I HC CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

KHOA CNG NGH IN T V TRUYN THNG

.O..

BO CO BI TP LN

CH :B GI M BN PHM
Gio vin hng dn :
H MU VIT
Nhm sinh vin :
NGUYN MINH C
L VN TNG
TIN DNG
C MINH NG
Lp: Thc hnh in t v k thut s1 N04
Thi Nguyn, thng 4 nm 2013

Mc lc
Phn I Cc linh kin kin s dng trong mch.
1. IC 555
2. IC 4017
3. IC 74192

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

7400
T ha.
in tr.
Led.
Button

Phn II S nguyn l v nguyn l hot ng ca mch.

1. S mch nguyn l.
2. Mch in .
3. Nguyn l hot ng ca mch v mch tht .
Nhn xt ca gio vin hng dn.
Ti liu tham kho.

LI NI U
Ngy nay vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut v nhng ng dng ca
khoa hc k thut trong cc lnh vc ca i sng x hi.Hu ht cc thit b t
n gin n phc tp nh thit b iu khin t ng, thit b vn phng, cho
n cc thit b trong gia nh u l sn phm ca nghnh k thut.Da trn
nhng kin thc v cc linh kin in t cng nh chc nng ca cc linh kin
, chng ta c th to ra c rt nhiu sn phm phc v cho cuc sng x
hi.

V vi nhng kin thc c bn v nhng linh kin in t chng em xin

trnh by mt trong nhng ng dng l thit k mch a hi 5 nhp .
Mc d c gng rt nhiu trong thi gian thc hin bi tp ln nhng
chng em khng th trnh khi nhng sai xt do kin thc cng nh kinh
nghim cn hn ch .chng em rt mong nhn c s ng gp ca thy c
gio v cc bn bi tp chng em c hon thin hn.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!

Phn I: Cc linh kin s dng trong mch.

1. Gii thiu v IC 555
1.1.

Phn to dao ng LM555

IC thi gian 555 c du nhp vo nhng nm 1971 bng cng ty Signetics

Corporation bng 2 dng sn phm SE555/NE555 v c gi l my thi gian v
cng l loi c u tin. N cung cp cho cc nh thit k mch in t vi chi ph
tng i r, n nh v nhng mch t hp cho nhng ng dng cho n n v khng
n nh. T thit b ny c lm ra vi tnh thng mi ha. 10 nm qua mt s
nh sn sut ngng sn sut loi IC ny bi v s cnh tranh v nhng l do khc

Hnh 1.1: IC 555

1.2. Thng s
+ in p u vo : 2 - 18V ( Ty tng loi ca 555 : LM555, NE555, NE7555..)
+ Dng in cung cp : 6mA - 15mA
+ in p logic mc cao : 0.5 - 15V
+ in p logic mc thp : 0.03 - 0.06V
+ Cng sut ln nht l : 600m

1.3. B tr chn v s nguyn l

Hnh dng ca 555 trong hnh 1 v hnh 2. Loi 8 chn hnh trn v loi 8
chn hnh vung. Nhng th trng Vit Nam ch yu l loi chn vung.
Cu trc ca 555 n tng ng vi hn 20 transitor , 15 in tr v 2 diode
v cn ph thuc vo nh sn xut. Trong mch tng ng trn c : u vo kch
thch , khi so snh, khi iu khin chc nng hay cng sut u ra.Mt s c tnh
na ca 555 l : in p cung cp nm gia trong khong t 3V n 18V, dng cung
cp t 3 n 6 mA. Dng in ngng xc nh bng gi tr ln nht ca R + R .
in p 15V th in tr ca R + R .phi l 20M. Tt c cc IC thi gian u c 1 t
in ngoi to ra 1 thi gian ng ct ca xung u ra. N l mt chu k hu hn
cho t in (C) np in hay phng in thng qua mt in tr R. Thi gian ny n
c xc nh v n c th tnh c thng qua in tr R v t in C

