528

NHN THC CA NGI DN V TC NG CA NUI TM

THM CANH N MI TRNG H SINH THI
RNG NGP MN TI BN TRE
STAKEHOLDERSS AWARENESS OF NEGATIVE IMPACTS BY INTENSIVE SHRIMP
FARMING TO MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM IN BEN TRE PROVINCE
Nguyn Th Kim Ngn*, Nguyn Cng Trng, Nguyn Vn Trai

B Mn Qun l v Pht trin Ngh C, Trng i Hc Nng Lm TPHCM
Email: nguyenngan09nt@gmail.com,
ABSTRACT
The expansion of intensive shrimp farming in Ben Tre province in recent years has
significantly contributed to the development of local economy, creating job opportunities and
improving income for local people. However, this expansion has drawn attention and
considerable controversy among local stakeholders because of its negative impacts on the
natural environment and human well beings. This paper, based on data obtained from
interviews with different local stakeholders, analyses their perspective and awareness on the
adverse impacts of intensive shrimp farming on natural ecosystems. This analysis would help
local authorities in making better decisions for planning the development of shrimp farming,
aiming at balancing between shrimp production and ecological health.
Keywords: Intensive shrimp farming, negative impacts, and people awareness.
T VN
Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc c ngh nui tm nc l thm canh pht trin mnh.
Hiu qu t vic nui tm v ang mang li li nhun kinh t cao, cung cp ngun nguyn
liu tm cho xut khu, gii quyt vic lm cho hng triu ngi lao ng trong c nc. Tuy
vy, nhng nm gn y, s pht trin nhanh chng ca ngh ny ang gy nhiu vn v
mi trng, chng hn lm gim din tch rng ngp mn, hay nhim cc b vng nui tm
tp trung, hoc ly nhim ngun bnh t tm nui sang cc thy sn t nhin trong vng, v
nh vy n nh hng tiu cc n i sng ca nhiu nhm ngi ang da vo li ch ca
rng mang li. Cng vi s pht trin t pht, nhiu ao nui tm qung canh dn c
chuyn i thnh ao nui thm canh, m khng km theo h thng cp v thot nc t yu
cu, tri nui khng c b tr ao x l cht thi, kt qu l cht lng nc vng xung
quanh b nhim nghim trng, l iu kin dch bnh bng pht, gy thit hi cho chnh
ngi nui tm. Ngoi ra tnh trng nhim mi trng cn gy thit hi cho nhiu nhm
ngi khc nh ngi khai thc thy sn hay ngi nui cc i tng thy sn khc.
Ti Bn Tre, din tch nui tm thm canh vng ven bin l khong 30.252 ha vo nm 2011
(S Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn Bn Tre, 2011). Bo co ny cng cho bit, trong
nm 2010 ngnh nui trng thy sn trong tnh gii quyt vic lm cho 32.564 lao ng,
trong lao ng tham gia nui tm s v tm th chn trng thm canh chim a s. Nh
vy, ngh nui tm mang li nhiu li ch cho a phng. Tuy nhin, cng nh nhiu a
phng khc, Bn Tre ang phi i mt vi tnh trng mi trng nui ngy b suy thoi do
pht trin t pht, khng tun theo quy nh, x thi ba bi, s dng ha cht khng ng
quy nh, qun l v x l dch bnh ty tin, thc cng ng ca ngi nui tm cn thp,
v.v. H qu l i sng v sn xut ca nhiu nhm dn c sng ven rng, gm c nhm
ngi nui tm, lm vo cnh kh khn.
Nhm nh gi tc ng tiu cc ca ngh nui tm thm canh ln mi trng v i sng
ngi dn a phng, nghin cu ny thu thp kin ca cc cng ng dn c c lin
quan ti Bn Tre, vi mong mun m t v phn tch nhn thc ca h v vn ny. ng
thi bi vit ny cng tng hp nhng nguyn vng v xut ca ngi dn v vn pht
trin nui tm bn vng v hi ha vi li ch ca cc nhm c dn khc nhau cng hng li
529
t rng. N cng gip cc nh qun l a phng hiu r hn v mong mi ca ngi dn,
nht l nhng nhm dn c b thit thi, v nh hng ca nui tm thm canh.
PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
Bi vit c s dng s liu thu thp trong nm 2012 v 2013, thng qua cc cuc iu tra
phng vn trc tip c s dng bng cu hi son sn cc nhm ngi c lin quan, bao gm
nhm nui tm thm canh, nhm ngi gi rng, nhm ngi nui thy sn vi hnh thc
n gin, v nhm ngi khai thc thy sn. Tng cng c 575 ngi tham gia phng vn,
c chn ngu nhin theo tng nhm. a bn iu tra tp trung vo cc x c pht trin
nui tm thuc 3 huyn ven bin l Bnh i (cc x Thnh Phc, Bnh Thng, Tha c,
Thi Thun), Ba Tri (cc x An Thy, Tn Thy, Bo Thnh, Bo Thun), v Thnh Ph (cc
x An in, Thnh Phong, Thnh Hi). Cc cu hi tp trung vo kin ch quan ca ngi
tr li i vi nhng tc ng tiu cc ca ngh nui tm thm canh n mi trng xung
quanh v i sng ca h. Mc ca cc tc ng c ngi dn nh gi bng cch cho
im t 1 n 5 tng theo chiu tng dn ca chng, theo hiu bit c nhn ca h v vn
lin quan. Nhm nghin cu cng s dng phng php trc quan kim chng thng tin v
b sung s liu. S liu thu c c m ha v phn tch bng cch s dng cc php thng
k m t (s trung bnh, s tng, t l phn trm), v s dng phn mm SPSS, MS Excel
trong qu trnh phn tch.
KT QU V THO LUN
Mc d c rt nhiu nhm c dn chu nh hng bi hot ng nui tm thm canh, tuy
nhin nghin cu ny ch kho st nhng nhm chu tc ng trc tip v chnh yu, trong
c c nhm ngi nui tm thm canh bi v theo kin ca nhm ny ngay c h i lc
cng nhn nhng tc ng m t cc tri tm ln cn n hot ng sn xut ca h. Phn b
cc mu iu tra theo nhm c dn c trnh by th 1.


Biu 1: Phn b mu phng vn theo nhm dn c (NTTC: nhm nui tm thm canh;
GR: ngi gi rng; NTSG: nhm nui thy sn n gin; KTTS: khai thc thy sn)
Nhn thc ngi dn v tc ng ca NTTC
D khng th chi ci v nhng tc ng tch cc ca NTTC n i sng kinh t, x hi ca
ngi dn a phng, tuy nhin phm vi bi vit ny ch cp n nhng tc ng tiu cc,
nhm gp phn nhn din v khi gi thc bo v mi trng ca nhng ngi lin quan
n hot ng nui tm thm canh ti Bn Tre.
S liu iu tra cho thy, a s cc nhm c dn tham gia phng vn u nhn thy tc ng
tiu cc ca NTTC n h sinh thi rng ngp mn (HST RNM), vi hn 80% s ngi cng
nhn iu ny (Biu 2). Ngc li, ch c gn 9% cho rng NTTC khng nh hng n
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RNM xung quanh, v gn 11% s ngi cn li hon ton khng bit ngh NTTC c hay
khng c nh hng xu n RNM. Thc t, c rt nhiu bng chng v vic pht trin
nui tm thm canh lm suy thoi mi trng, c m t bi nhiu tc gi trn th gii cng
nh Vit Nam (Pez-Osuna, 2001; Phan Nguyn Hng, 2003; EJ F, 2003; Adward, 2004).
Nhng nghin cu trc y ti Bn Tre cng bo co v vn tng t (Phan Hong
Tn v ctv., 2012). T s liu kho st va nu, iu ng mng l nhiu b phn ngi dn
nhn thc c cc tc ng tiu cc ca NTTC n mi trng sinh thi. Th nhng tng
cng khong 20% ngi dn c lin quan khng nhn bit c vn ny, iu ny cng
ng lo ngi, bi l h c th s khng thc c trch nhim ca mnh trong vic tm bin
php gim thiu cc tc ng xu v bo v mi trng. Cn c bin php tip cn, tuyn
truyn cc i tng ny nhn thc tt hn v nh hng xu ca NTTC n h sinh thi
RNM vng nui tm.

