Isdn and Broadband Isdn With Frame Relay and Atm Vietnamese Translated Book

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vn

CHNG 1
GiI THIU

Quyn sch ny l ci nhn tng qut v ISDN ( B-ISDN ), cng vi
cha kho ca cng ngh mng : frame relay ( FR - truyn khung ) v mode
truyn khng ng b ( ATM ). S tiu chun ho ISDN v B-ISDN , s pht trin
ca FR v ATM u chu p lc ca th trng phi gim gi vic truyn ting
ni , d liu v phi m rng dch v mng cung cp kh nng truyn d liu v
video tc cao.
Trong chng ny chng ta tranh lun v 1 vi yu t then cht
quyt nh s t nhin v s tin trin trong lnh vc ny.

1.1 S n gn ca ISDN

Nhng tin b nhanh chng trong lnh vc my tnh v cng ngh thng
tin to ra s gn b khng ngng gia hai linh vc ny . . Cc ng truyn
dn ni gia my tnh , chuyn mch v thit b truyn dn s : Vi cng mt cng
ngh s ho cho d liu, ting ni, truyn nh. S hp nht v s pht trin cng
ngh, c lin kt vi nhng yu cu ang tng v tnh hiu qu v tnh thi gian
ca s thu thp , s x l v s ph bin ca thng tin c a n s pht
trin ca nhng h thng tch hp dng cho vic truyn v x l mi loI d liu.
Mc ch c bn ca s pht trin ny l mng s a dch v ISDN.

ISDN c dnh cho 1 mng vin thng cng cng rng ri trn ton
th gii thay th cho mng vin thng cng cng hin c v chun b cho nhng
dch v phong ph sp ti. ISDN c xc nh bi tiu chun ca giao din ngi
dng v c s dng 1 b chuyn mch s v cho php 1 phm vi rng ln
cho cc loi truyn dn v cung cp dch v ( x l ) gi tr gia tng. Trong thc
tin , c nhiu loi mng s dng trong cc quc gia, nhng t quan im cu
ngi s dng, s trin khai rng ri ca ISDN s dn n ch 1 mng , ging
nhau , d gn, s c s dng rng ri trn ton th gii

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S nh hng ca ISDN ti ngi dng v nhng ngi bn hng s rt
su sc. iu khin s pht trin v s nh hg ca ISDN th 1 n lc to ln
nhm tiu chun ho ang c thc hin (underway).. D Nhng tiu chun ISDN
vn ang tip tc pht trin nhng c cng ngh v chin thut thc hin chnh
kh r rng.

D l ISDN vn cha c c s pht trin ton din nh mong mun
ngay c th h th hai. th h u I khi n c hiu l ISDN bng hp , da
trn vic s dng knh 64 Kbps nh l n v c bn ca chuyn mch v c s
nh hng cho chuyn mch in t. S ng gp k thut chnh cho ISDN bng
hp l FRAME RELAY (FR ) . Th h th 2 , l ISDN bng rng ( B-ISDN ),
h tr cho tt c ch d liu cao (100 Mbps ) v c s nh hng cho chuyn
mch gi. Cng ngh chnh b sung cho B-ISDN l cng ngh truyn dn khng
ng b (ATM ) cn c bit nh cng ngh truyn t bo.

V d cho khuynh hng ang chi phi ISDN v B-ISDN:

# My tnh ang lin kt li vi nhau thay v ng n l. T l phn
trm my tnh c nhn ( PC ) c kh nng truyn tin ang tng. Trong khi
trc y PC l nhng thit b n l. Cng vic kinh doanh ngy nay da trn
s kt hp gia cc my tnh nh, vi cc my tnh va v ln c th chia s
ti nguyn ( nh my in ), d liu, trao i cc bn tin . Cc cng c phn
tch ca chng ta cho nhiu dy : nhiu dy , dy tt hn v dy s m rng
khp ni.

# V tuyn t bo ang to nn thng tin di ng. t, taxi v thuyn
tr thnh nhng trm lm vic. Con ngi khng ch ni chuyn qua in
thoi v tuyn t bo m h cn c th truyn d liu bng cch lin kt cc
my tnh xch tay. tm kim s pht trin vic kt hp gia my tnh v
in thoi. Lc cc t c cung cp vic lin lc bi h thng my tnh
nh mong mun. V mi chic xe s l 1 n v ni vi mng thng tin ton
cu

# PC s c dng khp ni . N s c bit vi nhng sinh vin v
nhng cng nhn c trnh , nhng ai phi ch yu lm vic vi giy t ,
ti liu, bo co v nhng con s. Nhiu nhn vin vn phng c t nht 1
trm lm vic vn phng v 1 trm nh. Xa hn na , hu ht mi
ngi s c 1 my tnh xch tay mnh (powerful) v c th c mt my
tnh dnh rt ring ( VPC ). Khch sn m bn trong tng lai v th c PC
trong mi phng nh mt th c khch sn c sn. My tnh s mi
lnh vc v quan trng hn l chng u ni mng.

# Dung tch v s phong ph ca d liu tng t ngt. Chic PC th
h 1 chu thua cc h thng Window v Machintos mi nht vi ho mu
v cht lng cao. Cc ng dng vn phng mi ang c pht trin i hi
kh nng mng cao hn ; Vic s l ho s lm tng tc mng cha
tng thy. V d cho nhng ng dng ny gm my fax s , vic x l nh
vn bn, chng trnh ho trn my PC. phn gii cao 400 x 400
cho 1 trang l phn gii chun cho nhng chng trnh ny. K c vi cc
k thut nn cng to nn ti d liu truyn thng ln kinh khng. Hn na ,
a quang ang bt u t ti cng ngh trng thnh v ang c pht trin
t ti s hin thc khi vt qu mc dung lng 1Gbyte.

#Vic nhn dng ting ni v k thut x l ngn ng t nhin s cn
nhng h thng v mng thng minh. y l 2 ng dng kh nht ,nhng gi
chng t t hp nht bi cc phng th nghim tr tu nhn to. Nhn dng
ting ni l kh nng nhn ra nhng t c ni. X l ngn ng t nhin l
kh nng tm ngha ca cc t v cc cu. V cng ngh pht trin 2 ng
dng ny l truy cp vo nhng ngn hng thng tin v cc c s d liu ,
nn chng s tr nn d dng hn v do s to nn nhng nhu cu ln hn
nhiu. Mt ngi s dng s c th t qun l hay truy cp thng tin vi
nhng t ( ni ) kho n gin hay nhng lnh c m iu . Giao din mng
d ging nh vic ni chuyn vi 1 ngi trc in thoi , ngi trng th vin
rt hiu bit , v tt c nhng chuyn gia s thnh 1.

# Cng vic ca hnh ph vi vic s dng my tnh s tr nn hiu
sut hn. Chnh ph l nh sn xut v ngi s dng thng tin ln nht
trong x hi. ISDN s ci thin v phn tn vic truy cp , gip loi b nhng
xung khc gia nhng h thng phc tp do s d thnh cng hn.

# S hot ng thng mi quc gia hay ton cu s c sc tin. d
dang Vic mi gii s nm trong chnh mng my tnh , ph thuc vo vic
truyn thng tin tc thi hay cc lnh mua-bn t ng. Ngn hng ngy
nay tin tng nhiu hn vo nhng ngi thng bo t ng v nhng ti
khon c my tnh ho ; tin bn thn n tr nn ging nh ( c h hng )
vi thng tin, khi vic truyn tin c thc hin qua mng. V ngn hng s
bt u bn dch v thng tin trc tuyn nh l iu thm vo ngn hng in
t . Hot ng trong 1 ngy ca cc cng ty thuc mi c u ph thuc vo h
thng vin thng . a d liu vo t xa, th in t , truyn fax v cc h
thng quyt nh ch l 1 trong nhng hot ng da vo vic lin lc. Nhng
cng ty xuyn quc gia ca M v nhng cng ty nic ngoi lm n vi nhau
ph thuc hon ton vo vic trao i thng tin nhanh chng. Mng thng
tin hon ton cn thit cho s ton cu ho thng mi v cng nghip .

# Nhng to nh vn phng ang c mc dy thng minh c gi
l nhng to nh thng minh. Nhng to nh ny gm mng ting ni (
thoi ) , d liu , iu khin mi trng ( nhit , m .. ), iu kin
khng kh , s an ton ( trm, la ), mng tivi Rt nhiu cc dch v ny cn
truyn ra khi cc to nh ...

# S trao i gia ngi vi ngui s tng ln. Vic kinh doanh m
bo mi ngi lm thu trao i cng vic ti ln nhau bng th in t ,
th ni, truyn file, trao i vn bn v hi tho Video . Tt c chng pht
sinh yu cu v mng d liu tc cao.

# S cch mng v cp quang s mang li dung lng khng l . Kt
qu ca bc nhy v nh lng s cho php trang b nhiu ng dng trong
cc mng cng cng hay mng ring.

1.2 Cuc cch mng trong vic lin lc gia cc my tnh.

Thi k ca chng ta c gi l hu cng nghip ho Postindustrial . N c
ngha l : cng nghip ho l yu t thng tr v l ng lc i mi qua 1 vi th
k qua, khng lu na s hon thnh nhim v. i ni nhng x hi m c tri
qua cuc cch mng cng nghip ho, nhng thay i trong x hi v trong kinh t
rt su sc. K nguyn cng nghip ho ang to ra nhng thay i thm ch cn
nhanh hn v ln hn. Nhiu khuynh hng c nhn nhn : lai ngi ang b ko
vo trong mt cuc sng , m li sng khng ch b nh hng bi nn chnh tr
v kinh t m bi cng ngh . Tt c cc chui , di cng , ph thuc vo 2
cng ngh chnh : My tnh v truyn thng

Ly v d: Cng ngh sinh hc - 1 trong nhng cng ngh mi nht . C nhiu
cng ty nghin cu nhng ni dung nh: chng li bnh ung th , x l du trn, v
nhm giI quyt nhng vn trong x hi khc. Mi sn phm hay nhng cn bnh
nm trong k thut sinh hc s khng c ngha khi khng cn my tnh. My tnh
dng kim sot v Iu khin vic sn xut v nghin cu.

Mt v d khc l hng sn xut t General Motor c thuyt phc l
cch duy nht cnh tranh vi ngi Nht l phi gim ti a gi thnh sn xut.
lm iu , cng ty phi tng vic dng my vi tnh, b iu khin c v
rbt . K thut my tnh phi thay th cho sc lao ng ca con ngi trong cc
giy truyn sn xut. Cho mt nh my t ng ho , cn thit c nhng thit b
iu khin v quan trng khng km l chng phi c ni ti mng khu vc
(LAN) . Mng LAN ny lin kt mi thit b trong nh my , dng my tnh ta c
gi i 1 tn hiu iu khin hay nhn cc bo hiu t dy truyn.

V d cui cng ta cp n l vn phng t ng , c xc nh l vn
phng vi cng ngh gip con ngi qun l thng tin. ng c thc y li mt
ln na l nng sut. Trong tt c cc c s, th k c nhng chc nng h tr khc
l nhng nhn cng chuyn su nng nhc. Tng gi nhn cngkt hp ni nng
sut thp v cng vic tng lm ngi ch phI tm cch hiu qu hn, l s u
t tp trung gi thp vo nhng cng vic lin quan ti vn phng. Cng vic cn
c lm nhanh hn v cn phi t thi gian tha gia cc ca hn. N i hi cch
tt hn ly tin v lin lc tt hn v s phi hp. Cu tr li l LAN.

K t nm 1960 tht bnh thng khi ni n nhng tin b phi thng trong
c hai lnh vc : My tnh v Truyn thng. Nhng cI mi l s hp nht ca 2 lnh
vc ny : cuc cch mng my tnh- truyn thng .

S hp nht ny to nn nhng s thay i su sc trong cng nghip, trong
mi quan h kinh doanh ( business) ngi dng , s c nhn.

1.3 T truyn thng n my tnh

S lin lc d dng cung cp ting ni, d liu, v dch v truyn video da vo
k thut s v h thng my tnh ho ang tng. Hai yu t thc y l s thay i
kinh t v s tp trung iu tit ca mng In thoi (regulatory focus of the
telephone network ) v yu cu tng vi dch v ngi dng u cui - Mng in
thoi tin tin

Mng in thoi cng cng ca M, gn nh l c quyn ca hng
AT&T v gi c chia s cho nhiu cng ty khc, lc u l mt mng tng t.
By gi trong qa trnh pht trin chm chp thnh 1 phn ca mng s tch hp (
integrated digital network - IDN ), l ch ca phn 1 cun sch ny.

S la chn ca nhng ngi thit k mng l s dng k thut s cho truyn
thng v cho chuyn mch. Mc d s u t to ln vo trang thit b mng tng
t c AT&T ang chuyn sang cho 1 mng ton s. Cung cp vic truyn dn
xa, ging nh MCI ang lm ging nh th. L do chnh cho nhng khuynh
hng ny l:

# Gi thnh thit b : Trong khi gi thnh ca cc thit b tng t vn khng
thay i th gi ca thit b s tip tc gim mnh. Vic s dng cng ngh
LSI v VLSI ( very large scale integrate) lm gim khng ch kch thc m
c gi tt c cc thit b dng trong x l tn hiu s.
# Chia s ng dy : Qua qung ng di, nhng tn hiu t nhng cuc
gi in thoi s chia s dng truyn chung nh s hp knh. Hp knh
theo thi gian ( TDM ) s dng cng ngh s, hiu qu hn cng ngh c
bn ca k thut tng t l hp knh theo tn s.( FDM ) Do , ting ni
vo t n thoi c chuyn thnh tn hiu s cho nhng lin kt xa.
# iu khin mng : Dng tn hiu iu khin dim sot trng thi c iu
khin hot ng ca mng s vn c. Ta c th d dng hn trong vic kt
hp tt c trong 1 mng s.

Do , ngy cng nhiu, k thut s c ng dng nhiu hn cho mng
in thoi. K thut c dng ging vi h thng my tnh. Mt cch ngy cng
tng, nhng thit b chnh ca mng in thoi chnh l nhng my tnh hay c
my tnh iu khin.

S l v tnh ton t xa

Trc y cng nh by gi, mng in thoi l l do chnh cho vic lin lc
khong cch xa. Tuy nhin trc y khong 25 nm , nhu cu v vic truyn d
liu ngy cng tng. Trong tng lai , nhng thit b ca nhu cu d liu s s l
cho truyn thng gia 2 ngi dng v 1 my tnh xa. Nhng chc nng truyn
thng cung cp s truy cp ca thit b u cui xa c bit l qu trnh x l
t xa (teleprocessing). Mt cch gn hin ti hn, cc dch v cng thm vo cc
chc nng x l t xa c bn c gi l telematic , xut hin.

hiu c nhng khuynh hng ny, chng ta cn ni n cch m s s
dng my tnh tng. Trong nhng nm 50, my tnh in hnh l to v t. l 1
ti nguyn hn ch do cn s dng hiu qu. Cho mc ch ny h iu hnh
c pht trin. H iu hnh lc u l s x l theo khi (batch), n iu
khin vic thc hin chui cc chng trnh ngi s dng, c gi l cng vic
(job). Ngi s dng c th xng 1 job , cc job c xp hng ni ui
nhau ( queued up ), ch n s x dng ca my tnh . Ngay khi 1 job kt thc, h
iu hnh tm n job tip theo.

Khi my tnh tr nn my tnh c nhn v yu cu tng, h iu hnh theo
khi (batch operation system ) tr nn li thi. Vn l nu ch c 1 job c x
l th ti thi im nhiu ti nguyn b lng ph. khc phc, h iu hnh chia
s thi gian ra i ( time-sharing operation system). N sp t ti nguyn
c tn dng. V trong khi vi h theo khi ( batch-oriented system), ngi s
dng ngh 1 job ti b vn hnh ca my tnh v i mt lc sau c kt qu,
th vi h chia s thi gian, ngi dng tng tc trc tip vi h iu hnh.

Nhng ngi s dng h iu hnh cha s thi gian d s dng nhng thit
b u cui gn vi my tnh. Nhng nhng yu cu truy cp thit b u cui xa
teleprocessing c pht trin. Mt t chc ln ( ngn hng hay mt hng bo him
ln) c th c s d dng trong x l d liu trung tm nhng nhng ngi s dng
tim nng nhng vn phng v tinh. Dch v chia s thi gian ( time- sharing
service) n r (sprang up). Ging nh cc dch v thu theo gi ( service reanted-
time) cho nhng ngi dng khng c Iu kin c ring h thng. H thng im
bn hng , h thng t v my bay ni vi nhiu trm ngi dng thc hin giao
dch vi cc thng s c lu trong c s d liu ti 1 my tnh xa.

S truy cp ca nhng trm t xa c th c v c kt ni bi mng
in thoi cng cng. D liu s c chuyn sang tn hiu tng t v c truyn
nh l tn hiu ting ni - Nhng n khng hiu qu. Khi 1 cuc gi c t, ti
ngyn trong mng c dnh cho vic thit lp v bo tr cuc gi. Kt qu l 1
mch in qua mng c dnh ra trong thi gian lin lc. Gi y vi 1 cuc gi
in, thng thng ngi ny hoc ngi kia ni hu ht thi gian v nh mch
in m vic s dng tt. Nhng vi 1 cuc kt ni gia trm-my tnh (terminal-to-
cumputer) nhiu thi gian mch ri, trong khi bn kia ang truyn.

khc phuc c hiu qu, chuyn mch gi ra i. D liu trm v ca my
tnh c gi theo tng khi nh, gi l gi. Nhng gi ny c nh hng qua
mng s dng tuyn (path) v nhng ti nguyn c chia s gia 1 s ngi ang
gi. Do , mng phi hiu cch kt ni (handle) v x l gi : 1 v d khc ca
thng tin lin lc (computerization of communication)

Yu cu truyn dn d liu v vic s dng chuyn mch gi tip tc
tng. Dch v telematic cng xut hin thm vo v dch v teleprocessing truyn
thng. Telematic cung cp cho 1 ngi dng t trm truy cp ti c s d liu hoc 1
ng dng c th. V d dch v yu cu mu (catalog ordering). Ngi dng kt ni
ti dnh v v c th xem thng tin ca nhiu mt hng trn mn hnh my trm. Sau
h c th t hng.

1.4 T truyn thng ti my tnh

Truyn thng lm vic s dng cng ngh my tnh tng v ng thi phn
cng v phn mm trong my tnh cng ch yu phc v truyn thng. L do l vic
x l d liu ang c thm vo nh l 1 b su tp ca vic kt hp vi my tnh
thay v l 1 chic my tnh ln n l. N c bit n nh l s phn phi my
tnh, v chc nng x l c phn phi cho 1 s my tnh. Theo cch n thc hin
chng ta cn xem xt 3 vn :

# p lc ca kinh t lm vic phn phi x l l hp l.
# Nhng li ch tim nng ca phn phi vic x l thc y n pht trin
# S li ko v mt chc nng truyn thng

Nhng p lc kinh t v li ch tim nng

Hai khuynh hng c kt hp lm thay i s cn bng kinh t cho x l
phn phi S gim gi t ngt v khng ngng ca gi phn cng my tnh cng
vi nng lc ca chng ngy cng tng.

B vi x l ( microprocessor ) ngy nay c tc , c b phn thit b
(instruction set) v dung lng b nh c th so snh vi cc b x l mini
(miniprocessor) hay thm ch l cc mainframe ch vi nm trc y. Khuynh
hng ny lm ny sinh nhiu thay i trong cch thu thp, x l v s dng
thng tin . C s gia tng chut t v cc my tnh nh , n chc nng cng nh cc
my tnh kinh doanh nh , cc my vi tnh mc ch chung v cc my tnh c
nhn hay cc my tnh trm. Cc h thng nh, phn tn ny d dng hn, d tip
cn , ph hp hn so vi cc h thng ln trung tm theo cng ngh chia s thi
gian .

Khi s cc h thng tng, gn nh c mt nhu cu ni lin chng vi nhau cho
nhiu mc ch, bao gm :
Chia s ti nguyn
Trao i d liu gia cc h thng

Chia s ti nguyn - nh cc kho ln v cc may in laze l mt cch nh gi
quan trng gim gi . Mc d gi cc phn cng x l d liu ang gim, nhng
gi cc thit b c kh in t cn thit vn cn cao. Thm ch trong trng hp
d liu c th c kt hp vi cc h thng nh, kinh t nht vn l cc d liu
ny lu tr trong mt s h thng server trung tm . Gi lu tr trung bnh 1 bit tin
ti a mm ( floppy ) ca cc my vi tnh vn cn cao hn nhiu so vi gi lu tr
trn a ln hay bng t

Kh nng trao i d liu l l do hp dn s lin kt. Cc c nhn khng lm
vic tch ri v s mun gi c nhng li ch c cung cp bi h thng trung
tm, bao gm kh nng trao i bn tin vi ngi dng khc v kh nng truy cp
cc d liu v chng trnh t nhiu ngun khi chun b ti liu hay khi ang phi
phn tch d liu.

Thm na, nhiu li ch khc cng rt ng quan tm. Mt h thng phn phi
c th ng tin cy hn, nhiu gi tr hn na vi ngi dng, nhiu kh nng hn
khi cu cc s c li (survive failures). Vic tn tht bt k thnh phn no cng c
nhng nh hng ti thiu, v thnh phn chnh yu c th c lm d tha do
cc h thng khc c th nhanh chng tip tc ti tin sau khi gp li. Cui cng, mt
h phn phi cung cp cc tim nng ni cc thit b t nhiu ngi bn, ni a
cho khch hng s mm do v nng lc b mc c (bargaining power)

Chc nng truyn thng ca my tnh

Qu trnh x l phn b da trn s truyn thng d dng kt ni cc my
tnh. m cc my tnh lp thnh h thng s l phn b . Nhng khng ch c th,
c hnh ng c tnh cng cng tc bn thn my tnh phi c chc nng kt hp
truyn thng.

V d, vic truyn file gia 2 my tnh cn c ng d liu (data path), c
th l ng truyn trc tip hoc qua mng truyn thng. Hn na cn c thm
nhiu chc nng khc na nh :
H thng ti nguyn (source system) hoc phi kch hot chc nng truyn
nhn d liu trc tip hoc thng bo cho mng truyn thng c tnh ca h
thng ch mong mun.
H thng ti nguyn phi bit chc rng h thng ch sn sng nhn d
liu.
ng dng truyn file phi chc chn chng trnh qun l file sn sng chp
nhn v lu file .
nh dng file c dng trong c 2 h thng khng xung t vi nhau,
mt trong 2 h thng phi thc hin chc nng chuyn i.

R rng rng phi l s kt hp cao gia 2 my tnh. Vic trao i
thng tin gia cc my tnh mt cch tng qut c hiu l vic truyn thng
my tnh. Mt cch tng t, khi 2 hay nhiu my tnh c lin kt qua mng
truyn thng lp 1 mng my tnh. Bi v mt ng vn hnh gia mt ngi s
dng ta mt u cui v mt my tnh c ch khi hon tt truyn thng.

Cc chc nng ny c pht trin s dng trong mng in thoi v
by gi l ti c mng my tnh to nn h thng x l phn phi.

Chng 2
truyn dn s

Trong chng ny tng quan v mt vi vn mu cht lin quan n truyn dn
s . Phn mt lm r v k thut truyn dn s , tng t . Ri th vic m ho tn hiu
tng t thnh tn hiu s c kim tra . Phn tip theo tho lun v vic phn knh.
Chng ny cn bao gm vic tho lun h thng sng mang s m n to thnh h
xng sng ca mng s , din rng.

2.1 Truyn d liu s v tng t

Khi nim tung t v s tng ng vi s lin tc v ri rc. Hai thut ng ny s
dng mt cch lin tc khi ni truyn d liu trong 3 ni dung : d liu , bo hiu v
truyn dn.

Ta coi d liu l ci truyn t mt ngha no . Hon ton c th nhn ra d
liu 1 dng nht nh. Tin tc phi trong ni dung hoc bin dch ca d liu ny. Bo
hiu l hot dng truyn tn hiu trong mi trng n nh. Cui cng s truyn l s
thng tin ca d liu bng cch truyn v s l cc tn hiu.

D liu tng t v s

D liu tng t nhn cc gi tr lin tc trong cc khong thi gian. V d : Ting
ni v hnh nh bin i lin tc v cng . Hu ht cc d liu nhn c t cc u
o nh nhith , p sut l cc gi tr lin tc. D liu s nhn cc gi tr gin on . V
d nh cc k t ch , cc s nguyn ..

Tn hiu tng t v s

Trong h thng thng tin , cc d liu c truyn t im ny ti im kia bng
cc tn hiu in (?). Tn hiu tng t l cc sng in t thay i lin tc c th c
truyn nhiu mi trng tu thuc vo tn s. V d mi trng c th l dy ng ( cp
xon i hay cp ng trc ) hoc l cp quang hay kh quyn ( v tuyn ) . Trong khi
tn hiu s l chui cc xung in th c th c truyn qua dy ng ( Mt mc
in p khng i ny c th c trng cho mc 1 cn mt mc in p khc khng
i c th c trng cho mc 0 )

Vic truyn tn hiu s r hn truyn tn hiu tng t v t b nh hng ca nhiu
hn. Nhng tn hiu s suy gim nhiu hn . Hnh 2.1 biu din chui cc xung in p
c pht ra t mt ngun c 2 mc in p v in p thu nhn c ti mt khong
cch khc qua mi trng dn. cc xung tr nn trn u v b i. R rng l suy
hao lm mt thng tin khi truyn.

Hnh 2.1 S suy gim tn hiu s

Cc d liu s hay d liu tng t u c th c biu din hay truyn bi hoc
tn hiu s hoc tn hiu tng t. iu ny minh ho trong hnh 2.2. Ni chung tn hiu
tng t l mt hm theo thi gian v chim mt gii tn s gii hn. Mt v d in hnh
l d liu ting ni, sng m hay d liu ting ni c cc thnh phn tn s trong khong
t 20Hz ti 20KHz. Tuy nhin nng lng thoi ch tp trong trong khong tn s hp .
Ph ca ting ni chun ho trong khong 300Hz ti 3400Hz v trong khong ting
ni truyn nghe rt r rng . Cc thit b thoi s dng di tn s sng in t 300Hz
3400Hx chuyn i t sng in t sang sng m v ngc li


Hnh 2.2 Tn hiu tng t i sang s v ngc li

D liu s c th c biu din bng cc tn hiu tng t khi s dng cc
modem ( Modulation - DeModulation ) Cc Modem ny bin i cc chui nh phn (
Hai gi tr ) thnh cc tn hiu tng t bng cch iu ch tn s sng mang. Tn hiu
thu c c ph tn s trung tm ti tn s sng mang v c th c truyn qua mi
trng . Hu ht cc modem u bin i cc d liu s thnh ph ting ni cho php
cc d liu s ny c th c truyn qua tuyn thoi . u kia ca tuyn thoi , mt
modem gii iu ch tn hiu , tr li d liu s ..

Mt cch tng t , d liu tng t c th biu din thnh cc tn hiu s . Cc
thit b thc hin cc chc nng ny cho d lii ting ni c gi l codec ( Code
DeCode ) . Trong Code codec ly mt tn hiu tng t biu din mt d liu ting
tng ng bin i thnh cc tn hiu vi mt chui bt . u kia , chui bit c s dng
khi phc li d lii tng t . iu ny s c ni trong phn 2.2
Cui cng d liu s c th biu din trc tip thnh dng nh phn vi hai mc
in p. nng cao c tnh truyn dn , cc d liu nh phn thng c m ho
thnh cc dng phc tp hn ca tn hiu s . iu ny s ni n trong chng 3

S truyn tn hiu tng t v s

Tn hiu s v tng t c th c truyn ti cc mi trng thch hp . Ci cch
m cc tn hiu ny c s l l mt chc nng ca h thng truyn dn . Bng 2.1 tng
kt cc phng php truyn d liu. S truyn tng t ngha l truyn tn hiu tng t
m khng quan tm n ni dung ca n : Tn hiu tng t ny c th th hin d liu
tng t ( nh ting ni .. ) hoc d liu s ( nh d liu c chuyn qua modem .. )
Trong mi trng hp s suy hao tn hiu tng t gii hn khong cch truyn dn .
truyn i xa ta phi dng cc b khuch i b p nng lng b mt mt . Nhng
n khuch i c thnh phn nhiu, trn khong cch xa th ta phi chng thm cc b
khuych i v do vy lm tn hiu mo li cng thm mo. i vi d liu tng t
( nh ting ni .. ) vic mo mt t c th c tch lu v do vy d liu tr nn kh
chp nhn

a) D liu v tn hiu

Tn hiu tng t Tn hiu s
D liu tng t (1) Tn hiu chim cng tn
s vi d liu tng t
(2) D liu tng t c
iu ch chim vng tn
s khc
D liu tng t c m ho
khi dng codec to ta chui
bt s
D liu s D liu s c m khi s
dng modem to ra tine
hiu tng t
(1) tn hiu gm 2 mc in
p biu din 2 gi tr nh
phn
(2) d liu s so th c m
hoa sinh ra tn hiu s vi
c tnh ph hp

b) Phng php s l tn hiu
Truyn tng t Truyn s
D liu tng t c truyn qua b khuych
i, tn hiu c cng cch
biu din d liu tng t
hay d liu s
Gi s rng tn hiu tng t
biu din d liu s , d liu
truyn qua cc b lp. Ti
mi b lp d liu s c
khi phc
D liu s Khng s dng Tn hiu s biu din chui
bit 1 v 0, c truyn
qua cc b lp. ti mi b lp
cc bit 1,0 c khi
phc

Bng 2.1 Truyn tn hiu s , tng t
Truyn s, ngc li, cn bit ni dung ca tn hiu. Chng ta lu rng mt tn
hiu s c th c truyn ch trong 1 khong cch nht nh trc khi suy hao lm
hng s ton vn ca d liu. truyn tn hiu s i xa, cc b lp ( repeater ) c t
trn ng truyn. Cc b lp thu tn hiu s khi phc li dng ca tn hiu v li tip
tc pht tn hiu s mi. V th d suy hao c gii quyt.

K thut tng t c th c s dng vi tn hiu tng t nu tn hiu mang d
liu s, ti mt v tr tng ng h thng truyn dn c thit b pht li ch khng ch d
khuych i. Cc thit b pht li ny s khi phc d liu s t cc tn hiu tng t sau
truyn i tn hiu mi sch.. V th n khng c tnh n.

Mt cu hi t nhin t ra l phng php truyn dn no c la chn . Cu tr
li t phia cc nh cng nghip vin thng v ngi dng l truyn s l phng php ti
u hn. Cc nguyn nhn quan trng l do :

Gi : Cng ngh VLSI ( Very-large-scale-integration ) lm gi thnh v kch thc
ca cc mch s lin tc gim. Trong khi gi bo tr cc thit b s l nh so vi
cc thit b tng t .
Tnh ton vn ca tn hiu s : Dng cc b lp s thay v cc b khuch i tng
t hiu lc ca n v s suy gim tn hiu khng c tch lu v th n cho php
tn hiu s c truyn i xa hn , v qua ng truyn km cht lng hn bi
phng tin s bo tr tnh ton vn d liu
Kh nng s dng : y l tnh kinh t khi xy dng ng truyn vi bng thng
rt cao bao gm cc knh v tinh v cp quang . Kh nng hp knh cao (Multiplex)
l cn thit cho php cc tn hiu s c hiu sut , d dng v r tin khi phn chia thi
gian ( TDM-Time devision Multiplex), cn tn hiu tng t phn chia theo tn s
(FDM-Frequency devision Multiplex) .
S ring t v an ninh : K thut m ho ng dng nhanh chng cho d liu s
v cho c tn hiu tng t c s ho.
S tch hp : Vi c thng tin tng t v s phi c s ho , tt c cc tn hiu c
cng dng c th c s l nh nhau. V vy mc kinh t v s thun tin c th
t c bng cch tch hp ting ni , hnh nh , truyn hnh v d liu s.

2.2 S m ho s tn hiu tng t

S pht trin ca mng vin thng cng cng ( PSTN ) mun truyn dn s i hi
d liu ting ni phi c biu din di dng s. Hnh 2.3 minh ho mt hnh nh
chung : tn hiu ting ni tng t c s ho to ra cc mu 1 v 0 , cng nh cc
tn hiu s vi cc mu 1 v 0 c t vo mt modem sao cho mt tn hiu tng t
c th c truyn. Tuy nhin tn hiu tng t mi ny khc xa vi tn hiu ting ni
nguyn gc. Cc thit b pht li ch l cc b khuych i c s dng cho php
ko di di truyn dn . Tt nhin tn hiu tng t mi phi c bin i ngc li
thnh d liu tng t tng ng vi li vo ting ni nguyn gc

Hnh 2.3 : S ho d liu tng t

iu ch xung m ( PCM - Pulse code Modulation )

Mt k thut tt nht c bit n s ho ting ni l PCM. PCM da trn l
thuyt ly mu m n c pht biu nh sau :
Nu mt tn hiu s(t) c ly mu ti cc khong thi gian n nh v ti tc
ln hn hai ln tn s tn hiu c gi tr ln nht th cc mu cha tt c cc thng tin
ca tn hiu nguyn gc . Hm s(t) c th c khi phc t cc mu ny bng cch s
dng cc b lc thng thp

Nu d liu ting ni c gii hn tn s di 4000Hz th 8000 mu trong 1
giy s c s dng ly mu tn hiu ting ni tng t. Ch rng y l cc mu
tng t. bin i thnh s mi mt mu tng t phi c thay bng mt m nh
phn. Hnh 2.4 ch ra mt v d m mi mt mu tng ng ( lng t ho ) vi mt
trong 16 mc mi mu biu din thnh 4 bit ( Gi tr lng t ho ch l xp x , iu
quan trng l khi khi phc phi tr li chnh xc tn hiu nguyn gc) . Bng cch dng
mu 8 bit cho php c ti 256 mc lng t cht lng ca ting ni c khi phc l c
th so snh c vi cht lng ting truyn tng t. Ch rng tc d liu 8000
mu/giy x 8 bit/mu = 64k bit/giy l cn thit cho tn hiu ting ni

Hnh 2.4 : iu ch xung m

N chung , PCM s dng k thut m ho phi tuyn , c ngha l 256 mc lng t
l khng bng nhau, gii quyt vn sai s tuyt i trung bnh ca mi mt mu l
phi nh nhau . Bng cch dng mt s ln cc mc lng t ho cho cc tn hiu c bin
thp v mt s t cc mc lng t ho cho cc tn hiu c bin cao. iu ny lm
mo gim i

PCM tt nhin c th c s dng cho c tn hiu ting ni khc. V d tn hiu
ca TV mu s dng bng thng 4.6MHz c th cho php cht lng t 10 bit/mu vi
tc d liu l 92Mbit/giy

Tnh hon thin

Cht lng ting ni tt vi 128 mc lng t khi m hoa 7 bit ( 2
7
= 128) Tn
hiu thoi chim bng thng 4KHz v vy ph hp vi l thuyt ly mu , cc mu c tc
8000 mu/giy. S dng iu ny cho php tc d liu t ti 8000 x 7 = 56 Kb/s
d liu s m hoa PCM

Ci cn xem xt l bng thng cn thit. Tn hiu ting ni tng t c bng thng
4KHz. Tn hiu s 56Kb/s cn bng thng ti thiu 28KHz. Thm ch mt s khc cn
cao hn v d nh TV mu m hoa 10 bit c tc 92Mb/s vi bng thng 4.6MHz

Tuy nhin k thut pht trin cho php m ho c hiu qu hn. Trong trng
hp ca ting ni , ch phi t ti l bng thng ln cn 4KHz. Vi truyn hnh , hnh
nh xc nh theo cc khung lin tip , cc im nh tng ng cc khung s khng thay
i , K thut m ho xuyn khung cho php gim bng thng xung cn 15Mhz v cc
cnh thay i mt cch chm chp. Nh vy vi hnh nh hi tho t xa cho php gim
xung 64KB/s hay thp hn

2.3 Hp knh

Trong c hai thng tin ni ht v din rng , thng th kh nng truyn dn ca
ng truyn vt qu yu cu truyn dn ca mt tn hiu n l. nng cao hiu
sut truyn dn ca h thng , n c thit k sao cho c th mang nhiu tn hiu trn
mt ng truyn. iu ny gi l hp knh ( Multiplexing )

Hnh 2.5 a ra multiplexing phn bit theo hnh dng n gin nht. C n li vo
ti b hp knh ( Multiplexer ) . B hp knh c ni bng 1 ng ni ti b phn
knh ( DeMultiplexer ) . ng ni ny c kh nng mang n knh d liu ring bit . B
hp knh ( Multiplexer ) t hp d liu t n ng li vo v truyn dn vi tc cao .
B phn knh nhn d liu c hp knh v tch d liu ( DeMultiplexer ) ph hp
theo cc knh v pht i theo cc ng tng ng

Hnh 2.5 B hp knh
S a dng ca b hp knh truyn dn s liu c th c gii thch nh sau :
1. Tc truyn dn d liu cng cao th thit bi truyn dn cng c hiu qu
kinh t tc l i vi mt ng dng cho trc vi mt khng cch cho trc ,
chi ph cho mt kb/s s gim khi tc truyn dn d liu tng ln. Tng t :
chi ph cho mi kb/s ca thit b thu/pht s gim xung khi tc d liu
tng
2. Hu ht cc thit b truyn d liu ring l t nhiu u cn phi c h tr v
tc d liu . V d vi hu ht cc ng dng client/server , tc d liu 64
kb/s c coi l tha

Do cc thit b truyn thng c nhn yu cu tc d liu va phi v kh nng
truyn ca phng tin ln hn nhiu dung lng yu cu do gim gi thnh v
nng cao hiu qa cc h thng c thit k mang nhiu tn hiu ring trn cng mt
ng truyn vt l: hp knh.

Hnh 2.6 FDM v TDM

C 2 phng php hp knh c dng rng ri : Hp knh chia theo min tn s
FDM ( Frequency-Division Multiplexing ) v hp knh theo min thi gian TDM ( Time-
Division Multiplexing ) :

FDM : c dng khi rng bng ca ng truyn ln hn rng bng yu cu
cho 1 tn hiu cho . Mt s tn hiu c th c truyn dn ng thi mi tn hiu
c iu ch bng 1 tn s khc nhau sao cho bng thng ca mi tn hiu khng
chng lp nhau. Trn hnh 2.6a a ra trng hp n gin ca FDM . Su ngun tn
hiu c a vo mt b hp knh sao cho iu ch mi mt tn hiu thnh mt tn
s khc nhau ( f
1
, f
2
, .. , f
6
) . Mi mt tn hiu i hi mt rng bng thng no
xung quanh tn s sng mang c coi nh l mt knh. trnh nh hng ln
nhau cc knh c tch bit nhau bi di b ( Guard bands ).
V d hp knh cc tn hiu ting ni m ph ca chng trong khong 300Hz
3400Hz v th mt bng thng rng 4KHz c s dng mang cc tn hiu ting
ni v cho gii b. C Nam M v Quc t s dng 12 knh thoi 4KHz truyn
trong khong tn s 60KHz 108KHz . Khi ng truyn tc cao hn cng cc
knh > 4KHz
TDM : C u im khi dng tc bit ( i khi - khng phi l tt c - c gi l
bng thng ) ca ng truyn c th t ln hn nhiu tc d liu yu cu ca
tn hiu s. Cc tn hiu s hp knh c th c mang ch trn mt ng truyn
bng cch xen k theo thi gian cc ca ca mi mt tn hiu. C th l chn xen k
tng bit hoc tng khi tm bt hoc s lng nhiu hn th. V d b hp knh
trong hnh 2.6b c 6 li vo , mi mt li vo c tc 9.6 Kb/s Mt ng truyn c
dung lng truyn n 56.7 Kb/s c kh nng ti tt c 6 tn hiu trn. Tng t nh
FDM , cc khe thi gian tun t c gi l cc knh. Mt chu k ca cc khe thi
gian c gi l mt khung ( Frame )
Phng php TDM nh trong hnh 2.6b c gi l TDM ng b ( Synchronous
TDM ) tc l cc khe thi gian l quy nh trc v c nh cho mi mt tn hiu li
vo khi m nhp truyn cho tt c ngun tn hiu c ng b. Ngc li TDM
khng ng b ( Async TDM ) cho php nhp truyn c nh x ng. Nhng h
tn hiu mang s s miu t chng sau, cn SONET/SDH trnh by ti phn 4 s l
v d tt cho Async TAM
TDM khng ch dnh ring cho tn hiu s, tn hiu tng t cng c th c
chn theo thi gian. S kt hp gia TDM v FDM l c th : H thng truyn c th
c chia theo tn s thnh nhiu knh, mi knh li c chia theo TDM.

2.4 H thng tn hiu mang s

Mt mng chuyn mch din rng thng lin quan n hng lot cc node c
kt ni vi nhau. Mi quan h gia mt cp node, c gi l trung k (trunk), s dng
vic hp knh chuyn ti lu lng trn mt s cc knh hoc cc mch. Vic hp
knh ny c th dng hp knh phn tn ( FDM ) hoc hp knh phn thi gian ( TDM
). Khi cc mng vin thng din rng pht trin thnh mt mng k thut s tch hp th
cc k thut TDM ng b tr nn rt quan trng.

Bng 2.3 Chun mang TDM ca Nam M v Quc t

Nam M Quc t ( ITU T)
Design S knh Tc
( Mb/s)
Mc S knh Tc
(Mb/s)
DS-1
DS-1C
DS-2
DS-3
DS-4
24
48
96
672
4032
1.544
3.153
6.312
44.736
274.176
1
2
3
4
5
30
120
480
1920
7680
2.048
8.448
34.368
139.264
565.148

H thng tn hiu mang ng di M v trn th gii c thit k truyn
cc tn hiu ting ni qua cc ng truyn dn dung lng cao, v d nh cp quang,
cp ng trc v sng viba. Mt phn s pht trin cng ngh k thut s ca cc mng
vin thng ny chnh l s chp nhn cc cu trc truyn dn TDM ng b. M, cng
ty AT&T xy dng mt h thng phn cp cc cu trc TDM c cc dung lng khc
nhau. Cu trc ny c s dng Canada, Nht v M. Mt h thng phn cp tng t
nhng khng ging nh vy li c s dng rng ri trn th gii di s bo h ca
ITU ( bng 22 ). Nh ta s thy, vic phn chia ny vn l mt vn cha gii quyt
c trong cc tiu chun ISDN.

C s ca h thng phn cp TDM Bc M chnh l khun dng truyn dn
DS-1 ( hnh 2.7 ), hp 24 knh li. Mi mt khung cha 8 bit trn mt knh cng vi
mt bit iu chnh ( framing bit ) cho 24 x 8+1 = 193 bit. i vi truyn dn ting th
p dng cc qui tc sau : mi knh cha mt t l d liu ting c s ho. Tn hiu
ting tng t nguyn thu c s ho nh s dng phng php iu bin m xung
( PCM ) vi tc 8000 mu 1 giy. Vi di mt khung l 193 bit, chng ta s c tc
d liu l 8000 x 193 =1.544 Mbps. C nm trong s mi su khung th cc mu
PCM loi 8 bit c s dng. i vi tt c cc khung th su, mi mt knh li cha
mt t PCM loi 7 bit cng vi 1 bit bo hiu. Cc bit bo hiu to nn mt lung
(stream) cho tng knh ting c cha thng tin tuyn v kim sot mng. V d nh, cc
tn hiu kim sot c s dng thit lp hoc chm dt mt cuc gi.

Mt khun dng tng t nh DS-1 c s dng cho cc dch v d liu s.
Tng t nh ting ni, d liu cng c truyn vi tc 1.544Mb/s. Trong trng
hp ny 23 knh d liu c s dng, v tr knh th 24 c dng nh 1 byte c bit
cho php nhanh hn v c tin cy hn khi nh khung , pht hin li. Bn trong mi
mt knh 7 bit c dng truyn d liu, cn bt th 8 ch th rng y l d liu
ngi s dng hay l d liu iu khin h thng. Vi 7 bt/knh , tc khung l 8000
ln/giy , tc d liu 56Kb/s cho 1 knh. Tc d liu thp hn cng c dng khi
s dng hp knh tc ph ( subrate ). Khi s dng k thut ny 1 bit thm vo c
n cp tI mi mt knh ch th rng tc ph khi hp knh. Nu dung lng ca
mt knh 6 x 8000 = 48 Kb/s c s dng hp knh cho 5 knh tc 9.6 kb/s hay
10 knh 4.8 kb/s hay 20 knh 2.4 kb/s .. ly v d nu ly knh 2 s dng cho dch v
tc 9.6 kb/s th c ti 5 knh ph chia s trn knh ny . D liu cho mi knh ph l 6
bt trong knh 2

Ch :
1. Bt th 193 l bt khung c s dng ng b
2. Knh ting ni :
8-bit PCM c s dng cho 5 trong s 6 khung
7-bit PCM s dng cho khung th 6 , bt th 8 ca mi mt knh s dng lm bt
bo hiu
3. Knh d liu :
Knh 24 c s dng bo hiu ch mt vi trng hp
Bit 1-7 s dng cho tc 56 kb/s
bit 2-7 s dng cho tc 9.6 hay 4.8 hay 2.4 kb/s

Cui cng khun dng DS-1 c th c dng ti mt hn hp cc knh d liu v
ting ni. Trong trng hp ny c 24 knh u c dng ht ; khng c mt byte ng
b no c cp .

Trn tc d liu c s 1.544 Mb/s , vic hp knh mc cao hn s c thc
hin bng cch xen k cc bit t cc li vo DS-1 . Chng hn h truyn dn DS-2 kt hp
4 li vo DS-1 vo 1 lung 6.312 Mb/s . D liu t 4 ngun ny s c an xen 12 bit
mi ln . Lu rng 1.544 x 4 = 6.176 Mb/s . Dung lng cn li s c s dng cho
cc bt kim sot v bt khung.

Mi mt mc cao hn ca phn cp TDM c hnh thnh bng cc hp cc tn
hiu t mc thp hn tip hoc bng cch t hp cc tn hiu ny vi li vo t tc
d liu thch hp t cc ngun khc . u tin , tc truyn dn DS-1 s c dng
cung cp c dch v ting v d liu. Dch v d liu c gi l dch v s ho thai d
liu ( DDS ). Dch v DDS l dch v truyn dn k thut s gia cc thit b s liu
khch hng vi tc t 2.4 kb/s n 56 kb/s. Dch v ny c ti tt c cc a im ca
khch hng qua i dy xon

Cc thit b hp knh tiu chun u c dng to ra cc c s truyn dn cao
hn . Thng dng nht l cc thit b c lit k trong bng 2.2 . Cc thit k DS-1 , DS-
1c .. u ch cng 1 s hp knhc dng cho vic tI thng tin. Cng ty AT&T v
cc nh cung cp khc a ra cc thit b truyn dn h tr rt nhiu cc loi tn hi
c hp knh khc nhau v c gi l h thng nh cung cp. Chng c nh du
bng nhn T . Nh vy T
1
cung cp tc d liu 1.544 Mb/s v c kh nng h tr
cho khun dng hp knh DS-1 v c nh vy vi tc cao hn T
2
.. ..


CHNG 3
M NG V NG DY THU BAO

S m rng ca lin kt s ti mng thu bao l mt phn ca s pht trin
mng s ho. iu ny c ngha l cc thit b chuyn mch v truyn dn ni b
ca mng c s ho cung cp mt phm vi rng cc dch v s ho c
thit k cho ISDN . Lin kt gia mng thu bao vi mng chuyn mch c gi
l ng thu bao ; vng thu bao ; vng ni hat , cn phi c s ho

3.1 K thut ng dy thu bao

Hin nay hu ht cc ng dy thu bao dng trong thng mi v cc ng
dy thu bao gia nh u l cp xon i. Vi s gia tng ca cc dch v yu cu
truyn d liu tc cao cng nh s a thch s dng cp quang . Chng ta xem xt
2 mi trng dng cho ng dy thu bao

a) ng dy thu bao vi cp xon i

Cp xon i ni gia cc thu bao v tng i ni ht hoc chuyn mch l
n gin nht cung cp cc dch v s. Mi mt cp ng cp xon dng truyn
theo mt hng. Nhng mng in thoi hin dang s dng th ch dng 1 cp cho
c 2 hng. Do phi lp t thm nhiu cp mi . Tnh kinh t i hi phi tm
cch khc sao cho c th cho php truyn song cng ( full-duplex ) qua cp cp
xon n ..

b) Truyn dn song cng

H thng ng dy thu bao cp xon i c l dnh cho vic truyn dn
tn hiu tng t. iu c ngha l cho php truyn song cng. Do ta dng
modem chuyn tn hiu s sang tn hiu tng t v dng cc gii tn s khc
nhau cho cc hng.

V d modem 300 bps BELL 108 s dng iu ch khoa dch pha ( FSK )
truyn cc d liu s qua ng truyn tng t ( Hnh 3.1 ) . Vi FSK hai gia tr nh
phn c biu din bi cc tn hi ti 2 tn s khc nhau. truyn theo mt chiu
ny , cc tn s c s dng biu din 0 hay 1 c tm ti 1070Hz x
dch 100Hz v c hai pha cn theo chiu ngc li th tm tn s ti 2125Hz vi s
x dch tng t l 100Hz c hai pha. Ph tn hiu theo mi mt chiu v phi
phi v tri hnh 3.1

Nhng vi cch ny th ch 1 na gii thng dnh cho 1 hng. Theo yu cu
ca ISDN th tc ti thiu l 144 kbps theo mi hng, iu ny l khng th vi
k thut modem hin c v ng dy xon i lp t

Hnh 3.1 Full=Duplex truyn FSK trn ng Voice-Grade

Mt phng n khc l khng dng vi modem v truyn d liu s trc tip.
truyn song cng , ti cng 1 thi im th c 2 trm u thu v nhn d liu ng
thi. V nguyn tc trm pht c kh nng phn loI ra cc tn hiu vo , la chn ra
cc tn hiu vo t cc tn hiu ra ca chnh n v khuych I tn hiu ca tn hiu
xut pht c r. Khng may l do tnh khng thng xuyn ca c trng In
ca ng dy nn mt phn ca tn hiu xut pht s b di lI di dng ting vng.

Hnh 3.2 minh ho vn ny. C my pht v my nhn u ni ti ng
thu bao qua b hybrid, y l mt thit b cho php tn hiu truyn qua c 2 hng
mt cch ng thi. Ting vng l s phn x lI tn hiu truyn qua v bn gi
hoc l t b hybrid v dy dn ca bn gi ( Ting vng u gn near echo ) hoc
t hybrid ca bn nhn ( Ting vng xa far echo ) . khuych i tng i ca
ting vng , so vi tn hiu thc t phia bn kia , c th rt ln . l v s khc bit
ng k trong bin ca tn hiu truyn qua v tn hiu nhn c ti cc u ca
cp dy n , n c th b khuych i gp 3 ln .

Hnh 3.2 Ting vng trn cp xon i ng thu bao

khc phc cc vn c lin quan n vic truyn dn s song cng qua
mt cp cp xon i n l ngi ta s dng hai k thut l hp knh nn thi
gian ( time-compression multiplexing ) v chng ting vng ( echo cancellation). C
hai k thut ny c xem xt mt cch nghim tc s dng trong cc mng k
thut s ( Hnh 3.3 ). Hin nay k thut chng ting vng chim u th , chng hn
nh vi cch ny rt c u chung M v c tiu chun quc gia HoaK i vi
ng thu bao l phi s dng k thut chng ting vng ( ANSI T1.601 ). Tuy
nhin nn xem xt c hai phng php

Hnh 3.3 K thut truyn song cng qua vng thu bao

c. Hp knh nn thi gian (TCM)

K thut TCM cn c bit l phng php bng bn ( ping-pong) , ti mt
thi im d liu c truyn theo mt hng, sau l theo hng ngc li, lun
phin nhau. t c tc d liu thu bao mong mun , dng bt ca thu bao
c chia thnh cc phn bng nhau ( segment ), nn theo thi gian c tc
truyn cao hn, v c truyn theo cc b ( burst ), ti ni thu chng c chuyn
v tc ban u. Mt khong im lng ngn gia cc b i theo hng ngc nhau
cho php ng truyn lng xung (settle down ). Do tc d liu thc t trn
ng dy ln hn 2 ln tc d liu m thu bao hay trm ln cn i hi ( local
office). Cc p t v thi gian c th hin trn hnh 3.4 . Hai bn s lun phin
truyn d liu . Mi bn s gi i cc khi c di c nh , mt mt th gian l T
b

truyn ; Thi gian ny l mt hm tuyn tnh ca s cc bt c trong mt khi (
Block ) . Ngai ra phi cn n mt khong thi gian l T
p
chuyn 1 tn hiu t
u ny ra u kia ; Thi gian ny ny l mt hm tuyn tnh theo di ca ng
dy thu bao. Cui cng mt khong thi gian bo v T
g
cn thit ly li ng
dy ( turn the line around ). Nh vy tng thi gian gi i mt khi bng ( T
b
+
T
p
+ T
g
) . Tuy nhin v hai bn phI lun phin truyn dn nn tc cc khi c
truyn ch bng 1/2 ca tng trn . Chng ta c th lin h tc ny vi tc d
liu hiu dng k hiu l R c thy t hai u cui nh sau : Gi B l kch thc
ca mt khi tnh bng bit v R l tc d liu mong mun tnh bng bit/giy.
Khi s bit hiu dng c truyn trong 1 giy l :

R = B/2 * ( T
b
+ T
p
+ T
g
)

Mt cch trung bnh c th coi A = B/T
b
. T hp c hai , chng ta c
T
p
+ T
g

A = 2*R ( 1+ ---------- )
T
b

Hnh 3.4 Khi truyn hp knh nn thi gian

Nh vy tc d liu thc t trn ng kt ni cao hn gp I tc d
liu hiu dng m hai u thy c. Ta s thy rng , mt trong nhng tc d liu
c s cu ISDN l 144 kb/s . thc hin c Iu ny cn phi truyn dn v tc
cao hn gp i tc ny , tc l c 288 kb/s. Gi tr thc t nm trong khong
ln cn 350 kb/s. iu ny kh c th thc hin c trn mt cp dy xon thng
thng.

Vic la chn kch thc khi , B l mt tho hip gia cc yu cu mang tnh
cnh tranh. Nu B tng th tc d liu thc t A gim . iu ny s lm thc
hin cng vic d hn. Mt khc vic ny s lm tr tn hiu ln hn do phI nh m
( buffering ) tn hiu ay l iu khng mun trong vic truyn dn ting ni. Kch
thc gi trong khong 16 24 bit c coi l hp l { KADE 81 ].

Hnh 3.5 cho thy cu trc bn trong ca mt b phn TCM. Theo c hai
hng ( truyn v nhn ) cn phi c mt buffer bng vi kch thc khi B . D
liu c truyn s i vo buffer vi tc d liu R = B/2 * ( T
b
+ T
p
+ T
g
) .
D liu s c tun t truyn vi tc A = B/T
b
. Qu trnh ngc li s xut
hin vi vic nhn . Vic truyn / nhn s lun phin din ra tun t theo mt s
kim sot t trung tm.

c) Chng ting vng

Vi phng php chng ting vng , vic truyn dn s c php tin hnh
theo c hai hng trn cng mt dI thng mt cch ng thi . Mt c lng tn
hiu ting vng s c sinh ra trn u truyn v c tr i t tn hiu vo . iu
ny s dit ting vng rt hiu qu v tn hiu truyn bit nn b chng ting vng
c th c lng c cc c tnh ca ting vng v to ra mt s xp x . Tuy nhin
hnh vi thc s ca ting vng li ph thuc vo cc c tnh vt l v cu hnh ca
dy dn bng ng. Vic o chnh xc cc c tnh ny khng ch rt kh m chng
lI cn b thay i theo thi gian. c th c c s xp x chnh xc hn th mt
mch phn hi c thm vo.

Hnh 3.5 Cu trc bn trong ca n v TCM

Mt phng php in hnh chng ting vng c miu t trong hnh 3.6.
V tn hiu truyn s b phn x ti cc im khc nhau trong h thng, hng lot cc
phn t tn hiu , mi mt phn t b tr cc phn khc nhau , s ng gp vo ting
vng ti bt k mt m thi gian no. Thm vo , v cc phn t ng gp khc
nhau qua cc qung ng khong cch khc nhau cho nn chng s phI chi cc
mc suy gim khc nhau. iu ny c th hin bng biu thc thi gian gin
on nh sau :
e(k) = h
n
x(k-n)
y : e(k) = mu tn hiu vng ti thi dim k
x(k-n) = tn hiu c truyn ti thi im k-n
h
n
= trng s tn hiu b tr bi thi gian n

Tn hiu ting vng c th c c lng :
(k) = h
n
(k) x(k-n)
y : h
n
(k) = gi tr c lng ca h
n
ti thi gian k

Hnh 3.6 Cu trc bn trong ca b hu ting vng

Nu cc phn t tn hiu b tr ln hn mt khong thi gian N th khng to ra
c mt ng gp c th o c no vo ting vng, v nu h
n
( ) chnh xc bng
h
n
th khi c lng ny s bng vi ting vng thc t. D nhin , h
n
( ) ch c th
l mt cch xp x m thi. Trong mi trng hp , xp x ny s c ly khi tn
hiu nhn c nhm hu b ting vng:

d(k) = r(k) - (k) = y(k) + e(k) - (k)
trong :
d(k) = kt qu tn hiu su khi hu b ting vng
r(k) = tn hiu nhn c
y(k) = thnh phn ca tn hiu nhn c do truyn dn t u bn kia

Mt ln na , gi s rng ch c N thnh phn u tin ca tn hiu c
truyn l ng k th ta c th vit li nh sau :
d(k_ = y(k) + (h
n
h
n
(k)) * x(k-n)

Nh minh ho trong hnh 3.6 , tn hiu ra x(t) c ly mu nh k to ra
x(k) ti cc thi Im ly mu k khc nhau ( k= 1, 2, 3, .. ). Mu ny s c chuyn
qua mt lot cc tr gi li cc phin bn b tr ca tn hiu x(k-n) . Cc mu
b tr ny sau s c ti thi im k to ra c lng (k) . Cc trng s h
n
(k)
c cp nht ti tng thi Im ly mu nh phn hi :

h
n
(k+1) = h
n
(k) + C x(k-n) d(k)

y C l h s t l. Biu thc ny phn no d hn nh gi nu ta xem xt
trng hp khi khng c tn hiu ny t pha bn kia. Trong trng hp ta c :
d(k) = (h
n
h
n
(k) ) x(k-n)

Trong trng hp ny gi tr ca d(k) c th bng zero nu c lng ting
vng l chnh xc. Nu c ny khng chnh xc , khi mi trng s h
n
(k) s c
iu chnh mt lng t l vi x(k-n) d(k) . Qu trnh ny s gy ra hi t ca trng
s n cc gi tr thc ca chng. Thm ch khi c mt , mt tn hiu thc y(t) th
cc trng s cng hi t , mc d c chm hn

K thut hu ting n s trnh c s cn thit , c TCM v vic phI
truyn vi tc cao hn hai ln tc thu bao . TI tc 144 kb/s c ITU-T
khuyn ngh cho ISDN , vic ny s lm cho vic hu ting n c u th hn hn so
vi TCM . Mt phn tch chi tit v hai h thng ny ch ra rng : Khi lp t cc
cp dy xon thng thng tc thu bao 144 kb/s trn khong cch 2 km l c
th chp nhn c vi TCM , so vi khong cch 4 km i vi hu ting vng. Do
vy vic a TCM vo ng thu bao c th phi s dng m rng cc cng dng
ca thit b , chng hn nh cc b tp trung ( concentrator ) v cc b lp
(repeater) khc phc phm vi cn yu ca k thut ny. Cc h thng hu ting
vng c th i hi n cc loi thit b nh vy nhng trong rt t trng hp.