Hnh 1.3.
Mch np RC c bn nh trn hnh 1.3. Gi thit t in ban u l phng
in.Khi m ng cng tc th t in bt u np thng qua in tr. in p qua t
in t gi tr 0 ln n gi tr nh mc vo t. ng cong np c th hin qua
hnh 4A.Thi gian n cho t in np n 63.2% in p cung cp v hiu thi
gian ny l 1 hng s. Gi tr hng s thi gian c th tnh bng cng thc n gin
sau:

t = R.C

ng cong np ca t in

1.4. Chc nng tng chn ca 555

IC NE555 N gm c 8 chn:
+ Chn s 1(GND): cho ni GND ly dng cp cho IC hay chn cn gi l chn
chung.
+ Chn s 2(TRIGGER): y l chn u vo thp hn in p so snh v c
dng nh 1 chn cht hay ng vo ca 1 tn so p.Mch so snh y dng cc
transitor PNP vi mc in p chun l 2/3Vcc.
+ Chn s 3(OUTPUT): Chn ny l chn dng ly tn hiu ra logic. Trng thi
ca tn hiu ra c xc nh theo mc 0 v 1. 1 y l mc cao n tng ng vi
gn bng Vcc nu (PWM=100%) v mc 0 tng ng vi 0V nhng m trong thc
t mc 0 ny ko c 0V m n trong khong t (0.35 ->0.75V) .
+ Chn s 4(RESET): Dng lp nh mc trng thi ra. Khi chn s 4 ni masse th
ng ra mc thp. Cn khi chn 4 ni vo mc p cao th trng thi ng ra ty theo
mc p trn chn 2 v 6.Nhng m trong mch to c dao ng thng hay ni
chn ny ln VCC.
+ Chn s 5(CONTROL VOLTAGE): Dng lm thay i mc p chun trong IC
555 theo cc mc bin p ngoi hay dng cc in tr ngoi cho ni GND. Chn ny
c th khng ni cng c nhng m gim tr nhiu ngi ta thng ni chn s
5 xung GND thng qua t in t 0.01uF n 0.1uF cc t ny lc nhiu v gi cho
in p chun c n nh.
+ Chn s 6(THRESHOLD) : l mt trong nhng chn u vo so snh in p khc
v cng c dng nh 1 chn cht.
+ Chn s 7(DISCHAGER) : c th xem chn ny nh 1 kha in t v chu iu
khin bi tng logic ca chn 3 .Khi chn 3 mc p thp th kha ny ng li.ngc
li th n m ra. Chn 7 t np x in cho 1 mch R-C lc IC 555 dng nh
+ Chn s 8 (Vcc): Khng cn ni cng bit l chn cung cp p v dng cho IC
hot ng. Khng c chn ny coi nh IC cht. N c cp in p t 2V -->18V
(Ty tng loi 555 nh thp nht l con NE7555)
1.5.

Cu to bn trong v nguyn tc hot ng

a. Cu to

Nhn trn s cu to trn ta thy cu trc ca 555 gm : 2 con OPAM, 3 con

in tr, 1 transitor, 1 FF ( y l FF RS):
2 OP-amp c tc dng so snh in p.
Transistor x in.
Bn trong gm 3 in tr mc ni tip chia in p VCC thnh 3 phn. Cu to ny
to nn in p chun. in p 1/3 VCC ni vo chn dng ca Op-amp 1 v in p 2/3
VCC ni vo chn m ca Op-amp 2. Khi in p chn 2 nh hn 1/3 VCC, chn S = [1] v
FF c kch. Khi in p chn 6 ln hn 2/3 VCC, chn R ca FF = [1] v FF c reset
b.

