #a5e arbitration agree#ents re+ating to rights of 6hich they ha$e the free
'is7osa+H

283
(rtH -8)8
One #ay not enter into arbitration agree#ents in #atters of status an' ca7acity of the 7ersonsB in
those re+ating to 'i$orce an' Cu'icia+ se7aration or on contro$ersies concerning 7ub+ic bo'ies an'
institutions an' #ore genera++y in a++ #atters in 6hich 7ub+ic 7o+icy is concerne'H
(0$t n .&-&%6 of % *u!y 1%.&) @o6e$erB categories of 7ub+ic institutions of an in'ustria+ or
co##ercia+ character #ay be authori=e' by 'ecree to enter into arbitration agree#entsH

(rtH -8)(
(($t n 2001-420 of 1& 3ay 2001)

2:ce7t 6here there are 7articu+ar statutory 7ro$isionsB an arbitration c+ause is $a+i' in the
contracts conc+u'e' by reason of a 7rofessiona+ acti$ityH

(rtH -8)- to -8+8 Frepea!edG


TITLE AVII
O PLED&E%

Art' -8+(
( 7+e'ge is a contract by 6hich a 'ebtor han's o$er a thing to his cre'itor as security for a 'ebtH

(rtH -8+-
( 7+e'ge of a #o$ab+e thing is ca++e' pa#n.
;hat of an i##o$ab+e thing is ca++e' anti$hresis.

"@(P;2- I - OF P(<*S

(rtH -8+<
( 7a6n confers to the cre'itor the right of causing his 'ebt to be satisfie' out of the thing 6hich is
its subCect-#atterB by 7riority an' in 7reference to the other cre'itorsH

(rtH -8+=
(($t n '0-&2& of 12 *u!y 1%'0)
;hat 7rior charge e:ists against thir' 7ersons on+y 6here there e:ists an instru#entB authentic or
un'er 7ri$ate signatureB 'u+y registere'B containing a 'ec+aration of the su# 'ueB as 6e++ as of the s7ecies
an' the nature of the 7ro7erty 7a6ne'B or an anne:e' state#ent of their )ua+ityB 6eight an' #easuresH

(rtH -8+3
(($t n '0-&2& of 12 *u!y 1%'0)
<here a 7a6n attaches to intangib+e #o$ab+esB such as #o$ab+e c+ai#sB the instru#entB authentic
or un'er 7ri$ate signatureB 'u+y registere'B #ust be ser$e' on the 'ebtor of the c+ai# 7a6ne' or acce7te'
by hi# in an authentic instru#entH

Art' -8+3,(
(($t n .2-626 of & *u!y 1%.2)
;he 'e7osit of su#sB effects or securitiesB Cu'icia++y or'ere' for guarantee or as a 7ro$isiona+
#easureB in$o+$es the s7ecia+ +ien an' the 7rior charge of (rtic+e 2073H

(rtH -8+)
In a++ casesB the 7rior charge on+y subsists on the 7a6n 6here that 7a6n has been 7ut an' has
re#aine' in the 7ossession of the cre'itorB or of a thir' 7erson agree' u7on bet6een the 7artiesH

(rtH -8++
( 7a6n #ay be gi$en by a thir' 7erson for the 'ebtorH

(rtH -8+:
( cre'itor #ay not 'is7ose of the 7a6n in case of fai+ure to 7ayI but he #ay ha$e or'ere' in court
that the 7a6n 6i++ re#ain 6ith hi# in 7ay#ent an' u7 to the a#ount 'ueB accor'ing to an a77raisa+ #a'e
by e:7ertsB or that it 6i++ be so+' by auctionH
284
(ny c+ause 6hich authori=es a cre'itor to a77ro7riate the 7a6n or to 'is7ose of it 6ithout the
abo$e for#a+ities is $oi'H

(rtH -8+6
>nti+ the 'ebtor is 'is7ossesse'B if there is occasionB he re#ains the o6ner of the 7a6n 6hichB in
the han' of the cre'itorB is on+y a 'e7osit 6hich secures the 7rior charge of the +atterH

(rtH -8:8
( cre'itor is +iab+eB accor'ing to the ru+es +ai' 'o6n in the ;it+e Of Contra$ts or of Conentiona!
Ob!i6ations in Benera! B for the +oss or 'eterioration of the 7a6n resu+ting fro# his neg+igent con'uctH
On his si'eB the 'ebtor is accountab+e to the cre'itor for usefu+ an' necessary e:7enses 6hich the
+atter has incurre' for the 7reser$ation of the thingH

(rtH -8:(
<here a c+ai# 7a6ne' is concerne'B an' that c+ai# bears interestB the cre'itor #ay a77ro7riate
that interest to that 6hich #ay be o6e' to hi#H
<here the 'ebt for 6hose guarantee a c+ai# 6as 7a6ne' 'oes not itse+f bear interestB
a77ro7riation sha++ be #a'e to the ca7ita+ of the 'ebtH

(rtH -8:-
>n+ess the ho+'er of a 7a6n #isuses itB a 'ebtor #ay c+ai# restitution thereof on+y after 7aying in
fu++ both the ca7ita+ an' the interest an' costs of the 'ebt for 6hose guarantee the 7a6n has been gi$enH
<here there e:iste' on the 7art of the sa#e 'ebtorB to6ar's the sa#e cre'itorB another 'ebt
contracte' after the gi$ing of the 7a6nB an' beco#e 'ue before 7ay#ent of the first 'ebtB the cre'itor
sha++ not be he+' to 'is7ossess hi#se+f of the 7a6n before being 7ai' in fu++ for both 'ebtsB e$en if no
sti7u+ation 6as #a'e for a77+ying the 7a6n to the 7ay#ent of the secon' oneH

(rtH -8:<
( 7a6n is in'i$isib+e not6ithstan'ing the 'i$isibi+ity of the 'ebt bet6een the heirs of the 'ebtor or
those of the cre'itorH
(n heir of the 'ebtorB 6ho has 7ai' his 7ortion of the 'ebtB #ay not c+ai# restitution of his
7ortion in the 7a6nB so +ong as the 'ebt is not 6ho++y 'ischarge'H
-eci7roca++yB an heir of the cre'itorB 6ho has recei$e' his 7ortion of the 'ebtB #ay not return the
7a6n to the 'etri#ent of those of his co-heirs 6ho are not 7ai'H

(rtH -8:=
;he abo$e 7ro$isions sha++ not a77+y to co##ercia+ #attersB nor to authori=e' 7a6nbro5er?s
estab+ish#entsB an' as to 6hich the statutes an' regu+ations re+ating to the# sha++ be fo++o6e'H

"@(P;2- II - OF P32012S OF I&&O8(32S

(rtH -8:3
( 7+e'ge of i##o$ab+es #ay be estab+ishe' on+y in 6ritingH
( cre'itor ac)uires by that contract on+y the facu+ty to co++ect the re$enue of the i##o$ab+eB on
the con'ition that he a77ro7riate it annua++y to the interestB if any is 'ue to hi#B an' then to the ca7ita+ of
his c+ai#H

(rtH -8:)
>n+ess other6ise agree'B a cre'itor is boun' to 7ay the ta:es an' annua+ charges of the i##o$ab+e
6hich he ho+'s as 7+e'geH
@e #ust a+soB on 7ain of 'a#agesB 7ro$i'e for the #aintenance an' the 7ro7er an' necessary
re7airs of the i##o$ab+eB but he #ay 'e'uct fro# the fruits a++ the e:7enses re+ating to those $arious
7ur7osesH

(rtH -8:+
( 'ebtor #ay not c+ai# the enCoy#ent of the i##o$ab+e 6hich he has 'e+i$ere' as 7+e'ge before
entire 'ischarge of the 'ebtH
ut a cre'itor 6ho 6ishes to 'ischarge hi#se+f fro# the ob+igations e:7resse' in the 7rece'ing
(rtic+e #ay a+6aysB un+ess he has renounce' that rightB co#7e+ the 'ebtor to reta5e the enCoy#ent of his
i##o$ab+eH

28%
(rtH -8::
( cre'itor 'oes not beco#e the o6ner of the i##o$ab+e by the #ere fai+ure to 7ay at the ti#e
agree' u7onI any c+ause to the contrary is $oi'I in that case he #ay enforce 'is7ossession of his 'ebtor by
+ega+ re#e'iesH

(rtH -8:6
<here the 7arties ha$e sti7u+ate' that the fruits 6i++ be set off against the interestB either tota++yB or
u7 to a certain a#ountB that agree#ent sha++ be carrie' outB +i5e any other 6hich is not 7rohibite' by +a6H

(rtH -868
;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 2077 an' 2083 sha++ a77+y to the 7+e'ge of an i##o$ab+e as 6e++ as to
7a6nH

(rtH -86(
(++ that is sai' in this "ha7ter 'oes not 7reCu'ice the rights 6hich thir' 7arties #ay ha$e on the
tene#ent of the i##o$ab+e 'e+i$ere' as 7+e'geH
<here the cre'itorB ho+'ing by $irtue of that tit+e has further#oreB on the tene#entB 7rior charges
or #ortgagesB 'u+y estab+ishe' an' retaine'B he sha++ e:ercise the# accor'ing to his ran5 an' as any other
cre'itorH


TITLE AVIII
O PRIOR C!AR&E% AND MORT&A&E%

"@(P;2- I - 12*2-(3 P-O8ISIO*S

(rtH -86-
<hoe$er has 7ersona++y #a'e hi#se+f +iab+e is boun' to fu+fi+ his un'erta5ing out of a++ his
#o$ab+e or i##o$ab+e 7ro7ertyB e:isting an' to co#eH

(rtH -86-,( an5 -86-,- Frepea!edG

(rtH -86-,< Frepea!edG
(0$t n .2-62& of & *u!y 1%.2) 3eases grante' by a 'ebtor un'er a sei=ure or attach#entB
6hate$er their 'uration #ay beB are not enforceab+e against the cre'itors 6ho +e$y e:ecutionH

(rtH -86<
;he 7ro7erty of a 'ebtor is the co##on 7+e'ge of his cre'itorsI an' the 7rocee's of it sha++ be
'istribute' a#ong the# 7ro rataB un+ess there are +a6fu+ causes of 7riority bet6een the cre'itorsH

(rtH -86=
;he +a6fu+ causes of 7riority are 7rior charges an' #ortgagesH

"@(P;2- II - OF P-IO- "@(-12S

(rtH -863
( 7rior charge is a right 6hich the character of a c+ai# gi$es to a cre'itor to ha$e 7riority o$er the
other cre'itorsB e$en #ortgageesH

(rtH -86)
(#ong cre'itors 6ho ha$e 7rior chargesB the 7riority is sett+e' by the 'ifferent characters of the
7rior chargesH

(rtH -86+
;he cre'itors ha$ing 7rior charges 6ho are in the sa#e ran5 sha++ be 7ai' 7ro rataH

(rtH -86:
;he 7rior charge by reason of the rights of the Pub+ic ;reasury an' the or'er in 6hich it co#es are
regu+ate' by the statutes 6hich re+ate to the#H
;he Pub+ic ;reasury #ay notB ho6e$erB obtain a 7rior charge to the 'etri#ent of rights 7re$ious+y
$este' in thir' 7artiesH
28.

(rtH -866
Prior charges #ay be o$er #o$ab+es or o$er i##o$ab+esH

Se$tion I - Of Prior Char6es oer 3oab!es

0rt. -(88
Prior charges are either genera+B or s7ecia+ o$er certain #o$ab+esH

, 1 - Of 1enera+ Prior "harges o$er &o$ab+es
(rtH -(8(

"+ai#s ha$ing 7rece'ence o$er the genera+ity of #o$ab+es are those hereinafter e:7resse'B an'
are enforce' in the fo++o6ing or'er/
1L "ourt costsI
2L Funera+ e:7ensesI
3L (0$t of /0 4o. 1'%2) (ny e:7enses re+ating to the +atest i++nessB 6hate$er its outco#e #ay
ha$e beenB concurrent+y a#ong those to 6ho# they are o6e'I
4L (0$t n .%-11 of / *an. 1%.%) <ithout 7reCu'ice to the 7ossib+e a77+ication of the 7ro$isions
of (rtic+es 3H 143-10B 3H 143-11B 3H 742-. an' 3H 7%1-1% of the 3abour "o'e/
;he 6ages of 'o#estic staff for the year e+a7se' an' the current yearI
;he 'eferre' sa+ary resu+ting fro# the contract of e#7+oy#ent estab+ishe' by (rtic+e .3 of the
0ecree of 2! 4u+y 1!3! re+ating to French fa#i+y an' birth rate F(rtic+es 3H 321-13 to 3H 321-21 of the
-ura+ "o'eGB for the year e+a7se' an' the current yearI
(0$t n '%-100' of /1 8e$. 1%'%) ;he c+ai# of the sur$i$ing s7ouse estab+ishe' by (rtic+e 14 of
(ct nL 8!-1008 of 31 0ece#ber 1!8! re+ating to the 'e$e+o7#ent of co##ercia+ an' craft concerns an'
to the i#7ro$e#ent of their econo#icB +ega+ an' socia+ en$iron#entB Tan' the c+ai# of the sur$i$ing
s7ouse estab+ishe' by (rtic+e 3H 321-21-1 of the -ura+ "o'eU (0$t n %%-&.4 of % *u!y 1%%%)I
(0$t n '%-4'' of 10 *u!y 1%'%) ;he 7ay for the +ast si: #onths of e#7+oyeesB a77renticesB an'
the a++o6ance o6e' by the e#7+oyer to young 7eo7+e in training sche#e of initiation to 7rofessiona+ +ifeB
such as 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 3H !80-11-1 of the 3abour "o'eI
(Ord. 4 '2-1/0 of & Feb. 1%'2) ;he a++o6ance for the en' of the contract 7ro$i'e' for by
(rtic+e T3H 122-3-4U (0$t n %0-% of 2 *an. 1%%0) of the 3abour "o'e an' the a++o6ance to co#7ensate
for +ac5 of Cob security 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 3H 124-4-4 of the sa#e "o'eI
;he a++o6ance o6e' by reason of fai+ure to co#7+y 6ith the ter# of notice 7ro$i'e' for in
(rtic+e 3H 122-8 of the 3abour "o'e an' the co#7ensatory a++o6ance 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 3H 122-32-.
of the sa#e "o'eI
;he a++o6ances o6e' for 7ai' ho+i'aysI
;he a++o6ances for 'is#issa+ o6e' in co#7+iance 6ith co++ecti$e +abour agree#entsB co++ecti$e
agree#ents of branchesB +abour regu+ationsB usagesB an' the 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 3H 122-!B T3H 122-32-
.U (0$t n '1-/ of . *an. 1%'1)B 3H 7.1-% an' 3H 7.1-7 Tas 6e++ as the a++o6ance 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 3H
321-. of the 3abour "o'e for the 6ho+e of the 7ortion +o6er than or e)ua+ to the cei+ing 7ro$i'e' for in
(rtic+e 3H 143-10 of the 3abour "o'e an' for one-fourth of the 7ortion higher than the sai' cei+ingU (0$t
n %0-% of 2 *an. 1%%0)I
(Ord. n '2-1/0 of & Feb. 1%'2) ;he a++o6ances o6e'B if there is occasionB to e#7+oyees un'er
(rtic+es 3H 122-3-8B 7aragra7h 2B 3H 122-14-4B 3H 122-14-%B 7aragra7h 2B 3H 122-32-7 an' 3H 122-32-! of
the 3abour "o'eI
%L (0$t n 64-6.' of 6 *u!y 1%64) ;he furnishing of su77+ies to a 'ebtor an' his fa#i+y 'uring
the +ast year an'B 6ithin the sa#e 7erio'B the 7ro'ucts 'e+i$ere' by an agricu+tura+ 7ro'ucer in the conte:t
of an a77ro$e' +ong-ter# inter-7rofessiona+ agree#entB Tas 6e++ as the su#s o6e' by any contracting
7arty of a far#er in co#7+iance 6ith an a77ro$e' stan'ar' contractU (0$t n '0-&02 of 4 *u!y 1%'0)I
. Frepea!ed by imp!i$ationG
7L (0$t of 11 3ar$h 1%/2) ;he grants o6e' to 6or5#en an' e#7+oyees by e)ua+i=ation fun's
an' other a77ro$e' bo'ies for ser$icing fa#i+y a++o6ances or by e#7+oyers 'is7ense' fro# Coining such
an institution un'er (rtic+e 74 f Frepea!edGof oo5 I of the 3abour "o'eH
8L ;he c+ai#s of e)ua+i=ation fun's or other a77ro$e' bo'ies for ser$icing fa#i+y a++o6ances
to6ar's their a'herents for the contributions 6hich the +atter ha$e un'erta5en to 7ay the# for 7ur7ose of
7ay#ent of fa#i+y a++o6ances an' e)ua+i=ation of the bur'ens resu+ting fro# the 7ay#ent of sai'
benefitsH

