,

.



26 2011

1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1 ,
1.1.2 . .
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.3 (A)2 A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Schrodinger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1 Schrodinger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.4 Schrodinger . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6 - . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7 - Dirac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7.1 -Dirac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7.2 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7.3 . . . . . . .
1.8 Dirac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8.1
1.8.2 Schwartz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8.3 Schmidt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8.4 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1
1
1
2
3
5
6
8
8
8
8
9
9
11
11
12
16
17
22
26
27
27
28
29
30
30
31
31
33
33
34

Schr
odinger-
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 . . . . . .
2.2.2 . . . .

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37
37
37
40
44
50
50
52

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ii

2.3

2.2.3 .
. . . .
2.3.1 , Hermite .
2.3.2

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3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . .

Coulomb- Schr
odinger
4.1 - . .
4.2 - . .
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 . .

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55
56
57
61
67
67
67
69
69
71
72
76
77

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79
79
81
81
83
86

- spin-
5.1
5.2 . . . . . . . .
5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.1 j = l .
5.4 Spin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5.1 spin1/2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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91
91
94
97
98
99
105
108

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1.1

, .
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. , 1 , 2 ,
.
, . .
.

1.1.1

:
() a b S,
a + b S.
c1 a + c2 b S, c1 , c2
.
() a 1 , e
2 e
3 , :
e

1 + a2 e
2 + a3 e
3
a = a1 e
.
() a :

|a| = a21 + a22 + a23

1/2

()

a b = |a| |b| cos

.
= /2 a b = 0

k
() e
i e
j = ij
e
ij Kronecker


ij =

0, = i 6= j
1, = i = j

k . a = a1 e
1 +a2 e
2 +a3 e
3 , b = b1 e
1 +b2 e
2 +b3 e
3
e
:
a b = a 1 b1 + a 2 b2 + a 3 b3
.

.

1.1.2

.
n (x) , Hilbert.
.
:
() ( ).
1 (x) 2 (x) S ,

(x) = c1 1 (x) + c2 2 (x)

S , c1 , c2 , .
()

Z
h1 , 2 i

?1 (x)2 (x) dx

?1 (x) 1 (x),
dx = dx1 dx2 dx3 , R3 .
:
h1 , 1 i 0,
h1 , a2 i = ah1 , 2 i
h1 , 2 + 3 i = h1 , 2 i + h1 , 3 i
, h, i < .
h1 , 2 i = 0 .

:
() S S , A
0 ,
A

S 0 S



d
,...
A = A x,
dx
()

1 1 + c2 2 + c3 3 ) = c1 (A
1 ) + c2 (A
2 ) + c3 (A
3)
A(c

1.2

1.2

(1) Hilbert

C = A + B,

= (A + B)
= A
+ B

: C

(2)

C
= A(
B),

C = A B
S
(3)

= [A,
B]
D
= A(
B)
B(
A)

D
=
(, D
6 0)
B]
= A B
B
A
[A,
, .

= ,
A = x, B
x


B]
= x (x) =
[A,
x
x
h
i
B
= 1
A,
.

1
(4) A
A A1 = A1 A = 1
A1 ) = = A1 (A)

(A A1 ) = A(
(5)

= a A.
A
a A A
.
, an ,

n = an n
n : A

A
.
, a A
, .
1 , 2 , . . . , k ,

1 1 + 2 2 + . . . + k k = 0

1 = 2 = . . . = k = 0
()
(6) A
Z

Z 


?

? (x) A(x)
dx =
A(x)
(x) dx,

= hA,
i
h, Ai

, S

A
(7) A
Z

Z 


?

? A
dx =
A dx
= hA , i
h, Ai

B)
.
: (A
Z

Z 
Z 

?
?

A dx
AB dx =
A B dx =
B

Z 


?

dx
? AB
dx =
(AB)

=B
A
(AB)

: (A ) = A

Z
? Z
?
(A )? dx =
(A )? dx =
? (A )dx
Z 
? Z
?
=
(A ) dx = ? (A ) dx, ,

? (A)dx =

A = (A )

(8)

A = A
.

A :
(9) g(A)
g(x) Taylor :

g(x) =

+
X
1 (n)
g (0)xn
n!
n=0

=
g(A)

+
X
1 (n)
g (0)An
n!
n=0

: T ()

T ()(x) = (x + )
:

X
1
an dn (x)
(x + ) = (x) + 0 (x) + 00 (x)2 + . . . =
2
n! dxn
n=0
d

= e dx (x) = T ()(x)
d

T () = e dx

1.2

1.2.1

() .
()

=B
A = B
A = AB

(AB)
() .

n
?n A

Z
dx = an

?n n dx

n dx =
?n A

n )? n dx =
(A
Z
?
= n ?n n dx

(n n )? n dx

n = n?
() .

Z
Z

n
?m A

n dx =
?m A

Z
dx = an

?m n dx

?
m )? n dx = m
(A

?m n dx

?
m
= m

?m n dx = 0

(n m )
an 6= am :

?m n dx = 0

= ,
A

Z
?n n dx = 1

?m n dx = mn

() , .
:
A .
A .

, S :

c n n ,

n = n n
A

?n m dx = nm .

cn :

?n dx

Z
cm

?n m dx =

m cm nm

= cn
Z
cn =

?n dx

cm mn

() () .

? dx
= (A) dx = (A)
? Z
Z
?
?
? dx =
(A) dx = (A)
=
?

S ,
A
.
. S, 1 2 = 1 + 2 ,
.

, :
A
Z
Z

dx =
A
?

Z

? Z

? dx
A = (A)
?

Z
h
i?

1 + 2 ) dx.
(1 + 2 ) A(1 + 2 ) dx = (1 + 2 ) A(
Z
Z
Z
Z
?
?
?
?
2
2 dx
1 A1 dx + 1 A2 dx +
2 A1 dx + ||
?2 A
Z
Z
Z
Z
1 )? dx + 2 (A
1 )? dx + ? 1 (A
2 )? dx + ||2 2 (A
2 )? dx
= 1 (A
?

2 ) dx
?1 (A

Z
=

2 )? 1 dx 1 , 2
(A

.
A

1.2.2

1. A(r, p) (r) (p)

r, p) r = r p = i~.
A(
2. A(r, p)
r, p),
A(

i~)n (r) = n n (r)

A(r,
1. p = i~ .
:
x

?1 (
px 2 ) dx = i~

?1

d2
dx
dx


Z +  ?
d
d1
?
= (i~)
(1 2 ) dx
2 dx
dx
dx

?
Z + 
+
d1

= (i~) [?1 2 ] 
2 dx
+ (i~)
dx

?
Z + 
d1
= +
i~
2 dx
dx

Z +
=
(
px 1 )? 2 dx
Z

px , py , pz .

1.2

2. ( ) V ? = V ,

, H
.
2
= p + V (r),
H
2m

px = i~

2
?1 H

1
dx =
2m
1
=
2m
=

1
2m

p2 = p2x + p2y + p2z

d
V = V (x).
dx

Z +

?1 p2x 2

?1 V (x)2 dx

dx +

(V (x)1 )? 2 dx

(px 1 ) px 2 dx +

Z +

(p2x 1 )? 2 dx +

(V (x)1 )? 2 dx =

p2y p2z . , p2x 2 (x) px (px 2 ).

2 0 x d2 /dx 0, x .

1 )? 2 dx
(H

1.3

1.3.1

A a1 , a2 , . . . , a . N
N1 a1 , . . . , N a . A

N1
N
N1 a1 + . . . + N a
= a1
+ . . . + a
N
N
N

X
= a1 f1 + . . . + a f =
ak fk

hAi =

k=1

fk k . N fk Pk ,
.

hAi = a1 P1 + . . . + a P =

ak Pk

k=1

Pk = 1

k=1

G(A) A, g = G(a )

hG(A)i =

gk Pk =

k=1

1.3.2

G(ak )Pk

k=1

A ,
A a,

da
da
,a +
a
2
2


P (a)da

P (a) =
Z +
hAi =
aP (a)da

a2

P (a1 < a < a2 ) =

P (a) da
a1

P (a) da = 1

G(A) A:

hG(A)i =

G(a)P (a) da

1.3.3

(A)2 A

2
(A)2 = h A hAi i,
(A)2 =

A =

h(A hAi)2 i

(a hAi)2 P (a) da

+
2

a P (a) da 2hAi

|
2

aP (a) da +hAi
P (a) da

|
{z
}
{z
}
=1

hAi
2

= hA i 2hAi + hAi = hA i hAi

1.4 Schr
odinger

(A)2 =

(ak hAi)2 P (ak )

k=1

a2k Pk 2hAi

ak Pk + hAi2 = hA2 i 2hAi2 + hAi2

= hA2 i hAi2
,
1. .

(A)2 = 0 a = hAi
.

(ak hAi) P = 0

=1
2

P 0 (a hAi) 0

hAi = a0 P0 = 1, P = 0 k 6= k0 ,

1.3.4

P = 1.

n (n- )
.
+

an P (a) da

In = hA i =

In (n = 1, 2, . . . , )
G(A) Taylor.
F (A, ) = eiA ,

X (i)n
f () = heiA i = h
An i
n!
n
X (i)n
X (i)n
=
hAn i =
In
n!
n!
n
n

f () .

f () = heiA i =

eia P (a) da

P (a) =

1
2

f ()eia d

In f () P (a)

1.4

Schr
odinger

(r, t)
, .
.
(r, t)
Schrodinger:

10



~2 2
(r, t)

+ V (r, t) (r, t) = i~
2m
t
.
.
, ,
:

E=

p2
+V
2m

p = i~

2
2
t) = p + V (r, t) = ~ 2 + V (r, t)
H(r,
2m
2m

. H . Schrodinger :

= i~
H
t

, V (r, t) = 0:

i~

~2 2
p2

=
=
= E
2
t
2m x
2m
E=

p2
2m

= Aei(kxt) ,

= i = i
t
~
=

E
E
=
~
h

= 2

~=

h
2

= ik
x
2
= (ik)2 = k 2
x2
Schrodinger :

E =

~2
(k 2 )
2m

E = p2 /2m , :

p = ~k p =
=

h
p

h 2
2

De Broglie

(x, t) = Aei(pxEt)/~
h Planck 6, 63 1034 Joule sec.
~=

h
= 1, 05 1034 Joule sec.
2

1.4 Schr
odinger

11

:
De Broglie

= h/p,

E
h

E=

p2
2m

;
Schrodinger
p = = i~

1.4.1

Schr
odinger


(r, t)
~2 2
+ V (r, t) (r, t) = i~

2m
t

(1.1)

Schrodinger .
:

(r, t) = (r)(t)
V = V (r). (1.1),
, :




~2 2
+ V (r) = i~

2m
t
(r)(t) ,

H(r)
=
(r)
| {z }

x,y,z

1
i~

| {zt}

x, y, z, t. , W .
:


2

~
2 + V
2m

i~ (t) = W (t)
t

W
(t) = eiW t/~

(r, t) = (r)eiW t/~

W ; W E (r),
V = 0. ,

H(r)
= E(r)

(1.2)

(r, t) = (r)eiEt/~

(1.3)

E (r) .
(1.2) (1.3) .

1.4.2

x .
,
. ,
.
( Born),

,

P (r, t) = (r, t)(r, t)

12

(r, t)(r, t)d3 x

C=

. t.
.
.
C ( ).

Z
d +
dC
(x, t)(x, t)
=
dt
dt
Z +
Z +

=
dx +

dx
t
t

i~

= H
t

= (H)
t

i
i

=
= (H)
H,
t
~
t
~
Z
Z
dC
i +
i +

=
(H) dx
(H) dx
dt
~
~
i~

H
Z

dx =
(H)

dx
(H)

dC
=0
dt

R +

dx . t = t0 t.

1.4.3

) (r, t) , ,
(r) H
= E)
. ( H
,
Z

(r, t)(r, t)d3 x

.
.

d3 x = r2 sin dr d d
|(r)|
r ,
r

||2 = r2
r
Z
Z
d3 x r2+2 dr
r

2 + 2 < 1 2 + 3 < 0
<

3
2

1.4 Schr
odinger

13

2 + 2 = 1

dr
' ln r,
r

. 2 + 2 > 1 r .
) : n (r, t)
En , n (r, t)
(r, t)

(r, t) =

n n (r, t)

n (0 n 1) n . |n |2 = n
n
En E . ,

n (r, t)(r, t) d3 x

n =

|n |2 =

X
n

||2 .

(r, t) =

n n (r, t) =

n n = 1

n n (r)eiEn t/~

n (r)m (r) d3 x = nm

n (r, t)(r, t) d3 x =

n (r)m (r) d3 xei(Em En )/~

m nm ei(Em En )t/~ = n

(r, t) ,

(r, t)(r, t) d3 x = 1

Z
1=

d3 x =

XX

XX

n m

n (r)m (r)ei(Em En )t d3 x

n m nm ei(Enm )t

n n

(r, t), n , Schrodinger. :

i~

X
X
n
n = H

=
n (i~)
=
n H
t
t
n
n

n (r, t)
t0 , t0 = 0

Z
n =

n (r)(r, 0) d3 x

14

(r, 0), S(t)

(r, t) = S(t)(r,
0)
Schrodinger:

S
S(t)(r,

(r, 0) = H
0)
t
"
#
S
S (r, 0) = 0 t
i~
H
t
i~

S
S,
H = 0
=H
t
t

iHt/~

S(t) = e
,
X
(r, 0) =
n n (r)

i~

(r, t) = eiHt/~ (r, 0) =

n eiHt/~ n (r)

n n (r)e

iEn t/~

eiHt n (r) = eiEn t/~ n (r)

n = En n .
H
)
n (r, t) En .

n (r, t)n (r, t) = n (r)n (r)eiEn t/~ eiEn t/~ = n (r)n (r)
. ,
.
n (r, t),

(r, t) =

an n (r, t)

(r, t)(r, t) =

al an l (r)n (r) +

an al n l ei(El En )t/~

n,l
n6=l

,
..

nl =

En El
~

n , l .

