Lecture 2 Chuyen Mach - He Thong Vien Thong 2 Thuan

I HC S PHM K THUT TP.
H CH MINH
H THNG VIN THNG 2
BI: H THNG CHUYN MCH
LECTURER: NH THUN, Ph.D.
dodinhthuan @ gmail.com
1 Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D. Communications systems II
nh gi :
im th 1: 30% Kim tra trn lp.
im th 2: 20% Kim tra gia k.
im th 3: 50% Kim tra cui k
Ti liu tham kho
[1] L Tin Thng H thng vin thng 2 NXB i
hc quc gia Tp. H Ch Minh.
[2] V nh Thnh H thng vin thng NXB i hc
quc gia Tp. H Ch Minh.
[3] A. Bruce Carlson, Communications Systems, Mc
3
[3] A. Bruce Carlson, Communications Systems, Mc
Graw-Hill, 1986,
[4] Taub, Schilling, Principles of Communication Systems,
Mc Graw-Hill1986,
[5] Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications, Prentice-Hall
International Editions, 1993,
[6] Martin S.Roden, Analog and Digital Communications
Systems, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1985,ISBN 0-13-032822-7.
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D. Communications systems II
Ti liu tham kho
[7] M. Robin, M Poulin, Digital television Fundamentals,
Mc Graw-Hill, 1998, ISBN 0-07-053168-4.
[8] W. C.Y.Lee, Mobile Cellular Telecommunications, Mc
Graw-Hill, 1995, ISBN -=07-113479-4
Chng 1: H thng chuyn mch
Cc phn t ca h thng chuyn mch
5
Chuyn mch trong mng in thoi
Ma trn chuyn mch
Bo hiu trong mng in thoi
Qun l lu lng
nh tuyn
Ti sao cn dng h thng chuyn mch
Ti sao phi dng
chuyn mch tp
trung?
S ng kt ni t
hn
terminal
Number of lines = 15: greater
cost
terminal
6
hn
Gi thnh thit k
mng r hn
Qun l tp trung
terminal Number of lines = 6: lower cost
System with dedicated line (non-switched system)
terminal
System with switched line (switching system)
switched line
switched line
switch
c im chuyn mch knh
Mng in thoi cn s dng k thut gi l chuyn mch
knh
c im chuyn mch knh:
User gi cc lung d liu lin tc qua cc knh truyn m bo
trao i d liu vi tc nht nh
7
Vic truyn dn d liu dng k thut ghp knh TDM, FDM
Tn hiu thoi c ly mu dng PCM to ra cc lung bit n nh
Vic thit lp cuc gi c yu cu trc khi bt k d liu no
c gi, cho php mng thit lp tuyn, phn b knh, Vic thit
lp cuc gi cng qui nh thi gian tnh cc, cch tnh cc
Vic kt thc cuc gi yu cu cc bn tham gia cuc gi kt thc,
cho php mng phn b li ti nguyn mng. H thng tnh cc
lu li v tr gi, thi gian gi,
c im chuyn mch knh
u im chuyn mch knh:
Bng thng c nh, dung lng m bo (v d: khng nghn)
Tr end-to-end thay i t (c th xem tr gn nh hng s)
Nhc im chuyn mch knh:
Thi gian thit lp cuc gi gy ra khong thi gian tr trc khi
8
Thi gian thit lp cuc gi gy ra khong thi gian tr trc khi
cuc gi bt u
User tr tin cho mch thit lp, thm ch khi khng gi d liu no
User khc khng th dng bng thng cn d (c th ti 1 thi
im ch c 1 ngi ni, v th bng thng b lng ph)
Cc loi chuyn mch
Chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian (Space-Division
switches)
Cung cp cc kt ni vt l ring r gia ng vo v ng
ra.
Chuyn mch Crossbar Chuyn mch Crossbar
Chuyn mch a tng (Multistage switches)
Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian (Time-Division
switches)
K thut truyn cc khe thi gian (Time-slot)
Chuyn mch Time-space-time
Kiu Hybrids kt hp khng gian thi gian
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D. 9 Communications systems II
Lch s ca mng in thoi
Mng in thoi chuyn mch nhn cng: 1877
Cc thnh phn trong mng chuyn mch
Thu bao (Subscriber)
Cc thit b u cui ni vo mng thoi
ng dy thu bao (Subscriber line)
ng giao tip gia thu bao v mng
Hay cn gi l vng thu bao /vng ni ht
11
Hay cn gi l vng thu bao /vng ni ht
Hu ht dng cp ng
C ly ln n vi km
Tng i (Exchange)
Trung tm chuyn mch tp trung trong mng
Chuyn mch ni ht
Trung k (Trunks)
Kt ni gia cc tng i
S dng k thut ghp knh
Mng v khi chuyn mch
Control
Mng
Chuyn mch
User 1
Switch
Link
User n
User n 1
1
2
3
N
1
2
3
N
Connection
of inputs
to outputs
Mng
Phn loi cc mng chuyn mch: p dng trong
mng c dy hoc khng dy
Analog Telephone system
Digital telephone system
Cellular telephone system
13
Cellular telephone system
Mng in thoi cng ngh s (Digital telephone
system) l ph bin hin nay
i vi thoi, tn s ly mu 8000Hz
S mc lng t cho tn hiu m thanh =256, nn cn 8
bits
V vy, tc bit ca cuc gi thoi cng ngh s ha:
8,000x8=64,000 bits per second (64 Kbps)
Phn cp ghp knh s PDH
CCITT digital hierarchy based on 30 PCM channels
1
30
1
4
.
.
.
.
Mux
Mux
2.048 Mbps
8.448 Mbps
64 Kbps
4
1
1
4
.
.
.
.
.
Mux
Mux
Mux
34.368 Mpbs
139.264 Mbps
Ghp 32 khe thi gian
(knh) 64 kps li thnh
khung PCM E1
E1, lung 2.048 Mbps
E2, lung 8.448 Mbps
E3, lung 34.368 Mbps
E4, lung 139.264 Mbps
Chuyn mch a tng
Chuyn mch a tng
nk
N/n N/n
kn
1 1
1
2(N/n)nk + k (N/n)
2
crosspoints
nk
nk
nk
N/n N/n
N/n N/n
1
2
N/n
N
inputs
1
2
3
3
N/n
N
outputs
1
2
k
kn
kn
kn
Chuyn mch Clos

