Oilgae Comprehensive Report Preview

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Comprehensive Oilgae Report Preview
(Updated January 2013)

Summary

Last updated: January 2013
Total no of pages: 775
Total number of chapters: 27
Number of companies covered: 110
Number of university and academic research efforts covered: 50
Number of tables: 110
Number of charts and figures: 50

The Comprehensive Oilgae Report is a detailed report on all aspects of algae biofuels. This
preview provides inputs on focus areas of the report, the complete list of contents, and
sample data from each chapter of the report.

The report was prepared by Oilgae, the worlds leading business intelligence resource on
algae fuels.

The Comprehensive Oilgae Report was last updated in the first week of January 2013, and
has 775 pages.

Comprehensive Oilgae Report


Critical and Comprehensive Updates Provided on the Following:

Company profiles There are over a hundred companies worldwide making significant
efforts in algae-to-fuels. Profiles and the latest updates for each of these companies are
provided.

CO
2
capture using algae The Oilgae team had done more rigorous calculations and
estimates for an effective robust algae-based-CO
2
capture model. Details of these latest
evaluations are provided in this version.

Costs for making different fuel products from algae Updated data are provided for cost
calculations and break-ups of the cost across various stages and components.

Strain selection The last few months have witnessed a number of companies beginning
to make efforts in genetically engineering algae strains for fuel production. The latest
version of the report includes details of these efforts in the Strain Selection chapter.

Diverse applications and end uses for the algae meal / cake The Oilgae team had done
specific research in the current and emerging uses of the algae extract left over after the
extraction of oil (for biodiesel) and starch (for ethanol). Insights gathered from this
research effort are included in the latest version of the report.

Algae grown in marine environment and saltwater It is increasingly becoming clear
that seawater will be the most scalable and economic medium for algae cultivation for
fuel. Additional research data and analyses are included in this version of the report that
will enable a better understanding of the factors involved in, and viability of using marine
water as the medium for algae growth.


List of Contents

Section I: Concepts and Cultivation .......................................................... 11
Energy from Algae Introduction ................................................................................. 11
Algal Strain Selection ................................................................................................. 13
Algae Cultivation ....................................................................................................... 15
Photobioreactors ....................................................................................................... 18
Harvesting ................................................................................................................. 20
Section II: Energy Products from Algae ..................................................... 22
Biodiesel from Algae .................................................................................................. 22
Hydrogen from Algae................................................................................................. 25
Methane from Algae.................................................................................................. 26
Ethanol from Algae .................................................................................................... 28
Other Energy Products Syngas, Other Hydrocarbon Fuels,
Energy from Combustion of Algae Biomass ............................................................... 30
Algae Meal / Cake ...................................................................................................... 32
Section III: Processes & Challenges ........................................................... 34
Algae Grown in Open Ponds, Closed Ponds & Photobioreactor.................................. 34
Algae Grown in Sewage & Wastewater ...................................................................... 36
Algae Grown in Desert ............................................................................................... 38
Algae Grown in Marine & Saltwater Environment ..................................................... 40
Algae Grown in Freshwater ....................................................................................... 43
Algae Grown Next to Major CO
2
Emitting Industries .................................................. 44
Section IV: Industry & Market Information .............................................. 47
Cost of Making Oil from Algae ................................................................................... 47
Companies in the Algae to Energy Industry................................................................ 50
Industry Profile & Company Strategies ...................................................................... 54
Potential for Existing Companies in Related Industries Entering
Algae Energy Domain................................................................................................. 57
Funding & Venture Funding ....................................................................................... 59


Non-Fuel Applications of Algae .................................................................................. 62
Biofuels in Real-world ................................................................................................ 64
Section V: Reference ................................................................................. 65
Apex Bodies, Organizations, Universities & Experts ................................................... 65
Culture Collection Centers ......................................................................................... 70
Future Trends ............................................................................................................ 71
List of Tables.............................................................................................. 72
List of Figures ............................................................................................ 77
Sample List of Organizations from Which Data Have been Sourced ........ 79
Sample References from Journals ............................................................. 80
How Can You Buy? .................................................................................... 81


An Invaluable Guide to the Algae Fuel Industry

By providing a comprehensive collection of insights and data on all the critical
aspects of algae fuels, the Comprehensive Oilgae Report is an invaluable asset that
can save many years of your teams research efforts in this area.

Algae fuels present an exciting opportunity. There is a strong view among industry
professionals that algae represent the most optimal feedstock for biofuel production in
the long run. It is also widely accepted that algae alone and no other bio-feedstock -
have the ability to replace the entire global fossil fuel requirements. Such a significant
opportunity has resulted in companies both large and small investing in algal energy.

Algae present multiple possibilities for fuel end-products biodiesel, ethanol, methane,
jet fuel, biocrude and more via a wide range of process routes. Each of these process
routes presents its own set of opportunities, parameters, dynamics and challenges.

Efforts into algae fuel research have accelerated in the past few years. As of December
2012, over hundred companies and about two hundred universities have begun serious
exploratory efforts into algae fuels.

All these efforts will benefit enormously if a comprehensive resource is available that
brings them up-to-date on the various critical aspects of the industry, status of past and
on-going efforts, and critical data for assessing the technical and economic feasibility of
algae fuels. Such a comprehensive resource has the potential to save many months of
research and analysis.

The Comprehensive Oilgae Report was developed to satisfy this clear need.

The Comprehensive Oilgae Report is the most detailed report dealing with all aspects of
the algae fuel industry. The report is divided into four main sections:

Concepts and Cultivation
Diverse Energy Products from Algae
Processes & Challenges
Industry & Market Information


Each section provides in-depth information, details and updates on the most critical
aspects relevant to it.

The objective of the Comprehensive Oilgae Report is to facilitate tangible steps for an
algae fuel venture. The emphasis hence is on providing practical data, updates and
insights.

In addition, the report has made special efforts in identifying the core challenges faced
in each aspect of the algae fuels value chain. It also provides inputs on the current
efforts and possible solutions to overcome these challenges.

The report has been developed with over two years of in-depth research, and has been
developed with inputs from biofuel industry experts, biotechnology researchers, and
professionals who have been constantly interacting with the algae fuels industry for
over four years.

The Comprehensive Oilgae Report will be an invaluable guide to those keen on
venturing into one of the most exciting renewable energy domains.


Special Focus

This report has a special focus on certain unique areas in algae energy which are known
to have huge commercial benefits. Owing to their in-depth understanding of the algae
fuels industry with its various aspects and dimensions, the team of researchers of Oilgae
continuously make important research efforts into emerging topics in algae fuels, and
how businesses around the world can benefit from these topics.

Some of the topics that are of emerging interest in the context of algae fuels are
provided below:

Macro Vs Micro Algae

Microalgae have high oil content but are difficult to cultivate and harvest in a
cost-efficient manner.
Macroalgae, on the other hand, present low-cost cultivation and harvesting
possibilities, but most species have low lipid as well as carbohydrate contents.
With processes such as cellulosic fermentation (for deriving ethanol), gasification
(for deriving biodiesel, ethanol and a wide range of hydrocarbons), or anaerobic
digestion (for methane or electricity generation), it is possible today to use
macroalgae as the feedstock for biofuels.
Thus, both micro and macroalgae are potential feedstock for biofuels.

Which of the two feedstocks should be used? Which of the processes is most
economical? The report provides insights on these critical aspects of algae biofuels.

Waste Water Treatment

Hundreds of billions of dollars are spent worldwide on wastewater treatment.
The present wastewater and sewage treatment methods can be significantly
improved both in terms of costs and in terms of efficiency by the use of
bioremediation agents such as algae.
Algae, quite well-known as bioremediation agents, are especially good at
removing nutrients and toxins from waste and sewage water.
Can this fact be used by tens of thousands of companies around the world to
choose-effectively treat wastewater while at the same time produce biofuels?

The report discusses this possibility at length and provides case studies, insights and
references for this important topic.


Power Plant CO
2
Capture

Capture and sequestration of CO
2
is one of the most critical challenges today for
businesses and governments worldwide.
Thousands of CO
2
emitting power plants and industries worldwide face this
costly challenge - reduce your CO
2
emissions or pay penalties.
One ton algae require, for their growth, 1.8 tons of CO
2
; algae thus are large
absorbers of CO
2
. Combine their affinity for CO
2
with the fact that algae can grow
practically anywhere, and we are presented with an exciting opportunity - What
if these CO
2
emitting industries and power plants could use algae to absorb the
CO
2
and generate biofuels in return?
This is precisely what companies and power plants around the world are
beginning to explore.

The report provides details on the concept, suitable algae strains and a number of case
studies of companies already exploring algae as a medium for capturing CO2 and
producing biofuels.

Other Emerging Products from Algae

For decades, algae have been used to make a variety of products - from
nutraceuticals, to pigments to organic fertilizers.
Today, companies are able to produce many more products from algae. Some of
these applications of algae (for example some high-end specialty chemicals)
could fetch very high margins for the company that produces the algae biomass.
Is it then possible for algae fuel companies to synergistically produce both fuels
and non-fuel products thereby increasing their profits and prospects?

This report provides inputs on the range of non-fuel products that can be produced
from algae and other emerging applications and end-uses.

Variety of Fuels and Processes

While biodiesel is the most obvious fuel that can be considered from algae
(owing to the large oil content of microalgae), it is but one of the products that
are possible.
Others include ethanol, methane, hydrogen, biogasoline and the algal biomass
itself which can be used as a feedstock of combustion.


A variety of processes exist for producing these fuels starting with algal biomass.
Some of these processes are suitable for oil-rich microalgae, some for starch-rich
macroalgae, some for lignocellulosic algae and some others for left-over algae
extracts.

What are the processes and pathways for each of these feedstocks and for the
different end-products? What are the costs and benefits of each of these products and
processes? The report explains these critical aspects at length.

Latest Efforts in Cost-effective Photobioreactors

Growing microalgae in photobioreactors results in high algae productivity, and
consequently results in higher oil yields for the same area.
However, photobioreactors are much more expensive than open ponds.
Realizing the importance of lower cost photobioreactors, a number of companies
and research teams have started working on a variety of innovative designs and
concepts.

What are the statuses of these current efforts in photobioreactor designs that can lead
to lower-cost and high-productivity photobioreactors? Which are the companies that
are leading the efforts in this domain? What are the likely future trends in
photobioreactors? The report provides inputs and details for these questions.


Chapter wise List of Contents and Sample Data
Section I: Concepts and Cultivation

1.1 Algae
1.2 Energy from Algae
1.3 History & Current Status of Energy from Algae
1.4 Algae Energy & Alternative Energy
1.5 Big Challenges & Big Payoffs
1.6 Energy Products from Algae
1.7 Determining the Optimal Energy Product
1.8 Algae to Energy Summary of Processes for Each Energy Product
1.9 Trends & Future of Energy from Algae
1.10 Factoids

SAMPLE TOPIC

Energy Products from Algae
Algae to Energy Summary of Processes for Each Energy Product

Final Product Processes
Biodiesel Oil extraction and transesterification
Ethanol Fermentation
Methane Anaerobic digestion of biomass; methanation of syngas produced
from biomass
Hydrogen Triggering biochemical processes in algae; Gasification / pyrolysis of
biomass and processing of resulting syngas.
Heat & Electricity Direct combustion of algal biomass; gasification of biomass
Other Hydrocarbon Fuels Gasification/pyrolysis of biomass and processing of resulting syngas

While interest in algae fuels has accelerated significantly in the recent past, contrary
to popular belief, research into algae as a biofuel feedstock is not new it is over
three decades old! Similarly, biodiesel is not the only fuel that can be derived from
algae. This chapter provides an overview of algae, the history and current status of
algae-based fuels, and inputs on the range of fuel products that can be derived from
algae.

