Hc 24H

NHM V HP CHT CA NHM

A. L THUYT
1. V tr ca nh tr!n" #$n" t%&n h!'n
- Nhm c s hiu nguyn t 13, thuc nhm IIIA, chu k 3
- !"u hnh #N$% 3s
2
3&
1
A' '( nguyn t &, c 3$ ng)(i c*ng, m+ng tinh th, c c"u t+) '-& &h./ng t0m 1in
(. Tnh ch)t *+t ,
- Nhm c m(u t23ng 4+c, m5m, 16 k7) s8i 9( 1:t m;ng
- Nhm '( kim ')+i nh< =2,>g?cm
3
@, nng chAy th"& =BBC
)
!@ 1Dn Ein 9( nhit tt
-. Tnh ch)t h.a h/c0 nhm c tnh kh mnh, d nhng 3e: A' F A'
3G
G 3$
112 T3c 45n" *67 8h7 97 :
(
; C,
(
; N
(
; C; <; P=
- Nhm tH 4c ch:y khi tiI& JKc 9Li c:c hM')g$n
2A' G 3!'
2

o
t

2A'!'
3
2A' G 3I
2

o
t

2A'I
3
- NhAn Ong 9Li )Ji khng khP ch) ngn 'M s:ng chi, t;M nhit 'Ln t+) 2M hQn h8& nhm )Jit 9( nhm nit2uM
4A' G 3R
2

o
t

2A'
2
R
3
2A' G N
2

o
t

2A'N
RJit nhm 2"t 45n ngSn cAn khng ch) )Ji t:c 1Tng s0u h/n, EUng thVi m(ng )Jit n(y '+i 2"t EWc khPt khng
th"m n.Lc nn 4A) 9 nhm khng 4X Sn mYn
- NhAn Ong 9Li !, Z, Nkhi Eun nng
4A' G 3!
o
t

A'
4
!
3

2A' G 3Z
o
t

A'
2
Z
3

A' G N
o
t

A'N
1(2 >h? c3c !@7t 97 ,!A7 Ba% A,0 [ nhit E cM), A' kh c:c )Jit kim ')+i nh. =\$
2
R
3
, !2
2
R
3
,!uR]@ th(nh
kim ')+i tH 1), &hAn Ong t;M nhi5u nhit nn gi '( &hAn Ong nhit nhm
^A' G 3\$
3
R
4

o
t

_\$ G 4A'
2
R
3

2A' G !2
2
R
3

o
t

2!2 G A'
2
R
3

1-2 T3c 45n" *67 nC6c0 nh.ng &hAn Ong nhMnh chng ng`ng '+i 9 'L& A'=RH@
3
khng tMn t2)ng n.Lc Ea
ngSn cAn khng ch) nhm tiI& JKc 9Li n.Lc
2A' G BH
2
R F 2A'=RH@
3
G 3H
2
1D2 T3c 45n" *67 a@7t
E V67 HC,; H
(
<:
D
,!Fn"
A' G 3H!' F A'!'
3

G 3?2H
2

E HN:
-
; H
(
<:
D
GHc0 nhm c tPnh kh m+nh nn kh N
Gb
, Z
GB
Jung s )Ji hM th"&
^A' G 3CHNR
3

o
t

^A'=NR
3
@
3
G 3N
2
R G 1bH
2
R
2A' G BH
2
ZR
4
EWc
o
t

A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
G 3ZR
2
G BH
2
R
Ch : A', \$, !2 khng t:c 1Tng 9Li H
2
ZR
4
9( HNR
3
EWc, ngui 1) c m(ng )Jit 45n thT Eng
1I2 T3c 45n" *67 4%n" 4ch 97J0 A' 4X hYM tMn t2)ng c:c 1ung 1Xch ki5m m+nh nh. NMRH, !M=RH@
2
,]
- !:c &hAn Ong JAy 2M th$) thO tH sMu
=1@ A'
2
R
3
G 2NMRH F 2NMA'R
2
G H
2
R
=2@ 2A' G BH
2
R F 2A'=RH@
3
G 3H
2
=3@ A'=RH@
3
G NMRH F NMA'R
2
G 2H
2
R
- ciIt g& 4dng c:c &h./ng t2nh sMu
2A' G 2NMRH G H
2
R F 2NMA'R
2
G 3H
2
D. Kn" 45n" *' B$n @%)t
112 Kn" 45n"0 nhm c nhi5u .u Ei,m tuy nhin E, tSng tPnh chXu 'Hc, chXu nhit ng.Vi tM th.Vng chI t+)
h8& kim nhm 9Li mMgi$, EUng, si'ic]et s h8& kim cfM nhmg
- huy2M =_bi A', 4i!u, 1ieg, en, Zi@
- Zi'umin =_Ci A', 1CiZi@ nh<, 45n
- A'm$'$c =_^,bi A' cYn '+i '( eg, Zi, \$@ 1*ng '(m 10y c:&
- j$cmit =hQn h8& 4t A' 9( \$
2
R
3
@, E.8c 1*ng E, h(n E.Vng 2My,]
1
Hc 24H
- H8& kim $'$ct2)n =1C,bi A', ^3,3i eg, cYn '+i '( kn, en]@, h8& kim n(y chl nWng 4dng Bbi A' '+i 45n
h/n th7&, chXu E.8c sH thMy Emi Et ngt nhit E t2)ng mt giLi h+n 'Ln nn E.8c 1*ng '(m 9; tn 'M
- Nhm E.8c 1*ng chI t+) c:c thiIt 4X t2M) Emi nhit 9( 1Tng cT n"u Sn giM Enh, nhm cYn E.8c 1*ng '(m
khung cM 9( t2Mng t2P ni th"t
1(2 TrAn" th37 tL nh7Mn *' B$n @%)t
Trng thi t nhin
- Nhm chiIm kh)Ang b,bi tmng s nguyn t t2)ng nuA E"t
- Nhon 'Ln c t2)ng c:c M'um)si'icMt nh.g R2th)c'Mp)=q
2
RA'
2
R
3
BZiR
2
@, eicM =q
2
R2H
2
R3A'
2
R
3
BZiR
2
@,
N$r$'in #=NM,q@
2
RA'
2
R
3
2ZiR
2
%
- HMi kh):ng 9-t nuMn t2ng t2)ng sAn Ju"t nhm '( s)Jit =A'
2
R
3
JH
2
R@ 9( !2i)'it =NM
3
#A'\
B
%@
(Boxit c hm !ng "n # $ng %&n, ' ()*+n, %&n $,, $,i Ch-), '.i 'ng, /gh0 (1nh, $-m 23ng4445
Sn xut: 3 giMi E)+n
Giai on 1: '(m s+ch nuWng 4)Jit 'Dn \$
2
R
3
ZiR
2
Giai on 2: chutn 4X c2i)'it nng chAy NM
3
A'\
B
(h6n h!7 c8, 3/,94 :9
3
5 !2i)'it c 3 t:c 1Tngg
- uiAm nhit E nng chAy A'
2
R
3
=2CbC
C
! F _CC
C
!@
- vDn Ein tt h/n
- sA) 9 nhm khng 4X )Ji hM sMu khi t+) th(nh, 1) !2i)'it nh< nmi 4n t2n t+) 'L& c:ch 'i 9Li khng khP
Giai on 3: Ein &h0n nng chAy A'
2
R
3
thu E.8c A' c E tinh khiIt cM) =h(m '.8ng A' t` __,4 - __,^iw nIu
Ein &h0n 'on hMi c th, EIn h(m '.8ng __,___^i
2A'
2
R
3
1&nc

4A' G 3R
2

I. MNt BO hP8 ch)t ca A,
112 Nh !@7t A,
(
:
-
1a2 Tnh ch)t *+t ,
- A'
2
R
3
'( ch"t 23n m(u t23ng, chXu nhit tt, 2"t cOng, khng tMn t2)ng n.Lc
- j2)ng tH nhin tUn t+i 1+ng ng-m n.Lc A'
2
R
3
2H
2
R 9( 1+ng khMn nh. $m$2i, c)2inE)n c E cOng cM)
- v+ng nguyn ch"t '( nhxng tinh th, t2)ng sut, khng 'Dn m(u cfM c:c ')+i E: nuy =m(u hUng ngc 2u4i =t+&
ch"t !2
3G
, m(u JMnh ngc JM&hiM =t+& ch"t \$
2G
, \$
3G
9( ji
4G
@@
1#2 Tnh ch)t h.a h/c
- A'
2
R
3
c nhit E nng chAy 2"t cM) =2CbC
)
!@
- A'
2
R
3
khng t:c 1Tng 9Li H
2
, !R [ 4"t k nhit E n()
- A'
2
R
3
'( )Jit '.zng tPnh
A'
2
R
3
G BH!' F 2A'!'
3
G 3H
2
R
A'
2
R
3
G 2NMRH F 2NMA'R
2
G H
2
R
1c2 Kn" 45n"
- Nhon chf yIu nhm )Jit E.8c 1*ng E, Ei5u chI nhm
- et '.8ng nh; E, Ei5u chI E: nuy nh0n t+) 4dng c:ch n"u chAy A'
2
R
3
9Li mt '.8ng nh; )JPt cfM kim ')+i
t+) m(u [ t2)ng ngn 'M hiE2) { )Ji h)Wc hU nuMng 2Ui ch) kIt tinh th(nh nhxng tinh th, 'Ln Nhxng E: nuy
n(y t2)ng sut, '"& ':nh 9( c m(u 2"t E<& E.8c 1*ng '(m t2Mng sOc
- jinh th, A'
2
R
3
2"t cOng kh 4X Sn mYn c/ hc nn 1*ng E, chI t+) c:c chi tiIt nh. ch0n kim EUng hU, 1*ng
'(m 9-t 'iu m(i Ng)(i 2M, 1) tPnh chXu nhit cM) A'
2
R
3
cYn E.8c 1*ng '(mg ch7n nung, ng nung 9( 'L& 't
t2)ng c:c 'Y Ein
- jinh th, A'
2
R
3
cYn E.8c 1*ng E, chI t+) thiIt 4X &h:t tiM 'Mp$,]1) chKng c khA nSng h"& thT 9( &h:t J+
nSng '.8ng mt c:ch EUng nh"t
- j2)ng y hc, nhm )Jit tinh khiIt cYn E.8c 1*ng '(m JimSng t2:m 2Sng
142 Q7J% chR0 t2)ng cng nghi&, A'
2
R
3
Ei5u chI 4dng c:ch nung A'=RH@
3
[ nhit E cM) 12CC { 14CC
)
!
2A'=RH@
3
F A'
2
R
3
G 3H
2
R
1(2 Nh h74r!@7t A,1:H2
-
1a2 Tnh ch)t
- |( h8& ch"t m(u t23ng, kIt tfM k$), khng tMn t2)ng n.Lc, khng 45n nhit
- v6 4X nhit &h0n th(nh nhm )Jitg
2A'=RH@
3
F

A'
2
R
3
G 3H
2
R
- A'=RH@
3
c tPnh '.zng tPnh
A'=RH@
3
G 3H!' F A'!'
3
G 3H
2
R hMy A'=RH@
3
G 3H
G
FA'
3G
G 3H
2
R
A'=RH@
3
G NMRH F NMA'R
2
G 2H
2
R hMy A'=RH@
3
G RH
-
F A'R
2
-
G 2H
2
R
2
Hc 24H
1#2 Q7J% chR
- eui nhm t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch ki5m =9`M Ef@
A'!'
3
G 3NMRH F A'=RH@
3
}G 3NM!'
nIu 1. A'=RH@
3
G NMRH F NMA'R
2
G 2H
2
R
- v*ng ki5m yIu
A'!'
3
G 3NH
3
G 3H
2
R F A'=RH@
3
} G 3NH
4
!'
- j` mui NMA'R
2
9( MJit
2NMA'R
2
G !R
2
G 3H
2
R F 2 A'=RH@
3
} G NM
2
!R
3
NMA'R
2
G H!' 9`M Ef G H
2
R F A'=RH@
3
} G NM!'
1-2 Nh B%nSat *' 8hTn ch%a
- Nhm sunrMt A'
2
ZR
4
'( ch"t 4t m(u t23ng, 4X nhit &h0n t2n >>C
)
!
- q
2
ZR
4
A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
24H
2
Rg &h~n nhm =&h~n chuM, thfy &h0n t2)ng n.Lc t+) mi t2.Vng MJit@
- Nh~n chuM c 1+ng tinh th,, khng m(u, c 9X h/i chuM 9( ch:t, E.8c 1*ng nhi5u t2)ng cng nghi& gi"y,
nhum, thuc 1M 9( '(m s+ch c:c kIt tfM c t2)ng n.Lc Nhxng cng 1Tng n(y E5u Ju"t &h:t t` sH thfy &h0n
kh: m+nh t2)ng n.Lc cfM mui nhm t+) th(nh nhm hiE2)Jit
qA'=ZR
4
@
2
12H
2
R F q
G
G A'
3G
G 2ZR
4
2-
G 12H
2
R
A'
3G
G 3H
2
R F A'=RH@
3
} G 3H
G
- qhi nhum 9Ai, hiE2)Jit A'=RH@
3
} E.8c s8i 9Ai h"& &hT 9( gix chWt t2n s8i s kIt h8& 9Li &htm nhum t+)
th(nh m(u 45n, nn n E.8c gi '( ch"t gix m(u
- j:c 1Tng '(m s+ch n.Lc cng '( 1) hiE2)Jit A'=RH@
3
} g0y 2M, n k7) c:c ch"t 4My '/ 'ng t2)ng n.Lc c*ng
'3ng Jung
- j2)ng cng nghi& gi"y, nhm sunrMt 9( &h~n nhm E.8c ch) 9() 4t gi"y c*ng 9Li mui Sn Nhm c')2uM
E.8c t+) nn 1) &hAn Ong t2M) Emi 9( 4X thfy &h0n ch) 2M hiE2)Jit A'=RH@
3
}
3
Hc 24H
U. UV TWP LX THUYT
CY% 10 !h) 4 kim ')+ig eg, A', !M, q !hi5u giAm 1on tPnh )Ji h): cfM i)n kim ')+i t./ng Ong '(
A q, !M, eg, A' s A', eg, !M, q ! eg, A', !M, q v !M, eg, q, A'
CY% (0 huy2M '( h8& kim cfM nhm 9Li
A !u, en, eg s Zn, N4, en ! Zi, !), v en, !u, Ni
CY% -0 Z $'$ct2)n 'L& ng)(i c*ng cfM nguyn t A' '(
A 4 s 3 ! 1 v 2
CY% D0 Nh-n EXnh 9hn" &h* h8& 9Li nhm '(g
A thO 13, chu k 2, nhm IIIA s !"u hnh $'$ct2)n #N$% 3s
2
3&
1