Chuyn mch a tng
Khong nm 1950, Clos tm ra s chuyn mch ng thi
cho chuyn mch khng nghn
2(N/n)nk + k (N/n)
2
crosspoints
Chuyn mch Clos
Chuyn mch a tng
iu kin chuyn mch khng nghn k=2n-1
2(N/n)nk + k (N/n)
2
crosspoints
Chuyn mch Clos
Chuyn mch a tng: chuyn mch CLOS
2(N/n)nk + k (N/n)
2
crosspoints
V d: thit k chuyn mch CLOS
Nm 2002, ngi ta thit k
Crossbar chip c c tnh sau:
144 inputs x 144 outputs, 3.125
Gbps/line
Thit k chuyn mch Clos khng
nghn 1152x1152
8x16
8x16
144144
144x144
16x8
1
2
i
n
p
u
t
s
1
2
1
1
5
2

o
u
t
p
1
16x8
nghn 1152x1152
N=1152, n=8, k=16
N/n=144 khi 8x16 chuyn
mch tng u
16 khi 144x144 tng gia
144 16x8 tng th 3
Ch : 144x144 crossbar c th
chia thnh cc khi chuyn
mch nh hn
8x16
8x16
144x144
144x144
2
144
1
1
5
2

i
n
p
u
t
s
3
3
N/n
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
2
16
16x8
16x8

1
a
Chuyn mch truyn khe thi gian
Ghi cc byte t lung TDM n vo b nh
c cc byte theo trt t hon i trn lung TDM ng ra
Max # slots = 125 sec / (2 x memory cycle time)
2
3
22
23
24
Write
slots in
order of
arrival
Read slots
according to
connection
permutation
24 23 1 2
Time-slot interchange
24 23 1 2
a b c
d b
a d c
b
c
d
Incoming
TDM
stream
Outgoing
TDM
stream
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D. 20
Ghp cc tng chuyn mch kiu TST
nxk
nxk
N/n x N/n
kxn
1
1
1
Chuyn mch kiu Time-Space-Time
S dng kiu truyn khe thi gian (TSI) tng u v tng
3, s dng crossbar tng gia.
nxk
nxk
nxk
2
N/n
N
inputs
3
1
2
n
Input TDM
frame with
n slots
Output TDM
frame with k
slots
n 2
1
k 2
1
nxk
nxk
N/n x N/n
kxn
1
1
1
Thay chuyn mch khng gian nxk bng chuyn mch TSI
bng khung tn hiu vo n khe v khung ra s l k khe thi
gian
nxk
nxk
nxk
2
N/n
N
inputs
3
1
2
n
Input TDM
frame with
n slots
Output TDM
frame with k
slots
n 2
1
k 2
1
Kiu truyn cc khe thi gian
n k N/n N/n
N/n N/n
k n
1 1
2
1
2
k n
n k
2
First slot
First slot
Lung khe thi gian gia cc tng chuyn
mch
N/n N/n
N/n
2
k
k n
n k
N/n
kth slot
kth slot

