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KHOA DU LCH V KHCH SN

Bin Soan: TS. TRN TH MINH HO
Gio trnh
TH^NH TON QUC T
TRONG DU LCH
NH XUT BN I HC KINH T QUC DN
h ni - 2006
L I N I U
Thanh ton quc t l mt khu ht sc quan trng trong
lnh vc thng mi quc t. N nh hng trc tip n li ch
kinh t v c th gy ra ri ro cho cc bn tc.
T khi nn kinh t Vit Nam chuyn i c ch t tp
trung bao cp sang kinh t th trng v nht l t kh Hi
ng Tng tr Kinh t (Comecom) ca cc nc trong phe x
hi ch ngha c tan r, hot ng thanh ton quc t ca Yit
Nam c nhng thay i c bn,
Kinh doanh Du lch quc t l mt b phn thuc h
thng thng mi quc t, song i c nhng nt c trng ring
bit chi phi ton b hot ng kinh doanh ni chung, cng nh
hot ng thanh ton quc t trong du lch ni ring.
Ngnh du lch Vit Nam tuy cn non tr nhng c
nhng bc pht trin nhanh c v cht v lng, ng gp
nhng thnh tu ng k cho nn kinh t quc dn. Hot ng
kinh doanh du lch quc t ngy cng n c nhiu khch v
tng doanh thu bng ngoi t, gp phn tch cc binh n cn
cn thanh ton quc t ca Vit Nam. Trong Chin c pht
trin kinh t x hi ca Vit Nam n nm 2020 ngnh Du
lch c nh hng pht trin thnh ngnh kinh t mi nhn.
V vy, nhim quan trng ca ngnh Du lch Vit Nam l
phi pht trin c hiu qu cao v ha nhp vi xu hng pht
trin ca khu vc v thgii.
Thc t i hi s pht trin lin tc c v l un v
thc tin nhng kin thc v qun tr kinh doanh du ch ni
chung, cng nh v thanh ton quc t trong du lch ni ring.
Xut pht t yu cu thc tin v yu cu ca cng tc
o to sinh vin chuyn ngnh Qun tr kinh doanh Du lch,
Khoa Du lch v Khch sn, Trng i hc Kinh t Quc dn
cho bin son cun gio trinh ^*Thanh ton quc t trong
Du lch nhm cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn
v hot ng thanh ton quc t trong du lch; to lp cho sinh
vin nhng c s l lun v pht trin nhng k nng thc
hnh, gip h nm bt c cc nghip v thanh ton quc t
trong du lch ni chung, cng nh nhng nt c trng ca hot
ng thanh ton quc t trong du lch Vit Nam. y l s
tip ni cc kin thc c trang b trc cho sinh vin t
cc mn hc: L thuyt ti chnh tin t, Kinh t quc t, Kinh t
du lch, Kinh doanh khch sn, Kinh doanh l hnh...
Cun sch ln u tin c bin son nn d tc gi
rt c gng cng khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Rt mong
nhn c s gp t bn c xin chn thnh cm n.
TS. TRN TH MINH HA
CHNG 1
T GI H OI
Mc tiu ca chng:
Sau khi hc xong chng ny ngi hc cn nm c
nhng kin thc c bn nh sau:
+ Bn cht v cc thnh phn ca ngoi hi.
+ Bn cht ca t gi h oi.
+ C s chnh xc nh t gi h oi.
+ Cc nhn t tc ng nh hng n t gi hi oi.
+ nh hng ca t gi hi oi n du lch.
+ Cc chnh sch iu tit v m ca ngn hng trung
ng i vi t gi hi oi.
+ Bit c k hiu theo ISO ca mt s" ng tin c
trao i ph bin ti Vit Nam.
+ Bit c cch xc dnh t gi theo phng php tnh
cho.
+ Bit c cch lm bi tp chuyn i trong lnh vc
kinh doanh l hnh v kinh doanh khch sn.
1.1. Khi nim v ngoi h i
Ngoi hi l khi nim dng ch cc phng tin
thanh ton c gi tr c dng trong trao i thanh ton gia
cc quc gia vi nhau. Tu theo quan nim ca lut qun l
ngoi h ca tng quc gia, khi nim ngoi hi c th khng
ging nhau. Theo vn bn lut v qun l ngoi hi ca nc
CHXHCN Vit Nam hin nay (iu 4, mc 1 trong Ngh nh
ca Chnh ph s' 63/1998/N-CP ngy 17 thng 8 nm 1998 v
qun l ngoi hi), ngoi hi c hiu bao gm:
^goi t (Forein Currency)
Cc phng tin thanh ton quc t c ghi
bng ngoai t:
+ Hi phiu (Bill of Exchange)
+ K phiu (Promissory Note)
+ Sc (Che que)
+ Th chuyn tin (Mail Transfer)
+ in chuyn tin (Telegraphic Transfer)
+ Th tn dng (Credit Card)
+ Th ghi nd (Debit Card)
+ Th tn dng ngn hng (Bank Letter of Credit)
Cc chng khon c gi c ghi bng ngoai t:
+ C phiu (Stock)
+ Tri phiu cng ty (Debenture)
+ Cng tri quc gia (Government Loan)
+ Tri phiu kho bc (Treasury Bill)
Vng tiu chun quc t.
ng tin ang lu hnh ca nc Cng ho x
hi ch ngha Vit Nam trong trng hp chuyn vo v
chuyn ra khi lnh th Vit Nam hoc c s dng
lm cng c thanh ton quc t.
1.2. Khi nim v t gi h i oi
Quan h trao i theo nguyn tc cung - cu trn th
trng ti chnh tin t quic t dn n nhu cu cn so snh
gi tr ca cc n v tin t khc nhau. Kt qu ca s so snh
chnh l t gi hi oi. Vy, t gi hi oi c th c tip
cn hai cch nh sau:
+ T gi hl oi l khi nim biu th gi c ca mt n
v tin t nc ny th hin bng mt s' n v tin t nc kia.
Vi cch tip cn ny, trn thc t c th c hiu mt cch
n gin nh sau: Ti th trng Vit Nam, t gi hi oi gia
la M (USD) v ng ca Vit Nam (VND) c cng b" vo
ngy 20 thng 11 nm 2005 l SD/VND = 15.810/15.830, iu
c ngha l gi ngn hng mua vo 1 USD l 15.810 VND v
gi ngn hng bn ra lUSD l 15.830 VND.
+ T gi h oi l khi nim biu th ml quan h so
snh trn th trng gia gi tr ca hai loi tin t ca hai
quc gia vi nhau.
Vi cch tip cn ny trn thc t c th c hiu mt
cch n gin nh sau: T gi hi i gia la M (USD) v
ng ca Vit Nam (VND) c cng b' vo ngy 20 thng 11
nm 2005 l USDATSTD = 15.810/15.830, iu c ngha l gi
tr ca 1 USD so vi gi tr ca 1 VND c 15.810 ln v
15.830 ln.
1.3. C s chnh xc nh t gi h i oi
Nh trn cp, t gi hi oi c th c hiu l
mi quan h so snh gia gi tr ca hai tin t ca hai quc gia
vi nhau. Nh vy, c s xc dnh t gi h oi gia hai
tin t chinh mi tng quan gia gi tr ca hai tin t
vi nhau.
Trong ch bn v vng, tin t ca mi quc gia c
lu thng theo mt c ch gm nhng iu kin c bn sau:
+ T do c nhng ng tin vng theo chun quy nh
v trng lng v cht lng vng. Cht lng vng ca mt
ng tin vng l lng vng thng c thc hin theo hai
cch: theo 24 Karat, hoc theo phn nghn ca mt gam. Hnh
thc v kch c cu cc ng tin vng ti mi quc gia c th
c c theo cc cch khc nhau, nhng iu quan trng nht
to iu kin thun li trong lu thng l chng phi c
c vi cng trng lng.
+ Giy bc ngn hng hoc nhng ng tin c c
bng cc kim loi khc c i t do ra vng, da vo hm
lng vng ca chng. Trn thc t, vic chuyn i c
thc hin ti h thng ngn hng trung ng, ni pht hnh
nhng ng tin . Vi mc ch nh vy, cc ngn hng
trung ng phi c lng vng, thng thng tng ng
khong 25 n 30% gi tr ca nhng giy bc ngn hng v
nhng ng tin kim loi khc c pht hnh vo lu
thng.
+ T do nhp v xut vng vo v ra khi bin gii.
Vi c ch nh vy, t gi hi oi trong ch bn v
vng c xc nh tng i n gin. T gi hi, oi l quan
h so snh hai ng tin vng ca hai nc vi nhau, hoc l so
snh hm lng vng ca hai ng tin hai nc vi nhau. Vic
so snh hm lng vng ca hai tin t vi nhau c gi l
ngang gi vng (gold parity).
ir
Nh vy, trong ch bn v vng c s chnh xc
nh t gi hi oi gia hai tin t vi nhau l vic so snh
hm lng vng ca hai tin t vi nhau, Hay ni cch khc,
ngang gi vng ca tin t l c s chnh hnh thnh t gi hl
oi trong ch bn v vng.
V d; Hm lng vng ca mt bng Anh (GBP) l
2,488281 gain vng nguyn ch^t v ca mt la M (USD) l
0,888671 gam vng nguyn cht, do t gi h oi gia GBP
v USD l;
. . . GilricaGBP HmlngvnscaGBP
T gi hi oi GBPAJSD=- - ^ ^
Gi tr ca USD Hm lng vngca USD
2,488281
0,888671
2,80
T gi hl oi trn th trng trong ch bn v vng
dao ng xung quanh ngang gi vng, ph thuc vo quan h
gia cung v cu v ngoi t trn th trng. Trong trng hp
cu v ngoi t trn th trng mt quc gia tng, c th do
nhp khu gia tng, cn cn thanh ton quc t ca qu"c gia
b thm ht th t gi h oi s tng vt im ngang gi
vng gia ng ngoi t v ng bn t. Trong ch bn v
vng s dao ng ca t gi hi oi i vi im ngang gi
vng c nhng gii hn quy nh, c gi l im vng. Nhng
quy nh gii hn ph thuc vo nhng chi ph vn
chuyn vng. Trong trng hp cn cn thanh ton quc t ca
mt quc ga b thm ht, t gi hi oi s t im vng trn
(im xut khu). Trong trng hp ny, vic thanh ton
thng c thc hin bng ngoi t thay cho vng. Ngc i,
trong trng hp cn cn thanh ton quc t ca mt quc gia
thng d, t gi hi oi s t im vng di (im nhp
khu). Trong trng hp ny cc nh xut khu s c li hn
khi c thanh ton bng vng thay cho ngoi t.
Trong ch lu thng tin giy, tin c trong lu
thng khng cn na, giy bc ngn hng khng c i t do
ra vng. Tin t c pht hnh khng cn c m bo bng
vng. Do vy, ngang gi vng khng cn l cd s xc nh t
gi h'i oi.
Vic so snh gi tr ca hai ng tin vi nhau c thc
hin thng qua s so snh sc mua ca hai tin t vi nhau, gi
l ngang gi sc mua ca tin t (Purchasing Power Parity).
V d: Mt hng ho A ti M c gi l 100 USD, ti
Trung Quc c gi l 825 nhn dn t (CNY).
Ngang gi sc mua gia USD v CNY l;
USD (CNY = = 8,25
100
y l t gi hi oi gia USD v CNY.
Trong ch lu thng tin giy, vic xc nh t gi hi
oi phc tp hn nhiu so vi trong ch bn v vng. T gi
hi oi trn th trng b dao ng di tc ng ca rt nhiu
nhn t khc nhau.
1.4. Cc nhn t nh hng n s bin ng ca t gi
h i oi
Trong ch lu thng tin giy ngy nay, t gi h
oi trn th trng bin ng lin tc, di tc ng ca nhiu
nhn t* khc nhau.
Nhng nhn t' chnh nh hng n s bin ng ca t
gi hi oi bao gm; tc lm pht trn th trng ca hai
quc gia, moi quan h gia Cung v cu v ngoi hi trn th
trng, mc chnh lch li su't gia cc quc gia.
lA.l. Tc lam pht trn thi trng ca hai quc gia
Gi s trong iu kin sn xut ca hai quc gia M v
c l tng ng nhau, c ch qun l ngoi hi t do, mt
hng ho A nc M c xc nh vo thng 01/2005 c gi
bnh qun l 1 USD v c l 1,75 la c (AUD), c ngha l
ngang gi sc mua ca hai ng tin USD v AUD l:
VSD AD = 1,75
Nu M c mc lm pht l 0,5%/thng v c l
0,8%/thng, trong trng hp khng tnh n cc nhn t' khc,
ch tnh ring nh hng ca nhn t^ lm pht, chng ta c th
d on c s bin ng ca t gi hi oi gia USD v
AUD trong tng lai theo phng php sau:
Trong thng 01/2005 t gi USD/AUD bnh qun l 1,75.
Gi s thi hn d on t gi l sau 1 nm (vo thng
01/2006). Vi mc lm pht nh trn, vo thng 01/2006 hng
ho A ti M s c gi l 1.(1+0,005)^^ USD, ti c s c gi
l 1,75 (1+0,008)'^ AUD.
Do ngang gi sc mua ca USD v AUD trung bnh
thng 01/2006 s l;
1,75(1 + 0,008)^"
1(1 + 0,005)*'
V t gi h oi gia USD v AUD d bo trong thng
01/2006 s l:
1,75(1 + 0,008)''
12
1(1 + 0,005)
Tathy:
1(1 + 0,005)
12
Nh vy, t gi hi oi gia USD/AUD c xu hng
tng. T cho thy, khi d on t gi hl oi gia hai ng
tin ca hai quc gia, nu nc c ng tin nh gi c tc
lm pht ln hdn nc kia, tc l ng tin ca nc c sc
mua gim nhiu hn ng tin ca nc kia, th t gi hi oi
c xu hng tng, v ngc li.
1,4.2. Mi quan h ga cung v cu v ngoi hi
trn thi trng
Nh trn nu, t gi h oi biu th gi c ca mt
n v tin t nc ny bng mt s' n v tin t nc kia. Do
vy, t gi hi oi s bin ng ph thuc vo mi quan h
gia cung v cu v ngoi hi trn th trng. M ml quan h
gia cung v cu v ngoi h trn th trng li c th b nh
hng bi cc nhn tnh sau;
Thc trng ca cn cn thanh ton quc t (balance of
payment). Nu cn cn thanh ton quc t d tha th c th
dn n kh nng cung ngoi hi ln hn cu ngoi hi. Trong
trng hp ny t gi h oi c xu hng gim. Ngc li, nu
cn cn thanh ton quc t thiu ht th c th dn n kh
nng cu ngoi h ln hn cung ngoi hi. Trong trng hp
ny t gi hi oi c xu hng tng.
Thu nhp thc t tng ln (tc mc tng GNP thc t)
s lm tng nhu cu v hng ho v dch v nhp khu, do
lm cho nhu cu ngoi hi thanh ton hng nhp khu tng
ln.
Nhng nhu cu ngoi h bt thng tng ln do cc
nhn t'bt kh khng (thin tai, hn hn, chin tranh, khng
b'...)i hoc do nn nhp khu lu gy ra.
1.4.3. Mc chnh lch li sut gia cc quc gia
Trong iu kin nn kinh t m nu nc no c li sut
ngn hn cao hn nc khc hoc cao hcfn LIBID (London
interbank Bid rate - li i vay Lin ngn hng quc t Lun
n) th vn ngn hn s chy vo nhm thu phn chnh lch
do tin li to ra ti . Do s lm cho cung ngoi hi tng
ln, cu ngoi hi gim i v t gi hi oi s c xu hng
gim.
1.5. Phn loi t gi h i oi
Trn thc t, ph thuc vo c ch qun l v iu kin
giao dch v ngoi hi khc nhau th s c cc loi t gi khc
nhau. Nhng cn c chnh thng c s dng trong vic
phn loi t gi bao gm:
1.5.2. Cn c vo ch qun ngoai hi
T gi hl oi thng c phn thnh cc loi nh sau;
T gi chnh thc: l t gi do Nh nc cng b"
T gi t do (hay c th c gi l t gi ch en): l t
gi do quan h cung cu v ngoi hi trn th trng quyt
nh. gi ny thng ln hn t gi chnh thc o Nh nc
cng b.
T gi th ni: l t gi c hnh thnh t pht trn th
trng, do quan h cung cu v ngoi h'i quyt nh v Nh
nc khng can thip vo s hnh thnh v qun l loi t gi
ny,
T gi c' nh: l t gi khng bin ng trong phm vi
x% no .
Trn thc t, cc quc gia thng thi hnh ch nhiu
t gi. Mc ch chnh ca ch nhiu t gi trc ht l
nh hng n cn cn thng mi quc t, do nh hng
n cn cn thanh ton quc t v t gi hi oi. Sau na, ch
nhiu t gi cn c tc dng nh l mt loi thu nhp khu
c bit hoc lm tin thng xut khu, lm cng c cho chnh
sch bo h mu dch v trong trng hp no lm tng thu
nhp ca ngn sch qua thu thu bn ngoi hi. Ch nhiu
t gi, d c nhiu hnh thc mun hnh mun v, nhng ni
chung c nhng c im chnh sau y;
p dng t gi hi oi cao vi it s" hng xu"t
khu no cn phi bn ph gi hng ha, p dng t gi h
oi thp so vi nhng hng khng khuyn khch xut khu.
p dng t gi hi oi cao i vi mt s' hng no
cn phi hn ch nhp khu, cn i vi nhng mt hng nhp
khc th p dng t gi hi oi thp khuyn khch nhp.
p dng t gi hi oi cao nht hoc u i nht i vi
khch du lch quic t n hoc t nhn gi tin vo trong nc
nhm thu ht ngoi t vo.
p dng t gi hi oi cao i vi mt ng tin ca
quc gia hoc khu vc no nhm y mnh xut khu hng
ha sang quc gia hay khu vc . (V d: M p dng ch t
gi USD/EUR cao y mnh xut khu hng ha ca M
sang EU).
Hnh thc n gin nht ca ch nhiu t gi l quy
nh hai t gi chnh thc; t gi c bn v t gi u i.
Trong lnh vc thng mi quc t c rt nhiu loi t
gi chnh thc c p dng. m vi tng nhm hng ha khc
nhau m cn phi hn ch nhp hay y mnh xut th c tng
loi t gi chnh thc khc nhau.
gi u i thng c p dng i vi nhp khu
vn, khch du lch quc t n v gi tin vo trong nc.
Ngoi ra^ ch nhiu t gi cn c mt s hnh thc
khc nh: ch cp giy chng nhn chuyn ngoi hi, bn
u gi ngoi hi,
1.5.2. Cn c vo phng tin chuyn ngoi hi
T gi thng c phn thnh cc loi nh sau;
T gi in hi (Telegraphic Transfer - T/T): l t gi giao
dch ngoi hi m ngn hng c trch nhim chuyn ngoi h
bng in. Cc t gi c nim yt ti ngn hng t gi in
h. T gi in hi thng c s dng lm cd s xc
dnh cc loi t gi khc,
T gi th h'i (Mail Transfer - M/T): l t gi giao dch
ngoi hi m ngn hng c trch nhim chuyn ngoi hi bng
th,
1.5.3. Cn c vo phng tin thanh ton quc t
T gi c phn thnh cc loi nh sau:
T gi sc: l t gi mua, bn cc loi sc bng ngoi t.
Phng php xc nh loi t gi ny bng t gi in hi tr i
stin li pht sinh tnh theo s ngy cn thit bu in
chuyn sc t nc ny sang nc khc.
T gi hi phiu tr tin ngay; l t gi mua, bn cc loi
hi phiu tr tin ngay bng ngoi t, Phng php xc nh
loi t gi ny bng t gi in hi tr i s tin li pht Bnh
tnh theo s ngy k t lc ngn hng bn hx phiu n lc hi
phiu Q tr tin.
T gi hSi phiu c k hn: l t gi mua, bn cc loi h
phiu c k hn bng ngoi t. Phng php xc nh loi t
gi ny bng t gi in hl tr i s" tin li pht sinh tnh
theo s' ngy k t lc ngn hng bn hl phiu n lc hi
phiu c tr tin.
T gi chuyn khon: l t gi mua, bn ngoi hi trong
vic chuyn khon ngoi h khng phi bng tin mt m
bng cch chuyn khon qua ngn hng. T gi chuyn khon
thng cao hn t gi tin mt
T gi tin mt: l t gi mua, bn ngoi hi m vic
chuyn tr ngoi h bng tin mt.
1,3,4, Cn c vo thi im giao dch ngoai hi
T gi c phn thnh cc loi sau;
T gi m ca: l t gi ca ln giao dch u tin trong
ngy
T gi ng ca: l t gi ca ln giao dch cui cng
trong ngy. T gi ng ca c coi l ch tiu ch yu v' tnh
hnh bin ng ca t gi trong ngy hm .
T gi giao nhn ngay; l t gi giao dch ngoi hi m
vic giao nhn ngoi h s c thc hin chm nht trong hai
ngy lm vic.
T gi giao nhn c k hn: l t gi giao dch ngoi hl
m vic giao nhn ngoi h s c thc hin theo thi hn
nht nh c quy nh trong hp ng.
1.5*5, Cn c vo nghip vu kinh doanh ngoi hi
ca ngn hng
T gi c phn thnh cc loi;
T gi mua (BID RATE): l t gi ngn hng mua ngoi
hi vo.
T gi bn (ASK RATE): l t gi ngn hng bn ngoi
hi ra.
1.6. nh hng ca t gt h i oi n du lch
Khi i du lch sang cc quc gia khc, phn ln khch du
lch u c nhu cu chi tr trc tip cho cc c s cung ng dch
v du lch, hoc mua sm hng ho, qu lu nim (ch tr mt
s^ t khch du lch i theo cc chng trnh du lch trn gi v
khng c nhu cu mua sm g). Nh vy, trong hu ht cc
trng hp khch du lch cn phi i tin t ng tin quc gia
mnh sang ng tin ca quc gia ni n du lch (i vi nhng
khch du lch t cc quc gia c ng tin c s dng t do
hoc chuyn i t do trn th gii); hoc t ng tin ca quc
gia mnh sang mt ng tin mnh v sau khi chi tr li
chuyn sang ng tin quc gia ni n du lch (i vi nhng
khch du lch t cc quc gia khng c cc ng tin c s
dng t do hoc chuyn i t do). S bin ng v t gi h
oi ti cc quc gia gi khch, quc gia nhn khch hoc trn
th trng ti chnh tin t th gii v chnh sch qun l t gi
h oi ca cc quc gia s nh hng n sc mua ca cc
ng tin v t c th gy nh hng hoc c li hoc khng
c li cho khch du lch, Nu nhng nh hng l ng k v
bn vng s nh hng n s vn ng ca cc lung khch du
lch vo hoc ra ca mt quc gia v t nh hng n
ngnh du lch ca quc gia . C th phn tch nhng nh
hng theo cc hng chnh nh sau:
Ti mt quc gia nht nh khi t gi hx oi c xu
hng tng, tc l ng bn t mt gi hn so vi cc ng
ngoi t, trong iu kin gi c ti quc gia ny bin ng
khng nhiu th khch du lch quc t t nc ngoi vo s c
li hn do c gia tng tng i sc mua ca mnh. Nh
TTQTTDL -2
vy, lung khch du lch qu"c t vo s gia tng, c li cho cc
nh kinh doanh khch sn, kinh doanh l hnh v cho ngnh
du lch ni chung. Ngc li, i vi khch du lch i du lch ra
nc ngoi h phi cn nhiu hn lng bn t cho chuyn
hnh trnh du lch ca mnh v trong nhiu trng hp s hu
b nh i ra nc ngoi du lch. Nh vy, lung khch du lch
ra nc ngoi s gim i lm cho cc doanh nghip l hnh gi
khch b nh hng. Mt VI d in hnh cho nhng nh hng
ny phi k n cuc khng hong ti chnh tin t ca cc
nc trong khu vc ng Nam . Trong nhng nm 1998, 1999
nhiu ngnh kinh t ca cc quc gia b nh hng nng n.
Duy ch c ngnh du lch li pht trin mnh, do lng khch
du lch quc t vo gia tng mnh (nu nh lng khch du lch
quc t vo Thi Lan nm 1996 l 7,24 triu lt, nm 1997 l
7,29 trit lt, th sang nm 1998 l 7,76 triu lt, nm 1999
l 8,65 triu lt). Do Vit Nam t b nh h ng ca cuc khng
hong , ng VND ca Vit Nam t b m't gi so vi cc ng
ngoi t mnh, nn lng khch du lch quc t vo Vit Nam
trong nhng nm gim ng k, c bit l vo nm 1998
ch t 1,52 triu lt {gim 195.000 lt so vi nm 1997).
Nm bt c xu hng ny, khuyn khch lng khch du
lch quc t vo c nhiu quc gia, nhiu oanh nghip du
lch p dng ch t gi u i cho khch du lch quc t vo.
V d nh ti mt s nc ng u c (Lin X c, Bulgarie...)
trong thi k Nh nc qun l t gi hi oi theo c ch tht
cht ton b p ng t gi u (fi cho khch du lch quc t
vo (thng cao hn 5% n 10% so vi t gi cng b).
Cng ti quc ga nu t gi hm oi c xu hng gim
tc l ng bn t tng gi hn so vi cc ng ngoi t. Trong
iu kin gi c ti quc gia ny bin ng khng nhiu th
khch du lch quc t t nc ngoi vo s khng c li, do b
gim tng i sc mua ca mnh. Nh vy, lung khch du
lch vo s c th b gim gy thit hi cho cc nh kinh doanh
khch sn, kinh doanh l hnh..., cho ngnh du lch ni chung
v t cho nn kinh t quc dn. Ngc li lng khch du
lch i ra nc ngoi li c th gia tng, do phi b t hn lng
bn t i ra ngoi t. Xu hng ny c li cho cc nh kinh
doanh l hnh gi khch. Nhng nu xu hng ny bn vng
khng c li cho quc gia , do b chy mu... ngoi t v du
lch. Trong trng hp mt s' quc gia c th a ra nhng
bin php khc phc nh hn ch lng tin t c mang ra
nc ngoi khi i du lch, hn ch s ln di ra nc ngoi du
lch trong nm ca mi cng dn.
C th ly trng hp bin ng v t gi nh hng n
lung khch du lch ca Nht Bn (mt trong nhng quc gia
gi khch ln nht trn th gii) lm v d. Vo nhng nm
u thp k 80 ca th fc XX kh ng Yn Nht Bn c gi tr
thp (nm 1983: ISD = 228 JPY, nm 1984: lUSD = 233 JPY,
nm 1985: lUSD = 238 JPY) th lng khch du lch quc t
vo Nht Bn l 2,32 triu lt, lng khch du lch Nht Bn
ra nc ngoi du lch l 4,49 triu lt vo nm 1985. Sang
nhng nm u ca thp k 90 khi ng Yn tng gi mnh
(nm 1994: lUSD = 102 JPY, nm 1995; lUSD = 94 JPY, nm
1996: 1 USD = 109 JPY) th lng khch du lch Nht Bn ra
nc ngoi tng mnh, t 16,8 trit lt vo nm 1997, nhng
lng hch du lch quc t vo Nht Bn ch l 4,21 triu lt.
Vo nm 1998 ng Yn mt gi rrinh (1 USD =141 JP) lm
cho lng khch du lch Nht Bn ra nc ngoi gim st ch
cn 15,8 triu lt. Sang nm 1999, nm 2000 ng Yn c xw
hng phc hi (nm 1999: 1 USD = 114 JPY, nm 2000;
1 USD = 109 JP). Lng khch du lch Nht Bn ra nc
ngoi tng tr i, t 16,3 triu lt vo nm 1999 v 17,8
triu lt vo nm 2000^^.
Mt s quc gia trong c ch qun l v iu tit t gi
hi oi c th cho ng bn t c gi tr mnh hn, hoc yu
hn so vi gi tr thc t cng c th gy nh hng khng tch
cc hoc tch cc cho lung khch du lch quc t vo (v ngc
i cho lung khch i ra nc ngoi du lch).
Ti Vit Nam, sau khi chuyn sang nn knh t th
trng c s iu tit ca Nh nc v theo nh hng XHCN,
Nh nc p dng chnh sch qun l t gi h oi theo c
ch tht cht khng ton b" (Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam
cng b t gi v quy nh bin dao ng). Trong nhng nm
sau i mi pht trin nn kinh t, nc ta c nhu cu nhp
khu nhiu mt hng l nhng yu tu vo ca sn xut
nh my mc, nguyn vt liu, phn bn, thuc tr su...
Chnh v l , nhiu chuyn gia kinh t cho rng Nh nc
iu tit t gi hi oi gia USD v VND thp hn gi tr
thc t. S iu tit gy nh hng khng tch cc cho cc
nh xu't khu ni chung v cho lnh vc du lch quc t ca
Vit Nam ni ring (v hot ng kinh doanh du lch quc t
ca Vit Nam ch yu pht trin lnh vc kinh doanh nhn
khch).
Vic nghin cu s nh hng ca t gi hl oi i vi
hot ng kinh doanh du lch quc t gip cho cc nh qun l
kinh t du lch, cc nh qun tr kinh doanh du lch xc nh
c nhng xu hng bin ng ca th trng khch, ca
' Trn Th Minh Ho (2004). S nh hng ca t gi hi oi n lor ng kinh
doanh dit ch quc t. Tp ch Kinh t'pht trin, HKQD, sThrtg 2 m 2004.
ngnh t a ra nhng chin lc, chnh sch pht trin
ph hp.
1.7. Vai tr iu tit v m ca Nh nc i vi t gi hi oi
Vai tr iu tit v m ca Nh nc i vi t gi hi
oi ti cc quc gia khc nhau l khc nhau. Tuy nhin,
iu tit t gi hi oi, cc quc gia u p dng nhng c ch
v chnh sch qun l nht nh.
1.7.1. C ch qun l ca Nh nc i vi t gi hi
oi
Nh trn phn tch, t gi hi oi chu nh hng
ca nhiu nhn t" tc ng vo v lun bin ng. Nhng bin
ng ca t gi h oi c th c li cho mt s tng ny,
song li khng c li cho nhng tng khc ca nn kinh t.
Chng ta c th thy, khi t gi hl oi c xu hng tng s c
li cho cc nh xut khu, nhng li khng c li cho cc nh
nhp khu. V ngc li, khi t gi hoi oi c xu hng gim
s c li cho cc nh nhp khu, nhng s khng c li cho cc
nh xut khu. Chnh v l do , khi t gi h oi c nhng
bin ng mnh, Nh nc cn phi c nhng bin php
iu chnh t gi h oi, Cc bin php m Nh nc p dng
iu chnh t gi hoi oi c th ph thuc vo c ch qun
l v t gi hi oi m mi quc gia c th p dng khc nhau
trong cc giai on pht trin khc nhau (hoc c ch qun l
khc nhau) ca nn kinh t. Trn thc t, cc quc gia tng
c cc c ch qun l v t gi hi oi nh sau;
+ C ch tht cht ton b. y l c ch qun l v t
gi h oi m Nh nc s quy dnh v t gi hi oi theo
nhng thi im nht nh v tt c mi giao dch trn th
trng hi oi u phi theo t gi quy nh. C ch ny
c p dng ti nhng quc gia thi k Nh nc qun l kinh
t theo c ch tp trung bao cp. ,
+ C ch th nl ton b. y l c ch qun l v t gi
h oi m Nh nc khng quy nh v t gi hi oi. T gi
hi oi s c xc nh ph thuc vo quan h cung, cu v
ngoi hi trn th trng. Nh nc ch iu tit kh c nhng
bin ng mnh v t gi. C ch ny c p dng ti nhng
quc gia c nn kinh t th trng pht trin mnh.
+ C ch khng th ni ton b, khng tht cht ton
b. y l c ch qun l v t gi h oi m Nh nc s
quy dnh v t gi hi oi v nhng bin dao ng cho php
ca t gi hi oi theo nhng thi im nht nh. Cc giao
dch trn th trng h'i oi trong nc phi tun theo nh
hng v t gi h oi v nhng bin dao ng m Nh
nc quy nh. C ch ny thng c p dng ti nhng
quc gia ang trong giai on u pht trin ca nn kinh t
th trng.
Nhn chung, cc bin php ch yu m cc quc gia c
th p dng iu chnh t gi hl oi bao gm: chnh sch
hi oi, lp qu d tr bnh n t gi, chnh sch chit khu,
chnh sch iu chnh gi tr ca tin t.
1,7,2. Chinh sch qun l ca Nh nc i vi t
gi hi oi
1,7,2.1, Chnh sch hi oi
y l bin php m ngn hng trung ng hay cc c
quan ngoi h ca Nh nc trc tip tc ng vo t gi hi
oi bng cch ng nghip v trc tip mua hoc bn ngoi
trn th trng, khi c nhng bin ng mnh v t gi hi
oi m Nh nc cn can thip.
Trong trng hp t gi hi oi tng cao, ngn hng
trung ng s bn ngoi hi ra th trng ko t gi hi oi
xung v ngc li, trong trng hp t gi hi oi gim
mnh, ngn hng trung ng s mua ngoi hi trn th trng
y t gi ln.
I thc hin c bin php ny, ngn hng trung ng
phi c d tr ngoi hi tht di do. Chnh sch ny ch c tc
dng tm thi v thc t ch hn ch c s bin ng ca t
gi, ch khng th lm thay i c tnh hnh tin t trong
nc. Nu cn cn thanh ton quc t ca mt quc gia c tnh
trng thm ht ko di, th kh c ngun d tr ngoi hi ln
thc hin chnh sch ny.
.7.2.2. Lp qu d tr binh n h oi
Lp qu d tr bnh n hi oi l mt hnh thc bin
tng ca chnh sch h oi. Mc ch ca chnh sch ny l
nhm to ra mt cch ch ng mt lng d tr ngoi hi
ng ph vi s bin ng ca t gi hi oi. Cho n nay, c
hai phng php to lp v s dng qu d d bnh n hi oi;
Dng phng php pht hnh tri phiu kho bc bng
tin trong nc to lp qu ny. Khi c lung tin t nc
ngoi chy vo th b tin t qu ny ra mua nhm hn ch
t gi h oi gim xung. Khi c hin tng ngc li th xut
ngoi h mua c ca qu ny ra bn v s' bn t thu
c do bn ngoi hi dng mua cc tri phiu kho bc
pht hnh, do ngn nga c hin tng t gi hi oi ln
cao.
Dng vng to lp qu bnh n hi oi. Trong trng
hp khi c lung tin t nc ngoi chy vo nhiu th bn vng
ly tin trong nc mua ngoi hi nhm gi vng t gi hi
oi. Trong trng hp khc, khi cn cn thanh ton quc t
thiu ht, tng t cng bn vng ra thu ngoi t vo cn
bng cn cn thanh ton quc t, nhm n nh t gi h oi.
Thc t cho thy, tc dng ca qu bnh n t gi hi
oi rt c hn, v khi mt qu"c gia b khng hong v kinh
t v khng hong v ngoi hi th lng d tr ca qu bnh
n t gi s gim i v khng kh nng iu tit t gi.
Qu ny ch c tc dng khi khng hong ngoi hi ti mt
quc gia t nghim trng v c ngun tn dng quc t h tr
cho quc gia .
1,7.2.3. Chnh sch chit khu
y l chnh sch m ngn hng trung ng dng cch
thay i t sut chit khu ca mnh iu chnh t gi hi
oi trn th trng.
Trong trng hp t gi hi oi ti mt quc gia tng
qu cao, mun lm cho t gi h xuhg th ngn hng trung
ng nc ny s nng cao t sut chit khu ln. Nh vy,
lng vn ca cc ngn hng thng mi gim i, do li sut
trn th trng cng tng ln. Khi , vh ngn hn trn th
trng th gii c th s vo quc gia thu li cao.
Lng vh chy vo s gp phn lm du s cng thng ca cu
ngoi hi ti quc gia , do t gi hi oi s c xu hng h
xuhg. Chnh sch chit khu cng ch c nh hng nht nh
v c hn vi t gi hi oi, Trn thc t, li sut khng
phi l nhn s" duy nht quyt dnh n s vn ng ca lung
vn gia cc nc.
v bn ch't, nhng bin ng chnh ca li sut l do tc
ng ca quan h cung cu ca vh cho vay. Li sut c th
bin ng trong phm vi t sut li nhun bnh qun v trong
trng hp c bit c th vt qu t sut li nhun bnh
qun. Nhng bin ng chnh ca t gi h oi l do quan h
cung cu v ngoi hi quyt nh. Quan h cung cu v ngoi
h li do thc trng ca cn cn thanh ton quc t quyt
dnh.
Nh vy, cc nhn t' c bn tc ng n li sut v t
gi khng ging nhau. Do , nhng bin ng ca li sut
khng nht nh dn n t gi h oi bin ng theo.
Mt khc, li sut ln cao c th hp dn thu ht v"n
ngn hn ca nc ngoi vo, nhng nu tnh hnh chnh tr,
kinh t, tin t trong nc khng n nh th cha chc thc
t ngun vn ngn hn ca nc ngoi vo. Khi , vn
u tin t ra cho cc nh kinh doanh l s m bo an
ton cho lung vn, cn vn thu c li nhiu hay t khng
phi l quan trng nht.
. 7.2,4. Chnh sch iu chnh gi tr ca tin t
Gi tr tin t ca cc quc gia ngy nay c xc nh
thng qua hm lng sc mua ca chng. Trong nhng iu
kin bin ng khng lng v tnh hnh knh t, chnh tr ca
cc ndc v c bit l trong nhng iu kin mc lm pht
rt khc nhau ti cc quc gia th sc mua ca cc ng tin
ca cc quc gia khc nhau cng thng xuyn bin ng c th
theo cc chiu hng khc nhau, vi cc mc khc nhau.
Nh vy, v nguyn tc s pht sinh vn xem xt li t gi
h oi ca nc ny hoc nc khc. Trn thc t, cc qu'c
gia khng tha nhn iu . Vic iu chnh gi tr tin t ca
mt quc gia c thc hin khi no, theo chiu hng no, vi
mc no ph thuc vo mc ch kinh t v chnh tr ca
quc gia . iu chnh gi tr ca tin t c th c thc hin
theo hai hng: ph gi tin t (devaluatn) v nng gi tin t
(revauation).
Ph gi tin t (Devaluation)
Ph gi tin t l s h thp sc mua ca tin t ca mt
nc so vi hgoi t, tc l nng cao t gi h oi ca mt n
v ngoi t.
Mi quc gia khi tin hnh ph gi tin t c th l nhm
theo ui nhng mc ch nh sau:
Khuyn khch xut khu, hn ch nhp khu hng ha
nhm khi phc li cn cn thng mi quc t, gp phn ci
thin cn cn thanh ton quc t.
Khuyn khch du lch vo trong nc (inbound tourism),
hn ch du lch ra ne ngoi (outbound tourism) nhm gim
bt s cng thng ca mi quan h cung ' cu v ngoi hi.
Khuyn khch nhp khu vh, kiu hl v hn ch xut
khu vn ra bn ngoi, chuyn tin ra nc ngoi nhm tng
kh nng cung v ngoi hi, gim cu v ngoi h gp phn
lm gim t gi hi oi.
Nh vy, c th thy mc ch chnh ca chnh sch ph
gi tin t l nhm ci thin cn cn thanh ton quc t ca
mt quc gia. Tuy nhin, mc thnh cng ca chnh sch ny
cn ph thuc vo kh nng y mnh xut khu hng ha,
thu ht khch du lch... ca quc gia thc hin n.
Nng gi tin t (Revauation)
Nng gi tin t l s nng cao sc mua ca tin t ca
mt nc so vi ngoi t, tc l h thp t gi hi oi ca mt
n v ngoi t.
nh hng ca nng gi tin t i vi hot ng thng
mi quc t, i vi cn cn thanh ton quc t ca mt quc
gia l hon ton ngc li vi ph gi tin t. Nng gi tin t
s dn n hn ch xut khu, y mnh nhp khu; hn ch
du lch vo trong nc, khuyn khch du lch ra nc ngoi; hn
ch nhp khu vn, y mnh xut khu vn...
Nh vyi v mt nguyn l th nng g tin t ch yu
s to ra nhng nh hng khng tch cc i vi nn kinh t
ca mt quc gia. Trn thc t, hin nay vic thc hin chnh
sch nng gi tin t ca mt quc gia thng xy ra di p
lc ca cc nc khc khi cc nc ny mun tng kh nng
nng cnh tranh v hng ha ca mnh vo nc c cn cn
thng mi quc t v cc cn thanh ton quc t d tha.
T nhng nm 70 ca th k trc tr li y, Nht Bn
l mt nc thng c cn cn thng mi quc t v cn cn
thanh ton quc t d tha so vi M. hn ch xut khu
hng ha ca Nht Bn vo M, M thc hin nhiu bin
php p Nht Bn nng gi ng tin ca mnh. Hin nay
ng Yn Nht Bn ln gi qu cao so vi nhng nm 70 ca
th k trc ( nm 1971 t gi SD/JPY = 360, hin nay t gi
SD/JPY= 110).
Tuy nhin, trong nhng iu kin nht nh v thc
hin cc mc ch chin lc ca mnh, mt s quc gia cng
ch ng thc hin chnh sch nng gi tin t.
Trong trng hp nhng nc c nn kinh t pht trin
qu nng , do lm lnh nn kinh t nhm trnh khng
hong c cu th s dng chnh sch nng gi tin t nh mt
bin php gim xu't khu hng ha, gim u t vo trong
nc.
Mt s' quc gia mun gi vng c mt th trng bn
ngoi, xy dng nn kinh t ca mnh trong lng nc khc
cng thc hin chnh sch nng gi tin t to iu kin
thc y u t ra nc ngoi.
1.8. Phdng php yt t gi (Quotation)
.8,1. Danh mc cc m ch chnh ca ISO v ng
tin ca cc guc gia trn thgi
Trn thc t, ng tin ca mt s quc gia c6 tn gi
ging nhau. V vy, thng nht cch vit tt tn ng tin
ca cc quc gia trn th gii, nhm thun li cho vic giao dch
thng mi quc t v yt t gi ca cc ng tin trn th
trng ti chnh tin t quc t, T chc Chun ha Quc t
{International Standard Organization ISO) a ra danh
mc thng nht cc m ch chnh v ng tin ca cc quc gia
trn th gii. V d: ng la ca M c k hiu l USD, ng
la ca Canada l CAD, ng la ca Singapore l SGD,,,,
Cc k hiu ca cc ng tin khc xem ph lc s 1.
.8,2. Phng php yt t gi (Quotation)
Yt t gi (Quotation) l vic cng b t gi gia hai ng
tin trn th trfng ti chnh tin t. Nh trn lu , t gi
hi oi l i lng c xc nh c th theo khng gian v
thi gian. Theo tp qun kinh doanh tin t ca ngn hng, t
gi hi oi thii c yt nh sau;
V d 1: Ti th trng Tokyo, Nht Bn, ngy
25/01/2005 t gi gia ng EUR v ng USD c yt
EUR/SD = 1,3245/1,3265.
V d 2: Ti H Ni, Vit Nam, ngy 25/01/2005 t gi
gia ng USD v ng VND c yt SDA^ND =
15.750/15.820.
Cc ng tin ng trc (EUR trong v d 1, USD trong
v d 2) gi l tin yt gi v mt dn v tin t.
Cc ng tin ng sau (USD trong v d 1, VND trong
v d 2) gi l tin nh gi v l mt s" dn v tin t v thng
thay i ph thuc vo thi gi ca tin yt gi.
ng di gc ca ngn hng, t gi ng trc
1,3245 trong v d 1 l t gi mua EUR tr bng USD ca ngn
hng v t gi ng trc 15.750 trong v d 2 l t gi mua
USD tr bng VND ca ngn hng. Chng c gi l t gi
mua vo ca ngn hng (BID RATE). Nu chng ta k hiu
ngn hng l n th y l t gi BIDn. T gi ng sau 1,3265
trong v d 1 l t gi bn EUR thu USD ca ngn hng v t
gi ng sau 15820 trong v d 2 l t gi bn USD thu VND
ca ngn hng. Chng c gi l t gi bn ra ca ngn hng
(ASK RATE) hay c k hiu l ASKn. Trong trng hp
chng ta ng di gc l khch hng ca ngn hng th t
gi ng ng trc l t gi chng ta bn ra, cn t gi ng
ng sau l t gi chng ta phi mua vo. Vy, nu thng nht
k hiu khch hng l k th chng ta s c BIDn = ASKk v
ASKn = BIDk.
T gi ASKn thng ln hn t gi BIDn. Chnh lch
gia chng chnh l ]i nhun cha np thu ca ngn hng t
nghip v trao i ngoi hi, theo ting Anh l spread.
Trong giao dch ngoi h5i, ngi ta thng ly tn ca
cc nc m l th trng tin t ln trn th gii nh
London-Anh, Tokyo-Nht, New*York-M v.v...
V d; Thay v c t gi USD/GBP ngi ta c t gi
USD-London; t gi USDPY l t gi SD-Tokyo^ ty
ERyUSD l ty EUR-New York v.v...
Trong giao dch mua, bn ngoi hi trn th trng ti
chnh - tin t, m bo tnh nhanh gn cc t gi thng
khng c c y , v ch c c nhng s hay bin ng,
l nhng s' cui.
V d: EUR/USD = 1,3125 ch c c cc s" l sau du
phy. Cc s ny chia lm hai nhm s' Hai s" thp phn u
tin c c l S*' (Figure), hai s k tip c l im
(Point). T gi trn c c l EURO, la M bng 1, ba
mi mt s' hai mi lm im. Cch c im c th c
dng phn s" nh mt phn t thay cho 25, ba phn t thay
cho 75.
C hai phng php yt gi tin t: Yt gi trc tip v
yt gi gin tip.
Nu ng gc th trng tin t quc t th hin nay
trn th gii thng cc ng tin EUR, USD, GBP dng cch
yt gi trc tip (certain quotation), cc ng tin cn li
thng dng cch yt gi gin tip (incertan quotation).
V d:
USD/SGD GBP/USD EUR/CHF
USD/CNY GBP/VND EURATSD
USD/HKD GBP/JPY ER/USD
USD/JPY GBP/THB ER/CAD
USDATSD GBP/AD EUR/KRW
C ngha l gi ca cc ng tin USD, GBP, EUR c
th hin trc tip ra bn ngoi, cn cc ng tin khc nh
CNY, HKD, JPY, VND... cha th hin trc tip ra bn ngoi,
mi th hin gin tip.
V d: Ti Vit Nam, vo ngy 20 thng 11 nm 2005,
khi ngn hng cng b^ t gi:
USDATND = 15810/15830
Tc l gi 1 USD ngn hng mua vo l 15.810 VND v
bn ra l 15.830 VND, cn gi 1 VND th cha th hin c
trc tip ra bn ngoi. Mun tm, ta lm php chia c gi
I
1 VND ngn hng mua vo l 1 VND =
15830
USD v 1 VND
ngn hng bn ra l 1 VND =
1
15810
USD.
Ngc i, nu ng gc th trng tin t quc gia,
th cc nc M, Anh v cc nc c ng EUR l ng bn t,
dng cch yt gi gin tip th hin gi c ngoi hi nc
h.
V l :
Ti M, vo ngy 20 thng 11 nm 2005, t gi hi oi
c cng b nh sau;
USD/JPY= 118.20/119.60.
Vi cch yt ny trn th trng M, ngi ta cha trc
tip bit c gi JPY- mt ng ngoi t, l bao nhiu, m
ch bit gi ngoi t JPY th hin trn th trng M l 118,20
JPY bng 1 USD hay 119,60 JPY bng 1 USD, tc l mi th
hin gin tip.
Mun xc nh gi ca 1 JPY, ta phi lm php chia
1
1JPY =
1JPY =
118,20
1
119,60
USD = 0,0846
USD = 0,0836
Nh vy, ta c t gi JPY/USD = 0,0836/0,0846, lc
ny gi ca ng JPY mi th hin trc tip ra bn ngoi.