! jinh th, c"u t+) '-& &h./ng t0m 1in v eOc )Ji hM EWc t2.ng G3
CY% I0 qim ')+i A' 9hn" &hAn Ong 9Li 1ung 1Xch
A NMRH ')ang s H
2
ZR
4
EWc, ngui ! H
2
ZR
4
EWc, nng v H
2
ZR
4
')ang
CY% Z0 nhit E th.Vng, kim ')+i A' t:c 1Tng E.8c 9Li 1ung 1Xch
A eg=NR
3
@
2
s !M=NR
3
@
2
! qNR
3
v !u=NR
3
@
2

CY% [0 Nguyn 'iu chPnh 1*ng E, sAn Ju"t nhm '(

A nuWng &i2it s nuWng 4)Jit ! nuWng mMnh$tit v nuWng E'mit
CY% \0 qim ')+i &hAn Ong E.8c 9Li 1ung 1Xch NMRH '(
A Ag s !u ! \$ v A'
CY% ]0 NhAn Ong hM hc JAy 2M t2)ng t2.Vng h8& n() 1.Li E0y 9hn" thuc ')+i &hAn Ong nhit nhm
A A' t:c 1Tng 9Li \$
2
R
3
nung nng s A' t:c 1Tng 9Li !2
2
R
3
nung nng
! A' t:c 1Tng 9Li \$
3
R
4
nung nng v A' t:c 1Tng 9Li MJit H
2
ZR
4
EWc nng
CY% 1^0 !h) A' 9() hQn h8& \$!'
3
9( H!' 1. ZMu khi &hAn Ong J)ng, thu E.8c c:c mui
A A'!'
3
, \$!'
3
s A'!'
3
, \$!'
2
! A'!'
3
v \$!'
2
CY% 110 H8& kim n() 9hn" '( h8& kim cfM Nhm
A Zi'umin s jh7& ! huy2M v '$ct2)n
CY% 1(0 h, Ei5u chI nhm t` c:c h8& ch"t cfM nhm ng.Vi tM c th, s 1Tng &h./ng &h:& n() sMu E0y
A Nh./ng &h:& nhit 'uyn s hin &h0n nng chAy
! hin &h0n 1ung 1Xch v Nh./ng &h:& thfy 'uyn
CY% 1-0 !h) mtu nhm 9() 1ung 1Xch NMRH 1. thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch A vung 1Xch A '(
A NMA'R
2
, NMRH s NMA'R
2
, H
2
R
! NMRH, H
2
R v NMA'R
2
, NMRH, H
2
R
CY% 1D0 et nguyn t thuc 4 chu k Eou cfM 4Ang tuon h)(n, 16 ch) 3 $'$ct2)n t+) 2M i)n e
3G
c c"u hnh
khP hiIm !"u hnh $'$ct2)n cfM nguyn t '(g
A 1s
2
2s
2
2&
1
s 1s
2
2s
2
2&
B
3s
2
3&
1

! 1s
2
2s
2
2&
B
3s
2
3&
B
31
1C
4s
2
v 1s
2
2s
2
2&
B
3s
2
3&
3

CY% 1I0 NhAn Ong nhit nhm '(
A &hAn Ong cfM nhm 9Li khi )Ji s 1*ng !R E, kh nhm )Jit
! &hAn Ong cfM nhm 9Li c:c )Jit kim ')+i v &hAn Ong nhit &h0n A'=RH@
3
CY% 1Z0 e tM 9hn" EKng 95 nhm 'M
A thO 13, chu k 3, nhm IcA s !"u hnh $'$ct2)n #N$% 3s
2
3&
1
! jinh th, c"u t+) '-& &h./ng t0m 1in v eOc )Ji hM EWc t2.ng G3
CY% 1[0 e tA 9hn" EKng 95 tPnh ch"t 9-t 'P cfM nhm '(
A e(u t23ng 4+c
s |( kim ')+i nh<
! e5m, 16 k7) s8i 9( 1:t m;ng
v vDn Ein 9( nhit tt, tt h/n c:c kim ')+i \$ 9( !u
CY% 1\0 Nhm 9hn" 4X h)( tMn t2)ng 1ung 1Xch
A H!' s HNR
3
EWc, ngui ! HNR
3
')ang v H
2
ZR
4
')ang
CY% 1]0 Nguyn 'iu chPnh 1*ng E, sAn Ju"t nhm '(
4
Hc 24H
A nuWng 4)Jit s nuWng &i2it ! nuWng E)')mit v nuWng mMnh$tit
CY% (^0 qIt 'u-n n() sMu E0y 9hn" EKng 9Li nhm
A ! 4:n kPnh nguyn t 'Ln h/n eg
s |( nguyn t &
! |( kim ')+i c )Jit 9( hi12)Jit '.zng tPnh
v j2+ng th:i c/ 4An nguyn t c 1$ Ec th0n
CY%(10 j2)ng cng nghi&, ng.Vi tM Ei5u chI nhm 4dng &h./ng &h:&
A eg Ety A' 2M kh;i 1ung 1Xch A'!'
3
s kh A'
2
R
3
4dng H
2

! Ein &h0n nng chAy A'!'

3
v Ein &h0n nng chAy A'
2
R
3

CY% ((0 NhAn Ong nhit nhm '(

A 4A' G 3R
2

C
t
2A'
2
R
3

s A' G 4HNR
3
A'=NR
3
@
3
G NR G 2H
2
R
! 2A' G 2NMRH G 2H
2
R

2NMA'R
2
G 3H
2

v 2A' G \$
2
R
3

C
t
A'
2
R
3
G 2\$
CY% (-0 !h) &h./ng t2nh h): hcg MA' G 4\$
2
R
3
F c\$ G 1A'
2
R
3
=M, 4, c, 1 '( c:c s nguyn, ti giAn@ jmng
c:c h s M, 4, c, 1 '(
A 4 s b ! B v >
CY% (D0 !h) &hAn Ongg A' G H
2
R G NMRH NMA'R
2
G 3?2H
2
=h)Wc A' G 3H
2
R G NMRH NM#A'=RH@
4
%
G 3?2H
2
@ !h"t thMm giM &hAn Ong Eng 9Mi t2Y ch"t )Ji hM t2)ng &hAn Ong n(y '(
A A' s H
2
R ! NMRH v n.Lc 9( NMRH
CY% (I0 qim ')+i nhm kh N
Gb
cfM HNR
3
th(nh N
G1
=giA s sAn &htm kh 1uy nh"t cfM &hAn Ong@ Z &h0n
t HNR
3
Ea 4X kh '(
A 3C s 3B ! B v 1b
CY% (Z0 qim ')+i nhm kh N
Gb
t2)ng HNR
3
th(nh N
C
=giA s sAn &htm kh 1uy nh"t cfM &hAn Ong@ H s
cfM n.Lc t2)ng &hAn Ong khi c0n 4dng '(g
A 1C s 12 ! 1^ v 2C
CY% ([0 qim ')+i nhm kh N
Gb
t2)ng HNR
3
th(nh N
-3
=giA s sAn &htm kh 1uy nh"t cfM &hAn Ong@ Z
&h0n t HNR
3
thMm giM 'Mm mi t2.Vng '(
A 24 s 2> ! ^ v 3B
CY% (\0 qim ')+i A' c th, kh Z
GB
t2)ng H
2
ZR
4
th(nh Z
-2
=giA s sAn &htm kh 1uy nh"t cfM &hAn Ong@
jmng h s cfM c:c sAn &htm '(
A 1_ s 2C ! 21 v 22
CY% (]0 hi5u chI A' ng.Vi tM Ein &h0n A'
2
R
3
nng chAy m( khng Ein &h0n A'!'
3
nng chAy '( 1)
A A'!'
3
nng chAy [ nhit E cM) h/n A'
2
R
3

s A'!'
3
'( h8& ch"t cng h): t2X, khng nng chAy m( thSng h)M
! hin &h0n A'!'
3
t+) 2M !'
2
2"t Ec
v hin &h0n A'
2
R
3
ch) 2M A' tinh khiIt h/n
CY% -^0 qhi Ein &h0n A'
2
R
3
nng chAy, ng.Vi tM thm ch"t c2y)'it NM
3
A'\
B
9Li mTc EPchg
=1@g |(m h+ nhit E nng chAy cfM A'
2
R
3
=2@g |(m ch) tPnh 1Dn Ein cM) h/n
=3@g h, E.8c \
2
4n Mn)t thMy 9 '( R
2
=4@g HQn h8& A'
2
R
3
G NM
3
A'\
B
nh< h/n A' nmi 'n t2n, 4A) 9 A' nng chAy ndm &hPM 1.Li kh;i 4X
khng khP )Ji hM
A 1 s 1, 2, 4 ! 1, 2 v 1, 3
CY% -10 Nung hQn h8& A gUm A', \$
2
R
3
=khng c khng khP@, thu E.8c hQn h8& s H)( tMn s t2)ng 1ung
1Xch H!' 1. thu E.8c H
2
, t2)ng s cg
A A'
2
R
3
, \$ s A'
2
R
3
, \$, A'
! A'
2
R
3
, \$
2
R
3
, \$ v !A 3 t2.Vng h8& E5u c th, JAy 2M
CY% -(0 !h) &hAn Ongg A' G HNR
3
A'=NR
3
@
3
G N
J
R
y
G H
2
R H s c0n 4dng ti giAn cfM HNR
3
'(
A =3J - 2y@ s =1^J - By@ ! =1BJ - By@ v =2J - y@
CY% --0 h, t:ch 2ing c:c ch"t kh;i hQn h8& gUm \$, !u, A' con 1*ng c:c h): ch"t n() sMu E0y =khng k,
c:c &h./ng &h:& 9-t 'y@
A vung 1Xch H!' 9( HNR
3
s vung 1Xch NMRH, NM
2
!R
3
, H!'
! H!', !u!'
2
v H
2
R 9( H
2
ZR
4

CY% -D0 Nh-n J7t n() 1.Li E0y 9hn" EKngg
b
Hc 24H
A A' tMn t2)ng 1ung 1Xch NMRH 9( eg=RH@
2
s A' c th, kh E.8c nhi5u )Jit kim ')+i nh. \$
2
R
3
, !2
2
R
3
! NM, eg, A' E5u 16 1(ng kh i)n H
G
t2)ng 1ung 1Xch MJit H!', H
2
ZR
4
')ang th(nh H
2
v A', \$, !2 khng t:c 1Tng 9Li HNR
3
9( H
2
ZR
4
EWc ngui
CY% -I0 h, nh-n 4iIt 4M ch"t A', A'
2
R
3
9( \$ ng.Vi tM c th, 1*ng 1ung 1Xch
A sM!'
2
s AgNR
3
! H!' v qRH
CY% -Z0 !:c ch"t A'=RH@
3
9( A'
2
R
3
E5u c tPnh ch"t
A '( )Jit 4Mp/ s E5u 4X nhit &h0n
! E5u '( h8& ch"t '.Lng tPnh v E5u '( 4Mp/
CY% -[0 !h"t &hAn Ong E.8c 9Li 1ung 1Xch NMRH '(
A A'
2
R
3
s egR ! qRH v !uR
CY% -\0 A'
2
R
3
&hAn Ong E.8c 9Li cA hMi 1ung 1Xch
A NMRH 9( H!' s q!' 9( NMNR
3
! NM!' 9( H
2
ZR
4
v NM
2
ZR
4
9( qRH
CY% -]0 A'
2
R
3
&hAn Ong E.8c 9Li cA hMi 1ung 1Xchg
A NM
2
ZR
4
, qRH s NMRH, H!' ! q!', NMNR
3
v NM!', H
2
ZR
4