Vic hu ting vng c nhc im l : i hi mch s l tn hiu s phc
tp. Tuy nhin vi nhng tin b khng ngng trong cng ngh VLSI , chi ph cho
vic hu ting vng gim xung , v tr thnh k thut c a chung trong cc
ng dy thu bao s.

d). ng dy thu bao bng si quang

ng cp quang ngy cng c s dng rng ri trn cc ng trung k s
ca mng vin thng v mt s rt t ng si quang s dng trn ng thu bao.
Theo d n i vi ISDN bng rng , n ang thit k thay th , s dng trn
ng thu bao nhm mc ch thng mi .

C mt s ln cc gi nh thay th mt cch ton din si quang trn ng
thu bao. V nguyn tc c bn , tt c cc thay i ny ri vo 2 iu sau : Cc
giao din thu bao c v nh c kt ni mt cch trc tip v cc giao din thu
bao phi c php a truy cp

hiu r hn hai iu trn , chng ta hy bt u bng cch xem phn b cc
cp dy xon sn c m n minh ho trong hnh 3.7a . Trong cu hnh ny , mi mt
thu bao truy cp vo trm trung tm ( tng i a phng ) qua mt i dy n.
y l cch ni trc tip , im - im gia thu bao v tn i qua cp xon i.
Ti M di trung bnh ca ng dy thu bao c 3 km

Hnh 3.7 ng thu bao s s dng si quang

Cch b tr Vt l ca tp hp cc cp cp xon i t tng i ti thu
bao nh phn b mng c coi l hnh sao ( start ) mt u ni ti trm trung tm
cn u kia ni ti thu bao. thun tin ngi ta tp hp cc cp xon i v b
trong mt cp . Ti mt lot cc im trn mng , cc si dy c ti ra ni
ti cc thu bao

Cch lp t tng t cng c s dng cho si quang trn ng thu bao s
ch ra mt cch n gin trong hnh 3.7b . Theo cc trm trung tm c ni ti
mt b ca im iu khin t xa bng cp feeder . Cp feeder s dng TDM s cho
php nhiu knh c truyn . Mt s cc thu bao c th c ni ti cc im iu
khin t xa mi mt c kt ni 1 chiu. V vy , node iu khin t xa l mt b
hp knh s kt hp cc lu lng t mt lot thu bao vo mt cap feeder v s phn
knh lu lng ny n cc thu bao t cc feeder . Phng php ny c xem l
mt phng php hnh sao tch cc v mi mt remote node ng vai tr nh l c
s ca cch b tr hnh sao tch cc v mi mt remote node rt tch cc trong
vic thc hin chc nng hp/phn knh.

thc hin truyn dn s song cng trn cc b feeder c hai cch nh sau :
Hai si quang : Mt cp quang c dng truyn dn cho hng ny cn si
kia cho hng ngc li.
Hp knh phn chia theo bc sng : ( WDM ) Hai tn hiu khc nhau s c
ti trn si quang hai di tn s khng trng lp khc nhau, mi mt ci theo
mt hng . Trong cc h khng phI si quang , iu ny c gi l hp knh
phn tn ( FDM ), nhng thut ng WDM vn c s dng cho vic truyn dn
si quang.

Phng php ny dn n s pht trin dn dn ca mng. Thng thng mt
cch trin khai ban u s ch dng cp quang cho cc cp feeder , vi mt cp dy
xon t trm iu khin t xa ni n thu bao nh ta va mi tho lun s hu ting
vng hoc hp knh nn thi gian c th c s dng cho kts ni cui cng n
thu bao ny . Sau , cp dy xon c th c thay th bng si quang. cung
cp truyn dn s song cng n thu bao , hoc si quang i hoc WDM s c s
dng trong chng cui n thu bao.

Cch b tr ny khng hn ch trn mt lp ring r ca cc remote node v c
th thc t lin quan ti mt s cc b hp knh lin tip, nh minh ho trn hnh 3.8 .
y , cc feeder t trm trung tm s h tr cho n knh bng cch s dng cu
trc TDM . Chng hn t cc T1 s h tr cho 24 knh . b hp knh u tin , M
ng s chy ti cc thu bao v M-N knh cn li s tip tc i tip ti b hp
knh th 2 . Cch xp xp ny cho php mng h tr c rt nhiu thu bao trn
mt din rng vi mt s lng cp ti thiu.

Hnh 3.8 S dng cp quang v chng tn trong vng ni ht

Vi cu hnh hnh sao tch cc , thu bao s khng bit chi tit v vic thc
hin ca mng phn b cp feeder. c bit cu trc TDM ca cc feeder s khng
quan tm g ti cc thit b thu bao . Mt cu trc thay th c gi l hnh sao b
ng s n gin ho cc remote node vi chi ph tng ca cc thit b thu bao

Vi cu trc hnh sao th ng , cc feeder s ti cc nhiu knh nh trc y.
Ti remote node , tn hiu s c tch mt cch quang hc ln s cc si quang
I n tng thu bao ring l. Nh vy tt c cc thu bao u nhn c cng mt
tn hiu. C hai cch hp knh c th c cho cu trc hnh sao th ng ny l :
WDM dy : Mi mt thu bao c cp mt bc sng ca lung xui (
downstream ) nh sn ( T trm trung tm n thu bao ) v mt lung nh sn
( upstream ) t thu bao n trm trung tm. Thut ng dy ch s cc bc
sng c h tr c th t 40 50 bc sng i vi cng ngh hin c cho php
phc v 20-25 thu bao trn 1 cp feeder
TDM : Dung lng trn si quang s c dng chung bng cch s dng hp
knh phn chia thi gian. Theo hng lung xui , tn hiu TDM t trm trung
tm s c pht ti tt c cc thu bao t rn cng cap feeder ; mi mt thit b
thu bao s sao chp cc khe thi gian c phn cho n t tn hiu vo . Theo
hng ngc , mi thu bao s c phn cc khe thi gian da trn k thut a
truy cp ng hoc c nh no .

Phng php hnh sao th ng c u im l khng cn ngun trm iu khin
t xa. Nhc im ca n l cn thit b phc tp hn u thu bao. Trong hai k
thut hp knh s dng cho cu hnh sao th ng th hin ti phng php TDM t
tn km hn. Tuy nhin ga ca cc b WDM ang gim xung v phng
php ny s nhanh chng cnh tranh vi phng php TDM

3.2 Cc k thut m ng dy thu bao

Trong ISDN , cc d liu s ln tng t u c truyn i bng cch s dng
cc tn hiu s . Mt tn hiu s l mt chui cc xung in th ( Volt ) c truyn
qua c dng hin th 1 lung d liu nh phn . Chng hn, 1 mc In th dng
khng i c th biu th s nh phn 0 v 1 mc In th m khng i c th
biu th s nh phn 1 . Cc s m ha phc tp hn c th c s dng
nng cao hon thin hoc cht lng. Trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt cc s
s dng trong ISDN; chng c nh ngha trong bng 3.1 v minh ho trong hnh
3.9 . u tin ta s xem xt cc tiu chun nh gi cc s khc nhau.

Tiu chun nh gi

C 2 nhim v quan trng lin quan n vic din giI cc tn hiu s ti bn
nhn. u tin, bn nhn phI bit thi gian ca tng bit . Tc l bn nhn phI bit
khi no mt bt bt u v chm dt vi mt chnh xc no . Sau bn nhn
phI cn xc nh xem mc tn hiu cho tng xung in th l cao hay l thp.

Bng 3.2 nh ngha cc khun dng m ho tn hiu s

Nonreturn to Zero Level ( NRZ-L)
0= mc cao
1= mc thp

Bipolar AMI
0= khng c tn hiu
1= mc m v dng thay i lun phin

Pseudoternary
0= mc m v dng thay i lun phin
1= khng c tn hiu

B8ZS
Ging nh m AMI tr rng sau khi gp chui 8 gia tr 0 th s b thay th bi 1 chui
2 m xung t

HDB3
Ging nh m AMI tr rng sau khi gp chui 4 gia tr 0 th s b thay th bi chui 1
m xung t

Mt s cc yu t dng xc nh bn nhn thnh cng n mc no trong
vic din giI tn hiu vo l t s tn hiu trn n ( S/N ) , tc d liu v giI
thng ca tn hiu. Vi cc h s khc bng hng s th nhng mnh sau lun lun
ng :

- D liu tng s lm tng tc sai s bt ( Xc sut 1 bt b nhn li )
- T s S/N tng s lm gim tc sai bt
- Di thng tng s cho php tc d liu gim

C mt h s khc c th c dng nng cao hon thin S m
ho , n n gin l php nh x t cc bt d liu sang cc phn t tn hiu. C hng
lot phng php c th trc khi m t mt vI phng php ny ta hy cng
xem xt cch nh gi hoc s snh nhng k thut khc nhau.. Sau y l mt s cc
yu t quan trng :

- Ph tn hiu
- Kh nng ng b ho
- Kh nng pht hin li
- Gi v phc tp


Hnh 3.9 Cc khun dng m ho tn hiu s

Mt vi kha cnh ca ph tn hiu l rt quan trng. Thiu cc thnh phn tn
s cao c ngha rng thiu di thng nh truyn dn. Mt khc thnh phn
dng mt chiu ( DC ) cng cn phi c . Vi mt thnh phn DC vo tn hiu , cc
phn t truyn dn nht thit phi gn lin thnh phn . Khi khng c DC th cc
thnh phn AC gn lin vi bin p ( transform ) . Vic ny s to ra mt s cch In
rt tt, lm gim nhiu . Cui cng khuych i , hiu ng mo tn hiu v nhiu
s ph thuc vo cc c tnh ph ca tn hiu c truyn qua. Trn thc t,
tin cy truyn dn ca mt knh thng l km hn cc ra ca bng tn. Do vy
mt thit k tn hiu tt cn phi tp trung cng sut truyn vo khong gia ca
di thng . Trong trng hp , tn hiu nhn c c th xut hin mt mo
nh hn . lm c iu ny , cc b m cn phI c thit k vi mc ch to
dng cho ph ca tn hiu truyn qua.

c th nhn c tn hiu s mt cch tt p, bn nhn cn phi bit thi gian
ca tng bit. C ngha l bn nhn phi bit khi no mt bt bt u v chm dt vi
mt chnh xc no , bn nhn c th ly mu tn hiu vo mt ln cho mi
thi gian bit nhn bit gi tr ca tng bit. Nh vy s phi c ci gi l kh
nng ng b ho tn hiu gia bn truyn v bn nhn. Khng th trnh khi rng :
trI no gia cc ng h gia bn truyn v bn nhn, v do vy cn phI c
mt c ch ng b hoa ring bit no . Mt phng php l cung cp mt ng h
ch ring bit ng b ho bn truyn v bn nhn. Phng php ny kh tn
km v n cn phi c thm mt ng dy na , cng vi mt b phn nhn / truyn .
Phng php khc cung cp c ch ng b ho da trn tn hiu c truyn . Iu
ny c th lm c nh cch m ho thch hp.

Vic pht hin li l trch nhim ca giao thc lin kt d liu c thc hin trn
mc 2 , mc ngay trn mc Vt l. Tuy nhin s rt c ch nu c kh nng pht hin
li no c xy dng ngay trong s bo hiu Vt l. iu ny cho php pht
hin li nhanh hn . Rt nhiu s bo hiu c kh nng pht hin li ni ti.

Mc d cc mch logic s lin tc h gia thnh nhng gi v phc tp ca s
bo hiu vn khng th b qua

Khng tr v zero

Cch thng dng v d dng nht truyn cc tn hiu s l s dng cc mc
din th khc nhau cho 2 s nh phn. Cc m c dng sao cho mc in th khng
thay i trong khong thi gian bit ; khng c s x dch no ( khng tr v mc
th zero ). Ly v d khng c in p biu din s nh phn 0 cn mc in p
dng biu din s nh phn 1 . Mt cch s dng thng thng na l mc in
p m biu din mt s nh phn cn mc in p dng biu din s nh phn cn li
. M sau ny c gi l khng tr v mc khng ( NRZ-L) minh ho trong hnh 3.9.
M NRZ-L l m chung c s dng pht ra hoc c dch d liu s bi cc
thit b hoc cc u cui. Nu mt m khc c s dng truyn th ni chung n
thng c sinh ra t cc tn hiu NRZ-L bi h thng truyn

Hnh 3.10 Mt ph ca cc kiu m ho tn hiu

Cc m NRZ l d nht b tr v thm na n c hiu sut s dng bng
thng. iu ny c minh ho trong hnh 3.10 , trong hnh so snh mt ph
ca cc kiu m hoa khc nhau. Trong hnh v tn s c chun vi tc d liu .
Nh thy hu ht nng lng ca tn hiu NRZ gia DC v mt na tc bt .
V d nu m NRZ c s dng pht ra tn hiu c tc 9600 b/s th hu ht
nng lng ca tn hiu tp trung khong gia 0 v 4800Hz

Hn ch chnh ca cc tn hiu NRZ l tn ti cc thnh phn mt chiu v
kh nng ng b km . Hnh v khi xem xt mt xu di cc bit 0 cho m NRZ-L
l mt mc th khng i trong sut mt thi gian di. Do vy mt s tri v mt thi
gian gia thit b pht v thit b thu v kt qu l mt ng b gia hai bn

Do s n gin v lin quan n c trng tn s thp ca chng m cc m
NRZ-L thng c s dng s ho cc php ghi t tnh . Tuy nhin cc hn ch
ca chng lm cc m ny km hp dn i vi cc ng dng truyn d cc tn hiu.

Nh phn a mc

K thut m ho nh phn a mc b p mt vi thiu st ca cc m hoa
NRZ. Cc m ny c nhiu hn 2 mc tn hiu. Hai v d cho kiu m hoa ny c
nu ra trong hinhg 3.9 : bipolar AMI ( Alternatr Mark Inversion ) v pseudoternary .

Tong trng hp ca kiu Bipolar-AMI , bit nh phn 0 biu din bng
ng khng tn hiu cn s nh phn 1 c biu din bng xung m hoc dng
. Cc xung nh phn 1 phi lun phin o cc. y l u im, trc ht n khng
lm mt ng b khi truyn mt xu di cc bit 1 do da vo 1 truyn, my
thu c th ng b li . Nhng mt xu di cc bit 0 vn cn l mt vn . Th
hai do cc tn hiu 1 lun phin thay i cc mc th m ri dng .. do khng
cn ( gim ) thnh phn DC . Kt qu l bng thng ca tn hiu s b hn bng thng
ca NRZ ( hnh 3.10 ) . Cui cng vic o xung s cho ta phng tin pht
hin li . Mt li ring bit m xo i mt xung hay thm vo mt xung s gy nn s
xung t ca c tnh m ho ny .

i vi trng hp m gi tam phn ( Pseudoternary ) cc bt nh phn 1
c biu din bng ng khng tn hiu cn cc bt nh phn 0 biu din bng
xung m hoc dng lun phin. u im ca m ny khng khc g so vi m
bipolar-AMI k c cc ng dng thc t.

Xem xt mc ng b ca cc m trn ta thy rng : khi mt xu di
cc bit 0 i vi m AMI hoc mt xu di cc bit 1 vi m gi tam phn vn
cn c vn . Mt s k thut khc c s dng b p thiu st ny. Mt
trong s l thm vo cc bt khi truyn. Chng ta s thy rng k thut ny c
dng bi ISDN ch khi truyn vi tc d liu thp. Tt nhin khi tc d liu
cao th kiu truyn ny l rt t bi v n s lm tc truyn tn hiu s cao
hn na . gii quyt vn khi cn phi truyn d liu tc cao , mt k thut
lm xo trn ( scrambling ) d liu c s dng . Chng ta s xem xt hai v d v
k thut ny phn tip theo.

V vy, kiu nh phn nhiu mc gii quyt cc vn ca m NRZ. Tt
nhin c s cn nhc cc yu t tho hip la chn s dng cc m. Vi m nh
phn a mc , mt ng tn hiu c th la chn 1 trong 3 mc , nhng mi mt phn
t tn hiu c th biu din log
2
3 = 1.58 bit thng tin , v th m nh phn a mc
khng c hiu sut truyn tt nh m NRZ Mt khc , my thu cc tn hiu nh phn
a mc phi phn bit gia 3 mc ( -A , +A , 0 ) thay v ch phi phn bit hai mc
theo khun dng bo hiu khc c tho lun. V vy, tn hiu nh phn a mc
cn cng sut tn hiu ln hn khong 3 dB so vi tn hiu hai mc cho cng mt
xc sut bt li. Nh ch ra trong hnh 3.11 , tc bt li ca m NRZ , ti t s S/N
cho trc , s b hn cc m nh phn a bt

Hnh 3.11 Tc bt li l thuyt cho cc kiu m hoa s

K thut m ho thay th

Mt s dn gn m bo ng b l s dng kiu m thay th. tng c n
kh n gin : Nu c mt mc in th khng i ko di trn ng truyn th n
s b thay th bng cch nhi lin tc nhng mc in th khi truyn dn nhp ca
my thu c th duy tr ng b vi nhp my pht. Nhng mc in th nhi lin tip
s c nhn bit bi thit b thu v c thay th tr li vi d liu nguyn gc.
Nhng mc in th nhi lin tip c di bng di d liu nguyn gc v v th
khng lm tng tc truyn d liu. K thut ny phi m bo cc yu cu sau :
- Khng c thnh phn DC
- Cc tn hiu 0 khng c qu di
- Khng lm gim tc d liu
- C kh nng pht hin li

Hai k thut c s dng trong ISDN c minh ho trong hnh 3.12. Kiu
m ho thng dng nam M l Lng cc vi s thay th 8 zero ( B8ZS- Bipolar
with 8 zeros substitution ) . Kiu m ho B8ZS da trn Bipolar-AMI m ta thy
rng kiu m ho ny lm mt ng b. gii quyt iu ny , khi m ho B8ZS
phi tun theo lut sau :
Nu c ti 8 zeros xy ra v xung th cui khi trc 8 zeros ny l mc dng th
8 zeros s c m ho theo lut sau : 0 0 0 + - 0 - +
Nu c ti 8 zeros xy ra v xung th cui khi trc 8 zeros ny l mc m th 8
zeros s c m ho theo lut sau : 0 0 0 - + 0 + -

K thut ny gy ra 2 m xung t vi m AMI , mt kt qu khng ging nh
vy gy ra bi n hoc s suy gim truyn dn khc. Thit b thu nhn bit cc mu
v bin dch chng thnh 8 zeros nguyn gc

Mt kiu m hoa c s dng rng ri ti chu u v Nht l Lng cc mt
cao 3 zeros ( HDB3 High-density bipolar 3 zeros ) . Nh trn , n cng da
trn m AMI. Trong trng hp ny 4 zeros c thay th bng chui cha 1 hoc 2
xung . Trong mi mt trng hp th 4 zeros c thay th bi 1 m xung t. Hn
na 1 lut cn m bo l s xung t lm thay i phn cc s gip lm gim cc
thnh phn DC. V th nu xung t va ri l dng th xung t tip theo s l m
v ngc li .. ... Bng 3.2 ch ra rng iu kin ny c kim tra bng cch bit s
xung va mi b xung t l chn hay l l v khi bit cc tnh ca xung va ritc
khi xy ra 4 zeros.

Hnh 3.12 Lut m ho B8Zs v HDB3

Bng 3.2 Lut HDB3

Cc tnh S ca xung lng cc
Chn L
-
+
0 0 0
0 0 0 +
+ 0 0 +
- 0 0 -

Hnh 3.10 ch ra c tnh ph tng ng vi 2 m ny. Nh c th thy c 2 u
khng c thnh phn DC. Hu ht nng lng tp trung trong vng ph xung quanh
tn s bng mt na tc truyn d liu. V th m ny c s dng truyn dn
tc cao

3.3 Giao din U

Khuyn ngh ca ITU-T ISDN i vi ISDN khng bao gm cc ch dn cho
ng thu bao ISDN. Tuy nhin ITU-T a vo khuyn ngh G.961* m n ch
ra giao din gia cc thit b thu bao v gia cc ng thu bao truy cp tc
c s vn hnh ti tc 160 kb/s. Giao din ny c coi l im tham chiu U.

G.961 ch l 1 phn thng s k thut. N cho php s dng c k thut hu b
ting vng v hp knh nn thi gin trn cp xon n ( 2 dy ) . Mt vi k thut m
ng cng c ch ra. Ti M , cng vic ny tin xa hn, ANSI c a
vo hp chun T1.601* cho cc giao din truy cp tc c bn trn ng thu
bao. Chng ta s xem xt m ng vi chun ANSI ngay trong mc ny.

K thut m ng c ch ra trong T1.601 gi l : M hai nh phn mt bn
phn ( 2B1Q two binary one quaternary ) S dng m ng rt c hiu qu v
bng thngbi mi phn t tn hiu c trng cho 2 bit ch khng phi l 1 bit. 4
mc in th khc nhau c s dng. Do mi mt phn t tn hiu c th l 1 trong
4 gi tr c th do vy lun cn n 2 bit

Bng 3.3 xc nh 2B1Q . Hai mc th dng v 2 mc th m c s dng.
Ph hp vi mi mt mc th l mt cp bit. Bit u tin l mt nu cc tnh ca
xung l dng v l zero nu cc tnh ca n l m . Bt th hai l mt nu bin
ca xung l 0.833Volt v bng zero nu bin ca xung l .2,5Volt. Mi mt
trong 4 thnh phn ca hai bit c k hiu bi cc biu tng. Gi tr trong bng v
s c hiu nh tn ca biu tng ch kh ng phi l gi tr s

Bng 3.2 Mc tn hiu 2B1Q
Bit u tin Bit th 2 Biu tng in th
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
+3
+1
-1
-3
2.5
0.833
-0.833
-2.5

Hnh 3.13 V d v m ho 2B1Q

Vi 2B1Q , chng ta nhn phn bit gia tc d liu v tc iu ch. Tc
d liu ( s bt trong giy b/s ) l tc cc gi tr bit c truyn . Tc iu
ch ( c gi baund ) l tc m s biu tng c pht ra. Ni chung :

D = R / b = R / log
2
L

Trong : D = tc iu ch , baund
R = tc d liu , b/s
L = s ca cc yu t tn hiu khc nhau
b = s bit trn mt biu tng

Trong trng hp ca T.601 , tc d liu l 160 kb/s cn tc iu ch l
80 Kbaund

u im ca phng php m hoa ny l bng thng ca tn hiu tng ng (
so vi NRZ-L) bng bng thng ca NRZ-L chia cho s bt trn mt phn t biu
tng [COUC97]. V th 2B1Q s ch cn i hi bng thng bng mt na ca bng
thng NRZ-L . M ho ny c chn cho giao din U truyn d liu do tc
baund thp hn , gim thiu hai hn ch : s tr ngi biu tng v ting vng gn
(inter-symbol interference and near-end echo )

Lu cui cng v kiu m ho 2B1Q l trc khi truyn d liu phi c
xo trn ( scrambling ) v ri c tun t xp ( descambled ) li tai u tip nhn .
iu ny lm d liu c v gi ngu nhin mt cch t nhin hn gip cho thit b thu
tch c ra nhp bit. iu ny cng nh hng ti trng ph ca tn hiu , to
phn b cng sut ng u hn. Trong ph lc 3A s li tho lun iu ny

3.4 iu ch bin trc giao

iu ch bin trc giao ( QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ) l cng
ngh tn hiu tng t thng dng s dng trong ADSL . Trc ht chng ta s xem
xt tn hiu tng t ri n QAM .

K thut tn hiu tng t

C s ca tn hiu tng t l tn hiu lin tc c tn s khng i v gi l
tn hiu mang ( carrier signal ). Thng tin s c m ho bng mt thit b modem
iu ch mt trong 3 c tnh ca tn hiu mang : bin , tn s hoc pha hay l
t hp gia chng. Hnh 3.14 minh ho 3 dng c bn ca iu ch tng t cho
tn hiu s :
- Kho dch bin
- Kha dch tn s
- Kho dch pha
Trong tt c cc trng hp ny , tn hiu sinh ra cha di tn s v c hai pha ca tn
s sng mang v c gi l bng thng ca tn hiu.

Vi kho dch bin ( ASK Amplitude shift key) , hai gi trin nh phn c
biu din bng hai bin khc nhau ca tn s sng mang. Trong mt vi trng
hp mt bin sng mang bng zero: s nh phn 1 c biu din bng s c
mt cu sng mang cn s nh phn kia 0 bng s vng mt ca sng mang. ASK
d b tn thng bi s thay i t ngt v iu ch hiu sut km . ASK cng c th
c s dng vi s[s mc bin nhiu hn 2 . H bn mc chp php m ho cm 2
bit mt

ASK l cng ngh c s dng truyn cc d liu s trn ng cp quang.
Vi LED bt nh phn 1 c biu din bng 1 xung nh sng ngn cn bt 0 l
s khng c mt ca nh sng. Cn b pht Laser, thng thng c mt dng ngc
c nh lm cho thit b lun pht ra mc sng thp . Mc thp ny biu din mc nh
phn 0 trong khi sng nh sng vi bin ln biu din mc 1

Hnh 3.14 iu ch tng t cho d liu s

Vi kho dch tn s ( Frequency-shift key ) hai gia tr nh phn biu din bng
hai tn s khc nhau gn tn s sng mang. Kiu ny t b tn thng gy li hon
ASK. Trn ng thoi thng s dng ti 1200 b/s cn ni chung vi tn s cao ( 4
ti 30 MHz ) cho pht thanh radio. Hnh 3.1 minh ho FSK

Vi kho dch pha ( PSK - Phase-shift key ) , pha ca sng mang c dch
m ho d liu. Hnh 3.14c l mt v d ca h 2 pha. Trong h ny tn hiu nh phn
0 c biu din bng cch gi mt cm tn hiu c cng pha vi cm tn hiu sng
ti cn tn hiu 1 c biu din bng cch gi mt cm tn hiu c pha ngc
vi cm tn hiu sng ti. PSK c th s dng dch nhiu hn 2 pha. Mt h thng 4
pha cng c th m ho 2 bit cho mi mt cm tn hiu. k thut PSK khng n
mnh hn v c hiu sut hn FSK. Trn ng thoi tc truyn t ti 9600 b/s

Cui cng mt s t hp ca PSK v ASK m ti , mt vi hoc tt c cc
pha c mt hay hai bin , K thut ny c xem nh l to tn hiu a mc bi v
mi mt phn t tn hiu biu din nhiu bit.

K thut QAM

QAM l tn hiu tng t thng dng nht c s dng cho ADSL. QAM c
u Im l c kh nng gi 2 tn hiu khc nhau ng thi trn cng mt tn s sng
mang bng cch sao chp 2 tn s sng mang , mt c dch 90
o
so vi sng kia. Vi
QAM , mi mt sng mang c Iu ch ASK . Hai tn hiu c lp c truyn
ng thi qua cng mt mi trng. TI u thu , c hai tn hiuc giI Iu ch v
tn hiu thu c c t hp sinh ra s nh phn nguyn gc.

Hnh 3.15 a ra kiu Iu ch QAM In hnh. Li vo l mt chui cc s
nh phn n vi tc R b/s . Lung tn hiu ny c tch ra thnh 2 phn c lp
mi chui bt c tc R/2 bng cch ly lun phin cc bit. Trong th chui
pha trn c Iu ch ASK trn sng mang c tn s w
c
bng cch nhn chui bit
vi sng mang. Do vy bit 0 c biu din bi s thiu sng mang cn bit 1
c biu din bi sng mang vi bin khng i. Cng vi chnh sng mang ny
c dch pha 90
o
c s dng Iu ch ASK cho chui bit pha di. Hai tn
hiu c Iu ch ny c sng li vi nhau ri truyn dn. Tn hiu c truyn
c th c biu din nh sau :

s(t) = d
1
(t) cos w
c
t + d
2
sin w
c
t

Nu 2 mc ASK c s dng th mi mt ca 2 chui c th l mt trong
2 trng thi v c t hp thnh 1 trong 4 = 2 x 2 trng thi. Nu 4 mc ASK c
s dng ( Tc l 4 mc bin khc nhau ) th th t hp l 1 trong 16 = 4 x 4 trng
thi. H thng khi dng 64 hoc thm ch 256 trng thi c s dng . Vi
s trng thi ln hn , tc d liu cao hn cng c kh nng s dng bn trong dI
thng cho. Tt nhin, nh ni trc y s trng thi ln hn , tc d liu
cao hn tc li tng do n v suy hao


Hnh 3.15 Iu ch QAM

3.5 ng thu bao s khng i xng

Trong khi trin khai v khai thc mng s cng cng din rng tc cao , ton
b phn thch thc l kt ni gia thu bao v mng ; ng thu bao s. Vi hng
t im cui c trin vng . Trin vng lp t cp mi cho mi mt thu bao s mi
l khng hin thc . T hay v Iu l khai thc si cp xon lp t kt ni
ti nI c tr v lm vic ca khch hng ti mng In thoi. ng ny mang tn
hiu thoI c bng thng t zero ti 4 KHz. Tuy nhin , si dy ny c kh nng
truyn cc tn hiu c rng ph vt qua 1 MHz

ADSL l modem mi c thit k truyn dn d liu s tc cao qua
mng In thoI thng thng. ADSL hin nay c mt s sng mang v c nh
ra trong chun ANSI. Trong phn ny , trc ht chng ta xem lt qua thit k
ADSL v ri kim tra cc k thut mu cht, c gi l DMT

Thit k ADSL

T khng i xng c nghia l ADSL cho dung lng lung d liu ti ( T
trm trung tm ti thu bao ) ln hn dung lng lung d liu I ( T thu bao ti
trm trung tm ) . ADSL l tiu ch cn thit cho truyn hnh v cc dch v c lin
quan. Cc ng dng ny c chng c , tuy nhin t khi c k thut ADSL cung
cp truy cp tc cao cho INTERRNET. Thng th khch hng yu cu dung
lng lung n cao hn lung I . Hu ht ngi s dng ch truyn cc k t t bn
phm hay l cc on ngn ca th tn in t ( e-mail ) trong khi nhn v cc
trang WEB vi mt s lng ln d liu bao gm c hnh nh hoc thm ch truyn
hnh. V th ADSL tho mn cc yu cu ca Internet


Hnh 3.16 Cu hnh knh ADSL

ADSL s dng FDM theo mt cch mi khai thc dung lng 1 MHz ca
cp dy xon. C 3 yu t chin lc ca ADSL ( Hnh 3.16 ) :
Dnh 25 MHz thp nht cho ting thoI c gi l POTS ( Dch v in thai c
.. ) Ting thoi c mang trong bng thng 0-4KHz phn bng thng thm vo
trnh xuyn knh gia knh thoI v d liu
S dng c chng ting vng ln FDM nh x 2 bng : bng hp cho lung I
cn bng rng cho lung ti.
S dng FDM trong c bng thng cho lung ti ln lung i. Trong trng hp
ny mt lung n bit c tch thnh nhiu lung bit song song sao cho mi mt
s c sng mang vi bng tn s ring bit

Khi chng ting vng c s dng, ton b bng tn s dng cho lung ti s
lp vng bng tn ca lung i. iu ny c 2 u im so vi vic s dng cc bng
tn s ring bit cho lung ti v lung i:
Tn s cao hn th suy hao ln hn. Khi s dng chng ting vng , bng thng
lung ti cng rng th cng tt cho ph
Chng ting vng cng linh hot hn khi thay i dung lng lung i. Lung i
c th ko di v pha cao m khng cn xm phm vo lung v thm vo
din tch chng lp b m rng


S bt li vic s dng chng ting vng l cn thit phI c mch chng ting
vng tI c hai ca ng dy.
S ADSL cho 1 dI phm vi n 5,5 km ph thuc vo ng knh v cht
lng ca cp. N bao ph khong 95% ca ton b cc ng dy thu bao
ca nc M v c th ph tng ng cc nc khc

a m ( Multitone ) ri rc

Multitone ri rc DMT s dng cc sng mang tI cc tn s khc nhau , gi
mt s bt trn tng knh . Bng thng truyn dn hin c ( di hoc ti ) c chia
thnh 1 s cc knh con 4 KHz . u tin modem DMT s gi I cc tn hiu kim
tra trn tng knh con xc nh t s tn hiu trn n S/N. Modem sau s gi
thm nhiu bit n cc knh c cht lng truyn dn tt hn v t bt i ti cc
knh c cht lng truyn dn km i. Hnh 3.17 minh ho qu trnh ny. Mi knh
con s c th tI vi tc d liu t 0 - 60 kb/s . Hnh ny cho thy tnh trng In
hnh , trong s suy hao tng ln v do vy t s S/N gim xung cc tn s cao.
Kt qu l , cc knh con tn s cao hn s ti t hn .

Hnh 3.17 S phn b cc bit DMT trn mt knh

Hnh 3.18 cho s khi tng qut truyn dn DMT. Sau khi bt u , lung
bt chuyn i s c chia thnh cc lung con, mi mt lung con dnh cho 1 knh
ph tI d liu . Tng ca tc d liu ca tt c cc lung con s bng tc d
liu ton phn. Mi mt lung con sau s c chuyn thnh cc tn hiu tng t
bng cch s dng QAM. S ny lm vic d dng v kh nng gn cc s lng
bt khc nhau cho tng tn hiu truyn qua ca QAM. Mi mt tn hiu QAM chim
mt bng tn phn bit cho nn cc tn hiu ny c th c kt hp nh mt php
cng n gin to ra mt tn hiu phc tp cho truyn dn.

Cc thit k ADSL/DMT hin nay s dng 256 knh con lung ti. V l
thuyt mi mt knh ph 4 KHz tI 60 kb/s v modem c th truyn dn vi tc
15.36 Mb/s. Thc t do suy hao truyn dn khng cho php lm vic ti tc ny ,
cc ng dng hin nay hot ng tI tc t 1.5 9 Mb/s ph thuc vo khong
cch v cht lng ng dy.


Hnh 3.18 B truyn DMT
3.6 xDSL

ADSL l mt trong cc kiu hin nay truyn dn s tc cao trn ng day
thu bao. Bng 3.4 tm tt v so snh mt s s mi quan trng nht, c gi
chung l xDSL.

ng dy thu bao s tc cao

HDSL (High-data-rate digital subcriber line ) c xy dng vo cui nm
1980 nh Bell Corp. cung cp 1 phng tin truyn tI kinh t hn tc d
liu T1 ( 1.544 Mb/s ) ng dy T1 chun s dng m ng AMI chim mt dI
thng khong 1.5 MHz. V c cc tn s cao nh vy nn cc c tnh suy hao s hn
ch vic s dng T1 khong cch 1 Km gia cc b lp. Do vy i vi nhiu
ng dy thu bao cn phi c t nht l 1 b lp , iu ny dn ti vic phI lp t
thm v tng chi ph bo dng . HDSL s dng s m ho 2B1Q cho mt tc d
d liu ti 2Mb/s trn 2 ng cp xon trong phm vi 1 di thng c th m rng
n 196 KHz. Iu ny cho php hot ng trong phm vi ti 3,7 Km

ng dy thu bao s n

Mc d HDSL rt hp dn thay th cc ng dy T1 hin c, n vn
khng thch hp cho cc thu bao v n i hi phI c cc ng dy cp xon I
kp , trong khi dn thu bao ch c cp xon i n m thi. Cng ging nh i
vi HDSL , m 2B1Q c s dng. Vic chng ting vng c dng thc hin
truyn dn song cng trn mt cp dy xon n, HDSL s dng s m ho
2B1Q cho mt tc d d liu ti 2Mb/s trn 2 ng cp xon trong phm vi 1 di
thng c th m rng n 196 KHz. iu ny cho php hot ng trong phm vi ti
3,7 Km

Bng 3.4 So snh cc phng n xDSL

ADSL HDSL SDSL VDSL
Bit/sec 1.5 to 9 Mb/s
downstream

16 to 640 kb/s
upstream
1.544 or 2
Mb/s
1.544 or 2
Mb/s
13 to 52 Mb/s
downstream

1.5 to 2.3 Mb/s
upstream
Mode Asymmetric Symmetric Symmetric Asymmetric
Copper pair 1 2 1 1
Range 3.7 to 5.2 km 3.7 km 3.7 km 1.4 km
Signalling Analog Digital Digital Analog
Line code CAP/DMT 2B1Q 2B1Q DMT
Frequency 1 to 5 MHz 196 KHz 196 KHz > 10 MHz
Bit/cycle Veries 4 4 Veries

ng dy thu bao s tc rt cao

Mt trong cc kiu xDSL mi nht chnh l VDSL. Hin nay rt nhiu chi tit
m t c tnh k thut ca tn hiu ny vn cn phI nghin cu tip. Mc ch ca
n l nhn cung cp mt kiu ging nh ADSL tc d liu rt cao nh hy sinh
khong cch. K thut tn hiu ph hp l DMT/QAM .

VDSL khng s dng chng ting vng m cung cp cc bng tn ring bit
cho cc dch v khc nhau vi cch phn b tm thi nh sau :

POTS 0-4 KHz
ISDN 4 80 KHz
Upstream 300-700 KHz
Downstream >= 1MHz

3.7 Tm tt

Phn cui cng ca cc mng vin thng chuyn sang s l phn gia mng v
cc thu bao dn c v thu bao kinh doanh u c gi l ng thu bao. Vi cp
xon I hin c , vic truyn dn s song cng s cn phI s dng k thut hp knh
nn thi gian hoc chng ting vng . Chng ting vng l phng php ph bin
nht. Cui cng h tr cc tc d liu cao hn m khch hng i hi th cp
day cp xon I s c thay th bng si quang trong cc ng dy thu bao hoc
s phI chuyn ti cc phng n xDSL. Nh cc k thut khc nhau bao gm hp
knh, TDM v WDM u ang c khai thc cho cc kt ni si quang. i vi
xDSL , phng n ADSL c coi l ph bin nht.

Ph lc 3A Xo trn v xp xp (Scrambling DeScrambling)

i vi mt s k thut m hoa d liu s , mt xu di cc s nh phn s
0 hoc s 1 trong truyn dn c th lm cho bn nhn kh c th duy tr tnh
ng b vi bn pht. Cng vy , cc c tnh truyn dn khc cng s c tng
cng nu d liu gn vi bn cht ngu nhin hn l hng s v c tnh lp i lp
li. Mt k thut hay c s dng nng cao cht lng tn hiu l Scrambling
- DeScrambling. Qu trnh xo trn c khuynh hng lm d liu xut hin ngu
nhin hn.

Qu trng s l xo trn bao gm 1 thanh ghi dch phn hi, cn xp xp li bao
gm mt thanh ghi dch bng ti ( feedforward ) . Mt v d c ch ra trong hnh
3.21. Trong v d ny , d liu c xo trn lin tip theo biu thc sau :

B
m
= A
m
B
m-3
B
m-5

Hnh 3.21 Scrambling v Descrambling

y du ch ton t Exclusive . Cn xp xp li xu l

C
m
= B
m
B
m-3
B
m-5

= (A
m
B
m-3
B
m-5
) B
m-3
B
m-5

= A
m

Nh ta thy li ra descrambling cho gi tr nguyn gc ca xu.

Chng ta c th biu din s s l ny bng hm a thc , nh vy vi v d trn
hm a thc l : P = 1 X
-3
X
-5
. Li vo c chia bi hm a thc ny v
to ra s xo trn xu d liu. Ti my thu , tn hiu b xo trn thu c c nhn
bi cng vi mt hm a thc sinh ra n ti to li tn hiu nguyn gc. Hnh
3.22 l mt v d cho php a thc P s l li vo 101010100000111

a) Scrambling

Hnh 3.22 V d scramblinh vi P(X) = 1 + X
-3
+ X
-5

Xo trn truyn c sinh ra bng cch chia cho P(100101) to ra
101110001101001 . Khi s ny c nhn vi P , chng ta s thu li c s liu ban
u. Ch rng xu li vo cha on xu tun hon 10101010 cng nh on
chui di 0 . Scrambling s tho b c hai mu ny

Vi 2B1Q , theo hng mng ti thu bao , hm a thc l 1 X
-5
X
-23
cn
theo chiu kia theo hng thu bao ti mng hm a thc l 1 X
-18
X
-23

Chng 4
Mng truyn dn

Trong chng ny cho cch nhn tng quan v cc loi mng truyn dn
c pht trin cho mng thnh ph v mng din rng. Chng ny bt u vi
ci nhn chung v cc thnh phn d nh s dng . Chuyn mch knh v chuyn
mch gi l thnh phn ht sc cn thit trong mng. Phn cn li ca chng ny
, ngay sau phn 4.2 cung cp chi tit hn c s ca hai chuyn mch ny

4.1 K thut chuyn mch

Truyn d liu t ngun ti ch trong cc mng ni ht c thc hin
bng cch truyn qua cc node chuyn mch tc thi. Nhng node ny khng
quan tm n ni dung ca d liu, chng ch ng thun cung cp vic chuyn
mch truyn d liu t node ny n node khc cho n khi ti ch. Hnh 4.1
minh ho mt mng n gin nht . Nhng thit b u cui m ta mong mun
lin lc gi l trm ( station ). Cc trm c th l cc my tnh, cc thit b u
cui ( terminal ), cc in thoi, hoc cc thit b vin thng khc. Cc thit b
chuyn mch c gi l cc node. Mi trm ni vi 1 node, tp hp cc
node c gi l mng truyn thng.

Hnh 4.1 Mng chuyn mch n gin nht

Hnh 4.2 miu t mt ph ca cc k thut chuyn mch c th truyn
thng tin qua mng. Hai loi chuyn mch mi u l cc k thut chuyn
mch truyn thng : chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi ; cc k thut cn li
va mi c p dng . Ni chung cc k thut v pha tri cung cp vic truyn
thng vi s thay i nh hoc khng thay i v tc v vi yu cu x l ti
thiu trn cc trm ni ti. Trong khi cc k thut v bn phi cung cp tnh
mm do cao iu khin tc bit thay i v vic giao vn (traffic) khng
th on trc khi phc tp trong vic x l ang tng.

Mt phn ln trong chng ny cung cp chi tit v 2 loi k thut chuyn
mch thng thng: chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Cc k thut chuyn
mch tin tin s c bn ti sau v c xem qua trong phn cui chng.

Hnh 4.2 Cc loi k thut chuyn mch

2 Chuyn mch knh (circuit switching)

K thut chuyn mch knh l k thut tri hn trong c 2 lnh vc m
thanh v truyn d liu ngy nay v tip tc c s dng trong k nguyn ca
ISDN. Truyn thng qua chuyn mch knh dng 1 ng lin lc c dnh
rin cho gia 2 trm. ng ny gm chui cc lin kt gia cc node qua mng.
Trong mi lin kt vt l, 1 knh c dnh cho vic kt ni. Mt v d in hnh
ca chuyn mch knh l mng in thoi cng cng .

Truyn dn thng tin qua chuyn mch knh tin hnh 3 giai on m n
c th gii thch qua hnh 4.1
a) Thit lp mch : Trc khi bt k 1 tn hiu no c gi i, mch in
gia 2 trm ti 2 u phi c thit lp. V d : trm A gi yu cu
ti node 4 i lin kt ti E. ng dy gia A v node 4 tn ti sao
cho kt ni lun sn sng. Node 4 phi tm nhnh tip theo ti node 6.
Da trn thng tin nh tuyn (routing) , vic xem xt kh nng v c th
c gi m lin kt ti node 5, ch nh mt knh ri ( dng FDM hoc
TDM ) v trn lin kt gi yu cu lin lc ti E. Tip nh vy m
thit lp lin kt t A qua 4 v 5 . Do c mt s trm cng c ni ti 4 ,
n phi thit lp cc ng ni b t cc trm ny ti cc trm khc , duy
tr cch s l tng t. Trm 5 ni ti trm 6 v thit lp 1 knh vng chc
t node 4 . Node 6 hon ton ni ti trm E . Khi hon hin kt ni ,
mt php kim tra xem E bn hay chp nhn vin kt ni ny.
b) Truyn thng tin: Thng tin by gi c th truyn / nhn t A n E,
c th l tn hiu ting ni tng t, ting ni c s ho, hay d liu nh
phn ; ph thuc vo loi mng. Vi mng s tch hp s th vic s dng
truyn s vi c ting ni v d liu l phng php ni tri. Con ng
thit lp qua : Lin kt A-4 ; i qua bn trong chuyn mch 4 , knh t 4-5
, ; i qua bn trong chuyn mch 5, knh t 5-6 ; ; i qua bn trong chuyn
mch 6, lin kt 6-E . Thng thng ch truyn dn l song cng, tn
hiu c th c truyn c 2 chiu ng thi.
c) Ngt mch (disconnect) Sau mt khi truyn d liu, kt ni s b hu, c
th l mt trong 2 trm. Tn hiu phi c truyn i ti node 4, 5, ri 6
gii phng ti nguyn.

Ch rng ng kt ni c thit k trc khi d liu bt u c
truyn i. Do , dung lng knh phI c d tr gia tng cp node trn ng
dn v mi mt node phI cn c sn dung lng chuyn mch ni tI s l kt
ni cn thit. Cc chuyn mch cn phi c thng minh to ra cc phn b
ny v to ra mt tuyn qua mng.

Chuyn mch knh cng c th khng hiu qu. Dung lng knh c ch
nh trong lc kt ni, ngay c khi khng c d liu truyn. Vi kt ni ting ni,
s vic s dng c th cao nhng khng ti 100%. Vi mt kt ni gia thit b
u cui ti my tnh, kh nng c th l b h thng b b ph gn nh trong
sut lc kt ni. V vic thc hin, c khong thi gian tr khi thit lp kt ni.
Tuy nhin, khi mch c thit lp, mng s trong sut i vi ngi dng. Thng
tin c truyn tc d liu c nh, khng tr tr thi gian truyn. Tr mi
nt l khng ng k.

Chuyn mch knh c pht trin iu khin trao i ting ni , nhng
by gi c s dng cho c d liu . V d gn gi nht ca mng chuyn mch
knh cho mng in thoi cng cng. y l mng quc gia c kt ni vi
quc t. Lc thit k ban u ch ng dng cho cc thu bao tng t . Cc d
liu s c truyn qua modem . Mt ng dng in hnh khc ca chuyn mch
knh l tng i c nhn ( PBX - Private Branch Exchange ) c s dng ni
cc in thoi trong mt c quan hay mt to nh. Chuyn mch knh cng c
s dng trong cc mng c nhn, nh l mng c xy dng bi cc on th
hoc gia cc t chc ln qua mt lot cc trm. Mi mt trm nh vy cha cc
h thng PBX m ti mi mt trm , chng c kt ni vi nhau thng qua ng
thu ring ( leaseline )

Mt mng vin thng cng cng c th c miu t bng cch s dng 4
phn t kin trc c bn :
Thu bao : l cc thit b ni ti mng, Trong hu ht cc trng hp , cc
thit b thu bao ni ti mng vin thng cng cng l cc my in thoi.
Nhng hin nay t l truyn d liu ngy cng tng dn qua cc nm.
ng thu bao : ng lin kt gia thu bao v mng. N cng cn c
gi l vng thu bao hay vng ni ht. Hu ht cc ng thu bao l cc cp
cp xon i . di ca ng thu bao ni chung nm trong di mt vi km
ti 10 Km
Tng i : y l trung tm chuyn mch trong mng. Mt trung tm
chuyn mch ni trc tip vi ng thu bao gi l trm u cui ( end-office)
Ni chung mt trm u cui cho php ni ti hng nghn thu bao trong khu
vc . C ti 19.000 trm u cui ti M . R rng l gia cc trm u cui
phi ni ni nhau mt cch trc tip iu ny i hi c ti 2x10
8
cc ng
lin kt nh vy. Vy tt nht l s dng cc trm trung gian ( office ).
Trung k : ng lin kt gia cc tng i . Trung k mang rt nhiu mch
tn s thoi do vy phi s dng k thut hoc FDM hoc TDM ng b .
Tha ban chng c coi nh cc h thng truyn dn

Cng ngh chuyn mch knh b chi phi bi cc ng dng ca truyn dn
thoi. Mt trong cc yu cu c bn l truyn dn thoi phi thc s khng c
tr . Tc truyn dn phi c duy tr sao cho khng i bi v my pht v
my thu c cng mt tc tn hiu. Cc yu cu ny l cn thit cho php mi
ngi trao i cuc tr chuyn. Hn na , cht lng ca tn hiu thu phi tt
, d hiu

Hnh 4.3 Mt v d kt ni qua mng chuyn mch knh cng cng

Chuyn mch knh c ng dng rng ri v c v tr u th bi v n n rt
ph hp truyn tn hiu ting ni tng t. Trong th gii ca s s ho th s
km hiu qu ca n ngy cng bc l. Tuy nhin , loi b tnh km hiu qu th
chuyn mch knh vn cn c v tr trong c 2 mng a phng ln mng din
rng. Mt trong nhng mt mnh ca n l s trong sut. Mi mt khi mt knh
c thit lp , n ging nh s ni trc tip gia 2 trm u cui ; khng mt
mng logic no c cn

4.3 nh tuyn cho mng knh

Trong mng chuyn mch knh rng ln, nhiu mch kt ni s i hi 1
con ng i qua nhiu hn 1 chuyn mch. Khi c mt cuc gi , mng phi xc
dnh 1 tuyn i qua mt vi chuyn mch v trung k. C 2 yu cu chnh
nh tuyn trong kin trc ca mng: Hiu qu v d phng (resilience ) .

Trc ht n phi c thit k vi s lng ti thiu cc chuyn mch v
trung k trong mng v c kh nng ti hp l . Yu c v ti thng thng
c th hin bng khi nim lu lng ti gi cao im ( busy-houre
traffic load ) n bng ti trung bnh trong sut gi cao im nht trong cc
ngy . Cn phi s l gim ti ny , mt khc ta li mun c 1 s lng
thit b ti thiu .
Thm na , mc d mng c th c ti cho gi cao im , nhng c th l
c khi tm thi 1 lc no lu lng nh vt qu ti max ca mng. Cc
tng i v trung k s khng lm vic v tm thi khng hot ng , chng
hn nh trong cn bo ln. Ta mun rng mng phi c d phng lun
cung cp cc dch v hp l trong cc trng hp xu nh vy.

Yu t thit k cn bn quyt nh bn cht ca vic phi nh i gia hiu
qu v tnh d phng chnh l chin lc nh tuyn . Thng thng chc nng
dnh tuyn trong mng vin thng cng cng kh l n gin. V c bn , cc
tng i c t chc thnh cu trc hnh cy hay l phn cp. Mt ng dn
c xy dng bng cch bt u ti thu bao gi i , i theo cy ti node
chung u tin, v sau i xui theo cy ti thu bao c gi. b xung tuyn
d phng no vo trong mng , ngi ta phi thm vo cc trung k b
xung ct ngang cu trc cy ni cc tng i c cng lu lng cao gia
chng vi nhau. y l mt phng php tnh . Vic thm vo cc trung k
high-usage s cung cp s d tha v dung lng b xung. Nhng vic ny vn
cn c cc hn ch trong vic nng cao hiu sut v d phng . V s
nh tuyn ny khng th p ng c cc iu kin thay i nn mng phi
cn c thit k tho mn mt s yu cu cao thng thng. V d nh :
Cc gi cao im ca lu lng ti cc vng ti ng v ty , nam v bc l
khc nhau , khng trng khp nhau v t ra cc yu cu khc nhau i vi h
thng. Rt kh phn tch tc ng ca cc bin ny , chng dn ti vic lm
cho h thng tr nn cng knh v do vy km hiu qu. V tnh d phng , cu
trc phn cp c nh vi cc trung k b xung c th phn ng rt km i vi
cc hng hc . Thng thng , trong cc thit k nh vy th kt qu ca hng
hc s l nghn tc ni ht ln ti im gn ni xy ra hng hc.

i ph vi nhu cu ngy cng tng v cc mng vin thng cng cng,
thng tt c cc nh cung cp s ri b phng php phn cp tnh v dng
phng php phn cp ng. Phng php nh tuyn ng l cc quyt nh
nh tuyn b chi phi bi cc Iu kin traffic hin tI, Thng thng cc
node chuyn mch knh c mt mi quan h thn thit vi nhau hn l mt mi
quan h phn cp. Tt c cc nde u c kh nng thc hin cc chc nng nh
nhau. Trong mt kin trc nh vy, vic nh tuyn va phc tp hn , nhng linh
hot hn. N phc tp hn v kin trc ny khng cho ngay mt ng dn t
nhin hay l mt b cc ng dn da trn cu trc phn cp. Nhng linh hot
hn v s c nhiu tuyn khc nhau hn.

V d ta xt mt dng nh tuyn trong cc mng chuyn mch knh , trong
cc mng chuyn mch knh c gi l nh tuyn d tr ( alternate routing ) .
im cn bn ca cc kiu nh tuyn d tr l cc tuyn kh d s c s
dng gia hai u m c xc nh trc . Trch nhim ca chuyn mch
ngun l la chn tuyn ph hp cho tng cuc gi . Mi mt chuyn mch
c cho 1 tp hp cc tuyn nh trc i vi tng ch theo th t a
thch. Nu ch c mt kt ni trung k trc tip gia hai tng i , th y
lun l la chn u thch. Nu khng ch c trung k ny th la chn th 2 s
c th v c nh vy tip tc .. Chu trnh nh tuyn ( l chu trnh trong
cc tuyn trong mt tp hp c th ) phn nh mt s phn tch da trn
cc kiu lu thng c trc y v c thit k ti u ho vic s dng cc
ngun mng

Nu ch c 1 chui nh tuyn c lp cho mi cp ngun-ch , kiu ny
gi l kiu nh tuyn d tr c nh. Thng thng hn , ngi ta thng s
dng kiu nh tuyn d tr ng. Trong , mt tp hp cc tuyn nh
khc s c s dng cho tng giai on thi gian khc nhau, tn dng cc
mu lu lng khc nhau cc mi thi gian khc nhau v ti cc thi im
khc nhau trong mt ngy. Nh vy, quyt dnh nh tuyn da trn c trng thi
lu lng hin ti ( Tuyn s b loi nu bn ) v cc mu lu lng c trc
y. N s xc nh chu trnh cc tuyn c cn nhc.

Trn hnh 4.4 l mt v d n gin, Tng i gc X c 4 tuyn kh d ti
tng i ch Y . Tuyn trc tip ( a ) s lun lun c th u tin. Nu
trung k ny khng c ( bn , khng hot ng ), th cc tuyn khc s c
th theo mt th t c th , ph thuc vo khong thi gian. V d : vo cc
bui sng ngy thng th tuyn ( b ) s c th tip theo ( th 2 )

Mt kiu nh tuyn d tr ng c s dng cung cp dch v in thoi
ni ht v khu vc [BEO90] ; n thng c nhc ti nh l cch nh tuyn
a d tr ( MAR). Phng php ny cng c AT&T s dng trong mng
ng dI ca n [ASH90] v c gi l nh tuen khng phn cp ng
[DNHR].

4.4 Bo hiu iu khin cho mng chuyn mch knh (circuit switching)

Trong mng chuyn mch knh , bo hiu iu khin l phng tin
qun tr mng ; c s dng thit lp , duy tr v hu b cuc gi . C hai
qun tr cuc gi v qun tr mng u cn cc thng tin c trao i gia thu
bao v chuyn mch, gia cc chuyn mch v gia chuyn mch v mng. Vi
mng vin thng cng cng rng ln mt kiu bo hiu iu khin tng quan
phc hp l cn thit. Trong mc ny , chng ta x xem cc chc nng ca bo
hiu iu khin ri th xem xt c s ca mng ISDN , bo hiu knh chung.

Hnh 4.4 Cc tuyn d tr t trm u cui X n trm u cui Y

Bng nh tuyn

Time period First route Second route Third route Fourth route
Morning a b c d
Afternoon a d b c
Evening a d c b
Weekend a c b d

Chc nng bo hiu

Cc bo hiu iu khin l cn thit vn hnh mng chuyn mch knh
v bao gm tt c cc khia cnh ca mng , bao gm c cc dch v mng c th
thy c ti thu bao v cc b c kh bn trong. Mnh ngy cng tr nn phc
tp hn v s cc chc nng c thc hin bi bo hiu ngy cng tng . Cc
chc nng c lit k sau y l v cng quan trng :

Thng bo c th nghe c cho thu bao , bao gm m quay s , m rung
chung, tn hiu bo bn v.v.. ..
Truyn s c quay ca thu bao b gi ti tng i m ti n s c gng
hon thin kt ni
Truyn cc thng tin gia cc chuyn mch ch ra rng 1 cuc gi c th
khng c hon tt
Truyn cc thng tin gia cc chuyn mch ch ra rng 1 cuc gi c
chm dt v ng dn c th b tho b
Mt tn hiu lm rung chung in thoi
Truyn thng tin c s dng cho tnh cc
Truyn cc thng tin cung cp cc trng thi ca thit b hoc ng trung k
trong mng. Thng tin ny c th c dng vo mc dch nh tuyn v bo
dng mng
Truyn cc thng tin c s dng trong vic chun on, cch li cc sai hng
ca mng
iu khin cc thit b c bit nh l cc thit b lin lc v tinh..

Hy xem xt mt v d in hnh kt ni lin tip t mt ng ny ti ng
khc qua cng 1 tng i :

1) tin hnh cuc gi , c 2 my in thoi phi c h ng nghe ( on
hook ) . Cuc gi bt u khi thu bao gi nhc ng nghe ( off hook ) n
t ng bo hiu n tng i
2) Tng i p li bng 1 m mi quay s , bo hiu rng thu bao c th
c quay s.
3) Ngi gi quay s , l s ca thu bao b gi ; a ch ch ni ti tng
i
4) Nu thu bao b gi khng bn, tng i s cnh bo thu bao b gi bng
cch gi 1 tn hiu rung chung lm chung in thoi ca thu bao b gi
s rung..
5) Mt tn hiu phn hi ti thu bao goi bi tng i :
Nu thu bao b gi khng bn, tng i s chuyn cc tn hiu m bo
ch thi thu bao gi trong khi gi tn hiu rung chung yu cu nhc
ng nghe thi thu bao b gi
Nu thu bao b gi bn, tng i s chuyn cc tn hiu bo bn ti thu
bao gi
Nu cuc gi khng c th thc hin c qua tng i tng i s gi
mt tn hiu reoder ti thu bao goi
6) Thu bao b gi chp nhn cuc gi bng cch nhc ng nghe , chnh l
bo hiu chuyn ti tng i
7) Tng i ngt tn hiu chung , thit lp ng kt ni qua chuyn mch
8) Kt ni b hu b nu 1 hay c 2 thu bao h ng nghe

Khi thu bao b gi ni ti tng i khc vi tng i ca thu bao gi th
cc chc nng bo hiu trung k gia cc tng i l cn thit :

9) Tng i gc chim ng trung k , gi tn hiu chim ng trn ng
trung k , yu cu thanh ghi s u xa kia sao cho a ch c th c
truyn dn
10) Tng i u cui gi mt tn hiu sn sng xc nhn tn hiu chim
ng , thng bo thanh ghi sn sng
11) Tng i gc gi cc a ch s ti tng i bn ..

