Lecture 3 Ky Thuat Chuyen Mach Va Tong Dai - He Thong Vien Thong 1 - Thuan

I HC S PHM K THUT TP.
H CH MINH
H THNG VIN THNG 1
BI : CC K THUT CHUYN
MCH V TNG I
1
LECTURER: NH THUN, Ph.D.
Email: dodinhthuan @ gmail.com
B MN IN T VIN THNG
KHOA IN-IN T
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
NI DUNG
K thut chuyn mch (CM) knh (mch): CM
khng gian: crossbar, CM khng gian a tng;
CM thi gian: tng t v CM TSI; CM hyrid:
ST, TST, STS, TSSST.
2
Tng i: s khi v chc nng khi; bo
hiu thu bao; cuc gi ni i v lin i.
Ti sao cn dng h thng chuyn mch
Ti sao phi
dng chuyn
mch tp
trung?
S ng kt
3
terminal
Number of lines = 15: greater
cost
terminal
S ng kt
ni t hn
Gi thnh thit
k mng r hn
Qun l tp
trung
terminal Number of lines = 6: lower cost
System with dedicated line (non-switched system)
terminal
System with switched line (switching system)
switched line
switched line
switch
c im chuyn mch knh
c im chuyn mch knh:
Vic thit lp cuc gi c yu cu trc khi bt k
d liu no c gi, cho php mng thit lp tuyn,
phn b knh, Vic thit lp cuc gi cng qui nh
thi gian tnh cc, cch tnh cc
4
thi gian tnh cc, cch tnh cc
Vic kt thc cuc gi yu cu cc bn tham gia cuc
gi kt thc, cho php mng phn b li ti nguyn
mng. H thng tnh cc lu li v tr gi, thi gian
gi,
c im chuyn mch knh
c im chuyn mch knh (tt):
User gi cc lung d liu lin tc qua cc knh
truyn m bo trao i d liu vi tc nht nh
Vic truyn dn d liu dng k thut ghp knh
TDM, FDM
5
TDM, FDM
Tn hiu thoi c ly mu dng PCM to ra cc
lung bit n nh
c im chuyn mch knh
u im chuyn mch knh:
Bng thng c nh, dung lng m bo (v d:
khng nghn)
Tr end-to-end thay i t (c th xem tr gn nh
hng s)
6
hng s)
Nhc im chuyn mch knh:
Thi gian thit lp cuc gi gy ra khong thi gian
tr trc khi cuc gi bt u
User tr tin cho mch thit lp, thm ch khi khng
gi d liu no
User khc khng th dng bng thng cn d (c th
ti 1 thi im ch c 1 ngi ni, v th bng thng
b lng ph)
Cc loi chuyn mch
Chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian (Space-
Division switches)
Cung cp cc kt ni vt l ring r gia ng vo v
ng ra.
Chuyn mch Crossbar
7
Chuyn mch Crossbar
Chuyn mch a tng (Multistage switches)
Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian (Time-Division
switches)
K thut truyn tn hiu trong cc khong (khe) thi
gian (Time-slot)
Chuyn mch Time-space-time
Kiu Hybrids kt hp khng gian thi gian Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc phn t ca h thng chuyn mch
Lch s ca mng in thoi
Mng in thoi chuyn mch nhn cng: 1877
8
Cc phn t ca h thng chuyn mch
Cc thnh phn c bn trong mng chuyn mch
Thu bao (Subscriber)
Cc thit b u cui ni vo mng thoi
ng dy thu bao (Subscriber line)
ng giao tip gia thu bao v mng
9
ng giao tip gia thu bao v mng
Hay cn gi l vng thu bao /vng ni ht
Hu ht dng cp ng
C ly ln n vi km
Tng i (Exchange)
Trung tm chuyn mch tp trung trong mng
Chuyn mch ni ht
Trung k (Trunks)
Kt ni gia cc tng i
S dng k thut ghp knh
Chuyn mch trong mng in thoi
Mng v khi chuyn mch
10
Control
Mng
Chuyn mch
User 1
Switch
Link
User n
User n 1
1
2
3
N
1
2
3
N
Connection
of inputs
to outputs
Mng
Phn loi cc mng chuyn mch: p dng trong
mng c dy hoc khng dy
Analog Telephone system
Digital telephone system
Cellular telephone system
11
Cellular telephone system
Mng in thoi cng ngh s (Digital telephone
system) l ph bin hin nay
i vi thoi, tn s ly mu 8000Hz
S mc lng t cho tn hiu m thanh =256, nn cn 8
bits
V vy, tc bit ca cuc gi thoi cng ngh s ha:
8,000x8=64,000 bits per second (64 Kbps)
Phn cp ghp knh s PDH
CCITT digital hierarchy based on 30 PCM channels
12
1
30
1
.
.
.
.
Mux
Mux
2.048 Mbps
8.448 Mbps
64 Kbps
4
1
1
4
.
.
.
.
.
Mux
Mux
Mux
34.368 Mpbs
139.264 Mbps
Ghp 32 khe thi gian
(knh) 64 kps li thnh
khung PCM E1
E1, lung 2.048 Mbps
E2, lung 8.448 Mbps
E3, lung 34.368 Mbps
E4, lung 139.264 Mbps
Chuyn mch a tng
Chuyn mch a tng
13
nk
N/n N/n
kn
1 1
1
2(N/n)nk + k (N/n)
2
crosspoints
nk
nk
nk
nk
N/n N/n
N/n N/n
N/n N/n
1
2
N/n
N
inputs
1
2
3
3
N/n
N
outputs
1
2
k
kn
kn
kn
Chuyn mch Clos