CY% D^0 !hl 1*ng 1ung 1Xch qRH E, &h0n 4it E.8c c:c ch"t 2ing 4it t2)ng nhm n() sMu E0y
A kn, A'
2
R
3
, A' s eg, q, NM ! eg, A'
2
R
3
, A' v \$, A'
2
R
3
, eg
CY% D10 vay )Jit E5u tMn t2)ng n.Lc ch) 11 c tPnh ki5m '(g
A NM
2
R, !MR, A'
2
R
3
s q
2
R, egR, sMR
! NM
2
R, !MR, sMR v Z2R, s$R, |i
2
R
CY% D(0 Nhm ch"t n() gUm c:c ch"t c th, Ei5u chI t2Hc tiI& E.8c nhm )Jit
A A'!'
3
, A'=NR
3
@
3
s A', A'=RH@
3
! A'=RH@
3
, A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
v A', A'!'
3
CY% D-0 Nung hQn h8& gUm !2
2
R
3
, \$
3
R
4
9( A' 1. thu E.8c ch"t 23n A j2)ng A gUmg
A !2
2
R
3
, \$, A'
2
R
3
s !2, \$, A'
2
R
3,
A'
! \$
3
R
4
, !2, A'
2
R
3
v !2, \$, A'
CY% DD0 HM ch"t 1uy nh"t E, t:ch \$
2
R
3
2M kh;i hQn h8& 4t A'
2
R
3
, \$
2
R
3
, ZiR
2
A H!' s NMH!R
3
! NMRH v !M!R
3

CY% DI0 !h) NMRH EIn 1. 9() 1ung 1Xch chOM egZR
4
, !uZR
4
,A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
E.8c kIt tfM A Nung A E.8c ch"t
23n s !h) !R 1. Ei nuM s nung nng s thu E.8c ch"t 23n '(g
A egR, A'
2
R
3,
!u s egR, !u ! egR, !uR v egR, A'
2
R
3
, !u
CY% DZ0 ! c:c ch"t 4tg !MR, egR, A'
2
R
3
!hl 1*ng thm mt ch"t n() t2)ng s c:c ch"t ch) 1.Li E0y E,
nh-n 4iIt
A N.Lc s AJit c')hiE2ic
! AJit sunru2ic ')ang v vung 1Xch NMRH
CY% D[0 H)( tMn hQn h8& gUmg q
2
R, sMR, A'
2
R
3
, \$
3
R
4
9() n.Lc =1.@, thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch 9( ch"t 23n
ZTc khP !R
2
EIn 1. 9() 1ung 1Xch , sMu khi c:c &hAn Ong JAy 2M h)(n t)(n thu E.8c kIt tfM '(
A \$=RH@
3
s A'=RH@
3
! q
2
!R
3
v sM!R
3

CY% D\0 !h) c:c ch"t 23ng A', A'

2
R
3
, NM
2
R, eg, !M , egR vay ch"t n() tMn hIt t2)ng 1ung 1Xch NMRH 1.
A A'
2
R
3
, eg, !M , egR
s A', A'
2
R
3
, NM
2
R, !M
! A', A'
2
R
3
, !M , egR
v A', A'
2
R
3
, NM
2
R, !M , eg
CY% D]0 !h) kim ')+i A' t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch NH
3
1. thu E.8c kIt tfM A , '"y kIt tfM E$m nung [ nhit E
cM) EIn khmi '.8ng khng Emi thu E.8c ch"t 23n s !:c ch"t A, s '(
A A'=RH@
3
9( A' s A'=RH@
3
9( A'
2
R
3
!

A'
2
R
3
9( A' v A'=RH@
3
, A'
2
R
3
, A'
CY% I^0 h, &h0n 4it A', A'
2
R
3
, eg c th, 1*ngg
A vung 1Xch qRH s vung 1Xch H!'
! vung 1Xch H
2
ZR
4
v vung 1Xch !uZR
4
CY% I10 h, nh-n 2M c:c ch"t 23n NM
2
R, A'
2
R
3
, A', \$, !M!
2
chl con 1*ngg
A H
2
R s vung 1Xch H!'
! vung 1Xch NMRH v vung 1Xch H
2
ZR
4

CY% I(0 qhi ch) 'uUng khP hiE2) 1. Ei nuM ng nghim chOM A'
2
R
3
, \$R, !uR, egR nung nng EIn khi &hAn
Ong JAy 2M h)(n t)(n !h"t 23n cYn '+i t2)ng ng nghim 4M) gUmg
B
Hc 24H
A A'
2
R
3
, \$R, !uR, eg s A'
2
R
3
, \$, !u, egR
! A', \$, !u, eg v A'
2
, \$, !u, egR
CY% I-0 !h"t 9hn" c tPnh '.zng tPnh '(
A NMH!R
3
s A'!'
3
! A'
2
R
3
v A'=RH@
3

CY% ID0 !h"t 9`M t:c 1Tng NMRH, 9`M t:c 1Tng H!' '(
A A', A'
2
R
3
, NM
2
!R
3
s A'=RH@
3
, NMH!R
3
, egZR
4
! kn=RH@
2
, !M=H!R
3
@
2
, A'
2
R
3
v A'
2
R
3
, eg!R
3
, A'=RH@
3
CY% II0 !h"t 9hn" c tPnh '.zng tPnh '(
A A'
2
R
3
s A'=RH@
3
! A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
v NMH!R
3
CY% IZ0 Nh; t` t` ch) EIn 1. 1ung 1Xch NMRH 9() 1ung 1Xch A'!'
3
Hin t.8ng JAy 2M '(
A c kIt tfM k$) t23ng, sMu E kIt tfM tMn s chl c kIt tfM k$) t23ng
! c kIt tfM k$) t23ng 9( c khP 4My 'n v khng c kIt tfM, c khP 4My 'n
CY% I[0 !h"t c tPnh ch"t '.zng tPnh '(g
A NM!' s A'=RH@
3
! A'!'
3
v NMRH
CY% I\0 !h"t 9hn" c tPnh ch"t '.zng tPnh '(g
A NMH!R
3
s A'!'
3
! A'=RH@
3
v A'
2
R
3

CY% I]0 Nh; t` t` ch) EIn 1. 1ung 1Xch NMRH 9() 1ung 1Xch A'!'
3
Hin t.8ng JAy 2M '(
A c kIt tfM k$) t23ng 9( c khP 4My 'n s c kIt tfM k$) t23ng, sMu E kIt tfM tMn
! chl c kIt tfM k$) t23ng v khng c kIt tfM, c khP 4My 'n
CY% Z^0 h, thu E.8c kIt tfM A'=RH@
3
ng.Vi tM 1*ng c:ch n() sMu E0yg
A !h) t` t` 1ung 1Xch A'!'
3
9() 1ung 1Xch NMRH
s !h) t` t` 1ung 1Xch NMRH 9() 1ung 1Xch A'!'
3
! !h) nhMnh 1ung 1Xch NMRH 9() 1ung 1Xch A'!'
3
v !h) nhMnh 1ung 1Xch A'!'
3
9() 1ung 1Xch NMRH
CY% Z10 !:c h8& ch"t t2)ng 1ay ch"t n() 1.Li E0y E5u c tPnh '.zng tPnh
A !2=RH@
3
, kn=RH@
2
, N4=RH@
2
s !2=RH@
2
, \$=RH@
2
, eg=RH@
2

! !2=RH@
3
, N4=RH@
2
, eg=RH@
2
v !2=RH@
3
, kn=RH@
2
, eg=RH@
2

CY% Z(0 !h) 1ay c:c ch"tg !2=RH@

3
, A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
, eg=RH@
2
, kn=RH@
2
, egR, !2R
3
Z ch"t t2)ng 1ay
c tPnh ch"t '.zng tPnh '(
A 4 s b ! 3 v 2
CY% Z-0 h, thu E.8c A'
2
R
3
t` hQn h8& A'
2
R
3
9( \$
2
R
3
, ng.Vi tM 'on '.8tg
A 1*ng 1ung 1Xch NMRH =1.@, khP !R
2
=1.@, 2Ui nung nng
s 1*ng 1ung 1Xch NMRH =1.@, 1ung 1Xch H!' =1.@, 2Ui nung nng
! 1*ng khP !R [ nhit E cM), 1ung 1Xch H!' =1.@
v 1*ng khP H
2
[ nhit E cM), 1ung 1Xch NMRH =1.@
CY% ZD0 !h"t n() sMu E0y t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch NMA'R
2
sinh 2M kIt tfM
A !R
2
s NMRH ! NM
2
!R
3
v NH
3

CY% ZI0 h, &h0n 4it 1ung 1Xch A'!'

3
9( 1ung 1Xch q!' tM 1*ng 1ung 1Xch
A NMRH s H!' ! NMNR
3
v H
2
ZR
4

CY% ZZ0 qhi nh; 9(i git 1ung 1Xch A'

2
=ZR
4
@
3
9() 1ung 1Xch qRH th
A c kIt tfM k$) t23ng, kIt tfM tSng 1on, sMu E tMn 1on
s c kIt tfM k$) t23ng, sMu E tMn ngMy
! khng c hin t.8ng g JAy 2M
v c kIt tfM k$) t23ng, kIt tfM khng tMn
CY% Z[0 vung 1Xch n() 1.Li E0y '(m nu tPm Emi m(u JMnh
A q
2
ZR
4
s qA'=ZR
4
@
2
12H
2
R ! NMt2iM'uminMt v A'!'
3
CY% Z\0 h, '(m kIt tfM h)(n t)(n nhm hiE2)Jit t` 1ung 1Xch A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
con 1*ng mt '.8ng 1. 1ung 1Xchg
A sM!'
2
s NMRH ! !M=RH@
2
v NH
3
CY% Z]0 vung 1Xch n() 1.Li E0y c th, 1*ng E, nh-n 4iIt 4M 1ung 1Xchg NM!', kn!'
2
, A'!'
3
A NMRH s NH
3
! H!' v sM!'
2
CY% [^0 !:c ch"t n() t2)ng 1ay sMu E0y 9`M t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch ki5m m+nh 9`M t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch
MJit m+nh
A A'=RH@
3
, =NH
4
@
2
!R, NH
4
!' s NMH!R
3
, kn=RH@
2
, !H
3
!RRNH
4
! sM=RH@
2
, A'!'
3
, knR v eg=H!R
3
@
2
, \$R, qRH
>
Hc 24H
CY% [10 et 1ung 1Xch chOM M m)' NMRH t:c 1Tng 9Li mt 1ung 1Xch chOM 4 m)' A'!'
3
hi5u kin E, thu
E.8c kIt tfM '(
A M 44 s M 44 ! M G 4 1m)' v M { 4 1m)'
CY% [(0 et 1ung 1Xch chOM J m)' qA'R
2
t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch chOM y m)' H!' hi5u kin E, sMu &hAn
Ong thu E.8c '.8ng kIt tfM 'Ln nh"t '(g
A J y s J y ! J y v J 2y
CY% [-0 ! c:c 1ung 1Xchg NM!', eg!'
2
, A'!'
3
, !u!'
2
!hl 1*ng thm mt ch"t n() t2)ng s c:c ch"t ch) 1-
.Li E0y E, nh-n 4iIt
A 1ung 1Xch H!' s 1ung 1Xch H
2
ZR
4
! 1ung 1Xch NMRH v 1ung 1Xch AgNR
3
CY% [D0 ! c:c ch"t 4tg A'!'
3
, A', A'
2
R
3
!hl 1*ng thm mt ch"t n() t2)ng s c:c ch"t ch) 1.Li E0y E,
nh-n 4iIt
A H!' s NMRH ! !uZR
4
v AgNR
3
CY% [I0 h, &h0n 4it c:c 1ung 1Xch hM ch"t 2ing 4it NM!', \$!'
3
, NH
4
!', =NH
4
@
2
!R
3
, A'!'
3
c th, 1*ng
kim ')+i n() sMug
A q s sM ! 4 v eg
CY% [Z0 >hn" th, &h0n 4it c:c 11 NM!', eg!'
2
, A'!'
3
EHng t2)ng c:c ' m"t nhan 4dng thuc thg
A NMRH s sM=RH@
2
! NH
3
v Z2=RH@
2
CY% [[0 !h"t n() sMu 9hn" '(m JMnh n.Lc nu tPmg
A NMRH s NM#A'=RH@
4
% =h)Wc NMA'R
2
@
! NM
2
!R
3
v NM
2
ZR
4

CY% [\0 NMRH 9hn" t:c 1Tng E.8c 9Li t"t cA c:c ch"t t2)ng 1ay n() sMug
A !R
2
, H!', !uZR
4
s !M=H!R
3
@
2
, H!', eg!'
2