, 2 - Of Prior "harges o$er Particu+ar &o$ab+es
287

(rtH -(8-
"+ai#s ha$ing 7rece'ence o$er 7articu+ar #o$ab+es are/
1L -ents an' far#-rents of i##o$ab+es on the fruit of the year?s cro7B an' on the 7rice of
e$erything 6hich garnishes the house rente' or the far#B an' of e$erything 6hich is use' for the 6or5ing
of the far#/ na#e+yB for e$erything 6hich is 'ueB an' for e$erything 6hich sha++ beco#e 'ueB 6here the
+eases are authenticB orB 6here being un'er 7ri$ate signatureB they ha$e an un'is7utab+e 'ateI an'B in both
casesB the other cre'itors ha$e the right to re+et the house or the far# for the re#ain'er of the +easeB an' to
7rofit by the +eases or rentsB on con'itionB ho6e$erB that they 7ay the o6ner e$erything 6hich #ay sti++ be
o6e' to hi#H
(n'B fai+ing authentic +easesB or 6hereB being un'er 7ri$ate signatureB they 'o not ha$e an
un'is7utab+e 'ateB for one year after the e:7iry of the current yearH
(0$t of 2& 0u6. 1%4') ;he sa#e 7rior charge e:ists for the re7airs incu#bent u7on the tenant an'
for e$erything re+ating to the e:ecution of the +easeH It a+so e:ists for a++ c+ai#s resu+tingB for the benefit of
the o6ner or tenantB fro# the occu7ation of the 7re#isesB regar'+ess of the basis thereofH
(0$t of 24 3ar$h 1%/6) *e$erthe+essB the su#s o6e' for see'sB for #anure an' a#e+ioratorsB for
anti-cry7toga#ic an' insect 7ro'uctsB for 7ro'ucts 'esigne' for the 'estroying of ani#a+ or 7+ant 7arasites
har#fu+ to far#ingB or for the e:7enses of the yearNs cro7B sha++ be 7ai' out of the 7rocee's of the cro7B
an' those o6e' for i#7+e#ents out of the 7rocee's of those i#7+e#entsB in 7riority to the o6ner in either
caseH
;he o6ner #ay sei=e the #o$ab+es 6hich furnish his house or his far#B 6here they ha$e been
re#o$e' 6ithout his consentB an' he retains his 7rior charge o$er the#B 7ro$i'e' he has #a'e his c+ai#I
na#e+y/ 6here the furniture 6hich garnishe' a far# is concerne'B 6ithin forty 'ayI an' 6ithin fifteen
'ays B 6here the furniture garnishing a house is concerne'I
2L ( c+ai# on the 7a6n 6hich is in the 7ossession of the cre'itorI
3L 2:7enses incurre' for the 7reser$ation of a thingI
4L ;he 7rice of #o$ab+e effects not 7ai'B 6here they are sti++ in the 7ossession of the 'ebtorB
6hether he has bought on cre'it or notI
<here the sa+e 6as not #a'e on cre'itB the se++er #ay e$en c+ai# bac5 those effects as +ong as
they are in the 7ossession of the buyerB an' 7re$ent a re-sa+eB 7ro$i'e' the c+ai# is #a'e 6ithin eight
'ays after the 'e+i$eryB an' the effects are in the sa#e con'ition in 6hich the 'e+i$ery 6as #a'eI
@o6e$erB the se++erNs 7rior charge #ay on+y be enforce' after that of the o6ner of the house or of
the far#B un+ess it is 7ro$e' that the o6ner 5ne6 that the furniture an' other artic+es garnishing his house
or his far# 'i' not be+ong to the tenantI
*o change is #a'e in the statutes an' custo#s of co##erce re+ating to c+ai#s for reco$eryI
%L ;he su77+ies of an inn5ee7er B on the effects of a tra$e++er 6hich ha$e been carrie' to his innI
.L Frepea!edG
7L "+ai#s resu+ting fro# abuses an' unfaithfu+ con'ucts of 7ub+ic officia+s in the fu+fi+#ent of
their 'utiesB on the fun's of their 7a6nB an' on the interest 6hich #ay be o6e' thereonI
8L (0$t of 2' 3ay 1%1/) "+ai#s arising fro# an acci'ent for the benefit of the thir' 7ersons
inCure' in that acci'ent or their assignsB on the in'e#nity of 6hich the insurerB un'er a contract of +iabi+ity
insuranceB a'#its that he is or has been Cu'icia++y he+' 'ebtor by reason of the contract of insuranceH
*o 7ay#ent #a'e to the insure' 7erson #ay be in fu++ 'ischarge as +ong as cre'itors 6ith 7rior
charges ha$e not been 7ai' offI
!L (0$t of 1 0u6. 1%41: 0$t of 2' *une 1%4/) "+ai#s arising fro# a contract of e#7+oy#ent of
the au:i+iary e#7+oyee of a ho#e 6or5er corres7on'ing to the 'efinition of (rtic+e 33 of oo5 I F(rtic+e
3H 721-1G of the 3abour "o'eB on the su#s o6e' to that 6or5er by the hirers of ser$icesH

Se$tion II - Of Spe$ia! Prior Char6es oer Immoab!es

@Ord. 4 &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%?

0rt. -(8<
"re'itors ha$ing 7rece'ence o$er i##o$ab+es are/
1L ( se++erB on the i##o$ab+e so+'B for 7ay#ent of the 7riceI
<here there are se$era+ successi$e sa+es 6hose 7rice is o6e' in 6ho+e or in 7artB the first se++er
has 7riority o$er the secon'B the secon' o$er the thir'B an' so onI
1L bis (0$t n %4-624 of 21 *u!y 1%%4) 4oint+y 6ith a se++er an'B if there is occasionB 6ith a +en'er
of fun's #entione' in 2LB a syn'icate of co-o6nersB on the fraction of co-o6nershi7 so+'B for 7ay#ent of
the e:7enses an' 6or5s #entione' in (rtic+es 10 an' 30 of (ct nL .%-%%7 of 10 4u+y 1!.% estab+ishing
288
the status of co-o6nershi7 of bui+t i##o$ab+esB 6hich re+ate to the current year an' to the +ast four years
e+a7se'H
@o6e$erB the syn'icate has 7riority o$er a se++er an' a +en'er of fun's as to c+ai#s re+ating to the
e:7enses an' 6or5s of the current year an' of the +ast t6o years e+a7se'H
2L (0$t n .1-&.% of 16 *u!y 1%.1) 2$en in the absence of subrogationB those 6ho ha$e 7rocure'
the fun's for the 7urchase of an i##o$ab+eB 7ro$i'e' it 6as authentica++y estab+ishe'B by the instru#ent
of +oanB that the su# 6as inten'e' for that useB an' by the recei7t of the se++erB that the 7ay#ent 6as #a'e
out of the fun's borro6e'I
3L "o-heirsB on the i##o$ab+es of the successionB for the 6arranty of the 7artitions #a'e
bet6een the#B an' of ba+ances or re$ersions on +otsI Frepea!ed by imp!i$ationGI
4L (rchitectsB contractorsB #asons an' other 6or5ers e#7+oye' to erectB rebui+' or re7air
bui+'ingsB cana+s an' other 6or5s 6hatsoe$erB 7ro$i'e' ne$erthe+ess that a #e#oran'u# has been
7re$ious+y 'ra6n u7 by an e:7ert a77ointe' of its o6n #otion by the tribuna! de 6rande instan$e in
6hose territory the bui+'ings are situate'B for the 7ur7ose of estab+ishing an in$entory of the 7re#ises
6ith res7ect to the 6or5s 6hich the o6ner c+ai#s he inten's to 7erfor#B an' that the 6or5sB 6ithin si:
#onths at the #ost after their co#7+etionB ha$e been acce7te' by an e:7ert a+so a77ointe' e: officioI
ut the a#ount of the 7rior charge #ay not e:cee' the $a+ues estab+ishe' by the secon'
#e#oran'u#B an' it is re'uce' to the increase in $a+ue 6hich e:ists at the ti#e of the transfer of the
i##o$ab+e an' resu+ting fro# the 6or5s 6hich ha$e been 'one thereonI
%L ;hose 6ho ha$e +oane' the fun's to 7ay or rei#burse the 6or5ersB enCoy the sa#e 7rior
chargeB 7ro$i'e' that use is authentica++y estab+ishe' by the instru#ent of +oanB an' by the recei7t of the
6or5ersB as 6as abo$e +ai' 'o6n for those 6ho ha$e +oane' fun's for the ac)uisition of an i##o$ab+eI
.L (8. n &&-&2 of 4 *an. 1%&&) "re'itors an' +egatees of a 'ecease' 7erson on the i##o$ab+es
of the successionB for the 6arranty of the rights 6hich they ho+' un'er (rtic+e 878I
7L (0$t n '4-&%& of 12 *u!y 1%'4) Pros7ecti$e o6ners by $irtue of a contract of +ease 6ith
o7tion to se++ regu+ate' by (ct nL 84-%!% of 12 4u+y 1!84 'efining +ease 6ith o7tion to se++ i##o$ab+es
on the i##o$ab+e 6hich is the subCect #atter of the contractB for the 6arranty of the rights 6hich they
ho+' un'er that contractH

Se$tion III - Of Benera! Prior Char6es oer Immoab!es

@Ord. 4 &%-.1 of . *an. 1%.1?

0rt. -(8=
"+ai#s ha$ing 7rece'ence o$er the genera+ity of i##o$ab+es are/
1L "ourt costsI
2L (0$t n .%-11 of / *an. 1%.%) <ithout 7reCu'ice to the 7ossib+e a77+ication of the 7ro$isions
of (rtic+es 3H 143-10B 3H 143-11B 3H 742-. an' 3H 7%1-1% of the 3abour "o'e/
;he 6ages of 'o#estic staff for the year e+a7se' an' the current yearI
;he 'eferre' sa+ary resu+ting fro# the contract of e#7+oy#ent estab+ishe' by (rtic+e .3 of the
0ecree of 2! 4u+y 1!3! re+ating to French fa#i+y an' birth rate F(rtic+es 3H 321-13 to 3H 321-21 of the
-ura+ "o'eGB for the year e+a7se' an' the current yearI
(0$t n '%-100' of /1 8e$. 1%'%) ;he c+ai# of the sur$i$ing s7ouse estab+ishe' by (rtic+e 14 of
(ct nL 8!-1008 of 31 0ece#ber 1!8! re+ating to the 'e$e+o7#ent of co##ercia+ an' craft concerns an'
to the i#7ro$e#ent of their econo#icB +ega+ an' socia+ en$iron#entB Tan' the c+ai# of the sur$i$ing
s7ouse estab+ishe' by (rtic+e 3H 321-21-1 of the -ura+ "o'eU (0$t n %%-&.4 of % *u!y 1%%%)I
(0$t n '%-4'' of 10 *u!y 1%'%) ;he 7ay for the +ast si: #onths of e#7+oyeesB a77renticesB an'
the a++o6ance o6e' by the e#7+oyer to young 7eo7+e in training sche#e of initiation to 7rofessiona+ +ifeB
such as 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 3H !80-11-1 of the 3abour "o'eI
(Ord. 4 '2-1/0 of & Feb. 1%'2) ;he a++o6ance for the en' of the contract 7ro$i'e' for by
(rtic+e T3H 122-3-4U (0$t n %0-% of 2 *an. 1%%0) of the 3abour "o'e an' the a++o6ance to co#7ensate
for +ac5 of Cob security 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 3H 124-4-4 of the sa#e "o'eI
;he a++o6ance o6e' by reason of fai+ure to co#7+y 6ith the ter# of notice 7ro$i'e' for in
(rtic+e 3H 122-8 of the 3abour "o'e an' the co#7ensatory a++o6ance 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 3H 122-32-.
of the sa#e "o'eI
;he a++o6ances o6e' for 7ai' ho+i'aysI
;he a++o6ances for 'is#issa+ o6e' in co#7+iance 6ith co++ecti$e +abour agree#entsB or
co++ecti$e agree#ents of branchesB +abour regu+ationsB usagesB an' the 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 3H 122-!B T3H
122-32-.U (0$t n '1-/ of . *an. 1%'1)B 3H 7.1-% an' 3H 7.1-7 Tas 6e++ as the a++o6ance 7ro$i'e' for in
(rtic+e 3H 321-. of the 3abour "o'e for the 6ho+e of the 7ortion +o6er than or e)ua+ to the cei+ing
28!
7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 3I 143-10 of the 3abour "o'e an' for one-fourth of the 7ortion higherer than the
sai' cei+ingU (0$t n %0-% of 2 *an. 1%%0)I
(Ord. n '2-1/0 of & Feb. 1%'2) ;he a++o6ances o6e'B if there is occasionB to e#7+oyees un'er
(rtic+es 3H 122-3-8B 7aragra7h 2B 3H 122-14-4B 3H 122-14-%B 7aragra7h 2B 3H 122-32-7 an' 3H 122-32-! of
the 3abour "o'eH

(rtH -(83
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
<hereB fai+ing #o$ab+esB the cre'itors ha$ing a 7rior charge enu#erate' in the 7rece'ing (rtic+e
7resent the#se+$es to be 7ai' out of the 7rocee's of an i##o$ab+e co#7eting 6ith other cre'itors ha$ing
7rior charges o$er the i##o$ab+eB they ha$e 7riority o$er the +atter an' enforce their rights in the or'er
in'icate' in the sai' (rtic+eH

Se$tion IC - Lo# Prior Char6es are Presered

0rt. -(8)
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
et6een cre'itorsB 7rior charges 7ro'uce effect 6ith regar' to i##o$ab+es on+y 6here they are
gi$en 7ub+ic notice by being registere' at the +an' registryB in the #anner 'eter#ine' by the fo++o6ing
(rtic+es an' by (rtic+es 214. an' 2148H

Art' -(8+
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
;he c+ai#s enu#erate' in (rtic+e 2104 Tan' the c+ai#s of the syn'icate of co-o6ners enu#erate'
in (rtic+e 2103U (0$t n %4-624 of 21 *u!y 1%%4) are e:e#7t fro# the for#a+ity of registrationH

(rtH -(8:
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
( se++er 6ho has 7rece'ence or a +en'er 6ho has 7rocure' fun's for ac)uiring an i##o$ab+eB
7reser$e his 7rior charge by a registration 6hich #ust be #a'eB at his suitB in the for# 7ro$i'e' for in
(rtic+es 214. an' 2148B an' 6ithin a 7erio' of t6o #onths after the instru#ent of sa+eI the 7rior charge
ran5s fro# the ti#e of the sai' instru#entH
;he action for a$oi'ance estab+ishe' by (rtic+e 1.%4 #ay not be brought after +a7se of the
se++erNs 7rior chargeB or fai+ing registration of it 6ithin the 7erio' abo$e fi:e'B to the 'etri#ent of thir'
7arties 6ho ha$e ac)uire' rights on the i##o$ab+e in the 7urchaserNs right an' ha$e registere' the#H

(rtH -(8:,(
(($t n 6.-&4. of . *u!y 1%6.)
In the case of a sa+e of a bui+'ing to be erecte' agree' for future 'e+i$ery in accor'ance 6ith
(rtic+e 1.01-2B the 7rior charge of the se++er or that of the +en'er of fun's ran5s fro# the ti#e of the
instru#ent of sa+e 6here registration is #a'e before the e:7iry of a 7erio' of t6o #onths fro# the
ac5no6+e'ge#ent of the co#7+etion of the i##o$ab+e by an authentic instru#entH

Art' -(86
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
( coheir or co7arcener 7reser$es his 7rior charge o$er the 7ro7erty of each share or o$er the
7ro7erty auctione' for the ba+ances an' re$ersions or for the 7rocee's of the auctionB by a registration
#a'e at his suit on each one of the i##o$ab+esB in the for# 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 214. an' 2148B an'
6ithin a 7erio' of t6o #onths after the act of 7artition or the auction Frepea!ed by imp!i$ationGI the 7rior
charge ran5s fro# the ti#e of the sai' act or of the auctionH

(rtH -((8
(rchitectsB contractorsB #asons an' other 6or5ers e#7+oye' to erectB rebui+' or re7air bui+'ingsB
cana+s or other 6or5sB an' those 6hoB in or'er to 7ay an' rei#burse the#B ha$e +oane' the fun's 6hose
use has been estab+ishe'B 7reser$e their 7rior charge by the 'oub+e registration #a'e/
1L Of the #e#oran'u# 6hich estab+ishes the con'ition of the 7re#isesI
2L Of the #e#oran'u# of acce7tanceB
fro# the ti#e of registration of the first #e#oran'u#H

(rtH -(((
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
2!0
"re'itors an' +egatees of a 'ecease' 7erson 7reser$e their 7rior charge by a registration #a'e
res7ecting each i##o$ab+e of the successionB in the for# 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 214. an' 2148B an'
6ithin four #onths of the o7ening of the successionI the 7rior charge ran5s fro# the ti#e of the sai'
o7eningH