V d 2:
Ti Vit Nam, vo ngy 20 thng 11 nm 2005, t gi h
oi c cng b'nh sau:
USD v m = 15.810/15.830.
Vi cch yt ny trn th trng Vit Nam, gi 1 ngoi t
USD th hin trc tip ra bn ngoi.
T gi 1 USD = 15.810 VND l t gi ngn hng mua
USD vo (BID RATE).
T gi 1 USD = 15.830 VND l t gi ngn hng bn
USD ra (ASK RATE).
1.9. Xc nh t gt theo phng php tnh cho
Trn th trng hi oi ca cc nc thng cc ng
tin EUR, GBP, SD l nhng ng tin yt gi ch yu. Trong
giao dch ngoi hi, khch hng c th mun xc nh t gi
gia cc ng tin khc na. V d SGP/HKD, HKD/THB trong
khi trn th trng ch yt cc t gi khng c yt trn th
trng phi dng phng php tnh cho t gi. C my nguyn
tc tnh cho t gi nh sau:
1.9.1. Xc nh t gi hi oi ca hai ng tin yt
gi cng vi tr
1.9.1.1. Xc nh t gi ca hai ng tin yt gi gin tip
C th din t mt cch tng qut nh sau:
Ngn hng cng b cc t gi ca cc ng tin
AB
AC
Xc nh t gi B/C
V d\ Ti Singapore, vo ngy 20 thng 11 nm 2005,
ngn hng cng b' t gi;
SD/HKD = 7,9135/7,9185
SD/SGD = 1,6415/1,6445
Hy xc nh t gi HKD/SGD
y phi xc dnh c t gi ASKk HKD/SGD v BIDk
HKD/SGD
a) Xc nh t gi ASKk HKD/SGD
Bc 1: Khch hng bn HKD mua USD, do ngr
hng s bn USD theo t gi ASKn SD/HKD = 7,9185 hay
1 USD = 7,9185 HKD.
Bc 2: Khch hng bn USD mua SGD, do ngn
hng s mua USD theo t gi BIDn USD/SGD = 1,6415 hay
1 USD = 1,6415 SGD.
Suy ra, ta c: 7,9185 HKD = 1,6415 SGD
=> HKD/SGD = 0,2073
7,9185
Tng hp li, ta c:
TTQTTDL -3
A s a HKD/SGD = ^ =0.2073
ASKiSDHKD 7,9185
Nh vy, ta c cng thc tng qut:
B W n
ASKk =
(!)
ASKn
Kt lun:
Mun tm t gi h oi ca 2 ng tin yt gi gin tip
ta ly t gi ca ng tin nh gi chia cho t gi ca ng tin
yt gi.
Mun tm t gi bn ca khch hng ta ly t gi mua
ca ngn hng chia cho t gi bn ca ngn hng.
b) Xc nh t gi BIDk HKD/SGD:
Bc 1: Khch hng bn SGD mua USD, do ngn
hng s bn USD theo t gi ASKn USD/SGD = 1,6445 hay
lUSD = 1,6445 SGD.
Bc 2: Khch hng bn USD mua HKD, do ngn
hng s mua USD theo t gi BIDn SD/HKD = 7,9135 hay
1 USD = 7,9135 HKD.
Suy ra, ta c 1,6445 SGD = 7,9135 HKD
_____ ______ 1 A44S
HCD/SGD = = 0,2078
7,9135
Tng hp li, ta c;
BIDk HKD/SGD =
ASKnSD/SGD 1,6445
BIDn USD/HKD" 7,9135
= 0,2078
Nh vy, ta c cng thc tng qut
ASKn
BIDh^
BDn
(2)
Kt lun: Cng thc (2) ging kt lun nu cng thc
(1).
Mun tm t gi mua ca khch hng ta ly t gi bn
ca ngn hng chia cho t gi mua ca ngn hng.
.9..2. Xc nh t gi ca hai ng tin yt gi trc tip
C th din t mt cch tng qut nh sau:
Ngn hng cng b cc t gi ca cc ng tin:
B
=> Xc nh t gi B/C
c a \
V d: Ti H Ni, vo ngy 20 thng 11 nm 2D05, ngn
hng cng b cc t gi:
GBPAHSTD = 30.150^30.190
USD/VND = 15.790/15.820
Hy xc nh t gi GBP/SD
y phi xc nh c t gi ASKk GBPyUSD v BIDk
GBP/USD
a) Xc dnh t gi ASKk GBP;TJSD;
Bc 1: Khch hng bn GBP mua VND, do ngn
hng s mua GBP theo t gi BIDn GBPA^ND = 30.150 hay
1GBP = 30 150 VND
Bc 2: Khch hng bn VND mua USD, do ngn
hng s bn USD theo t gi ASKn SDA^D = 15.820 hay
1 USD = 15.820 VND
T suy ra GBP/SD = 1,9059
^ 15820
Tng hp li, ta c:
Nh vy, ta c cng thc tng qut;
ASKk =
(3)
ASKn
Kt lun: Mun tm t gi hi oi ca hai ng tin yt
gi trc tip ta ly t gi ca ng tin yt gi chia cho t gi
ca ng tin nh gi.
Mun tm t gi bn ca khch hng ta ly t gi mua
ca ngn hng chia cho t gi bn ca ngn hng
b) Xc nh t gi BIDk GBP/USD:
Bc 1; Khch hng bn USD mua VND, do ngn
hng s mua USD theo t gi BIDn SDA^ND = 15.790 hay
1USD= 15.790 VND.
Bc 2; lhch hng bn VND mua GBP, do ngn
hng s bn GBP theo t gi ASKn GBPA^D = 30.190 hay
1 GBP= 30.190 VND.
T suy ra GBP/SD = = ,9120
15790
Tng hp li, ta c:
Nh vy, ta c cng thc tng qut;
ASASKn
BIk
BIDn
(4)
Kt un: Cng thc (4) ging kt lun nu cng thc
(3). Mun tm t gi mua ca khch hng ta ly t gi bn ca
ngn hng chia cho t gi mua ca ngn hng.
1.9.2, Xc nh t gi a 2 ng tin yt gi khc
nhau hai vi tri khc nhau
C th din t mt cch tng qut theo hai trng hp
nh sau;
Trng hp :
Ngn hng cng b cc t gi ca cc ng tin
B IA
A C
Xc nh t gi B/C
V d: Ti Hng Kig, vo ngy 20 thng 11 nm 2005,
ngn hng cng b't gi:
ER/USD = 1,3125/1,3145
SD/HKD = 7,9135/7,9185
Hy xc nh t gi EUR/HKD = ?
Trng hp ny EUR v HKD l hed ng tin yt gi
khc nhau hai v tr khc nhau.
y phi xc nh c ASKk EUR/HKD v BIDk
ER/HKD
a) Xc nh t gi ASKk ER/HKD:
Bc 1; Khch hng bn EUR mua USD, do ngn
hng s mua EK theo t gi BDn EK/SD = 1,3125 hay
1 EUR = 1,3125 USD.
ff;!jMW'W^
Bc 2: Khch hng bn USD mua HKD, do ngn
hng s mua USD theo t gi BIDn USD/HKD = 7,9135 hay
1 USD = 7,9135 HKD
Suy ra ta c 1 EUR = 1,3125 X 7,9135 HKD
Tng hp li, ta c:
ASKk ER/HKD = BIDn ER/USD XBIDn SD/HKD
Nh vy, ta c cng thc tng qut sau:
ASKk = BJDn X BIDn (5)
b) Xc nh t gi BIDk EUR/HKD
Bc 1: Khch hng bn HKD mua USD, o ngn
hng s bn USD theo t gi ASKn SD/HKD = 7,9185; hay
1 USD = 7,9185 HKD.
Bc 2; Khch hng bn USD mua EUR, do ngn
hng s bn EUR theo t gi ASKn EUK/SD = 1,1345; hay
1 EUR = 1,1345 SSD.
Suy ra, ta c; 1 EUR = 1,1345 X 7,9185 HKD
Tng hp li, ta c; BIDk ER/HKD = ASKn ER/USD X
ASKn SD/HPO).
Nh vy, ta c cng thc tng qut sau;
BWk = ASKn X ASKn (6)
Trng hp 2:
Ngn hng cng b' cc t gi ca cc ng tin:
A IB
CA
Xc nh t gi B/C
V d: Ti Canada, vo ngy 20 thng 11 nm 2005, ngn
hng cng b" t gi;
USD/CAD = 1.6425/1.6455
AUD/USD = 0.5715/0.5740
Hy xc nh t gi CAD/AD = ?
y phi xc nh c ASKk CAD/AD v BIDk
CAD/AUD
a) Xc nh t gi ASKk CAD/AD:
Bc 1: Khch hng bn CAD mua USD, do ngn
hng s bn USD theo t gi ASKn USD/CAD = 1,6455; hay
1 USD = 1,6455 CAD.
Bc 2; Khch hng bn USD mua AUD, do ngn
hng s bn AD theo t gi ASKn AD/USD = 0,5740; hay
lAD = 0,5740 USD.
1
Suy ra, ta c 1 CAD =
Tng hp li, ta c:
ASKk CAD/AUD =
1,6455x0,5740
AD
ASKn X SD/CAD X ASKn/AD/SD
Nh vy, ta c cng thc tng qut sau:
ASKk^
ASKn X ASKn
b) Xc nh t gi BIDk CAD/AD;
(7)
Bc 1; Khch hng bn AUD mua USD, do ngn
hng s mua AD theo t gi BIDn AUD/USD = 0,5715; hay 1
AD = 0,5715 USD.
Bc 2: Khch hng bn USD mua CAD, do ngn
hng s mua USD theo t gi BIDi USD/CAD = 1,6425; hay
1 USD = 1,6425 CAD.
1
Suy ra, ta c 1 CAD =
Tng hp li, ta c:
BIDk CAD/AUD =
1,6425x0,5715
AD
BIDn USD/CAD X BIDn AUD/USD
Nh vy, ta c cng thc tng qut sau:
BIk =
BIDn X BIDn
(8)
Cc cng thc (5)j (6), (7), (8) c gii thch theo cch
tng t vi cc kt lun ca cc cng thc (1), (2), (3), (4).
1,10. B tp
lAO.l. Nhng dng chuyn i thng gp trong
knh doanh l hnh
V d; Mt cng ty l hnh A t hot ng kinh doanh
nhn khch thu c 450.000 CNY. Vi s' tin ny cng t A
mun dng thanh ton 500.000 JPY cho hot ng gi
khch. S tin cn li Cng ty chuyn thnh EUR. Hy xc
nh s EUR lu cng ty A s c. Bit rng cc t gi c cng
b nh sau:
USD/CNY = 8,2745/80
SD/JPY= 118,20/119,60
ER/USD = 1,3125/45
1.10.2. Nhng dang chuyn i thng gp trong
kinh doanh khch sn nh hng
V d 1: Mt khch du lch A cn phi thanh ton 370
USD. Ngi ny mun thanh ton bng 80 EUR v s' cn li s
thanh ton nt bng GBP. Hy xc nh s' GBP m ngi
khch du lch A cn phi thanh ton nt. Bit rng cc t gi
c cng b' nh sau:
ER/SD = 1,3125/45
GBP/USD = 1,8135/65
V d 2: Mt khch du lch A cn phi thanh ton
5.400.000 VND. Ngi ny mun thanh ton bng 50 GBP s
cn li s thanh ton n't bng EUR. Hy xc nh s' EUR m
ngi khch du lch A cn phi thanh ton nt. Bit rng cc t
gi c cng b' nh sau:
EUR/SD = 1,3125/45
GBP/USD= 1,8135/65
SDA^ND = 15.810/15.830
TM TT CHNG 1
Trong chng 1 trnh by nhng ni dung cd bn v;
khi nim ca ngoi hi, ngoi t; bn cht ca t gi hi oi;
c s chnh xc nh t gi h oi; cc nhn t^ tc ng nh
hng n t gi h oi ni chung v c bit l s nh hng
ca t gi h oi n du lch; mt s' chnh sch kinh t v m
iu tit t gi hi oi. Ngoi nhng ni dung mang tinh l
lun, chng ny cn cp n danh mc k hiu tn cc n
v tin t theo ISO, cch yt t gi, cch xc nh t gi theo
phng php tnh cho v nhng dng bi tp chuyn i tin
t thng gp trong inh vc du lch.
CU HI N TP CHNG 1
1. Gii thch cc thnh phn ca ngoi h?
2. Phn tch cc iu kin ng tin ca mt quc gia
c coi l ng tin mnh.
3. Phn tch c s chnh xc nh t gi trong ch
bn v vng.
4. Phn tch c s chnh xc nh t gi trong ch
tin giy lu thng.
5. Phn bit cc loi t gi.
6. Phn tch mt trong cc nhn t nh hng n s
bin ng ca t gi trong nn kinh t m (theo s la chn ca
gio vin).
7. Phn tch s nh hng ca t gi n hot ng kinh
doanh nhn khch du ch quc t (inbound tourism).
8. Phn tch s nh hng ca t gi n hot ng kinh
doanh gi khch du lch quc t (outbound tourism).
9. Phn tch cc chnh sch kinh t v m ca ngn hng
trung ng nhm iu chnh t gi hi oi.
10. Lm cc bi tp chuyn i tin t trong kinh doanh
du lch nh nu trong cc v d ti mc 1.10.
CHNG 2
CAC I U KI N V TI CHNH V TI N T
TRONG CAC H P NG DU LCH QUC T
Mc tiu ca chng:
Sau khi hc xong chng ny ngi hc cn nm c
nhng kin thc c bn nh sau;
+ S cn thit phi k hp ng du lch quc t
+ Cc i tc k kt hp ng du lch quc t
+ Bn cht ca hp ng du lch quc t
+ Ni dung ca hp ng du lch quc t
+ Nhng im cn lu khi k kt cc hp ng du lch
quc t
+ Cc nhn t tc ng n cc iu kin v ti chnh
tin t trong mt hp ng du lch quc t
+ Cc iu kin v ti chnh trong mt hp ng du lch
quc t
+ Cc iu kin v tin t trong mt hp ng du lch
quc t
2.1. Khi qut v hp ng du lch qu c t
2.1.1. S cn thit k kt cc hp ng du lich quc t
Xt trn gc vic t chc cc cuc hnh trnh du ch
th kinh doanh du lch quc t ca Vit Nam c thc hin
nhng iu kin rt khc nhau. Rt nhiu trong s' nhng
ngi nc ngoi vo Vit Nam khng phi l khch du lch
theo ng ngha v ni dung ca khi nim khch du lch
quc t c chp nhn bi T chc Du lch Th gii (WTO),
cng nh bi thng k cc ca khu ca hu ht cc nc trn
th gii (vn ny cn phn tch k Vit Nam), rt nhiu
nc trn th gii, s ng ngi nc ngoi vo qua cc ca
khu, song ch nhng ngi qu cnh (Transit) chim t
trng rt ln so vi s lng ngi nc ngoi vo qua cc ca
khu vi mc ch du lch v ngh dng thun tu (thng
ch chim khong 40%). Theo thng k ca Tng cc Du lch
Vit Nam trong giai on 1995 -2004, th s Ing khch nc
ngoi vo Vit Nam vi mc ch du lch v ngh dng thun
tu chim khong t 45% n 56% trong tng s ngi nc
ngoi vo Vit Nam. Trong s nhng khch vo Vit Nam vi
mc ch du lch c mt phn khng nh nhng khch du lch
4n thng qua cc hp ng du lch quc t. Vic k kt cc hp
ng du lch quc t ng nguyn tc s gip cho cc bn i
tc trnh c nhng ri ro ng tic, v mt nguyn tc,
nhng hp ng du ch quc t c th c k kt gia nhng
i tc theo ba trng hp sau:
Trng hp 1: Cng ty l hnh Vit Nam xy dng
chng trnh du lch, k hp ng vi doanh nghip l hnh gi
khch nc ngoi.
Trng hp 2: Cng ty l hnh nc ngoi xy dng
chng trnh du lch k hp ng vi cc doanh nghip l hnh
nhn khch ti Vit Nam.
Trng hp 3; Cng ty l hnh nc ngoi xy dng
chng trnh du lch k hp ng vi cc nh cung ng du lch
Vit Nam (khch sn, nh hng, vn chuyn, v.v...).
C th m t cc trng hp k kt hp ng du lch quc
t theo s 2.1.
V nhng l do nu trn, chng ta cn phi nghin cu
nhng hp ng du lch quc t. Trong phm vi nghin cu ca
mn hc ny, s i su vo nghin cu nhng iu kin v ti
chnh v tin t ca cc hp ng du lch qu'c t.
2.1.2, nh ngha
Hp ng du lch quc t v bn cht l mt dng c
bit ca hp ng kinh t quc t. Di gc lut php, hp
ng du lch quc t l mt tho hip k kt giao ko gia
nhng i tc (bnh ng v php lut) ca cc quc gia khc
nhau v vic pht sinh, thay i hay chm dt cc mi quan h
quc t trong vic trao i khch du lch hoc cung ng nhng
dch v du lch vi mt khi lng nh't dnh, nhng iu kin
ti chnh - tin t nh't nh v vi mt thi hn nht nh.
S 2.1, Cc trng hp k kt hp ng du lch quc t
Trng hp 1:
Ki

/h
6nf
p
pr
Nh cung ng
du lch
Vit Nam
4-V
Cng ty
l hnh '
Vit Nam
Doanh nghip
l hnh
nc ngoi
Khch du lch
Trng hp 2:
Tnng hp 3:
2.1.3. Ni dung ca hp ng du lich quc t
Ni dung ca cc hp ng du lch qu"c t c xc nh
bi khi lng, th loi ca cc dch v du lch c k kt
trong hdp ng, bi cc b lut ca hai ric, bi b lut quc t
v bi nhng mong mun ca hai bn i tc (nhiu khi li
c th hin nhng giy t quy nh khc gia hai nc).
Ni dung ca cc hp ng du lch quc t gm nhng
thnh phn khc nhau, thng thng bao gm:
+ I tng ca hp ng.
+ Gi c '
+ Nhng iu kin v bo him y t
+ Nhng iu kin v khiu ni v gii quyt nhng
khiu ni
+ Nhng iu kin v x pht khi khng thc hin cc
cam kt.
+ V.V...
Trn thc t, cc iu kin v ti chnh - tin t chim
mt v tr quan trng trong cc hp ng du lch quc t. Vic
tho thun quy nh v thc hin nhng iu kin ny tt s
gip cho cc bn i tc trnh c nhng thit hi v kinh t.
2.1.4. Mt s im cn lu khi k cc hp ng u
lich quc t
Khi k kt cc hp ng du lch quc t, cc bn m tc
cn lu mt s' vn sau:
+ Trong c ch kinh t th trng, s cnh tranh gay gt
v th trng (trong c c th tnlng du lch quc t) gy ra
nhng kh khn nht nh trong vic la chn th trng cng
nh la chn i tc kinh doanh. iu dn n vic m bo
lin tc v chnh xc nhng iu khon k kt trong hp
ng l khng d dng thc hin c. Khi s ph sn ca cc
doanh nghip du lch lun c th xy ra th vic thc hin hon
ho hp ng c k kt trong nhiu trng hp l khng
c kh nng. Chnh v l mt c im ni bt trong cc hp
ng du lch qub t l s khng chc chn, c th l s khng
m bo trong vic thc hin cc hp ng, Cho nn hai bn l
tc xc nh cc iu kin ca hp ng sau khi c nhng
cuc trao i bn bc k lng trn quan im nhng giao ko
v tho hip,
+ Hu ht khi k hp ng hai bn i tc l cc doanh
nghip, iu c ngha un c s ng tr ca vic t do
pht trin (lng on) cc li ch t hu dn n kh qun l,
+ Do tnh thi v ca hot ng knh doanh du lch cho
nn thi hn ca cc hp ng du lch quc t thng ngn hn
v thng phi tho lun li hng nm, theo phng thc v
cc iu kin khc nhau so vi nhng thi k trc.
+ Trong iu kin h thng tin t th gii th ni nh
hin nay, lun to ra nhng din bin phc tp, nhiu khi l
i lp nhau khin cc tc khi k kt hp ng du lch quic
t cn quan tm n vic tho thun nhng iu kin khc
nhau trong hp ng sao cho m bo li ch ca c ngi mua
v nhng ngi bn cc dch v v hng ho du lch, Ph thuc
vo tng hon cnh c bit khi k kt hp ng du lch qu"c t
nhng iu kin trong hp ng thng phn nh s chnh
lch (khng bnh ng) gia hai bn j tc v thng thng th
nhng ngi mua dch v v hng ho du lch v tr thun li
hcfn.
TTOTTDL -4
+ Khi k kt hp ng du lch quc t, nhng hng du
lch ln (chim v tr quan trng trn th trng du lch quc t)
thng c ting ni v ngha quyt nh trong vic tho thun
cc iu kin ca hp ng.
2.2. Bn cht ca cc iu kin ti chnh - tin t trong cc
hdp ng du lch quc t
2,2.1. Bn cht
Cc iu kin ti chnh - tin t trong cc hp ng du
lch qu'c t bao gm hai nhm iu kin nh sau:
2.2. . . Nhm cc iu kin v tin t:
+ iu kin v ng tin tnh gi
+ iu kin v ng tin thanh ton
+ iu kin v cc bin php m bo ri ro v tin t
2.2.7.2. Nhm cc iu kin v t chnh:
+ iu kin v a im thanh ton
+ iu kin v thi gian thanh ton
+ iu kin v phng thc thanh ton
+ iu kin v cc bin php ngn nga ri ro cho bn
gi khch do bn nhn khch gy ra
+ iu kin v cc bin php ngn nga ri ro cho bn
nhn khch do bn gi khch gy ra
2.2.2. Cc nhn t tc ng n cc iu kin v ti
chinh v tin t trong mt hp ng du lch quc t
Cc diu kin v ti chnh - tin t trong cc hot ng du
lch quc t l rt khc nhau, ph thuc vo nhng nhn tsau:
+ Thc trng chung ca tnh hnh th trng du lch
+ S bn vng ca cc mi quan h v du lch gia cc i
tc (nu cc mi quan h l bn vng, tin tng, v.v... th c th
chn cc hnh thc thanh ton u thc nh thu h, chuyn tin,
ti khon m, v.v...)
+ Nhng thay i v ti chnh - tin t ca cc nc i
tc
+ S trc thuc ca cc i tc vo cc h thng kinh t
quc t (cc nc thuc cng mt khi kinh t nh EEC,
ASEAN, v.v... s k kt cc hdp ng du lch quc tkhc nhau,
so vi cc nc khc khng cng mt khi kinh t).
+ Hp ng du lch quc t c k cho bao nhiu khch.
Nu s" khch cng nhiu th kh nng cng c nhiu ri
ro. V vy, cc u kin k kt cng phi m bo y , cht
ch.
+ Cht lng ca cc dch v cung ng (cht lng cng
cao cng cn m bo cc iu kin y , cht ch).
+ v.v...
Cc nhn t' k trn tc ng n cc iu kin ti chnh -
tin t trong cc hp ng du lch quc t theo cc cch khc nhau,
cc mc khc nhau. Cho nn, ngoi ic t, rt t khi chng ta
thy c hin tng cc iu kin v ti chnh - tin t trong hai hp
ng du lch quc t trng nhau. Chnh t kha c2ih m chng
ta li cn phi ch trng n ni dung ca tng hp ng theo
phong cch ring, trong tng trng hp ring bit.
2.3. Cc iu kin v ti chnh trong hp ng du lch qu c t'
2.3.1, iu kin v a im thanh ton
* *
Trong thanh ton quc t gia cc nc, bn no cng
mun tr tin ti nc mnh, ly nc mnh lm a im
thanh ton v c nhng iu li sau y:
+ C th n ngy tr tin mi chi tin ra, ng vh
hoc c th thu tin v nhanh chng nn lun chuyn vn
nhanh.
+ Ngn hng nc mnh thu c ph nghip v.
+ C th to ra iu kin nng cao c a v ca th
trng tin t nc mnh trn th gii.
Tuy nhin, a im thanh ton c th l nc gi khch
du lch sang Vit Nam, c th l Vit Nam (qua cc ngn hng
c kh nng thanh ton quc t). Trong thc t vic xc nh
a im thanh ton do s so snh lc lng gia hai bn
quyt nh.
2.3.2. iu kin v thi gian thanh ton
iu kin v thi gian thanh ton trong cc hp ng du
lch quc t thng c quy dnh theo nhng cch sau:
+ Thi gian tr tin trc; sau khi k hp ng, trc khi
gi khch sang, bn doanh nghip gi khch tr cho bn
doanh nghip nhn khch hay doanh nghip cung ng dch v
du lch mt phn hay ton b s tin theo hp ng (thng l
mt phn). Thi gian ny c th c tnh theo hai cch sau:
N ngy sau khi k hp ng
N ngy sau khi hp ng c hiu lc.
+ Thi gian tr tin ngay: tr tin ngay sau khi k kt
hdp ng (thng khng xy ra trn thc t v trong du lch
lun lun c tnh trng bin i v s^ lng ngi i cng nh
s' lng dch v du lch s dng.
+ Thi gian tr tin sau; sau khi phc v xong on v
mi thanh ton.
Cch lm ny cng t gp trn thc t kinh doanh du lch
v bn nhn khch c th gp nhiu ri ro.
2.3.3. iu kin v phng thc thanh ton
Hay s dng nht trong du lch l tr tin ng trc
(theo hnh thc chuyn tin ng trc mt khon) cho hp ng
v sau th quyt ton vo cui k du lch (cui thi v du
lch). Trong du lch thng thy cc dng chuyn khon ng
trc nh sau:
+ Chuyn tin trc khi khch du lch vo (ra) Vit Nam
Slng v hnh thc ca vic tr tin ng trc ph
thuc vo:
- Khi lng hng ho v dch v du lch k kt trong hp
ng (nhng hp ng vi khi lng ln v cho thi hn lu
hn th lng tin chuyn ng trc cng ln hn),
- Vi i tc no (nhng cng ty l hnh no, nhng
nc no).
+ Chuyn tin vo ngy khi khch du lch vo Vit Nam
hoc khch du lch Vit Nam n nc ngoi du lch,
+ Chuyn tin my ngy sau khi khch du lch vo Vit
Nam hoc khch du lch Vit Nam n nc ngoi du lch.
Trn thc t dng cu cng l hay c s dng nh't.
Tuy nhin, c li nht cho nc n khch du lch (trng
hp Vit Nam v Vit Nam l nc pht trin du lch quc t
ch ng l ch yu) th hnh thc th nh't l c li nht vi
thng thng khi cc cng ty l hnh k kt vi cc doanh
nghip du lch Vit Nam (thng l cc cng ty l hnh Vit
Nam) th h thc hin bn cho khch ti nc h v nh vy h
thu c tin trc t khch du lch (thi hn cng tng i
lu). Nh vy l h c s dng s' tin . Trong khi
pha Vit Nam phc v cho vic n khch du lch n cng
cn phi c tin chun b c s vt ch't k thut, nhn vin,
v.v... Tuy nhin trn thc t v pha Vit Nam mi pht trin
du lch quc t ch ng, cn ngun khch nn nhiu khi phi
chp nhn thanh ton theo hnh thc cul cng v quyt ton
chm.
2.3.4. Cc bin php ngn nga ri ro v ti chinh
2.3.4. L Nhng ri ro v ti chnh thng gp trong mt
hp ng du ck quc t do bn nhn khch gy ra v cc bin
php ngn nga
Bn doanh nghip nhn khch thng gy ra nhng ri
ro nh sau cho bn gi khch:
+ Khng cung cp nhng dch v cho khch du lch
theo nh s lng c k kt trong hp ng
+ Khng m bo cht lng ca cc dch v cung cp cho
khch du lch theo nh tha thun trong hp ng
trnh nhng ri ro nh trn c th xy r, hai bn
tc thng tha thun v vic quyt ton gi tr ca hp ng
ph thuc vo mc hi ng ca khch u lch i vi cc
dch v v hng ha du lch c cung cp. Mc hi lng
ca khch du lch c xc nh thng qua cc phiu trng cu
kin (Evauation Form) c pht cho khch du lch. Nu
mc hi lng ca khch du ch thp, bn gi khch c th
tr mt s' % gi tr ca hp ng khi quyt ton n't g tr ca
hp ng.
V d, khi xc nh mc hi lng ca khch du lch,
bn gi khch c th da vo t l % khch du lch tr li tha
mn hoc r't tha mn i vi cc dch v c cung cp theo
cc mc nh sau:
Bng s 2,2. Phng php xc nh mc hi lng
ca khch du lch v cc dch v c cung
Mc hi lng ca
khch du lch
T l % khch du lch tr li
tha mn hoc rt tha mn
Km <66%
Trung bnh 66% - 69%
Titng i 70% - 79%
T t 80% - 84%
Rt tt 85%- 100%
2.S.4.2. Nhng ri ro v ti chnh thng gp trong mt
hp ng du lch quc t do bn gi khch gy ra v cc bin
php ngn nga
+ Ri ro do khng tr tin, khng chp nhn thanh ton
cc ho n thanh ton hay chm tr trong thanh ton
Nhng ri ro ny thng hay gp trong nhng trng
hp sau: cc doanh nghip gi v nhn khch l nhng i tc
lm n vi nhau cha lu di, cha c ch tn vi nhau; cc
doanh nghip kinh doanh c quy m nh, l, mang tnh cht
manh mn; cc doanh nghip kinh doanh trong iu kin h
thng c s php lut pht trin cha hon ho,.- Nhng ri ro
ca cc doanh nghip du lch Vit Nam vi t cch l doanh
nghip nhn khch rt hay gp phi i vi cc doanh nghip
Nguyn Vn nh, Cht ifn ck v - mt nhn t quyt nh s sns cn nia
doanh nghip du ch - Tp ch Kinh t pht in s thng 08 nm 1997.
gi khch nic ngoi (c bit l l vi cc doanh nghip gi
khch ca Trung Quc).
trnh nhng ri ro ny, trong du lch thng s dng
m bo ca ngn hng, ca cc t chc ng ra lm trung gian
trong k kt hp ng v c bit l ca nhng cng ty l hnh
gi khch thng qua nhng bn k kt ca nhng ngi i
dn cho cc hng l hnh gi khch khi khch n Vit
Nam (k vi doanh nghip l hnh nhn khch) hay khi khch
s dng dch v du lch.
Mun trnh tinh trng cc tc vi Vit Nam khng
quyt ton ht hoc quyt ton chm, cc nh cung ng du lch
Vit Nam cn m bo trnh nhng tnh trng khiu ni ca
khch v s"lng dch v, v cht lng dch v, v.v...
+ Ri ro do vic thng bo chm hoc hon ton khng
thng bo v vic gim s lng khch n hay hy on.
Trn thc t, vic gim s' lng khch du lch ca on
khch hay hy on khch theo nh ng k nhiu khi din
ra khng theo mong mun ca bn gi khch. Song, vic bn
gi khch thng bo chm hoc hon ton khng thng bo cho
bn nhn khch v vic gim s' lng khch hoc hy on
khch li gy ri ro cho cc bn nhn khch. L do l ch:
dch v du lch l sn phm v hnh nn khng th tn kho
c, nu khng c bn kp thi s b trit tiu gi tr; cc
doanh nghip nhn khch phn ln ng vai tr trung gian (
cc doanh nghip l hnh) nn c dch v cung cp cho
khch phi ng k trc vi cc nh cung ng trc tip
dch v du lch.
m bo trnh nhng ri ro ny, khi k kt hp ng
hai bn nhn khch v gi khch cn tha thun r rng v
trng hp xy ra v cc mc x pht.
V d: Trong hp ng gi v nhn khch du lch hai bn
c th quy nh v cc trng hp xy ra v mc x pht
theo cc mc sau;
Nu bn gi khch thng bo cho bn nhn khch v
vic gim s" lng ca on khch hay hy on chm nh^t l
15 ng3 ^trc ngy on n th khng pht.
Nu bn gi khch thng bo cho bn nhn khch v
vic gim s" lng ca on khch hay hy on trong thi
gian t 14-7 ngy trc ngy on n th pht 10% tnh theo
gi ca hp ng cho lng khch gim.
Nu bn gi khch thng bo cho bn nhn khch v
vic gim s" lng ca on khch hay hy on trong thi
gian t 6-3 ngy trc ngy on n th pht 25% tnh theo
gi ca hp ng cho ng khch gim,
Nu bn gi khch thng bo cho bn nhn khch v vic
gim s lng ca on khch hay hy on trong thi gian t
2-1 ngy trc ngy on n th pht 50% tnh theo gi ca
hp ng cho lng khch gim.
Nu bn gi khch thng bo cho bn nhn khch v vic
gim s lng ca on khch hay hy on vo ngy on n
hoc hon ton khng thng bo th pht 100% tnh theo gi
ca hp ng cho lng khch gim.
Trong cc trng hp xc dnh thi hn trn, thi gian
c tnh l ngy lm vic theo lch.
2.4. Cc iu kin V tin t trong cc hp ng du lch
qu c t
Nh trn chng ta cp, cc iu kin v tin t
trong cc hp ng du lch quc t bao gm; iu kin v ng
tin tnh gi, iu kin v ng tin thanh ton v iu kin v
cc bin php ngn nga ri ro v tin t.
2.4,1. iu kin v ng tin tinh g
ng tin tnh gi l ng tin m thng qua n biu th
gi trong hp ng. ng tin c th l tin ca nc ngi
bn dch v v hng ho u lch, c th l tin ca nc th ba
(ngoi t mnh) hay l mt ng tin chung no (v d nh
EUR). Vic la chn mt trong cc ng tin k trn trong mt
hdp ng du lch quc t c th c xc nh t li ch chung
ca hai bn i tc, cng nh vo s lu bn, tin tng trong
quan h lm n gia cc i tc (vo tnh cht ca cc ng
tin, s bn vng ca cc ng tin v.v...). Nhng nhn chung,
cc bn l tc nn chn ng tin c gi tr tng l n nh.
c im ni bt trong cc hp ng du lch quc t ca
Vit Nam k kt vi cc i tc l ng tin tnh gi khng
th ly ng tin Vit Nam v hin nay ng tin Vit Nam l
ng tin cha c s dng t do (unfreely usable currency)
v cha c i t do (unfreely exchangable curency) trn th
trng quc t. ng tin tnh gi phi l ng tin tng
n nh bi nhng l do sau; Khi xc nh gi tr ca dch v v
hng ho du lch, g ca chng c nhng dao ng nht
nh. Nu nh thm vo nhng dao ng l nhng dao ng
ca bn thn ng tin nh gi (c bit l nhng dao ng t
gi ca ngoi t l ln) th lc s dao ng chung t gi tr
ca dch v v hng ho du lch s tng ng k.
Khi k kt cc hp ng du lch quc t vi nc ngoi,
cc tc Vit Nam thng s dng nhng ngoi t mnh)
thng l USD, sau c th l EUR, GBP, JPY) lm ng tin
tnh gi, Tuy nhin, i vi cc hng du lch ca cc nc chu
u s dng ng tin chung chu u th dng ng EUR,
cc hng du lch Anh dng ng GBP, cc hng du lch Nht
Bn dng ng JPY, cn cc hng du lch nhng nc cn i
thng dng USD. Trong thc t kinh doanh du lch quc t ti
Vit Nam, i vi cc i tc Trung Quc, trong nhiu trng
hp cc doanh nghip Vit Nam dng ng Nhn dn t (CNY)
ca Trung Quc tnh gi.
2,4,2. iu kin v ng tin thanh ton
ng tin thanh ton l ng tin thc cht dng
thanh ton cho hp ng. Khc vi ng tin tnh gi, ng
tin thanh ton c ngha quan trng hn cho hai bn i
tc. Hn th na, trong mt s trng hp khi m tt c cc
iu kin khc ca hp ng c th c xc nh (chp
thun) nhng nu nh c s khng ng tnh v ng tin
thanh ton th vic k kt hp ng c khi khng i n ch.
Nhng s khng ng tnh v c bn l do gi tr ca ng tin
thanh ton. Gi tr ca ng tin thanh ton l rt khc nhau,
ph thuc vo nhiu yu t", m ch yu trong iu kin hin
nay l s khc nhau trong kh nng c th chuyn i c ca
cc ng tin. Thng thng, ch c 4 ng tin mnh: EUR,
USD, GBP, JPY l nhng ng tin c gi tr thc t nht trong
cc hp ng kinh t quc t (c th s dng v i t do c).
Do vy, phn n trong cc hp ng du lch quc t cc nc s
dng mt trong 4 ng tn lm ng tin thanh ton. Nu
xt mt cch c th th ng tin thanh ton c th l ng tin
ca nc ngi mua, c th l ng tin ca nc ngoi bn, c
th l ng tin ca nc th ba no . Cng nhiu khi n
trng lp vi ng tin c chn nh gi. Nhng thc
cht, khi xc dnh ng tin thanh ton trong cc hp ng
thng mi quc t, ni chung ph thuc vo cc yu t' sau
y:
+ So snh lc lng ca hai bn mua v bn
+ V tr ca ng tin trn th trng qu'c t
+ Tp qun s dng ng tin thanh ton trn th gii.
+ ng tin thanh ton thng nht trong cc khu vc
kinh t th gii.
Khi tin hnh thanh ton, bn no cng mun dng ng
tin ca nc mnh v c nhng li im sau y:
+ C th qua nng cao a v ng tin nc mnh trn
th trng th gii.
+ Khng phi dng n ngoi t tr n nc ngoi.
+ C th trnh c s ri ro do s bin ng v gi tr
ca cc ng tin nc ngoi gy ra.
+ C th to iu kin tng thm xu't khu hng ca
nc mnh.
V d, theo mt s' tp qun quc t', chng hn mua
bn cao su, thic v mt s' kim oi mu khc s thanh ton
bng Bng Anh (GBP), du ho bng a M (USD).
Vit Nam, khi k kt cc hp ng du lch quc t
thng s dng cc ng tin thanh ton l mt trong cc
ng ngoi t mnh. Song, cng nhiu trng hp ng tin
dng thanh ton l ng tin ca cc nc gi khch n
Vit Nam. c bit i vi th trng khch Trung Quc, cc
doanh nghip hnh gi khch ca Trung Quc thng thanh
ton cho cc doanh nghip du lch Vit Nam bng ng Nhn
dn t (CNY) ca Trung Quc. Trong tng lai, khi pht trin
hn na cc ml quan h hp tc song phng v kinh t gia
cc nc thuc ASEANi cc nc trong khi, s thanh ton cho
nhau bng cc ng bn t ca nc mnh.
2.4.3. iu kin v cc bin php ngn nga ri ro
v tn t
2.4.3A. Cc ri ro v tin t c th xy ra
Trn th trng du lch quc t cc ri ro v tin t c th
xy ra l:
+ Hm lng sc mua ca ng tin thanh ton thay i
(thng l gim i) do nhng bin ng ca quc gia c ng
tin .
+ Hm lng sc mua ca ng tin thanh ton thay i
(thng l gim i) do s bin ng v gi c trn th trng
quc t.
+ S thay i nh ch ca cc ng tin.
+ Thc hin cc hn ch v ngoi hi.
+ v.v...
2,4,3.2. Cc bin php ngn nga ri ro tin t (iu kin
m bo h oi)
m bo bng vng
m bo bng vng l bin php n gin nht, c s
dng ph bin trong nhng nm cho n u th k XX. Trn
thc t hin nay, bin php m bo ny t c s dng trong
cc hp ng kinh t quc t.
Nguyn tc m bo bin php ny l quy tng gi tr
hp ng khi k kt ra mt s" lng vng nht nh theo gi tr
hin ti gia vng v ng tin thanh ton. Khi n thi im
thc thanh ton, tng gi tr phi thanh ton s c quy t
lng vng tng ng xc nh ra lng tin thc phi
thanh ton theo gi tr gia vng v ng tin thanh ton ti
thi im thanh ton.
V d: Khi k hp ng, tng gi tr hp ng l 10.000
USD. Hm lng vng ca USD i 0,78 g vng nguyn cht,
n khi tr tin khi hm lng vng ca USD gim cn 0,76 g
vng nguyn cht. Nh vy, m bo khng c ri ro v tin
t cho hp ng th tng gi tr ca hp ng khi thanh ton
phi tng ln theo t tng ng vi t l gim hm lng
vng ca ng USD. Cch tnh nh sau;
- Hm lng vng ca USD gim t 0,78g xuhg 0,76g s
l z%.
- Tng gi tr l 10.000 + 10.000 X 2%.
+ Gi c hng ho v tng gi ti hp ng mua bn u
dng mt ng tin tnh ton v thanh ton, ng thi quy
nh gi vng lc da trn mt th trng nht dnh. Khi tr
tin nu gi vng trn th trng c thay i hoc l n mt t
l nht nh, hoc l vi bt c mt t l no so vi gi vng lc
k hp ng, th lc thanh ton tng gi tr hp ng cng phi
diu chnh mt cch tng ng theo.
V d: Khi mt doanh nghip du lch Vit Nam k vi
mt doanh nghip du lch Anh, ti Anh 273 GBP = 1 aux vng.
n lc thanh ton gi vng tng 285 GBP = 1 aux, khi
tng gi tr hp ng cng phi iu chnh tng theo. Cch tnh
nh sau:
Gi vng tng 12 GBP tc l z%.
Tng gi tr hp ng hin ti = Tng gi tr hp ng lc
k X + X X z%. Cch tnh ny nhiu khi khng chnh xc, v
hin nay gi vng trn th gii bin ng mnh lit do tnh
hnh u c, vt xa cc bin ng v hng ho v t gi h'i
oi. Mt khc, c nhng nc m ng tin nc khng c
lin h trc tip vi vng, nhng nc ny li khng c th
trng vng t do, gi vng chnh thc l do Nh nc quy
nh, thng khng ph thuc vo gi vng thc t. Cch m
bo ny khng chnh xc v khng thc t.
m bo bng ngoi hi
m bo bng ngoi hd bin php c s dng ph
bin nh't hin nay trong cc hp ng thng mi quc t.
Nguyn tc ca bin php ny l tnh i tng gi tr
thanh ton tng ng vi nhng thay i v t gi hi oi ca
ng tin thanh ton ti thi im thanh ton so vi ng tin
khc, c ly lm ng tin m bo. Vic tnh li (nh gi
l) c thc hin trong phm vi v theo chiu hng sao
cho c th loi b c s ri ro v ngoi t.
V d; Khi mt Cng ty du lch Vit Nam k kt mt hp
ng du lch quc t vi Thi Lan, lc k kt hp ng ly ng
Baht ca Thi Lan lm ng tin thanh ton. Khi n hn
thanh ton ng Baht b ph gi mnh. Nu nh hai bn i
tc c tho hip v tin t trong hp ng k tng s tin
thanh ton cho hdp ng s c iu chnh theo t gi ly theo
ng USD.
Hp ng k ngy 01/07/1907, gi tr phi thanh ton l
50.000 Baht, t gi ISD = 24 Baht.
n ngy 01/10/1997 l thi hn phi thanh ton th t
gi lUSD = SlBaht.
Theo tha hip th s tin phi thanh ton by gi l:
50.000x31/24 = 64.583 Baht
Trn thc t cn lu n vic xc nh t gi lc thanh
ton cn c vo t gi no. Thng thng cc i tc tha thun
ly t gi trung bnh gia t gi cao v t gi thp vo ngy
hm trc khi tr tin. Trong trng hp bn thn ng tin
c chn lm ng tin m bo gi tr cng b st gi th bin
php m bo ny khng c tc dng.
Bn php m bo theo r tin t
Trong iu kin nn kinh t th gii c nhiu bin ng,
kh c th chn c mt ng tin c gi tr n nh lu, th
bin php m bo v tin t theo r^ tin t thng c s
dng.
Khi p dng bin php m bo hl oi theo "r" tin t
th cc bn tc phi thng nht s" lng ngoi t s c
chn a vo "r" tin t v cch ly t gi hi oi ca cc
ngoi t so vi ng tin c m bo vo lc k kt hp
ng v lc thc thanh ton, iu chnh tng gi tr ca hp
ng .
m bo theo r tin t c th c tnh theo hai cch
nh sau:
Cch th nht: Tnh t l bin ng (theo %) ca t gi
ca tng ng tin trong "r" tin t so vi ng tin c m
bo tnh ti thi im thanh ton vi thi im k hp ng.
Tnh t l bin ng bnh qun ca t gi ca c "r" tin
t so vi ng tin m bo tnh ti thi im thanh ton so vi
thi im k hp ng.
Tnh tng gi tr hp ng phi thanh ton thc t c
diu chnh theo t l bin ng bnh qun t gi tnh c
trn, Nu t l bin ng t gi theo xu hng gim i th tng
gi tr hdp ng phi thanh ton thc t tng ln v ngc li.
Cch th hai:
Cch th hai c thc hin tun t nh sau:
Tnh bnh qun ca t gi hi oi ca c r" tin t vo
lc k hp ng.
Tnh bnh qun ca t gi hi oi ca c "r" tin t vo
lc thanh ton.
Tnh t l bin ng ca bnh qun t gi hi oi ca c
"r: tin t vo lc thanh ton vi lc k hp ng.
Tnh tng gi tr hp ng phi thanh ton thc t c
iu chnh theo t l bin ng ca bnh qun t gi hi oi
ca c "r tin t c tnh trn, Nu t l bin ng ca
bnh qun t gi hi oi ca "r" tin t c xu hng gim i
th tng gi tr hp ng phi thanh ton thc t tng ln v
ngc li.
C th minh ho cch tnh m bo theo "r" tin t theo
v d bng s 2.3.
Bng s'2.3. Cch tinh s bn ng ca t gi trong
trng hp ng USD c m bo bng r tin t
Tn ngoi t
T gi so vi
USD ngy k
hp ng
T gi so vi
USD ngy phi
thanh ton
T l bin
ng t gi
' (%)
EUR 0,8835 0,7978 1 '9.7
GBP 0,5826 0,5197 - 10,8
CHF 1,5765 1,5576 -1,2
JPY 118,85 105,42 - 11,3
C r 121,8926 108.2951 -33,0
TTQTTDL -5
sau:
Cch th nht: Tnh mc bnh qun t bin ng ca
t gi hi oi c r tin t l: -33,00 %/4 = '8,25%. Nh vy
tng gi tr hp ng s c iu chnh theo: Tng gi tr
thanh ton (USD) = Tng gi tr thanh ton (USD) X
108,25/100. Bin php ny c p dng trnh tnh trng
ng USD b st gi.
Cch th hai: Tnh bnh qun ca t gi hi oi ca c
"r" tin t vo lc k hp ng:
121,8926/4 = 30,4732
Tnh bnh qun ca t gi hi oi ca c "r" tin t vo
lc thanh ton;
108,2951/4 = 27,0738
Tnh t l bin ng bnh qun t gi hoi oi c "r" tin
t vo lc thanh ton so vi lc k hp ng l:
Theo s liu ca v d bng 2.3 ta c hai cch tnh nh
100-
27,0738
xioo 1=11,16
30,4732
Nh vy, tng gi tr hp ng c iu chnh ln thm
11,16% (tc s l 116,16%).
Bin php m bo cn c vo 8 bin ng ca
gi c
S" tin phi tr cn c vo tnh hnh bin ng ca ch s'
gi c m thay i mt cch tng ng. Cch ny thng t s
dng trong thanh ton v bun bn quc t ' trong c du
lch.
TM TT CHNG 2
Trong chng 2 trnh by nhng ni dung c bn v',
bn cht ca hp ng du lch quc t; cc i tng tham gia
k kt hp ng du lch quc t; ni dung ca hp ng du lch
quc t; nhng im cn lu khi k kt cc hp ng du lch
quc t; bn cht ca cc iu kin v ti chnh v tin t trong
cc hp ng du lch quic t. Chng ny c bit nhn mnh
vo bn cht ca nhng ri ro v ti chnh v tin t c th xy
ra cho cc bn i tc ca hp ng du lch quc t v cc bin
php m bo nhng ri ro .
CU HI N TP CHNG 2
1. Phn tch cc trng hp k kt hp ng du lch theo s
la chn ca gio vin.
2. Phn tch bn cht ca hp ng du lch quc t.
3. Phn tch ni dung ca hp ng du lch quc t.
4. Trnh by nhng im cn lu khi k kt cc hp ng du
lch quc t.