)
P (x, t) = (x, t)(x, t) x
:

hxi =

xP (x, t) dx =

(x, t) (
x(x, t)) dx

1.4 Schr
odinger

15

x
(x, t) = x(x, t).
x
n :

hx i =

(x, t)xk (x, t) dx

,
A A
,
Z

(r, t)A(r,
t) d3 x

hAi =

hAk i =

Ak d3 x

, :

(r, t) =

n (r) = En n (r)
H

an n (r, t),

Z
hEi =
hEi =

d3 x
H

|an |2 En

,
(r, t) A
=
A
:
A
Z

d3 x =
A

hAi =

d3 x =

(A)2 = hA2 i hAi2 = 2 2 = 0

A .

H
, (r, t)
n (r, t) A
n :
=

an n ,

an

Z
hAi =

d3 x =
A

an an n

n
2

. , |an | =
A .

n an

= Pn = n

A .

P H A,
(r, t) (r, t) = n an n (r, t):
n = En n
H

16

A :

d3 x =
A

hAi =

an am

m d3 x
n A

n,m

an am ei(Em En )t/~

m (r) d3 x
n (r)A

n,m

mn = (Em En )/~.

m (r) d3 x
n (r)A

Anm =

Anm = A .
(n, m) A. A
mn
hAi =

an am eimn t Anm

n,m

Z
Anm =

m d3 x,
n A
Z

(Amn ) =
Z
=

n d3 x
m A

n ) m d3 x
(A

Amn =

n ) d3 x
m (A


=

m d3 x = Anm
n A

Ak .
A

1.4.4

Schr
odinger

N rk = (xk , yk , zk ) pk = (pxk , pyk , pzk ),

:

H=

N
X
p2k
+ V (r1 , . . . , rN )
2mk

k=1


pk = i~

,
,
xk yk zk

N
X
~2 2
+ V (r1 , . . . , rN )
2mk k

k=1

H(r

1 , . . . , rN , t)

= i~
(r1 , . . . , rN , t)
t
1 r1 , . . ., N rN :
P (r1 , . . . , rN , t)dV1 dVN = (r1 , . . . , rN , t)(r1 , . . . , rN , t)dV
dV = dV1 dVN = d3 x1 d3 xN

(r1 , . . . , rN , t) = (r1 , . . . , rN )(t)

= E
H

(t) = eiEt/~

1.5

1.5

17

B

A,
B]
= AB
B
A
[A,
B]
= 0, .
[A,
A, B
B]
6= 0 .
. A, B , [A,

(1) , ( )
.
. A ,
k A:

k = k k
A

, k B : B
k = k k .
A

A B . ,
B
A)
k = k k k k k k = 0
(AB
P
k : = k ck k
B
A)
= AB
B
A
= A(
B)
B(
A)

(AB
X
X

= A(
ck k k ) B(
ck k k )
k

ck k k k

ck k k k = 0

B
, A ,
(2) A,
.
, B
.
k = k k ,
A
A
k)
B(

B
k)
= A(

A
k)
B(

k
= k B

B
k ) = k (B
k)
A(

k A k .
= B
k = k k
k = k k
B
B
, (3) A,
.
.

B]
+ [B,
A]
=0
[A,

A]
=0
[A,

B
+ C]
= [A,
B]
+ [A,
C]

[A,

18

C]
= [A,
C]
+ [B,
C]

[A + B,

B
C]
= AB
C B
C A = AB
C B
C A B
AC
[A,
B]
C + B[
A,
C]

= [A,
C D]
=? = [A,
C]
B
D
+ C[
A,
D]
B
+ A[
B,
C]
D
+ C A[
B,
D]

[AB,

. :

C],

[A,

D],

[A,

C],

[B,

D]

[B,

:
,
:

[A1 A2 An , B1 B2 Bk ] =

(A1 Ai1 )(B1 Bj1 )[Ai , Bj ](Bj+1 Bk )(Ai+1 An )

ij

(B1 Bj1 )(A1 Ai1 )[Ai Bj ](Ai+1 An )(Bj+1 Bk )

ij

C D
E]
= [A,
C]
B
D
E
+ C[
A,
D]
B
E
+ C D[
A,
E]
B

[AB,
B,
C]
D
E
+ C A[
B,
D]
E
+ C D
A[
B,
E]

+ A[

(1) [
x, p] = i~,

[
p, x
] = i~

[
x, p](x) = x
p(x) px
(x) = i~x

d
d
+ i~ (x)
dx
dx



d
d


= i~x
 + i~x
 + i~
 dx
 dx
= i~(x), (x).
(2)

[
x, p2 ] = p[
x, p] + [
x, p]
p
= i~
p + i~
p = 2i~
p
= i~

d
p2
d
p

[
x, pk ] = i~

d
pk
= i~k pk1
d
p

x, p)] = i~ A ,
[
x, A(
p
A(
x, p) Taylor p .

1.5

19

(3)

[
p, x
2 ] = x
[
p, x
] + [
p, x
]
x = 2i~
x
= i~

x
2
x

x, p)] = i~
[
p, A(

A
x

(4) : [x, px ] = [y, py ] = [z, pz ] = i~

[x, py ] = [x, pz ] = 0
.
(5) L = r p,

x
L

L
y
Lz

= ypz zpy
= zpx x
pz
= x
py ypx

x, L
y ] = [(
[L
y pz zpy ), (
z px x
pz )]
= [
y pz , zpx ] [
y pz , x
pz ] [
z py , zpx ] + [
z py , x
pz ]
= y[
pz , z]
px + 0 + 0 + x
[
z , pz ]
py
z
= i~
y px + i~
xpy = i~L
,

y, L
z ] = i~L
x
[L

z, L
x ] = i~L
y
[L

( ) Levi-Civita ijk

123 = 1
 = 0


[Li , Lj ] = i~ijk Lk
i, j, k = 1, 2, 3

. , . :

L2 = L2x + L2y + L2z

[L2 , Lx ] = [L2x , Lx ] + [L2y , Lx ] + [L2z , Lx ]
= 0 + Ly [Ly , Lx ] + [Ly , Lx ]Ly + Lz [Lz , Lx ] + [Lz , Lx ]Lz
= i~
Ly
L
Lz
L
Lz
L
Ly
L
z i~
y + i~
y + i~
z =0
2
[L , Lk ] = 0, k
.

A :

[Li , Aj ] = i~ijk Ak

[Li , A2 ] = 0.

20

(1) Schwartz
:

Z

2
 Z
 Z


(x)(x) dx  (x)(x) dx
(x)(x) dx
2

h, i h, i |h, i|
.

1 =

h, i
,
h, i

h1 , 1 i 0


Z 
h, i? ?
h, i
h1 , 1 i =
?

dx
h, i
h, i
Z
?
h
,
i
0
= ? dx h, i?
h, i
h, ih, i h, i? h, i
:
(2) C

= C1 + iC2

= C1 iC2

1 , C2 .
C
1 , C2 :
. C
C + C
,
C1 =
2

C C
C2 =
2i

1
(C + C) = C1
2
1
= C2
C2 = (C C)
2i

C1 =

C1 + iC2 = C,

C1 iC2 = C

(3) A B :

(A)(B)

1
|h[A, B]i|
2

(A)2 = hA2 i hAi2

(B)2 = hBi2 hBi2
= A hAi
B
=B
hBi
.
hAi = 0, hBi = 0. A
(A)2 = hA2 i =

A2 d3 x =

(A) (A) d3 x

1.5

21

(B) = hB i =

B d x =

(B) (B) d3 x

A , B .

(A)2 = hA, Ai,

(B)2 = hB, Bi

Schwartz,

(A)2 (B)2 |hA, Bi|2

(A) (B) |hA, Bi|

Z
hA, Bi =

(A) (B) d3 x =

(AB) d3 x = hABi

(A)(B) |hABi|
AB .

C = AB
C
AB + BA

2
AB BA

2i
C

= B A = BA
= C1
[A, B]
= C2
2i
= C1 + iC2

C1 C2 ,

hABi = hCi = hC1 i + ihC2 i



p
1
 1
2
2

|hABi| = hC1 i + hC2 i |hC2 i| =  h[A, B]i = |h[A, B]i|
2i
2
:

(A)(B)
(4)

(i)

1
|h[A, B]i|
2

1
|h[x, p]i|
2
1
(x)(p) ~
2

(x)(p)

(ii)


1 

h[x, H]i
2

= i~ H = i~ px
[x, H]
px
m
(x)(E)

px , x ,

(x)(E)

~
|hpx i|
2m

, :

E = 0 (x)(E) = 0 hpx i = 0.

(pk )(E) . . .
(Lk )(E) . . .

22

(iii)

1
|h[Lx , Lz ]i|
2
[Lx , Lz ] = i~Ly

(Lx )(Lz )

(Lx )(Lz )

~
|hLy i|
2

(5) x
, px = i~/x ((x) (p) = ~/2)
:

(x hxi) = i(
px hpx i)
2

(x) = Ae(xhxi)

/2~ ihpix/~

. A, B , Schwartz :

= B

A
hC1 i = 0

Z
Z

= hB
Ai

hABi
Z
dx = B
A
dx
AB

B
dx =
(A)

A
dx
(B)
Z
Z
(B)
dx = (B)
(B)
dx
(B)
= = i
:

= iaB,

A
a .

1.6

H

() A
, :

1
A
dhAi
= h[A,
H]i + h
i
dt
i~
t
.

= H
t
?

i~
= (H)
t
i~

dhAi
d
=
dt
dt

Z
Z

? 3
3
A
3
A d x +
d x + A
d x
t
t
t
Z
Z

1
A
d3 x + 1
d3 x + h A i
=
(H)
AH
i~
i~
t
Z

1
A + AH)
d3 x + h A i
(H
=
i~
t

1
A
= h[A,
H]i + h
i
i~
t
Z

d3 x =
(A)

1.6 -

23

A
= 0.
t

dhAi
1
= h[A,
H]i
dt
i~

,
.

H]
= 0 [An , H]
= 0 n
[A,
A

H]
=0
[f (A),
()
.
.
( )
.
()

H
d
hHi = h
i,
dt
t
h

H]
=0
[H,

V (r, t)
H
i=h
i
t
t

V (r), ,

d
hHi = 0
dt
, .
()
,

d
1

h
pi = h[
p, H]i
dt
i~

= i~ H = i~ V = i~Fk
[
pk , H]
xk
xk

d
i~
h
pk i = hFk i = hFk i
dt
i~

. xk .
.
,
,
x , ,
( ) .
()

L
=0
t

24

i = ijk xj pk
: L
i , H]
= ijk xj [pk , H] + ijk [xj , H]pk
[L
H
H
= ijk xj (i~)
+ ijk (i~)
pk
xk
pj
pj
V
+ i~ijk pk
= i~ijk xj
xk
m
= i~ijk xj Fk +
i , H]
= i~(r F)i
[L

d
hLi = hr Fi = hNi
dt

(r F)k = 0

k , H]
=0
[L

k .
() - Ehrenfest
:

hvi = h

p
i
m

dhxi
1
= i~ h H i = h p i
= h[
x, H]i
dt
i~
i~ p
m
dhxi
= hvi
dt
1
dhpi
= i~ h V i = hF (x)i
= h[
p, H]i
dt
i~
i~ x
dhpi

= hF i,
Newton
dt

F (x) = 0

dhpi
=0
dt

hpi = = hpi0

dhxi
p
hpi
hpi0
=h i=
=
= hvi0
dt
m
m
m
hxi = hvi0 t + hxi0

F (x) = F ,

Z
hF i =

(x, t)F (x, t)dx = F

dx = F

dhpi
= F hpit = F t + hpi0
dt
dhxi
F

= t + hvi0
dt
m
1F 2
hxi =
t + hvi0 t + hxi0
2m
F
= a =
m

1.6 -

25

() Parity () :
, r r
( )
.
(r) (r).
:

P (r) = (r)



P P (r) = P (r) = (r)


P 2 = 1
P .

P (r) = (r) = (r)



(r) = P P (r) = P (r) = 2 (r)
2 = 1 = 1
P + (r) = + (r),
P (r) = (r)
+ (+)
()

Parity :

(r)P (r) d3 x =

(r)(r) d3 x =

(P (r)) (r) d3 x

(r)(r) d3 x

(x)(x) dx =

()() d

()() d

,
V (r) = V (r) (r r) H
2
2
2

=
2
2
x
(x)
x2
x x. ,

P (H)
= H(r)(r)
= H(r)



P ) = H
(r)
H(
H
P ) = 0 [P , H]
=0
(P H

Parity .
.
.