Bng 4.1 Cc chc nng bo hiu

Gim st

Bo hiu gim st nhm thit lp cuc gi, n c s dng khi ng 1 yu
cu cuc gi, duy tr hoc tho b kt ni c thit lp , khi ng hoc tho b khi
np li , gi li ngi gi ti kt ni c thit lp, cnh bo thu bao v khi ng
khi cuc gi . N bao gm c s nhn bit trng thi bn hay ri trn ng thu bao v
ng trung k ni, truyn cc thng tin ny ti thu bao gi v h thng tng i. Cc
bo hiu ny bao gm c hai ch nng iu khin v trng thi:

iu khin : Bo hiu iu khin c s dng iu khin s s dng cuc gi.
Tng i v trung k c n nh vo kt ni nh bo hiu iu khin. Cuc gi ,
mi khi chim , s gi ng trong sut cuc gi v ch tho b khi cuc gi
chm dt.
Trng thi : Bo hiu iu khin cng cha ng thng tin cc trng thi ca
cuc gi hoc c gng gi . Cc thng tin ny c gi ngc li t mng ti tng
i ca thu bao

a ch

Bo hiu a ch nhn dng cc thnh vin trong cuc gi. N cha s ca
thu bao gi hoch b gi cng nh m truy cp trung k PBX , m vng, m quc gia..
N bao hm vic truyn cc s ca s in thoi thu bao b gi t thu bao gi ti h
thng tng i hoc t tng i ny ti tng i kia. Bo hiu a ch bao gm c bo
hiu trm lin quan v tuyn lin quan

Trm lin quan : Bo hiu a ch ngun t thue bao gi . T my in thoi , tn
hiu c pht ra cc chui xung lin tip ( Pulse) hoc chui cc 2 tn s m
thanh (Tone ) . i vi thu bao s , mt tn hiu iu khin s c th c dng
Tuyn lin quan : Nu mt cuc gi s dng nhiu hn 1 tng i th cn thit
bo hiu gia cc tng i. N bao gm bo hiu a ch m n cung cp cc
chc nng tuyn v cc bo hiu gim st.

Thng tin v cuc goi

Bo hiu thng tin v cuc gi c truyn ti mt ngi gi cung cp cc
thng tin ti cc ngi gi v cc thao tc c lin quan n vic thit lp mt kt ni qua
mng in tho. Mt lot cc m thanh c s dng vo cc mc ch . Cc bo hiu
ny c th c lit k cnh bo v s l

Cnh bo : Bo hiu cnh bo c cp ti mt thu bao nhi cha c cuc gi,
y l bo hiu rung chung yu cu thu bao b gi nhc ng nghe.
X l : Bo hiu s l cuc gi ch ra trng thi ca cuc gi ca thu bao ang
gi

Qun tr mng

Bo hiu qun tr mng bao gm tt c cc bo hiu lin quan n cc thao tc
ang tin hnh v qun tr mng. Chng bao gm cc bo hiu gy ra cc iu khin
c exerted v cc bo hiu cung cp trng thi

iu khin : Bo hiu iu khin mng c s dng iu khin cc tin trnh
s l tuyn ( vi d nh thay i mt tuyn c t trc ca mt tng i ) v
sa i cc c trng vn hnh ca mng p ng vi s qu ti v cc iu
kin li
Trng thi : Bo hiu trng thi mng c s dng bi tng i cung cp cc
thng tin v trng thi ti trung tm qun tr mng v cc tng i khc . Cc
thng tin ny bao gm cng lu lng , cc iu kin gy sai li , cc sai
hng khc ..

Cc v d ny cho mt vi tng ca cc chc nng m chng c thc
hin khi dng bo hiu. Mt vi tng khc nu ra trong bng 4.1 . Cc chc
nng ny c thc hin bi cc bo hiu c th c phn thnh nhm nh :
Gim st , a ch Thng tin v cuc gi v Qun tr mng. Hnh 4.5 da trn hnh
trong [FREE94] , ch ngun gc v cc ch ca bo hiu

Danh t gim st ni chung c dng thc hin chc nng iu khin co
c tnh nh phn ( ng/sai , on/off ) , nh l cc yu cu dch v , tr li cnh bo
hoc quay v trng thi i. Chng c quan h vi tnh sn sng ca thu bao b
gi v cn thit mng gc , Bo hiu gim st c s dng xc nh liu
mt ngun c th , nu th chim n . Chng cng c s dng thng bo
trng thi ca ngun c yu cu

Bo hiu a ch nhn dng thu bao . Khi khi ng, mt tn hiu a ch
c pht ra bi thu bao gi khi quay s in thoi. a ch thu c c th c
truyn qua mng gip cho cc chc nang tuyn nh v v rung chuong in
thoi ca thu bao b gi

Danh t thng tin v cuc goi cho cc bo hiu ny cung cp cc thng tin
ti thu bao v trng thi ca cuc gi. iu ny tri ngc li vi cc bo hiu
ni b gia cc tng i c s dng khi thit lp hoc ngt cuc gi. Cc bo
hiu ni b l cc bn tin tng t hoc l s cn cc bo hiu thng tin v cuc
gi l nhng m thanh c th nghe thy c bi c ngi gi ln b gi hoc l cc
vn hnh theo quy tc ca my in thoi

Bo hiu gim st , a ch v thng tin v cuc gi l cc i hi trc tip
thit lp v chm dt cuc gi . Ngc li bo hiu qun tr mng c s
dung bo dng , tm sai hng v cc vn hnh qu ti ca mng, Cc bo hiu
nh vy c th dng cc bn tin v nh lit k cc tuyn c xp t trc
gi ti cc trm nhm nng cp bng nh tuyn .

Hnh 4.5 Bo hiu iu khin qua mng chuyn mch knh

Bo hiu ni ht

Bo hiu cn c xem xt theo 2 khia cnh sau y : (1) Bo hiu gia
thu bao v mng v (2) bo hiu gia cc mng. Ni chung cc bo hiu (1) v
(2) l khc nhau theo cc ni dung ca chng

Bo hiu gia mt in thoi hay mt thu bao vi tng i c xc nh
bi c tnh ca thit b thu bao v s cn thit ca ng s dng. Cc bo hiu
gia cc tng di thc cht l gia my tnh my tnh . Cc bo hiu ni b dnh
lu khng ch vi s qun tr mng ca thu bao m cn s qun tr ca chnh mng
. V th cc bo hiu ni b nhiu lnh hn, nhiu p ng v nhiu cc tham s
cn thit khi to

Do c 2 k thut bo hiu khc nhau c s dng, tng i ni ht m n
cho php cc thu bao u ni vo phi c cung cp cc bo hiu thu bao
t phc tp v cc bo hiu gia cc tng i m n cha ng nhiu s phc tp
hn . Trong phn II chng ta s xem xt bo hiu di ci tn Q.931 cho bo
hiu thu bao v SS7 cho bo hiu gia cc tng i.

Bo hiu knh chung

Bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch knh c ti per-trunk v knh kt hp.
Vi bo hiu trong knh, mt knh c s dng mang cuc gi ng thi
mang c bo hiu cuc gi c lin quan. Bo hiu nh vy bt u t thu bao gi
v theo dc ng ca chnh cuc gi . y l iu hay , do khng cn mt
ng truyn no cn thit thm vo cho bo hiu . Cc phng tin truyn
thoi c chia s truyn bo hiu.

C 2 dng bo hiu c s dng : Trong bng v ngoi bng.

Bo hiu trong bng s dng khng ch cng ng vt l ca cuc gi m
cn s dng cng mt di tn s ca tn hiu thoi mang tn hiu iu
khin c lin quan n. Kiu bo hiu ny c mt vi u im : Do tn
hiu iu khin c cng c tnh sng in t vi tn hiu ting ni do vy
n c th i bt c ni u m tn hiu thoi i ti. V khng c s gii hn
s s dng tn hiu trong bng ti bt c ni u trong mng , k c ni c
b chuyn i ADC , DAC . Thm na, n c kh nng thit lp cuc gi trn
ng ting c thiu khuyt do tn hiu iu khin c s dng thit lp
ng
Bo hiu ngai bng c u im l khng s dng ton b bng thng 4KHz
m n tch ra 1 bng thng hp trong s dng gi cc tn hiu iu
khin. u im chnh ca n l gi n nhng ni m tn hiu thoi khng
n c. V th n cho php lin tc gim st v iu khin cuc gi. Tuy
nhin kiu bo hiu ngoi bng cn mch in ph cho php bo hiu
trong bng.

Tc truyn thng tin c gii hn bi bo hiu trong bng . Vi bo
hiu trong bng ch c truyn khi khng c tn hiu thoi cn bo hiu ngoi
bng th c php. Do s hn ch nh vy tht kh c th iu tit cho ph hp
tuy nhin cc u im ca bo hiu l rt cn thit

Mt nhc im khc ca bo hiu trong bng l thi gian tr khi thit lp cuc
gi. Yu cu gim thi gian tr l mt trong cc yu t quan trng hin nay khi s
dng mng. V d : my tnh iu khin cuc gi . s l cuc gi ( transaction )
s dng cc bn tin ngn tng i ; v th , thi gian thit lp cuc gi c mt mt
cch ng k trong tng s thi gian cuc gi

Csr hai vn ny c th c gii quyt nh bo hiu knh chung , trong
bo hiu c mang qua mt knh hon ton c lp vi knh thoa ( Bng 4.2 ) .
Mt ng c th mang cc tn hiu cho mt s cc knh thoi vi v s cc chc
nng, v th knh iu khin chung l cho cc knh thu bao ny

Nguyn tc ca bo hiu knh chung c minh ho v i ngc vi bo hiu
knh kt hp trong hnh 4.6. Nh c th thy, con ng dnh cho bo hiu knh
chung c tch mt cch vt l ra khi ng thoi thu bao. Knh chung c
th c cu hnh vi bng thng cn thit mang cc bo hiu vi mt lot
cc chc nng. V th c hai giao thc bo hiu v kin trc mng phc tp hn
bo hiu knh kt hp.

Tuy nhin do gi thnh cc phn cng ca my tnh ngy cng h do vy bo
hiu knh chung ngy cng c s dng rng ri. Cc bn tin bo hiu c
chuyn qua gia cc chuyn mch hay gia cc chun mch v trung tm qun
tr mng. V th thnh phn bo hiu ca mng vi hiu qu l mng my tnh
phn b chuyn ti cc bn tin ngn

Bng 4.2 K thut bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch knh

Miu t Ch gii
Knh kt hp
Trong bng

Ngoi bng

Bo hiu cng mt di thng
tn s c s dng bi tn
hiu thoi

Tn hiu thoi c s dng
cng ng truyn vi tn
hiu thoi , nhng khc bng
tn s

K thut n gin nht v rt cn
thit cho bp hiu thng tin v
cuc gi v c s dng cho cc
bo hiu khc , thng ti tt c
cc ng daay thu bao

Cho php lin tc gim st trong
sut thi gian kt ni
Knh chung
Bo hiu truyn trn knh bo
hiu c ginh iu khin
cc bo hiu v chung cho cc
knh thoi

Gim thi gian setup cuc gi so
vi phng php trn. N cng
tng thch hn vi cc chc nng
cn thit


Hnh 4.6 Bo hiu knh kt hp v knh chung

C hai kiu thao tc trong bo hiu knh chung ( Hnh 4.7 )

Mode kt hp : ng bo hiu i dc theo , bn cnh ng trung k thoi
phc v cc im u cui, Bo hiu s di ng khc vi ng tn hiu
thoi , ti tng di , n c nh tuyn trc tip ti b s l bo hiu.
Mode khng kt hp : Ti mode ny , mng c gia tng thm bi cc node (
my trm ) c gi l im chuyn tip bo hiu. Nh vy 2 mng s tch
ri nhau . Sk lin kt gia 2 hi ny ti cc ca iu khin thc hin ti cc
tng i ( switch nodes ) m ang phc v cho cc cuc gi thu bao.
Trong mode khng kt hp, ngi qun tr mng cng s d dng vn hnh
hn bi v cc knh iu khin c th cho mt cch linh hot hn. Mng
ISDN s dng bo hiu theo mode khng kt hp

Vi bo hiu knh kt hp . bo hiu t tng i gc c s l v c
chuyn ti knh ra . ti u thu nhn, bo hiu li c chuyn nhn t knh thoi
vo b s l iu khin ; cn bo hiu knh chung bo hiu c truyn trc tip
t b s l iu khin ny ti b s l iu khin kia khng rng buc g vi tn
hiu thoi. y l mt th tc n gin v t sai st khi tnh c hay c lm
nhiu lon cc tn hiu gia thu bao v iu khin. y l ng c chnh chp bo
hiu knh chung. Mt ng c khc na l thi gian setup cuc gi gim. Hy
xem mt chui cc cuc gi c setup bng knh kt hp qua nhiu hn 1 chuyn
mch. Mt bo hiu iu khin s phi c gi ti tng i bn cnh theo
nh trc. Ti mi mt tng i bo hiu khng c th c truyn qua tng i
ti tuyn tip theo chng no mt mch kt hp chac thit lp qua tng i
. Cn vi bo hiu knh chung , cc thng tin iu khin c th che lp s s l
thit lp mch


Hinh 4.7 Cc mode ca bo hiu knh chung

Vi bo hiu khng kt hp cn c nhiu u im ni tri : Mt hay
nhiu im iu khin c th c thit lp . Tt c cc thng tin iu khin c
th c nh tuyn ti trung tm iu khin mng m ti cc yu cu c
s l , cc tn hiu d c s l c gi ti cc tng i thit lp tuyn cho
thu bao. Theo cch ny cc yu cu c th c s l vi tnh ton cc hn ca
iu kin mng

Tt nhin , bo hiu knh chung c cc nhc im ca n, trc tin l
thao tc v vn hnh phc tp hn tuy nhin do gi thnh phn cng ngy cng
h v s m rng khng ngng ca mng vin thng s dn n bo hiu knh
chung ngy cng pht trin

Mi tho lun ti phn ny dnh ch yu v bo hiu knh chung trong
mng ( iu khin tng i ). Nhng d cho mt mng hon ton c iu
khin bi bo hiu knh chung th bo hiu knh kt hp vn cn thit , t nht
l thng bo vi thu bao. V d nh tn hiu quay s , rung chung phi l
ti knh kt hp ti c thu bao. Ni chung , thu bao khng truy cp
ti bo hiu knh chung , tuy nhin chng ta s thy ti phn II th iu ny cha
hon ton ng

4.5 Chuyn mch gi

Mng vin thng chuyn mch knh ban u dnh cho thai, ch yu
cc cuc gi trn mng ny l ting ni. c tnh mu cht ca chuyn mch knh
l mi phn t trong mng ch phc s tt nht cho cuc gi . Do kt ni
thoi, mch in s dng c t l cao bi v ton b thi gian , bn ny hay bn
kia ni chuyn. Tuy nhin, khi mng chuyn mch knh bt u c s dng
truyn d liu th xut hin hai vn :

Trong mng truyn d liu ( vi d client/server ) , rt nhiu thi gian ri do
vy chuyn mch knh km hiu qu
Trong mng chuyn mch knh , lin kt truyn d liu vi tc khng
i , v th c hai thit b ni vo phi c tc thu v pht nh nhau . iu
ny hn ch cc tin ch ca mng khi lin kt mt lot cc my tnh host vi
cc thit b u cui

hiu c cch gii quyt vn ca mng chuyn mch gi , chng ta hy
xem xt cch vn hnh ca mng chuyn mch gi. D liuc truyn thnh
tng gi ngn , mt bn tin c gii hn trn vi di gi khong 1000 byte .
Nu bn tin khi gi di hn , n s c b ra thnh mt chui cc gi ( hnh 4.8 )
Mi mt gi cha 1 phn ( hay l tt c cho bn tin ngn ) d liu ca ngi s
dng cng vi cc thng tin iu khin. Cc thng tin iu khin , c ti thiu ,
cha cc thng tin m mng yu cu c th nh tuyn c cho cc gi tin i
qua mng v a n ti ch. Ti mi trm trn tuyn , gi tin c nhn , nh
li ri th chuyn tip ti trm tip theo.

Hnh 4.8 S dng gi tin

Chng ta hy quay li hnh 4.1 thy rng y l mng chuyn mch gi n
gin nht. Gi s mt gi i t trm A ti trm E , gi tin cha cc thng tin
iu khin ch rng n ang i ti trm E . Gi tin c gi t trm A ti
node 4 . Node 4 lu tr gi tin xc nh tuyn tip theo ( gi s node 5 ) v xp
hng di ra ti tuyn ni 4 + 5 . Khi ng ni c th , gi tin c truyn
ti node 5 v c nh vy ti node 6 v cui cng ti trm E . iu ny c u
im hn so vi chuyn mch knh .

Hiu sut s dng ng ln hn bi v mi ng truyn tin gia cc node c
th c chia s cho cc gi tin . Cc gi tn c xp hng v truyn vi tc
rt nhanh c th c trn ng truyn. Ngc li , vi chuyn mch knh
thi gian trn ng truyn gia cc node c nh x trc khi dng TDM
ng b . Nhiu khi ng truyn c th ri ti 1 knh do lc knh ny
khng c s dng.
Mng chuyn mch gi c th thay i tc truyn d liu. Hai trm vi 2
tc truyn dn khc nhau vn c th trao i d liu cho nhau bi v mi
mt kt ni ti trm ca chng u chp nhn tcd d liu
Khi lu lng trn mng chuyn mch knh qua nng , mt vi cuc gi c th
b nght ; mng s t chi nhn thm cc cuc gi yu cu thm cho n khi
ti trn mng gim xung. Trong mng chuyn mch gi th cc gi tin vn
c chp nhn nhng thi gian tr truyn tng ln.
Bc u tin c th c s dng. V th , mt node c 1 s cc gi xp hng
ch truyn , gi c truyn trc tin l gi c bc u tin cao nht. Cc
gi ny v th s c tr thp hn cc gi c bc u tien thp hn

Thao tc ni b

Mt trm c mt bn tin c kch thc ln hn kch thc gi tin ti a
mun truyn qua mng chuyn mch gi. V th n phi b gi tin ra thnh cc
mnh v gi cc gi ny theo th gian ti mng . Mt cu hi t ra l mng s
chuyn cc chui gi tin ny nh th no trn tuyn qua chng ti ch. C hai
cch c s dng trn mng : Bo d liu v mch o
Trong kiu bo d liu , mi mt gi c i x mt cch c lp, khng c
tham chiu ti gi tin c trc . Chng ta xem li v d trn : Gi s
tram A trong hnh 4.1 c 3 gi tin mun truyn ti E . N s truyn theo
th t cc gi tin 1-2-3 ti trm 4 . Vi mi mt gi , trm 4 phi xc nh
1 tuyn . Trm 4 s chuyn cc gi tin ny hoc l ti node 5 hoc l node 7 .
Trong trng hp trm 4 xc nh rng s xp hng ti tram 5 l ngn hn
ti trm 7 do vy gi xp hng c chuyn ti trm 5 . Cng nh vy cho
gi th 2 , nhng n gi th 3 , trm 4 pht hin ra rng s xp hng n
trn 7 l ngn hn n tram 5 v do vy gi th 3 s i n trm 7 . Do
vy cc gi tuy c cng mt a ch ch nhng khng i cng trn 1 tuyn.
Gi 3 s gp gi 2 ti tram 6 t chng c chuyn ti trm E theo
th t vi th t khi chng c gi. Trm E c trch nhim xp xp li
th t cu cc gi tin. Tuy nhin c kh nng 1 gi tin b hng , mt trn
ng i, v d nh c mt node b hng 1 lc no , tt c cc gi ang
xp hng ti b mt , iu ny v d xy ra trong v d ca ta , trm 6
khng c cch no bit c gi tin no trong th t b mt . Mt ln na ,
trm E pht hin ra s mt ca gi tin tm cch ly li chng.
Trong kiu mch o : mt tuyn d nh ttrc c thit lp trc khi bt k
gi tin no c truyn. V d trm A c nhiu gi tin mun truyn ti trm
E . Trc ht n gi cc gi tin iu khin c bit c gi l gi yu cu
cuc gi ( Call Request ) ti trm 4 yu cu kt ni logic ti E . Node 4 s
quyt nh tuyn yu cu v chuyn gi theo th t ti trm 5 . Trm 5
quyt nh tun v chuyn cc gi ti 6 v cui cng gi Call Request c
chuyn ti E . Nu E sn sng chp nh kt ni, n gi gi tin Chp
nhn cuc gi ( Call Accept ) ti trm 6 . Gi nayg li chuyn qua trm 5 ri
trm 4 ti A . Trm A v E by gi bt u c th trao i d liu qua
tuyn va c thit lp. Bi v tuyn lun l c nh trong sut thi gian kt
ni logic mt cch tng t nh mch ( knh ) trong mng chuyn mch
knh v c gi l mch o. V th cc gi d liu t trm A hng ti
trm E qua node 4, 5, 6 v ngc li cc gi truyn t trm E ti trm A
qua node 6, 5, 4. Cui cng mt trm ngt kt ni bng gi tin yu cu xo
( Clear Request ) . ti bt c lc no , mi mt trm lun c nhiu mch o
ni vi nhauv c th c cc mch o ni ti nhiu hn 1 tram.

c tnh chnh ca k thut mch o l 1 tuyn gi cc trm phi c khi
to trc truyn d liu. Nhng tuyn ny khng phi l ng dnh ring nh
chuyn mch knh . Mt gi chng no cn lu li ti mi mt trm , cp hng
ch pht i ti ng truyn. Ngc li vi gi tin bo d liu , vi mch o , cc
trm khng cn nh tuyn cho mi mt gi m ch lm ( nh tuyn ) mt ln cho
tt c cc gi tin.

2 trm c th trao i d liu trong 1 thi gian kh di y chc chn l 1
u im ca mch o . Trc ht mng c th cung cp cc dch v lin quan n
mch o , bao gm c xp hng , iu khin li . Sp hng l do tt c cc gi tin
c cng 1 tuyn , chng ra i theo th t . iu khin li l dch v c gi
nh rng khng ch c cc gi i n ng th t m . Ly v d mt gi truyn
t trm 4 n trm 6 mt hoc li khi n trm 6 . Trm 6 c th yu cu trm
4 truyn li gi tn t trm 4 . Mt u im khc l cc gi tin c truyn trong
mng vi ttc nhanh hn do khng cn phi nh tuyn cho mi mt gi tn ti
mi mt trm

Mt u im ca bo d liu l khng phi khi to ng truyn cuc gi . V
th nu mt trm mong mun gi ch mt hoc mt vi gi tin th chuyn bi bo
d liu s nhanh hn. Mt u im khc na l do n th s nn cng linh hot
hn. Ly v d : Nu tc ngn mt phn trn mng , cc bn tn bo d liu s
nh tuyn theo ng khc , trnh tc ngn . Nhng vi mch o , do tuyn c
thit lp trc v th kh khn cho mng gii quyt tc nghn. u im th 3
ca bo d liu l c tin cy. Vi mch o , khi mt trm b hng , knh i qua
trm s b mt nhng vi bo d liu , cc gi c th tm cc tuyn thay th ,
b qua node .

Hu ht cc mng chuyn mch gi hin hnh u s dng mch o cho cc
vn hnh ni b ca chng. Ti mt mc no , iu ny phn nh ng c
thc y xy dng mt mng c nhng dch v tin cy nh mng chuyn mch
knh. Tuy nhin mt vi mng chuyn mch gi c nhn s dng vn hnh bo
d liu. Theo cch nhn ca ngi s dng, cng kh c th nh gi s s dng
ca mch o hay bo d liu

Kch thc gi tin

C mt mi quan h gia kch thc gi tin v thi gian truyn nh ch
ra trong hnh 4.9. trong v d ny gi s rng c mt mch o t trm X qua
node a v b ti trm Y . Bn tin c gi c kch thc l 40 byte , mi gi
cha 3 byte thng tin iu khin, n c t ti u ca gi tin v c gi l
phn tiu ( heaer ) . Nh vy ton b mi bn tin c kch thc l 43 byte ( 3
byte header v 40 byte data ) Gi u tin c gi t X ti trm a ( hnh 4.9a)
Khi ton b gi c nhn n c th c truyn tip t tram a ti trm b ri
ti trm Y. B qua thi gian chuyn mch tng s thi gian truyn l 129 byte-
thi gian ( 43 x 3 )

Gi s rng chng ta b bn tin ra thnh 2 gi , mi gi cha 20 byte v tt
nhin phi 3 byte tiu cho mi gi cha cc thng tin iu khin cho cc gi
ny. Trong trng hp ny , 1 node c th bt u truyn gi u tn du tin n
t trm X ngay khi c th khng cn ch gi th 2 n do th gian truyn v
nhn ca 1 trm c th lp nhau . Tng s thi gian truyn ton b bn tin l
92 byte-thi gian . Bng cch b bn tin ra thnh 5 gi , mi gi 8 byte + 3
byte tiu th s tit kim thi gian c hn na , tng s thi gian cn truyn
cho bn tin t X n Y ch cn 77 byte-thi gian. Tuy nhin nu chng ta b
nh hn na bn tin thnh cc gi b hn th s l cc gi tin tng ln ch
khng phi l gim i , tng thi gian truyn s ln nh minh ho trong hnh 4.9d.
iu ny do mi gi tin phi cha mt s c nh cc tiu , nhiu gi c
ngha l nhiu cc tiu . Mc d ti v d khng nu ra qu trnh s l v
xp hng do tr ti cc node . S tr ny s cng ln khi cng c nhiu gi cng
thuc bn tin . Do vy thit k chuyn mch gi phi xem xt ti cc yu t
xc nh kch thc gi ti u

4.6 X25

C l l hiu r nht v giao thc chun c s dng rng ri nht l
X25 . Giao thc chun ch giao din gia mt h thng host v mt mng chun
mch gi. Chun ny c s dng hon ton ton din ( universally ) cho giao
din ti chuyn mch gi v c s dng trong tng i gi ISDN. Cc cuc gi
chun c phn ra thnh 3 mc ca giao thc

Lp Vt l
Lp lin kt
Lp gi

Hnh 4.9 Hiu ng thi gian truyn theo kch thc gi

3 lp ny ph hp vi 3 lp thp nht trong m hnh OSI ( xem ch gii
B ) Lp Vt l c quan h vi cc giao din Vt l gia cc trm ( my tnh ,
thit b u cui ) v s lin kt gia cc trm trong node chuyn mch gi.
Chun X21 thng c s dng trong mc vt l ca X25, nhng trong nhiu
trng hp , mt chun khc , nh l EIA-232 cng c tnh n. Li lin kt
m bo cho vic truyn d liu c tin cy qua lp vt l bng cch truyn
truyn d liu mt cch tun t , tng khung mt ( frame ) . Lp lin kt chun
c gi l LAPB ( Link Access Protocol-Balance ) . LAPB l mt tp hp con
ca giao thc iu khin lin kt d liu rt ni ting - HDLC ( High-level data
link control ) . LAPB rt ging vi giao thc mi ay LAPD m n s c
miu t trong chng 8 . Lp gi cung cp cc dch v mch o v c miu t
trong phn sau y.

Hnh 4.10 D liu ngi dng v Giao thc iu khin thng tin X25

Hnh 4.10 minh ho mi quan h gia cc mc ( lp ) ca X25 . D liu
ngi dng c a xung lp 3 ca X25 v c gn vo cc thng tin iu
khin gi l cc tiu ( header ) to thnh gi. Ton b gi c a xung lp
di m ti , cc thng tin iu khin gn vo phn trc v phn sau ca gi
tin to thnh khung LAPB. Thng tin iu khin trong khung l cn thit cho cc
vn hnh ca giao thc LAPB

Trc khi kim tra chi tit cc lp gi ca X25, chng ta s phi phn bit
r cc khi nim vn hnh bn trong v dc v b xung

Vn hnh bn trong v dch v bn ngoi

Mt trong cc c tnh quan trng ca mng chuyn mch gi l hoc n s
dng bo d liu , hoc s dng mch o. Thc s l , c 2 chiu ca c tnh ny
nh c minh ho trong hnh 4.11 v 4.12. ti giao din gia mt trm v
mt node mng, mt mng c th cung cp hoc kt ni c lin kt nh hng (
connection-oriented ) hoc kt ni khng lin kt ( connectionless ) . Vi mt
dch v kt ni c lin kt nh hng , mt trm thc hin 1 yu cu cuc gi ,
khi to 1 kt ni logic ti mt trm khc . Tt c cc gi hin ang xem xt ti
mng c nhn dng l thuc v 1 c tnh kt ni logc v c nh s tun
t . Mt kt ni logic ny thng dc coi l 1 mch o , dch v kt ni nh
hng c coi l dch v mch o bn ngoi . ng tic , dich v bn ngoi ny
c phn bit t khi nim vn hnh mch o bn trong. Vi cc dch v
khng lin kt , mng ch ng vi cc gi c ch huy ( iu khin ) mt cch
c lp v c th khng phn pht chng theo 1 th t hoc mt tin cy . y
l kiu dch v m i khi cn c gi l dch v bo d liu bn ngoi . iu
ny l s phn bit vi khi nim vn hnh bo d liu bn trong . Bn trong ,
mng c th cu trc nn 1 tuyn c nh gia 2 u cui ( mch o ) hoc l
khng c nh ( bo d liu ). Thit k bn trong v bn ngoi gii quyt khng
cn phi ng thi :

Hnh 4.11 Vn hnh mch o v bo d liu ngoi

Mch o bn ngoi , mch o bn trong : Khi ngi s dng yu cu mch o,
mt tuyn qua mng s c xy dng , tt c cc gi ln lt i dc theo cng
mt tuyn
Mch o bn ngoi, bo d liu bn trong : Mng gi cho mi mt gi c lp .
V th cc gi khc nhau cho cng mt mch o bn ngoi c th chim cc
tuyn khc nhau. Tuy nhin, mng lu cc gi ti node ch , nu cn thit,
sao cho chng c phn pht n trm ch theo mt th t hp l .
Bo d liu bn ngoi , bo d liu bn trong : Mi mt gi c c s mt
cch c lp t c hai ca ngi s dng v ti cc im ca mng
Bo d liu bn ngoi , mch o bn trong : T hp ny t dng v chu gnh
nng v gi c chi ph cho 1 mch o m chng c li lc g

Hnh 4.11 Mch o bn ngoi v vn hnh bo d liu

Cu hi a ra la chn : mc o hay l bo d liu, c hai bn trong v
bn ngoi . iu ny ph thuc vo cc mc tiu thit k ring cho mng truyn
dnc v h s gi c c tnh thuyt phc . Chng ta da ra mt vi ch gii khi
nim cc gi tr lin quan s chng i gia vn hnh bo d liu bn trong v
vn hnh mach o. Chi tit c th dch v bn ngoa , chng ta c th c cc quan
st tip theo. Dich v bo d liu , c khp ( gp ) vi vn hnh bo d liu bn
trong cho hiu sut s dng mng : khng cn setup cuc gi , khng cn gi cc
gi trong khi cc gi c li , c pht li. Tiu ch sau ny c s dng trong
mt vi ng dng c tng thi gian thc ( VoiIP ). Dch v mch o c th cung
cp trnh t end-to-end v iu khin li . Dich v ny thu ht tr gip cc
ng dng lin kt nh hng nh l truyn files , iu khin u cui truy cp t
xa. Trn thc t , cc dch v mch o ni chung l nhiu hn cc dch v bo
d liu v s cn c gi cho cc mng chuyn mch gi , lin quan ISDN
tin cy v s thun tin ca cc dich v lin kt nh hng c nhn thy hp
dn nhiu hn cc dch v bo d liu

Hnh 4.12 Mch o bn trong v Vn hnh bo d liu

Mc gi X25

Vi mc gi X25, d liu c truyn theo tng gi qua mch o bn
ngoi . C rt nhiu loi gi c s dung ( Bng 4.3 ), nhng tt c u s dng
cng mt khun dng c bn theo cc loi gi ( Hnh 4.13 ) . Thit b ca ngi
s dng c gi l thit b u cui d liu ( DTE Data terminal Equipment )
v ni ti node mng chuyn mch gi , DTE c gn vi thit b mch u
cui d liu ( DCE Data Circuit-terminal Equipment )

Dch v mch o ca X25 cho php 2 loi mch o : Mch o v mch o
vnh vin . Mch o l mt s thit lp ng mch o , khi dng mt cuc gi
khi to v th tc xo cuc gi , c gii thch tip theo . Mt mch o vnh
vin l mt s vnh vin mch o mng chp mhn. D liu truyn qua nh vi
cuc gi o nhng khng yu cu khi to v xo tuyn

a) Cuc gi o :

Hnh 4.14 ch ra trnh t in hnh ca cc s kin trong cuc gi o. Phn
pha tay tri ca hnh v ch ra cc gi c trao i gia ngi s dng A v
mt node chuyn mch gi gn vi n. Phn pha tay phi ch ra cc gi c
trao i gia ngi s dng B v node ca n. Tuyn ca cc gi l khng th
nhn thy vi ngi s dng .

Bng 4.7 Cc kiu gi X25 v cc tham s

Kiu gi Dch v Tham s
DTE/DCE DCE/DTE VC PVC
Call Request

Call Accept

Clear Request

Clear Confirm
Incoming Call

Call Connected

Clear Indication

Clear Confirm
X

X

X

x
a ch DTE gi v b gi,
tin ch v d liu ngi
dng gi
a ch DTE gi v b gi,
tin ch v d liu ngi
dng gi
Gy xo, m chun on,
a ch DTE gi v b gi,
tin ch v d liu ngi
dng xo
a ch DTE gi v b gi,
tin ch
D liu v Ngt
Data
Interrupt
Interrupt Confirm
Data
Interrupt
Interrupt Confirm
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
Ngt d liu ngi dng
-
iu khin lung v Reset
RR
RNR
REJ
Reset Request
Reset Confirm
RR
RNR
-
Reset Indication
Reset Confirm
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P(R)
P(R)
P(R)
Gy Reset , m chun on
-
Restart
Restart Request
Restart Confirm
Restart Indication
Restart Confirm
X
X
X
X
Gy Reset , m chun on
-
Diagnostic
Diagnostic x x Gy Reset , m chun on

Trnh t ca cc s kin c tin hnh nh sau :

1. Yu cu thit lp mt mch o vi B thc hin bng cch gi mt
gi yu cu cuc gi Call Request ti DCE ca A . Gi s cha
a ch ngun v a ch ch cng nh l s mch o c s dng
thit lp nn mch o mi. Tt c s vn chuyn n v i s
c nhn dng bi s mch o ny
2. Tuyn mng mi cho cuc gi ny c yu cu thit lp ti DCE
ca B
3. DCE ca B nhn c gi yu cu cuc gi v gi 1 gi cuc gi
n Incoming Call ti B . Gi ny c cng khun dng vi gi yu
cu cuc gi nhng khc v s mch o c la chn bi DCE ca
B t trpng cc s c sn a phng cha s dng
4. Mt ch th chp nhn cuc gi bng cch gi gi chp nhn cuc
gi Call Accept theo cng mt s mch o ca gi cuch gi n.
5. Thit b nhn gi cuc gi c kt ni Call Connected trn cng
mt s mch o ca gi yu cu cuc gi
6. A v B gi gi d liu v gi iu khin cho nhau khi dng s
mch o m chng tho thun
7. A hoc B gi gi yu cu xo Clear Request ti u cui mch o
v nhn gi khng nh xo Clear Confirmatin
8. B hoc A nhn gi ch th xo Clear Indication v truyn gi
khng nh xo Clear Confirmatin

Hnh 4.13 Khun dng gi X25

b) Khun dng gi :

Hnh 4.13 ch cho ta khun dng gi c bn c s dng trong X25. s
dng d liu , d liu c b ra thnh tng khi c kch thc ti a v gn vo
mi khi 24 hay 32 bit tiu to thnh 1 gi tin. Mch o s dng 15 bit
nh s th t . Tiu bt u vi 1 byte nhn dng giao thc vi gi tr l
00110000 . Tiu bao gm c 12 bit s mch o ( vi 4 bt ch s nhm v 8 bit
ch s knh ) . Trng P(S) v P(R) tr gip chc nng iu khin lung v
iu khin li trn mch o c s v din gii trnh t . Bit M , D , Q v X tr
gip cc chc nng c bit m chng ta cha khai thc y.

Hnh 4.14 : Trnh t ca cc s kin - Giao thc X25


Thm na , truyn d liu ngi s dng, X25 phi truyn cc thng tin
iu khin lin quan n vic thit lp, duy tr v chp dt mch o . Cc
thng tin iu khin dc truyn thnh cc gi iu khin , mi mt gi iu
khin bao gm s mch o , kiu gi m n nhn dng chc nng iu khin
ring bit, cc thng iu khin thm vo lin quan n cc chc nng . Ly v
d : gi Call Request cha a ch DTE ca ngi gi v b gi , cc tin ch
c s dng theo yu cu ca dch v mng

Ci cch m d liu ngi s dng c tm lc li nh sau : Khi truyn
DTE phi b d liu thnh cc n v c di ti a. X25 ch ra rng , mng tr
gip di trng d liu ca ngi s dng ti a l 128 byte. Thm na ,
mng c th cho php la chn mt s trng khc ti a c di trong
khong 16 ti 4096 byte . DTE kt cu cc gi iu khin v gi gn d liu
ngi dng vo cc gi d liu. Ri chng c truyn ti DCE qua LAPB . V
th gi c gi gn trong mt khung lp 2 ( mt gi cho 1 khung ) . Cc DCE
ci b cc trng iu khin lp 2 ra , v ri c th gi gn li gi tin ph hp vi
giao thc bn trong mng .

c) Hp knh :

C th l hu ht cc dch v quan trng nht c cung cp bi X25
u c hp knh. Mt DTE cho php thit lp ti 4095 mach o ng thi vi
cc DTE khc nhau qua 1 ng vt l kt ni DTE-DCE. DTE c th n nh
ni b cc mch ny theo bt k cch no m n a thch. Cc mch o ng
nht c th tng ng v cc ng dng, cc s l v cc ngt . V d lin kt
DTE-DCE cho hp knh song cng, ngha l bt c lc no , mt gi lin i
vi mt mch o cho trc c th c truyn theo c 2 chiu

phn loi cc gi thuc v mt mch o , mi mt gi cha s mch
o 12-bit (biu dinc 4-bit l s nhm cng vi 8-bit l s knh logic ) . S Zero
lun c d tr cho gi t chun on chung cho tt c cc mch o. Th th
mt dy lin tc cc s c t cho 4 nhm loi ca cc mch o . Mch o
vnh vin c t vi s bt u bng 1 . Nhm tip theo l cc cuc gi o n
1 chiu ( one-way incoming virtual calls ) y c ngha l ch c cc cuc gi
n t mng c th c gn cc s ny. Mch o , tt nhin l song cng , khi
mt cuc gi yu cu gi n , DCE s la chn mt s cha s dng t trong
nhm .

Cuc gi i 1 chiu ( one-way goingout virtual calls ) c khi ng bi
DTE . Trong trng hp ny DTE la chn mt s cha s dng trong cc s dnh
cho nhm cuc gi ny. Vic tch bch ca cc nhm nhm trnh s la chn
ng thi cng mt s cho 2 mch o khc nhau bi DTE v DCE

c) iu khin lung v li

iu khin lung v li trong X25 c thi hnh khi dng s trnh t . iu
khin lung s dng nguyn tc ca s trt ( slide-windows ) cn iu khin li
theo nguyn tc yu cu t ng lp li tr v pha trc N (ARQ go-back-N
automatic-repeat-request ) . Nguyn l vn hnh c bn ca cc nguiyn tc ny
c gii thc trong phn ch gii A . Thng thng . mc nh th 3 bt s c
dng lm s trnh t . Vi tu chn , mt DTE c th yu cu trong khi setup
cuc gi ti 7-bit hoc 15-bit lm s trnh t

S th t gi P(S) c s dng lm s th t gi tin c coi l duy nht trn
mch o c s. Do vy P(S) ca mi gi d liu mi pht ra ln hn 1 n v
so vi gi trc y trn cng mt mch o c modele 8 hoc module 128 . S
th t thu c P(R) cha s ca gi tip theo se c nhn t pha ng kia trn
cng mt mch o. Khi n c s dng trong gi d liu n c coi nh l tr
li xc nhn ngc li ( piggybacked acknowledges - xc nhn nh khng tr
li ) . Nu mt pha ny khng c d liu gi , n thay th gi cha xc nhn
bng gi iu khin nhn c ( Receive Ready RR ) m gi cha s th t
ca gi tip theo t pha ng kia.

iu khin lung c cung cp bi cc gi iu khin cha sn sng nhn
( Receive not Ready - RNR ) ; gi ny xc nhn nhn c gi trc , nhng
bo rng cha sn sng nhn gi thm no na. Khi mt thng bo ny c
nhn, tt c tm ngng pht gi d li ; bn bn s thng bo li cho bn ka
c th hi phc pht li bng gi RR

Khuon dng c bn ca iu khin li l go-back-N ARQ ( xem ch gii A ) .
Thng bo khng chp nhn c t trong gi iu khin loi b ( REJ
Reject ) . Nu 1 node nhn c thng bo khng chp nhn, n s pht li gi
ch v tt c cc gi tip theo

Bt u li v t li

X25 cung cp 2 tin ch sa li . Tin ch t li c s dng khi
ng li mch o . iu ny c ngha rng , s th t trn c hai phi t bng
zero. Bt k d liu no hoc l gi ngt ang truyn b mt. N l mt giao
thc mc cao ly li cc gi b mt. Mt s t li c triggered ( nhp ?)
bi mt s cc iu kin li : bao gm mt gi , sai s th t , tc nghn hoc l
mt mch o bn trong ca mng. Trong trng hp sau ny , c 2 DCE phi xy
dng li mch o bn trong tr gip mch o bn ngoi DTE-DTE vn cn
ang tn ti. C hai DTE hoc DCE c th khi ng mt s t li vi 1 yu
cu Reset Request hoc l Reset Indication. Thit b thu p ng li bng mt
Reset Confirmation . Bt chp ca ngi khi ng s t li, DCE involved l
nguyn nhn thng bo ti u kia.

Mt iu kin li nghim trng hn gy ra khi ng li. S pht ra mt
gi yu cu khi ng li ( Restart Request ) tng ng vi vic gi mt yu
cu xo ( Clear Request ) trn tt c cc cuc gi o v mt yu cu khi ng li
( Reset Request ) trn tt c cc mch o vnh vin . Mt ln na , c hai DTE
hoc DCE c th khi ng li tc ng . Mt v d ca mt iu kin cho php
khi ng li khi tm thi mt truy cp mng

4.7 So snh chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi

Mt s so snh n gin ca chuyn mch knh vi 2 dng ca chuyn mch
gi c a ra trong hinhf 4.15. Hnh v m t s truyn 1 bn tin qua 4 node
t 1 trm ngun ti node 1 ti trm ch qua node 4 . Trong hnh v , chng
m t c 3 loi tr :

Hnh 4.15 Thi gian truyn tin trong mng chuyn mch knh v gi


Tr do truyn : l thi gian nhn tn hiu truyn t node ny ti node
kia. Thi gian ny ni chung l khng ng k . Tc truyn ca sng in
t qua mi trng v d dy dn c 2 x 10
8
m/s
Thi gian pht tin : l thi gian truyn i c 1 khi d liu . Ly
v d : trong 1 giy c th truyn i 10 000-bit ca khi d liu trn
ng truyn 10 Kb/s
Tr node : l thi gian cn thit 1 node s l hon ton d liu v
nh l n chuyn mch d liu

i vi chuyn mch knh , chc chn c mt khong thi gian tr no
trc khi bn tin c th gi . u tin, mt bo hiu Call Request c gi qua
mng. N thit lp mt kt ni ti trm ch. Nu trm ch khng bn, mt
bo hiu Call Accept s c tr li . Ch rng , mt tr khi s l phi chu ti
mi mt node trong sut thi gian yu cu cuc gi ; thi gian ny , mi mt
node ang khi to 1 tuyn cho kt ni. Ti thi gian gi tr , s l ny khng
cn thit bi v kt ni sn sng . Sau khi kt ni c thit lp , bn tin
c gi theo tng khi n l , khng c mt thi giam tr no ti node chuyn
mch

Chuyn mch gi vi mch o xy ra hon ton tng t nh chuyn mch
knh . mt mach o c yu cu khi dng gi Call Request . v khi s xy ra
tr ti mi mt node. Mch o c chp nhn bng gi Call Accept . Ngc
li vi chuyn mch knh , chp nhn cuc gi cng gy tr , d rng ngay c
khi tuyn mch o c thit lp. Nguyn nhn l do cc gi ny c xp
hng ti mi mt node v phi ch n lt li c truyn i. Mi mt
khi mch o c thit lp , bn tin s c truyn thao tng gi . iu r rng
l , vn hnh theo ch ny khng c th bao gi nhanh hn chuyn mch
knh i vi cng mng tng ng. l do , chuyn mch knh v bn cht
s l cuc gi th gi mt tc truyn d liu khng i qua mng . Chuyn
mch gi chc c tr , m phin h l tr ny li b thay i v tng khi ti
trn mng tng.

Chuyn mch gi vi bo d liu khng i hi thi gian thit lp. V vy
vi bn tin ngn , n s truyn nhanh hn chuyn mch gi mch o thm ch
c vi chuyn mch knh. Tuy nhin , do mi mt gi bo d liu s c nh
tuyn c lp , s s l cho mi mt gi bo d liu ti mi mt node s di
hn mch o v th vi cc bn tin di , k thut mch o c la chn

Hnh 4.15 ch a ra vi gi nh hon thin tng c lin quan ti k
thut. Tuy nhin , thc cht l hon thin ph thuc vo mt trm vi cc
nhn t nh kch thc ca mng, hnh dng ca mng ( topology ) , cc mu ca
ti cng nh cc c tnh ca cc tng i .

4.8 Cc k thut chuyn mch khc

Chuyn mch knh nhiu tc

Mt trong cc tr ngi ca chuyn mch knh l km linh hot vi tc d
liu. Nu mt trm ni vo mt mng chuyn mch knh thng thng , n vn
hnh vi mt tc d liu no . Tc d liu ny c s dng bt chp
cc ng dng d cho l ting ni c s ho hay l mt vi ng dng d
liu. V th mt ng dng i hi tc truyn d liu thp s lm hiu qu
thp ca mng

khc phc s km linh hot ny , nng cao dch v , mt chuyn mch
knh nhiu tc h c pht trin. K thut ny l s kt hp gia chuyn mch
knh vi hp knh. Khi nim c bn ca phng php ny l : Trm lin kt
vi mng bi mt lin kt vt l n. Lin kt ny c s dng mang nhiu
knh c tc d liu khng i gia trm v mt node mng. Lu lng ti mi
mt knh c thr c chuyn mch ph thuc qua mng ti mt lot cc node.

Ly v d : c kh nng pht trin 1 kiu m ti tt c cc knh chp nhn
vn hnh cng mt tc d liu hoc l kiu , cc knh s dng tc d liu
thay i . ISDN nh ngha mt lot cc giao din trm-mng m tt c chng
u dng cc chuyn mch a tc . Giao din ISDN n gin nht bao gm 2
knh 64-Kb/s v 1 knh 16-Kb/s

Trong khi k thut ny c tnh mm do hn so vi chuyn mch knh, nhng
vn cn tn ti nhng hn ch . Ngi s dng , by gi c s la chn tc d
liu , nhng mi mt tc d liu li b gi c nh , c th xy lra l khng c
kh nng s dng cc knh cn li

Frame Relay

Chuyn mch gi c pht trin vo lc cc iu kin thun li truyn s
ng di phi by mt mi lin quan n tc li cao so vi cc iu kin
hin ti. C mt s xem xt cc phn tiu c a vo trong cc chuyn
mch gi b tr li. Cc phn tiu ny bao gm cc bit c thm vo
mi mt gi nng cao d tha v thm vo cc s l ti cc trm u
cui cng nh ti cc node trung gian trong mng pht hin lli v khi
phc d liu.

Vi h thng vin thng tc cao , hin i , phn tiu ny l khng
cn thit v phn tc dng. N khng cn thit bi v tc ca li c
gim xung rt thp v nhng li cn li c th d dng tm bt logic khi n vn
hnh tI lp trn ca logic chuyn mch gi. N phn tc dng v overhead
involced soaks-up a significant fraction of the high capacity provided by the
network

Frame relay c pht trin vi u im c tc truyn dn d liu
cao, tc li thp trong mng sn c . Ti cc ni m mng chuyn mch gi
gc c thit k vi mt tc truyn d liu l 64-Kb/s ti u cui ngi s
dng, mng frame relay c thit k vn hnh ti tc ngi s dng ln
ti 2-Mb/s . Cha kho t c tc cao nh th ny l do loi b hu
ht cc phn tiu iu khin li

Cell relay

Cell relay cn c gi l mode truyn khng ng b ( ATM
asynchronous transfer mode ) l nh cao ca s pht trin v chuyn mch
knh v chuyn mch gi qua 20 nm . Mt cch y xem xt Cell Relay
l mt s tin trin t Frame Relay . S khc nhau ng k nht gia Cell
Relay v Frame Relay l Frame Relay s dng gi c di thay i cn
Cell Relay s dng gi c di c nh do gi l Cell . Nh vi Frame
Relay, Cell Relay c phn tiu ti thiu iu khin li ph thuc vo tin
cy vn c ca h thng truyn dn v lp cao ca logic tm v hiu chnh
cc li cn li. Bng cch s dng di gi c nh, thi gian s l cc tiu
ca Cell Relay gim xung so vi Frame Relay. Do vy Cell Relay c thit
k lm vic trong di tc 10 Mb/s cho dn 100-Mb/s .

Mt kha cnh khc xem xt Cell Relay l pht trin ca chuyn mch
knh a tc . Vi chuyn mch knh a tc , ch cc knh c tc d
liu khng i mi c kh nng a vo u h thng. Cell Relay cho php xc
nh cc knh o vi tc d liu c xc nh mt cch ng ti thi im
m knh o c to ra. Bng cch dng cc cell nh, kch thc c nh ,
Cell Relay c hiu qu do n c th c knh tc d liu khng i d rng n
ang s dng k thut chuyn mch gi. Hn na , Cell Relay m rng chuyn
mch knh a tc cho php nhiu knh , vi tc d liu ca mi knh
c t mt cch ng theo yu cu.


Phn ii

Mng s a dch v

Trong phn 1 ca cun sch , chng ta tm hiu cng ngh tr gip cho ISDN ;
l cng ngh ca mng s tch hp ( IDN ). By gi chng ta s cp ti chnh
ISDN . Chng 5 cho ta ci nhn chung v kin trc ca mng ISDN v xc nh nhng
chun c ISDN xc nh,

Chng 6 , chng ta kim tra mt cch chi tit kin trc v cc giao thc ca
ISDN . Chng ny bao gm c vic xem xt cu trc truyn dn c hp knh, cc cu
hnh c th ca giao din mng ngi s dng ISDN , kin trc cc giao thc v
issuer s lin quan a ch v mng din rng.

Ba chng tip theo tm hiu cc giao thc ti giao din mng-ngi s dng
cho ISDN. Chng 7 xem xt lp Vt l , sau khi nhn li cc k thut m ng , hai
giao din vt l : C s v s cp c khai thc. Chng ny cng tm hiu 1 cch
chi tit vng thu bao cn thit tr gip ISDN . Chng 8 cp ti lp lin kt
d liu. Giao thc quan trng nht ti lp ny l LAPD . Chng 9 cp ti lp
mng , giao thc Q.931 c s dng iu khin cuc gi.

Chng 10 kim tra cc dch v c cung cp bi ISDN . Cc dch v ny l
cc yu cu m ISDN phi tho mn.

Phn II kt thc vi s tho lun v bo hiu h thng s 7 ( SS7 ) trong
chng 11. H thng ny xc nh cc giao thc qun tr bn trong ca ISDN

Chng 5
Tng quan ISDN

5.1 Mng s c tch hp

Mng in thoi cng cng v mng vin thng ang nhanh chng s dng cng
ngh s. Cc cch m trong cc mng ny khai thc cng ngh s ho c lit k
trong bng 5.1 . Tro lu hng ti cng ngh s ho c y bi s cnh tranh lm
gim chi ph v nng cao cht lng cc dch v mng v truyn ting ni. Cng vi vic
s dng truyn dn s liu v s l phn b pht trin , s tin b ca mt mng s ho
hon ton cng c y mnh nh nhu cu cung cp cho mng ISDN.

Vic pht trin mng vin thng hin c v cc thit b truyn ti chuyn dng theo
hng cc mng s tch hp da vo 2 tin b cng ngh l : Chuyn mch s v Truyn
dn s. Cng ngh truyn dn s c tho lun trong chng 2 v 3 . Tt nhin c 2
loI truyn dn v chuyn mch s c hnh thnh mt cch thnh cng. H thng ti
T u tin c da vo mc ch thng mi vo nm 1962 do cng ty AT&T . Cn b
chun mch s TDM quy m ln u tin , b WESTERN ELECTRRIC 4ESS, c
a vo s dng nm 1966. Tuy nhin , quan trng hn c nhng li ch ca 2 loI cng
ngh ny l tng cch mng v vic cc chc nng truyn dn v chuyn mch c th
c tch hp to nn 1 mng k thut s tch hp ( IDN ) . tng ny c xut
nm 1959 v by gi vn cn trong qu trnh trin khai trn ton th gi.

Bng 5.1 S dng cng ngh k thut s trong mng vin thng cng cng

Chuyn mch
Cc node chuyn mch knh ca mng s dng cc k thut chuyn mch TDM k thut s thay
v cc k thut chuyn mch SDM tng t

Truyn dn trung k
Cng ngh truyn dn s s dng trn cc trung k c hp knh gia cc b chuyn mch,
mc d c th s dng 1 trong 2 loi bo hiu s hoc tng t. Mi trung k ti nhiu knh
d liu v ting bng cch s dng k thut TDM ng b

Vng thu bao
Cng ngh truyn dn s c th dng gia thu bao v chuyn mch m thu bao ny gn lin
vi n thng qua vng thu bao . Tc l ting dc s ho s dc s dng v truyn dn s
song cng trn vng thu bao.

Bo hiu iu khin
Ngi ta s dng bo hiu knh chung trn mt mng chuyn mch gi kt hp mng vin
thng cng cng. Cc gi cha cc bn tin s dng cho vic nh tuyn , kim tra , Iu khin.

hiu cc ng dng ca mng IDN chng ta s xem hnh 5.1. Thng thng,
cc h chuyn mch v truyn dn ca mt mng in thoi tng t c thit k v vn
hnh nh cc t chc ring bit v chc nng. Hai h thng ny c nhc ti nh l
in/out plant . Trong mt mng tng t, cc ng ting ni i vo c iu ch v
hp knh ti im cui v gi ra ngoi qua 1 ng hp knh FDM . Sau cc tn
hiu cu thnh c th i qua 1 hoc nhiu trung tm chuyn mch trung gian trc khi
ti ch. Ti mi trung tm chuyn mch ng ti FDM vo s phi phn knh v
gii iu ch nh 1 ngn hng knh FDM trc khi c chuyn mch nh b
chuyn mch khng gian ( Hnh 5.1a ) . Sau khi chuyn mch, cc tn hiu s li c
hp knh v iu ch truyn i. Qu trnh lp i lp li s gy ra s tch t n v
lm tng chi ph

Hnh 5.1 Tch hp v truyn dn v chuyn mch

Khi c hai h thng truyn dn v chuyn mch u c s ho th s t c s
tch hp nh trong hnh 5.1b. Cc tn hiu ting vo c s ho nh s dng iu ch
xung m ( PCM ) v c hp knh nh s dng k thut TDM . Cc b chuyn mch
s TDM dc theo ng i c th chuyn mch cc tn hiu ring l m khng can
giI m chng. Thm na, cc ngn hng knh hp/phn knh ring bit l khng
cn thit ti cc c quan trung gian v chc nng c kt hp vo trong h
thng chuyn mch.

Hnh 5.2 cho 1 v d n gin v cc kin trc c th tham gia vo 2 phng n
ny. Xt mt b chuyn mch trung gian trong 1 mng chuyn mch knh c 6 knh
ting ( c k hiu a, b , c , d. e, f ) ca d liu i vo 1 trung k ( Hnh 5.2a ). Da trn
cc cuc gi hin c thit lp, 3 trong s cc knh ny s c chuyn mch ra trn 1
trung k ( a, b, e ) v 3 knh trn 1 trung k khc ( c, d , f ). Ton b 3 trung k s ni
vi cc chuyn mch khc v c hp knh ti i nhiu knh d liu. Trong trng
hp mt h thng s ( Hnh 5.2b ), cc tn hiu ting s c s ho v truyn i di
dng 1 lung cc bit. Trn 1 trung k hp knh , cc bit t cc tn hiu ting khc
nhau s c xen k bng cch s dng k thut TDM . Nh vy, trung k vo s c
cc bt t 6 knh ting khc nhau xen k v thi gian. Bn trong b chuyn mch s ,
mi lung bit s c phn tuyn v chuyn mch ti ng ra thch hp

Hnh 5.2 V d v chuyn mch s so vi chuyn mch tng t

Kin trc cho h thng tng t tng ng l phc tp hn nhiu . Mi mt tn
hiu thoi chim mt di tn s khong 4KHz . ng trung k vo i hi bng
thng rng t nht l 24KHz v mi mt tn hiu thoi chim 1 knh m tm ti mt
tn s duy nht ( f
1
cho knh A , f
2
cho knh B , v.v.. ) . Cc knh ny phi c
dn vo trong b chuyn mch tng t phn chia khng gian. Tuy nhin chuyn
mch nh th ch c kh nng chuyn mch cc tn hiu t mt b tp hp trn cc
tuyn li vo v tp hp trn cc tuyn li ra. Khi vn hnh ni chung , bt k mi
tuyn li vo no cng c th ni c vi 1 tuyn li ra v th gia li vo v l ra
tn hiu phi cng tn s. Do vy li vo FDM phi c phn knh mi mt tn
hiu phi c tr v tn s thai c s ( f
1
) a vo chuyn mch . Chuyn mch
nh tuyn d liu li vo tng ng vi ng ra, vi mi mt ng li ra tr ti
mt trung k li ra . Vi mi mt trung k li ra , cc ng c lin kt li phi c
a qua 1 b iu ch / ghep kenh to ra 1 tn hiu FDM cho php truyn trn ng
trung k li ra.

S chuyn i mng vin thng truyn dn s v chuyn mch s l tt. Hin
ang pht trin m rng cc dch v s ti ngi s dng. in thoi hin nay vn gi
cc tine hiu tng t ti tng i , ti chng s c s ho . Cc dch v s cho
ngi s dng tc thp ( < 56-Kb/s ) ni chung c th c khi c php s dng
ng thu bao ring ( lease line ) v cc dch v thu ring tc cao c cung cp
rng ri cho cc khch hng kinh doanh . cung cp cc dch v chuyn mch s qua
ng thu bao s vn cn phi tip tc cho mng vin thng chuyn mch s gia 2 u
cui .

S tin trin t tng t sang s c iu khin ban u bi s cn thit phi
cung cp cc truyn dn thoi mt cch kinh t. Nhng ri kt qu l mng thch hp
bt gp s cn thit ln mnh khng ngng ca dch v d liu s . V th IDN vi
s kt hp ca mng thoi vi kh nng truyn dn d liu ca mng d liu s to
thnh 1 cu trc c gi l mng s a dch v ( ISDN ) . T sau ny tr i , ISDN ng
ngha vi vic mang ng thi cc thoi s ho v cc lng d liu trn cng mt lin
kt truyn dn s v qua cng 1 tng i s . Cha kho ca ISDN l gi c c li xut
thp cho cc dch v d liu trn mng thoi s .