5. Phn tch cc nhn t' tc ng vi cc iu kin ti
chnh - tin t trong cc hp ng du lch qu"c t.
6. Trnh by ni dung ca cc iu kin v ti chnh trong cc
hp ng du ch quc t.
7. Phn tch cc ri ro do cc doanh nghip l hnh gi khch
gy ra v cc bin php ngn nga.
8. Phn tch cc ri ro do cc doanh nghip l hnh nhn
khch gy ra v cc bin php ngn nga.
9. Trnh by ni dung ca cc iu kin v tin t trong cc
hp ng du lch quc t.
10. Gii thch v a ra mt v d c th v mt bin php
ngn nga ri ro v tin t trong hp ng du lch quc t.
CHNG 3
CC PH 0NG TH C THANH TON QUC T V
S V N D NG TRONG KINH DOANH DU LCH
m m m
Mc tiu ca chng:
Sau khi hc xong chng ny ngi hc cn nm c
nhng kin thc c bn nh sau:
+ Nhng c im ca du lch nh hng n hot ng
thanh ton quc t trong du lch
+ Bn cht ca phng thc thanh ton quc t
+ Trng hp p dng v quy trnh nghip v ca
phng thc chuyn tin (Remittance)
+ Trng hp p dng v quy trnh nghip v ca
phng thc ghi s (Open account)
+ Trng hp p dng v quy trnh nghip v ca
phng thc nh thu c km chng t (Documentary
Collection)
+ Trng hp p dng v quy trnh nghip v ca
phng thc nh thu phiu trn (Clean Collection)
+ Trng hp p dng v quy trnh nghip v ca
phng thc tn dng chng t (Documentary Credit)
+ S vn dng ca tng phng thc thanh ton quc t
trong kinh doanh du lch.
3.1. Nhng c im ca du Jch nh hng n hot
ng thanh ton qu c ttrong du lch
- Khi i du lch, khch du lch thng i theo hai hnh
thc cd bn: i c thng qua t chc v i khng thng qua t
chc (hay cn gi l i t do).
Hnh thc i du lch c thng qua t chc l hnh thc
nhng khch i n l hay on khch s dng nhng dch v
trung gian ca cc doanh nghip l hnh, c th di dng mt
s" dch v hay c chng trnh du lch. C th m t cc trng
hp ph bin thng qua s 3.1.
S 3,1* Quy trnh cung ng
v nhn dch v trong du lch
Nh vy, l vi hnh thc du lch c thng qua t chc,
hot ng thanh ton quc t thng din ra gia cc doanh
nghip l hnh gi khch vi cc doanh nghip l hnh nhn
khch hoc vi cc nh cung ng du lch ti im du lch.
Hnh thc i du lch khng thng qua t chc l hnh thc
nhng khch n l (cng c trng hp l on khch) i du
lch t do, khng s dng nhng dch v trung gian ca cc
doanh nghip l hih. i n u h t tm dch v v thanh
ton trc tip vi cc c s cung ng dch v du lch.
Cc cng c thanh ton thng c khch du lch s
dng ngoi tin mt v sc, ph bin hn cn c th tn dng v
sc du lch. Nguyn nhn c bn l ch vic thanh ton ca
khch du lch thng c din ra nhng a bn khc nhau
trn cng mt quc gia hoc ti cc quc gia khc nhau ph
thuc vo tuyn hnh trnh du lch v thng vi gi tr khng
ln. Nn m bo s tin li v an ton trong thanh ton
khch du lch ngy cng c xu hng s dng nhiu hn th
thanh ton (ph bin hn l th tn dng) v sc du lch.
- Sn phm du lch ch yu l dch v, tc l sn phm v
hnh, khng tn ti di dng vt cht. Qu trnh to ra v tiu
th trng lp vi nhau v khng gian v thi gian. Chnh v l
do , cc doanh nghip nhn khch kh c th thng qua ngn
hng khng ch c cc doanh nghip gi khch v vic phi
chp nhn thanh ton mi c nhn dch v. iu c ngha
l vic thanh ton ph thuc rt ln vo thin ch ca cc bn
g khch. Kh nng xy ra ri ro v khng nhn c thanh
ton, chm c thanh ton i vi cc bn nhn kheh l r^t
In,
' Trn thc t cc doanh nghip gi khch thng v tr
thun li hn bn nhn khch. Cc bn nhn khch kh c th
III^^ 0fttt
yu cu cc bn gi khch chp nhn phng thc thanh ton
c i hn cho bn nhn khch. V vy, tu thuc vo mc tin
cy gia cc bn i tc v tu thuc vo kh nng c th tho
hip c vi bn gi khch, bn nhn khch phi la chn
phng thc thanh ton no c li hn cho mnh.
- So vi cc lnh vc thng mi quc t khc, trong lnh
vc du ch quc t s" lng cc i tc ca mt doanh nghip
kinh doanh du lch quc t ln hn nhiu. S ln giao dch trong
mt chu k kinh doanh ln (s gi khch v nhn khch din
ra lin tc), nhng cc gi tr ca mt ln giao dch thng
khng cao (thng ch t mt n vi nghn USD). Nn, trn
thc t mc ri ro ca cc doanh nghip nhn khch thng
cao hn. C nhiu trng hp khi b cc doanh nghip gi
khch qut khng thanh ton, cc doanh nghip nhn khch
nh chu mt v vi gi tr khng ln nu truy th cc
khon l ph cao chim hu ht gi tr n.
3.2. Cc phng thc thanh ton qu c t v s vn dng
trong kinh doanh du lch
3,2.1, Bn cht ca phng thc thanh ton quc t
Phng thc thanh ton quc t xc nh quy trnh k
thut v vn thc hin vic thanh ton ca ngi mua cho
ngi bn vi t cch l cc i tc trong lnh vc thng mi
quc t, l nh nhp khu v nh xut khu hng ha v dch
v.
Phng thc thanh ton quc t quy nh a im v
thi gian thc hin vic thanh ton. Ai s l ngi khi xng
phng thc thanh ton v phng thc thanh ton s c li
cho ai hn, cng nh cc loi chng t cn phi c xut trnh
qu trnh thanh ton c thc hin.
Cc bn i tc ca cc hp ng thng mi quc t la
chn phng thc thanh ton no l ph thuc vo c im
ca cc mi quan h i tc v mc tin cy gia h. Cc
phng thc thanh ton khc nhau s m bo mc khc
nhau quyn li cho cc bn i tc.
Trong lnh vc thng mi quc t cc tc thc hin
giao dch vi nhau trong nhng iu kin phc tp nh: s cch
xa nhau v khng gian, s khc nhau v quy ch qun l ngoi
hi v h thng cc vn bn quy phm php lut ti cc quc
gia, s tham gia trong thanh ton ca nhiu ngoi t khc nhau
dn n nhu cu cn phi chuyn i chng... Thc t dn
n vic pht sinh nhng ri ro cho cc bn i tc ca hp
ng. Thng qua phng thc thanh ton cc nh xut khu
mun t c s m bo v vn thanh ton trc khi hng
ha v dch v - i tng ca cc hp ng thuc v quyn s
ha ca nh nhp khu. Cc nh nhp khu cng mun c cc
c s m bo cho h Hn quan n vn thanh ton v nhn
hng ha, dch v.
c nhiu phng thc thanh ton quc t khc nhau
c xy dng. Nhng phng thc thanh ton ph bin
thng gp l: phng thc chuyn tin, phng thc ti khon
m, phng thc nh thu, phng thc tn dng chng t.
3.2.2, Phng thc chuyn tin (Remittance)
3.2.2. L nh ngha
Phng thc chuyn tin l phng thc m trong
khch hng (ngi cn chuyn tin) yu cu ngn hng ca
mnh chuyn mt s' tin nht nh cho mt ngi khc (ngi
hng li) mt a im nh^t nh bng phng tin chuyn
tin do khch hng yu cu.
3.2.2.2. Cc bn tham gia
+ Ngi cn chuyn tin l ngi yu cu ngn hng
chuyn tin ra nc ngoi (c th l ngi mua, ngi mc n,
ngi u t, ngi chuyn kinh ph ra nc ngoi, kiu bo
chuyn tin v nc)
+ Ngi hng li l ngi c nhn tin chuyn c th
l ngi bn, ch n, ngi tip nhn va u t hoc l ngi
no do ngi chuyn tin ch nh,
+ Ngn hng chuyn tin l ngn hng nc ngi
chuyn tin.
+ Ngn hng i l ca ngn hng chuyn tin l ngn
hng nc ngi hng li.
3.2.2.3. Quy trinh thanh ton
Quy trnh thanh ton ca phng thc chuyn tin c th
c m t theo s sau (s 3.2)
S 3,2, Qu trnh thanh ton
ca phng thc chuyn tin
Ngi cn chuyn tin cn chuyn mt khon tin
nh't nh cho mt ngi hng li no , v nhiu l do khc
nhau c th l sau giao dch thng mi, cn u t, cn
chuyn kinh ph...
Ngi cn chuyn tin vit n, yu cu chuyn tin v
nu khng c ti khon m ti ngn hng phi em tin mt
n, nu c ti khon m ti ngn hng th phi c u nhim
chi.
Ngn hng chuyn tin chuyn tin ti ngn hng i
l ti nc ngoi.
Ngn hng i l chuyn tin cho ngi hng li.
3.2.2.4. Cc yu cu v chuyn tin ca Vi Nam
Mun chuyn tin ra nc ngoi cn c giy php ca B
chuyn ngnh v Ngn hng Nh nc.
V d: Ngi Vit Nam trong trng hp mun chuyn
vn u t ra nc ngoi th ch c chuyn vn u t ra
nc ngoi trong tning hp d n u t ra nc ngoi
c B K hoch v u t cp giy php v Ngn hng nh
nc xem xt duyt giy php cho ngi c chuyn vn ra
nc ngoi u t cho d n
Chuyn tin thanh ton trong ngoi thng thng ph
bin theo hnh thc chuyn khon. Cc yu cu cn thit
chuyn khon thanh ton trong ngoi thng bao gm:
+ C hp ng mua bn ngoi thng.
+ C b chng t gi hng (cung ng dch v) ca ngi
xut khu gi n.
+ C giy php kinh doanh xut nhp khu (nu cn).
Ngn hng nh nc Vit Nam, V php ch. Hi p php Ut Ngn hng Vit
tiam. NXB gii. 1997, trang 55.
+ C u nhim chi v ph chuyn tin.
- Khi ngi cn chuyn tin vit n chuyn tin gi n
ngn hng chuyn tin cn ghi :
+ Tn, a ch ca ngi hng li, s' ti khon nu ngi
hng li yu cu;
+ S^ ngoi t xin chuyn ghi bng s* v bng ch, loi
ngoi t;
+ L do chuyn tin;
+ Nhng yu cu khc;
+ K tn, ng du.
3.2.2.5. Trng hp p dng phng thc chuyn tin
+ Tr tin hng nhp khu vi nc ngoi
+ Thanh ton cho cc chi ph c lin quan n xut nhp
khu hng ha, dch v.
+ Chuyn vn ra bn ngoi u t hoc chi tiu phi
thng mi.
+ Chuyn kiu hm.
3.2.2.6. p dng phng thc chuyn tin trong kinh
doanh du ch
Trong Knh vc du lch qu'c t tng chnh ca cc
hp ng l dch v du lch. Chng c cung ng trong nhng
iu kin rt c th. Chnh v l cc phng thc thanh
ton quc t trong du lch c vn dng sao cho ph hp vi
nhng iu kin c th ca du lch. Trong hp g du lch
qu"c t thng quy nh v vic thanh ton t cc nn phng
thc chuyn khon l thch hp nht trong thanh ton gia cc
i tc. Ph thuc vo nhng iu kin tho thun trong cc
hp ng c k kt, cc doanh nghip l hnh gi khch
s chuyn khon thanh ton cho cc c s nhn khch theo cc
phng php khc nhau. Mt s" trng hp c th l:
+ Chuyn khon t cc c thc hin vo trc ngy
on khi hnh, vo ngy on khi hnh hoc sau khi on
khi hnh c mt s' ngy. Sau khi on v' chu3 ^n khon
quyt ton.
+ Chuyn khon t cc theo nh k (hng tun, hng
thng, 3 thng mt) theo nh k chuyn khon quyt ton.
+ Chuyn khon mt ng tin nh't nh m bo
trang tri chi ph cho doanh nghip nhn khch cho c ma du
lch (trong trng hp gia cc i tc c mi quan h bn vng
vi nhau).
+ Chuyn khon trc ton b gi tr theo hp ng
(trong trng hp gia cc tc c quan h bn vng vi
nhau).
Vit Nam vic thanh ton gia cc doanh nghip l
hnh gi khch v c s nhn khch thng c thc hin
theo phng php vi trnh t sau:
Chm nht 14 ngy tnh n ngy on n, bn gi
khch phi gi thng bo chnh xc s' lng khch s i cho
bn nhn khch.
Da vo hp ng k v s' lng khch c thng
bo, bn nhn khch gi giy bo gi c th, s' tin phi thanh
ton cho bn gi khch.
Chm nht 7 ngy tnh n ngy on n, bn nhn
khch phi nhn c thanh ton t cc ca bn gi khch (c
th l 30%, 50% hoc 70% gi tr ca hp ng, tu thuc s
tho thun ca 2 bn i tc).
Hoc mt ngy trc khi on v, hoc mt s ngy sau
khi on v bn gi khch s chuyn khon thanh ton n't cho
bn nhn khch.
3.2.3. Phng thc ghi s(Open account)
3.2.3.1. nh ngha
Phng thc ghi s l mt phng thc thanh ton m
trong ngi bn m mt ti khon (hoc mt quyn sS)
ghi n ngi mua sau khi ngi bn hon thnh giao hng
hay dch v, n tng nh k (thng, qu, na nm) ngi
mua tr tin cho ngi bn.
3.2.3.2. Quy trnh thanh ton
Quy trnh thanh ton ca phng thc ghi s c m t
theo s sau;
S 3.3, Quy trnh thanh ton ca phng thc ghi s
Hai bn i tc k hp ng kinh t
<DNgi bn giao hng hoc cung ng dch v cng vi
gi chng t hng ho, dch v
Ngi bn bo n trc tip
Ngi mua dng phng thc chuyn tin tr tin
khi n nh k thanh ton
5.2.5.5. c im ca phng thc thanh ton gh s
+ Khng c s tham gia ca cc ngn hng vi chc nng
l ngi m ti khon ca thc thi thanh ton,
+ Dng cho phng thc mua bn hng i hng, nhiu
ln, thng xuyn trong mi thi k nht nh.
+ Dng trong thanh ton tin phi mu dch nh tin cc
ph vn ti, tin ph bo him, tin hoa hng trong dch v mi
gii, u thc, tin li cho vay v u t.
+ Thng dng cho thanh ton ni a
3.2.3, p dng phng thc thanh ton ghi s trong du
lch:
Vi c im qu trnh gi v nhn khch din ra
nhiu ln trong mt thi k nht nh, gi tr ca mt ln cung
ng dch v du lch thng khng ln (thng ch t vi nghn
n vi chc nghn USD) nn nu cc doanh nghip l hnh gi
v nhn khch p dng phng thc thanh ton ghi s s tit
kim c chi ph chuyn tin. Tuy vy, do tnh cht trung gian
trong hot ng ca cc doanh nghip l hnh nhn khch, do
s" lng cc tc ln, nn trn thc t cc doanh nghip l
hnh ch thng p dng phng thc thanh ton ny i vi
vic thanh ton pht do c khiu ni.
Vit Nam, do cc doanh nghip du lch mi pht trin,
cha c kinh nghim, cha c nhiu i tc vi tin cy rt
cao vi nhau nn phng thc ny cha c p dng thanh
ton.
3.2.4. Phng thc nh thu (Collection of payment)
3.2A.l. nh ngha
Phng thc nh thu l mt phng thc thanh ton
trong ngi bn khi hon thnh xong ngha v giao hng
hoc cung ng mt dch v cho khch hng u thc cho ngn
hng ca mnh thu h s tin ngbi mua trn ca s h phiu
ca ngi bn lp ra.
3,2.4.2. Cc bn tham gia phng thc nh thu
+ Ngi bn tc ngi hng li (principal).
+ Ngn hng bn bn l ngn hng nhn s u thc ca
bn bn (Remitting bank).
+ Ngn hng i l ca ngn hng bn bn l ngn hng
nc ngi mua, thc hin chc nng thu h (collecting bank).
+ Ngi mua tc l ngi c ngha v phi tr tin
(Drawee).
3.2.4.S. Cc loi nh thu
Ph thuc vo mc tin cy gia cc bn i tc m
phng thc nh thu c chia lm hai loi nh thu: nh thu
phiu trn v nh thu c km chng t.
Nh thu phiu trn (Cean Colection)
nh ngha
Nh thu phiu trn phng thc thanh ton trong
ngi bn sau khi hon thnh ngha v giao hng, u thc cho
ngn hng thu h tin ngi mua cn c vo hi phiu do
mnh lp ra, cn chng t gi hng th gi thng cho ngi
mua khng qua ngn hng.
Quy trinh thanh ton
Quy trnh ca phng thc thanh ton nh thu phiu
trn bao gm cc bc nh trong s di y:
S 3A Quy trnh thanh ton
ca phng thc nh thu phiu trn
Ngi bn v ngi mua k hp ng kinh t quc t
Ngi bn gi hng v chng t giao hng cho ngi
mua (i vi hng ha), hoc sau khi cung ng dch v cho
khch hng v gi cc chng t c lin quan cho ngi mua (m
vi dch v).
Ngi bn lp mt h phiu i tin ngi mua v u
thc cho ngn hng ca mnh i tin h bng ch th nh thu.
Ngn hng phc v bn bn gi ch th nh thu v hi
phiu cho ngn hng i l ca mnh nc ngi mua nh thu
tin.
Ngn hng i l yu cu ngi mua tr tin hoc
chp nhn tr tin cho hi phiu (tu thuc vo iu kin mua
tr ngay hay mua chu c tho thun gia ngi mua v
ngi bn).
Ngi mua tr tin hoc chp nhn tr tin cho hi.
phiu
Ngn hng i l chuyn tin thu c cho ngn hng
phc v bn bn nu ngi mua tr ngay. Trong trng hp
ngi mua chp nhn tr tin cho h phiu th ngn hng i
l hoc gi hi phiu li, hoc gi hi phiu ( c k chp
nhn tr tin) cho ngn hng phc v bn bn.
Ngn hng phc v bn bn tr tin cho bn bn hoc
gi h phiu c ngi mua k chp nhn tr tin cho bn
bn.
p dng
Phng thc nh thu phiu trn ch thng c p dng
trong nhng trng hp sau:
Ngi bn v ngi mua c tin cy ln nhau cao.
' Trong giao dch gia cc cng ty con, chi nhnh vi cc
cng ty m.
- Thanh ton v cc dch v c lin quan ti xut nhp
khu hng ho, v vic thanh ton ny khng cn thit phi
km theo chng t nh tin cc ph vn ti, bo him, pht bi
thng...
- Thanh ton v cc dch v du lch (s c trnh by chi
tit sau).
TTnTrni _R
Nh thu c km chng t (Documentary
Colection)
+ nh ngha:
Nh thu c km chng t l phng thc thanh ton
trong ngi bn sau khi hon thnh xong ngha v giao
hng u thc cho ngn hng thu h tin ngi mua khng
nhng cn c vo hi phiu m cn cn c b chng t gi hng
km theo, vi iu kin l nu ngi mua tr tin hoc chp
nhn tr tin cho hi phiu th ngn hng mi trao b chng t
gi hng cho ngi mua nhn hng.
+ Quy trnh thanh ton:
Quy trnh ca phng thc thanh ton nh thu km
chng t c m t theo s 3.,
S 3.5, Quy trnh thanh ton ca phng thc
nh thu c km chng t
Quy trnh tin hnh ca phUng thc nh thu c km
chng t v c bn cng ging nh nh thu phiu trn, ch khc
mt s khu nh sau;
Ngi bn gi hng
Ngi bn lp mt b chng t nh ngn hng thu h
tin c hi phiu v cc chng t gi hng km theo
Ngi mua phi tr tin v chp nhn tr tin th
ngn hng i l mi trao b chng t gi hng cho ngi mua.
+ p dng;
So vi phng thc nh thu phiu trn, trong phng
thc nh thu c km chng t quyn li ca ngi bn c
m bo hn, do ngi bn u thc cho ngn hng ca mnh
ngoi vic thu h tin cn c vic nh ngn hng khng ch
chng t gi hng i, vi ngi mua.
Mc d vy, trong phctng thc ny ngn hng ch ng
vai tr l ngi trung gian thu tin h, cn khng c trch
nhim n vic tr tin ca ngi mua. Chnh l phng
thc nh thu c km chng t tim n mt s' ri ro cho ngi
bn nh sau:
- Ngi bn thng qua ngn hng mi ch khiig ch c
quyn nh ot hng ha ca ngi mua, ch cha khng ch
c vic tr tin ca ngi mua. Vic tr tin cn ph thuc
vo thin ch ca ngi mua. Ngi mua c th ko di vic tr
tin bng cch cha nhn chng t hoc c th khng tr tin
cng c, khi tnh hnh th trdng ht li cho h.
- Vic tr tin cn qu chm chp.
T cho thy phng thc nh thu c km chng t
cng ch nn p dng trong trng hp cc tc quen thuc
nhau v c tin cy cao vi nhau,
3.2.4.4. Mt s vn cn u trong phng thc thanh
ton nh thu h
+ Ch th nh thu do ngi bn lp gi n ngn hng i
din cho mnh nh thu h tin phi m bo nhng nguyn tc
hp l ca vn bn vit, trong cha ng y , chnh xc
nhng thng tin in quan.
Nhng ch dn y ca ngi bn s to iu kin
thun li cho co ngn hng thc hin hhanh qu trnh thu h.
Nhng thng tin ch dn thng bao gm th loi, s' lng
nhng chng t lin quan n ngn hng, iu kin tr tin
(tr ngay hay chp nhn h phiu), thi hn tr tin, ng tin
thanh ton> cc bin php x l trong trng hp ngi mua t
ch01 khng tr tin hoc tr tin chm...
+ iu kin tr tin ngay - D/P: theo nguyn bn ting
Anh l Documentary against Payment. Hiu mt cch n gin
l tr tin th c nhn chng t. v thc cht ngi mua
phi tr tin cho hi phiu th ngn hng mi trao b chng t
gi hng cho h.
+ Chp nhn tr tin cho hi phiu - D/A: theo nguyn
bn ting Anh l Documentary against Acceptance. Hiu mt
cch n gin l chp nhn tr tin cho hi phiu th c nhn
chng t. V thc cht th thay bng hnh ng tr tin ngi
mua k chp nhn tr tin vo h phiu> ngn hng s trao h
chng t gi hng cho h. Trng hdp ny dng cho vic bn
chu ca ngi bn cho ngi mua.
3.2A.5. p dng phng thc nh thu trong knh doanh
du lch
Trong kinh doanh du lch ph bin hnh thc cc khch
du lch i t do thanh ton cho cc c s du lch nhng cng c
thanh ton khng bng tin mt (sc du lch, th tn dng). Sau
khi cung ng dch v du lch cho khch du lch v nhn
nhng cng c thanh ton , cc c s du lch phi gi chng
n ngn hng nh thu h. Phng thc thanh ton c s
dng y c th coi l nh thu phiu trn. Quy trnh thanh
ton nh thu h trong du lch c th c m t theo s 3.6.
S 3,6, Quy trnh phng thc nh thu trong du lich
o c nhng cng c thanh ton nh sc du lch hoc
th tn dng khch du lch X hoc phi mua (i vi sc du
lch) hoc phi ng k xin s dng (i vi th tn dng) vi
mt ngn hng Y no (l ngn hng i l ca 1 hoc mt s"
mng thanh ton. Nhng mng thanh ton sc du lich v th
tn dng ni ting th gii nh: VISA, MASTER CARD,
AMERICAN EXPRESS, JCB, DINER'S CLUB...).
Doanh nghip du lch A mun nhn thanh ton cc
cng c nh sc du lch, th tn dng phi c ng k vi mt
ngn hng z no ( ngn hng i ca mt hoc mt s'
mng thanh ton nh nu trn). Ngn hng z l i l ca
mng thanh ton no th doanh nghip du lch A c th nhn
thanh ton cc cng c do cc mng thanh ton pht hnh.
Khch du lch X nhn dch v v thanh ton cho doanh
nghip du lch A bng sc du lch hoc th tn dng. V vic
nhn thanh ton bng nhng cng c ny c kh nng s gy
ra nhng ri ro cho doanh nghip du lch A, nn khi khch
thanh ton doanh nghip du lch A cn phi kim tra tht k
tnh hp l ca cng c thanh ton (vn ny s c trnh
by chi tit chng 4).
@Sau khi nhn thanh ton, trong thi hn quy nh
(thng l 7 ngy k t ngy nhn thanh ton), doanh nghip
du lch A phi gi sc du lch, ho dn thanh ton vi th tn
dng n ngn hng z nh thu h theo nguyn tc k hu
chuyn nhng.
Ngn hng z theo nh k s gi nhng chng t
sang ngn hng Y i thu,
Sau khi nhn c nhng chng t i thu gi n
nu chng hp l th ngn hng Y s thanh ton cho ngn hng
z (theo phng thc chuyn khon). Nu ngn hng Y thy
nhng chng t i thu khng hp l s gi tr li cho ngn
hng z.
Trong trng hp nhn c thanh ton ngn hng z
s thanh ton cho doanh nghip du lch A. Nu cc chng t i
thu b gi tr li, ngn hng z s gi tr li cho doanh nghip
du lch A.
3,2.5. Phng thc tn dng chng t (ocumentary
credit)
3.2.5.1. nh ngha
Phng thc tn dng chng t l phng thc thanh
ton trong mt ngn hng (ngn hng m th tn dng) theo
yu cu ca khch hng (ngi yu cu m th tn dng - L/C)
s tr mt s tin nht nh cho mt ngi khc (ngi hng
li s tin ca th tn dng).
3.2..2. Cc bn tham gia .
+ Ngi xin m th tn dng l ngi mua, ngi nhp
khu hng ho hoc mt ngi khc c ngi mua u thc.
+ Ngi hng i th tn dng l ngi bn, ngi xut
khu hay bt c ngi no khc c ngi hng Ii ch nh.
+ Ngn hng m th tn dng l ngn hng i din cho
ngi xut khu, cp tn dng cho ngi xut khu, thng l
ngn hng nc ngi nhp khu.
+ Ngn thng bo th tn dng thng l ngn hng
nc ngi hng li.
3.B.5.3. Quy trnh thanh ton
Quy trnh thanh ton ca phng thc tn dng chng t
bao gm cc bc c bn c th m t theo s 3-7.
(1) K kt hp ng kinh t quc t.
(2) Ngi nhp khu xin m th tn dng.
(3) Ngn hng m L/C thng bo vic m L/C v chuyn
th tn dng n ngn hng i l ca mnh nc ngi xut
khu (ngn hng thng bo L/C).
(4) Khi nhn c thng bo ngn hng thng bo L/C s
thng bo cho ngi xu't khu ton b ni dung thng bo v
vic m L/C v khi nhn c bn gii L/C th chuyn ngay cho
ngi xut khu.
(5) Ngi xut khu nu chp nhn L/C th tin hnh
giao hng, nu khng tin hnh ngh ngn hng m L/C sa
i, b sung L/C cho ph hp v hdp ng.
(6) Sau khi giao hng, ngi xu't khu lp b chng t
theo yu cu ca L/C, xut khu s trnh thng qua ngn hng
thng bo cho ngn hng m L/C xin thanh ton (cng c
trng hp nu c s tho thun trc gia hai ngn hng th
ngn hng thng bo s thanh ton ngay cho nh xut khu
khi ngi ny xut trnh b chng t hp l xin thanh ton.
(7) Ngn hng thng bo li/c gi b chng t ca ngi
xut khu sang cho ngn hng m L/C.
(8) Ngn hng m UC kim tra b chng t nu thy hp
l ph hp vi L/C th tin hnh chuyn tin cho ngn hng
thng bo L/C- Nu thy khng hp l th t chi thanh ton v
gi tr li ton b chng t cho ngn hng thng bo L/C.
(9) Nu nhn c thanh ton ngn hng thng bo L/C
thanh ton cho ngi xut khu, nu b t chi thanh ton s
gi tr li ton b chng t cho ngi xut khu.
(10) Ngn hng m L/C i tin ngi nhp khu v nu
nhn c tin hoc ch'p nhn thanh ton th chuyn b chng
t cho ngi nhp khu.
(11) Ngi xut khu kim tra chng t, nu thy ph
hp vi L/C th tr tin hoc chp nhn thanh ton cho ngn
hng m L/C, nu khng ph hp th c quyn t chi thanh
ton.
S 3,7. Quy trnh thanh ton ca phng thc
tin dng chng t
3.2.5.4. Mt s vn c bn v LC
Khi nim
Th tn dng thng mi (Letter of Credit - L/C) l mt
cng c quan trng ca phng thc tn dng chng t. N l
mt chng th (in hoc n ch), trong ngn hng m L/C
cam kt thanh ton cho ngi xut khu nu h xut trnh
c mt b chng t ph hp vi ni dung ca L/C.
Th tn dng c hnh thnh trn c s ca hp ng
mua bn, nhing sau khi c thit lp n hon ton c lp vi
hp ng mua bn.
N dung ca LC
Ni dung ca L/C bao gm nhng iu khon chnh sau;
+ S' hiu, a im, ngy m L/C
+ Tn, a ch ca ngn hng m L/C
+ Tn, a ch ca ngn hng thng bo L/C
+ Tn, a ch ca ngi m L/C
+ Tn, a ch ca ngi hng li
+ S tin ca th tin dng
+ Th loi L/C
+ Th loi v s' lng cc chng t X m ngi xut khu
phi xut trnh
+ M t hng ho, th loi, s' lng, n gi
+ Thi hn hiu lc, thi hn tr tin v thi hn giao
hng
+ Ch k ca ngn hng m L/C
Cc t h loai LC thng mai
Th tn dng thcng mi c th c chia thnh nhiu
loi khc nhau ph thuc vo ngha v ca cc bn l tc, trn
quan im cc diu ca thanh ton hay s dng.
Trong thanh ton quc t thng gp cc th loi th tn
dng thng mi sau:
+ Th tn dng khng th hu b (Irrevocable L/C)
y l loi IVC i sau khi c m ra th ngn hng
m L/C khng c sa i, b sung hoc hy b trong thi hn
hiu lc ca n nu nh khng c s tha thun khc ca cc
bn tham gia.
Theo quy nh, nu trn mt L/C khng c ghi ch
IRREVOCABLE th vn c coi l khng th hy b c.
Th tn dng khng th hu b loi L/C cd bn nht,
c p dng rng ri nht trong thanh ton quc t.
+ Th tn dng khng th hu b c xc nhn (Conrm
irrevocable L/C)
y l loi th tn dng khng th hu b, c mt ngn
hng khc xc nhn m bo tr tin theo yu cu ca ngn
hng m n.
V c hai ngn hng ng ra cam kt tr tin cho ngi
xut khu, nn y l loi L/C m bo nht cho ngi xut
khu.
+ Th tn dng khng th hu b min truy i
(Irrevocable without recourse L/C)
y loi L/C m sau kh ng xut khu c tr
tin th ngn hng m L/C khng cn quyn i li trong b't c
trng hp no.
Khi la chn loi IVC ny, ngi xut khu phi ghi c
trong L/C v hi phiu cu min truy i li ngi k pht
(without recourse to drawer).
Loi IVC ny to nhiu thun li cho ngi xut khu
nn cng c s dng rng ri trong thanh ton quc t.
+ Th tn dng c th chuyn nhng c (Transferabe
L/C)
y l loi th tn dng khng th hu b, trong c
quy nh quyn ca ngi hng i th nh't c th yu cu
ngn hng m L/C chuyn nhng ton b hay mt phn s'
tin ghi trn L/C cho mt hay nhiu ngi khc. Vic chuyn
nhng ch c thc hin mt ln v chi ph chuyn nhng
thng do ngi c hng li u tin chu.
+ Th tn dng tun hon (Revolving L/C)
y loi th tn dng khng th hu b m sau khi s
dng xong hoc ht thi hn hiu lc ca mt ln th n li
t ng c gi tr nh c, c tun hon cho n khi no tng
gi tr hp ng c thc hin.
Loi u c ny thng c m trong trng hp nhng
hp ng c gi tr ln, nhm mc ch trnh ng v'n khng
cn thit.
Trong ni dung ca L/C tun hon cn c ghi r ngy
ht hiu lc cui cng, s" ln tun hon v s" tin ti thiu ca
mi ln. Nu vic tun hon cn c vo thi hn hiu lc ca
mi ln tun hon th cn c ghi r c cho php s d ca L/C
trUc c c cng dn vo nhng L/C k tip hay khng, nu
cho php th gi l li/c tun hon tch ly (Cumulative
revolving C), nu khng cho php th gi l L/C tun hon
khng tch ly (Non-cumulative revolving L/C).
Vic tun hon c th c quy nh theo 3 cch nh sau:
- Tun hon t ng: L/C t ng c gi tr nh c, khng
cn c s thng bo ca ngn hng m L/C cho ngi xut khu
bit.
- Tun hon bn t ng: sau khi L/C trc c s dng
xong hoc ht hn hiu lc, nu sau mt vi ngy m ngn
hng m L/C khng c kin g v L/C k tip v thng bo cho
ngi hng li th n li t ng c gi tr nh c.
- Tun hon hn ch; ch khi no ngn hng m L/C
thng bo cho ngi xut khu bit th L/C k tip mi c gi
tr hiu lc. ,
+ Th tn dng thanh ton dn dn (Deferred payment
L/C)
y l loi L/C khng th hy b, trong ngn hng m
L/C hoc ngn hng xc nhn L/C cam kt vi ngi hng li
s thanh ton dn dn ton b s tin ca L/C trong thi hn
quy nh r trong L/C .
+ Th tn dng gip lng (Back to back L/C)
Ngi xut khu dng L/C do ngi nhp khu m cho
mnh th chp m mt L/C khc cho ngi hng li khc vi
ni dung gn ging L/C ban u. L/C c m sau c gi l
L/C gip lng.
V c bn, L/C gc v L/C gip lng ging nhau. Tuy
nhin, chng c nhng im ring cn phn bit nh;
S chng t ca L/C gip lng phi nhiu hn ca L/C
gc
Kim ngch ca L/C gip lng phi nh hn ca L/C gc.
Khon chnh lch ny do ngi trung gian dng tr chi ph
m IVC gip ling v phn hoa hng ca h.
Do tnh cht phc tp ca loi L/C ny nn vic s dng
chng cn phi c s kt hp kho lo v chnh xc cc iu
kin ca u c gc vi IVC gip lng.
+ Th tn dng ox ng (Reciprocal);
Mt L/C ch bt u c hiu lc khi c mt L/C khc
ng vi n, c m ra. Trong ni dung ca L/C ban u
thng phi ghi: L/C ny ch c gi tr khi ngi hng li
m li mt L/C i ng vi n ngi m L/C ny hng v
trong ni dung ca L/C i ng phi ghi cu: L/C ny 'i ng
vi L/C s"..., m ngy..., qua ngn hng..,
Loi L/C ny thng c s dng trong trng hp cc
i tc c ml quan h hai chiu vi nhau.
+ Th tn dng d phng (Stand - By L/C)
Trn thc t, c nhng trng hp ngi xut khu nhn
c L/C ri nhng khng c kh nng giao hng. m bo
quyn li cho ngi nhp khu, ngn hng ca ngi xut khu
s pht hnh mt L/C, trong c cam kt vi ngi nhp khu
s thanh ton li cho h trong trng hp ngi xut khu
khng hon thnh ngha v giao hng theo L/C ra. L/C do
ngn hrg ca ngi xut khu m gi L/C phng.
Loi L/C ny rt ph hp i, vi quan h gia ngi t
hng v nh sn xut. Ngi t hng thng phi b ra
trc nhng khon nh: tin t cc, tin ng trc, chi ph m
L/C... Nhu khi nhng khon chim t trng kh cao trong
gi tr ca n t hng. V vy, trong trdng hp ngi sn
xu't khng hon thnh ngha v giao hng, vic m bo hon
li nhng khon nh trn cho ngi t hng l ht sc cn
thit,
3.2.5.5. p dng phng thc tn dng chng t trong du
lch:
"V tng trao i gia hai bn m tc (gia doanh
nghip gi khch v doanh nghip nhn khch) l dch v, nn
trong du lch p dng hnh thc tn dng chng t phi mu
dch, Ngn hng s tr tin cho ngi th hng m khng cn
yu cu ngi ny phi trnh nhng chng t chng minh mnh
giao hng. Ngi th hng ch cn k vo nhng chng t
cn thit hoc trnh nhng chng t chng minh quyn c
thanh ton ca mnh (v d nh trnh phiu du lch- voucher).
phc v cho nhu cu ca khch du lch, cc doanh nghip du
lch thng cn tin mt phc v cho chuyn hnh trnh du
lch nc ngoi, cc ngn hng vn dng phng thc tn
dng chng t phc v cho du lch ddi hai hnh thc sau:
+ Mt ngn hng gi mt mnh lnh cho mt ngn hng
khc, l i tc ca mnh ti nc ngoi, yu cu ngn hng
ny tr cho mt ngi th hng ( c th l khch du lch hoc
doanh nghip du lch) mt s' tin nht nh trong mt thi hn
nht nh. Sau ngn hng th nht s thanh ton cho ngn
hng th hai theo nguyn tc b tr ti khon.
+ Mt ngn hng gi mt vn bn cho mt ngn hng
tc ca mnh nc ngoi ha tr cho khon tn dng m ngn
hng ny cho mt doanh nghip du lch no theo yu cu
ca mnh vay. Thng thng doanh nghip du lch phi
chuyn tnc mt s tin nht nh vo ti khon ca mnh ti
ngn hng th nht.
TM TT CHNG 3
Trong chng ny trnh by nhng ni dung c bn
v: nhng c im ca du lch gy nh hng n hot ng
thanh ton ni chung v hot ng thanh ton quc t ni ring
trong du lch; bn cht ca phng thc thanh ton quc t;
trng hp p dng ni chung, quy trnh nghip v c trnh
by theo s v ch gii cc bc, s vn dng trong kinh
doanh du lch ca: phng thc thanh ton chuyn tin -
Remittance (bao gm chuyn tin mt v chuyn khon),
phng thc thanh ton ti khon m - Open Account, phng
thc thanh ton nh thu ' Colletion (bao gm nh thu c km
chng t - Documentary Collection v nh thu phiu trcfn -
Clean Collection), phcmg thc tn dng chng t -
Documentary Credit.
CU HI N TP CHNG 3
1. Phn tch nhng c im ca du lch nh hng n
hot ng thanh ton quc t trong du lch.
2. Trnh by bn cht ca phng thc thanh ton quc
t.
3. Lp s quy trnh thanh ton cho tng phng thc
thanh ton (theo s la chn ca gio vin).
4. Phn tch s khc nhau trong mc tin cy v mc
ph tn gia cc phng thc thanh ton.
5. Phn tch mc ri ro ca cc bn tham gia cho tng
phng thc thanh ton (theo s la chn ca gio
vin).
6. Nu trng hdp p dng ca mi phdng thc thanh
ton v gii thich nguyn nhn a chn.
7. Phn tch s vn dng ca tng phng thc thanh
ton trong du lch.
8. Nu bn cht v ni dung ca th tn dng (L/C).
9. Cho bit cc th loi th tn dng v nu nhng nt c
trng chnh ca tng th oi.
'*f5 I
TTQTTDL -7
CHNG 4
CC PH NG TI N THANH TON QUC T
TRONG DU LCH
Mc tiu ca chng:
Sau khi hc xong chng ny ngi hc cn nm c
nhng kin thc cd bn nh sau:
+ Bn cht v s vn hnh ca HI phiu (Bill of
Exchange)
+ Bn cht v s vn hnh ca Sc (Cheque)
+ Bn cht v s vn hnh ca Sc du lch (Traveller
cheque)
+ Bn cht v cc th loi Th thanh ton (Payment
Card); Bn ch't v s vn hnh ca Th tn dng (Credit card)
+ Bn ch't v s vn hnh ca Phiu du lch (Voucher)
4.1. Cc phng tin thanh ton thng dng trong lnh
vc thng mi qu c t
Nhng phdng tin thanh ton v cng c tn dng thng
dng trong thng mi quc t v c Vit Nam s ng ;
H phiu quc t v K phiu quc t do Lut Hi phiu
v K phiu quc t iu chnh (Lut ny do ban Lut
Thng mi quc t ca Lin hp quc, k hp th 15, NEW
YORK, ngy 26 thng 7 n ngy 06 thng 08 nm 1982 thng
qua.
Sc quc t do Lut v Sc quc t iu chnh (Lut ny
do u ban Lut Thng mi quc t ca Lin hp quc, k hp
th 15, NEW YORK, ngy 26 thng 7 n ngy 06 thng 8 nm
1982 thng
4.1.1. Hi phiu (Bill o f Exchange)
4. . . . Bn cht ca hi phiu
Trong giao dch thng mi thng pht sinh cc khon
n. c bng chng m bo cho vic tr cc khon n
trong tng lai, mt trong hai bn i tc thng lp ra mt
vn bn (c gi chung l thng phiu, ting Anh l
Commercial bill). T xa xa, lc u ch c vn bn t nhn n
(theo thut ng ca lnh vc thng mi quc t c gi l
lnh phiu hoc k phiu, ting Anh l Promisory no te) c
lp ra, l loi vn bn do ngi c n t lp ra v trao cho ch
n. Vn bn ny l li cam kt s tr n ca con n vi ch n.
Loi vn bn ny c nh hng r't mnh Php thi by
gi. T th k XVI xut hin loi vn bn i n (theo thut
ng ca lnh vc thng mi quc t c gi l hi phiu, ting
Anh l Draft hay Bill of exchange), l loi vn bn do ch n
lp v gi cho con n yu cu thanh ton.
T n nay, thng qua k thut chuyn nhng,
thng phiu ngy cng c s dng ph bin trong thng
mi nh mt cng c tn dng, thanh ton. Nhiu nc trn th
gii c lut v hi phiu v k phiu ring.
*'* Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam, V Php ch. Hi p php Ittt ngti hng Vit
Nam. NXB Th gii, 1997, trang 72.
T u th k XX, do s pht trin ngy cng mnh m
ca thng mi quc t, thc y cc nc i ti thit lp
mt tho c quc t v hi phiu v k phiu, nhm thhg
nht nhng nguyn tc c bn v thng phiu trong lnh vc
thng mi quc t.
Nm 1912, hi ngh quc t u tin v thng phiu
c t chc ti De Hague (Th c ca H Lan) (khng c s
tham gia ca M v Anh). Hi ngh ra tuyn b chung v
hng dn cc quy nh ca thdng phiu trong cc nc thnh
vin. Tuyn b' chung ny ht hiu lc khi chin tranh th
gii th nh't bng n.
Nm 1933, hi ngh quc t th hai v thng phiu c
t chc ti Thy S, c s tham gia ca 22 nc. Cc nc tham
gia hi ngh k ba bn tuyn b chung v thng phiu (cc
bn tuyn b ny n nay vn cn gi tr hiu lc);
+ Tuyn b v s thng nht ca lut h phiu, k phiu
+ Tuyn b v cc quy nh trn khu vc ca quyn t
php quc t v thng phiu.
+ Tuyn b v moi quan h trong quy nh i vi con
du.
Trn thc t, hi phiu c s dng rng ri hn. V
vy, trong chng ny ch nghin cu k v bn cht v cd ch
vn hnh ca hi phiu.
thng nht s gii thch v hi phiu, trong phm vi
quc t c hai Cng c. Cng c quc t u tin k nm 1930
ti Gi-ne-v (Thu S), trong c ban hnh mt lut iu
chnh v hi phiu c gi l Lut iu chnh h phiu(ting
Anh l "Uniform Law for Bill of Exchange, vit tt l ULB
1930).
y ban Lut Thng mi Qu'c t ca Lin hp quc cng
ban hnh vn kin mang tnh ch^t ton th gii, s A/CN, 9/211
ngy 18/02/1982 v Hi phiu v K phiu qu"c t
(Interuational Bills of Exchange and Promissory notes,
document No. A/CN, 9/211 18 February 1982).
Php tham gia Cng c Gi-ne-v nm 1930 v chnh
thc p dng LB vo nm 1936. Vit Nam l thuc a ca
Php nn p dng ULB t nm 1937 theo ngh dnh ca
Ton quyn Php ti ng Dng.
T sau ngy ha bnh lp li (nm 1954), trong quan h
thanh ton vi cc nc khng thuc phe x hi ch ngha, nc
ta vn s dng hi phiu trong khun kh ca ULB, mc d
Vit Nam khng phi l thnh vin ca Cng c Gi-ne-v
nm 1930. ULB c nhiu nc trn th gii p dng. VI vy,
vic gii thch h phiu Vit Nam cng ch nn da vo LB
hn l cc vn bn php l khc^^l
Nhng vn bn v hi phiu mang tnh cht php l
quc gia thng gp l; Lut Hi phiu 1882 ca Anh (Bil of
Exchange Act of 1882) v Lut Thng mi thhg nht 1962
ca M (Uniform Commercial Codes of 1962 - UCC).
Khi nim ph bin v hi phiu c nhiu nc thng
nht s ng, theo (tnh ngha h phiu ca Lut H'i phiu
1882 ca Anh, nh sau; H phiu l mt vn bn mnh lnh
tr tin v iu kin do mt ngi ny k pht cho mt ngi
'"inh Xun Trnh. Gio trih hh on quc t trong nsoi tlurcmg. NXB Ciio dc.
Trng ai hc Ngoi thng' H Ni, 1996,
khc, yu cu v vic phi tr mt s tin nht nh vo mt
thi hn c th (ngay sau khi c xut trnh hoc vo mt thi
im c th sau khi xut trnh), cho mt ngi no hoc theo
lnh ca ngi ny hoc cho chnh ngi cm hi phiu.
Nh vy, v bn cht hi phiu l mt vn bn i n, l
mt mnh lnh bt buc ca ngi pht hnh hi phiu cho
ngi tip nhn hi phiu (con n hoc ngi chp nhn hi
phiu) v vic thanh ton mt s" tin c th, vo mt thi hn
c th. Mnh lnh c th hin bng mt vn bn c gi tr
php l. Khi ngi tip nhn hi phiu tha nhn mn nd ca
h, th anh ta k chp nhn hi phiu . ng thi, anh ta c
trch nhim thanh ton.
4.1.1.2. c im ca hi phiu
Vi bn cht ca hi phiu nh nu trn v m
bo chc nng ca h phiu l mt cng c tn dng v thanh
ton hu hiu, khi lp v vn hnh h phiu cn tha mn
nhng c im quan trng nh sau;
+ Tnh tru tng ca h phiu; Trong ni dung ca hi
phiu ch c nu mnh lnh phi tr it s tin nht nh v
nhng ni dung c lin quan n vic tr tin, m khng cn
nu nguyn nhn v sao phi tr tin (tc nguyn nhn sinh ra
vic lp hi phiu). Hay ni mt cch khc, khon n trn hi
phiu l tru tng. Ngi ch ca hi phiu khng cn bit
khon n xut pht t c s no. iu c ngha khon
n ca h phiu khng ph thuc vo thng v cd s (v d
nh: t hp ng c ph, hp ng v my tnh hay hp ng v
nhn khch du lch...). Trong trng hp tranh chp, ngi ch
n c th t mnh khng kin hi phiu . Nh c im ny
gip cho hl phiu c th lu thng c, v mt khi hi phiu
c tch ra khi hp ng v thuc s hu ca ngi th ba
th hi phiu tr thnh mt tri v c lp, ch khng phi l
mt tri v sinh ra t hp ng gia hai i tc ban u.