(rtH -(((,((0$t n '4-&%& of 12 *u!y 1%'4)
Pros7ecti$e o6ners 7reser$e their 7rior charge by a registration #a'e at their suit res7ecting the
i##o$ab+e 6hich is the subCect #atter of the contract of +ease 6ith o7tion to se++B in the for# 7ro$i'e'
for in (rtic+es 214. an' 2148 an' 6ithin a 7erio' of t6o #onths after the signature of that contractI the
7rior charge ran5s fro# the ti#e of the sai' contractH
(rtH -((-
;he assignees of these $arious 7referentia+ c+ai#s a++ e:ercise the sa#e rights as the assignorsB in
their stea' an' 7+aceH

(rtH -((<
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
&ortgages registere' on the i##o$ab+es a++ocate' to the 6arranty of c+ai#s 6hich ha$e
7rece'enceB 6ithin the 7erio' a++o6e' by (rtic+es 2108B 210! an' 2111 for re)uiring the registration of a
7rior c+ai#B #ay not 7reCu'ice cre'itors 6ho ha$e a 7rior c+ai#H
(++ 7referentia+ c+ai#s subCect to the for#a+ity of registrationB 6ith res7ect to 6hich the re)uisites
abo$e +ai' 'o6n in or'er to 7reser$e the 7rior charge ha$e not been fu+fi++e'B 'o not ne$erthe+ess cease to
be #ortgagesB but the #ortgage ran5sB 6ith regar' to thir' 7artiesB on+y fro# the ti#e of the registrationH

"@(P;2- III - OF &O-;1(12S

(rtH -((=
( #ortgage is a right in rem on i##o$ab+es a++ocate' to the 'ischarge of an ob+igationH
It isB by its natureB in'i$isib+e an' subsists in entirety on a++ the i##o$ab+es a++ocate'B on each
one an' on each 7ortion of those i##o$ab+esH
It fo++o6s the#B in 6hate$er han's they #ay 7assH

(rtH -((3
( #ortgage e:ists on+y in the instances an' accor'ing to the for#s authori=e' by +a6H

(rtH -(()
It is either statutoryB or Cu'icia+B or con$entiona+H

(rtH -((+
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
( statutory #ortgage is one 6hich resu+ts fro# a statuteH
( Cu'icia+ #ortgage is one 6hich resu+ts fro# Cu'g#entsH
( con$entiona+ #ortgage is one 6hich resu+ts fro# agree#entsH

(rtH -((:
&ay a+one be #ortgage'/
1L I##o$ab+e 7ro7erty 6hich #ay be the subCect #atter of +ega+ transactions bet6een 7ri$ate
in'i$i'ua+sB an' its accessories 'ee#e' i##o$ab+eI
2L ;he usufruct of the sa#e 7ro7erty an' accessories for the ti#e of its 'urationH

(rtH -((6
&o$ab+es #ay not be fo++o6e' Fin the han's of anotherG in conse)uence of a #ortgageH

Art' -(-8
*o inno$ation is #a'e by this "o'e to the 7ro$isions of #ariti#e +a6s concerning shi7s an'
$esse+sH

Se$tion I - Of Statutory 3ort6a6es

0rt. -(-(
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
2!1
In'e7en'ent+y of statutory #ortgages resu+ting fro# other "o'es or fro# 7articu+ar statutesB the
rights an' c+ai#s to 6hich a statutory #ortgage is grante' are/
1L ;hose of one s7ouseB on the 7ro7erty of the otherI
2L ;hose of #inors or a'u+ts in guar'ianshi7B on the 7ro7erty of a guar'ian or statutory
a'#inistratorI
3L ;hose of the StateB of departmentsB of $ommunes an' of 7ub+ic institutionsB on the 7ro7erty of
co++ectors an' accounting a'#inistratorsI
4L ;hose of a +egateeB on the 7ro7erty of the successionB un'er (rtic+e 1017I
%L ;hose state' in (rtic+e 2101B 2LB 3LB %LB .LB 7L an' 8LH

(rtH -(--
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
<ith reser$ation both of the e:ce7tions resu+ting fro# this "o'eB fro# other "o'es or fro#
7articu+ars statutes an' of the right of the 'ebtor to a$ai+ hi#se+f of the 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 21.1 an'
fo++o6ingB a cre'itor benefiting fro# a statutory #ortgage #ay register his right on a++ the i##o$ab+es
6hich current+y be+ong to his 'ebtorB subCect to his co#7+ying 6ith the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 214.H >n'er
the sa#e reser$ationsB he #ay ha$e co#7+e#entary registrations #a'e res7ecting the i##o$ab+es
subse)uent+y entere' into the 7atri#ony of his 'ebtorH

Se$tion II - Of *udi$ia! 3ort6a6es

0rt. -(-<
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
( Cu'icia+ #ortgage resu+ts fro# a'$ersary or 'efau+t Cu'g#entsB fina+ or 7ro$isiona+B in fa$our of
the one 6ho has obtaine' the#H
It resu+ts a+so fro# arbitra+ a6ar's 7ro$i'e' 6ith an enforce#ent or'erB as 6e++ as fro# Cu'icia+
'ecisions han'e' 'o6n in a foreign country an' 6hose e:ecution has been authori=e' by a French courtH
<ith reser$ation of the right of the 'ebtor to a$ai+ hi#se+fB either 7en'ing suitB or at any other
ti#eB of the 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 21.1 an' fo++o6ingB a cre'itor 6ho benefits by a Cu'icia+ #ortgage #ay
register his right res7ecting a++ the i##o$ab+es current+y be+onging to his 'ebtorB subCect to his co#7+ying
6ith the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 214.H @e #ayB un'er the sa#e reser$ationsB ha$e co#7+e#entary
registrations #a'e res7ecting the i##o$ab+es subse)uent+y entere' into the 7atri#ony of his 'ebtorH

Se$tion III - Of Conentiona! 3ort6a6es

0rt. -(-=
"on$entiona+ #ortgages #ay be grante' on+y by those 6ho ha$e the ca7acity of con$eying the
i##o$ab+es 6hich they bur'en 6ith the#H

(rtH -(-3
(($t of /1 8e$. 1%10)
;hose 6ho ha$e on an i##o$ab+e on+y a right sus7en'e' by a con'itionB or a$oi'ab+e in certain
casesB or subCect to rescissionB #ay on+y grant a #ortgage subCect to the sa#e con'itions or to the sa#e
rescissionB e:ce7t for 6hat re+ates to a #ortgage grante' by a++ the co-o6ners of an un'i$i'e' i##o$ab+eB
6hich by 6ay of e:ce7tion retains its effectB 6hate$er the subse)uent resu+t of the sa+e by auction or of
the 7artition #ay beH

(rtH -(-)
;he 7ro7erty of #inorsB of a'u+ts in guar'ianshi7 an' those of absenteesB so +ong as its 7ossession
is conferre' on+y te#7orari+yB #ay be #ortgage' on+y for the causes an' in the for#s estab+ishe' by +a6
or by $irtue of a Cu'g#entH

(rtH -(-+
( con$entiona+ #ortgage #ay on+y be grante' by an instru#ent 'ra6n u7 in authentic for# FV
repea!ed by imp!i$ationGH

(rtH -(-:
"ontracts entere' into in foreign countries #ay not estab+ish a #ortgage on i##o$ab+es in
FranceB un+ess there are 7ro$isions contrary to this 7rinci7+e in 7o+itica+ statutes or in treatiesH

(rtH -(-6
2!2
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
;he granting of a con$entiona+ #ortgage is $a+i' on+y 6here the authentic constituti$e tit+e of the
c+ai# or a subse)uent authentic instru#ent 'ec+ares in s7ecific ter#s the nature an' the +ocation of each
one of the i##o$ab+es on 6hich the #ortgage is grante'B as state' in (rtic+e 214. be+o6H

(rtH -(<8
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
Pro7erty to co#e #ay not be #ortgage'H
*e$erthe+essB 6here e:isting an' unencu#bere' 7ro7erty is insufficient to secure the c+ai#B a
'ebtor #ayB in a'#itting that insufficiencyB agree that each 7ro7erty 6hich he #ay subse)uent+y ac)uire
be s7ecia++y a++ocate' thereto as the ac)uisitions 7rocee'H
(rtH -(<(
3i5e6iseB in case the e:isting i##o$ab+e or i##o$ab+esB bur'ene' 6ith the #ortgageB ha$e
7erishe' or suffere' 'eteriorationsB so that they ha$e beco#e insufficient for the security of the cre'itorB
the +atter #ay either enforce at once his rei#burse#entB or obtain an a''itiona+ #ortgageH

(rtH -(<-
( con$entiona+ #ortgage is $a+i' on+y 6here the su# for 6hich it is grante' is certain an'
'eter#ine' by the instru#ent/ 6here the c+ai# resu+ting fro# the ob+igation is con'itiona+ as to its
e:istence or un'eter#ine' as to its $a+ueB the cre'itor #ay re)uire thr registration hereafter 'ea+t 6ith
on+y u7 to the a#ount of an esti#ate' $a+ue e:7ress+y 'ec+are' by hi#B an' 6hich the 'ebtor has the right
to ha$e re'uce'B if there is occasionH

(rtH -(<<
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
( #ortgage once grante' e:ten's to a++ the i#7ro$e#ents ha77ening to the #ortgage'
i##o$ab+eH
<here a 7erson 7ossesses an e:isting right 6hich 7er#its hi# to bui+' for his benefit on
anotherNs tene#entB he #ay grant a #ortgage on the bui+'ings 6hose erection is begun or #ere+y 7+anne'I
in case of 'estruction of the bui+'ingsB the #ortgage bur'ens by o7eration of +a6 ne6 bui+'ings erecte'
on the sa#e 7+aceH

Se$tion IC - Of the +anA of 3ort6a6es #ith +espe$t to ;a$h Other

0rt. -(<=
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
et6een cre'itorsB a #ortgageB either statutoryB or Cu'icia+B or con$entiona+B ran5s on+y fro# the
'ay of the registration #a'e by the cre'itor at the +an' registryB in the for# an' #anner 7rescribe' by +a6H
<here se$era+ registrations are re)uire' on the sa#e 'ay as to the sa#e i##o$ab+eB that 6hich is
re)uire' by $irtue of the instru#ent of tit+e bearing the re#otest 'ate sha++ be 'ee#e' of 7rior ran5B
6hate$er the or'er resu+ting fro# the register 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 2200 #ay beH
(0$t n %'-261 of 6 0pri! 1%%') @o6e$erB the registrations of se7arations of 7atri#ony 7ro$i'e'
for by (rtic+e 2111B in the case referre' to in (rtic+e 2113B 7aragra7h 2B as 6e++ as those of the statutory
#ortgages 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 2121B 1LB 2L an' 3LB sha++ be 'ee#e' of a ran5 7rior to the one of any
registration of Cu'icia+ or con$entiona+ #ortgages #a'e on the sa#e 'ayH
(0$t n %'-261 of 6 0pri! 1%%') <here se$era+ registrations are #a'e on the sa#e 'ay as to the
sa#e i##o$ab+eB either by $irtue of instru#ents of tit+e 7ro$i'e' for in the secon' 7aragra7h but bearing
the sa#e 'ateB or for the benefit of re)uiring 7arties $este' 6ith the 7rior charge or the #ortgages referre'
to in the thir' 7aragra7hB the registrations ran5 e)ua++y 6hate$er the or'er of the abo$e #entione' register
#ay beH
;he or'er of 7riority bet6een cre'itors ha$ing a 7rior charge or #ortgage an' ho+'ers of
6arrantsB insofar as the +atter are secure' on 7ro7erty 'ee#e' i##o$ab+eB is 'eter#ine' by the 'ates on
6hich the res7ecti$e instru#ents ha$e been gi$en 7ub+ic noticeB the recor'ing of 6arrants re#aining
subCect to the s7ecia+ statutes 6hich regu+ate the#H

Se$tion C - Of Parti$u!ar +u!es for the Statutory 3ort6a6e of Spouses

0rt. -(<3 Frepea!edG

(rtH -(<)
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
2!3
<here s7ouses ha$e sti7u+ate' 7artici7ation in ac)uisitionsB the c+auseB e:ce7t for agree#ent to
the contraryB $ests both by o7eration of +a6 6ith the facu+ty to register a statutory #ortgage to secure the
c+ai# in 7artici7ationH
-egistration #ay be #a'e before 'isso+ution of the #atri#onia+ regi#eI but it has effect on+y
fro# that 'isso+ution an' 7ro$i'e' that the i##o$ab+es bur'ene' e:ist at this 'ate in the 7atri#ony of the
'ebtor s7ouseH
In case of antici7ate' +i)ui'ationB a registration 7rior to the re)uest has effect fro# the 'ay of the
+atterB a subse)uent registration ha$ing effect on+y fro# its 'ate as state' in (rtic+e 2134H
( registration #ay a+so be #a'e 6ithin the year 6hich fo++o6s the 'isso+ution of the #atri#onia+
regi#eI it then ta5es effect fro# its 'ateH

(rtH -(<+
(($t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&)
Outsi'e the case of 7artici7ation in ac)uisitionsB a statutory #ortgage #ay be registere' on+y by
inter$ention of the courtB as is e:7+aine' in this (rtic+e an' the fo++o6ing oneH
<here one of the s7ouses institutes a c+ai# for the 7ur7ose of ha$ing a 'ebt against his or her
s7ouse or the heirs of the +atter estab+ishe'B he or she #ayB fro# the +o'ging of the c+ai#B re)uire a
7ro$isiona+ registration of his or her statutory #ortgageB by sho6ing the origina+ of the su##ons ser$e'B
as 6e++ as a certificate fro# the c+er5 6hich attests that the #atter has been referre' to the courtH ;he
sa#e right e:ists in case of counter-c+ai#B u7on sho6ing of a co7y of the 7+ea'ingsH
(0$t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&) ( registration is $a+i' for three years an' rene6ab+eH It is subCect
to the ru+es of "ha7ters I8 an' fo++o6ing of this ;it+eH
<here the c+ai# is entertaine'B the Cu'g#ent sha++ be #entione'B at the suit of the 7+aintiff
s7ouseB in the #argin of the 7ro$isiona+ registrationB on 7ain of nu++ity of that registrationB 6ithin a #onth
after the 'ay 6hen it has beco#e fina+H It constitutes the instru#ent of tit+e for a fina+ registration 6hich
ta5es the 7+ace of the 7ro$isiona+ registration an' 6hich ran5s at the 'ate of the +atterH <here the a#ount
of the ca7ita+ of the 'ebt a++o6e' an' of its accessories e:cee's the su# 6hich the 7ro$isiona+ registration
securesB the e:cess #ay be #aintaine' on+y by a registration #a'e in accor'ance 6ith the 7ro$isions of
(rtic+e 2148 an' ta5ing effect fro# its 'ateB as state' in (rtic+e 2134H
<here the c+ai# is 'is#isse' in fu++B the courtB on re)uest of the 'efen'ant s7ouseB sha++ or'er the
stri5ing off of the 7ro$isiona+ registrationH

(rtH -(<:
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
3i5e6iseB 6hereB 'uring the #arriageB there is occasion to transfer fro# one s7ouse to the other
the a'#inistration of certain 7ro7ertyB in accor'ance 6ith (rtic+e 142. or (rtic+e 142!B the courtB either in
the Cu'g#ent itse+f 6hich or'ers the transferB or in a subse)uent Cu'g#entB #ay 'eci'e that a registration
of the statutory #ortgage 6i++ be #a'e res7ecting the i##o$ab+es of the s7ouse 6ho 6i++ ha$e the
res7onsibi+ity of a'#inistering itH If soB it sha++ fi: the su# for 6hich registration 6i++ be #a'e an'
'esignate the i##o$ab+es 6hich 6i++ be bur'ene' 6ith itH If notB it #ay ne$erthe+ess 'eci'e that the
registration of a #ortgage 6i++ be re7+ace' by estab+ishing a 7a6nB of 6hich it itse+f sha++ 'eter#ine the
ter#sH
<hereB +ater onB ne6 circu#stances see# to re)uire itB the court #ay a+6ays 'eci'eB by
Cu'g#entB that either a first registration or co#7+e#entary registrations 6i++ be #a'e or that a 7a6n 6i++
be estab+ishe'H
;he registrations 7ro$i'e' for by this (rtic+e sha++ be #a'e an' rene6e' at the re)uest of the
1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorNs officeH

(rtH -(<6
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
<here a statutory #ortgage has been registere' un'er (rtic+es 213. or 2137B an' un+ess an
e:7ress c+ause of the ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent 7rohibits itB the s7ouse 6ho 7rofits by the registration #ay
agreeB to the benefit of the other s7ouseNs cre'itors or of his or her o6n cre'itorsB to an assign#ent of his
or her ran5 or to a subrogation to the rights resu+ting fro# his or her registrationH
It sha++ be the sa#e as to a statutory #ortgage orB 7ossib+yB a Cu'icia+ #ortgage securing
7erio'ica+ 7ay#ents or'ere'B or +iab+e to be or'ere' Tto a s7ouseB for hi#se+f or herse+fU ( 0$t n '&-1/.2
of 2/ 8e$. 1%'&) or for the chi+'renH
<here the s7ouse 6ho 7rofits by the registrationB by refusing to agree to an assign#ent of ran5
or to a subrogationB 7re$ents the other s7ouse fro# creating a #ortgage 6hich the interest of the fa#i+y
6ou+' re)uire or 6here he or she is unab+e to e:7ress his or her intentionB the Cu'ges #ay authori=e that
assign#ent of ran5 or that subrogation subCect to the con'itions 6hich they 'ee# necessary for the
2!4
7rotection of the rights of the s7ouse concerne'H ;hey ha$e the sa#e 7o6ers 6here the ante-nu7tia+
agree#ent contains the c+ause referre' to in the first 7aragra7hH

(rtH -(=8
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
<here a #ortgage has been registere' un'er (rtic+e 2138B an assign#ent of ran5 or a subrogation
#ayB for the 'uration of the transfer of a'#inistrationB resu+t on+y fro# a Cu'g#ent of the court 6hich has
or'ere' that transferH
(s soon as the transfer of a'#inistration co#es to an en'B an assign#ent of ran5 or a subrogation
#ay be #a'e in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+e 213!H

(rtH -(=(
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
4u'g#ents gi$en un'er the t6o 7rece'ing (rtic+es sha++ be han'e' 'o6n in the for#s regu+ate' by
the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureH
SubCect to the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 2137B a statutory #ortgage of s7ouses is subCectB as to
rene6a+ of registrationsB to the ru+es of (rtic+e 21%4H

(rtH -(=-
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 213. to 2141 sha++ be #a'e 5no6n to s7ouses or future s7ouses in the
6ay 7ro$i'e' for by a 'ecreeH

Se$tion CI - Of Parti$u!ar +u!es for the Statutory 3ort6a6e of Persons in Buardianship

@8. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&?