Nguyn tc hot ng

 trn mch trn ta bt l H l mc cao v n gn bng Vcc v L l mc thp v

n bng 0V. S dng pc FF RS.
Khi S = [1] th Q = [1] v = Q- = [ 0].
Sau , khi S = [0] th Q = [1] v =Q- = [0].
Khi R = [1] th = [1] v Q = [0].
Khi S = [1] th Q = [1] v khi R = [1] th Q = [0] bi v Q-= [1], transisitor m dn,
cc C ni t. Cho nn in p khng np vo t C, in p chn 6 khng vt qu
V2. Do li ra ca Op-amp 2 mc 0, FF khng reset.
Khi mi ng mch, t C np qua Ra, Rb, vi thi hng (Ra+Rb)C.
* T C np t in p 0V -> Vcc/3:
- Lc ny V+1(V+ ca Opamp1) > V-1. Do O1 (ng ra ca Opamp1) c mc logic
1(H).
- V+2 < V-2 (V-2 = 2Vcc/3) . Do O2 = 0(L).
- R = 0, S = 1 --> Q = 1, /Q (Q o) = 0.
- Q = 1 --> Ng ra = 1.
- /Q = 0 --> Transistor hi tip khng dn.
* T C tip t np t in p Vcc/3 -> 2Vcc/3:
- Lc ny, V+1 < V-1. Do O1 = 0.
- V+2 < V-2. Do O2 = 0.
- R = 0, S = 0 --> Q, /Q s gi trng thi trc (Q=1, /Q=0).
- Transistor vn ko dn !
* T C np qua ngng 2Vcc/3:
- Lc ny, V+1 < V-1. Do O1 = 0.
- V+2 > V-2. Do O2 = 1.
- R = 1, S = 0 --> Q=0, /Q = 1.
- Q = 0 --> Ng ra o trng thi = 0.
- /Q = 1 --> Transistor dn, in p trn chn 7 xung 0V !
- T C x qua Rb. Vi thi hng Rb.C
- in p trn t C gim xung do t C x, lm cho in p t C nhy xung di
2Vcc/3.
* T C tip tc "X" t in p 2Vcc/3 --> Vcc/3:
- Lc ny, V+1 < V-1. Do O1 = 0.
- V+2 < V-2. Do O2 = 0.

- R = 0, S = 0 --> Q, /Q s gi trng thi trc (Q=0, /Q=1).

- Transistor vn dn !
* T C x qua ngng Vcc/3:
- Lc ny V+1 > V-1. Do O1 = 1.
- V+2 < V-2 (V-2 = 2Vcc/3) . Do O2 = 0.
- R = 0, S = 1 --> Q = 1, /Q (Q o) = 0.
- Q = 1 --> Ng ra = 1.
- /Q = 0 --> Transistor khng dn -> chn 7 khng = 0V na v t C li c np in
vi in p ban u l Vcc/3.
Ni tm li cc bn c nn hiu l :
Trong qu trnh hot ng bnh thng ca 555, in p trn t C ch dao ng quanh
in p Vcc/3 -> 2Vcc/3. (Xem dng c tnh t in phng np trn)
- Khi np in, t C np in vi in p ban u l Vcc/3, v kt thc np thi im
in p trn C bng 2Vcc/3.Np in vi thi hng l (Ra+Rb)C.
- Khi x in, t C x in vi in p ban u l 2Vcc/3, v kt thc x thi im
in p trn C bng Vcc/3. X in vi thi hng l Rb.C.
- Thi gian mc 1 ng ra chnh l thi gian np in, mc 0 l x in.

2. Gii thiu IC 4017

2.1. Phn m dao ng IC4017
IC 4017 l dng CMOS dng m xung thp phn. N c th m xung sn
dng v sn m v kt thc 1 chu k m t ng reset. N c ng dng nhiu
vo trong cc ng dng nh: iu khin t ng, lm cc cng c m nhc, in t y
sinh, h thng cnh bo, in t cng nghip, v thit b o t xa,...
-

2.2. S chn

IC 4017 gm 16 chn:
Cc chn uotput s 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11 tng ng vi 10 u ra ca IC 4017.
Cc chn ny c xut ra mc 1 khi s xung c m tng ng vi th t cc chn
u ra.
Chn 15 l chn reset. Khi chn ny tc ng mc 1 th m s b Reset v u.
Chn 14 l chn xung u vo v m sn dng.
Chn 13 l chn xung u vo v m sn m.
Chn 12 l chn xung bo hiu l m xong 1 chu k m ( C ngha l khi
IC 4017 m t 1 n 5 th chn 12 mc 1 v IC 4017 m t 6 n 10 th chn 12
mc 0 ).
Chn 8 ni t v chn 16 l ngun.