+ Tnh bt buc phi tr tin ca h phiu; Mt khi
k chp nhn th ngi tr tin hi phiu phi tr tin theo
ng ni dung ghi trn h phiu. Ngi tr tin khng th a
ra nhng l do ring ca mnh i vi ngi k pht phiu,
ngi k hu (ngay c trong trng hp nhng ngi ny khng
hon thnh ngha v ca h theo nh hp ng l vi ngi
tr tin hi phiu) m t ch tr tin, tr trng hp h phiu
c lp ra tri vi b lut chi phi n.
+ Tnh lu thng ca hi phiu; Nh vo tnh tru tng
v tnh bt buc phi tr tin ca hoi phiu m hi phiu c th
c chuyn nhng mt hay nhiu ln trong thi hn ca n.
4..I.3. Lp h phiu
hi phiu hp l, khi lp h phiu cn m bo tun
th theo nhng quy dnh v mt hnh thc v ni dung ca h
phiu.
+ V mt hnh thc, hi phiu c quy nh nh sau:
H phiu phi c lp thnh vn bn vit (c th vit
tay hoc nh my). Hi phiu ni, in tn, in thoi... u
khng c gi tr v mt php l.
Hnh mu ca hi phiu c th do Nh nc thng nht
in v pht hnh, c th do t nhn t nh ra v t pht hnh.
Hnh mu hi phiu khng quyt nh gi tr php ca hi
phiu.
Hl phiu phi c lp bng cng mt ngn ng thhg
nht (ting Anh l ting thng dng ca ngn ng lp hi
phiu) v bng th mc kh phai. Mt hi phiu c lp bng
nhiu ngn ng khc nhau hoc bng bt ch, mc u
khng c gi tr php l.
Hi phiu ch c gi tr khi l vn bn chnh. V vy, hi
phiu thng c lp thnh hai hay nhiu bn, mi bn u
c nh s" th t v c gi tr nh nhau. Khi thanh ton, h
phiu thng c gi cho ngi tr tin lm hai ln k tip
nhau phng s tht lc. Bn no n trc th s c thanh
ton v bn n sau s tr thnh v gi tr. V vy, trn bn th
nht hi phiu thng c ghi Sau khi nhn thy bn th nht
ca hl phiu ny (bn th hai c cng ni dung v ngy thng
k pht khng tr tin).... Trn bn th hai ca hi phiu li
ghi Sau khi nhn thy bn th hai ca hi phiu ny (bn th
nht c cng ni dung v ngy thng k pht khng tr
tin)....
+ V mt ni dung: H phiu c quy nh ht sc cht
ch v mt ni dung. Theo lut hi phiu, mt vn bn ch c
cng nhn l hi phiu khi c nhng yu t' sau y:
- Trn t hi phiu phi c ch Hi phiu. y l tiu
ca hi phiu. Ch hi phiu bt buc phi ghi trn vn bn
v bng cng mt loi ngn ng ca ton b ni dung hi phiu.
Nu thiu, vn bn khng c coi l hi phiu.
- a im k pht h phiu: Nu trn hl phiu khng
ghi r a im pht hnh hi phiu th a ch ca ngi pht
hnh c coi l a im pht hnh hi phiu. Nu trn hi
phiu thiu c a ch ca ngi pht hnh th hi phiu l
v gi tr. a im pht hnh rt quan trng i vi hi phiu
c pht hnh nc ngoi. V hl phiu cn c gi tr php
l theo lut hi phiu ca nc ngoi.
- Ngy thng k pht hi phiu: Nu trn hi phiu
khng ghi ngy thng k pht th h'i phiu v gi tr, Thng
thng theo lut ca cc nc th thng k pht phi ghi bng
ch (V d: thng by...)> Ngy thng k pht hi phiu c
ngha quan trng trong vic xc dnh thi hn tr tin ca hi
phiu c k hn c tnh theo ngy k pht hl phiu. Hn
na, ngy thng k pht h phiu cn lin quan n kh nng
thanh ton ca hi phiu. Trong trng hp nu ngy k pht
hi phiu xy ra sau ngy ngi c ngha v tr tin hi phiu
mt kh nng thanh ton v nhng nguyn nhn bt kh
khng th kh nng thanh ton ca hi phiu khng cn
na.
- Mnh lnh i tin v iu kin: Mnh lnh ny khng
c km theo bt c iu kin no khc. V d: nu ngi pht
hnh gh rng "Qu ng/B phi thanh ton nu hng ha
ng yu cu ca ng/B hoc l Qu ng/B phi thanh
ton s tin tng ng vi s' lng khch v gi cho mt
khch c ghi trn hp ng... Th iu l v ngha v
h phiu khng c chp nhn,
- S tin ca h phiu; S tin ca hi phiu phi c
ghi r, mt cch c th, c th l va bng s va bng ch hoc
hon ton bng s' hay hon ton bng ch. v nguyn tc, s
tin c ghi trn h phiu phi trng khp vi nhau. Trong
trng hp c s chnh lch gia s' tin c ghi bng s" v s"
tin c ghi bng ch th s tin ghi bng ch c coi l c
gi tr. Trong trng hp s" tin c ghi ton bng s" hoc
ton bng ch li c s chnh lch th s' tin nh hn c coi
l c gi tr. Vi loi hi phiu thanh ton chm, ngi pht
hnh c th quyt nh s' tin c c li hay khng. Nu
c hng li th ngi pht hnh phi ghi r t l li sut
trn hi phiu. S tin trn hi phiu c th l ngoi t. Nu
ng trc s tin bng s c ghi b sung ch Effective thi hi
phiu ch c thanh ton bng ngoi t ghi. Nu khng
ghi ch Effective th h phiu c th thanh ton bng tin
bn t theo t gi ca ngy thanh ton.
' Thi hn thanh ton: Theo lut hi phiu, thi hn
thanh ton trn hi phiu c th c quy nh theo mt trong
bn cch sau y:
Ghi mt ngy c th theo ch
V d: Qu ng/B phi thanh ton vo ngy 09 thng 07
nm 2005.
Quy nh mt thi im c th sau ngy pht hnh hi
phiu
V d; Qu ng/B phi thanh txn vo ba thng sau k
t ngy hm nay.
Quy nh phi thanh ton ngay khi h phiu c xut
trinh trc ngi tip nhn hi phiu
Trong trng hp ny, sau khi ngi tip nhn hi phiu
tha nhn s n v k chp nhn th h phi thanh ton ngay
s n .
V d: Qu ng /B phi thanh ton ngay khi hl phiu
ny c xu't trnh.
Quy nh mt thi im c th sau khi h phiu c
xut trinh
V d; Qu ng/ B phi thanh ton vo 90 ngy sau khi
hi phiu ny c xut trnh. Trong trng hp ny, thi hn
thanh ton c tnh t ngy h phiu c k chp nhn.
- Tn ca ngi tip nhn hi phiu; Nu hi phiu khng
ghi r tn ca ngdi tip nhn h phiu (hay tn ca n v) th
h phiu l v gi tr. Theo lut hi phiu, ngi ta ch yu
cu tn ca ngi tip nhn m khng i hi ngi tip nhn
hi phiu phi k tn mc ny.
- a im thanh ton; Thng thng, a ch ca ngi
tip nhn hi phiu c coi l a m thanh ton. Tuy nhin,
nu trn hi phiu quy dnh mt a im khc th a im
c coi l a im thanh ton. Trong thc t, thng thng
ngi ta chn ngn hng ni ngi tip nhn hi phiu m ti
khon lm a im thanh ton th hi phiu c sc thuyt
phc cao hci. Trong trng hp , ngi ta c th ghi c s' ti
khon ca ngi tip nhn trn hi phiu.
- Tn ca ngi hng li hi phiu: Thng thng, ngi
pht hnh h phiu l ngi hng li h'i phiu, tuy nhin c
th ngi th ba. Do , theo lut h! phiu c quy nh ba
trng hp nh sau v ngi hng li hl phiu;
Ngi pht hnh l ngi hng li:
Trong trng hp ny trn hi phiu s ghi: Qu
ng/B phi thanh ton vo ngy...thng cho ti s tin...
Ngi hng h phiu ngi th hai:
Trong trng hp ny trn hi phu s ghi; Quj
ng/B phi thanh ton vo ngy... thng cho ngCng ty...
stin...
Ngi hng hi phiu l ngi th ba theo lnh ca
ngi th hai:
Trong trng hp ny trn hi phiu s ghi: Qu ng/B
phi thanh ton vo ngy...thng theo lnh ca ng/B/Cng
ty... s^tin.
- Ch k ca ngi pht hnh hi phiu; Ch nhng ngi
c thm quyn mi c php k trn hi phiu. Ngi phi
ng k mu ch k vi mt c quan chuyn trch. H khng
c php y quyn cho ngi khc k thay mnh trn h'i
phiu. Ch k phi c k bng tay (khng dng my ch...)
v khng c ng du ln trn ch k. Trn thc t khi
ng du phi ng bn cnh ch k. Mt khc, trnh nhm
ln, cn ghi r a ch ca ngi pht hnh ln bn trn ch k.
Trn y l nhng yu t bt buc phi c trn h phiu.
Ngoi cc yu t ni trn, trong ni dung ca hi phiu, ngi
ta c th b sung thm mt s' yu t (gi l nhng thnh phn
thng mi b sung) trn hi phiu nh:
- M s quy nh a im thanh ton. Thng thng,
ngi ta ly ba con s" u ca s hiu ngn hng c chn lm
a im thanh txin
- Nhc li khu vc thanh ton. Thng ngi ta ghi tn
thnh ph7tnh... vo gc bn phi ca td hi phiu
- Nhc li thi gian thanh ton bng cch ghi thm ngy,
thng, nm vo gc trn bn phi ca hi phiu
- B sung thm ch Bn th nht hoc Bn th hai vo
hi phiu. Nh trn cp, trnh tht ic hi phiu,
thng thng ngi ta lp hi phiu thnh hai bn. Trn bn
jjj^ jjjjj j^ ^
th nht ngi ta ghi r Bn th hai khng thanh ton. Tng
t nh vy, bn th hai ghi r Bn th nht khng thanh
ton. Khi thanh ton bn th nht th bn th hai khng c gi
tr thanh ton v ngc li. im b sung ny rt cn thit
trong thng mi quc t.
- Kh dng hi phiu l mt phng tin i tin ca
phng thc tn dng chng t th cn b sung nhng ni dung
v th tn dng (L/C) v ngn hng m th tn dng.
4.1,1.4. Trch nhim v quyn li ca nhng ngi c in
quan n hi phiu
Theo Lut iu chnh v h phiu v k phiu (ph lc
8) nhng ngi c lin quan n hi phiu c nhng trch
nhim v quyn li c th.
+ Ngi k pht hi phiu: Trong nh vc thng mi
quc t, ngi k pht hi phiu l ngi xut khu hng ha,
dch v hoc ngi cung ng cc dch v c lin quan n xut
nhp khu hng ha. Ngi k pht hi phiu c nhng trch
nhim v quyn li nh sau:
- K pht hi phiu m bo cho hi phiu hp l
- Khi hi phiu c chuyn nhng b t chi tr tin,
c trch nhim hon tr li tin cho nhng ngi hng li ca
hi phiu
- Quyn hng li s tin ghi trn hi phiu
- Quyn chuyn nhng hi phiu
+ Ngi hng li h phiu l ngi c quyn c nhn
s tin ca hi phiu, Ngi ny c th l: chnh ngi k pht
hi phiu, ngi c ngi k pht ch nh, ngi c
chuyn nhng h phiu. Trong trng hp hi phiu v danh
(hm phiu khng ghi tn ngi hng li mt trc ca h
phiu) hoc hi phiu c chuyn nhng theo nguyn tc
k hu trng th ngi hng li hi phiu l bt c ngi
no cm hi phiu.
+ Ngi tr tin hi phiu: Ngi tr tin h phiu trong
lnh vc thng mi quc t c th l; nh nhp khu hng ha,
dch v, ngi s dng cc dch v lin quan n xut nhp
khu hng ha, ngn hng m th tn dng hoc ngn hng xc
nhn th tn dng (trong phng thc thanh ton tn dng
chng t). Ngi tr tin hi phiu c nhng trch nhim v
quyn li nh sau:
- K chp nhn tr tin hi phiu khi nhn thy hi
phiu. Theo lut ULB th vic chp nhn ny l v iu kin.
- Tr tin h phiu theo ng nhng quy nh nu
trong hi phiu.
- C quyn t chi tr tin hi phiu khi cha k chp
nhn. Vic t chi tr tin phi theo ng nhng quy nh ca
ULB.
+ Ngi chuyn nhng h phiu: Ngi chuyn nhng
hl phiu l ngi em quyn hng li ca mnh chuyn cho
ngi khc. Ngi chuyn nhng u tin ca h'i phiu l
ngi k pht hi phiu.
4.1.1.5. Chp nhn hi phiu (Acceptance)
Sau khi c k pht, hi phiu phi c xut trnh
cho ngi tr tin ngi ny k chp nhn. Mt hi phiu
phi c k chp nhn mi c s tin cy trong lu thng. Khi
chp nhn hi phiu, ngi chp nhn khng c km theo
mt iu kin no. Ngi ny ch c php quyt nh chp
nhn hay khng chp nhn h phiu . Khi quyt nh chp
nhn h phiu (tc tha nhn mn n ghi trn h phiu l
ca mnh) ngi chp nhn hi phiu phi k dc bn l tri
ca t hi phiu. Hnh ng c gi l chp nhn hi phiu
(Acceptance), Sau khi k chp nhn hi phiu, ng k chp
nhn c trch nhim thanh ton cho hi phiu khi n hn
thanh ton ca n (ngi ny tr thnh con n chnh).
Thng thng, hl phiu c gi ti ngi tr tin,
ngi ny k chp nhn b't c c no trc ngy ht hn xut
trinh hi phiu. Thi hn chp nhn c th c xc nh theo
hai trng hp sau:
+ Nu hai bn quy nh r vi nhau trong hp ng
thng mi hoc trong th tn dng thi hn c th phi xut
trnh hi phiu c chp nhn, th hi phiu phi c xut
trnh trong thi hn ,
+ Nu hai bn khng c quy dnh g khc th thi hn
chp nhn hi phiu c xc nh theo LB. Theo LB quy
nh thi hn chp nhn hi phiu l 12 thng k t ngy k
pht hi phiu.
Theo lut h phiu, c bn cch k chp nhn hi phiu
nh sau;
- Chp nhn ngn; Ngi chp nhn ch cn ghi tn n
v ca mnh v k tn.
- Chp nhn y : Ngi chp nhn ghi s tin ghi
trn hi phiu, a im thanh ton v ngy k chp nhn v
k tn.
- Chp nhn mt phn: Ngi chp nhn ghi s" tin mnh
chp nhn v k tn. Chp nhn mt phn thng xy ra trong
trng hp b giao thiu hng.
- Chp nhn bo lnh: Ngi chp nhn h phiu khng
trc tip k chp nhn m nh ngi th ba (c uy tn hn) k
chp nhn bo lnh cho mnh trn hi phiu. Trong trng hp
, ngi bo nh s ghi nh sau; "Chp nhn bo nk cho..."
v k tn.
4.1,1.6. Chuyn nhng hi phiu
Nh nu trn, hl phiu l mt loi chng t c gi
tr. Mt c im ri quan trng ca n l c th lu thng
(chuyn giao) trn th trng. Trong thc t c ba cch chuyn
giao hi phiu nh sau:
Chit khu hi phiu cho ngn hng (chit khu h'i
phiu).
Chuyn giao hi phiu cho ngn hng nh thu (nh
thu hl phiu).
Chuyn giao h phiu cho mt ngi ch mi (chuyn
nhng h phiu).
Trong chng ny ch cp n nhng quy nh v k
thut chuyn nhng h phiu.
Chuyn nhng hi phiu l s ghi nhn v vic chuyn
giao quyn s hu hi phiu. Thng qua s chuyn nhng hi
phiu, ngi k pht hi phiu/ ngi gi hi phiu tuyn b" vi
ngi chp nhn hi phiu rng n ngy thanh ton, ngi
chp nhn hi, phiu khng phi thanh ton cho anh ta m
thanh ton cho ngi ch mi ca h phiu. iu c ngha
l ngi ch c ca hi phiu chuyn giao quyn s hu hl
phiu ca h cho ngi ch mi.
Vic chuyn nhng hi phiu c ghi vo mt sau ca
t h phiu. Ngi ch c ca hi phiu gi l ngi chuyn
nhng (Endorser), ngi ch mi ca hi phiu gi ngi
c chuyn nhng (Endorsee). Khi chuyn nhng h phiu,
ngi chuyn nhng ghi vo mt sau ca h phiu v k tn.
Vic chuyn nhng hi phiu i hi phi l mt dy
chuyn lin tc t ngi chuyn nhng u tin n ngi ch
cui cng ca hx phiu. Kh dy chuyn chuyn nhng b ngt
qung th vic chuyn nhng tip theo l v gi tr.
Vic chuyn nhng hi phiu c thc hin di hnh
thc: ngi chuyn nhng ghi tuyn b chuyn nhng (c th
khng ghi) vo mt sau ca h phiu v k tn. Hnh thc
chuyn nhng ny c g l chuyn nhng k hu (gi tt
l k hu). Lut h phiu chp nhn hai cch k hu ph bin
nh sau:
+ K hu y : Theo cch ny, ngcri. chuyn nhng
ghi nhng yu t" sau: tn ca ngi c chuyn nhng; tn
ca ngi chuyn nhng; iu khon thanh ton theo lnh do
lut hi phiu quy nh; da im v ngy thng nm k hu
(c th khng ghi); ch k hp php ca ngi chuyn nhng,
+ K hu ngn hoc k hu trng: Theo cch ny,
ngi chuyn nhng ch ghi tn n v ca mnh v k tn. K
hu ngn hoc k hu trng cng thc hin y cc chc
nng ca chuyn nhng hl phiu. Trong trng hp k hu
trhg, ngi ch mi ca h phiu (ngi dc chuyn
nhng) c th chuyn nhng tip theo bh cch nh sau;
- nguyn t h phiu v chuyn nhng tip, Trong
trng hp ny, tn ca ngi ny khng xut hin trn hi
phiu, do ngi ny khng c trch nhim g vi hi phiu
sau khi chuyn nhng. Ngi c trch nhim l ngi
chuyn nhng cho ngi ny trc .
- Ghi tn mnh vo ch trng v chuyn nhng tip.
chuyn nhng tip, ngi ny phi k tn ln mt sau ca hi
phiu. Lc ngi ny tr thnh ngi c trch nhim vi h
phiu.
- Ghi tn ngi mua m mnh chuyn nhng vo ch
trng. Trong trng hp ny, ngi ny cng khng c trch
nhim g.
- Tip tc chuyn nhng thng qua hnh thc k hu
y hoc trng- Trong trng hp ny, ngi ny c y
trch nhim vi h phiu m anh ta chuyn nhng.
Trong thng mi quc t cn tn ti mt hnh thc k
hu c km theo iu kin rng buc nh;
- Km theo iu khon ^"khng theo lnh" (not to order).
iu c ngha l ngi chuyn nhig ch chu trch nhim
hi phiu vi chnh ngi mnh trc tip chuyn nhng
- Km theo iu khon "'min trch nhim" (without
engagement). iu c ngha l ngi chuyn nhng h
phiu tuyn b' khng cn trch nhim v h phiu, sau khi
chuyn nhng n,
K hu chuyn nhng km theo iu khon ''khng theo
lnh" lm cho trch nhim b hn ch. K hu chuyn nhng
km theo u khon min trch nhim" lm cho trch nhim
b mt i. V vy, trn thc t cch k hu ny t c s dng.
Vi trng hp trn hi phiu ghi iu khon "khng theo
lnh, ngi ch hl phiu mun chuyn nhng tip, phi lp
mt th chuyn nhng km theo hi phiu .
Ngoi hai hnh thc k hu ph bin trn, cn c hai
hnh thc chuyn nhng c bit sau:
+ Chuyn nhng nh thu (Endorsement for collection):
Hnh thc ny cn c gi l chuyn nhng y quyn. Ngi
c y quyn c quyn thc hin tt c cc quyn v hi phiu
(k c quyn khng ngh), nhng ch vi danh ngha i din
ca ngi y quyn. Ngi y quyn vn l ngi ch ca hm
phiu. Trn thc t, hnh thc chuyn nhng ny c p
dng trong vic nh thu hi. phiu n hn thanh ton qua
ngn hng. Khi y quyn nh thu hi phiu cho mt ngn hng
no , ngi ch ca hi phiu phi ghi vo mt sau ca hi
phiu nh sau: Cho chng ti, theo lnh ca Ngn hng X. C
gi tr nh thu v k tn.
+ Chuyn nhng cm c' (Pledging endorsement) l vic
ngi ch h phiu mang h phiu ca mnh n ngn hng
hay mt t chc tn dng cm c' cho mt khon vay no .
Khi p dng hnh thc ny, ngi chuyn nhng hi phiu ghi
vo mt sau ca h phiu nh sau: "Cho chng ti, theo lnh
ca Ngn hng X. C gi tr cm c v k tn.
4.1,1.7. Khng ngh hphiu (Protest)
Khng ngh hm phiu l mt vn bn chnh thc v vic
hl phiu c xut trnh hon ton hp l nhng khng c
chp nhn hoc khng c thanh ton. Khng ngh h phiu
bao gm nhng dng sau y;
+ Khng ngh v hi phiu khng c chp nhn: Trng
hp ny t khi xy ra trn thc t. Trong trng hp ny, ngi
ch'p nhn hi phiu khng chp nhn hi phiu. Vic ny gy
ra nhng hu qu v mt php i. vi ngi k pht hi
phiu, v lc ny ngi chp nhn hi phiu cha mang trch
nhim vi h phiu.
+ Khng ngh v thanh ton thiu: y l trng hp
thng xy ra. Ngi chp nhn hc phiu c th thanh ton
vo pht CUI cng cho nhn vin khng ngh. Nhn vin
khng ngh c trch nhim tip nhn s tin thanh ton ton b
hoc mt phn ca ngi chp nhn h phiu.
+ Khng ngh v khng c thanh ton: Ngi ch hi
phiu c th tin hnh khng ngh vi l do ngi chp nhn
hl phiu khng thanh ton, y cn phn bit r cc trng
hp: ngi chp nhn hi phiu c tinh khng thanh ton hay
ngi ny ri vo tnh trng khng c kh nng thanh ton v
nhng nguyn nhn bt kh khng.
Bn khng ngh phi do ngi hng li lp ra trong thi
hn hai ngy k tip sau ngy ht hn ca hi phiu, Sau khi
lp xong bn khng ngh, trong vng bh ngy, ngi b t chi
thanh ton phi bo cho ngi chuyn nhng trc tip
tin hoc c th i bt c ngi no k hu chuyn nhng
hi phiu hoc i ngi k pht hm phiu. Nu khng c bn
khng ngh th nhng ngi c chuyn nhng c min
trch nhim' tr tin hi phiu, nhng ngi k pht v ngi
chp nhn vn phi chu trch nhim l vi ngi khng ngh,
Ni mt cch khc, tt c nhng ngi k pht, tip nhn,
chuyn nhng hi phiu hoc bo lnh phiu u c trch
nhim vi ngi ch hin hnh ca hi phiu (igi ang
khng ngh). H u l con n chung ca hi phiu. Ngi ch
h phiu c th i mt ngi, mt vi ngi hoc tt c nhng
ngi thanh ton s' tin cho hl phiu. Ngi khng ngh c
quyn la chn nhng ngi c kh nng thanh ton truy
i.
C hai cch thc hin quyn truy i nh sau:
+ Truy i theo th t: Ngi ch hi phiu yu cu
ngi chuyn nhng trc tip cho mnh phi thanh ton tin
trn hi phiu.
+ Truy i nhy cch: Ngi ch h phiu c th yu cu
bt c igi no trong s' thanh ton cho mnh s' tin trn
h phiu.
Vi quyn truy i bi thng, ngi ch h phiu c
quyn i hi c thanh ton nhng khon sau; s" tin ghi
trn hl phiu; li sut do chm thanh ton hi phiu; chi ph
khng ngh, cc chi ph thng bo v cc khon chi ph khc;
mt khon l ph (to a t 1-3% ca s tin trn hi phiu).
Ngi c n b truy i sau khi thanh ton cho ch hi
phiu ch cn gi li hi phiu, vn bn khng ngh v ha n
thanh ton bi thng.
4.1,2, Sc (Cheque)
4.1.2,1. Bn cht ca Sc
Sc c s dng ln u tin ti vo th k XII. Lc
cc mu sc rt n gin, Phi n tn th k XIV - XV, vi
s pht trin ca hot ng ngn hng, th mi c mu sc nh
ngy nay. Vo th k XVII, vic s dng sc tr nn rt ph
bin ti Anh, H Lan, B o Nha v cc nc Ty u khc.
............
Mt s^ ngn hng bt u pht hnh sc cho ch ti khon
ca mnh c th thanh ton c ra nc ngoi. Lc u vi
sc ch c th thanh ton ra nc ngoi c cho nhng s" tin
nh, mun hn c th thanh ton ra nc ngoi cho nhng
khon tin n hn.
V bn cht, Sc l mt ch th thanh ton bng mu in
sn ca ngn hng, ch ti khon pht hnh ra lnh cho ngn
hng trch t ti khon ca mnh tr cho ngi th hng
c ch nh r tn trn sc, hoc tr theo lnh ca ngi ny,
hoc tr cho ngi cm sc mt s" tin nht nh, bng tin
mt hay bng chuyn khon.
Trn th gii tn ti hai dng sc: Sc theo Cng c Gi-
ne-v nm 1931 (c hu ht cc nc chu u chp nhn nh
c, Php, , an Mch, H Lan, Na Uy, Thy in, Thy S,
o, B o Sha...) v dng Sc Anglosaxon (c s dng ti
Anh, M, Ixrael v mt s nc khc). Vit Nam s dng dng
sc theo Cng c Gi-ne-v v sc nm 1931.
Hin nay ti Vit Nam cha c lut ring v sc, ch c
Ngh nh ca Chnh ph ban hnh quy ch pht hnh v s
dng sc. Trong , quy nh: "sc l lnh tr tin ca ch ti
khon, c lp trn mu do Ngn hng Nh nc quy inh,
yu cu n v thanh ton trch mt s' tin t ti khon tin
gi thanh ton ca mnh trao cho ngi th hng c tn ghi
trn sc hoc ngi cm sc"^^\
4.1.2.2, Cc tng c lin quan n sc
+ Ngi pht hnh sc: l ngi ra lnh cho ngi tr
tin, ni c tin ca anh ta, tr mt s tin no theo chng
t.
Ngn hng nh nc Vit Nam, V Php ch. Hi p php lut ngn hng Vit
Nam, NXB Th gii, 1997, trang 90.
'-1
+ Ngi tr tin; thng thng ngi tr tin l mt ngn
hng hay mt t chc tn dng,
+ Ngi nhn tin: c th l ngi hng li sc, ngi
c chuyn nhng sc hoc chnh l bt c ai cm sc,
4.1.2.3. iu kin c s dng sc
Mt c nhn hay tp th muh c s dng sc cn phi
m bo nhng iu kin nh sau:
+ C ti khon vng lai ti ngn hng.
+ Trn ti khon c s' d c hoc c cp mt khon
tn dng,
+ C quyn s dng quyn s sc thng qua mt hp ng
Sc.
4.L2.4. Hinh thc v ni dung ca Sc
+ V mt hinh thc; Sc nhng bn mu in sn ca
ngn hng. Ti Vit Nam, hnh thc ca t sc do Thhg c
ngn hng nh nc quy nh, Khi pht hnh, ch ti khon
ch cn in thm nhng ni dung cn thit. Vic in thm
ny cn phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau; s dng ngn ng
thng nht trn Sc v phi dng bt mc khng phai (khng
c in bng bt ch, mc ), khng c ty xa.
+ V ni dung ca Sc: Theo Cng c Gi-ne-v v Sc
nm 1931, trn Sc cn ghi y nhng ni dung sau y:
- Tiu Sc
- Ch dn nht dnh v vic tr mt khon tin nht nh
- Ngn hng thanh ton (ni ngi k pht Sc c ti
khon)
- N thanh ton (a ch ngn hng thanh ton, trng
hp thiu ch dn c coi nh ti tr s chnh)
- Ngy v ni pht hnh Sc
' Ch k ca ngi pht hnh Sc. Nu l t chc th
phi c ch k ca ch ti khon, k ton trng v du ca t
chc (nu c)
' S' Sc, s' ti khon, s hiu ca ngn hng
- S tin: phi c ghi r rng, va bng s' v va bng
ch khp vi nhau, c k hiu tin t. Ngy nay, rt nhiu ngn
hng trn th gii dng my in nhiu mu in s tin (c
bng s v bng ch) v k hiu tin ln ch trng tcng ng
trn t Sc.
- Ngi nhn tin: c th l ngi th ba hoc chnh
ngi k pht Sc. Trng hp khng c tn ngi nhn tin th
ngi hng li l chnh ngi cm sc.
- Thi hn hiu lc ca Sc; Trn Sc khng ghi r thi
hn hiu lc ca Sc. Nhng thc cht, thi hn hiu lc ca
Sc c xc nh ty thuc vo phm vi khng gian m Sc
lu hnh v lut php cc nc quy dnh, Ti nhiu quic gia,
thi hn hiu lc ca sc thng c quy nh nh sau: Nu
sc lu hnh trong mt nc, thi hn hiu c ca sc l 8
ngy k t ngy pht hnh sc; nu lu thng ngoi nc
nhng trong cng mt chu lc l 20 ngy v nu lu thng
ngoi nc nhng khng cng mt chu lc l 70 ngy. Qu
thi hn quy nh nh trn nu sc khng quay tr li ngn
hng th sc s mt hiu lc.
T Vit Nam, thi hn hin c thanh ton ca sc l 15
ngy k t ngy k pht.
4,1.2.5. Cc iu kin c bit trong vic s dng phng
tin thanh ton sc
Sc l mt cng c tin bt ton. N c ra i t chc
nng lm phng tin thanh ton thay cho tin mt v c s
dng rng ri ti nhng quc gia c h thng ngn hng pht
trin cao. Hin nay, sc l phng tin chi tr c dng tng
i ph bin trong thanh ton ni a ca hu ht cc nc trn
th gii. Sc cng c s dng rng ri trong thanh tn quc
t v hng ha v dch VT. Sc c gi tr thanh ton trc tip
nh tin t, nn trong vic s dng sc cn ch trng cc iu
kin c bit sau y;
+ i vi ngi s dng sc:
- i vi vic k pht hnh, ch c nhng mu sc ca cc
t chc tn dng pht hnh c php s dng, i vi cc
trng hp khc s khng c trch nhim thanh ton. Cc bn
mu sc c trao cho ch ti khon trn c s giy bin nhn.
- Cc mu sc phi c bo v cn thn. Vic mt cc
bn mu sc hoc giy bin nhn phi c thng bo ngay cho
ngi gi ti khon. Khi kt thc hp ng sc, nhng bn mu
sc cha s dng phi c g tr li ngi gi ti khon.
- Cc bn mu sc phi c ghi r rng v ng quy
nh. Khng ty xa, gch... Nu ghi hng phi hy b ton b
mu sc. Gi tr sc phi c ghi bng ch v s, Sc cm tay
dc pht hnh theo mu sc cm tay. Sc ch danh c pht
hnh theo mu sc ch danh. Vic sa i v gch cho vn
bn mu sc khng c php.
Trong trng hp khng mun thanh ton cho sc sau
khi c pht hnh, ngi pht hnh sc cn thng bo cho
ngn hng thanh ton (khng phi cho ngi hng sc cui
cng). Ngn hng thanh ton c y quyn thng bo vic
khng thc hin thanh ton sc cho mt c quan bo v tn
dng v kinh t.
- Vic hy b sc ch c theo di khi vic hy b c
thng bo kp thi cho ngi gi ti khon, cho vic theo di
ca h c th c thc hin trong phm vi thi hn quy nh.
' Ngi ch ti khon chu mi hu qu ca cc hnh vi
chng li cc iu kin trn cng nh cc ri ro ca vic mt,
lm dng, gi mo sc, mu sc v mu giy bin nhn. Ngn
hng thanh ton ch chu trch nhim l vdi nhng sai m
trong phm vi c lin quan ti nhng nguyn nhn khc gy ra
nhng tn hi cho ch ti khon.
+ vi ngn hng thanh ton sc:
- Ngn hng thanh ton sc c y quyn kim tra
quyn ca ngi Kut trnh sc hoc ca giy bin nhn,
- Ngn hng thanh ton s thanh ton cc sc c xut
trnh ng thi hn t s" d ca ch t khon m khng cn
phi hi trc ch ti khon.
- Ngn hng thanh ton c y nhim thanh ton sc
ngay c trong trng hp ti khon ca ch ti khon khng c
s d. Trong trng hp khng thanh ton, vic xc nhn
theo lut quy nh v sc dc thng bo cho ngi xut trnh
sc m khng cn hi li trc ngi ch ti khon. Trong
trng hp ti khon ca ch ti khon khng c s' d
thanh ton kho sc c xut trnh, ngn hng thanh ton ch
thc hin thanh ton mt phn gi tr ghi trn sc. Trong
trcfng hp ny, ngi pht hnh sc phi k mt bn hp ng
v vic thc hin thanh ton c bit nh vy.
- Ngn hng thanh ton phi theo di sc cm ch trong
phm vi 6 thng sau khi ht hn xu't trnh, tnh t ngy hy,
sau ngn hng thanh ton c th thanh ton cc sc xut
trnh, chng no ngi pht hnh khng ko di vic cm
thanh ton bng vn bn 6 thng tip theo.
+ i vi ngi nhn sc;
- Khi nhn sc phi kim tra tnh hp l ca sc: v hnh
thc, ni dung, ch k, thi hn hiu lc...
- Phi xut trnh sc yu cu thanh ton trong thct
hn ca sc.
- i vi sc b t chi thanh ton phi truy i sc. Nu
l ngi nhn sc u tin th truy i i vi ngi pht hnh
sc, nu l ngi c chuyn nhng sc th truy i vi
ngi hng li trc . Trong trng hp ny, ngi truy i
sc phi chng minh c rng sc c xut trnh trong thi
hn v ngn hng thanh ton t ch tr tin sc (c chng
minh thng qua du hiu xut trnh v khng thanh ton
ca ngn hng thanh ton li trn t sc). Ngi truy i sc
c trch nhim thng bo v vic khng thanh ton cho ngi
hng trc cng nh ngi pht hnh trong vng 4 ngy tnh
sau ngy b t chi thanh ton. Mi ngi c k hu chuyn
nhng thng bo tip cho ngi hng li k trc trong vng
2 ngy. Trn thc t, ngn hng thanh ton thng thng bo
trc tip cho ngi pht hnh sc. Quyn truy i ca ngi
hng sc vi ngi pht hnh sc v nhng ngi chuyn
nhng ko di 6 thng sau khi ht hn hiu lc xut trnh sc.
Nu k hn ny ht th ngi hng sc khng cn quyn truy
i sc na. Tuy nhin, ngi hng sc c th yu cu v
khon n m khng ph thuc vo vic thanh ton sc.
4,1.2,6, Cc loi Sc
Sc c th c phn oi theo mt s' tiu thc nh: phn
loi theo ngi hng li, phn loi theo cch thanh ton, phn
loi theo ngi pht hnh.
+ Phn loi theo ngi hng li c cc loi sc sau:
- Sc theo lnh: l loi sc ghi tr theo lnh ca ngi
hng li c ghi r trn t sc . Ch c ngi hng li c
php thanh ton hoc chuyn giao cho ngi khc bng hnh
thc k hu chuyn nhng ging nh hi phiu.
- Sc trng: l loi sc khng ghi tn ngi hng li.
Bt c ngi no cm sc cng c th nhn c tin ca t sc
m khng cn chng minh quyn ca mnh. Loi sc ny c th
chuyn nhng trc tip theo hnh thc trao tay m khng cn
thng qua th tc k hu chuyn nhng.
- Sc ch danh: l loi sc c ghi tn ngi hng li
nhng thm iu kin khng theo lnh ca ngi hng li ny.
Vic chuyn giao quyn s hu sc cho ngi khc phi thng
qua vn bn xc nhn chuyn nhng km theo.
+ Phn loi theo cch thanh ton c cc loi sc sau:
- sc tin mt; Ngn hng thanh ton s tr tin mt.
Ngi pht hnh Sc tim n ri ro khi b mt hoc b nh cp
sc, ngi cm sc khng cn c s y quyn cng lnh c
tin.
- Sc chuyn khon: Ngn hng thanh ton s ch tr tin
qua vic ghi c vo ti khon. Nhm mc ch ny, ngi pht
hnh sc hoc ngi ch ca sc sau ny s ghi vo mt trc
ca sc yu cu "ch thanh ton chuyn khon", Yu cu ny s
rng buc ngn hng thanh ton v cch thc tr tin. Yu cu
ny khng th rt tr li c.
+ Phn loi theo ngi pht hnh sc c cc loi sc sau;
- Sc c nhn: Sc do ch ti khon pht hnh trc tip
tr cho cc nh cung ng hng ha, dch v cho h.
- Sc bo chi: Trong hp ng thanh ton, ngi mua y
nhim cho ngn hng ca mnh pht hnh mt t sc bo chi
cho nh cung ng dch v, hng ha. Ngn hng ca ngi mua
ghi n khch hng ca h vi gi tr sc tng ng theo gi
bn cng l ph, hoa hng v ph ngn hng. Thng thng sc
bo chi c giao cho ngi mua v ngi ny s gi n nh
cung ng hng ha v dch v cho h.
+ Mt sloi c bit khc:
- Sc gch cho; l loi sc trn mt trc c hai gch
cho song song vi nhau. Sc gch cho khng dng rt tin
mt, thng c dng chuyn khon qua ngn hng. Sc
gch cho li c th c hai loi: sc gch cho thng (gch cho
khng tn, gia hai gch song song khng ghi tn ngn hng
lnh h tin) v sc gch cho c bit (gch cho c ghi tn mt
ngn hng vo gia hai gch song song). I vi loi sc gch
cho c bit ch c ngn hng mi c quyn lnh h tin m
thi. Sc gch cho khng tn c6 th chuyn thnh sc gch
cho c tn. Nhng ngc li, khng th xa tn trn sc gch
cho c tn chuyn thnh sc gch cho thng c. Mc
ch ca sc gch cho l nhm trnh dng sc rt tin mt.
- Sc du ch: s c trnh by k phn sau
4.1.2.7. Quy trnh lu thng sc
+ Quy trnh lu thng sc do hgi chu trch nhim
thanh ton pht hnh (Sd 4.1).
S 4.1, Quy trinh lu thng sc do ngi
chu trch nhim thanh ton ph t hnh
1. Ngi thanh ton pht hnh mt t sc cho ngn hng
ca mnh.
2. Ngi pht hnh giao sc cho ch n ca mnh (ngi
nhn sc).
3. Ngi nhn sc xut trnh sc ti ngn hng ca mnh
nh thu.
4. Ngn hng ca ngi nhn sc gi sc ti ngn hng
thanh ton.
5. Ngn hng thanh ton cho php gh c cho ngn hng
nh thu hoc ghi n vo ti khon Loro.
6. Ngn hng thanh ton ghi n ngi pht hnh sc s
tin ca sc cng ph.
7. Ngn hng thanh ton ghi c cho ngi hng (sau khi
nhn c tin, c th ghi c ngay cho ngi hng khi xut
trnh sc vi iu kin bo lu l nu khng thu c tin t
ngn hng thanh ton th s ghi n tr li).
S 4.2, Quy trinh thanh ton sc
theo lnh ca ngn hng
Ngn hng thanh ton
(Ngn hng ca ngi
pht hnh)
Ngi thanh ton
Ngn hng thanh ton
Ngr hng i i ca
ngn hng thanh ton
Ngn hng ca
ngi hng
4c
5a
'Igi hng
+ Quy trnh thanh ton sc theo lnh ca ngn hng
(Xem s 4.2)
1. Ngi thanh ton ngh ngn hng ca mnh pht
hnh sc
2. Ngn hng pht hnh sc v ghi n s tin sc+ph+li
nhun
3. Thng bo vic pht hnh sc cho ngn hng i l
thanh ton
4. Gi sc cho ngi hng li
4a: trc tip cho ngi hng li
4b: cho ngi hng li qua ngn hng thanh ton
4c; cho ngi hng li qua ngn hng ca ngi hng
lcfi
5. Xut trnh Sc nh thu
5a; ti ngn hng ca mnh c ghi c bo lu
5b: ti ngn hng thanh ton c thanh ton tin
mt ngay
6. Nh thu sc trong trng hp 5a
4.2. Cc phdng tin thanh ton quc t' thng dng trong
du (ch
4.2,1. Sc du lch (Traveller^s cheque)
4.2. . , Bn cht ca Sc du lch
Sc du lch l mt cng c thanh ton c p dng t
th' k XIX, nhng hin nay vn c s dng ngy cng rng
ri. Vic s dng nhng tm sc du lch nh ngy nay bt u
c6 t nm 1874, khi Cng ty Thomas Cook Holidays (lc
thnh lp c 33 nm), k bn cho khch hng ca mnh cc
tm phiu thng bo cho php h c th dng thanh ton chi
ph khch sn hoc cc mn tiu vt ti mt s c s i l c
ch nh nc ngoi.
Cng ty American Express a sc du lch vo s dng
t nm 1891. l mt t giy thay la tin mt. Ngy nay,
65% s ngi i ngh nc ngoi dng sc du lch^^\ Sc du
"'Trn Th Minh Ho (2004), C s l un v thanh ron qitc t trong u lch i Vit
Nam. ti nghin cu khoa hc cp c s. Trng i hc Kinh t' quc dan.
lch tin mt bc quan trng vo nm 1979, khi Hip hi Visa
tham d th trng dch v thanh ton du lch.
Sc du lch l mt loi sc ch danh, cho php khch du
lch c th thanh ton cho cc dch v v hng ho dch v m
khng cn tin mt khi i du lch. Sc du lch ch c a vo
lu thng khi ngn hng thanh ton nhn c s tin
tng ng ca sc, Nh sc du lch c coi nh mt phng
tin thanh ton thun tin v chc chn nh tin mt.
S d sc du lch c s dng rng ri v chng c th
dng c nhiu nc v an ton hn phng thc mang tin
mt thanh ton. Mt u im na ca sc du lch l kh
nng c thay th khi b ri hoc mt cp.
Ti Vit Nam, vic lu thng sc du lch bt u xut
hin t gia nm 1990, Tuy nhin, i vi vic pht hnh sc
du lch th cc ngn hng ca Vit Nam ch ng vai tr lm i
l cho mt s^ hng pht hnh sc du lch ln trn th gii nh
AMEX, VISA, MASTER CARD pht hnh sc du ch cho
nhng ngi Vit Nam khi i du lch ra nc ngoi c nhu cu
mua sc du lch. Vic chp nhn thanh ton sc du lch ti Vit
Nam cng cn nhiu hn ch, Ch c mt s" ngn hng ln nh
ngn hng ngoi thng Vit Nam, ngn hng u t v pht
trin, ngn hng Cng thng Vit Nam, ngn hng Thng
mi c phn Chu... chp nhn mua sc du lch, Nhiu doanh
nghip du lch Vit Nam khng mun chp nhn thanh ton
bng sc du lch^^\
Trn Th Minh Ho (2006), Sc du ich ' mt phng tin hanh ton hun tin. Tp
ch Du lch s Ihng 1 nm 2006.
ttqttdl -9
4.2. .2. Hinh thc ca Sc du lch
Sc du lch c hnh thc gn ging nh tin mt, c
pht hnh bi cc t chc pht hnh sc .du lch quc t v cc
thnh vin ca cc t chc (American Express Company,
Thomas Cook, Visa,..).
4.2.1.3. Ni dung ca Sc du lch
Trn sc du lch c nhng ni dung c bn sau;
+ Tiu "Sc du lch" (Travellers cheque, cheque de
voyage)
+ S" sc
+ Tn v biu tng ca ca t chc pht hnh
+Tn v biu tng ca c s thnh vin pht hnh
+ Gi tr ca sc mua c in sn (thng bng cc ng
tin mnh trn th gii nh EUR, USD, GBP, JPY v vi mnh
gi hcfn mnh gi ca cc ng tin mt).
+ Phn dnh cho khch du lch k khi mua
+ Phn dnh cho khch du lch khi thanh ton
+ Thi hn hiu lc ca sc (c th c, c th khng)
+ Khu vc cc ngn hng tr tin (c th c, c th
khng)
4.2.1.4, C ch s dng sc du lch t u khch du lch
Trong c ch s dng sc du lch i vi khch du lch cn
Ivu mt s' thi im sau:
Khi mua sc du ch:
+ Phi k hp ng mua sc du lch
+ Phi tr bng tin mt (thng theo nguyn tc X +
1%X).
+ K tn trn mi t sc DL
Khi thanh ton:
+ Sc u lch ch c th c thanh ton bi ngi hng
sc, khng th chuyn nhng c.
+ C th thanh ton trc tip cho cc dch v, hng ho
ti cc c s du lch c nhn thanh ton bng sc du lch hoc c
th i ra tin mt ti cc ngn hng l i l ca cc c s
pht hnh sc du lch.
+ Phi k c ch k th 2 trng khp vi ch k th
nht ( k khi mua sc du lch) trc mt nhn vin thu ngn
hoc nhn vin ngn hng th sc mi c gi tr thanh ton.
+ V nguyn tc khi thanh ton khng mt ph, nhng
trn thc t cc c s nhn thanh ton thng vn thu ph
(commission) c th t 0,5 - 2%.
Kh mt sc du lch
Trong trng hp mt sc ch s hu phi thng bo
ngay cho c s pht hnh sc du lch (cng c th l mt c s
i l ca cc c s pht hnh) c n b (thng n mt
gi tr nht nh) cc giy t phi c xut trnh l:
+ Giy t tu thn c nh (thng l chng minh th, h
chiu).
+ Hp ng mua sc du lch
+ Bn tng thut v mt sc du lch
H thng hon tr rt nhanh chng v tinh vi nn cc t
chc pht hnh c th cp sc du lch thay th trong vng 24
gi.
V d: H thng dch v cp li sc du lch ca Hip hi
Visa hot ng da trn c s mt t'm phiu ghi ch cho mi b
sc c pht hnh. Trn cc tm phiu c cc chi tit v s
in thoi khch hng lin lc nu b mt sc du lch. H
thng dch v ny hot ng trong 24 gi/ngy v su't 365
ngy/nm. in thoi gi n c chuyn qua Trung tm x l
hon tr ca Visa (Visas Repune Reperral Centre) v cc thng
bo chi tit ca ngi khch c Trung tm kim tra li trong
thi gian m thoi. Khch hng c th c hon tr li tin
mt hay sc thay th ti hdn 60.000 a im khp th gii.
4.2.1.5. C ch thanh ton ca cc c s nhn thanh ton
sc du lch
+ Cc c s muh nhn thanh ton bng sc du lch cn
ng k vi mt c s l i l ca cc t chc pht hnh
c cung cp: mu sc du lch, nhng ch dn thanh ton,
danh sch nhng sc du lch b nh ch thanh ton (current
stop list).
+ Khi nhn sc du lch, nhn vin thu ngn ti cc c s
du lch hoc nhn vin ngn hng phi kim tra cn thn tnh
hp l ca t sc; hnh thc khng b nhu nt, khng b rch,
b ty xo; s' sc khng b nm trong danh mc nhng sc du
lch b nh ch thanh ton. Sau yu cu khch du lch k
ch k th hai trc s chng kin ca mnh v kim tra ch
k. Vic xut trnh chng minh th l khng cn thit, tuy
nhin cc nhn vin c quyn yu cu khch du lch xut trnh
nh mt m bo khi thanh ton.
+ Trong thi hn quy nh sau khi nhn sc du lch
(thng l 7 ngy) ngi nhn sc du lch gi sc du lch n
ngn hng (ncfi ng k), k hu chuyn nhng cho ngn
hng v ngn hng s chuyn tip sc du lch ch yu theo hnh
thc nh thu.