26

1.7

- Dirac

a = aa
A
a .
, .
:
+

a (x)a0 (x) dx = (a, a0 )

(a, a ) =

a0 6= a

0,

a0 = a

.
()
. ,
- Dirac
(a a0 ).

f (x)(x) dx = f (0)

Z
f (x) 1

(x) dx = 1

(, ) .
:

f (x)(x ) dx = f ()

f (x)(x ) dx = f (),

< < .

a, a (x)
A
(x) :
Z
(x) =

c(a)a (x) dx

[ a]

-Dirac a c(a):

a0 (x)(x) dx =

c(a)
Za

a0 (x)a (x) dx da

c(a)(a a0 ) da = c(a0 )

c(a) =

a (x)(x) dx

1.7 - Dirac

1.7.1

27

-Dirac
sin xL
x
Z
sin xL
2 + sin y
2
dx =
dy =
=1
x
0
y
2

(x) = lim

sin xL
2
dx =
x

Z
0

L
sin xL
=
x

L 0 2/L 0 L .
x .
lim

x0

1
2

(x) =

1
2

1
L 2

eikx dx = lim

eikx dk

eikx dk

Z
1 1 xL iy
1
= lim
e dy = lim
(eixL eixL )
L 2 x xL
L 2ix
sin(xL)
= (x)
= lim
L
x

1.7.2

() (x) =

1
(x)
||

() x(x) = 0
() (x) = (x)

1
[(x ) + (x + )]
2||

() (x2 2 ) =

(x x )
  k  ,
 df



 dx x=xk 

() f (x) =

f (xk ) = 0

.
.
()

[x(x)]f (x) dx =

(x)[xf (x)] dx = 0f (0) = 0

() > 0:

(x)f (x) dx =

(y)f

y
a

dy =

1
1
f (0) =

(x)f (x)dx

< 0: = ||, y = x

Z
y
1
(y)f
dy =
(y)f
dy

|| +

+
Z +
Z
+
y
1
f (0)
1
=
(y)f
dy =
=
(x)f (x) dx
||

||
||

1
(x)f (x) dx =

() () = 1 .

y

28

(+) f (x) .

f (x) = f (xk ) + f 0 (xk )(x xk )

f (xk ) = 0 f (x) = f 0 (xk )(x xk )
Z



XZ
f (x) (x) dx =

X
k



f 0 (xk )(x xk ) (x) dx

xk 

xk +

1
|f 0 (xk )|

xk +

(x xk )(x) dx
xk 

Z +
X (xk )
X
1
(x xk )(x) dx
=
|f 0 (xk )|
|f 0 (xk )|
k

(f (x)) =

X (x xk )
|f 0 (xk )|

f (x) = x2 2 f 0 (x) = 2x, x1 = , x2 =

:

x
a (x) = xa (x)

x
a (x) = aa (x) (x a)a (x) = 0
a (x) = (x a)

1.7.3

dp (x)
p
dp (x)
= pp (x)
= i p (x)
dx
dx
~

i~

p (x) = N e(ip/~)x
N .
+

p (x)p0 (x) dx = (p p0 )

N N

0
ix
~ (p p)

dx = N N 2

1
(p p0 )
~

= |N |2 2~(p p0 ) = (p p0 )
1
1
N =
2~
2~

|N |2 =
Z

(x) =

c(p)p (x) dx

c(p) =

p (x)(x) dx

1
=
2~

ei ~ x (x) dx

p p :

P (p) = |c(p)|2

1.8 Dirac

29

c(p) Fourier (x)

(x)(x)dx =

c (p)c(p)dp

c(p) c(p) 0 p .
:

(x)
p(x) dx =

hpi =

p|c(p)|2 dp

hpk i =

pk |c(p)|2 dp

(x) c(p)
. p = p
x
= i~d/dpx .

hxi =

c (p)
xc(p)dp =

(x)x(x)dx

 Z +

Z + Z +
1
ipx/~
iqx/~
hxi =
(x)x(x)dx =
e
c (p)dp x
e
c(q)dq dx
2~


Z +

Z + Z +
d  iqx/~ 
1
eipx/~ c (p)dp (i~)
c(q)
e
dq dx
=
2~
dq

c(q)

Z +
Z +

d  iqx/~ 
d 
dc(q)
e
c(q)eiqx/~ dq
dq
dq =
eiqx/~
dq
dq
dq

Z +
dc
=0
eiqx/~ dq
dq

c(q ) = 0

Z +
Z
1
dc(q) + i(qp)x/~

dpdqc (p)
e
dx
hxi =
(i~)
2~
dq

Z +
Z +
dc(p)
dc(q)
= i~
(q p) = i~
dpc (p)
dpdqc? (p)
dq
dp

Z +
=
c(p)
xc(p)dp

x
= i~

1.8

d
dp

Dirac

(r, t) |i ket .
h| bra .
:
Z

dx = h|i

h|i =

Z

 Z
dx = dx = h|i

30

|3 i = |1 i + |2 i

h4 |3 i = h4 |1 i + h4 |2 i

h3 |4 i = h1 |4 i + h2 |4 i
:
A
Z
h|Ai = h|A|i =

1.8.1

Adx

(r) =

Z
an n (r) an =

n d3 x = hn |i

|i =

X
X
hn |i|n i =
|n ihn |i
n

|n i |i |n i. |i |i

|i =

|k ihk |i,

|i =

|n ihn |i

h|i =

h|k ihk |i =

hk |i hk |i

h|i =

X
h|k ihk |i
k

Z
h|i =

d3 x =

k k ,

k = hk |i,

k = hk , i

1.8.2

Schwartz

h1 |1 i h2 |2 i |h1 |2 i|2

|i = |2 i

h1 |2 i
|1 i
h1 |1 i

h|i 0, .




h1 |2 i
h1 |2 i
h|i = h2 |
h1 | |2 i
|1 i
h1 |1 i
h1 |1 i
h1 |2 i h1 |2 i
= h2 |2 i
0
h1 |1 i
h2 |2 i h1 |1 i h1 |2 i h1 |2 i

1.8 Dirac

1.8.3

31

Schmidt

|k i k = 1, 2, . . . , N
|i i i = 1, 2, . . . , M N .
, |1 i = N1 |1 i h1 |1 i = N1 N1 h1 |1 i = 1

N1 = p

1
h1 |1 i

|1 i =

= h1 |1 i1/2
|1 i
1/2

[h1 |1 i]

|2 i

|2 i = N2 (|2 i + 12 |1 i)

h1 |2 i = 0

h2 |2 i = 1

h1 |2 i + 12 h1 |1 i = 0
12 = h1 |2 i


h2 |2 i = N22 h2 |2 i |12 |2 = 1

1/2
N2 = h2 |2 i |12 |2
:



|3 i = N3 |3 i + 13 |1 i + 23 |2 i
.

1.8.4

Q|n i = qn |n i

q Q n , n ,
Q q .
Q

h1 |Q2 i = hQ 1 |2 i
Q ket Q|i, bra, h|Q .

(Q ) = Q,

(AB) = B A ,

(A) = A

(A + B) = A + B .
Q = Q,
.
.
, Q1

QQ1 = Q1 Q = 1

32

(Unitary) , U
:

U = U 1

|0 i = U |i,

|0 i = U |i

h0 |0 i = hU |U i = h|U U i = h|i

U U = 1,

UU = 1

[Q, Q ] = 0
.
1.8.1. :

Q|i = q|i

Q |i = q |i
.

Q = q,

Q = =

(Q ) dx =

Qdx = q

( )

QQ = 1 QQ |i = q Q|i = q q|i = |i
qq = 1 q = ei

Pk = |k ihk |
Pk |i = |k ihk |i
Pk2 = Pk ,

Pk2 |k i = Pk |k ihk |i = |k ihk |k ihk |i

= |k ihk |i = Pk |i

|i =

|k ihk |i =

Pk |i

X
k

Pk =

X
k

|k ihk | = 1

1.8 Dirac

1.8.5

33

U = eiA
A .
U = eiA , .
eiA eiA = 1.

hQi = h|Q|i

|i |0 i = U |i
U , Q Q:

Q Q0 = U QU
.

hQi = h|Q|i
hQ0 i = h0 |Q0 |0 i = hU |U QU |U i

= h| U
| {zU} Q |U{zU} |i = h|Q|i
1

1.8.6

, |n i, |i .

|i =

|n ihn |i =

n |n i

an = hn |i.
n n = 1, 2, . . . , N, . . . n
,

1
2

..

|i
. = |i
N

..
.

Q |i

|i = Q|i =

Q|k ihk |i

n = hn |i = hn |Q|i =

X
hn |Q|k ihk |i
k

1
2

..

. =
N

..
.

1
2

..
.

N

ij

Z
Qij = hi |Q|j i =

i =

X
j

i Qj dx

Qij j

..
.

34

ij = Qji
(i) (Q)
(ii) (Q )ij = Qji

(Q )ij = hi |Q |j i = hQi |j i = hj |Qi i = Qji

(iii) Q = Q

(Q )ij = Qji = Qij

(iv) U = U 1

(U )ij = (U 1 )ij

|0k i =

ukl |l i,

hi |j i = ij

h0i |0j i = ij

h0m |0k i =

umn ukl hn |l i =

n,l

uml ukl = mk

A , :

AA = I

Akl (A )lm =

A A = I

Akl Aml = mk

(A )ml (A)lk = mk =

Alm Alk

U .
Q0 , Q
:

Q0 = U QU

1.8.7

Q|i = | i
(Q I)| i = 0

I .
Q |i an , -
an

det(Q I) = 0
,
| i. .
()
().
Q;
|l i Q

Qkl = hk |Q|l i

1.8 Dirac

35

|n i Q (
)

Q|n i = n |n i
X
I=
|l ihl |
l

Q0nm = hn |Q|m i =

hn |k ihk |Q|l ihl |m i =

k,l

Ukn
Qkl Ulm

k,l

U Uij = hi |j i

Q0 = U QU
j = i |j i |i i.

|m i =

X
l

U .

|l ihl |m i =

X
l

hl |m i|l i

36

2
Schr
odinger -

2.1

2.1.1

F = 0, V (x, t) =
. Schrodinger :

~2 2 (x, t)

= i~
2m x2
t

, x.
(x, t) = (x)(t).

i~

= E i~
= E
t
t
(t) = e

E
t
~

~2 2
~2 2
=
E

= E
2m x2
2m x2

2mE
,
k =
~2
2

k=

2mE
~

2
= k 2 (x) = Aeikx + Beikx
x2
E

(x, t) = [Aeikx + Beikx ]ei ~ t

E = ~ .

(x, t) = Aei(kxt) + Bei(kx+t)

A, B .
(+x), (x).
() , B = 0.
, A = 0.

.

E
~ 2
=
k
~
2m

38

Schr
odinger -

, .. B = 0, :
P (x, t) = + (x, t)+ (x, t) = |A|2
x t, x = ,
P = 0 (x)(P ) ~/2.

P (x, t) x, x = , P = ,
:

1
(x, t) =
2
= (k) =

Z
A(k)e

i(kxt)

1
dk +
2

B(k)ei(kx+t) dk

~ 2
k .
2m

peikx = i~

ikx
e
= (i~)(ik)eikx = ~keikx
x
p = ~k
E=

p2
~2 k 2
=
2m
2m

~2
2m

2 2 2
+
+
x2
y 2
z 2


= i~

(r, t) = (r)(t)
E

(t) = ei ~ t ,

E > 0.

~2 2
( + y2 + z2 ) = E
2m x
2mE
= k 2
~2
2mE
k2 =
~2

x2 + y2 + z2 =

(r) = 1 (x)2 (y)3 (z)

(2.1) :

1 2 2
1 2 3
1 2 1
+
+
= k 2
1 x2
2 y 2
3 z 2

1 2 1

1 x2

1 2 2

2 y 2

1 2 3

3 z 2

+ + = k 2

, .

= kx2 ,

= ky2 ,

= kz2

(2.1)

2.1

39

kx2 + ky2 + kz2 = k 2

(r) = eikx x eiky y eikz z = eikr
k2 = kx2 + ky2 + kz2

1 kx + e
2 ky + e
3 kz ,
k=e
k2 =

2mE
,
~2

kx , ky , kz .

(r, t) = Aei(krt) + Bek(kr+t)

=

E
~

: E kx , ky , kz .

P (x, t) =
x t,

(x, t)(x, t) dx = 1

( )
, .
.

J=

n
,
s t

v = x/t, x t. :

J=

n
x
n

=
v
s t x
V
J = v

( x, t) v (
x, t).
s V .
,

J = v
()

= J
t
Z
I
d
d3 x = J da
dt V
S
(x, t) ,
.
, Schrodinger .
,
r, t.

40

Schr
odinger -

P = (r, t)(r, t)

(r, t)(r, t) d3 x = N,

N ,
, . :

J = i

~
{ }
2m

: ,

i~

2
= ~ 2 + V (r)
H
2m

= H,
t
P = ,

V = V (r)

= ( ) =
+
t
t 
t
t 


1
1

=
H
+ H
i~
i~


1
~2 2
~2
=

+
2
i~
2m
2m

~  2
2
=
i2m
~
=
[ ]
i2m
= J
J = i

~
{ }
2m

P
= J ,
t

2.1.2

P =

V (x) =

0,

x < 0

V0

x > 0

Schrodinger:

~2 2
+ V (x) = E
2m x2

. E < V0
< x < 0 x = 0
. :
E = E + V, E > 0.
Schrodinger < x < +
:
(i) : < x < 0 1
(ii) : 0 < x < + 2

2.1

41

E > 0 ( ;)

hEi = hHi = hT + V i = hT i + hV i, V = 0
hEi = hT i
hT i 0 .

p2

dx =
2m
Z
1
dx =
=
2m
Z

hT i =

Z
1
(
p) (
p) dx
2m
1
h, i 0
2m

= p.
1 , 2
:
.
.
x .
:

k12 =

2mE
>0
~2

~2 d2 1
d2 1
2mE
=
E

= 2 1
1
2
2
2m dx
dx
~
1 (x) = Aeik1 x + Beik1 x

.
.
:

~2 2 2
+ V0 2 = E2
2m x2
2 2
2m
2m

= 2 (E V0 )2 = 2 (V0 E)2
2
x
~
~

k22 =

2m
(V0 E) > 0
~2

2 (x) = Cek2 x + Dek2 x

D = 0,
x = .
, x = 0:

1 (x = 0) = 2 (x = 0)
A+B =C
:

d1 
d2 
=


dx x=0
dx x=0
ik1 A ik1 B = k2 C
:

A+B

AB

C
ik2
C
k1



ik2
2A = C 1 +

k1

42

Schr
odinger -

2k1
k1 ik2
A,
B=
A
k1 + ik2
k1 + ik2
E ( E < V0 ) .

k ik2 ik1 x

1 (x) = Aeik1 x + 1
Ae

k1 + ik2

2k1

2 (x) =
Aek2 x
k1 + ik2
C=

C = 0 V0 !
x > 0 .
V0

k2 0 x > 0 2 (x > 0) 0,
V0 = C = 0. 1 (x) = A sin k1 x 1 (x = 0) = 0,
.
:

x =

~
1
=p
k2
2m(V0 E)

= Aeik1 x
= A

k1 ik2 ik1 x
e
k1 + ik2

= A

2k1
ek2 x
k1 + ik2

J ,
J , J .

i~
( x x )
2m
~k1
i~
~k1
A A=
=
{A A(ik1 ) A A(ik1 )} =
2
A A
2m
m

2m

J =

p1 = ~k1 ,

v1 =

p1
m

~
m k1

J = A Av1
i~
( x a a x a )
2m a

i~
~k1
(k1 ik2 )(k1 + ik2 )
=
A A
(2ik1 ) =
A A
2m
(k1 + ik2 )(k1 ik2 )
m

J =

i~
( x x )
2m


i~
2k1
2k1  k2 x
k2 x
k2 x
k2 x
=
e
(k2 )e
e
(k2 )e
1m k1 + ik2 k1 ik2
i~ 4k12
=
[] =
2m k12 + k22

J =

x > 0, ,
!!!
R T :

2.1

43

R=

|J |
,
J

T =

J
,
J

T +R=1

R T , .
:

J =

~k1 2
~k1 2
|A| , J =
|A| ,
2m
m
T = 0, R = 1

J = 0

, , .
. E > V0
:

1 (x) = Aeik1 x + Beik1 x

k12 =

2mE
>0
~2

d2 2
2m
= 2 (E V0 )2
2
dx
~
2m
2
k2 = 2 (E V0 ) > 0
~
0
:

2
ik
x
2 (x) = Ceik2 x + 
De
D = 0: x > 0 , .
(x):
(
A+B = C
ik1 A ik1 B

ik2 C

2k1
k1 k2
A,
B=
A
k1 + k2
k1 + k2
V0 , E k2 k1 R 0, T 1

k k2 ik1 x

1 (x) = Aeik1 x + A 1
e
, x<0

k1 + k2
C=

2k1 ik2 x

2 (x) = A
e
,
k1 + k2

x>0

x < 0
x > 0.
B = 0, .

|J |
|B|2 v1
|B|2
R=
=
=
=
J
|A|2 v1
|A|2
T =

k1 k2
k1 + k2

2

J
|C|2 v2
4k12
k2
4k1 k2
=
=
=
2
2
J
|A| v1
(k1 + k2 ) k1
(k1 + k2 )2
R+T =1

k1 k2 , ,
R T .
x = 0.