Chuyn mch a tng
Khong nm 1950, Clos tm ra s chuyn mch ng
thi cho chuyn mch khng nghn
14
2(N/n)nk + k (N/n)
2
crosspoints
Chuyn mch Clos
Chuyn mch a tng
iu kin chuyn mch khng nghn k=2n-1
15
2(N/n)nk + k (N/n)
2
crosspoints
Chuyn mch Clos
Chuyn mch a tng: chuyn mch CLOS
16
2(N/n)nk + k (N/n)
2
crosspoints
V d: thit k chuyn mch CLOS
Nm 2002, ngi ta thit k
Crossbar chip c c tnh sau:
144 inputs x 144 outputs,
3.125 Gbps/line
Thit k chuyn mch Clos
17
8x16
8x16
144144
144x144
16x8
1
2
1
1
5
2

i
n
p
u
t
s
1
2
1
1
5
2

1
16x8
Thit k chuyn mch Clos
khng nghn 1152x1152
N=1152, n=8, k=16
N/n=144 khi 8x16 chuyn
mch tng u
16 khi 144x144 tng gia
144 16x8 tng th 3
Ch : 144x144 crossbar c
th chia thnh cc khi
chuyn mch nh hn
8x16
8x16
144x144
144x144
2
144
1
1
5
2

i
n
p
u
t
s
3
3
N/n
5
2

o
u
t
p
u
t
s
2
16
16x8
16x8
1
a
Chuyn mch truyn khe thi gian
Ghi cc byte t lung TDM n vo b nh
c cc byte theo trt t hon i trn lung TDM ng ra
Max # slots = 125 sec / (2 x memory cycle time)
18
1
2
3
22
23
24
Write slots
in order of
arrival
Read slots
according to
connection
permutation
24 23 1 2
Time-slot interchange
24 23 1 2
a b c
d b
a d c
a
b
c
d