nxk
nxk
N/n x N/n
Time-shared
kxn
1
2
N
inputs
1
2
N
outputs
TDM
n slots
n slots
kxn
TDM
k slots
TDM
k slots
TSI stage
TSI stage Space stage
Chia s thi gian trong crossbar
nxk
nxk
Time-shared
space switch
N/n
inputs
3
3
N/n
outputs
n slots
n slots
kxn
kxn
Kiu kt ni trong chuyn mch khng gian c thit k

li theo khe thi gian
Thit k rt gn: t ng ni v dng TDM v t space hn
v crossbar chia s thi gian
A
B
C
D
(a)
C
A
D
B
V d: chuyn mch A3, B4, C1, D3
3-stage
Space
Switch
2x3
2x3
3x2
1
2
1
2
3x2
D
1
B
1
A
1
B
2
A
2
C
1
D
2
C
2
B
1
A
1
C
1
D
1
A
1
B
1
C
1
D
1
A
1
C
1
B
1
D
1
(b)
D
B
Equivalent
TST Switch
V d: Thit k chuyn mch T-S-T
Vi N = 960
Nu dng chuyn mch ch c 1 tng ~ 1 triu crosspoints
Nu dng T-S-T
Chn n = 120 N/n = 8 TSIs
k = 2n 1 = 239 cho vn khng nghn
Ly k = 240 time slots Ly k = 240 time slots
Cn 8x8 chuyn mch khng gian ghp khe thi gian
(time-multiplexed space switch)
Vi N = 96000
T-S-T
Ly n = 120 k = 239
N / n = 800
Cn chuyn mch khng gian 800x800
Mng in thoi
User yu cu kt ni mng
Mng bo hiu thit lp
cc kt ni
m thoi
User gc my User gc my
Mng gii phng ti
nguyn kt ni
Signal
Source
Signal
Release
Signal
Destination
Go
ahead
Message
(a)
1
2
3
4
5
A
B
C
D
nh tuyn cuc gi
Cc cuc gi ni ht nh
tuyn qua mng ni ht
Cc cuc gi ng di
nh tuyn qua trung k
ca cc nh cung cp dch
v
(b)
LATA 1 LATA 2
Net 1
Net 2
1
v
Serving
Vng thu bao ni ht
Local Loop: Last Mile
Cp cp ng ni t my in thoi n
tng i CO
Dng gi u dy (Main Distribution
Frame -MDF)
Cp chnh cha 2700 cp cp nhnh
MDF ni
Tn hiu thoi vi chuyn mch in
thoi
Tn hiu DSL vi router
Local telephone office
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

f
r
a
m
e
Feeder
cable
Switch
Distribution
cable
Serving
area
interface
Serving
area
interface
Tn hiu DSL vi router
Kt ni 2 dy v 4 dy
T my in thoi n CO, 2 dy mang tn hiu trong c 2 hng
Trong mng, 1 cp dy 1 hng
Chuyn i t 2 dy thnh 4 dy thc hin hybrid transformer
trong CO
Phn x tn hiu c th gy ra ting di (speech echo). Trang b b
trit ting di gii quyt vn ny.
Original
signal
Hybrid
transformer
Received signal
Echoed
signal
Receive pair
Transmit pair
trit ting di gii quyt vn ny.
Two Wires
Four Wires
Thit lp kt ni
Vic thit lp kt ni cuc gi t ng
Management Interface
Ngi vn hnh tng i c th thit lp kt ni cc h
thng chuyn mch khc nhau
Bo hiu t ng (Automatic signaling) Bo hiu t ng (Automatic signaling)
Yu cu cc kt ni to ra cc bn tin bo hiu iu
khin vic thit lp kt ni trong mng chuyn mch
Tng i SPC (Stored-Program Control)
Tng i SPC (1960s)
C cu relay ng m cc crossbar iu khin bng in
Cc iu khin chng trnh my tnh thit lp vic ng
m cc crosspoint thit lp kt ni gia ng vo ng
ra tng chuyn mch
Bo hiu c yu cu phi hp cng thit lp tuyn
SPC
Control
Signaling Message
Bo hiu c yu cu phi hp cng thit lp tuyn
thoi truyn qua mng
Access Signaling
Internodal Signaling
Signaling System 7
Signaling Network
Bo hiu knh chung (Common Channel Signaling -CCS#7) pht trin
nhng nm 1970 iu khin vic thit lp cuc gi
Cc ngn giao thc c pht trin h tr cho bo hiu
Mng bo hiu da trn mng chuyn mch gi tin cy cao
Cc vi x l v c s d liu cng vi mng bo hiu cung cp nhiu dch
v: caller id, call forwarding, call waiting,
Access Signaling
Dial tone
Signaling System 7
STP
STP
STP
STP
SSP
SSP
Transport Network
Signaling Network
SSP = service switching point (signal to message)
STP = signal transfer point (packet switch)
SCP = service control point (processing)
SCP
Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
ISUP TCAP TUP
Cc ngn giao thc h thng bo hiu
3 lp thp m bo
phn pht cc
messages n cc
node bo hiu
SCCP cho php
messages trc tip ti
cc ng dng
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
SCCP
MTP level 3
MTP level 2
MTP level 1
ISUP = ISDN user part MTP = message transfer part
SSCP = signaling connection control part TCAP = transaction capabilities part
TUP = telephone user part
cc ng dng
TCAP nh ngha cc
messages & protocols
gia cc ng dng
ISUP thc hin cc
thit lp, gii phng
cuc gi
vi nc, TUP dng
thay ISUP
Qun l lu lng v kim sot qu ti
Phn tch lu lng cuc gi n, i
Hot ng ca con ngi thng thng
Gia bui sng, gia bui chiu vn phng
Ti nh
Ngh h/ng Ngh h/ng
Cc ngy l: Mothers Day, Christmas,
Cc s kin c bit gh t bin v lu lng
Do , cn qun l lu lng v trnh qu ti
S tp trung lu lng
Lu lng thay i khi cc cuc gi khi to hay kt thc
Gy ra bi hot ng ca con ngi
H thng chuyn mch lu lng tp trung trn cc trung
k
Nghn cc yu cu cuc gi s xy ra thng xuyn
K thut qun l lu lng ngn chn nghn mch cuc gi K thut qun l lu lng ngn chn nghn mch cuc gi
Fewer
trunks
Many
lines
N(t) All trunks busy, new call requests blocked
S giao ng trong vic chim trung k
Number of busy trunks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
T
r
u
n
k