4.2,2. Th thanh ton (Payment card)
4.2,2.1. Bn cht ca th thanh ton
Th thanh ton l mt phng tin thanh ton khng
dng tin mt, cho php ngi ch th c th s dng d rt
tin mt hoc thanh ton tin hng ho, dch v ti cc im
chp nhn thanh ton th.
Th thanh ton ra i u tin M vo nm 1946,
nhng thc s pht trin trong nhng nm 1950. Chu u
th thanh ton xu^t hin vo nm 1965 v thc s pht trin
k t nm 1971.
Khi th thanh ton ra i dn dn thay th mt phn
thanh ton bng sc. Th thanh ton ch yu phc v cho mc
dch tiu dng. N khng thch hp cho vic mua bn hng ho
c gi tr ln. n nay, dch v th thanh ton pht trin
rng khp ti 134 quc gia trn th gii; s' lng th pht hnh
ln n 2.000 triu th; s i l chp nhn th l 21 triu; s'
my ATM v cc im rt tin mt l 700.000; doanh s' thanh
ton th hng ni vo khong 3,000 t USD.
Hin nay trn th gii c nhiu mng khc nhau pht
hnh nhiu loi th khc nhau, song ni bt nht l cc loi th
ca cc mng thanh ton tng ng nh sau:
+ VISA
Vo nm 1960 ngn hng Bank of America pht hnh th
Bank Americard, tc l th VISA ngy nay.
Th VISA hin nay l loi th c quy m pht trin ln
nht (hin nay c hng trm triu th ang lu hnh v doanh
thu hng trm t SD/nm). Mng VISA c h thng my rt
tin t ng (Automatic Teller Machine - ATM) vi hng trm
nghn my trn nh th ca nhiu quc trn th gii.
VISA v MASTER CARD khng trc tip pht hnh th,
m giao li cho cc thnh vin. y l mt mnh gip cho VISA
v MASTER CARD d m rng th trng hn cc loi th
khc. VISA cng cung cp mt chui cc dch v Debit card,
Credit card, travellers cheques, rt tin mt ATM thng qua
plus... VISA khng nh c v tr ca mnh trn th gii,
l mt loi th c th c chp nhn gn nh bt c ndi no.
+ MASTER CARD
Th MASTER CARD ra i vo nm 1966 do Hip hi ICA
(Interbank card American) pht hnh thng qua cc thnh vin
trn th gii, MASTER CARD cung cp cc dch v nh: th tn
dng, th ghi n, rt tin mt bng my ATM.... MASTER CARD
c quy m v tc pht trin mnh tng t nh VISA. C th
ni, hin nay MASTER CARD v VISA l hai t chc th ln v
cung cp nhiu dch v nht trn th gii. n cui nm 2001, 15
nghn t chc ti chnh thnh vin ca MC pht hnh gn 520
triu th, t tng doanh s 986 t USD (827 t USD t th tn
dng vl59 t USD t th ghi n...). C hn 24 triu n v chp
nhn th ton cu. C hn 760 nghn my ATM trn da bn ca
82 nc v vng lnh th.
+ AMERICAN EXPRESS (AMEX)
Th AMEX ra i sm nht vo nm (1958), hin nay
ang l t chc th du lch v g tr ln nh't th gi (vi
doanh thu v s" lng th pht hnh ln gp 5 ln so vi
Dimer'sclub v JCB). Khng ging nh VISA v MASTER
CARD, AMEX t pht hnh th ca chnh mnh v trc tip
qun l ch th. l m doanh thu v s lng th pht
hnh li c mt mnh l c th cp nht c cc thng tin cn
thit v khch hng, t c th c cc chng trnh pht trin,
phn on khch hnh cung cp dch v. cnh tranh vi
VISA v MASTER CARD, t nm 1987 AMEX cho ra i
mt loi th tn dng mi s dng tn dng tun hon
OPTIMA.
+ DINER'S CLUB
Th Diner's club l loi th du lch v gii tr ra i u
tin trn th gii. Mc d ra i stn, song th ny khng pht
trin mnh bng 3 loi th k trn. Hin nay trn th gii c
khong hn 10 triu th ny, vi doanh thu vi chc t
USD/nm.
+ JCB
Th JCB ra i vo nm 1967 ca Hip hi tn dng Nht
Bn, c mc tiu ch yu hng vo th trng du lch v gii
tr. Th JCB hin l th cnh tranh mnh vi AMEX. Mc
d cn ng sau AMEX nhng JCB c mt s pht trin kh
mnh, bt u k t nm 1989. Hin nay th JCB ang c
m rng chu , chu u v Bc M- Hin nay th c chp
nhn nhiu nc trn th gii. C s chp nhn th thng
t ni m ngi Nht Bn thng i du lch v cng tc. H
thhg mng rt tin t ng cng pht trin mnh. Ging nh
AMEX, JCB khng nhn thnh vin m h trc tip pht hnh
v qun l khch hng ca mnh. Hin nay JCB ngy cng
pht trin m rng th tnng, khng ch phc v cho ngi
Nht Bn, m cn pht hnh phc v cho cc i tng khc c
yu cu.
4.2.2.2. Phn o th thanh ton
Th thanh ton c rt nhiu loi, song phn loi theo ti
khon c 2 loi sau:
+ Th tn dng (Credit card); l loi th dng thanh
ton tin hng ho, dch v hay rt tin m kh ch th s
dng th, ngn hng ch c ghi n vo ti khon ca khch
hng v gi cho ch th mt bng k ho n yu cu ch
th tham chiu thanh ton.
Mi th u c mt hn mc tn dng ring. Thc cht,
khi ch th s dng th m cha n ngy thanh ton th thc
t h khng s dng tin ca mnh m ngn hng ang cung
cp tn dng cho ch th. Chnh v th, th tn dng c xem
l mt phng tin thanh ton, ng thi cng l mt hnh thc
tn dng ngy cng c pht trin v mang tnh cht ph bin,
khng nh tnh tin li, hu dng ca mnh.
+ Th ghi n (Debit card): L loi th c dng thanh
ton tin hng ho, ch v hay rt tin nhng khi ch th s
dng th th ngay lp tc s b ghi n vo ti khon. Thng
thng i vi th ghi n ch th phi k qu y trc ti
khon v mi th ch c mt hn mc thanh ton m ngi s
dng khng c s dng vt qu mc ny. Loi th ny t
c s dng rng khp trn th gii m thng ch c pht
hnh s dng theo khu vc hoc theo nc, bi tnh cht ghi n
ngay lp tc ca n.
Hot ng thanh ton th ti Vit Nam xu't hin trn
th trng t thng 7 nm 1990. Hin nay, cc ngn hng
thng mi tham gia vo cung ng cho dch v ny cn T t hn
ch, ch c 10 ngn hng tham gia (ch yu l Ngn hng
Thng mai C phn Chu v Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit
Nam). Dch v thanh ton th ch yu tp trung vo vic pht
hnh, thanh ton th ATM (th rt tin t ng); chp nhn
thanh ton th quc t. Pht hnh v thanh ton th ni a
chim t l nh, mang tnh cht th im, thm d th trng.
(S lng th pht hnh; 100.000 th; doanh s' thanh ton:
khong 240 triu SD/nm, ring Ngn hng Ngoi thng
Vit Nam l 85 triu USD; doanh s s dng th; khong 400
t VND; 30 ing i l chp nhn th: 65.000; s lng my
ATM: 111, tnh n cui nm 2004>.
Hin nay ti Vit Nam, tham gia vo th trng th phc
v hot ng du lch, ngoi cc ngn hng cn bt u c c cc
Cng ty du lch.
V d: Cng ty Dch v L hnh Saigontourist phi hp
vi ngn hng Thng mi c phn Chu (ACB) va pht
hnh th "ACB-SAIGONTORIST PREMIUM TRAVEL". y
l loi th ln u tin c gii thiu ti Vit Nam, dnh cho
khch hng s dng cc dch v v sn phm du lch cao cp
"PREMM TRAVEL" ca Saigontourist. Ch th c chi tiu
n s" tin cui cng trong th, c th s dng rt tin bng
ngoi t khi i du lch, cng tc nc ngoi, c quyn tham
gia bo him cu tr y t ton cu (tr gip S.O.S), c kt ni
bng ting Vit c t vn, tr gip v y t cng nh cc
vn khn cp khc khi ang nc ngoi.
Ngoi ra, ch th c hng mc gim u i t 5% n
50% khi s dng dch v ca Saigontourist, c s dng th
thanh ton hng ho, dch v ti cc i l chp nhn th
Master card, rt tin mt ti cc t chc ti chnh (ngn hng)
hoc ti cc my rt tin t ng (ATM) mang thdng hiu
MASTER CARD hot ng 24/24 ti Vit Nam v han 220 quc
gia trn ton th gii. D kin trong nm 2006, Cng ty s pht
hnh 12,000 th "PREMIUM TRAVEL"
4.2.2.3. Hnh thc ca th
Hu ht cc loi th thanh ton quc t hin nay u lm
bng nha cng. Do vy, trn thc t n cn thng c gi l
th nha. Th thanh ton c hnh ch nht, c kch thc tiu
chun l 96mm X 54mm X0,76mm.
4.2.2.4, Ni dung ca th
Th gm 2 mt lu gi nhng thng tin cn thit.
+ mt trc ca th c nhng thng tin sau:
- Cc huy hiu ca cc t chc pht hnh th, tn ca th
nh: VISA, MASTER CARD, AXPRESS, JCB.
- Biu tng ca th: thng c lm mt cch c bit
chng gi mo, chng hn nh; biu tng ca VISA l hnh
con b cu ang bay trong khng gian 3 chiu; ca MASTER
CARD l hnh 2 qu cu lng vo nhau trong khng gian 3
chiu v c ch "MASTER" in rt nh trong biu tng, ca
AMEX l ngi lnh La M i m st, ca JCB l ch "JCB" in
vi kh to...
- S" th: c in ni trc tip trn mt th. Tu theo tng
loi th th s" lng cc ch s' khc nhau v chng c cu
trc theo cc nhm khc nhau.
(I>
Bo Du lch s 522 (425) th su l 23/12 n 2/12/2005.
- Ngy hiu lc ca th c in ni thng thng theo 2
cch - hoc l t ngy..... n ngy, hoc ch l n ngy......
- H tn ca ch th; c in ni. Nu l th c nhn th
in tn ca c nhn. Nu l ca cng ty th in tn cng ty v tn
ngi c u quyn s dng.
- Trn th cn c th c mt s^ thng tin ph khc, ph
thuc vo tng loi th nh: s m t pht hnh (i vi th
AMEX); trn th JCB nu c ch "G" sau ngy hiu lc th c
ngha l th vng-.
+ mt sau ca th bao gmi
- Bng t, trong thng c ghi nhng thng tin cn
thit v th v ch th nh: s' th; ngy hiu lc, tn ch th,
m s b mt c nhn, m s" kim tra gi tr, s d ca th.
- Ch k ca ch s hu th, thng c k tn nn
bng hoa vn c p cht trn th.
- S th c th c in li mt ln na trn mt sau ca
th
' Tn, a ch ca c s pht hnh th
4.2.2.5. Nhng vn cn u trong c ch lu thng
th tn dng (TTD)
* C ch s dng vi ch s hu th
iu kin c cp th; thng thng, mt c nhn
hay mt cng ty mun c cp th tn dng, phi m mt ti
khon vng lai ( Vit Nam th phi m mt ti khon m bo
vi gi tr thp nht l 10 triu VND), phi c h s thanh ton
tt v phi k hp ng s dng th tn dng v mt c s ca
mng thanh ton. Th tn dng khng th chuyn nhng c.
Ch s hu th c th dng th thanh ton tin hng
ho, dch v ti nhng c s c chp nhn thanh ton bng
TTD, hoc rt tin ti nhng my rt tin t ng (ATM)
hay ti nhng c s thanh ton ca cc mng thanh ton.
Khi th thanh ton, hoc rt tin ngn hng ch ghi n
vo ti khon ca h sau mt thi gian nh't nh. Thng
thng cul mi thng ngn hng s gi cho ch th mt bng
k ho n yu cu ch th tham chiu v thanh ton ( Vit
Nam s tin ch th c thanh ton bng th trong mt thng
khng c vt qu 90% gi tr ca ti khon m bo m),
vi nhng ch th m ngn hng c tin cy cao, ngn
hng c th cho php ch th n thanh ton sau.
* C ch thanh ton ca c s nhn thanh ton bng th
tn dng
Mt khch sn, cng ty l hnh hay mt c s thng
mi no c th nhn thanh ton bng th tn dng phi
ng k (k hp ng thanh ton) vi mt c s thanh ton no
ca cc mng thanh ton (thng l cc ngn hng thng
mi). Sau khi ng k cc ngn hng phi cung cp cho cc
Cd s nhng cng c v nhng thng tin cn thit phc v cho
vic thanh ton nh; th mu (Specimen); bn ch dn quy
trnh thanh ton; thng bo v hn mc thanh ton (Floor
limit); my ch th (Imprinter), nhng tp ho n (sale slips)
tng ng vi mi loi th v bng cp nht danh mc nhng
th b (finh ch thanh ton (Stop list, Cancelation Bulletin) -
vi trng hp thao tc thanh ton c hc; hoc c lp t
my x l cp php t ng c ni mng trc tip vi trung tm
x l th ca cc ngn hng,
Khi c mt khch hng mun thanh ton c s nhn
thanh ton phi kim tra y tnh hiu c ca th nh: th
phi cn nguyn vn khng ty xo, c ng ca mng thanh
ton m c s nhn thanh ton ng k khng, biu
tng chhg lm gi ca th, ngy hiu lc ca th, tnh ch
thc ca ch s hu, th c b nh ch thanh ton hay khng
v kim tra xem gi tr khch mun thanh ton c vt hn
mc thanh ton ca th hay khng (nu c phi xin cp m mt
thanh ton - authorization code). Sau khi kim tra tht k
c s thanh ton mi thc hin cc thao tc thanh ton cn
thit.
Nu thanh ton bng my ch th (mprinter) cc
thao tc c t h nh sau:
- Ly mt tp ha n t cc mu ha n tng ng
c cung cp (gm 4 t).
- t th vo my ch ri t xp ha n mt phi ln
trn,
- Ko my n t tri sang phi.
- Kim tra xem cc s liu gmi ngy hiu lc, s' th, h
v tn ca ch s hu c in ra y hay cha.
- Dng bt mc khng phai ghi cc s liu thanh ton cn
thit ln ha n, gm: ngy ; s" cp php (nu c); s bin lai
hay ha n; tn hng ha, dch v; s' tin (c bng s' v bng
ch).
' a cho khch hng kim tra v k tn.
X mt t ha n tng ng a tr khch, mt t gi
i doanh nghip lm h s lu v chm nht 7 ngy sau khi
nhn thanh ton cc c s phi gi 2 ho n n ngn hng
ng k nh thu h.
Nu thanh ton bng my c ni mng, cc thao
tc c t h nh sau:
- C th trn my ca ngn hng.
- Kim tra s^ th - enter.
- Bm s tin(USD)' enter.
- Ch my in ra v ly ch k khch.
- a lin xanh cho khch.
' Chuyn tin ra ngn hng bng my.
- Bm Seternet.
- My hin Enter password - Bm 000 - Enter.
- My hin Host number - Bm 2 (m vi th Visa,
Master, JCB, Amex). B'm 3 (x vi th Diner).
- Enter,
- My hin ln s tin ,kim tra xem c ng vi s" tin
va c th? - Enter - My hin 00,00 - Enter - My in ra - Kp
lun vi 2 t in trc c6 ch k ca khch.
- K khai vo bng in k (mi loi 1 bng k ring).
- Np bng k v t in cho k ton.
- K ton np cho ngn hng lin trng v lu li lin .
4,2.3. Phiu u lch (Voucher)
4.2.B.I. Bn cht ca Phiu du lch
Phiu du lch l mt cng c thanh ton c th trong u
lch c t lu i (ng Thomas cook - ngi Anh l ngi u
tin a ra s ng cng c ny vo nhng nm cui th k
XIX). Cho n nay, mc d hnh thc thay i nhiu, song
Voucher vn c s dng ph bin trong lnh vc l hnh du
lch.
Phiu du lch v bn cht l chng t chng minh vic
thanh ton trc ca khch du lch cho mt s' dch v du lch
hoc tt c cc dch v hng ho c trong chng trnh du lch
m h s c s dng trong chuyn hnh trnh du lch.
4.2.3.2. Hnh thc ca Phiu du lch
Phiu du lch thng do cc doanh nghip gi khch pht
hnh theo nhng mu in sn, khi s dng ch cn in thm
nhng ni dung cn thit.
4.2.3.3. Ni dung ca Phiu du ch
Mc d cc doanh nghip l hnh c th pht hnh theo
cc hnh thc khc nhau, song nhn chung ni dung ca phiu
du lch thng thng bao gm nhng thnh phn c bn sau:
+ Tiu : C th theo cc th loi - voucher, travel
voucher, hotel Service voucher.
+ Tn, a ch, biu tng, s' fax, s' telephone ca c s
pht hnh voucher.
+ Tn, a ch ca c s III phiu du lch c n nh
ti.
+ H v tn ca khch du lch (hoc ca trng on).
+ S' lng khch du lch.
+ Thi gian nhn cc dch v.
+ Lit k chi tit cc dch v v hng ho m khch du
lch s c s dng trong chuyn hnh trnh du lch.
+ Ha cam kt s thanh ton ca doanh nghip l hnh
gi khch.
+ Mt s^ ni dung khng bt buc khc nh: s" tin
thanh ton, s ti khon ca khch du lch.
4.2.3.4, Cc th loi Phiu du lch
Trn thc t c th c nhiu loi phiu du lch khc nhau.
Nhng loi ph bin thng gp l:
+ Phiu du lch c nhn.
+ Phiu du lch cho on.
+ Phiu du lch cho chng trnh du lch trn gi.
+ Phiu du lch cho cc dch v c bn (thng l lu tr,
n uhg).
+ Phiu du lch cho cc dch v b sung (dch v tham
quan, v xem bng ...)-
+ Phiu du lch m (trong ch quy nh chung v th
loi, slng, cht lng ca dch v, khng quy nh c th v
a im v thi gian cung ng cc dch v ).
+ Phiu du lch ng (trong quy nh c th v th
loi, s' lng, cht lng ca dch v, cng nh v a im v
thi gian cung ng cc dch v ).
4.2.3.5. Mt s im cn lu khi s dng phiu du lch
+ Khch du lch c th dng phiu du lch nhn dch v
trc tip t cc nh cung ng dch v du lch. Trong mt s
trng hp khch du lch khng th dng voucher nhn dch v
trc tip t cc nh cung ng dch v du lch. Khi xut trnh
phiu du lch cho cc doanh nghip l hnh nhn khch, khch
du lch s nhn c nhng chng t tng ng nh v xem
biu din, phiu n, v xe...
+ Cc c s du lch ch nn phc v cho nhng phiu du
lch c xut trnh khi trc nhn c hoc nhng bn
phiu du lch tdng ng, hoc nhng thng tin tng ng v
chng.
4.2.3,6. Qu trinh thanh ton Phiu du ch
Quy trnh thanh ton bng phiu du lch bao gm cc
bc c th c m t theo s 4.3
S 4.3. Quy trinh thanh ton phiu u lch
------------------------ @--------------------------------------
Doanh nghip
* -
Khch
Doanh nghip
l hnh

du lch
[ hnh
gi khch
nhn khch
Khch du lch mua chng trnh du lch hoc dch v
khch sn.
0 Doanh nghip l hnh gi khch trn c s hp ng
k vi doanh nghip l hnh nhn khch hoc khch sn
pht phiu du lch cho khch du lch.
Doanh nghip l hnh gi khch gi mt bn phiu du
lch (hoc nhng thng tin) tng t cho doanh nghip hnh
nhn khch hoc khch sn,
Khch du lch dng phiu du ch nhn dch v trc
tip t khch sn hoc np phiu du lch cho doanh nghip
TTOTTnL-io
hnh nhn khch (thng qua h se nhn dch v cc nh cung
ng dch v du lch trc tip).
Doanh nghip l hnh nhn khch (hoc khch sn)
gi phiu du lch (c xc nhn ca khch du lch hoc ca
trng on) cho doanh nghip l hnh gi khch i thanh
ton.
Doanh nghip l hnh gi khch thanh ton cho
doanh nghip l hnh nhn khch hoc khch sn.
Trn thc t cc doanh nghip l hnh nhn khch cng
c th p dng phng php thanh ton ny vi cc nh
cung ng dch v du lch trc tip (khch sn, nh hng, cng
ty vn chuyn v.v.,.).
Phiu du lch c pht hnh v s dng theo nguyn tc
nh trn c gi l phiu du lch Th h c. N c mt s"
nhgc im cn khc phc, l tnh thiu thng nht, thanh
ton qua bu in, doanh nghip l hnh gi khch ch c th
pht hnh phiu du lch cho khch khi tha thun trc vi
pha nhn khch. Mt khc, pha nhn khch thng nhn
c thanh ton chm v i khi khng thu c tin do phiu
b tht lc. Nm bt c nhng im yu cc cng ty ln
pht hnh th thanh ton a ra mt loi phiu du lch Th h
mi. y l loi phiu c da trn c s chuyn tin bng h
thng in t v c cc t chc cung ng dch v chp nhn.
Mc ch ca loi phiu mi ny l thay th cho loi phiu
du lch Th h c bng mt s kiu phiu thng nht c
quc t tha nhn thun tin cho ngi pht hnh v ngi s
dng.
hiu r hn v bn cht ca phiu du lch Th h
mi chng ta hy nghin cu v d v phiu du ch Th h
mi ca Hip hi VISA. Nhm m rng dch v thanh ton ca
mnh sang lnh vc du lch v gii tr, Hip hi Visa cho pht
hnh loi phiu du lch Visa Travel Voucher cc ngn hng
thnh vin s dng cung ng cho cc .i l du lch. Trnh t
cc mi giao dch bng phiu du lch Visa nh sau;
S . Quy trnh lu thng phiu du lch ca Visa
(D Ngn hng i l ca VISA cung ng phiu du lch
Th h mi" cho i l du ch.
i l du lch t ch ti khch sn.
o i l du lch thu phn hoa hng ca mnh v chuyn
cho khch du lch 2 tm phiu du lch.
Khch du lch np 2 tm phiu du lch cho khch sn
nhn dch v,
<DKhch sn tr phn hoa hng ca l c hng,
ng du vo phiu du lch, sau gi tm phiu c ng
du cng vi cc ha n thanh ton ti ngn hng ca
VISA c thanh ton.
) Ngn hng i l c khch sn nh thu s chuyn
thng s" ca tm phiu s dng cho ngn hng i l pht
hnh v qua h thng thanh ton b tr ghi c vo ti khon
ca mnh v ghi n vo ti khon ca ngn hng pht hnh.
Ngn hng i l pht hnh chuyn s n vo ti kha
ca i du lch theo nh tha thun gia hai bn.
4.5.2.7, Pht hnh v lu thng phiu du lch ti Vit
Nam
Khi hot ng kinh doanh du lch quc t ca Vit Nam
pht trin mnh th vic pht hnh v lu thng phiu du lch
pht trin l mt tt yu khch quan. Nhiu cng ty l hnh
quc t ca Vit Nam pht hnh phiu du lch cho khch du
lch Vit Nam i ra nc ngoi du lch (ph bin hn theo hnh
thc i theo on). Nhiu cng ty l hnh quc t v khch sn
ca Vit Nam da trn cc phiu du lch do cc cng ty l hnh
gi khch ca nc ngoi pht hnh.
TM TT CHNG 4
Trong chng ny trnh by nhng ni dung c bn
v: bn cht v s vn hnh ca Hi phiu (Bill of Exchange) -
mt trong hai dng ca thng phiu (Commercia Bi) bao
gm Hoi phiu v K phiu, nh mt cng c tn dng v thanh
ton theo lut LB; bn cht v s vn hnh ca Sc (Cheque)
nh mt cng c thanh ton theo Cng c Gi-ne-v nm
1931; bn cht v s vn hnh ca Sc du lch (Traveller
Cheque) nh mt cng c thanh ton c bit c s dng
trong lnh vc du lch quc t; bn ch't ca th thanh ton
(Payment Card), cc loi th thanh ton, bn cht v s vn
hnh ca th tn dng (Credit Card) nh mt cng c thanh
ton ph bin c s dng trong lnh vc du lch quc t (ch
yu vi khch du lch i t do); bn cht v s vn hnh ca
Phiu du lch (Voucher) nh mt cng c chng minh s thanh
ton trc ca khch du lch, c s dng i vi hnh thc i
du lch c thng qua t chc.
CU HI N TP CHNG 4
1. Nu v phn tch cc c im quan trng ca h phiu.
2. Phn tch cc thnh phn bt buc c trong ni ung ca
hl phiu.
3. Trnh by v s khng ngh ca hi phiu.
4. Trnh by v s chuyn nhng ca hi phiu.
5. Nu v phn tch cc c im quan trng ca sc.
6. Phn tch cc thnh phn bt buc c trong ni dung ca
sc.
7. Nu cc im quan trng cn lu trong s dng sc.
8. Phn tch bn cht, hnh thc v ni dung ca sc du lch
(so snh vi sc).
9. Trnh by nguyn l pht hnh v lu thng sc du lch,
10. Phn tch nhng ii khch du lch cn lu trong s
dng sc du lch.
11. Phn tch nhng im c s nhn thanh ton cn lu
trong s dng sc du lch.
12. Phn tch bn ch't, hnh thc v ni dung ca th tn dng.
13. Trnh by nguyn l pht hnh v lu thng th tn dng.
14. Phn tch nhng iu kin cn thit c th s dng th
tn dng.
15. Phn tch nhng im cd s nhn thanh ton cn lu
trong s dng th tn dng.
16. Phn tch bn cht, hnh thc v ni dung ca phiu du
lch.
17. Trnh by nguyn l pht hnh v lu thng phiu du lch.
18. Phn tch nhng im khch du lch cn lu trong s
dng phiu du lch .
19. Phn tch nhng im c s kinh doanh du lch cn lu
trong s dng phiu du lch.
PH L C
PH LC 1. DANH MC CC M CH CHNH CA ISO
M
ch
Tn ng tin Nc
AED Dirham
Cc vung qu c Rp th ng nht
AFA Aiani Ap-ga-nixtan
ALL Lek An ba n
ANG Plorin Qun o Angti H Lan
AOK Kuanza
ng-gla
r ~^ Peso Achentina Achentina
AUD la
c
BBD E la Barbade
BDT Taka Bnglat
BGL Lev Bungar
BHD Dinar Baren Baren
BIF Franc Burundi Burundi
MBD (a Becmut
BND la Brun
y
BOB Boivino Btv
BRC Cruzado Braxin
BSD Dola Bahama Bahamas
BUK Kyat Min in (Myama)
- Z Z 5 5 -
H . J
M
ch
Tn ng tin Nc
BWP Pula Btsxoan
CAD la Canada Canada'
CEV Escudo Cpve Cap-ve
CHF Pranc Thu S Thu S
CLP Peso Chile Chil
CNY Yuan (RMB) Cng ho nhn dn Trung Hoa
COP Ps Clmbia Clmbia
CSK Cuaran Tip Tip Khc
CUP Ps Cu Ba : Cu Ba
CYP Bng Sip S p
DUF Frane Dibuti Dibuti (Dijibouti)
DKK Cuaron an Mch an Mch
DOP Ps minich Cng ho minicana
DZP ina Angir
Angiri
ESC Sucri quat
EGP Bng A Cp AI Cp
ETB Blrr
Etpa
EUR Euro
ng tin chung Chu u
F1M Mac Phn Lan Phn Lan
FJD La Phigi Palkkand (Manvinat)
FKD Bng Palkland
(Manvinat)
Adorre
GBP Xeclinh Vutflig Qu c Anh
GHC Cedi
Gana
GIP Bng Gibraltar Gibrala
GMD Delasi 2mbia
M
ch
Tn ng tin Nc
GNF Franc Ghin Ghinee.
GQE Ekpuele Ghiin xch o
GTTQ Quettzal Goattmala
GWP Ps Ghn Ghin Bixao
GYP la Guy-An Guyan
HKD la Hng Kng Hng Kng
HNL Lempira Hngurt
HTG Gomde Hai-i-ti
HUF Porint Hungari
IDR Roupiah Innia
ILS Sheket ixraen
INR
Roupie n n
IQD Dinar Irak trak
IRR Rai Iran
iSK Cuatton Aixlen Aixlen
JMD la Jamaica
Jamaica
JOD Dna Gicdani Gicdani
JPY Yn Nht Bn
KES Xilinh Knia Knia
KHR Rin Campuchia
KMF Franc Cmo Cmo
KPW Won Bc Triu Tin
KWD Won Nam Triu Tin
KYO ina Cot Cot
LAK ina Qun o Caiman Qun o Caiman
LBP Kip
CHDCND Lo
M
ch
Tn ng tin Nc
LKR Bng Libng Libng
LRD Rupi Xrlanca Xrilanca (Ceylan)
LMS Maloi Lxth
LYD ina Lybi Libi Arp Jamahiriya
MAD Dirham Mar c MaR c
MGEF Frn Maagatxca Maagatxca
MNT Tugrik Mng C
MOP Pataca MaCao
MRO Ongmiya Mritani
MTL Bang Manta Manta
MUR Riupie o M rix o Mritx
MVR Ruiyus Qun o Manv
MWK Kvvacha Malauy
MXP
Ps Meehic Mhic
MYR Ringgit Malaixia
M2M Metacat
Modmb ch
NGN Naira Nigria
NIC Cordoba Nicaragua
NLG Poria H Lan
NOK Cuaron Na Uy Nauy
NPR Rupi Npan Npan
NZD la Tn Ty Lan Tn Ty Lan (NiU'Diln)
OMR Rial mani Oman
PAB Balboa Panama
PES Inti Pru
PGK Kina
Papoa Tn Ghin
- A - "Cs
lW :S l # ^ r ,
M
ch
Tn ng tin Nc
PHP Ps Philippines Philippines
PLZ Zlti Ba Lan
PYG Guarani Paragoay
QAR Riya! Qata Quaa
ROL Len (ly) Rumani
RWF Franc Ruanda Ruana
SAR Rya) Xut rp-Xut
SBD la qun o
Xalmng
Qun o Xalmng
SCR Rupi qun o Xy sen Xysen
SDP Bng Xu ng Xung
SEK Cuaron Thu in Thu in
SGD la Sirtgapo Singgapo
SHP Bng Xanh Hlen Xanh Hen
SLL Lon Xieralon
SOS Xilinh Xoomaii Xmali
SRG Plorin Xurinam Xurinam
STD Dobra
Saotm v Prinxp
SUR Rp Lin bang Nga
svc Coion Enxanvao
SYP Bng Syric Syric
SZL Lilangeni Xodilen
THB Baht (ba) hay tical Thi Lan
TND ina Tuynidi Tuynidi
TOP Palanga o Toonga
TRL Bng Th Nh K Th Nh K
M
ch
Tn ng tin
Nc
TTD la Trinit v Tbag Trinit v Zbag
TWD la i Loan i Loan
T2S Xilinh Tandania Tandania
UGS Xilinh Ugana Uganda
UYP Ps Uragoay Uragoay
VEB Bolirva Vnzula
VND ng Vit Nam
v u v Vatu
Vanuatu
WST Tala
Samoa
XAF
Franc CFA'EAE Camrun
Cngg
Gabng
Ghineex Ghnch o
Cng ho Trung Phi
Sat
XCD
la qun o Carib Qun o Carib
XEU ECU Bnanh
XOF
Franc CFA-EAO Bu ckina
B bin Ng
Mali
Nigi
Xngan
T g
XPF Franc CEF Polyndi
Oalit v Phutuna
YOD Dinar
Ymenn (dn ch)
NqthsMiit
M
ch
Tn ng tn Nc
YER Ryal Cng ho Arp Ymn
YUD Dinar Nam T
ZAL Rand Ti chnh Nam Phi
SAR Rand Nam Phi
ZMK Kvvacha Zmbia
ZRZ Zaia Zai-ia
ZWD O la Zimbabu Zimbabu
PH LC 2;
# *
MU HP NG GI V NHN KHCH DU LCH QUC T'
CONTRACT 0F SENDING AND RECEVING TOURISTS
Between:
The RECEIVER:
Add:
T:
Fax:
Number of Tourism license:
Represented by:
Position:
Bank Account No:
The SENDER:
Add:
Te:
Fax:
Represented by:
Position:
Bank Account No:
The two parties have approved of signing the contract 071
sending and receiving tourist from ..... to Vietnam with the
foowing articles:
ARTCLE 01: The sender has agreed to send and Receiver
to receive groups of tourist of al nationalities to Vietnam for
package txurs in group or ndividuallly vith the following terms.
ARTCLE 02: The number of tourists of each group and
detaled program wi be xed by both parties. The tour leader
of the group and the foreign language speaking guide
designated by the Receiver must assume the joint
responsibility in carrying out the itinerary which had been
agree by both sides.
ARTCLE 03i Visa formalities:
At least 14 days befor the group arriva in Vietnam, the
Sender will notiy the Receiver and simultaneously the
Vietnam Embassy in the country concerned the groups name
list by telex, fax of letter with the following details:
- Name in full
- Date and place of birth
- Nationality
- Present occupation
- Passport number
Five days at least, after receiving the groups name list
with complete detais, the Receiver will telex of fax the result of
the enty Visa to the Sender. The Sender wiU contact Vietnam
Embassy in the country concerned to get Visa and confirming to
the Receiver with the number of tourists, numbei* of rooms,
date of arrival and flight number of the group to and from
Vietnam.
ARTICLE 04: In case the Sender cancels or reduces
number of tourist in the group, he will have to pay cancelation
charges as follows;
- If the Sender notifies the Receiver of the cancellation of
the group at least 15 days prior to the arrival date, the Sender
wiU not have to pay any charge.
- If the Sender notiies the Receiver of the cancellation of
the group within 1 4 - 7 days prior to the arrival da te, the
Sender will have to pay 10% of the tour package price (total
cost) of whole group.
- If the Sender notifi.es the Receiver of the cancellation of
the group within 6-3 days prior to the arrival ate, the Sender
will have to pay 25% of the tour package price (total cost) of
whole group.
- If the Sender notifes the Receiver of the cancellation of
the group within 2 - 1 days prior to the arrival date, the Sender
will have to pay 50% of the tour package price (tota cost) of
whole group-
- The Sender will have to pay the Receiver 100% of the
tour package price (total cost) of whole group if there is no any
cancellation notied to the Receiver in advance.
- The Sender will have to pay the Receiver tour package
price of the first day for the number of tourist reduced from
that f fnal confirmation (the nal confirmation should be
received at least 05 days prior to the arrival date).
- For individual guests, the Sender should reconrm the
booking 03 days before the guest arrival date, if he want to
cancel the reservation, he has to inform the Receiver at least 03
days before the guest arrival date:
Within 03 days; 30% of the room charge for the night
Within 02 days; 50% of the room charge for the 1**night
Within 02 days: 100% of the room charge for the night
100% of the room charge for the night in case of no
show
ARTCLE 05: The Receiver is responsible to provide
services aceordingy the package price and tour program agreed
by both sides.
The package price consists of the following items: Hotel
accomraodation (twin - bedded room with bath and/or shower),
full board (breakast with tea or coffee, lunch and dinner with
mineral water and tea), fee for guide, land transers, entrance
and visa fee, omestic a tickets or boat tickets accordingly the
program. But it normally eKcludes Visa stamp fee paid upon
handling visa at a Vetnamese Embassy, airport taK for
international light, beverage and other expenses of personal
nature.
For the group of more than 15 pax, one tour leader will
be FOC (in twin - share) based on every 15 payers
ARTCLE 06: The Receiver will do the best of his ability
to adhere to the origina seected tour. Shoud objective
circumstances arises to prevent the carrying out of the program
an alliterative of equal value wll be replaced the xed tour.
rrQTTDL-11
In ths case the Receiver will have to explain tlie reason.
In case the tourists are already in Vietnam, the Receiver and
the leader or the group have to explain to the tourist about the
reason
ARICLE 07i The Sender wiU ensvire means of transporting
touists to and from Vietnam. Receiver wiU ensvire the agreed
means of trai^portion fo tourists traveling in Vietnam.
ARTCLE 08: Means of payment
The Receiver will send hs nvoice, one month before the
departure, irectly to the Sender.
The Sender undertakes to respect payments to the
Receiver according to the following dates and conditions: 80% of
the total price will be made in avour of
.... Account No:............
Vietcombank. 47 - 49 Ly Thai To Str. Hanoi - Vietnam.
After production of the Receiver invoice and at least 3
working days before the arrival of the group or groups. The
Sender must ensxire that the Receiver will receive this payment
beore the groups arrival otherwise the Receiver can reuse to
afford the group with the Services,
Request for transer of the remaining 20% shall be made
the day after the groups return to it original country.
In case of payment in cash, the Receiver must receive the
amount on spot upon the groups arrival.
In case of payment in other har currencies, the payment
must be approved by the Receiver and the exchange rate based
on exchange rate of Vietcombank at the moment the amount
arrives in the Receiver account at Vietcomback.
For individual guests, the payment shall be made with 03
days since tha guast arrival ate to Vietnam. In case, the
Sender has made a eposit to the Receiver, the payment should
be done within 01 month since the guest arrival date to
Vietnam.
ARTCLE 09 The Sender has to send a voucher to the
Receiver with his tourists ragardless they come in group r
individually.
ARTCLE 10; The Sender and the Receiver, both signatories
to this contract are not responsible for damages brought about by
the inevitable causes (force major as; calamities, eari - quakes, etc.)
ARTICLE l l The Sener is responsible for the isurance
to his toiists, AU touriste must abide by the hotel regulations,
laws, orders and regulations stipulated by the Vietnam
Government for foreigners. The tourist must assume responsibility
about the liegal actions.
ARTCLE 12: In case of sickness of a tourist, the Receiver
wiU undertake all medical care or to get hn hospitalized. The
Sender is requested to pay all expenses incurxed to the Receiver if
the tourist has not sufEcient fund.
ARTCLE 13; The Receiver is not responsible for the delay
or cancellation of intemational a Aights. In case the tourists
departure from Vietnam is with held due to the delay or
canceation of the light, the Receiver will arrange for the tourists
to stay and take the possibly nearest light and all the expenses
incurred will be paid on spot by the tourists themselves.
ARTCLE 14: All litigation and dierences with regard to
this oontract are to be settled through riendly negotiation. Pailing
to do this, the matter is to be brought up for Arbitration to the
Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the S.R of Vietnam.
ARTICl^ 15: This oontract is valid from the date of signing
until ...,July 4th 2005 and unless one party or both want to Snish it
with the notice sent to each other 2 months beore the above date,
et wiU be automatically extended for the next year. Every
amendment or addition to this contract have to be made through
correspondence by letter, telex or fax and approved by both
signatories.
This contract is made into 02 copies in English. Each
party keeps one.
Signed in..... on
THE RECEIVER THE SENDER
'*" .
PH LC 3. MU PHIU NHIM CHI
PH LC 4. MU SC
AA 012351
NGNHNGTHONGMIC PHN BC
SC u 012351
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BO-CH Dk
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UMimm ^|iW
Phn quy nh cho vic chuyn nhng
1/-Chuyn nhung cho:
2 /-Chuyn nhingdio;
Xgiy Ihng nim
(Ktii.dagiii}
Ngy ihEi riim
(Kin.<Indiu)
H, tn ngi Imhin:
SCMTOidiiu);.........
Phn quy dnh dng cho lnh tin mt
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ngy c p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nicp
Nsu^nbnln Thqn.
Ngy . thng. nlii
K'ton Klonlriing

PH LC 5. MU SC D LCH
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PH LC 6. MU PHIU DU LCH
TRAVEL VOUCHER - PLEASE PRESENT Tms yOUCHER TO TH HOTEL,
CAR HENAL COMPAm Ok TOUR OPMIOB AS PHOO o'f>AM nT,
h&t<i ciiiCM
r t h u i' 4, J j r--*c ^ ^ y l r t . 411; .
1 PH^^D(WHPMufJC3T. ,'
aT3ticNt-(-t.njs5!ii<^'% ;
TRAVEL VOUCHER - PLASE PKESENT THIS VOUCHER TO THE HOEt,
'CAR RENAL COMPANV OR TOUR OPERAOS AS PROO O A M m .
I PH>\rJ o.vn PH((vr,
MANCi
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M9 isnQna * p&ymm tl b0wt i n n i i n i t w doM h TRAOOIM
tX^SHAKM.
tiURNCfiReLy.
PH LC 7. MU TH TN DNG
PH LC 8. LUT lU CHNH Hl PHIU V K PHIU
LU T I U CHNH H PHI U V K PHI U
1. Lut h i phiu v k phiu qu c t
u ban Lut Thng mi Quc t ca Lin hip quc, k
hp th 15, New York, ngy 26 thng 7 ' 6 thng 8, 1982, ti
liu SA/CN 9/211 ngy 18 thng 2, 1982.
Chng I
PHM VI P DNG V HNH THC PHNG TIN
iu 1;
1. Quy c ny p dng cho h phiu quc t v k phiu
quc t.
2. Hi phiu quc t l mt phng tin:
a/ Cha ng trong ni dung ca n nhng t Hi phiu
quc t e ;
b/ Cha ng mt lnh v iu kin trong ngi k
pht ch th cho ngi tr tin phi tr mt s tin nht nh
cho ngi hng li hoc theo lnh ca ngi ny;
c/ Phi thanh ton khi yu cu hoc vo mt thi im
nh't nh;
J c ngy thng nm;
e/ Ch cho thy rng t nh't hai ca nhng a im sau
y trong nhng nc khc nhau:
i / a im hi phiu c pht hnh;
ii I a im ghi bi cnh ch k ca ngi k pht;
ii / a im ghi bn cnh tn ca ngi tr tin;
v a im ghi bn cnh tn ca ngi hng li;
VI a im thanh ton;
g/ c ngi k pht k tn.
3. K phiu quc t l mt phng tin:
a/ Cha ng trong ni dung ca n, nhng t k phiu
quoc t .
b/ Cha ng mt cam kt v iu kin, theo ngi
lp k phiu tin hnh thanh ton mt s tin nht nh cho
ngi hng li hoc theo lnh ca ngi ny;
c/ c thanh ton theo yu cu hoc vo mt thi im
nht nh;
d/ c thng nm;
e/ Ch cho thy rng t nht hai ca nhng a im sau
y trong nhng nc khc nhau:
i a im k phiu c lp;
ii/ i im ghi bn cnh ch k ca ngi lp k phiu;
U / a im ghi bn cnh tn ca ngi hng li;
iv I a im thanh ton.
g/ c ngi lp phiu k tn.
4. Bo m rng nhng li l c cp n ti khon 2
(c) hoc 3 (e) ca iu ny khng ng vn khng nh hng
n vic p ng Qui c ny.
iu 2:
Quy c ny p dng b't chp nhng a im ghi trn
h phiu quc t hoc trn k phiu quc t theo cc khon 2
(c) hoc 3 (e) ca iu 1 c trong cc nc k kt hay khng.
Chng I I
DIN T
MC 1: IU KHON TNG QUT
u 3;
Trong din t Quy c ny, cn quan tm n tnh quc
t v nhu cu ci tin tnh thng nht trong vic p dng quy
c.
iu 4: Trong quy c ny:
1. *'Hi phiu" c ngha l hi phiu quc t do quy c
ny iu ehnh;
2. K phiu c ngha l k phiu quc t do quy c
ny iu chnh
3. Phng tin c ngha l mt h phiu hoc k
phiu;
4. Ngi tr tin c ngha l ngi hi phiu nhm vo
khi c pht hnh nhng khng c chp nhn h
phiu;
5. Ngi hng li c ngha l ngi c ngi pht
hnh hi phiu ch th phi thanh ton cho ngi y
hoc ngi m ngi lp phiu cam kt tr tin;
6. Ngi cm phiu c ngha l ngi ang cm gi
trong tay mt phng tin theo iu 14;
7. Ngi cm phiu c bo v c ngha l ngi cin
mt phng tin, khi ngi y tr thnh ngi cm, l
mt phng tin y v hp l trn hnh thc b
ngoi, min l:
a/ Vo lc , ngi y khng hay bit c s tranh quyn
hoc bin h v phdng tin theo iu 25 hoc khng hay bit
c s kin phng tin b t chi bng cch khng chp nhn
hoc khng thanh ton.
b/ Thi hn d liu ti iu 51 cho vic xut trnh
phng tin y thanh ton cha mn hn.
8. Bn tham gia c ngha l b't c ng no k
mt phctag tin vi t cch ngi pht hnh, ngi
lp, ngi chp nhn, ngi k hu hoc ngi bo
lnh.
9. Ngy o hn c ngha l ngy thanh ton c
cp n ti iu 8;
10. Ch k" bao gm ch k bng cch ng du, k
hiu, in, fax, c l hoc cc phdng tin c hc
khc v ch k gi mo bao gm ch k do s s
dng sai tri hoc khng thuc thm quyn ca cc
phng tin y;
11. Tin hoc ngoi t' bao gm mt tn v tin t c
gi tr tnh ton do mt nh ch lin chnh ph
t ra d rng ch nhm mc ch b tr trn s sch
ca mnh, v gia nh ch vi nhng ngi do nh
ch ch nh hoc gia nhng ngi y.
iu 5:
V nhng mc dch ca Quy c ny mt ngi c xem
l c thc v mt s kin no nu ngi y thc mt cch
thc t v s kin y hoc khng th khng bit n s hin
hu ca s kin.
MC 2: DIN GII NHNG YU CU V TH Tc
iu 6:
S tin c tr ca mt phng tin c hiu l mt s"
tin c xc nh r rng mc d phng tin ghi rng n phi
c thanh ton;
a/ Vi tin li;
b/ Bng nhiu t vo nhng ngy lin tc;
c/ Bng nhiu t vo nhng ngy k tc c ghi trn
phng tin rng khi khng thanh ton bt c t no khon
sai bit cha tr s tr thnh n phi tr;
c Theo t gi hm oi ghi trong phng tin hoc s phi
c xc nh theo ch dn ca phng tin hoc
e/ Bng mt loi phng tin khc hn tn t dng ghi
gi tr ca phng tin.
Mt quc gia kt c m lut php ca que gia y i
hi rng ch k trn phng tin phi l ch k vit tay c th
vo lc k kt ph chun hoc tn thnh, nhm vo mc ch
y, tuyn b rng ch k trn phng tin trong lnh th ca
h phi l ch k vit tay.
iu 7:
1. Nu c s khc bit tr gi bng ch v tr gi bng s'
trn phng tin th tr gi ca phng tin l tr gi
bng ch.
2. Nu tr gi ca phng tin c din gii bng loi
tin t c cng mt tn gi nh tn gi ca t nht mt
quc gia khng phi l quc gia m vic thanh ton
phi thc hin nh c ghi r trn phng tin v loi
tin t c tn gi khng c xc nh l tin t ca mt
quc gia ring bit no, loi tin t ny phi c xem
nh tin t ca quc gia ni vic thanh ton phi
c thc hin.
3. Nu mt phng tin no ghi rng phng tin phi
c thanh ton vi tin li, khng xc nh tin li
phi t ngy no th ngy tnh li l ngy k pht
phng tin.
4. Mt khon d liu ni rng s' tin phi thanh ton vi
tin li phi c xem nh khng c vit ln phng
tin tr khi c nh r li sut phi tr.
iu 8:
1. Mt phng tin c xem phi thanh ton theo yu
cu:
a/ Nu ni rng n phi c thanh ton ngay hoc theo
yu cu hoc khi xut trnh hoc nu phng tin c vn t vi
ni dung tng t; hoc
b/ Nu phi minh dnh thi gian thanh ton.
2. Mt phng tin phi tr vo mt thi gian nht nh
v c chp nhn hoc c k hu hoc bo lnh sau khi o
hn l mt phng tin phi tr theo yu cu i vi ngi ch'p
nhn, ngi k hu hoc ngi bo lnh.
