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TOPIC 3 INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA

SYNOPSIS

This topic contains the media and the media to explain the concept of teaching n
educational technology. This topic also describes the classification, advantages and
functions to determine the selection, construction and use of instructional media as a
communication channel.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this topic, the teacher will be able to:
i. explain the concept of media and instructional media.
ii. summarize the functions of instructional media.
iii. state classification of educational media.
iv. state and describes the preparation of instructional media.
TOPIC FRAMEWORK
3.1 The concept of Instructional Media
3.2 Functions of Instructional Media
3.3 Classification of Types and Media
3.4 Preparation of Instructional Media


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3.1 The concept of Instructional Media

Instructional technology emerged from the audio-visual movement that became
known as the media of instruction. Therefore, it may be said to be the founder of
educational media to the establishment in the field of educational technology.

Media or medium means communication channels. This term comes from the Latin
meaning mediator. It refers to anything that carries information from the presenter to
the receiver. Examples of media including film, television, radio, audio recordings,
photographs, printed materials, computer and instructors. Media teaching is all that
can be used to transmit messages from the sender to the receiver so that it can
stimulate the mind, mood, attention, interest and attention of students, thus
occurrence of the learning process.

Think

What are the advantages of using media in teaching?
What type of media will you use to teach the following topics?
(a) Science - Atom;
(b) Mathematics - sets, subsets, and the stack

3.2 Functions of Instructional Media

The effect of using media of various types varies from one to the other. Some are
suitable in the abstract element of iconic and enactive. This can be seen in Cone
Learning Experience presented by Edgar Dale (Wah Wan Ali et al.2008):
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Various types of media can be used in teaching and learning. Among them are:

a) Media resources can help teachers in the teaching and learning process:
follows:
Playing the role of a blackboard.
Being a device that can control the students' discipline in teaching and
learning.
Can reduce boredom where students use a variety of multimedia in
teaching and learning.

b) Media can help teachers build self-confident and reduce nervousness (Fright
podium) during the delivery of instruction.

b) Media can help teachers convey the message, provide accurate and clear
information, motivation in student learning and entertainment.
Get direct experience / actual

Designing real experience
simulation

Enact
Demonstration

Trip

Exhibition

Moving pictures
actual

Watching
audio/video

Visual symbols
Actual symbol

Figure 1: Edgar Dale Cone Experience (Wah Wan Ali et al. 2008)

Concrete
Abstract
Symbol
(Abstract)

Observation
(Ikonic)

Involvement
(Enactive)

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d) Through the media thousand words can be explained with a picture. In addition the
media also be able to:
reduce the information.
students can learn more.
students can maintain comprehension.
convince students the skills and performance in the subjects studied.

e) The use of the media makes it easy to create a concrete experience. According to
a study, the students remember differently if they work as follows: If,

read they earn 10% of what they read
hear they earn 20% of what is heard
hear and see get 30% of what is heard and seen
say they see earn 70% of what is heard, seen and mentioned
make and say they earn 90% of what is heard, seen and mentioned

3.3 Types and Classification of Media

Media teaching is divided into two:
i. print media
ii. Non-print media

3.3.1 Print Media
Print media is information material printed on paper. It comes in the form of
textbooks, workbooks, reference books, magazines, brochures, newspapers, notes,
proceedings of seminars, newsletters, annual reports and so on. The purpose of
these printed materials is to:
i. Provide guidance.
ii. Convey information.
iii. Improve concentration or focus on areas that are printed.
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3.3.1.1. Types of Print Media
Print media generally can be classified into four functions:

a. Teaching aids
b. Materials for training
c. Material for information
d. Materials to enhance knowledge










Figure 2: Example of Print Media

Media as Teaching Aids

Print materials that serve as a learning aid materials have instructional or learning
resource guide. Usually there are instructions in the teaching aids developed step by
step to facilitate the students to use and to understand lessons. It is in the form of
'guide sheet', 'jobs aids' or as a series of pictures.

The information in the "guide sheet" would show the words or overall direction while
"jobs aids" apart from the words or commands above there are also some
illustrations or photos together last command, while "picture series" is the information
presented in a series of pictures.