n
u
m
b
e
r
t
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
M hnh x l lu lng
Tm thng k N(t) s cuc gi trong h thng
M hnh
Tc yu cu cuc gi n (Call request arrival rate):
requests per second
Trong mi khong thi gian rt nh ,
Prob[ new request ] =
Prob[no new request] = 1 - Prob[no new request] = 1 -
Phn b Poisson:
Holding time: Thi gian user duy tr kt ni
X l bin ngu nhin vi trung bnh E(X)
Offered load: ti lu lng ca cc user:
a = calls/sec * E(X) seconds/call (Erlangs)
(T)
k
e
T
k!
Prob(k arrivals in time T) =
Xc sut nghn & Utilization
c = s trung k
Nghn xy ra nu tt c cc trung k bn, i.e. N(t)=c
Nu yu cu cuc gi (call requests ) phn b Poisson, th
xc sut nghn P
b
cho bi biu thc Erlang B
a
c
c!
S trung bnh trung k dng
P
b
=
a
c!
k!
a
k
k=0
c
Utilization = (1 P
b
) E[X]/c = (1 P
b
) a/c
Biu xc sut nghn
a
t xc sut nghn 1% :
a = 5 Erlangs yu cu 11 trung k
a = 10 Erlangs yu cu 18 trung k
iu khin nh tuyn
iu khin nh tuyn: chn cc ng kt ni
Cc lung lu lng ln nn ni trc tip v hiu qu trong s dng
ti nguyn
S hu ch khi kt ni cc hng lu lng thp li nhm chia s ti
nguyn
V d: Ni 3 COs & 3 CO khc
10 Erlangs gia mi cp COs 10 Erlangs gia mi cp COs
17 trunks for 10 Erlangs
9x17=153 trunks
Efficiency = 90/153=53%
17x3x2+4=106 trunks for 90 Erlangs
Efficiency = 90/106=85%
E
F
D
B
C
A
(a)
10 Erlangs between each pair
Tandem
switch 2
Tandem
switch 1
B
C
A
(b)
Trunk
group
E
F
D
90 Erlangs when combined
nh tuyn tiu chun
Tandem
switch 1
Alternative routes
for B-E, C-F
Tandem
switch 2
High-usage route B-E
High-usage route C-F
Switch B
Switch C
Switch E
Switch D
Switch F
Switch A
Alternative routes
Tandem
switch 3
Tandem
switch 1
Tandem
switch 2
nh tuyn ng
High-usage route
Switch A
Switch B
Lu lng thay i theo thi gian trong ngy, ngy trong tun
V d: lu lng Saigon Vng Tu thp trong khi Saigon- ng nai
cao
Mng c th dng ti nguyn ri bng cc la chn nh tuyn thch
nghi ng
Chuyn cc cuc gi Saigon- ng nai sang hng saigon-Vng tu
ng Nai
Chuyn cc tuyn lu lng cao vt mc trn qua tuyn thp

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I HC S PHM K THUT TP.

Chuyn mch Clos

Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D. 19 Communications systems II

Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D. 25 Communications systems II

Kiu kt ni trong chuyn mch khng gian c thit k

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