Incoming
TDM
stream
Outgoing
TDM
stream
Ghp cc tng chuyn mch kiu TST
19
nxk
nxk
N/n x N/n
kxn
1
1
1
Chuyn mch kiu Time-Space-Time
S dng kiu truyn khe thi gian (TSI) tng u v
tng 3, s dng crossbar tng gia.
20
nxk
nxk
nxk
2
N/n
N
inputs
3
1
2
n
Input TDM
frame with n
slots
Output TDM
frame with k
slots
n 2 1
k 2 1
nxk
nxk
N/n x N/n
kxn
1
1
1
Thay chuyn mch khng gian nxk bng chuyn mch TSI
bng khung tn hiu vo n khe v khung ra s l k khe thi
gian
21
nxk
nxk
nxk
2
N/n
N
inputs
3
1
2
n
Input TDM
frame with n
slots
Output TDM
frame with k
slots
n 2 1
k 2 1
Kiu truyn cc khe thi gian
22
n k N/n N/n
N/n N/n
k n
1 1
2
1
2
k n
n k
2
First slot
First slot
Lung khe thi gian gia cc tng chuyn
mch
23
N/n N/n
N/n N/n
N/n
2
k
k n
n k
N/n
kth slot
kth slot

nxk
nxk
N/n x N/n
Time-shared
kxn
1
2
N
1
2
N
outputs
TDM
n slots
n slots
kxn
TDM
k slots
TDM
k slots
TSI stage
TSI stage Space stage
Chia s thi gian trong crossbar
24
nxk
nxk
Time-shared
space switch
N/n
inputs
3
3
N/n
outputs n slots
n slots
kxn
kxn
Kiu kt ni trong chuyn mch khng gian c thit k li

theo khe thi gian
Thit k rt gn: t ng ni v dng TDM v t space hn
v crossbar chia s thi gian
A
B
C
D
(a)
C
A
D
B
V d: chuyn mch A3, B4, C1, D3
25
3-stage
Space
Switch
2x3
2x3
3x2
1
2
1
2
3x2
D
1
B
1
A
1
B
2
A
2
C
1
D
2
C
2
B
1
A
1
C
1
D
1
A
1
B
1
C
1
D
1
A
1
C
1
B
1
D
1
(b)
D
B
Equivalent
TST Switch
V d: Thit k chuyn mch T-S-T
Vi N = 960
Nu dng chuyn mch ch c 1 tng ~ 1 triu
crosspoints
Nu dng T-S-T
Chn n = 120 N/n = 8 TSIs
k = 2n 1 = 239 cho vn khng nghn
26
k = 2n 1 = 239 cho vn khng nghn
Ly k = 240 time slots
Cn 8x8 chuyn mch khng gian ghp khe thi gian
(time-multiplexed space switch)
Vi N = 96000
T-S-T
Ly n = 120 k = 239
N / n = 800
Cn chuyn mch khng gian 800x800
Mng in thoi
User yu cu kt ni mng
Mng bo hiu thit lp cc
kt ni
m thoi
User gc my
27
User gc my
Mng gii phng ti nguyn
kt ni
Signal
Source
Signal
Release
Signal
Destination
Go
ahead
Message
(a)
1
2
3
4
5
A
B
C
D
nh tuyn cuc gi
Cc cuc gi ni ht
nh tuyn qua mng
ni ht
Cc cuc gi ng
di nh tuyn qua
28
(b)
LATA 1 LATA 2
Net 1
Net 2
1
A
B
trung k ca cc nh
cung cp dch v
Serving
Vng thu bao ni ht
Local Loop: Last Mile
Cp cp ng ni t my in
thoi n tng i CO
Dng gi u dy (Main
Distribution Frame MDF)
29
Local telephone office
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

f
r
a
m
e
Feeder
cable
Switch
Distribution
cable
Serving
area
interface
Serving
area
interface
Serving
Vng thu bao ni ht
Local Loop: Last Mile
Cp chnh cha 2700 cp cp
nhnh
MDF ni
Tn hiu thoi vi chuyn mch
in thoi
Tn hiu DSL vi router
30
Local telephone office
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