Biu 2. Nhn thc ca ngi dn v tc ng ca NTTC n RNM

i vi nhm ngi nui tm thm canh (NTTC)
xc nh r hn v nhn thc ca tng nhm ngi n vn tiu cc ca NTTC ln mi
trng sinh thi RNM, s liu c tch bch theo tng phn nhm i tng kho st v
trnh by bng sau y.
Bng 1: Nhn thc ca ngi dn thuc cc phn nhm kho st khc nhau
i tng kho st T l chn (%)
C tc ng xu Khng tc ng xu Khng bit
Nhm NTTC 78,9 18,8 2,3
Nhm GR 80,7 12,9 6,4
Nhm NTSG 91,9 3,5 4,6
Nhm KTTS 68,0 3,3 28,7
S liu trnh by Bng 1 cho thy, tt c cc nhm c dn hu ht ngi tr li phng vn
u nhn thy tc ng tiu cc ca NTTC n mi trng sinh thi RNM, ngay c vi nhm
NTTC. Gn 79% s ngi thuc nhm NTTC cng nhn ngh ny c tc ng xu n
cht lng mi trng xung quanh. H cn cho bit thm, chnh cc tri nui ca h nhiu
trng hp cng b nh hng v nc thi khng kim sot ca cc tri ln cn. S liu ca
Bng 1 cng cho thy mt t l ln nht (gn 92%) s ngi nhn thy tc ng tiu cc ca
NTTC, c l i tng sn xut ca h (phn ln l cc h nui tm qung canh kt hp vi
rng, tm cua, nui s huyt, nui nghu) c quan h gn gi vi tc ng ngh nui tm
cng nghip gy ra. Ngun nc thi cha qua x l ca NTTC mang theo nhng c t,
mm bnh, ha cht, lm nh hng xu n cc loi thy sn ang nui ca nhm ngi ny
nh ly lan dch bnh, thm ch lm cht hng lot. Mc d, chnh quyn a phng cm
v x pht tnh trng x thi cha qua x l, nhng vn cn nhng h nui tm thm canh
vt ro php lut. Nhm KTTS c t l ngi nhn bit cc tc ng ny t nht, ch chim
68%. Nhm ngi ny cho bit sn lng khai thc ca h ngy cng gim m nguyn nhn
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mt phn l do s mt rng v nc thi t cc tri thm canh gy nhim. Nhn chung, i
a s ngi dn thuc cc nhm c kho st u thy tc ng tiu cc ca NTTC, nhng
cng cn b phn khng nh ngi dn khng nhn bit c iu ny. Do vy, cn c k
hoch ph bin nhng kin thc cn thit b con nm vng, gip pht huy thc bo v
mi trng v hn ch tc ng xu ca vic pht trin NTTC.
Xc nh loi tc ng ca NTTC n HST RNM
Qua thng k, nhn thc ca ngi dn v tc ng xu ca NTTC n RNM ch yu c
phn thnh 5 nhm: Gy thoi ha t; nhim mi trng nc; Ly lan dch bnh ra mi
trng xung quanh; Cnh tranh t lm nng nghip v nui cc loi thy sn khc; cn li l
cc nh hng khc (Gim tnh a dang sinh hc rng, din tch rng b thu hp, lm nh
hng xu n sinh k v thu nhp ca cc nhm ngi sng da vo rng). S liu c th
c trnh by qua Biu 3.

Biu 3. Nhn thc ca cc nhm c dn v cc loi tc ng ca NTTC n RNM
Do c li nhun cao t ngh nui tm thm canh nc l mang li, s tri nui tm tng ln
nhanh chng vo nhng nm gn y. Nhng a s l nhng h nh, khng c h thng ao
cp thot nc, khng x l cht thi theo quy nh; k thut nui cn hn ch, qun l yu
km, ko theo nhiu h ly. Theo kt qu kho st chi tit kin ca ngi dn, cc tc
ng tiu cc quan trng nht c phn tch di y:
Gy thoi ha t
Vic dng vi ci to ao hay dng dolomite kim sot pH nc, lm thay i tnh
cht t ao nui tm. Nhng cht ny khng mt i m lng ng di y ao lm thay i
thnh phn cht t, thay i pH t, ko theo s thay i h vi sinh vt t; xut hin phn
tim n t hp cht mn (Nguyn Hu Th, 2006). Bn cnh , cc nh khoa hc nui trng
thy sn thy rng trong h thng nui tm thm canh, cc loi ha cht nh chlorine,
thuc tm v nhng dn xut ca chng li c tc dng tiu dit hoc c ch vi sinh vt c
trong mi trng, lm nh hng n s phn hy thc n d tha trong ao nui. Thc n
tha lng ng di y ao, cng vi cht thi rn to vng ym kh gy ra cc bin i v
cht lng t (Pez-Osuna, 2001). Theo kin ca ngi dn, t nhng tri nui tm
thm canh khng cn mu m nh trc, m tr nn chai cng, c n 37,2% s ngi cho
kin ny. Mc thoi ha t theo ngi dn cng c chia thnh 4 cp , c m t
Biu 4.