44

Schr
odinger -

2.1.3

x < 0
0,
V0 , 0 < x < a
V (x) =

0,
x > a
x x < 0
.
. E < V0
(i) x < 0

~2 d2
= E
2m dx2
d2
2mE
= 2
2
dx
~

k12 =

2mE
> 0 1 (x) = A1 eik1 x + B1 eik1 x
~2

(ii) 0 < x < a

~2 d2
+ V0 = E
2m dx2
2m
d2
= 2 (V0 E)

dx2
~

k22 =

2m
(V0 E) > 0 2 (x) = A2 ek2 x + B2 ek2 x
~2

(iii) x > a

~2 d2
= E
2m dx2
d2
2m

= 2 E
dx2
~

2m
E > 0 3 (x) = A3 eik1 x + B3 eik1 x
~2
: B3 = 0. (x > a) ()
A3 , .
k12 =

x = 0 x = a:
0 < x < a , (x) 6= 0

1 (x = 0) = 2 (x = 0)

d
d
2
1

(x
=
0)
=
(x
=
0)

dx
dx

(x
=
a)
=

(x
=
a)

2
3

d2
d2

(x = a) =
(x = a)
dx
dx



i~

J =
2m
x
x
A1 + B1 = A2 + B2
ik1 A1 ik1 B1 = k2 A2 k2 B2
e

k2 a

k 2 A2 e

A2 + B 2 e

k2 a

k2 B2 e

k2 a
k2 a

= A3 e

ik1 a

= ik1 A3 e

ik1 a

(2.2)
(2.3)
(2.4)
(2.5)

2.1

45

A, B . , , A1 , A1 .
A3 ,
E < V0

T =

|A3 |2 ~k1 /m
|A3 |2
J
=
=
J
|A1 |2 ~k1 /m
|A1 |2

A1 , B1 A3
.
(2.3) ik1 (2.2):

A1 + B 1

A2 + B 2

A1 B 1

k2
k2
A2
B2
ik1
ik1





k2
k2
2A1 = A2 1 +
+ B2 1
ik1
ik1
A1 = A2

ik1 k2
ik1 + k2
+ B2
2ik1
2ik1

(2.6)

(2.5) k2 (2.4), (2.5) :

A2 ek2 a + B2 ek2 a

= A3 eik1 a

A2 ek2 a B2 ek2 a

= A3 eik1 a

ik1
k2

2A2 ek2 a



ik1
= A3 eik1 a 1 +
k2

2B2 ek2 a



ik1
= A3 eik1 a 1
k2

(ik k )a k2 + ik1

A2 = A3 e 1 2
2k2

k
ik1

2
(ik
+k
)a

B2 = A3 e 1 2
2k2

(2.7)
(2.8)

(2.7) (2.8) (2.6) :

A1 = A3

(k2 + ik1 )2 (ik1 k2 )a

(k2 ik1 )2 (ik1 +k2 )a
e
A3
e
4ik1 k2
4ik1 k2

A1 = A3


eik1 a 
(k2 + ik1 )2 ek2 a (k2 ik1 )2 ek2 a
4ik1 k2

, A1 6= 0 A3 6= 0 .

E < V0 .

.
"tunneling". - ..
.
: k2 a  1 , ek2 a :

46

Schr
odinger -
(1)

A3 ' A1 eik1 a
T =

4ik1 k2
ek2 a
(k2 ik1 )2

|A3 |2
16k12 k22 2k2 a
e

|A1 |2
(k22 + k12 )2

(2.9)

(2)

2 (0) = A2 + B2 = A3 eik1 a [ek2 a + ek2 a ]

2 (a) = A2 ek2 a + B2 ek2 a = A3 eik1 a [ + ]

2 (0)
|2 (a)|2
ek2 a
2 (a)

'T
' ek2 a
'

2 (a)
2 (0)

|2 (0)|2

k2 + ik1
2k2

+ = 1

A1 A1 =


A3 A3 
(k2 + ik1 )2 ek2 a (k2 ik1 )2 ek2 a
2
2
16k1 k2


(k2 ik1 )2 ek2 a (k2 + ik1 )2 ek2 a

= (k2 + ik1 )2 (k2 ik1 )2 e2k2 a (k2 + ik1 )4 (k2 ik1 )4 +

+ (k2 + ik1 )2 (k2 ik1 )2 e2k2 a


= (k22 + k12 )2 (e2k2 a + e2k2 a ) (k2 + ik1 )4 + (k2 ik1 )4
= (k22 + k12 )2 (e2k2 a + e2k2 a ) 4(k22 k12 )2 + 2(k22 + k12 )2
= (k22 + k12 )2 [e2k2 a + e2k2 a + 2] 4(k22 k12 )2
= (k22 + k12 )2 (ek2 a + ek2 a )2 4(k22 k12 )2
= 4(k22 + k12 )2 cosh2 (k2 a) 4(k22 k12 )2

(k2 + ik1 )4 + (k2 ik1 )4 = 4(k22 k12 )2 2(k22 + k12 )2

(2.10) :

A1 A1 =

T =

A3 A3  2
(k2 + k12 )2 cosh2 (k2 a) (k22 k12 )2
2
2
4k1 k2
A3 A3
4k12 k22
=
A1 A1
(k22 + k12 )2 cosh2 (k2 a) (k22 k12 )2
T +R=1R=1T

: cosh x sinh x = 1,

k12 =

2m
E,
~2

T =
1 +

k22 =

2m
(V0 E)
~2
1

sinh2 k2 a


E
E
4
1
V0
V0

(2.10)

2.1

47

k2 a , :

1 k2 a
ek2 a
e
ek2 a
2
2
1




e2k2 a
' 16 E 1 E e2k2 a ,


1
+
T =

E
E
V0
V0
16
1
V0
V0
sinh(k2 a) =

(2.9)

1
' 1 ,
1+

T =

 1, 1 + '

a, E V0 , k2 a T ,
.
. E > V0
(i) : x < 0

~2 00
= E1
2m 1
k12 =

(ii) : 0 < x < a

2mE
> 0 1 (x) = A1 eik1 x + B1 eik1 x
~2

~2 00
+ V0 2 = E2
2m 2
k22 =

2m
(E V0 ) > 0
~2

2 (x) = A2 eik2 x + B2 eik2 x

(iii) : x > a

~2 00
= E3
2m 3

3 (x) = A3 eik1 x

. Ak , Bk .

A1 + B1 = A2 + B2
ik1 A1 ik1 B1 = ik2 A2 ik2 B2

A2 eik2 a + B2 eik2 a = A3 eik1 a

ik2 A2 eik2 a ik2 B2 eik2 a = ik1 A3 eik1 a

(E < V0 ),
2 A3 A1 ..
k2 ik
:

T =
1 +

1
sin2 (k2 a)



E E
4
1
V0 V0

(i) E/V0 > 1 .

(ii) E/V0  1, T 1, R 0.

48

Schr
odinger -

2 a,
(iii) E/V0 > 1, k
k2 a = n T = 1 n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
r
a

2m
2m
(E V0 ) = n a2 2 (E V0 ) = n2 2
2
~
~
En =

~2 2 2
n + V0
2ma2

(iv)
2.1.

V(r)
R

-V0
2.1

T (E) = f (E)e2k2 a .
f (E) E , e2k2 a
E a, a
,
.
MeV
107 s 1010 .
WKB approximation (Wentzel, Kramers, Brillouin)
(v) T (E) ' e2k2 a

r
k2 =

2m
(V0 E)
~2

T (E) '

|(a)|2
' e2k2 a
|(0)|2

k2 .

.. 2.2.

x k2 (x),

r
k2 (x) =

2m
(V (x) E)
~2

T (E) k2

.
r

1
hk2 i
a

x2

x1

2m
(V (x) E) dx
~2

2.1

49

V(x)

x1

x2

2.2

(
T (E) = e

2hk2 ia

x2

= exp 2
x1

2m
(V (x) E) dx
~2

Gamow .

a = x2 x1

A=

2
~

x2

2(V (x) E) dx

x1

T (E) ' e

mA

T1 (E)
e m1
' m ' e( m1 m2 )
2
T2 (E)
e

50

2.2

Schr
odinger -

2.2.1

.
, :

V (x) =

0,

0<x<a

x < 0 x > a

0 x a. 2,
V0 (x) , x > a x < 0
.
Schrodinger 0 < x < a :

kx2 =

~2 d2
d2
2mE
= E
= 2
2
2m dx
dx2
~

2mE

~2
(x) = Aeikx x + Beikx x
(x = 0) = 0 A + B = 0 B = A
(x) = 2Ai sin(kx x) = C sin(kx x)
(x = a) = 0 sin(kx a) = 0 kx a = n

kx = n , n = 1, 2, 3 . . .
a

E=

~2 2
k
2m x

2 ~2
, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
2ma2

E n = n2

E1 , . , .
:

dx = 1

Z
0

C2
sin (kx) dx =
k
2

ka=n

sin2 d =

r
C=
r
n (x) =

C 2 n
a
= C2 = 1
n/a 2
2

2
a

 nx 
2
sin
a
a

E n = n2

2 ~2
, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
2ma2

2.2

51

(i) :
()
(, )
, 0 < x < a, .
(ii) , .
(iii) :

E1
E2
E3
(iv) ~ 0, m ,
.
(v) n

2n + 1
En
0,
=
En
n2
.
(vi) -

x p ' ~
x ' a.
,
(p)2 = hp2 i hpi2 hpi = 0
h[x, H]i =

i~
hpi h[x, H]i = 0
m

2
~
~2
(p)2 = hp2 i '
' 2
x
a

hEi =

hp2 i
~2
'
' E1
2m
2ma2

(vii) n

E1 '

~2
' E
2ma2

: m = me = 0.5 MeV, a = R ' 0.5 108 cm

E ' eV

: m = mp ' 2000 me , a = R ' 1013 cm

2
me R
E
'
' 106 107
2
E
mp R.

52

Schr
odinger -

V (x, y, z) =

0,

0<x<a
0<y<b
0<z<c
x < 0,
y < 0,
z < 0,

x>a
y>b
z>c

~2 2
= E
2m

( )

. 2.1.1
(x, y, z) = 1 (x)2 (y)3 (z)
k () :

 nx 
2
,
sin
a
a
r
 my 
2
2 (x) =
sin
,
b
b
r


lz
2
3 (z) =
sin
,
c
c

n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

1 (x) =

m = 1, 2, 3, . . .
l = 1, 2, 3, . . .

~2
E = Ex + Ey + Ez = (kx2 + ky2 + kz2 )
2m


~2 2 n2
2 m2
2 l2
E=
+
+ 2
,
2m
a2
b2
c
.

E = Enlm
n, l, m .
(n, l, m),
.
. a = b = c

E=

~2 2 2
(n + l2 + m2 ) = (n2 + l2 + m2 )
2ma2

n = 1, l = 1, m = 1 E111 = 3

n = 2, l = 1, m = 1 E = E211 = E121 = E112 = 6

..
.

2.2.2

(
V (x) =

0,

V0 ,

a < x < a
x < a, x > a

E < V0 . :
(i) , x < a:

~2 d2 1
+ V0 1 = E1
2m dx2

2.2

53

~2 d2 2
= E2
2m dx2
~2 d2 3
(iii) , x > a:
+ V0 3 = E3
2m dx2
(ii) , a < x < a:

Schrodinger:
(), x < a

2m
d2 1
= 2 (V0 E)1
dx2
~
k12 =

2m
(V0 E) 1 (x) = Aek1 x + Bek1 x
~2

(), a < x < a

2mE
d2 2
= 2 2
dx2
~
k22 =

2m
E 2 (x) = Ceik2 x + Deik2 x
~2

(), x > a

3 (x) = F ek1 x + Gek1 x

: x , (x) , x
1 (x ) 0 3 (x ) 0

B = 0, F = 0
1 (x) = Aek1 x ,

3 (x) = Gek1 x

cos k2 x
2 (x) = C sin k2 x + D
D
.
C,
V (x) . , parity .
. , (x) = (x)

C = 0

A = G,
1 (x) = Aek1 x ,

cos(k2 x),
2 (x) = D

3 (x) = Aek1 x

1 (a)

2 (a)

d1 
dx x=a

d2 


dx x=a

2 (a)

3 (a)

d2 (a)
dx

d3

(a)
dx

cos(k2 a)
D
2 sin(k2 a)
Dk

= Aek1 a
= Ak1 ek1 a

tan(k2 a) =

k1
k2

54

Schr
odinger -
. , (x) = (x)

1 (x) = Aek1 x ,

2 (x) = C sin(k2 x),

3 (x) = Aek1 x

C sin(k2 a)
2 cos(k2 a)
Ck

= Aek1 a
= Ak1 e

tan(k2 a) =

k1 a

k2
k1

k1
k1 a
tan(k2 a) =
=
=
k2
k2 a

k12 a2
k22 a2

2m
E
~2
2m
z = k2 a,
z 2 = k22 a2 = 2 Ea2
~
2m
z02 = 2 V0 a2
~
r
r 
2
z0 z 2
z0 2
tan(z) =
=
1
z2
z
k12 =

2m
(V0 E),
~2

k22 =

z2
0

z1
/2

z3
3/2

z0
5/2

2.3: z0 = 8 ..

r
zk =

2m
~2 zk2
2
E
a

E
=
k
k
~2
2ma2

s
k2
k2 a
k22 a2
=
tan(k2 a) = =
k1
k1 a
k12 a2
k2 a = z ,

z
tan z = p 2
z0 z 2

2.2

55

tan z z/ z02 z 2 z0 .
zk Ek .
z0 = 8 3 3 . z0 /2 ().