Media As Material For Training

The material serves for training usually in the form of learning resource guide. Here
the reader will be provided with a variety of information or guidance related to the

Surat khabar
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subjects taught. Materials for this exercise is in the form of "manual", "handouts" and
Learning Guide (study guides).

Manual
Manual is a practical indicator for something to be done. Usually trainers will use this
manual to perform a task or project on the measures that have been planned and
documented in the manual distributed.









Figure 3: Example handouts

Note or notes made by teachers or instructors that are distributed to the students.
Typically the entry is related to the lesson content. Information contained in the
distribution of materials among others are scheduled lesson, lesson synopsis and
objectives to be achieved, tasks to be completed and sources of materials for
reference.

Learning Guide (Study Guides)

Roughly "study guides" has features analogous to the "handouts" from the aspect of
its use. Both of these substances intended for participants and students for exercise
purposes. The real difference between "handouts" and "study guides" is the
explanation in terms of teaching content for a particular topic. On "handouts" we can
see is a brief on the topic while in "study guides" information is described in detail.

Media As Material For Training

Print materials that serve as a learning aid materials have learned resource guide.

Handout
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Normally learning resource guide available in the teaching aids developed step by
step to facilitate the students to use and easy to understand lessons. It shaped 'guide
sheet', 'jobs aids' and as a series of pictures.

Print media in the form on book can serve as a tool that can enhance one's
knowledge. Type of material and non-book-shaped book can be classified in
reference, fiction and non-fiction Dewey classified into ten codes beginning with the
code 000 to the 999 code while the Library Congress uses mixed notation as follows:

Dewey Decimal System (DDC), a summary of the first code:

000 General works
100 Philosophy
200 Religion
300 Social Science
400 Languages
500 Pure Science
600 Technology / Applied Science
700 Arts
800 Literature
900 Geography, Biography and History

Code Library Congress was using the following classification codes to classify
educational materials educational center, especially at tertiary institutions in
Malaysia. The symbols in Congress Library code is:
A, AS, AG, Ae, AY Public Works
B, BH, BJ BF Philosophy
Bl, BX, BP, BZ Religion
H, HA, HJ HM, HX Social Sciences
L, LH, LA, LC, LD, LG, LJ,LB Education
P, PE, PN, PR, PZ Language
Q, Qa, QB, QC, QD, QE,QH Pure Science
TA, TE, TG, TH, TK, TP,TT,TE, TX Technology
K Laws
G,C, F General Geography & Biography

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3.3.1.2. Benefits of Printed Media

i. Print form is easy to carry and simple to use.
ii. The print media is found to be more economical, easy to spread, easily transferred
from one user to another.
iii. Readers can take a long time to digest the contents of the information contained
herein and can be repeated according to user requirements.
iv.The print media is capable of storing information consistently and accurately and
can produce meaning similarity information for today and also for the next decade.
v.Print materials are used so widely because there are some positive features as
follows:
a. So widely used.
b. Easily prepared and published.
c. Used as a key teaching tool.
d. Do not use other tools during use.
e. Easy to update.
f. Pupils are able to control the time, place and duration of their studies.
g.Printed materials have at the end of the training module, have already
planned lessons with his explanation complete with photos, charts, tables
and pictures of cartoons.

3.3.1.3 Disadvantages of Print Media

Print media when compared with other media such as audio, video, has some
disadvantages:

i. Print media can not display moving pictures and voice can give students
experience is concrete.
ii.The effectiveness of print media rely heavily on the ability of the individual to master
reading. If poor reading ability then the reader will have a problem to understand
the information.
iii.Feedback can not be served immediately, unless using telephones or internet.




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3.3.2 Non-Printed Media

Non-printed materials that can be classified on the type of hardware, types of
software, low-cost materials and display boards.