0rt. -(=<
(($t n 64-12/0 of 14 8e$. 1%64)
(t the o7ening of any guar'ianshi7B the fa#i+y counci+B after hearing the guar'ianB sha++ 'eci'e
6hether a registration #ust be 'e#an'e' on the i##o$ab+es of the guar'ianH If soB it sha++ fi: the su# for
6hich the registration 6i++ be #a'e an' 'esignate the i##o$ab+es 6hich 6i++ be bur'ene' 6ith itH If notB
it #ay ne$erthe+ess 'eci'e that the registration of a #ortgage 6i++ be re7+ace' by the estab+ishing of a
7a6nB of 6hich it itse+f sha++ 'eter#ine the ter#sH
In the course of the guar'ianshi7B the fa#i+y counci+ #ay a+6ays or'erB 6here the interests of the
#inor or of the a'u+t in guar'ianshi7 see# to re)uire itB that either a first registration or co#7+e#entary
registrations 6i++ be #a'e or that a 7a6n 6i++ be estab+ishe'H
In the cases 6here statutory a'#inistration ta5es 7+ace un'er (rtic+e 38!B the Cu'ge of
guar'ianshi7sB 6ho gi$es Cu'g#ent either of his o6n #otion or on the re)uest of a re+ati$e by b+oo' or by
#arriage or of the 1o$ern#ent 7rocuratorNs officeB #ay +i5e6ise 'eci'e that a registration 6i++ be #a'e
on the i##o$ab+es of the statutory a'#inistratorB or that the +atter #ust estab+ish a 7a6nH
;he registrations 7ro$i'e' for by this (rtic+e sha++ be #a'e at the re)uest of the c+er5 of the Cu'ge
of guar'ianshi7sB an' the costs sha++ be charge' to the account of the guar'ianshi7H

(rtH -(==
( 6ar'B after his or her co#ing of age or e#anci7ationB or an a'u+t in guar'ianshi7B after
6ith'ra6ing of the guar'ianshi7 of a'u+tsB #ay re)uire the registration of his or her statutory #ortgage or
a co#7+e#entary registrationB 6ithin a 7erio' of one yearH
;his right #ayB further#oreB be e:ercise' by the heirs of the 6ar' or of the a'u+t in guar'ianshi7
6ithin the sa#e 7erio'B an' in case of 'eath of the 7erson un'er a 'isabi+ity before the en'ing of the
guar'ianshi7 or the 6ith'ra6ing of the guar'ianshi7 of a'u+tsB 6ithin the year of the 'eathH

(rtH -(=3
0uring the #inority an' the guar'ianshi7 of a'u+tsB a registration #a'e by $irtue of (rtic+e 2143
#ust be rene6e' by the c+er5 of the tribuna! dNinstan$e( in accor'ance 6ith (rtic+e 21%4 of the "i$i+
"o'eH

"@(P;2- I8 - OF ;@2 &O02 OF -21IS;-(;IO* OF P-IO- "@(-12S (*0 &O-;1(12S

@8 n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&?

2!%
0rt. -(=)
Sha++ be registere' at the +an' registry of the +ocation of the 7ro7erty/
1L Prior charges o$er i##o$ab+esB subCect to the so+e e:ce7tions referre' to in (rtic+e 2107I
2L StatutoryB Cu'icia+ or con$entiona+ #ortgagesH
( registration 6hich #ay ne$er be #a'e by the registrar of his o6n #otion #ay ta5e 7+ace on+y
for a su# an' for i##o$ab+es 6hich are 'eter#ine'B subCect to the con'itions +ai' 'o6n in (rtic+e 2148H
In any caseB the i##o$ab+es res7ecting to 6hich a registration is re)uire' #ust be in'i$i'ua++y
'esignate'B 6ith in'ication of the $ommune 6here they are situate'B e:c+usi$e of any genera+ 'esignationB
e$en +i#ite' to a gi$en territoria+ areaH

(rtH -(=+
"re'itors 6ho ha$e a 7rior charge or #ortgage #ay not 7rofitab+y #a5e registration res7ecting to
the 7rece'ing o6nerB fro# the recor'ing of the transfer #a'e for the benefit of a thir' 7artyH
*ot6ithstan'ing that recor'ingB a se++erB +en'er of fun's for ac)uisition an' a co7arcener #ay 7rofitab+y
registerB 6ithin the 7erio's 7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 2108 an' 210!B the 7rior charges 6hich (rtic+e 2103
confers u7on the#H
( registration 7ro'uces no effect bet6een the cre'itors of a succession 6here it has been #a'e by
one of the# on+y after the 'eathB in case the succession is acce7te' on+y un'er benefit of in$entory or is
'ec+are' $acantH @o6e$erB the 7rior charges grante' to a se++erB a +en'er of fun's for an ac)uisitionB a
co7arcenerB as 6e++ as to the cre'itors an' +egatees of the 'ecease'B #ay be registere' 6ithin the 7erio's
7ro$i'e' for in (rtic+es 2108B 210! an' 2111B not6ithstan'ing an acce7tance un'er benefit or the $acancy
of the successionH
(Ord. 4 &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%) In case of sei=ure of i##o$ab+esB of FCu'icia+ +i)ui'ationG or of
Cu'icia+ arrange#entB the registration of 7rior charges an' #ortgages 7ro'uces the effects regu+ate' by the
7ro$isions of the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ure an' by those on FCu'icia+ +i)ui'ationG an' Cu'icia+ arrange#entH

(rtH -(=:
(0. n &&-&2 of 4 *an. 1%&&: 0$t n &6-.'0 of 40u6. 1%&6: 8. n &%-'% of . *an. 1%&%: Ord. 4 6.-'/% of
2' Sept. 1%6.: 0$t n %'-261 of 6 0pri! 1%%')
;he registration of 7rior charges an' #ortgages sha++ be #a'e by the +an' registrar fo++o6ing the
fi+ing of t6o sche'u+es 'ate'B signe' an' certifie' to be corres7on'ing to each other by the signatory of
the certificate of i'entity 7ro$i'e' for in 7aragra7h 13 of this (rtic+eI a 'ecree in "onsei+ 'NWtat sha++
'eter#ine the re)uire#ents as to for# 6hich the sche'u+e 'esigne' to be 5e7t in the +an' registry #ust
co#7+y 6ithH In the case 6here the registrant 'i' not use a 7rescribe' for#B the registrar sha++
ne$erthe+ess acce7t the 'e7ositB subCect to the 7ro$isions of the 7enu+ti#ate 7aragra7h of this (rtic+eH
@o6e$erB in or'er to ha$e Cu'icia+ #ortgages or securities registere'B a cre'itor sha++ 7resentB
either hi#se+f or through a thir' 7artyB to the +an' registrar/
1L ;he origina+B an authentic office co7y or a +itera+ e:tract fro# the Cu'icia+ 'ecision gi$ing rise
to the #ortgageB 6here the +atter resu+ts fro# the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 2123I
2L ;he authori=ation of the Cu'geB the Cu'icia+ 'ecision or the instru#ent of tit+e in #atters of
Cu'icia+ 7ro$isiona+ securitiesH
2ach of the sche'u+es sha++ contain e:c+usi$e+yB on 7ain of reCection of the for#a+ity/
1L ;he 'esignation of the cre'itorB of the 'ebtor or of the o6nerB 6here the 'ebtor is not the
o6ner of the bur'ene' i##o$ab+eB in accor'ance 6ith 7aragra7h 1 of (rtic+es % an' . of the 0ecree of 4
4anuary 1!%%I
2L ;he e+ection of 'o#ici+eB by the cre'itorB in any 7+ace situate' in FranceB in o$erseas
departments or in the territoria+ authorities of Saint-Pierre -et-3i,ue!onI
3L ;he in'ication of the 'ate an' nature of the instru#ent of tit+e gi$ing rise to the security or of
the instru#ent of tit+e creating the c+ai# as 6e++ as the origin of the ob+igation secure' by the 7rior
chargeH <here a notaria+ instru#ent is concerne'B the na#e an' resi'ence of the 'rafts#an sha++ be
s7ecifie'H (s to the registrations re)uire' in co#7+iance 6ith the 7ro$isions referre' to in (rtic+es 2111
an' 2121B 1LB 2L an' 3LB the sche'u+es sha++ set out the origin an' nature of the c+ai#I
4L ;he in'ication of the ca7ita+ of the c+ai#B of its accessories an' of the nor#a+ 'ate of #aturityI
in any caseB the a77+icant #ust a77raise the annuitiesB 7erfor#ances an' rights un'eter#ine'B contingent
an' con'itiona+B 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the a77+ication of (rtic+es 21.1 an' fo++o6ing for the benefit of the
'ebtorI an' 6here the rights are contingent or con'itiona+B he #ust su##ari+y in'icate the e$ent or the
con'ition u7on 6hich the e:istence of the c+ai# 'e7en'sH In the cases 6here the c+ai# is bac5e' 6ith an
in'e:-+in5ing c+auseB the registration #ust #ention the origina+ a#ount of the c+ai# as 6e++ as the in'e:-
+in5ing c+auseH <here the a#ount of the c+ai# is not 'eno#inate' in French currencyB it #ust be
i##e'iate+y fo++o6e' by its e:change $a+ue in French francs (euros) 'eter#ine' accor'ing to the +atest
rate of e:change 5no6n at the 'ate of the tit+e creating the c+ai#I
2!.
%L ;he 'esignationB in accor'ance 6ith 7aragra7hs 1 an' 3 of (rtic+e 7 of the 0ecree of 4 4anuary
1!%%B of each i##o$ab+e res7ecting to 6hich a registration is re)uire'I
.L ;he in'ication of the 'ateB $o+u#e an' nu#ber un'er 6hich 6as registere' the tit+e of
o6nershi7 of the 'ebtor (or of the o6nerB 6here the 'ebtor is not the o6ner of the i##o$ab+es bur'ene')B
6hen that tit+e is subse)uent to 1 4anuary 1!%.I
7L ;he certification that the a#ount of the ca7ita+ of the secure' c+ai# #entione' in the sche'u+e
is not greater than that sho6n in the tit+e creating the security or the c+ai#H
;he sche'u+e 'esigne' to be 5e7t in the +an' registry #ust containB in a''itionB a #ention of
certification of the i'entity of the 7artiesB 7rescribe' by (rtic+es % an' . of the 0ecree of 4 4anuary 1!%%H
( fi+ing sha++ be refuse'/
1L Fai+ing the 7resentation of the tit+e creating the security or the c+ai# as to #ortgages an'
Cu'icia+ securitiesI
2L Fai+ing the #ention referre' to in 7aragra7h 13B or 6here the i##o$ab+es are not in'i$i'ua++y
'esignate'B 6ith in'ication of the $ommune 6here they are situate'H
<here the registrarB after ha$ing acce7te' the fi+ingB notices the o#ission of one of the #entions
7rescribe' by this (rtic+eB or a 'iscre7ancy bet6eenB on the one han'B the state#ents re+ating to the
i'entity of the 7arties or to the 'esignation of the i##o$ab+es containe' in the sche'u+eB an'B on the other
han'B those sa#e state#ents containe' in sche'u+es or tit+es a+rea'y recor'e' since 1 4anuary 1!%.B the
for#a+ity sha++ be reCecte'B un+ess the a77+icant regu+ari=es the sche'u+e or 7ro'uces the 7roof 6hich
estab+ishes its accuracyB in 6hich casesB the for#a+ity ran5s on the 'ate of the fi+ing of the sche'u+e note'
in the register of fi+ingsH
( for#a+ity sha++ a+so be reCecte' 6here the sche'u+es inc+u'e an a#ount of secure' c+ai# greater
than that 6hich a77ears in the tit+e as regar's #ortgage' an' Cu'icia+ securitiesB as 6e++ as in the case
referre' to in the first 7aragra7h of this (rtic+eB 6here the a77+icant 'oes not substitute a ne6 sche'u+e on
a 7rescribe' for# to the sche'u+e irregu+ar as to for#H
;he 'ecree abo$e 7ro$i'e' for sha++ 'eter#ine the 'etai+s of a refusa+ of a fi+ing or of a reCection
of a for#a+ityH

(rtH -(=:,(
(($t n .%-2 of 2 *an. 1%.%)
For the sa5e of their registrationB 7rior charges an' #ortgages bearing on shares 'e7en'ing on a
bui+'ing subCect to the status of co-o6nershi7 sha++ be 'ee#e' not to bur'en the 7ortions of the co##on
7arts inc+u'e' in those sharesH
*e$erthe+essB the registere' cre'itors sha++ enforce their rights on the sai' 7ortion ta5en in its
consistence at the ti#e of the transfer 6hose 7rocee's are the subCect #atter of the 'i$isionI that 7ortion
sha++ be 'ee#e' bur'ene' 6ith the sa#e securities as the in'i$i'ua+ shares an' 6ith those securities on+yH

(rtH -(=6
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
Sha++ be recor'e' by the registrarB un'er the for# of #entions in the #argin of the e:isting
registrationsB the subrogations to 7rior charges an' #ortgagesB 6ith'ra6a+sB re'uctionsB assign#ents of
7riority an' transfers 6hich ha$e been grante'B e:tensions of ti#eB changes of 'o#ici+e an'B as a genera+
ru+eB any #o'ificationsB in 7articu+ar as to the 7erson of the cre'itor 6ho benefits by the registrationB
6hich 'o not ha$e the effect of 6orsening the con'ition of the 'ebtorH
It sha++ be the sa#e as to gratuitous transfers by inter $i$os or testa#entary instru#entB on
con'ition of restitutionB bearing on c+ai#s secure' by 7rior c+ai#s or #ortgagesH
(8. n &%-'% of . *an. 1%&%) ;he instru#ents an' Cu'icia+ 'ecisions recor'ing those 'ifferent
agree#ents or transfers an' the co7iesB e:tractsB or office co7ies fi+e' at the +an' registry for the 7ur7ose
of the e:ecution of the #entions sha++ contain the 'esignation of the 7arties in accor'ance 6ith the first
7aragra7h of (rtic+es % an' . of the 0ecree of 4 4anuary 1!%%H ;hat 'esignation nee' not be certifie'H
Further#oreB in case a #o'ification #entione' bears on+y on 7art of the i##o$ab+es bur'ene'B
the sai' i##o$ab+es sha++ be in'i$i'ua++y 'esignate'B on 7ain of refusa+ of the fi+ingH

(rtH -(38
(($t of 1 3ar$h 1%1')
;he registrar sha++ #ention the fi+ing of the sche'u+es on the register 7rescribe' by (rtic+e 2200
hereinafterB an' sha++ return to the a77+icant both the instru#ent of tit+e or the office co7y of the sa#eB an'
one of the sche'u+es at the botto# of 6hich he sha++ #ention the 'ate of the fi+ingB the $o+u#e an' the
nu#ber un'er 6hich the sche'u+e inten'e' for the archi$es has been fi+e'H
;he 'ate of the registration is 'eter#ine' by the #ention entere' into the register of fi+ingsH
2!7
;he sche'u+es inten'e' for the archi$es sha++ be boun' 6ithout being re#o$e' than5s to an' at
the e:7ense of the registrarsH

