Software Testing interview questions

Explain the PDCA cycle.

PDCA cycle stands for Plan Do Check Act; commonly used for quality control.
Plan: Identify aim and procedure necessary to deliver the output.
Do: Implement the plan.
Check: Confirm if the result is as per plan.
Action: Take appropriate action to deceiver expected outcome. hich may also
involve repeat the cycle.
What are white-ox! lac"-ox an# gray-ox testing$
hite !ox testin": #hite $ox testin" involves thorou"h testin" of the application. It
requires kno#led"e of code and the test cases chosen verifies if the system is
implemented as expected. It typically includes checkin" #ith the data flo#%
exceptions% and errors% ho# they are handled% comparin" if the code produces the
expected results.
&.". In electrical appliances the internal circuit testin".
!lack !ox testin": !lack $ox testin" is done at an outer level of the system. Test
cases merely check if the output is correct for the "iven input. 'ser is not expected
to the internal flo# or desi"n of the system.
(ray !ox testin": (rey $ox testin" is a com$ination of $oth $lack $ox and #hite $ox
testin". This is $ecause it involves access to the system; ho#ever% at an outer level.
A little kno#led"e of the system is expected in (ray $ox testin".
Explain the #ifference etween %atent an# &as"e# Defect.
)atent defects are defects #hich remain in the system% ho#ever% identified later. They
remain in the system for a lon" time. The defect is likely to $e present in various
versions of the soft#are and may $e detected after the release.
&.". *e$ruary has +, days. The system could have not considered the leap year
#hich results in a latent defect
-asked defect hides other defects in the system. &.". there is a link to add employee
in the system. .n clickin" this link you can also add a task for the employee. )et/s
assume% $oth the functionalities have $u"s. 0o#ever% the first $u" 1Add an
employee2 "oes unnoticed. !ecause of this the $u" in the add task is masked.
What is 'ig-ang waterfall (o#el$
The #aterfall model is also kno#n as the !i"3$an" model $ecause all modules usin"
#aterfall module follo#s the cycle independently and then put to"ether. !i" !an"
model follo#s a sequence to develop a soft#are application. It slo#ly moves to the
next phase startin" from requirement analysis follo#ed $y desi"n% implementation%
testin" and finally inte"ration and maintenance.
What is configuration &anage(ent$
Confi"uration mana"ement aims to esta$lish consistency in an enterprise. This is
attained $y continuously updatin" processes of the or"ani4ation% maintainin"
versionin" and handlin" the entire or"ani4ation net#ork% hard#are and soft#are
components efficiently.
In soft#are% 5oft#are Confi"uration mana"ement deals #ith controllin" and trackin"
chan"es made to the soft#are. This is necessary to allo# easy accommodation of
chan"es at any time.
What is 'oun#ary value Analysis$
Test cases #ritten for $oundary value analysis are to detect errors or $u"s #hich are
likely to arise #hile testin" for ran"es of values at $oundaries. This is to ensure that
the application "ives the desired output #hen tested for $oundary values.
&.". a text $ox can accept values from minimum 6 characters to 78 characters.
!oundary value testin" #ill test for 7 characters% 6 characters% 78 characters and 79
characters.
What is Equivalence Partitioning$
&quivalence partitionin" is a technique used in soft#are testin" #hich aims to reduce
the num$er of test cases and choose the ri"ht test cases. This is achieved $y
identifyin" the :classes; or :"roups; of inputs in such a #ay that each input value
under this class #ill "ive the same result.
&.". a soft#are application desi"ned for an airline has special offer functionality. The
offer is that first t#o mem$er of every city $ookin" the ticket for a particular route
"ets a discount. 0ere% the "roup of inputs can $e :All cities in India;.
Explain )an#o( testing.
<andom testin" as the name su""ests has no particular approach to test. It is an ad
hoc #ay of testin". The tester randomly picks modules to test $y inputtin" random
values.
&.". an output is produced $y a particular com$ination of inputs. 0ence% different and
random inputs are used.
What is &on"ey testing$
-onkey testin" is a type of random testin" #ith no specific test case #ritten. It has
no fixed perspective for testin". &.". input random and "ar$a"e values in an input
$ox.
Explain Software Process.
A soft#are process or soft#are development process is a method or structure
expected to $e follo#ed for the development of soft#are. There are several tasks and
activities that take place in this process. Different processes like #aterfall and
iterative exists. In these processes; tasks like analysis% codin"% testin" and
maintenance play an important role.
What is &aturity level$
-aturity level of a process defines the nature and maturity present in the
or"ani4ation. These levels help to understand and set a $enchmark for the
or"ani4ation.
*ive levels that are identified are:
)evel 9: Adhoc or initial
)evel +: <epeata$le
)evel =: Defined
)evel>: mana"ed
)evel 7: .ptimi4ed
What is process area in C&&*$
Process areas in Capa$ilty -aturity model descri$e the features of a products
development. These process areas help to identify the level of maturity an
or"ani4ation has attained. These mainly include:
Pro?ect plannin" and monitorin"
<isk -ana"ement
<equirements development
Process and Product quality assurance
Product inte"ration
<equirement mana"ement
Product inte"ration
Confi"uration mana"ement
Explain aout tailoring.
Tailorin" a soft#are process means amendin" it to meet the needs of the pro?ect. It
involves alterin" the processes in different environments% it/s an on"oin" process.
*actors like customer and end user relation ship% "oals of $usiness must $e kept in
mind #hile tailorin". De"ree to #hich tailorin" is required must $e identified.
What are stage# an# continuous (o#els in C&&*$
5ta"ed models in C--I% focus on process improvement usin" sta"es or maturity
levels. In sta"ed representation each process area has one specific "oal. Achievin" a
"oal #ould mean improvement in control and plannin" of the tasks associated #ith
the process. 5ta"ed representation has 7 maturity levels.
Continuous model in C--I follo# a recommended order for approachin" process
improvement #ithin each specified process area. It allo#s the user to select the
order of improvement that $est meets the or"ani4ation/s $usiness o$?ectives.
Continuous representation has 6 capa$ility levels.
Explain capaility levels in continuous representation.
There are 6 capa$ility levels for Continuous representation:
)evel 8: @ot performed
)evel 9: Performed
)evel +: -ana"ed
)evel =: Defined
)evel >: Auantitatively mana"ed
)evel 7: .ptimi4in"
&ach level has process areas. &ach process area has specific "oals to achieve. These
processes are continuously improved to achieve the "oals in a recommended order.
What is SCA&P* process$
5tandard C--I Appraisal -ethod for Process Improvement provides a $enchmark
relative to -aturity -odels. It descri$es requirements% activities and processes
associated #ith each process area. The 5CA-PI appraisals identify the fla#s of
current processes. It "ives an idea of area of improvement and determines capa$ility
and maturity levels.
What is the i(portance of P** in SCA&P*$
P II is Practice Implementation Indicator. As the name su""ests% P II serves as an
indicator or evidence that a certain practice that supports a "oal has $een
implemented. P II could $e a document and $e served as a proof.
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