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Biu 4. Mc gy thoi ha t ca NTTC, vi mc thp (1-<2 im), trung bnh
(2-<3 im), cao (3-<4 im), rt cao (4-5 im)
Biu 4 cho thy c ti hn 68% s ngi cho bit thoi ha t mc cao (cho im t
3 n 5), nhn nhn ny cn c vo kinh nghim thc t trong sn xut ca h.
nhim mi trng nc
nhim mi trng nc t NTTC l tnh trng khng th trnh khi, bi h thng ao cp
thot nc, h thng x l nc thi ca cc tri nui nh l vn cha c quan tm u t
ng mc. nhim ch yu do lng thc n d tha, to tn, v s tch ly c t y ao,
mm bnh pht sinh, ha cht s dng cha ng cch, Tt c nhng yu t , khi thi ra
mi trng, khng nhng lm suy thoi v tiu dit cc h sinh vt trong t nhin, m cn
lm nh hng n sinh k ca cc nhm c dn khc, lm pht sinh mu thun v li ch
ngnh ngh gia cc nhm c dn vi nhau. C 429/462 (chim 92,9%) h khng nh NTTC
l nguyn nhn ch yu gy nhim mi trng nc trong khu vc. T l s ngi chn cc
mc nhim nc c m t Bng 2.
Bng 2. Mc nhim mi trng nc t NTTC theo nhn nh ca ngi dn.
Mc nhim (im) Tn sut %
1-<2 8 1.86
2-<3 58 13.52
3-<4 99 23.08
4-5 264 61.54
Ly lan dch bnh ra mi trng xung quanh
Vic ly lan mm bnh c th do cc vt ch trung gian (chim, c, cc loi gip xc, v.v.)
mang t tri nui ra ngoi, nhng ch l phn rt thp. Phn ln vic ly lan mm bnh l
do ngun nc t cc tri nui thi ra mang mm bnh, m cha qua x l. Qua ghi nhn,
tng hp kin ca ngi dn, c 70,6% h khng nh NTTC l nguyn nhn chnh lm ly
lan dch bnh ra mi trng xung quanh. Trong , s ngi dn cho mc nh hng t 4-
5 im chim t l rt cao (66,3%), phn no thy c bc xc ca ngi dn c bit l
nhm ngi nui thy sn vi hnh thc n gin v h chu nh hng trc tip nht v b
thit hi nhiu nht. Mc im t 3-<4 c 19,0% ngi chn; t 2-<3 im: 12,57%; v t 1-
<2 im chim 2,15%.
Thi gian qua, tnh hnh dch bnh din bin ngy cng phc tp, ngoi cc bnh m trng,
u vng, taura, th hi chng tm cht sm (EMS) l vn cn nhiu kh khn, do cha
khng nh chnh xc c nguyn nhn gy bnh, nhng hi chng ny gy thit hi v
cng to ln cho ngi dn. Do , cn ku gi thc ca ngi nui tm trong vic x l
bnh ng quy trnh, hn ch tc ng n ngun li t nhin v cuc sng ca cc nhm
c dn khc. Hn na, vic xy dng y h thng ao x l cht thi trong mi tri nui l
iu cn lm gim nguy c dch bnh bng pht.