2.3. Cu to ca IC 4017

2.4.

Bng gi tr ca IC 4017

Nhn vo bng trn ta thy c: khi xung u vo n ang mc dng th xung

u tin c m v khi xung u vo xung mc m th chn 1 vn gi nguyn trng
thi mc 1. Khi xung u vo li n sn dng th 2 th ngay lp tc xung th 2
c m v xung u tin b mt trng thi v xung mc m. C nh th n m
n 10 l kt thc 1 chu k m v quay tr v chu k mi.
Nhn vo bng m m ti 10 th chn Reset lun phi mc 0 v chn 13
lun phi mc m.
Ch : CD 4017 n c th m c 2 mc: m sn m v m sn dng.
Nu m m sn dng th: clock vo chn 14 v chn 13 phi ni t.
+ Nu m m sn dng th: clock vo chn 13 v chn 14 ni ln VCC.

 CD 4017 khng ch m t 1 n 10. N c th m t 1 n 2 hay n 3 nhng ln

nht l 10 da vo chn Reset.

3.

Gii thiu v IC74ls192

3.1. S chn IC 74ls192

- IC 74ls192 l IC m m BCD ln xung vi Kd = 10.
- Chn 16 ni vi dng ngun .
- Chn s 8 ni vi m ngun.
- Chn 3,2,6,7 tng ng vi Q0,Q1,Q2,Q3 l cc u ra ca b m nh
phn BCD.
- Cc chn s 15,1,10,9 tng ng vi P0,P1,P2,P3 l cc u vo t
trc d liu.
-PL(chn 11) : u vo cho php t d liu, hot ng mc tch cc thp.
-MR(chn 14) : u vo xa d liu u ra v 0000, hot ng mc tch
cc cao.
-CPU(Chn5) : u vo cho php m thun (m tin).
-CPD(Chn4) : u vo cho php m nghch (m li).
-TCU,TCD(Chn 12,13) l chn tn hiu ra ca b m khi m
thun/nghch.

3.2.S cu to bn trong ca IC74ls192

3.3. Hot ng
- L b m BCD thun nghch lp trnh c.
Hot ng ca ic74ls192 c tm tt trong bng sau:

Trong :
- * l mc tch cc cao hoc thp c th xc nh c.
- Khi chn ML mc cao ,li ra nh phn s reset v mc thp.
- Khi chn ML mc cao ic c th thc hin cc chc nng sau:
+ Nu chn PL mc thp th b m t d liu cho cc li ra
Q0,Q1,Q2,Q3 bng chnh d liu ca cc li vo P0,P1,P2,P3.
+ Nu chn CPU c xung vung tc ng vo ,ng thi cc chn CPD v
PL mc cao th b m thc hin m tin, khi m n 9 n quay li v
trng thi 0 ban u, lc ny chn TCU chuyn t mc thp sang mc cao v
lp li mt chu k mi.

+ Nu chn CPD c xung vung tc ng vo ,ng thi cc chn CPD v

PL mc cao th b m thc hin m tin,khi m n 0 n quay li v
trng thi 9 ban u,lc ny chn TCD chuyn t mc thp sang mc cao v
lp li mt chu k mi.
4.

Gii thiu 7400

K hiu gi tr u ra ca NAND l 1/A.B

Nhn hnh a l k hiu ca cng NAND trong cc s mch.N cng c 2 u
vo v 1 u ra v gi tr u ra bng ph nh ca tch vo A v B ( Y=1/A.B)
v n cng tng t nh hm NOR ngm hiu l ph nh ca hm AND.
Cu to ca cng ny hi khc so vi cc cng khc l n hng 3 diode v 2
in tr v kt hp vi 1 transitor.Cch lp kiu s ny c lp theo hnh
c.Nn nh y l BJT knh N v nguyn tc hot ng ca n nh sau:
Nu A=1 v B=1.Nh vy th 2 diode D1 v D2 s phn c nghch khng dn
dng khi D3 li dn dng t ngun v Bazo lm cho BJT phn cc thun v
m hon ton BJT nn khi dng in li t ngun qua Colector xung Emiter
xung t lm cho u ra 1/A.B khng c in p nn n bng 0V.
Nu cc trng hp A=B=0 v A=1,B=0 hay B=1,A=0 th lc ny hai diode D1
v D2 u dc phn cc trong tng trng hp nn dng in t t ngun qua
mt trong hai diode D1 v D2 xung t khng c dng in qua D3.Do
BJT khng c phn cc khc hon ton BJT nn u ra ca 1/A.B=1
Hnh b l bng biu din gi tr vo ra ca NAND
Hnh d l bng xung u vo v u ra ca NAND.