(rtH -(3(
(0. n &%-'% of . *an. 1%&%)
( cre'itor 6ith a 7rior charge 6hose tit+e has been registere' B or a #ortgage cre'itor registere'
for a ca7ita+ 7ro'ucing interest an' arrearsB has the right to be #arsha++e'B for three years on+yB on the
sa#e ran5 as for his 7rinci7a+B 6ithout 7reCu'ice to the s7ecia+ registrations to be #a'eB i#7orting
#ortgage fro# their 'ateB for the interest an' arrears other than those 7reser$e' by the origina+
registrationH

(rtH -(3-
(($t of 1 3ar$h 1%1')
( 7erson 6ho has re)uire' a registrationB as 6e++ as his re7resentati$es or assigns un'er an
authentic instru#entB are entit+e' to change at the +an' registry the 'o#ici+e e+ecte' by hi# in that
registrationB 7ro$i'e' they choose an' 'esignate a ne6 one Tsituate' in #etro7o+itan FranceB in o$erseas
d)partments or in the territoria! authority of Saint-Pierre-et-3i,ue!onK (0$t n %'-261 of 6 0pri! 1%%')H

(rtH -(3< Frepea!edG

(rtH -(3= (Ord . n 6.-'/% of 2' Sept. 1%6.)
-egistration 7reser$es a 7rior charge or a #ortgage u7 to the 'ate 6hich the cre'itor sha++ fi:
co#7+ying 6ith the fo++o6ing 7ro$isions/
<here the 7rinci7a+ of a secure' ob+igation #ust be 7ai' at one or se$era+ 'ue 'atesB the e:tre#e
effecti$e 'ate of a registration #a'e before the 'ue 'ate or the +ast 'ue 'ate 7ro$i'e' for isB at #ostB t6o
years after that 'ue 'ate 6ithout a++o6ing ho6e$er the 'uration of the registration to e:cee' thirty-fi$e
yearsH
<here the 'ue 'ate or the +ast 'ue 'ate is un'eter#ine' or 6here it is 7rior to or conco#itant
6ith the registrationB the e:tre#e effecti$e 'ate of that registration #ay not be #ore than ten years after
the 'ay of the for#a+ityH
<here an ob+igation is such that neither of the 7rece'ing 7aragra7hs can be a77+ie'B the cre'itor
#ay re)uire either a sing+e registration to secure the 6ho+e of the ob+igation u7 to the re#otest 'ateB or a
'istinct registration to secure each of the obCects of that ob+igation u7 to a 'ate 'eter#ine' in accor'ance
6ith the 7ro$isions of the sai' 7aragra7hsH It sha++ be the sa#e 6hereB the first of those 7aragra7hs a+one
being a77+icab+eB the 'ifferent obCects of the ob+igation 'o not in$o+$e the sa#e 'ue 'ates or +ast 'ue
'atesH

(rtH -(3=,( (Ord . n 6.-'/% of 2' Sept. 1%6.)
( registration ceases to 7ro'uce effect 6here it has not been rene6e' at the +atest at the 'ate
referre' to in the first 7aragra7h of (rtic+e 21%4H
2ach rene6a+ #ust be re)uire' u7 to a 'eter#ine' 'ateH ;hat 'ate sha++ be fi:e' as state' in
(rtic+e 21%4 by 'istinguishing accor'ing as to 6hether the 'ue 'ate or the +ast 'ue 'ateB e$en 6here it
resu+ts fro# an e:tension of ti#eB is 'eter#ine' or not an' 6hether it is subse)uent or not to the 'ay of
the rene6a+H
-ene6a+ is co#7u+soryB in case the registration has 7ro'uce' its statutory effectB in 7articu+arB in
case of sa+e of the i##o$ab+e bur'ene'B unti+ 7ay#ent or 'e7osit of the 7rocee'sH

(rtH -(3=,- (Ord . n 6.-'/% of 2' Sept. 1%6.)
<here one of the 7erio's of t6o yearsB ten years an' thirty-fi$e years referre' to in (rtic+es 21%4
an' 21%4-1 has not been co#7+ie' 6ithB a registration 'oes not ha$e any effect beyon' the 'ate of the
e:7iry of that 7erio'H

(rtH -(3=,< (Ord . n 6.-'/% of 2' Sept. 1%6.)
<here a 7ro$isiona+ registration of the statutory #ortgage of s7ouses or of a Cu'icia+ #ortgage has
been #a'eB the 7ro$isions of (rtic+es 21%4 to 21%4-2 sha++ a77+y to the fina+ registration an' to its
rene6a+H ;he 'ate fro# 6hich the 7erio's sha++ begin to run is that of the fina+ registration or of its
rene6a+H

(rtH -(33
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
2!8
>n+ess other6ise sti7u+ate'B the e:7enses of the registrations sha++ be a'$ance' by the registrant
an' charge' to the 'ebtorB an' the e:7enses of the recor'ing of the instru#ent of sa+e 6hich a se++er #ay
re)uire in $ie6 of the registration of his 7rior charge 6ithin the 7rescribe' ti#eB sha++ be charge' to the
se++erH

(rtH -(3)
(0. n &%-'% of . *an. 1%&%)
(ctions to 6hich registrations #ay gi$e rise against cre'itors sha++ be brought before the court
ha$ing Curis'ictionB by su##ons ser$e' u7on their 7ersonsB or at the +ast of the 'o#ici+es e+ecte' by the#
on the sche'u+es of registrationB e$en in case of 'eathB either of the cre'itorsB or of those at 6hose
resi'ence they ha$e e+ecte' 'o#ici+eH

"@(P;2- 8 - OF ;@2 "(*"233(;IO* (*0 -20>";IO* OF -21IS;-(;IO*S
Se$tion I - Benera! Proisions

0rt. -(3+
-egistrations sha++ be cance++e' by the consent of the 7arties concerne' an' ha$ing ca7acity
thereforB or by $irtue of a Cu'g#ent not subCect to a77ea+ or ha$ing beco#e res Cu'icataH

(rtH -(3:
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
In both casesB those 6ho re)uire the cance++ation sha++ fi+e at the registrar?s office the office co7y
of the authentic instru#ent containing the consentB or that of the Cu'g#ent'
(Ord. n 6.-'/% of 2' Sept. 1%6.) *o 'ocu#ent in 7roof is re)uire' to su77ort the office co7y of
the authentic instru#ent concerning the state#ents estab+ishing the statusB ca7acity an' )ua+ification of
the 7artiesB 6here those state#ents are certifie' as accurate by the notaire or the a'#inistrati$e authorityH

(rtH -(36
( cance++ation 6ithout consent #ust be a77+ie' for before the court in 6hose territory the
registration has been #a'eB un+ess that registration 6as #a'e to secure a contingent or un'eter#ine'
Cu'g#entB on 6hose enforce#ent or 'eter#ination the 'ebtor an' the a++ege' cre'itor are in +itigation or
6hich #ust be Cu'ge' in another courtI in 6hich case the action for cance++ation sha++ be brought or
re#itte' thereH
@o6e$erB the agree#ent entere' into by the cre'itor an' the 'ebtor to bring the actionB in case of
contro$ersyB before a court 6hich they ha$e 'esignate'B sha++ be enforce' bet6een the#H

(rtH -()8
"ance++ation #ust be or'ere' by the courtsB 6here a registration 6as #a'e 6ithout being base' on
+egis+ation or on a tit+eB or 6here it 6as #a'e by $irtue of a tit+e either irregu+ar or e:tinguishe' or
satisfie'B or 6here the rights of 7rior charge or of #ortgage are 6i7e' out by +ega+ re#e'iesH

(rtH -()(
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
<here the registrations #a'e un'er (rtic+es 2122 an' 2123 are e:cessi$eB the 'ebtor #ay a77+y
for their re'uction by co#7+ying 6ith the ru+es of Curis'iction estab+ishe' by (rtic+e 21%!H
(re 'ee#e' e:cessi$e the registrations 6hich bur'en se$era+ i##o$ab+es 6here the $a+ue of a
sing+e one or of so#e of the# e:cee's a su# e)ua+ to 'oub+e of the a#ount of the c+ai#s in ca7ita+ an'
statutory accessoriesB increase' by one-thir' of that a#ountH

(rtH -()-
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
&ay a+so be re'uce' as e:cessi$e the registrations #a'e accor'ing to an a77raisa+ #a'e by the
cre'itor of con'itiona+B contingent or un'eter#ine' c+ai#s 6hose a#ount 6as not fi:e' by the agree#entH
In that caseB the e:cess sha++ be a77raise' by the Cu'ges accor'ing to the circu#stancesB
7robabi+ities an' 7resu#7tions of factB in such a #anner as to conci+iate the rights of the cre'itor 6ith the
interest of 7reser$ing cre'it to the 'ebtorB 6ithout 7reCu'ice to ne6 registrations to be #a'e 6ith a
#ortgage fro# the 'ay of their 'ateB 6here e$ents ha$e cause' the un'eter#ine' c+ai#s to a +arger su#H

Se$tion II - Parti$u!ar Proisions +e!atin6 to 3ort6a6es of Spouses and of Persons in Buardianship

0rt. -()<
2!!
(($t n 6&-&.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
<here a statutory #ortgage has been registere' un'er (rtic+es T213. or 2137U (0$t n '&-1/.2 of
2/ 8e$. 1%'&)B an' e:ce7t for an e:7ress c+ause of the ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent 6hich forbi's itB the s7ouse
6ho 7rofits by the registration #ay gi$e a tota+ or 7artia+ 6ith'ra6a+ of itH
It sha++ be the sa#e as to a statutory #ortgageB or 7ossib+y a Cu'icia+ #ortgage securing 7erio'ica+
7ay#ents or'ere'B or +iab+e to be or'ere' Tto a s7ouseB for hi#se+f or herse+fU (0$t n '&-1/.2 of 2/ 8e$.
1%'&) or for the chi+'ren
<here the s7ouse 6ho 7rofits by the registrationB by refusing to re'uce the #ortgage or to gi$e a
6ith'ra6a+ of itB 7re$ents the other s7ouse fro# creating a #ortgage or #a5ing a transfer 6hich the
interest of the fa#i+y 6ou+' re)uire or 6here he or she is unab+e to e:7ress his or her intentionB the Cu'ges
#ay authori=e that re'uction or 6ith'ra6a+ subCect to the con'itions 6hich they 'ee# necessary for the
7rotection of the rights of the s7ouse concerne'H ;hey ha$e the sa#e 7o6ers 6here the ante-nu7tia+
agree#ent contains the c+ause referre' to in the first 7aragra7hH
<here a #ortgage has been registere' un'er (rtic+e 2138B the registration #ayB for the 'uration
of the transfer of a'#inistrationB be cance++e' or re'uce' on+y by $irtue of a Cu'g#ent of the court 6hich
has or'ere' that transferH
(s soon as the transfer of a'#inistration co#es to an en'B a cance++ation or re'uction #ay be
#a'e in the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for in 7aragra7hs 1 an' 3 abo$eH

(rtH -()=
(($t n 64-12/0 of 14 8e$. 1%64)
<here the $a+ue of the i##o$ab+es on 6hich the #ortgage of a #inor or of an a'u+t in
guar'ianshi7 has been registere' notab+y e:cee's 6hat is necessary to secure the #anage#ent of the
guar'ianB the +atter #ay re)uest the fa#i+y counci+ to re'uce the registration to the i##o$ab+es 6hich are
sufficientH
@e #ay +i5e6ise re)uest it to re'uce the a77raisa+ 6hich has been #a'e of his ob+igations
to6ar's the 6ar'H
In the sa#e casesB 6here a registration has been #a'e on his i##o$ab+es un'er (rtic+e 2143B a
statutory a'#inistrator #ay re)uest the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7s to re'uce itB either as to the i##o$ab+es
bur'ene'B or as to the su#s secure'H
Further#oreB if there is occasionB a guar'ian an' a statutory a'#inistrator #ayB subCect to the
sa#e con'itionsB re)uest a tota+ 6ith'ra6a+ of the #ortgageH
;he tota+ or 7artia+ cance++ation of the #ortgage sha++ be #a'e u7on 7resentation of an instru#ent
of 6ith'ra6a+ signe' by a #e#ber of the fa#i+y counci+ ha$ing recei$e' 'e+egation to that effectB as to
the i##o$ab+es of a guar'ianB an' u7on 7resentation of a Cu'g#ent of the Cu'ge of guar'ianshi7sB as to
the i##o$ab+es of a statutory a'#inistratorH

(rtH -()3
(($t n 6&-6.0 of 1/ *u!y 1%6&)
4u'g#ents on re)uest of a s7ouseB a guar'ian or a statutory a'#inistrator in the cases 7ro$i'e' for
in the 7rece'ing (rtic+es sha++ be han'e' 'o6n in the for#s regu+ate' in the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureH
(8. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&) <here the court or'ers the re'uction of a #ortgage to certain
i##o$ab+esB the registrations #a'e on a++ the others sha++ be cance++e'H

"@(P;2- 8I - OF ;@2 2FF2"; OF P-IO- "@(-12S (*0 &O-;1(12S (1(I*S; ;@I-0
P(-;I2S I* POSS2SSIO*

(rtH -())
(Or'H n &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%)
"re'itors 6ho ha$e a 7rior charge or a #ortgage registere' on an i##o$ab+eB fo++o6 it in
6hate$er han's it #ay 7assB in or'er to be #arsha++e' an' 7ai' fo++o6ing the or'er of their c+ai#s or
registrationsH

Art' -()+
<here a thir' 7arty in 7ossession 'oes not co#7+y 6ith the for#a+ities hereinafter estab+ishe' to
free his 7ro7ertyB he re#ainsB by the so+e effect of the registrationsB +iab+e as a 7ossessor for a++ the
#ortgage 'ebts an' has the benefit of the ti#e +i#its an' 7erio's grante' to the origina+ 'ebtorH

(rtH -():
( thir' 7arty in 7ossession is boun'B in the sa#e caseB either to 7ay a++ the interest an' ca7ita+ 'ueB
to 6hate$er su# they #ay a#ountB or to re+in)uish the #ortgage' i##o$ab+eB unreser$e'+yH
300

(rtH -()6
<here a thir' 7arty in 7ossession fai+s to co#7+y fu++y 6ith one of these ob+igationsB each
#ortgagee is entit+e' to ha$e the i##o$ab+e so+' against hi#B thirty 'ays after ser$ing an or'er to 7ay on
the origina+ 'ebtorB an' 'e#an'ing that the thir' 7arty in 7ossession 7ay the 'ebt 'ue or re+in)uish the
7ro7ertyH

(rtH -(+8
*e$erthe+essB a thir' 7arty in 7ossession 6ho is not 7ersona++y +iab+e for the 'ebtB #ay obCect to
the sa+e of the #ortgage' 7ro7erty 6hich has been transferre' to hi#B 6here other i##o$ab+es
#ortgage' for the sa#e 'ebt ha$e re#aine' in the 7ossession of the 7rinci7a+ 'ebtor or 'ebtorsB an'
re)uire their 7re$ious sei=ure an' sa+e in the #anner regu+ate' in the ;it+e Of Suretyship I 'uring these
7rocee'ingsB the sa+e of the #ortgage' 7ro7erty sha++ be 7ost7one'H
(rtH -(+(
;he 'efence of sei=ure an' sa+e is not a$ai+ab+e against a cre'itor 6ho benefits by a 7rior charge
or 6ho has a s7ecia+ #ortgage on the i##o$ab+eH

(rtH -(+-
(s to re+in)uish#ent by reason of a #ortgageB it #ay be 'one by a++ thir' 7arties in 7ossession
6ho are not 7ersona++y +iab+e for the 'ebt an' 6ho ha$e the ca7acity to transferH

(rtH -(+<
It #ay be 'one e$en after the thir' 7arty in 7ossession has ac5no6+e'ge' the 'ebt or 6here a
Cu'g#ent has been gi$en against hi# in that ca7acity on+y/ unti+ a sa+e by auctionB re+in)uish#ent 'oes
not 7re$ent a thir' 7arty in 7ossession fro# ta5ing bac5 the i##o$ab+e by 7aying the 6ho+e 'ebt an' the
costsH

(rtH -(+=
-e+in)uish#ent by reason of a #ortgage sha++ be #a'e at the c+er5Ns office of the court of the
situation of the 7ro7ertyI an' that court sha++ recor' itH
On the 7etition of the #ost 'i+igent 7arty concerne'B a curator sha++ be a77ointe' for the
i##o$ab+e re+in)uishe'B against 6ho# the sa+e of the i##o$ab+e sha++ be con'ucte' in the for#s
7rescribe' for force' sa+esH

(rtH -(+3
0eteriorations resu+ting fro# the act or neg+igent con'uct of a thir' 7arty in 7ossessionB to the
'etri#ent of cre'itors benefiting by a #ortgage or a 7rior chargeB gi$e rise against hi# to an action for
co#7ensationI but he reco$ers his u75ee7 an' i#7ro$e#ents on+y u7 to the a''itiona+ $a+ue resu+ting
fro# the i#7ro$e#entH