3. Mt phng tin c xem l phi tr vo mt thi
gian nht nh nu n ni rng phi c thanh ton;
a/ Vo mt ngy nu r hoc vo mt thi gian nh't
nh sau ngy nu hoc vo mt thi gian nh^t nh ghi trn
phng tin; hoc
b/ Vo mt thi gian nht nh sau khi trnh; hoc
c/ Bng nhiu t thanh ton vo nhng ngy k tip;
hoc
d/ Bng nhiu t thanh ton vo nhng ngy k tip vi
iu d liu trn phng tin rng khi khng tr c t
thanh ton no, khon sai bit cha tr tr thnh n phi tr.
4. Thi gian thanh ton ca mt phng tin phi tr vo
mt thi gian nh't dnh sau ngy c xc nh bng cch
chiu theo ngy ca phng tin.
5. Ngy o hn ca mt hi phiu phi tr vo mt thi
gian nht nh sau khi trnh c xc nh bng ngy chp
nhn.
6. Ngy o hn phi tr theo yu cu l ngy c xut
trnh thanh ton.
7. Ngy o hn ca mt k phiu phi tr vo mt thi
gian nht nh sau khi trnh, c xc dnh bng ngy m
ngi lp phiu k pht trn k phiu, hoc nu b t chi
k, tnh t ngy xut trnh.
8. Khi mt phng tin dc pht hnh, hoc lp, phi
thanh ton mt hoc nhiu thng sau ngy nu hoc sau
ngy ca n, hoc sau khi trnh, o hn vo ngy tng ng
TTQTTDL -12
ca thng khi vic thanh ton phi thc hin. Nu khng c
ngy tng ng, s o hn ni vo ngy CUI ca thng ,
iu 9:
1. Mt h phiu c th;
a/ c k pht cho hai hoc nhiu ngdi tr tin.
b/ c k pht bi hai hoc nhiu ngi k pht.
c/ c thanh ton cho hai hoc nhiu ngi hng li,
2. Mt k phiu c th:
J c lp bi hai hoc nhiu ngi lp phiu,
b/ c thanh ton cho hai hoc nhiu ngi hng li.
3. Nu mt phng tin phi tr cho hai hoc nhiu
ngi hng li tu nghi la chn, c th thanh ton cho bt k
ngi no trong s nhng ngdi y v mt trong nhng ngi
hng li nm gi trong tay bn phng tin c th thc hin
cc quyn ca ngi cm phiu. Trong bt c trng hp no
khc, phng tin c chi tr cho tt c nhng ngi y v cc
quyn ca ngi cm phiu ch c th c hnh x bi tt c
nhng ngi y.
iu 10;
Mt Hot phiu c th;
a/ Pht hnh cho chnh ngi k pht.
b/ Pht hnh theo lnh ca chnh mnh.
MC 3: B SNG MT VN KIN CN KHIM KHYT
iu 11:
1. Mt phng tin cn khim khuyt tho mn nhng
yu cu trnh by cc tiu khon () v (f) ca khon (2) hoc
cc tiu khon (a) v (f) ca khon (3) ca iu 1 nhng cn
thiu nhng yu t' thuc mt hoc nhiu yu cu trnh by
trong khon (2) hoc (3) ca iu 1 c th b sung v phng
tin b sung nh vy c hiu lc nh mt hi phiu hoc mt k
phiu.
2. Khi mt phng tin nh vy c b sung khng ph
hp vi s tho thun c ghi vo ;
a/ Mt bn tham gia k vo phng tin trc khi b
sung c th vin dn s khng tn trng tho thun chng
ngi cm phiu, min ngi cm phiu bit c s khng tn
trng tho thun khi ngdi y tr thnh ngi cm phiu.
b/ Mt bn tham gia k vo phng tin sau khi b
sung phi chu trch nhim theo cc iu khon ca phng
tin c b sung.
Chng III
CHUYN NHNG
iu 12:
Mt phng tin c chuyn nhng:
a/ Bng cch k hu v v giao phng tin t ngi k
hu cho ngi c k hu, hoc
b/ Bng cch giao n gin phng tin nu ln k hu
cul cng l k hu trng.
iu 13;
1, Mt k hu phi c vit vo phng tin hoc mt
bn nh km theo C'bn ni di). Bn ny phi c k tn.
2. Mt k hu c th:
a/ K hu trng, c ngha l ch bng mt ch k n c,
hoc bng ch k c km theo li vn c ni dung l phng
tin c th thanh ton cho ngi s hu n.
b/ c bit, bng ch k c km theo ch danh ngi m
phng tin phi tr.
iu 14:
. Mt ngi l ngi cm phiu nu ngi y:
a/ L ngi hng li, s hu n; hoc
b/ S hu mt phng tin c k hu cho ngi y,
hoc trn phng tin s k hu cu'i cng l k hu trng, v
trn phng tin th hin mt lot cc k hu lin tc k c nu
mt k hu no l gi mo hoc do mt i l khng thm
quyn k.
2. Khi mt k hu trng c mt k hu khc tip theo,
ngi k hu sau cng c xem nh ngi c k hu do vic
k hu trng.
3. Mt ngi khng th b t chi l ngi cm phiu v l
do phdng tin c th c trong nhng iu kin bao gm
mt nng lc hoc gian , cng p hoc sai lm di mi hnh
thc, c th dn n khiu ni hoc bo v theo phng tin y.
iu 15:
Ngi cm mt phng tin trn ln k hu sau cng
l ln k hu trng c th:
a/ K hu tip theo hoc k hu trng hoc cho mt ngi
c nu ch danh; hoc
b/ Chuyn i k hu trng thnh k hu c bit bng
cch ghi r rng phng tin c tr cho chnh ngi cm
phiu hoc mt ngi no khc c nu tn; hoc
c/ Chuvn nhng phng tin theo khon (b) ca iu
12.
iu 16;
Khi ngi pht hnh hoc ngi lp phng tin c ghi
vo, hoc ngi k hu trong ln k hu ca mnhi nhng t
nh khng th giao dch, khng th chuyn nhng, khng
theo lnh, ch tr cho (X) m thi, hoc nhng t c ni dung
tng t, ngi th nhng khng th tr thnh ngi cm
phiu tr phi nhm mc ch nh thu.
iu 17:
1. Vic k hu phi v iu kin
2. Mt k hu c iu kin s chuyn nhng phng tin
d cho iu kin c c thc hin hay khng
iu 18:
Vic k hu i vi mt phn s" tin cn n theo phng
tin s l mt k hu khng c hiu lc.
iu 19:
Khi c hai hoc nhiu k hu, ngi ta xem nh mi k
hu u c thc hin theo th t nh th hin trn phdng
tin, tr khi c chng minh ngc li.
iu 20;
1. Khi mt k hu cha ng nhng t nh thu
k gi, tr gi nh thu, theo u quyn, tr cho mi ngn
hng, hoc nhng t c ni dung tdng t cho php ngi c
k hu nh thu phdng tin (k hu nh thu). Ngi c k
hu:
a/ Ch c th k hu phng tin cho mc ch nh thu.
b/ C th s dng tt c quyn hn do phng tin pht
sinh
c/ Phi tu thuc mi khiu ni v cc s bin h c th
xy ra i vi ng k hu.
2. Ngi k hu nh thu khng chu trch nhim v
phng tin i vi ngi cm phiu sau .
iu 21;
Ngi cm mt phng tin c th chuyn nhng n cho
mt bn tham gia trc hoc cho ngi tr tin theo iu 12;
tuy nhin, trong trng hp ngi c chuyn nhng l
ngi cm phiu trc, khng cn phi k hu na v b'! c k
hu no ngn cn ngi y tr thnh ngi cm phiu u c
th b xo b.
iu 22:
Mt phng tin c th c chuyn nhng theo u
12 sau khi o hn, tr khi bi ngi tr tin, ngi chp nhn
hoc ngi lp phng tin.
iu 23:
1. Nu mt ngi k hu gi mo, bt c bn tham gia
no u c quyn i k gi mo v i ngi m phng tin
c k gi mo trc tip chuyn nhng bi thng cho nhng
tn tht ngi y gnh chu do nhng hnh vi gi mo.
2. Trch nhim ca mt bn tham gia hoc ca ngi tr
tin thanh ton phng tin hoc ca ngi c k hu nh
thu tin, mt phng tin trn c gi mo khng c qu
nh trn bn quy c ny.
3. Nhm vo mc ch ca iu ny, mt k hu do mt
ngi khng c quyn i din hoc vt ngoi quyn hn ca
mnh thc hin trn mt phng tin cng c mt hu qu nh
k hu gi mo.
Chng IV
QUYN HN V TRCH NHIM
MC 1: QUYN HN CA NGI CM PHI v c a
NGI CM PHIU C BO V
iu 24:
1. Ngi cm mt phng tin c mi quyn hn do bn
Quy c ny giao cho vi cc bn tham gia.
2. Ngi cm phiu c quyn chuyn nhng theo ng
iu 12.
iu 25;
1. Mt bn tham gia c th khng ngi cm phiu
khng phi l ngi cm phiu c bo v.
a/ Mi s bin h c gi tr theo Quy c ny;
b/ Mi s bin h phi da vo s giao dch c bn gia
bn tham gia v ngi pht hnh hoc ngi cm phiu trc
hoc pht sinh t nhng tnh hung a n kt qu khin
ngi ny thnh mt bn tham gia;
c/ Mi s bin h v ngha v hp ng phi da vo s
giao dch gia cc bn tham gia v ngi cm phiu;
d/ Mi s bin h phi da vo s mt nng lc ca bn
tham gia y gy ra trch nhim hoc da vo s kin m bn
tham gia k tn khng thc rng ch k mnh khin tr
thnh bn tham gia vo phng tin, min l s v thc
khng do s cu th ca ngi y.
2. Nhng quyn hn ca ngi cm phiu khng phi l
ngi cm phiu c bo v i vi mt phng tin phi tu
thuc bt k s khiu ni c hiu lc no ca bt c ai i vi
phng tin.
3. Mt bn tham gia khng th nu ln nh s bin h
chng ngi cii phiu khng phi l ngi cm phiu c bo
v s kin mt tam nhn c khiu ni tr khi:
a/ tam nhn y gi khiu ni c hiu lc v phng
tin; hoc
b/ Ngi cm phiu th c phng tin bng cch nh
cp hoc gi mo ch k ca ngi hng li hoc ngi c
k hu hoc c tham d vo v nh cp .
iu 26:
1. Mt bn tham gia c th khng nu s bin h i vi
ngi cm phiu c bo v tr khi;
a/ Bin h theo cc iu 29 (1), 30, 31 (1), 32 (3), 49, 53 v
80 ea bn.Quy c ny.
b/ Bin h da trn s giao dch c bn gia bn tham gia
v ngi cm phiu y hoc pht sinh do bt c hnh vi gian
gio no ca ngi cm phiu c ch k trn phng tin
ca bn tham gia y;
d Bin h da trn s mt nng lc ca bn tham gia y
gnh chu trch nhim v phng tin hoc trn s kin bn
tham gia y k tn khng nhn thc rng ch k ca mnh lm
thnh bn tham gia vo phng tin, min s khng nhn
thc khng do s cu th ca ngi y.
2. Cc quyn hn m vi mt phng tin ca ngi cm
phiu c bo v khng tu thuc s khiu ni ca bt k ai
v phng tin y, tr khi s khiu ni c hiu lc pht sinh t
s giao dch c bn gia ngi cm phiu c bo v v ngi
nu ln s khiu ni hoc pht sinh t bt c hnh vi gian gio
no ca ngi cm phiu c c ch k ca ngi y trn
phng tin.
iu 27:
1. Vic chuyn nhng mt phng tin bi ngi cm
phiu c bo v trao cho bt c ngi cm phiu k tip no
nhng quyn hn v phng tin m ngi cm phiu c bo
v c, tr khi ngi cm phiu k tip tham gia vo mt
s giao dch to ra s khiu ni hoc s phng v v phdng
tin.
2. Nu mt bn tham gia thanh ton phng tin theo
ng iu 66 v phng tin c chuyn nhng cho ng
ngi y, vic chuyn nhng ny khng giao cho bn tham gia
y nhng quyn hn v phng tin m bt c ngi cm phiu
c bo v no trc y c.
iu 28;
Mi ngi cm phiu u c xetn nh ngi cm phiu
c bo v, tr khi c chng minh ngc li.
MC 2: TRCH NHIM CA CC BN THAM GIA
Ai Nhng quy nh tng qut
iu 29;
1. Th theo cc quy nh ca iu 30 v 32: mt ngi
khng chu trch nhim v mt phng tin, tr khi ngi y
k tn trn phng tin.
2. Mt ngi k mt tn khng phi ca chnh mnh s
chu trch nhim nh th ngi k tn ca mnh.
iu 30:
Mt ch k gi mo khng rng buc ngi b gi mo
ch k bt k trch nhim no. Tuy nhin, ngi y phi chu
trch nhim nh th chnh ngi y t tay k khi ngi y
minh th hoc mc nhin chp nhn s rng buc do ch k
gi mo hoc khai rng ch k ng l ch k ca mnh.
iu 31;
1. Nu mt phng tin b sa i c th:
a/ Cc bn tham gia k sau khi c s sa i c th
s chu trch nhim trc php lut v phng tin tu theo
vn t ca ni dung b sa i.
b/ Cc bn tham gia k trc khi c s sa i c th
s chu trch nhim trc php lut v phdng tin tu theo
vn t ca ni dung nguyn gc.
Tuy nhin, mt bn tham gia t tay thc hin, cho
php hoc ng s sa i c th s chu trch nhim trc
php lut v phdng tin theo cc vn t ca ni dung b sa
i.
2. Nu khng c bng chng ngc i, mt ch k c
coi nh c t bt k vo phng tin sau khi c s sa
i c th.
3. Mi s sa i gi l c th khi n thay i li vn cam
kt trn phdng tin ca bt k bn tham gia no v bt k
phcng tin no.
iu 32:
1. Mt phng tin c th c mt ng i din k.
2. Ch k ca ngi i din do chnh tay ngi y k vi
quyn hn ca ngi u quyn v ghi r trn phng tin rng
ngi y k tn theo chc nng ca ngi i din thay cho
ngi u quyn c nu tn, hoc ch k ca ngi u quyn
c ngi i in t ln phng tii vi quyn lc ca ngi
u quyn, s rng buc trch nhim ca ngi u quyn ch
khng phi ca ngi i din.
3. Mt ch k t ln mt phng tin bi mt ngi vi
t cch i din nhng khng c thm quyn k tn hoc vt
quyn hn, hay bi mt ngi i din c thm quyn k tn
nhng khng ghi r trn phng tin rng ngi y k tn
theo chc nng i din nhng khng nu tn nhn vt m
ngi y i in, s rng buc trch nhim ca ngi k tn
ch khng phi trch nhim ca nhn vt m ngi y ng
.thay mt.
4. Vn t ra cho mt ch k t trn mt phng tin
c phi theo chc nng i din hay khng ch c th xc nh
c bng cch tham chiu theo nhng g th hin trn phng
tin,
5. Mt ngi chu trch nhim theo khon (3) v thanh
ton phng tin s c cng nhng quyn hn nh nhn vt m
ngi y ng thay mt hnh ng ng l c, nu nhn
vt y trc y thanh ton phng tin.
iu 33:
Lnh thanh ton ghi trong mt hi phiu t n khng
phi l mt chuyn nhng m ngi pht hnh dnh cho
ngi hng th s tin sn sng ngi th tri thanh ton.
B! Ngi k pht
1. Ngi k pht cam kt rng khi c s khc t hi
phiu bng khng chp nhn hoc khng thanh ton, v khi c
khng ngh cn thit no, ngi y s thanh ton cho ngi
cm phiu, hoc cho bt c bn tham gia thanh ton hi phiu
theo iu 66, tr gi h phiu v tin li cng chi ph c th
thu hi theo iu 66 v 67.
2. Ngi k pht c th ph nhn hoc hn ch trch
nhim ca mnh bng mt khon d liu minh th trn hi
phiu. Khon d liu y ch c hiu lc i vi ngi k pht,
c/ Ngi lp phiu
iu 35:
1, Ngi lp phiu cam kt s thanh ton cho ngi cm
phiu hoc cho bt c bn tham gia no ng theo iu 66
s tin tr gi ca k phiu theo ng cc iu khon ca k
phiu v mi khon li v chi ph c th c thu hi theo
iu 66 hoc 67.
2. Ngi lp phiu khng th ph nhn hoc hn ch
trch nhim ca mnh bng mt khon d liu trn k phiu.
Mi khon d liu nh vy s khng c hiu c.
D Ngi tr tin v ngi chp nhn
iu 36;
1. Ngi tr tin khng chu trch nhim l vi mt hl
phiu cho n khi chp nhn h phiu,
2. Ngi chp nhn cam kt s thanh ton cho ngi cm
phiu hoc cho bt c bn tham gia no thanh ton hi
phiu theo iu 66 s tin tr gi hi phiu ng theo nhng
khon d iu ca s chp nhn v mi khon tin li v chi
ph c th c thu hi theo iu 66 hoc 67.
iu 37;
Mt s chp nhn phi c vit ln trn hi phiu v c
th thc hin:
a/ Bng ch k ca ngi tr tin c km theo t
chp nhn hoc nhng t c ni dung tng t; hoc
b/ Bng ch k n thun ca ngi tr tin m thi.
iu 38:
1. Mt phng tin khim khuyt nhng tho mn nhng
yu cu nu ra iu 1 (2) (a) c th c tr tin chp nhn
trc khi c ngi k pht k tn, hoc trong khi cn khim
khuyt di dng khc.
2. Mt hi phiu c th c chp nhn trc, vo lc
hoc sau khi o hn, hoc sau khi hi phiu b t chi bng
cch khng chp nhn hoc khng thanh ton.
3. Khi mt hi phiu c pht hnh phi thanh ton vo
mt thi gian nht nh sau khi trng thy, hoc mt hi phiu
phi c xu't trnh chp nhn trc ngy c n nh,
c chp nhn, ngi chp nhn phi ghi r ngy chp nhn
ca mnh; nu ngi chp nhn khng ghi r nh vy, ngi k
pht hoc ngi cm phiu c th thm vo ngy chp nhn.
4. Nu mt hi phiu c pht hnh phi tr vo mt
thi gian nht nh sau khi trng thy b t chi bng kTang
chp nhn v ngi tr tin sau chp nhn hi phiu, ngi
cm phiu c quyn buc s chp nhn phi c gh ngy theo
ngy h phiu b t chi.
iu 39:
1. S chp nhn phi khng c tnh bo lu. S chp
nhn c bo lu nu n c iu kin hoc thay i ngn t ca
hi phiu.
2. Nu ngi tr tin t iu kin trn hi phiu rng s
chp nhn ca ngi y c tnh bo lu:
a/ Ngi y tuy vy vn b rng buc theo ngn t ca s
chp nhn bo lu ca mnh.
b/ Hi phiu b t chi v khng chp nhn.
3. Mt chp nhn mt phn gi tr ca hi phiu l mt
s chp nhn bo lu. Nu ngi cm phiu nhn mt s chp
nhn nh vy, hi phiu ch b t chi phn cn li-
4. Mt s chp nhn ch r rng vic thanh ton s c
thc hin ti mt a ch nht nh hoc do mt i din nht
nh khng phi l s thun nhn bo lu, min l:
a/ Ni thc hin vic thanh ton khng thay i;
b/ Hi phiu khng phi k pht cho mt i din khc
tr,
E Ngi k hu
iu 40:
1. Ngi k hu cam kt rng nu b t chi khng chp
nhn hoc khng thanh ton, v nu v c bt k khng ngh
cn thit no, ngi y s thanh ton cho ngi cm phiu,
hoc cho bt k bn tham gia no thanh ton theo iu 66, tr
gi ca phng tin, v mi khon li v chi ph c th thu hi
theo iu 66 v 67.
2. Ngi k hu c th hn ch hoc ph nhn trch
nhim ca mnh bng mt iu kin minh th trn phng tin.
iu kin ch c hiu lc i vi ngi k hu.
iu 41:
1. B't c ngi no chuyn nhng mt phng tin bng
cch giao n gin phi chu trch nhim vi bt c ngi cm
phiu k tip v mi tn th't m ngi cm phiu phi chu
v s kin rng trc s chuyn nhng y.
a/ Ch k l gi mo hoc khng thm quyn; hoc
b/ Phng tin b sa i c th; hoc
c/ Mt bn tham gia c6 s khiu ni hp l hoc s
phng v vi ngi chuyn nhng; hoc
d/ H phiu b t chi v khng chp nhn hoc khng
tharih ton hoc k phiu b t chi v khng thanh ton.
2. Cc tn tht c th c bi hon theo khon (1) khng
th vt gi tr nu trong iu hoc 67.
3. Trch nhim v bt k khim khuyt no cp ti
khon (1) ch quy kt cho ngi cm phiu nhn phng tin
m khng bit n khim khuyt .
F Ngi bo lnh
iu 42;
1. Vic thanh ton ca mt phng tin d n c chp
nhn hay khng, c th c bo lnh theo ton b hoc mt
phn tr gi ca n, cho quyn li ca bn tham gia hoc ngi
tr tin. Vic bo lnh c th thc hin bi bt c ngi no
ngi y tng l bn tham gia hay cha.
2. Vic bo lnh phi c vit ln phng tin hoc ln
mt mnh giy km theo (phn n di).
3. Vic bo lnh c diln t bng nhng t c bo
nh, bo m (aval), hoc nhng t c ii dung tng t
km theo ch k ca ngi ng bo lnh.
4. Vic bo lnh c th thc hin bng ch k n thun
m thi. Tr phi ni dung i hi khc hdn:
a/ Ch k n c pha trc phng tin khc vi ch
k ca ngi k pht hoc ngi tr tin l s bo lnh;
b/ Ch k n c ca ngi tr tin pha trc phng
tin l s chp nhn; v
c/ Ch k n c pha sau phng tin khc vi ch k
ca ngi tr tin l s k hu.
5. Ngi bo lnh c th ghi r ngi m mnh ng bo
lnh. Nu khng c ghi r nh vy, ngi m ngi bo lnh
ng ra bo lnh l ngi chp nhn hoc ngi tr tin nu l
h phiu, v ngi p nu l k phiu.
iu 43;
1- Ngi bo lnh chu trch nhim v phng tin n
mc nh bn tham gia m ngi y ng ra bo lnh, tr
phi ngi bo lnh quy nh khc trn phng tin.
2. Nu ngi m ngi bo lnh ng ra bo lnh l
ngi tr tin ngi bo nh cam kt thanh ton hl phiu khi
o hn.
iu 44;
Ngi bo lnh thanh ton phng tin c quyn hn v
phng tin oi vi bn tham gia m ngi y ng ra bo
lnh v vi cc bn tham gia c trch nhim vi bn that
gia y v phdng tin.
Chng V
XUT TRNH, T CHl KHNG CHP NHN HOC
KHNG THANH TON V TRUY I
PHN 1: XUT TKNH CHP nhn
V T CHI KHNG CHP nhn
iu 45:
1. Mt hi phiu c th c xut trnh chp nhn
2. Mt hi phiu phi c xut trnh chp nhn:
a/ Khi ngi pht hnh quy nh trn hi phiu rng
hi phiu phi c xut trnh chp nhn
b/ Khi hi phiu c pht hnh vi iu kin phi thanh
ton vo thi gian n nh sau khi trng thy; hoc
d Khi hi phiu c pht hnh vi iu kin phi thanh
ton ti ni khc hn c s hoc tr s giao dch ca ngcti tr
tin, tr khi hi phiu phi thanh ton theo yu cu,
iu 46:
1. Mc d nhng d iu ca iu 45 ngi k pht c th
quy nh trn h phiu rng hi phiu khng cn phi xut
trnh chp nhn hoc hi phiu khng cn phi xut trnh
cho mc ch y trc mt thi im n nh hoc trc khi xy
ra mt s kin ^n nh.
TTQTTDL -13
2. Nu mt hi phiu c xut trnh chp nhn mc
d c khon d liu c php theo khon (1) v s chp nhn
b khc t, hi phiu khng v th b t chi,
3. Nu ngi tr tin chp nhn mt hi phiu bt k c
d liu rng hi phiu phi c xut trnh ch'p nhn, s
chp nhn vn c hiu lc.
iu 47;
1. Mt h phiu c xut trnh hp thc chp nhn
nu hi phiu c xu't trnh ng theo nhng quy nh sau
y;
a/ Ngi cm phiu phi xut trnh h phiu cho ngi
tr tin vo ngy lm vic v vo gi hp l.
b/ Mt hi phiu pht hnh cho hai hoc nhiu ngi tr
tin c th xut trnh cho bt c ngi no trong s nhng
ngi y; tr khi hi phiu quy nh khc r rng;
c/ Vic xut trnh chp nhn c th thc hin bi mt
ngi hoc mt chc quyn khc hn ngi tr tin nu ngi
y hoc chc quyn y c quyn chp nhn hi phiu theo
lut php hin hnh;
d/ Nu mt hl phiu pht hnh c thanh ton vo
mt ngy nht nh, s xu't trnh chp nhn c thc hin
trc hoc ngay sau ngy o hn;
e/ Mt hl phiu pht hnh c thanh ton theo yu
cu hoc vo mt thi gian nht nh sau khi trng thy phi
c xu't trnh chp nhn trong mt nm k t ngy ca
hi phiu.
Mt hi phiu trong ngi pht hnh c ghi mt
ngy hoc thi hn cho vic xut trnh chp nhn phi c
xut trnh vo ngy hoc trong thi hn c ghi trn hl
phiu.
iu 48:
Vic xut trnh bt buc hoc tu chp nhn c
min tr:
a/ Nu ngi tr tin qua i hoc khng cn thm quyn
t do iu ng cc tch sn ca minh v l do v n, hoc l
ngi khng c thc hoc ngi khng c nng lc chu trch
nhim v phng tin nh ngi chp nhn, hoc nu ngi
thu tri l mt cng ty hn vn, hip hi hoc php nhn khc
chm dt hin hu;
b/ Khi, vi s cn mn hp l, vic xut trnh khng th
thc hin trong thi hn n nh cho vic xut trnh chp
nhn.
iu 49;
Nu mt hl phiu phi c xu't trnh c chp
nhn khng c xut trnh cho mc ch , ngi k pht,
nhng ngi k pht v nhng ngi bo lnh ca h u
khng chu trch nhim v hi phiu.
iu 50:
1. Mt h phiu c xem l b t chi nu khng chp
nhn;
a/ Khi ngi tr tin, vi s xut trnh hp thc, minh th
t chi chp nhn hi phiu hoc s chip nhn khng t c
mc d vi s cn mn hp l, hoc khi ngi cm phiu khng
ginh c s chp nhn in ngi ny c quyn theo bn Quy
c ny.
b/ Nu vic xut trnh chp nhn c min tr theo
iu 48, tr khi hi phiu c chp nhn thc ti,
2. Nu mt hi phiu b t chi khng chp nhn, ngi
cm phiu c th:
a/ Theo nhng d liu iu 55, thc hin quyn truy i
ngay m vi ngi k pht, nhng ngi k hu v nhng
ngi bo lnh ca h;
b/ Thc hin quyn truy i ngay w vi ngi bo lnh
ca ngi tr tin.
PHN 2: XUT TRNH thanh ton v t CH
KHNG THANH TON
iu 51:
Mt phng tin c xut trnh hp thc thanh ton
nu n xu't trnh ng theo nhng quy nh sau:
eJ Ngi cm phiu phi xut trnh phng tin cho
ngi tr tin hoc ngi chp nhn hoc ngi lp phiu vo
ngy lm vic v vo gi hp l;
b/ Mt h phiu pht hnh cho hoc c chp nhn bi
hai hoc nhiu ngi tr tin hoc mt k phiu c hai hoc
nhiu ngi lp phiu k tn, c6 th c xut trnh cho bt c
ngi no trong s' nhng ngi y, tr khi n quy nh khc
hn mt cch r rng;
c/ Nu ngi tr tin hoc ngi chp nhn hoc ngi
lp phiu qua i, vic xut trnh phi thc hin vi ngi theo
lut hin hnh l ngi tha k ca h hoc nhng ngi c
giao quyn qun l ti sn ca ngi y;
l Vic xut trnh thanh ton c th thc hin vi mt
ngi hoc vi nh chc trch khng phi l ngi tr tin,
ngi chV nhn hoc ngi lp phiu nu ngi v hoc nh
chc trch y c giao quyn theo lut php hin hnh
thanh ton phdng tin;
e/ Mt phng tin khng phi thanh ton theo yu cu
phi c xut trnh thanh ton vo ngy o hn hoc ngy
lm vic k tip;
f/ Mt phng tin phi thanh ton theo yu cu phi
c xut trnh thanh ton trong vng mt nm k t ngy
ca phng tin ;
g/ Mt phng tin phi xut trnh thanh ton:
/ Ti ni thanh ton n nh trn phng tin; hoc
i/ Nu khng c n nh ni thanh ton, ti a ch ca
ngi tr tin hoc ngi chp nhn hoc ngi lp phiu c
ghi trn phng tin; hoc
Ui Nu khng c n nh ni thanh ton v a ch ca
ngi tr tin hoc ngi chp nhn hoc ngi lp phiu cng
khng c ch r, th phi thc hin ti ii giao dch chnh
hoc c s thng l ca ngi tr tin hoc ngi chp nhn
hoc ngi lp phiu.
h/ Mt phng tin c th c xut trnh c th
thanh ton ti phng thanh ton b tr.
iu 52;
1. Chm tr trong vic xu't trnh thanh ton c tha
th khi chm tr c nguyn nhn o hon cnh ngoi mun
ca ngi cm phiu v ngi y khng th trnh c hoc
khng th vt qua c. Khi nguyn nhn ca s chm tr
khng cn tc ng na, vic xut trnh phi c thc hin vi
s cn mn hp l.
2. Vic xut trnh thanh ton c min:
a/ Nu ngi k pht, ngi k hu hoc ngi bo lnh
minh th hoc ng t b vic xut trnh; s t b y:
i) Nu ngi k pht thc hin trn phng tin, s rng
buc bt c bn tham gia k tip no u lm li cho bt c ngi
cm phiu no;
ii) Nu c mt bn tham gia khng phi ngi k
pht thc kin trn phng tin, s ch rng buc bn tham gia
y m thi nhng lm li cho bt c ngi cm phiu no;
Ui) Nu thc hin ngoi phng tin s ch rng buc bn
tham gia thc hin s t b ch m li cho ngi cm phiu
m s t b dnh cho,
b/ Nu mt phng tin khng phi thanh ton theo yu
cu, v nguyn nhn ca s chm tr trong vic xut trnh tip
tc tc ng ngoi 30 ngy sau khi o hn;
c/ Nu mt phng tin phi thanh ton theo yu cu, v
nguyn nhn ca s chm tr tip tc tc ng ngoi 30 ngy
sau khi ht hn xut trnh thanh ton;
l Nu ngi tr tin, ngi lp phiu hoc ngi chp
nhn khng cn quyn t do iu ng tch sn ca mnh v v
I, hoc l mt ngi tng tng hoc mt ngi khng c
nng lc thanh ton> hoc nu ngi tr tin, ngi lp phiu
hoc ngi chp nhn l mt cng ty, hi hn vn, hip hi
hoc php nhn khc khng cn hiu lc na.
e/ Nu khng c a im phng tin phi c xut
trnh ng theo iu 51 (g).
3. Vic xu't trnh thanh ton cng c min i vi
mt hi phiu, nu hi phiu b c tuyt v t chi khng
chp nhn.
iu 53:
1. Nu mt hi phiu khng c xut trnh mt cch hp
thc thanh toii ngi k pht, nhng ngi k hu v .
nhng ngi bo lnh ca h s khng chu trch nhim v hi
phiu .
2. Nu mt k phiu khng c xut trnh mt cch hp
thc thanh ton, nhng ngi k hu v nhng ngi bo
nh ca h s khng chu trch nhim v k phiu ,
3. Vic khng xut trnh thanh ton khng min tr
trch nhim ca ngi chp nhn hoc ngi lp phiu hoc
ngi bo lnh ca h hoc ngi bo lnh ca ngi th tri.
iu 54;
1. Mt phng tin c xem nh b t ch khng thanh
ton:
aJ Khi vic thanh ton b khc t trc s xut trnh
hp thc hoc khi ngi cm phiu khng th t c s
thanh ton m ngi ny c hng theo bn Quy c ny.
b/ Nu vic xut trnh thanh ton c min theo iu
52 (2) v phng tin khng c thanh ton khi o hn.
2. Nu mt hi phiu b t ch khng thanh ton, ngi
cm phiu c th, theo cc khon d liu ca iu 55 s dng
quyn truy i vi ngi k pht, nhng ngi k hu v
nhng ngi bo lnh ca h.
3. Nu mt k phiu b t chi khng thanh ton, ngi
cm phiu c th, theo cc khon d liu ca iu 55 s dng
quyn truy i i vi nhng ngi k hu v nhng ngi bo
lnh ca h.
PHN 3: TRUY I
A Khng ngh
iu 55:
Nu mt phng tin b t chi tr tin do khng c
chp nhn hoc khng thanh ton, ngi cm phiu ch c th
s dng quyn truy i sau khi phng tin c khng
ngh v khng tr tin theo cc khon d liu ca iu 56 n
5B.
iu 56:
1. Mt chng th khng ngh l mt vn bn pht biu
v s t chi thanh ton lp ti a im m phdng tin b
t chl, c k tn v ngy bi mt ngi c lut php
a phng cho php trong vic ny. Vn bn pht biu nu r'.
a/ Tn ngi yu cu lp chng t khng ngh
b/ Ni khng ngh, v
c/ Yu cu c nu v cu tr li, nu c, hoc s kin
khng th tm thy ngi tr tin hoc ngi chp nhn hoc
ngi p phiu.
2. Mt chng th khng ngh c th c p:
a/ Trn chnh bn hoc trn mu giy nh km phng
tin (phn ni di); hoc
b/ Bng mt chng th ring bit, trong trng hp ny,
phi nu r phng tin b chi t.
3. Tr khi quy nh rng chng th khng ngh phi c
lp, mt chng th khng ngh c th c thay th bng li
khai vit ln phng tin v k tn v ngy bi ngi tr
tin hoc bi ngi chp nhn hoc bi ngi lp phiu, hoc
bi ngi ch danh thanh ton trong trng hp mt phng
tin quy nh ni mt ngi ch danh thanh ton ; li khai
phi nhm mc ch xc nhn t chi nhn hoc t chi thanh
ton.
4. Mt li khai thc hin theo khon (3) c xem l mt
chng th khng ngh theo mc ch ca bn Quy c ny.
iu 57:
1. Chng th khng ngh v t chi mt hi phiu bng
khng chp nhn phi c lp vo ngy hi phiu b t chi
hoc vo mt ca hai ngy lm vic sau .
2. Chng th khng ngh v t chi mt phng tin
khng thanh ton phi c lp vo ngy phng tin b t chi
hoc vo mt ca hai ngy lm vic sau .
iu 58:
1. Chm tr trong vic lp chng th khng ngh mt
phng tin v t chi c tha thc khi chm tr c nguyn
nhn do hon cnh ngoi mun ca ngi cm phiu v ngi
y khng th trnh c. Khi nguyn nhn ca s chm tr
khng cn tc ng na, chng th khng ngh phi c lp
vi s cn mn hp l.
2. Chng th khng ngh v t chi khng chp nhn
hoc khng thanh ton c min;
a/ Nu ngi pht hnh, mt ngi k hu hoc ngi
bo lnh minh th hoc ng t b s khng ngh; s t b
y:
Nu thc hin trn phng tin bi ngi pht hnh s
rng buc bt c bn tham gia k tip no v lm li cho bt c
ngi cm phiu no.
Nu thc hin trn phng tin bi mt bn tham gia
khng phi l ngi pht hnh ch rng buc bn tham gia y
nhng lm li cho bt c ngi cm phiu no;
Nu thc hin ngoi phng tin, ch rng buc bn tharn
gia thc hin s t b v ch lm i cho ngi cm phiu m
s t b dnh cho,
b/ Nu nguyn nhn chm tr theo khon (1) trong vic
lp chng t khng ngh tip tc tc ng ngoi 30 ngy sau
ngy t ch.
c/ i vi ngi pht hnh ca mt hi phiu, nu ngi
pht hnh v ngi tr tin hoc ngi chp nhn ch l mt
ngi.
d/ Nu s xut trnh chp nhn hoc thanh ton
c min theo iu 48 hoc 52 (2).
iu 59:
1. Nu mt hi phiu m ng l phi lp chng th
khng ngh v khng chp nhn hoc khng thanh ton nhng
li khng lp chng th mt cch hp thc, ngi pht hnh,
cc ngi k hu v nhng igi bo lnh ca h khng chu
trch nhim v hi phiu .
2. Nu mt k phiu m ng l phi lp chng th
khng ngh v khng thanh ton nhng li khng lp chng th
khng ngh mt cch hp thc, nhng ngi k hu v nhng
ngi bo lnh ca h khng chu trch nhim v k phiu .
3. Khng lp chng th khng ngh mt phng tin
khng min tr trch nhim ca ngi chp nhn hoc ngi
}p phiu hoc nhng ngi bo lnh ca h hoc ngUi bo
nh ca ngi tr tin.
B! Thng bo v s t chi
iu 60;
1. Ngi cm phiu, khi gp s t chi mt h phiu
khng chp nhn hoc khng thanh ton, phi thng bo s t
chi cho ngi pht hnh, nhng ngi k hu v nhng
ngi bo lnh ca h.
2. Ngi cm phiu khi gp s t chi mt k phiu
khng thanh ton, phi thng bo s t chl cho nhng
ngc k hu v nhng ngi bo lnh ca h,
3. Mt ngi k hu hoc mt ngi bo lnh nhn c
thng bo phi thng bo v s t chl cho bn tham gia ngay
k trc mnh v c trch nhim v phcng tin.
4. Thng bo v s t chi c tc dng cho li ch ca bt
c bn tham gia no c quyn truy i vi bn tham gia
c thng bo.
iu 61;
1. Thng bo v t chl c th thc hin di bt c hnh
thc no v bng vn t no ch r phng tin v ni rng
phng tin b t chi. Vic hon tr phng tin b t ch
cng tr thnh thng bo, min l phng tin c km
theo li trnh by rng phng tin b t ch.
2. Thng bo v t chi thc hin hp thc nu n c
truyn t hoc gi cho bn tham gia phi thng bo bng
phng tin thch nghi trong cc hon cnh, mc d bn tham
gia y c nhn c hay khng.
3. Trch nhim chng minh rng thng bo c gi
mt cch hp thc thuc v ngi cm gi thng bo y.
iu 62:
Thng bo v t chi phi c gi trong vng hai ngy
lm vic tip theo sau:
a/ Ngy lp chng th khng ngh hoc, nu chng th
khng ngh c min ngy t chi; hoc
b/ S tip nhn thng bo do mt bn tham gia khc gi.
iu 63:
1. S chm tr trong vic gi thng bo v s t chi c
tha th khi chm tr c nguyn nhn do hon cnh ngoi
mun ngi cm phiu v ngi ny khng th trch hoc vt
qua c. Khi nguyn nhn ca s chm tr khng tc ng
na, thng bo phi c gi i vi s cn mn hp l.
2. Thng bo v t chi c min:
a/ Nu sau khi thi hnh s cn mn hp l, thng bo
vn khng thc hin c;
b/ Nu ngi k pht, ngi k hu hoc ngi bo nh
t b thng bo mt cch r rng hay ng s t b y:
Nu c thc hin trn phng tin bi ngi k pht
rng buc bt c bn tham gia k tip no v lm li cho bt c
ngi cm phiu no;
Nu c thc hin trn phng tin b mt bn tham
gia khng phi l ngi k pht, ch rng buc bn tham gia y
nhng lm li cho bt c ngi cm phiu no;
Cr !__;
Nu c thc kin trn phng tin thi rng buc bn
tham gia ng t b v ch lm i cho ngi cm phiu m s
t b dnh cho.
d i vi ngi k pht hi phiu, nu ngi k pht h
phiu v ngi tr tin hoc ngi chp nhn u i mt ngi.
iu 64:
Khng thng bo s t ch 01 lm cho ngi c ngha v
thng bo theo iu 60 cho bu tham gia c quyn nhn thng
bo y phi chu trch nhim v bt c tn tht no m bn tham
gia y c th chu thit do vic thng bo y, min l nhng tn
tht y khng vt qu tr gi cp ti iu 67 v 68.
PHN 4: S TIN THANH TON
iu 65;
Ngi cm phiu c th thc hin cc quyn ca mnh
trn phng tin chng li b't c mt bn tham gia no hoc
chhg li s' ng cc bn tham gia chu trch nhim i vi
phng tin v khng b bt buc tun theo th t m cc
bn tham gia b rng buc,
iu 66:
1. Ngi cm phiu c th thu hi t b't c bn tham gia
c trch nhim no.
a) Khi o hn; tr gi ca phng tin vi tin li, nu
tin li c d liu;
b ) Khi o hn:
Tr gi ca phng tin vi tin li, nu tin li c
quy nh, tnh ti ngy o hn;
Nu tin i c quy nh phi tr sau khi o hn, tin
li tnh theo li sut c quy nh, hoc nu khng c quy
nh nh vy, tin li tnh theo li mt n nh trong khon
(2), tnh t ngy xut trnh trn s tih n nh trong khon ()
(b) (i);
Mi chi phi v chng th khng ngh v v vic gi thng
bo do ngi cm phiu thc hin;
c/ Trc khi o hn:
Tr gi ca h phiu vi tin li c quy nh tnh
ti ngy thanh ton, chu mt khon chit khu t ngy thanh
ton n ngy o hn, c tnh theo khon (3);
Mi chi phi v chng th khng ngh v v vic gi thng
bo do ngi cm phiu thc hin.
1. Li sut s l 2 phn trm mt nm so vi li sut
chnh thc (li su't ngn hng) hoc li sut thch hp tng t
khc c hiu lc ti trung tm chnh ca quic gia ni phng
tin phi c thanh ton. Nu khng c li sut nh vy, li
sut s l 2 phn trm mi nm cao hn li sut chnh thc (li
sut ngn hng) hoc li su't thch hp tng t khc c hiu
lc ti trung tm chnh ca quc gia c tin t theo phng
tin phi c thanh ton. Trong trng hp khng c li sut
no nh vy, li sut s l phn trm mi nm.
iu 67;
Mt bn tham gia thanh ton mt phng tin ng theo
iu 66 c th thu hi t cc bn tham gia chu trch nhim vi
ngi y;
aJ Ton b s' tin y bt buc phi theo iu 66 v
tr;
b/ Tin li trn s tin y theo li sut n nh ti iu
66 khon (2), k t ngy ngi y thanh ton;
c/ Mi chi ph v cc thng bo m ngi y thc hin.
Chng VI
MIN NHIM
PHN 1: MIN NHIM THANH TON
iu 68:
1. Mt bn tham gia c min tr trch nhim v
phng tin khi ngi y thanh ton cho ngi cm phiu, hoc
cho mt bn tham gia k tip mnh thanh ton phng tin
v ang c phng tin y trong tay, theo tr gi phi tr theo
iu 66 hoc 67;
a/ Vo lc hoc sau khi o hn; hoc
b/ Trc khi o hn theo s t ch khng chp nhn;
2. S thanh ton trc khi o hn, khc vi khon (1)
(b) ca (Ku ny khng min tr trch nhim v phng tin
cho bn tham gia thc hin vic thanh ton tr khi i vi
ngi c thanh ton.
3. Mt bn tham gia khng c min tr trch nhim
nu thanh ton cho ngi cm phiu khng phi l ngi cm
phiu c bo v v vo lc thanh ton bit rng mt Tam
Nhn khiu ni hp l v phng tin hoc bit rng ngi
cm phiu chim hu phng tin bng hoc tham gia vo
vic nh cp hay gi mo y.
a/ Ngi nhn tin thanh ton ca mt phng tin phi
giao, tr khi c tho thun khc:
i) Phng tin cho ngi tr tin thc hin vic thanh
ton y;
ii) Phng tin, mt giy bin nhn v mi chng th
khng ngh cho bt c ngi no khc thc hin vic thanh ton
y.
b/ Ngi c yu cu thanh ton c th khng thanh
ton nu ngi yu cu thanh ton khng giao phng tin cho
ngi kia, Khng thanh ton trong hon cnh khng phi l
t chi khng thanh ton theo iu 54.
c/ Nu vic thanh ton c thc hin nhng ngi
thanh ton, khng phi l ngi tr tin khng chim hu c
phcng tin ngi y c min nhim nhng s min nhim
y khng th to thnh s phng v chng li ngi cm phiu
c bo v.
iu 69:
1. Ngi cm phiu khng b bt buc thanh ton tng
phn.
2. Nu ngi cm phiu c ngh thanh ton tng
phn, khng nhn tin thanh ton tng phn, phng tin b t
chi khng thanh ton.
3. Nu ngi cm phiu nhn s thanh ton tng phn
ca ngi tr tin hoc ngi chp nhn hoc ngi p phiu;
a/ Ngi chp nhn hoc ngi lp phiu c iin tr
trch nhim n mc s" tin c thanh ton; v
4.
b/ Phng tin phi c xem nh t chi khng thanh
ton v phn s" tin cha thanh ton.
4. Nu ngi cm phiu nhn yic thanh ton tng phn
ca mt bn tham gia khng phi l ngi tr tin, ngi chp
nhn hoc ngi lp phiu;
a/ Bn tham gia thc hin vic thanh ton c min tr
trch nhim n mc s^ tin thanh ton; v
b/ Ngi cm phiu phi trao cho bn tham gia y mt
bn sao c th thc ca phng tin v ca bt c chng th
khng ngh cng chng no.
5. Ngi tr tin hoc bn tham gia thanh ton tng
phn c th yu cu ghi vic thanh ton y vo phng tin v
mt bin nhn tin thanh ton phi c giao cho ngi y.
6. Nu s tin cn li c thanh ton, ngi nhn
tin thanh ton cng l ngi ang chim hu phng tin
phi giao cho ngi thanh ton phng tin c ghi khon tin
thanh ton nhn v mi cng chng th khng ngh.
iu 70:
1. Ngi nhn tin thanh ton c th khc t nhn tin
thanh ton ti mt ndi khng phi l ni m phng tin
c xut trnh thanh ton theo iu 51.
2. Nu trong trng hp y, vic thanh ton khng thc
hin ti n<i c xu't trnh c thanh ton theo iu 51,
phng tin c xem nh b t chi khng thanh ton.
iu 71:
1. Mt phng tin phi c thanh ton bng th tin t
c ghi trn tr gi ca phng tin.
TTQTTDL -14
2. Ngi pht hnh hoc ngi lp phiu c th ch r
trn phng tin rng phng tin phi c thanh ton bng
mt th tin t n nh khng phi th tin t ghi trn gi tr
ca phng tin. Trong trUng hp ny:
a/ Phng tin phi c thanh ton bng th tin t
c n nh.
b/ S' tin thanh ton phi c tnh theo t gi hi oi
ch nh trn phng tin. Nu khng ch nh t g nh vy,
s tin thanh ton phi c tnh theo t g hl oi p dng
cho nhng h phiu thanh ton ngay (hoc, nu khng c t
gi , theo t gi thch hp hin hnh) vo ngy o hn:
i) ang c p dng ti ni phng tin phi c xut
trnh thanh ton theo iu 51 (g), nu oi tin t n nh l
loi tin t ca ni y (tin t a phng); hoc
ii) Nu loi tin t n nh khng phi th tin t ca
ni y, thi tu theo tp qun ca ni xut trnh thanh ton
theo iu 51 (g),
d Nu mt phng tin nh vy b t chi khng chp
nhn, gi tr thanh ton phi c tnh:
i) Nu t gi h oi c ghi r trn phng tin^ theo t
gi ;
ii) Nu t gi hi oi khng ch r trn phng tin, tu
nhim ca ngi cm phiu, theo t gi'h oi hin hnh
vo ngy tch hoc vo ngy thanh ton thc t,
3. Trong iu ny, khng c g ngn cn to n bt bi
thng thit hi gy ra cho ngi cm phiu do nhng dao ng
trong t gi hi oi nu thit hi do s t chi v khng
chp nhn hoc khng thanh ton gy ra.