CHAPTER 1
Energy from Algae
Introduction


Detailed descriptions on above processes, key advantages, companies,
challenges & efforts, research and case studies have been provided for
each of the above products

Detailed description of each and every process is provided in various chapters.

Transesterification
Methanation
Fischer Tropsch
Fermentation
Biophotolysis
Combustion / Gasification /
pyrolysis
Algal Biomass
Gasoline Wax Naphtha Kerosene Diesel
Electricity
Hydrogen
Ethanol
Ethyle
ne
Acetic
Acid
Formal
dehyde
Methyl
Acetate

DME
Fermentation
IGCC/IC
/Fuel cell
Methane
Gasification
Catalytic
Synthesis
Syngas Methanol
Algal Oil
Anaerobic digestion
Extraction
Paths to the Various Energy Products from Algae


2.1 Importance of Algal Strain Selection
2.2 Parameters for Strain Selection
2.3 Strains with High Oil Content & Suitable for Mass Production
2.4 Strains with High Carbohydrate Content
2.5 Strains Factoids
2.6 Challenges & Efforts

SAMPLE TOPIC

Strains with High Oil Content & Suitable for Mass Production

Botryococcus braunii

A green alga, Botryococcus comes up repeatedly in nearly every forum, initiative and
general information website about the potential to create biodiesel from algae. This
strain specifically can produce hydrocarbons which represent 86% of its dry weight
Ambient temperature of 23 degrees Celsius (73.4 degrees F)
A light intensity of 30-60 W/m
2

A photoperiod of 12 hours light and 12 hours dark
Salinity of 8.8% (brackish waters)

With these conditions satisfied, strain cells doubled approximately every two days.
Oil content range: 25-75%

We have provided similar data for over 15 most optimal strains. We have
also provided optimal algal strains for different cultivation conditions such
as fresh water, salt water, sewage-based & desert-based cultivation.

Selection of the optimal algal strain is a key component of a successful algal biofuel
venture. With tens of thousands of possible strains to choose from, this is however
easier said than done. A number of parameters need to be kept in mind while
evaluating algal strains for their suitability as biofuel feedstock. This chapter
provides comprehensive details on the parameters to be used for strain selection
and also the list of strains that are high in oil (for biodiesel) and in starch (for
ethanol).

CHAPTER 2
Algal Strain Selection


Genetic Engineering Efforts of Algae Fuel Companies and Research
Institutes

Exxon Mobil and Synthetic Genomics

Main line of activity: Synthetic Genomics Inc. (SGI) is a privately held company applying
genomic-driven commercial solutions to address a variety of global challenges including
energy and the environment, in agreement with ExxonMobil Research and Engineering
Company (EMRE) aims to develop next generation biofuels using photosynthetic algae.

Genetic engineering efforts on Algae: Researchers at Synthetic Genomics are designing a
synthetic gene that contains only the specifically desired DNA. They eventually created a
strain of algae with desired traits that could specifically produce high amounts of oil.
Also they have inbuilt suicide genes to kill the algae if they escaped from lab or fuel
production facility.

Updates: In July 2010, Exxon Mobil Corporation and Synthetic Genomics Inc. (SGI)
together had announced the opening of a greenhouse facility to enable them in their
next level of research. The new facility, opened at SGI headquarters in La Jolla, CA are
mainly aimed at testing their research in real life conditions to further analyze whether
large-scale quantities of affordable fuel can be produced from algae.

In September 2012, Synthetic Genomics Inc. purchased a patent portfolio from Febit
Holding GmbH which includes methods for highly parallelized, low-cost oligonucleotide
synthesis and retrieval of sequence-validated DNA. Together, these technologies have
the potential to drastically reduce the cost of DNA synthesis, which inturn is expected to
accelerate the company's ongoing development and commercialization of a variety of
products including algae based biofuels.


3.1 Introduction & Concepts
3.2 Algaculture
Algae Monoculture
Photosynthetic Cultures
Mixotrophic Cultivation of Microalgae
Batch Culture
Semi-continuous Culture
Factors that Determine Algal Growth Rate
3.3 Algae Cultivation in Various Scales
3.3.1 Algae Cultivation in Lab-scale
3.3.1.1 Isolation of Algae
3.3.1.2 Cultivation in Lab Scale
3.3.1.3 Biochemical Analysis of Algal Samples
3.3.2 Algae cultivation in commercial scale
3.3.2.1 Ponds
3.3.2.2 Photobioreactors
3.4 Different Methods of Cultivation
3.5 Algae Cultivation Factoids
3.6 Worldwide Locations with Algae Farms & Algae Cultivation
3.7 Algae Cultivation Challenges
Challenges in Cultivation
Challenge of Growth Rate of Algae
Challenge of Formulation of Medium
Provision of CO
2

Water Circulation in Ponds
Photosynthesis or Fermentation
Land Requirements
Scaling Up Challenges
Other challenges in algae cultivation for which there is ongoing research
3.8 Research & Publications
3.9 Reference
Cost-effective algal cultivation is a key requisite for success algal biofuel production.
However, such cultivation of the right strain of algae, especially microalgae, in the
right environment and media is a key challenge facing algae fuel companies. This
chapter provides in-depth details on the various forms of algaculture and key
success factors for the same. The chapter has a special focus on the critical
challenges in algaculture for biofuels and the latest efforts and proposed solutions
to overcome these challenges.

CHAPTER 3
Algae Cultivation


SAMPLE TOPIC

Best Method to Grow Algae Ponds or Photobioreactors?

Which is the best way to grow algae - Ponds or Photobioreactors?

The NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA) favored unlined raceway ponds
which were stirred using a paddle wheel, and had carbon dioxide bubbled through it. The
water used for these ponds is wastewater (treated sewerage) freshwater, brackish water,
or salt water, depending on the strain of algae grown. The algae should be a native to the
region. Other countries, notably Japan, are interested in closed systems; however these
systems (at least from NREL perspective) are very expensive.

Inputs are provided on the various distinctions between ponds and
photobioreactors, list of companies that are using either of these & a list of
worldwide locations of algae farms / photobioreactors.

Culture Methods Followed for Different Algal Species

Botryococcus braunii

Medium: Chu 13 medium (for hydrocarbon production BG11 medium)

Procedure:

Modified Chu 13 medium is cultured.
Purification is done by serial dilution followed by plating.
The individual colonies are isolated and inoculated into liquid medium (modified
Chu 13 medium)
It can be incubated at 25 1
o
C under 1.2 0.2 Klux light intensity with 16:8 hrs
light photoperiod.
The purity of the culture is ensured by repeated plating and by regular
observation under microscope.


Culture environment: B. braunii grows best at a temperature of 23C, a light intensity of
60 W/M, with a light period of 12 hours per day, and a salinity of 0.15 Molar NaCl.

Challenges and efforts: B. braunii is found to be able to co-exist with a wild green alga,
Chlorella sp.; the presence of either alga did not negatively affect growth of the other.
They form colonies/flocs which are difficult to break down. It grows very slowly: its
doubling time is 72 hours (Sheehan et al., 1998), and two days under laboratory
conditions (Qin, 2005).

We have provided similar data for over 10 most optimal strains. We have
also provided various cultivation methods of algae in laboratory and
commercial scale.


4.1 Concepts
4.2 Types of Bioreactors Used for Algae Cultivation
Tubular photobioreactors
Flat-plate photobioreactors
Air-lift bioreactor
4.3 Parts & Components
4.4 Design Principles
4.5 Costs
4.6 PBR Manufacturers & Suppliers
4.7 Photobioreactors Q&A
4.8 Research Done on Bioreactors and Photobioreactors
4.9 Challenges & Efforts in Photobioreactor
4.10 Useful Resources

SAMPLE TOPIC
Costs

For successful outdoor mass algae cultivation, photobioreactors should possess the
following characteristics / properties:

High surface-to-volume ratio
High mass transfer rate
High surface illumination

High Cost of Photobioreactors

Photobioreactors represent perhaps the highest cost item in algae cultivation.
Photobioreactors are expensive owing to their sophistication. As of February 2011,
photobioreactor costs range between $70-150/m
2
though there some up and coming
companies that claim to provide these at much lower capital costs.

Photobioreactors (PBR) enhance the technical feasibility of producing fuels from
algae by providing an optimal controlled environment that result in higher algal
productivity while preventing contamination by hostile species. At the same time,
PBRs are much more expensive than open ponds, thus currently hindering the
economic feasibility of biofuel production. How is the industry responding to the
opportunities and challenges presented by the PBRs? This chapter provides insights
and inputs that will enable a useful analysis of these questions.

CHAPTER 4
Photobioreactors


This chapter talks in detail about photobioreactor, its types, parts and
components, designs etc. Some sample data based on publicly available
prices and costs for photobioreactors from commercial companies are also
provided.

Q
&
A
Data, answers and insights are provided for the following questions

What is the comparative production capacity of PBR & pond alternative, for similar
area used?
How often should the PBR be cleaned?
What are the major parts of a PBR, and what are the parts that make it costly?
What are closed loop photobioreactors?
For what algae-based products are photobioreactors predominantly used?
For what kinds of products is the use of photobioreactor economical?
When is the use of photobioreactors mandatory for algae cultivation?
How costly are photobioreactors when compared to open ponds?
What are the primary cost components in photobioreactor systems?
Is it possible to eliminate photobioreactor components without affecting the algae
growth process?
Why is it essential to pump air and CO
2
together into the photobioreactor?


5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methods of Harvesting
Filtration
Sedimentation
Centrifugation
Flocculation
Flotation
Other Methods
5.3 Case Studies & Examples
5.4 Trends & Latest in Harvesting Methods
5.5 Challenges & Efforts

SAMPLE TOPIC

Methods of Harvesting

Harvesting Microalgae
The ease in harvesting the algae depends primarily on the organism's size, which determines
how easily the species can be settled and filtered. The most rapidly growing algal species are
the microalgae, very small, and often motile unicells, and these are the most difficult to
harvest. Thus, it is necessary to maintain an effective interaction between the development of
harvesting technologies and the selection of algal species for mass culture.

The main harvesting methods for microalgae are:
Settling & Sedimentation
Filtration & Related - Mechanical harvesting using filtration, by means of strong
membranes, such as microscreens, and using microstrainers.
Chemical Methods - Chemical and/or biological harvesting by means of
flocculants
Centrifugation - Algae can also be harvested using centrifugation
Harvesting, especially for microalgae, represents an important cost component,
owing to the difficulties involved in the processes. It is hence important for those
exploring the algae fuels industry to gain a clear understanding of the various
harvesting options available, the challenges in each of the options, and the current
efforts and solutions being attempted to overcome these challenges. This chapter
provides inputs on all these, as well as relevant case studies that provide the reader
insights on the worldwide real-life harvesting practices.
CHAPTER 5
Harvesting


Flotation - Froth flotation is a method whereby the water and algae are aerated
into froth, with the algae then removed from the water.

Detailed inputs are provided for each of the above methods, with
examples of companies using each and challenges faced in harvesting
process. Other related methods such as polymer harvesting, ultrasound-
based & vibrating separation are also discussed.


Section II: Energy Products from Algae

6.1 Introduction to Biodiesel
6.2 Growth of Biodiesel
6.3 Biodiesel from Algae
6.4 Why Isnt Algal Biodiesel Currently Produced on a Large-scale?
6.5 Oil Yields from Algae
6.6 Methods to Extract Oil from Algae
Current Methods of Oil Extraction
Expeller/Press
Chemical Solvents
Hexane Solvent Method
Supercritical Fluid Extraction
Other Less Well-known Extraction Methods
Algae Oil Extraction Trends & Developments
Advances in Oil Expellers
Oil Extraction Efforts & Solutions
Challenges
6.7 Converting Algae Oil into Biodiesel

Producing biodiesel from algae provides the highest net energy because converting
oil into biodiesel is much less energy-intensive than methods for conversion to other
fuels (such as ethanol, methane etc). This characteristic has made biodiesel the
favourite end-product from algae. Producing biodiesel from algae requires selecting
high-oil content strains, and devising cost effective methods of harvesting, oil
extraction and conversion of oil to biodiesel. This chapter provides comprehensive
details on the methods for and latest trends in oil extraction and conversion to
biodiesel.