2.2.3

V (x) = a(x), a > 0

. E < 0

~2 d2
a(x) = E
2m dx2

x 6= 0 :

~2 d2
= E
2m dx2

d2
2m
= 2 (E) = k 2
dx2
~

2mE
2m
> 0,
k 2 = 2 |E|
~2
~

Bekx ,
x<0
(x) =
F ekx , x > 0

k2 =

:
(i) B = F (x) = Bek|x|
(ii) 0 (x) V (x) , x = 0.

0 (x) x = 0 00 (x = 0) , (x)
B, E .
Schrodinger  +.

~2
2m

+

~2
2m

d
dx


d
dx

+

dx a

+

(x)(x) = E


(x) dx



d
d
(x = +)
(x = ) a(0) = 0,
dx
dx

 0.

d 
 = Bk,
dx 

(0) = B ( 0)

~2
~2
ma
(2k) = a
k=ak= 2
2m
m
~

k2 =
Z

d 
 = Bk,
dx 

(ma)2
2m
ma2
=
|E|

|E|
=
~4
~2
2~2

(x)(x) = 1

B 2 e2k|x| dx = 1 2B 2

e2kx dx = 1

B2 = k B =

(x) =

k=

ma
~

ma ma
e ~2 |x|
~

( E < 0).

56

Schr
odinger -

. E > 0

x 6= 0

~2 00
a(x) = E
2m
~2 00
2mE
= E 00 = 2
2m
~

00 = k 2 (x) = Aeikx + Beikx , x < 0

k2 =

2mE
~2

2 (x) = F eikx + Geikx , x > 0

G = 0: , .
: 1 (0 ) = 2 (0+ ) A + B = F

d2 
= ikF

dx x=0+

d1 
= ik(A B)

dx x=0
Schrodinger:

~2
[ikF ik(A B)] = a(A + B)
2m
2ma
ik(A + B) ik(A B) = 2 (A + B)
~
2ma
ma
2ikB = 2 (A + B) B = i 2 (A + B)
~
k~

ma
k~2
B=i

A
1 i

R=

2
|B|2
=
,
|A|2
1 + 2

T =1R=

2.3

1
|F |2
=
1 + 2
|A|2

.
:

V (x) =

1 2
kx
2

m
2 =

d2 x
= kx x00 = 2 x
dt2

k
m

x(t) = A cos t + B sin t

x(t) = x0 sin(t + )
E=

1 2 1
1
kx + mv 2 = m 2 x20
2
2
2

2.3

2.3.1

57

, Hermite

Schrodinger

~2 d2 1
+ m 2 x2 = E
2m dx2
2


2
d
2m
m2 2 2
+
E

x
=0
dx2
~2
~2

r
=

m
x = x,
~

Joule sec

~ =

sec

m
1
'
~
()2

' Joule

Nt m sec2
Joule sec
~
'
=
1
m
Kgr
Kgr (sec)
m m sec2
~
' Kgr
' (m)2
m
sec2 Kgr
m 2

x
2 =
~

d d
d
d
=
=

dx
d dx
d

d2
d2
=

2
dx
d 2


d2
2m
2
2 +
E

=0
d
~2


d2
2E
2

+
=0
d 2
~

() , , < < +.

() () 0 .
() , .

2E
2 . :
~
d2
2 = 0
d 2

() = e
:
2
d
= e /2
d
2
2
d2
= 2 e /2 e /2
2
d

2
d2
= 2 e /2 = 2
2
d

/2

58

Schr
odinger -

d2
2 = 0
d 2

..

() = e

/2

y()

y() , () 0 .
() :
2
2
d
dy
= e /2 y() + e /2
d
d

2
d2
2 2 /2
2 /2
2 /2 dy
2 /2 dy()
2 /2 d y
=

e
y()

e
y()

e
+
e
d 2
d
d
d 2


2
d2
d2 y
dy

= e /2
2
+ ( 2 1)y()
2
d
d 2
d

Schrodinger :

d2 y
dy
+
2
d 2
d
:


2E
1 y =0
h

2E
1 = 2
h


E=

1
+
2


~

d2 y
dy
2
+ 2y = 0
d 2
d

Hermite Hermite.
Parity .
:
+
X

y() =

k k

k=0

k .

y 00 () =

k k(k 1) k2

y 0 () =

k k k1

k
P

=0 +2 (+2)(+1)

=k2

z
+
X

k=+2
k1=+1

k=0

======

}|

ak k(k 1) k2 2

+
X

k k k + 2

k=0

+
X

k k = 0

k=0

k=2

{z

+
X


k+2 (k + 2)(k + 1) + k (2 2k) k = 0,
k=0

k+2 =

2(k )k
(k + 2)(k + 1)

2.3

59

()

0 6= 0, 1 = 0


2 2 22
4
y() = 0 1
+ ( 2) + . . .
2!
4!
0 , 2 =

2(2 )
4(2 )0
2
0 , 4 =
2 =
2
34
234
, 0 6= 0.

()

0 = 0, 1 6= 0
3

5 . . . , 1 6= 0.



2( 1) 3 22
5
y() = 1
+ ( 1)( 3) + . . .
3!
5!

parity

.
.

()

= = n n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . ., y() .

:

1
(i) En = ~ n +
2
(ii) y0 () = 0 ,

y1 () = 1 ,

0 =

n = 0,

1 =

n = 1,

0 =

y2 () = 0 (1 2 2 ), n = 2,


2
y3 () = 1 3 , n = 3,
3

1 =

n () = e

/2

yn () = cn e

/2

Hn ()

Hn () Hermite .
Z +
Z +
1
n (x)n (x) dx =
()n () d
n

Hermite:

H0 () = 1,

0 = 1

H1 () = 2,

1 = 2

0 = 2

1 = 12

H2 () = 4 2,
H3 () = 8 12,
..
.
Hermite

Hn () = (1)n Hn ()
:

Hn () = (1)n e

 2
dn e
d n

60

Schr
odinger -

Hermite .
:

Hn ()Hm ()e d = 0,

m 6= n

n ()m () d = nm

n () = cn Hn ()e

1
cn =
4

/2

1
2n n!


En =

n+

1
2


~

r r

1 x2 /2
e
Hn ( x)
n (x) = 4
n
2 n!
m
~

r
n = 0 0 (x) =
r
n = 1 1 (x) =
r
n = 2 2 (x) =

x2 /2
e

2xex /2

2
1
(4x2 2)ex /2
3
2

..
.

(i) n (x) , En < V (x),

.
(ii) n = 0 n = 1
n = 2, . . ..

1
2

(iii) x ' 0 (x) '

(x)2 '

1 ~
2 m

(iv)

E0 =

1
~
2

(x) (p) '

~
2

2.3

61

hEi =
H=

hp2 i 1
+ m 2 hx2 i
2m
2

1
p2
+ m 2 x2
2m 2

[x, H] =

2i~
p
2m

[p, H] = i~m 2 x,

hn |[x, H]|n i = 0 hpi = 0

hn |[p, H]|n i = 0 hxi = 0

hxi = 0, hpi = 0
hp2 i = (p)2 '

~2
4(x)2

hx2 i = (x)2
hEi '

m 2
~2
1
+
(x)2
8m (x)2
2

hEi,
(x)2 =
hEi '

2.3.2

1
~
2

dhEi
=0
d(x)

~
2m

:
2
2
2
= p + 1 m 2 x2 = ~ d + 1 m 2 x2
H
2m 2
2m dx2
2

r
=

m
x
~



1 2 1 d2

H = ~
2
2 d 2
.
a
a
a

m
ipx
1
1 d
x+
= +
2~
2
2 d
2m~
r
m
ipx
1
1 d
a
=
x
=
2~
2
2 d
2m~
a
=

x, px .
a, a ( )



1
d
a a=

2
d


1
d
d
d2
2
=

+
2
2
d
d
d




2
1
d
1
d
2
=
2 +
,
2
d
2
d

62

Schr
odinger -



d
,
= 1
d
1
a a=
2



1
d2
2
2
d
2

= a a
N


= ~ N
+1
H
2


d
d
1
[a, a ] =
+
,
2
d
d




1
1 d
1
d
1 d d
= [, ] +
, [, ]
,
2
2 d
2 d
2 d d


1
1
=1
=
2
2

[a, a ] = 1
[N, a] = [a a, a] = a [a, a] + [a , a]a = a
[N, a ] = [a a, a ] = a [a, a ] + [a , a ]a = a
= aa 1
aa a a = 1 aa 1 = a a N
N ,

1
~ +
2

.
N

N :
Z

(x) dx =
(x)N

a a dx =

(a) (a) dx 0

( ).
,
N

= N (a ) = ( 1)a
N
:

, a] = a
[N
a aN
= a N
a = aN
a N
=
N

(a ) = aN
a = ( 1)a
N

(a2 ) = N
a(a ) = (aN a)a = aN (a ) a2 = ( 2)a2
N
(a3 ) = N
a(a2 ) = (aN
a)a2 = aN
(a2 ) a3 = a( 2)a2 a3 = ( 3)a3
N
(a ) = ( )a
N
0. ( > ) , .
k : ak = 0. l > k , al = alk ak = 0

2.3

63

ak1 = ( (k 1))ak1
N
= a a
N
a ak = ( (k 1)) ak1
ak = 0 = k 1 =

= n,


En =

n+

1
2


~

n = 0, 1, 2, . . . , .

k =n+1=+1
= 0 k = 1 0 , a0 = 0
= 1 k = 2 1 , a2 1 = 0
0 :

0 = 0 a (a0 ) = 0
N


d
1
+
0 = 0
a0 = 0
d
2
2
d0

= 0 0 () = ce /2
d

0 (x) = ce

m x2
~
2

0 (x)0 (x) dx = r

1
m
~

0 ()0 ()d = 1

1
c =
4

r
m
c= 4
~
2

e d =

2.1. En .
. 1 , 2 :

1 00
2m
d2 1
2m
=
(V (x) E)
= 2 V (x) E 1
2
dx
~
1 1
~


d2 2
2m
1 00
2m
= 2 V (x) E 2
2 = 2 (V (x) E)
2
dx
~
2
~
1 00
1 00
00

=
2 1 = 1 002
1 1
2 2
d
(2 01 1 02 ) = 0
dx
2 01 1 02 = =
1 , 2 , 01 02 0 x

01
0
d
d
= 2
(ln 1 ) =
(ln 2 )
1
2
dx
dx
1 = c2

64

Schr
odinger -

= ~ N
+
H

1
2

, H

.
N
n (): N a a N = a

N (a 0 ) = a N 0 + a 0 = 0 + a 0 = a 0
a 0 N 1 = 1 1 ' a 0

N (a 1 ) = a N 1 + a 1 = 2(a 1 )
2 = 2
a 1 = (a )2 0 N
2 ' (a )2 0
.

n ' (a )n 0

1
n = (a )n 0
n!
:
:


a n
an

= n + 1n+1
nn1
=

a n
an

= n n+1
= n n1

N n = nn
a an = nn
(aa 1)n = nn
aa n = (n + 1)n
Z

n (aa n )dx

Z
= (n + 1)

n n dx = (n + 1)
|
{z
}
=1

n (aa n )dx =

(a n ) (a n )dx = n n

n n
Z

= n + 1 n =

n+1 n+1 dx = n n
|
{z
}
=1

n+1

n (a an )dx = n

n n dx = n

n (a an )dx =

(an ) (an )dx = n n

n n = n n =

n = cn (a )n 0

n1 n1 dx = n n

2.3
n+1 =

65

1 a n
n+1

1 = a 0
1
1
2 = a 1 = (a )2 0
2
2
1 1 3
1
3 = a 2 = (a ) 0
3
3 2
..
.

1
1
1
1
(a )2 n2 = . . . = (a )n 0
n = a n1 =
n
n n1
n!
1
cn =
n!


2
2
c
d
c
1 = a 0 =

e /2 = (2)e /2
d
2
2
2
c
1 = H1 ()e /2
2
,
2
1
n = c
Hn ()e /2 ,
n
2 n!

r
c=

m
~

Hn () Hermite n.
a
a
(
=a
) N
+ a .

n ) = nmn
(m , N

(m , a n ) = n + 1(m , n+1 ) = n + 1m,n+1

(m , an ) = n(m , n1 ) = nm,n1

a n =

d
n = n + 1n+1
d



d
1
+

n = nn1
d
2

1
n + 1n+1
2

an =

nn1

(2.11) (2.12) :

2
n = n + 1n+1 + nn1
2
:

2 dn

= nn1 n + 1n+1
2 d

: hV in = hn|V |ni

1
hV in = hn , m 2 x2 n i
2

r

m
2
xn = n =
n + 1n+1 + nn1
~
2

m 2
2
x n = (n ) =
n + 1n+1 + nn1
~
2

(2.11)

(2.12)

66

Schr
odinger -




m 2
2 2 
n + 1 n + 2n+2 + n + 1 n + 1n + n nn + n n 1n2
x n =
~
2 2
i
p
m 2
1 hp
(n + 1)(n + 2)n+2 + (n + 1)n + nn + n(n 1)n2
x n =
~
2
1
1
m 2
hV in = m 2 hn , x2 n i = ~hn ,
x n i
2
2
~
~
=
[hn |(n + 1)n i + hn |nn i]
4
~
~
=
(n + 1 + n) =
(2n + 1)
4
4


1
~
n+
hV in =
2
2
hT in =

1 2
1
hp in =
hn , P 2 n i = . . .
2m
2m

r
m dn
dn
= i~
pn = i~
dx
~ d


m 2 
= i~
nn1 n + 1n+1
~ 2


2 dn1
dn+1
2
2 m
n
n+1
= ...
p n = ~
~ 2
d
d


dn+1
1 2
~ dn1
2
n
p n =
n+1
= ...
2m
4
d
d
hn|H|ni = En = hT in + hV in

3.1

3.1.1

,
.