4. T gi hi oi hin hnh vo mt ngy no l t gi
h oi hin hnh, tu nhim ca ngi cm phiu, ti ni
m phng tin phi c xut trnh thanh ton theo iu
51 (g) hoc ti ni thanh ton thc t.
iu 72:
1. Trong bn quy c ny khng c g ngn cn mt quc
gia kt c phi tn trng nhng th l v kim sot hi oi p
dng trong lnh th ca mnh, k c nhng th l phi p dng
theo nhng tho hip quc t m quc gia y l mt thnh vin.
2.
a7 Nu, theo p dng khon (1) ca iu ny, mt phng
tin pht hnh bng loi tin t khng phi tin t ca ni
thanh ton phi c thanh ton bng tin t a phng, tr
gi thanh ton phi c tnh theo t gi hi oi p dng cho
h phiu tr ngay (hoc, nu khng c t gi nh vy, theo t
gi hi oi thch hp hin hnh) vo ngy xut trnh ang c
hiu lc ti ni c xut trnh thanh ton theo iu 51 (g).
b/
i) Nu mt phng tin nh vy b t chi khng chp
nhn, tr gi thanh ton phi c tnh, tu nhim ca ngi
cm phiu, theo t gi h oi hin hnh vo ngy t ch hoc
vo ngy thanh ton thc t;
ii) Nu mt phng tin nh vy b t chi khng thanh
ton, tr gi phi c tnh, tu nhim ca ngi cm phiu,
theo t gi h oi hin hnh vo ngy xut trinh hoc ngy
thanh ton thc t;
i) Cc khon (3) v (4) ca iu 71 c p dng cho n
no thch hp.
PHN 2: MIN NHIM CA MT BN THAM GIA TRC
iu 73:
1. Khi mt bn tham gia c min nhim ton b hoc
mt phn trch nhim v phng tin, bt c bn tham gia no
c quyn thay i i vi ngi y cng c min nhim n
cng mt mc .
2, Vic thanh ton ton b hoc mt phn tr gi hi
phiu bi ngi tr tin cho ngi cm phiu, hoc cho bt c
bn tham gia no thanh ton hi phiu theo iu 66, s
min tr trch nhim cho t^t c cc bn tham gia n cng
mt mc .
Chng VII
CC PHNG TIN B THT t h o t
iu 74:
1. Khi mt phng tin b tht thot, d do tiu hu,
trm cp hay do nguyn nhn khc, ngi b tht thot, theo
nhng d liu ca khon (2) iu ny, c quyn c thanh
ton l ra ngi y phi c khi ngi y s hu phng tin.
Bn tham gia c yu cu thanh ton khng th vin dn s
kin ngi yu cu thanh ton khng nm gi phng tir nh
l nguyn c khc t trch nhim v phng tin .
2.
a/ Ngi yu cu thanh ton mt phng tin b tht
thot phi nu r bng vn bn gi cho bn tham gia 2i ngi
y yu cu thanh ton:
) Nhng yu t ca phng tin h tht thot thuc v
nhng yu cu trnh by ti iu 1 (2) hoc 1 (3); nhm mc
ch y ngi yu cu thanh ton mt phng tin b tht thot
c th xut trinh cho bn tham gia y mt bn sao ca phng
tin;
ii) Nhng s kin cho thy rng, nu ngi ang nm
gi phng tin, tt s c quyn c thanh ton vi bn
tham gia m ngi y yu cu thanh ton;
Ui) Nhng s kin ngn cn s xut trinh phng tin,
b/ Bn tham gia c yu cu thanh ton mt phng
tin b th't thot c th buc ngi yu cu thanh ton phi
bo m bi thng mi thit hi m bn tham gia y c th
gnh chu v phi thanh ton sau ngy phdng tin b tht
thot.
c/ Tnh cht ca s m bo v cc iu kin bo m
phi c n nh theo s tho hip gia ngi yu cu thanh
ton v bn tham gia c yu cu thanh ton. Nu khng t
c s tho hip , to n c th quyt nh xem c cn s
bo m khng v nu cn to n quyt nh tnh cht ca s
bo m v cc iu kin bo m.
J Nu khng t c s bo m, to n c th ra lnh
cho bn tham gia c yu cu thanh ton phi k thc s tin
ca phng tin b tht thot, v mi khon li v chi ph c
th c yu cu theo iu 66 hoc 67, ti to n hoc b't c
chc trch c thm quyn hay c quan no khc, v c th
quyt dnh thi gian k thc. Tin k thc y c xem nh
tin thanh ton cho ngi yu cu.
iu 75:
1. Mt bn tham gia thanh ton mt phng tin b
tht thot v sau c ngi khc xut trinh phng tin
yu cu thanh ton phi thng bo cho ngi trc y bn
tham gia y thanh ton v s xu't trnh .
2. Vic thng bo phi c thc hin vo ngy m
phng tin c xut trnh hoc vo mt trong hai ngy lm
vic tip theo v phi nu r tn ca ngi xut trnh v ngy
cng nh ni xut trnh.
3. Vic khng thng bo lm cho bn tham gia thanh
ton phng tin b tht thot phi chu trch nhim v mi
thit hi m ngi c bn tham gia y thanh ton c th
chu do khng thng bo min l nhng thit hi khng vt
qu tr gi cp ti iu 66 hoc 67.
4. Chm tr trong vic thng bo c tha th khi s
chm tr c nguyn nhn do hon cnh ngoi mun ca ngi
thanh ton phng tin b tht thot v ngi y khng th
trch hoc vt qua c. Khi nguyn nhn chm tr khng cn
tc ng na, phi thng bo vi s cn mn hp l.
5. Thng bo c min khi nguyn nhn ca s chm
tr gi thng bo tip tc tc ng ngoi 30 ngy sau ngy CUI
cng m thng bo ng l phi c gi.
iu 76;
1. Mt bn tham gia thanh ton mt phng tin b
tht thot theo ng cc khon d liu ca iu 74 v sau
c yu cu, v thanh ton phng tin, hoc ngi no v l
do tht thot v do mt quyn thu hi t bt c bn tham
gia no c trch nhim vi ngi y, c quyn;
a/ Nu s m bo t c, thc hin s bo m,
hoc
b/ Nu s tin c k thc ti to n hoc nh chc
trch c thm quyn hay c quan no khc, i li s' tin k
thc .
..
^i
2. Ngi ng ra bo m theo nhng quy nh ca on
(2) (b) ca iu 74 c quyn gii to s bo m khi bn tham
gia c hng s bo m khng cn b ri ro v thit hi do
tht thot gy ra.
iu 77;
Mt ngi yu cu thanh ton mt phng tin b tht
thot thc hin mt cch hp thc vic lp chng th khng
ngh v t chi khng thanh ton bng cch dng mt vn bn
tho mn nhng iu kin ca iu 74, khon (2) (a),
iu 78;
Mt ngi nhn tin thanh ton mt phng tin b tht
thot theo iu 74 phi giao cho bn tham gia thanh ton vn
bn c nh ti iu 74, khon (2) (a), c ngi y k nhn
v mi chng th khng ngh v mt bn thanh ton c ng
u tr tin.
iu 79;
1. Mt bn tham gia thanh ton mt phng tin b
tht thot theo iu 74 c cng nhng quyn hn l ra c
nu ngi y c nm gi phng tin.
2. Bn tham gia y ch c th s dng quyn ca mnh
nu ngi ny s hu chng th c ng d*u tr tin cp
ti iu 78.
PH LC 9. LUT V SC QUC T'
LU T V S C QUC T
U ban Lut Thng mi Quic t ca Lin hip quc, k
hp th 15, New York, t ngy 26 thng 7 n 6 thng 8 nm
1982 ti liu SICN. 91212 ngy 18 thng 2 nm 1982.
QUYN HN V TRCH NHIM
PHN 1: QUYN HN CA NGI CM SC
V NGI CM SC C BO V
iu 27:
1. Mt bn tham gia c th dng m khng ngi cm
phiu khng phi l ngi cm sc c bo v:
a) Mi s bin h c gi tr theo bn Quy c ny;
b) Mi s bin h da vo s giao dch c bn gia chnh
ng y v ngi k pht hoc ngi cm sc trc hoc do
hon cnh to cho ngi y tr thnh bn tham gia;
c) Mi s bin h i vi trch nhim kt c da vo s
giao dch gia chnh ngi y v ngi cm sc;
d) Mi s bin h da vo s v nng ca bn tham gia
y chu trch nhim v sc hoc da vo s kin bn tham
gia y k nhng khng bit rng ch k ca mnh to thnh
mt bn tham gia sc, min l s khng bit y khng do s cu
th ca ngi .
2. Quyn hn ca ngi cm sc khng phi l ngi cm
sc c bo v Si vi sc l thuc vo bt c yu sch c gi tr
no vi sc ca bt c ngi no.
3. Mt bn tham gia khng th nu ln nh mt bin h
i khng ngi em sc khng phi l ngi cm sc c bo
v s kin ngi th ba c quyn i vi sc, tr khi;
a) Ngi th ba a ra khiu ni c gi tr vi sc, hoc
b) Ngi cm sc y th c sc bng cch trm cp hoc
gi mo ch k ca ngi th hng hay ca igi c k
hu, hoc tham gia vo s trm cp y.
iu 28:
1. Mt bn tham gia khng th nu ln bin h i khng
ngi cm sc c bo v, tr khi:
a) Nhng bin h theo cc iu 31 (1) 32, 33 (1), 34 (3),
45 v 79 ca bn Quy c ny;
b) Nhng bin h da vo s giao dch c bn gia chnh
ngi y v ngi cm sc hoc pht sinh t hnh vi gian ln
v pha ngi cm sc c ch k ca bn tham gia y trn
sc;
c) Nhng bin h da vo s v nng ca bn tham gia y
chu trch nhim v sc hoc da vo s kin bn tham gia
y k nhng khng bit rng ch k ca mnh to thnh
mt bn tham gia sc min l s khng bit y khng do s cu
th ca ngi .
2. Quyn hn ca ngi cm sc c bo v i vi sc
khng l thuc bt c khiu ni io i vi sc ca b't c ngi
no, ngoi tr khiu ni c gi tr pht sinh t giao dch cd bn
gia chnh ngi y v ngi nu khiu ni hoc pht sinh
t hnh vi gian ln v pha ngi cm sc y c ch k ca
ngi y trn sc.
iu 29;
1. Vic chuyn nhng mt tm sc bi ngi cm sc
c bo v trao cho bt c ngi cm sc no sau nhng
quyn hn i vi v trn sc m ngi cm sc c bo v
c, tr khi ngi cm sc sau tham gia vo mt s giao dch gy
ra khiu t hoc bin h v t sc.
2. Nu bn tham gia thanh ton sc theo iu 59 v tm
sc c chuyn nhng cho ngi y, vic chuyn nhng nh
vy khng trao cho bn tham gia nhng quyn hn i vi
v trn sc m b*t c ngi cm sc c bo v trc c.
iu 30:
Mi ngi cm sc u c xem l ngi cm sc c
bo v, tr khi c chng minh ngc li.
PHN II: TRCH NHIM CA CC BN THAM GIA
A/ iu khon tng qut
iu 31:
1. Theo cc khon ca cc iu 32 v 34, mt ngi
khng chu trch nhim v sc, tr khi ngi y k sc.
2. Mt ngi k sc vi tn khng phi l tn ca mnh
chu trch nhim nh ngi y k sc vi tn ca chnh mnh.
iu 32:
Ch k gi mo trn sc khng buc bt c trch nhim
no v sc i vi ng c ch k gi mo, Tuy nhin, ngi y
chu trch nhim nh chnh ngi y k sc khi ngi y
minh th hoc hm , chp nhn b rng buc bi ch k gi
mo hoc cho l ch k y l ca ng .
iu 33:
1. Nu sc b sa i mt cch c th;
a) Cc bn tham gia k sc sau t sa i c th u
chu trch nhim v sc tu theo ngn t ca nguyn vn
c sa i.
b) Cc bn tham gia k sc trc khi c s sa i c
th chu trch nhim v sc tu theo ngn t ca nguyn vn
u tin. Tuy nhin, mt bn tham gia t mnh m, cho
php hoc ng s sa i c th, chu trch nhim v sc tu
theo ngn t ca nguyn vn c sa i.
2. Khng c bng chng ngc li, mt ch k c xem
nh c t bt k vo sc sau khi c s sa i c th.
3. Mi s sa i l c th khi thay i s cam kt vit
trn sc ca bt k bn tham gia no v bt k phng din
no.
iu 34;
1. Mt t sc c th do mt ngi i din k
2. Ch k ca mt ngi i din t bt k ln sc vi s
u quyn ca ngi u nhim v cho thy trn sc rng n ^ i
y ang k vi t cch i in cho ngi u nhim c nu,
hoc ch k ca ngi u nhim c mt i din theo s u
quyn ca ngi y t vo sc, rng buc trch nhim ca
ngi u nhim ch khng phi ca ngi i din.
3. Ch k do mt ngi nh l ngi i din t ln so
nhng khng c u quyn k hoc vt ngoi s u quyn
ca ng y hoc do mt i din c u quyn k nhng
khng cho thy trn sc rng ngi ang k vi t cch i
din nhng khng nu tn ngi m h i din, rng buc
trch nhim ca ngi k 'i vi sc ch. khng phi ca ngi
m ngi ny ng i din.
4. Cu hi t ra cho ch k t ln sc vi t cch i
din ch c th xc nh bng cch tham kho nhng g th hin
trn sc.
5. Mt ngi chu trch nhim theo khon (3) v chi tr
sc c cng nhng quyn hn ca ngi m v ngi ny ng y
ng hnh ng l ra c nu ngi thanh ton sc.
iu 35:
Lnh chi tr ghi trong sc khng t n trao cho ngi
hng th s tin m ngi k pht yu cu ngi tr tin
dnh sn thanh ton.
iu 36:
1. Mi pht biu vit trn sc biu th s chng thc, s
xc nhn, s thun nhn, s th thc hoc bt c s din t
tng ng no khc ch c hiu lc xc thc s hin hu ca
s* tin v ngn nga ngi k pht rt s tin y, hoc ngn
nga ngi th tri s dng s' tin y vo nhng mc ch
khc hn l thanh ton sc c ghi li pht biu y, trc khi
mn hn xut trnh.
2. Tuy nhin, quc gia k kt quy c c th quy nh
rng ngi tr tin c th chp nhn sc v quyt nh hiu c
php l ca sc. S chp nhn nh vy phi c thc hin
bng ch k ca ngi tr tin km theo t chp nhn.
B Ngi k pht
iu 37:
1. Ngi k pht cam kt s thanh ton cho ngi cm
sc, hoc cho bn tham gia no sau thanh ton sc theo iu
59, s' tin ca sc, v mi khon tin li v chi ph c th thu
hi theo iu 50 hoc 60.
2. Ngi k pht khng th loi tr hoc hn ch trch
nhim ca chnh mnh bng mt khon quy nh trn sc. Bt
c quy nh no nh vy u khng c hiu lc.
a Ngi k hu
iu 38:
1. Ngi k hu cam kt v iu kin s thanh ton cho
ngi cm phiu hoc cho bn tham gia no sau thanh ton
sc theo iu 59 s tin ca sc v mi khon tin li v chi ph
c th thu hi theo iu 59 hoc 60.
2. Ngi k hu c th loi tr hoc hn ch trch nhim
ca chnh mnh bng mt s quy nh r rng trn sc. S quy
nh ny ch c hiu lc oi vi ngi k hu .
iu 39:
1. Bt c ngi no chuyn nhng sc bng cch chuyn
giao n thun s chu trch nhim vi bt c ngi cm sc
no sau ngi y v mi thit hi m ngi cm sc c th chu
v s kin trc khi c chuyu nhng ny;
a) Ch k trn sc l gi mo hoc khng c thm quyn;
hoc
b) Sc b sa i c th ; hoc
c) Mt bn tham gia c khiu ni c gi tr hoc bin h
chng ngi y; hoc
d) Sc b t chi v khng thanh ton.
2. Cc thit hi c th c n b theo khon (1) khng
th vt qu s' tin cp ti iu 59 hoc 60.
3. Trch nhim v bt c thiu st no cp ti khon
(1) s ch quy cho ngi cm phiu nhn sc m khng bit
thiu st y gnh chu.
D! Ngi bo lnh
iu 40;
1. Vic thanh ton mt tm sc c th c bo lnh, ton
b hoc mt phn s tin ca sc cho Ii ch ca mt bn tham
gia bi mt ngi no c th hoc khng th tr thnh mt bn
tham gia.
2. S bo lnh phi c vit ln sc hoc trn mt mu
giy dn vo t sc (ni di).
3. S bo lnh c din t bng cc t "bo lnh, bo
m, ng bo lnh hoc nhng t c ngha tng t,
km theo ch k ca ngi bo lnh.
4. S bo lnh c th c hiu lc bng mi mt ch k m
thi. Tr khi c ni dung yu cu khc hn.
a) Ch mi mt ch k trn mt t sc, khng phi ch k
ca ngi k pht, l s bo lnh;
b) Ch mi mt ch k trn mt sau t sc l k hu, k
hu c bit ca mt t sc thanh ton cho ngi cm sc
khng th chuyn i t sc thnh mt phng tin theo lnh.
5. Ngi bo lnh c th ch r nri m ngi y ng
ra bo lnh. Khng c ch r nh vy th ngi m ngi y
ng ra bo lnh l ngi k pht. .
iu 41:
N^ bo lnh chu trch nhim v sc cng mt mc
vi bn tham gia m ngi y ng ra bo lnh, tr khi ngi
bo lnh nh khc trn sc.
iu 42:
Ngi bo lnh thanh ton sc c nhng quyn hn v
sc m vi bn tham gia m ngi y ng ra bo lnh v
vi tt c cc bn tham gia c trch nhim v sc vi bn
tham gia kia.
XUT TRNH, T CH v KHNG THANH TON V
TRUY I
XUT TRNH THANH TON V T CHI v KHNG
THANH TON
iu 43:
Sc c xut trnh hp thc thanh ton nu sc c
xut trnh theo nhng quy nh sau;
Ngi cm sc xut trnh sc cho ngi th tri vo ngy
lm vic vo gi hp l;
Sc phi xut trnh thanh ton trong vng 120 ngy
k t ngy ghi trn sc;
Sc phi xut trnh thanh ton;
i) Ti ni thanh ton ch nh trn sc; hoc
ii) Nu khng c ch nh ni thanh ton, ti a ch
ngi tr tin ghi trn sc; hoc
ii) Nu khng c ch nh ni thanh ton v cng khng
ghi a ch ngi tr tin thi ti tr s chnh ca ngi tr tin
d/ Sc c th c xut trnh thanh ton ti phng
thanh ton b tr.
iu 44;
1. Chm tr trong vic xut trnh thanh ton c
chm chc khi s chm tr do hon cnh ngoi mun ca
ngi cm phiu v ngi ny khng th trnh c hoc
khng th vt qua c. Khi nguyn nhn gy chm tr khng
tc ng na, phi xut trnh vi s cn mn hp l.
2. Xut trnh thanh ton c min tr:
a) Nu ngi k pht, mt ngi k hu hoc ngi bo
lnh t b vic xut trnh mt cch r rng hoc hm ; s
t b y;
i) Nu ngi c k pht ghi trn sc, rng buc bt c
bn tham gia no sau m li cho bt c ngi cm sc
no.
ii) Nu c mt bn tham gia khng phi l ngi k
pht ghi trn sc, ch rng buc bn tham gia y m thi nhng
lm i cho ht k ngi cm sc no;
Ui) Nu c p ngoi t sc, ch rng buc bn tham gia
p s t b v ch lm li ngi cm phiu m s t b c
lp cho li ch ca ngi y.
b/ Nu nguyn nhn chm tr tip tc tc ng ngoi 30
ngy sau khi mn thi hn dnh cho xut tnh thanh ton.
iu 45;
Nu t sc khng c xut trnh mt cch hp thc
thanh ton, ngi k pht, nhng ngi k pht v nhng
ngi bo lnh ca h khng chu trch nhim v t sc . Tuy
nhin, nu t sc khng c xut trinh hp thc v chm tr
trong vic xu't trnh, ngi k pht khng c min tr trch
nhim ngoi tr trch nhim ti mc tn tht do chm tr
gy nn,
iu 46;
1. Mt sc c xem l b t chi v khng thanh ton:
a) Khi s thanh ton b khc t theo s xut trnh hp
thc, hoc khi ngi cm sc khng th nhn c tin thanh
ton m ngi y c quyn theo bn Quy c ny, hoc
vi ngi k pht m thi, nu s xut trnh sc khng hp
thc, b hon li v t chi thanh ton,
(b) Nu s xut trnh thanh ton c min tr, theo
iu 44 (2) v sc khng c thanh ton.
2. Nu sc b t chi khng thanh ton, ngi cm sc c
th, theo cc khon d liu ca iu 48, thc hin quyn truy
i i vi ngi k pht, nhng ngi k hu v nhng ngi
bo lnh ca h,
iu 47:
Nu sc c xut trnh trc ngy c ghi trn sc, s
t chi thanh ton ca ngi tr tin khng to nn s t chi
v khng thanh ton theo.
MC 1: QUYN TRUY I
A Khng ngh
iu 48:
Nu sc b t chi v khng thanh ton, ngi cm sc
ch c th s dng quyn truy i sau khi sc c khng
ngh hp thc theo cc khon d liu ca iu 49 n 51.
TTQ T TD L -1 5
1. Mt chng th khng ngh l mt bn tuyn b' v vic
sc b t ch thanh ton c lp ti ni m sc b t choi
thanh ton v c mt ngi c thm quyn v vic ny theo
lut php ca ndi y k tn v ngy. Bn tuyn b' phi ghi
r;
(a) Ngi khng ngh t sc b t ch thanh ton;
b) Ni khng ngh; v
c) Yu cu nu v cu tr li, nu c, hoc s kin
khng th tm thy ngi tr tin.
2. Chng th khng ngh c th c lp:
a) Ngay trn chnh t sc hoc trn mt mu giy dn vo
t sc C'n dO; hoc
b) Thnh mt ti liu ring, trong trng hp ny phi
ghi r sc b t chi thanh ton.
3. Tr khi sc quy nh rng chng th khng ngh phi
c lp, v c th c thay th bng li khai vit trn sc v
c ngi tr tin k tn v ngy; li khai ny ch c hiu
lc khi thanh ton b t chi.
4. Li khai thc hin theo khon (3) c xem nh mt
chng th khng ngh theo mc ch ca bn Quy c ny.
iu 50:
Chng th khng ngh v t chi thanh ton sc phi
c lp vo ngy m t sc b t chi thanh ton hoc vo mt
ca hai ngy lm vic tip theo.
iu 49;
1. Chm tr trong vic lp chng th khng ngh mt t
sc v b t ch. thanh ton c chm chc khi s chm tr
do hon cnh ngoi mun ca ngi cm phiu gy nn v
ngi y khng th trnh hoc khng th vt qua c. Khi
nguyn nhn ca s chm tr ngng tc ng, chng th khng
ngh phi c lp vi s cn mn hp l.
2. Chng th khng ngh v t ch thanh ton c
min;
(a) Nu ngi k pht, ngi k hu hoc ngi bo lnh
minh th hoc hm t b vic lp chng th y; s t b
y:
Nu do ngi k pht lp trn sc rng buc bt c bn
tham gia no sau v lm li cho bt c ngi cm sc no;
ii) Nu do mt bn tham gia khng phi l ngi k pht:
p trn sc ch rng buc bn tham gia y nhng lm li cho
ht c ngi cm sc no;
U) Nu lp ngoi ac> ch rng buc bn tham gi lp s
t b v ch lm li cho ngi cm ac m s t b c lp cho
li ch ca n g i ^ y.
(b) Nu nguyn nhn ca s chm tr theo khon (1)
trong vic lp chng th khng ngh tip tc tc ng ngoi 30
ngy sau ngy t ch^ thanh ton.
(c) vi ngi k pht sc, nu ngi k pht v ngi
tr tin cng l mt ngi.
(d) Nu s xut trnh thanh ton c theo iu 44
iu 51;
(2).
1. Nu sc phi b t chi v khng thanh ton khng
c lp chng th khng ngh mt cch hp thc, ng k
pht, nhng ngi k hu v nhng ngi bo lnh ca h u
khng chu trch nhim v sc .
2. Chm tr trong vic tp chng th khng ngh mt sc
v khng thanh ton khng min tr trch nhim cho ngi k
pht hoc ngi bo lnh ca ngi y ngoi tr trch nhim
n mc thit hi do s chm tr gy ra.
B! Thng bo v s t chi thanh ton
iu 53:
1. Ngi cm sc gp s t ch khng thanh ton phi
thng bo s t chi thanh ton y cho ngi k pht, nhng
ngi k hu v nhng ngi bo lnh ca h.
2. Ngi k hu hoc ngi bo lnh nhn c thng
bo phi gi thng bo v t chi thanh ton ngay cho bn
tham gia trc ngi y v chu trch nhim v sc.
3. Thng bo v t ch thanh ton c tc dng cho li ch
ca mi bn tham gia c quyn truy i v sc vi bn tham
gia c thng bo.
iu 54:
1. Thng bo v t chi thanh ton c th c gi di
bt c hnh thc no v bng bt c ngn t no nhn dng sc
v pht biu rng sc b t chi thanh ton. Vic hon tr
sc b t chi thanh ton cng coi l mt thng bo, min l sc
phi c km theo li l ch r rng sc b t chi thanh
ton.
iu 52:
2. Thng bo v t chi thanh ton c gi mt cch p
thc nu c truyn t hoc gi cho bn tham gia phi dc
thng bo bng phng tin thch hp cho hon cnh, d rng
bn tham gia y c nhn c hay khng.
3. Trch nhim n chng rng thng bo c gi
hp thc thuc v ngi yu cu c gi thng bo y.
iu 55:
Thng bo v t chi thanh ton phi c gi trong
vng hai ngy lm vic tip theo sau:
(a) Ngy lp chng th khng ngh, hoc, nu chng th
khng ngh ny c min, ngy t chi thanh ton; hoc
(b) S tip nhn thng bo do bn tham gia khc gi.
iu 56;
1. Chm tr trong vic gi thng bo t chi thanh ton
c chm chc khi s chm tr do hon cnh ngoi mun
ca ngi cm sc gy ra v ngi y khng th trnh hoc
khng th vt qua c. Khi nguyn nhn chm tr ngng tc
ng> thng bo phi c gi vi s cn mn hp l.
Thng bo t chi thanh ton c min:
(a) Nu sau khi vn dng s cn mn hp l m
thng bo khng th gi i c;
(b) Nu ngi k pht, mt ngi k hu hoc ngi bo
lnh minh th hoc hm t b thng bo t chi thanh
ton; s t b y:
ij Nu ngi k pht sc p ra, thi rng buc mi bn
tham gia sau v m li cho bt c ngi cm sc no;
ii) Nu bn tham gia khng phi l ngi k pht sc lp
ra, th ch rng buc bn tham gia y v lm li cho bt c
ngi cm sc no;
Ui) Nu c lp ngoi sc, thi ch buc bn tham gia p
s t b v ch lm i cho ngi cm sc m s t b c
lp cho li ch ca ngi ny.
c/ l vi ngi k pht sc, nu ngi k pht v ngi
tr tin cng l mt ngi-
iu 57;
Khng gi thng bo v t chl thanh ton khin cho
ngi c yu cu gi thng bo y theo iu 53 cho bn tham
gia c quyn nhn thng bo, chu trch nhim v mi tn
tht m bn tham gia c th gnh chu v s thiu st ,
min l nhng tn tht nh vy khng vt qu s' tin cp
trong iu 59 hoc 60.
MC 2: S TIN PHI thanh ton
iu 58:
Ngi cm sc c th thc hin quyn ca mnh v sc
vi bt c mt bn tham gia no, hoc nhiu hoc tt c cc bn
tham gia, chu trch nhim v sc v khng bt buc phi tun
theo th t m cc bn tham gia b rng buc.
iu 59:
1. Ngi cm sc c th thu ht bt c bn tham gia no
chu trch nhim stn ca sc.
2. Khi vic thanh ton c thc hin sau khi sc b t
chi thanh ton, ngi cm sc c th thu ca bt c bn tham
gia no chu trch nhim s tin ca sc cng vi tin i theo
li sut quy nh ti khon (3) tnh t ngy xut trnh n
ngy thanh ton v mi chi ph v chng th khng nghi v v
thng bo do ngi ny gi.
3. Li sut s l 2% mi nm trn li su't chnh thc (li
su't ngn hng) hoc li su^t tdng t thch hp khc c hiu
lc ti trung tm chnh ca quc gia m sc phi thanh ton.
Nu khng c li sut nh vy, li sut s l 2% mi nm trn
li sut chnh thc .i sut ngn hng) hoc li sut tdng t
khc c hiu lc ti trung tm chnh ca quc gia bng loi tin
t ca nc m sc phi tr. Khng c nhng li sut nh vy,
li sut s l % mi nm,
iu 60;
Bn tham gia thanh ton sc theo iu 59 c th thu ca
nhng bn tham gia chu trch nhim vi mnh:
(a) Chn s" tin ngi y bt buc phi thanh ton theo
iu 59 v thanh ton;
(b) Tin )i tnh trn s' tin y vi li sut c quy nh
ti iu 59, khon (3) t ngy ngi y thanh ton;
(c) Mi khon chi ph ca cc thng bo do ngi y gi.
MIN TR TRCH NHIM
MC 1; MIN TR BNG t h a n h t o n
iu 61:
1. Mt bn tham gia c min tr trch nhim v sc
khi ng y thanh ton cho ngi cm sc, hoc mt bn tham
gia sau ngi y thanh ton sc v nhn ly sc , s' tin
phi tr theo iu 59 hoc 60.
2. Mt bn tham gia khng c min tr trch nhim
nu ngi y thanh ton cho ngi cm sc khng phi l ngi
cm sc c bo v v bit rng vo thi im thanh ton mt
ngi th ba a ra mt yu sch c gi tr i vi sc hoc
bit rng ngi cm sc th c sc bng trm cp hoc gi mo
ch k ca ngi th hng hay ngi k hu, hoc tham
gia vo s trm cp hay gi mo y.
3.
(a) Mt ngi nhn tin thanh ton ca mt sc phi trao
cho, tr khi c tho thun ngc li:
i) Ngi tr tin thc hin vic thanh ton y, tm sc;
i) Bt k ngi no khc thc hin vic thanh ton y,
tm sc, bn k nhn tr tin v mi chng th khng nght
(b) Ngi c yu cu thanh ton c th gi li s tin
thanh ton nu ngi yu cu thanh ton khng giao tm sc
cho minh. Vic khng thanh ton trong trng hp ny khng
to thnh s t ch v khng thanh ton theo iu 46.
(c) Nu vic thanh ton c thc hin nhng ngi
thanh ton, khng phi l ngi tr tin khng nhn c sc,
ngi y c min tr trch nhim nhng s min tr khng
th c nu ln nh mt khc bin vi ngi cm sc c
bo v.
iu 62:
1. Ngi cm sc khng b buc phi nhn thanh ton
tng phn.
2. Nu ngi cm sc c ngh thanh ton tng phn
khng nhn tin thanh ton, sc b t chi v khng thanh ton.
3. Nu ngi cm sc nhn tin thanh ton tng phn
ca ngi th tri, t sc b xem nh t chi v khng thanh
ton v s tin cha thanh ton.
4. Nu ngi cm sc nhn tin thanh ton tng phn
ca bn mt bn tham gia vo sc;
(a) Bn tham gia thc hin thanh ton c min tr
trch nhim ca mnh i vi sc ti mc s tin thanh ton,
v
(b) Ngi cm sc phi cp cho bn tham gia y mt bn
sao tm sc c chng thc v mi chng th khng ngh.
5. Ngi tr tin hoc bn tham gia thanh ton tng
phn c th yu cu ghi vic thanh ton y trn sc v yu cu
trao cho mnh mt bin nhn.
6. Nu s'chnh lch c thanh ton, ngi nhn tin
thanh ton v sd hu tm sc phi trao cho ngi thanh ton
tm sc c k nhn tr tin v mi chng th khng ngh.
iu 63:
1. Ngi cm sc c th khc t nhn thanh ton ti
mt ni khng phi l ni t sc c xut trnh thanh ton
theo iu 43.
2. Nu trong trng hp vic thanh ton khng thc hin
ti ni sc c xut trnh thanh tx)n theo iu 43, sc c
xem nh b t ch'i v khng thanh ton.
iu 64:
1. Sc phi c thanh ton bng tin t ghi trn s tin
ca tm sc.
2. Ngi k pht c th ch r trn sc rng sc phi c
thanh ton bng th tn t ch nh khng phi l tin t ghi
trn s tin ca sc. Trong trng hdp ny:
(a) Sc phi c thanh ton bng tin t ch nh nh
vy;
(b) S' tin phi thanh ton c tnh theo t gi hi oi
c ch r trn sc. Khng c ch r nh vy, s^ tin phi
thanh ton c tnh theo t gi hi oi p dng cho hi phiu
tr ngay (hoc nu khng c t gi nh vy, theo t gi hi oi
c xc lp mt cch thch hp) vo ngy xut trnh;
) Hin hnh ti ni sc phi c xut trinh thanh
ton theo iu 43 (c), nu tin t c ch nh l tin t ca ni
(tin t bn x); hoc
ii) Nu tin t c ch nh khng phi l tin t ca ni
m sc phi c xut trinh thanh ton theo iu 43(c).
(c) Nu tm sc nh th b t chi v khng thanh ton,
s tin phi tr phi c tnh;
i) Nu t gi hi oi c ch r trn sc, theo t gi h
oi ;
ii) Nu gi hi oi khng c ch r trn sc, tu theo
nhim ca ngi cm sc, theo t gi hi oi hin hnh vo
ngy xut trinh hoc vo ngy thanh ton thc t ti ni m
phi c xut trnh thanh ton theo iu 43 (c) hoc ni
thanh ton thc t,
3. Trong iu ny khng c khon no ngn cn To n
quyt nh tin bi thng thit hi do thua l gy ra cho ngi
cm sc v nhng bin ng t gi h oi nu s thua l y do
s t chi v khng thanh ton gy ra.
V.:
1. Khng c g trong bn Quy dc ny ngn cn mt quc
gia kt c buc phi tn trng nhng th l kim sot hi oi
p dng trn nh th ca mnh, k c th l m quc gia y
buc phi p dng chiu theo nhng tha hip quc t m quc
gia y l bn kt c.
2.
(a) Nu chiu theo khon (1) ca iu ny; sc k pht
bng loi tiln t khng phi tin t ca ni thanh ton, m phi
c tr bng tin bn x, s tin tin chi tr phi c tnh
theo t gi hi oi ca hl phiu tr ngay (hoc nu khng c6
t gi nh vy, theo t gi hi oi c xc lp mt cch thch
hp) vo ngy xut trnh hin hnh ti ni sc phi c xut
trnh thanh ton theo iu 43 (c)
(b) Nu mt tm sc nh vy b t ch v khng thanh
ton:
i) S tin phi c tnh, tu nhim ca ngi cm sc,
theo t gi hi oi kin hnh vo ngy xut trinh hoc vo
ngy thanh ton thc t.
ii) Khon (3) ca iu 64 c p dng cho ni no tkch
hp.
iu 66:
Nu ngi k pht hu b lnh cho ngi tr tin
thanh ton mt sc k pht cho anh ta, ngi tr tin c nhim
v khng thanh ton.
iu 65:
MC 2: MIN TR TRCH NHIM
CA BN THAM GIA TRC
iu 67;
1. Khi mt bn tham gia c min tr ton b hoc mt
phn trch nhim ca mnh v sc, bt k bn tham gia no c
quyn truy i l vi ngi y cng c min tr trch nhim
cng mc nh vy.
2. Vic ngi tr tin thanh ton ton b hoc mt phn
s tin ca t sc cho ngi cm sc, hoc cho bt k bn tham
gia no thanh ton theo iu 59, min tr trch nhim cho
ton th cc bn tham gia ti cng mc nh vy.
SC GCH CHO V SC THANH TON
VO TI KHON
MC 1: SC GCH CHO
# *
iu 68;
1. Sc gch cho l sc c hai ln gch cho song song.
2. Gch cho thng nu n ch gm hai ln m thi hoc
nu gia hai ln c ghi vo t v ngn hng'" hoc t ng
tng ng hay nhng t v cng ty hoc bt k ch tt no
c ghi vo gia; gch cho c bit nu tn ca ngn hng
c ghi vo gia.
3. Sc c th c gch cho thng hoc c bit bi
ngi k pht hoc ngi cm sc.
4. Ngi cm sc c th gch cho thng thnh gch
cho c bit.
5. Gch cho c bit khng th chuyn i thnh gch
cho thng.
6. Ngn hng m sc c gch cho c bit ch dinh
c th li gch cho c bit thm mt ln na cho ngn hng
khc nh thu.
iu 69;
Nu trn mt sc c co sa gch cho hoc tn ca nh
ngn hng m sc c gch cho, s co sa c xem nh
khng xy ra.
iu 70:
1.
(a) Sc c gch cho thng ch c thanh ton cho
ngn hng hoc cho khch hng ca ngi tr tin.
(b) Sc c gch cho c bit ch c thanh ton cho
ngn hng m sc c gch cho hoc nu ngn hng y l
ngi tr tin cho khch hng ca ngn hng.
(c) Ngn hng c th khng nhn sc gch cho, ngoi tr
sc ca khch hng ca ngn hng y hoc ca mt ngn hng
khc v khng th nh thu sc y tr khi cho ngi .
2. Ngi tr tin thanh ton, hoc ngn hng nhn hoc
nh thu, mt sc gch cho tri vi nhng quy nh khon (1)
ca diu ny chu trch nhim v mi thit hi m mt ngi c
th chu v kt qu ca s vi phm y, min l nhng thit hi
khng vt qu s tin ca sc.
iu 71:
Nu gch cho trn sc c nhng t khng th giao dch
ngi c chuyn nhng tr thnh ngi cm sc nhng
khng th tr thnh ngi cm sc c bo v. Tuy nhin,
ngi th nhng c th c hng nhng quyn hn ca
ngi cm sc c bo v theo iu 29.
MC 2: SC THANH TON VO TI KHON
*
iu 72:
1.
(a) Ngi k pht hoc ngi cm sc c th cm thanh
ton sc bng tin mt bng cch vit cho trn mt sc nhng
t thanh ton vo ti khon hoc nhng t e ni dung tng
t.
(b) Trong trng hp ny, sc ch c c ngi tr tin
thanh ton bng cch ghi vo s sch k ton.
2. Ngi tr tin thanh ton mt sc nh vy khng phi
bng cch ghi vo s sch k ton phi chu trch nhim v mi
thit hi m mt ngi c th phi chu do hu qu ca vic
thanh ton , min l nhng thit hi y khng vt qu s"
tin ca sc.
3. Nu sc cho thy trn mt trc ca n c s co sa
nhng t "thanh ton vo ti khon, s co sa c xem nh
khng c xy ra.
MT SC
iu 73:
1. Khi mt sc b mt, d do tiu hu, trm cp hay
nguyn nhn no khc, ngi mt sc, theo cc khon quy dinh
ca khon (2) v (3) ca iu ny, c quyn hn thanh ton nh
ngi y c nu cn s hu sc. Bn tham gia b yu cu
thanh ton khng th nu s kin ngi yu cu thanh ton
khng s hu sc nh mt khc bin m vi trch nhim v
sc,
2.
(a) Ngi yu cu thanh ton mt sc b mt phi pht
biu bng vn bn cho bn tham gia m ngi y yu cu thanh
ton:
i) Nhng yu t ca sc h mt thuc v nhng iu kin
cn thit nu ra trong nhng iu (2), nhm mc ch y
ng yu cu thanh ton sc b mt c th xut trnh cho bn
tham gia y bn sao sc b mt;
ii) Nhng s kin cho thy rng, nu ngi y cn s hu
sc, ngti y c quyn c thanh ton i vi bn tham gia
m ngi y yu cu thanh ton.
ii) Nhng s kin ngn tr s xut trnh sc.
b) Bn tham gia b yu cu thanh ton sc mt c th
i ngi yu cu thanh ton bo m bi thng cho bn
tham gia y v mi thit hi c th gnh chu v s thanh ton
sau ca sc b mt.
c) Tnh ch't v iu kin m bo phi c quyt nh
bng s tho hip gia ngi yu cu thanh ton v bn tham
gia c yu cu thanh ton.
Khng c B tho hip nh vy, to n c th quyt nh
xem c cn phi bo m khng v nu c th tnh cht v cc
iu kin bo m phi nh th no.
d) Nu khng th c bo m, To n c th ra lnh cho
bn tham gia c yu cu thanh ton k thc s tin ca sc b
mt, v mi khon tin li v chi ph c th phi chu theo iu
59 hoc 60, ti To n hoc bt k nh chc trcTa hay c quan
c thm quyn no khc, v c th quyt nh thi hn k thc
. Khon k thc y phi c xem nh tin thanh ton cho
ngi yu cu thanh ton.
3. Ngi yu cu thanh ton mt sc b my theo cc
khon quy nh ti iu ny khng cn phi bo m cho ngi
k pht ghi vo sc hoc cho ngi k hu ghi vo phn
k hu ca mnh, nhng t nh khng th giao dch, khng
th chuyn nhng, khng theo lnh, ch tr cho (x) m
thi, hoc nhng t c ngha ttng t.
iu 74:
1. Bn tham gia thanh ton sc b mt v sc sau
c xut trnh thanh ton bi mt ngi khc, phi thng
bo cho ngi nhn tin thanh ton v s xut trnh y.
2. Vic thng bo phi c thc hin vo ngy sc
c xut trnh thanh ton hoc vo mt trong hai ngy lm
vic tip theo v phi nu tn ngi xut trnh sc v ngy, ni
xut trnh.
3. Vic khng thng bo lm cho bn tham gia thanh
ton sc b mt phi chu trch nhim v mi thit hi m
ngi c thanh ton c th gnh chu do khng thng bo,
min l nhng thit hi khng vt qu s' tin cp ti iu
59 hoc 60.
4. Chm tr trong vic thng bo c chm trc khi s
chm tr do hon cnh ngoi mun ca ngi thanh ton sc
b mt v ngi y khng th trch hoc vt qua c. Khi
nguyn nhn gy chm tr ngng tc ng, thng bo phi
c thc hin vi s cn mn hp l.
5. Thng bo c min khi nguyn nhn gy chm tr
gi thng bo tip tc tc ng ngoi 30 ngy sau ngy cui
cng thng bo phi c thc hin.
iu 75:
1. Bn tham gia thanh ton sc b mt theo cc khon
quy nh ti iu 73 v. sau c yu cu, v thc s
thanh ton sc, hoc v l do mt sc nn mt quyn ca mnh
thu tin ca bt c bn tham gia no c trch nhim vi mnh,
c quyn;
a) Nu c bo m, thu hi s bo m, hoc
b) Nu s tin c k thc ti To n hoc nh chc
trch hay c quan c thm quyn khc, i i s" tin c
k thc.
2. Ngi cung cp bo m theo cc khon quy nh
ca 2 (b) ca iu 73 c quyn nhn s gii to bo m khi
bn tham gia m quyn li c bo m khng cn ri ro thua
l na v s kin sc b mt.
iu 76:
Ngi yu cu thanh ton sc b mt thc hin mt cch
hp thc vic lp chng th khng ngh v s t chi thanh
ton bng vn bn p ng nhng yu cu ca iu 73, khon
2(a).
iu 77:
Ngi nhn tin thanh ton ca mt sc b mt theo iu
73 phi giao cho bn tham gia thanh ton vn bn theo iu
73, khon 2 (a), c ngi y k lin v mi chng th c
tuyt v bng k k nhn tr.
TTQTTDL-15
1. Bn tham gia thanh ton sc b mt theo iu 73 c
nhng quyn hn nh ngi y phi c .nu s hu sc.
2. Bn tham gia y ch c th thc hin quyn hn ca
mnh nu c trong tay vn bn k nhn cp ti iu 77.
GII HN (THI HN)
iu 79:
1. Quyn hnh ng pht sinh trn sc khng th c
s dng lu hn sau bh nm tri qua:
a) i khng ngi k pht hoc ngi bo lnh ca
h, k t ngy ca sc;
b) e i khng ngi k hu hoc ngi bo lnh ca h,
k;t ngy chng th khng ngh v t chi thanh ton hoc,
kKi chng th khng ngh c min, ngy t chi thanh ton.
2. Nu bn tham gia thanh ton sc theo iu 59 hoc
60 trong vng mt nm trc khi mn hn thi hn cp ti
khon (1) ca iu ny, bn tham gia y c th hin thc hin
quyn hnh ng ca mnh i vi bn tham gia c trch nhim
vi mnh trong vng mt nm k t ngy ngi y thanh ton
sc.
iu 78;
PH LC 10.
LC TRCH
'LU T THNG NHT V HI PHI U NM1930'

Chng 1
PHT HNH V HNH THC CA Hl PHl
iu 1;
Mt hi phiu cha ng;
1. Tiu Hoi phiu ghi b mt ca hi phiu v c
din t bng ngn ng k pht hi phiu.
2. Mt mnh lnh v iu kin thanh ton mt s tin
nht nh
3. Tn ca ngi tr tin
4. Thi gian thanh ton
5. a im thanh ton
6. Tn ca ngci hng li hoc tn ca ngi ra lnh thc
hin vic thanh ton.
7. Ngy v ni pht hnh hi phiu
8. Ch k ca ngi k pht hi phiu
iu 2;
Mt hi phiu m trong thiu mt trong nhng yu
cu c nu trong iu khon trn s l mt hi phiu v hiu
lc, ngoi tr nhng trng hp c nu sau y:
- Mt hi phiu m trong khng c nu r thi gian thanh
ton th c xem nh c thanh ton ngay khi xut trnh.
- Khi khng c nu r rng da im tr tin, th a im
c ghi bn cnh tn ca ngi tr tin c xem l ni tr tin.
- Mt hi phiu m khng c nu a im k pht th
c xem nh c k pht t ni c nu bn cnh tn
ca ngi k pht.
iu 3:
Mt hi phiu c th c k pht c thanh ton
theo lnh ca ngi k pht:
- N c th c k pht cho chnh ngi k pht.
- N c th c k pht cho quyn li ca mt ngi th ba.
iu 4:
Mt h phiu c th c thanh ton ti ni c ng ca
ngi th ba hoc ti ni m ngi tr tin c ng hoc ti mt
ni khc.
u 5;
Khi mt hi phiu c thanh ton ngay khi xut trnh
hoc vo mt thi gian nht nh sau khi xu't trih, th ngi
k pht c th quy nh rng s" tin c thanh ton c tnh c
tin li. Cn trong ti-ng hp khc, s quy nh ny c xem
nh khng c gi tr.
Tin li c tih t ngy k pht hi phiu, ti trng hp
c quy nh mt ngy no khc. T sut li tc ghi trn h phiu
s coi nh khng c gi tr, nu nh khng c quy nh khc.
iu 6:
Khi s" tin ca hi phiu c din t bng ch v ng
thi bng con s' m c s khc bit gia hai bn, th s tin ghi
bng ch l s' tin c thanh ton.