CHAPTER 6
Biodiesel from Algae


SAMPLE TOPIC

Biodiesel from Algae

This section elaborates on the advantages of algae fuels, problems and
bottlenecks in each step of the algae to energy processes, case studies &
research. Similar process details are given for the production of hydrogen,
methane, ethanol and syngas from algae.

Increasing the Oil Yields from Algae

A Summary of Comparison of Oil and Biodiesel Yield from Main Energy Crops

Oil Source Biomass (Mt/ha/yr)
Soy 1-2.5
Rapeseed 3
Palm Oil 19
Jatropha 7.5-10
Microalgae 14-255
Note: Mt metric tons, ha hectare


Yields from algae are much higher than those from other oil crops and
there is a huge potential to increase this high yield even further. This
chapter will discuss these important aspects and explains to what extent
yields have been achieved in real-life.

Challenges in Extraction of Oil from Algae

Determining the most efficient and cost effective extraction method

The challenge here is that higher the efficiency of the extraction method, the higher is
its cost. Please refer to the details provided under the Algae Oil Extraction Trends &
Developments for inputs on various ongoing efforts to overcome these challenges.

Reducing the energy requirements for extraction

Algae oil extraction is quite energy intensive and this is an important challenge to be
recognized and addressed.

Efforts
OriginOils invention of a method to extract the oil from algae with high
energy efficiency that builds on the companys first patent, Quantum Fracturing, in
which ultrasound from intense fluid fracturing breaks down algae cells and reduces the
overall energy required for extraction.

Detailed inputs are provided for challenges in each and every step in
biodiesel production, and efforts made to overcome them. Similar content
are given for all the energy products that can be derived from algae.


7.1 Introduction
7.2 Methodologies for Producing Hydrogen from Algae
7.2.1 Biochemical Processes
7.2.2 Hydrogen Production through Gasification of Algae Biomass
7.3 Factoids
7.4 Current Methods of Hydrogen Production
7.5 Current & Future Uses of Hydrogen
7.6 Why Hasnt The Hydrogen Economy Bloomed?

SAMPLE TOPIC

Methodologies for Producing Hydrogen from Algae

Biochemical Processes - Under specific conditions, algae produce hydrogen, via
biological and photobiological processes. Under these conditions, enzymes in the cell
act as catalysts to split the water molecules. More details on this are provided in later
sections of this chapter.

Gasification Gasifying biomass gives syngas, a mixture of CO and H2. A number of
methods are being researched to separate the H2 from syngas.

Through Steam Reformation of Methane Fermentation of algal biomass produces
methane. The traditional steam reformation (SMR) techniques can be used to derive
hydrogen from methane.

Hydrogen is technically not a source of energy, but is a carrier of energy. Hydrogen is
expected to play a major role in the future of renewable and clean energy, primarily
with its potential for application in fuel cells. Hydrogen production from algae is in
the research stages, but holds significant potential for the future. This chapter
provides details on the scientific foundation for hydrogen production from algae and
the latest research efforts worldwide.
CHAPTER 7
Hydrogen from Algae


Detailed inputs & recent research updates are provided for each of the
above methods. In addition, details of hydrogen production using
traditional methods are also given. This chapter focuses on efforts to use
algae to produce hydrogen.

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Methods of Producing Methane from Algae
8.3 Methane from Algae Other Research & Factoids
8.4 Traditional Methods of Methane Production
8.5 Methane Current & Future Uses
8.6 Whats New in Methane?

SAMPLE TOPIC

Methane production from algae could be a viable route especially where the
feedstock is algae cake (the biomass left-over after oil is extracted from algae). The
possibility of methane being easily integrated with the current uses of natural gas
enhances its attractiveness as a fuel. For this reason, there are a number of research
and pilot efforts worldwide exploring methane production from algae. This chapter
provides details on the latest efforts in this direction.

CHAPTER 8
Methane from Algae


Methods of Producing Methane from Algae

In this chapter, methods of producing methane through anaerobic
digestion and pyrolysis are explained in detail. In addition, references are
provided for current and on-going research efforts for producing methane
using algal biomass.

Carbohydrates
Sugars
Protein
Aminoacids
Fats
Fattyacids
H
2

Butyrate
Propionate
Acetate
Hydrolysis
Acetogenesis

Acidogenesis

Methanogenesis

CH
4


9.1 Introduction
9.2 Ethanol from Algae - Concepts & Methodologies
Fermentation of algae biomass
Fermentation of algae extract left over after extraction of oil
Fermentation of syngas
9.3 Efforts & Examples for Ethanol from Algae
9.4 Examples of Companies in Algae to Ethanol
9.5 Algae & Cellulosic Ethanol
9.6 Current Methods of Ethanol Production
9.7 Ethanol Latest Technology & Methods

SAMPLE TOPIC

Efforts & Examples for Ethanol from Algae

Ethanol from Macroalgae
An exploration for producing ethanol from macroalgae (seaweed) in Vietnam

In this project, using macroalgae (Seaweed) for ethanol production was widely investigated.
During this research, it was found that important and high quantity seaweeds, economically
important and high quantity seaweeds, in Vietnam are:

Sargassum : Carbohydrate content ~ 48% of dry wt.
Glacilaria : Carbohydrate content ~ 45% of dry wt.
Kappaphycus : Carbohydrate ~ 35% of dry wt.
Eucheuma : Carbohydrate ~ 45% of dry wt.

The project concluded that there was a good potential for producing ethanol from
seaweeds in Vietnam.

While the initial efforts to produce biofuels from algae focused on biodiesel as the
end product, many of the later efforts also have started exploring the production of
ethanol from algae. The significant investments made into ethanol production and
the consequent technological innovations could make ethanol production from
starch and cellulose-rich algae a viable alternative. This chapter provides detailed
inputs on the various processes and routes for ethanol production from algae, and
case studies and updates on the latest ventures in this domain.

CHAPTER 9
Ethanol from Algae


Detailed inputs are provided for fermentation of algal biomass and algae
cake for ethanol production. Updates are provided on all the latest efforts
in producing ethanol from micro - as well as macroalgae.


10.1 Syngas and its Importance to Hydrocarbon Fuels
10.2 Production of Syngas
10.3 Products from Syngas
10. 4 Syngas from Algae
10.5 Producing Other Hydrocarbon Fuels from Algae
10.6 Direct Combustion of the Algal Biomass to Produce Heat or Electricity
10.7 Trends in Thermochemical Technologies
10.8 Reference Will the Future of Refineries be Biorefineries?
10.9 Examples of Bio-based Refinery Products
10.10 Reference

One of the processes that is gaining significant interest worldwide is the biomass to
liquid (BTL) route. This route typically comprises a gasification stage and a chemical
synthesis stage. With suitable modifications of the parameters, a range of
hydrocarbon fuels (and chemicals) can be obtained from biomass. The BTL route
holds significant potential owing to its scalability and the wide range of end products
it can produce. This chapter provides in-depth details on the BTL route for algae, in
terms of technology, processes, costs and barriers.

CHAPTER 10
Other Energy Products
Syngas, Other
Hydrocarbon Fuels,
Energy from Combustion
of Algae Biomass


SAMPLE TOPIC

Products from Syngas

The chart below provides the complete range of products that can be derived from
syngas.

This chapter provides information on how syngas could be derived from
algae biomass. Latest updates provided on research and commercial
efforts in algae gasification. Other possible products such as aviation fuel,
LPG, plastics, lubricants and waxes are also discussed.

Biomass
Gasifier
Syngas
Ethanol
Fisher-
Tropsch
Methanol
Hydrogen
Power
Generation
Boiler
Wax
Diesel
Kerosene
Gasoline
Naphtha
DME
Ethylene
Propene
Gasoline
Polyolefins
Oxy chemicals Acetic acid
VAM
PVA
Ketene

Diketene &Derivatives
Acetic Esters Methyl Acetate
Acetic anhydride
Formaldehyde
Steam
and
power Gas turbine
combined cycle
IC Engine
Fuel cells
Refinery
Hydrotreating
Transportation
Fuels
Fuel Cells
Chemicals
Fertilizers


11.1 Introduction
11.2 Properties
11.3 Uses
11.4 Industries that Use Left-over Algae Cake
11.5 Q & A

SAMPLE TOPIC

Industries that Use Left-over Algae Cake

Poultry - Biomass extract of algae is a good source of nutrients and biologically active
substances, which in the last few years have attracted the interest of the specialists in
their search for natural, ecologically and healthy sound foods for the animals.
Aquaculture - Algae meal can be used as a major food of fish (and thus indirectly of
many other animals)
Agriculture - Algal meal is a natural fertilizer for plants. Kelp or seaweed (algae) meal
is a natural fertilizer. Its high potassium content combined with other organic
fertilizers makes a complete soil treatment.
Ethanol manufacturers - Processing into Ethanol - The sugars in algae meal can be
processed into ethanol.

Useful inputs provided on the various properties and uses of algae cake

Algae cake finds application in markets such as aquaculture, poultry, and agriculture,
and holds future potential in sectors such as ethanol production. These end-uses
and the revenues from these could make algae fuel production more economically
sustainable. This chapter provides background and commercial details for algae
cake.

CHAPTER 11
Algae Meal / Cake


Q
&
A
Can the algae meal act as a protein top up for animal feed?

Obtaining at least some of the algal oil and/or protein from predominantly intact
biomass is sometimes advantageous for food for high performance animals, such as
sport dogs or horses.

Delipidated meal can optionally be combined with other ingredients, such as grain, in an
animal feed. Because delipidated meal has a powdery consistency, it can be pressed into
pellets using an extruder or expanders, which are commercially available.

Predominantly intact biomass is also useful as a preservative. Algal biomass or oil is
combined with other ingredients typically found in animal foods (e.g., a meat, meat
flavor, fatty acid, vegetable, fruit, starch, vitamin, mineral, antioxidant, probiotic) and
any combination thereof.

In most animal diets, protein is the most expensive portion and is usually the first
nutrient that is computed in diet formulation. The energy level of the diet is then
adjusted to the desired level by addition of high energy supplements) which are less
expensive than protein supplements.


Section III: Processes & Challenges

12.1 Introduction to Open Systems of Algae Cultivation
12.2 Open-Ponds / Raceway-Type Ponds and Lakes
12.3 Details on Raceway Ponds
12.4 Algal Cultivation in Open Ponds Companies and Universities
12.5 Challenges and Efforts in Open Pond Algae Cultivation
12.6 Algae Cultivation in Open Ponds Q&A
12.7 Algae Grown in Closed Ponds
12.8 Algae Cultivation in Closed Ponds Q&A
12.9 Algae Cultivation in Closed Ponds Case Studies
12.10 Algae Grown in Photobioreactors

SAMPLE TOPIC

Algae Cultivation in Open Ponds Q&A

Can open ponds for algae cultivation use CO
2
from industrial emissions?
Yes, this is possible and many companies are already running pilot projects with this
method. However, considerations need to be given about the location of the ponds
(they should be in proximity to power plants) and also the solubility of the flue gas
components in water. The target is carbon dioxide, but the solubility of other elements
(sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, oxygen, etc.) must be simultaneously considered.

More answers are provided for the following questions.