f
r
a
m
e
Feeder
cable
Switch
Distribution
cable
Serving
area
interface
Serving
area
interface
Tn hiu DSL vi router
Kt ni 2 dy v 4 dy
T my in thoi n CO, 2 dy mang tn hiu trong c 2
hng
Trong mng, 1 cp dy 1 hng
Chuyn i t 2 dy thnh 4 dy thc hin hybrid transformer
trong CO
Phn x tn hiu c th gy ra ting di (speech echo). Trang b
31
Original
signal
Hybrid
transformer
Received
signal
Echoed
signal
Receive
pair
Transmit pair
Phn x tn hiu c th gy ra ting di (speech echo). Trang b
b trit ting di gii quyt vn ny.
Two Wires
Four Wires
Thit lp kt ni
Vic thit lp kt ni cuc gi t ng
Phn qun l
Ngi vn hnh tng i c th thit lp kt ni cc
h thng chuyn mch khc nhau
Bo hiu t ng (Automatic signaling)
32
Bo hiu t ng (Automatic signaling)
Yu cu cc kt ni to ra cc bn tin bo hiu iu
khin vic thit lp kt ni trong mng chuyn mch
Tng i SPC (Stored-Program Control)
Tng i SPC (1960s)
C cu relay ng m cc crossbar iu khin bng
in
Cc iu khin chng trnh my tnh thit lp vic ng
m cc crosspoint thit lp kt ni gia ng vo ng
33
SPC
Control
Signaling
Message
m cc crosspoint thit lp kt ni gia ng vo ng
ra tng chuyn mch
Bo hiu c yu cu phi hp cng thit lp tuyn
thoi truyn qua mng
Mng bo hiu
Tng quan PSTN
34
Mng bo hiu
Cc thnh phn trong PSTN
Thit b u cui pha khch hng (customer premises
equipment CPE)
My in thoi, tng i ni b PBX (Private Branch
Exchanges),
35
Exchanges),
Mng li truyn dn
Trung k v ng dy thu bao
H thng chuyn mch
Tng i trung tm (Central offices CO), i trung chuyn
(tandems)
Mng bo hiu
S cn thit mng bo hiu
Bn cnh vic phn phi cc tn hiu thoi, d liu ca
thu bao, mng vin thng cn h thng bo hiu
Bo hiu l vic truyn cc thng tin iu khin gia cc
phn t bo hiu qua cc giao thc, thc hin vic:
36
phn t bo hiu qua cc giao thc, thc hin vic:
Thit lp cuc gi, qun l, ngt kt ni mch
Mng bo hiu
Xung quay s (Dial Pulse) v tone kp a tn s (Dual
Tone Multi-Frequency)
37
Mng bo hiu
Bo hiu lin i
iu khin trao i thng tin trong cc h thng chuyn
mch nh bo hiu trung k lin i
C 2 m hnh:
Bo hiu knh lin kt (Channel associated signaling CAS)
38
Chia s bo hiu v thoi trong bng tn knh
Bo hiu knh chung (Common channel signaling CCS)
Mng bo hiu nm tch bit ngoi bng mang bn tin bo hiu.
Mng bo hiu
Bo hiu knh chung (Common channel signaling CCS)
39
Mng bo hiu
Mi node trong mng bo hiu knh chung s 7 (SS7) gi
l cc im bo hiu (signal point SP).
a ch bo hiu ca SP c gi l m im bo hiu
Linkset: nhm cc ng bo hiu ni trc tip gia 2 SP
k nhau, thc hin chc nng bo mt v p ng dung
40
k nhau, thc hin chc nng bo mt v p ng dung
lng
Mng bo hiu
Cc lp mng bo hiu
41
Access Signaling Dial
Internodal Signaling
Signaling System 7
Mng bo hiu
Bo hiu knh chung (Common Channel Signaling -CCS#7)
Mng bo hiu da trn mng chuyn mch gi tin cy cao
Cc vi x l v c s d liu cng vi mng bo hiu cung cp nhiu dch v:
caller id, call forwarding, call waiting,
42
Access Signaling Dial
tone
Signaling System 7
STP
STP
STP
STP
SSP
SSP
Transport Network
Signaling Network
SSP = service switching point (signal to message)
STP = signal transfer point (packet switch)
SCP = service control point (processing)
SCP
Application
Presentation
Session
ISUP TCAP TUP
Cc ngn giao thc h thng bo hiu
3 lp thp m bo phn
pht cc messages n
cc node bo hiu
SCCP cho php
messages trc tip ti cc
ng dng
43
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
SCCP
MTP level 3
MTP level 2
MTP level 1
ISUP = ISDN user part MTP = message transfer part
SSCP = signaling connection control part TCAP = transaction capabilities part
TUP = telephone user part
ng dng
TCAP nh ngha cc
messages & protocols
gia cc ng dng
ISUP thc hin cc thit
lp, gii phng cuc gi
vi nc, TUP dng
thay ISUP
Qun l lu lng v kim sot qu ti
Phn tch lu lng cuc gi n, i
Hot ng ca con ngi thng thng
Gia bui sng, gia bui chiu vn phng
Ti nh
44
Ngh h/ng
Cc ngy l: Mothers Day, Christmas,
Cc s kin c bit gh t bin v lu lng
Do , cn qun l lu lng v trnh qu ti
S tp trung lu lng
Lu lng thay i khi cc cuc gi khi to hay kt
thc
Gy ra bi hot ng ca con ngi
H thng chuyn mch lu lng tp trung trn cc
trung k
Nghn cc yu cu cuc gi s xy ra thng xuyn
45
Nghn cc yu cu cuc gi s xy ra thng xuyn
K thut qun l lu lng ngn chn nghn mch cuc
gi
Fewer
trunks
Many
lines
N(t)
All trunks busy, new call requests blocked
S giao ng trong vic chim trung k
46
Number of busy trunks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
T
r
u
n
k