! ZR
2
, A', !'
2
v !R
2
, q
2
!R
3
, H!'
CY% []0 qhi 1Dn !R
2
9() 1ung 1Xch NM#A'=RH@
4
% =h)Wc NMA'R
2
@ 9( NH
3
9() 1ung 1Xch A'!'
3
t` t` EIn 1.,
hin t.8ng ging nhMu '(
A c kIt tfM k$) t23ng, sMu E kIt tfM tMn
s c kIt tfM k$) t23ng, kIt tfM khng tMn
! c kIt tfM k$) t23ng, kIt tfM tSng 1on, sMu E tMn 1on
v khng c hin t.8ng g JAy 2M
CY% \^0 qhi thm 1on 1ung 1Xch H!' 9MY 1ung 1Xch NM#A'=RH@
4
% =h)Wc NMA'R
2
@ 9( 1ung 1Xch NMRH 9()
1ung 1Xch A'!'
3
EIn 1.
A 4Mn Eou hin t.8ng JAy 2M kh:c nhMu, sMu E t./ng tH nhMu
s hin t.8ng JAy 2M h)(n t)(n kh:c nhMu
! 4Mn Eou hin t.8ng JAy 2M t./ng tH nhMu, sMu E kh:c nhMu
v hin t.8ng JAy 2M t./ng tH nhMu
CY% \10 j2.Vng h8& n() sMu E0y s Ju"t hin kIt tfM, 9( kIt tfM tMn ngMy
A !h) t` t` 1ung 1Xch nMt2i M'uminMt 9() 11 H!'
s !h) t` t` 1ung 1Xch qRH 9() 1ung 1Xch nhm c')2uM
! jhmi t` t` khP !R
2
9() 1ung 1Xch NM#A'=RH@
4
% =h)Wc NMA'R
2
@
v !h) t` t` 1ung 1Xch A'!'
3
9() 1ung 1Xch NH
3
CY% \(0 h, &h0n 4it c:c 1ung 1Xch hM ch"t 2ing 4it !uZR
4
, \$!'
3
, A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
, q
2
!R
3
, =NH
4
@
2
ZR
4
, NH
4
NR
3
c th, 1*ng 1 t2)ng c:c hM ch"t n() sMu
A NMRH h)Wc NM s sM=RH@
2

! sM v sM=RH@
2
h)Wc sM
CY% \-0 NhAn Ong cfM cW& ch"t n() 1.Li E0y 9hn" t+) sAn &htm khP
A A'=NR
3
@
3
G NM
2
Z s A'!'
3
G NM
2
!R
3
! A' G NMRH v A'!'
3
G NMRH
CY% \D0 Ch) 1ung 1Xch NH
3
EIn 1. 9() 1ung 1Xch chOM A'!'
3
, 9( kn!'
2
thu E.8c kIt tfM A Nung A E.8c
ch"t 23n s !h) 'uUng H
2
Ei nuM s nung nng s thu E.8c ch"t 23n '(
A A'
2
R
3
s kn 9( A'
2
R
3
! knR 9( A' v knR 9( A'
2
R
3

CY% \I0 et 1ung 1Xch chOM M m)' NM#A'=RH@
4
% =h)Wc NMA'R
2
@ t:c 1Tng 9Li mt 1ung 1ich chOM 4 m)'
H!' hi5u kin E, thu E.8c kIt tfM sMu &hAn Ong '(
A M4 s M24 ! 4 4M v 4 bM
CY% \Z0 ! 4 1ung 1Xch mui 2ing 4itg !u!'
2
, kn!'
2
, \$!'
3
, A'!'
3
NIu thm 1ung 1Xch qRH =1.@ 2Ui thm
tiI& 1ung 1Xch NH
3
=1.@ 9() 4 1ung 1Xch t2n th s ch"t kIt tfM thu E.8c '(
^
Hc 24H
A 4 s 1 ! 3 v 2
CY% \[0 Nh; t` t` 1ung 1Xch NMRH EIn 1. 9() 1ung 1Xch ZMu khi c:c &hAn Ong JAy 2M h)(n t)(n chl thu
E.8c 1ung 1Xch t2)ng sut !h"t tMn t2)ng 1ung 1Xch '(
A !M=H!R
3@2
s !uZR
4
! \$=NR
3@3
v A'!'
3

CY% \\0 h, nh-n 4iIt i)n NR

3
t2)ng 1ung 1Xch, ng.Vi tM 1*ngg =1@ !u, RH
-
, t
C
w =2@ \$
2G
, H
G
, t
C
w =3@ A', RH
-
,
t
C
w =4@ !u, H
G
, t
C
A =1@, =2@, =3@ s =2@, =3@, =4@ ! =3@, =4@ v =2@, =3@
CY% \]0 ! 4M ch"t ';ng '( !
2
H
b
RH, !
B
H
B
, !
B
H
b
NH
2
9( 4M 1ung 1Xch '( NH
4
H!R
3
, NMA'R
2
, !
B
H
b
RNM !hl
1*ng 1ung 1Xch ch"t n() 1.Li E0y c th, nh-n 4iIt E.8c t"t cA c:c ch"t t2n
A NMRH s H!' ! sM!'
2
v u tPm
CY% ]^0 !h) mt mtu NM 9() c:c 1ung 1Xch \$
2
=ZR
4
@
3
, \$!'
2
, A'!'
3
, sMu E thm 1ung 1Xch NMRH EIn 1.
th c hin t.8ng g ging nhMu Jty 2M [ c:c 1ung 1Xchg
A ! kIt tfM
s ! khP th):t 2M
! ! kIt tfM 2Ui tMn
v ! kIt tfM t23ng JMnh, h): E; n0u t2)ng khng khP
CY% ]10 !h) 1ay c:c ch"tg NMRH, Zn=RH@
2
, N4=RH@
2
, A'=RH@
3
, !2=RH@
3
Z ch"t t2)ng 1ay c tPnh ch"t
'.zng tPnh '(
A3 s 4 ! 2 v 1
CY% ](0 j2n 1ung 1Xch chOM M m)' A'!'
3
9Li 1ung 1Xch chOM 4 m)' NMRH h, thu E.8c kIt tfM th con c tl
'
AM g 4 1 g 4 s M g 4 1 g 4 ! M g 4 1 g b v M g 4 1 g 4
CY% ]-0 !h) 1ay c:c ch"tg !M=H!R
3
@
2
, NH
4
!', =NH
4
@
2
!R
3
, knZR
4
, A'=RH@
3
, kn=RH@
2
Z ch"t t2)ng 1ay c
tPnh ch"t '.zng tPnh '(
A 3 s b ! 2 v 4
CY% ]D0 vay gUm c:c kim ')+i E.8c Ei5u chI t2)ng cng nghi& 4dng &h./ng &h:& Ein &h0n h8& ch"t nng
chAy cfM chKng '(g
ANM, !M, A' s NM, !M, kn ! NM, !u, A' v \$, !M, A'
CY% ]I0 !hl 1*ng 1ung 1Xch qRH E, &h0n 4it E.8c c:c ch"t 2ing 4it t2)ng nhm n() sMu E0y
Aeg, A'
2
R
3
, A' s eg, q, NM ! kn, A'
2
R
3
, A' v \$, A'
2
R
3
, eg
CY% ]Z0 !h) hQn h8& 4t A', \$ 9() 1ung 1Xch chOM !u=NR
3
@
2
9( AgNR
3
ZMu khi c:c &hAn Ong JAy 2M h)(n
t)(n, thu E.8c hQn h8& 23n gUm 4M kim ')+i '(g
A\$, !u, Ag s A', !u, Ag ! A', \$, !u v A', \$, Ag
CY% ][0 !h) 1ay c:c ch"tg !2=RH@
3
, A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
, eg=RH@
2
, kn=RH@
2
, egR, !2R
3
Z ch"t t2)ng 1ay c tPnh
ch"t '.zng tPnh '(
Ab s 2 ! 3 v 4
CY% ]\0 HQn h8& 23n gUm A', \$
2
R
3
9( !u c s m)' 4dng nhMu HQn h8& tMn h)(n t)(n t2)ng 1ung 1Xch
A NMRH =1.@ s H!' =1.@ ! AgNR
3
=1.@ v NH
3
=1.@
CY% ]]0 ! 4 1ung 1Xch mui 2ing 4itg !u!'
2
, kn!'
2
, \$!'
3
, A'!'3 NIu thm 1ung 1Xch qRH =1.@ 2Ui thm
tiI& 1ung 1Xch NH
3
=1.@ 9() 4 1ung 1Xch t2n th s ch"t kIt tfM thu E.8c '(
A4 s 1 ! 3 v 2
CY% 1^^0 H)( tMn hQn h8& gUmg q
2
R, sMR, A'
2
R
3
, \$
3
R
4
9() n.Lc =1.@, thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch 9( ch"t 23n
ZTc khP !R
2
EIn 1. 9() 1ung 1Xch , sMu khi c:c &hAn Ong JAy 2M h)(n t)(n thu E.8c kIt tfM '(
A\$=RH@
3
s q
2
!R
3
! A'=RH@
3
v sM!R
3

CY% 1^10 vay gUm c:c ch"t 9`M tMn t2)ng 1ung 1Xch H!', 9`M tMn t2)ng 1ung 1Xch NMRH '(g
A NMH!R
3
, egR, !M=H!R
3
@
2
s NMH!R
3
, knR, eg=RH@
2

! NMH!R
3
, !M=H!R
3
@
2
, A'
2
R
3
v eg=RH@
2
, A'
2
R
3
, !M=H!R
3
@
2

CY% 1^(0 Nh~n chuM E.8c 1*ng t2)ng ng(nh cng nghi& thuc 1M, cng nghi& gi"y, ch"t com m(u t2)ng
ng(nh nhum 9Ai, ch"t '(m t2)ng n.Lc !ng thOc h): hc cfM &h~n chuM '(
A NM
2
ZR
4
A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
24H
2
R s q
2
ZR
4
A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
24H
2
R
! =NH
4
@
2
ZR
4
A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
24H
2
R v |i
2
ZR
4
A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
24H
2
R
CY% 1^-0 !h) khP !R =1.@ Ei 9() ng sO nung nng EHng hQn h8& gUm A'
2
R
3
, egR, \$
3
R
4
, !uR thu E.8c
ch"t 23n !h) 9() 1ung 1Xch NMRH =1.@, khu"y k, th"y cYn '+i &hon khng tMn k uiA s c:c &hAn Ong
JAy 2M h)(n t)(n Nhon khng tMn k gUm
AegR, \$, !u s eg, \$, !u ! egR, \$3R4, !u v eg, A', \$, !u
_
Hc 24H
CY% 1^D0 !:c h8& ch"t t2)ng 1ay ch"t n() 1.Li E0y E5u c tPnh '.zng tPnh
A !2=RH@
3
, \$=RH@
2
, eg=RH@
2
s !2=RH@
3
, kn=RH@
2
, N4=RH@
2

! !2=RH@
3
, kn=RH@
2
, eg=RH@
2
v !2=RH@
3
, N4=RH
@2
, eg=RH@
2

CY% 1^I0 Nh; t` t` ch) EIn 1. 1ung 1Xch NMRH 9() 1ung 1Xch A'!'
3
Hin t.8ng JAy 2M '(
A c kIt tfM k$) t23ng, sMu E kIt tfM tMn s chl c kIt tfM k$) t23ng
! c kIt tfM k$) t23ng 9( c khP 4My 'n v khng c kIt tfM, c khP 4My 'n
CY% 1^Z0 Nh:t 4i,u n() sM uE0y khng EKng khi s) s:nh tPnh ch"t hM hc cfM nhm 9( c2)m
A Nhm 9( c2)m E5u 4X thT Eng hM t2)ng 1ung 1Xch H
2
ZR
4
EWc ngui
s Nhm c tPnh kh m+nh h/n c2)m
! Nhm 9( c2)m E5u &hAn Ong 9Li 1ung 1Xch H!' th$) c*ng tl ' 95 s m)'
v Nhm 9( c2)m E5u 45n t2)ng khng khP 9( t2)ng n.Lc
CY% 1^[0 Nh:t 4i,u n() sMu E0y khng EKng
A j2)ng c:c 1ung 1Xchg H!', H
2
ZR
4
, H
2
Z c c*ng nUng E C,C1e, 1ung 1Xch H
2
Z c &H 'Ln nh"t
s Nh; 1ung 1Xch NH
3
t` t` tLi 1. 9() 1ung 1Xch !uZR
4
, thu E.8c kIt tfM JMnh
! vung 1Xch NM
2
!R
3
'(m &h$n)'&htM'$in khng m(u chuy,n sMng m(u hUng
v Nh; 1ung 1Xch NH
3
t` t` tLi 1. 9() 1ung 1Xch A'!'
3
, thu E.8c kIt tfM t23ng
CY% 1^\0 jhP nghim n() sMu E0y c kIt tfM sMu &hAn Ong
A !h) 1ung 1Xch NMRH EIn 1. 9() 1ung 1Xch !2=NR
3
@
3

s !h) 1ung 1Xch NH
3
EIn 1. 9() 1ung 1Xch A'!'
3
! !h) 1ung 1Xch H!' EIn 1. 9() 1ung 1Xch NMA'R
2
=h)Wc NM#A'=RH@
4
%@
v jhmi !R
2
EIn 1. 9() 1ung 1Xch !M=RH@
2

CY% 1^]0 h, thu E.8c A'

