Who first discovered oxygen?

When was oxygen discovered?

C. W. Scheele
Swedish apothecary
Earliest of the claimants to prepare a relatively pure
sample of gas
Joseph priestly
British scientist
collected the gas released by heated red oxide of
mercury.
claim to the discovery of oxygen is based upon his
priority in isolating a gas that was later recognized as a
distinct species.
1774: identified the gas produced as nitrous oxide
1775: dephlogisticated air- still not oxygen

Lavoisier
Led him to oxygen after Priestleys experiments.
1777: he concluded that the gas was a distinct
species.

*Discovering a new sort of phenomenon involves
recognizing that something is and what is it.
Roentgen
He noticed that a barium platinocyanide screen
at some distance from his shielded apparatus
glowed when being discharged.
The cause of the glow comes in straight lines
from the cathode ray tubes.
* At what point in Roentgens investigation can
we say that X- rays had been discovered?

The perception of anomaly played an essential
role in preparing the way for perception of
novelty.

X- rays opened up a new field and thus added to
the potential domain of normal science.

The decision to employ a particular piece of
apparatus and to use it in a particular way carries
an assumption that only certain sorts of
circumstances will arise.
* Discoveries predicted by theory in advance are parts
of normal science and result in no new sort of fact.

* During the paradigm-change period, scientists usually
develop many speculative and unarticulated theories
that can themselves point the way to discovery.
Electricity was said to be a fluid.
It led to an attempt of bottling the fluid by
holding a water- filled glass vial and
touching the water to a conductor
suspended from an active electrostatic
generator.
Investigators experienced severe shocks.
Leyden jar - to store electrical fluid.
Characteristics of the Discoveries from
which new sorts of phenomena emerge:
The previous awareness of anomaly.
The gradual and simultaneous
emergence of both observational and
conceptual recognition.
The consequent change of paradigm
categories and procedures often
accompanied by resistance.
Anomaly appears only against the background
provided by the paradigm.

The more precise and far-reaching the
paradigm, the more sensitive it is to detecting
an anomaly and inducing change.

By resisting change, a paradigm guarantees
that anomalies that lead to paradigm change
will penetrate existing knowledge to the core.