H = H0 + V
H0
(0)

En

H0 V
(0)

(0)

Ek Ek1 .
: .
H0 .

0 (0) = E (0) (0)

H
n
n
n
H0 .
.
(0)
h(0)
n , m i = nm

=H
0 + V
H
V .
:

(H0 + V )n = En n
:
(1)
(2)
n = (0)
n + n + n + . . .

En = En(0) + En(1) + En(2) + . . .

(1)

En

(2)

(3)

> En > En > . . ..

n ' (0)
En ' En(0)
n

.
(1)
n ' (0)
n + n

68

En ' En(0) + En(1)

(1)
(2)
n ' (0)
n + n + n

En ' En(0) + En(1) + En(2)

! .
(1)

(2)

. En

= 0 En . (0)
, n
,
(0)

k .
.

(H0 + V )n = En n , = 1,
= 0
(0) (0)
H0 (0)
n = En n

n , En .

n = (0)
n +

(0)

Cnk ()k

k6=n

Cnk ()

n = (0)
n +

(0)

nk k + 2

k6=n

(0)

bnk k + . . .

k6=n

(1)
2 (2)
n = (0)
n + n + n + . . .

En = En(0) + En(1) + 2 En(2) + . . .

0 1.
.
: (H0 +V )n = En n
n En ,
.
n
o
(1)
2 (2)
(H0 + V ) (0)
n + n + n + . . . =
n
o n
o
(1)
2 (2)
En(0) + En(1) + 2 En(2) + . . . (0)
n + n + n + . . .
(0) (0)
H0 (0)
n = En n

0 = 1

(1)
(0) (1)
(1) (0)
V (0)
n + H0 n = E n n + E n n

(1)
n

H0 (2)
n

En(0) (2)
n

En(1) (1)
n

En(2) (0)
n

..
.

.. V =
V1 + V2 V1 > V2 . V1 , V2
V1 .
:

V = V1 + 2 V2

3.1

3.1.2

69

:
(1)
(0) (1)
(1) (0)
V (0)
n + H0 n = En n + En n

:
X
(0)

(1)
n =

k 6= n

ank k ,

V (0)
n +

(0)

(0)

ank Ek k = En(0)

k6=n

(0)

anl l

+ En(1) (0)
n

(3.1)

l6=n
(0)

(3.1) n

(0)
(1)
(0)
(0)
h(0)
n , V n i + 0 = 0 + En hn , n i
(0)

(0)

(0)

(0)

hn , n i = 1 hn , k i = 0 k 6= n
(0)
En(1) = h(0)
n , V n i
(0)

(3.1) m

(3.2)

m 6= n

(0)
(0)
(0)
h(0)
m , V n i + anm Em = En anm

anm =

(0)

(0)

(0)

(0)

hm , V n i

(3.3)

En Em

(0)

V n
(0)

Vkn = hk , V (0)
n i

V11
V21

V = .
..
VN 1
n = (0)
n +

V12
V22
..
.

VN 2

V1N
V 2N

VN N

Vkn

(0)
k6=n En

(0)

(0)

Ek

(3.4)

En = En(0) + Vnn

(3.5)

|Vnn |

|En En+1 |

|V |
nn

|En En1 |

(0)

(0)

(0)

(0)

(0)

akn Ek
.

3.1.3

(0)

6= En k 6= n,

:
(2)
(0) (2)
(1) (1)
(2) (0)
V (1)
(3.6)
n + H0 n = En n + En n + En n

(1)
n =

X
k6=n

(0)

ank k ,

ank =

70

(2)
n =

(0)

En(1) =

bnl l ,

l6=n
(0)

(3.6) n
(1)
(2)
(0)
(0)
h(0)
n , V n i + 0 = 0 + 0 + En hn , n i
(1)
En(2) = h(0)
n , V n i
X
(0)
En(2) =
ank h(0)
n , V k i
k6=n
(0)
(0)
X h(0) , V (0)
n ihn , V k i
k

En(2) =

(0)

(0)

En Ek

k6=n

En(2) =

Vkn Vnk
(0)
(0)
k6=n En Ek
X

(0)

(3.6) k

k 6= n :

(0)

(0)

(2)
hk , V (1)
n i + hk , H0 n i =
(0)

(0)

(0)

(1)
(1)
(2)
(0)
= En(0) hk , (2)
n i + En hk , n i + En hk , n i
X
(0)

anl Vkl + Ek bnk = En(0) bnk + En(1) ank + 0

l6=n
(0)

bnk (En(0) Ek ) =

anl Vkl En(1) ank + 0

l6=n

(0)
En(1) = h(0)
n , V n i = Vnn

(0)

anl =

bnk =

(0)

hl , V n i
(0)
En

X
(0)
l6=n (En

(0)
El i

Vkl Vln
(0)
(0)
Ek )(En

Vln
(0)
En

(0)

El

(0)
El )

Vnn Vkn
(0)
(0)
(En Ek )2

(0)

|Vkn |  |Ek En(0) |

k, n

, .
(1)

(1)
(0) (1)
(1) (0)
V (0)
n + H0 n = En n + En n
(1)
(0)
(H0 En(0) )(1)
n = (En V )n
(0)

(0)

(1)

H0 , En , n , V, En
(2)

En

(0)

(1)

. n , (1)

= hn , V n i.

3.1

3.1.4

71

1. :

V (x) =

x < 0

x > 2a

bx, 0 x 2a

En .
b = 0

En(0)

2 ~2
=n
8ma2
2

(0)
n

(0)
En(1) = h(0)
n , V n i = b

=
Z

b 4a2
a n2 2

y sin2 ydy =

1
a

 nx 
1
sin
a
2a

2a

x sin2

 nx 

2a

dx

y sin2 ydy = ba

y2
1
sin2 y 2y sin y cos y +
4
4

2.
m :

V (x) =

x < 0

1 kx2 + bx3 , x > 0

2

.
U (x) = bx3

V0 (x) =

1 2
1
kx = m 2 x2
2
2

n (x) = C

r
C=


En = ~

n+

m
~

2
1
Hn ()e /2
n
2 n!

m
x = ax
~


1
. x = 0 2

.
Hermite n n
.
n = 2k + 1 k = 0, 1, 2, . . .
k = 0

1
1 (x) =
2
E1 =

3
2 ~ .

r
4

2
m
(2 ax)eax /2
~

72

Z
E1 =
0

4
2

1 (x)U (x)1 (x)dx = U11

Z
2
m m
b
x5 eax dx
~ ~
0

k ax2

x e
0

k+1
2
dx = (k+1)/2
2a

(z) :

(z + 1) = z(z)
Z

x5 eax

/2

dx =

 

1
=
2

2!
1
(6/2)
(3)
= 3 = 3
=
2a3
2a
a
2a6/2


3
m m
~
~ ~
m

3/2
~
b
=
m
r

E1 = 2b

|E1 |  2~

3/2
3b
~

 ~
m

3.2

() . .
.
(0)

(0)

En Ek En .
n , (0)

(0)

(0)

Ek , En Ek = 0 .
.
.
(0)

(0)

, n = |ni l = |li, .
N . H = H0 + V
(0)

H0 |ki = Ek |ki,

k = 1, 2, . . . ,

n, l , . . .
|{z}

(0)
(0)
En =El

n = (0)
n +
(0)

l = l

(0)

(0)

alk l

k6=l

P
(1)
(0)

n = k6=n,l ank k ,

amk =

Vkm
(0)
Em

(0)

(1)
ank k = (0)
n + anl l +n
|
{z
}
k6=n

(0)

Ek

(0)

+ aln (0)
n +l
{z
}

(1)

= l
|
l

(1)

(0)

k6=l,n
(0)

alk k
(0)

Vkm = hk |V |m i

3.2

73
(0)

(0)

n , l

n , l H
=H
0 + V 2
. H

0 . . (0)
H
n
(0)

(0)
(0)

n = cnn n + cnl l

= c (0) + c (0)
l
ll l
ln n

(H0 + V )n = En n ,

(H0 + V )l = El l

n =

N
X

(0)

cni i ,

n = 1, 2, . . . , N

i=1
(0)

i .
(H0 + V )n = En n ,
(0)

hk|H0 |n i + hk|V |n i = En hk|n i

X
X
En(0) cni hk|ii +
cni hk|V |ii = En
cni hk|ii

En(0) cnk

En cnk =

cni Vki

cnk (En En(0) ) =

cni Vki = cnk Vkk +

cni Vki

i6=k

h
i X
cni Vki = 0
cnk Vkk + En(0) En +
i6=k

n = 1, 2, . . . , N k = 1, 2, . . . , N .
n k = 1 :

h
i
cn1 V11 + En(0) En + cn2 V12 + cn3 V13 + . . . + CnN V1N = 0
k = 2 :

h
i
cn1 V21 + cn2 V22 En(0) En + cn3 V23 + . . . + cnN V2n = 0
k = 3 :

h
i
cn1 V31 + cn2 V32 + cn3 V33 En(0) En + . . . + cnN V3N = 0
..
.
k = N :

h
i
cn1 VN 1 + cn2 VN 2 + cn3 VN 3 + . . . + CnN VN N + En(0) En = 0
h

(0)

V11 + En En
V21
V31

V12
h

V22 +

(0)
En

V32

V13
En

. . . V1N

V23
h

V33 +

(0)
En

. . . V2N
En

. . . V3N

..
.

VN 1

VN 2

VN 3

h
(0)
VN N + En En

cn1

cn2

cn3

=0
..
.

i cnN

74

N N , N + 1 En , cn1 , . . ., cnN .
- , :





det V + (En(0) En )1  = 0 N En N .
cn , , .
.

hn|H0 |n i + hn|V |n i = En hn|n i

cnn En(0) + cnn Vnn + cnl Vnl = cnn En
hl|H0 |n i + hl|V |n i = En hl|n i

cnl En(0) + cnn Vln + cnl Vll = En cnl

(
cnn Vnn + cnl Vnl = cnn (En En(0) )

cnn Vln + cnl Vll = cnl (En En(0) )


 
 
Vnn Vnl
cnn
c

= Wn nn
Vln Vll
cnl
cnl

Wn = En En(0)
Wn () 2 2 V
. :


V W n
det  nn
Vln


Vnl 

=0
Vll Wn 

(Vnn + En(0) En )(Vll + En(0) En ) Vnl Vln = 0

, .

i1/2
1h
1
En() = En(0) + (Vnn + Vll ) (Vnn Vll )2 + 4Vnl Vln
2
2
En(+)
(0)

|n i = cnn |(0)
n i + cnl |l i
En()
(0)

|l i = cll |l i + cln |(0)

n i
(cnn , cnl ) (cll , cln ) V En En(+)
En() . , cnl cnn .
, cnn .

En = En(+) El = En()
n , l .

(H0 + V )n = En n V n = En n H0 n = En n En(0) n = Wn n
(0)

(0)

V l = Wl l , Wn = En En , Wl = El En .
:

V |n i = Wn |n i,

V |l i = Wl |l i

hl |V = Wl hl |, V
(
Wn hl |n i
hl |V |n i =
Wl hl |n i

Wl 6= Wn hl |n i = 0
V .

En(1) = Wn = hn |V |n i = Vnn
(1)

El

= Wl = hl |V |l i = Vll

3.2

75

~2
H=
2m

2
2
+
x2
y 2

1
+ m 2 (x2 + y 2 ) + cxy,
2

c  m 2

() En n c = 0.
() c 6= 0,
.
:
() n (x, y) = n1 (x)n2 (y)

En = En1 + En2
2

m 2
~ n1
+
x n1 = En1 n1
2
2m x
2

En1

1
= ~ n1 +
2

m 2 2
~2 2 n2
+
y n2 = En2 n2
2m y 2
2


,



1
= ~ n2 +
2

En2

En = ~(n + 1)

n = n1 + n2 ,

(
n1 = 0, 1, 2 . . .
n2 = 0, 1, 2, . . .

n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
E0 = ~ , , 0 (x, y) = 0 (x)0 (y).
E1 = 2~

10 (x, y) = 1 (x)0 (y) = 1

01 (x, y) = 0 (x)1 (y) = 2

(0)

n En = ~(n + 1), n1 n1 = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n,
n + 1 .
()

Z
V11 = h1 |V |1 i =

1 (x)0 (y)cxy1 (x)0 (y)dxdy

V11 = 0,
Z
V12 = h1 |V |2 i = c
Z

1 (x)0 (y)xy0 (x)1 (y)dxdy

2

=c

1 (x)x0 (x)dx

=c

=c

V22 = 0

r
1 (x)

~
1 (x)dx
2m

!2

~
= V21
2m

~
1 (x)
2m




c~
2~ E1


2m  = 0
det 
c~

2~ E1 

2m



c2 ~2
c~
c~
2
(2~ E1 )
= 0 2~ E1
2~ E1 +
=0
4m2 2
2m
2m
x0 (x) =

76

c~
(+)

E1 = 2~ + 2m

c~

E1() = 2~
2m

(+)

(+)

E1

()

()

E1

(+) = c1 1 + c2 2 ,
() = c1 1 + c2 2 ,

0
c~
2m

!
c~
(+)
c

1
2m
=W
(+)
c2
0

(+)

= E1 + W

()

= E1 W

(+)

c1
(+)
c2

(0)

(0)

!
,

W =

c~
2m

c~ (+)
c~ (+)
(+)
(+)
c
=
c
c1 = c2
2m 2
2m 1

0
c~
2m

!
c~
()
c

1
2m
= W
()
c2
0

()

c1
()
c2

!
()

c2

()

= c1

|c1 |2 + |c2 |2 = 1 |c1 | = |c2 | = 1/ 2.