2
R
3
t` hQn h8& A'
2
R
3
9( \$
2
R
3
, ng.Vi tM 'on '.8tg
A 1*ng khP H
2
[ nhit E cM), 1ung 1Xch NMRH =1.@
s 1*ng khP !R [ nhit E cM), 1ung 1Xch H!' =1.@
! 1*ng 1ung 1Xch NMRH =1.@, 1ung 1Xch H!' =1.@, 2Ui nung nng
v 1*ng 1ung 1Xch NMRH =1.@, khP !R
2
=1.@, 2Ui nung nng
CY% 11^0 HQn h8& gUm \$
3
R
4
9( A' c tl ' m)' t./ng Ong 1 g 3 jhHc hin &hAn Ong nhit nhm
=khng c khng khP@ EIn khi &hAn Ong JAy 2M h)(n t)(n thu E.8c hQn h8& gUm
A A', \$, \$
3
R
4
9( A'
2
R
3
s A'
2
R
3
, \$ 9( \$
3
R
4

! A'
2
R
3
9( \$ v A', \$ 9( A'
2
R
3

CY% 1110 jiIn h(nh c:c thP nghim sMug =1@ ZTc khP H
2
Z 9() 1ung 1Xch \$ZR
4
w =2@ ZTc khP H
2
Z 9() 1ung 1Xch
!uZR
4
w =3@ ZTc khP !R
2
=1.@ 9() 1ung 1Xch NM
2
ZiR
3
w =4@ ZTc khP !R
2
=1.@ 9() 1ung 1Xch !M=RH@
2
w =b@ Nh;
t` t` 1ung 1Xch NH
3
EIn 1. 9() 1ung 1Xch A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
w =B@ Nh; t` t` 1ung 1Xch sM=RH@
2
EIn 1. 9() 1ung 1Xch
A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
ZMu khi c:c &hAn Ong JAy 2M h)(n t)(n, s thP nghim thu E.8c kIt tfM '(
Ab s B ! 3 v 4
CY% 11(0 !h) hQn h8& gUm !u, Ag, \$, A' t:c 1Tng 9Li )Ji 1. khi Eun nng E.8c ch"t 23n !h) 9()
1ung 1Xch H!' 1., khu"y k, sMu E '"y 1ung 1Xch thu E.8c ch) t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch NMRH ')ang, 1. |c
'"y kIt tfM t+) th(nh E$m nung t2)ng khng khP EIn khi '.8ng khng Emi thu E.8c ch"t 23n k siIt c:c &hAn
Ong JAy 2M h)(n t)(n jh(nh &hon cfM k gUmg
A\$
2
R
3
, !uR s \$
2
R
3
, !uR, Ag ! \$
2
R
3
, A'
2
R
3
v \$
2
R
3
, !uR, Ag
2
R
CY% 11-0 H)( tMn m gMm hQn h8& gUm A', \$ 9() 1ung 1Xch H
2
ZR
4
')ang =1.@ ZMu khi c:c &hAn Ong JAy 2M
h)(n t)(n, thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch !h) 1ung 1Xch sM=RH@
2
=1.@ 9() 1ung 1Xch , thu E.8c kIt tfM Nung
t2)ng khng khP EIn khi '.8ng khng Emi, thu E.8c ch"t 23n k '(
A hQn h8& gUm sMZR
4
9( \$R s hQn h8& gUm A'
2
R
3
9( \$
2
R
3

! hQn h8& gUm sMZR
4
9( \$
2
R
3
v \$
2
R
3

1C
Hc 24H
C.UV TWP Q_NH L`Na
(. C3c 4An" t!3n *J nh
CY% 10 !h) 2,> gMm kim ')+i A' tMn h)(n t)(n t2)ng 1ung 1Xch HNR
3
')ang nng thu E./c C,44^ 'Pt
khP 1uy nh"t = Ektc@ ! c+n 1ung 1Xch thu E.8c 22,> gMm ch"t 23n khMn c-y cng thOc cfM khP
'(
A N
2
s NR
2
! N
2
R v NR
CY% (0 H)( tMn m gMm A' 9() 1ung 1Xch HNR
3
2"t ')ang chl thu E.8c hQn h8& khP gUm C,C1b m)'
N
2
R 9( C,C1 m)' NR ui: t2X cfM m '(g
A ^,1 gMm s 1,b3 gMm ! 1,3b gMm v 13,b gMm
CY% -0 !h) m gMm A' tMn h)(n t)(n 9() 1ung 1Xch HNR
3
th"y th):t 2M 11,2 'Pt hQn h8& 3 khP
NR,N
2
R,N
2
c tl ' s m)' n
NR
g n
N2R
g n
N2
1 g 2 g 2 ui: t2X m '(
A 1B,^ gMm s 2,> gMm ! 3b,1 gMm v 1,B^ gMm
CY% D0 !h) 2,>gMm mt kim ')+i hM t2X III t:c 1Tng 9`M Ef 9Li 1'Pt 1ung 1Xch H!' C,3e :c EXnh
kim ')+i hM t2X III
A c s \$ ! !2 v A'
CY% I0 !h) hQn h8& gUm C,C2b m)' eg 9( C,C3 m)' A' t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ing 1Xch H!' thu E.8c 1ung
1Xch A jhm 1ung 1Xch NMRH 1. 9() 1ung 1Xch A th thu E.8c 4M) nhiu gMm kIt tfM
A 1B,3 g s 3,4_ g ! 1 g v 1,4b g
CY% Z0 HYM tMn mt '.8ng 4t nhm 9() 1ung 1Xch HNR
3
Eun nng E.8c 11,2 'Pt hQn h8& khP gUm
NR 9( NR
2
=Ektc@, c tl khmi h/i s/ 9Li H
2
'( 1_,^ qhi '.8ng 4t nhm Ea 1*ng '(
A ^,1 gMm s b,4 gMm ! 2> gMm v 2,> gMm
CY% [0 !h) 24,3 gMm nhm tMn h)(n t)(n t2)ng 1ung 1Xch HNR
3
=1.@, th thu E.8c ^,_B'Pt khP gUm
NR 9( N
2
R =[ Ektc@jh(nh &hon &hon t2Sm 95 th, tPch cfM mQi khP '(
A 24iNR 9( >Bi N
2
R s 3CiNR 9( >Ci N
2
R
11
bAn" 0 Nh 1A, 2 t3c 45n" *67 a@7t

A@7t HC,; HUr; H

(
<:
D
,!Fn"
(A, c ZH
c
(A,
-c
c -H
(

A@7t HN:
-
; H
(
<:
D
EWc nng

A, c HN:
-
A,1N:
-
2
-
c N:
(
1 h!Hc N:; N
(
:; N
(
; NH
D
N:
-
2 c H
(
:
A, c H
(
<:
D GHc
A,
(
1<:
D
2
-
c <:
(
1 h!Hc <; H
(
<2 c H
(
:
Hc 24H
! 2biNR 9( >bi N
2
R v bCiNR 9( bCi N
2
R
CY% \0 !h) m gMm hQn h8& gUm A', !u 9() 1ung 1Xch H!' =1.@, sMu khi kIt thKc &hAn Ong sinh
2M 3,3B 'Pt khP =[ Ektc@ NIu ch) m gMm hQn h8& t2n 9() mt '.8ng 1. MJit nit2ic =EWc, ngui@, sMu
khi kIt thKc &hAn Ong sinh 2M B,>2 'itt khP NR
2
=sAn &htm kh 1uy nh"t, [ Ektc@ ui: t2X cfM m '(
A 11,b s 1C,b ! 12,3 v 1b,B
CY% ]0 !h) 2,1B gMm A' t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch HNR
3
')ang =1.@ thu E.8c c 'Pt khP NR =[ Ektc@ 9(
1ung 1Xch h$m c c+n 1ung 1Xch thu E.8c 1>,>B gMm mui khMn ui: t2X cfM c '(
A 1,>_2 s C,^_B ! 1,2b44 v 1,^B>>
CY% 1^0 H)( tMn hIt >,>4 gMm hQn h8& 4t eg, A' 4dng bCC m' 1ung 1Xch hQn h8& H!'
1e 9( H
2
ZR
4 C,2^e thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch 9( ^,>3B 'Pt khP H2 =[ Ektc@ ! c+n 1ung 1Xch thu
E.8c khi '.8ng mui khMn '(
A 3^,_3 gMm s 1C3,^b gMm ! 2b,_b gMm v >>,^B gMm
CY% 110 H)( tMn hIt C,C3 A' m)' 9( C,C2 m)' Ag 9() 1ung 1Xch HNR
3
, sMu &hAn Ong c c+n 2Ui Eun
nng EIn khi '.8ng khng Emi th thu E.8c ch"t 23n nWng J gMm ui: t2X cfM J '(
A _,>_ s b,22 ! 4,2B v 3,B_
CY% 1(0 HYM tMn h)(n t)(n 31,2b gMm hQn h8& gUm eg, A', kn t2)ng 1ung 1Xch HNR
3
, sMu khi
&hAn Ong JAy h)(n t)(n thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch 9( hQn h8& gUm C,1 m)' N
2
R 9( C,1 m)' NR ! c+n
1ung 1Xch sMu &hAn Ong thu E.8c 1b>,Cb gMm hQn h8& mui c-y s m)' HNR
3
Ea 4X kh t2)ng
&hAn Ong t2n '(
A C,b m)' s C,3 m)' ! C,4b m)' v C,4 m)'
CY% 1-0 !h) 3,C24 gMm mt kim ')+i e tMn hIt t2)ng 1ung 1Xch HNR
3
')ang, thu E.8c _4C,^ m' khP
N
J
R
y
=sAn &htm kh 1uy nh"t, [ Ektc@ c tl khi Ei 9Li H
2
4dng 22 qhP N
J
R
y
9( kim ')+i e '(
ANR 9( eg s NR
2
9( A' ! N
2
R 9( A' v N
2
R 9( \$
CY% 1D0 !h) 3,B^ gMm hQn h8& gUm A' 9( kn t:c 1Tng 9Li mt '.8ng 9`M Ef 1ung 1Xch H
2
ZR
4
1Ci, thu E.8c 2,24 'Pt khP H
2
=[ Ektc@ qhi '.8ng 1ung 1Xch thu E.8c sMu &hAn Ong '(
A1C1,B^ gMm s ^^,2C gMm ! 1C1,4^ gMm v _>,^C
gMm
CY% 1I0 !h) m gMm hQn h8& eg, A' 9() 2bC m' 1ung 1Xch chOM hQn h8& MJit H!' 1e 9( MJit
H
2
ZR
4
C,be, thu E.8c b,32 'Pt H
2
=[ Ektc@ 9( 1ung 1Xch =c)i th, tPch 1ung 1Xch khng Emi@ vung
1Xch c &H '(
A1 s B ! > v 2
CY% 1Z0 H)( tMn h)(n t)(n 12,42 gMm A' 4dng 1ung 1Xch HNR
3
')ang =1.@, thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch
9( 1,344 'Pt =[ Ektc@ hQn h8& khP gUm hMi khP '( N
2
R 9( N
2
jl khi cfM hQn h8& khP s) 9Li khP
H
2
'( 1^ ! c+n 1ung 1Xch , thu E.8c m gMm ch"t 23n khMn ui: t2X cfM m '(
A3^,34 s 34,C^ ! 1CB,3^ v _>,_^
CY% 1[0 !h) 11,1Bg gUm A' 9( kim ')+i e c tl ' s m)' n
A'
g n
e
bg B 4dng 1ung 1Xch H!' 1^,2bi
9`M Ef thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch t2)ng E nUng E i cfM A'!'
3
'( 11,^1i qim ')+i e '(g
A kn s eg ! \$ v !2
12
bAn"0 Hdn hP8 A, *' Na 1 h!Hc >2 t3c 45n" *67 nC6c
C3c 8h$n en" @$f ra0
EQ&% t7Mn 0 (Na c (H
(
: (Na:H c H
(
112
E>R t7R80 (A, c (Na:H c (H
(
: (NaA,:
(
c -H
(
1(2