Can open ponds for algae cultivation use CO
2
from industrial emissions?
Can we have a hybrid of open pond and closed systems?
Currently, there are three primary methods and variations and combinations of
these - followed for algae cultivation: Open Ponds, Closed Ponds and
Photobioreactors. Open pond cultivation is the most economical, but it presents its
own set of cultivation challenges. Photobioreactors are much more expensive than
open ponds but provide significant benefits in productivity. This chapter provides
the process details and latest updates for each of these cultivation systems. It also
presents details on the challenges specifically faced in open pond cultivation and the
efforts and solutions being attempted.

CHAPTER 12
Algae Grown in Open
Ponds, Closed Ponds &
Photobioreactor


Is a closed pond similar to green house?
What are the materials used in closing the pond?

Detailed inputs on the methods by which flue gas can be supplied to the
ponds are provided in this section. In addition, extensive details are
provided on each aspect of cultivation in open and closed systems.


13.1 Concepts
13.2 Process
13.3 Algae Strains that Grow Well in Sewage & Wastewater
13.4 Prominent Companies Growing Algae in Wastewater
13.5 Case Studies
13.6 Challenges Associated with Growing Algae in Sewage for Oil
13.7 Updates & Factoids
13.8 Algae Cultivation in Sewage Q&A
13.9 Research & Experiments
13.10 Sewage & Wastewater Reference

Q
&
A
In this section we have provided detailed answers for the following questions:

At which stage of wastewater treatment are algae introduced?
As sewage already contains nutrient, is there any need for additional nutrients
for algae cultivation in sewage?
Are there algae predators in sewage?
Will toxins affect algae growth in sewage?
Which is the best algae harvesting method for sewage cultivation?
What are the natural microfloras in sewage?

In some parts of the world, algae are already being used for the bioremediation of
sewage and waste water. Algae cultivation for biofuels in sewage or wastewater
provides an opportunity to achieve twin benefits. One, it results in cost-effective
treatment of waste water/sewage and two, owing to the ready availability of
nutrients in the medium, it also results in lower costs of algal biomass production.
This chapter provides extensive details on this exciting opportunity, and provides
ready-to-use guidance for those keen on exploring this avenue further.
CHAPTER 13
Algae Grown in Sewage
& Wastewater


SAMPLE TOPIC
Process Schematic for Tertiary Wastewater Treatment with Microalgae

This chapter provides detailed descriptions of the step-by-step processes
of algae cultivation in municipal and industrial wastewater and strains that
are highly suitable for the same.
N
2
Fixing blue green algal
ponds

Batch ponds
CO
2

C
N, P
Green algae ponds
N
2
Fixing blue green algae
Reclaimed water
Microstraining
Algae biomass
Sunlight and CO
2

Settling
Algae biomass
P
3
rd
Stage
Raw Sewage Primary Treatment Sludge
Bacterial decomposition
Green algae Sunlight and CO
2

Settling/Microstraining Algae biomass
Green algae
N, P
1
st
Stage
2
nd
Stage


14.1 Introduction
14.2 Algae Strains that Grow Well in Desert Conditions
14.3 Algae Cultivated in Deserts Companies & Updates
14.4 Desert Based Algae Cultivation Q&A
14.5 Desert Cultivation of Algae Factoids
14.6 Research

SAMPLE TOPIC

Algae Strains that Grow Well in Desert Conditions

Cyanidium caldarium - It is a thermophilic eukaryote which can grow at
temperatures below 20
o
C and has been reported growing at temperatures up to
56
o
C. This acid-tolerant and heat-tolerant unicellular alga is a regular member of
the microflora found in acidic hot springs throughout the world (M. G.
Kleinschmidt, 1970).
Spirulina - Spirulina is a genus of filamentous alga comprising over 35 species.
Spirulina is particularly attractive because of the high protein content (50-70%),
lipid content (7-16%), adaption to brackish water (salt at 20-70 g/L is optimal but
1-270 g/L is tolerated), relative ease of harvest by flotation and filtration, and its
ability to use animal waste as a nutrient base.

This chapter will provide inputs on the various aspects of growing algae in
the desert for fuel. It will also provide examples and case studies of
companies pursuing the desert-based algal cultivation method.

Deserts provide algae a high amount of sunlight that has the potential to enhance
photosynthesis, thus resulting in high oil yields. The availability of land in deserts is
high (at low costs) thus facilitating cost-effective and scalable algaculture. These
advantages make deserts an attractive environment for algae-fuel ventures.
However, desert environments also present significant challenges in terms of
logistics, high temperatures and water availability. What are being done by
companies to exploit the advantages and overcome the challenges of desert-based
algae cultivation for fuel? This chapter provides insights, case studies, data and
answers to frequently asked questions in these contexts.

CHAPTER 14
Algae Grown in Desert


Q
&
A
Detailed answers are provided for the following questions.
What will be the source of water in desert regions?
How can the problem of evaporation be overcome?
Is it possible to cultivate algae in closed loop?
In desert environments, which is best - open pond, closed pond or PBR?
Can PBR withstand high temperatures?


15.1 Introduction
15.2 Algae Strains that Grow Well in Marine or Saltwater Environment
15.3 Prominent Companies Growing Algae in Saltwater
15.4 Cultivating Algae in Marine Environments - Companies & Updates
15.5 Marine Algae Cultivation Q&A
15.6 Research
15.7 References

SAMPLE TOPIC

Prominent Companies Growing Algae in Saltwater

Some of the prominent companies growing algae in saltwater are:

Green Star
Aquatic Energy (http://www.aquaticenergy.com/)
Sapphire Energy (http://www.sapphireenergy.com/)
Live Fuels (http://www.livefuels.com/)
Algenol (http://www.algenolbiofuels.com/)
Seambiotic, Israel (http://www.seambiotic.com/)
Biolight Harvesting and Blue Marble Algae (http://bluemarbleenergy.net/).

This chapter will provide inputs on the various aspects of growing algae in
the salt water or ocean for fuel. It will also provide examples and case
studies of companies pursuing the desert-based algal cultivation method.

The ocean and marine systems present an interesting opportunity for algaculture.
This is owing to the availability of large tracts of ocean areas, their non-interference
with land areas that could be used for food crops or to enhance biodiversity, and the
possible low cost of cultivation owing to low land cost and free availability of
nutrients. Research into ocean-based algae cultivation is however quite recent. This
chapter provides details on the optimal strains for ocean-based cultivation,
processes and challenges involved, and updates on companies that are currently
involved in these efforts.
CHAPTER 15
Algae Grown in Marine
& Saltwater
Environment


Updates and Factoids:

Scientists have uncovered a biochemical pathway that enables a remarkable marine
alga, Dasycladus vermicularis to rapidly heal itself after it has been wounded.
Researchers of this study claim that their work could provide clues about how to
generate new synthetic adhesives that function under water July 2011.
An Israeli company Seambiotic cultivates a few selected species of marine
autotrophic microalgae with high content of lipids and carbohydrates which aid in
the production of both bio-diesel and bio-ethanol. Seambiotic has succeeded in
producing oil from algae which has a yield equivalent to over 5,600 gallons/year
from each hectare of land. Some of the marine species employed by Seambiotic are
Nannochloropsis sp., Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Dunaliella sp., Tetraselmis sp.
(Source: http://seambiotic.com/)
DuPont and Bio Architecture Lab were awarded a $9 million matching grant from
ARPA-E for a third generation biofuels research program to determine if sugars from
macroalgae or seaweed can be efficiently converted to biobutanol. The project
will complement the efforts under way in the Butamax joint venture to
commercialize a multi-generational pipeline of isobutanol technologies from grain
and cellulosic biomass that is the result of extensive research and technology
investment by DuPont and BP.
In Norway, Seaweed Energy Solutions has patented the first ever modern structure
to enable mass seaweed cultivation on an industrial scale in the worlds oceans. The
structure, known as the Seaweed Carrier, makes a clean break with past seaweed
cultivation methods that have all been based on ropes. The Seaweed Carrier is a
sheet-like structure that basically copies a very large seaweed plant, moving freely
back and forth through the sea from a single mooring on the ocean floor. (Apr 2010,
Source - Biofuel Digest)
Australian researchers say saltwater algae biodiesel production is at parity with
petroleum diesel costs; commercial-scaling is all that is needed. In Australia,
researchers at the national science organization, CSIRO, have concluded that the
cost of saltwater algae production is now, based on current science, lower than the
cost of diesel from fossil crude oil. In the study, the researchers focused on
maximizing the value of biodiesel in economic and carbon terms by co-locating algae
production with a power source for power generation purposes more than CO2
capture. You can download the paper from here -
http://www.csiro.au/files/files/poit.pdf
In early 2008, Kansas State University researchers received a $98,560 Small Grant for
Exploratory Research from the National Science Foundation to carry out a study on
the potential for algae grown on solid carriers in the open ocean. Solid carriers float
on the ocean surface and provide a nexus for algae to grow. The study will simulate


an ocean environment and tests numerous strains of algae to determine which
strains have the optimal characteristics for oil content and ability to grow in the
ocean.
In April 2009, South Korea energy officials confirmed that the country will invest
over ten years to create 86,000 acres of offshore seaweed forests that will produce
over 300 million gallons of per annum of ethanol by 2020.
In December 2012, biologists at UC San Diego demonstrated that marine algae can
be just as capable as fresh water algae in producing biofuels. The scientists
genetically engineered marine algae to produce five different kinds of industrially
important enzymes and claim the same process they used could be employed to
enhance the yield of petroleum-like compounds from these salt water algae

Q
&
A
Detailed answers are provided for the following questions:
What are the challenges for marine algae cultivation?
Are algae cultivated in marine for other purposes?
How and why does iron fertilization help algae growth?
How can we control algae growth boundaries in marine environments?
Do the nutrients in seawater serve as natural nutrients for algae growth?


16.1 Introduction
16.2 Freshwater Algae Strains with High Oil Content
16.3 Prominent Companies Growing Algae in Freshwater
16.4 Cultivating Algae in Freshwater Companies & Updates

SAMPLE TOPIC

Freshwater Algae Strains with High Oil or Carbohydrate Content

There are many strains & species of algae that grow well in freshwater systems. Some of the
species are: Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Green algae, Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria),
Diatoms, Desmids, Branching & Non-branching Forms of Algae & Red algae.

Prominent Companies Growing Algae in Fresh water

PetroAlgae
Solix
Parry Nutraceuticals India
Inventure Chemical

This chapter provides detailed inputs on algal strains suited for freshwater,
prominent companies that grow algae in freshwater and latest
developments in cultivation of algae.

Microalgae such as Spirulina are already successfully cultivated worldwide in
freshwater environments. Cultivation of oil-bearing algae strains in freshwater us
not however as common. This chapter provides details on the processes, optimal
algae strains required and profiles of companies involved in the freshwater algae
cultivation for biofuels.
CHAPTER 16
Algae Grown in
Freshwater


17.1 Introduction & Concepts
17.2 Algal Species Suited for CO
2
Capture of Power Plant Emissions
17.3 Methods & Processes
17.4 Case Studies
17.5 Challenges while Using Algae for CO
2
Capture
17.6 Research and Data for Algae-based CO
2
Capture
17.7 Algae-based CO
2
Capture - Factoids
17.8 Algae Cultivation Coupled with CO
2
from Power Plants Q&A
17.9 Prominent CO
2
Emitting Industries
17.10 Status of Current CO
2
Capture and Storage (CCS) Technologies
17.11 Latest Developments in CO
2
Sequestration
17.12 Reference

SAMPLE TOPIC

Business Opportunities from Algae-based CO
2
Capture

Growing algae next to CO
2
presents an interesting opportunity for companies that
produce large CO
2
emissions. Many countries of the world that are signatories of the
Kyoto Protocol have an existing carbon credits and trading program. The US, which even
though is not a Kyoto Protocol signatory, has a carbon trading program of its own. This
implies that for power plants and other entities that are large scale emitters of CO
2
;
sequestering CO
2
using algae provides the benefit of monetizing the carbon credits while
at the same time producing biofuels.