3.3

=H
0 + V (r, t) = H
0 + V (t)
H
V (t) ,
.
H0 ,
(0)

(0)

k , Ek .
t = 0,
(0)

n = (0) (t) t > 0, |ni |mi.

(0)
, n , :
X
(t) =
cm (t)(0)
m
m
(0)

cm (t) = eiEm t/~ mn .

, cm (t) ,
:

(t) =

(0)

am (t)eiEm

t/~

(0)
m

H0 + V (t) = i~
t

: an (0) = 1, ak (0) = 0 k 6= n.
(0)

: cm (t) = hm |(t)i
|mi, |ni, t:


2


Pnm (t) = h(0)
m |(t)i

3.3

3.3.1

77

,
cm (t) = h(0)
m , (t)i
1
dcm

= h(0)
i = h(0)
, Hi
m ,
dt
t
i~ m
i~

X
dcm
(0)
=
ck (t)h(0)
m |Hk i
dt
k
X
X
(0)
(0)
(0)
=
ck (t)Ek h(0)
ck (t)h(0)
m |k i +
m |V (t)k i
k

i~

X
dcm
(0)
= Em
cm (t) +
Vmk ck (t)
dt
k

(0)
iEk t/~

ck (t) = ak (t)e
!
(0)
0
0 X
(0)
dam iEm
Em
*

*
(0) 
t/~

i~
e
+ (i~) i
c
(t)
=
E
c
(t)
+
Vmk ck (t)
m
m 
m
dt
~
k

i~

(0)
(0)
dam (t) X
Vmk ak (t)ei(Em Ek )t/~
=
dt

:
(1)
(2)
am (t) = a(0)
m (t) + am (t) + am (t) + . . .

:
(0)

a(0)
n (t) = 1, ak (t) = 0 k 6= n

a(1)
m (t = 0) = 0,

a(2)
m (t = 0) = 0 m

(0)

dam

i~
= 0 a(0)

m = = 0, m 6= n

dt

(0)
(0)
(1)
X

Em Ek
dam

iwmk t (0)

=
V
e
a
,
w
=
i~
mk
mk

k
dt
~
k

:
(1)

dam
= Vmn (t)eiwmn t
dt
Z
0
i t
a(1)
(t)
=

Vmn (t0 )eiwmn t dt0

m
~ 0
Z
(0)
3
(0)
(0)
Vmn (t) = (0)
m (r)V (r, t)n (r)d x = hm |V (t)|n i
i~

Pnm

Z
2

1  t
0 iwmn t0 0 
= 2
Vmn (t )e
dt 
~
0

: T 0 < t0 < T .
(0)
Vmn (t) = Vmn = h(0)
m |V (r)|n i

Vmn
1 eiwmn t
~wmn
"
#
(0)
(0)
4|Vmn |2
2 Em En
(1)
2
sin
t
= |am (t)| =
(0)
(0)
2~
(Em En )2
a(1)
m (t) =

Pnm

78

4
Coulomb - Schr
odinger

4.1

me qe = e
q = e m = . :

r = re r

V (r) = +

P2
P2
E = + e + V (r)
2m
2me

re

e2
1 q qe
=
40 |r|
40 r

:
1. :

R =

me re + m r
, M = me + m
me + m
P = Pe + P = P

2. :

P =
=

m Pe me P
m me
dr
=
(Ve V ) =
m + me
dt
m + me

m me
. , :
m + me
L = r0 P0 + r0e P0e = r

:
2
P
P2
P2
P2
+ e = +
2m
2me
2M
2

P2

+ V (r)
E = E +

{z
}
|

(R, r) (re , r )
M
me
R
r=R
M
M
M
m
re =
R+
r=R+
M
M
r =

me
r
M
m
r
M

dr
dt

80

Coulomb - Schr
odinger

r0
r
V(r)
(E<0)
( -
)
4.1

r = re r V = Ve V
r m me
P = m r = m R
M
m me

Pe = me r e = me R + r
M
m
P P
P =
M
me
Pe =
P + P
M
P2
Pe2
P2
P2
+ =
me
m
M

P = P = dr/dt. ,
V (r).
: ( r = 0)

dr
dr
d
dr
=
r + r =
r + V
dt
dt
dt
dt
 2
1 2 2
dr

2 2
=
( Vr + V ) =
+ V2
2
2 dt
2

V=

2
P

L = rV z,
E

L2 = 2 r2 V2

1
=
2

1
=
2

dr
dt

2

dr
dt

2

dr
dt

2

2
V + V (r)
2

L2
+ V (r)
2r2

+ V (r)

, F = F (r)
r, .
r .

4.2 -

4.2

81

H=

P2
P2
+ e + V (r)
2m
2me

P i~ ,

Pe i~e

(x , y , z ) (xe , ye , ze ) . ,

H=

2
2
P
P
+
+ V (r)
2M
2

P i~R ,

P i~r

(X, Y, Z) (x, y, z) r
( ).

(re , r , t) (R, r, t)
me m
M = me + m , =
me + m
M ' 1836me ' 0, 995me
Schrodinger :



~2 2
~2 2

+ V (r) (R, r, t) = i~
2M R 2 r
t

(R, r, t) = U (R, r)eiE t/~



~2 2
~2 2

R
r + V (r) U (R, r) = E 0 U (R, r)
2M
2
E 0 .

1 2
1 2
+

M Me e

1
1 2
+ 2
M R r

4.3

, , :

U (R, r) = u (R)(r)


 2

~2 2
~

R u + 2r + V (r) u = E 0 u
2M
2
u (R)(r)

1
u

~2 2
u
2M


+

~2 2
+V
2

= E0

R, r,

~2 2

u (R) = ER u (R)

2M

~2

2 (r) + V (r)(r) = E(r)

E + E = E 0
R

82

Coulomb - Schr
odinger

M ER ,
:

u = Aeik0 R ,

2M
ER
~2
= ~k0

k02 =
P

, ,
, ( ) .

~2 2
(r) + V (|r|)(r) = E(r)
2

, (r, , )
. (r, , ):

1
= 2
r r
2

r
r
2

1
+ 2
r

1
sin

sin

1 2
+
sin2 2

Schrodinger :

~2 1

2 r2 r







2
1
~2

2
2
r

sin
+ sin 2
r
2r2 sin

+V (r)(r) = E(r)
(r) = (r, , )

.
:

(r, , ) = R(r)()() = R(r)Y (, )

B,

:
Y (, ) . A,
~2 1

A(r)
=
2 r2 r

B(r)
=
) = ~2
(,

1
sin




r2
+ V (r)
r
1
2r2





1 2
sin
+

sin2 2

= A(r)
+ B(r)
(,
)
H
= (AR)Y

Y
)R = ERY
H
+ B(

AR
BR
+
=E
R
R Y
!
(, )

Y
R
AR

=
(r)
E

Y
R
BR

(, ) (r)

Y
= Y (, )
= Y
Y

BR

AR
E
R

!
= BR

= ER AR

4.4

83

+ BR
= ER
AR


 

~2 1
2 R
+ V (r) R = ER ( )
r
+

2 r2 r
r
2r2
~

1
sin




Y
1 2Y
= Y
sin
+

sin2 2

( )

, Y (, ) = ()().

.
,

= ~2 l(l + 1)
= ~2
.

4.4

Y (, ) = ()(),

= ~2

, Y :



2
d
sin2 = 1 d
sin
+
d
d2
(
= eim , m 6= 0
d2
2

=
m

d2
= c + D, m = 0
sin d
d

() , () (r, , ) (r, , + 2)

m = D 0
() = eim m = 0, 1, 2, . . .
:

1 d
sin d

d
sin
d

2
m
+
sin2


=0

= cos

d
d d
d
1 d
d
=
= sin

=
d
d d
d
sin d
d
sin2 = 1 cos2 = 1 2


 

2
d
d
m
(1 2 )
+
=0
d
d
1 2
= () = ()

m = 0:

(1 2 )

d2
d
2
+ = 0
2
d
d

84

Coulomb - Schr
odinger

() =

+
X

ak k

k=0

+ 
X

k(k 1)ak

k2

k=0

k k
k(k 1)ak 2kak +a
{z
}
|
k


=0

+ n
o
X
= 0
( + 2)( + 1)a+2 ( + 1)a + a
=0

a+2 =
:

+
X

k(k 1)ak

P+

k=0

k2

k=0

( + 1)
a
( + 2)( + 1)

k(k 1)ak k2 , k = 0 k = 1

+
X

k(k 1)ak

k2

( + 2)( + 1)a+2 ,

k = + 2

=0

k=2

:
1. a0 6= 0, a1 = 0

: 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 , . . .
2. a0 = 0, a1 6= 0

: 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , . . .
= 1 . .
.
:
,

= l(l + 1),

l =

. .
l a1 = 0, a0 6= 0, l
a0 = 0, a1 6= 0.
l Legendre Pl () = Pl (cos ).


a2 = 0
l=0
P0 = a0
a4 = 0, . . .


a3 = 0
l=1
P1 = a1
a5 = 0, . . .
6
l = 2 a2 = a0 = 3a0 P2 = a0 3a0 2 ,
2

a4 , a6 , . . . .

..
.
a0 , a1 :

Pl () =

i
1 dl h
2 l
(1

)
,
2l l! d l

Rodrigues

( l, l = , l = )
m 6= 0 :
:

lm () = (1 2 )|m|/2

d|m|
Pl ()
d |m|

4.4

85

Pl () = l |m| l !!
m = 0, 1, 2, . . . , l

:
1

Pl ()Pl0 ()d =
1

2
ll0
2l + 1

d = sin d

sin Pl (cos )Pl0 (cos )d =

0

2
ll0
2l + 1

Legendre (1, 1).

f (x) =

X
l

2l + 1
al Pl (x), al =
2

f (x)Pl (x)dx
1

dPl+1
dPl1

= (2l + 1)Pl
dx
dx
P0 () = 1
P1 () =
1
P2 () = (3 2 1)
2
1 3
P3 () = (5 3)
2
..
.

(, ) l, m :

Ylm (, ) = Alm eim (1 cos2 )|m|/2

Z

dYlm
(, )Yl0 m0 (, ) = ll0 mm0

sin d
0

m = |m| > 0, Alm =

m = |m| < 0, Alm

(1)l+m
2l l!
(1)l
= l
2 l!

dl+|m|
(1 cos2 )l
d cos l+|m|

(2l + 1)(l m)!

4(l + m)!

(2l + 1)(l |m|)!

l |m| m = 0, 1, 2, . . . , l
4(l + |m|)!

, 0 , 0 2

g(, ) =

+ X
l
X

Blm Ylm (, )

l=0 m=l

Z2Z
Blm =
0

Ylm
(, )g(, ) sin dd

Yl,|m| = (1)m Yl,|m|

86

Coulomb - Schr
odinger

1
Y00 =
4
r
3
Y10 =
cos
4
r
3 i
Y1,1 =
e
sin
8
r
5
(3 cos2 1)
Y20 =
16
r
15 i
e
cos sin
Y2,1 =
8
r
15 2i 2
Y2,2 =
e
sin
32
..
.
l m .

4.5

= l(l + 1)~2 .
= r , 2/~2 2 :

d2 R 2 dR 2
+
+ 2
d2
d
~

E
e2
+
2

40


R

l(l + 1)
R=0
2

: 2 = 8E/~2 > 0 E < 0

1
2 E
=
2
2
~
4

2 e2
e2
n= 2
=
~ 40
40 ~

2E

E :

E=

e4
1
2
2
2
32 0 ~ n2

d2 R 2 dR
+
+
d2
d

n 1 l(l + 1)

4
2


R=0

+, R
. :

d2 R R
= 0 R() = Ae/2 + Be/2

d2
4
.

A=0
:

R() = e/2 F ()

4.5

87

F () , R() 0 .

F () = s

+
X

ak k ,

a0 6= 0

k=0

R() F ():

d2 F
+
d2




2
dF
n 1 l(l + 1)
F () = 0
1
+

F , ak .
F () 0.

F () =

+
X

ak k+s

k=0

X
dF
=
(s + k)ak k+s1 ,
d
k

X
d F
=
(s + k)(s + k 1)k+s2
d2
k

X
d2 F
=
{s(s 1) + 2sk + k(k 1)} ak k+s2
d2
k

F :

X
X
s(s 1) + 2sk + k(k 1) ak k+s2 + 2
(s + k)ak k+s2

|
{z
}

k
k
(s+k)(s+k1)
X
X
X

(s + k)ak k+s1 + (n 1)
ak k+s1 l(l + 1)
ak k+s2 = 0
k

k = 0:

n
o
s2 s(s 1) + 2s l(l + 1) a0 = 0
(
s=l
s(s + 1) = l(l + 1)
s = (l + 1)

s = (l + 1) F () ' 1/l+1 , 0.
l = 0 ..:
 

F () '

1
2 F ' 2

= ()4

. .
s = l.

(s+k)(s+k+1)

+
z
X

}|
{
s(s 1) + 2sk + k(k 1) + 2s + 2k l(l + 1)

k=1
+

+
X

ak k+s2

{n s k 1} ak k+s1 = 0

k=0

k = + 1 0 .

{(s + + 1)(s + + 2) l(l + 1)} a+1 +s1

=0
+
X

k=0

{n s k 1} ak k+s1 = 0

88

Coulomb - Schr
odinger
+ nh
i
h
i o
X
(s + k + 1)(s + k + 2) l(l + 1) ak+1 + n s k 1 ak k+s1 = 0
k=0

ak+1 =

nsk1
ak
(s + k + 1)(s + k + 2) l(l + 1)

s = l.
, n

nlk1=0

( s = l)

n = (l + 1) + k
n l n 1, k = 0. n, l ,

n (l + 1) k
k , kmax = n (l + 1), n (l + 1) kmax = 0 akmax +1 = 0,
akmax +2 , akmax +3 , . . . , n (l + 1).