2
3
2
2
: /,
'
n n
n + =
Chg h0
E b%n" 4ch Ba% 8h$n en" th% GCPc Nt ch)t tan 4%f nh)t ij n
Na
i n
A,
Eb%n" 4ch Ba% 8h$n en" chea ha7 ch)t tan0 Na:H *' NaA,:
(
ij n
Na
j n
A,
Eb%n" 4ch Ba% 8h$n en" chea Nt ch)t tan 4%f nh)t *' ckn ,A7 ch)t rln 9hn" tan ij n
Na
m n
A,
E>h7 "H8 #'7 t!3n hdn hP8 ch! *'! 4%n" 4ch Na:H; 9h7 G. Na:H n 8h$n en" 1(2 ,' Na:H n
8h$n en" 112 *' Na:H tr!n" 4%n" 4ch #an G&%.
EC. tho thaf Na #pn" Ua cqn" c. ha7 r%3 trsnh @$f ra nhC 97 ,!A7 Na
Hc 24H
CY% 10 !h) hQn h8& NM 9( A' 9() n.Lc 1., sMu &hAn Ong thu E.8c 4,4^ 'Pt khP =Ektc@ 9( 2,> gMm mt ch"t
23n qhi '.8ng mQi kim ')+i t2)ng hQn h8& Eou 'on '.8t '(g
A 2,3gw b,4g s 4,Bgw b,4g ! 3,4bgw b,4g v 2,3gw 2,>g
CY% (0 !h) m gMm hQn h8& gUm NM 9( A' 9() mt '.8ng 1. n.Lc th th):t 2M c 'Pt khP NIu cng ch) m
gMm 9() 1ung 1Xch NMRH =1.@ th E.8c 1,>bc 'Pt khP jh(nh &hon &hon t2Sm th$) khi '.8ng cfM NM t2)ng
'( =4iIt c:c th, tPch khP E) t2)ng c*ng Ei5u kin@
A 2_,^>i s 3_,^>i ! 4_,^>i v >>,31i
CY% -0 !h) hQn h8& gUm NM 9( A' c tl ' s m)' t./ng Ong '( 1 g 2 9() n.Lc =1.@ ZMu khi c:c &hAn Ong JAy
2M h)(n t)(n, thu E.8c ^,_B 'Pt khP H
2
=[ Ektc@ 9( m gMm ch"t 23n khng tMn ui: t2X cfM m '(
A 1C,^ s b,4 ! >,^ v 43,2
CY% D0 !h) 14,B gMm hQn h8& gUm NM 9( A' 9() n.Lc 1. sinh 2M 11,2 'Pt khP = Ektc@ 9( 1ung 1Xch
chOM ch"t tMn qhi '.8ng cfM A' t2)ng hQn h8&
A ^,^b s ^,1 ! b,4 v 1C,^
CY% I0 HYM tMn h)(n t)(n hQn h8& gUm J m)' sM 9( y m)' A' 9() n.Lc= 1.@ thu E.8c c 'Pt khP H
2
= Ektc@ 9( 1ung 1Xch ei nuMn h gixM c, J 9( y '(
A c 2,24= J G 3y@ sc 11,2= 2J 2y@
!c 22,4= JG y@ vc 11,2=2JG3y@
CY% Z0 j2n m gMm sM 9( ^,1 gMm A' 2Ui ch) 9() '.8ng H
2
R 1., sMu &hAn Ong h)(n t)(n c 2,> gMm
ch"t 23n khng tMn qhi t2n 2m gMm sM 9( ^,1 gMm A' 2Ui ch) 9() n.Lc 1., sMu khi &hAn Ong h)(n
t)(n thu E.8c c 'Pt khP H
2
= Ektc@ ui: t2X cfM c '(
A 11,2 s 14,bB ! 1>,_2 v 1b,B^
CY% [0 !h) m gMm hQn h8& gUm sM 9( A' = tl ' m)' t./ng Ong 1g 2@ 9() '.8ng n.Lc 1. th th, tPch
khP = Ektc@ th):t 2M '( ^,_B 'Pt ui: t2X cfM m '(
A 1_,1 s 2C,2 ! 1^,^ v 1B,4
CY% \0 !hiM m gMm hQn h8& gUm A' 9( NM th(nh hMi &hon 4dng nhMug
-Nhon 1g ch) 9() n.Lc 1. thu E.8c 13,44 'Pt khP = Ektc@
-Nhon 2g ch) 9() 1ung 1Xch NMRH 1. thu E.8c 2C,1B 'Pt khP = Ektc@ ui: t2X cfM m '(
A 43,^ gMm s 2C,4 gMm ! 33 gMm v 4C,^ gMm
CY% ]0 HQn h8& gUm NM, sM 9( A'
-NIu ch) m gMm hQn h8& 9() n.Lc 1. chl thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch 9( 12,32 'Pt H
2
=Ektc@
- NIu ch) m gMm hQn h8& t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch H!' 1. thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch 9( H
2
! c+n
1ung 1Xch thu E.8c BB,1g mui khMn ui: t2X cfM m '(g
A 3B,bBg s 2>,Cbg ! 24,B^g v 31,3Bg
CY% 1^0!h) m gMm hQn h8& gUm NM 9( A' 9() n.Lc thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch w b,3>B 'Pt H
2
=Ektc@ 9(
3,b1g ch"t 23n khng tMn NIu )Ji h): m gMm con 4M) nhiu 'Pt khP !'
2
=Ektc@
A __B^ 'Pt s ^B24 'Pt ! _b2C 'Pt v _>44 'Pt
CY% 110 !h) m gMm hQn h8& gUm 1 kim ')+i ki5m e 9( A' 9() n.Lc 1. thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch Aw
C,4B^>m gMm ch"t 23n khng tMn 9( >,212^ 'Pt H
2
=Ektc@ !h) 1ung 1Xch H!' c s m)' ndm t2)ng
kh)Ang t` C,1^ m)' EIn C,B4 m)' 9() 1ung 1Xch A ng)(i kIt tfM cYn thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch s ! c+n
1ung 1Xch s thu E.8c 11,__4bg ch"t 23n khMn ui: t2X cfM m '(g
A 1^g s 2Cg ! 24g v 3Cg
CY% 1(0 !h) 11,1bg hQn h8& hMi kim ')+i gUm A' 9( m t kim ')+i ki5m e 9() t2)ng n.Lc ZMu
&hAn Ong chl thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch s 9( _,b2 'Pt khP =Ektc@ !h) t` t` 1ung 1Xch H!' 9() 1ung 1Xch s
E, E.8c '.8ng kIt tfM 'Ln nh"t |c 9( c0n kIt tfM thu E.8c 1b,Bg qim ')+i ki5m E '(g
A |i s NM ! q v 4
13
Hc 24H
CY% 1-0!h) m gMm hQn h8& gUm NM
2
R 9( A' h)( tMn hIt 9() n.Lc 1. thu E.8c 2CCm' 1ung 1Xch
A chl chOM mt ch"t tMn 1uy nh"t c nUng E C,2e ui: t2X cfM m '(g
A 2,32 s 3,bB ! 3,b2 v b,3B
CY% 1D0 H)( tMn 2,21Bg hQn h8& A gUm NM 9( A' t2)ng n.Lc, &hAn Ong kIt thKc thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch
s 9( 1,>_2 'Pt H
2
t+) 2M =Ektc@, cYn '+i &hon ch"t 23n c khi '.8ng m gMm ui: t2X cfM m '(g
A C,21Bg s 1,2_Bg ! C,1^_g v 1,^_g
CY% 1I0 !h) m gMm hQn h8& gUm sM, NM, A' t2)ng E nNMg nA' 1g B h)( tMn 9() n.Lc 1. thu
E.8c 1ung 1Xch Aw 1,>_2 'Pt khP =Ektc@ 9( b,4g ch"t 23n khng tMn ui: t2X cfM m '(g
A b2,>bg s 3_,Cbg ! 34,bCg v 3^,14g
CY% 1Zg HQn h8& A gUm NM, A', !u !h) 12 gMm A 9() n.Lc 1. thu 2,24 'Pt khP =Ektc@, cYn nIu ch)
9() 1ung 1Xch NMRH 1. thu 3,_2 'Pt khP =Ektc@ i A' t2)ng hQn h8& 4Mn Eou
A b_,CBi s 22,bi ! B>,b i v _B,2bi
CY% 1[g Hn hp X gm cc kim loi Al, Fe, Ba. Chia X thnh 3 phn bng nha!"
#hn $ cho tc %&ng '(i n(c %, th! )c *,+,- l.t H
/
. #hn / cho tc %&ng '(i %!ng
%0ch 1a2H %, th! )c $,3-+ l.t H
/
. #hn 3 tc %&ng '(i %!ng %0ch HCl %, th! )4
c /,/5 l.t H
/
. 6Cc ph7n 8ng 97: ;a hon ton, cc th< t.ch kh. )o = )i>!
ki?n ch!@nA. BhCi lng cDa Al hn hp X l"
A. /,E gam B. 3,5 gam C. -,E3 gam F. Gp n khc.