Business opportunities exist both for companies that are CO
2
emitters as well as for
external businesses such as consulting and engineering companies that are willing to
work with power plants to make the algae-based CO
2
capture and biofuels production a
reality.

Power plants and other CO2 emitting industries (cement plants, iron and steel
companies etc) have an urgent need to mitigate their CO2 emissions. Algae consume
high amounts of CO2 for their growth (one Ton of algae requires about 1.8 Ton of
CO2). Combine the two, and the result is the idea of using algae to capture CO2 at
power plants and other CO2 emitting industries. Exploration into this exciting
opportunity has just started, with about a dozen pilot plants worldwide. This chapter
provides extensive details, case studies and data that will enable one to understand
much better the nature of this opportunity and the challenges.

CHAPTER 17
Algae Grown Next to
Major CO
2
Emitting
Industries


This chapter will provide inputs on the various aspects of growing algae
next to CO2 emitting industries for fuel and how algae can be grown in a
cost effective way next to power plants.

Prominent Companies Using Algae-based CO
2
Capture

Enie Technology
MBD Energy
RWE Energy
Linc Energy & BioCleanCoal
Seambiotic
E-On Hanse
CEP & PGE
Arizona Public Service Co.
Carbon Capture Corporation
Scottish Bioenergy
Infinifuel Biodiesel
Energy Quest Inc.
Stellarwind Bio Energy LLC

As of December 2012, there are about 30 key companies working on algae-based CO
2
capture.

Algae Cultivation Coupled with CO
2
from Power Plants Q&A

Can algae withstand the high temperatures in the flue gases?
In a commercial application, flue gas from the desulphurization scrubbers would be sent
to the CO
2
sequestration ponds for treatment. Temperatures exiting the scrubbers at
many coal power stations are 140F (60C) and above this could reach even upwards of
100 C. Although most organisms cannot survive at these higher temperatures, some
cyanophycean algae have been shown to grow at 176F (80C). Since the temperature of
waste gas from thermal power stations is high, the use of thermophilic, or high
temperature tolerant species are also being considered


Can PBR withstand high temperature?
Depending on the design of the PBR and the materials used to make the system,
photobioreactors can withstand the high temperatures prevalent in deserts. A wide
variety of materials have been used for tubular photobioreactors , low density
polyethylene film (LDPE), and clear acrylic (polymethyl methylacrylate, PMMA, also known
by the trade names PlexiglasR and PerspexR). LDPE withstands temperature upto 80C.
For acrylic plastic the maximum range is 180 F to 200 F.

Over twenty such important questions are taken up and answered for
algae cultivation processes and methods

Q
&
A
Answers and insights are provided for the following questions

Is there a possibility of heavy metal contamination in algae due to their presence
in the flue gases?
How do the constituents other than CO
2
in flue gas from power plants affect
algal growth?
Will NOx present in the flue gas serve as a nutrient, in addition to the CO
2
?
Can algae withstand the high temperatures in the flue gases?
What is amount of CO
2
required for algae growth?
Can we grow macroalgae for power plant CO
2
sequestration?
What are the major problems faced by companies implementing algae based
CO
2
sequestration techniques near power plants?
Can power plants use waste water from their facilities for growing algae?
What are the methods by which flue gas can be cooled before passing it into
algae systems?
Is it necessary that algae ponds need to be constructed right next to power
plants?
What is the average area required for the construction of algae ponds for each
power plant?


Section IV: Industry & Market Information

18.1 Introduction
18.2 Cost for:
Cultivation
Harvesting
Extraction
Conversion to Fuel
18.3 Representative Cost of Biodiesel Production from Algae
18.4 Costs - Reference

SAMPLE TOPIC

Cost of Making Oil from Algae

Harvesting Costs
A number of methods are being used for harvesting microalgae and more are being
experimented. We have provided the indicative capital and operating costs for the most
common methods for microalgae harvesting.

Costs for:
Drum Filtration
Centrifugation
Flocculation
Flotation

The major cost components for harvesting are:
Cost of drying algae
Cost of harvesting infrastructure and equipments (capital expense)
Cost of maintenance of harvesting equipments
The high cost of making fuel from algae is the biggest bottleneck that is preventing
quick commercialization of algae fuels. In order for entrepreneurs and businesses to
explore ways of reducing these costs, they need to understand the cost components
involved in the various process routes and options, and the current costs for each of
the routes and options. This chapter provides detailed inputs on the costs for each
stage of algae-to-fuels for every route/option viz., algae to biodiesel, algae to
ethanol, algae to methane, biomass to liquids (BTL) using algae, and more.
CHAPTER 18
Cost of Making Oil from
Algae


Cost of chemicals (if flocculation methods are used for harvesting)
Manpower cost for all the above operations
Electricity
(All operating costs are given for processing the medium in which algae are cultivated)

Cost of Drum Filtration

Capital Cost Operating Cost 1 Operating Cost 2
Approximately $0.2 per 1000
annual gallons
Approximately $100 per
million gallons.
Approx $120 per million
gallons
Note: A 1,000,000 l / hr drum filtration system costs about $ 400,000 (drum filter, pumps and measuring
equipments)

Cost of Open and closed ponds:

Indicative Costs for Open Ponds

$125,000-$150,000 per
hectare
$15,000-20,000 per hectare
per annum
$27,000-35,000 per hectare
per annum

Closed Ponds

$200,000 per hectare per
annum
$20,000-25,000 per hectare
per annum
$40,000-45,000 per hectare
per annum

Cost of Extraction Using Oil Press:

0.5 $ per annual gallon $ 35 / T (approx 12 c per gal) $50/T (approx 17 c per gallon)

Thermochemical Processes

Gasification / Pyrolysis
Combustion


Biomass gasification and combustion technologies are evolving fast and as a result the
capital and operating costs for gasification vary widely. For costs specific to your
requirements, it is best to consult with suppliers of individual systems. Some indicative
data are reported here
Gasification / Pyrolysis & Catalytic Synthesis

Large gasification + Large FT: varies
between 2400 $/T to 1400 $/T
annual diesel output, for diesel
output capacities of ranging from
0.5-2.5 million T per annum

Small gasification + Small FT: varies
between 9000 $/T to 8500 $/T
annual diesel output, for diesel
output capacities of ranging from
0.5-2.5 million T per annum
Approx $0.8 per gallon of
fuel produced

For large gasification
+ large FT: $1.5 per
gallon of fuel
produced

For small gasification
+ small FT: $3.3 per
gallon of fuel
produced.

Indicative cost details provided for all possible algae energy products and
processes these include costs for harvesting methods, oil extracting
methods and processes for conversion to energy products


19.1 Introduction
19.2 Companies & Profiles

SAMPLE TOPIC

Company Profiles

Aurora Algae, Inc.
www.aurorainc.com
Main line of
activity
Algae Biofuels Producer
Headquartered
at
1201 Harbor Bay Pkwy
Alameda, CA, 94502
Phone: +1.510.748.4999
Collaboration
Aurora Algae is in collaboration with publicly traded companies, U.C. Berkeley,
Stanford and Michigan State University
Funding
Aurora Algae has raised $25 million in two rounds of funding ($5 million in Jan.
2007, $20 million in June 2008 and $15 million in March 2010) from Oak
Investment Partners, Noventi Ventures, and Gabriel Venture Partners.
In March 2011, Aurora Algae was awarded a $2 million grant by the Australian
government under its Low Emissions Energy Development Fund to support the
project. In August 2011, Aurora Algae raised another $22 million and to date
the company has raised $72 million.
Fuel Product
derived from
algae
Aurora Algae is already producing ASTM-certified biodiesel fuel on a pilot
scale.
Technology
employed
The company, formally known as Aurora Biofuels Inc., changed its name into
Aurora Algae to reflect a new focus.

Aurora Algae, Inc. is a renewable energy company exploring new sources of
As of 2012, there are about 300 companies that have a focus on algae fuels. These
companies represent a range of backgrounds, geographies and process and product
platforms. This chapter provides updates profiles of all the companies that have
ventured into the algae fuel industry, with a focus on the differentiating factors for
each company.
CHAPTER 19
Companies in the Algae
to Energy Industry


feedstock for the production of biofuels. In particular, Aurora utilizes
microalgae to generate bio-oil, which can be converted into biodiesel.

Aurora's technology is relatively straightforward on the aquaculture side, and
its core intellectual property comes from the lab, where UC Berkeley
microbiology Professor Tasios Melis developed a genetically modified strain of
algae that produces extremely high yield in open ponds.

The companys patented system begins with proprietary biology. Leading
scientists at Aurora Algae have screened a myriad of strains in search of
microalgae that outperform others in terms of oil production and yield. Aurora
has further bred its select portfolio to maximize fuel-production performance
and to be cost-effective at scale. Aurora grows its optimized algae in specially
engineered open ponds that provide a favorable environment for rapid algae
production.
Using a proprietary hydrodynamic design, Aurora has developed pond systems
operating in Florida which has a capacity of <1000 gallons of fuel per year
which nurture algae with preferable conditions. These conditions include a
carbon dioxide-rich environment with optimal fluid dynamic characteristics.
Techniques have been developed to minimize energy demands throughout the
growth and fuel production phases of the process. Once extracted, the algae
oil is ready for further processing into the end product, biodiesel. In addition,
the remaining algae mass becomes protein-rich animal feed. At full scale, the
companys process is capable of producing fuel at $55-60 a barrel.

In Aug 2010, Aurora algae repositioned their algae products as a source of
Omega-3s. They announced that they put a strong emphasis on growing algae
for Omega-3 fatty acids and proteins for the dietary supplements market.

In June 2010, Oak Investment venture partner (and now Aurora chairman)
Brian Hinman noted that Aurora Algae has made a significant genetic
engineering achievement in doubling the productivity of its proprietary algae,
and this round of funding will allow the company to demonstrate the
productivity and production processes at scale.

Aurora Algae Inc. opened a demonstration-scale algae facility in northwestern
Australia in June 2011. The company launched its A2 product portfolio, a series
of natural products from algae (A2 Omega-3, A2 Feed, A2 Fuel, A2 Protein) and
started producing samples of A2 family products in its demonstration facility.

In December 2011, Aurora Algae developed a new technique for genetic
optimization to create advanced traits of algae strains for the production of
biofuel, nutrititional supplements, pharma products and animal feed. The


company applied an optimization technology based on homologous
recombination to Nannochloropsis sp. and the technology has the potential to
rapidly advance algal functional genomics and biotechnology in a commercially
relevant group of organisms.
Forecast of
Commercializati
on
Aurora expected to have commercial-scale facilities in 2012. A commercial
installation will have a production capacity of at least 10 million gallons of
biodiesel per year. Installations may be linked together to form larger facilities
capable of multiplying fuel production while achieving economies of scale.
Future Plans
Aurora Algae planned to complete the construction of a 1500-acre
commercial-scale facility in Maitland, Australia by the fourth quarter of 2012.
Highlights

Its core intellectual property comes from the UC Berkeley lab
where microbiology Professor Tasios Melis developed a genetically modified
strain of algae that produces extremely high yield in open ponds. This research
relationship with the lab could be a significant asset to the company.