Khi mt s tin ca hi phiu c din t hon ton
bng ch m c s" ln hn hoc s" tin din t hon ton bng
s" m c s" ln hn th s tin nh hn l s tin c thanh
ton.
iu 7;
Nu mt hi phiu c mang ch k ca nhng ngi
khng c kh nng rng buc mnh bng h phiu, hoc ch k
gi mo, hoc ch k ca nhng ngi khng c tht, hoc mt
ch k m v bt c mt l do no khng th rng buc
nhng ngi k hi phiu hoc nhn danh ngi k,
th nhng ngha v ca nhng ngi khc k hi phiu tuy
nhin vn c hiu lc.
iu 8:
Bt k ai k tn mnh vo mt h phiu vi t cch i
din cho mt ngi m ngi khng c quyn hnh ng th
s rng buc chnh mnh nh mt bn ca hi phiu v nu
ngi k ny thanh ton, th anh ta s c cng nhng quyn
hn nh ngi m anh ta xem nh ang hnh ng thay
cho. Quy dnh tng t cng c p dng i vi ngi i
din no lm dng quyn hn ca mnh.
iu 9:
Ngi k pht hw phiu m bo c vic chp nhn ln
vic thanh ton. Anh ta c th gii thot mnh khi m bo
chp nhn; mi quy nh theo anh ta gii thot mnh khi
m bo thanh ton c xem nh khng c gi tr php l.
iu 10:
Nu mt hi phiu khi k pht khng c y
c b sung y khc vi nhng tho thun ghi trong
hi phiu, th s khng tun theo nhng tho thun ny khng
th khng c dng kin ngi Gm hi phiu, tr khi
ngi ny c c hi phiu khng trung thc, hoc khi th
c hi phiu phm li hin nhin.
Chng II
K HU
iu 11:
Tt c cc h phiu, ngay c khi n khng c k pht
theo lnh mt cch r rng, u c th c chuyn nhng
bng cch k hu. Khi mt ngi k pht ghi vo h'i phiu
nhng ch ^'khng tr theo lnh hoc mt cu no tng t, th
hi phiu ch c th chuyn nhng theo lut v c hiu lc ca
mt s chuyn nhng thng thng. phiu c th c k
hu chuyn nhng cho ngi tr tin hi phiu, cho d ng ta
c chp nhn hay khng, hoc chuyn nhng cho ngi k
pht, hoc cho mt bn no lin quan n hi phiu. Nhng
ngi ny c th ti k hu chuyn nhng cho ngi khc
na.
iu 12:
Mt s k hu phi v iu kin. Mi iu kin vi k
hu c xem nh v gi tr. Mi s k hu chuyn nhng mt
phn c xem nh l v hiu lc.
Mt s k hu cho ngi cm phiu tng ng vi k
hu trng.
iu 13:
S k hu phi c vit ln trn h phiu hoc ln mt
mnh giy gn vo hi phiu. N phi c ngi k hu k tn
vo.
K hu c th khng nu tn ngi th hng hoc c
th ch c n thun ch k ca ngi k hu (k hu trng),
trng hp sau k hu c hiu c th n phi c ghi ln
pha sau hi phiu hoc ln mnh giy gn lin vo hi phiu
(Allonge),
iu 14:
K hu l s chuyn nhng tt c nhng quyn hn
pht sinh t hi phiu. Nu k hu trng th ngi cm c
th:
(1) in vo ch trhg hoc tn chnh ca mnh hoc l
tn ca mt ngi no khc.
(2) Ti k hu trng hoc do mt ngi no khc.
(3) Chuyn nhng hi phiu cho ngi th 3 m khng
in vo ch trng, v khng k hu n.
iu 15;
Khi khng c quy nh ngc li, ngi k hu m bo
chp nhn v thanh ton. Anh ta c th cm mi k hu sau :
trong trng hp ny anh ta khng m bo cho nhng ngi
m sau hi phiu c k hu cho h,
iu 16;
Ngi s hu hi phiu c xem l ngi cm gi hi
phiu hp php nu ng ta xc lp c quyn s hu ca mnh
i vi hi phiu thng qua mt lot nhng k hu lin tc, cho
d s k hu sau cng l trng. Trong quan h ny, nhng
k hu b hu b c xem nh khng c gi tr.
Khi mt k hu trng c mt k hu k tip theo,
ngi k hu cui cng ny c xem nh th c hi phiu
bng k hu trng.
Khi mt ngi b tc quyn s hu hi phiu bng
bt k cch no, th ngi cm gi hi phiu xc lp quyn hn
ca mnh theo cch thc c nu khng buc phi b hi phiu
tr khi ng ta th c phiu mt cch khng trung thc,
hoc tr khi vo lc th c phiu, ng ta phm li lm s sut
hin nhin.
iu 17:
Nhng ngi thua kin v mt hl phiu khng th kin
ngi cm hi phiu cn c vo nhng m quan h c nhn ca
h vi ngi k pht hoc vi nhng ngi cm gi trc , tr
khi ngi cm hl phiu khi th c h'i phiu c' tnh hnh
ng lm phng hi n ngi mc n.
iu 18:
Khi k hu hi phiu c ghi theo Tr gi nh thu theo
"Nh thu theo "u quyn hoc mt cu no khc hm mt s
u nhim n gin, th ngi cm gi hi phiu c th s dng
nhng quyn hn pht sinh t h phiu, nhng anh ta ch c
th k hu hi phiu vi t cch ca mnh m thi.
Trong trng hp ny, cc bn c trch nhim ch c th
kin ngi cm gi h phiu nhng ni dung no m anh ta c
th kin c ngi k hu.
S u nhim trong k hu khng b kt thc v l do bn
u nhim cht hoc v l do bn ny b mt nng lc v
mt php l.
iu 19;
Khi mt k hu c ghi nhng cu Gi tr cm 0 0 * (Value
in pledge), Gi tr m bo" (Value in security), hoc mt cu
no khc hm mt s cm c, th ngi cm gi phiu c th
s dng tt c nhng quyn hn pht sinh t hl phiu, nhng
k hu do anh ta thc hin ch c hiu lc ca mt k hu bi
bn thn mnh m thi.
Cc bn hu quan khng th kin ngi cm gi v
nhng m quan h c nhn ca h vi ngi k hu, tr khi
ngi cm gi khi nhn hi phiu c' tnh hnh ng lm
phng hi n quyn li ca ngi mc n.
iu 20:
Mt k hu sau k hn tr tin cng c hiu lc nh k
hu trc k hn tr tin. Tuy nhin, mt s k hu sau s
khng ngh khng thanh ton, hoc sau khi thi hn c nh
khng ngh kt thc, th s k hu ch c gi tr nh mt s
u thc bnh thng. Khi khng th c bng chng ngc li,
mt k hu khng c ghi ngy thng c xem nh c k hu
trc khi thi hn h nh khng ngh kt thc.
Chng I II
CHP NHN
iu 21;
Cho n khi ht hn, hm phiu c th c hoc do ngUci
cm h phiu, hoc do ngi c quyn s hu h phiu xut
trnh cho ngi tr tin chp nhn ti ni anh ta .
iu 22;
Trong bt c mt hi phiu no, ngi k pht c th quy
nh rng, h phiu s c xut trnh chp nhn c hoc
khng c n nh mt hn mc thi gian xut trnh.
Tr trng hp mt hi phiu c thanh ton ti a ch
ca mt bn th ba hoc ti mt ni khc hn l ni c ng ca
ngi tr tin hoc, tr trng hp mt hl phiu c k pht
c thanh ton vo mt thi im c^ nh sau khi nhn
thy phi phiu, ngi k pht c th cm vic xut trnh
xin chp nhn.
Anh ta cng c th quy nh vic xut trnh chp
nhn khng c xy ra trc mt ny ch nh.
Nu ngi k pht ngn cm vic chp nhn th tt c
nhng k hu vn c th quy nh rng h'i phiu s phi c
xut trnh xin chp nhn c hoc khng c n nh mt gii
hn thi gian xut trnh chp nhn.
Anh ta cng c th quy nh vic xut trnh xin chp
nhn khng c xy ra trc mt ngy ch nh.
Nu ngi k pht ngn cm vic chp nhn th tt c
nhng k hu vn c th quy nh rng hl phiu s phi c
xut trnh xin chp nhn c hoc khng c n nh mt thi
gian xu't trnh ch'p nhn.
iu 23:
Nhng hi phiu c thanh ton vo mt thi im c'
nh sau khi xut trnh, phi c xut trnh xin chp nhn
trong vng mt nm theo ngy k pht hi phiu.
Ngi k pht c th rt ngn hoc ko di thi hn ny.
Thi hn ny c th c rt ngn li bi nhng ngi k
hu.
iu 24:
Ngi tr tin c th yu cu l hi phiu s c xut
trnh cho anh ta mt ln th hai vo ngy sau ln xu't trnh
th nht. Cc bn c lin quan khng c php dn rng yu
cu ny khng ph hp, ngoi tr trng hp yu cu c nu
trong khng ngh.
Ngi cm gi hl phiu khng b bt buc phi giao cho
ngi tr tin mt h pliiu c xut trnh xin chp nhn.
iu 25:
Chp nhn phi c vit ln trn hi phiu. N c
din t bng ch chp nhn hoc thut ng tng t no
khc. N c ngi tr tin k vo. Ngi tr tin ch k n
gin ln mt ca h phiu.
Khi h phiu c thanh ton vo mt thi im nht
dnh sau khi xu't trnh, hoc khi n phi c xu't trnh
xin chp nhn trong mt khong thi gian nht nh theo mt
quy nh c bit, s chp nhn phi c ghi ngy thng v
ngy hi phiu c chp nhn, tr khi ngi cm gi hi phiu
yu cu l n phi c ghi l ngy thng xut trnh.
Nu n khng c ghi ngy thng, ngi cm gi h phiu
mun liu gi quyn truy i ca mnh i vi nhng ngi k
hu v ngi k pht, phi xc nhn s b st bng mt giy
khng ngh c lp ra theo ng thi hn,
iu 26:
Chp nhn l v iu kin, nhng ngi tr tin c th
chp nhn mt phn ca s' tin c thanh ton. Mi s chp
nhn thay i ni dung ca hi phiu s c xem nh s t
ch chp nhn. Tuy nhin, ngi chp nhn b rng buc bi
nhng iu kin ca s chp nhn ca anh ta.
iu 27:
Khi ngi k pht hi phiu quy nh a im thanh
ton khc vi ni c tr ca ngi tr tin m khng nu r a
ch ca bn th ba l bn th hng, th ngi tr tin c th
nu a ch ca ngi th ba vo thi im chp nhn, khi
khng c s ch nh ny, ngi chp nhn c xem l cam
kt thanh ton hl phiu ti a im thanh ton nu trn.
Nu mt hi phiu c thanh ton ti a im c tr
ca ngi tr tn, th ngi ny khi chp nhn c th ch nh
mt a im ti cng mt ni m vic thanh ton s c thc
hin.
iu 28:
Bng vic chp nhn h phiu, ngi tr tin cam kt
thanh ton hi phiu khi n n hn.
Khi khng c thanh ton, ngi cm gi hi phiu, cho
d ng ta l ngi k pht, c quyn kin thng ngi chp
nhn v hi phiu i tt c nhng g c th yu cu theo
iu 48 v 49,
iu 29:
Khi ngi tr tin l rg k chp nhn hi phiu
hu b n trc khi hon tr li h phiu th s chp nhn
c xem nh b t chi. Nu khng c bng chng ngc li,
s hu b xem nh xy ra trc khi hoi phiu c hon tr.
Tuy nhin, nu ngi tr tin thng bo s chp nhn
ca mnh bng vn bn vit cho ngi cm gi hoc cho bn k
h phiu, anh ta chu trch nhim vi nhng bn ny theo
nhng iu khon ca s chp nhn ca mnh.
Chng IV
BO LNH
iu 30:
Vic thanh ton mt h phiu c th c m bo bi
mt s Bo lnli (Aval) vi ton b hoc mt phn s' tin
ca hi phiu. S bo m ny do mt ngi th ba hoc thm
ch do ngi k nh mt bn lin quan n hi phiu.
iu 31:
S bo lnh c th c ghi hoc l ngay trn hi phiu
hoc l bng mt mnh giy nh km (Allonge).
N c din t bng ch bo lnh hoc bng bt
k mt cu no tng t. N c ngi Bo lnh k.
S bo lnh xem nh c thnh lp bng ch k n
thun ca ngi Bo lnh ghi trn mt ca hi phiu, ngoi
tr trng hp ch k ca ngi tr tin hoc ngi k pht.
Mt s Bo lnh phi c nu r l cho ngi no. Nu
khng c th c xem l bo lnh cho ngi k pht.
iu 32:
Ngi bo lnh b rng buc ging nh ngi m anh ta
tr thnh ngi bo lnh.
Cam kt ca ngi bo nh c hiu lc ngay khi c trch
nhim m anh ta bo lnh khng c hiu lc i vi bt c l do
no tr trng hp c sai st v hnh thc to lp hoi phiu.
Khi thanh ton mt hi phiu, anh ta c nhng quyn
hn pht sinh t hi phiu i vi ngi c m bo v l
vi nhng ngi chu trch nhim vi ngi ny v hi phiu.
Chng V
THI HN THANH TON
iu 33;
Mt h phiu c th c k pht c thanh ton:
' Ngay khi xut trnh
- Vo mt thi gian c' nh sau khi xut trnh.
- Vo mt thi gian c nh sau ngy k pht hi phiu
- Vo mt ngy c' nh
Nhng hm phiu ghi nhng cch khc hoc c thanh
ton tng phn l v hiu.
iu 34:
Mt hi phiu c tr tin ngay, c thanh ton vo
ngay khi xut trnh.
N phi c xut trnh xin thanh ton trong vng
mt nm k t ngy k pht. Ngi k pht c th rt ngn
hoc gia hn thi hn ny. Nhng thi hn ny c th c
nhng ngi k hu rt ngn li.
Ngi k pht c th quy nh rng h phiu thanh ton
ngay khng c xut trnh xin thanh ton trc ngy ch nh.
Trong trng hp ny, thi gian xut trnh bt u t ngy .
iu 35:
K hn thanh ton ca mt hi phiu c thanh ton
vo mt thi gian c nh sau khi xut trnh c xc nh hoc
tnh t ngy chp nhn hoc tnh t ngy khng ngh. Trong
trng hp khng c khng ngh, s chp nhn khng ghi ngy
thng c tnh i vi ngi chp nhn, vo ngy cui cng
ca thi hn quy nh bt buc phi xu't trnh chp nhn.
iu 36:
Khi mt h phiu quy nh thi hn thanh ton sau mt
hay nhiu thng k t ngy k pht hoc sau khi xut trnh,
th hi phiu n hn vo ngy tng ng ca thng m vic
thanh ton phi thc hin. Nu khng c ngy tng ng th
hi phiu ht hn vo ngy cu0 1 cng ca thng ny.
Khi mt hi phiu quy nh thi hn thanh ton sau mt
thng hoc nhiu thng v na thng k t ngy k pht hoc
khi xut trnh, th phi tnh c thng.
Nu k hn thanh ton c tnh vo u thng, vo
gia thng (v d trung tun thng 1 hoc thng 2) hoc vo
cul thng, th phi hiu l vo ngy 1, ngy 15 v ngy cui
cng ca thng.
Nhng cu "tm ngy hoc mi m ngy khng ch
mt hay hai tun, m l mt giai on 8 hoc 15 ngy hin ti.
Cu "na thng c ngha mt giai on 15 ngy.
iu 37:
Khi mt hi phiu c thanh ton vo mt ngy c nh
ti mt ni m lch khc vi lch ti ni pht hnh hi
phiu, th ngy hi phiu n hn tr tin c xem l c n
nh theo lch ca ni thanh ton.
Khi mt hi phiu c k pht gia hai ni c lch khc
nhau, c thanh ton vo mt thi im c nh sau k hn,
ngy pht hnh c xem nh ngy tng ng ca lch ni
thanh ton, v k hn hi phiu c n nh tng ng theo
.
Thi gian xut trnh hi phiu c tnh cn c vo
nhng quy nh ca nhng on trn.
Nhng quy dnh ny khng p dng nu c mt quy dnh
trong hl phiu hoc thm ch nhng iu ghi n gin ca h
phiu nu cho thy mt nh muh p dng nhng quy dnh
khc.
Chng VI
THANH TON
iu 38:
Ngi cm gi mt hm phiu c thanh ton vo mt
ngy c nh hoc vo mt thi gian c nh sau ngy k pht
hoc sau khi xut trnh, phi c xut trnh hi phiu xin
thanh ton ngay vo ngy hl phiu c thanh ton hoc vo
mt trong hai ngy lm vic k tip.
Vic xut trnh hi phiu ti phng b tr tng ng
vi vic xut trnh xin thanh ton.
iu 39:
Ngi tr tin thanh ton mt hl phiu c th yu cu
ngi cm gi phi a h phiu cho anh ta.
Ngi cm gi khng th t chi vic thanh ton tng
phn. Trong trng hp thanh ton tng phn, ngi tr tin
c th yu cu ghi vic thanh ton ny ln trn h phiu, v
cp mt bin lai cho anh ta.
iu 40;
Ngi cm phiu khng th b p buc phi nhn
thanh ton trc khi hi phiu n hn.
Ngi tr tin thanh ton trc khi hi phiu n hn
khi hnh ng nh vy phi chu mi ri ro.
Ngi tr tin thanh ton ng k hn th ht trch
nhim, tr khi anh ta phm li gian ln hoc s sut hin
nhin.
Anh ta buc phi kim tra s hp thc ca dy chuyn
k hu, nhng khng phi kim tra ch k ca ngi k hu.
iu 41:
Khi mt hi phiu c k pht c thanh ton bng
mt ng tin khng phi l ng tin ca ni thanh ton, s
tin c thanh ton phi c tr bng tin ca quc gia theo
tr gi ca n vo ngy hi phiu n hn. Nu ngi mc n
khng thc hin c, ngi cm phiu c th tu yu cu s"
tin ca ht phiu s c thanh ton bng tin ca quc gia
theo t gi vo ngy hm phiu n hn hoc vo ngy thanh
ton.
Nhng tp qun ca ni thanh ton n nh gi tr ca
ng tin nc ngoi- Tuy nhin, ngi k pht c th quy nh
l s tin c thanh ton s c tnh ton cn c vo t gi
c nu trong hi phiu.
TTQTTDL -17
Nhng quy tc cp trn s khng p dng cho
trng hp trong ngi k pht quy nh rng vic thanh
ton phi c thc hin bng mt ng tin r rt no (quy
nh v' vic thanh ton c hiu lc brig ngoi t). Nu s tin
ca hm phiu c nu r bng mt ng tin c cng mt tn,
nhng c gi tr khc nhau ti nc pht hnh hi phiu v
nc thanh ton hi phiu, th s cn c vo ng tin ca ni
thanh ton.
iu 42;
Khi mt hc phiu khng c xu't trnh xin thanh
ton trong hn mc thi gian n dnh bi iu 38, ngct mc n
c php k gi s tin vi ngcti chc trch c thm quyn, v
ngi cm phiu phi chu ph ri ro.
Chng VII
TRUY I DO KHNG CHAP NHN HOC KHNG
THANH TON Hl PHIU
iu 43:
Ngi cm gi phiu c th thc hin quyn truy i ca
mnh vi nhng ngi k hu, ngi k pht hoc nhng
bn c trch nhim khc
- Khi h phiu n k hn tr tin;
- Nu vic thanh ton khng c thc hin;
- Thm ch tnc khi hi phiu n hn;
(1) Nu c s t chi mt phn hay t ch^i hon ton vic
chp nhn.
(2) Trong trng hp ngi tr tin b ph sn, d ng ta
c chp nhn hay khng, hoc trong trng hp c s phn xt
ca To n, hoc khi vic tin hnh i vi hng ho ca ng ta
khng c kt qu.
(3) Trong trng hp ngi k pht b ph sn m hi
phiu khng c chp nhn
iu 44:
S khng chp nhn hoc khng thanh ton phi c
chng minh bng mt t chng nhn xc thc (t khng ngh
khng chp nhn hoc khng thanh ton).
S khng ngh do khng chp nhn phi c thc hin
trong vng thi hn n nh phi xut trnh xin chp nhn.
Nu, trong trng hp quy nh iu 24, on hai d liu, s
xut trnh th nht phi c din ra vo ngy cui cng ca
thi gian ny, vic khng ngh tuy nhin c th c son tho
vo ngy k sau.
Vic khng ngh do khng thanh ton mt h phiu c
thanh ton vo mt ngy c' nh hoc vo mt thi gian c nh
sau ngy k pht hoc sau khi xut trnh phi c thc hin
vo mt ngy hoc hai ngy lm vic k tip ngy m hi phiu
c thanh ton. Trong trng hp mt h phiu c thanh
ton ngay khi xut trnh, khng ngh phi c son tho theo
nhng iu kin c nu r trong on ni trn i vi vic
son tho mt khng ngh do khng chp nhn.
Vic khng ngh do khng chp nhn khng bao gm vic
xut trnh xin thanh ton v khng ngh do khng thanh
ton.
Nu c s ngng thanh ton v pha ngi tr tin, cho
d ng ta c chp nhn hay khng, hoc nu vic th c hng
ho ca ng ta khng c kt qu, ngi cm gi phiu khng
th thc hin quyn truy i ca mnh cho n sau khi xut
trnh h phiu cho ngi c k pht thanh ton v sau
khi phn khng c son tho.
Nu ngi tr tin, cho d ng ta c k chp nhn hay
khng, b tuyn b ph sn, hoc ngay c trong trng hp
ngi k pht mt hi phiu khng c k chp nhn cng b
ph sn, khi c phn xt ca to n tuyn b' v s ph sn thi
cng cho ngi cm gi c th thc hin quyn truy i
ca minh.
iu 45:
Ngi cm gi phiu phi thng bo vic khng chp
nhn hoc khng thanh ton cho ngi k hu v ngi k pht
trong vng 4 ngy lm vic k tip theo ngy khng ngh hoc
trong trng hp c mt quy nh "Retour sans frais'\ ngy
xut trnh. Mi ngi k hu, trong vng 2 ngy lm vic k
tip ngy m ng ta nhn thng bo, phi thng bo cho ngi
k hu v thng tin m ng ta nhn c, phi nu tn v a
ch ca nhng ngi ny cho n ngi k pht. Nhng thi
gian c nu trn c tnh bt u k t khi nhn c
thng bo trc .
Ph hp vi on nu trn, vic thng bo phi c gi
n cho mt ngi k hi phiu, mt thng bo nh vy cng
phi c gi trong cng mt thi hn cho ngi bo lnh ca
anh ta.
Khi mt ngi k hu hoc khng nu da ch ca mnh
hoc nu a ch mt cch khng r rng, th ch cn gi
thng bo cho ngi k hu trc l .
Mt ngi phi gi thng bo, c6 th gi thng bo di
mi hnh thc, thm ch bng cch gi tr li hi phiu.
Anh ta phi chng t rng anh ta thng bo trong
thi hn cho php.
Thi hn c xem l c tn trng nu mt th
thng bo c gi bng bu in trong thi hn quy nh.
Mt ngi khng thng bo trong thi hn nu trn
khng b mt nhng quyn hn ca mnh. Anh ta phi chu
trch nhim v s tn hn, nu c tn hi do s s sut ca anh
ta, nhing tin n b khng vt qu s tin ca hi phiu.
iu 46:
Ngri. k pht, mt ngi k hu, hoc mt ngi m
bo thanh ton bng bo lnh, hoc bng mt quy nh no
hoc bng bt k mt cu no tng t c vit ln trn phiu
v k, c th gii thot ngt cm gi khi vic khng ngh do
khng chp nhn hoc khng thanh ton thc hin quyn truy
ca mnh.
Quy nh ny khng gii thot ngi cm gi khi vic
xut trnh hi phiu trong thi gian quy dnh, hoc khi nhng
thng bo m ng ta phi gi. Trch nhim chng minh s
khng tun th gii hn thi gian thng bo thuc v ngi tm
cch kin ngi cm gi phiu.
Nu quy nh do ngi k pht phiu vit ra th n c
hiu lc vi tt c nhng ngi k hc phiu. Nu quy
T s m
nh do ngi k hu hoc ngi bo lnh vit, th n ch c
hiu lc vi ng k hu hoc bo nh ny.
iu 47:
T't c nhng ngi k pht, chp nhn, nhng ngi k
hu hoc m bo bng bo lnh mt hi phiu u chu trch
nhim lin i v c nhn i vi ngi cm gi phiu.
Ngi cm gi c6 quyn kin tt c nhng ngi ny
tng ngi mt hoc c chn lc m khng phi tn trng trt
t m nhng ngi ny b rng buc.
T't c nhng ai k vo phiu, nhn v thanh ton
hi phiu u c quyn tng t,
Vic kin tng mt trong nhng bn chu trch nhim
khng ngn cn vic kin tng nhng bn khc, cho d h c
th v tr sau bn b kin u tin.
iu 48:
Ngi cm gi hi phiu c6 th truy i t ngi m ng
ta ang thc hin quyn truy i.
(1) S' tin ca hm phiu khng c chp nhn hoc
khng c thanh ton vi li, nu tin li c quy nh.
(2) Li mc 6% k t ngy n k hn ca h phiu
(3) Nhng chi ph khng ngh v thng bo cng nh
nhng chi ph khc.
NTu quyn truy i c thc hin trc khi hi phiu
n hn th s" tin ca hi phiu phi gim bt, s tin gim
bt ny c tnh cn c vo li chit khu chnh thc (mc ca
ngn hng) k t ngy thc hin quyn truy i ti ni c ng
ca ngi cm gi phiu.
Chng IX
S BN CA MT B V CC BN s a o

1. S B N CA MT B
iu 64:
Mt hi phiu c th c k pht thnh mt b gm 2
hoc nhiu bn ging nhau.
Nhng bn ny phi c nh s' trn mt h phiu;
nu khng mi bn s c xem nh mt hoi phiu ring bit.
Ngi cm gi h phiu m phiu ny khng ghi r l n c
k pht thnh 1 bn duy nht, th c th chu chi ph yu
cu c trao 2 hoc nhiu bn. Vi mc dch ny ngi cm
gi phi xin vi ngi k hu trc tip cho mnh, gip ng ta
tin hnh th tc vi ngi k hu ca ng ta, v nh vy,
thng qua tt c nhng ngi k hu cho n ngi k pht.
Ngi k hu phi ghi nhng k hu ny ln nhng t mi ca
b h phiu.
u 65:
Vic thanh ton thc hin vi mt bn ca mt b hi
phiu s coi nh thanh ton ht n, cho d khng c nhng quy
dnh l vic thanh ton s hu hiu lc ca nhng bn khc.
Tuy nhin, ngi tr tin ch chu trch nhim i vi bn m
anh ta k chp nhn.
Ngd k hu m chuyn nhng cc bn ca mt b
hi phiu cho nhiu ngi khc khc, cng nh nhng ngi k
hu sau s chu trch nhim i vi tt c nhng bn c
mang ch k ca h.
iu 66:
Ngi no gi mt bn xin chp nhn phi ghi trn
nhng bn khc tn ca ngi ang cm bn ny. Ngi ny
buc phi trao n cho ngi cm gi hp php ca bn khc,
Nu ng ta t chi th ngi cm gi khng th thc hin
quyn truy i ca mnh cho n khi c mt th khng ghi nu
r l;
(1) Bn c gi xin chp nhn khng c a
cho ng ta theo yu cu ca ng ta.
(2) Vic chp nhn thanh ton khng th c chp
nhn m vi bn khc.
2. CAC BN SAO
iu 67:
Ngi cm gi h phiu c quyn lp bn sao ca hi
phiu. Bn sao phi ging y nh bn gc, vi k hu v mi ghi
ch khc c trong bn gc. Bn sao c th c k hu, k bo
lnh nu bn gc cho php v phi iu r bn gc c lu gi
u .
iu 68:
Bn sao phi ghi r ngi s hu bi gc hi phiu.
Ngi ny c trch nhim phi giao hi phiu ny cho ngi
cm gi bn sao hp php.
Nu ng ta t chi, ngi cm gi khng th thc hin
quyn tniy i ca mnh i vi nhng ngi k hu bn sao
hoc m bo n bng bo lnh cho n khi ng c th
khng ngh nu r l bn gc khng c trao cho ng khi
yu cu.
Mt khi bn gc, sau ln k hu cu cng, trc khi lp
bn sao, c cha ng iu khon Bt u t s k hu ch c
hiu lc nu c thc hin trn bn sao hoc mt quy nh
tng ng no, th s k hu sau trn bn gc l v hiu
lc. t
Chng X
SA I
iu 69:
Trong trng hp vic sa i ni dung ca mt h
phiu xy ra trc khi cc bn k th buc phi theo nhng
iu khon ca vn bn sa i, cn s sa i xy ra sau
khi k th buc phi theo nhng iu khon ca bn gc.
Chng X
NHNG IU KHON CHUNG
iu 72:
Vic thanh tx)n mt h phiu o hn vo mt ngy l
hp php khng th c yu cu cho n ngy lm vic hm
sau. Cng vy, mi th tc khc lin quan ti hi phiu, nh't l
xut trnh xin chp nhn v khng ngh ch c th tin hnh
vo ngy lm vic.
Nu th tc thanh ton phi c tin hnh trong thi
hn nht nh m ngy cui cng ca n l mt ngy l hp
php th thi hn s c gia hn ti ngy lm vic u tin k
tip ngy ht hn ca thi hn ny. Nhng ngy l xen vo
cng c tnh n.
TTQTTDL -18
3. TRCH MT S IU CA O LUT HI PHIU 1882 CA
NC ANH
HNH THC V NH NGHA
3.1, Hi phiu l mt t mnh lnh i tin v iu kin
o mt ngi k pht cho mt ngi khc, yu cu ngi ny
khi nhn thy hoc n mt thi hn nht nh hoc mt thi
hn c th xc nh trong tng lai phi tr mt s^ tin nht
nh cho mt ngi no , hoc theo lnh ca ngi ny tr
cho ngi khc'hoc tr cho ngi cm h phiu,
3.2. Mt phng tin thanh ton no khng tun theo
ng nh quy nh trn s khng phi l hi phiu,
3.4. Mt hi phiu s v hiu v:
a) Khng ghi ngy thng
b) Khng ghi B tin
c) Khng ghi a im lp phiu hoc a im tr tin,
5.1. H phiu c th c k pht thanh ton hoc
theo lnh ca ngi k pht, hoc theo lnh ca ngi tr tin
h phiu.
5.2. Khi trong hi phiu m ng k pht v ngi tr
tin l cng mt ng&i, hoc ngi tr tin l mt ngi khng
c thc hoc mt ngi khng c kh nng giao dch thng
mi th ngi cm phiu c th coi hi phiu nh mt hi
phiu thng mi hoc mt k phiu.
6.1. Ngi tr tin hi phiu phi c ghi r tn hoc
c ch nh r trong h phiu vi mt s minh bch hp l,
6.2. Mt hi phiu c th k pht i hai hoc nhiu
ngi tr tin, nhng phi ghi ch hoc gia tn ca nhng
ngi tr tin , khng c php ghi ch v gia tn nhng
ngi tr tin ny.
8.1. Mt h phiu c th ghi ch ch cm chuyn nhng
hoc mt t tng t th n ch c hiu lc i vi cc bn c
lin quan ti t h phiu m thi.
8.2. Mt hi phiu c th thanh ton theo lnh hoc ca
mt ngi hoc theo lnh ca ngi cm hi phiu.
8.3. Mt h phiu c th thanh ton cho ngi cm hi
phiu, nu n l hi phiu v danh hoc hi phiu c k
hu trng.
9.1. Theo o lut ny quy nh, s" tin ghi trn hi
phiu l mt s tin nht nh, mc d h phiu c th c
thanh ton:
a) K c tin li
b) Tng phn
c) Theo t gi quy nh trn hi phiu hoc theo cch xc
nh t gi hi oi quy nh r trn hm phiu.
9.2. S tin h phiu va ghi bng s, va ghi bng ch,
nu c s khc nhau, ngi ta c th cn c vo 8' tin ghi bng
ch thanh ton.
9.3. Ngy tnh tin li c th quy nh trn h phiu, nu
khng c th tnh t ngy k pht hi phiu n ngy h phiu
c tr tin.
16. Ngi k pht hi phiu hay bt c ngi k hu no
cng c quyn ghi vo hi phiu nhng quy dnh nh:
>'N^<|fTR^G1 ^
a) Ph nhn hoc hn ch trch nhim ca mnh i vi
ngi cm phiu.
b) Khc t mt vi hoc tt c trch nhim ca mnh
vi ngi cm phiu
29. Ngi cm phiu hp l l ngi gi hi phiu y
v hp thc trn mt hi phiu theo nhng iu kin sau
y:
a) Cm gi h'i phiu cha o hn v khng nhn bit
rng hi phiu b t ch, thanh ton, nu hi phiu sy ra
nh vy.
b) Nhn hi phiu mt cch trung thc v ng tr gi v
vo lc hi phiu c chuyn n ngi cm phiu khng h
bit n nhng khuyt tt no trong quyn s hu ca ngi
chuyn nhng hi phiu .
LU THNG HI PHIU
31.1. Hm phiu c lu thng khi n c chuyn
nhng t ngi ny sang ngi khc v n c nh vy n tay
ngi cm phiu.
31.2. H phiu thanh ton cho ngi cm phiu bng
cch trao tay.
31.3. H phiu thanh ton theo lnh bng th tc k
hu.
TRCH NHIM CA NGI CM p hi u
39.1. Hi phiu tr tin ngay khi xut trnh, khng nht
thit phi i hi k ch'p nhn xc nh k hn ca hl
phiu.
39.2. Mt hl phiu quy nh rng phi xut trnh k
chp nhn th n phi thc hin trc khi xut trnh xin thanh
ton.
39.3. Trong cc trng hp khc thi vic xu't trnh
c chp nhn l khng cn thit nhm rng buc trch
nhim cc bn v hi phiu.
THANH TON Hl PHI
59.1. Thanh ton hp l c ngha l vic thanh ton
c thc hin vo lc hoc khi hi phiu o hn cho ngi
cm hl phiu mt cch trung thc v khng nhn thy vic s
hu hi phiu trc c khuyt tt.
59.2. Ph thuc vo nhng iu quy nh sau y:
a) Hi phiu c th thanh ton cho hoc theo lnh ca
bn th ba bi ngi k pht. Ngi k pht c th bt buc
ngi k chp nhn tr tin thanh ton h phiu ny. Nhng
ngi k hoi phiu c th ti k pht hi phiu i tin ngi
k chp nhn v yu cu ngi ny tr cho ngi th ba hoc
theo lnh ca ngi ny.
b) Khi ngi k hu phi tr tin hi phiu hoc khi
ngi k pht phi tr tin hi phiu m ngci hng li l
chnh mnh th h c th t b quyn li i vi ngi chp
nhn.
XUNG T PHP LUT
72. Khi mt hi phiu c to lp mt quc gia m
c u thig, chp nhn hoc c thanh ton mt quic gia
khc th quyn i, ngha v v trch nhim ca cc bn c
quy nh nh sau;
a) iu kin hnh thc h'i phiu s o lut ni pht
hnh h phiu quy nh, cn iu kin v ni dung to p hi
phiu v nhng vn u thng h phiu nh chp nhn, k
hu, khng ngh hi phiu do khng c tr tin c quyt
nh bi lut ni m hp ng thng mi k kt quy nh.
b) Khi hi phiu c k pht ti mt nc v c thanh
ton ti mt nc khc th ngy o hn ca hi phiu c quy
nh theo lut nci thanh ton ca h phiu.
5, Trch mt s iu c lin quan v h i phu trong
Lut Thdng mi th ng nht nm 1962 ca M
3J4. Tiu , hinh thnh v nh ngha:
1. Bt c mt chng t vit no muh tr thnh phng
tin c th lu thng c phi;
a) C ch k ca ngi k pht chng t.
b) L mt mnh lnh v iu kin i thanh ton mt s
tin nh^t nh trong mt thi hn quy nh trn phiu.
c) c thanh ton khi c yu cu hoc khi o hn.
2. H phiu l vn bn vit, c tiu HI phiu nu
n l mt mnh lnh i tin.
3,105. Mnh lnh v iu kin:
1. Mt mnh lnh v iu kin khng th coi l c iu
kin khi cn c vo hi phiu.
a) C th hiu c nhng iu kin ngm rng buc hoc
suy din ra, hoc
b) C th hiu rng, hi phiu ny c lin quan n mt
tri v n nn khc, hoc
c) Cho rng, h phiu ny pht sinh t mt tho thun
c bit khc hay phi tham chin vo mt tho thun c bit
kic m cc tho thun trc c lin quan n s pht sinh
ra hi phiu, hoc
d) C ghi l n c k pht theo mt th tn dng no
, hoc
e) Ni rng n c m bo bng mt s cm c, bo lu
hoc quyn s hu khc v.v...
3.106. Mt s'tin nht nh:
1. S tin nht nh l mt s tin c th c tr:
a) Km vi tin li, hoc
b) Ph thuc vo t gi hi oi nu vic thanh ton hi
phiu khng ng hn, hoc
c) Tng hn hoc gim hn so vi s' tin quy nh trn
hm phiu, nu vic thanh ton tho thun sau hoc trc hn
quy nh trn h phiu.
3.108. Yu cu thanh ton
Nhng h phiu tr tin ngay hoc hi phiu thanh ton
khi xut trnh, hoc h phiu khng ghi r thci hn tr tin
vo mt thcfi im c th u c quyn i hi thanh ton khi
ngi cm gi phiu c yu cu xin thanh ton.
3.09. Thi gian xc nh:
GiCpTWN^ :.TTl!4bl-Si
1. Hi phiu c quy nh thi gian thanh ton xc nh,
th c thanh ton;
a) Vo mt ngy nu, hoc trong mt giai on xc
nh, sau mt ngy c th nu ra, hoc
b) Vo mt giai on xc nh k t ngy xut trnh,
hoc,
c) Vo mt ngy xc nh ph thuc vo s gia hn, hoc
vo thi gian gia hn c th ca nhng ngi c lin quan
d) Hai hoc nhiu ngi
2. Thi gian thanh ton ghi m h, kh xc nh s tr
nn v hiu.
3.110. Thanh ton theo nh
1, Mt hi phiu ghi thanh ton theo lnh ca ngi no
th n c th thanh ton trc tip cho hgi hoc thanh
ton theo lnh ca ng .
Hi phiu ny c thanh ton theo lnh cai
a) Ngi k pht, hoc
b) Ngi tr tin, hoc
c) Mt ngi khc m khng phi l ngi k pht, ngi
tr tin, hoc.
2. Mt hi phiu ghi thanh ton theo lnh th khng th
thanh ton c bng cch ghi c thanh ton khi n c k
hu hp cch.
3. Mt hi phiu ghi va thanh ton theo lnh, va thanh
ton cho ngi cm phiu s c thanh ton theo lnh tr khi
ch ngi cm phiu c vit bng tay hay nh my.
3.202. Lu thng chuyn nhng
1. Lu thng chuyn nhng hi phiu l mt s chuyn
giao h phiu cho mt ngi, ngi ny ng nhin tr thnh
ngi cm gi hl phiu.
Nu l hl phiu theo lnh, th phi lm th tc k hu
cn thit, nu l hl phiu v danh hay l hi phiu tr cho
ngi cm phiu th ch cn trao tay, khng cn k hu.
2. K hu phi vit bng tay ngay vo mt sau ca hi
phiu hoc bng mt vn th ring bit gn km vo hi phiu.
3. K hu chuyn nhng hoc l ton b tr gi h
phiu hoc l s^cn li ca hi phiu.
4. Chuyn nhng h'i phiu c th km theo iu kin
bo lu.
TI LI U THAM KHO
1. Ng Th Cc - Ng c Thnh - Phm Trng L. Hot ng
ti chnh trong nn kinh t th trng, s Kinh t i
ngoi v Trung tm Giao lu quc t v Vn ha, Gio dc,
Khoa hc hp tc xut bn, H Ni 1995.
2. Nguyn Vn nh, Trn Th Minh Ha. Gio trnh Kinh t
du lch, NXB Lao ng - X hi, H Ni, 2005,
3. Nguyn Vn nh. Cht lng dch v - Mt nhn t quyt
nh s sng cn ca doanh nghip du lch. Tp ch Kinh t
pht trin, HKTQD, s' 19 thng 8 nm 1997.
4. Trn Th Minh Ho. S nh hng ca t gi hm oi n
hot ng kinh doanh du ch quc t. Tp ch Kinh t pht
trin, 30' thng 2/2004.
5. Trn Th Minh Ho. Sc du ch mt phng tin thanh
ton thun tin. Tp ch Du lch s' thng 1/2006,
6. Trn Th Minh Ho. C s l lun v thanh ton quc t
trong du lch ti Vit Nam. ti nghin cu khoa hc cp
c s, i hc Kinh t quc dn, nm 2004.
7. Nguyn Ngc Hng, L thuyt tin t - ngn hng, Trng
HKT - H Quc gia TPHCM, NXB Ti chnh, 1998.
8. inh Xun Trnh. Thanh ton quc t trong ngoi thng,
NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 1996.
9. L Vn T (ch bin). Tin t, tn dng v ngn hng, NXB
Thng: k, 1997.
10. Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam, Tp ch Tin hc - Ngn
hng
11. International Banking Manual, Ti liu dch ca Ngn
hng Nh nc Vit Nam
12. Charles R. Goeldner & J. R. Ritchie, TOURISM- Principles,
Practices, Philosophies, John Wile & Sons, Inc., 2003
13. Jerome.J.Vallen, Gary.K.Vallen. Check - In Check- Out.
Fourth Edition
14. Mishkin, Fr. The Economics of Money, Banking and
Financial Markets. Third Edition, 1992.
15. Robert Christie Mill, TORISM. The International
Business, School of Hotel and Restaurant Management,
University of Denver, Prentice - Hall, Inc., 1990
16. Rose, P.S., The Pinancial System in the Economy, 1986
17. St. Sonev, V.Bonev, K.Kostadinov. Valutni otnosenia V
turisma, Georgi Bakalov Varna,1985.
18. Kiit Pilbiim. Megdunarodni nanci, FPT Sofa Bulgaria,
1995.
19. Radko Radkov, Stean Vachkov, Valutni sistemi. Senov
Svistov Bulgaria, 1994.
20. Pavel Daslarov, Svetoslav Maslarov. Vosna Torgovia-
Technica na plastania, Princeps. Varna, 1992.
M C L C

L t n i u ........................................................................................................................ 3
Chng I
T G I HI O I .................................................................................................................5
1.1. Khi nim v ngoi h i ..............................................................................5
1.2. Khi nim v t gi hi oi..................................................................7
1.3. C s chnh xc nh t gi hi oi.................................................. 7
1.4. Cc nhn t nh hng n s bin ng ca t gi hi
oi. .10
1.4.1. T c lm pht trn th trng ca ha quc gia............................ 1
1.4.2. M i quan h gia cung v cu v ngoi h i trn th
trng........ !.....................................................................................................12
1.4.3. Mc chnh lch li sut gia cc qu c ga................................13
1.5. Phn loi t gi hi oi...........................................................................13
1.5.1. Cn c vo ch qun ngoi h i......................................... 13
1.5.2. Cn c vo phcfng tin chuyn ngoi h i.................................15
1.5.3. Cn c vo phcmg tin thanh ton qu c t.............................. 15
1,5 A Cn c vo thi im giao ch ngoi h i................................. 16
1.5.5. Cn c vo nghip v kinh doanh ngoi hi ca ngn
hng 16
1.6. nh hng ca t gi h i oi n du lch....................................... 17
1.7. Vai tr iu tit v m ca Nh nuc i vi t gi hi
oi....................................................................................................................... 21
1.7.1. Chnh sch h i oi...................................................................... 21
1.7.2. Lp qu d tr bnh n hi oi................................................... 22
1.8. Phcmg php yt t gi (Quotation)..................................................... 28
.8.1. Danh mc cc m ch chnh ca ISO......................................... 28
1.8.2. Phng php yt t gi (Quotation)............................................. 28
1.9. Xc dnh t gi theo phng php tnh cho...................................... 32
1.9.1. Xc nh t gi hi oi ca hai ng tin yt gi
cng v tr........................................................................................................32
1.9.2. Xc nh t gi ca hai ng n yt gi
khc nhau hai v khc nhau...................................................................37
1.10. Bi tp......................................................................................................... 40
Tm tt chng ................................................................................................ 42
Cu hi n tp chng .................................................................................. 42
Chng 2
CC t U Ki N V TI CHNH V TI N T TRONG
CC H P NG DU LCH QUC T .......................................... 44
2.1. Khi qut v hp ng du lch quc t ................................................. 45
2.1.1. S cn thit k kt cc hp ng du lch quc t...................... 45
2.1.2. nh ngha..........................................................................................46
2.1.3. Ni dung ca hp ng du lch quc t ...................................... 48
2.1.4. Mt s im cn u khi k cc hp ng
du lch quc t .............................................................................................. 48
2.2. Bn cht ca cc iu kin ti chmh - tin t trong cc
hp ng du lch quc t ................................................................................. 50
2.2.1. Bn cht..............................................................................................50
2.2.2. Cc nhn t tc dng n cc iu kin v ti chih
v tin t trong mt hp ng du lch quc t ......................................50
2.3. Cc iu kin v ti chnh trong hp ng du lch quc t .............51
2.3.1. iu kin v a im thanh ton................................................51

2.3.2. iu kin v thi gian thanh ton............................................... 52
2.3.3. iu kin v phng thc thanh ton........................................ 53
2.3.4. Cc bin php ngn nga ri ro v ti chnh............................. 54
2.4. Cc iu kin v tin t trong cc hp ng du lch qu c
t...............................!..... 1.......1'............. !.... *..............57
2.4.1. iu kin v ng tin tnh gi................................................... 58
2.4.2. iu kin v ng tin thanh ton............................................. 59
2.4.3. Cc bin php ngn nga ri ro v tin t................................. 61
T tt chng 2............................................................................................67
Cu hi n tp chng 2 .............................................................................. 67
Chng 3
CC PHNG THC THANH TON QUC T
V S VN DNG TRONG KINH DOANH DU LCH................................... 68
3.1. Nhng c im ca du lch nh hng n hot dng
thanh ton qu c t trong du lch................................................................. 69
3.2. Cc phng thc thanh ton qu c t v s vn dng trong
kinh doanh du lch......................................................................................... 71
3.2.1. Bn cht ca phcmg thc thanh ton qu c t.......................... 71
3.2.2. Phcttig thc chuyn tin (Remittance)..................................... 72
3.2.3. Phng thc ghi s (Open account)...........................................77
3.2.4. Phng thc nh thu (Collection of payment).........................79
3.2.5. Phucttig thc tm dng chng t
(Etocumentary credit)............................... ................................................ 86
Tm tt chng 3 ...........................................................................................96
Cu hi n tp chng 3 ............................................................................. 96
Chng 4
CC PHNG TIN THANH TON QUC T
TRONG DU LCH.................................. ................................................. 98
.^Mii^
4.1. Cc phcmg tin thanh ton thng ng trong lnh vc
thng mi qu c t......................................................................................... 98
4.1.1. H i phiu (Bill of Exchange)....................................................... 99
4.1.2. Sc (Cheque)...............................^...............................................117
4.2. Cc phng tin thanh ton qu c t thng ng trong u
lch................. ................................................................................................. 28
4.2.1. Sc du lch (Traveller's cheque)...................................................128
4.2.2. Th thanh ton {Paymen card).................................................. 133
4.2.3. Phiu du lch (Voucher).............................................................. 142
Tm tt chng 4 ...........................................................................................149
Cu hi n tp chng 4 ............................................................................. 149
PH LC....................................................................................................151
Ph lc 1. Danh mc cc m ch chnh ca ISO...................................... 151
Ph lc 2, Mu hp ng gi v nhn khch du lch qu c t............... 158
Ph c 3. Mu phiu nhim chi ..................................................... 165
Ph lc 4. Mu Sc........................................................................ 66
Ph lc 5. Mu Sc du lch.............................................................167
Ri c 6. Mu Phiu du l c h .................................................................... 168
Ph lc 7. Mu Th tn dng......................................................................170
Ph lc 8. Lut iu chnh h i phiu v k phiu.................................. 171
Ri lc 9. Lut v Sc qu c t................................................................... 216
TI Lu THAMKHO.............................................................................. 274
M C L C............................................................................................................ 276
Gio trnh
THANH TON QUC T TRONG DU LCH
Chu trch nhim xai bn
GS.TS. NGUYN THNH
Bin tp v sa bn in
NG I NHI
Trinh by bia
MINH THU