5.2 Xem xt khi nim ISDN

ISDN c th hiu theo nhiu cch v tht kh c mt s miu t ngn gn v n.
bt u hiu ISDN chng ta xem xt cc vn sau :

- Nguyn l ca ISDN
- S pht trin ca ISDN
- Giao din ngi s dng
- Cc mc tiu
- Cc li ch
- Cc dch v
- Kin trc

Nguyn l ca ISDN

Cc chun cho ISDN c xc nh bi ITU-T, mt ti chng ta khia thc ti
phn cui ca chng ny. Bng 5.2 l mt trong cc chun , tnh trng ISDN theo cch
nhn ca ITU-T. Chng ta ln lt xem xt mi mt im ny :

1) Tr gip cc ng dng thoi v khng thoi khi s dng mt cch hn ch cc yu
t chun : Nguyn l ny xc nh c mc ch ln phng tin ca n t c.
ISDN se tr gip mt lot cc dch v lin quan n thng tin thoi ( cuc gi thoi )
v thng tin khng thoi ( trao i d liu s ) . Cc dch v ny c cp cc chun
( khuyn ngh ca ITU-T ) xc nh mt s t cc giao din v iu kin thun tin
truyn dn d liu. Cc li ch ca vic chun ho s c ni sau chng ny , by
gi chng ta ch ni n gin nu khng c s hn ch nh vy th mng ISDN ton
cu l khng c th
2) Tr gip cc ng dng c chuyn mch v khng chuyn mach : ISDN s tr
gip c chuyn mch knh ln chuyn mch gi. Nh ni ti phn 1 , y l ch
cho c 2 cng ngh . Thm na ISDN s tr gip cc dch v khng chuyn mch
theo khuuon dng ca cc ng chuyn
3) Kt ni 64-Kb/s : Mc tiu ISDN cp cho chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi
kt ni tc 64-Kb/s. y l nn tng xy dng khi cu ISDN . Tc ny c
chn bi v n l tc chun s ho ting ni thoi v t y n c gii thiu
vo IDN. D rng tc ny c s dng nhiu , it is unfortunately restrictive to
rely solely on it. Tng lai pht trin trong ISDN s cho php c linh hot hn
nhiu
4) thng minh trong mng : ISDN c th cung cp cc dch v t m hn nhiu vi
vic thit lp cuc gi trong chuyn mch knh. Thm na , Kh nng qun tr v
bo tr mng cn phi c chi tit hn trc y. Tt c cc iu ny t c
bng cch s dng h thng bo hiu s 7 v bng cch s dng cc node chuyn
mch thng minh trong mng.
5) Kin trc giao thc c phn lp : Cc giao thc c pht trin cho ngi s dng
truy cp vo mng ISDN c kin trc phn lp v c th c nh x vo trong m
hnh OSI. iu ny c mt s u im :
Cc chun c pht trin cho cc ng dng cho OSI c th c s dng cho
ISDN. Ly v d : Lp 3 ca X25 truy cp vo cc dch v chuyn mch
gi trong ISDN
Cc chun mi ISDN c th da trn cc chun ang tn ti , gim gi cho cc
thc thi mi. V d : LAPD da trn LAPB
Cc chun c th c pht trin v thc thi mt cch c lp cho cc lp v
cc chc nng bn trong 1 lp. iu ny cho php thc thi 1 cch dn dn cc
dch v ca ISDN ti mt bc thch hp i vi 1 ci cho trc hoc trn c s
ci m khch hng c sn..
6) S bin i ca cu hnh : Nhiu cu hnh vt l c th s dng cho ISDN . iu ny
cho php c s khc nhau trong cch nhn ca cc quc gia , trong kh nng cng
ngh v trong s cp thit v cc thit b c sn ca khch hng

Bng 5.2 Khuyn ngh ITU-T I.120 (1993)

1. Cc nguyn l ca ISDN

1.1 Tiu ch chnh ca khi nim ISDN l tr gip mt s ln cc ng dng thoi v khng thoi
trn cng mt mng. Phn t mu cht ca s tch hp dch v cho ISDN l s d phng
ca mt s cc dch v khi hn ch khi to cc kiu kt ni v dn xp giao din mng-
ngi s dng a mc ch
1.2 ISDN tr gip mt lot cc ng dng c cc kt ni chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi .
Cc kt ni chuyn mch trong ISDN bao gm cc kt ni chuyn mch knh v chuyn
mch gi v s ni ca chng ci nhau
1.3 Cc dch v mi c a vo ISDN s c xp xp sao cho c th c so snh vi cc kt
ni s 64-Kb/s
1.4 Mt ISDN s cha s thng minh nhm mc ch cp cc tiu ch dch v , bo tr v chc
nng qun tr mng. S thng minh ny c th cha cho 1 vi dch v mi v c th phi
b xung bi c s thng minh thm trong mng ln kh nng thng mjinh tng ng ti u
cui ngi s dng
1.5 Cu trc giao thc c phn lp s c s dng ch r s truy cp ti ISDN. Truy cp
t ngi s dng n ISDN ngun thay i ph thuc vo yu cu dch v, vo kh nng thc
thi ISDN ca qucgia
1.6 ISDN c th c thc thi theo 1 lot cc cu hnh ph hp vi tnh trng quc gia

2 S pht trin ca ISDN

2.1 ISDN s da trn khi nim v in thoi IDN v c th pht trin bng cch lin tc tng
cng st nhp cc chc nng v cc tiu ch mng c thm vo , k c cc thuc tnh
ca cc mng chuyn dng nh chuyn mch knh / gi d liu c cung cp cc dch
v sn c v cc dch v mi
2.2 S chuyn t mng tn ti ti mt mng ISDN hn hp c th i mt chu k thi gian
ko di t 1 hay thp k. Trong qung thi gian ny, nhiu thu xp phi c pht trin
cc dch v ISDN cho mng ISDN v cc dch v ca mng khc
2.3 Theo chiu hng pht trin thnh mng ISDN, tnh lin kt ni end-end s ho s thu
c qua cc nh sn xut v cc thit b c s dng trong mng hin c, nh l : truyn
dn s, chuyn mch TDM v ( hoc ) chuyn mch SDM. Cc khuyn ngh tch hp hin
ti i vi cc phn t cu thnh 1 mng ISDN u nm trong 1 lot cc khuyn ngh ca
CCITT v CCIR.
2.4 Trong cc giai on pht trin u tin ca ISDN, mt s cc thu xp v mang-ngi dng
tm thi cn phI c chp nhn 1 s nc to iu kin thun li cho vic truy cp
ban u ca cc dch v s. Cc thu xp tng ng vi cc thay i ca quc gia c th phI
tuan th hon ton hoc tng phn vi cc khuyn ngh I-series.
2.5 Mt mng ISDN ang pht trin c th bao gm cc kt ni c chuyn mch ti cc tc
bit cao hn hoc thp hn 64-Kb/s cc giai on v sau.

S pht trin ca ISDN

Nh tho lun trong phn 5.1. Mng ISDN pht trin t v vi mng s tch
hp ( IDN ). S pht trin ca IDN c iu khin bi s cn thit phi cung cp
cc truyn dn thoi mt cch kinh t. Nhng ri kt qu l mng li thch hp bt
gp s cn thit ln mnh khng ngng ca dch v d liu s . y , ch I trong
IDN ph hp truyn dn v chuyn mch s tch hp, cn ch I trong ISDN ph
hp vi s tch hp hng lot cc dch v truyn dn thoi v d liu.

Phn th 2 trong bng 5.2 c xc nh bi ITU-T ch ra cch pht trin ca
ISDN. Chng ta s ln lt im qua :

S pht trin t in thoi IDN : nh mng ISDN pht trin t mng in thoi
ang tn ti c th rt ra 2 kt lun t quan im ny :
- Cng ngh IDN c xy dng v pht trin trong phm vi cc mng in
thoi hin ti s to ra nn tng cho cc dch v s c ISDN cung cp.
- Mc d cc c s khc, chng hn nh cc mng c chuyn mch gi v
cc kt ni v tinh ca 1 bn th 3 no ( khng phi l nh cung cp dch
v thoi ), s ng 1 vai tr trong ISDN , nhng cc mng in thoi vn c
vai tr ch o. Mc d cc nh cung cp v tinh v chuyn mch gi c th
khng thoi mi lm vi cch din gii ny, nhng vic rt thnh hnh ca
mng in thoi quyt nh rng nhng mng ny s to nn c s cho ISDN
Vic chuyn i trong 1 hoc 1 vI thp k : S pht trin thnh ISDN s l qu
trnh chm chp. iu ny l ng cho mi s thay i ca 1 ng dng phc tp
hoc 1 lot cc ng dng t 1 c s k thut sang c s mi hn. Vic a vo
cc dch v ISDN s c thc hin trong bi cnh cc c s k thut s v
cc dch v hin c. S c 1 giai on cng tn ti, trong cc kt ni v c
th c cc chuyn i giao thc l cn thit gia cc c s v ( hoc ) dch v
thay th.
Vic s dng cc mng hin c : im ny l s chi tit ho ca im 2. V d
nh ISDN cung cp dch v chuyn mch gi. Trc mt , giao din vi dch v
s l X25. Cng vi s a vo k thut chuyn mch gi nhanh v iu
khin cuc gi tm thng phc tp hn, c th phi cn 1 giao din mi trong
tng lai.
Cc xp xp mng-ngi dng : u tin , mi quan tm l vic thiu cc ng
thu bao s c th lm chm tr vic a vo s dng cc dch v s, c bit
ti cc nc ang pht trin. Vi vic s dng cc Modem v cc thit b khc,
cc c s analog hin c c th cung cp t nht l 1 vi dch v ISDN
Cc kt ni cc tc khc 64-Kb/s : Tc d liu 64-Kb/s c chn
nh l knh c s cho chuyn mch knh. Vi cc tin b trong cng ngh s
ho ting ni, tc ny l cao khng cn thit . Mt khc tc ny l qu thp
vi cc ng dng truyn d liu. Nh vy phi cn ti cc tc d liu khc.

Cc chi tit v s pht trin dch v v c s ISDN khng ging nhau cc nc, v
cng khc nhau cc nh cung cp ti cng 1 nc. Nhng im ny n gin cho 1
m t chung v qu trnh pht trin trn quan im ITU-T.

Giao din ngi s dng

Hnh 5.3 l mt cch nhn v mng ISDN theo quan im ca ngi dng hoc
khch hng. Ngi dng truy cp vo ISDN bi cc phng tin vi cc giao din ti a
phng qua cc ng ng s vi tc bit no . Cc kch thc ca ng ng
thay i c th tho mn cc s cn thit khc nhau. V d : Mt khch hng nh c th
i hi ch cn kt ni in thoi v my tnh c nhn vi dung lng va phi , nhng
mt c quan thng mong mun kt ni ti ISDN qua LAN hoc PBX s trong nh v
i hi ng ng c dung lng ln hn.

Nhiu hn ch khng ch 1 kch thc ca ng ng s c cn trong mng
c ch ra trong hnh 5.4 ly ra t khuyn ngh I.410 Ti u thp cn cc thit b
u cui n l ( nh in thoi trong nh ) hoc l tp hp cc thit b u cui theo
cc loi chia ra cc nhnh ( nh in thoi trong nh, my tnh c nhn , h thng chung
v.v.. ) . Cc vn phng cn nhiu hn bao gm cc thit b mng ni ti LAN hay l
PBX, vi mt gn kt t mng tc ng nh l mt gateway ti mng ISDN

Hnh 5.3 Cc tiu ch kt ni ISDN

Ti bt k mt im thi gian cho ng ng ti nh ngi dng c dung
lng khng i, nhng s vn chuyn trn ng ng c th l thay i pha ln ti
dung lng ti hn . Do vy , mt ngi dng c th truy cp cc dc v chuyn mch
knh , chuyn mch gi cng nh l cc dch v khc theo s pha trn ng ca cc
loi tn hiu v tc bt. Mng ISDN s i hi cc bo hiu kh phc tp v cu
trc n lm sao la chn ra d liu c hp knh theo thi gian v cung cp cc
dch v c yu cu. Cc bo hiu iu khin ny cng c hp knh trn cng 1
ng ng s.

Mt kha cnh quan trng ca cc giao din l, ngi s dng vo bt c lc no
,c th khai thc dung lng t hn dung lng ti a ca ng ng v s c np
ph hp vi dung lng c s dng thay v thi gian kt ni . c tnh ny gim
bt mt cch ng k gi tr ca nhng n lc thit k ngi dng hin ti c a ra
nhm ti u ho vic s dng mch nh cc b tp trung, cc b hp knh , cc b
chuyn mch gi v cc xp xp dng chung ng khc.
Cc mc tiu

Cc hot ng hin nay ang m rng pht trin mng ISDN din rng ton th
gii. S c gng ny bao gm cc t chc chnh ph , cc cng ty truyn thng v s l
s liu, cc t chc chun ho v mi thnh vin khc. Chc chn mc tiu chung l , rt
cc l , c chia x bi cc nhm khc hn nhau. Cc mc tiu chnh l nh sau :
c chun ho
Trong sut
Tch bit cc chc nng cnh tranh
Cc dch v c thu mn v chuyn mch
Gi cc tng i
Di tr nh nhng
Tr gip hp knh

Chun ho l yu t cn thit m bo thnh cng cho mng ISDN. Chun ho s cho
php truy cp ton din vo mng . Cc thit b chun ISDN c th di chuyn t v tr ny
ti v tr khc , t nc ny ti nc kia v ho vo trong mng. Gi ca cc thit b nh
vy s c thp nht bi v s cnh tranh gia cc nh cung cp bn cng mt loi sn
phm c chc nng nh nhau. Hn na , s dng kin trc c phn lp v cc giao
din c chun ho cho php ngi s dng c th la chn cc thit b trong s rt
nhiu cc nh cung cp v cho php thay i cu hnh mt cch dn dn, theo kiu
tng ci mt

Hnh 5.4 Cc v d v giao din mng-ngi dng ISDN

Mt iu quan trng l - cc dch v truyn dn s c c tnh trong sut. l
do dch v ny ph thuc vo ni dung ca d liu ngi dng c truyn. iu ny
cho php ngi s dng pht trin cc ng dng v cc giao thc ring m chng
khng b li ti cc lp di ISDN. Mi mt khi mt mch knh hoc mch o c
khi to, ngi dng c th gi cc thng tin m khng c cm nhn v loi thng
tin c mang . Thn na , k thut m ho cho ngi dng c th c khai thc
nhm cho php bo mt thng tin ngi dng.

ISDN phi c nh ngha theo cch m n khng loi tr s tch bit ca cc
chc nng t cc dch v truyn dn s c bn . N phi c kh nng tch ra cc chc
nng c s cnh tranh phn i li vic n c l thnh phn c bn ca ISDN.
Trong nhiu quc gia, ch c chnh ph mi cung cp tt c cc dch v . Trong mt vi
nc, nh ti M, mong mun cc dich v ni tri s to c hi cnh tranh ( v d
truyn hnh nh , th tn in t .. )

ISDN cho php c dch v thu mn v dch v chuyn mch . iu ny cho
php ngi dng c 1 di rt rng v cc tu chn cu hnh cc dch v mng v cho
php ngi dng ti u ho trn c s gi c v hon thin.

Chi ph cho cc dch v ISDN s lin quan n gi v ph thuc vo kiu ca d
liu c truyn dn. Gi cc tng i cng s dm bo rng gi mt loi dch v l
khng nm bao cp khc. S phn bit v cc lin quan n gi khi cung cp hon
thin c th v cc c tnh ca cc dch v. Theo cch , tnh trng khng r rng s b
loi b v cc nh cung cp theo yu cu cn thit ca khc hng hn l theo v biu gi

Do c mt s lng ln cc thit b vin thng c lp t trong mng v mt s
lng ln cc thit b ngi dng vi cc giao din c s dng trong mng m s
chuyn i thnh mng ISDN s din ra dn dn. Do vy phi m rng khong thi gian
cho ISDN cng tn ti vi cc thit b v dch v dang tn ti . Thc hin vic di tr
nh nhng thnh mng ISDN . Cc giao din ISDN cng s c pht trin t cc giao
din ang tn ti v cc xp xp mng din rng phi c thit k. Cc nng lc c th
s c cn bao gm : thit b thch nghi cho php cc thit b u cui ra i trc
khi c ISDN thnh giao din vi ISDN ; cc giao thc mng din rng cho d liu
c nh tuyn qua mng hn hp ISDN / non-ISDN phc tp v cc gia thc chuyn
i cho php cng lm vic gia cc dch v mng ISDN v cc dch v mng non-
ISDN

Thm na , vic cho ng dung lng thp cho cc ngi dng ring l m vic
tr gip hp knh phi c ph hp ph hp vi PBX ca ring ngi dng v cc
thit b LAN .

Cn c cc i tng khc cng cn phi k n. Nhng vn c lit k l cc
vn rt quan trng v chp nhn mt cch rng ri v chng gip ta nh ngha c
tnh ca ISDN

Cc li ch

Cc li ch c bn ca mng ISDN vi ngi dng c th c biu din di
dng tit kim chi ph v s linh hot. S tch hp thoi v cc loi d liu trn mt h
thng truyn dn n l c ngha l ngi dng khng cn phi mua nhiu dch v
m ch mua cc loi cn. Mc hiu qu v mc kinh t ca mng tch hp l cho
php cc dch v ny c cung cp vi gi thp hn gi nu chng ta cung cp chng
mt cch ring bit. Cc yu cu ca ngi dng c th rt khc nhau theo nhiu cch :
V d nh theo cng lu lng thng tin, mu truyn tin , thi gian p ng v cc
loi giao din ISDN cho php ngi dng bin i cc dch v c mua thnh
cc dch v cn thit ti mc cha c th ti lc . Thm na , khch hng c c
cc u im ca s cnh tranh trong s cc thit b c bn . Cc u im ny bao
gm : thit b a dng , gi thp , v kh nng ca cc dich v l nhiu . Cc giao
din chun cho php la chn cc thit b u cui , phng tin truyn v cc dch
v t mt s ln s canh tranh m khng cn thay i trong thit b hoc phi s
dng cc b thch nghi c bit

Cc nh cung cp mng , ti mt mc ln hn nhng cng mt cch , li dng
cc u im ca s cnh tranh , bao gm cc lnh vc ca cc thit b chuyn mch s v
truyn dn s . ng thi , cc s chun ho tr gip th trng c trin vng ln v a
dng cho cc dch v . Cc giao din chun cho php linh hot trong la chn cc nh
cung cp , cc th tc iu khin bo hiu thch hp, v cc k thut mi v pht trin
mng khng lm khch hng dnh lu vo

Cc nh sn xut c th tp trung vo nghin cu v pht trin trn cc p dng
k thut v c m bo rng mt nhu cu y trin vng ang tn ti. Thc t , gi
ca s pht trin cc cng c VLSI c iu chnh bi trin vng ca th trng. Cc
ch thch hp ring trn th trng to c hi cho cnh tranh , cc nh nh sn xut nh
hn. Mc kinh t c nhn bit bi cc nh sn xut ti tt c cc c . Giao din
chun m bo rng , thit b ca cc nh sn xut s c tng thch cho vi nhau qua
giao din.

Cui cng , cc nh cung cp dch v c tng cng , v d nh ca cc
dch v da vo trao i cc thng tin , cu cc thng tin , s c li t cch truy cp
ngi dng c n gin ho. Nhng ngi s dng cui cng s khng bt buc
phI mua cc xp xp dch v c bit hoc cc thit b u cui truy cp c vo
cc dch v c bit.

Tt nhin , bt k mt tin b k thut no cng c u Im I I vi nhc Im.
Nhc chnh y l chi ph di tr. Chi ph ny tuy nhin cn phI c nhn nhn
trong bi cnh cc nhu cu ca khch hng ang tng ln. S c cc thay i trong cc
cho mi v dch v vin thng i vi cc khch hng, c hoc khng c ISDN.
Hy vng rng khun kh ISDN t nht s kim sot c chi ph v gim i s nhm
ln tring vic di tr. Mt nhc im tim tng khc ca ISDN l n s lm chm
cc i mi v k thut. Qu trnh chp nhn 1 tiu chun cng l 1 qu trnh di lu v
phc tp. Kt qu l khi tiu chun c chp nhn v cc sn phm c th xut
hin cc gii php k thut tin b hn ri. y lun l vn nan gii i vi k
thut. Tuy nhin cc li ch ca cc tiu chun vn ng k hn thc t d chng lun
I chm hn tnh hin i mt cht

Cc dch v

Mng ISDN cung cp 1 lot cc dch v tr gip c thoi v cc ng dng d
liu hin ang s dng , cng nh cc ng dng ny tip tc c pht trin. Mt vi
ng dng quan trng nht c nu ra di y :

Truyn Fax : y l dch v truyn v ti to li cc hnh nh , ch vit mng tay
v cc ch c in ra . Kiu dch v ny c dng t rt nhiu nm nhng b
km i do thiu st v s chun ho v gii hn ca mng thoi tng t. Hin nay ,
chun Fax s c th c s dng truyn cc trang d liu ti tc 64-Kb/s trong
5 giy .
Teletex : Dch v ny cho php cc u cui thu bao th t vi nhau. Cc u cui
truyn tin c s dng chn b , hiu nh , truyn v in ra cc bn tin. Tc
truyn dn 1 trang mt 2 giy vi 9600-b/s
Videotex : Mt dch v tm kim thng tin tng h . Mt trang d liu c th c
truyn trong 1 giay vi tc 9600-b/s

Cc dch v ny nm trong bng cc danh mc ca thoi , d liu s , k t v
hnh nh. Hu ht cc dch v ny c th c cp vi dung lng truyn dn 64-Kb/s
hay nh hn. Mt vi dch v i hi truyn vi tc d liu cao hn v c th c
cp bi phng tin truyn dn tc cao nm ngoi mng ISDN ( chng hn nh
ng cp truyn hnh ) hoc trong tng lai s lm tng ng truyn cho mng ISDN

Mt trong cc din mo ca mng ISDN l , l mng thng minh . Bi s
s dng cu cc giao thc bo hiu linh hot , mng ISDN s cung cp mi mt loi
thit b mng mt loi dch v

Kin trc mng

Trong hnh 5.5 miu t kin trc ca mng ISDN. Mng ISDN tr gip mt kt
ni vt l hon ton mi cho ngi dng nh mt ng thu bao s hoc mt ng c
tnh a dng truyn dn cc dch v

Giao din vt l chung cung cp mt phng tin chun ho ni vo mng.
Cng mt giao din c th c dng cho my in thoi, my tnh c nhn v cc u
cui videotex. Cc giao thc cn thit xc nh s trao i cc thng tin iu khin gia
cc thit b ca ng dng v cc thit b mng. d phng , phi c cc giao din vi
tc cao v d cho PBX s hoc LAN. Giao din tr gip cc dch v c s cha 3
knh TDM , 2 knh 64-Kb/s v 1 knh 16-Kb/s . Tuy nhin thm vo cn c cc giao
dien dch v s cp cung cp nhiu knh 64-Kb/s.

C hai , dch v c s v dch v s cp l giao din c xc nh s dng gia
cc thit b ca khch hng. Cc thit b u cui ni chung c gi l TE ( Terminal
Equipment ) v mt thit b trong nh ca khch hng gi l NT ( Network Terminal ) .
NT to ra ranh ri gia khch hng v mng

Hnh 5.5 Kin trc ISDN

My CO ( Central Offfice ) ca mng ISDN ni mt s ln cc ng thu bao
thnh mng truyn dn s. iu ny cho php truy cp ti cc lp mng thp ( lp 1-2-3
trong m hnh OSI ) cc phng tin bao gm :

Cc trm c kh nng chuyn mch knh : Vn hnh ti tc 64-Kb/s . y l cc
phng tin cng loi c cp bi mng vin thng chuyn mch s
Cc trm khng c kh nng chuyn mch : Mi mt phng tin nh vy cho mt
ng ni chuyn dng 64-Kb/s Trm khng chuyn mch tc d liu cao hn
c ni ti mng ISDN bng rng, s l mch knh o vnh vin cho mode truyn
khng ng b ATM
Cc trm chuyn mch : iu ny ch ti cc chuyn mch tc cao ( > 64-Kb/s )
cc kt ni khi s dng ATM nh l mt phn ca ISDN bng rng
Cc trm c kh nng chuyn mch gi : Cc phng tin ny tng t vi cc dch
v chuyn mch gi c cung cp bi cc mng d liu khc.
Cc trm c kh nng Frame-mode : Mt dch v tr gip cc dch v mode Frame
Cc trm c kh nng bo hiu knh chung : Cc trm c kh nng ny c s dng
iu khin mng v cung cp qun tr cuc gi ni b ti mng. Bo hiu h thng
s 7 ( SS7 ) c s dng . Cc trm ny cha cc t chun on iu khin ngi
dng mng. S dng bo hiu iu khin t chun on mng ngi dng-ngi
dng l vn xa hn na ca ITU-T

Cc chc nng lp thp c th c ng dng trong mng ISDN . Ti mt vi
nc , do s cnh tranh mt s cc chc nng lp thp ny ( mng chuyn mch gi ) c
th c cung cp ti mt mng ring r v c th vn ti mt thu bao qua mng
ISDN.

5.3 Chun ho

Cc mt khc nhau ca mng ISDN c pht trin v iu khin qua mt s t
chc chun nh ITU-T.

S quan trng ca vic chun ho

Trong cng ngh vin thng chp nhn t lu rng tiu chun l cn thit
diu khin cc tnh cht vt l tnh , in v chu trnh ca cc thit b vin thng. Vi
c tnh s ho lin tc ca cc mng vin thng v vi vic ngy cng thnh hnh cc
dch v s l v truyn dn s, phm vi ca nhng ci cn c tiu chun ho ngy
cng m rng. Nh ta s thy, cc chc nng , cc giao din v cc dch v c trong
ISDN ph thuc vo vic tiu chun ho chim 1 di cc k rng .

Mc d khng c mt nh ngha c chp nhn hoc trch dn 1 cch rng
ri no v thut ng tiu chun , nh ngha sau bao gm c cc khi nim c
bn : Mt b c m t trc cc quy tc, iu kin, hoc yu cu lin quan n nh
ngha ca cc thut ng ; s phn loi cc thnh phn ; nguyn liu , hon thin , hoc
vn hnh ; delineation ca cc quy trnh ; hoc php o nh tnh v nh lng m t cc
vt liu , sn phm , h thng , dch v hoc thc hnh

[CERN84] lit k cc u im sau ca cc tiu chun :
Nng sut v hiu qu c tng ln trong cng vic nh vic sn sut vi quy m
ln , gi thnh h.
Tnh cnh tranh tng ln nh cho php cc doanh nghip nh hn tip th cc sn
phm d dng c chp nhn i vi khch hng m khng cn ti mt ngn sch
qung co ln
Truyn b thng tin v chuyn giao cng ngh
M rng thng mi quc t nh tnh kh thi ca vic trao i sn phm gia cc
nc vi nhau
Bo ton cc ni lc
Tng c hi trao i thng tin ton cu c v ting ni ln d liu

Trong trng hp ISDN v tnh phc tp ca n v do s thnh cng ca n ph thuc
vo kh nng cung cp tnh vn hnh v kt ni tng h thc s nn cc tiu chun
khng nhng ch l u Im m cn l diu cn bn a vo 1 mng nh vy

Nn tng lch s

S m rng ca mng ISDN c khng ch bi cc khuyn ngh do ITU-T v
c gi l khuyn ngh I-Series . Cc khuyn nghi ny hoc l cc chun ny c
a ra vo ln u tin nm 1984 . Sau ny cng tr nn phc tp hn.

l r hn, hy nhn vo lch s ca s quan tm ti mng ISDN ca IUT-
T/CCITT. CCITT thit lp mt nhm nghin cu c bit D ( nguyn mu ca nhm
nghin cu XVIII ngy nay c trch nhim ti mng ISDN trong CCITT ) xem xt mt
lot cc vn lin quan n vic s dng cng ngh s trong mng in thoi. Ti mi
phin hp ton th, nhm nghin cu phn cng vic theo cc khong thi gian theo
cc chu k 4 nm . Trc ht. cc vn c tnh nguyn l c a ra trong giai on
ny miu t trong bng 5.3 . Cc tiu v cc cu hi c tnh nguyn l c a ra
phn nh mi quan tm ca CCITT. Cc vn tp trung vo cng ngh s v mng tch
hp s IDN ri ti ISDN

Bng 5.3

Chu k nghin cu Tn ca cu hi u tin
1969-1972
1973-1976
1977-1980
1981-1984
1985-1988
1989-1992
Hoch nh h thng s
Hoch nh h thng s v tch hp cc dch v
Tng th cc kha cnh v ISDN
Cc kha cnh mng tng qut ca ISDN
Cu hi tng quat v ISDN
Cc kha cnh tng qut ca ISDN

Vo nm 1968 , nhm nghin cu B c thnh lp nghin cu mi vn
lin quan ti vic tiu chun ho truyn dn ting PCM v Iu phi cng vic ang thc
hin cc nhm khc lin quan n vic ni mng s. Thm ch vo giai on sm ny
c 1 trint vng v ISDN, Khuyn nghi G.702 ban hnh nm 1972, c nh ngha sau
v mng s cc dch v tch hp : Mt mng s c tich hp trong ngi ta s dng
cng cc chuyn mch s v ng dn s c s dng thit lp cc kt ni cho cc dch
v khc nhau, chng hn nh in thoa, d liu..

y, khng c mt thng tin no v loI mng c th thch hp cc chuyn mch
v ng dn s, hay l mng c th tch hp cc lai dch v khc nhau nh th no ?
Tuy vy ta vn tha nhn ng dn m cng ngh s c th I theo.

Trong giai on nghin cu tip theo 1973-1976, vn c cc u Im trong cng
ngh truyn dn s ngoI ra, thit b chuyn mch s bt u c xy dng phng th
nghim . Do vy, vic xy dng mng s tch hp tr thnh hin thc. Tng ng, cc b
khuyn ngh 1976 bao gm cc m t k thut lin quan n chuyn mch s cng nh
m t v 1 h thng bo hiu mi ( SS7 ) c thit k s dng trong cc mng k
thut s. Cu hi u tin lc ny c th lin quan n vic tch hp cc dich v.

Khi hoch nh giai on nghin cu 1977-1980 , CCITT cng nhn rng s pht
trin thnh mng s ang din ra v quan trng hn l vic tiu chun ho cc h thng
v thit b s ring l, Nh vy trng tm l cc kha cnh thch hp ca mng k thut
s v s tch hp cc dch v trn 1 IDN. 2 pht trin quan trng xut hin trong giai
on nghin cu l :
Vic tch hp cc dch v da vo vic cung cp 1 giao din ngi dng-mng chun
ho cho php ngi dng yu cu c dch v khc nhau thng qua 1 tp hp ng
nht cc giao thc
ISDN s pht trin t mng thoI s

Vo cui giai on ny tiu chun ISDN u tin ra i c tn l mng s cc
dch v tch hp ( ISDN ). G.705 ( bng 5.4 ) khng c 1 tiu chun no khc v ISDN
c a ra vo nm 1980. Vo lc ny ch c khI nim tng quat v 1 ISDN l c
xy dng

Bng 5.4 Khuyn ngh CCITT G.705 ( 1980 )

Mng s cc dch v tch hp ISDN
CCITT Xt thy :
a) GiI php v tho thun ti nay t c trong cc nghin cu v cc mng IDN gn
cho cc dch v c th nh : In thoI, d liu v c c nghin cu v mng ISDN
b) Yu cu id vid 1 c s chung cho cc nghin cu trong tng lI cn thit cho s pht
trin thnh ISDN
Khuyn ngh rng ISDN cn phI da vo cc nguyn l sau y:
a) ISDN da trn v pht trin t mng IDN In thoI bng cch kt hp lin tip cc
chc nng b xung v cc thuc tnh ca mngk c cc thuc tnh ca bt k 1 mng
chuyn dng no khc cung cp cc dch v mi v hin c
b) Cc dch v mi a vo ISDN cn phI dc c xp tng thch vi cc kt ni s
c chuyn mach 64-Kb/s
c) Vic chuyn t cc mng hin c sang mng ISDN ton din c th i hi phI 1 thi
gian dI 1 vI thp k
d) Trong qu trnh chuyn tip , cc xp xp cn phI c xy dng kt h cc dch v
ISDN vi cc dch v cc mng khc
e) ISDN s thng minh nhm cung cp cc thuc tnh dch v, chc nng qun l mng v
bo tr. S thng minh ny c th khng i vi vI dch v mi do vy c th phI b
xung hoc bng s thng minh ph ngay trong mng, hoc s thng minh c th c
tng thch vi cc thit b u cui ca khch hmg
f) Mt tp chc nng c phn lp cc giao thc l Iu mong mun vi cc xp xp truy
cp khc nhau vo ISDN. Truy cp t user ti cc ngun lc ISDN c th bin i tu
thuc vo loI dch v c yu c v vo tnh trng pht trin ca cc ISDN quc gia
Khi giai on tip theo bt u ( 1981-1984) ISDN c tuyn b l mi quan tm
chinh ca CCITT giai on nghin cu tip theo. Mt tp hp cc khuyn ngh gi l I-
series , c xut bn vo cui giai on ny. B m t k thut ban u ny cha
hon tt , trong 1 vI trng hp khng nht qun v mt ni dung. Tuy nhin m t k
thut ca ISDN vo nm 1984 cng cho cc nh sn xut v cung cp dch v bt
u xy dng cc thit b lin quan ti ISDN v trnh din cc dch v lin quan dn
ISDN , cc cu hnh ni mng.

Cc nghin cu v I-series v cc khuyn ngh c lin quan vn tip tc trong
giai on 1985-1988. Vo u giai on , CCITT c xp xp li 1 cch ng
k a ra 1 lot to thnh 1 phn trong cc nghin cu v ISDN trong tng lai. Chc
nng quan trng ca CCITT l nghin cu cc vn ca ISDN . Phin bn 1988 ca
cc khuyn ngh I-series chi tit trin khai mng ISDN ban u vo cui
nhng nm 1980.

Hnh 5.6 Cu trc ca cc khuyn ngh I-Series

Cc khuyn nghi I-series

Phn ln m t v ISDN nm trong cc khuyn nghi I-series vi 1 vI vn lin
quan nm trong cc khuyn ngh khc. Vic c tnh ho ISDN c trong cc khuyn
ngh ny u tp trung vo 3 lnh vc chnh sau y :
1) Chun ho cc dch v cho ngi s dng, sao cho cc dch v c tnh tng thch
quc t
2) Chun ho cc giao din ngi dng-mng sao cho cc thit b u cu c th di
chuyn c v h tr cho (1)
3) Chun ho cc kh nng ca ISDN dn mc cn thit cho php s trao i
lm vic gia mng-ngi dng v mng-mng , v do s thc hin c (1)
(2)

Cc khuyn ngh I-series hin nay lin quan n ISDN ( khng bao gm B-ISDN
) vic lit k trong ph lc 5b . Hnh 5.6 minh ho mi quan h gia cc tiu chun I-
series khc nhau. B nm 1984 c cc khuyn ngh t s I.100 ti I.400 . Mt vi cp
nht v m rng c trong cc Series ny trong giai on nghin cu 1985-1988. Cc
s I.500 v I.600 c nghin cu thm vo nm 1984. Mt b m t k thut s b
c sn sng vo nm 1988 v t ti nay , cc cng vic b xung vn tip tc

chng 6
Cc giao din v chc nng ISDN

Chng ny , chng ta s xem xt mt lot cc vn lin quan n kin trc
ISDN khi nhn t gc ngi s dng. V tng th, ngi s dng khng cn quan
tm n chc nng bn trong hay c ch ca mt mng ISDN. Tuy nhin, ngi s
dng phI quan tm n bn cht ca giao din v cch thc yu cu v cung cp cc
dch v. Trong chng ny c su vn s c xem xt:

Cu trc truyn dn: Cch thc cc knh logic cung cp cc dc v tI c t
chc truyn dn trn mt vng ni ht.
Cc cu hnh, giao din ngi s dng - mng: Cch thc cc tng quan ngi
dng ISDN c t chc v mt chc nng v lm th no n ch dn cu hnh
thit b thc t cng nh nh ngha v giao din ngi s dng ISDN.
Kin trc giao thc: Cu trc ca cc giao thc ngi s dng mng v mi quan
h ca chng vi m hnh OSI.
Cc kt ni ISDN: Cc dng kt ni t u n cui m ISDN h tr.
nh v (Addressing): Cch thc ngi dng gi i xc nh ngi dng c gi
cho mng c th thc hin c cc chc nng nh tuyn v chuyn pht.
Trao i lm vic (Interworking): Kh nng mt thu bao ISDN thit lp mt lin
kt vI mt thu bao trn mng khng phI l ISDN.

6.1. Cu trc truyn dn

ng ng k thut s gia c quan trung tm v thu bao ISDN s c s
dng tI mt s cc knh lin lc. Dung lng ca ng, cng tc l s lng cc
knh cc tI, c th thay i theo ngi s dng. Cu trc truyn dn ca bt l mt
lin kt truy cp no cng u dc xy dng t cc dng knh sau:

Knh B : 64 kb/s
Knh D : 16 hoc 64 kp/s
Knh H : 384 (Ho), 1538 (H11) hoc 1920 (H12) kb/s

Knh B l mt knh ngi dng c th c s dng tI d liu s, ting s
m ho PCM, hoc mt hn hp cc giao dich tc thp bao gm c d liu s v
ting s ho c m ho tc bng mt phn ca 64 kb/s. Trong trng hp
hn hp giao dch, ton b giao dch ca knh B phI dc chuyn n cng mt Im
cui; c ngha l, phn t c bn ca chuyn mch knh chnh l knh B. Nu knh B
cha t hai knh con tr ln th tt c cc knh con phI c tI qua cng mt mch
gia cng cc thu bao. C ba kiu kt ni c th c thit lp trn mt knh B:

Chuyn mch knh: Tng t nh dch v s chuyn mch m ngy nay thng
dng. Ngi s dng t mt cuc gi v lin kt chuyn mch knh s c thit
lp vi mt ngi s dng khc trn mng. Mt tnh cht l th l vic thit lp cuc
gi khng din ra trn knh B m c thc hin bng cch s dng bo hiu knh
chung.
Chuyn mch gi: Ngi s dng c kt ni vi mt node chuyn mch gi, v
d liu s c trao i vi cc ngi s dng khc thng qua X.25.
Bn thng trc: y l kt ni vi mt ngi s dng khc c lp nn do s sp
xp t trc v khng cn phI c mt giao thc tht lp cuc gi. Iu ny cng
tng ng nh mt ng dy i thu.

Vic gn 64 kb/s l tc knh ngi s dng chun lm ni bt ln nhng
nhc Im c bn ca vic chun ho. Tc ny c chn l hiu qu nht cho
ting ni c s ho, tuy vy cng ngh tin n mc m ti tc 32 kb/s
hoc thm ch nh hn cng vn thc hin c vic tI to ting ni vi mc
tho mn tng ng. hiu qu, cn phi c mt tiu chun hn ch cng ngh
tI mt im xc nh no . Tuy nhin vo thi Im tiu chun c thng qua
th c th n lc hu mt ri.

Knh D c hai mc ch. u tin, n s ti thng tin bo hiu knh chung
kim sot cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh trn cc knh B c lin quan ti giao din
ngi s dng. Thm na, knh D c th c s dng cho chuyn mch gi hoc vin
k tc thp (100 b/s) vo cc thi Im khng c thng tin bo hiu no ch i.
Hnh 6.1 tm tt cc dng trao i d liu c h tr trn cc knh B v D.

Cc knh H c cung cp cho thng tin ngi s dng cc tc bit cao hn.
Ngi s dng c th dng mt knh nh th nh l mt trung k tc cao hoc
chia nh knh theo s TDM ring ca ngi s dng. Cc v d v ng dng c th
k ti fax nhanh, video, d liu tc cao, audio cht lng cao v cc lung thng
tin hp knh cc tc d liu thp hn. Cc dng knh ny c nhm thnh cc cu
trc tuyn dn c cho trn gi cho ngi s dng. Cc cu trc c nh ngha tt
nht ( Hnh 6.1 ) l cu trc knh c s ( truy cp c s ) v cu trc knh s cp (truy
cp s cp).

Truy cp c s gm c hai knh B 64 kb/s song cng v mt knh D 16 kb/s
song cng. Tc bit ton phn, theo cch tnh s hc n gin, l 144 kb/s. Tuy vy,
nh khun, dng b ho v cc bit tiu khc nng tc bit ton phn trn mt mi
lin kt truy cp c s ln 192 kb/s; Chi tit v cc bit tiu ny s c gii thiu
trong Chng 7. Dch v c s c d kin p ng nhu cu ca hu ht cc ngi
s dng ring l, k c cc thu bao ti nh v cc vn phng nh. N cho php s
dng ng thi cc ng dng ting v mt s ng dng d liu, chng hn nh truy cp
Internet, lin kt vi mt dch v bo ng trung tm, fax, teletext, v.v... Cc dch v
ny c th c truy cp qua mt thit b u cui a chc nng n l hay mt vi
thit b u cui ring bit. Trong c hai trng hp, mt giao din vt l duy nht s
c cung cp. Hu ht cc vng ni ht hai-dy hin c c th h tr giao din ny.

Trong mt s trng hp, mt hoc c hai knh B u khng c s dng. Iu
ny s dn ti mt giao din B +D hoc D, thay v giao din 2B + D. Tuy nhin, n
gin ho vic thc hin mng, tc d liu tI giao din s duy tr 192 kb/s. D sao,
i vi cc thu bao c cc yu cu khim tn hn v truyn dn th c th tit kim chi
ph bng cch s dng giao din c s rt gn.

Bng 6.1. Cc chc nng knh ISDN

Knh B (64 kb/s)
Ting s
PCM 64 kb/s
Tc bit thp (32 kb/s)
D liu tc cao
Chuyn mch knh
Chuyn mch gi
LoI khc
Fax
Video qut chm
Knh D (16 kb/s)
Bo hiu
C s
Nng cao
D liu tc thp
Videotext
Teletex
Thit b u cui
Vin k
Cc dch v khn cp
Qun l nng lng

Truy cp s cp c dnh cho cho ngi s dng vi nhng yu cu v dung
lng cao hn, v d nh cc vn phng c mng LAN hoc PBX s. V s khc nhau
trong phn cp truyn dn s s dng cc nc khc nhau nn khng th c c s
thng nht v mt tc o d liu duy nht. M, Canada v Nht s dng mt cu trc
truyn dn da trn tc 1.544 Mb/s; Iu ny tng ng vi thit b truyn dn T-1
ca AT&T.

Hnh 6.1. Cc cu trc knh ISDN

Chu u, 2.048 Mb/s l tc chun. C hai tc d liu ny u c cung
cp nh l mt dch v giao din s cp. Thng thng, cu trc knh cho tc 1.544
Mb/s s l 23 knh B cng vi mt knh D 64 kb/s v, i vi tc 2.048 Mb/s s l
30 knh B cng vi mt knh D 64 kb/s. LI mt ln na, khch hng c nhu cu s
dng thp c th s dng t knh B hn, trong trng hp ny cu trc knh s l nB +
D, trong , n chy t 1 n 23 hoc t 1 n 30 i vi 2 loi dch v s cp ny. Cng
nh vy, khch hngg c yu cu tc d liu cao c th c cung cp t hai giao
din vt l tr ln. Trong trng hp ny, mt knh D duy nht trn mt trong cc giao
din c th cho tt c cc nhu cu bo hiu, v cc giao din khc c th ch bao gm
ton knh B m thi ( 24B hoc 31B ).

Giao din s cp cng c th dng h tr cc knh H. Mt s cc cu trc ny
c cha mt knh D 64 kb/s dnh cho bo hiu kim sot. Khi khng c mt mt
knh D no, ngi ta gi thit rng mt knh D trn mt giao din s cp khc tI
cng mt v tr thu bao s thc hin vic bo hiu cn thit. Cc cu trc sau y c
tha nhn:

Cc cu trc knh Ho giao din tc s cp: Giao din ny h tr cc knh Ho
384 kb/s. Cc cu trc l 3Ho + D v 4Ho cho giao din 1.544 Mb/s v 5Ho + D cho
giao din 2.048 Mb/s.
Cc cu trc knh H1 giao din tc s cp: Cu trc knh H11 cha mt knh
H11 1536 kb/s. Cu trc knh H12 c mt knh H12 1920 kb/s v mt knh D.
Cc cu trc giao din tc s cp cho hn hp cc knh B v Ho: Cc cu
trc ny khng c hoc ch c mt knh D cng vi mt t hp c th bt k ca cc
knh B v Ho trong kh nng dung lng ca giao din vt l ( tc l 3Ho + 5B + D
hoc 3Ho + 6B cho giao din 1.544 Mb/s).

6.2 Cc cu hnh giao din ngi dng - mng :

Cc im tham chiu v phn nhm chc nng

xc nh cc yu cu i vi vic truy cp ngi s dng ISDN, hiu bit v
cu hnh d kin ca thit b ti a im ngi s dng v v cc giao din chun cn
thit l vn rt quan trng. Bc u tin l nhm cc chc nng c th tn tI
trn cc a im ca ngi dng theo cc cch c th a ra c nhng cu hnh
vt l thc t. Hnh 6.2 cho thy mt cch giI quyt nhim v ny bng cch s dng:

Phn nhm theo chc nng: Cc sp xp hu hn nht nh cc thit b vt l hoc
cc t hp cc thit b.
Cc Im tham chiu: Cc Im giI php s dng tch cc nhm chc nng.

Mt mch analog vi m hnh OSI c th c ch y. ng c ch yu cho cu
trc OSI 7 lp l n cung cp mt khun kh cho vic chun ho. Mt khi cc chc
nng c thc hin mi lp c xac nh th cc tiu chun giao thc s c th c
xy dng ti tng lp. Vic ny s t chc cng tic tiu chun mt cach rt hiu qu
v hng dn cho cc nh cung cp thit b v phn mm. Hn th na, bng cch
nh ngha cc dch v m mi lp cung cp cho lp cao hn ngay trn n th cng
vic mi mt lp c th tin hnh mt cch c lp. Chng no m giao din gia
hai lp cn n nh th c th p dng cc phng php k thut mI, khc nhau trn
mt lp m khng lm nh hng g n cc lp ln cn. Trong trng hp ISDN, kin
trc trn a Im ca thu bao s c chia ra v mt chc nng thnh cc nhm c
phn bit nh cc im tham chiu. Li mt ln na, iu ny s t chc mt cch hiu
qu cng vic tiu chun v hng dn cho cc nh cung cp thit b. Mt khi cc tiu
chun giao din n nh vn tn tI th cc cI tin k thut trn bt k mt no ca giao
din cng c th thc hin c m khng lm nh hng n cc nhm chc nng ln
cn. Cui cng, vi cc giao din n nh, thu bao s t do mua thit b t nhng nh
cung cp khc nhau cho cc nhm chc nng khc nhau min l thit b tng thch vi
cc tiu chun giao din tng ng.

Hnh 6.2. Cc im tham chiu ISDN v cc nhm chc nng

u tin ta hy xem xt cc nhm chc nng. Kt thc mng 1 (NT1) gm cc
chc nng c th c xem l thuc v lp OSI 1 c ngha l, cc chc nng lin quan
n vic kt thc in v vt l ca ISDN ti c s ca ngi s dng (Bng 6.2). NT1
c th c Iu khin bi nh cung cp ISDN v to thnh mt bin gii cho mng.
Bin gii ny s c lp ngi s dng vi cng ngh ca vng thu bao v gii thiu
mt giao din kt ni vt l mi gn vi thit b ca ngi s dng. Ngoi ra, NT1 s
thc hin cc chc nng bo tr ng dy chng hn nh kim tra vng v qun l thc
hin. NT1 h tr a knh (c ngha l mc vt l, lung bit ca cc knh ny s
c hp lI vi nhau bng cch s dng k thut hp knh phn thi ng b). Sau
cng, giao din NT1 c th h tr a thit b trong mt sp xp a git ( multidrop ).
Chng hn, mt giao din tI nh c th bao gm mt my In thoI, mt my tnh c
nhn, mt h thng bo ng, tt c u gn vi mt giao din NT1 duy nht thng qua
mt gn dy a git. i vi mt cu hnh nh vy, NT1 s c c mt thut ton giI
php contention iu khin vic truy cp ti knh D; thut ton ny c m t trong
chng 7.
Bng 6.2. Cc chc nng ca cc nhm chc nng ISDN

NT1 NT2 TE
Kt thc truyn dn ng
Bo tr ng v kim tra
thc hin
Theo di thi gian
Chuyn ngun
Hp knh lp 1
Kt thc giao din, bao gm
kt thc a git c s dng
gii php contention lp 1
X l giao thc cc lp 2 v 3
Hp knh cc lp 2 v 3
Chuyn mch
Tp trung
Cc chc nng bo tr
Kt thc giao din v cc
chc nng lp 1 khc
X l giao thc
Cc chc nng bo tr
Cc chc nng giao din
Cc chc nng kt ni
vi cc thit b khc

Kt thc mng 2 (NT2) l mt thit b thng minh c th gm c n tnh chc
nng lp 3 OSI, ph thuc theo yu cu. NT2 c th thc hin cc chc nng chuyn
mch v tp trung. V d v NT2 l PBX, mt b Iu khin thit b u cui v mt
mng LAN. V d, mt PBX s c th cung cc cc chc nng NT2 cc lp 1, 2 v 3.
Mt b Iu khin thit b u cui n gin ch c th cung cp cc chc nng NT2
tI cc lp 1 v 2. V mt b hp knh phn thi n gin ch c th cung cp cc chc
nng NT2 tI lp 1. Mt v d v chc nng chuyn mch l vic xy dng mt mng
ring, s dng cc mch bn thng trc gia mt s v tr. Mi mt v tr c th c mt
PBX hot ng nh mt chuyn mch knh hoc c mt my tnh ch hot ng nh
mt chuyn mch gi. Chc nng tp trung ch n gin c ngha l cc thit b hp,
gn vi PBX s, LAN, hoc b Iu khin thit b u cui, c th truyn dn c d
liu qua ISDN.

Thit b u cui ch thit b ca thu bao c s dng ISDN. C 2 dng. thit
b u cui loai 1 (TE1) ch cc thit b dng h tr giao din ISDN chun. V d
nh cc my In thoI s, cc thit b u cui d liu/ting tch hp, v my fax s.
thit b u cui loI 2 (TE2) gm cc thit b khng phI ISDN hin c. V d nh
cc thit b u cui c giao din vt l, nh RS-232, v cc my tnh ch c giao din
X.25. Cc thit b nh vy i hi phI c b chuyn i thit b u cui (TA)
cm vo mt giao din ISDN.

Cc nh ngha v cc nhm chc nng cng nh ngha (theo ng ) cc Im
tham chiu. im tham chiu T tng ng vi mt kt thc mng ISDN ti thiu tI
a Im ca khch hng. N tch ring thit b ca nh cung cp vi thit b ca ngi
s dng. Im tham chiu S tng ng vi giao din c cc thit b u cui ISDN
ring l. N tch ring thit b u cui ca ngi s dng vi cc chc nng thng tin
lin lc c lin quan n mng. Im tham chiu R cung cp mt giao din khng
phI ISDN gia cc thit b ca ngi s dng (m khng tng thch vi ISDN) vi
thit b chuyn i. Thng thng, giao din ny s tun theo khuyn ngh ITU-T ca X
series hoc V series. im tham chiu cui cng, c minh ho trn Hnh 6.2 , l Im
tham chiu U. Giao din ny m t tn hiu d liu song cng trn ng thu bao.
Hin nay, Im tham chiu ny khng cn c nh ngha trong I.411, nI quy nh
rng khng c Im tham chiu no c gn cho ng truyn dn v mt giao din
ngi s dng mng ISDN khng tham gia vo v tr ny.

Cc d tho ban u ca I.411, cho ti 1981, nh ngha mt im tham chiu
nh vy. Vo nm 1981, nh ngha ny b b i m khng c gii thch, c
thay th bng mt khng nh tn ti n phin bn cui nm 1984 ca I.411 v sau
cng khng b b i. Tuy nhin, cng c ch khi nh ngha mt tiu chun giao din U
cho khch hng c kh nng la chn vic mua thit b t cc ngi cung cp khc
nhau trn hai mt ca giao din.

c nhng n lc ng k trong cc nhm tiu chun Hoa K cng vi ITU-T
xy dng mt tiu chun giao din U da trn cc k thut hy ting vng. Nhng n
lc ny em lI kt qu v mt tiu chun Hoa K (s ni trong Chng 7). Vo thi
im ny, vn cha r l liu tiu chun ny c c ITU-T chp thun hay khng.

H tr dch v

Cu trc c nh ngha trn Hnh 6.2 c th lin quan n cc dch v
ISDN. Iu ny gip lm r thm s khc bit gia cc dch v mang (bearer services)
v cc dch v t xa (teleservices), va ng thi cng lm r thm cc ngha ca cc
nhm chc nng v cc im tham chiu.

Cc dch v mang c h tr bi ISDN c truy cp tI cc Im 1 v/hoc 2
(cc im T v S). Trong c hai trng hp, khI nim dch v c s l nh nhau. Do
vy, mtt dch v mang c cu trc 8-kHz 64-kb/s mode knh khng hn ch c th
c cung cp ti mt trong hai im tham chiu. S la chn gia hai im truy cp 1
v 2 ty thuc vo cu hnh ca thit b thng tin lin lc tI v tr ca khch hng.

Ti im truy cp 4 ( im tham chiu R), cc dch v chun ho khc (v d
nh cc giao din X series v V series) c th truy cp c. iu ny cho php cc
thit b u cui khng tng thch vi cc tiu chun giao din ISDN cng c th s
dng c kt hp vi cc dch v mang. i vi cc thit b u cui nh vy, mt b
chuyn i thit b u cui l cn thit chuyn i tiu chun hin c sang tiu
chun ISDN. Mt chuyn i nh vy c th gm tc d liu, t analog sang s,
hoc cc tnh cht giao din khc.

Cc im truy cp 3 v 5 cung cp truy cp cho cc dch v t xa. Cc dch v t
xa ISDN kt hp cc thit b u cui hp vp tiu chun ISDN s c truy cp tI
Im 3. Cc dch v t xa s dng nhng thit b u cui da trn cc tiu chun
khng phI ISDN hin c s c truy cp tI im 6. i vi cc dch v ny, cng
nh i vi cac dch v mang, c th s phi cn n mt b chuyn i thit b u
cui.

Hnh 6.3. Cc v d v cc cu hnh vt l cho cc giao din ngi s dng- mng ISDN

Cc cu hnh truy cp

Da trn cc nh ngha v nhm chc nng v Im tham chiu, ITU-T
xut nhiu cu hnh kh d cho cc giao din ngi s dng mng ISDN. Iu ny
c minh ho trn hnh 6.3. Lu rng ti a im ca khch hng c th c cc giao
din tI S v T, ti S nhng khng ti T, ti T nhng khng tI S, hoc tI giao din t
hp S-T. Trng hp u tin (S v T) l trc tip nht: mt hoc nhiu phn ca thit
b tng ng vi tng nhm chc nng. V d c ua ra khi ta nh ngha cc
nhm chc nng.

Trong trng hp th hai (S , khng T ), cc chc nng ca NT1 v NT2 c kt
hp. Trong trng hp ny, chc nng kt thc ng c kt hp vi cc chc nng
giao din ISDN khc. Hai tnh hung kh d cng c phn nh qua sp xp ny. Nh
cung cp ISDN c th thc hin chc nng NT1. nu cng mt nh cung cp cung
cp lun my tnh, LAN v/hoc c thit b PBX s, cc chc nng NT1 c th c tch
hp vo trong thit b khc ny. Ni cch khc, chc nng NT1 khng cn phI l mt
phn khng th thiu ca cho hng ISDN v c th c rt nhiu nh cung cp khc
nhau a ra. Trong trng hp ny, mt nh cung cp LAN hoc PBX s c th tch hp
chc nng NT1 vo trong thit b ca h.

Hnh 6.4. Cc v d v vic thc hin cc chc nng NT1 v NT2.

Trong trng hp th 3 (T, khng S), cc chc nng NT2 v thit b u cui
(TE) c kt hp li. Mt kh nng y l mt h my tnh ch h tr cho cc ngi
dng nhng cng hot ng nh mt chuyn mch gi trong mt mng chuyn mch
gi ring c s dng ISDN cho trung k. Mt kh nng khc y l thit b u cui
c h tr bi cc giao din chun khng phI l ISDN. Kh nng ny c minh ho
trn Hnh 6.3f v s c tho lun tip.

Cu hnh cui cng (giao din S-T kt hp) minh ho mt c Im quan trng
ca tnh tng thch giao din ISDN: Mt thit b thu bao ISDN, chng hn nh mt
my In thoI, c th trc tip kt ni vi b kt thc vng thu bao hoc vo mt PBX
hay LAN bng cch s dng cng cc c tnh k thut ca giao din v do vy s bo
m c tnh di chuyn c (tnh c ng).

Hnh 6.4 cho mt s cc v d v cch thc mt khch hng c th thc hin
c cc chc nng NT1 v NT2. Cc v d ny cho thy rng mt chc nng ISDN cho
trc c th thc hin c bng cch dng cc cng ngh khc nhau v rng cc chc
nng ISDN khc nhau c th kt hp c vo trong mt thit b duy nht. V d, Hnh
6.4c cho thy mt mng LAN c th giao din vi ISDN bng cch s dng mt giao
din truy cp c s hoc s cp, trong khi cc thit b ca ngi s dng s dgn mt
giao din hon ton khc (t l, mt giao din LAN token-ring).

Mt tp hp b sung cc cu hnh c ITU-T xut. Cc cu hnh ny gm
cc trng hp trong thu bao c nhiu hn mt thit b tI mt Im giao din c
th no , nhng khng qu nhiu n mc mt PBX hay LAN khgn m ng
c. Trong nhng trng hp ny, c th c cc giao din vt l hp (multiple ) ti
mt im tham chiu duy nht. Cc v d c a ra trn Hnh 6.5. Hnh 6.5a v 6.5b
cho thy cc thit b u cui hp c kt ni vi mng, hoc thng qua mt ng a
git hoc thng qua mt a cng NT1. Nhng trng hp ny khng yu cu cc thit
b u cui ring l phI giao tip c vi nhau, nh trong LAN, m i hi rng mi
mt thit b u cui phI c th lin lc c vi mng.


Hnh 6.5c v 6.5d cung cp cc a kt ni gia cc TE1 v NT2. Hai hnh ny t
nhiu tng ng vi PBX v LAN, mt cch tng ng. Hnh 6.5e cho thy trng hp
ca a thit b NT1, trong khi 6.5f cho thy trng hp trong NT1 cung cp mt hp
knh lp 1 cho cc a kt ni.

Hai cu hnh cui cng ch ra rng hoc S hoc T, ch khng phI c hai, khng
cn phI tng ng vi mt giao din vt l trong mt cu hnh c th. Ta nhc n
t hp ca NT1 v NT2. NgoI ra, mt NT2 c th c trang b kh nng gn trc tip
vo thit b TE2.

6.3. kin trc giao thc ISDN

S pht trin ca cc tiu chun cho ISDN bao gm c s pht trin ca cc giao
thc qua li gia mt ngi s dng ISDN v mng, v gia hai ngi s dng ISDN vi
nhau. a cc giao thc ISDN mi ny vo m hnh kt ni h thng m (OSI) l mt
mong mun. iu ny s gip phn bit cc vn kin trc giao thc c bn mt cch
d dng v to iu kin thun li cho s pht trin ca cc giao thc ISDN.