Detailed profiles, advanced processes, specific equipments and their
research are provided for over 50 companies offering products and
services in the algae energy industry


List of companies for which information has been provided

1. A2Be Carbon Capture
2. Algae.Tec
3. Algae Venture Systems
4. Algaewheel
5. Algafuel Technologies
6. Algenol
7. AlgoDyne Ethanol Energy Corp
8. Aquaflow Bionomic
9. Aquatic Energy
10. Aurora Algae
11. AXI
12. Bionavitas
13. Blue Marble Biomaterials
14. Bodega Algae
15. BTR Labs
16. Carbon Capture Corporation
17. Cellana
18. Center of Excellence for Hazardous
Materials Management
19. Cequesta Algae
20. Chevron
21. Circle Biodiesel & Ethanol Corporation
22. Community Fuels
23. Culturing Solutions, Inc
24. DFI Group
25. Enhanced Biofuels & Technologies
26. Fluid Imaging Technologies
27. General Atomics
28. Green Gold Algae and Seaweed Sciences
Inc.
29. Green Star Products, Inc.
30. Greenbelt Resources Corporation
31. GreenFuel Technologies Corporation
32. Greenshift
33. Heliae
34. Hawaiian Electric Company
35. Imperium Renewables
36. Infinifuel Biodiesel
37. International Energy
38. Inventure Chemical Technology
39. Kai Bioenergy
40. Kuehnle Agrosystems
41. LiveFuels
42. MBD Biodiesel
43. Muradel
44. Neste Oil
45. Ocean Technology & Environmental
Consulting
46. Oilfox Argentina
47. Organic Fuels
48. OriginOil
49. Parabel
50. PetroSun Biofuels
51. Phyco2
52. Renewable Energy Group
53. Revolution Biofuels
54. Sapphire Energy
55. Seambiotic
56. Solazyme
57. Solena Group
58. Solix Biosystems
59. Solray
60. Sunrise Ridge Algae, Inc.
61. Sunx Algae Oil Research Lab
62. Texas Clean Fuels
63. Alterrus Systems (Formerly Valcent
Products Inc)
64. W2 Energy
65. Phyco BioSciences (formerly, XL
Renewables Sigmae)


20.1 Introduction
20.2 Backgrounds of Startups Companies in Algae Biofuels
20.3 Industry Concentration
20.4 Dominant Designs
20.5 Entry Barriers
20.6 Key Success Factors
20.7 Need for a Lab Phase & Pilot Phase
20.8 Teams & Expertise
20.9 Companies One Need to Monitor for Breakthroughs
20.10 Things to Avoid
20.11 Deciding the End Product
20.12 Understand Your Country / Regions Regulatory and Incentive Environment Better
20.13 Step by Step Process to Start an Algal Energy Venture
20.14 Specific Recommendations & Suggestions
20.15 Factoids

SAMPLE TOPIC

Industry Concentration

Approximate Number of Companies Directly Involved In Producing Fuels from Algae

Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Mid
2009
End
2009
Mid
2010
2011 2012 2013
# of
companies
1 2 4 5 10 15 25 50 100 150 200 225 300 325
Source: Oilgae Estimates

Businesses that are keen to start their efforts in algae fuels have a need to
understand the underlying market dynamics of the algae fuels industry, the key
factors for success, the list of dos and donts, and steps to be taken along with
resources required in order to set up an algae fuel venture. This chapter provides
detailed and specific inputs that can be used as a practical guide for those on the
threshold of starting their algae-fuel business.
CHAPTER 20
Industry Profile &
Company Strategies


This chapter makes an attempt to provide inputs on some key strategic
dimensions that will be of significance to entrepreneurs and investors in
this industry to evaluate the current and future business potential of the
industry now and in future.

Step by Step Process to Start an Algal Energy Venture

Step 1: Evaluate your risk-taking profile. Algal energy can be classified as a high-risk high-
return opportunity. If you are risk-averse, algae energy might not be a suitable
entrepreneurial opportunity for you, given the nascent status of the industry and the
number of uncertainties.

Step 2: Once you have decided to go ahead, your initial steps will be to chart out a plan to
get an expert team in place.

Specific Recommendations & Suggestions for an algae biofuel company

Collaborate with companies
Focus on acquiring scientific talent
Realise that the pilot phase is crucial to success
Learn from the mistakes of early birds -
Evaluate all the energy end-product, co-product and process possibilities


Understand Your Country / Regions Regulatory and Incentive Environment Better

Many governments around the world have provided general and specific
pronouncements/mandates in their alternative and renewable energy strategies. It will
be useful for the entrepreneur to be fully aware of these policy statements, mandates
and supporting incentives.

Some of the important updates to watch out for:

Biofuels blending mandates
State & federal grants for the alternative energy industry
Taxes
Subsidies

Detailed guidance provided for entrepreneurs seeking to enter the algae
energy domain on topics such as the key success factors required, mistakes
to avoid, importance of a lab and pilot phase, setting up a pilot project and
more.


21.1 Introduction
21.2 Industries with Synergistic Benefits from Algae Energy Opportunities
21.3 Case Studies

SAMPLE TOPIC

Industries with Synergistic Benefits from Algae Energy Opportunities

The list of industries for which it is attractive to explore investing in the algal energy
domain owing to synergistic benefits:
1. Sewage & Water Treatment Companies
2. Agriculture & Farming
3. Companies that give out waste water
Meat and Poultry
Pesticides & Insecticides
Photography
4. Companies that produce animal waste (for growing algae on pork and poultry
waste)
Pork
Poultry
5. Companies that are major CO
2
pollutants
Coal Burning and Natural Gas Power Plants
Petrochemicals
Iron & Steel

A number of companies that are already using algae for their businesses
(aquaculture, health foods etc.) are keen on understanding the potential of the
algae fuel opportunity for their companies. This chapter provides case studies and
analyses that will assist such businesses in understanding the nature of the
opportunity, as well as insights on how companies similar to them are approaching
this opportunity.
CHAPTER 21
Potential for Existing
Companies in Related
Industries Entering
Algae Energy Domain


Case Study

Gary Wood's family runs Desert Sweet Shrimp, a shrimp farm in Gila Bend, Arizona

Desert Sweet Shrimp, which started as Wood brother's Farms, has been involved in
Aquaculture since the 1980's. In 1995 it started raising shrimp in Arizona with the first
significant production in 1997. It has done hundreds of experiments in Aquaculture
production at a farming scale

But the farm has drastically cut shrimp production in the past few years. Sales have
been hurt by imports from Asia. So the farm is making a bold move. The farm recently
turned on the water for several ponds where they will begin growing algae, with hopes
of eventually raising enough green goo to refine their own biodiesel on site. That move
adds Desert Sweet Biofuels, as the operation will be called, to a list of companies trying
to raise algae in the Arizona desert to be used for fuel. The farm has lots of experience
raising algae - since that is what shrimp eat - and lots of experience collecting it, since it
grows in the shrimp ponds so thickly that it must be harvested. The company expects to
harvest the algae in a very similar way it took the buildup from the shrimp ponds. Still,
there are differences between the shrimp operations, which the farm will maintain, and
algae.

The firm is planning to use its expertise in aquaculture to exploit the potential of algae
fuel.

Numerous case studies provided of companies from related industries
entering the algae fuels industry


22.1 Venture Funding for Algae Energy Introduction
22.2 Investment Firms
22.3 Government & Other Public Initiatives
22.4 List of Companies that have Received Funding
22.5 VC Perspectives
22.6 Things to Do Before Approaching a VC

SAMPLE TOPIC
Investment Firms

Venture capital firms that had made recent investments in algae fuel ventures and the
companies they have invested in:

Venture Capital Firms Algae Firms
Aardvark Investments SA
(www.aardvarkinvestments.com)
Cequesta Algae
Access Private Equity GreenFuel Technologies
Arch Venture Partners
(www.archventure.com)
Sapphire Energy
BIRD Foundation
(www.birdf.com)
Algatech
GreenFuel
BlueCrest
(www.bluecrestcapital.com)
Blue Marble Energy, Solazyme
Earth2tech
Cascade Ventures
(cascadeventures.netopus.net)
Sapphire Energy
Cedar Grove Investments

In the past few years, investments in algae fuel companies have grown in leaps and
bounds, primarily in the form of venture capital investments. This chapter provides a
detailed list of companies that have been funded, and the venture capital firms that
have been active in this industry. It also provides useful inputs for an entrepreneur
looking for investments in the form of tips, suggestions and strategies.
CHAPTER 22
Funding & Venture
Funding


Details and profiles of venture capital firms investing in algal fuel
companies are given. Detailed lists of companies that have received
venture funding are also provided.

VC Perspectives

Venture Capital Perspectives on Alt Energy & Algae

Think Big: Venture capitalists like billion $ ideas, those that can solve very big problems;
they like ideas that are disruptive in nature. Algae fuels present an opportunity that has the
potential to scale into a very large business in future, bigger than any other biofuel
opportunity.

Think Different: There is a strong feeling in the venture capital community that the
companies which have the ability to think completely out of the box have a better chance of
overcoming the challenges than those companies that are merely attempting incremental
changes to existing processes.

Unique VC opinions and perspectives provided, based on primary and
secondary inputs, forums and interviews.

Funding & Venture Funding

Things to Do Before Approaching a VC

Timing is important. Venture capital, like any other form of investment, is more
easily available during periods of strong economic growth. For this reason, it
might sometimes be best if you wait for a few months if the economic climate is
not conducive.


Decide whether you wish to go for angel funding or first round funding. For each,
the requirements are different. If you are a company starting from scratch and
have little or no personal resources you can utilize, angel funding might be the
best (and possibly only) route.
Spend time in deciding the quantum of funding you require

Useful insights and recommendations provided for companies seeking
venture capital.


23.1 Introduction
23.2 Applications of Algae
23.3 Summary of Uses / Applications of Algae
23.4 Prominent Companies in Non-fuel Algal Products

SAMPLE TOPIC

Summary of Uses / Applications of Algae

A summary list of non-fuel applications of algae:

Biopolymers & Bioplastics
Animal & Fish Feed - Shrimp feed, Shellfish Diet, Marine Fish Larvae Cultivation
Paints, Dyes and Colorants
Lubricants
Food, Health Products, Nutraceuticals
Cosmetics
Chemicals
Pharmaceuticals
Antimicrobials, Antivirals & Antifungals
Neuroprotective Products
Slimming Related Products
Anti-cellulite
Skin Anti-ageing & Sensitive Skin Treatment
Pollution Control
CO
2
Sequestration
Uranium/Plutonium Sequestration
Fertilizer Runoff Reclamation
Sewage & Wastewater Treatment

Long before algae were explored for their use as biofuel feedstocks, they have been
used in a variety of industries ranging from fish feed, cosmetics, health foods and
more. A number of algae fuel ventures are exploring the synergistic benefits of
producing non-fuel products from algae (some of which command high prices in the
worldwide market) in order to achieve long term sustainability in algal biofuel
production. This chapter provides extensive details on the various non-fuel products
and applications of algae, and the market / industry information for each of the
products.

CHAPTER 23
Non-Fuel Applications
of Algae


Food, Health Products & Nutraceuticals

Global Carotenoid Market Value by Product 2007 & 2015 ($ Million)

Product 2007 2015
Beta-carotene 247 285
Astaxanthin 220 252
Canthaxanthin 110 117
Annatto 69 95
Others 120 170
Total 766 919
Source: BCC Research, 2008

Useful details provided on various prominent companies in the non-fuel
algae products. Many of the markets where algae can find applications are
large and growing. Data on their market sizes and potential are also
provided.


24.1 Introduction
24.2 Uses of Biofuels
24.3 Biofuel Feedstocks
24.4 Present and Future Potential for Biofuels
24.5 Global Biofuel Market Analysis Key findings
24.6 Prominent Biofuels Companies
24.7 Problems with Biofuels
24.8 Are Biofuels Worthwhile?

SAMPLE TOPIC

Global Biofuel Market Analysis

Global Biofuel Market Analysis- Key Findings

Biofuels production will probably exceed the IEA predictions of 120 billion liters
of ethanol and 23 billion liters of biodiesel before 2020 (Accenture 2008)
Ethanol
o US ethanol production is expected to dominate the global market;
however, increased corn prices will be a matter of concern for ethanol
production in future.