n
u
m
b
e
r
t
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
M hnh x l lu lng
Tm thng k N(t) s cuc gi trong h thng
M hnh
Tc yu cu cuc gi n (Call request arrival rate):
requests per second
Trong mi khong thi gian rt nh ,
Prob[ new request ] =
47
Prob[ new request ] =
Prob[no new request] = 1 -
Phn b Poisson:
Holding time: Thi gian user duy tr kt ni
X l bin ngu nhin vi trung bnh E(X)
Offered load: ti lu lng ca cc user:
a = calls/sec * E(X) seconds/call (Erlangs)
(T)
k
e
T
k!
Prob(k arrivals in time T) =
Xc sut nghn
x = s trung k b chim
Nghn xy ra nu tt c cc trung k bn, i.e. N(t)=x
Nu yu cu cuc gi (call requests ) phn b Poisson,
th xc sut nghn P(x) cho bi biu thc Erlang B
48
Xc sut nghn
V D: Gi s mt h thng tng i c 1 cuc gi n
mi chu k 5s. Trong sut chu k 10s, tnh xc sut :
a/ khng c cuc gi ti.
b/ 1 cuc gi ti.
c/ Nhiu hn 1 cuc gi ti.
49
c/ Nhiu hn 1 cuc gi ti.
Gii
Xc sut nghn
V D:
Gii
50
Biu xc sut nghn
51
a
t xc sut nghn 1% :
a = 5 Erlangs yu cu 11 trung k
a = 10 Erlangs yu cu 18 trung k
iu khin nh tuyn
iu khin nh tuyn: chn cc ng kt ni
Cc lung lu lng ln nn ni trc tip v hiu qu trong s
dng ti nguyn
S hu ch khi kt ni cc hng lu lng thp li nhm chia
s ti nguyn
V d: Ni 3 COs & 3 CO khc
52
V d: Ni 3 COs & 3 CO khc
10 Erlangs gia mi cp COs
17 trunks for 10 Erlangs
9x17=153 trunks
Efficiency = 90/153=53%
17x3x2+4=106 trunks for 90 Erlangs
Efficiency = 90/106=85%
E
F
D
B
C
A
(a)
10 Erlangs between each pair
Tandem
switch 2
Tandem
switch 1
B
C
A
(b)
Trunk
group
E
F
D
90 Erlangs when combined
nh tuyn tiu chun
53
Tandem
switch 1
Alternative routes for
B-E, C-F
Tandem
switch 2
High-usage route B-E
High-usage route C-F
Switch B
Switch C
Switch E
Switch D
Switch F
Switch A
Alternative routes
Tandem
switch 3
Tandem
switch 1
Tandem
switch 2
nh tuyn ng
54
High-usage route
Switch A
Switch B
Lu lng thay i theo thi gian trong ngy, ngy trong tun
V d: lu lng Saigon Vng Tu thp trong khi Saigon- ng
nai cao
Mng c th dng ti nguyn ri bng cc la chn nh tuyn
thch nghi ng
Chuyn cc cuc gi Saigon- Bnh Dng sang hng Saigon-
ng Nai Bnh Dng
Chuyn cc tuyn lu lng cao vt mc trn qua tuyn thp
Tng i
Mt s loi tng i ph bin:
Canada: DMS-100
c: EWSD
Japan: NEAX-61
55
Japan: NEAX-61
Php: E-10, E-12, E-20, E-25
Thy in: AXE10
Tng i
Kt ni cc loi tng i:
56
Tng i AXE10
Dng nguyn l iu khin chng trnh lu sn (SPC
stored programme control)
Dng tn hiu m ha PCM
Tng ghp knh kiu (TST time space time).
B x l trung tm d phng 1+1 (CP central processor)
C cc b x l vng (RPs regional processors) C cc b x l vng (RPs regional processors)
Module ha cc khi chc nng: m rng phn cng
nhanh, d nng cp, tch hp tnh nng mi d
Khi nng cp, c kh nng tng hp phin bn c cao
Mt h thng c th p ng cho nhiu ng dng: tng
i ni ht, tng i qu giang, tng i cng (gateway),
tng i h thng di ng
Tng i AXE10
AXE-10
APT phn x l
thoi ca AXE
APZ phn iu khin
thoi ca AXE
(telephoney part
of AXE) khi
thu bao,
chuyn mch
nhm,
APZ phn iu khin
(control part of AXE)
gm cc CPs, RPs,
khi lu t d liu, lu
tr chng trnh, IOG
Tng i AXE10
Cc h thng con trong APT
C phn cng v phn mm
SSS h thng con chuyn mch thu bao (subscriber switching
subsystem)
GSS h thng con chuyn mch nhm (group switching
subsystem)
TSS h thng con trung k v bo hiu (trunk and signalling TSS h thng con trung k v bo hiu (trunk and signalling
subsystem)
CCS- h thng con bo hiu knh chung (common channelling
subsystem)
OMS h thng con vn hnh, bo dng (operation and
maintenance subsystem
Ch c phn mm
SUS h thng dch v thu bao (subscriber services subsystem)
CHS h thng con tnh cc (charging subsystem)
TCS h thng iu khin lu lng (traffic control subsystem)
Tng i AXE10
H thng con trong APZ
CPS h thng x l trung tm (central processor
subsystem)
RPS h thng x l vng (Regional processor subsystem)
IOG nhm x l ng vo, ng ra (input output group) IOG nhm x l ng vo, ng ra (input output group)
FMS h thng qun l file (File management subsystem)
MCS giao tip ngi my (Man machine communication)
SPS h thng x l h tr (Support processor subsystem)
DCS h thng truyn thng d liu (Data communication
subsystem)
Tng i EWSD
Cc khi chnh EWSD:
61
Tng i EWSD
62

Lecture 3 Ky Thuat Chuyen Mach Va Tong Dai - He Thong Vien Thong 1 - Thuan

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Lecture 3 Ky Thuat Chuyen Mach Va Tong Dai - He Thong Vien Thong 1 - Thuan

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I HC S PHM K THUT TP.

Chuyn mch Clos

Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.

Kiu kt ni trong chuyn mch khng gian c thit k li

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