Bng chn l :
A
0
1
0
1

B
0
0
1
1

1/(A*B)
1
1
1
0

.5

T in
5.1.
nh ngha:
T in l mt linh kin in t th ng to bi hai b mt dn in
c ngn cch nhau bi in mi.Khi c chnh lch in th ti hai b mt, ti
cc b mt s xut hin in tch cng cng nhng tri du.
T in c s dng rng ri trong cc mch in t, chng c s
dng trong cc mch lc ngun, lc nhiu, mch truyn tn hiu xoay chiu,
mch to dao ng.

Hnh nh v t in
5. 2. Cu to v phn lai t.
T gm hai bn cc t song song, gia l mt lp cch in gi l in
mi.
T in gm:
T c tr s xc nh.
T in mt chiu: hay t in phn cc (c cc xc nh) theo cu to
cn gi l t ha.Thng trn t quy c cc m phn bit bng mt vch
mu sng dc theo thn t .Khi t cha b ct chn th chn di hn s l
cc dng.
Khi ni phi ng cc m ,cc dng. Tr s phn cc vo khong
0,47F- 4.700F, thng dng cho cc mch tn s lm vic thp, dng
lc ngun.
T xoay chiu: hay t in khng phn cc(khng xc nh cc m cc
dng), theo cu to c th l t gm,t giy,hoc t mica.T xoay chiu
thng c tr s in dung nh hn 0,47F v thng c s dng trong
cc mch in tn s cao hoc mch lc nhiu.

T in c tr s bin i: hay cn gi l t xoay(cch gi theo cu to ),

l t c th thay i gi tr in dung, t ny thng s dng trong k
thut radio thay i tn s cng hng khi ta d i(knh tn s).

5. 3.
in dung, n v v k hiu ca t
in dung l i lng vt l ni ln kh nng tch in gia hai bn cc
ca t.in dung ca t ph thuc vo din tch bn cc, vt liu lm cht in
mi v khong cch gia hai bn cc theo cng thc:
C = .S/d
Trong :
C l in dung t in, n v l Fara[F].
l hng s in mi ca lp cch in.
d l chiu dy ca lp cch in.
S din tch bn cc ca t in.

5.4. T ha 47F v t ha 1F.

Hai t ny c s dng trong mch dng np v phng in .

T ha 47

T 47

, dng np v phng in.T 1

ng d dng v nhanh hn.

6.

in Tr
6. 1. Khi nin in tr

T ha 1

iu kin mch khi

- L i lng vt l c trng cho tnh cht cn tr dng in ca mt

vt th dn in. N c nh ngha l t s ca hiu in th gia hai u vt
th vi cng dng in i qua n:

Trong :
U: l hiu in th gia hai u vt dn in, o bng vn[V].
I: l cng dng in i qua vt dn in,o bng ampe[A].
R: l in tr ca vt dn in, o bng Ohm[].

Hnh nh v in tr.
- Gi tr in tr cng ln th dn in cng km.Khi vt dn cn tr
dng in, nng lng dng in b chuyn ha thnh cc dng nng lng
khc, v d nh nhit nng.
- i vi nhiu cht dn in, trong iu kin mi trng (v d nhit )
n nh, in tr khng ph thuc vo gi tr cng dng in hay hiu in
th. Hiu in th lun t l vi cng dng in v hng s t l chnh l
in .Trng hp ny c miu t theo nh lut Ohm v cc cht dn in nh
vy gi l cc thit b ohm.