(rtH -(+)
;he fruits of the #ortgage' i##o$ab+e are o6e' by a thir' 7arty in 7ossession on+y fro# the 'ay
of the 'e#an' to 7ay or re+in)uishB an'B 6here the 7rocee'ings institute' ha$e been 'iscontinue' for
three yearsB fro# the ne6 'e#an' 6hich 6i++ be #a'eH

(rtH -(++
Ser$itu'es an' rights in re# 6hich the thir' 7arty in 7ossession ha' on the i##o$ab+e before his
7ossessionB are re$i$e' after the re+in)uish#ent or after the sa+e by auction #a'e against hi#H
@is 7ersona+ cre'itorsB after a++ those 6ho are registere' on the 7re$ious o6nersB sha++ enforce
their #ortgage on the 7ro7erty re+in)uishe' or auctione'B accor'ing to their ran5H

(rtH -(+:
( thir' 7arty in 7ossession 6ho has 7ai' the #ortgage 'ebtB or re+in)uishe' the i##o$ab+eB or
suffere' the force' sa+e of that i##o$ab+e has a re#e'y for 6arrantyB as a++o6e' by +a6B against the
7rinci7a+ 'ebtorH

(rtH -(+6
( thir' 7arty in 7ossession 6ho 6ishes to re'ee# his 7ro7erty by 7aying the 7rice #ust co#7+y
6ith the for#a+ities 6hich are estab+ishe' in "ha7ter 8III of this ;it+eH

"@(P;2- 8II - OF ;@2 2R;I*1>IS@&2*; OF P-IO- "@(-12S (*0 &O-;1(12S
301

(rtH -(:8
Prior charges an' #ortgages are e:tinguishe' /
1L y e:tinguish#ent of the 7rinci7a+ ob+igationI
2L y the cre'itorNs renunciation of the #ortgageI
3L y the fu+fi+#ent of the for#a+ities an' con'itions 7rescribe' to thir' 7arties in 7ossession to
re'ee# the 7ro7erty 6hich they ha$e ac)uire'I
4L y 7rescri7tionH
Prescri7tion is ac)uire' to a 'ebtorB as to the 7ro7erty 6hich is in his han'sB by the ti#e
7rescribe' by the statute of +i#itations in res7ect of the actions 6hich gi$e a #ortgage or a 7rior chargeH
(Ord. n &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%) (s to the 7ro7erty 6hich is in the han's of a thir' 7arty in
7ossessionB it is ac)uire' by hi# by the ti#e regu+ate' for 7rescri7tion of o6nershi7 for his benefit/ in the
case 6here 7rescri7tion 'e7en's u7on a tit+eB it begins to run on+y fro# the 'ay 6hen that tit+e has been
recor'e' in the +an' registry of the situation of the i##o$ab+esH
-egistrations #a'e by a cre'itor 'o not interru7t the running of the 7rescri7tion estab+ishe' by
+a6 in fa$our of the 'ebtor or of the thir' 7arty in 7ossessionH

"@(P;2- 8III - OF ;@2 &O02 OF -2022&I*1 P-OP2-;E F-O& P-IO- "@(-12S (*0
&O-;1(12S

(rtH -(:(
(Or'H n &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%)
"ontracts 6hich transfer the o6nershi7 of i##o$ab+es or i##o$ab+e rights in re# 6hich thir'
7arties in 7ossession 6ish to re'ee# fro# 7rior charges an' #ortgages sha++ be recor'e' in the +an'
registry of the situation of the 7ro7ertyB in accor'ance 6ith the statutes an' regu+ations re+ating to +an'
registrationH

(rtH -(:-
(Or'H n &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%)
;he #ere recor'ing in the +an' registry of the con$eyances 'oes not re'ee# an i##o$ab+e fro#
#ortgages an' 7rior charges 6hich bur'en itH
( se++er con$eys to a 7urchaser on+y the o6nershi7 an' the rights he hi#se+f ha' on the thing so+'/
he con$eys the# subCect to the sa#e 7rior charges an' #ortgages of 6hich the thing so+' 6as bur'ene'H

(rtH -(:<
(Or'H n &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%)
<here a ne6 o6ner 6ishes to 7rotect hi#se+f against the effect of the 7rocee'ings authori=e' in
"ha7ter 8I of this ;it+eB he is boun'B either before the 7rocee'ingsB or 6ithin one #onthB at the +atestB
after the first 'e#an' 6hich is #a'e to hi#B to ser$e on the cre'itorsB at the 'o#ici+es they ha$e e+ecte'
in their registrationsB notice of/
1L (n e:tract of his tit+eB containing on+y the 'ate an' character of the instru#entB the na#e an'
7recise 'esignation of the se++erB or of the 'onorB the nature an' situation of the thing so+' or 'onate'I an'
6here a set of ite#s of 7ro7erty is concerne'B on+y the genera+ 'esignation of the 'o#ain an' of the
arrondissements in 6hich it is situate'B the 7rice an' the costs for#ing 7art of the sa+e 7riceB or the
a77raisa+ of the thing 6here it has been 'onate'I
2L (n e:tract of the recor'ing of the instru#ent of sa+eI
3L ( tab+e in three co+u#nsB of 6hich the first sha++ contain the 'ates of the #ortgages an' those
of the registrationsI the secon'B the na#es of the cre'itorsI the thir'B the a#ount of the c+ai#s registere'H

(rtH -(:=
;he 7urchaser or the 'onee sha++ 'ec+areB in the sa#e instru#entB that he is rea'y to 7ayB
forth6ithB the #ortgage 'ebts an' chargesB on+y u7 to the a#ount of the 7riceB 6ithout 'istinction
bet6een 'ebts 'ue or not 'ueH

(rtH -(:3
<here the ne6 o6ner has ser$e' that notice 6ithin the fi:e' 7erio'B any cre'itor 6hose tit+e has
been registere'B #ay re)uire the sa+e of the i##o$ab+e by 7ub+ic auctionB 7ro$i'e'/
1L ;hat the re)uest is ser$e' on the ne6 o6ner 6ithin forty 'aysB at the +atestB of the notice
ser$e' at his re)uestB a''ing t6o 'ays 7er fi$e #yria#etres of 'istance bet6een the e+ecte' 'o#ici+e an'
the rea+ 'o#ici+e of each re)uiring cre'itorI
302
2L ;hat it contains un'erta5ing of the re)uesting 7arty to raise the 7riceB or to ha$e it raise'B to
one-tenth abo$e the one sti7u+ate' in the contractB or 'ec+are' by the ne6 o6nerI
3L ;hat the sa#e notice is ser$e' 6ithin the sa#e 7erio' on the 7re$ious o6nerB 7rinci7a+ 'ebtorI
4L ;hat the origina+ an' the co7ies of these notices are signe' by the re)uiring cre'itorB or by his
agent 6ith e:7ress authorityB 6hoB in that caseB is ob+ige' to gi$e a co7y of his 7o6er of attorneyI
%L ;hat he offers to gi$e security u7 to the a#ount of the 7rice an' chargesH
(++ of 6hichB on 7ain of annu+#entH

(rtH -(:)
<here the cre'itors ha$e fai+e' to re)uire a sa+e by auction 6ithin the 7erio' an' in the #anner
7rescribe'B the $a+ue of the i##o$ab+e re#ains 'efinite+y fi:e' at the 7rice sti7u+ate' in the contractB or
'ec+are' by the ne6 o6nerB 6ho is in conse)uence 'ischarge' fro# a++ 7rior charge an' #ortgageB by
7aying the sai' 7rice to the cre'itors 6ho are a++o6e' to recei$e it accor'ing to their ran5B or by
'e7ositing itH

(rtH -(:+
In case of a resa+e by auctionB it sha++ ta5e 7+ace by co#7+ying 6ith the for#s estab+ishe' for
force' sa+esB at the suit either of the cre'itor 6ho has re)uire' itB or of the ne6 o6nerH
;he 7arty see5ing e:ecution sha++ state in the 7+acar's the 7rice sti7u+ate' in the contractB or
'ec+are'B an' the a''itiona+ su# to 6hich the cre'itor has ob+ige' hi#se+f to raise it or to ha$e it raise'H

(rtH -(:: (Ord n &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%)
;he highest bi''er is ob+ige'B beyon' the auction 7riceB to return to the 'is7ossesse' 7urchaser or
'onee the e:7enses an' 7ro7er costs of his contractB those of the registration at the +an' registryB those of
the notices an' those incurre' by hi# to ha$e the resa+e #a'eH

(rtH -(:6 (Ord n &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&%)
( 7urchaser or 'onee 6ho retains the i##o$ab+e 7ut u7 for auctionB by beco#ing the highest
bi''erB is not ob+ige' to ha$e the Cu'g#ent enforcing the auction registere'H

(rtH -(68
;he 6ith'ra6a+ of the cre'itor 6ho has re)uire' a sa+e by auction #ay not 7re$ent the 7ub+ic
auctionB e$en 6here the cre'itor 7ays the a#ount of the bi'B un+ess a++ the other #ortgagees e:7ress+y
agree theretoH

(rtH -(6(
( 7urchaser 6ho has beco#e the fina+ bi''er has his re#e'y such as a++o6e' by +a6 against the
se++erB for the re7ay#ent of 6hat e:cee's the 7rice sti7u+ate' by his tit+eB an' for the interest of that
e:cessB fro# the 'ay of each 7ay#entH

(rtH -(6-
In the case 6here the tit+e of the ne6 o6ner inc+u'es i##o$ab+es an' #o$ab+esB or se$era+
i##o$ab+esB so#e #ortgage' an' so#e notB situate' in the sa#e or in se$era+ arrondissements of
registriesB transferre' for one an' the sa#e 7riceB or for 'istinct or se7arate 7ricesB for#ing 7art or not of
the sa#e businessB the 7rice of each i##o$ab+e subCect to 7articu+ar an' se7arate registrationsB sha++ be
'ec+are' in the notice of the ne6 o6nerB by ite#i=ing the tota+ 7rice e:7resse' in the tit+eB if there is
occasionH
( cre'itor 6ho outbi's #ay in no case be co#7e++e' to e:ten' his bi' either o$er the #o$ab+esB
or o$er i##o$ab+es other than those 6hich are #ortgage' for his c+ai# an' situate' in the sa#e
arrondissementI but the ne6 o6ner has a re#e'y against his 7re'ecessors in tit+e for co#7ensation for the
+oss 6hich he #ay sufferB either fro# the 'i$ision of the obCects of his 7urchaseB or fro# that of the
businessH

"@(P;2- IR - Art' -(6< to -(63 Frepea!ed by imp!i$ationG

"@(P;2- R - OF ;@2 P>3I" I*SP2";IO* OF -21IS;2-S (*0 OF ;@2 -2SPO*SII3I;E
OF -21IS;-(-S

(rtH -(6)
(0. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&)
303
3an' registrars are ob+ige' to 'e+i$er to a++ those 6ho so re)uire a co7y or e:tract of the
'ocu#entsB other than the sche'u+es of registrationB fi+e' at their registry 6ithin the +i#it of fifty years
7rece'ing that of the 'e#an'B an' a co7y or e:tract of the subsisting registrationsB Tor a certificate to the
effect that there e:ists no 'ocu#ent or registration co#ing 6ithin the sco7e of the re)uestU (Ord. n 6.-
'/% of 2' Sept. 1%6.)H
;hey are a+so ob+ige' to 'e+i$er u7on 'e#an'B 6ithin a 7erio' of ten 'aysB co7ies of or e:tracts
fro# the +an' register Tor a certificate to the effect that there e:ists no entry co#ing 6ithin the sco7e of
the re)uestU (Ord. n 6.-'/% of 2' Sept. 1%6.)H

(rtH -(6+
@8. n &%-'% of . *an. 1%&%?
;hey are res7onsib+e for the +oss resu+tingH
1L Fro# fai+ure to recor' instru#ents an' Cu'icia+ 'ecisions fi+e' at their registriesB an' re)uire'
registrationsB any ti#e that fai+ure to recor' 'oes not resu+t fro# a 'ecision of refusa+ or of reCectionI
2L Fro# the o#issionB in the certificates 6hich they 'e+i$erB of one or se$era+ of the e:isting
registrationsB un+essB in this +atter caseB the error co#es fro# insufficient or inaccurate 'esignations
6hich #ay not be ascribe' to the#H

(rtH -(6:
(Or'H n 6.-'/% of 2' Sept. 1%6.)
<here a registrarB 'e+i$ering a certificate to the ne6 ho+'er of a right referre' to in (rtic+e 2181B
o#its a registration of a 7rior charge or #ortgageB the right re#ains in the han's of the ne6 ho+'er free
fro# the un'isc+ose' 7rior charge or #ortgageB 7ro$i'e' the 'e+i$ery of the certificate has been re)uire'
by the 7arty concerne' as a conse)uence of the recor'ing of his tit+eH <ithout 7reCu'ice to his 7ossib+e
re#e'y against the registrarB the cre'itor 6ho benefits by the o#itte' registration 'oes not +ose the right
to a$ai+ hi#se+f of the ran5 6hich that registration confers on hi# so +ong as the 7rice has not been 7ai'
by the 7urchaser or as inter$ention in the ran5ing initiate' bet6een the other cre'itors is 7er#itte'H

(rtH -(66
(0. n &%-'% of . *an. 1%&%)
2:ce7t in the cases 6here they are entit+e' to refuse a fi+ing or to reCect a for#a+ityB in accor'ance
6ith the 7ro$isions of statutes an' regu+ations re+ating to +an' registrationB registrars #ay not refuse or
'e+ay the fu+fi+#ent of a for#a+ity or the 'e+i$ery of 'ocu#ents 'u+y re)uire'B on 7ain of 'a#ages to the
7artiesI for that 7ur7oseB #e#oran'a of refusa+s or 'e+ays sha++ beB at the suit of the re)uiring 7artyB
forth6ith 'ra6n u7B either by a Cu'ge of the tribuna! dNinstan$eB or by a court usher of the courtB or by
another bai+iff or a notaire 6ith the assistance of t6o 6itnessesH

(rtH --88
(0. n &%-'% of . *an. 1%&%)
-egistrars are ob+ige' to ha$e a register in 6hich they sha++ enterB 'ay by 'ay an' in nu#erica+
or'erB the fi+ings #a'e 6ith the# of instru#entsB Cu'icia+ 'ecisionsB sche'u+es an'B genera++yB of
'ocu#ents fi+e' for the 7ur7ose of the e:ecution of a for#a+ity of registrationH
;hey #ay fu+fi+ the for#a+ities on+y at the 'ate an' in the or'er of the fi+ings #a'e 6ith the#H
(8. n 60-4 of 6 *an. 1%60) 2ach year a 'u7+icating of the registers c+ose' 'uring the 7rece'ing
year sha++ be 'e7osite' 6ithout cost at the c+er5Ns office of a tribuna! de 6rande instan$e or of a tribuna!
dNinstan$e situate' in an arrondissement 'ifferent fro# the one 6here the registrar resi'es.
(8. n &&-22 of 4 *an. 1%&&) ;he court in 6hose c+er5Ns office the 'u7+icating 6i++ be 'e7osite'
sha++ be 'esignate' by an or'er of the &inister of 4usticeH
( 'ecree sha++ 'eter#ine the 'etai+s of a77+ication of this (rtic+e an'B in 7articu+arB the technica+
7rocesses 6hich #ay be use' for the #a5ing of the 'u7+icating to be 'e7osite' at the c+er5Ns officeH

(rtH --8(
(0. n &%-'% of . *an. 1%&%)
( register 5e7t in co#7+iance 6ith the 7rece'ing (rtic+e sha++ be nu#bere' an' initia++e' u7on
each 7ageB by first an' +astB by the =u6e dNinstan$e in 6hose territory the registry is estab+ishe'H It sha++ be
c+ose' e$ery 'ayH
(0$t n %'-261 of 6 0pri! 1%%') *ot6ithstan'ing the 7rece'ing 7aragra7hB a 6ritten 'ata-
7rocessing 'ocu#ent #ay ta5e the 7+ace of a registerI in that caseB it #ust be i'entifie'B nu#bere' an'
'ate' as soon as it is estab+ishe' by 6ho++y trust6orthy for#s of 7roofH

(rtH --8-
304
(($t n 46-21&4 of . O$t. 1%46)
In 7erfor#ing their 'utiesB registrars are ob+ige' to co#7+y 6ith a++ the 7ro$isions of this "ha7terB
on 7ain of a fine Tfro# 200 to 2 000 francs (30 to 300 O)U (0$t n &6-.'0 of 4 0u6. 1%&6) for the first
infringe#entB an' of 'is#issa+ for the secon'I 6ithout 7reCu'ice to 'a#ages to the 7artiesB 6hich sha++ be
7ai' before the fineH