D v bn cht c chung mc ch nhng m hnh OSI khng i din cho tt
c cc chc nng giao thc cn thit trong mt ISDN. c bit, mt ngn xp 7 lp n
gin khng c mi quan h gia mt giao thc bo hiu - iu khin trn knh D dng
bt u, duy tr v kt thc mt kt ni trn knh B hoc H. c c loi tnh
chc nng ny, ITU-T xy dng mt m hnh tham chiu giao thc phc tp hn,
c nh ngha trong I.320 v minh ho trong Hnh 6.6. Trong m hnh ny, c hai
ngn xp phn lp ca cc n v giao thc trong mt nhm chc nng duy nht:

Hnh 6.6. Cch nhn tng th v kin trc giao
thc
Khi giao thc ngi s dng: C
nhim v c quyn v truyn trong
sut cc thng tin ca ngi s dng
Khi giao thc iu khin: C nhim
v c quyn v h tr bo hiu ISDN

Cc giao thc ngi s dng l cc
giao thc truyn thng, chng hn nh
X.25, c m hnh ho nh m hnh OSI.
Cc giao thc iu khin thc hin cc
chc nng sau :

iu khin mt kt ni mng (v d
nh thit lp v kt thc)
iu khin cc cuc gi truyn thng

iu khin vic s dng mt kt ni c thit lp (v d nh thay i cc c
im dch v trong mt cuc gi)
Cung cp cc dch v ph tr

Cui cng, m hnh tham chiu giao thc ISDN bao gm mt chc nng qun
l mt bng ct qua tt c cc lp ca giao thc. Thut ng mt bng ch mi quan
h hp tac qua li gia cc giao thc trn cng mt lp thuc cc h thng khc nhau.
Chc nng qun l mt bng bao gm hng lot cc chc nng qun l mng cho php
h qun tr mng Iu khin c cc tham s v hot ng ca cc h t xa v cho
php mt h ni ht thu thp cu hnh v d liu hot ng bo co vi h qun tr
mng.

Hnh 6.7 Cc giao thc ISDN tI giao din ngi dng-mng

Hnh 6.7 a ra cc giao thc c lin quan ISDN c tho lun trong phn
ny ca cun sch trong bi cnh ca m hnh OSI. Ch rng bo hiu Iu khin v
c bn l chc nng knh D nhng d liu cng c th c truyn qua knh ny .
ISDN v mt c bn khng quan tm n vic s dng lp 4-7. Cc lp u cui-u
cui c khai thc bi ngi dng trao i thng tin. Truy cp mng ch khai thc
cc lp 1-3. Lp 1 c nh ngha trong I.430 v I.431 , xc nh giao din vt l cho
truy cp c s v s cp. Bi v cc knh B v D c hp knh truyn qua cng 1
giao din vt l , cc chun ho ny c p dng cho c hai loI knh. Trn lp ny ,
cu trc ca cc giao thc cho 2 loI knh l khc nhau.

i vi knh D, mt chun lin kt d liu mi, LAPD c nh ngha. Chun
ny da trn HDLC v c ci tin theo yu cu ISDN. Tt c truyn dn trn knh D
theo khun dng ca khung LAPD m khung c tro gia cc thit b thu bao v
cc phn t chuyn mch ISDN. Ba loi ng dng c tr gip : iu khin bo hiu,
chuyn mch gi v telemetry.

i vi iu khin bo hiu : Mt giao thc iu khin cuc gi c nh ngha
trong Q.931. Giao thc ny s dng thit lp, duy tr v hu b kt ni trn knh B.
V th n l giao thc gia ngi dng-mng. Trn lp 3 c th c cc chc nng lp
cao hn kt hp vi bo hiu iu khin ngi dng-ngi dng. Cn c cc vn
cn tip tc phI nghin cu.
Knh D cng c th c s dng cung cp cc dch v chuyn mch gi : Trong
trng hp ny giao thc lp 3 X.25 c s dng v cc gi X.25 c truyn trong
khung LAPD. Giao thc lp 3 X.25 c s dng thit lp mch o trn knh D
ti ngi dng khc v ti cc b chuyn mch go ho d liu
Telemetry : l i tng cn c tip tc nghin cu.

Knh B c th c s dng cho chuyn mch knh, mch bn vnh vin v
chuyn mch gi.
Vi chuyn mch knh : mt knh c th c khi to trn knh B theo lnh m
knh D vi giao thc iu khin cuc gi c s dng cho mc ch ny. Mi khi 1
knh c khi to, n c th c s dng truyn d liu gia cc ngi dng.
TI chng 2 , mt mng chuyn mch knh cho php truyn trong sut ng d
liu gia cc trm truyn tin
Knh bn vnh vin : l 1 mch trn knh B m n c khi to bi tho thun t
trc gia cc kt ni ngi dng v mng. Ging nh chuyn mch knh , n cp
ng trong sut gia 2 h thng du cui. Vi c chuyn mch knh ln knh bn
vnh vin , cc trm kt ni trc tip vi nhau truyn dn lin kt song cng. Chng
t do s dng cc khun dng , giao thc v ng b khung ca ring mnh. Do vy
theo ch nhn ca ISDN lp 2-7 l khng nhn thy v khng xc nh . Tuy nhin ,
thm na ITU-T c chun I.465/V.120 cho 1 chc nng Iu khin kt ni chung
cho thu bao ISDN
Vi chuyn mch gi : mt kt ni chuyn mch gi c thit lp trn mt knh B
gia ngi s dng v mt node chuyn mch gi bng cch s dng giao thc Iu
khin knh D. Mt khi mach c thit lp, snd s dng cc mc X.25 2 v 3
lp nn mt mch o i vi mt ngi s dng khc trn knh vad trao i d
liu c ng gi.

6.4. Cc kt ni ISDN

ISDN bng hp cho 6 loi dch v thng tin lin lc u cui:
Cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh trn knh B hoc H
Cc kt ni bn thng trc trn knh B hoc H
Cc cuc gi chuyn mch gi trn mt knh B hoc H
Cc chuyn mch gi trn mt knh D
Cc cuc gi relay khung trn mt knh B hoc H
Cc cuc gi relay khung trn mt knh D

Chuyn mch knh

Cu hnh mng v cc giao thc cho chuyn mch knh lin quan n c knh B
v D. Knh B c dng trao i trong sut cc thng tin ca ngi s dng. Nhng
ngi s dng ang lin lc c th s dng bt k giao thc no m h mun cho lin
lc u cui. Knh D c dng trao i thng tin Iu khin gia ngi s dng v
mng thit lp v kt thc cuc gi v truy cp cc tin ch mng.

Hnh 6.8. Cu hnh v giao thc mng cho chuyn mch knh

Hnh 6.8 cho thy kin trc giao thc dng thc hin chuyn mch knh (xem
Bng 6.3 hiu cc Hnh 6.8, 6.11 v 6.12). Knh B c mt NT1 hoc NT2 phc v
nh s dng ch cc chc nng ca lp 1. Trn knh D, mt giao thc truy cp mng
gm 3 lp c s dng v ta s gii thch sau. Cui cng, qu trnh thit lp mt mch
thng qua ISDN s lin quan n s hp tc gia cc chuyn mch ni b vi ISDN
thit lp nn kt ni ny. Cc chuyn mch ny tc ng qua li nh s dng H Thng
Bo Hiu S 7.

Bng 6.3. Cc k hiu cho cc Hnh 6.8, 6.11 v 6.12

B
D
T
D-CTL
SS 7
STP
(Khng)
7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
LEVEL
LE
TE
PSF
ng nm ngang
ng thng ng
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Mt knh B ISDN
Mt knh D ISDN
Thit b u cui
B iu khin knh D
H Bo hiu ITU-T 7
Im chuyn bo hiu
Knh khng hin din
Cc lp trong m hnh tham chiu c s ISO
Cc mc trong SS 7
Tng i ni ht
Tng i chuyn tip
Thit b chuyn mch gi
Giao thc ngang hng
Lung d liu t lp ny sang lp khc

Cc kt ni bn thng trc

Mt kt ni bn thng trc gia cc im tho thun c th c cp trong mt
khong thi gian hu hn sau thu bao, trong mt khong thi gian c nh, hoc trong
nhng khong thi gian c tha thun trong mt ngy, tun hoc mt khong no
. Cu trc giao thc pha trn c minh ho trn Hnh 6.8 cng vn c gi tr trong
trng hp ny. Nh th ngha l, ch c chc nng ca lp 1 l c giao din mng
cung cp; giao thc iu khin cuc gi khng cn thit na v kt ni ny tn ti ri.

Chuyn mch gi

ISDN cn phI cho php ngi s dng truy cp cc dch v chuyn mch gi
cho lu lng d liu (v d nh tng h qua lI) m thng c h tr tt nht nh
chuyn mch gi. C hai kh nng thc hin dch v ny: Hoc l kh nng chuyn
mch gi c cung cp nh mt mng ring bit, thng c gi l mng d liu
cng cng chuyn mch gi (PSPDN), hoc l kh nng chuyn mch gi s c tch
hp vo ISDN.

Dch v PSPDN

Khi dch v chuyn mch gi c cung cp nh mt mng PSPDN ring bit th
truy cp vo dch v s c thc hin thng qua mt knh B. C ngi s dng v
PSPDN do vy u phI c kt ni nh cc thu bao vi mng ISDN. Trong trng
hp ca PSPDN, mt hoc nhiu node mng chuyn mch gi, c gi l cc b x l
chuyn mch gi, s c kt ni vi ISDN. Ta c th lin tng mi nod enh vy nh
mt DCE X.25 truyn thng c b sung logic cn thit truy cp vo ISDN. Bt k
mt thu bao ISDN no khi cng c th lin lc c, thng qua X.25, vi bt k
mt ngi s dng no kt ni vi PSPDN, k c :
Nhng ngi s dng vi mt kt nii trc tip, thng trc vi PSPDN
Nhng ngi s dng ca ISDN hin ang c kt ni, qua ISDN, ti PSPDN.

S kt ni gia ngi s dng (qua mt knh B) v b x l gi, m nh n trao
i c , c th hoc l chuyn mch knh hoc bn thng trc. Trong trng hp
bn thng trc, kt ni ny lun c, v ngi s dng c th t do dng X.25 thit
lp mt mch o vi mt ngi s dng khc. Trong trng hp chuyn mch gi, s
lin quan n knh D, v chui cc bc sau y s xut hin ( Hnh 6.9 ):

Hnh 6.9. Thit lp cuc gi o

1. Ngi s dng yu cu mt kt ni chuyn mch knh trn knh B ti mt b x l
gi thng qua giao thc Iu khin cuc gi knh D (Q.931).
2. Kt ni ny c ISDN thit lp, v ngi s dng c thng bo qua giao thc
Iu khin cuc gi knh D.
3. Ngi s dng thit lp mt mch o vi mt ngi s dng khc thng qua th tc
thit lp cuc gi X.25 trn knh B ( m t trong Chng 3). Iu ny i hi
rng u tin, mt kt ni lin kt d liu cn phI c thit lp gia ngi s dng
v b x l gi, nh s dng LAPB.
4. Ngi s dng kt thc mach o nh X.25 trn knh B.
5. Sau khi mt hoc nhiu cuc gi o trn knh B, ngi dng thc hin xong v
cc tn hiu qua knh D kt thc kt ni chuyn mch knh trn node chuyn
mch gi.
6. ISDN kt thc kt ni.

Hnh 6.10 ch ra cu hnh cha cc dch v ny. Trong hnh ny ngi dng s dng
cc thit b DTE c 1 giao din vi DCE X.25. T , mt TA phi cn n. i li,
X25 c th l chc nng c tch hp ca mt TE1 ISDN khng cn n mt TA ring
bit.


Hnh 6.10 Truy cp ti PSPDN cho dch v mode gi

TA=Terminal Adapter NT=Network Terminal 1 or 2
ET=Exchange Terminal PLP=Packet-level Procedure
PSPDN=Packet-switching Public Data Network
AU =ISDN access unit

Hnh 6.11 Cu hnh mng v cc giao thc chuyn mch gi khi dng knh B
vi chuyn mch knh
Dch v ISDN

Khi dch v chuyn mch gi c cung cp bi ISDN , chc nng x l gi
c cung cp bn trong ISDN, c bi cc thit b tch ri ln 1 phn ca thit b tng
i. Ngi dng c th kt ni ti b s l gi c th l bi c knh D ln knh B . Trn
knh B , kt ni ti b s l gi c th l bi c chuyn mch ln bn vnh vin v cng
cc th tc c miu t ngay trc y c p dng cho cc kt ni c chuyn
mch. Trong trng hp ny thay v thit lp kt ni knh B ti mt thu bao ISDN
khc th ( l 1 b s l gi PSPDN ) kt ni ti 1 phn t bn trong ca ISDN nhm s l
gi. Hnh 6.11 minh ho cc giao thc c quan h mt thit.

Hnh 6.12 Cu hnh mng v cc giao thc cho chuyn mch gi

Thm na, cc dch v cu chuyn mch gi c th c bao hm trn knh D.
truy cp knh D , ISDN cung cp 1 kt ni bn vnh vin ti trm chuyn mch gi
vi ISDN. Ngi dng khai thc giao thc lp 3 - X.25 nh lm trong trng hp
ca mt cu gi o trn knh B. Ti y , giao thc lp 3 -X.25 c mang bi khung
LAPD. Bi v knh D cng cn c s dng cho cc bo hiu iu khin . Mt vi
phng tin c cn phn bit gia cuc truyn gi d liu X.25 v cuc truyn bo
hiu iu khin ISDN. iu ny c thc hin bi kiu a ch lp lin kt c gii
thch trong chng 8 minh ho cc giao thc lin quan

Hnh 6.13 Truy cp ISDN vi cc dch v mode gi
Trong hnh 6.13 ch ra cu hnh cho chuyn mch gi bn trong ISDN. Ch
rng bt k ngi dng ISDN no c th gi mt mch o X.25 vi bt k ngi dng
ISDN no khc trn c knh B ln knh D. Hn na n cho truy cp ti X.25 trn ISDN
v PSPDN khc bng cc th tc mng din rng tng ng. Mt th tc chung gn gi
l X.75 qua mng din rng gia 2 mng X.25 cng cng

6.5 a ch

Trong mng in thoi cng cng din rng, mt cuc gi c th c tin hnh
da trn s in thoi ca ngi b gi. kt ni in thoi din rng, mi 1 thu bao
phi c 1 s in thoi duy nht v mng phi c kh nng nh x v tr ca thu bao
da trn s . 1 s in thoi phi tr gip 2 chc nng quan trng :
nh tuyn cuc gi.
Tc ng cc th tc cn thit tnh cc cuc gi.

Mt cch tng t, k hoch nh s cn thit cho ISDN. Kiu dnh s cho ISDN
phi da trn cc yu cu sau :
D hiu v c dng bi thu bao
N c th tng ng vi cc s ang tn ti v thit b chuyn mch chp nhn
C th m rng theo kch thc ca mt dn thu bao
C tin ch mng din rng vi kiu nh s mng cng cng ang tn ti

Ngay t nm 1980 c s lu rng s ISDN s da trn k hoch nh s hin
nay cho mng in thoi c th hin trong ITU-T E.164. Tuy nhin E.164 ch cho
php ti 12 con s l khng tho ng cho 1 s lng ln cc thnh vin thu bao ISDN.
ISDN phi cha ng khng ch in thoi m cn cha 1 s ln cc thit b d liu.
chp nhn kiu nh s l ni rng E.164. Kiu ny c th hin theo nguyn l sau :
Nh lu , l s ni rng ca E.164, i vo chi tit th country code ca thoi
ch ra trong E.164 c s dng nhn dng countries trong k hoach nh s
ISDN
N l s ph thuc vo loi dch v ( thoi hay d liu .. ) hay l hon thin ca
kt ni
N l cc con s h thp phn lin tip
Mng din rng gia cc ISDN i hi ch s dng cc s ISDN

Cu trc a ch ISDN

ITU-T to nn s phn bit gia mt s v mt a ch. Mt s ISDN l cI lin h
vi mng ISDN v s nh s ISDN. N gm mt thng tin va cho mng
nh tuyn mt cuc gi. Thng thng, nhng khng lun lun, mt s ISDN s tng
ng vi im gn kt thu bao n ISDN ( tc l, ti Im tham chiu T ). Mt a ch
ISDN s bao gm s ISDN v bt k mt thng tin a ch ho b sung ty chn v /
hoc bt buc no . Thng tin b sung ny khng cn thit i vi ISDN nh
tuyn cuc gi nhng li cn tI v tr thu bao phn phi cuc gi ti i tng thch
hp. Thng thng, nhng khng lun lun, mt a ch ISDN tng ng vi mt thit
b u cui ring bit ( tc l, ti Im tham chiu S ). Tnh trng ny c minh ho
trn hnh 6.14a, hnh ny cho thy mt s thit b u cui c kt ni vi mt NT2
(v d nh, mt PBX hay mt LAN ). Ton b NT2 ny c mt s ISDN duy nht,
trong khi mi mt thit b u cui ring l lI c mt a ch ISDN. Mt cch khc
din t s phn bit gia cc s ISDN v cc a ch ISDN l mt s ISDN c lin quan
n mt knh D, knh ny cung cp bo hiu knh chung cho mt s cc thu bao, mi
mt thu bao c mt a ch ISDN ring.

Hnh 6.14. a ch ho ISDN

Ngoi ra cn c cc mi lin quan khc gia cc Im tham chiu vi cc s v
cc a ch ISDN. Sau y chng s c ni n. Hnh 6.15 cho thy khun dng ca
a ch ISDN. Mt a ch c khun dng nh vy c th xut hin trong cc thng Ip
thit lp cuc gi c lin lc trong cc giao thc bo hiu knh chung chng hn nh
H Bo hiu S 7. Cc yu t ca a ch ny nh sau:

M nc : Xc nh nc n (hay khu vc a l) ca cuc gi. N bao gm mt s
khac nhau cc con s thp phn ( t 1 n 3) v c nh ngha trong Khuyn ngh
E.164 ( s d nh s in thoi hin ti ).
M ch quc gia : C di thay i v mt phn ca s ISDN quc gia. Nu cc
thu bao ti mt nc c phc v bi mt mt hoc nhiu ISDN v / hoc mng i
in thoi chuyn mch cng cng ( PSTN ), n c th uc dng dng m trung
k (m vng) nh tuyn cuc gi qua mng ch ti mt vng c th ca mng.
M NDC c th cung cp mt t hp ca c hai chc nng ny nu c yu cu.
S thu bao ISDN: Cng c di thay i v to nn phn cn lI ca s ISDN
quc gia. Thng thng, s thu bao l s c quay n c mt thu bao
trong cng mt mng ni ht hc khu vc nh s.
Cc a ch ph ISDN : Cung cp thng tin a ch ho b sung v di c ti a
40 con s. a ch ph khng c xem l mt phn ca s nh s nhng lp
thnh mt phn bn trong ca kh nng a ch ho ISDN.

M ch quc gia cng vi s thu bao ISDN to thnh mt s ISDN quc gia duy
nht cho mt nc. N cng vi m nc s to nn s ISDN quc t, m hin nay ang
c gii hn ti a l 15 con s. ITU-T ang xem xt vic m rng s ny ln 16
hoc 17 con s. a ch ph ISDN c cng vo s ISDN quc t to ra mt a
ch ISDN vi ti a l 55 con s.

Hnh 6.15. Cu trc ca a ch ISDN.
Thng tin a ch

Hnh 6.14a cho thy mt cch trc tip nht s dng cc s v cc a ch
ISDN : Mi mt im tham chiu T c gn cho mt s ISDN v mi mt im tham
chiu S th c gn cho mt a ch ISDN. Trng cui cng ca a ch ISDN, gi
l cc a ch ph, cho php cc a thu bao c phn tch ti im thu bao theo kiu
trong sut i vi mng. V d, xt mt a im gm c mt PBX h tr mt s cc
my in thoi. S ISDN quc gia cho PBX ny c th l 617-543-7000. ti c
mt In thoi ni ht vi s my l 678, mt ngi gi t xa phi cn quay s 617-
543-7000-678. ISDN s nh tuyn cuc gi da trn 10 con s u tin; ba con s cn
lI s c PBX s dng kt ni cuc gi ti s my l thch hp.

Trn hnh 6.14b xut mt cch s dng khc cc s v cc a ch ISDN.
Trong trng hp ny, mt s cc thit b u cui s c s ISDN ca ring tng thit
b. Tnh cht ny c gi l quay s trc tip ( direct dialing-in, DDI). Vi DDI, s
nh s cc thit b u cui c xy dng ngay trong s ca quc gia. V d ,
ta li gi s mt PBX s vi s chnh l 543-7000, c s l ti PBX l 678. quay
trc tip s l ny t bn ngoi, mt ngi s dng c th quay 543-7678, v khi
543-7XXX c th khng oc dng ch tr 999 kh nng s my l cho PBX . DDI
n gin hn cho thu bao hn l a ch ph, v ch cn t con s hn gi. Vi DDI,
ISDN vn nh tuyn trn c s s ISDN. Ngoi ra, mt vi con s cui cng to nn
uI ca s ISDN s c chuyn ti ch gI t thu bao oc gi n.S cc con s
c s dng thay i v ph thuc vo yu cu ca thit b ca thu bao b gi v kh
nng ca k hoch nh s c p dng. DDI c s dng d tr m bo rng cc
s ISDN c kh nng tr gip cho tt c cc thu bao.

Cng c kh nng t hp DDI vi a ch ph. Vic ny s cho php gi vo trc
tip n cc thit b trung gian nht nh tI a Im , chng hn nh cc b tp
trung thit b u cui, vi cc a ch ph dng tch bit cc thit b I cng vi cc
thit b trung gian kia.

Mt cch khc l gn cc s a ISDN cho mt Im tham chiu duy nht. V d,
tI mt giao din ISDN, mt ngi dng c th gn vi mt mng khng phI ISDN,
nh mt mng chuyn mch gi t nhn chng hn (Hnh 6.14c). Mc d v mt vt l
ch c mt Im gn duy nht vi ISDN, ta vn mong mun ISDN c th thy c
(phn bit) cc thit b trn mng t nhn bng cch gn mt s ISDN duy nht cho
tng thit b.

nh s vic ni mng

Trong mt giai on chuyn tip ko dI no , ngoI ISDN s c mt lot cc
mng cng cng, bao gm c cc cc In thoI chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN) v cc
mng d liu cng cng, chng hn nh cc mng chuyn mch gi X.25 v cc mng
tel. Rt nhiu tiu chun c ban hnh giI quyt cc vn lin quan n cu
trc a ch v vic gn a ch cho cc mng ny. Tuy vy, mc d nhng tiu chun
ny c xy dng cng vi kin thc v cc tiu chun khc na song chng lI
khng tng thch vi nhau hoc vi k hoch nh s ISDN. Iu ny lm vic xc
nh a ch gia mt thu bao ISDN v mt thu bao trn mng khc c kt ni vi
ISDN tr nn kh khn.

Cc cu trc xc nh a ch khc

Hnh 6.16 minh ho cu trc a ch i vi cc tiu chun mng cng cng quc
t chnh. Tiu chun PSTN quc t, E.64, s dng mt s gm 12 con s. M nc gng
nh m nc s dng trong ISDN. S quc gia quan trng ca PSTN tng ng vi s
ISDN quc gia, mc d s ca ISDN c th c nhu hn 3 con s. Nh vy, E.64 v
tiu chun ISDN tng thch vi nhau mt cch hp l.

X.121 cung cp mt tiu chun cho cc mng d liu quc gia. Nh c th thy,
c mt lot kh nng, ph thuc vo mng. Nu thit b u cui d liu c truy cp
thng qua mt mng d liu cng cng th s E.164, bt u bng mt con s 9, s c
s dng. i vi cc mng d liu cng cng th m nc d liu s c dng, v
khng may rng m ny khng ging nh m nc In thoi. S d liu quc gia cng
khng h ging s in thoi quc gia. S nh s telex cng khng c mi lin
quan no vi E.164.

CC = Country code
DNIC = Data network identification code
DCC = Data Country code
TDC = Telex destination code
AFI = Authority and format identifer
IDI = Initial domain identifer
DSP = Domain specific part
Hnh 6.16. Cch nh s mng quc t

Cui cng, ISO xy dng mt s nh s quc t da trn m hnh OSI. Quyn
hn v phn cn cc khun dng ( AFI ) ca a ch ISO s b hp trong mt trong s
6 domain ph ca domain a ch mng ton cu :
Mt tp gm 4 domain, mi domain tng ng vi mt kiu mng thng tin lin
lc cng cng ( chuyn mch gi, telex, PSTN, v ISDN ), tt c u c ITU-T
qun l.
Mt domain ISO a l c nh v v tng ng vi cc nc ring bit. Cc
i tng thnh vin ca ISO trong mt nc s chu trch nhim gn cc a
ch ny.
Mt domain t chc quc t c nh v v tng ng vi cc t chc quc t
khc nhau (v d nh NATO).

Ngoi ra, AFI xc nh khun dng ca phn IDI v cu trc phn DSP. Cn cc
domain ban u l phn bt u (v c th ch c mt) ca a ch thc c v c din
giI ph hp vi gi tr ca AFI. Cui cng, phn DSP, nu c, s cung cp cc thng
tin xc nh a ch b sung.
i vi cc mng ISDN, AFI c gi tr l 44 cho cc s ISDN c th hin bng
cc s thp phn v 45 cho cc s ISDN c th hin bng cc s nh phn. Kiu sau
khng phI l mt th tc ISDN chun, nhng c th c ngi s dng khai thc
trong m hnh OSI; trong trng hp , s ny c th c chuyn i thnh thp phn
ISDN s dng. Ni chung, s ISDN quc t ging ht nh cn cc domain ban u,
v a ch ph ISDN th ging nh phn domain rIng ca a ch ISO.

Cc chin lc ni mng

T quan im ca vic xc nh a ch ISDN, ni mng c nh ngha l mt
th tc trong d mt thu bao ISDN c th thit lp cuc gi n cc thu bao hoc cc
dch v c kt thc trn cc mng cng cng khc. Hai phng php c th l: la
chn mt giai on v hai giai on.

Vi phng php mt giai on, bn gi s nh a ch ca bn c gi trong qu
trnh thit lp cuc gi. a ch ny gm y thng tin cho:
ISDN nh tuyn cuc gi n mt Im mng c gi gn vi ISDN.
Mng c gi phn tuyn cuc gi n i tng c gi.

ITU-T a ra 2 cch trong c th xy dng cc a ch ca phng n mt giai
on . Trong cch th nht, cc a ch bt u bng mt tin t dng xc nh mng
c th s truy cp vo: phn cn lI ca a ch trong khun dng s c mng s
dng n (Hnh 6.17a). Trong cch ny, a ch gi I c th phI xc nh s nh
s gi n trong qu trnh gi. V d v mt tin t nh vy l quyn v indicator khun
dng ca cu trc a ch ISO. Trong giao thc bo hiu ISDN (Q.931), s ni n trong
Chng 8, trn thc t c mt nI trn trng a ch thit lp cuc gi cho mt m nh
th, c gi l trng xc nh s nh s.

Mt cu trc a ch khc cho phng php mt giai on l cu trc tng thch
vi cu trc a ch ISDN. Trong trng hp ny, mt s m ch quc gia (cc NDC,
xem Hnh 6.15) c th c gn ring cho cc mc ch ni mng. y l mt giI
php km thng dng hn phng php tin t, v s cc NDC hin c b hn ch.

Vi phng php hai giai on, thng qua ISDN, giai on u ca la chn s
cho bn gi c truy cp vo b phn ni mng (IWU) c lin quan n Im gn vo
ISDN ca mng c goi n. Bn gi I s dng mt s ISDN thit lp kt ni vi
IWU . Khi kt ni c, IWU s tr li. Thng tin a ch cn thit cho bn c gi
n trn mt mng c th sau s c chuyn I, nh l giai on hai ca la chn,
thng qua ISDN v IWU hon tt cuc gi trong mng khng phI l ISDN ( Hnh
6.17b). Cc nhc Im chnh ca phng php 2 giai on l:
Ngi gi cn phI quay thm mt vI con s ph
Ngi gi phI s dng 2 s nh s
Gia hai giai on cn phI c mt khong ngng (v d nh, mt ln quay tone
th hai)
V nhng l do trn, ITU-T a s dng phng php 1 giai on hn, nhng cng cho
php c phng php 2 giai on.

Hnh 6.17 Cc chin lc nh s ni mng.
6.6. Ni mng

R rng rng hu nh s khng bao gi c mt ISDN ton cu, monolithic v
duy nht. Trong giai on ti, s c rt nhiu cc mng cng cng khng phI l ISDN
hot ng, vi s cn thit i vi cc thu bao trn cc mng ny kt ni vi cc
thu bao trn cc mng ISDN. Thm ch trong trng hp cc ISDN quc gia khc
nhau, s khc bit v dch v hay v cht lng dch v c th tn ti v thi hn. Tng
ng, ITU-T cp vn ni mng ca cc mng khc vi ISDN.

Mt vn lin quan n ni mng, vn khi ni mng gia cc s nh s,
c tho lun trong phn trc. Vic ni mng cc s nh s cho php mt thu
bao ISDN xc nh mt thu bao khng phI l ISDN vi mc ch tht lp mt kt ni
v s dng mt dch v no . Tuy nhin, vic lin lc din ra thnh cng th nht
thit phI c mt tho thun, v kh nng cung cp, v mt tp cc dch v v c ch
chung. c c tnh tng thch gia ISDN v cc b phn ca mng hin c v cc
thit b u cui th cn phI trin khai mt tp cc chc nng ni mng. Cc chc nng
ni mng bao gm :

Ni mng cc s nh s.
i chiu cc c im ca cc lp vt l ti im kt nii gia hai mng.
Xc nh xem liu cc ngun lc ca mng v pha mng ch c p ng yu
cu dch v ca ISDN khng.
nh x cc bn tin tn hiu Iu khin chng hn nh xc nh (cn cc) dch
v, cn cc knh, tnh trang cuc gi, v bo ng gia giao thc bo hiu knh
chung ca ISDN v giao thc bo hiu ca mng c gi n d n l knh
trong ( inchannel ) hay knh chung.
Bo m dch v v tnh tng thch kt ni.
Chuyn i cu trc truyn dn, k c k thut bin iu thng tin v cu trc
khung.
Duy tr tnh dng b ( kim sot li, iu khin dng ) qua cc kt ni trn cc
mng khc nhau.
Thu thp d liu cn thit cho vic lp ho n
iu phi hot ng v cc th tc bo tr c th c lp cc li.

Nh vy, ni mng c th i hi vic thc hin mt lot cc chc nng ni mng,
trn ISDN hoc trn mng ni vi ISDN. Phng php do ITU-T xc nh cho vic
chun ho kh nng ni mng l nh ngha cc Im tham chiu b sung lin quan n
ni mng v chun ho giao din ti im tham chiu . y l mt chin lc an
ton c th gim thiu c tc ng ln ISDN v c cc mng khc na. Vic bao gm
cc Im tham chiu b sung ny c minh ho trn hnh 6.18. Cng ging nh trc
y, thit b khch hng tng thch vi ISDN gn vi ISDN thng qua Im tham chiu
S hoc T. Cc im tham chiu b xung sau y c nh ngha nh sau :
K: Giao din vi mt mng In thoi hin c hoc 1 mng khng phI l ISDN no
khc cn c cc chc nng ni mng. Cc chc nng ny c thc hin bi ISDN .
M: 1 mng chuyn dng, chng hn nh teletex hoc MHS. Trong trng hp ny
c th phI cn n cc chc nng Iu chnh , s c thc hin trong mng chuyn
dng .
N: Giao din gia 2 mng ISDN . C th phI cn n 1 loi giao thc no
xc nh mc tnh tng thch ca dch v.
T: C th c 1 ngun lc chuyn dng no c nh cung cp ISDN a ra
nhng n cn phi c phn bit 1 cch r rng nh l 1 b phn hoc 1 tp cc b
phn ring bit

Trong I.510 , ITU-T xc nh c 5 loi mng khc h tr cc dch v lin lc m
chng cng c h tr do mt ISDN m do vy chng l cc ng c vin ni mng
vi mt ISDN:
Mt ISDN khc
Mng chuyn mch in thoI cng cng ( PSPN )
Mng d liu cng cng chuyn mch knh ( CSPDN )
Mng d liu cng cng chuyn mch gi ( PSPDN )
Telex

Hnh 6.18 Cc im tham chiu lin quan n kt ni gia thit b ca khch hngv cc mng
khc vi mt mng ISDN

Bng 6.4, t I.510 cho thy loi ca cc chc nng ni mng m mi cu hnh
ni mng c th i hi. Trong bng ny 1 kt ni chnh l 1 chc nng hng- mng
lin quan n vic thit lp ng dn truyn thng tin thng qua mng , trong khi 1
cuc lin lc lI l 1 chc nng hng-ngi dng lin quan dn cc giao thc u cui
cn thit cho vic trao i thng tin gia cc thu bao.

Bng 6.4 H tr ISDN ca cc dch v vin thng trong cu hnh mng I,510
ISDN kt ni vi
Cc dch v h tr
bi ISDN
ISDN PSTN CSPDN PSPDN Telex Mng
khac
in thoi
Truyn d liu
Telex
Teletex
Fax
O
(L)
O
O
O
N
N.L
-
N,L
N,L
-
N.(L)
-
N.L
N.L
-
N.(L)
-
N.L
N.L
-
-
N,L
-
-
N
N,(L)
N,L
N,L,H
N,L,H
Trong : O : Khng c chc nng ni mng c thy trc
N : Ni mng ph thuc vo kt ni
L : Ni mng ph thuc vo lin lc lp thp hn
H : Ni mng ph thuc vo lin lc lp cao hn
(X) : C th cn dn X

Mng ISDN - ISDN

Dng ni mng n gin nht gm 2 ISDN. Nu hai ISDN cung cp cng cc
dch v mang v dch v vin thng nh nhau th khng cn c cc kh nng v ni
mng. Tuy nhin, c th c trng hp hai mng ny khc nhau v cc gi tr thuc
tnh (attribute) m chng h tr cho mt hoc nhiu dch v. Trong trng hp ny, ni
mng l cn thit. Vic ni mng c th din ra theo 2 giai on. Trong giai on iu
khin, mt qu trnh m phn s xy ra nhm t c mt tho thun v dch v.
Tho thun dch v s t c nu dch v chung ti a ( c cung cp qua 2 mng
ny ) bng hoc nhiu hn dch v ti thiu m bn gi chp thun. Nu t c tho
thun, khi kt ni c thit lp, vic ny lin quan n s ghp cc kt ni t hai
ISDN to nn mt kt ni duy nht t gc nhn ca ngi s dng. Lin lc ngi
dng - n - ngi dng khi s din ra giai on ngi s dng.

Hnh 6.19: Qu trnh thng lng cuc gi trong ni mng ISDN - ISDN

Hnh 6.19 minh ho th tc m phn cuc gi dng t c tho thun dch v.
C nhng bc sau y:

1. Mt cuc gi t TEx ti ISDN2 s c phn tuyn n IWF1.
2. IWF1 s lin lc vi IWF2 v s xc nh xem liu dch v c yu cu (c ch
ra nh kh nng mang) ca ngi gi s ISDN2 h tr nh s dng mt danh mc
dch v trong IWF2. Nu tnh tng thch tho mn, vic ni mng gia ISDN 1
v ISDN 2 s bt u.
3. Nu tnh tng thch dch v khng c, IWF2 (hoc IWF1) s thng lng vi
ngi gi thay i hoc bI b yu cu dch v ny.
4. Vi mt yu cu dch v b thay i, bc 2 hoc 3 s c nhc lI cho ti khi
tnh tng thch dch v c tho mn hoc yu cu dch v b bI b
5. Khi kt ni gia TEx v TEi c thit lp , tnh tng thch mc thp ( i tng
mang ) v tnh tng thch mc cao ( dich v vin thng ) s c kim tra trn c
s u cui. Mng khng tham gia vo qu trnh ny , nhng c th phI cn dn
tho thun gia cc ISDN ny lin quan n phng php truyn thng tin t ngi
dng n ngi dng.

Nh vy, Iu cn thit u tin l phI xc nh liu 2 ISDN c th h tr cc thuc
tnh cn thit ca dch v mang c ngi gi yu cu hay khng. Khi tnh tng
thch u cui gia 2 ngi dng s c xc nh.

Ni mng ISDN-PSTN

nhiu nc, vic s ho mng In thoI chuyn mch cng cng ( PSTN )
hin c c tin hnh nhiu nm, k c vic thc hin truyn dn s, cc thit b
chuyn mch v vic a vo cc phng php bo hiu knh chung. Vic ph bin cc
vng thu bao s b chm lI sau vic da vo cc yu t s ho khc. Trong mi
trng hp , cc mng nh vy cng trng lp phn no vi kh nng ca 1 mng ISDN
y nhng li thiu 1 vi dch v m 1 ISDN c th h tr. Nh vy 1 lc no y
cn thit phI thc hin ni mng gia ISDN v cc thit b PSTN.

Bng 6.5 cc c Im ISDN v PSTN ch yu

ISDN PSTN Chc nng
Giao din thu bao
Bo hiu user-network
Thit b u cui c h tr
Bo hiu gia cc tng dI
Thit b truyn dn
Mode truyn tin
Kh nng truyn tin
S
NgoI bng(I.441/I451)
S ( NT, TE1, TE2, TA)
SS7 ( ISUP)
S
Knh / Gi
Tings khng hn ch
3.1KHz, hnh , ting
Analog
Ch yu trong bng
TE analog, PABX ..
Trong bng R2, SS7
Analog/Digital
Knh
Ting 3.1KHz
a
b , c
c
d , e
a
f
f

a = Chuyn i analog-s v s-analog trn thit b truyn dn
b = nh x gia cc tn hiu PSTN trong truy cp thu bao v cc bn tin I.451 i vi cc
cuc gi gia cc tng i.
c= h tr lin lc gia cc DTE PSTN c trang b modem v cc thit b u cui ISDN.
d= Chuyn i gia h bo hiu PSTN v phn ca ngi s dng trong H Bo hiu s 7.
e= nh x gia cc tn hiu trong truy cp thu bao ngi dng (I.441, I.451) v bo hiu
gia cc tng I trong bng ca PSTN (v d nh R1)
f= Cn c nghin cu thm.
Bng 6.5 ( t I.530 ) s xc nh cc c Im ch yu ca mt ISDN v PSTN,
ch ra cc chc nng ni mng kh d khc phc cc c Im khng ging nhau.
Mt vi kiu m phn tng t nh qu trnh m t trong hnh 6.16, s l cn thit
thit lp c cc kt ni. Vic ni mng gia ISDN v PSTN tng i n gin. S
s ca mng thoI ging ht nh vi ISDN, cho nn khng cn c s chuyn i ng
k. Chc nng ni mng nht thit phI bao gm 1 nh x gia bo hiu Iu khin
dng trong ISDN v bo hiu iu khin dng trong PSTN. Cui cng cn c 1 s
chuyn di gia cc dng s-tng t ca thng tin ngi dng.

Ni mng ISDN-CSPDN

Mt mng d liu cng cng chuyn mch knh, nh tn gi cho thy, cung cp
mt dch v truyn dn s nh s dng chuyn mch knh. Giao din cho cc DTE vi
kiu mng ny l X.21. Ging nh X.25, X.21 thc s l mt tp hp 3 lp cc giao
thc bao gm bo hiu Iu khin trong bng thit lp v kt thc cc kt ni. trong
trng hp X.21, cc kt ni l thc, thay v l cc mch o.

Cc chc nng ni mng cho trng hp ny vn cha c nghin cu ht; rt
nhiu chc nng cn c nghin cu tip. Mt nh x cn thit phi c gia giao thc
Iu khin cuc gi X.21 v giao thc dng trong ISDN. xc nh a ch, cc ISDN
v CSPDN s dng cc s nh s khc nhau (tc l E.164 v X>121, mt cch
tng ng). Mt cch din dch a ch mt giai on, nh m t phn trc, s
c quy nh.

Ni mng ISDN-PSPDN

Mng d liu cng cng chuyn mch gi s cung cp mt dch v chuyn mch gi
nh s dng giao din X.25. C hai trng hp ni mng:
Mt dch v mang kiu mch dng trn ISDN
Mt dch v mang kiu gi dng trn ISDN

Trong trng hp th nht, vic ni mng s c thc hin nh mt kt ni kiu
mch thng qua ISDN t mt thu bao ISDN ti mt b x l gi trong PSPDN (xem
Hnh 6.10). Trong trng hp th hai, c mt giao thc ni mng c thit lp s
c dng gia hai mng chuyn mch gi cng cng: X.76. V c bn, X.75 hot ng
nh mt c ch ghp ni buc 2 mch o trong hai mng ny lI theo mt cch sao
cho n s xut hin nh mt mch o duy nht i vi hai u DTE.

6.7. Tng kt

Cc chc nng c ISDN thc hin c th nh ngha bng cch dch v m n h
tr v cc chc nng c th thy c tI giao din ngi dng mng. Trong s cc
c Im nh ngha quan trng nht ca ISDN c nhng Im sau:

Cu trc truyn dn: ISDN cho mt dch v, c cu trc nh mt tp cc knh.
Knh B l mt knh ngi dng h tr s dng chuyn mch gi, bn thng trc v
chuyn mch knh. Knh D h tr chuyn mch gi v bo hiu Iu khin ngoi
dng mng. Hai cho mi truyn dn tiu chun l dch v c s, gm c hai knh
B v mt knh D, v dch v s cp, bao gm 24 hc 31 knh B v mt knh D.
Cc cu hnh giao din ngi dng mng: Giao din ngi dng mng c
nh ngha qua cc Im tham chiu v cc nhm chc nng. Phng php ny cung
cp cho cc giao din c chun ho to thun li cho vic s dng thit b t
nhng ngi bn v n gin ho vic truy cp vo ISDN.
Kin trc giao thc: Mi quan h qua lI gia ISDN v mt thu bao c th c
m t trong phm vi ni dung ca m hnh tham chiu giao thc OSI. V cn bn,
cc khuyn ngh ISDN lm vic vi lp 1 v 3 ca m hnh . Mt thng s k
thut lp vt l gm c truy cp c s v truy cp s cp cho tt c cc knh. i vi
knh D, LAPD c nh ngha lp lin kt d liu, v Q.931 (Iu khin cuc
gi) v lp gi X.25 (dch v mode gi trn knh D) c quy nh r cho mc
mng ny. i vi knh B, ISDN h tr vic s dng X.25 v LAPB cho dch v
mode gi v cng cung cp I.465/V.120 nh l mt c ch lin kt d liu ty chn
chung.
Cc kt ni ISDN: ISDN cung cp 4 kiu dch v lin lc u cui: Cc cuc gi
chuyn mch knh qua mt knh B hoc H, cc kt ni bn thng trc qua mt
knh B H, cc cuc gi chuyn mch gi qua mt knh B hoc H v cc cuc gi
chuyn mch gi qua knh D.
Xc nh i ch: Xc nh a ch nhc ti cch thc ngi gi I xc nh ngi
gi n sao cho mng c th thc hin cc chc nng nh tuyn v chuyn t.
ISDN s dng mt s s da trn E.164 v c th ni mng vi cc s khng phI
ISDN cho php ni mng gia ISDN vi cc mng khc.
Ni mng: Ni mng nhc n kh nng mt thu bao ISDN thit lp mt kt ni
vi mt thu bao trn mt mng khng phI l ISDN. Mng quan trong nht nh vy
l cc mng In thoI chuyn mch cng cng (cc mng analog), cc mng d
liu cng cng chuyn mch knh (cc mng X.21) v cc mng d liu cng cng
chuyn mch gi (cc mng X.25).

APPENDIC 6A: Cc chc nng c s ca ISDN

Trong I.310, ITU-T quy nh mt tp cc chc nng c s cho ISDN. Mc ch l
cung cp mt m t chc nng ca ISDN , lit k cc chc nng cn thit h tr
cc dch v ISDN trong khi ng thi cho cc i tng thc hin t do thc hin
v sp xp cc chc nng ny trong mng khi chng thy ph hp. Cc chc nng ny
cn thit h tr cc dch v ISDN s c phn loI vo cc nhm sau:

X l kt ni: Cc chc nng cho php thit lp, gi v giI phng kt ni (v d nh
bo hiu ngi dng- mng)
Phn tuyn: Cc chc nng xc nh mt kt ni thch hp i vi mt yu cu cuc
gi c th (v d nh phn tch s c gi n)
X l cc ngun lc: Cc chc nng cho php Iu khin cc ngun lc cn thit
s dung kt ni (v d nh cc thit b truyn dn, cc ngun chuyn mch, thit b
lu gi s liu)
Gim st: Cc chc nng kim tra cc ngun lc dng h tr cc kt ni, pht
hin v bo hiu cc vn c th, v giI quyt chng nu c th (v d nh pht
hin li truyn dn, v hiu chnh)
Tnh tin: Cc chc nng tnh tin thu bao.
Ni mng: cc chc nng cung cp cho c hai dch v v ni mng
Bng 6.6 lit k cc chc nng c s c nh ngha trong I.310.

Bng 6.6 Cc chc nng c s ISDN ( I.310 )
S l kt ni
Kim tra cc c tnh ca s yu cu dch v
Xc nh c tnh dch v c yu cu ca cuc gi bng cch thng tin c gi bi u
cui
Xc nh loi kt ni c s
Xc nh cc loi kt ni v kt ni c s cn thit cung cp dch v c yu cu
Ngi dng truy cp ngun d phng
Xc nh loI truy cp mng-ngi dng ( c s , s cp ) vad knh c th, s d phng knh
l cn thit
Truyn ngun d phng
D phng truyn phn t kt ni, da trn trng thI ca ngun
X l chun ho thng tin
n nh mt chun ho cc b cho cuc gi v chun ho ni b cho kt ni v xo cc
chun ny khi c cuc gi/kt ni c xo / tho d
Thit lp iu khin
Setup mt kt ni
Hu b iu khin
Hu b kt ni
Kim tra u quyn dch v lin quan
Xc nh s u quyn ( ngi gi, b gi ) lin quan n cc dch v c s, dch v b xung
m n ti thu bao
X l bo hiu mng-ngi dng
Tr gip lp 3 giao thc ca h thng bo hiu mng-ngi dng
X l bo hiu gia cc tng i
Tr gip phn ngi dng ca bo hiu gia cc tng i
Kim tra cc dch v ph tng ng
Kim tra kh nng tng ng ca cc dch v ph c yu cu ..
Bo hiu kt ni mng
Tr gip chc nng ni mng gia cc h thng bo hiu
u tin
X l cc cuc gi vi bc u tin ( khi qu ti hoc vn hnh ti mode degraded )

X l xp hng
Yu cu lu tr thnh hng theo th th x l sau ny theo th t trc
Xy dng v duy tr ng thng tin lin quan n cuc gi / kt ni
Bin dch thng tin lin quan n cuc gi/kt ni (v d cc ngun ti nguyn cn thit, chi
tit tin trnh cuc gi, cc dch v ph v cc tham s kt hp vi .. )
nh tuyn
S nhn dng ISDN
Nhn dng s ISDN ca giao din ngi dng-mng
Phn tch s ca ngi b gi
Phn tch s ISDN ca ngi b gi bng cch gi u cui trong giai on thit lp cuc
gi
Kim tra thng tin tuyn
Phn tch thng tin nh tuyn m n c gi t u cui gi v n c hiu lc la chn con
ng
n nh tuyn ring
La chn 1 tuyn ring ph hp vi thng tin nhn c t u cui gi ( v d vn hnh
tuyn hng gi , im truy cp, n v kt ni mng v vn hnh hay bo tr cc n v .. )
Kt ni ng la chn
La chn phn li ra lin quan n cc loi kt ni c s dng v phn ng vt qua
mng
nh tuyn l i
La chn 1 ng kt ni mi qua mng phu thuc vo iu kin thay i trong khi thit
lp cuc gi hoc l hng tin chuyn i phase
S l ngun lc
Gi v giI phng knh
Gi knh dnh ring tr gip 1 cuc thng tin v gi phng n tI cui cuc thng tin ny
Gi v gii phng mch
Gi mch d phng tr gip 1 truyn tin v tho b n khi kt thc cuc truyn tin ny
Thm vo hay tho b thit b
Thm vo hay tho b 1 thit b lm tho mn yu cu dch v theu yu cu ngi dng ( v
d : trit ting vng , chuyn i lut a- .. )
Tone , thng bo v hin th thng tin
Cung cp thng tin tin hnh cuc gi nh m, cc thng bo c ghi,hoc hin th cc
thng tin o
X l bo hiu mng-ngi dng
Tr gip lp 1 v 2 ca h thng bo hiu mng-ngi dng
X l bo hiu gia cc tng i
Tr gip phn truyn cc bn tin ca h thng bo hiu gia cc tng i
Tm kim ng bn trong n v chuyn mch
La chon kt ni ni b bn trong n v chuyn mch
X l ng b
Cung cp s ng b gia ton b cc chc nng khc nhau v chc nng ng b bn ni
X l thi gian ( timming )
Cung cp nhp
Du vt ng dch v
Lu tr mithng tin khch hng trn cc dch v ..

Nhp thi gian thc
Cung cp thng tin thi gian thc
Gim st
Kim tra ngun lc ngi dng-mng
Kim tra vn hnh chnh xc ca thu bao truy cp ngun
Chuyn tip kim tra ngun lc
Kim tra sh chnh xc vn hnh ca cc ngun lc chuyn tip
Kim tra lin tc
Kim tra sh chnh xc vn hnh ca cc ngun lc chuyn tip
Pht hin tc nghn
Pht hin tc nghn trong khi la chn tuyn ng kt ni
Kim tra kt ni bn vnh vin
Kim tra kh nng c th cho 1 kt ni bn vnh vin
Vn hnh v bo dng
Qun l d liu thu bao
Qun l d liu thu bao lin quan n dch v ( v d : vo/ra ca dch v, s cuc gi ,
thay i ca d liu thu bao .. )
Thng bo li
Ghi li nguyn nhn nu khi to cuc gi c li
Tnh cc
Qun l cc
Xc nh mode tnh cc ( min , thng thng , nh , gim cc .. )
Ghi cc
Ghi li cc chi tit ca cuc gi
Bn ghi cc
Khun dng chi thit cc c chun ho
Billing
Tnh s thay i cc ph thuc vo s s dng dch v v gi c nh ca thu bao
Accounting
Phn tch , lu tr v gi chuyn tip thng tin lin quan n s dng ti nguyn mng, gia
cc nh qun tr khc nhau bao gm cuc gi
Thng tin cc
Thng bo ti ngi dng tng s cc
Ni mng
Thay i tc
Thay i tc bit mng ngi dng/chuyn dng ti tc bt ISDN
Chuyn i giao thc
Tr gip cc chc nng nh x gia cc giao din
X l bo hiu cho kt ni mng
X l cc thng tin bo hiu cho kt ni mng
nh s kt ni mng
Tr gip cc chc nng mng gia cc k hoch nh s

CHNG 7
Lp vt l ca ISDN
Lp vt l ca ISDN gii thiu cho ngi s dng cc im S hoc T
(hnh 6.2). Trong trng hp ny, nhng chc nng sau bao gm c chc nng ca
lp vt l ( lp 1 ca m hnh OSI ):

Gii m d liu s phc v cho vic truyn dn qua cc giao din.
Truyn song cng i vi knh d liu B
Truyn song cng i vi knh d liu D
Ghp cch knh to ra cu trc truyn dn truy cp gc hoc c bn.
Kch hot v khng kch hot lp mng vt l.
Nng lng c cung cp t mng u cui ti cc thit b u cui.
Pht hin ra cc thit b u cui.
Tm cc thit b u cui b li.
Cnh tranh truy cp knh D.

Chc nng cui cng c yu cu khi c mt cu hnh nhiu im cho truy
cp c bn, nh c miu t di y.

Tnh t nhin ca giao din vt l v cc chc nng khng ging vi giao din
mng c bn. Chng ta s xem xt 2 kha cnh quan trng vi c 2 giao din l: gii
m s v kt ni vt l. Sau ta s xem xt tng giao din mt. Cui cng ta s tham
kho im U, im ny khng c tiu chun ho bi CCITT, nhng n cng l mt
tiu chun ANSI.

7.1 Giao din c s mng-ngi dng

Trong lp 1 ch ra cc giao din c s mng-ngi dng c nh ngha
trong khuyn ngh I.430. Cuc gi c tr gip giao din c s vi cu trc knh
2B+D ti tc 192-Kb/s. Trong phn ny , chng ta s xem xt 4 vn ca giao
din c s :
M ng
Kt ni Vt l
nh khung v hp knh
Gii php chng xung t v cu hnh a nhnh

M ng

Ti giao din gia thu bao v thit b u cui mng NT (vi im chun S
hoc T ) , cc d liu s c trao i khi s dng truyn song cng, vi 2 ng vt

2
2
l ring bit c s dng truyn theo mi mt chiu. Ti y chng ta khng cn
phi ch ti vic phi hu b ting vng hoc s dng k thut hp knh nn thi
gian t c truyn song cng bi v khong cch truyn l tng i ngn v bi
v tt c cc thit b u l trong nh ca thu bao. Rt d dng s dng cc mch vt
l ring bit hn l s dng k thut no khc vn hnh song cng.

Thng s in cho giao din l s dng kiu m gi tam phn ( hnh 3.9 ) .
s nh phn 1 c biu din bi s vng mt ca in p cn s nh phn 0
c biu din bi xung m hoc dng 750 mv +/- 10% . Tc d liu 192-Kb/s

Kt ni truy vt l c s

Mt kt ni vt l thc gia TE v NT ti im tham chiu S hoc T nh
giao din truy cp c s c ch ra ra khng ch khuyn ngh ca ITU-T m cn
ti chun ISO ( ISO 8887 ) . Chun ny l mt kt ni vt l 8 tip im ch ra trong
hnh 7.1

Hnh 7.1 Kt ni vt l ISDN

u cui kt ni vt l c cm vo cho 4 hoc 8 tip im tip xc . S
tip im c s dng tu thuc vo cch dng s c gii thch di y.

Bng 71, lit k cc tip im c a vo cho mi mt im ca 8 im cm
ti c hai pha NT ln TE. Mi mt cp hai im phi cn c s truyn cn bng
theo mi mt hng. Cc im tip xc ny c s dng kt ni u cp cp xon
i n t TE v NT

Cc chi tit k thut cn cho kh nng cp ngun tu theo ng dng. Chiu ca
ngun c truyn tu thuc vo ng dng. N c th c thit k cp ngun t
mng ti cc u cui ( v d duy tr cc dch v c bn v thoi cho d mt ngun
in li ti khu vc a phng ) . Hai kh nng c nhn thy da ngun t
NT ti TE ( hnh 7.2 )

3
3
Cc u truy cp cng loi c s dng truyn 2 chiu tn hiu s ( ngun nui
gc v sink 1 )
Trn cc dy thm vo , dng u truy cp g-h

Hai u cn li khng c s trong cu hnh ISDN nhng c th s dng trong cc
cu hnh khc . V th giao din vt l ISDN cha 6 dim tip xc

Bng 7.1 Cc tip xc c dng cho kt ni vt l ISDN ( ISO 8887 )
Kt ni TE NT
A
B
C
F
E
D
G
H

Power source 3
Power source 3
Transmit
Receive
Receive
Transmit
Power sink 2
Power sink 2
Power sink 3
Power sink 3
Receive
Transmit
Transmit
Receive
Power source 2
Power source 2

Hnh 7.2 Cu hnh chun truyn tn hiu v ngun ti normal mode

4
4

Khung v hp knh

Cu trc truy cp c s cha hai knh B 64-Kb/s v mt knh D 16-Kb/s . Cc
knh ny hp li thnh tc 144-Kb/s , c hp knh to thnh giao din 192-Kb/s
ti im tham chiu S hoc T . Nh vy dung lng cn li c s dng thay i
khung v cc mc ch ng b

Khun dng khung :

Bt k phng php ghp knh chia thi gian c ng b ( TDM ), truyn dn
truy cp ng b c cu trc lp li vi di khung c nh. Trong trng hp ny,
mi khung c di 48 bit; tc 192 kbps, khung cn lp li tc 250s /
khung. Hnh 7.8 ch ra cu trc ca khung ; khung trn c truyn bi mng ( NT1
hoc NT2 ) ti thit b u cui thu bao ( TE ); khung di c truyn t TE ti NT1
hoc NT2. Khung ng b ho l mi khung c truyn t TE ti NT s chm hn
khung theo hng truyn ngc li l 2 bit thi gian.

Hnh 7.3 Cu trc khung ti im tham chiu T hoc S

Mi khung 48 bit gm 16 bit t 1 trong 2 knh B v 4 bit t knh D. Bit cn li
c gii thich nh sau. Chng ta s tho lun v cu trc khung trong hng truyn t
TE ti NT. Mi khung bt u l 1 bit lun lun c cho l 1 xung dng. Tip theo
l l 1 bit cn bng ( L ) , n c t l 1 xung m ti in p cn bng. Mu F-l
lm ng b ho my thu thi im bt u 1 khung. Mt iu chc chn l, sau v

5
5
tr 2 bit u tin, th bit 0 s c m ho l 1 xung m. Sau , quy lut ga tam
phn s c xem xt. 8 bit tip theo ( B1 ) th t knh B u tin. iu ny c thc
hin bi bit cn bng mt chiu ( L ). Tip theo l l 1 bit t knh D, cng vi bit cn
bng ca chnh n. V 1 bit b tr khung (F
A
), n c t bng 0 nu n khng
c s dng trong cu trc a khung, c gii thich sau y. Tip theo l bit cn
bng khc ( L ), 8 bit ( B2 ) t knh B th 2, v li 1 bit cn bng khc. Sau , l cc
bit t knh D, knh B th nht, ri li n knh D, knh B th 2 , v knh D. Mi
nhm cc knh ny u c 1 bit cn bng.

Cu trc khung trong truyn dn t NT ti TE ging vi khung trong truyn
dn t TE ti NT . Nhng bit mi s thay th mt s bit cn bng mt chiu(dc). Bit
vng li knh D ( E ) l s truyn ngc li bi NT ca hu ht D bit thu c t
TE . Mc ch ca vic ny c trnh by sau y. Bit kch hot (A ) c s dng
kch hot hay khng kch hot 1 TE, cho php thit b tr nn nh hn hoc b thay
th bi phng thc tiu th t nng lng hn. Bit N thng c t bng 1. Bit N v
M c th c s dng trong cu trc a khung. Cn bit S th c dnh cho yu cu
tiu chun ho khc trong tng lai.

S sp thng hng khung:

m bo rng ma pht ( NT hoc TE ) v my thu ( TE hoc NT ) khng b
tng ra khi hng, cu trc khung bao gm c s c tnh vi phm ca m gi tam phn.
My thu kim tra s vi phm ny m bo rng s thng hng vn c duy tr . Hai
s vi phm l
Bit F u tin: Bit ny lun lun l dng. Khung c cu trc nh vy bt zero
cui cng l dng.
Bit zero u tin sau bit L u tin: C 2 bit ny u mang cc m. L do vi phm
th 2 ny xut hin bit F
a
on cui cng .

Cu trc a khung

Mt c im c b sung gn y ca giao din c bn ban u l s cung
cp thm knh cho ng truyn t TE ti NT, gi l knh Q. Hin nay, knh Q cn
phc v cho mc ch nghin cu. Tuy nhin, phin bn ca I.430 hin nay cung cp
cho knh Q mt cu trc. (Bng 7.2) . b sung cho knh Q, mt cu trc a khung
c thit lp bng cch t bit M bng 1 trong tt c cc khung th 20. Trong
ng truyn t NT ti TE , bit Fa trong cc khung th 5 l bit Q. V vy c 20
khung th c 4 bit Q.