This chapter provides more inputs on biofuels, with an emphasis on their
end uses, their current and future contribution, and the latest
breakthroughs and advances.

The biofuels market has been growing at a hectic pace in recent years, and the
growth is expected to accelerate even further in future. This chapter provides details
on the real world status of biofuels (both biodiesel and ethanol) in terms of their
market potential, growth trends and challenges.
CHAPTER 24
Biofuels in Real-world


Section V: Reference

25.1 Introduction
25.2 Organizations
25.3 Universities & Research Institutes
25.4 Algae Energy Developments around the World

SAMPLE TOPIC

Organizations

Country Association Website/Email
USA National Algae Association
The Woodlands, Texas 77381
info@nationalalgae
association.com
American Assn. of Algae Biofuel Producers
California
http://www.scipiobi
ofuels.com
Algal Biomass Organization
Seattle, WA 98104
jwilliams@algalbiom
ass.org
Midwest Research Institute
Kansas City, Missouri

India Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute
Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar-364002, Gujarat
(INDIA)
pkghosh@csir.res.in
UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
Swindon
http://www.nerc.ac.
uk
Algae fuels is one of the most researched topics today at universities and colleges
across the world. This chapter provides an extensive list of universities that have a
research interest in algae-based fuels, along with details of the type of research
being done by them. These details will be especially useful for those keen on
forming partnerships with universities and research organizations for their algae fuel
ventures.
CHAPTER 25
Apex Bodies,
Organizations,
Universities & Experts


Organization details provided for many countries will be useful for
entrepreneurs wishing to take further steps in this industry.

Universities

Auburn University, USA

Aim of the
Project
Algae as a biodiesel feedstock: a feasibility assessment

Year
June 2007
Collaboration
1. Collaboration between Auburn University energy crop researchers and
the USDA ARS Soil Dynamics Laboratory is working to identify optimal
systems for algae flocculation, harvest, and processing to extract
constituents desirable for production of liquid fuels, electrical power,
nutraceuticals, etc

2. Research collaboration between Auburn University and the Alabama
Department Agriculture and Industries is examining the production of
microalgae as a potential source of oil for subsequent biodiesel
production.
Funding
US - Auburn University has been selected to receive up to $4.9 million of
federal grant money for algae to biodiesel project. (Aug 2009)
Gov. Bob Riley has awarded a $10,000 grant to Auburn University to
conduct a study to determine the economic and technical feasibility of
cultivating pond algae commercially as a source for biofuel (2007)


Details of the
project
1

Researchers at Auburn University have developed techniques to harvest
wild algae that form a nuisance at catfish farms, and convert it to biofuels.
The University believes that catfish farms should form the base of the
Southeastern-based algae fuel industry, because the feedstock was
already in place, calling it a win-win for catfish farmers and algae fuel
producers. Auburn researchers work with the leading producers of forest
biomass for energy from algae in Alabama.

Researchers are proposing the development of algae farms in which
carbon dioxide is received from carbon capture and biologically converted,
via photosynthesis and anaerobic digestion, to CNG or LNG transportation
fuels. This approach, using open ponds in the Southeastern US, could be
the most competitive with petroleum-based fuels. While the technologies
for lipids extraction from micro-algae for biodiesel are currently infeasible
from cost and energy standpoints, anaerobic digestion of biomass to
methane is a commercial reality.

There were several important innovations during the course of the
program:
(1) Integration of animal litter digesters to provide nutrients and energy
for the algae farms,
(2) Integration of carbonation pits and their pumps with a novel linear
pond design
(3) A low-cost harvesting system
(4) A scheme for integration of algaculture with catfish aquaculture to
improve the competitiveness of this industry within the state.

The experimental phase of the feasibility assessment focused on the areas
which is believed to be the most important for the success of widespread
algaculture in Alabama, namely algae growth rates and the harvesting
process
Future plans
To capture and sequester carbon dioxide emissions from stationary point
sources, particularly power plants, and vehicles using algae.

1

http://www.adeca.state.al.us/C17/ATF/Document%20Library/Algae%20as%20a%20Biodiesel%20Feedstoc
k.pdf


Similar updates on research areas and breakthroughs are provided for
research in over 40 universities worldwide.

List of universities involved in algae fuel research

1. Auburn University
2. Arizona State University
3. Brunswick Community College (BCC)
4. Clemson University
5. Cleveland State University, Fenn College of
Engineering
6. CSIRO, Australia
7. Colorado State University
8. Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond,
USA
9. Florida Tech University
10. The National Institute of Oceanography
(NIO)
11. Iowa Power Fund, USA
12. James Cook University, Queensland,
Australia
13. Massachussets Institute of Technology MIT
14. Massey School of Engineering, Wellington,
New Zealand
15. Montana State University
16. NASA
17. Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii
Authority (NELHA), USA
18. National Renewable Energy Laboratory
19. Natural Resources Defense Council
20. New Mexico State University
21. Oregon State University
22. Sandia National Laboratory
23. Southern Illinois University Carbondale
(SIUC), USA
24. Texas A&M University
25. The Carbon Trust (UK)
26. Western Michigan University
27. University of Adelaide Chemical
Engineering
28. University of Arizona
29. University of Arkansas
30. University of California at Berkeley
31. University of California at Davis
32. University of California at San Diego
33. University of Georgia
34. University of Florence, Italy
35. University of Nevada
36. University of New Hampshire
37. University of Texas at Austin
38. University of Virginia
39. Utah State University, USA
40. University of Washington (UW), USA

Algae Energy Developments around the World

European Union
The European Biodiesel Board - promotes the use of biodiesel in the European Union, at the
same time, grouping the major EU biodiesel producers. Several algae biofuel projects have


been supported either by European Commission (EC) programmes such as FP7 or national
programmes.

UK
Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), which reviews the potential of marine
biomass, to be anaerobically digested to produce methane which in turn can be used to
generate electricity, for heat or for transport they also sequenced the genome of
Phaeodactylum tricornutum, a well studied species of diatom.

Germany
Germanys IGV has partnered with Bioalgostral SAS (BAO) for the delivery and
establishment of an industrial plant for the production of biofuels from Microalgae with a
total volume of 82,000 litres in 2012. This pre-industrial pilot project aims to promote the
use of Microalgae biomass for food, feed and several other products.

France
French agricultural research organisation, the Institut National de la Recherche
Agronomique (INRA) has launched a 160 million Euro collaborative platform which aims at
developing efficient biofuels and high added value substances by utilising micro-algae
feeding on nutrients contained in waste and industrial emissions of carbon dioxide.

China
Chinese biofuel producer ENN signed a memorandum of understanding with Airbus and its
parent company, EDAS, to jointly develop and test aviation fuel made from algae.

Japan

Japanese company IHI NeoG uses a type of Botryococcus braunii created at Kobe University
through selective breeding and called Enomoto Algae, which multiplies 1,000 times faster
than regular types. The company is focusing its research on developing technology to mass
produce oil from the fast-growing Enomoto, for making high-priced jet fuel, among other
applications.

Similar updates on algae fuel initiatives, startups, research, policies and
developments are provided for over 30 countries worldwide.


26.1 Introduction
26.2 List of Algae Culture Collection Centre

SAMPLE TOPIC
List of algae culture collection centre

Country Centre Mode of
ordering
Australia CSIRO Microalgae Research Centre
http://www.cmar.csiro.au/microalgae/supply.html
Fax or Mail
Canada

University Of Toronto Culture Collection
http://www.botany.utoronto.ca/utcc/
Online, Fax and
Phone
Canadian Centre For Culture Collection
http://www.botany.ubc.ca/cccm/
Mail, Phone or
Fax
Czech
Republic

Culture Collection of Algae of Charles University of Prague
http://botany.natur.cuni.cz/algo/caup.html
Mail, Phone or
Fax
Culture Collection of Algal Laboratory ( CCALA )
Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech
Republic
www.butbn.cas.cz
Online

Similar data on algae culture collection centers for over 30 countries
worldwide are provided.

This chapter provides a detailed list of worldwide algae and microbial collection
centres from where algae strains could be obtained.
CHAPTER 26
Culture Collection
Centers


27.1 Perspectives
27.2 Predictions
27.3 Future Research Needs - Thoughts from the ASP Team

SAMPLE TOPIC
Predictions

Period Challenges Highlights Dark Horses
1-4 years

Optimal strain identification

Devising cost-effective methods
for cultivation

Devising cost-effective methods
for harvesting

Ethanol from algae

Many pilot projects

Governments realizing the
potential of algae biofuels
and devoting higher
resources for research

Reduction in costs for
biodiesel production
processes

Efforts to grow algae next
to power plants to use the
flue gases for CO2

Growing algae in the
dark

Hydrocarbons from algae
gasification & catalytic
synthesis

Creative sparks coming
from garage & backyard
inventors

4-5 years

Innovative scientific techniques
and out-of-the-box thinking to
overcome what looks
insurmountable

Innovative business and
revenue models that factor in
ground realities

New progress from fields
such as genetic engineering
& biotech

Low cost photobioreactors

Growing algae next to
power plants
Integrated biorefinery for
algae fuel and value
added products

The algae fuels domain has a high potential for innovation and breakthroughs. Since
2002, there have been a number of approaches have been explored - some of them
radically different from the mainstream concepts. It is hence essential for an
entrepreneur to get a better perspective of what the future could hold for algae
fuels. This chapter provides details and insights that will assist in this.
CHAPTER 27
Future Trends


Inputs on similar aspects are given for the next 5-10 years for the algae
energy industry. Future trends and predictions are provided for many
aspects of algae energy processes, companies and innovations & more.

List of Tables

1. Energy from Algae Introduction
1. Algae Energy & Alternative Energy
2. Revenues of Top 5 Oil Companies (2009, US$ Billions)
3. Summary of Processes for the Main Energy Products from Algae

2. Algal Strain Selection
1. Strains with High Carbohydrate Content
2. Macroalgae Strains with High Carbohydrate Content (by dry weight)

3. Algae Cultivation
1. Suggested Non-carbon Enrichment (mL/L)
2. Continuous culture methods for various types of algae in 40L internally-
illuminated vessels (suitable for flagellates only) (modified from Laing, 1991)
3. Dunaliella sp. Culture Medium
4. Open Ponds Vs Closed Bioreactors
5. Companies Using Ponds & PBRs
6. Comparison of Large Scale Systems for Growing Algae
7. Prominent Spirulina Farms around the World
8. Fertilizers for Marine Algae
9. A Generalized Set of Conditions for Culturing Micro-Algae
10. Medium Composition
11. Chu 13
12. Johnsons medium
13. Bold basal medium
14. F/2 medium
15. Beneckes medium
16. Medium for Spirulina
17. PES medium
18. Foggs nitrogen free medium (Fogg, 1949)


19. Modified NORO medium
20. BG 11 medium
21. C medium
22. Artificial sea water medium (ASW)

4. Photobioreactor
1. General Specifications of a Photobioreactor
2. Photobioreactor Cost for a 1 Ton/Day Dry Algae System
3. Algaelink Photobioreactor Specifications & Costs
4. Data for Photobioreactor Systems from Various Companies
5. PBR Manufacturers & Suppliers
6. Convention for Classification of PBR Costs/ Price

6. Biodiesel from Algae
1. Comparison of Biodiesel from Microalgal Oil and Diesel Fuel
2. Percentage Dry Weight of Oil Content in Various Crops:
3. Chemical Composition of Algae Expressed On a Dry Matter Basis (%))
4. Biodiesel Yield in US Gallons per acre
5. A Summary of Comparison of Oil and Biodiesel Yield from Main Energy Crops