14
bAn" 0Ph$n en" nh7tt nh
jh.Vng gW& '( &hAn Ong nhit nhmg ui M '( s m)' cfM A'w 4 '( s m)' cfM )Jit s3t=\$
2
R
3
@
2A' G \$
2
R
3
F A'
2
R
3
G 2\$
V. NR% 8h$n en" @$f ra h!'n t!'n0 jh.Vng 1) khng 4iIt s m)' A' 9( \$
2
R
3
'( 4M) nhiu nn
&hAi J7t Ef 3 t2.Vng h8& 2Ui tm nghim h8& 'Pg
1. TrCun" hP8 1g : ; 9e
<
=
3
d>ng ;?, @8g 2A' G \$
2
R
3
F A'
2
R
3
G 2\$
M F
2
,
F
2
,
F M
HQn h8& sMu &hAn Ongg \$g M m)'w A'
2
R
3
g
2
,
m)'
(. TrCun" hP8 (g : d>ng d nuM 1"u hiu '( hYM tMn t2)ng NMRH c khP th):t 2M
2A' G \$
2
R
3
F A'
2
R
3
G 2\$
24 F 4 F 4 F 24
HQn h8& sMu &hAn Ongg \$g 24 m)'w A'
2
R
3
g 4 m)'w A'
1.
g =M-24@ m)' hi5u king =M-24C@
-. TrCun" hP8 -g 9e
<
=
3
d>ng dg 2A' G \$
2
R
3
F A'
2
R
3
G 2\$
M F
2
,
F
2
,
F M
HQn h8& sMu &hAn Ongg \$g M m)'w A'
2
R
3
g
2
,
w \$
2
R
3
g =4-
2
,
@m)' hi5u king =4-
2
,
@C@
VV. NR% 8h$n en" @$f ra 9hn" h!'n t!'ng ui J '( s m)' \$
2
R
3
thMm giM &hAn Ong
2A' G \$
2
R
3
F A'
2
R
3
G 2\$
2J F J F J F 2J
HQn h8& sMu &hAn Ongg \$g 2J m)'w A'
2
R
3
g J m)'w \$
2
R
3
1.g =4-J@m)'w A' 1.g =M-2J@m)'
Ch g NIu E5 yu cou tPnh hiu su"t &hAn Ong tM giAi t2.Vng h8& &hAn Ong JAy 2M khng h)(n t)(n
Hc 24H
CY% 10 !h) M =g@ nhm t:c 1Tng 9Li 4 =g@ \$
2
R
3
thu E.8c hQn h8& A H)( tMn A t2)ng HNR
3
1., thu
E.8c 2,24' =Ektc@ mt khP khng m(u, h): n0u t2)ng khng khP qhi '.8ng a 1a 1*ngg
A 2,> g s b,4 g ! 4,C g v 1,3b g
CY% (0 j2n B,4^ g A' 9Li 1B g \$
2
R
3
jhHc hin &hAn Ong nhit nhm thu E.8c ch"t 23n A qhi ch)
A t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch NMRH 1., c 1,344 'Pt H
2
=Ektc@ th):t 2M jPnh hiu su"t &hAn Ong nhit
nhm
A ^Ci s 1CCi ! >bi v ^bi
CY% -0 qh h)(n t)(n 1Bg \$
2
R
3
4dng 4t A' 1. [ nhit E cM) ZMu &hAn Ong ch) khi '.8ng 23n
9() 1ung 1Xch NMRH 1. thu E.8c C,B>2 'it =Ektc@ khP qhi '.8ng 4t A' Ea 1*ng '(g
A _,^4 g s _,b4 g ! b,_4 g v b,^4 g
CY% D0 ht nng hQn h8& gUm 4t A' 9( \$
3
R
4
9Li '.8ng 9`M Ef E, &hAn Ong nhit nhm JAy 2M
h)(n t)(n !:c ch"t thu E.8c sMu &hAn Ong t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch H!' 1. thu E.8c 4,C32 'Pt H
2
Ektc qhi '.8ng cfM hQn h8& 4Mn Eou '(
A >,42bg s 13,bg ! 4B,B2g v 1^,24 g
CY% I0 ZMu khi thHc hin &hAn Ong nhit nhm 9Li \$
3
R
4
thu E.8c ch"t 23n A 9( nh-n th"y khi
'.8ng nhm tSng C,_Bg !h) A t:c 1Tng 9Li 11 NMRH 1. thu E.8c C,B>2 'Pt khP =Ektc@, giA s hiu
su"t c:c &hAn Ong '( 1CCi qhi '.8ng cfM A '(
A 1,C^g s 1,B2g ! 2,1g v b,1g
CY% Z0 ht nng mt hQn h8& gUm A' 9( 1Bg \$
2
R
3
=t2)ng Ei5u kin khng c khng khP@ EIn khi
&hAn Ong JAy 2M h)(n t)(n, thu E.8c hQn h8& 23n !h) t:c 1Tng 9`M Ef 9Li cm' 11 NMRH 1e
sinh 2M 3,3B 'Pt H
2
=Ektc@ ui: t2X cfM c '(
A 1CCm' s 1bC m' ! 2CCm' v 3CCm'
CY% [0 Nung nng hQn h8& gUm 1b,2 gMm !2
2
R
3
9( m gMm A' ZMu khi &hAn Ong JAy 2M h)(n t)(n
thu E.8c 23,3 gMm hQn h8& !h) t)(n 4 &hAn Ong 9Li H!' 1. th"y th):t 2M c ='@ H
2
=Ektc@
ui: t2X cfM c '(g
A >,^4 'Pt s 4,4^ 'Pt ! 3,3B 'Pt v 1C,C^ 'Pt
CY% \0 ht nng mt hQn h8& gUm A' 9( 1B gMm \$
2
R
3
=t2)ng Ei5u kin khng c khng khP@ EIn
khi &hAn Ong JAy 2M h)(n t)(n, thu E.8c hQn h8& 23n !h) t:c 1Tng 9`M Ef 9Li c m' 1ung 1Xch
NMRH 1e sinh 2M 3,3B 'Pt H
2
=[ Ektc@ ui: t2X cfM c '(
A 2CC s 1CC ! 3CC v 1bC
Cu 9: j2n m gMm 4t nhm 9Li !uR 9( \$
2
R
3
2Ui tiIn h(nh nhit nhm ZMu mt thVi giMn thu
E.8c ch"t 23n A HYM tMn A t2)ng HNR
3
1. E.8c 1ung 1Xch s =khng c NH
4
NR
3
@ 9( hQn h8& khP !
gUm C,C2 m)' NR
2
9( C,C3 m)' NR ui: t2X cfM m '( g
A C,__ s C,^1 v 1,1> ! 2,34
Cu 10: et hQn h8& gUm A' 9( \$
2
R
3
c khi '.8ng '( 2B,^gMm jiIn h(nh &hAn Ong nhit
nhm thu E.8c ch"t 23n A !hiM A th(nh 2 &hon 4dng nhMu Nhon 1 t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch NMRH 1.
ch) 2M khP H
2
Nhon 2 j:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch H!' ch) 2M b,B 'Pt H
2
= [ Ektc@ jPnh khi '.8ng cfM
A' 9( \$
2
R
3
t2)ng hQn h8& 4Mn Eou
A b,4gMm A' 9( 11,4 gMm \$
2
R
3
s 1C,^gMm A' 9( 1B gMm \$
2
R
3
! 2,>gMm A' 9( 14,1 gMm \$
2
R
3
v >,1gMm A' 9( _,> gMm \$
2
R
3
Cu 11: jhHc hin &hAn Ong nhit nhm h)(n t)(n m gMm \$
2
R
3
9Li ^,1 gMm A' !hl c )Jit
kim ')+i 4X kh t+) kim ')+i h$m hYM tMn hQn h8& c:c ch"t thu E.8c sMu &hAn Ong 4dng 1ung 1Xch
NMRH 1. th c 3,3B 'Pt H
2
=Ektc@ th):t 2M j2X s cfM m '(g
A 1B gMm s 24 gMm ! ^ gMm v j"t cA E5u sMi
Cu 12: v*ng m gMm A' E, kh hIt 1,B gMm \$
2
R
3
=&hAn Ong nhit nhm@ ZAn &htm sMu &hAn
Ong t:c 1Tng 9Li '.8ng 1. 1ung 1Xch NMRH t+) C,B>2 'Pt khP =Ektc@ jPnh m
A C,b4g s C,^1g ! 1,C^g v 1,>bbg
Cu 13: j2n 1_,2 gMm \$
2
R
3
9/i b,4 gMm A' 2Ui tiIn h(nh nhit A' =khng c khng khP@ HYM
tMn hQn h8& sMu &hAn Ong 4dng 1ung 1Xch NMRH 1. th"y th):t 2M 1,B^' khP hi12)=1ktc@ jPnh hiu
su"t &hAn Ong
A b>,bi s BCi ! B2,bi v >bi
1b
Hc 24H
Cu 14: j2n ^,1g 4t A' ,9Li 4^g 4t \$
2
R
3
2Ui ch) tiIn h(nh &hAn Ong nhit nhm t2)ng Ei5u
kin khng c khng khP , kIt thKc thP nghim '.8ng ch"t 23n thu E.8c '( g
A B1,bg s bB,1g ! Bb,1g v b1,Bg
Cu 15: et hQn h8& gUm A' 9( \$
2
R
3
c khi '.8ng '( 2B,^gMm jiIn h(nh &hAn Ong nhit
nhm thu E.8c ch"t 23n A !hiM A th(nh 2 &hon 4dng nhMug
-Nhon 1 g t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch NMRH 1. ch) 2M khP H
2
-Nhon 2 g j:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch H!' ch) 2M b,B 'Pt H
2
= [ Ektc@
jPnh khi '.8ng cfM A' 9( \$
2
R
3
t2)ng hQn h8& 4Mn Eou
A b,4gMm A' 9( 11,4 gMm \$
2
R
3
s 1C,^gMm A' 9( 1B gMm \$
2
R
3
! 2,>gMm A' 9( 14,1 gMm \$
2
R
3
v >,1gMm A' 9( _,> gMm \$
2
R
3
Cu 16: j2n 32gMm \$
2
R
3
9Li 1C,^gMm A' 2Ui nung 9Li nhit E cM), hQn h8& sMu &hAn Ong
hYM tMn 9() 1ung 1Xch NMRH 1. thu E.8c b,3>B 'Pt khP = Ektc@ Z gMm \$ thu E.8c '( g
A 1,12gMm s 11,2CgMm ! 12,44gMm v 13,44gMm
Cu 17: j2n C,b4 gMm 4t A' 9Li hQn h8& 4t \$
2
R
3
9( !uR 2Ui tiIn h(nh &hAn Ong nhit nhm
[ nhit E cM) t2)ng Ei5u kin khng c khng khP thu E.8c hQn h8& 23n A H)( tMn A t2)ng 1ung
1Xch HNR
3
thu E.8c C,^_B 'Pt =Ektc@ hQn h8& khP gUm NR
2
9( NR jl khi cfM s) 9Li H
2
'(
A 2C s 21 ! 22 v 23
Cu 18: j2n b,4 gMm 4t A' 9Li 1>,4 gMm 4t \$
3
R
4
2Ui tiIn h(nh &hAn Ong nhit nhm uiA s
chl JAy 2M &hAn Ong kh \$
3
R
4
th(nh \$ H)( tMn h)(n t)(n hQn h8& ch"t 23n sMu &hAn Ong 4dng
1ung 1Xch H
2
ZR
4
')ang th thu E.8c b,3>B 'Pt khP H
2
=Ektc@ Hiu su"t cfM &hAn Ong nhit nhm '(
A 12,bi s BCi ! 2Ci v ^Ci
CY% 1]0 j2n b,4g A' 9Li 1>,4g 4t \$
3
R
4
2Ui tiIn h(nh &hAn Ong nhit nhm =giA s chl JAy 2M &hAn
Ong kh \$
3
R
4
th(nh \$@ HYM tMn h)(n t)(n hQn h8& 23n sMu &hAn Ong 4dng 11 H
2
ZR
4
')ang, 1. th
thu E.8c b,3>B 'Pt H
2
=Ektc@ Hiu su"t &hAn Ong nhit nhm '(
A B2,bi s BCi ! 2Ci v ^Ci
CY% (^0 et hh8& gUm A' 9( \$
2
R
3
, thHc hin &hAn Ong nhit nhm sMu khi &hAn Ong h)(n t)(n
thu E.8c ch"t 23n A !h) A t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch NMRH 1. thu E.8c 3,3B 'Pt H
2
=Ektc@ 9( ch"t 23n
s !h) s t:c 1Tng 9Li H
2
ZR
4
')ang 1., c ^,_B khP =Ektc@ qhi '.8ng cfM A' 9( \$
2
R
3
t2)ng hQn
h8& g
A 13,bgw 1Bg s 1C,^gw 1Bg ! B,>bgw 32g v 13,bgw 32g
CY% (10 qhi ch) 41,4 gMm hQn h8& gUm \$
2
R
3
, A'
2
R
3
9( !2
2
R
3
t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch NMRH
EWc, 1. thu E.8c ch"t 23n c khi '.8ng 1B gMm h, kh h)(n t)(n 414 gMm 4dng &hAn Ong nhit
nhm con 1*ng 1C^ gMm A' jh(nh &hon i th$) khi '.8ng cfM !2
(
R
-
t2)ng hQn h8& '(g
A 3C,23i s bC,B>i ! 3B,>1i v BB,B>i
CY% ((0 Nung nng m gMm hQn h8& gUm A' 9( \$
3
R
4
t2)ng Ei5u kin khng c khng khP ZMu khi
&hAn Ong JAy 2M h)(n t)(n, thu E.8c mt hQn h8& 23n !h) t:c 1Tng 9Li 11 NMRH 1. thu E.8c
11 , ch"t 23n k 9( 3,3B 'Pt khP H
2
=Ektc@ ZTc khP !R2 1. 9() 11 , thu E.8c 3_ g kIt tfM ui: t2X cfM
m '(
A 4b,Bg s 4^,3g ! 3B,>g v b>g
CY% (-0 Nung nng m gMm hQn h8& A' 9( \$
2
R
3
=t2)ng mi t2.Vng khng c khng khP@ EIn khi
&hAn Ong JAy 2M kh)(n t)(n, thu E.8c hQn h8& 23n !hiM th(nh 2 &hon 4dng nhMug
- Nhon 1g j:c 1Tng 9Li 11 H
2
ZR
4
')ang, 1. sinh 2M 3,C^ 'Pt khP H
2
[ Ektc
- Nhon 2g j:c 1Tng 9Li 11 NMRH 1. sinh 2M C,^4 'Pt khP H
2
[ Ektc ui: t2X cfM m '(
A 22,>bg s 21,4g ! 2_,4g v 2_,43g
CY% (D0 ht nng mt hQn h8& gUm 4t \$
3
R
4
9( 4t A' t2)ng mi t2.Vng khng c khng khP
NIu ch) nhxng ch"t cYn '+i sMu &hAn Ong t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch NMRH 1. s thu E.8c C,3 m)' H
2
w
cYn nIu ch) t:c 1Tng 9Li H!' 1. s thu E.8c C,4 m)' H
2
c-y s m)' A' t2)ng hQn h8& '(
A C,3 m)' s C,4 m)' ! C,2b m)' v C,B m)'
1B
Hc 24H
1>
T3c 45n" *67 4%n" 4ch #avw 97J
A' &hAn Ong khi t:c 1Tng 9Li 4Mp/g
A' G NMRH G H
(
: F NMA'R
2
G
2
3
H
2
juy nhingciIt th$) c:ch n() th
: '
n n
2
3
2
=
- RJit A'
2
R
3
Eng 9Mi t2Y '( )Jit MJit 9( t:c 1Tng 9Li 4Mp/ nh. sMug
A'
2
R
3
G 2NMRH F 2NMA'R
2
G H
2
R
- A'=RH@
3
Eng 9Mi t2Y '( MJit 9( t:c 1Tng 9Li 4Mp/ nh. sMug
A'=RH@
3
G NMRH F NMA'R
2
G 2H
2
R
kn=RH@
2
G 2NMRH F NM
2
knR
2
G 2H
2
R
- Kt ta !"#$%
3
tan trong &ung &'(h )i*+ +nh ,- axit nh.ng )h/ng tan trong &ung &'(h )i*+
0u nh. &ung &'(h 1$
3
2
A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
G BNH
3
G BH
2
R F 2A'=RH@
3
G 3=NH
4
@
2
ZR
4
- v) E khi ch) mui cfM mt kim ')+i c hi12)Jit '.zng tPnh = mui cfM A' @ t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung
1Xch ki5m, '.8ng kIt tfM s E.8c t+) th(nh th$) 2 h.Lngg
G |.8ng ki5m 1*ng thiIu h)Wc 9`M Ef nn chl c mt &hon mui Ea &hAn Ong NghM '( c
sH t+) kIt tfM A'=RH@
3
nh.ng kIt tfM khng 4X tMn '+i
G |.8ng ki5m 1*ng 1. nn mui Ea &hAn Ong hIt E, t+) kIt tfM ti EM sMu E ki5m hYM tMn
mt &hon h)Wc hYMn t)(n kIt tfM
jh.Vng s c 2 3 45 95 '.8ng ki5m con 1*ng
a. >h7 ch! an7!n M:
(
1DEn2E
1A dBg A'R
2
-
, knR
2
2-
]@ t3c 45n" *67 4%n" 4ch a@7t
*67 n ,' h.a tr ca M
!:c &hAn Ong s JAy 2M th$) EKng thO tH J:c EXnhg
The nh)t0 :H
E
c H
c
x H
(
: nR% #av! 4C
- NIu RH
-
1., h)Wc khi ch.M J:c EXnh E.8c RH
-
c 1. hMy khng sMu &hAn Ong t+) eR
2
=4-n@-
th glM
s c 1.
The ha70 M:
(
1DEn2E
c 1DEn2H
c
c 1nE(2H
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n

A,:
(
E
c Hc H
(
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-

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G
1. sMu &hAn Ong thO hMi th c &hAn Ong tiI& th$), khi ch.M J:c EXnh E.8c H
G
c 1. hMy
khng sMu &hAn Ong t+) e=RH@
n
th tM giA s c 1.
The #a0 M1:H2
n
c nH
c
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nc
c nH
(
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nc
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3G
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]@ t3c 45n" *67 4%n" 4ch 97J0
NhAn Ong c th, JAy 2M th$) thO tH sMu g
The nh)t0 H
c
c :H
E
x H
(
: 1nR% c. H
c
4C2
- qhi ch.M J:c EXnh E.8c H
G
c 1. hMy khng sMu &hAn Ong th tM glM s c 1.
The ha70 M
nc
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n