Thng thng, trong hng truyn t NT ti TE bit Fa c t l s nh phn
0 , N bit tip theo c t bng 1 . ng nht v tr ca bit Q trong ng
truyn t TE ti NT, th bit Fa/N tng ng vi ng truyn NT-TE phi c o
ngc. ( Fa= 1 , N = 0 ).


6
6
Bng 7.1 Nhn dng v tr bit Q v cu trc a khung

S khung NT-TE
Bit M
NT-TE
V tr F
a
bit
TE-NT
V tr F
a
bit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
etc
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
Q1
0
0
0
0
Q2
0
0
0
0
Q3
0
0
0
0
Q4
0
0
0
0
Q1
0

Gii quyt tranh chp cho cu hnh nhiu ng r

Cu hnh nhiu ng r

Trong cu hnh a im ra, vi giao din truy cp c bn, khng th c nhiu
hn 1 thit b TE cu hnh bus th ng. n gin nht l cu hnh im ti im,
ch c 1 TE. Trong cu hnh ny, khong cch ln nht gia NT v TE cho php l 1km.
Cu hnh th 2 l 1 b th ng thng thng ,n cho php a im ra. Loi cu hnh
ny chu s gii hn v khong cch. N c thc hin bng cch l mt tn hiu c
xc nh trc v cng .

Khi 2 thit b trao i d liu qua ch ni, cng tn hiu ca my pht c
hiu chnh sao cho trong khong gii hn. Tn hiu phi mnh , sau khi b suy gim
tn hiu qua cc mi trng, n tho mn yu cu cng tn hiu nh nht my
thu v duy tr t l S/N ( tn hiu trn nhiu). Mt khc, tn hiu cng khng c
qu mnh dn n s qu ti trn mch ca my pht, m n c hiu ng iu ho v
tuyn tnh. Vi lin kt im ti im, yu t ch yu c tnh n l di ng
truyn. Vi kt ni a im ra, mi im trn bus b mt v mo dng. Vi tc d

7
7
liu cho trc v mi trng truyn dn, mt ng a im ra phi ngn hn 1 ng
dn t im ti im. Cho giao din truy cp a im ra, CCITT quy nh khong cch
ln nht gia 100 v 200 m c nhiu nht 8 TE ni ti 1 im bt k dc theo ng
truyn.

Hnh 7.4 Cu hnh ng dy giao din c s

di ca bus th ng ngn c gii hn bi s kh nhau v thi gian tr hon
tn hiu truyn. V thit b c ni vi nhiu im khc nhau, My thu NT phi phc
v cho cc xung ti vi thi gian tr khc nhau t cc thit b u cui khc nhau.

Cu hnh cui cng, c minh ho trn hnh 7.4d, l cu hnh sao. Cu hnh ny
cho php nhiu TE nhng ch cn 1 dy ni im vi im. Cng cu hnh ny, NT1
cn bao gm logic s nhm cung cp s hot ng lp li ca knh D. NT1 phi

8
8
truyn cc bit lp li ging nhau qua tt c cc ng truyn t NT1 ti TE . Gi tr
ca bit lp li l 0 nu bit ti D l 0 ; ngc li l 1. V pha mng, NT1 phi
c ho vo ng truyn t tt c TE t i 1 chui n 192 Kb/s.

Gii quyt tranh chp

Vi cu hnh hnh 7.4b v 7.4c, c 1 vn cn tho lun. Chc nng gii
quyt tranh chp i hi khi s dng nhiu thit b u cui TE1 chia s trn cng mt
ng vt l ( hnh 7.4 ) . C 3 loi vn chuyn cn c xem xt :
Vn chuyn trn knh B : Khng c chc nng thn vo no phi cn iu khin
truy cp trn 2 knh B bi v mi mt knh c chuyn cho 1 TE ti mt thi im
cho trc
Vn chuyn knh D li vo : Knh D c kh nng s dng bi tt c cc thit b
cho c bo hiu iu khin ln truyn cc gi tin v v th c kh nng xy ra
tranh chp. Kiu a ch LAPD c xc nh ti chng sau cho php tm kim
cc ch thch hp cho mi mt n v d liu . l do mi khung LAPD cha
mt a ch r rng ca thit b u cui TE . Tt c cc TE ti cc trm thu bao
c th c cc a ch ny v xc nh xem liu khung d liu n c phi l cho
chng hay khng.
Vn chuyn knh D li ra : Truy cp phi lin tc sao cho ti mt thi im ch mt
thit b c th truyn . y l mc tiu c gii php thut ton chng tranh chp

Gii php thut ton chng lin tc tranh chp truyn qua knh D sao cho thng tin
bo hiu cho bc u tin ( u tin loi 1 ) qua tt c cc loi khc nhau ca thng tin (
u tin loi 2 ) . Thut ton gii quyt tranh chp knh D c mt s yu t sau:

1. Khi thit b thu bao khng c khung LAPD truyn, n s truyn mt chui
cc s nh phn 1 trn knh D. S dng cch gii m gi tam phn, n tng
thch vi s thiu dng tn hiu.
2. Ti NT , trong cng thc ca 1 bit knh D, cho tr li gi tr nh phn ging nh
l vic lp li 1 bit knh D ( hnh 7.5).
3. Khi 1 thit b u cui sn sng truyn mt khung LAPD, n s kim tra chui bit
lp li ti knh D. Nu n d thy mt chui cc bit m di bng vi gi tr
ban u X
i
, th n c th truyn ngc li, thit b u cui s cho rng mt s
thit b khc ang truyn, v i.
4. C mt iu c th xy ra rng mt s thit b ang kim tra chui lp li v bt
u truyn cng mt thi gian, gy ra s va chm. gii quyt vn ny,
1 my pht TE s kim tra bit lp li v so snh chng vi bit c truyn.
Nu c s khng thng nht c tm ra th thit b u cui khng truyn na v
kim tra trng thi.

c tnh in ca giao din ( vi d bit 1 = thiu tn hiu , thit b s dng
pht 1 bit 0 s c quyn cao hn hn thit b s dng pht bit 1 trong cng

9
9
mt thi gian ). S sp sp ny m bo cho thit b hon thnh vic truyn tn hiu
ca n.

Hinh 7.5 Contention Resolution

Thut ton bao gm c mt c ch u tinda trn gi tr ban u X
i
, thng tin
bo hiu c u tin hn thng tin gi . Trong mi lp u tin, mt tram ban u c
u tin sau s gim mc u tin ca mnh sau khi truyn. N vn duy tr mc u
tin thp cho n khi tt c cc thit b u cui khc c truyn. Gi tr X
i
c
cho nh sau:
Thng tin bo hiu
Mc u tin thng X
i
= 8
Mc u tin thp hn X
i
= 9
Thng tin bo hiu
Mc u tin thng X
i
= 10
Mc u tin thp hn X
i
= 11

Hnh 7.6 ch ra 1 v d v cch gii quyt tranh chp. 3 thit b TE (A, B and
C ) u c gng s dng knh D. Min l tt c cc bit 0 v 1 tt c cc
ngun l ng nht vi nhau. Ngay khi 1 ngun nhn thy 1 bit 0 trn knh E khi
n c truyn, v s nh phn 1 trn knh D v tr thch hp , th ngun ny s
dng li khng truyn na.

Ni tm li mi mt TE duy tr 2 gi tr u tin X
1
v X
2
, ph hp vi cc
thng tin bo hiu v khng bo hiu c truyn trn knh D . Mi mt trong cc gi
tr ny c khi ng ti mc u tin thng thng . Khi mt TE c knh thng tin
D lp i truyn , n phi ch i cho n khi no n thy 1 chui cc bt 1 trn
knh E bng X
i
th n truyn. iu ny c thc hin do s ph hp v gi tr u
tin c t ti bc u tin thp hn

khi phc bc u tin thng thng , mt TE phi lng nghe tm s lin tc
bit 1 . Khi TE quan st thy mt chui cc bit 1 trn knh E bng vi gi tr
ca bc u tin thp ( tc l gi tr ln nht ) th n thay bch u tin sap cho tr li
gi tr mc thng thng ca bc u tin.

10
10

Hnh 7.6 V d v gii php chng tranh chp

7.3 Tc s cp ca cc giao dn mng

Giao din s cp , ging nh giao din c bn, ghp c nhiu knh thng qua
1 mi trng truyn dn n, giao din s cp , ch cho php cu hnh im ti im.
c bit, giao din ny tn ti im tham chiu T vi 1 PBX s hoc thit b tp
trung iu khin nhiu TE v cung cp 1 phng tin ng b TDM cho truy cp ti
ISDN. Hai tc c nh ngha giao din s cp ny l 1.544Mbps v 2.048
Mbps.

Giao din vi tc 1.544 Mb/s

Giao din ISDN tc 1.544Mbps da trn cu trc truyn dn DS1 Bc M,
m n s dng dch v truyn dn T1. Hnh 7.7a minh ho dng khung tc d
liu ny. Chui bit ny c cu trc lp li 193 bit / khung . Mi khung gm
24 8-bit khe thi gian v 1 bit khung . Nhng khe thi gian c lp li qua nhiu
khung to thnh 1 knh. tc 1.544 Mbps, cc khung lp li tc 125sec,
hay 8000 khung mi dy. V vy mi knh h tr tc 64kbps. c bit, cu trc
truyn dn c s dng h tr 23 knh B v 1 knh D. Nh tho lun trong
chng 6 , mt quy nh khc c thit lp , bao gm 24 knh B v tp trung mt s
lng ln cc knh H .

11
11

Hnh 7.7 Khun dng khung tc s cp

Mt bit khung c s dng cho ng b ho v mc ch iu khin khc. Mt cu
trc a knh gm 24 , mi khung 193 bit c t, bng 7.3 ch ra quy nh gi tr ca
bit 24 ca khung qua khung 24 ca a khung. Su bit tn hiu thng hng khung ,
vi m l 001011 , lp li cc a khung. Mc ch l cung cp mt dng ng b.
Nu v mt vi l do m my thu c mt hay nhiu hn mt bit khng ng nht vi
my pht , n s d tn hiu thng hng v s mt thng hng .

Cc bit to ra ging nh bit e
i
c th c s dng nh bit kim tra vng th
6 (CRC) ca khung. Cc bit cn li , t l bit m , thng khng phi l tiu chun ,
nhng chng c th c s dng tng lai. Dng m ho cho giao din
1.544Mbps l AMI s dng B8ZS.

Giao din c tc 2.048 Mbps.

Giao din ISDN vi tc 2.048 Mbps da trn cu trc truyn dn CCITT
cng mt tc . N c nh ngha chi tit trong G.704
4
.

Hnh 7.7b minh ho dng khung cho tc ny, chui bit c cu trc cho
lp li 256 bit cc khung. Mi khung gm 32 8-bit khe thi gian. Khe thi gian u
tin c s dng cho s to thnh khung v ng b, 31 khe thi gian cn li h tr
cho knh s dng. tc 2.048 Mbps , cc khung lp li c 125 sec mt ln,
hay 8000 khung mi second. V vy mi knh h tr tc 64 kbps. c bit, cu
trc truyn dn c s dng h tr 30 knh B v mt knh D. c tho lun
chng 7, mt quy nh khc c thit lp, nh 31 knh B v tp trung mt s lng
ln cc knh H.


12
12
Bng 7.3 Multiframe Structure for 1.544 Mbps Interface

F-Bits
Assignments

Multiframe
Frame
Number
Multiframe
Bit
Number
FAS See Note See 4.2.6

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

1
194
387
580
773
966
1159
1352
1545
1738
1931
2124
2317
2510
2703
2896
3089
3282
3475
3668
3861
4054
4247
4440

_
_
_
0
_
_
_
1
_
_
_
0
_
_
_
1
_
_
_
1
_
_
_
1

m
_
m
_
m
_
m
_
m
_
m
_
m
_
m
_
m
_
m
_
m
_
m
_

N
e
1
_
_
_
e
2
_
_
_
e
3
_
_
_
e
4
_
_
_
e
5
_
_
_
e
6
_
_

Bng 7.4 ch ra cch s dng cc bit trong khe thi gian 0. Mt khung tn hiu
thng hng chim t 2 ti 8 ch trong khe thi gian 0 catt c cc khung .Tn hiu ny,
l 0011011, c s dng sp thng hng cho cc khung ca giao din 1.544 Mbps. Bit
S
i
c th c s dng cho vic to ra 4 bit m kim tra vng, c gii thch trong on
tip theo. Bit A c th c s dng cho s bo hiu t xa; trong iu kin nguy cp, n
c t l 1. Bit S
ai
l bit thay th m khng c nh ngha.


13
13
Bng 7.4 Allocation of Bits 1 to 8 of the Frame in 2.048 Mbps Interface

Bit
Number
Alternate
Frame

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

S
I

0

0

1

1

0

1

1
Frame
containing
The frame-
alignment
signal

Note 1

Tn hiu xp thng hng khung

S
i

1

A

S
a4

S
a5

S
a6

S
a7

S
a8
Frame not
contain-ing the
frame-
alignment
signal

Note 1

Note2

Note 3

Note 4

Bng 7.5 Multiframe Structure for 2.048 Mbps Interface

Bits 1 to 8 of the Frame Sub-mul-
tiframe
(SMF)

Frame
Number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

I

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

C
1
0
C
2
0
C
3

1
C
4

0

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

0
A
0
A
0
A
0
A

1
S
a4
1
S
a4

1
S
a4
1
S
a4

1
S
a5

1
S
a5
1
S
a5
1
S
a5

0
S
a6
0
S
a6
0
S
a6
0
S
a6

1
S
a7
1
S
a7
1
S
a7
1
S
a7

1
S
a8
1
S
a8
1
S
a8
1
S
a8

M
U
L
T
I
F
R
A
M
E

II

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

C
1
0
C
2
0
C
3

1
C
4

0

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

0
A
0
A
0
A
0
A

1
S
a4
1
S
a4

1
S
a4
1
S
a4

1
S
a5

1
S
a5
1
S
a5
1
S
a5

0
S
a6
0
S
a6
0
S
a6
0
S
a6

1
S
a7
1
S
a7
1
S
a7
1
S
a7

1
S
a8
1
S
a8
1
S
a8
1
S
a8

Note 1 : E = CRC-4 bit xc nh li.
Note 2 : S
a4
- S
a8
= Spare bt.

14
14
Note 3 : C
1
-C
4
= Cyclic Redundancy Check 4 (CRC-4)bits.
Note 4 : A = Remote alarm indication.

Nu cn lm tng kh nng kim tra li, mt cu trc a khung, c minh ho
trong bng 7.5 , c th c s dng. Gi tr ca 4 bit m CRC c t v tr bit
u tin ca cc khung khc nhau. Hai bit E c s dng bo hiu tr li cho
pha cn li l li CRC c tm thy, bng cch t gi tr nh phn ca 1 bit E
t 1 v 0 cho mi nn ca a khung b li. M ho dng cho giao din
2.048Mbps l AMI s dng HDB3.

7.3 Giao din U

Trong phn ny , chng ta nhn li chun ANSI T1.601 cho giao din U tr
gip tc c s ca truy cp ISDN . Nh trong phn 3.3 tho lun v k thut m
ho cho giao din ny.

Cu trc truy cp c s bao gm 2 knh B tc 64-Kb/s v 1 knh tc
16-Kb/s . Cc knh ny sinh ra tc 144-Kb/s v c phn knh to thnh giao din
tc 160-Kb/s ti im tham chiu U. Dung lng cn li c s dng bin i
khung v ng b.

Khun dng khung

Vi kiu phn knh TDM , truyn dn truy cp tc c s c cu trc thnh
cc khung c c trng lp li v di khng i. Trong trng hp ny , mi mt
khung bao gm 240 bit , t tc truyn dn 160-Kb/s . Cc khung phi c lp
li vi tc ca mi khung sau mt 1.5 msec. Hnh 7.8 ch ra cu trc khung bao
gm 3 phn :

T ng b : 9 k hiu u tin ( 18 bit ) ca mt khung to thnh 1 t ng b , vi
cc k hiu trc giao theo mt trnh t ( +3 +3 -3 -3 -3 +3 3 +3 +3 ) , hy tht
ch n trnh t ny. T ny cho php my thu d dng ng b khi bt u ca
mi mt khung
D liu ngi dng : Tip theo , 12 nhm ca mi mt nhm 18 bit mang d liu
knh D v knh B , nh minh ho ti phn pha di ca hnh 7.8
Knh M : 16 bit cui ca khung to thnh 1 knh M tc 4-Kb/s bo tr v
cc mc ch khc

Ch rng , s xen k cc bit B v D l khc nhau ti giao din vi im tham
chiu U ( 8 B1, 8B2, 2 D ) vi cc im tham chiu ti S v T ( 8 B1, D , 8 B2 , D ).
Bi v tc knh d liu phi cng vi tc ca tt c 3 im tham chiu. This
presents a min bufferring problem. Thit b NT1 c trch nhim bin i khun dng
gia 2 gi tin


15
15

Hnh 7.8 Khung truyn 2B1Q
Cu trc a khung

Cu trc a khung c bn c t ch thnh cc siu khung bao gm 8 khung
cho mi siu khung, nh ch ra trong bng 7.6 . Khung u tin trong 1 siu
khung c nhn dng bi s o phn cc ca t ng b trong khung , vi mu ( -3
-3 +3 +3 +3 -3 +3 -3 -3 ) . Bn trong siu khung , c 48 bit M , chng c s
dng cho cc mc ch khc nhau. Hu ht cc cc khung u s dng 1 khun dng
12-bit CRC kim tra li. Bng 7.7 cho ta s so snh ca giao din tc c s ti
im tham chiu U v im tham chiu S/T.

Bng 7.6 K thut siu a khung 2B1Q

V tr
trc bit
giao
Khung
1-9
1-18
2B+D
10-117
19-234
118s
235
118m
236
119s
237
119m
238
120s
239
120m
240
Siu khung
#
Khung
c s #
T
sync.
2B+D M
1
M
2
M
3
M
4
M
5
M
6

16
16

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B, C, ..

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW

2B+D
2B+D
2B+D
2B+D
2B+D
2B+D
2B+D
2B+D

eoc
a2
eoc
dm

eoc
13
eoc
16

eoc
a1
eoc
dm

eoc
13
eoc
16

eoc
a3

eoc
11

eoc
14

eoc
17

eoc
a2

eoc
11
eoc
14

eoc
17

eoc
a3

eoc
12

eoc
15

eoc
18

eoc
a3

eoc
12
eoc
15

eoc
18

Act
Dea
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
crc
1

crc
3
crc
5
crc
7
crc
9
crc
11

1
fbe
crc
2
crc
4
crc
6
crc
8
crc
10
crc
12

Act = Activation bit
Crc = kim tra d tha vng khc phc 2B & M
Dea = deactivation bit
Eoc = embeed operatin channel

Bng 7.7 Comparison of Basic Rate Interface Physical Layer Standards(KESS90)

CCITT I.430 ANSI T1.601
Reference point S or T U
Devices TE1/TA to NT NT1 to LE
Distance 1km 5.5 km
Physical configuration Point-to-point or point-
to-multipoit
Point-to-point
Bit rate 192kbps 160kbps
User dara rate 144kbps 144kbps
Line code Pseudoternary 1B1Q
Signaling rate 192kbaud 80kbaud
Maximum voltage +-750mV +-205V
Timing source NT LE
Number of wire pairs 2 1
Full-duplex method One wire paor for each
direction
Echo cancellation
Interleaving scheme B1
8
D
1
B2
8
D
1
(twice per frame)
B1
8
B2
8
D
2
(12 time per frame)
Number of bits per
frame
48 240
Number of bits user
data
36 216
Number of bits over-
head
12 24
Number of frames/sec 4,000 666,666

Subscript indicates the number of contiguous bits that are sent on B1,B2 and D chanels


17
17
7.4 Tm tt

Lp vt l c bit cho ISDN c chia thnh 2 phn : 1 cho truy cp c bn v 1
cho truy cp ban u. Tc tuy cp c bn h tr 2 knh Bv 1 knh D cho tc d
liu s dng 144kbps. im tham chiu S v T, giao din a ra 1 cu trc khung
hot ng tc 192 kbps h tr cho 3 knh s dng cng thm s qu ti v bit
bo v. M gi tam phn c s dng. Mt kt ni vt l 8 chn c nh ngha.

Tc c bn hot ng l 1.544v 2.048 Mbps. Giao din 1.544 Mbps dng m
AMI vi B8ZS . Giao din 1.544 Mbps dng m AMI vi HDB3.

Mc d CCITT khng a ra s gii thiu ISDN cho giao din U , ANSI a ra 1
tiu chun v hu b ting vng v m dng 2B1Q 160 kbps h tr cho tc giao
din c bn.

Chng 8
Lp lin kt d liu

i vi truyn thng s th bn trn lp vt l cn phi c mt giao thc iu
khin lin kt d liu. CCITT v ITU-T nh r giao thc iu khin lin kt d liu
cho knh D. Giao thc ny cn gi l LAPD, n c s dng cho vic truyn thng
gia cc thu bao v mng kt ni. Hu ht cc ti knh D u s dng giao thc ny,
cn i vi cc ti knh B th c mt vi im khc. Vi mng chuyn i gi tin th
LAPD dng kt ni mt thu bao vi mt nt chuyn mch khc. Cn i vi mt
b chuyn mch th tn ti mt u cui gia hai thu bao v chng t do s dng bt c
giao thc no mc kt ni iu khin lin kt d liu. Tuy nhin, giao thc iu khin
lin kt d liu lin h gia hai ISDN c nh sn. Nm 1988, gii thiu giao thc
mi I.465/V.120 c dng cho cc b thch ng u cui m c bn u da vo vic
s dng giao thc iu khin lin kt d liu tng t nh LAPD. Giao thc ny cho php
kt ni cc b a hp mt cch logic qua knh D gia hai ngi s dng. Da vo tiu
chun ra t nm 1988 m CCIT qui nh kh nng lm vic, cho php gi l sn
tip m. I.465/V120 c coi nh mt bc tin xa. Sn tip m da trn giao thc
iu khin lin kt d liu n va cho php kt ni cc b a hp mt cch logic qua
knh B va cho php kt ni vi nhng ngi s dng khc nhau. Chnh v th, sn tip
m m bo cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi vn hnh c lp lin kt d liu

8.1 LAPD

Hu ht lu lng ti thng tin trn knh D u s dng giao thc LAPD lp
lin kt, c nh sn l I.441/Q921. u tin ta xem xt cc dch v m LAPD cung
cp cho lp mng v sau xem xt mt vi s bin i ca giao thc ny

Cc dch v

LAPD dng truyn ti thng tin gia 3 lp i tng d liu qua mng
truyn thng s a dch v ( ISDN ) s dng knh D. Dch v LAPD c th ph tr
cho:
Cc u cui song song mng lp t cho ngi s dng (xem hnh 7.4)
Ba lp i tng d liu song song (X25 lp3 .I451/ Q931)

Chun LAPD cung cp 2 dng dch v n ngi s dng: l dch v truyn ti
khng ghi nhn thng tin v dch v truyn ti ghi nhn thng tin

1. Dch v truyn ti thng tin khng ghi nhn: ch n gin l truyn ti sn
cha ng d liu m khng ghi nhn. Dch v ny bo m rng d liu ca mt
ngi s dng s khng b ln vo d liu ca ngi s dng khc. Dch v ny
khng c bt c mt c cu iu khin qu trnh lm vic hoc gim st li N
b tr cho vic phn phi n 1 ngi s dng hoc truyn thng ( phn phi n
mt s ngi s dng ). Nhng n cng truyn d liu nhanh v hu dng i vi
th tc iu hnh v d nh tn hiu bo ng v tin nhn chuyn n ngi s
dng.
2. Cn truyn ti thng tin c ghi nhn ph bin hn v tng t nh dch v c
cung cp bi LAPB v HDLC. Vi dch v ny thit lp c s kt ni logic
gia 2 ngi s dng. C 3 qu trnh xy ra: thit lp ni, truyn d liu v kt
ni thit b cui. Trong sut giai on thit lp kt ni, 2 ngi s dng chp nhn
hon chuyn d liu ghi nhn. Mt ngi s dng a ra yu cu kt ni vi mt
ngi s dng khc.Nu pha bn kia khng bn th yu cu ny s c ghi nhn
mt cch chc chn v kt ni logic c thit lp. Trong trng hp thit yu, c
sn mt kt ni logic c ngha l s cung cp dch v LAPD cui mi s kt ni
s gi cho ng ca khung truyn c chuyn i v c nhn li gim st li
v iu khin qu trnh lm vic.

Trong sut qu trnh truyn d liu, LAPD bo m rng tt c cc khung truyn
s b phn phi sao cho chng c truyn i.Cn trong qu trnh kt ni thit b cui 1
trong 2 ngi s dng yu cu kt ni mt cch logic

Tnh cht c bn ca giao thc LAPD

Giao thc LAPD oc m phng sau khi giao thc LAPB c s dng trong
X25 v trn HDLC. C thng tin ngi dng, thng tin iu khin giao thc v cc
tham s u c truyn dn trn khung truyn. Tong ng vi 2 loi dch v c cung
cp bi LAPD th c 2 loi vn hnh:

Vn hnh theo kiu khng ghi nhn: thng tin lp 3 c truyn ti trn cc
khung khng s. B d tm li c s dng loi b hng hc trn khung nhng
li khng c b kim sot li v iu khin qu trnh lm vic
Vn hnh theo kiu c ghi nhn : thng tin lp 3 c truyn ti trn khung bao
gm nhng s trnh t v chng c s dng ghi nhn. Th tc iu khin li
v iu khin lung c cha trong giao thc ny. Loi dch v ny cng c nh
x n mt chun trong vn hnh a khung.

Hai loi vn hnh (hot ng ) trn c th tn ti ng thi trn 1 knh D n l
Vi vn hnh xc nhn, n c th tr ng thi tr gip cho nhiu kt ni logic LAPD.
iu ny tng t nh kh nng ca X.25 mc 3 c th b tr cho nhiu mch
o.

Cu trc khung truyn

Hu ht thng tin ngi dng v cc cc bn tin giao thc u c chuyn i
di dng khung truyn. Hnh 8.1 m t cu trc mt khung truyn ca LAPD.


Hnh 8.1 Khun dng LAPD

Ta xem xt mt trong s cc trng sau y:

1. Trng c:

Trn khung truyn H91 th trng c l hai byte u v cui vi m hnh
duy nht 01111110 . Mt c n c th c dng nh l mt c ng cho
khung th nht v l c m cho khung tip theo. Trn c hai pha ca giao din
mng-ngi dng, pha thu tm kim c tip theo ng b ho vi c m ca
khung. Khi nhn mt khung truyn th trm thu tip tc d c tip theo xc nh
im cui ca khung truyn. Do giao thc ny cho php biu din tu cc m
hnh bit ( Tc l khng c s hn ch no trong s cha ng ca trng bin thin
b p t bi giao thc kt ni.)

Vic m hnh 01111110 s khng xut hin mt s ni trn khung truyn
khng ly g lm chc chn, do vy s ng b c th b ph v. trnh iu ny,
ngi ta dng mt th tc gi l s nhi bit . Gia s truyn dn ca c ng v
c m, b pht lun chn thm mt bt 0 b sung sau mi ln gp nhm 5 bt
1 trn khung tn hiu. Sau khi tm thy c m, b thu s kim tra chui bit. Khi
mt m hnh gm 5- bit xut hin ngi ta kim tra bit th 6. Nu bit ny l 0 th
xo, nu bit ny l 1 v bit th 7 l bit 0 th s kt hp ny c chp nhn
nh l mt c. Nu c hai bit 6 v 7 u l 1 th bn pht s xc nhn mt iu
kin kt thc. Do vic nhi bit m m hnh bit tu c th c chn vo trng d
liu ca khung. c tnh ny c gi l d liu trong sut. Hnh 8.2 ch ra mt th
d v s nhi bit,ch vo trng hp u tin trong hai trng hp, bit b sung 0
khng tht cn thit phi loi b trong mu c nhng i vi vic vn hnh thut ton
th li rt cn thit. Hnh ny cng minh ho nhng vn ca bit nhi khi mt c
s dng c c ng v c m, bit 1 li hp nht hai khung truyn thnh mt.
Ngc li n c th chia 1 khung thnh 2.

2. Trng a ch :

LAPD phn phi di hai mc dn knh. u tin pha cc thu bao c th c
nhng thit b s dng oc phn chia cng mt giao din vt l. Th hai l bn
trong mi mt thit b s dng c nhiu loi ti thng tin:loi c bit, d liu
chuyn mch gi v tn hiu iu khin. thch ng vi hai mc dn knh, LAPD
s dng hai phn a ch, c th l nhn dng thit b u cui n nht, mt thit b
c th c gn cho nhiu TEI. l trng hp b tp trung u cui. Php gn
TEI hoc l c thc hin t ng hoc l c thc hin c hc bi chnh ngi s
dng. i vi trng hp s dng bng c hc th lu rng nhiu thng tin ca cc
thit b ph tr a n giao din khng ging nh TEI. Tin li ca ch t ng
l n cho php ngi s dng thay i, b sung v xo i mt vi thit b m khng
cn phi khai bo cho mng qun l. Nu khng c tnh nng ny th mng s phi
iu khin mt c s d liu cho tng thu bao v vic cp nht phi thc hin mt
cch th s. Bng 8.1 ch ra php gn mt s TEI.

Thit b nhn dng truy cp u cui SAPT xc nh lp 3 ca LAPD,do vy tng
ng vi i tng lp 3 bn trong thit b s dng Bng 8.1a ch ra 4 gi tr c bit
thng c gn:
Gi tr 0 : S dng cho th tc gim st cuc gi iu khin chuyn mch
knh B
Ga tr 16: Dnh ring cho truyn thng mode gi trn knh D s dng X25 mc 3
Gi tr 63: S dng cho hon chuyn d liu lp 2 trong vic qun l thng tin.
Gi tr 1 l php gn gn y nht (1984) s dng cho truyn thng mode gi s
dng I451/Q.931. iu ny c dng cho tn hiu thng tin gia hai ngi s
dng.
Cui cng l di gi tr t 32-62 c dnh ring cho vic b tr kt ni sn tip
m nh m t phn 93

C nhiu gi tr SAPI trong 1 TEI l n nht. C ngha l vi mi TEI c 1 i
tng lp 3 duy nht a ra cho SAPT. Do vy TEI v SAPI lun cng nhn dng
lp 3 pha thu bao v nhn dng kt ni logic mt cch n nht.Vi ni dung ca
ti liu ny th s kt hp gia TEI v SAPI nh l mt nhn dng kt ni lin
kt d liu. bt c thi im no, LAPD cng c th cp nht c nhiu kt ni
logic vi mt nhn dng kt ni d liu ( DLCI ) n nht. Do vy i tng lp 3
lun c duy nht mt kt ni logic LAPD. Hnh 8.3 a ra mt th d. N ch ra 5
kt ni logic c lp qua giao din knh D

Bng 8.1 SAPI v TEI

nh dng mt trng a ch c minh ho bng hnh 8.1b. C trng SAPI v
TEI u biu th a ch ca thu bao lp i tng 3. Trn ng truyn i tng
lp 3 cha ng nhng a ch ny trn khung. Khung truyn i t nhng mng cha
a ch trn v i tng ca LAPD s dng nhng a ch ny a li cho d liu
s dng nhm tng ng vi i tng lp 3. Hn th na trng a ch ny cn
bao gm t s ( bit iu khin / bit p ng ). Gii thch mt cch y th tt c
nhng thng tin ca LAPD c dch ra thnh nhng bit lnh hoc bit p ng.
Nhng bit ny c s dng xc nh loi thng tin cha ng trn khung truyn.

Bng 8.2 Cc p ng v lnh LAPD

Name Command /
Responde
Description
Inormation (I ) C/R Trao i d liu ngi dng
Supervisory (S)
Received Ready (RR)

Received not Ready (RNR)

Reject (REJ)

C/R

C/R

C/R

Xc nhn v tr, nhn khung I tt ti v
tr
Xc nhn v tr, khung I hng cn pht li
ti v tr
Khng chp nhn, quay tr li N
Unnumbered (U)
Set Sync balance mode (SABME)
Disconnect mode (DM )

Unnumbered informatin (UI)

Disconnect (UA)
Unnumber Acknowledge ( UA )
Frame Reject (FRMR)
Exchange Identication ( XID)

C
R

C/R

C
R
R
C

Yu cu kt ni logic
Khng thit lp lin kt hoc kt ni bo
tri
S dng dch v truyn khng xc nhn
thng tin
Hu b kt ni logic
Ack cho SABME hoc DISC
Nhn bo co khng chp nhn khung
Trao i thng tin nhn dng

3. Trng iu khin:

LAPD nh ngha ba loi khung truyn, mi loi ng vi nh dng trng iu
khin khc nhau:
+ Khung truyn thng tin ( I-frames ): Mang d liu chuyn n ngi s
dng. Hn na, d liu iu khin qu trnh v gim st li s dng c ch
tin-li N-ARQ c th c ghp chng ln khung truyn thng tin ( I-
frames).
+ Khung gim st ( S-frames ): S dng c cu ARQ.
+ Khung khng s ( U-frames ): Cung cp nhng chc nng b sung iu
khin kt n v c dng h tr cho vn hnh thng tin khng ghi nhn.

Mt trong hai bt u tin ca trng iu khin l bit xc nhn loi khung truyn.
V tr bt c t chc thnh cc trng con nh ch ra trn hnh 8.1c. Tt c cc nh
dng ca trng iu khin u cha ng t s bit ( P/F ). i vi khung lnh th ( P/F
) ch bit P v c t bng 1 gi khung p ng t i tng ngang mc ca
LAPD. i vi khung p ng th ( P/F ) ch bit F v c t bng 1 ch th
d liu c truyn i t lnh gi.

4) Trng thng tin:

Trng thngtin ch c biu din trn khung truyn thng tin ( I-frame ) v
mt vi khung khng s ( U-frame). Trng ny c th cha ng mt vi chui
bit nhng phi l mt nhm 8 bt(octet). di cc i ca trng thng tin c
th bin thin ln n mt vi gi tr ti a m h thng nh sn. Trong
trng hp c c tn hiu iu khin v thng tin gi nh I.441/Q.921 th di
ln n 260 octet.

Hnh 8.3: Miu t tng quan mi quan h gia SAPI, TEI v nhn dng u cui data link

5. Trng kim tra trt t khung truyn (FCS)

FAS l m pht hin li t nhng bit nguyn gc ca khung truyn, khng
tnh bit c.M s dng l m CRC

Vn hnh ghi nhn thng tin

Vn hnh theo kiu ghi nhn thng tin ca LAPD bao gm s hon chuyn ca I -
frames, S-frames, v U-frames gia mt thu bao TE v mng thng qua knh D. Cc
nh ngha iu khin v p ng cho cc loi khung ny c lit k bng 9.2. m
t s vn hnh ca LAPD chng ta s tho lun 3 loi khung sau ny.

+ Thit lp kt ni: Mng hoc thu bao c th yu cu kt ni logic bng gi i mt
khung SABME. Ni chung iu ny p ng nhu cu t mt i tng lp 3.Khung
SABME cha ng TEI v SAPI ca i tng lp 3 yu cu kt ni. i
tng ngang mc LAPD nhn khung SABME v a ch th yu cu kt ni n
i tng lp 3 tng ng. Nu i tng lp 3 chp nhn kt ni th LAPD s
chuyn khung UA quay li pha bn kia. Khi pha kia nhn c UA, i tng LAPD
s hp thc ho yu cu ca ngi s dng. Nu ch cui t chi yu cu kt ni
th i tng LAPD ca n quay tr li khung DM v nhn i tng LAPD nh l
phn khng cn thit ca ngi s dng.

+ Chuyn i d liu: Khi yu cu kt ni c chp nhn v hp thc ho th vic lin
kt c thit lp. C hai bn gi d liu di dng khung truyn I -frame v bt
u bng mt chui s 0 . C trng N(S) v trng N(R) ca I-frame u l
cc dy s m c th b tr cho vic kim tra li v gim st qu trnh. i tng
LAPD s gi mt dy s modul 128 v chuyn chng ln N(S), N(R) c chng
ln nhau theo kiu c ghi nhn thng tin I -frame c nhn. N cn cho php
i tng LAPD nh du c cc s ca I -frame nhn c tip .
S-frame cng c th iu khin qu trnh v gim st li Ngi ta cn s dng
ca s trt iu khin qu trnh v gim st li tin li N-ARQ. Bng s nh du
khung thng tin tip theo RR c th ch th khung thng tin c nhn hay cha.
N ch c dng khi m khng c lu lng ti ngc mang thng tin c ghi nhn
b chng chp ln nhau. Khung thng tin RNR ghi nhn cng nh RR nhng li yu
cu i tng ngang mc treo ng truyn ca khung thng tin. Khi i tng
sn sng th n gi 1 khung RR. REJ khi to mt ARQ tin li N. N ch th rng
khung cui cng nhn c b chi b v vic ti truyn dn ca tt c mi khung
thng tin li bt u vi s lng N(R) c yu cu t trc.

+ S tho ni: i vi s tho ni th hoc l i tng LAPD c th khi to mt quy
trnh tho ni hoc l nu c mt vi li trnh t th trn chnh b khi to c s
tho ni, cn mt trng hp na l trong yu cu ca ngi s dng lp i tng
3 c sn s tho ni. i tng LAPD thng bo s tho ni trn mt kt ni xc
nh no bng cch gi 1 khung DISC n i tng ngang mc. i tng
c ly xa phi chp nhn s tho ni ny bng mt UA v lp s dng 3 ca n
thng bo rng vic kt ni kt thc. Bt c mt khung truyn thng tin no
khng ghi nhn u c th b mt v s phc hi ch c kh nng p ng lp trn
chng.


Hnh 8.4 Khung chi b ( FRMR )

+ Khung t chi ( FRMR ): Khung FRMR c dng nh du rng mt khung
truyn n khng thch hp ( Hnh 8.4 ). Trong mt chng mc no th n
xm phm n giao thc (H94). Mt hoc mt s cc trng hp sau c th xy ra:
+ Trng iu khin khng xc nh hoc khng c vn dng.
+ S-frame hoc U-frame khng ng.
+ nhn vo mt N(R) khng n nh (N(R) ch n nh khi n nm trong
di t dy s ca khung truyn ghi nhn cui cng n dy s ca khung
truyn pht i).
+ I-frames c trng thng tin vt qu chiu di cc i thit lp.
Mc ch ca FRMR l kt thc vic kt ni.Trn FRMR nhn vo,i tng
thu c gng ti thit lp s kt ni s dng th tc trc .

Khung nhn dng hon chuyn (XID) dng hon chuyn thng tin cho vic
iu hnh kt ni ca hai trm.Khi i tng ngang mc nhn c lnh XID th n tr
li bng mt XID p ng.Thng tin thc t hon chuyn phi nm trong phm vi
chun mc.

Mt s th d ca s vn hnh thng tin ghi nhn:

Hnh 8.5 gii thiu mt s v d nhm lm cho chng ta hiu bit hn v s vn
hnh ghi nhn. Tt c cc th d u dng th vi trc tung l trc thi gian. Mc
ch l ch ra c s ph thuc vo thi gian v minh ho c mi quan h gia
bn thu v bn pht. Mi mi tn biu din khung truyn pht i d liu lin kt gia TE
v NT. Ta cn thy li ch thch tn khung, gi tr bit P / bit F ( P/F ) v ni tng
ng, gi tr ca N(R) v N(S). t bit P hoc bit F bng 1 nu ch dn c trnh
by v t bng 0 nu khng c ch dn.


Hnh 8.5 V d v vn hnh LAPD

Hnh 8.5a ch ra nhng khung truyn tham gia vo thit lp kt ni v tho
ni. Trong th d ny, TE ang yu cu kt ni cc qu trnh tip theo xy ra tng t
nh NT yu cu kt ni. i tng lin kt d liu cho TE thng bo lnh SABME
cho pha bn kia v bt u tnh thi gian bng T200 ( xem bng 8.3 ). i tng
LAPD quay tr li UA p ng v thit lp vng bin thin v m n gi tr ban
u ca chng. i tng khi to nhn gi tr UA p ng, thit lp s bin thin v
b m, ngng ng h o thi gian. Kt ni logic by gi hot ng v hai bn c
th bt u truyn i cc khung, T200 ngng hot ng m khng c p ng. B khi
pht s lp li SABME nh minh ho. iu ny c lp li cho n khi UA hoc
DM c nhn hoc sau khi a ra mt s cy tm loi s ( N200). i tng khi to
thm nhp t chi v thng bo s c cho i tng iu khin. Trong trng hp ny
cn phi c lp trung gian cao hn. Hnh 8.5a ch ra th tc tho ni. Mt pha thng
bo lnh DISC v pha bn kia tr li bng mt p ng UA.

Bng 8.3: Cc tham s h thng LAPD

Tham s Gi tr mc nh Gii thch
T200
T201
T202
T203
N200
N201
N202
K
1 sec
=T200
2 sec
10 sec
3
260 octecs
3
1 cho 16-Kb/s bo hiu
3 cho 16-Kb/s gi
7 cho 64-Kb/s
Thi gian i ack trc khi khi ng khi phc
Thi gian min gia 2 TE nhn dng kim tra tin
Thi gian min gia 2 TE nhn dng yu cu tin
Rhi gian max khng c trao i khung
S max cc gi c truyn pht li 1 khung
Chiu di ti a ca trng thng tin
S max c pht li ca TEI nhn dng bn tin
S max I-frame ang out-standing

LAPD thc cht l s vn hnh theo mode cn bng c ngha l i tng
NT v TE c trng thi cn bng. Do vy c hai bn c th thm nhp thit lp mt
kt ni logic n TEI /SAPI cng mt thi im. Hnh 8.5b minh ho bng s
tn ti hai sn p ng n SAPME v sau thit lp kt ni logic.

Hnh 8.5c minh ho s trao i song cng ca I -frame. Khi i tng gi mt s
khung truyn thng tin di dng dy vi d liu khng chuyn th sau dy nhn
c lp li mt cch n gin (v d I, 1, 1: I. 2 trong vic chuyn trc tip t TE n
NT ). Khi mt i tng nhn c mt s khung truyn trn th sau nhng dy s
nhh c trong nhng khung khng truyn i tip theo phi phn x li cc hot tnh
tch lu ( v d I, 1, 3 trong truyn trc tip gia NT v TE). Ch rng ngi ta cn
b sung vo I-frame nhng khung truyn gim st.

Hnh 8.5d cho bit mt vn hnh ch tham gia trong iu kin bn. V d nh i
tng LAPD, hoc ngi s dng khng th x l c khung truyn thng tin nhanh
bng tc chuyn n. Trong trng hp khc i tng ca n nhn b m b sung
v phi dng qu trnh n ca khung truyn thng tin bng lnh RNR. v d ny,
TE thng bo mt lnh RNR yu cu NI dng qu trnh truyn dn ca khung
truyn thng tin. Trm nhn c lnh RNR s hi vng trm bn mt vi chu k
bng cch gi lnh RR hoc RNR. Khi trng thi bn ht TE quay li RR v khung
thng tin t NT c th bt u li.

Hnh 8.5e ch ra mt v d v vic khi phc nu c li s dng lnh REJ. y
TE truyn khung thng tin c nh s 3, 4 v 5, s 4 gp phi li. NT d li v hu
b khung truyn.Khi NT nhn c khung thng tin s 5 th li loi b khung ny, b
qua yu cu v gi mt lnh REJ vi N(R) l 4. iu lm cho i tng TE bt
u ti truyn dn tt c khung thng tin gi bt u t khung s 4. N c th tip
tc gi nhng khung b sung sau khi ti truyn dn khung truyn.

Hnh 8.5f ch ra v d v s khi phc nu c li s dng thi gian hn nh, v
d ny NT truyn dn khung thng tin s 3 nh l mt dy cc khung thng tin vo
sau. Khung gp li, NT d li v hu b n. Tuy nhin NT khng th gi c
REJ bi v khng c cch no bit c kt ni logic no khung hng c gi i
hoc liu c thc s l mt khung thng tin hay khng. Nu d trn khung truyn
thy c li th tt c cc bit ca khung truyn u b nghi ng v bn thu khng c
cch no tm np n. Tuy nhin bn pht bt u nh gi ( T200 ) nh l khung
c truyn i. Vic nh gi ny ko di ng nhp vi thi gian p ng. Khi vic
nh gi kt thc, trm khi to vic khi phc. N c thc hin bng cch hi vng
nhng pha khc bi lnh RR ( thit lp bit P ) quy nh trng thi ca cc sn
khc. Nu yu cu hi vng c p ng i tng s nhn khung truyn cha trng
N(R) v iu vn c th tip tc. Trong trng hp ny, p ng ch th rng khung 3
b mt v TE li ti truyn dn.

Nhng th d ny tuy khng y nhng cng a cho ngi c cch nhn
ng n v cch thc ca LAPD.

Vn hnh khng ghi nhn.

Vn hnh khng ghi nhn m bo hon chuyn d liu ngi dng m khng
cn kim tra li v gim st qu trnh. Ngi ta s dng knh truyn thng tin truyn
dn d liu. Khi ngi s dng LAPD mun gi d liu th n chuyn d liu n i
tng LAPD v i tng ny li cho d liu vo trng thng tin ca khung UI.Khi
khung ny c nhn th trng thng tin c a n cho ngi s dng u cui.Tuy
khng c s ghi nhn tr li sn khc nhng s vn hnh khng ghi nhn li loi b
c vic d li.

Chc nng qun tr.

C hai chc nng lin h vi iu khin kt ni m gn ton b vi i tng
LAPD ch khng phi l mt kt ni c th no hoc ngi s dng LAPD.Chng
c dng cho iu khin TEI v cc tham s giao dch.

+ Qun tr TEI:

Kh nng iu hnh TEI m bo cho vic gn TEI cthc hin mt cch
t ng. Nhng th tc ny c th c gi ra cho nhng dng c TE kt ni
mi y mt giao din mng ngi dng c bit no khng phi thit
lp gi tr TEI. S khi to vic gn TEI c kch hot bi 1 trong 2 trng
hp.Th nht l nu mt linh kin c ni vi giao din mng s dng v nhng
ngi dng th hoc c th chuyn i d liu khng ghi nhn hoc thit lp kt
ni logic th i tng LAPD treo ng yu cu cho n khi vic gn TEI c
thc hin. Th hai l pha ngi dng lp iu hnh i tng c th khi to th
tc gn TEI cho chnh m li ca n. Cn mt trng hp na l i tng s
dng LAPD truyn dn khung UI cng vi SAPI s 63, TEI s 127 v mt
trng thng tin cha ng 2 trng con: loi thng bo v loi ch dn s. Loi
thng bo dng ng nht cc yu cu. Loi ch dn s l mt s ngu nhin
s dng phn bit mt s yu cu ng nht song song vi cc linh kin ngi
dng khc nhau. Nu pha mng c th gn mt gi tr TEI trong khong 64 n
126 th n p ng bng mt khung UI, mt SAPI s 63, mt TEI s 127 v
mt trng thng tin bao gm 3 trng con: loi thng bo,ch dn s v th tc
ch th. Ch dn s c cn bng vi gi tr nhn vo t pha ngi dng, loi
thng bo c tnh ng nht v th tc ch th l gi tr TEI c gn. Nu mng
khng th gn TEI th n quay li UI vi loi thng bo bng vic ph nh tnh
ng nht nhn dng

Bng 8.4 Bn tin cho TEI th tc qun tr

Tn bn tin Chiu Tham s Miu t
Yu cu nhn
dng
User-> Net R
i
= random
A
i
= 127
Yu cu cp TEI t ng
Cp nhn
dng
Net -> user R
i
= match identity request
value
A
i
= TEI assignment (64-126)
Cp gi tr TEI
T chi nhn
Dng
Net -> user R
i
= match idn request value
A
i
=Denied TEI value (64-126)
T chi yu cu mng
Yu cu kim
tra nhn dng
Net -> user A
i
= TEI value to be check
A
i
= 127 ( check all value )
Cho php mng hoc thit
lp vi gi tr TEI ang dng
hoc cp TEI kp
Dp ng kim
tra nhn dng
User -> net A
i
= TEI value (64-126)
R
i
= Random
Dp ng bi thit b ngi
dng vi gi tr TEI
Tho b nhn
dng
Net -> user A
i
= TEI value ( 64-126)
A
i
=127 ( remove all TEI value)
Tho b cc gi tr TEI
Xc minh
nhn dng
User -> net A
i
= TEI value to be check
(0-126)
R
i
= 0
Cho phepa pha ngi dng
yu cu mng kim tra nhn
dng

b sung vo vic gn TEI t ng th c nhng th tc cho vic kim tra
gi tr ca php gn TEI ang tn ti v php gn TEI loi b. Nhng th tc ny
cng dng khung UI.

Bng 8.4 tng kt cc bn tin c dng cho qun tri TEI. 3 bn tin u tin
c tho lun. Bn tin yu cu kim tra nhn dng c s dng tai cc th tc kim
ton v khi phuc. N cho php pha mng thit lp 1 gi tr TEI no m ang dng
hoc tm ra cc thit b ngi dng c cp cng gi tr TEI. Khi mt bn tin kim tra
nhn dng c a vo bi mng, TE hoc cc TE
s
s lm cho ph hp p ng TEI
vi p ng bn tin kim tra nhn dng. Nu yu cu kim tra nhn dng c dnvi
mt ch th tng tc bng 127 th tt c cc TEI p ng. Th tc kim tra ny cng c
th ko theo 1 p ng ti 1 bn tin yu cu x minh t thit b ngi dng.

Nu pha mng xc nh rng gi tr TEI s l yu cu hu b kt ni, n s a
ra bn tin tho b nhn dng v thit b ngi dng thch hp s tho b TEI ca n v i
vo trng thi TEI cha c cp. Mng c th a ra 1 lnh nh vy nu n xc nh
rng 1 gi tr kp TEI ang tn ti.

Hnh 8.6 minh ho khun dng ca trng thng tin ca 1 khung UI - LAPD
mang bn tin qun tr TEI

Hnh 8.6 Trng thng tin UI cho bn tin qun tr TEI

S iu chnh thng s.

Kt hp vi vn hnh LAPD l cc thng s trng yu chc chn. Mi thng s
c gn mt gi tr mc nh mt chun mc no nhng s cung cp ny li
oc to ra t s iu chnh nhng gi tr khc. Cc thng s v gi tr mc nh ca
n c lit k bng 8.3. Nu i tng LAPD mun s dng h thng cc gi tr
khc nhau cho kt ni logic c th th n c th thng bo mt khung XID, vi
nhng gi tr mong mun cha ng trong cc trng con ca trng thng tin. Pha kia
p ng vi mt XID bao gm mt lot cc thng s gi tr ngang mc c th ph tr.
Mi gi tr phi nm trong khong gia gi tr mc nh v gi tr yu cu.

8.2 u cui thch nghi - ( TA )

Rt nhiu cc thit b truyn dn d liu ang tn ti khng tng thch vi cc
giao din, cc giao thc v cc tc ca ISDN. s dng lu di, cc thit b ny s
c lp vi cc giao din ISDN nhng cc thit b sn c ny phi c iu tit thch
nghi vi quy lut truyn. y l chc nng ca thit b u cui thch nghi ( TA ). v cn
bn, mt b chuyn u cui s nh x 1 thit b u cui khng phi l ISDN, mt
my tnh c nhn, b hp knh hoc modem vo trong 1 giao din ISDN. Cc my Fax,
in thoi analog cng c th c kt hp vo. Trong mi trng hp s chuyn i l
ln giao din ( 2B+D ) tc c bn.

Thc t c h cc b chuyn i u cui, mi mt loi dnh ring cho 1 loi
giao din khng l ISDN. Tt c cc thit b ny nh x cc c tnh v chc nng ca
mt thit b c th ti cc c tnh v chc nng ISDN. Ni chung, cc chc nng sau y
c thc hin:

Tc thch nghi: Mt lung d liu nh hn 64-Kb/s c nh x vo trong lung
d liu 64-Kb/s
Chuyn i bo hiu: Giao thc bo hiu ca thit b s c nh x vo trong giao
thc bo hiu ISDN, Q.931 chng hn rt nhiu thit b h tr cc giao din, nh
X.21 hoc EIA-232-D, cung cp 1 giao thc bo hiu trong di knh. Nhng bn tin
inband ny nht thit phi c chuyn i thnh cc bn tin Q.931 knh D
Chuyn di X.25: Cc chc nng ca cc thit b X.25 khng phi l ISDN s c
chuyn i hot ng trn cc knh B v/hoc knh D. Vic ny s lin quan n
c vic Iu chnh tc v chuyn i bo hiu.
Chuyn i giao din Vt l: Giao din ISDN gm 2 cp xon ti giao din S hoc T.
Giao din khng l ISDN phi c nh x ln giao din vt l ny.
S ho: Khi cc thit b analog th vic chuyn i tng t sang s l bt buc.

ph hp vi 1 s ln cc thit b hin c v nhu cu h tr cc ng dng c
chuyn di s cp ln chuyn i gi, ITU-T xy dng mt tp hp phc tp cc kh
nng c nh ngha trong Series cc khuyn ngh I.460. Bng 8.5 tng kt cc quy
trnh nh ngha trong series -I.460 v bng 8.6 so snh cc tnh cht ca cc phng
php khc nhau.

Bng 8,5 Tm tt cc quy trnh TA

Dch v ISDN Quy trnh TEI Cc giao din R Cc knh ISDN
c chuyn mch knh I.465/V.120 ( US)
I.463/V110 (Euro, Japan)
I.461/X.30
V,24/V.35
V.24/V.35
X.21
B, H
B
B
c chuyn mch gi I.462/X.31 - mode knh
I.462/X.31 - mode gi
X.25
X.25
B
B, D. H

B iu chnh thit b u cui c th l 1 thit b n l hoc 1 card my tnh c
nhn. Trong trng hp no i na, TA cng h tr bo hiu knh D ( Q.931 v Q.921 )
v mt qu trnh trn knh D s ch ra bn cht ca s iu chnh ny. B TA ny cho
php thit b u cui ( TE2 trn hnh 6.2 ) trao i qua ISDN vi 1 TE2 khc gn lin
vi TA kia. Mt TE2 cng c th trao i qua ISDN vi mt TE1. Trong c 2 trng
hp, c 2 i tc ny phi s dng cng 1 quy trnh knh B, chng hn nh V.110 hoc
V.120, lin h.

Bng 8.6 So snh cc chun ca TA

I.463/V.110& I.461/X.30 I.465/V.120 I.462/X.31
Dch v tI ISDN
iu chnh tc
Nhiu ch
Da trn HDLC
Hp knh B
Hot ng knh B
Pht hin li
Sa li
Kim sot vng
Dng ca DTE R
knh
1-3 giai on
khng
khng
khng
khng
khng c
khng c
hn ch ( bt X )
khng ng b/ng
b
knh
nhi c
khng
c
c LLI
khng
CRC-V.41
truyn lI
c - ca s trt
khng ng b / HDLC
/ bt trong sut

knh / gi
c nhi
c
c
c - VCN
c, dch v tI gi
CRC- V.41
truyn lI
c - ca s trt
ng b X.25

CRC = Kim tra d tha vng LLI = s nhn dng lin kt logic
DTE = Thit b u cui s liu PAD = ng/tho gi
VCN = S mch knh thc PA = B diu chnh thit b u cui

Chuyn i tc

Phng tin c bn ca vic truyn d liu ngi dng l knh B, hot ng ti
tc 64-Kb/s. Tuy nhin ngi ta mun c th h tr cc thit b thu bao trn knh B
hot ng ti cc tc d liu thp hn 64-Kb/s. C 2 l do cho vic ny: u tin l
do rt nhiu thit b hin c, chng hn nh cc thit b u cui, my tnh c nhn hot
ng ti cc tc nh hn 64-Kb/s. Sau na l vi cc u im ca vic hp knh.
Nh ta d ch ra, trong phin bn hin ti ca ISDN, ton b knh B l phn t c bn
ca chuyn mch knh. Tc l thm ch nu 1 knh B c chia 1 cch logic thnh 1 s
cc knh ph, th cc knh ph ny phi c ti trn 1 mch n l gia cng 1 cp thu
bao. Mc du vy, 1 thu bao c th c 1 vi thit b gn lin vi 1 giao din ISDN v
mun kt ni 2 hoc nhiu hn trong s chng ti cng 1 ch. Chng hn, ngi dng
c th mun kt ni n co quan ca mnh v s dng 1 my tnh c nhn v 1 my Fax
ng thi. S r hn nu tt c cc giao dch ny c th ti trn cng 1 knh B. Hn
na nu ton b cc giao dch d liu ti c quan c hp knh trn 1 knh B th knh
B kia ca giao din c bn nh s c t do gi v nhn cc cuc thoi.

Chng ta s kho st b chuyn i tc , ti ay v s xem xt vic hp knh
ti phn sau. Chuyn di tc l chc nng iu chnh 1 thit b u cui c tc
d liu nh hn 64-Kb/s ti tc 64-Kb/s ( Hnh 8.4 ). Hnh 8.7 tng kt cc k thut
c ch ra trong I.460

S phn bit ban u c trong I.460 l liu lung bit c ti trn knh B c
phi l chnh xc 8, 16, hoc 32-Kb/s hay l 1 tc d liu no khc

Tc d liu 8, 16 hoc 32-Kb/s

Trng hp u tin c minh ho trong hnh 8.8. cc bit c truyn trn knh
B nh l 1 lung cc octec vi tc 64-Kb/s hoc tng ng 8000 octec/sec. Hnh
8.7 cc phng n Iu chnh tc ln knh B 64-Kb/s . Hnh 8.8 phn b cc bt trong
octec ca knh B i vi vic iu chnh tc

Hnh 8.7 S o thch nghi tc ti 64-Kb/s trn knh B

i vi 1 thit b thu bao 8-Kb/s, b
iu chnh thit b u cui TA hot ng
nh sau: D liu t thu bao n TA vi
tc 8-Kb/s. Mi mt bt vo s c
truyn i trong 1 octet, trong bt u tin
ca octet l 1 bit d liu ngi dng, 8 bit
cn li lm mi tp cho 1 nh phn. i
vi d liu n t phi ISDN, bit u tin
ca mi octet vo s c chuyn ln thit
b u cui , 7 bit cn li b b i. Mt qua


trnh iu chnh tng t s c tip tc i vi cc thit bi u cui hot ng tc
16 hoc 32-Kb/s. i vi cc lung 16-Kb/s, 2 bit u tin ca mic octet c s dng,
cn vi lung 32-Kb/s th 4 bit u tin ca mi mt octet c dng.

Cc thit b mode knh ng b

Trong trng hp th 2 c lit k ti I.460 ( tc khc vi 8, 16 hoc 32-Kb/s )
chia ra thnh mt s trng hp con, mt vi trong s chng li c chia nh hn na ..
Chng ta xem xt tip trng hp cu 1 thit b ng b khi dng cc dch v mode knh
ti knh B ; th tc trong trng hp ny c xc nh ti I.463/X.30 ( Cc thit b u
cui s dng cc giao din X.21, X.21bis v X.20bis ) v I.I.463/V.110 ( cc thit b
u cui s dng giao din Series V ). Nu tc d liu u cui nh hn 32-Kb/s th
tng th 2 ca chc nng tng thch c s dng , iu ny c minh ho trong hnh
8.9 . Cc tc d liu c th c php ch ra trong bng 8.7a . Tc d liu ngi
dng trc ht c i t tc trc tip thnh 64-Kb/s . u im ca k thut s dng
2 tng l tng th 2 c th c o ngc ( t 64-Kb/s thnh 8-Kb/s ) ti mt vi ni
trong mng nhm mc ch bo tn lu lng mch vng hoc trung k. Nh vi cc
dch v c th mang li gi cc thp.