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Cnh tranh t lm nng nghip v nui cc loi thy sn khc
Kt qu iu tra ghi nhn, c 10,8% s h cho rng NTTC cnh tranh t lm nng nghip
(trng hoa mu, trng cy n tri, trng la, trng rng) v nui cc loi thy sn khc (nui
tm qung canh, cua bin, s huyt, c bin). Do s chuyn i t, chy theo li nhun ca
ngi NTTC, hoc trng hp t nh nc cho h nui tm qung canh thu, n khi ht k
hn, ngi NTTC li thu vi mt mc gi cao hn, t gy kh khn cho nhng ngi
nui thy sn nh l, v pht sinh mu thun trong vic chia s, s dng ti nguyn gia
nhm ngi NTTC v nhm ngi nui tm qung canh. Mc nh hng ca yu t ny,
theo nhn thc ca ngi dn nh sau: 1-<2 im: 4%; 2-<3 im:18%; 3-<4 im: 38%; 4-5
im: 40%. Vic mong mun chuyn i t canh tc sang ao NTTC, tng thu nhp l nhu
cu chnh ng ca tt c mi ngi v lun c nh nc ng h nu c iu kin v
quy hoch tri nui hp l. Song, s tri NTTC t ng tiu chun quy nh l rt thp, cn
s tri nui t pht li ngy mt nhiu, t khng nhng tc ng tiu cc n mi trng
m cn xm hi n t sn xut vi cc nhm c dn khc. a s cc h dn thuc nhm
ngi nui tm qung canh, tm rng, u la chn cch sn xut an ton l nui tm sinh
thi, ng thi lun mun bo tn HST RNM.
nh hng khc
Cc nh hng ny bao gm: Gim tnh a dng sinh hc ca h sinh thi rng; din tch
RNM b thu hp; nh hng xu n sinh k v thu nhp ca cc nhm ngi sng da vo
rng; c khon 9,1% s h chn cc nh hng ny. Cuc kho st c tin hnh ti 3
huyn ven bin c rng ngp mn ca tnh Bn Tre, nn d dng thy c nhng nh hng
xu ca NTTC n mi trng HST RNM qua nhn thc ca ngi dn. Mc d, rng c tc
dng lc nc, phn hy cht thi, nhng nu tnh trng x thi qu mc th s vt qu nng
lc lc nc ca rng. S thm canh ha nui tm cng lm rng mt i, dn n tnh a
dng sinh hc trong rng cng gim theo, t nh hng ng k n sinh k ca cc nhm
ngi sng da vo rng. Mc nh hng trong nhn thc ca ngi dn, c th hin
qua bng 3:
Bng 3. Mc tc ng c cc yu t khc qua nhn thc ca ngi dn
Mc tc ng (im) Tn sut %
1-<2 1 2.37
2-<3 9 21.43
3-<4 16 38.10
4-5 16 38.10
Nh vy, qua kt qu kho st, a s ngi dn u nhn thy nhng tc ng tiu cc ca
ngh nui tm thm canh n mi trng h sinh thi rng ngp mn, d mc cao hay
thp. Phn ln h quan tm n nhng tc ng d thy, nh hng ln v trc tip n cuc
sng cng nh sinh k ca h nh nhim nc, gim a dng sinh hc, cnh tranh t canh
tc.
kin ca cc nhm c dn v s tng cng mc nui tm thm canh
Nhm ngi nui tm thm canh
Mc d, ngh chnh ca bn thn l nui tm thm canh. Nhng khi c phng vn v mong
mun tip tc tng cng mc thm canh, th ch c 40/128 (31,3%) h mong mun c
m rng ngnh ngh ca mnh. Cn li l 68,7% ch mun gi nguyn mc thm canh
hoc khng m rng. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do tnh hnh kh khn hin nay nh thiu vn,
dch bnh din bin phc tp v vn cha c gii php hu hiu, bin i kh hu cng nh
hng khng nh n sc khe tm nui, con ging km cht lng, yu km trong qun l
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v k thut, gi tm thng phm bp bnh, th trng thu hp do ro cn d lng ha cht,
khng sinh v nhim mi trng nc. Chng khin khng t h nui chn nn, lm vo
cnh n nn, thm ch c mt s h mun b ngh.