- NIu RH
-
1. sMu &hAn Ong thO hMi, h)Wc khi ch.M J:c EXnh chPnh J:c '.8ng RH
-
sMu &hAn Ong thO
hMi th tM giA s c 1.
The #a0 M1:H2
n
c 1DEn2:H
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-
1. th khng 4M) giV thu E.8c kIt tfM e=RH@
n
9 '.8ng e=RH@
n
[ &hAn
Ong thO hMi 'un 4X hYM tMn hIt [ &hAn Ong thO 4M, khi E )t ta (( ti6uw cYn khi H
G
h)Wc =RH
-
@
hIt sMu &hAn Ong thO hMi th &hAn Ong thO 4M s khng JAy 2M kIt tfM khng 4X hYM tMn 9( )t ta t
g7a tr' (( i2
Hc 24H
CY% 10!h) 31,2 g hQn h8& gUm 4t A' 9( A'
2
R
3
t:c 1Tng 9Li mt '.8ng 9`M Ef 1ung 1Xch NMRH thu
E.8c C,B m)' H
2
H;i s m)' NMRH Ea 1*ng '( 4M) nhiu
A C,^ s C,B ! C,4 v C,2
Cu 2: !h) hQn h8& gUm C,2>gMm 4t nhm 9( 2,C4 gMm 4t A'
2
R
3
tMn h)(n t)(n t2)ng 1ung
1Xch NMRH thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch ZTc khP !R
2
9() thu E.8c kIt tfM
1
Nung
1
[ nhit E cM)
EIn khi '.8ng khng Emi thu E.8c )Jit
2
!:c &hAn Ong JAy 2M h)(n t)(n qhi '.8ng
2
'(
A 1,C2 s 2bb ! 2C4 v 3,CB
Cu 3: !h) m gMm hQn h8& gUm NM
2
R 9( A'
2
R
3
'3c 9() n.Lc ch) &hAn Ong h)(n t)(n thu
E.8c 2CCm' 1ung 1Xch A chl chOM mt ch"t tMn 1uy nh"t c nUng E C,be jh(nh &hon &hon t2Sm
th$) khi '.8ng c:c ch"t t2)ng hQn h8& 'on '.8t '(g
A 3>,^i 9( B2,2i s 3>i 9( B3i
! 3b,^i 9( B4,bi v qIt nuA kh:c
CY% D0 !h) 1,bB gMm hQn h8& gUm A' 9( A'
2
R
3
&hAn Ong hIt 9Li 1ung 1Xch H!' =1.@, thu E.8c c 'Pt
khP H
2
=Ektc@ 9( 1ung 1Xch Nh; t` t` 1ung 1Xch NH
3
EIn 1. 9() 1ung 1Xch thu E.8c kIt tfM, 'c
hIt '.8ng kIt tfM, nung EIn khi '.8ng khng Emi thu E.8c 2,C4 gMm ch"t 23n ui: t2X cfM c '(
AC,44^ s C,224 ! 1,344 v C,B>2
CY% I0 H)( tMn h)(n t)(n C,3 m)' hQn h8& gUm A' 9( A'
4
!
3
9() 1ung 1Xch qRH =1.@, thu E.8c M
m)' hQn h8& khP 9( 1ung 1Xch ZTc khP !R
2
=1.@ 9() 1ung 1Xch , '.8ng kIt tfM thu E.8c '( 4B,^
gMm ui: t2X cfM M
AC,bb s C,BC ! C,4C v C,4b
CY% Z0 H)( tMn h)(n t)(n m gMm hQn h8& gUm NM
2
R 9( A'
2
R
3
9() H
2
R thu E.8c 2CC m' 1ung
1Xch chl chOM ch"t tMn 1uy nh"t c nUng E C,be jhmi khP !R
2
=1.@ 9() thu E.8c M gMm kIt tfM
ui: t2X cfM m 9( M 'on '.8t '(
A^,3 9( >,2 s 11,3 9( >,^ ! 13,3 9( 3,_ v ^,2 9( >,^
CY% [0 !h) 2CC m' 1ung 1Xch A'!'
3
1,be t:c 1Tng 9Li c 'Pt 1ung 1Xch NMRH C,be, '.8ng kIt tfM
thu E.8c '( 1b,B gMm ui: t2X 'Ln nh"t cfM c '(
A 1,2 s 1,^ ! 2,4 v 2
CY% \0 !h) t` t` C,> m)' NMRH 9() 1ung 1Xch chOM C,1 m)' A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
Z m)' kIt tfM thu E.8c
1^
Hc 24H
A C,2 s C,1b ! C,1 v C,Cb
CY% ]0 !h) c 'Pt 1ung 1Xch sM=RH@
2
C,be 9() 2CCm' 1ung 1Xch A'=NR
3
@
3
C,>be thu E.8c >,^g kIt
tfM ui: t2X cfM c '(
A C,3 9( C,B 'Pt s C,3 9( C,> 'Pt ! C,4 9( C,^ 'Pt v
C,3 9( C,b 'Pt
CY% 1^0 vung 1Xch A chOM qRH 9( C,3 m)' qA'R
2
!h) 1 m)' H!' 9() 1ung 1Xch A thu E.8c 1b,Bg
kIt tfM Z m)' qRH t2)ng 1ung 1Xch '(
A C,^ h)Wc 1,2 m)' s C,^ h)Wc C,4 m)' ! C,B h)Wc C m)' v C,^ h)Wc C,_ m)'
CY% 110 !h) 2,>g A' 9() 2CCm' 1ung 1Xch NMRH 1,be thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch A jhm t` t` 1CCm'
1ung 1Xch HNR3 9() 1ung 1Xch A thu E.8c b,4Bg kIt tfM NUng E cfM HNR
3
'(
A 2,b 9( 3,_e s 2,> 9( 3,Be ! 2,> 9( 3,be v
2,> 9( 3,_e
CY% 1(0 !h) 2CCm' 1ung 1Xch A'!'
3
1,be t:c 1Tng 9Li c 'Pt 1ung 1Xch NMRH C,bew '.8ng kIt tfM
thu E.8c '( 1b,Bg ui: t2X 'Ln nh"t cfM c '(
A 1,2 s 1,^ ! 2,4 v 2
CY% 1-0 !h) 1,Cb m)' NMRH 9() C,1 m)' A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
Z m)' NMRH c t2)ng 1ung 1Xch sMu &hAn
Ong '(
A C,4b m)' s C,2b m)' ! C,>b m)' v C,Bb m)'
CY% 1D0 !h) t` t` 1ung 1Xch NMRH 1e 9() 1ung 1Xch c chOM 2B,>g A'!'
3
ch) EIn khi thu E.8c
11,>g kIt tfM th 1`ng '+i jh, tPch 1ung 1Xch NMRH Ea 1*ng '(
A C,4b s C,B ! C,Bb v C,4b h)Wc C,Bb
CY% 1I0 !h) 1bCm' 1ung 1Xch qRH 1,2e t:c 1Tng 9Li 1CCm' 1ung 1Xch A'!'
3
nUng E J m)'?', thu
E.8c 1ung 1Xch 9( 4,B^g kIt tfM |)+i 4;, thm tiI& 1>bm' 11 qRH 1,2e 9() , thu E.8c 2,34g
kIt tfM ui: t2X cfM J '(
A 1,2e s C,^e ! C,_e v 1e
CY% 1Z0 jhm m gMm qM'i 9() 3CCm' 1ung 1Xch chOM sM=RH@
2
C,1e 9( NMRH C,1e thu E.8c 1ung
1Xch !h) t` t` 1ung 1Xch 9() 2CCm' 11 A'2=ZR
4
@
3
C,1e thu E.8c kIt tfM h, thu E.8c '.8ng
kIt tfM 'Ln nh"t th gi: t2X cfM m '(
A 1,b_g s 1,1>g ! 1,>1g v 1,_bg
CY% 1[0 HYM tMn h)(n t)(n 4>,4g &h~n chuM qA'=ZR
4
@
2
12H
2
R 9() n.Lc, thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch
!h) t)(n 4 t:c 1Tng 9Li 2CCm' sM=RH@
2
1e, sMu &hAn Ong thu E.8c m gMm kIt tfM ui: t2X cfM
m '(
A 4B,Bg s b4,4g ! B2,2g v >,^g
CY% 1\0 Nh; t` t` C,2b 'Pt 1ung 1Xch NMRH 1,C4e 9() 1ung 1Xch gUm C,C24 m)' \$!'
3
w C,C1B m)'
A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
9( C,C4 m)' H
2
ZR
4
thu E.8c m gMm kIt tfM ui: t2X cfM m '(
A 4,12^g s 2,bB^g ! 1,bBg v b,CB4g
CY% 1]0 !h) 3^,>_b gMm hQn h8& 4t nhm 9( nhm c')2uM 9() '.8ng 9`M Ef 1ung 1Xch NMRH thu
E.8c 1ung 1Xch A =kIt tfM 9`M tMn hIt@ 9( B,>2 'it H
2
=Ektc@ jhm 2bCm' 1ung 1Xch H!' 9() 1ung
1Xch A thu E.8c 21,^4 gMm kIt tfM NUng E 1ung 1Xch H!' '(g
A 1,12e hMy 3,^4e s 2,24e hMy 2,4^e
! 1,12, hMy 2,4^e v 2,24e hMy 3,^4e
CY% (^0 !h) c 'Pt 1ung 1Xch NMRH 2e 9() 1ung 1Xch chOM C,1 m)' A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
9( C,1 m)' H
2
ZR
4
EIn
khi &hAn Ong h)(n t)(n, thu E.8c >,^ gMm kIt tfM ui: t2X 'Ln nh"t cfM c E, thu E.8c '.8ng kIt tfM
t2n '(
AC,4b s C,3b ! C,2b v C,Cb
CY% (10 !hiM hQn h8& gUm q, A' 9( \$ th(nh hMi &hon 4dng nhMu
- !h) &hon 1 9() 1ung 1Xch qRH =1.@ thu E.8c C,>^4 'Pt khP H
2
=Ektc@
- !h) &hon 2 9() mt '.8ng 1. H
2
R, thu E.8c C,44^ 'Pt khP H
2
=Ektc@ 9( m gMm hQn h8& kim
')+i H)( tMn h)(n t)(n 9() 1ung 1Xch H!' =1.@ thu E.8c C,bB 'Pt khP H
2
=Ektc@
qhi '.8ng =tPnh th$) gMm@ cfM q, A', \$ t2)ng mQi &hon hQn h8& 'on '.8t '(g
AC,3_w C,b4w 1,4C s C,>^w 1,C^w C,bB
1_
Hc 24H
! C,3_w C,b4w C,bB v C,>^w C,b4w 1,12
CY% ((0 !hiM m gMm A' th(nh hMi &hon 4dng nhMug - Nhon mt t:c 1Tng 9Li '.8ng 1. 1ung 1Xch
NMRH, sinh 2M J m)' khP H
2
w - Nhon hMi t:c 1Tng 9Li '.8ng 1. 1ung 1Xch HNR
3
')ang, sinh 2M y m)'
khP N
2
R =sAn &htm kh 1uy nh"t@ uMn h gixM J 9( y '(
AJ 2y s y 2J ! J 4y v J y
CY% (-0 jhm m gMm kM'i 9() 3CCm' 1ung 1Xch chOM sM=RH@
2
C,1e 9( NMRH C,1e thu E.8c 1ung
1Xch !h) t` t` 1ung 1Xch 9() 2CCm' 1ung 1Xch A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
C,1e thu E.8c kIt tfM h, thu E.8c
'.8ng kIt tfM 'Ln nh"t th gi: t2X cfM m '(
A1,b_ s 1,1> ! 1,>1 v 1,_b
CY% (D0 !h) 4CC m' 1ung 1Xch gUm A'!'
3
J m)'?'Pt 9( A'
2
=ZR
4
@
3
y m)'?'Pt t:c 1Tng 9Li B12 m'
1ung 1Xch NMRH 1e, sMu khi c:c &hAn Ong kIt thKc thu E.8c ^,424 gMm kIt tfM eWt kh:c, khi ch)
4CC m' t:c 1Tng 9Li 1ung 1Xch sM!'
2
=1.@ th thu E.8c 33,bb2 gMm kIt tfM jl ' J g y '(
A3 g 4 s 3 g 2 ! 4 g 3 v > g 4
CY% (I0 !h) 1bC m' 1ung 1Xch qRH 1,2e t:c 1Tng 9Li 1CC m' 1ung 1Xch A'!'
3
nUng E J m)'?',
thu E.8c 1ung 1Xch 9( 4,B^ gMm kIt tfM |)+i 4; kIt tfM, thm tiI& 1>b m' 1ung 1Xch qRH 1,2e
9() , thu E.8c 2,34 gMm kIt tfM ui: t2X cfM J '(
A1,2 s C,^ ! C,_ v 1,C
2C