(rtH --8<
(Or'H 4 &%-.1 of . *an. 1%&% )
;he #entions of the fi+ings sha++ be #a'e on the register 6hose 5ee7ing is 7rescribe' by (rtic+e
2200B fo++o6ing each otherB 6ithout any b+an5 or inter+ineationsB on 7ainB against the registrarB of a fine of
400 to 4 000 francs (.0 to .00 O)B an' of 'a#ages to the 7artiesB a+so 7ayab+e by 7riority o$er the fineH

(rtH --8<,(
(($t n %'-261 of 6 0pri! 1%%')
In the +an' registries 6hose register is 5e7t in accor'ance 6ith the 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 2201B
7aragra7h 2B there sha++ be 'e+i$ere' a certificate of the for#a+ities acce7te' for fi+ing an' a6aiting
recor'ing in the +an' register on the i##o$ab+es in'i$i'ua++y 'esignate' in the re)uest for infor#ationH (
'ecree in Consei! dN2tat sha++ s7ecify the contents of that certificateH


TITLE AIA
O ORCED %ALE% AND O RAN*IN& AMON& CREDITOR%

"@(P;2- I - OF FO-"20 S(32S

(rtH --8=

( cre'itor #ay sue for a force' sa+e/ 1L of i##o$ab+e 7ro7erty an' of its accessories 'ee#e' to
be i##o$ab+es be+onging in o6nershi7 to his 'ebtorI 2L of a usufruct be+onging to his 'ebtor on 7ro7erty
of the sa#e natureH

(rtH --8=,(
(($t n .2-626 of & *u!y 1%.2)
;he 7rocee'ings an' force' sa+e 7ro'uce to6ar's the 7arties an' thir' 7arties the effects
'eter#ine' by the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureH

(rtH --83 Frepea!edG

(rtH --8)
;he i##o$ab+es of a #inorB e$en e#anci7ate'B or of an a'u+t in guar'ianshi7 #ay not be 7ut u7
for sa+e before sei=ure an' sa+e of the #o$ab+esH

(rtH --8+

Sei=ure an' sa+e of the #o$ab+es are not re)uire' before a force' sa+e of the i##o$ab+es
7ossesse' in un'i$i'e' o6nershi7 by an a'u+t an' a #inor or an a'u+t in guar'ianshi7B 6here the 'ebt is
co##on to the#B or 6here 7rocee'ings ha$e been initiate' against an a'u+t or before the guar'ianshi7 of
a'u+tsH

(rtH --8: Frepea!edG

(rtH --86
( cre'itor #ay enforce the sa+e of the i##o$ab+es 6hich are not #ortgage' to hi#B on+y in the
case of insufficiency of the 7ro7erty #ortgage' to hi#H

(rtH --(8
( force' sa+e of ite#s of 7ro7erty situate' in 'ifferent arrondissements #ay on+y be instigate'
successi$e+yB un+ess they are 7art of a sa#e businessH
It sha++ ta5e 7+ace in the court in 6hose territory the #ain 7+ace of the business isB or fai+ing a
#ain 7+aceB the 7art of the 7ro7erty 6hich brings in the greatest inco#eB accor'ing to the assess#ent ro++H

30%
(rtH --((
<here the ite#s of 7ro7erty #ortgage' to the cre'itor an' those not #ortgage'B or those situate'
in 'ifferent arrondissements( for# 7art of one an' the sa#e businessB the sa+e of the 6ho+e sha++ be
enforce' at the sa#e ti#eB if the 'ebtor so re)uiresI an' the 7rocee's of the auction sha++ be ite#i=e'B if
there is occasionH

(rtH --(-
<here a 'ebtor 7ro$esB by authentic +easesB that the net an' free inco#e of his i##o$ab+es for a
yearB is sufficient for 7ay#ent of the 'ebt in ca7ita+B interest an' costsB an' 6here he offers the assign#ent
thereof to the cre'itorB the 7rocee'ings #ay be sus7en'e' by the Cu'gesB subCect to their being resu#e' if
there occurs so#e attach#ent or obstac+e to the 7ay#entH

(rtH --(<
( force' sa+e of i##o$ab+es #ay be enforce' on+y un'er a Cu'g#ent or an authentic instru#entB
for a certain an' +i)ui' 'ebtH <here the 'ebt is for a rea'y #oneyB not +i)ui'ate'B the 7rocee'ings are
$a+i'I but the auction #ay be he+' on+y after the +i)ui'ationH

(rtH --(=
;he assignee of a Cu'g#ent or of an authentic instru#ent #ay sue for a force' sa+e on+y after
notice of the assign#ent has been ser$e' on the 'ebtorH

(rtH --(3
;he 7rocee'ings #ay ta5e 7+ace un'er a 7ro$isiona+ or fina+ Cu'g#entB 7ro$isori+y enforceab+eB
not6ithstan'ing an a77ea+I but an auction #ay be #a'e on+y after a fina+ Cu'g#entB 6ithout 7ossibi+ity
of a77ea+B or beco#e res Cu'icataH
;he 7rocee'ings #ay not be institute' un'er 'efau+t Cu'g#ents 'uring the 7erio' for a77+ication
to set the Cu'g#ent asi'eH

(rtH --()
Procee'ings #ay not be annu++e' on the 7rete:t that the cre'itor has institute' the# for a +arger
su# than 6hat is o6e' to hi#H

(rtH --(+
(ny 7rocee'ings for force' sa+e #ust be 7rece'e' by an or'er to 7ay ser$e'B at the suit an'
re)uest of the cre'itorB on the 7erson of the 'ebtor or at his 'o#ici+eB through a bai+iffH
TFor 7ur7ose of their being recor'e'B the or'ers to 7ay bearing on shares 'e7en'ing on an
i##o$ab+e subCect to the status of co-o6nershi7 sha++ be 'ee#e' not to bear on the 7ortion of co##on
7arts 6hich is inc+u'e' in those sharesH
T*e$erthe+essB the sei=ing cre'itors sha++ enforce their rights on the sai' 7ortionB ta5en in its
consistence at the ti#e of the transfer 6hose 7rocee's are the subCect #atter of the 'i$isionU ( 0$t n .%-2
of 2 *an. 1%.%)H
;he for#s of the or'er to 7ay an' those of the 7rocee'ings for a force' sa+e are regu+ate' by the
+a6s re+ating to 7roce'ureH

"@(P;2- II - OF ;@2 -(*9I*1 OF "-20I;O-S (*0 ;@2 0I8ISIO* OF ;@2 P-O"220S
2;<22* ;@2&

(rtH --(:
;he ran5ing of the cre'itors an' the 'i$ision of the 7rocee's of the i##o$ab+es an' the #anner
of 7rocee'ing thereto are regu+ate' by the +a6s on 7roce'ureH


TITLE AA
O PRE%CRIPTION AND O PO%%E%%ION

"@(P;2- I - 12*2-(3 P-O8ISIO*S

(rtH --(6
Prescri7tion is a #anner of ac)uiring or of 'ischarging onese+f at the en' of a certain ti#e an'
subCect to the con'itions 'eter#ine' by +a6H

30.
(rtH ---8
Prescri7tion #ay not be renounce' beforehan'/ a 7rescri7tion 6hich has accrue' #ay be
renounce'H

(rtH ---(
( renunciation of 7rescri7tion is e:7ress or i#7+ie'/ i#7+ie' renunciation resu+ts fro# an act
6hich i#7+ies 6ai$er of the right ac)uire'H

(rtH ----
( 7erson 6ho has not the 7o6er of a+ienation 'oes not ha$e the 7o6er of renunciation of a
7rescri7tion 6hich has accrue'H H

(rtH ---<
4u'ges #ay not su77+y of their o6n #otion a 7+ea of 7rescri7tionH

(rtH ---=
Prescri7tion #ay be set u7 at a++ stages of a caseB e$en before a court of a77ea+B un+ess the 7arty
6ho ha' not set u7 the 7+ea of 7rescri7tion shou+' be 7resu#e'B by reason of the circu#stancesB to ha$e
renounce' itH

(rtH ---3
"re'itorsB or any other 7erson ha$ing an interest in the 7rescri7tion?s being accrue'B #ay set it u7B
a+though the 'ebtor or o6ner renounces itH

(rtH ---)
One #ay not 7rescribe the o6nershi7 of things 6hich #ay not be the subCect #atter of +ega+
transactions bet6een 7ri$ate in'i$i'ua+sH

(rtH ---+
;he StateB 7ub+ic institutions an' $ommunes are subCect to the sa#e 7rescri7tions as 7ri$ate
in'i$i'ua+sB an' #ay +i5e6ise set the# u7H

"@(P;2- II - OF POSS2SSIO*

(rtH ---:
Possession is the 'etention or enCoy#ent of a thing or of a right 6hich 6e ho+' or e:ercise by
ourse+$esB or by another 6ho ho+'s an' e:ercises it in our na#eH

(rtH ---6
In or'er to be a++o6e' to 7rescribeB one #ust ha$e a continuous an' uninterru7te'B 7eacefu+B
7ub+ic an' une)ui$oca+ 7ossessionB an' in the ca7acity of an o6nerH

(rtH --<8
One is a+6ays 7resu#e' to 7ossess for onese+fB an' in the ca7acity of an o6nerB 6here it is not
7ro$e' that one has begun by 7ossessing for anotherH

(rtH --<(
<here one has begun by 7ossessing for anotherB one is a+6ays 7resu#e' to 7ossess in the sa#e
ca7acityB un+ess there is 7roof to the contraryH

(rtH --<-
(cts 6hich are #ere+y a++o6e' or si#7+y to+erate' #ay not gi$e rise to 7ossession or 7rescri7tionH

(rtH --<<
(cts of 'uress #ay not gi$e rise to a 7ossession ca7ab+e of bringing about 7rescri7tion eitherH
Possession begins to 7ro'uce effects on+y fro# the ti#e the 'uress has cease'H

(rtH --<=
( 7resent 7ossessor 6ho 7ro$es that he has for#er+y 7ossesse'B is 7resu#e' to ha$e 7ossesse'
'uring the inter$ening ti#eB un+ess there is 7roof to the contraryH

307
(rtH --<3
;o co#7+ete a 7rescri7tionB one #ay Coin to one?s 7ossession that of one?s 7re'ecessorB in 6hate$er
#anner one #ay ha$e succee'e' to hi#B 6hether by $irtue of a uni$ersa+ or s7ecific tit+eB or for $a+ue or
gratuitous+yH

"@(P;2- III - OF ;@2 "(>S2S <@I"@ P-282*; P-2S"-IP;IO*

(rtH --<)
;hose 6ho 7ossess for another ne$er ac)uire o6nershi7 by 7rescri7tionB 6hate$er the ti#e
e+a7se' #ay beH
;hus a far# tenantB a 'e7ositaryB a usufructuaryB an' a++ those 6ho 7recarious+y ho+' the thing of
an o6nerB #ay not 7rescribe itH
(rtH --<+
;he heirs of those 6ho he+' the thing on any of the bases 'esignate' in the 7rece'ing (rtic+eB #ay
not 7rescribe eitherH

(rtH --<:
',*e$erthe+essB the 7ersons #entione' in (rtic+es 223. an' 2237 #ay 7rescribe 6here the basis of their
7ossession is re$erse'B either o6ing to a cause arising fro# a thir' 7artyB or by an a'$erse c+ai# they ha$e
raise' against the right of the o6nerH

(rtH --<6
;hose to 6ho# far# tenantsB 'e7ositaries or usufructuaries an' other 7ersons 6ho ho+'
7recarious+y ha$e trans#itte' the thing by a con$eyanceB #ay 7rescribe itH

(rtH --=8
One #ay not 7rescribe against one?s o6n tit+eB in the sense that one #ay not #o'ify as to hi#se+f
the cause an' 7rinci7+e of his 7ossessionH

(rtH --=(
One #ay 7rescribe against one?s tit+eB in the sense that one 7rescribes the 'ischarge of an
ob+igation 6hich one has contracte'H

"@(P;2- I8 - OF ;@2 "(>S2S <@I"@ I*;2-->P; O- S>SP2*0 ;@2 ->**I*1 OF
P-2S"-IP;IO*

Se$tion I - Of the Causes #hi$h Interrupt Pres$ription

(rtH --=-
Prescri7tion #ay be interru7te' either natura++y or accor'ing to +a6H

(rtH --=<
*atura+ interru7tion ta5es 7+ace 6here a 7ossessor is 'e7ri$e' of the enCoy#ent of the thingB for
#ore than one yearB either by the 7re$ious o6nerB or e$en by a thir' 7ersonH

(rtH --==
(($t n '&-6.. of & *u!y 1%'&)
( ser$ice of 7rocessB e$en for interi# re+iefB an or'er to 7ay or a sei=ureB on the 7erson 6ho# one
6ishes to 7re$ent fro# 7rescribingB interru7t 7rescri7tionB as 6e++ as the 7erio's 6ithin 6hich an action
#ust be broughtH

(rtH --=3
(n a77+ication for conci+iation before the Ftribuna! d1instan$eG interru7ts 7rescri7tion fro# the
'ay of its 'ateB 6here it is fo++o6e' by a ser$ice of 7rocess in 'ue ti#eH

(rtH --=)
( ser$ice of 7rocessB e$en before a Cu'ge 6ithout Curis'ictionB interru7ts 7rescri7tionH

(rtH --=+
<here a su##ons is $oi' by infringe#ent of a 7roce'ura+ re)uire#entB
<here the 7+aintiff 'iscontinues his actionB
308
<here he +ea$es the suit to +a7seB
Or 6here he is 'efeate' in his c+ai#B
Interru7tion sha++ be 'ee#e' ne$er to ha$e occurre'H

(rtH --=:
Prescri7tion is interru7te' 6here the 'ebtor or 7ossessor ac5no6+e'ges the right of the 7erson
against 6ho# he 6as 7rescribingH

(rtH --=6
( ser$ice of 7rocess #a'e in accor'ance 6ith the abo$e (rtic+es u7on one of the Coint an' se$era+
'ebtorsB or his ac5no6+e'ge#entB interru7ts 7rescri7tion against a++ the othersB an' e$en against their
heirsH
( ser$ice of 7rocess #a'e u7on one of the heirs of a Coint an' se$era+ 'ebtor or an
ac5no6+e'ge#ent by that heir 'oes not interru7t 7rescri7tion against the other coheirsB e$en if the c+ai#
is secure' by a #ortgageB 6here it is not in'i$isib+eH
;hat ser$ice of 7rocess or that ac5no6+e'ge#ent interru7ts 7rescri7tionB 6ith regar' to the other
co-'ebtorsB on+y for the share for 6hich that heir is +iab+eH
In or'er to interru7t 7rescri7tion for the 6ho+eB 6ith regar' to the other co-'ebtorsB it is necessary
to ha$e a ser$ice #a'e on a++ the heirs of the 'ecease' 'ebtorB or an ac5no6+e'ge#ent of a++ the heirsH

(rtH --38
( ser$ice #a'e u7on a 7rinci7a+ 'ebtorB or his ac5no6+e'ge#entB interru7ts 7rescri7tion against
the suretyH

Se$tion II D Of the Causes #hi$h Suspend the +unnin6 of Pres$ription

0rt. --3(
Prescri7tion runs against a++ 7ersonsB un+ess they co#e 6ithin so#e e:ce7tion estab+ishe' by +a6H

(rtH --3-
(($t n 64-12/0 of 14 8e$. 1%64)
Prescri7tion 'oes not run against non-e#anci7ate' #inors an' a'u+ts in guar'ianshi7B e:ce7t for
6hat is state' in (rtic+e 2278 an' 6ith the e:ce7tion of the other cases 'eter#ine' by +a6H

(rtH --3<
It 'oes not run bet6een s7ousesH

(rtH --3=
(+though there is no se7aration resu+ting fro# an ante-nu7tia+ agree#ent or a Cu'g#entB
7rescri7tion runs against a #arrie' 6o#anB 6ith regar' to the 7ro7erty of 6hich the husban' has the
a'#inistrationB subCect to her re#e'y against the husban'H

(rtH --33 an5 --3) Frepea!edG

(rtH --3+
;he statute of +i#itations 'oes not run /
<ith regar' to a c+ai# 6hich 'e7en's u7on a con'itionB unti+ that con'ition occursI
<ith regar' to an action on a 6arrantyB unti+ 'is7ossession has ta5en 7+aceI
<ith regar' to a c+ai# on a fi:e' 'ayB unti+ that 'ay has occurre'H

(rtH --3:
;he statute of +i#itations 'oes not run against a heir un'er benefit of in$entoryB 6ith regar' to
c+ai#s 6hich he has against the successionH
It runs against a succession 6hich is $acantB a+though not 7ro$i'e' 6ith a curatorH

(rtH --36
It sti++ runs 'uring the three #onths a++o6e' for #a5ing an in$entory an' the forty 'ays for
'e+iberatingH