Cc nhm c dn khc
Qua thng k cho thy c 72,1% h khng ng cho ngh nui tm thm canh tip tc m
rng, bi h nhn thy c qu nhiu ri ro v nhiu mt. Tnh trng nhim mi trng, ly
lan dch bnh s tip tc xy ra nu khng c bin php thay i trong phng thc sn xut
t ngi NTTC. Bn cnh , c 24,3% ng m rng mc thm canh tm, v bn cnh
nhng tc ng tiu cc th ngh NTTC cng gii quyt c phn ln vic lm cho ngi
dn, tng thu nhp, ci thin i sng. Chng hn n cung cp ngun tm nguyn liu cho ch
bin xut khu, ng gp khng nh vo kim ngch xut khu nng sn ca tnh. Khong
3,7% s h c kho st khng c kin, do h nhn c c 2 mt tc ng (tch cc v
tiu cc) vi mc ngang nhau, nn h cn phn vn cha a ra c quyt nh cui
cng.
Nhn chung, a s ngi dn vn mong mun khng tng mc thm canh hoc c th thm
canh vi iu kin gii quyt c vn nhim mi trng.
xut ca ngi dn
Ghi nhn t nhng xut ca ngi dn v cc gii php va pht trin c ngh NTTC
nhng vn bo v c mi trng, cng nh hn ch ti a mc nh hng xu ca ngh
NTTC n sinh k ca cc nhm c dn vng rng, c tng hp vi 2 vn quan trng
nht nh sau: Th nht l yu cu c quy hoch vng nui tm thm canh hp l (15,4% h
xut), trong khoanh vng nui tm thm canh cch bit vi vng rng trnh nh
hng xu i vi mi trng xung quanh vng rng ngp mn bc tng xanh bo v
ngi dn trc nhng thin tai, bin i kh hu. Th hai l mong mun c bin php x l
cht thi hiu qu t NTTC, tht cht qun l v x pht nghim khc hnh vi x thi khng
ng quy nh (chim 19,2% h xut). Ngoi ra cn cc kin khc nh cn h tr vn v
k thut, khng ph rng nui tm, cp nht thng tin dch bnh, khng s dng ha cht cm
trong nui trng thy sn, s dng ha cht ng cch, nui tm vi mt thp, lp ng
dy nng gi bo chnh quyn khi pht hin tnh trng x thi tri php, gp vn lp qu x l
s c dch bnh, nng cao hiu qu hot ng ca ban qun l vng NTTC (vi 65,4% s h
xut).
KT LUN NGH
Qua thc t kho st cho thy a s ngi dn Bn Tre u nhn thy cc tc ng tiu cc
ca ngh nui tm nc l thm canh n mi trng xung quanh. Khng ch c cc nhm
c dn nh ngi nui thy sn vi hnh thc n gin hay ngi khai thc thy sn nhn
thc iu ny, m ngay c nhm ngi nui tm thm canh cng cng nhn iu . Thc t,
tt c cc nhm dn c u chu cc nh hng tiu cc ca ngh nui tm thm canh, trong
chnh nhm ngi nui tm thm canh cng b thit hi cho v nui ca mnh do mi
trng suy thoi v l iu kin dch bnh tm bng pht.
Cc tc ng tiu cc c th thng c ngi dn cp ti bao gm: t vng nui tm b
thoi ha, nc cc thy vc t nhin b nhim dn n thit hi v ngun li t nhin,
suy ly lan mm bnh t ao tm ra khu vc xung quanh cng l mi e da nht l cho ngi
nui thy sn vi hnh thc n gin, t canh tc ca cc ngh khc b cnh tranh gay gt,
v.v. V cc l do m a s ngi dn a phng khng mun m rng vic nui tm thm
canh, ch c khong hn 30% ngi nui tm thm canh hin nay mun tip tc m rng quy
m sn xut.
535
T thc t nh vy, thit ngh chnh quyn a phng nn cn nhc k hn v k hoch thm
canh ha cc vng nui tm hin hu bo m cng bng quyn li gia ngi nui tm
v cc nhm cng ng khc quanh cc vng nui. Ngoi ra, nh nc cng cn tng cng
bin php tuyn truyn v cng tc qun l tt hn tri nui v vng nui gim thiu tc
ng xu ln mi trng, khuyn khch v h tr cho ngi NTTC tip cn v p dng c
cc tin b khoa hc k thut v n nh cht lng mi trng vng nui.
TI LIU THAM KHO
Ting Vit
Phan Nguyn Hng, 2003. Nhng nguyn nhn lm suy thoi rng ngp mn Mt s
phng hng s dng bn vng ti nguyn v mi trng vng ca sng ven bin. Tuyn
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