RES impact on frequency stability.

Frequency in a power system is set generally in 60Hz or 50Hz according to the local region
standard, this frequency is achieved by classic synchronous turbine-generator model, torque
applied to the synchronous generator is directly proportional to the power produced, for a
constant mechanical power input to the turbine, the frequency will change as the power demand
changes. The principal ideas to treat frequency deviation in a load-frequency unbalance are:
Inertial effect, primary control, and aggregation.
The last three ideas are based in the characteristics of synchronous generators, especially in the
inertial effect, increasing the percent of RES characterized by low inertia and low governor control
will affect the millisecond inertial respond and the long-term frequency response.
Proper control schemes are necessary to exploit RES convertors capabilities as inertial emulation
and primary frequency control. In [van Deelen] the inertia of wind turbines is exploit using model
predictive control, in order to wind turbines can actively contribute to primary control. In [Datta] a
load frequency control is presented using distributed energy storage systems with distributed PV
generation, the system are controlled to mimic virtual inertia, this allow PV and storage system
being used by LFC as a synchronous generator inertia source.

Van Deelen, N. P G; Jokic, A.; Van den Bosch, P. P J; Hermans, R.M., "Exploiting
inertia of wind turbines in power network frequency control: A model predictive
control approach," Control Applications (CCA), 2011 IEEE International
Conference on , vol., no., pp.1309,1314, 28-30 Sept. 2011
Datta, M.; Ishikawa, H.; Naitoh, H.; Senjyu, T., "LFC by coordinated virtual inertia
mimicking and PEVs in power utility with MW-class distributed PV
generation," Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL), 2012 IEEE
13th Workshop on , vol., no., pp.1,8, 10-13 June 2012