Tng th 2 ca b chuyn i tc , c nh du RA2 trong hnh 8.9 cng
ging nh ci dc miu t cho b thch nghi 8, 16, 32 hoc 64-Kb/s . Tng th 1 c
gi l RA1 c dng to khung sao cho 1 vi bit trong khung c th mang d
liu ngi dng. Nh thy trong v d bin i tc d liu ngi dng 2400-b/s
thnh tc trc tit ISDN 8-Kb/s minh ho trong bng 8.8. S bin i c thc hin
bng cu trc khung 80-bit. Du cho tc d liu c truyn ra khi modul RA1 l
chui bit khng i , n cha 1 cc tun t 80-bit/khung c xc nh nh sau :

Hnh 8.9 Chuyn i tc I.463/v.110

Octet u tin c tt c cc bit bng 0 . Cc bt u tin ca 9 octet cn li bng
1 . 17 bit ny to thnh mt mu xp thng hng khung cung cp phng tin
ng b
Octet th 6 , sau bit 1 l cc E-bits vi E1, E2, .. , E7. Cc bit ny c s dng
t tc d liu ngi dng. Trong 3 bt u tin c s dng vo mc ch
ny , cn cc bt tip theo d tr cho s dng sau ny. M 110 cho E1, E2, E3 ch
rng tc ngi dng l 2400-b/s
Bit S l bit trng thi truyn t cc trng thi thng tin knh kt hp. Gi tr ng
ca cc bt ny ph thuc vo giao din vt l gia u cui thu bao v b tng
thch u cui
Bit X khng c s dng v d tr cho sau ny
Mi bit d liu c lp li. Vic lp li ny hon ton khng cn thit , n tc ng
lp cc v tr bt khng cn. V tr ny cng c th c lp y bi cc bt tu

Mi mt khung cha 24 bit d liu ngi dng. Do tc d liu li ra c 8-Kb/s
v 80-bit / khung , tc truyn ca khung l 100 khung/giy do , tc truyn d
liu ngi dng l 2400-b/s l cn thit. Ni chung , ta c th tm tt chc nng ca
RA1 trong hnh 8.9 nh sau :

F = s bit / khung
F
u
= s bit d liu / khung
R
u
= tc d liu ngi dng
R
f
= Tc mong mun truyn (khung/giy )
R = Tc mong mun truyn ( bit/giay )

Hai cng thc sau phi c tho mn :

F x R
f
= R
V R
u
/ R
f
= F
u

Khi tc d liu c chuyn i ti khong 32-Kb/s v 64-Kb/s th ch c
tng RA1 l cn thit c s dng

Hn na , chng ta tho lun trng hp ca cc kt ni chuyn mch knh.
Vi cc kt ni kiu ny , c 1 s truyn trong sut ca cc d liu gia 2 thu bao. Vi
chuyn i tc , n l iu cn thit khng buc hai thu bao phi vn hnh vi cng
mt tc truyn. Ly v d , mt u cui vn hnh vi tc 2400 b/s c th c
chuyn i tc ti 64-Kb/s . u kia c gng kt ni vi u cui ny qua mng
ISDN vi tc 4800-b/s


Bng 8.7 Tc u cui c tr gip bi V.110

a) Tc ngi dng ng b b) Tc ngi dng khng ng b

Sync data rate
(bps )

600
1200
2400
4800
7200
9600
12000
14400
19200
24000
28800
38400
RA1 Sync rate
(Kbps)

8
8
8
8
16
16
32
32
32
64
64
64

Async data rate
( bps )

50
75
110
150
200
300
600
1200
2400
3600
4800
7200
9600
12000
14400
19200
24000
28800
38400
RA0/RA1 sync
Rate ( bps )

600
600
600
600
600
600
600
1200
2400
4800
4800
9600
9600
19200
19200
19200
38000
38000
38400
RA1 sync
Rate (kbps)

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
16
16
32
32
32
64
64
64

Bng 8.8 S tng thch ca tc ngi dng 2400-b/s thnh 8-Kb/s

Octet Bits
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
D1
D4
D7
D10
1
D13
D16
D19
D22
0
D1
D4
D7
D10
1
D13
D16
D19
D22
0
D2
D5
D8
D11
0
D14
D17
D20
D23

0
D2
D5
D8
D11
E4
D14
D17
D20
D23
0
D3
D6
D9
D12
E5
D15
D18
D21
D24
0
D3
D6
D9
D12
E6
D15
D18
D21
D24
0
S
X
S
S
E7
S
X
S
S

Cc thit b mode knh khng ng b

I.463/v.110 xc nh chc nng ca TA l thit b khng ng b. Theo , thit
b ny c 3 tng . Cc tng th 2 v tng th 3 l khi chc nng RA1 vad RA2 c
dng trong trng hp ng b. Cn tng th 1 c nh du RA0 i cc chui k t
khng ng b thnh tc d liu dng bo c th chp nhn c. Bng 8.7b lit k ra
cc tc d liu khng ng b c th c tr gip.

Cng ngh c s dng cho tng RA0 ch n gin cng thm vo cc bit stop
gia cc k t gi nhp tc d liu gn nht vi tc c th c chp nhn bi
khi RA1 . Bi v truyn khng ng b cho php nhiu bit stop gia cc k t , my
thu c th chp nhn cc chui k t n mt cch trc tip. Khi my thu bt c tc
d liu ca my pht khng ng b, cc bt stop thm vo c thr b loi b bi
TA ti u thu

Tr gip mode gi

Khuyn ngh I.462/X.31 ch ra s tr gip cc thit b mode gi trn mng ISDN.
Gi li l c 2 trng hp : Chuyn mch gi c thc hin ti mng bn ngoi ( trng
hp A ) v chuyn mch gi bn trong ISDN ( trng hp B ). Trong c hai trng hp ,
thu bao s khng c mt knh trc tip ti thue bao kia. Thu bao c 1 knh kt ni ti
mt trm chuyn mch gi v truen dn vi thu bao kia qua chuyen mch gi bng
X.25. ti y , mt ln na chng ta phi i mt vi trng hp ca 1 thit b thu bao c
sn lm vic vi tc d liu nh hn 64-Kb/s

Xt trng hp u tin ( trng hp A ) , lin kt ti 1 trm chuyn mch gi bn
ngoi qua mch ti knh B. Xt li hnh 4.10 , cc gi X25 c truyn theo cc khung
LAPB. Nu tc d liu ca thit b thu bao nh hn 64-Kb/s th TA c chc nng
sau : Cc khung LAPB c chp nhn t thue bao tai tc d liu ca thu bao v
c lu tn bufer trong TA . Khi mi mt khung c pht trn knh B vi tc
64-Kb/s . Do cc khung c truyn nhanh hn l chng c sinh ra do vy s tn
ti cc khe . Cc khe ny s c lp y bng cc byte c nhi ( 7FH ) . Khi cc
khung c nhn t mng ti tc 64-Kb/s th chng c lu tm thi v pht ti
thu bao vi tc d liu ca thue bao. Cc c thm vo gia cc khung s b loi b .
S l ny c gi l c nhi gia cc khung interframe flag stuffing . Theo cch s l
ny , mng khng c th phn bit c cc thit b vn hnh ti mode gi v cc thit b
vn hnh vi tc nh hn 64-Kb/s. Do l cc bo hiu trn knh D c s dng
kt ni cc thit b ti trm chuyn mch gi ch t tc d liu 64-Kb/s

o li vi 2 tng thay i tc ca hnh 8.9 ( RA1 v RA2 ) . Trong trng
hp ny , cc bt c truyng bi thu bao c nhng vo cu trc 80 byte nh ch ra
trc yv cc bo hiu knh D ch th tc d liu ngi dng. Vi k thut ny
trm chuyn mch gi ni ti thu bao vi kt ni phi thch ng vi tc ca thu
bao. iu ny r rng l km linh hot hn so vi c nhi gia cc khung v sau ny
c khuyn ngh bi ITU.

Trong trng hp B , ISDN chp nhn cc dch v chuyn mch gi bn trong
qua c 2 knh B v D . Cc gi X.25 c ti trong cc khung LAPB cho knh B v
trong cc khung LABD cho knh D. Iu chnh tc thnh 64-Kb/s cho knh B v
thnh 16-Kb/s cho knh D c thc hin qua vic nhi c.

H tr mode knh bng cch s dng to khung LAPD

Mt phng php khc ca thit b mode knh ng b , mt hng php khc
h tr thit b mode knh ng b c nh ngha trong I.465/V.120. V c bn mt
lung bit ng b vo s c a vo cc khung LAPD v sau c iu chnh thnh
64-Kb/s bng nhi c. Khng ging nh cc k thut khc c nhc ti, I.465/V.120
cng c th c s dng trn cc knh H
o
( 384-Kb/s ) , H
11
( 1.536Mb/s ) v H
12
( 1.92
Mb/s ) .

Chc nng iu chnh u cui da trn 1 ci tin ca LAPD h tr cc kt ni
gia cc thu bao bng cch s dng giao thc I.465/V.120. Giao thc ny cung cp 1
phng php nht qun tI cc kiu lung d liu khc nhau. Trong phn ny , ta s
gii thiu s b v I.465/V.120 v tp trung vo cc chc nng iu chnh tc ca
chng. Trong phn tip theo giao thc ny s c xem xt k lng hn.

I.465/V.120 h tr 3 loI u cui giao din R :
Giao thc khng ng b nhy cm
Giao thc ng b HDLC
Bit trong sut

Giao thc khng ng b ch s lin lc gia 1 thit b u cui khng ng b v
1 my ch ch cc tn hiu khng ng b hoc gia 2 thit b u cui khng ng b.
truyn dn, cc bt bt u v kt thc ca mi k t s c b i v cc k t vo s
c m trong b iu chnh ca thit b u cui. di ca b m s bng kch
thc trng thng tin ti a c th c truyn I trong 1 khung. Khi b m y , 1
khung LAPD s c to ra v truyn i. Thm na 1 b m ch y 1 phn cc k t c
th c gi i khi nhn c CR ( carier return ) hoc khi time-out . Khi nhn c 1
khung th cc k t s c khi phc v gi ti ch TE vi cc bit bt u v kt thc
ph hp.

Giao thc ng b HDLC ch s lin lc gia cc i tng s dng HDLC nh
1 giao thc kim sot lin kt i vi hot ng t u n cui. i vi truyn dn, hu
ht khung HDLC c a vo trong khung LAPD. Mt s cc trng khng c bn s
b loI i. Khi nhn, khung HDLC s c khi phc, cc trng tht lc s c b
xung v khung c ti to s c chuyn ti ch. Chi tit ca vic s dng cc khung
ny s c ni ti ti phn ti.

Trng hp bit trong sut s cha bt k thit b ng b no. TA s a cc bit t
giao din R vo cc khung LAPD c kch thc c nh khi nhn c chng. TA s nhn
d liu t cc khung nhn c v chuyn chng ti TE2.

u Im ca phng php I.465/V.120 so vi phng php I.461/V.110 ch , d
liu c truyn trong I.465/V.120 bng cch s dng 1 giao thc kim sot lin kt d
liu. iu ny c li cho vic kim sot dng v kim sot li c sn trong giao thc kim
sot lin kt. ( xem ph lc A )

Hp knh

Hp knh l chc nng kt hp lu lng t cc thit b u cui . Mi thit b c
tc d liu nh hn 64-Kb/s ln 1 knh B duy nht . Hnh 8.10 tm tt cc k thut
c xc nh trong I.460. Nh trong trng hp diu chnh tc , s phn bit ban u
c trong I.460 l c phi lung bit c ti trn knh B chnh xc l 8, 16 hay 32-Kb/s
hay l tc d liu khc no .

Hnh 8.10 S o hp knh trn knh B 64-kb/s

Tc 8,16 hay 32-Kb/s
Trong trng hp ny, c nhiu lung bt 8,16 v/hoc 32 kb/s ti mt tc d
liu tng ln nh <= 64Kb/s . Khi cc bit t cc lung khc nhau, vi tng tc
64kb/s s c xen k trong tng byte. C 2 phng php hp knh : Vi hp knh
khun dng c nh th cc nguyn tc sau y s c tun th :
1 lung bit 8kb/s c th chim bt k 1 v tr bt no ; 1 lung bit 16kb/s c th chim
cc v tr bt sau ( 1, 2 ) , ( 3, 4 ), ( 5, 6 ) hoc ( 7, 8 ); 1 lung bt 32kb/s c th vhim
cc v tr sau ( 1, 2, 3, 4 ) hoc ( 5, 6, 7, 8 )
1 lung tc s chim cng ( cc ) v tr bit trong mi 1 byte knh B tng ng.
Tt c cc v tr bt khng dng n s c t bng 1 nh phn

Nu qu trnh ny dc s dng v cc lung con d liu c b xung 1 lc 1 lung
th c th dung lng 64kb/s s khng c s dng hiu qu. Chng hn, nu v tr bt 1
v 8 c dng h tr 2 lung con 8-kb/s, khi 1 lung con 32-kb/s s khng th
c b xung mc d dung lng vn cn. 1 phng php trnh Iu ny l dng hp
knh khun dng linh hot. Cc quy tc sau c tun th :
C gp cc lung tc con bng cch s dng th tc khun dng c nh
Nu khng c , lung tc con mi ny c b xung bng cch chn mi bt tip
theo ca lung mi vo v tr bt c sm nht trong octet knh B
Mt lung tc con s chim cng ( cc) v tr bt trong tng octet knh B tip theo
Tt c v tr bt khng dng n s t bng bt 1

Th tc ny cho php cc lung tc con c hp knh n gii hn 64-kb/s ca
knh B. Th tc khun dng c dnh d th hin hn v nn s dng nu bit trc hn
hp cc lung tc con. Khi hn hp ny l ng , ITU-T khuyn nn s dng th tc
phc tp hn l khun dng linh ng. Ch rng c 2 phng php trn ch l v d
v hp knh TDM ng b.

Cc thit b mode knh
Trng hp th 2 lit k trong I.460 ( c cc tc khc 8, 16, 32-kb/s ) c tch thnh
cc trng hp ph. Ta xt trng hp 1 thit b s dng dch v mode knh ca knh B.
Khi ta s dng 1 phng php gm 2 bc : u tin mi lung s c iu chnh
tc thnh 8, 16, 32-kb/s. Tip theo cc lung s c hp knh nh trn y. Cng
ging nh trn y, phng php m t ay l1 v d v hp knh TDM ng b.

H tr mode gi
Vi cc thit b mode gi, chc nng hp knh c t ng cung cp bi c ch mch
mch o lp 3 ca X.25. Nh rng trong X.25, mt DTE c cho php thit lp n
4095 mch o ng thi ( chng 3 ). Nh vy , 1 khi lin kt thng qua knh B hoc
knh D n 1 trm chuyn mch gi c thit lp th cc mch o c th c to ra
thng qua cc lin kt . Hn th na cc mch o ny khng cn cng phi chm dt
trn cng 1 ch. Mt mch o c th c thit lp vi 1 thu bao bt k ti cng dch v
mng chuyn mch gi. Cui cng kh nng hp knh ny vn tn ti d cho vic chuyn
mch gi c cung cp nh 1 mng chuyn mch gi bn ngoI thng qua 1 mch knh
B ( trng hp A ) hay l c h tr t bn trong dn ISDN ( trng hp B ).

H tr mode knh s dng nh khung LAPD
Nh trn y m t I.465/V.120 xc nh rng tt c d liu c truyn qua trong cc
khung LAPD ci tin. Mt trong cc trng ca khung ny l nhn dng lin kt logic
(LLI) 13 bit. Cc chc nng LLI cng nhiu nh s mch o X.25 nhng trong trng
hp ny li hot ng ti lp 2 ( lp data link ). Vi vic s dng LLI c th ng thi
thit lp cc lin kt a logic qua mt mch knh B duy nht. LLI cho php bn nhn lc
ra lu lng vo v nh tuyn n ti ngi dng ph hp.
Mt hn ch ca phng php ny so vi X.25 l ton b qua trnh hp knh xut hin
gia cng 2 dim cui. Tc l, 1 mch knh duy nht c xc nh gia 2 thu bao, s
h tr cc knh a logic gia 2 thu bao ny.

8.3 iu khin lin kt knh d liu khi dng I.465/V.120

Trn y ta gii thiu I.465/V.120 , 1 k thut h tr cc k thut u cui khong
phI l ISDN qua 1 knh B ISDN bng cch s dng giao thc Iu khin lin kt knh d
liu l 1 hnh thc cI tin ca LAPD. I.465/V.120 cung cp phng php nht qun
tI cc dng lung d liu khc nhau bao gm :

Giao thc khng ng b : Lu lng thit b u cui my tnh khng ng b
Giao thc ng b HDLC : Truyn dn ng b gia cc thit b s dng giao thc
HDLC
Bit trong sut : Cc lung d liu ng b tu

Cc dng kt ni TE I.465/V120

Nh va m t I.465/V.120 xc nh
cc k thut nh x t mi dng lung
d liu ny vo 1 k thut truyn dn
chung bng cch s dng giao thc iu
khin lin kt d liu I.465/V.120. Nh 2
thit b TE2 dng chung cc k thut
truyn dn trn y c th lin lc qua
ISDN thng qua I.465/V.120. Tuy nhin
c th lm hn th nh ch ra trong hnh
8.11. Mt TE2 c th lin lc vi TE1 ,
trong khi TA s nh x lu lng
TE2 vo trong lu lng I.465/V.120,
v TE1 bt buc phI c knh logic
truyn dn v nhn lu lng I.465/V.120. Cui cng , v y l 1 giao thc iu khin
lin kt d liu c mc ch chung nn n c th c 2 TE1 s dng trao i vi
nhau. Nh vy I.465/V.120 cung cp giao thc Iu khin lin kt d liu linh hot v c
ch cho knh B.

Tiu chun V120 c th c s dng trong chuyn mch knh hoc 1 mi trng
relay khung. C th l, n cung cp cho hot ng :
Qua mode knh hoc cc lin kt mode khung
S dng lnh hoc thit lp cc lin lc bn thng trc
Qua bt k 1 trong cc dng knh truy cp sau
+ Cho cc lin kt mode kenh : B, H
0
, H
10
, H
11

+ Cho cc lin kt mode khung : B, H
0
, H
10
, H
11
hoc B.

Phn ny ch yu dnh cho tho lun mode knh . Vo lc cui ta s ni v trng
hp mode khung bt u t kho st cu trc knh dng trong giao thc lin kt d liu
v sau s kho st th tc Iu khin kt ni. Chng ta bt u bng vic kim tra cu
trc khung c s dng trong giao thc lin kt d li ri n cc th tc Iu khin
kt ni.
Cu trc khung I.465/V120 cho kt ni mode knh

Hnh 8.12 ch ra ton b nh dng khung truyn ca I.465/V.120. Cc trng c,
iu khin v kim tra trt t khung truyn u ging nh giao thc LAPD. N ch khc
trng a ch v trng thng tin.

Trng a ch:

Trng a ch bao gm 13 bit nhn dng kt ni logic ( LLI ). LLI lm cho
n c th ng thi b tr c cho nhiu kt ni logic qua knh B. iu ny tng t
nh kh nng ca X.25 lp 3 c th b tr cho nhiu mch o. Hn ch so vi
X.25 l tt c nhng cp trao i phi c thc hin trn hai u cui ca knh n
B. Mt th d v ng dng kh nng phn knh ny l vic b tr c cho nhiu thit
b u cui thng qua mt TA m hot ng ca n nh l b phn knh thng thng
(Hnh 8.12). Tt c cc ti u cui c phn knh trn knh B n my ch. Cc
chui d liu ca u cui khc nhau c nhn dng ring r bng LLI ca chng.

Bng 8.9a ch ra nhng ga tr LLI gn. Gi tr 0 c s dng cho knh
tn hiu. iu ny phi thc hin bng vic ci t v iu hnh lin kt, kt ni logic
nh sau gii thch. Gi tr mc nh ca LLI l 256 n b qua th tc iu
khin LLI v n gin bng cch I.465/V.120 b sung c cho b thch ng u
cui ca ISDN n khng u cui. Gii gi tr 257 n 2047 s dng cho nhng
kt ni logic ring r, do knh B c th mang ng thi c 1791 kt ni lgic.
Gi tr 8191 c s dng cho nhng th tc iu hnh knh ch khng phi l phn
chun mc.

Trng thng tin.

Trng thng tin c s dng mang thng tin ngi dng, hn th na n cn
c th cha ng 1 hoc 2 octet tiu . Octet tiu th nht ch ra tiu ca b
thch ng u cui, n bt buc phi c cho mode giao thc nhy cm ( ng b v
HDLL ng b ) v c chn la cho mode bit trong sut cu octet. Octet tiu
th hai l octet iu khin trng thi thng tin n xut hin nu nh tn ti octet th
nht. Cc bit tiu ca b thch ng u cui c ch ra nh sau:
+ Bit m rng : cho php m rng tiu cung cp trng thi iu khin thng tin
b sung. Bit 0 ch th rng octet trng thi iu khin cho php.
+ Bit ri HDLC hoc bit v dng (BR) mode ng b,bit ch th chc nng dng
s gi ra bi TE2. mode HDLC n ch th trng thi khng s dng ca mt
HDLC im ch dn R.
+ Bit kim sai (C1,C2): S dng d li v truyn dn. Bng 8.9b ch ra nhng
m bit kim sai ny.
+ Bit phn on: S dng mode ng b HDLCcho s phn on v tho g. iu
ny cho php TA phn chia khung truyn HDLC n thnh nhiu on m
c tho g ra bn thu. Bng 8.9e ch ra m ca cc bit.

Hnh 8.12 I.465/V.120 cho cc dch v mode knh

Nhng bit ca octet iu khin trng thi thng tin (Hnh 8.12e) ch ra nh sau

+ Bit m rng (E) Cho php m rng xa hn tiu .
+ Bit d liu sn sng (DR) ch rng liu giao din im ch dn R c kch
hat cha.
+ Bit sn sng gi (SR) bit ny c t bng 1 biu th rng TE sn sng gi
d liu.
+ Bit sn sng thu (RR) khi t bng 1 th TE sn sng nhn d liu.

Ba bit cui cng c lit k ng p ng ch ra vic tm thit b u cui trn
mode giao din mt cch ph bin. N cho php thit lp cc u ra pht i c qua
ISDN.


Hnh 4.13 B tr I.465/V.120

Bng 8.9 : B tr I.465/V.120
a) Cc gi tr d tr LLI
LLI Chc nng
0
1-255
256
257-2047
2048-2190
8191
Bo hiu trong knh
D tr cho chun sau ny
Gi tr mc nh LLI
b tr LLI
D tr cho chun sau ny
Lp qun tr trong knh

b) M ca bit C1 v C2
C1 C2 Mode ng b Mode khng ng b Mode bit trong sut
0
0
1

1
0
1
0

1
Khng pht hin li
Li FCS ( Giao din R )
Tng l

TA chy vt qua
Khng pht hin li
Li stop-bit
Li chn l tI k t cui
cng ca khung
C stop-bit ln li chn
l
Khng pht hin li
Khng ng dng
Khng ng dng

Khng ng dng

c) M cc bt B v F
B F Mode ng b Mode khng ng b Mode bit trong sut
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
Bt u khung
Gia khung
Cui khung
Khung n
Khng ng dng
Khng ng dng
Khng ng dng
c yu cu
Khng ng dng
Khng ng dng
Khng ng dng
c yu cu

iu khin kt ni cho kt ni mode knh

Bc u tin trong vic s dng giao thc lin kt d liu I.465 /V.120 l thit lp
c chuyn mch knh B qua ISDN. Lm c iu ny th phi s dng I.451/Q931
hoc cn gi l giao thc iu khin qua knh B v c m t chng 9.

Mt khi thit lp c chuyn mch th giao thclin kt d liu s dung c
c mode khng kt ni v nh hng kt ni. i vi vic hon chuyn d liu khng
kt ni ngi ta s dng LLI s 256 v thng tin c trao i bng cc khungUI nh
trong LAPD. i vi iu khin lin kt d liu c nh hng kt ni th cn phi
thc hin theo 3 bc:

1) Thit lp kt ni logic gia nhng i tng ngang mc hai u cui ca chuyn
mch knh B v gn mt LLI n nht cho kt ni.
2) Trao i thng tin trn khung truyn thng tin (I-frames) Trng LLI s dng
cho php phn knh mt s kt ni logic.
3) Gii phng kt ni logic.

Cui cng khi khng cn kt ni no hot ng th mt pha c th chn thit b
u cui ca chuyn mch knh B. V li n cng c th c thc hin bng cch s
dng I.451/Q.931 hoc giao thc iu khin trn knh D. By gi ta quay tr li xt s
iu khin kt ni logic trn chuyn mch knh B sn c. iu hnh kt ni logic hon
tt bng s hon chuyn ca 4 loi thng bo (Bng 8.5). Ci t kt ni, gii phng v
gii phng hon ton. Nhng thng bo ny c trao i gia cc i tng ca giao
thc iu khin lin kt d liu bng 1 trong 2 cch:
Trn knh B I.465/V.120 c khung truyn thng tin vi UI = 0.
Trn knh D I.451/Q.931 c thng tin t ngi s dng u cui nu n c cung
cp bi mng.

Bng 8.10 Cc bn tin Iu khin kt ni I.465/V.120

a) Ni dung bn tin SETUP b) Ni dung bn tin CONNECT
Phn t thng tin Kiu Phn t thng tin Kiu
Giao thc phn bit
Tham chiu cuc gi
Kiu bn tin
Nhn dng kt ni logic
a ch ph ca bn b gi
a ch ph ca bn gi
Lp thp tng ng
M
M
M
O
1

O
2

O
3

O
4

Giao thc phn bit
Tham chiu cuc gi
Kiu bn tin
Nhn dng kt ni logic
Lp thp tng ng
M
M
M
O
1

O
3

1 : Bao gm nu ngi gi da LLI kt ni
2 : bao gm nu ngi gi mun la chn 1 giao din vt l chuyn dng cng sinh vi TA ny
3 : Bao gm nu n c dng nhn dng 1 giao din vt l chuyn dng cng sinh vi TA ca
ngi gi
4 : Bao gm khi ngi gi mun I qua thng tin lp thp tng ng ti ngi b gi

c) Ni dung bn tin RELEASE d) Ni dung RELEASE
COMPLETE

Phn t thng tin Kiu Phn t thng tin Kiu
Giao thc phn bit
Tham chiu cuc gi
Kiu bn tin
Nguyn nhn
M
M
M
O
Giao thc phn bit
Tham chiu cuc gi
Kiu bn tin
Nguyn nhn
M
M
M
O

S la chn phng thc cng chnh l la chn thit b u cui v c xc nh
bng kh nng hin c ca dung lng tn hiu ngi s dng u cui trn knh D. C
hai trng hp, thng bo bao gm mt dy cc trng nh minh ho trn hnh 8.9.
Nu kt ni logic c qun l trn knh D th sau nhng thng bo ny c t
vo khung truyn I.465/V.120 vi LLI=0 . C 3 trng c dng ph bin trong tt c
cc thng bo :

Giao thc nhn bit: S dng phn bit giao thc iu khin kt ni d liu
I.465/V.120 t nhng giao thc khc. Nhng giao thc khc c th l I.451/Q.931,
giao thc mc gi X.25, giao thc cho iu khin kt ni khung truyn tr.
Ch dn cuc gi: Nhn dng knh B gi n ni m thng bo ny ch th, thng s
ny c tho lun chng 10.
Kiu thng bo: Nhn dng ci m thng bo I.465/V.120 gi n.Tng s d ca
nhng thng bo ph thuc vo kiu thng bo.

l 3 trng thng dng, s d ca thng bo bao gm mt dy s 0 hoc l
nhng n v thng tin hoc l cc tham s.Chng c m t tun t khi ta xem xt cc
kiu thng bo khc nhau. Mi mt n v thng tin bao gm 3 trng: xc nh nhn
dng, trng di v trng gi tr.

Thit lp kt ni logic.

Mt bn c th yu cu thit lp kt ni logic bng cch gi lnh SETUP. Pha
bn kia sau khi nhn c SETUP nu chp nhn kt ni th n s tr li bng thng bo
CONNect. Tuy nhin n cng c th tr li li bng thng bo RELease COMPLete.
Nu mt bn gi thng bo SETUP gn vo LLI th n s chn mt gi tr khng s
dng trong khong 257-2047 v gp gi tr ny vo thng bo SETUP. Tuy nhin gi tr
ny cng c th gn bi pha chp nhn trong thngbo CONNect.

C hai pha phi chp nhn mt b thch ng
u cui b tr c cung cp. Tr phi iu
c sp t bng s chp thun u tin, pha yu
cu phi xc nh c nhng thng s xc ng
lp thp, yu t tng thch ca thng bo SETUP.
Nhng thng bo ny bao gm mode giao thc vn
hnh ( 3 mode: giao thc nhy ng b,giao thc
nhy ng b HDLC v bit trong sut ). Tc
d liu mi pha v mt vi chi tit khc ca thit
b u cui ph tr pha yu cu c th c hiu
chnh li bng cch gp yu t tng thch c sa
i lp thp vo thng bo CONNect.

Hnh 8.14 Khun dng bn tin I.465/V.120

Tho d kt ni logic.

Mt bn c th yu cu g b kt ni logic bng cch gi thng bo RELease.Pha
bn kia sau khi nhn c thng bo ny phi tr li bng RELease COMPLease.Thng
s cause phi c p ng bng mt thng bo gii phng hon ton.Thng s cause
hin nay c s dng ch xc nh liu c phi l s tho g bnh thng hay l
hot ng loi tr cuc gi.

V d v vic s dng nhng thng bo ny c xem xt hnh 8.8. Mt b thch
ng u cui (TA) hot ng nh l b phn knh nhm b tr cho nhiu thit b u cui
khc nhau.Trongbi cnh ny,chuyn mch knh B c thit lp gia TA v my ch
thng qua ISDN. Khi bt k u cui no c ni vi my ch th n c gn vi mt
kt ni phn chia logic.Hnh 9.10 ch ra mt chui cc bc c dng.

8.4 Dch v v giao thc Frame Relay

Nm 1988 xut hin phc tho I.122 c tn l Framework for Providing
Additional Packet Mode Bearer Services gii thiu dng mi ca truyn dn gi v n
tr thnh mt trong nhng ng gp c ngha nht trong hot ng ca ISDN trong
nm 1988. Cng ngh mi ny ch th cho Frame-mode bearer service hoc chuyn
mch khung. Thut ng u nhn mnh dch v m c cung cp bi ngi s dng
trong khi thut ng sau nhn mnh n giao thc b sung vo dch v.

T nm 1988 tin trnh c ngha c thc hin trn chuyn mch khung.Nm
1990,CCITT cng b hai phc tho:
I.2xy: ISDN Frame mode bearer service (FMBS).
I.3xx: iu hnh s qu ti cho dch v mang chuyn mch khung.

Vic thc hin trn chuyn mch khung pht trin nhiu hn c l M ni m
ANSI thng bo mt tiu chun v 2 bn phc tho nm 1990.
ANSI T1.606 : L dch v m t v thit k dch v mang chuyn mch khung.
Phc tho ANSI T1.6fr : Qui nh bo hiu cho dch v mang chuyn mch khung.
Phc tho ANSI T1.6ca : L kha cnh ct li ca giao thc khung truyn cho vic s
dng dch v mang chuyn mch khung.

Ngi ta d on trc c cc bn phc tho cui cng ca CCITT s xp li
vi chun ANSI v cc chun phc tho. Phn ny phc tho tt c cc vn bn s dng
nh dng ANSI.

S thc y

Cch tip cn thng thng vi chuyn mch gi nh tho lun chng 3 l
X.25. y l mt vi tnh cht quan trng ca X.25 :

iu khin cuc gi mode gi s dng thit lp v g b chuyn mch c mang
trn cng mt knh v cng mt d liu chuyn mch gi. Do ngi ta phi s
dng tn hiu trong di cho php.
Lp 3 c b phn knh cho mch o.
C lp 2 v lp 3 u c c cu iu khin qu trnh v gim st li.

Hnh 8.15 : Alternative Connection Control Procedure for Scenario of Figure 8.13

+ TA s dng I.451/Q.931 trn knh D
thit lp chuyn mch t knh B n TE1; s
dng I.465/V120 trn knh B.
+ TA thng bo cho I.465/V120 cc lnh
nh SETUP, CONNect trn knh D thit lp
kt ni lgic t mt trong nhng u cui cu
n n TE1.Trng giao thc nhn dng phn
bit cc lnh trn vi I.451/Q.931.Trng LLI
c s dng gn LLI n nht cho kt ni
lgic ny.
+ TA c th thit lp c kt ni lgic cho
nhng thit b u cui khc bng cc lnh ca
I.451/Q.931 trn knh D.Mi mt kt ni c
gn cho mt LLI n nht.
+ Thng tin c hon chuyn trn knh B
bng cch s dng khung truyn ca
I.465/V.120.Trng LLI b tr cho qu trnh
phn knh.
+ TA thng bo cc lnh nh REALEASE
hoc RELEASE COMPLETE trn knh D
chm dt kt ni lgic gia mt trong nhng
u cui vi TE1.
+ Khi tt c cc kt ni lgic kt thc TA
s dng I.451/Q.931 trn knh D chm dt
chuyn mch trn knh B n TE1.

+ TA s dng I.451/Q.931 trn knh D
thit lp chuyn mch knh n TE1 s
dng I.465/V120 trn knh B.
+ TA thng bo vi I.465/V120 cc lnh nh
CONNect,SETUP trn knh B thit lp mt
kt ni lgic t mt trong cc u cui ca n
n TE1.Trng LLI c s dng gn mt
LLI n nht cho kt ni lgic ny.

+ TA c th thit lp kt ni lgic cho cc
u cui khc s dng knh B ca
I.465/V120.Mi mt kt ni lgic c gn
cho mt LLI n nht.
+ Thng tin c chuyn i trn knh B
bng cch s dng khung truyn ca
I.465/V.120.Trng LLI b tr cho qu trnh
phn knh.
+ TA thng bo cc lnh nh RELease hoc
RELease COMPlete trn knh B chm dt
qu trnh kt ni lgic gia mt trong cc u
cui ca n vi TE1.
+ Khi tt c cc kt ni lgic kt thc TA
s dng I.451/Q.931 trn knh chm dt
chuyn mch trn knh n TE1.

a.Thit lp kt ni lgic trn knh D b.Thit lp kt ni lgic trn knh B

Hnh 8.16a ch ra qu trnh yu cu phi c khung truyn lin kt d liu cho
truyn dn mode gi t ngun n ch v quay li ghi nhn mode gi. Ti mi nt
mng giao thc iu khin kt ni d liu tham gia vo vic chuyn v ghi nhn
khung truyn. Hn na, mi nt trung gian phi duy tr c trang thi cho mi mch
o vi cc kha cnh ca X.25 l:iu khin cuc gi, gim st qu trnh v kim tra li.

Tt c cc hot ng trn u phi hiu chnh li nu xut hin li c xc sut
ng k bt k mt kt ni no trn mng.phng php ny cng c th khng phi l
cch tt nht i vi ISDN. Hay ni cch khc ISDN s dng cng ngh truyn dn s
vi cht lng cao, tin cy ln bng cch s dng cp quang. Hoc l vi ISDN
ngi ta cn to ra tc d liu cao c bit l s dng knh H. Vi ch ny, hot
ng ca X.25 khng ch cn thit nhng phi hn ch bt tc dng ca tc bit d liu
cao c sn ISDN.

Hnh 8.16 Chuyn mch gi Frame Relay

Chuyn mch khung gim thiu hot ng ca X.25. S khc nhau ln nht
gia chuyn mch khung so vi X.25 chnh l dch v chuyn mch gi.
Kt ni phn chia lgic mang theo tn hiu iu khin cuc gi t d liu ngi dng.
Do khng cn nt trung gian duy tr trng thi hoc x l tn hiu lin quan
n iu khin cuc gi trn mi mt kt ni c bn ring r.
Phn knh v chuyn mch kt ni logic t lp 2 thay v lp 3 loi tr ton b
lp ang x l.
Khng c qu trnh iu khin s ni trc tip gia hai nt ( hop-byhop ). Qu trnh
iu khin u cui (end-to-end) v kim li c p ng lp cao hn nu nh
chng c s dng

Hnh 8.16b minh ho s vn hnh ca chuyn mch khung. khung d liu n
c gi t ngun n ch v c ghi nhn to ra lp cao hn v c mang trong
mt khung truyn.

By gi ta xem xt cc tin dng v khng tin dng ca phng php ny. Trong
nguyn l hot ng ca chuyn mch khung c bt li so vi X.25 l chng ta
b mt kh nng iu khin qu trnh kt ni v kim tra li ( mc d chuyn mch khung
khng cung cp c 2 chc nng ny nhng iu ny li d dng t c lp mc cao
hn ). X.25 lp lin kt vt l li mang nhiu mch o v LAPD tn ti mc kt
ni cung cp truyn dn c th tin cy c t ngun n mng chuyn mch gi v
t mng chuyn mch gi n ch. Hn na mi mc trn mng th vic s dng
giao thc kt ni d liu l c th tin cy c. Vi vic s dng chuyn mch khung th
iu khin kt ni gia cc bc b mt. Tuy nhin, tin cy ca qu trnh truyn dn
v thit b chuyn mch tng ln lm cho iu khngcn l hn ch ng k na.

Mt tch cc ca chuyn mch khung l chng ta c th ti a ho x l ng
truyn giao thc ny gim c giao din mng ngi dng khi x l mng dng cc
b. Do thi gian tr gim v thi gian thng tng. iu dn n thi gian x l
khung truyn gim. Trong khuyn co ca CCITT ( I.2xy ) ch ra rng chuyn mch
khung c th c s dng tc truy cp ln n 2Mbps. Do c th chuyn mch
khung s thay th X.25.

Chun ANSI T1.606 lit k 4 v d v ng dng li ch ca dch v chuyn mch
khung s dng trn knh H tc cao.
1, ng dng d liu tng tc khi : Mt v d ca ng dng tng tc khi l hnh
nh ho c phn gii cao (v d CAD/CAM ). Nhng tnh nng u vit
ca ng dng ny l thi gian tr nh v thi gian thng ln.
2, Chuyn i file : ng dng chuyn i file c tng cng phc v cho
nhng yu cu chuyn i file ln. Vi nhng ng dng ny s tr pht khng
phil mt hn ch nh ng dng u tin. Thi gian khng ln l cn thit to
ra thi gian hon chuyn ph hp cho nhng file ln.
3, Tc dn knh bit thp. ng dng ca tc dn knh bit thp s dng kh
nng dn knh ca chuyn mch khung to ra mt cch truy cp thch hp
vi nhm cc ng dng tc bit thp. Di y l mt th d cho ng dng
tc bit thp, cc ngun tc bit, tc c dn thnh mt knh bi chc
nng NT.
4, c tnh tng tc ca ti. Mt th d trong vic ng dng c tnh ny l vic
son tho vn bn. Tnh cht quan trng ca loi ng dng ny l khung truyn
ngn, tr t, thng lng ln. Chuyn mch khung c th c xem nh l bn
X.25 c ti u ho. N thc hin y cc chc nng ca X.25 m ch s
dng 2 lp . Ni cch khc c th xem chuyn mch khung nh l phn bn
I.465/V.120 nng cp. Chun sau cho php nhiu kt ni logic dn vo
mt chuyn mch n nht gia hai thu bao. Chuyn mch khung khng nhng
ch b tr cho vic dn knh m c chuyn mch. Nhiu kt ni logic tr mt thu
bao qua mt knh c th c thit lp n nhiu thu bao thng qua mng.

Kin trc chuyn mch khung.

Hnh 8.17 th hin kin trc giao thc cho chuyn mch khung. Nh cc phn
khc ca ISDN, ta cn xem xt 2 lnh vc khc nhau ca s vn hnh. Lnh vc iu
khin (C ) c s dng thit lp v kt thc kt ni logic. Lnh vc ngi dng c
trch nhim hon chuyn d liu gia cc thu bao. Do C-plane thc hin gia thu
bao v mng trong khi U-plane li thc hin cc chc nng u cui.

Trn thc t th trong vic thc hin hon chuyn thng tin gia nhng ngi s
dng u cui th U-plane l Q.922. Q.922 l bn phc tho mi cng b ln u tin
nm 1991, l bn nng cp ca LAPD (I.441/Q.921). Ch c nhng chc nng ct li
ca Q.922 c s dng cho chuyn mch khung:

Hnh 8.17 Kin trc giao thc Frame relay

Gii hn khung, sp xp khung,lm khung r r ng hn.
Dn knh, phn knh cho khung s dng trng a ch.
Kim sot khung truyn m bo rng n bao gm mt s nguyn cc octet u tin
cho cc bit chn (zero)hoc bit b sung sau .
Kim sot khung m bo rng n khng qu di hay khng qu ngn.
D li ng truyn.
Thc hin chc nng kim sot qu ti. Chc nng cui cng c lit k l chc nng
mi ca Q.922v c tho lun phn sau.Cc chc nng cn li l chc nng ct
li ca I.441/Q.921.

Chc nng ct li ca Q.922 trong U-plane to lp lp con ca lp lin kt d liu.
iu ny to ra dch v hon chuyn khung truyn d liu kt ni rng i t thu bao ny
n thu bao khc m khng c iu khin qu trnh v kim sot li. Trn ngi
dng c th chn d liu lin kt b sung hoc lp mng thc hin chc nng u cui.
Do khng c phn dch v ISDN cung cp chuyn mch khung nh dch v nh
hng kt ni lp lin kt vi cc tnh nng sau:

Bo ton yu cu hon chuyn khung truyn t mt bn ca mng n bn cn li.
Khng sao li khung truyn.
Xc sut mt khung truyn rt nh.

C-plane Q.922 c s dng cung cp mt dch v iu khin kt ni d liu
ng tin cy c c iu khin qu trnh v gim st li phc hi li c thng tin
I.451/Q.931.

Hnh 8.18 So snh X25 v Frame Relay

Ta nhn thy,kin trc ny gim ti a cng vic cho mng. D liu s dng c
truyn dn trong khung truyn vi tnh cht o khng cn x k bi nut mng trung gian,
Hn na n cn kim sot c li v nh tuyn c da vo s kt ni. Li trn khung
c loi b mt cch d dng da vo vic khi phc lp cao hn. iu khin cuc
gi trn chuyn mch khung. Giao thc iu khin cuc gi cho chuyn mch khung
phi gi quyt vi nhng s liu lun phin. u tin, ta hy xem xt 2 trng hp cung
cp dch v x l khung truyn. i vi s vn hnh chuyn mch khung, mt ngi s
dng khng th ni trc tip vi ngi s dng ISDN khc m phi thng qua mt thit b
iu khin trn mng. Ch vi X.25 mt ngi s dng ISDN mi c ni vo thit b
iu khin dng gi tin.

V y l hai trng hp ( Hnh 8.19).
Trng hp A : Tng i a phng khng cung cp kh nng iu khin khung.
Trong trng hp ny th tt c mi ch trn mng th phi c ci chuyn truy cp
t TE n thit b iu khin khung. c th l yu cu kt ni cng c th l kt
ni na c nh trong trng hp khc th dch v chuyn mch khung c thc
hin qua knh B hoc knh H.
Trng hp B : Cng l tng i a phng khng cung cp kh nng iu khin
khung. Trong trng hp ny dch v chuyn mch khung c th c cung cp trn
knh B, knh H hoc knh D. i vi dch v knh B hoc knh H yu cu kt ni
phi c dng ring cho knh B hoc knh H chuyn mch khung tr phi
tn ti sn php gn na c nh. i vi dch v knh, im ny khng c quy
nh nhng c v nh c hai dch v yu cu v dch v na c nh u c th c
la chn.

Tt c cc s suy xt trc phi thc hin vi kt ni thu bao v thit b iu khin
khung truyn hay chnh l truy cp kt ni. Mt khi tn ti kt ni ny th c th
dn knh nhiu kt ni logic hoc kt ni chuyn mch khung qua truy cp kt ni, Cc
kt ni logic ny c th l dch v yu cu hoc dch v na c nh.

Bng 8.6 So snh X.25 /X.31 chuyn mch gi v Frame relay
Chc nng X.25 trong ISDN Frame relay
Pht /pht hin c
Trong sut
Pht / pht hin FCS
Pht hin khung khng c nhn
Hu khung li
Truyn ch
Lp y thi gian trong khung
Hp cc knh logic
Qun l trng thi thay i V(S)
Qun l trng thi thay i V(R)
Cc gi m ch ACK
Qun l thi gian pht li T1
ACK c nhn I-Frame
Kim tra c nhn N(S) vi V(R)
Pht ra REJ
p ng ti bit P/F
Gi khe ca s pht li
Act upon reception of REJ
p ng ti RNR
p ng ti RR
Qun tr bit D
Qun tr bit M
Qun tr bit Q
Qun tr bit P(S)
Qun tr bit P(R)
Pht hin mt th t
Qun tr lp mng RR
Qun tr lp mng RNR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

Bng 8.7 tm tt li nhng iu khin cuc gi lun chuyn. Trc tin hy xem
xt cch thit lp mt truy cp kt ni. Nu kt ni ny na c nh th sau khng cn
yu cu mt giao thc iu khin cuc gi no c. Nu kt ni c thit lp trn yu
cu th sau c hai trng hp.
Trng hp A : Truy cp kt ni c thit lp trn knh B hoc knh H n thit b
iu khin khung truyn t xa.Giao thc iu khin cuc gi ca ISDN thng thng
I.451/Q.931 c s dung trn knh D thit lp truy cp kt ni. l nhng
nguyn tc ging nhau s dng b tr cho X.25 trn knh B.
Trng hp B : Truy cp kt ni c thit lp n tng i ni ht. Nu kt ni
c thit lp trn knh B hoc knh H th sau I.451/Q.931 c dng trn knh
D thit lp truy cp kt ni. Nu knh D c s dng v truycp kt ni l
yu cu ch khng phi l na c nh ( i vi X.25 kt ni lun l na c nh )
sau I.451/Q.931 c s dng trn knh D thit lp truy cp kt ni.

Hnh 8.19 Mode truy cp Frame relay

Bng 8.7 Thit lp kt ni cc dch v Frame Relay
Truy cp kt ni / Kt ni Frame Relay
Yu cu /
Yu cu
Bn vnh vin /
Yu cu
Bn vnh vin /
Bn vnh vin
Trng hp A Thit lp truy cp
kt ni
I.451 / Q.931 ti
knh D thit lp
kt ni ti knh
B hoc H

Bn

vnh vin

Thit lp kt ni
Frame Relay
Bn tin trong
Trn knh B

knh FR
hay H , DLCI=0

Bn vnh vin
Trng hp B Thit lp truy cp
kt ni
I.451 / Q.931 ti
knh D thit lp
kt ni ti knh
D, B hoc H

Bn

vnh vin

Thit lp kt ni
Frame Relay
Bn tin trong
Trn knh D

knh FR
, SAPI=0

Bn vnh vin

By gi ta hy xem xt cch thit lp kt ni chuyn mch khung. thc hin c
iu ny th phi lun tn ti truy cp kt ni. i vi kt ni chuyn mch khung na
c ng th khng cn mt giao thc iu khin kt ni no, nhng ch rng n phi c
truy cp kt ni na c nh. Nu kt ni chuyn mch khung c thit lp trn
yucu qua truy cp kt ni tn ti th c hai trng hp:
Trng hp A : Ta c th s dng tn hiu iu khin cuc gi trn kt ni chuyn
mch khung DLCI = 0. Nh I.465/V.120 nhng tn hiu ny c mang trng
thng tin ca khung truyn d liu lin kt.
Trng hp B : i vi I .465/V.120 cng c th s dung tn hiu iu khin cuc
gi t vo khung truyn ca LAPD trn knh D. thc hin c iu ny th
phi s dng SAPI O nh l i vi tn hiu I.451/Q.931.

Trong trng hp ny, tn hiu iu khin cuc gi trn thc t l tp con ca tn
hiu c s dng trong I.451/Q.931 vi mt vi thng s mi c thch ng ho vi
ng dng chuyn mch khung. Do chng ta s tho lun vn ny chng 9

Hnh 8.20 Khun dng Frame Relay

Hon chuyn d liu ngi dng

Vic gii thch s vn hnh chuyn mch khung i vi hon chuyn d liu s
dng c bt u bng ng dng khung truyn c minh ho hnh 8.20a. nh
dng ny tng t nh LAPD v LAPB vi phn b i mt cch hin nhin : Khng c
trng iu khin c hai mi quan h sau y:

Ch c mt loi khung truyn c s dng cho vic mang d liu ngi dng, Khng
c khung truyn iu khin.
Khng th s dng c gii tn hiu, kt ni logic ch c th mang d liu s dng.
Khng th thc hin c vic iu khin qu trnh v gim st li v khng c
chui s

Chc nng ca trng c v trng kim tra trt t khung truyn th tng t nh
LAPD v LAPB. Trng thng tin mang d liu lp cao hn. Nu ngi dng quyt
nh thc hin thm chc nng iu khin lin kt d liu u cui th sau trng
ny s phi mang khung d liu lin kt. c bit chng ta s s dng phin bn LAPD
tng cng mt cch ph bin nh nh ngha trong Q.922. Do i tng ca
khung truyn LAPD c th c mang trong trng thng tin. iu tng t nh
phng php thc hin trong I.465/V.120 trng thng tin ca khung I.465/V.120
s mang khung HDLC. Ch rng giao thc thc hin cch thc ny mt cch hon
ton gia nhng thue bao u cui v n cng trong sut i vi ISDN

Trng a ch c chiu di mc nh l 2 octet v n c th c m rng n 3 hoc
4 octet. N mang c b nhn dng kt ni d liu( DLCI ) 10bit, 17 bit hoc 24 bit.
DLCI cng c chc nng ging nh mch s o trong X.25. N cho php nhiu kt ni
chuyn mch khung logic c dn vo trn mt knh n. i vi X.25 th nhn dng
kt ni ch c ngha cc b. Mi u cui ca kt ni lgic gn cho DLCI ca ring
n t nhng s d tr khng s dng n v mng phi chuyn i t ci ny thnh ci
khc. Khi s dng cng mt DLCI cho hai u cui th cn phi cmt vi cch thc
iu khin gi tr DLCI cc b.

i vi chuyn mch khung trn knh D ta gi nh trng a ch c hai octet v
gi tr DLCI nm trong khong 480-1007. iu ny tng ng vi khong gi tr ca
SAPI t 32-62. Do cc khung truyn ca chuyn mch khung c th c trn ln
vi khung truyn ca LAPI trn knh D v 2 loi khung ny c phn bit bng cc bit
th 8 n bit th 3 ca octet th nht ca trng a ch.

di ca trng a ch c xc nh bng cc bit m rng ca trng a ch. T
s bit C/R l ng dng ring v khng mt giao thc chun chuyn mch khung no c
th s dng n. Cc bit c nh trong trng a ch phi c iu khin nghn mch v
c tho lun mc sau.

Chc nng ca mng

ISDN thc kin chc nng chuyn mch khung hoc bt c mt mng no c th
b tr cho chuyn mch khung th u bao gm nh tuyn khung truyn vi nh dng
nh nh dng trn hnh 8.15a da vo nhng gi tr DLCI cu chng. Hnh 8.21 ch
ra s vn hnh ca cc thit b iu khin khung truyn trong bi cnh c mt s ngi
s dng c ni trc tip vi cng mt thit b iu khin khung truyn qua cc knh
vt l khc nhau. S vn hnh ny ch c thc hin khi c s tham gia ca hai thit b
iu khin khung truyn tr ln. Trong hnh v ny cc du lgic c biu th nh l cc
n v ring bit hay im iu khin chuyn mch khung. n v ny c th p ng
c bng cc du nh tuyn. Ni chung, qu trnh c iu khin bi cc mc nh
trong bng kt ni da trn DLCI sp xp thnh cc khung truyn t knh ny n
knh khc. Cc thit b iu khin khung truyn chuyn mt khung t knh li vo n
knh li ra da vo mc tng thch trong bng kt ni v chuyn thnh DLCI trong
khung trc khi truyn dn. V d nh khung u vo t TE B trn kt ni 306 c ti
truyn dn n TE D trn kt ni 342. y l k thut mc xch nh tuyn lin kt. Hnh
v cng ch ra cc chc nng phn knh:nhiu kt ni lgic trn cng mt knh lgic.

Hnh 8.21 Vn hnh s l khung

Ch rng tt c cc TE u c kt ni lgic n im chuyn mch khung vi gi
tr ca DLCI =0. Cc kt ni lgic ny c o li trn knh iu khin cuc gi
c th s dng khi khng dng c I.451/Q.931 trn knh D cho iu khin cuc gi
chuyn mch khung.

Ging nh mt trong s cc chc nng ca chuyn mch khung FCS ca mi khung
li vo u c kim tra. Khi thy c li, khung loi b li, ngi s dng u cui s
b nhim thm vic ti to li trn giao thc chuyn mch khung. Hnh 9.17 xem xt cc
giao thc tham gia vo chuyn mch khung. Bt u bng cch xem xt tng kt ni
chuyn mch khung ring bit. C mt lp vt l v lp chuyn mch khung con. Trn
lp chuyn mch khung con c cha ng giao thc iu khin kt ni d liu lp 2.
y l cc ng dng c lp v khc vi cc chuyn mch khung khc. Nu trong cc
khung truyn chuyn mch khung cha ng tn hiu iu khin cuc gi chuyn mch
khung th chng c mang trn khung DLCI 0 . N cung cp kt ni chuyn mch
khung gia ngi s dng v thit b iu khin khung truyn DLCI 8191dng nhn
dng th tc iu hnh.
iu khin nghn mch.

C s : Mng chuyn mch khung l mt dng ca mng chuyn mch gi
trong thut ng gi l ch khung thng tin lp 2. Trong bt c mt mng chuyn
mch gi no th mt trong nhng vn trng yu l cch thit k iu khin chuyn
mch khung. hiu r hn vai tr ca iu khin nghn mch, ta cn xem xt mt vi
kt qu rt ra t l thuyt hng. Trong trng hp thit yu th chuyn mch khung l
mng hng i. mi thit b iu khin c mt dy cc khung truyn cho mi khi to
kt ni.Nu tc khung li ra v tc hng vt qu tc khung li vo th phi tng
kch thc hng v khung di v tn cc phi c lm tr. Thm ch nu tc khung
li ra nh hn tc khung truyn dn th di ca hng s tng t ngt khi m tc
li ra xp x tc li vo. Nh qui tc lt gi, khi mt hng ca khung sp xp
ln hn 80% lng s dng th di ca khung s tng tc ti a cho php.

Hnh 8.22 Hp knh ti lp con Frame Relay

Ta hy xem xt cch thc sp hng ca mt thit b iu khin khung truyn nh
minh ho trn hnh 8.22. Bt c mt nt no cng c mt s kt ni truyn dn tip
xc vi n: t mt tr ln n cc thit b iu khin khung truyn, t 0 tr ln th n
cc thu bao. Trn mi mt kt ni khung ti v truyn i. Ta thy rng c hai vng
m cho mi kt ni, mt nhn khung v mt gi khung ang ch truyn. Trn
thc t th c th c hai b m c kch thc c nh lin h vi mi kt ni hoc cng
c th c b nh sn cho vic kch hot tt c cc vng m. Trong trng hp sau, ta
thy rng mi kt ni c hai vng m c kch thc thay i lin h vi n, tuy nhin
hn ch chnh l ch tng kch c ca vng m phi c nh

Trong bt c trng hp no th khi khung truyn n ch th chng phi c lu
tr vng m u vo ca kt ni ng p ng. Nt kim tra khung n nh tuyn
v sau chuyn khung ny n b m u ra tng ng. Khung truyn sp xp cho
u ra phi c truyn dn vi tc ti a. Nu khung n qu nhanh so vi tc
ca nt x l chng hoc nhanh hn tc xo vng m th khung ny s khng c sn
vng m.

Khi t n trng thi bo ho th mt trong hai cch thc s c thng qua.
Cch thc th nht n gin loi b bt c khung truyn no m n khng c sn vng
m trng. Phng php ny t n lm v hiu ho nu nh khung loi b c ti
truyn dn, b sung vo iu khin nghn mch. Trng hp khc cho mt vi c ch
c s dng nhng li b hn ch bi tc khung mi c chn vo mng. Cn
cch thc th hai c hiu ng ngha vi iu khin nghn mch

Hnh 8.23 Xp hng vo / ra ca s l Frame

Hnh 9.23 ch ra tc dng ca iu khin nghn mch. Hnh 8.23a v ra thi gian
thng ca mng ( tc l s khung truyn ti trm ch trong mt n v thi gian) chng
li cc ti cung cp (s khung truyn c truyn dn bi tt c cc thu bao ) trong khi
hnh 8.23bb ch ra thi gian tr trung bnh t li vo n li ra thng qua mng. ti
nh, thi gian thng v thi gian s dng tng khi ti cung cp tng. Khi ti cung cp
tip tc tng n im A, thi gian thng ca mng tng chm hn tc tng ca ti
cung cp. iu ny lm cho mng i vo trng thi tc nghn. Trong vng ny mng tip
tc i ph vi ti mc d thi gian tr tng.

Khi ti trn mng tng th di hng ca thit b iu khin khung truyn cng
tng thm ch khi t n im B th thi gian thng gim trong khi ti cung p tng. C
c iu ny l v vng m mi nt c kch thc hu hn. Khi vng m ca mi
thit b iu khin y th n phi loi b khung truyn. Do thng tin ngun b
loi b phi c ti truyn dn trong khung mi c b sung. iu ny gy ra nhc
im l khi c qu nhiu khung truyn b ti truyn dn th ti trn h thng tng ln
v nhiu vng m b bo ho. Trong khi h thng ang c gng xo i thng tin chng
cht trong b m th ngi s dng li c np khung truyn mi v c vo h thng.
Thm ch nhng khung truyn xong li vn c b truyn li lm cho lp cao hn li
tn thi gian ghi nhn chng: Khung truyn i bao gm khung truyn nhng khng
ti. Trong trng hp ny hiu qu ca h thng gm xung ng k.

R rng chng ta phi trnh nhng hn ch ny do phi b sung vo mt c ch
iu khin nghn mch. K thut iu khin nghn mch c th hn ch c di
ca hng cc nt trnh tnh trng gim thi gian thng.

iu khin nghn mch v chuyn mch khung

Theo CCITT trong X.3xx nh ngha v cc mc ch ca iu khin nghn mch
v chuyn mch khung nh sau:

* Gim thiu s thi hi khung.
* Duy tr vi xc sut cao v s khc bit nh nht tng thch vi cht lng dch
v.
* Gim thiu kh nng xy ra trng hp mt ngi dng u cui c th c quyn
cc ti nguyn mng chi ph ca nhng ngi dng cui khc.
* n gin thc thi v t mc cao hn mt cht nhng ngi dng cui khc
hoc mng khc.
* To nn lu thoi mng tng thm mc ti thiu.
* Phn chia ti nguyn mng mt cch cng bng gia nhng ngi s dng u
cui.
* Hn ch lan truyn nghn mch vi mng v cc yu t ca mng khc.
* Vn hnh mt cch hiu qu khng k n dng thoi theo hng khc gia nhng
ngi s dng cui.
* C c s tng tc hoc nh hng ti thiu trn cc h thng khc trong mch
chuyn mch khung.
* Gim thiu s khc bit trong cht lng dch v khi phn phi n cc kt ni
chuyn mch khung c nhn trong qu trnh nghn mch (v d nh,cc kt ni
logic c nhn khng nn lm gim gi tr mt cch t ngt khi tip cn s nghn
mch hoc xy ra nghn mch ).