"@(P;2- 8 - OF ;@2 ;I&2 -2A>I-20 ;O P-2S"-I2

30!
Se$tion I - Benera! Proisions

(rtH --)8
Prescri7tion is counte' by 'ays an' not by hoursH

(rtH --)(
It accrues 6hen the +ast 'ay of the 7erio' is o$erH

Se$tion II - Of "hirty-Oear Pres$ription

(rtH --)-
(++ actionsB in rem as 6e++ as in personamB are 7rescribe' by thirty yearsB 6ithout the 7erson 6ho
a++eges that 7rescri7tion being ob+ige' to a''uce a tit+eB or a 7+ea resu+ting fro# ba' faith being a++o6e' to
be set u7 against hi#H

(rtH --)<
(fter t6enty-eight years fro# the 'ate of the +ast instru#ent of tit+eB the 'ebtor of an annuity #ay
be co#7e++e' to furnish at his e:7ense a ne6 instru#ent to his cre'itor or to his assignsH

(rtH --)=
;he ru+es of 7rescri7tion on #atters other than those #entione' in this ;it+e are e:7+aine' in the
;it+es 6hich re+ate to the#H

Se$tion III - Of "en- and "#enty-Oear Pres$ription

(rtH --)3
( 7erson 6ho ac)uires an i##o$ab+e in goo' faith an' un'er a Cust tit+e 7rescribes o6nershi7 of
it by ten yearsB 6here the true o6ner +i$es on the territory of the court of a77ea+ 6ithin 6hose +i#its the
i##o$ab+e is situate'I an' by t6enty yearsB 6here he is 'o#ici+e' outsi'e of the sai' territoryH

(rtH --))
<here the true o6ner has ha' his 'o#ici+e at 'ifferent ti#esB 6ithin an' outsi'e the territoryB one
#ustB in or'er to co#7+ete the 7rescri7tionB a'' to 6hat is +ac5ing to #a5e u7 ten years of 7resenceB a
nu#ber of years of absence t6ice 6hat is +ac5ing to co#7+ete the ten years of 7resenceH

(rtH --)+
(n instru#ent 6hich is $oi' for a 'efect as to its for# #ay not ser$e as the basis for a
7rescri7tion by ten an' t6enty yearsH

(rtH --):
1oo' faith is a+6ays 7resu#e'B an' it is on the 7erson 6ho a++eges ba' faith to 7ro$e itH

(rtH --)6
It is sufficient that goo' faith has e:iste' at the ti#e of the ac)uisitionH

(rtH --+8
(($t n .'-12 of 4 *an. 1%.')
(ny natura+ or Curi'ica+ 7erson 6ho #ay be +iab+e un'er (rtic+es 17!2 to 17!2-4 of this "o'e is
'ischarge' fro# the +iabi+ities an' 6arranties by 6hich they are 6eighe' 'o6n in a77+ication of (rtic+es
17!2 to 17!2-2B after ten years fro# the a77ro$a+ of the 6or5s orB in a77+ication of (rtic+e 17!2-3B on the
e:7iry of the 7erio' referre' to in this (rtic+eH

(rtH --+8,(
(($t n '&-6.. of & *u!y 1%'&)
(ctions for tort +iabi+ity are barre' after ten years fro# the #anifestation of the inCury or of its
aggra$ationH
(0$t n %'-46' of 1. *une 1%%') <here the inCury is cause' by torture an' acts of crue+tyB assau+t
or se:ua+ aggressions co##itte' against a #inorB the action in tort +iabi+ity is barre' after t6enty yearsH

Se$tion IC - Of Some Parti$u!ar Pres$riptions

310
0rt. --+(
(($t n .1-&'6 of 16 *u!y 1%.1)
;he action of teachers an' schoo+#asters of sciences an' arts for the +essons 6hich they gi$e by
the #onthI
;hat of inn5ee7ers an' caterers for reason of boar' an' +o'ging 6hich they furnishB are barre'
after si: #onthsH

(rtH --+-
(($t n .1-&'6 of 16 *u!y 1%.1)
;he action of bai+iffsB for the fees of the instru#ents they ser$e an' the co##issions 6hich they
7erfor#I
;hat of the #asters of boar'ing schoo+sB for the boar'ing fees of their 7u7i+sB an' of the other
#asters for the 7rice of the a77renticeshi7B are barre' after one yearH
;he action of 7hysiciansB surgeonsB 'enta+ surgeonsB #i'6i$es an' 7har#acistsB for their $isitsB
o7erationsB an' #e'icinesB is barre' after t6o yearsH
;he action of #erchantsB for the goo's 6hich they se++ to 7ri$ate in'i$i'ua+s 6ho are not
#erchantsB is barre' after t6o yearsH

(rtH --+<
;he action of counse+s for the 7ay#ent of theirs costs an' feesB is barre' after t6o yearsB fro# the
Cu'g#ent in the 7rocee'ings or fro# the conci+iation of the 7artiesB or since the re$ocation of the sai'
counse+sH (s to cases not c+ose'B they #ay not institute Cu'icia+ 7rocee'ings for their costs an' fees 6hich
'ate bac5 #ore than fi$e yearsH

(rtH --+=
In the abo$e casesB +i#itation ta5es 7+ace a+though the su77+iesB 'e+i$eriesB ser$ices an' 6or5s
ha$e been continue'H
;he statute of +i#itation ceases to run 6here there 6as an account state'B ac5no6+e'g#ent in
6riting or a su##ons 6hich has not +a7se'H

(rtH --+3
*e$erthe+essB the 7ersons against 6ho# those +i#itations are raise' #ay ten'er the oath to those
6ho raise the#B on the )uestion of 5no6ing 6hether the thing has rea++y been 7ai'H
;he oath #ay be ten'ere' to 6i'o6s an' heirsB or to the guar'ians or the +atterB 6here they are
#inorsB in or'er to ha$e the# 'ec+are that they 6ere not a6are of the thing being o6e'H

(rtH --+)
(($t n .1-&'6 of 16 *u!y 1%.1)
4u'ges as 6e++ as the 7ersons 6ho ha$e re7resente' or assiste' the 7arties are no +onger
chargeab+e for the 7a7ers an' 'ocu#ents fi$e years after the Cu'g#ent or the en' of their 'utiesH
ai+iffs are a+so no +onger chargeab+e after t6o years since the 7erfor#ance of the co##ission or
the ser$ice of instru#ents of 6hich they ha' the res7onsibi+ityH

(rtH --++
(($t n .1-&/' of . *u!y 1%.1)
;he actions for 7ay#ent/
Of sa+ariesI
Of arrears of 7er7etua+ an' +ife annuities an' those of 7erio'ica+ 7ay#entsI
Of rents an' far# rentsI
Of interest of su#s +oane'B
an' genera++y of e$erything 6hich is 7ayab+e annua++y or at shorter 7erio'ica+ ti#esB are barre'
after fi$e tears

(rtH --++,(
(($t n '%-%06 of 1% 8e$. 1%'%)
(n action 'irecte' against 7ersons statutori+y e#7o6ere' to re7resent or assist 7arties in court by
reason of the +iabi+ity 6hich they thus incur is barre' after ten year fro# the en' of their 'utiesH

(rtH --+:
;he +i#itations in )uestion in the (rtic+es of this SectionB run against #inors an' a'u+ts in
guar'ianshi7I subCect to their re#e'y against their guar'ianH
311

(rtH --+6
In #atters of #o$ab+esB 7ossession is e)ui$a+ent to a tit+eH
*e$erthe+essB the 7erson 6ho has +ost or fro# 6ho# a thing has been sto+enB #ay c+ai# it 'uring
three yearsB fro# the 'ay of the +oss or of the theftB against the one in 6hose han's he fin's itB subCect to
the re#e'y of the +atter against the one fro# 6ho# he ho+'s itH

(rtH --:8
<here the 7resent 7ossessor of a thing +ost or sto+en has bought it at a fair or #ar5etB or at a 7ub+ic
sa+eB or fro# a #erchant se++ing si#i+ar thingsB the origina+ o6ner #ay ha$e it returne' to hi# on+y by
rei#bursing the 7ossessor for the 7rice 6hich it has cost hi#H
(0$t of 11 *u!y 1'%2) ( +essor 6ho c+ai#sB un'er (rtic+e 2102B the #o$ab+es 'is7+ace' 6ithout his
consent an' 6hich ha$e been bought in the sa#e con'itionsB #ust +i5e6ise rei#burse the buyer for the
7rice 6hich they ha$e cost hi#H

(rtH --:(
Prescri7tions co##ence' at the ti#e of the 7ub+ication of this ;it+e sha++ be regu+ate' in
accor'ance 6ith for#er +a6sH
*e$erthe+essB 7rescri7tions then co##ence' an' for 6hichB un'er the for#er +a6sB 6ou+' sti++ be
necessary #ore than thirty year fro# the sa#e ti#eB sha++ beco#e co#7+ete by that 7erio' of thirty yearsH

"@(P;2- 8I- OF ;@2 &O02 OF P-O;2";I*1 POSS2SSIO*
(0$t n .&-&%6 of % *u!y 1%.&)

(rtH --:-
Possession is 7rotecte'B regar'+ess of the substance of the rightB against 'isturbance 6hich affects
or threatens itH
Protection of 7ossession is a+so grante' to a 7erson 6ho ho+'s a thing against a++ other than the
one fro# 6ho# he ho+'s his rightsH

(rtH --:<
(ctions for the 7rotection of 7ossession #ay be brought by those 6ho 7ossess or ho+' 7eacefu++y in
the 6ay 7ro$i'e' for by the "o'e of "i$i+ Proce'ureH

#OO* O"R PROVI%ION% APPLICA#LE IN MAYOTTE
(Ord.n 2002-14.6 of 1% 8e$. 2002
1
)

1
Sha++ co#e into force on 1 4une 2004
(rtH --:='
, ;his "o'e sha++ a77+y in &ayotte subCect to the con'itions set out in this oo5H
(rt' --:3H-
For the i#7+e#entation of this "o'e in &ayotteB the ter#s +iste' be+o6 sha++ be re7+ace' as
fo++o6s/
1L K"ribuna! de 6rande instan$eK or Ktribuna! d1instan$eK by/ Ktribuna! de premi>re
instan$eKI
2L K"ourtK or K"ourt of a77ea+K by/ Ktribuna! sup)rieur d1appe!KI
3L K*u6e d1instan$eK by/ K7resi'ing Cu'ge of the tribuna! de premi>re instan$e or his
'e7utyKI
4L K8)partementK or 5arrondissement5 by/ Kco++ecti$itJ 'J7arte#enta+eKI
%L K"o'e of ci$i+ 7roce'ureK or Kne6 "o'e of ci$i+ 7roce'ureK by/ K7ro$isions as to ci$i+
7roce'ure a77+icab+e in &ayotteKH
312
PRELIMINARY TITLE
PROVI%ION% RELATED TO T!E PRELIMINARY TITLE
(rt' --:)'
, (rtic+es 1 to . sha++ a77+y in &ayotteH
TITLE ONE PROVI%ION% RELATED TO #OO* ONE
(rt' --:+'
, (rtic+es 7 to 32-% an' 34 to %1%-8 sha++ a77+y in &ayotteH
(rtH --::H
- For its i#7+e#entation in &ayotteB (rtic+e 2.B 7aragra7h 1B is 6or'e' as fo++o6s/
K0ec+arations of nationa+ity sha++ be recei$e' by the 7resi'ing Cu'ge of the tribuna! de
premi>re instan$e or his 'e7uty in the for# 7rescribe' by 'ecreeM in Consei! d12tatKH
(rtH --:6
', For its i#7+e#entation in &ayotteB (rtic+e %%B 7aragra7h 1B is 6or'e' as fo++o6s/
K0ec+arations of birth sha++ be #a'e 6ithin fifteen 'ays of the 'e+i$ery to the officer of
ci$i+ status of the 7+aceKH
(rt' --68
', (rtic+es %7 an' .1-3 sha++ a77+y in the 6or'ing of (ct nL !3-22 of 8 4anuary 1!!3 6hich
#o'ifies the "i$i+ "o'e as to ci$i+ statusB fa#i+y an' the rights of the chi+' an' estab+ishes a
fa#i+y causes Cu'geH
(#en'#ents #a'e to these (rtic+es by (ct nL 2002-304 of 4 &arch 2002 re+ating to the
fa#i+y na#e sha++ co#e into force in &ayotte on 1 4anuary 2007H
(rt' --6(
', (rtic+e 331B 331-2B 332-1B 334-2 an' 334-% sha++ a77+y in &ayotte in the 6or'ing of (ct nL
!3-22 of 8 4anuary 1!!3H
(rtic+es 333-4B 333-.B 334-1 sha++ a77+y in &ayotte in the 6or'ing of (ct nL 72-3 of 3
4anuary 1!72H
(rtic+e 333-% sha++ a77+y in &ayotte in the 6or'ing of (ct nL 87-%70 of 22 4u+y 1!87H
(#en'#ents #a'e to these (rtic+es by (ct nL 2002-304 of 4 &arch 2002 re+ating to the
fa#i+y na#e an' (rtic+es 311-21 an' 311-22 sha++ co#e into force in &ayotte on 1 4anuary
2007H

(rt' --6-
', (rtic+es 3%4B 3.1 an' 3.3 sha++ a77+y in &ayotte in the 6or'ing of (ct nL !3-22 of 8
4anuary 1!!3H
(#en'#ents #a'e to these (rtic+es by (ct nL 2002-304 of 4 &arch 2002 re+ating to the
fa#i+y na#e sha++ co#e into force in &ayotte on 1 4anuary 2007H
(rt' --6<
H- For the i#7+e#entation in &ayotte of (rtic+es %1%-3 an' %1%-7B the 6or's Kcourt office of
the tribuna! d1instan$e5 are re7+ace' by Kcourt office of the tribuna! de premi>re instan$e5.
TITLE T>O PROVI%ION% RELATED TO #OO* T>O
(rt' --6='
313
, (rtic+es %1. to 710 sha++ a77+y in &ayotte subCect to the a'a7tations s7ecifie' in (rtic+es
22!% an' 22!.H
(rt' --63
', For the i#7+e#entation of (rtic+e %24B 7aragra7h !B fishes in stretches of 6ater unconnecte'
6ith 6atercoursesB cana+s an' strea#+ets an' fishes in 7iscicu+tures an' 7iscicu+tura+
enc+osures sha++ be treate' as i##o$ab+es by 'estination 6hen they ha$e been 7+ace' by the
o6ner for the use an' 6or5ing of the tene#entH
(rt' --6)
', For the i#7+e#entation of (rtic+e %.4B the 6or's/ Kor stretches of 6ater referre' to in
(rtic+es 432 an' 433 F3H 231-. an' 3H 231-7G of the -ura+ "o'e Fno# (rtic+es 3H 431-. an' 3H
431-7 of the "o'e of the 2n$iron#entGK sha++ be re7+ace' by/ K7iscicu+tures or 7iscicu+tura+
enc+osuresKH
TITLE T!REE PROVI%ION% RELATED TO #OO* T!REE
(rt' --6+
, (rtic+es 711 to 832-2B 832-4 to 2283 sha++ a77+y in &ayotte subCect to the a'a7tations
s7ecifie' in (rtic+es 22!8 to 2302H
Art' --6:
', ;he 7ro$isions of (rtic+e 832B 7aragra7h % an' those of (rtic+e 832-2B 7aragra7hs 2B 3 an' %
sha++ not a77+y in &ayotteH
(rtH --66
', For the i#7+e#entation in &ayotte of (rtic+e 832-4B 7aragra7h 1B the 6or's/ K832B 832-1B
832-2 an' 832-3K sha++ be re7+ace' by the 6or's/ K832B 832-1 an' 832-2KH
For the i#7+e#entation of (rtic+e 832-4B 7aragra7h 2B the 6or's K832B 832-2 an' 832-3K
sha++ be re7+ace' by the 6or's/ K832 an' 832-2KH
(rtH -<88
', In (rtic+e 10.!B the 6or's/ Kfo++o6ing the 7rescri7tions of (rtic+es 2148 an' 214!B
7aragra7h 2B of this "o'eK sha++ be re7+ace' by the 6or's/ Kfo++o6ing the ru+es +oca++y
a77+icab+e in #atters of registration of 7rior charges an' #ortgagesKH
(rt' -<8('
, For the i#7+e#entation in &ayotte of (rtic+e 1873-13B the 6or's/ K832 to 832-3K sha++ be
re7+ace' by the 6or's/ K832 to 832-2KH
(rt' -<8-'
, ;he 7ro$isions of ;it+es R8IIB R8III an' RIR of oo5 ;hree sha++ a77+y in &ayotte as they
are a+tere' by the 7ro$isions of the 'ecree of 4 February 1!11 reorgani=ing the syste# of
o6nershi7 in +an' in &a'agascarB a#en'e' by the 'ecree of . &ay 1!1.B an' the 'ecree of !
4une 1!31 reorgani=ing the syste# of o6nershi7 in +an' in the "o#oro (rchi7e+ago an'
su77ressing the +an' registry in 0=aou'=iH
Fro#/ htt7/SS+e:interHnetS2*13IS@Sci$i+Xco'eHht#
314