7. Hydrogen from Algae
1. Cost and performance characteristics of various hydrogen production processes

9. Ethanol from Algae

1. Growth of Ethanol as Fuel
2. Strains of Macroalgae Having High Carbohydrate Content
3. Strains of Microalgae Having High Carbohydrate Content
4. Comparison of Cellulose Content of Algae with Other Biomass

10. Other Energy Products Syngas, Other Hydrocarbon Fuels, Energy from
Combustion of Algae Biomass

1. Gasification Reactions and their Reaction Enthalpy
2. Various Fuel Routes Compare with Regard to Cost and Scalability.
3. Survey Results: Gasification Operating Plant Statistics 2004 Vs. 2007
4. Petroleum Products Produced from One Barrel of Oil Input to U.S. Refineries,
2007
5. U.S. Refiner and Blender Net Production of Refined Petroleum Products in 2007
(Total = 6.57 Billion Barrels)


12. Algae Grown in Open Ponds, Closed Ponds & Photobioreactor
1. Differences between Open Pond and Closed Pond Cultivation

13. Algae Grown in Sewage & Wastewater
1. Examples of Industries Employing Algae-Based Wastewater Treatment
Technology
2. Description of Algae Production from Poultry Waste
3. Composition of Poultry Industry Wastewater
4. Content of Selected Heavy Metals in a Sample Waste Water Treatment Plant
5. Algal-Bacterial/Microalgal Consortia for Organic Pollutant Removal
6. Theoretical Sewage & Wastewater Resource Potentials By 2020

14. Algae Grown in Desert
1. Characteristics of Photobioreactor Materials and the Energy Content of Tubular
Photo Bioreactors

15. Algae Grown in Marine & Saltwater Environment
1. Composition of Seawater
2. Detailed Composition of Seawater at 3.5% Salinity

16. Algae Grown in Freshwater
1. Macroalgae in freshwater

17. Algae Grown Next to Major CO2 Emitting Industries
1. Example of a Typical Flue Gas Composition from Coal Fired Power Plant
2. Summary of Availability and Cost of CO
2
Sources
3. Projected Global Energy Demand and CO
2
Emissions, 2000 to 2020
4. CO
2
Tolerance of Various Species
5. Energy and GHG (CO
2
) Balance per Liter of Oil Produced Using Three Different
Technologies.
6. Estimated Costs for CO
2
Sequestration Using Algae Grown for Six Months per
Year in BC
7. Algae Project Data
8. Select List of Research on Microalgae Fixation as a Process for Post-combustion
CO
2
Capture
9. Composition of Gas Mixtures
10. Solubilities of Flue Gas Components
11. Data Related to Algae-Based CO
2
Capture
12. Countries Heavily Dependent on Coal for Electricity (2006e)


13. Top Coal Importers (2006e)

18. Cost of Making Oil from Algae
1. Indicative Costs for Open Ponds
2. Indicative Costs for Closed Ponds
3. Cost of Photobioreactors
4. Cost of Drum Filtration
5. Cost of Centrifugation
6. Cost of Flocculation
7. Cost of Flotation
8. Cost of Extraction Using Oil Press
9. Cost of Solvent Extraction
10. Transesterification Cost
11. Cost of Starch to Ethanol (via fermentation)
12. Cellulose to Ethanol Cost
13. Cost of Anaerobic Digestion
14. Cost of Gasification / Pyrolysis & Catalytic Synthesis
15. Cost of Direct Combustion
16. Yield Assumptions
17. The Various Stages and the Various Options Available for Each Stage of
Production
18. Cost Estimates for the Various Options under Each Stage of Production
19. The Total Cost of Biodiesel Production
20. Cost of Photobioreactors from AlgaeWay
21. Capital Costs of Open Raceway Ponds
22. Enzyme/Fermentation vs. Gasification/Synthesis
23. Capital Cost Estimates of Gasification & Pyrolysis Plants
24. Costs for Biomass Energy Using Combustion
25. Typical Biodiesel Cost Break-up

20. Industry Profile & Company Strategies
1. Approximate Number of Companies Directly Involved in Producing Fuels from
Algae
2. International Biofuels Support Policies Ethanol
3. International Biofuels Support Policies - Biodiesel

22 Funding & Venture Funding
1. Venture Capital Firms that had Made Recent Investments in Algae Fuel Ventures
and the Companies they have Invested in


23. Non-Fuel Applications of Algae
1. Pigment Composition of Several Algal Groups (During 1982)
2. Global Carotenoid Market Value by Product 2007 & 2015 ($ Million)
3. Cosmetics Market Size Forecast Overview

24. Biofuels in Real-World
1. Current Feedstocks for Biodiesel Worldwide
2. Current Feedstocks Used for Ethanol Worldwide
3. Global Biodiesel Production (Thousand Tonnes)
4. Annual World Ethanol Production By Country
5. Prominent Biofuels Companies

25. Apex Bodies, Organizations, Universities & Experts
1. Organizations

26. Culture Collection Centers
1. List of Algae Culture Collection Centre

27. Future Trends
1. Predictions on How Energy from Algae Industry Will Pan Out During the Next 10
Years, until about 2020.


List of Figures

1. Energy from Algae - Introduction
1. Lipid Content of Algae
2. Paths to the Various Energy Products from Algae

3. Algae Cultivation
1. World Map Indicating the Direct Normal Solar Irradiation
2. Serial dilution
3. Production scheme for batch culture of algae (Lee and Tamaru, 1993)
4. Diagram of a continuous culture apparatus

4. Photobioreactors
1. Picture of Tubular Photobioreactor
2. Picture of Flate Panel Reactor

6. Biodiesel from Algae
1. A Detailed Process of Biodiesel from Algae
2. Lipid Accumulation Progress in Si-Deficient and Si-Replete Cultures.
3. A Schematic Representation of Supercritical Fluid Extraction
4. Transesterification Process

7. Hydrogen from Algae
1. Hydrogenase-Mediated Hydrogen Production
2. Hydrogen Production Catalyzed by Nitrogenase in Cyanobacteria
3. Current Methods of Hydrogen Production

8. Methane from Algae
1. Methane from Algae
2. Comparitive Analysis of Methane Production from Algae and other Materials
3. Methane Production by Anaerobic Digestion

9. Ethanol from Algae
1. Process of ethanol production from algae.

10. Other Energy Products Syngas, other Hydrocarbon Fuels, Energy from
Combustion of Algae Biomass
1. Sources of Syngas and derived energy products
2. The Chart of Complete Range of Products that can be derived from Syngas.


3. Trends in Thermochemical Technologies
4. Worldwide Growth in Gasification Technologies

12. Algae Grown in Open Ponds & Closed Ponds
1. Algae Production and Processing
2. Picture of Raceway Pond

13. Algae Grown In Sewage
1. Process Schematic for Tertiary Wastewater Treatment with Microalgae
2. Flowchart for Tertiary Wastewater Treatment with Microalgae
3. Process Schematic for Tertiary Wastewater Treatment with Micro Algae
4. A Schematic Diagram of a HRAP System
5. High Rate Algal Pond Design
6. IAPS system at the Environmental Biotechnology Research Unit stationed at the
Grahamstown Municipal Sewerage works
7. Typical Flow Sheet of Various Processes in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
8. Process Schematic for Algae Production from Poultry Waste
9. Cleansing Wastewater with Algae Sintef Fisheries Irish Seaweed Centre Project

14. Algae Grown In Desert
1. The Closed Loop Bioreactor System

17. Algae Grown Next to Major CO2 Emitting Industries
1. Picture of CO
2
Sequestration of Coal Plant Emissions
2. Flow Diagram for Microalgae Production with Introduction of CO
2
from Fossil
Fuel Fired Power Plants.
3. Flow diagram for Microalgae Production
4. Schematic diagram of the flue-gas link-up
5. Gas analysis of coal combustion gases before and after passage through
photobioreactor
6. Concentration of CO
2
in the gas stream supplied from the propane combustor
into the photobioreactor and in the gas stream leaving the photobioreactor
7. Coal in Electricity Generation

19. Companies in the Algae to Energy Industry
1. Algae water beds
2. HR Bio Petroleum Technology Process
3. Distribution of micro-bubbles enhances contact interface for optimal absorption
by algae cell
4. Helix Bioreactor - Modular and Scalable Growth System


5. PetroAlgaes commercial micro-crop technology
6. Renewable Oil Production Process
7. AGS
TM
Technology Solix Biofuels
8. Micro Organism Production System

24. Biofuels in Real-World
1. Present and Future Potential for Biofuels
2. Global Biofuel Production, 2007
Sample List of Organizations from Which Data Have been Sourced

1. NREL - http://www.nrel.gov/
2. Algal Biomass Association - www.algalbiomass.org
3. FAO - www.fao.org
4. Parliamentary Monitoring Group, South Africa - www.pmg.org.za/
5. Energy Information Administration, Government of USA - http://www.eia.doe.gov/
6. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati,
India - www.iitg.ernet.in/
7. The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration - www.fio.org.cn
8. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - www.qdio.ac.cn
9. The Center of Excellence for Hazardous Material Management in Carlsbad -
www.cehmm.org
10. University of Nevada - www.unr.edu
11. California Water Board
12. Old Dominion University - www.odu.edu
13. Auburn University in Alabama - www.auburn.edu
14. Middle East Technical University - www.metu.edu.tr
15. Sintef Fisheries and Aquaculture - www.sintef.no/
16. National Center for Radiation Research and Technology - www.eaea.org.eg
17. Water Environment Federation - www.wef.org
18. Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research - www.nioz.nl
19. Australian National University - http://solar-thermal.anu.edu.au/
20. Wuhan University - http://w3.whu.edu.cn/en/


Sample References from Journals

1. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1513243
2. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119369952/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
3. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/japh/2002/00000014/00000003/00403143?c
rawler=true
4. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3516634
5. http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3951805.html
6. http://www.patents.com/Means-recovering-algae/US4465600/en-US/
7. http://www.inventurechem.com/news5.html
8. http://www.springerlink.com/content/r6h11764u78g3803/
9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17354443
10. Composition of seawater Source:
http://imtuoradea.ro/auo.fmte/files2007/MECANICA_files/badea_gabriela_1.pdf
11. http://www.scied.science.doe.gov/SciEd/JUR_v7/pdfs/Lipid%20Production%20by%20Dunali
ella.pdf U.S. Department of Energy Journal of Undergraduate Research
12. Source: http://uregina.ca/ghgt7/PDF/papers/nonpeer/075.pdf
13. http://www.bcic.ca/images/stories/publications/lifesciences/microalgae_report.pdf
14. Source: Carbon Market Insights 2008, www.pointcarbon.com
15. http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2005/july13/hydrogen-071305.html
16. http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?IA=WO2008027980&WO=2008027980&DISPLAY=DE
SC
17. http://www.biomassmagazine.com/article.jsp?article_id=2147, Oct 2008
http://www.ewire.com/display.cfm/Wire_ID/4808
18. http://emissionscience.net/algabprod.html
19. Aquaculture department @ CU http://www.clemson.edu/scg/aqua/algae.htm
20. Photomicrographs of Phytoplankton at the Clemson Aquaculture Facility -
http://people.clemson.edu/~sadvs/
21. http://www.colostate.edu/features/biofuels-from-algae.aspx
22. http://www.ocean.org.il/Eng/ResearchInstitutesAndInfrastructure/OceanNationalInstitute.a
sp
23. http://www.ocean.org.il/Eng/ResearchInstitutesAndInfrastructure/NationalCenterToSeaAgri
culture.asp
24. http://www.energy.iowa.gov/Power_Fund/
25. http://www.jcu.edu.au
26. http://www.scipub.org/fulltext/ajbb/ajbb43250-254.pdf
27. Hydrobiologia
28. Canadian Journal of Microbiology - http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
29. ScienceDaily - www.sciencedaily.com


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