Thch thc i vi iu khin nghn mch l rt cao i vi mng chuyn mch
khung bi cc cng c c sn b hn ch i vi b qun khung. Giao thc chuyn mch
khung c thc hin n gin c c lng d liu ln nht v hiu qu cao nht.
Hu qu l mt b qun khung khng th iu khin c dng cc khung n t mt
thu bao hoc nt ln cn m trong dng giao thc iu khin dng ca s trt c
trng,nh trong LAPD.

iu khin nghn mch l nhimv kt ni mng vi nhng ngi dng u cui.
Mng trong ( l tp hp cc nt qun khung ) l v tr tt nht gim st mc
nghn mch trong khi ngi dng u cui l v tr tt nht iu khin nghn mch
bng cch hn ch lu thoi. Vi d on ca mnh chng ta c th xt n hai chin
lciu khin nghn mch chung: trnh nghn mch v phc hi nghn mch. Cc th
tc trnh nghn mch c s dng vo thi im bt u nghn mch gim thiu
hiu ng ny trn mng. Do cc th tc ny s c bt u ti trc im A trong
hnh 8.19 chng li nghn mch n im B.

Ti gn im s c mt vi du hiu c sn cho nhng ngi dng u cui bit
rng s nghn mch ang tng ln. Do phi c mt vi c ch bo hiu r rng t
mng li kch hot vic trnh nghn mch.

Cc th tc khi phc nghn mch c dng ngn chn trng hp mng
khng hot ng c khi xy ra nghn mch mc cao. Cc th tc ny thng
c khi ng khi mng bt u gim khung do nghn mch. Nhng khungb gim nh
th s c bo co bi mt s lp phn mm cao hn (v d Q.922 ) v hot ng nh
mt c ch bo hiu ngun. Cc th tc khi phc nghn mch vn hnh quanh im B
v trong khu vc nghn mch mc cao nh trong hnh 8.23.

CCITT v ANSI coi trnh nghn mch vi cc bo hiu r rng v khi phc
nghn mch vi bo hiu ngm l cc hnh thc b sung cho iu khin nghn mch
trong dch v mang chuyn mch khung. Trnh chuyn mch vi cc bo hiu r rng:
mi bo hiu r rng c hai bit trong trng a ch ca mi khung. Mi bit c th c
t bi mt b qun khung no m b qun khung ny s d s nghn mch. Nu mt
b qun khung trc mt khung m trong mt hoc c hai bit ny c t cc bit
ny s khng b xa. Do cc tn hiu to thnh cc bit t mng ti ngi dng u
cui. Hai bit l :
Khai bo nghn mch r rng sau ( BECN ) : Khai bo cho ngi dng rng cc th
tc trnh nghn mch nn c khi ng ni c th ng dng cho lu thoi
hng i din ca khung nhn. N ch ra rng cc khung m ngi dng truyn trn
kt ni logic ny c th gp cc ngun b nghn.
Khi khai bo nghn mch ngm trc( FECN ) : Thng bo cho ngi dng rng cc
th tc trnh nghn mch nn c khi ng ni c th ng dng cho lu thoi trn
cng hngvi khung nhn. N ch ra rng khung ny, trn kt ni logic ny gp
cc ngun b nghn.

Hnh 8.24 Hiu ng tc nghn

Chng ta hy xem nh cc bit ny c dng bi mng v ngi s dng. Trc ht
vi p ng mng mi b qun khung cn phi kim sot cc hot ng ni tip ca n.
Nu di hng bt u tng ln n mc nguy him th cc bit FECN v BECN
hoc c hai s c t sao cho lm gim dng khung qua b qun khung . S la
chn EFCN hay BECN c th ph thuc bi nhng ngi dng u cui trn kt ni
logic cho c chun b tr li mt bit ny hoc bit kia hay khng. iu ny c th
c xc nh bi thi gian cu hnh. Trong bt c trng hp no b qun khung cng
c mt vi la chn sao cho cc kt ni logic c bo ng v nghn mch. Nu s
nghn mch tr nn kh nghim trng, tt c cc kt ni logic qua mt b qun khung
u c th c thng bo. Trong giai on u ca nghn mch b qun khung c th
ch bo hiu chon gi dng v cc kt ni ang to ra lu thoi ln nht.

Trong mt ph lc ca ANSI T1.6ca c trnh by mt th tc ca di hng kim
sot. B qun khung kim sot kch c ca mi hng. Mt chu k bt u khi mch li
ra t khng c ch ( hng trng ) ti bn ( kch c hng khc 0, gm khung hin ti ).
Kch c hng trung bnh vt qu chu k trc v chu k hin ti c tnh ton. Nu
kch c trung bnh vt qu mt gi tr ngng. Sau mch trong trng thi bt u
nghn mch, v cc bit trnh nghn mch nn c t trn mt s hoc tt c cc kt
ni logic s dng mch . Bng cc tnh trung bnh cho hai chu k thay cho ch kim
sot di hng hin ti, h thng s trnh c phn ng vi s tng vt tm thi m
s khng to ra nghn mch mt cch cn thit.

Thut gii dng cc bin sau:

T : thi gian hin ti
Ti : thi gian i xut hin hoc s kin bt u
Fqi: S khung trong h thng sau s kin.
To : thi gian bt u ca chu k trc.
T1 : thi gian bt u ca chu k hin ti.

Thutgii gm cc phn sau:

1. Cp nht di hng:
Bt u vi q
o
:=0 nu s kin i m th l s kin xut hin q
i
:=qi-1+1
Nu s kin i m th l s kin bt u q
i
:=q
i
-1+1.
2. Cp nht phm vi hng (thng nht ).
Phm vi ca chu k trc = q
i-1
(t
i
t
i-1
)
t
i
(T
0
,T
1
)
Phm vi cu chu k hin ti = q
i-1
(t
i-1
-t
i-1
)
t
i
(T
1
,t)
3. Cp nht di hng trung bnh:
di hng trung bnh trn hai chu k bng:
Phm vi trn 2 chu k/ Thi gian ca 2 chu k = Phm vi ca 2 chu k/ t-T
0

* Khi phc nghn mch vi bo ng ngm

di hng trung bnh c tnh bng cch xc ng phm vi ( kt qu ca kch c
hng v thi gian ) trn hai chu k chia cho thi gian ca hai chu k. Thut gii ny c
minh ho trong hnh 8.24. p ng ngi dng c xc nh bi nhn tn hiu BECN
hay FECN. Th tc n gin nht l p ngvi tn hiu BECN: ngi dng ch n gi
gim tc pht cc khung cho n khi tn hiu ngng li. p ng vi FECN th phc
tp hn n yu cu ngi dng thng bo ngi dng ng cp ( cng mc ) trn kt
ni ny hn ch lung khung. Cc chc nng chnh c dng trong giao thc
chuyn tip khung khng h tr vic thng bo ny. Bi vy cn thc hin lp cao hn,
nh l lp vn chuyn. iu khin lung cng c th thc hin bi Q.922 hoc mt s
giao thc iu khin lin kt thc hin trn lp ph chuyn tip khung ( hnh 9.17 )
Q.922 thng l hu ch v n bao gm s tng cng vi LAPD, do cho php ngi
dng iu chnh kch c ca s

Cc bo ng ngm din ra khi mng loi b mt khung v thc t ny b pht
hin bi ngi dng u cui lp cao hn , nh l Q.922, khi mt khung b loi b
b trn b m trong mng, khung tip theo s pht ra mt khung chng t im
u cui nhn c. Nh vy, mt th tc lp cao hnc th c dng nhm cp cho
iu khin lung n iu khin t nghn mch.

Tiu chun ANSI ch ra rng mt ngi dng m c th thay i kch c ca s
iu khin lung dng c ch ny trong p ng vi bo ng ngm. Chng ta gi s
rng kch thc ca s lp 2, W, c th thay i gia cc thng s W
max
v c t
khi u l W
max
. Nhn chung, chng ta mun gim W khi nghn mch tng chn
truyn dn khung. Cc lp ny ca s ca s tng ng, da trn p ng vi vic
nhn mt khung chng c nu ra(CHEN89,DOSH88):

1.1: t W=Max(W-1,W
min
)
1.2: t W=W
min

1.3: t W=Max(W,W
min
) vi 0<<1

S truyn dn thnh cng (o bi ghi nhn p ng) c th ch ra rng nghn mch
khng cn na v kch thc ca ca s tng ln. C hai cch gii quyt kh thi:

2.1: t W=min(W+1,W
max
) sau n truyn dn thnh cng lin tip.
2.2: t W=min(W+1,W
max
) sau W truyn dn thnh cng lin tip

Mt cuc nghin cu cj bo co trong CHEN89 ch ra rng dung cch thc
1.3 vi =0,5 cng vi cch thc 2.2 s to ra s biu din tt trn phm vi rng ca cc
thng s mng v cc mu lu thoi.

Cho n nay,chng ta ni v vai tr ca ngi dng trong khi phc nghn
mch. Vai tr ca mch tt nhin l loi b khung khi cn thit. Mt bit trong trng
a ch ca mi khung c th dng cung cp ch dn.

Loi b thch hp (DE) : Ch ra yu cu rng mt khung nn c loi b trong s
u tin so vi khung khc m trong bit ny khng c t, khi cn phi loi b
khung. Kh nng DE gip cho ngi dng c th gi tm thi nhiu khung hn mc cho
php trung bnh. Trong trng hp ny, ngi dng t bit DE trn cc khung vt qu
gii hn. Mng s hng n cc khung ny nu n c th. Bit DE cng c th c t
bi mt b qun l khung. Mng c th kim sot s a vo cc khung t ngi dng
v dng bit DE bo v mng vi cc firewalls linh ng. l, nu b qun l
khung m ngi dng trc tip kt ni n quyt nh rng li vo l vt qu gii hn
tim nng, n t bit DE trn mi khung v sau hng n n xa hn trong mng.

8.4 Tng kt

Bng 8.8 tm tt 4 giao thc lin kt d liu thch hp vi ISDN.Gii thiu ch yu
v ISDN trong phn ny l LAPD, l nh ngha giao thc lin kt d liu dng trong
knh D. Giao thc on ny gm thng tin giao thc lp cao hn cho bo hiu iu khin
v cho chuyn mch gi X.25, vi nhng iu chnh ca trng a ch.

LAPB c to ra lp 2 ca tiu chun giao din chuyn mch gi X.25.
N c dng trong chuyn tip vi lp 3 X.25 trn cc knh B nhm cung cp h tr
chuyn mch gi cho ngi dng ISDN. Khi X.25 c dng trn knh D, LAPD thay
th LAPB nh giao thc lp 2.

I.465/V120 l mt th tc tng thch trm cung cp giao thc lin kt a nng
cho s dng trn cc knh D v H. c im chnh ca giao thc ny n cho php cc
kt ni a lgic c thit lp trn mt mch n gia hai ngi s dng u cui.

Cui cng, CCITT v ANSI l qu trnh tiu chun ho mt dichj v quan trng
gi l dch v mang ch khung. y l mt giao thc iu khin lin kt d liu
c sp xp hp l m n khng h tr iu khin qu trnh v kim li. Tuy nhin,
chuyn mch khung cung cp loi chuyn mch gi ca dch v trn cc knh D, B v H.

Chng 9
Lp mng ISDN

i vi ISDN, mt giao thc lp mng mi, Q.931 c xy dng cung
cp iu khin cuc gi ngoi bng cho lin lc trn knh B v knh H. Giao thc
ny, s dng knh D, s hot ng mc mng ca m hnh OSI. N c dng
cho vic lin lc mode knh v c mode gi. Mt khuyn ngh c lin quan, Q.932, s
cung cp chc nng b sung Iu khin cc dch v b tr. Trong chng ny, ta s
kho st c giao thc c s ln thit b dch v b tr.

9.1. Tng quan

Lp mng ISDN bao gm mt giao thc knh D c dng thit lp, duy tr
v kt thc cc kt ni trn cc knh B v H. Giao thc ny cng cho cc th tc chung
v vic a ra v hot ng ca cc dch v b tr. M t k thut ca Iu khin cuc
gi c trong 6 khuyn ngh sau y:

Q.930 Ngi dng ISDN-Lp 3 giao din mng Cc kha cnh chung:: M
t bng cc thut ng chung v cc chc nng lp 3 ca knh D v giao thc
dng trn mt giao din ngi dng ISDN mng.
Q.931 Thng s k thut v Iu khin cuc gi c s: Quy nh cc th tc
thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc kt ni trn giao din ngi dng ISDN mng.
Q.932 Cc th tc chung v iu khin cc dch v b tr ISDN: nh ngha
cc th tc chung dng cho vic a ra v hot dng ca cc dch v b tr
trong mi lin quan n cc cuc gi ang c hoc bn ngoI bt k cuc gi
ang c no.
Q.933 Thng s k thut v iu khin cuc gi c s mode khung: Quy
nh cc th tc thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc kt ni mode khung trn giao
din ngi dng ISDN mng.
Q.939 Cc m ho ch th dch v DSS 1 thng thng cho cc dch v vin
thng ISDN : Cung cp cc m ho c th cho cc dch v vin thng.
Q.950 Cc giao thc dch v b tr Cu trc v cc nguyn l chung : Cung
cp cc th tc chi tit p dng cho cc dch v b tr ring l.

Tp hp cc kh nng cung cp bo hiu Iu khin cuc gi trn knh D c
gi l H thng bo hiu thu bao S No. 1 ( DSS-1 ). Kin trc chung ca n c
m t trn Hnh 9.1. Lp vt l, c nh ngha trong I.430 ( truy cp c s ) v
I.431 ( truy cp s cp ), h tr cho tt c vic lin lc ca knh B v D. Ti lp lin
kt d liu, cc th tc iu khin cuc gi c s v cc th tc ca dch v b tr
u c h tr nh cc bn tin nh ngha trong giao thc Q.931. Nh vy,
khng c mt giao thc ring bit no yu cu v iu khin cc dch v b tr.
Hn th na, mt s bn tin Q.931 li nh ngha cc th tc iu khin cc dch v
b tr.


Hnh 9.1 M hnh cc dch v b tr v c s

9.2. iu khin cuc gi c s

Q.931 quy nh cc th tc thit lp kt ni trn cc knh B v H dng
chung cng mt giao din ti ISDN nh knh D. N cng cung cp bo hiu Iu
khin t -ngi dng - n - ngi dng qua knh D. Theo cc thut ng ca OSI,
Q.931 l lp 3, hay l lp mng, giao thc. Nh trn Hnh 9.2 cho thy, giao thc ny
da vo LAPD chuyn cc bn tin qua knh D. Mi mt bn tin Q.931 c a
vo trong mt khung lp lin kt. Khung lp-lin kt ny c truyn trn knh D,
c hp knh ti lp vt l vi cc knh khc theo I.430 hoc I.431.

ITU-T quy nh cc im sau nh l cc chc nng c bn c thc hin ti
lp mng v iu khin cuc gi:
Quan h qua li vi lp lin kt d liu ( LAPD ) truyn v nhn cc bn tin.
Khi to v din gii cc bn tin lp 3.
Qun l cc i tng logic v theo di thi gian (v d nh cc tham chiu
cuc gi ) s dng trong cc th tc iu khin cuc gi.
Qun l cc ngun lc truy cp, bao gm c cc knh B v cc knh logic lp
gi ( X.25 ).
Kim tra xem cc dch v c cung cp c tng thch vi cc yu cu ca
ngi dng hay khng ( v d nh c nh c th hin qua kh nng mang,
cc a ch, cc tnh tng thch lp cao v lp thp ).

Ngoi cc chc nng c bn trn, mt lot cc chc nng khc c th cn n
trn cc cu hnh mng nht nh h tr cc dch v nht nh. ITU-T trch dn cc
chc nng sau:

nh tuyn v relay: i vi cc h cui c kt ni vi cc mng con khc nhau,
cc chc nng nh tuyn v relay l cn thit thit lp nn mt kt ni mng
u cui.
iu khin kt ni mng: Bao gm cc c ch kt ni mng nh s dng cc kt
ni lin kt d liu.
Chuyn cc thng tin ngi dng- ti -mng v mng-ti- ngi dng: Chc nng
ny c th c thc hin cng hoc khng cng vi vic thit lp mt kt ni
chuyn mch knh.
Hp knh kt ni mng: Lp 3 thc hin vic hp knh cc thng tin Iu khin
cuc gi cho nhiu cuc gi ln trn mt kt ni lin kt d liu (LAPD) duy nht.
Ngt on v tI ghp: C th cn phI phn on cc bn tin Q.931 khi truyn i
v ti ghp chng khi nhn c truyn qua cc giao din ngi dng-mng ni
ht c th no .
Ph hin li: Cc chc nng ph hin li s kim tra cc li th tc tI giao thc lp
3.
Khc phc li: Chc nng ny bao gm cc c ch khc phc cc li pht hin
c.

Hnh 9.2 Kin trc giao thc iu khin cuc gi

Th t : Chc nng ny bao gm c ch d pht th t thng tin lp 3 khi c yu
cu
iu khin tc nghn v lung d liu ngi dng: iu khin tc nghn c th ra
lnh tm thi t chi yu cu thit lp 1 kt ni. iu khin lung c th dc
cung cp cho bo hiu ngi dng-ngi dng
Khi to li: Chc nng ny c s dng gi tr li cc knh v cc giao din 1
iu kin khng dng n khi phc cc iu kin d thng

Cc loi y cui

Hai loi c bn ca cc u cui ngi dng c h tr bi ISDN: Chc nng
v tc nhn kch thch : Cc u cui chc nng c coi l cc thit b thng minh
v c th c khai thc trong ton b cc di ca cc bn tin Q.931 v cc tham s
iu khin cuc gi. Tt c cc thng tin bo hiu c gi theo kiu nh cc bn
tin iu khin n l ( gp ton b li ri gi i ). Cc u cui tc nhn kch thch l
cc thit b vi kh nng bo hiu th s,. in thoi s n gin l mt v d ca
loi u cui ny. Bn tin c gi ti mng bi cc u cui tc nhn kch thch
thng c sinh ra do kt qu trc tip ca tc ng ngi dng u cui ( v d
nhc ng nghe, bm phm.. ) v ni chung thc hin mt s miu t cc s kin c
ti cc giao din ngi-my. V th cc u cui tc nhn kch thch ny truyn cc
thng tin bo hiu 1 s kin hoc 1 con s ti 1 thi im. Cc bn tin bo hiu ny
c gi bi mng ti cc u cui tc nhn kch thch gm lnh r rng ph hp vi
cc vn hnh c hon thin bi u cui ( v d kt ni knh B, bt u cnh bo.. ).
i vi cc u cui tc nhn kch thch, cc chc nng iu khin c tp trung v
tng i v cc chc nng m rng s c thc hin bi thay di bn trong tng i

Cc bn tin

Tin trnh thit lp, iu khin v chm dt 1 cuc gi cng nh l tin trnh la
chn cc dch v ph xy ra l kt qu ca cc bn tin bo hiu iu khin c trao
i gia ngi s dng v mng thng qua knh D. Mt khun dng chung c s
dng cho tt c cc bn tin c nh ngha trong Q.931, minh ho trong hnh 9,3

Hnh 9,3 Khun dng Q.931
Cc trng chung

Ba trng u tin l chung cho tt c cc loi bn tin

Phan bit giao thc: c s dng phn bit cc bn tin iu khin cuc gi
mng-ngi dng vi cc loi bn tin khc. Nh trong bng 9.1 gi nh, cc
giao thc khc c th c chia x knh D.
Tham chiu cuc gi: Nhn dng cuc gi trn knh B hay knh H theo cc tham
chiu bn tin ny
Loi bn tin: Nhn dng l bn tin Q.931 hay l Q,932 ang c gi. Ni
dung phn cn li trong bn tin ph thuc vo loi bn tin
Nhn dng giao thc c s dng cho Q.931 l mt s nh phn 0000 1000. Cc
gi tr nhn dng giao thc khc c ch ra trong bng 9.1. Cc loi khc ca cc
bn tin lp 3 c th c mang trong khung LAPD c gn cc s khc. Lu
rng X.25 c kh nng s dng 1 s ln tp hp con cc s 8-bit, l nguyn nhn
v m khun dng lp 3 ca X.25 khng cha trng nhn dng giao thc. Tuy
nhin. tt c cc gi X.25 bt u vi 1 octet m trong cc bit th 3 hoc th 4
hoc l mang gi tr 10 hoc l gi tr 01 ( xem hnh 4.13 ). Theo , cc cuc gi
non-X.25 c th phn bit c vi cuc gi X.25 bng s c mt ca hoc 00 hoc
11 ti cc v tr bit .

Trng tham chiu cuc gi gm c ba trng con. Trng con di quy nh
di bng octet ca phn trng cn li. di ny l 1 octet i vi mt giao din
tc c s, v l 2 octet i vi mt giao din tc s cp. Gi tr tham chiu cuc
gi l s c gn cho cuc gi ny. N quy nh kt ni mt cch duy nht v c
cc bn tin tng lai s dng (v d nh mt bn tin ngt) xc nh kt ni . S
ny c TE gn nu nh n ang yu cu mt kt ni v c NT gn nu n ang
thng bo mt cuc gi n. C s cho thy u no ca kt ni logic LAPD bt u
cuc gi : Gi tr s l 0 nu bn tin i t pha xut pht tham chiu cuc gi
ny, v bng 1 nu bn tin i ti pha xut pht tham chiu cuc gi. C s cn
ngn chn mu thun trong trng hp c hai NT v TE ng thi la chn cng
mt gi tr tham chiu cuc gi cho mt kt ni mi.

Gi tr tham chiu cuc gi ch c mt ngha ni a. Gi tr tham chiu cuc gi
gn cho u kia ca kt ni s c xc nh mt cch a phng ti u bn kia .

Bng 9.1 Gi tr s phn bit giao thc

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Giao thc ngi dng ring
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Cc giao thc lp cao OSI
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 D liu ngi dng cuc gi X.25
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Qun tr h thng
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cc k t IAS
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Thng tin c m ho ASN.1 / BER
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 D tr dng sau ny
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 V.120 thay i tc

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Q.931Bn tin iu khin cuc gi ngi dng-mng

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
n D tr cho cc lp mng khc hoc giao thc lp 3 X.25
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
n S dng quc gia
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1

0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
n D tr cho cc lp mng khc hoc giao thc lp 3 X.25
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
C hai trng hp c bit cn lu v gi tr tham chiu cuc gi. Mt tham
chiu cuc gi khng r rng s c gi tr trng ph dI bng 0 v do vy n dI 1
octet ( tt c u l 0 ). Iu ny c dnh ring cho cc th tc dch v b tr, s
tho lun sau. Trng hp th hai l gi tr tham chiu cuc gi bng 0 (tc l trng
ph dI c gi tr bng 1 , cho thy s c mt ca mt octet th hai trong trng
tham chiu cuc gi, v gi tr bng s ca trng ph gi tr tham chiu cuc gi
bng 0 ). y l trng hp tham chiu cuc gi ton cu. dng cho cc th tc
khi ng lin kt d liu; cc bn tin c th p dng c cho tt c cc tham
chiu cuc gi lin quan n b phn xc nh kt ni lin kt d liu (DLCI).

Tip theo ba trng chung ny, phn cn lI ca bn tin bao gm mt chui cc
phn t 0 hoc nhiu thng tin hn, hoc cc tham s. Chng cha cc thng tin
b sung s c chuyn I cng vi bn tin. Nh vy, kiu bn tin s quy nh mt
lnh hay mt phn hi, v chi tit s c a ra nh cc phn t thng tin. Mt s
phn t thng tin lun lun nht thit phi i km mt bn tin cho trc (bt buc),
v mt s phn t thng tin khc th lI ty . Ba khun dng ca cc phn t thng
tin c s dng nh trn cc Hnh t 9.3b n 9.3d.

Cc kiu bn tin

Cc bn tin Q.931 c th c nhm theo hai dng: Cc ng dng m chng h tr
v cc chc nng m chng thc hin. Cc bn tin p dng cho mt hoc 4 ng dng
sau:

Iu khin kt ni mode knh: ch cc chc nng cn thit cho vic thit
lp, duy tr v giI phng mt kt ni chuyn mch knh trn mt knh B. Chc
nng ny tng ng vi Iu khin cuc gi trong cc mng vin thng chuyn
mch knh hin c.
I khin kt ni truy cp mode gi: ch cc chc nng cn thit cho vic
thit lp mt kt ni chuyn mch knh ( c gi l mt kt ni truy cp trong
ng cnh ny) n mt node chuyn mch gi ISDN; kt ni ny s ni ngi
dng vi mng chuyn mch gi c mt nh cung cp ISDN cung cp.
Bo hiu ngi dngngi dng khng kt hp vi cc cuc gi chuyn
mch knh: Cho php hai ngi dng lin lc m khng cn thit lp mt kt
ni chuyn mch knh. Mt kt ni bo hiu tm thi c thit lp v giI
phng theo kiu tng t nh Iu khin mt kt ni chuyn mch knh. Vic
bo hiu s din ra qua knh D v do vy s khng tiu th n cc ngun lc
ca knh B.
Cc bn tin dng vi tham chiu cuc gi ton cu: ch cc chc nng cho
php ngi s dng hoc mng tr mt hay nhiu knh v Iu kin ngh.

NgoI ra, cc bn tin thc hin cc chc nng thuc mt trong 4 tiu ch sau:

Thit lp cuc gi: Thot u c dng thit lp cuc gi. Nhm ny gm c
cc bn tin gia thit b u cui gi I v mng v gia mng vi thit b u cui
c gi n. Cc bn tin ny h tr cc dch v sau: thit lp 1 cuc gi knh B
theo yu cu ngi dng ; cung cp cc thit b mng c th cho cuc gi ny ;
thng bo vho ngi dng gi I v tin trnh ca qu trnh thit lp cuc gi.
Thng tin cuc gi: c gi I gia ngi dng v mng khi 1 cuc gi c
to ra, nhng phI trc giai on kt thc. Mt trong s cc bn tin trong nhm
ny cho php mng c relay cc thng gia 2 ngi dng ca cuc gi m khng
lm thay i thng tin. Bn cht ca thng tin ny nm ngoI phm vi tiu chun,
nhng ngi ta gi thit rng n l thng tin bo hiu Iu khin m khng th hay
khng nn gi I 1 cch trc tip qua knh B. Phn cn lI ca cc bn tin cho
php ngi dng c yu cu nh ch v sau ni lI 1 cuc gi. Khi 1 cuc gi
b nh ch, mng s nh cn cc ca cc bn c gi v cc thit b mng h tr
cc cuc gi , nhng n khng kch hot cuc gi sao cho khng pht sinh
cc ph b xung v sao cho knh B tng ng c giI phng. Gi s trc rng,
vic ni lI cuc gi s nhanh hn v r hn l khi to 1 cuc gi mi.
GiI phng cuc gi: c gi I gia ngi dng-mng chm dt cuc gi.
Tiu ch khc: C th c gi I gia ngi dng-mng cc giai on khc
nhau ca cuc gi. Mt s c th c gi I trong khi thit lp cuc gi ; mt s
khc c gi i khi khng c cuc gi no. Chc nng s cp ca cc bn tin ny
l m phn cc thuc tnh mng ( cc dch v b tr )

iu khin kt ni mode knh

Bng 9.2 lit k cc bn tin c s dng cho Iu khin kt ni mode knh, vi
mt nh ngha n gin. Mi mt i tng gm c ch dn v hng ca bn tin :
Ch t ngi dng n mng ( u n)
Ch t mng n ngi dng (n u)
C hai hng

Mi mt i tng cng xc nh xem liu bn tin c:

ngha ni ht : Ch thch hp trong truy cp xut pht hoc kt thc ( tc l giao
din ngi dng-mng cho ngi s dng khi to cuc gi hoc ngi s dng
chp nhn cuc gi ) n mng do ngi s dng thc hin.
ngha truy cp : Thch hp trong truy cp xut pht hoc kt thc, nhng khng
phi trong mng.
ngha ton cu : Thch hp trong truy cp xut pht hoc kt thc, v trong mng.

Bng 9.3 n 9.6 lit k cc tham s lin quan n tng bn tin iu khin kt
ni mode knh i vi vic thit lp cuc gi, pha thng tin cuc gi, gii phng cuc
gi v cc chc nng khc mt cch tng ng. Cc tham s c quy nh l bt
buc (M) hoc tu chn (O). Bng 9.7 a ra nh ngha s b v cc tham s ny.

Kh nng mang phn t thng tin

Mt tham s mu cht, kh nng mang phn t thng tin ( hnh 9.4 ) bo m
s chi tit ho. Tham s ny c dng trong bn tin SETUP yu cu 1 dch v
mang nh qui nh trong I.231. Khng ging nh nhiu tham s bn tin, c chuyn
t ngun ti ch, tham s ny c mng dng thit lp kt ni. Tham s ny thc
s tI 2 loi thng tin sau y:

Bng 9.2 Cc bn tin Q.931 i vi iu khin kt ni mode knh

Bn tin ngha Hng Chc nng
Cc bn tin thit lp cuc gi
ARLECTING Ton cu C hai Cho thy vic cnh bo ngi dng
bt u
CALL
PROCEEDING
Ni ht C hai Cho thy vic thit lp cuc gi c
bt u
CONNECT Ton cu C hai Cho thy TE c gi n chp nhn
cuc gi
CONNECT
ACKNOWLEDGE
Ni ht C hai Cho thy ngi dng c cp cuc
gi
PROGRESS Ton cu C hai Bo co v tin trnh ca cuc gi
SETUP Ton cu C hai Bt u thit lp cuc gi
SETUP
ACKNOWLEDGE
Ni ht C hai Cho thy vic thit lp cuc gi c
bt u nhng cn phI c thm thng tin
Cc bn tin v pha thng tin cuc gi
RESUME Ni ht
u n
Yu cu ni lI cuc gi b nh ch
RESUME
ACKNOWLEDGE
Ni ht
n u
Cho thy cuc gi yu cu c tI
thit lp
RESUME REJECT Ni ht
n u
Cho thy s khng thnh cng ni lI
cuc gi b nh ch
SUSPEND Ni ht
u n
Yu cu nh ch mt cuc gi
SUSPEND
ACKNOWLEDGE
Ni ht
n u
Cuc gi b nh ch
SUSPEND REJECT Ni ht
n u
Cho thy s khng thnh cng nh
ch mt cuc gi theo yu cu
Cc bn tin gii phng cuc gi
DISCONNECT Ton cu C hai c ngi dng gi I yu cu giI
phng kt ni; c mng gi i cho
thy vic gii phng kt ni.
RELEASE Ni ht C hai Cho thy d nh gii phng knh v
tham chiu cuc gi
RELEASE
COMPLETE
Ni ht C hai Cho thy giI phng knh v tham chiu
cuc gi
INFORMATION Ni ht C hai Cung cp cc thng tin b sung
NOTIFY Truy cp C hai Cho bit cc thng tin gn vi mt cuc
gi
STATUS Ni ht C hai c gi i p ng mt STATUS
ENQUIRY hoc tI bt k thi Im no
bo li
STATUS ENQUIRY Ni ht C hai mi bn tin STATUS

La dch v mang t cc dch v mang ca mng m ngi dng gi I c kt
ni ti. V d nh thng tin s khng hn ch. Thng tin ny c m ho vo cc
octet 3 v 4 ca phn t thng tin kh nng mang khi cn n mode knh v vo
cc octet 3, 4 ( k c 4.1 nu cn), 6 v 7 i vi mode gi.
Thng tin v thit b u cui hay cuc gi d kin, c dng quyt nh tnh
tng thch ca thit b u cui ch v c th to thun li cho vic ni mng
vi cc ISDN hoc cc mng non-ISDN khc. V d nh m ho theo lut A. Thng
tin ny s c m ho vo octet 5 ca phn t thng tin kh nng mang.

Octet 3 gm c mt ch bo v liu kh nng mang c phi l mt tiu chun ITU-
T hay khng. Nu ng, khi trng kh nng chuyn thng tin s quy nh mt
trong cc loi sau: ting, thng tin s khng hn ch, thng tin s hn ch, ting loi
3.1 kHz, hoc hnh.

Octet 4 cho bit liu mode knh hay mode gi c yu cu v tc d liu knh
ngi dng (64 kb/s, 2 x 64 kb/s, 384 kb/s, 1.536 kb/s, 1.92 Mb/s hoc N x 64 kb/s).
Nu tc c chn trong octet 4 l N x 64 kb/s, th octet 4.1 s c mt v ch ra gi
tr ca N.

Octet 5 c dng cho bit quy tc m ho tip theo i vi kh nng chuyn
thng tin ( v d, iu chnh tc V.110 hoc V.120, nhi c X.31, lut A, lut ).
Octet 5a gm c mt ch th v chuyn ng b hoc khng ng b v mt ch th
thng lng dng vi V.110. Tc ngi dng cho thy tc c s m t iu
chnh tc s xut hin. Octet 5b s x l cc chi tit ca k thut iu chnh tc
v c hai dng, mt dng cho V.110 v mt cho V.120. i vi V.110 c cc trng
sau:

Tc trung gian : Khng c dng, 8 kb/s, 16 kb/s, 32 kb/s
ng h truyn dn khng ph thuc vo mng : Cn thit, khng cn thit
ng h tip nhn khng ph thuc vo mng : C th c h tr, khng th
h tr c.
iu khin dng truyn dn: Cn thit, khng cn thit
iu khin dng tip nhn: C th c h tr, khng th h tr c.

i vi V.120, c cc trng nh sau:

Header : Bao gm, khng bao gm header iu chnh tc .
H tr thit lp a khung : C th c h tr, khng th h tr c.
Mode : Bit trong sut, giao thc nhy.
Thng lng xc nh lin kt logic : Khng bit liu LLI (256) ngm nh c
c dng khng.
Bn gn/b gn : Ch bn gn hoc b gn ngm nh.
Thng lng trong bng/ngoi bng: Thng lng vi cc bn tin USER
INFORMATION trn knh D hoc trong bng nh s dng LLI = 0.

Cc octet 5c v 5d cha cc c im lp vt l b sung. Octet 6 c s dng lp 2
(I.441/Q.921 hoc lp 2 X.25). Octet 7 c s dng lp 3 (Q.931 hoc lp 3 X.25).

Bng 9.3 cc phn t thng tin i vi cc bn tin thit lp cuc gi Q.931 cho iu khin kt
ni mode knh

Alerting Call
Proceeding
Connect Connect
Acke
Progress Setup Setup
Ack
Hon tt vic gi 0
Nhc li ch th 0
Kh nng mang 0 0 0 0 M
Cn cc knh 0 0 0 0 0
Nguyn nhn 0
Ch th tin trnh 0 0 0 M 0 0
Thit b mng c th 0
Hin th 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ngy/thi gian 0
Thit b keypad
Tn hiu 0 0 0 0
S bn gi
a ch ph ca bn
gi

S bn c gi
a ch ph ca bn
c gi

La chn mng
chuyn tip

Tnh tng thch lp
thp
0 0
Tnh tng thch lp
cao
0 0 0 0 0

Bng 9.4 Cc phn t thng tin cho cc bn tin pha thng tin cuc gi Q.931 i vi iu
khin kt ni mode knh

Resume Resume
Ack
Resume
Reject
Suspend Suspend
Ack
Suspend
Reject
Tnh ng nht
cuc gi
0 0
Cn cc knh M
Nguyn nhn M M
Hin th 0 0 0 0

Bng 9.5 Cc phn t thng tin cho cc bn tin gii phng cuc gi Q.931i vi iu khin
kt ni mode knh

Disconnect Release Release Complete
Nguyn nhn M 0 0
Ch th tin trnh 0
Hin th 0 0 0
Tn hiu 0 0 0

Bng 9.6 Cc phn t thng tin cho cc bn tin Q.931khc i vi iu khin kt ni mode
knh

Information Notify Status Status
Enquiry
Nguyn nhn M
Kh nng mang
Ch th thng bo 0
Trng thi cuc gi M M
Hon tt vic gi 0
Hin th 0 0 0
Thit b keypad 0 0
Tn hiu 0
S ca bn gi 0

Bng 9.7 nh ngha v cc phn t thng tin cho cc bn tin Q.931

Kh nng mang
Cho bit kh nng cung cp mt trong cc
kh nng mang ca mng nh nh ngha
trong I.231 v I.232. N bao gm cc thng
tin chi tit v cc phng n giao thc ti
tng lp xy dng nn dch v mong mun

Tnh ng nht cuc gi
Xc nh mt cuc gi b nh ch. N c
gn ngay t khi bt u nh ch cuc gi
Trng thi cuc gi
M t trng thi hin ti ca mt cuc gi,
nh ang hot ng, c tch ring hay g
b

S ca bn gi/ c gi
Xc nh a ch ISDN ca bn gi/c gi.

a ch ph ca bn gi/c gi
Xc nh a ch ph ca bn gi/ c gi

Nguyn nhn
M t l do khi to cc bn tin nht nh
no , cung cp thng tin chn on
trong trng hp cc li th tc, v cho
bit v tr ca bn xut pht nguyn nhn. V
tr c xc nh qui v tr ni mng gy ra
nguyn nhn.
Thit b keypad
Chuyn cc k t IA5 c a vo nh input
ca thit b u cui.

Tnh tng thch lp thp
c dng kim tra tnh tng thch t
u n cui. N bao gm tnh tng thch
chuyn thng tin, tc chuyn thng tin v
cn cc giao thc cc lp t 1 n 3.

Cc thit b mng c th
Xc nh cc thit b c bit i vi mt
mng c th no .

Ch th thng bo
Cung cp thng tin gn lin vi mt cuc
gi. Cc gi tr hin c nh ngha l
nh ch ngi dng, ni li ngi dng v
cc dch v mang.

Ch th tin trnh
M t mt s kin xut hin trong thi gian
din ra mt cuc gi.

Cn cc knh
Xc nh knh/knh ph bn trong giao din
(v d nh knh B no) c cc qu trnh
bo hiu ny iu khin.

Ngy/Gi
Cho bit khi no cc bn tin c mng khi
to.

Hin th
Cung cp cc thng tin b sung c m ho
vo cc k t ca IA5 (Bng ch ci quc t
5, ging nh ASCII). c d kin hin th
trn thit b u cui ca ngi dng.

Tnh tng thch lp cao
Xc nh kiu thit b u cui hoc ng dng
c pha ngi dng ca mt giao din S/T
(v d nh in thoi, Teletex, h x l bn tin
X.400). Mng s vn chuyn thng tin ny
mt cch trong sut t u n cui cho
php ngi dng xa c th thc hin c
vic kim tra tnh tng thch.

Ch th nhc li
Cho thy rng c th la chn mt phng n
t cc phn t thng tin nhc li.

Hon tt vic gi
Cho bit hon thnh mt s ca bn c
gi.

Tn hiu
Chuyn cc thng tin khin mt thit b u
cui mode kch thch to ra cc m thanh v
tn hiu cnh bo. V d nh cc gi tr quay
ting i, chung li, ting bo bn, v tt
ting.

La chn mng chuyn tip
Xc nh mng m kt ni cn s dng ti
c ch cui. Phn t thng tin ny c th
c nhc li trong mt bn tin chn ra
mt chui cc mng m mt cuc gi phi i
qua.

V d v mode knh

Hnh 9.5 l mt v d v vic s dng giao thc thit lp mt cuc gi in
thoi chuyn mch knh trn knh B. Ta s xem xt v d ny cho ngi c mt
khi nim v vic s dng giao thc Q.931. V d ny l v vic t mt cuc gi in
thoi, nhng quy trnh ca n cng tng t nh i vi mt cuc gi d liu t my
tnh n my tnh hoc t thit b u cui n my tnh.

Qu trnh s bt u khi mt thu bao gi i nhc ng nghe. in thoi tng
thch ISDN s bo m rng knh D c kch hot trc khi chnh n to ra ting
quay s ( khng cho thy ). Khi thu bao n phm cho s c gi n (khng cho
thy), my in thoi s gp cc con s li v khi tt c c nhn , n s gi i
mt bn tin SETUP qua knh D n tng i. Bn tin SETUP gm c s ch ; mt cn
cc knh quy nh knh B s c dng; v bt k cc dch v hoc thit b mng
c yu cu no ( v d nh tnh cc dnh ring ).

Bn tin SETUP s kch hot hai hot ng ti tng i ni ht. u tin, bng
cch dng bo hiu iu khin ni b, tng i ni ht ny s gi i mt bn tin qua
mng, v s quy nh mt tuyn cho cuc gi theo yu cu v phn b cc ngun lc
cho cuc gi . Th hai, tng i ny s gi li mt bn tin CALL PROC, cho bit
vic thit lp cuc gi ang c tin hnh. Tng i ny c th s yu cu thm
thng tin t pha ngi gi ( thng qua SETUP ACK v INFO ). Khi bn tin iu
khin ni b ti c tng i xa, n s gi i mt bn tin SETUP ti my in
thoi c gi n. in thoi c gi n s chp nhn cuc gi bng cch gi i
mt bn tin ALERT n mng v to ra mt ting chung. Khi bn c gi nhc
ng nghe, my in thoi s gi mt bn tin CONN n mng. Tng i ni ht s
gi i mt bn tin CONN ACK ti thu bao ca n v chuyn bn tin CONN n
tng i gi i, v n lt mnh n chuyn n in thoi gi i. Mch knh B
by gi ri cho cc my in thoi gi i v c gi n.

Hnh 9.4 Phn t thng tin kh nng mang

V qu trnh thit lp cuc gi s dng bo hiu knh chung nn cc knh khc
khng b xen vo, v vic tt c cc knh B u tham gia s khng ngn cn i thoi
ca knh D. V d, ngay c khi tt c cc knh ngi dng u c phn cho cc
mch, mt yu cu cuc gi n s c a ra cho ngi dng thng qua knh D; nu
mun, ngi dng c th t mt cuc gi ang din ra vo tnh trng i s dng
knh B tng ng cho mt cuc gi mi.

Hnh 9.5 Th tc cho mt cuc gi chuyn mch knh n gin (v d)

Mt khi mch c thit lp, cc lung d liu 64 kb/s song cng s oc
trao i thng qua knh B gia hai ngi dng cui cng. Cc bn tin bo hiu b
sung , chng hn nh cc bn tin pha thng tin cuc gi, c th c truyn qua trong
thi gian ny.

Vic chm dt cuc gi s bt u khi mt trong hai ngi dng treo my. Vic
ny s lm cho bn tin DISC c gi n tng i t my in thoi . Tng i s
p li bng mt bn tin REL, v khi in thoi gi REL COM, knh B s c gii
phng. Hnh ng b s xy ra ti giao din in thoi mng kia.

iu khin kt ni mode gi

Khi lin lc mode gi c s dng trn ton ISDN, cc cu hnh kh d s phc
tp hn i vi lin lc mode knh. Cc kh nng s c tho lun chi tit hn trong
Phn 6.4. Tng kt li, c ba cch kh d sau cho lin lc mode gi:

Truy cp chuyn mch knh ti mt mng d liu cng cng chuyn mch gi
(PSPDN) qua mt knh B
Truy cp chuyn mch gi ti mt dch v mch o ISDN qua knh B
Truy cp chuyn mch gi ti mt dch v mch o ISDN qua knh D.

Trong c ba trng hp, ngi dng s c kt ni vi node x l gi, l mt
phn ca mng chuyn mch gi, thay v c ni n mt ngi dng cui cng.
Trong mi trng hp, ngi dng khi s dc s dng th tc iu khin cuc gi
X.25 thit lp cc mng o n cc ngi dng cui cng khc (c kt ni vi
cng mt mng chuyn mch gi).

Truy cp chuyn mch knh n PSPDN

Trong trng hp ny, mt kt ni mode knh ca knh B s c to ra n b
x l gi, nm ngoi ISDN. Nh vy, v cn bn, cc th tc ny cng tng t nh
thit lp mt kt ni mode knh n bt k mt ngi dng bn ngoi no khc. Tuy
nhin, v ngi dng xa l mt b x l gi nn ch cn n mt tp con ca Q.931
m thi.

Bng 9.8 Cc bn tin Q.931 cho iu khin kt ni truy cp mode gi

Bn tin
ngha
Hng Chc nng
Cc bn tin thit lp kt ni truy cp
ALERTING Ni ht u n Cho bit vic cnh bo ngi dng bt
u
CALL
PROCEEDING
Ni ht C hai
Cho bit vic thit lp kt ni truy cp
bt u
CONNECT Ni ht C hai
Cho bit TE c gi chp nhn kt ni
truy cp
CONNECT
ACKNOWLEDGE
Ni ht C hai
Cho bit ngi dng c cp kt ni
truy cp
PROGRESS Ni ht u n
Bo co v tin trnh ca mt kt ni truy
cp trong trng hp ni mng vi mt
mng t nhn
SETUP Ni ht C hai Bt u thit lp kt ni truy cp
Cc bn tin gii phng kt ni truy cp
DISCONNECT Ni ht C hai
c ngi dng gi i yu cu gii
phng kt ni; c mng gi i cho
bit vic gii phng kt ni
RELEASE Ni ht C hai
Cho thy d nh gii phng knh v tham
chiu cuc gi
RELEASE
COMPLETE
Ni ht C hai
Cho thy vic gii phng knh v tham
chiu cuc gi
Cc bn tin khc
STATUS Ni ht C hai
c gi p li bn tin STATUS
ENQURY hoc bo v mt li no ti
thi im bt k.
STATUS ENQUIRY Ni ht C hai Xin bn tin STATUS

Bng 9.8 lit k, c nh ngha s b, cc bn tin dng cho iu khin kt ni
i vi truy cp chuyn mch knh n mt mng PSPDN. Nh c th thy, c mt tp
con cc bn tin dng cho iu khin kt ni mode knh ni chung (Bng 9.2). Sau y
l cc khc bit :

i vi pha thit lp cuc gi, bn tin SETUP ACKNOWLEDGE khng c
dng yu cu thm thng tin. Mch cn cho truy cp chuyn mch gi c
tiu chun ho khng cn n mt thng tin b tr no khc.
Khng bn tin pha thng tin cuc gi no c h tr. iu ny c ngha l khng
th nh ch v ni li cc kt ni mode knh n mt mng PSPDN.
Cc bn tin INFORMATION v NOTIFY cng khng c h tr, v thng tin
ny khng cn thit.

Truy cp knh B n dch v mch o ISDN

Cc th tc v bn tin cho dng truy cp ny v c bn ging nh i vi truy
cp n mt mng PSPDN. Trong trong hp ny, ngi dng s thit lp mt kt
ni n b x l gi nm trong ISDN.

Truy cp knh D n dch v mch o ISDN

Trong trng hp ny th khng cn n mt th tc Q.931 no c. Ngi dng
s truy cp vo dch v mch o knh Dch n gin bng cch gi cc gi X.25 bn
trong cc khung LAPD qua knh D m thi.

Iu khin dch v mang bo hiu ngi dng

Thit b ny h tr cc kt ni bo hiu gi nhng ngi s dngcui cng m
khng cn lp mt kt ni chuyn mch knh qua knh B. Mt kt ni bo hiu tam
thi qua knh D s c thit lp v giI phng theo cch tng t nh Iu khin mt
kt ni chuyn mch knh.

Bng 9.9 lit k, c nh ngha s b, cc bn tin Q.931 dng cho bo hiu
ngui dng n ngi dng. Nh c th thy, c mt tp con cc bn tin dng cho Iu
khin kt ni mode knh (Bng 9.2). Sau y l nhng khc bit:

Pha thit lp cuc gi: Cc bn tin PROGRESS c th c dng trogn khi thit
lp kt ni chuyn mch knh nu nh cuc gi ri khi mI trng ISDN, bo co
v tin trnh cuc gi khi n c gng ni mng vi cc mng khc. Tnh cht ny
khng c i vi cc kt ni bo hiu.

Pha thng tin cuc gi : Bn tin duy nht c a ra trong pha ny l USER
INFORMATION. Hai ngi dng cui cng c th chuyn thng tin cho nhau
nh trao i cc bn tin ny.
Pha gii phng cuc gi : Bn tin DISCONNECT, yu cu giI phng kt ni,
khng c s dng cho cc kt ni bo hiu. Thay vo , mt trong hai bn c
th t ngt ng kt ni nh mt bn tin RELEASE.
Cc bn tin khc: bn tin CONGESTION CONTROL cho php ngi dng cui
cng iu khin dng d liu gia h. Nu bn tin ny c mt ch th receive
not ready, th bn nhn nn ngng vic gi cc bn tin USER INFORMATION.
Ngi dng c th ni li vic chuyn cc bn tin khi nhn c mt bn tin
CONGESTION CONTROL vi mt ch th receive ready.

Tham chiu cuc gi ton cu

Bng 9.9 lit k, c s b nh ngha, cc bn tin dng cho tham chiu cuc gi
ton cu. Ch c ba bn tin c dng. Bn tin STATUS ging nh bn tin dng trong
cc loi khc bo v tnh trng li. Cc bn tin RESTART v RESTAR
ACKNOWLEDGE ch c dng cho tham chiu cuc gi ton cu. Cc abrn tin ny
c dng a mt knh cho hoc tt c cc knh v mt trng thI nh
ngha trc sau mt tnh trng li.

Bng 9.9 Cc bn tin Q.931 cho bo hiu ngi dng n ngi dng khng lin quan
n cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh.

Bn tin
ngha
Hng Chc nng
Cc bn tin thit lp cuc gi
ALERTING Ton Cu C hai
Cho bit vic cnh bo ngi dng bt
u
CALL
PROCEEDING
Ni ht C hai
Cho bit vic thit lp cuc gi bt u
CONNECT Ton cu C hai
Cho bit TE c gi chp nhn cuc
gi
CONNECT
ACKNOWLEDGE
Ni ht C hai
Cho bit ngi dng c cp cuc gi
SETUP Ton cu C hai Bt u thit lp cuc gi
SETUP
ACKNOWLEDGE
Ni ht C hai
Cho bit vic thit lp cuc gi bt u
nhng cn phI c thm thng tin
Cc bn tin pha thng tin cuc gi
USER IFORMATION Truy cp C hai
Chuyn thng tin t ngi dng ny n
ngi dng khc
Cc bn tin gii phng cuc gi
RELEASE Ni ht C hai
Cho thy d nh gii phng knh v tham
chiu cuc gi
RELEASE
COMPLETE
Ni ht C hai
Cho thy vic gii phng knh v tham
chiu cuc gi
Cc bn tin khc
CONGESTION
CONTROL
Ni ht C hai
Thit lp hoc giI phng Iu khin dng
trn cc bn tin USSER INFORMATION
INFORMATION Ni ht C hai Cung cp cc thng tin b sung
STATUS Ni ht C hai
c gi p li bn tin STATUS
ENQURY hoc bo v mt li no ti
thi im bt k.
STATUS ENQUIRY Ni ht C hai Xin bn tin STATUS

Bng 9.10 Cc bn tin Q.931 dng vi tham chiu cuc gi ton cu

Bn tin
ngha
Hng Chc nng
RESTART Ni ht C hai
Yu cu ngi nhn khi ng lI (cc)
knh hoc giao din
RESTART
ACKNOWLEDGE
Ni ht C hai
Cho bit rng yu cu khi ng lI
hon thnh
STATUS Ni ht C hai Bo v tnh trng li

9.3 iu khin cc dch v b tr :

Khuyn ngh Q.932 nh ngha cc th tc chung p dng cho vic Iu khin cc dch
v b tr. Cc th tc ny c th c kt hp vi mt cuc gi c th hoc nm ngoI
bt k mt cuc gi ang c no.

Q.932 xc nh 3 phng php chnh m nh cc dch v b tr s c Iu khin:

Giao thc keypad
Giao thc qun l phm thuc tnh
Giao thc chc nng

Hai phng php u thch hp cho cc thit b u cui kch thch, nh ta inh
ngha lc trc trong phn ny, trong cc ln nhn phm (keypad), hoc n nt
(qun l phm thuc tnh) c dng kch hot dch v. Giao thc chc nng cho
php s dng cc dch v b tr phc tp hn cho cc thit b u cui chc nng nh
cc bn tin Q.931.

Giao thc keypad

Giao thc keypad h tr vic kch hot cc dch v b tr theo hng ngi dng-n-
mng. N s dng nhng Im sau:
Phn t thng tin thit b keypad trong cc bn tin Q.931 SETUP v
INFFORMATION theo hng ngi dng-mng.
Phn t thng tin hin th trong bt k mt bn tin Q.931 no theo hng mng-
ngi dng.

Thit b u cui s dng phn t thng tin thit b keypad kch hot cc dch
v b tr ring r; chng ph thuc vo mng. Thng thng, mt ngi dng thit
b u cui s a vo mt yu cu dch v ti mt keypad , v yu cu ny s dc
din dch vo mt phn t thng tin thit b keypad. Mng s dng phn t thng tin
hin th a ra mt ch dn cho ngi dng ni ht ( hoc nh mng xa n
ngi dng xa) v mt dch v b tr s c kch hot. Thng thng, thng tin
hin th t mng s c th hin trn mt thit b u cui ca ngi dng hoc l to
ra mt tn hiu ra nghe c.

Mt ngi dng thit b u cui c th kich hot dch v b tr vo thi im
thit lp cuc gi nh bn tin SETUP. Mt dch v b tr sau c th c kch
nh bn tin INFFORMATION. Nu mng yu cu thng tin b sung th bng cch
s dng phn t thng tin hin th, ngi dng thit b u cui s p li bng
thng tin b sung c chuyn i trong mt bn tin INFORMATION.

Giao thc qun l phm thuc tnh

Nh vi giao thc keypad, giao thc qun l phm thuc tnh cho php ngi
dng kch hot cc dch v b tr ca mng. Trong trng hp ny, gi s rng thit b
u cui ngi dng c cc phm chc nng hoc mt thit b tng t cho php ngi
dng chn la dch v. Giao thc ny s dng cc phn t thng tin sau y:

Phn t thng tin hot ng thuc tnh trong cc bn tin Q.931 SETUP v
INFORMATION theo hng ngi dng-mng. Phn t thng tin ch dn thuc tnh
trong bt k mt bn tin Q.931 no theo hng mng-ngi dng

Lin quan n tng thit b u cui, mng duy tr mt h s dch v ca ngi
dng. Khi ngi dng nhn mt phm chc nng, mt cn cc bng s s c
chuyn n mng trong mt phn t thng tin hot ng thuc tnh. Khi mng s
i chiu n vi dch v b tr tng ng nh c h s dch v ca ngi dng
ch dn.

Mng p li mt yu cu dch v b tr bng mt bn tin phn hi c cha
phn t thng tin ch dn thuc tnh cho bit tnh trng ca dch v b tr c yu
cu. Cc gi tr tnh trng c th l : Khng hot ng, hot ng, nhc ( ang ch
input ca ngi dng ), v ch. Thit b ca ngi dng c th chuyn thng tin ny
n ngi dng theo cch thc ph hp vi giao din ngi-my ca n.

Giao thc chc nng

Phng php giao thc chc nng iu khin cc dch v b tr s s dng
nhiu bn tin c th c thit k ring cho mc ch ny. iu khin cc dch v b
tr bng mng hoc bng ngi dng bao gm cc trng hp sau:

Kch hot cc dch v b tr trong khi thit lp cuc gi.
Kch hot cc dch v b tr trong khi gii phng cuc gi.
Kch hot cc dch v b tr lin quan n cuc gi trong khi mt cuc gi
ang din ra.
Tnh trang hat ng, khng hot ng, ph nhn hoc ng k cc dch v b
tr c lp vi mt cuc gi ang din ra.
Kch hot a dch v b tr khc nhau trong mt bn tin duy nht
Kch hot cc dch v b tr lin quan n cc cuc gi khc nhau
Hy b cc dch v b tr c kch hot v thng bo cho bn bt u
dch v b tr ny.

Giao thc chc nng c chia thnh 2 loi th tc: Phng php bn tin ring bit
v th tc phn t thng tin chung. Bng 9.11 lit k cc bn tin dng trong tng loi.

Phng php bn tin ring bit

Phng php ny s dng cc kiu bn tin ring ch dn mt chc nng
mong mun. Cho ti nay, ch c cc bn tin nh ngha trong loI ny l c th x l
vic ch cuc gi (ch my ). Mt ngi dng hay mng c th yu cu cuc gi
ch. Bn c yu cu c th chp nhn hoc t chi yu cu . Mt khi cuc gi
ch, mt trong hai bn c th yu cu cuc gi quay tr v trng thi hot dng
(c khi phc ), v bn c yu cu c th chp nhn hoc t chi yu cu .

Bng 9.11 Cc bn tin Q.932 cho giao thc chc nng ca cc dch v b tr

Bn tin Hng Chc nng Phn t thng tin
Phng php bn tin ring bit
HOLD C hai
Yu cu chc nng gi i vi
mt cuc gi ang c
Hin th
HOLD
ACKNOWLEDGE
C hai
Cho bit chc nng gi
c thc hin thnh cng
Hin th
HOLD REJE CT C hai
Cho bit vic t chi yu cu
gi mt cuc gi
Nguyn nhn, Hin
th
RETRIEVE C hai
Yu cu khI phc mt cuc
gi ang c gi
Cn cc knh, Hin
th
RETRIEVE
ACKNOWLEDGE
C hai
Cho bit chc nng khI phc
c thc hin thnh cng
Cn cc knh, Hin
th
RETRIEVE REJECT C hai
Cho bit khng c kh nng
thc hin yu cu khI phc
Nguyn nhn, Hin
th
Th tc phn t thng tin chung
FACILITY C hai
Yu cu hoc xc nhn mt
dch v b tr
Thit b, Hin th
REGISTER C hai
Quy nh mt tham chiu cuc
gi mi cho cc giao dch
khng lin quan n cuc gi.
Thit b, Hin th

Th tc phn t thng tin chung

Phng php ny s dng phn t thng tin thit b tham kho mt hay nhiu dch
v b tr. Phn t ny c th c ti trn mt bn tin Q.931 ang c hoc trn mt
bn tin REGISTER hoc FACILITY. Hai loi bn tin ny s c dng khi cc bn
tin ch mt mc ch l tham kho mt hay nhiu dch v b tr.

Th tc ny c cc u Im nh sau:

N cho php cc dch v mi c a vo mt cch d dng.
N cho php vic kch hot nhiu ln cc dch v b tr bn trong mt bn tin.
N h tr cc dch v b tr vi mt s lng ln cc phng n m khng cn
ti nhiu bn tin mi.
N h tr cc dch v b tr khng lin quan n cuc gi.

Phn t thng tin thit b s xc nh mt dch v b tr nht nh no v s gm c
mt trong cc ch dn sau y:
Kch hot: kch hot dch v
TR lI kt qu: tr lI kt qu ca mt yu cu dch v
Tr lI li: cho bit rng yu cu dch v ang b li
T chi: t chi mt yu cu dch v.

9.4 Tng kt

i vi bo hiu iu khin cuc gi, giao din lp 3 knh D c nh ngha
trong cc khuyn ngh Q.930 v Q.931. N xc nh cc th tc thit lp mt kt
ni trn cc knh B v H dng chung mt giao din n ISDN nh knh D. N cung
cp c cc kt ni chuyn mch gi ln chuyn mch knh. N cng cung cp bo hiu
Iu khin ngi dng-n-ngi dng qua knh D.

Q.932 nh ngha mt lot cc th tc kch hot cc dch v b tr lin quan
n cc kt ni hin c cng nh cc dch v khng lin quan g n mt kt ni c th
no.

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