3.3.2.1 (A) Material Type Hardware

35mm film camera
video camera
Audio Recorder
Radio
Television
Projector film
OHP Projector
Slide Projector
LCD Projector
Opaque Projector






Figure 4: Slide Projector

3.3.2.1.(B) Material Type Software
Film
Transparency
Audio Cassettes
Slide
Computer software
Micro-film






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Figure 5: Micro-film

All media in the form of hardware and software in general can be classified also
according to functions as follows:

3.3.2.2 Media Live
Materials that require the projector to display images, photos, facts and text for
viewing. Projectors for the following materials differ from one another. Some require
OHP, ptojektor film, LCD, slide projectors and micro film.
Slide
Film
Transparency
Multimedia
Video
Computer Products
Micro-film

Micro-film







Projektor slaid



Figure 6: Multimedia
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3.3.2.3 Low Cost Materials

Low cost materials can be categorized into two dimensional (2D) and three
dimensional materials (3D).

2D material consists of materials such as charts, printed materials, graphs, drawings,
photographs, posters, cartoons, brochures and newspapers that teachers can use in
teaching and learning process.

3D material is real material (realia) or man-made materials that resemble real
substance. 3D materials can be categorized into the following categories:

i. Model
ii. Realia
iii. Diorama
iv. Animation and Simulation panel
v. Gloves Puppet, stick puppets, Shadow Play puppet and String puppets.
vi. Mobile Materials

Activity1


Answer the following questions:
1. What is the medium of instruction?
2. How the media can improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning?
3. How media can be classified?
4. What is the function of teaching media?
5. What are the factors to consider in selecting teaching media?
6. What steps are necessary in providing instructional media materials?
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Activity 2

Give as many examples for each of the following media types:


Item Media Clasification Example
1 Media playback stiff
2 Media playback moves
3 Graphics
4 Still picture
5 Substance two
dimensions

6 Material three
dimensions

7 Display boards
8 Audio media
9 Print media


3.4 Selection of Instructional Media

Media can be used in various ways and forms in order to help someone in the
process of teaching and learning. Through past experience in the use of media in
teaching and learning, process should be done in a prudent manner for the selection
of media compatibility with teaching.

There are six guidelines that to make the selection of media for use in teaching and
learning environment:

i. Before making the selection, make sure the following items are known,

a. Characteristics of students who are using the media and methods that have been
experienced.
b. Enrollment and place or atmosphere that will use the media.
c. Goals and objectives of the lesson.
d. The title and content of the educational content to be delivered.
e. Make sure the form of activities that will be implemented.
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f. Media control devices to be used.
g. Delivering the strategy (the way, which one will come first).

ii. Determine the type of media such as print materials, slides, OHP, video tapes,
audio tapes, microcomputers and virtual facilities to be used is available and can be
used.

iii. Determine sources of support, particularly support staff, facilities related to the
media, the preparation of technical skills as well as teaching the use of media in
teaching.

iv. Identify media and equipment that students can use. This must be known as some
of our students have already seen, experienced and use a number of tools at home
and our living environment. Of the students have these skills, teachers can
collaborate and engage students proficient in teaching.

v. Determine the service is to be used, either one-way or two-way communication in
the teaching and learning process later.

vi. Ensure that the physical environment selected and can give a good impression
and to achieve the objective.

SUMMARY

New media can be made from a variety of forms. Some are shaped in the form of
running and not. All materials and tools serves as a tool that can help teachers and
students understand the science of things in the process of teaching and learning.
Functions of each device and the material is different according to user requirements.
With this very desirable for every teacher must make a selection before using it in the
classroom.
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Exercise 3



Answer the following questions:

1. The purpose of print media used is for
A. improve the ability of the reader
B. motivation and behavior observation level one
C. settle back to others about the information available
D. equating perception readers

2. Study Guides is one form of media to convey information, and used as
A. directive
B. guidance
C. training
D. practicable

3. Among the following print media, which acts as the dissemination of information
A. handouts
B. manual
C. study guides
D. brochure

4. Describe four advantages of using printed materials in teaching and learning.

5. List four examples of non-print materials.

6. What is the difference between print media and non-print media?

7. How the media is able to assist teachers in teaching and learning in the
classroom?





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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Noriati A.Rashid, et. al. (2009).Teknologi dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Shah
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