6.2. Cch c ch s in tr theo vng mu

Cc in tr c kch thc ln hn t 2W tr ln ,thng c ghi tr s
trc tip trn thn.
Cc in tr c kch thc nh c ghi tr s bng cc vch mu theo
mt quy c chung ca th gii.

Bng vng mu ca in tr

Hnh 6.2. c gi tr in tr bng vng mu

6.3. in tr s dng trong mch.

in tr 47k hn dng cho led.Tr 1k phn cc cho transitor

7. Led
Led hay diot pht quang, l cc iot c kh nng pht ra nh sng, tia
hng ngoi, t ngoi.Cng ging diot , led c cu to t khi bn dn loi P
ghp vi 1 khi bn dn .

Hnh nh v led
Ty theo mc nng lng gii phng cao hay thp mu mu sc sng ca
led cng khc nhau. sng hon ton ph thuc vo cu trc nng lng ca
cc nguyn t cht bn dn.
Led thng c in th phn cc thun cao hn diot thng thng trong
khong 1,5n 3v.Nhng hiu in th phn cc ngc ca led th khng cao .
Do led rt hay b h hng do in th ngc gy ra.

Loi LED

in th phn cc thun

1,4 - 1,8V

Vng

2 - 2,5V

Xanh l cy

2 - 2,8V

Tc dng:quan st s xung ra d dng hn t vic quan st s sng tt ca led.

8. Button

To lin kt v reset li mch khi cn thit .

Phn II S nguyn l v nguyn l hot ng ca mch.

1,S nguyn l .
(v trn proteus)

U3:A
1
3
2
1

74LS00

U3:B

0.22k

4
6

DC

R6
2

VCC

U4

CV

U1
14
13

TH

TR

GND

22k
2

74LS00

R5

CLK
E

555

C2
10u
+

C1
0.1u

15

MR

U3:C
Q0
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q9
CO

3
2
4
7
10
1
5
6
9
11
12

4017

9
8
10
74LS00

15
1
10
9
5
4
11
14

D0
D1
D2
D3

Q0
Q1
Q2
Q3

UP
DN
PL
MR

TCU
TCD

74LS192

T ha : - 1 t ha 10uF .
- 5 t thng 0,1uF.
Led : 5 con led quang hin th tn hiu
Button : 11 ci .
Tr : - 5 tr 220 ohm
- 1 tr 22 kohm
- 1 tr 10 kohm
IC 4017 : 1 con
IC 7400 : 1 con
IC555

: 1 con

IC 74192 : 1 con

2, Mch in .

D1

U2
3
2
6
7
12
13

2
2
2
2

R1
R2
0.22k
R3
0.22k
R4
0.22k
0.22k

1
1
1
1

D2
LED-GREEN

D3
LED-GREEN

D4
LED-GREEN

K
K
K
K

LED-GREEN

3.Nguyn l hot ng .

B gii m bn phm xy dng trn b m 10 vi li ra

gii m Jonhson (IC4017) ghp vi bn phm , cc chn gii m
t 09 c ni vi cc phim bm . Mi ln bm phm th my
m li pht ra s xung bng s hiu ca phm . Cc xung ny
c m bng IC3 (74LS 192) theo m BCD . Khi mt phm bt
k c bm th u ra ni vi phm c ni vi u mch
NAND (IC2 7400) .
Sauk hi c xung Clear b m vi li ra gii m Jonhson
c t v 0 v cc u ra ca IC4017 t 09 u mc 0 .
B m li bt u m cc xung nhp t u vo n khi c
mt chn ra ni vi phm c bm .S xung t c bng vi
ch s ca phm bm . u vo mch NAND IC2a 7400 c mc 1
, u ra c mc 0 a n IC2b 7400 cm cc xung m a
n IC3( 74LS 192) . Kt qu l s xung c a n b m
10 m BCD IC3 74LS 192 bng vi ch s ca phm c bm .
Mch hon thnh .

Nhn xt ca ging vin hng dn

........

........

........

Ti liu tham kho :

1. Gio trnh thc hnh k thut in t II
2. in t tng t .
3. http://www.dientuvietnam.net
4. http://hoiquandientu.com

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