"
Rnl () =

kmax
X

#
ak

e/2 ,

kmax = n (l + 1)

k=0

n, ' 1/n2
l = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n 1.
Schrodinger ( n) :

nlm (, , r) = Rnl (r)Ylm (, )

:

En =

13, 6
eV
n2

1 eV 1, 6 1019 joule. :

e2 1
20 ~2 n

n. l m m = 0, 1, 2, . . . , l,
(2l + 1) .
, ( n) (l, m).

n1
X

(2l + 1) = n2

l=0

Z Z2Z
0

(Rnl )2 Ylm
(, )Ylm (, ) sin ddr2 dr = 1

r r + dr :

i2
Rnl (r) r2 dr

dV :

nlm nlm dV
nlm nlm = 0,
.

4.5

89

= r

=
=

e2 1
,
20 ~2 n

me m
m + me

1
1
2
1
me e2
me e2
=
n 1 + me 20 ~2
n 1 + me 40 ~2
m
m

a0 =

40 ~2
= 5, 292 1011 m
m e e2

Bohr.

a00 =


1+

me
m


a0 , 1 +

1

n

2 1
2

=
me
n a00
a0
1+
m

me
= 1, 00054.
m
=

2 r
n a00

3/2
1
e/2
a00
 3/2
1
1

(2 )e/2
2 2 a00
 3/2
1
1

e/2
2 6 a00
 3/2
1
1

(6 6 + 2 )e/2
9 3 a00
 3/2
1
1

(4 )e/2
9 6 a00
 3/2
1
1

2 e/2
9 30 a00


R10 (r) = 2
R20 (r) =
R21 (r) =
R30 (r) =
R31 (r) =
R32 (r) =

Z
:
0

R
R10
R20

R
R21

R30

rk er/ dr = k!k+1

R31

90

Coulomb - Schr
odinger

5
- spin -

5.1

L=rp
p , p = i~


 x

L = (i~)r = (i~)  x
 x

y
y
y

z
z
z

. :

Lx = ypz zpy = (i~)[yz zy ]

Ly = zpx xpz = (i~)[zx xz ]

Lz = xpy ypx = (i~)[xy yx ]

r, p Lx , Ly , Lz .

[Lx , Ly ] = i~Lz
[Ly , Lz ] = i~Lx

[Lz , Lx ] = i~Ly
L jkl :

[Lj , Lk ] = i~jkl Ll
j, k, l = 1, 2, 3

123 = 1

1,2,3.
(1) .

-1

1
+1

123 = 231 = 312 = 1

132 = 321 = 213 = 1
kk` = 0 k, ` = 1, 2, 3

92

- spin -

L2 = L2x + L2y + L2z

Lx , Ly , Lz V (r) = V (r),
.

[L , Lx ] = 0
[L2 , Ly ] = 0

2
[L , Lz ] = 0
[L2 , Lx ] = [L2y , Lx ] + [L2z , Lx ]
= Ly [Ly , Lx ] + [Ly , Lx ]Ly + [Lz , Lx ]Lz + Lz [Lz , Lx ]
= i~Ly Lz i~Lz Ly + i~Ly Lz + i~Lz Ly = 0
[Lk , H] = i~(r F)k

V (r) = V (r) F = F (r)

r rF=0
, . :

[Lk , rj ] = i~kjl rl

(r1 = x, r2 = y, r3 = z)

[Lk , pj ] = i~jkl pl
.

[Lx , y] = [ypz zpy , y] = [ypz , y] [zpy , y]

= 0 z[py , y] = z(i~) = i~z
:

Lk = kjl rj pl

V (r) = V (r)
.

x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos

sin cos + y sin sin + z cos

r = x

=x
cos cos + y cos sin z sin

=
x sin + y cos
: x
, y, z x, y, z .

(

r =
r =

= r

1
1

+
+
r
r
r sin

5.1

93




1
L = r p = (i~)r = (i~)

sin

L=x
Lx + yLy + zLz
x
,
, y, z
, :

Lz = (i~)




cos

sin
Ly = (i~) cos

sin




cos

Lx = (i~) sin

cos

sin

L2

L2 = L2x + L2y + L2z

L2z = (i~)2

2
2
= ~2 2
2

L2x :

L2x = Lx (Lx )

 


cos

cos

= (i~)2 sin
+
cos
sin
+
cos

sin

sin

2
cos 

2
= (~ ) sin2 2 + sin cos

sin

cos
cos
: 0 2


cos cos
+
cos
sin

sin

sin


2

2
0
cos
cos
2
:


)
+
cos 
+
cos2 2
(
sin
sin

sin

L2y :

L2y

 

cos

= (i~)
cos

sin

sin



*


2
cos
 + cos sin2
= (~2 ) cos2 2 cos sin


 sin

sin


2

cos

cos

sin

sin

cos
2 
sin cos
+
sin

cos
sin

2

: 0



sin

cos
+



cos
sin

2

sin2

2
2

94

- spin -


2
2 cos

(L2x + L2y + L2z ) = (~2 ) sin2 2 + cos2 2 +

cos2

sin


2
2
cos

cos
+
cos2 2
sin2
+
sin

sin

)

2
cos
2 2
sin2 2 +
+
sin

2
 2

cos cos2 2 2
= (~2 )
+
+
+
2
sin
2
sin2 2




1

1 2
= (~2 )
sin
+
sin

sin2 2
L2 = (~2 )

1
sin





1 2
sin
+

sin2 2

,
Ylm (, ) ~2 l(l + 1).

L2 Ylm = ~2 l(l + 1)Ylm

Lz Ylm = m~Ylm
m = 0, 1, 2, . . . , l.
: Ylm (, ) = Alm eim (1 cos2 )|m|/2

5.2

dl+|m| (1 cos2 )l
d cos l+|m|

Jx , Jy , Jz ,
:

[Jx , Jy ] = i~Jz

[Jy , Jz ] = i~Jx

[Jz , Jx ] = i~Jy
J 2 :

J 2 = Jx2 + Jy2 + Jz2

[J 2 , J] = 0,

J=x
Jx + yJy + zJz

J+ = Jx + iJy
J = J iJ = J

x
y
+
:

[Jz , J+ ] = [Jz , Jx + iJy ] = [Jz , Jx ] + i[Jz , Jy ]

= i~Jy + i(i~)Jx = ~(Jx + iJy ) = ~J+

[Jz , J ] = ~J

5.2
.

([Jz , J+ ]) = (~J+ ) = ~J+

= ~J

([Jz , J+ ]) = (Jz J+ ) (J+ Jz ) = J Jz Jz J = [Jz , J ]

Jz J+ = J+ Jz + ~J+ = J+ (Jz + ~)

J J = J J ~J = J (J ~)
z
z

[J 2 , J+ ] = [J 2 , Jx ] + i[J 2 , Jy ] = 0 + 0 = 0

[J 2 , J ] = 0

[J+ , J ] = [Jx + iJy , Jx iJy ] = i[Jx , Jy ] + i[Jy , Jx ]

= (i)(i~)Jz + i(i~)Jz = 2~Jz
J 2 Jk , Jz .

J 2 = a
J = b
z

+ = J+ , = J .

Jz + = Jz J+ = J+ (Jz + ~) = (b + ~)+
J = J J = J (J ~) = (b ~)
z
z
z

J+ (raising operator), Jz 1.
J (lowering operator), Jz 1.
,

J 2 + = J 2 J+ = J+ J 2 = aJ+ = a+
J 2 = J 2 J = J J 2 = a

J 2 .
a b2 :

hJ 2 i = h|J 2 |i = ah|i = a

hJ 2 i = h|J 2 |i = h|Jx2 |i + h|Jy2 |i + h|Jz2 |i

h|Jz2 |i = b2

hJx2 i =
hJy2 i =

Jx2 d3 x =

(Jx ) (Jx ) 0

Jy2 d3 x =

(Jy ) (Jy ) 0

Jx , Jy , Jz .

hJz2 i

= (Jz ) (Jz )d3 x

Z
= b b d3 x = b b = b2

b = b R, .

Jz2 d3 x

95

96

- spin -

1.
2
2
Jz (J+
) = (b + 2~)(J+
)

.
2
Jz (J+
) = Jz J+ (J+ ) = J+ (Jz + ~)+

= J+ Jz + + ~J+ + = J+ (b + ~)+ + ~J+

2
= (b + 2~)J+ + = (b + 2~)J+

2.
n
n
Jz (J+
) = (b + n~)(J+
)

.
n1
n
Jz J+
= Jz J+ (J+
)
n1
n2
2
= J+ (Jz + ~)J+
= J+
(Jz + ~ + ~)J+

n3
3
= J+
(Jz + ~ + ~ + ~)J+
= ...
n
n
= J+
(Jz + n~) = J+
(b + n~)
n
= (b + n~)J+

3.
n
n
n
J 2 (J+
) = J+
(J 2 ) = a(J+
)

J+ , J 2 .
n
= 0 Jz (b + n~) J 2
J+
a,

a (b + n~)2
b + n~ .
. n1 :
n1
J+
=0

Jz b + (n1 1)~. Jz

a.
b Jz ,

Jz = b

J+ = 0.

:
k
k
Jz (J
) = (b k~)J

a (b k~)2 k , k
, k = n,
n+1
J
=0
n
00 = J
Jz (b n~),

Jz 00 = (b n~)00 J 00 = 0.

J J+ = (Jx iJy )(Jx + iJy ) = Jx2 + Jy2 + i[Jx , Jy ]

= Jx2 + Jy2 + Jz2 Jz2 ~Jz = J 2 Jz2 ~Jz
J+ J = (Jx + iJy )(Jx iJy ) = Jx2 + Jy2 i[Jx , Jy ]
= Jx2 + Jy2 + Jz2 Jz2 + ~Jz = J 2 Jz2 + ~Jz

5.3

97

J J+ = 0
J J+ = (J 2 Jz2 ~Jz ) = (a b2 ~b)
a b2 ~b = 0 a = b(b + ~)

J+ J 00 = 0


J+ J 00 = (J 2 Jz2 + ~Jz )00 = a (b n~)2 + ~(b n~) 00
a (b n~)2 + ~(b n~) = 0

a = b(b + ~)

n
b=~ ,
2

n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

3~
5~
~
b = 0, , ~, , 2~, , . . .
2
2
2


n n
a = ~2
+1
2 2
n = = 2l,

b = ~l,

a = l(l + 1)~2

b .

b = = ~

n
2

n
n
~ n~ = = ~
2
2
n

n
n
b = ~ , ~
1 ,...,~
2
2
2
n + 1 .
n = 1 b = ~/2 (spin= 1/2)

5.3

J 2 Jz , j m, m = j, j 1, . . . , j ,
jm . Jz , J 2 , , .

hjm |j 0 m0 i = jj 0 mm0
J 2 jm = ~2 J(J + 1)jm
Jz jm = ~mjm
(
hj 0 m0 |J 2 |jm i = ~2 J(J + 1)jj 0 mm0

hj 0 m0 |Jz |jm i = ~mjj 0 mm0

(2j + 1) (2j + 1) J

Jx Jy J .
2j + 1. :

J+ jm = C+ j,m+1
J jm = C j,m1

98

- spin -

J+ Jz J Jz .
C+ , C .
2
2
hC+ j,m+1 |C+ j,m+1 i = C+
h|i = C+

hJ+ jm |J+ jm i = hjm |J J+ jm i =

h
i
= hjm |(J 2 Jz2 ~Jz )jm i = ~2 j(j + 1) m2 m
h
i
= ~2 j(j + 1) m(m + 1)
p
C+ = ~ j(j + 1) m(m + 1)
,

j(j + 1) m(m 1)
(
J+ = Jx + iJy
Jx = 21 (J+ + J )

1
(J+ J )
J = Jx iJy
Jy = 2i
C = ~

1
(J+ jm + J jm )
2
p
~
~p
=
j(j + 1) m(m + 1)j,m+1 +
j(j + 1) m(m 1)j,m1
2
2
1
(J+ jm J jm )
=
2i
~p
~p
=
j(j + 1) m(m + 1)j,m+1
j(j + 1) m(m 1)j,m1
2i
2i

Jx jm =

Jy jm

j = 0, m = 0 00

1
1
j = ,m =
2
2


3 2 1
J = ~
0
4
2


0
,
1



~ 1 0
Jz =
2 0 1



~ 0 1
~ 0
Jx =
, Jy =
2 1 0
2 i


i
0

j = 1, m = 1, 0, 1

1
J 2 = 2~2 0
0

0
1 0 0
1 0
0 , Jz = ~ 0 0 0 = ~ 0 0
1
0 0 1
0 0

0 1 0
0 i 0
~
~
1 0 1 , Jy = i 0 i
Jx =
2 0 1 0
2 0 i
0

5.3.1

0
1
0

0
0
1

j = l
L+ = Lx + iLy




cos

Lx = (i~) sin sin cos




cos

sin
Ly = (i~) cos

sin




cos

L+ = ~ei
+i

sin



cos

L = L+ = ~ei
i

sin

Lz = i~

5.4 Spin

99

ll
= ~lll

cos ll
ll
+i
=0
L+ ll = 0

sin
Lz ll = i~

ll = Q()()

i~ ll = i~Q d = ~lQ

() = eil
2 !!!!

dQ
cos
+i
(il)Q = 0
d
sin
dQ
cos

=l
Q
d
sin
u = sin du = cos d

dQ
Q
=l
cos d
sin

dQ
Q
=l
du
u

Q = Aul

ll (, ) = All (sin )l eil

:

Z
0

ll ll sin dd = 2All All

(sin )2l sin d = 2All All

(1 2 )l d = 1

(1 2 )l d = 22l+1

2All All 22l+1

= cos , d = sin d, sin2 = 1 2

2 (l + 1)
(2l + 2)

(2l + 2)
(2l + 1)!
(l + 1)
= 1 A A =
=
(2l + 2)
222l+1 2 (l + 1)
222l+1 (l!)2

(l + 1) = l!
s
(2l + 1)!
All =
422l (l!)2
lm L .

5.4 Spin
B , ,
:

U = B

B = B z U = z B

F = U Fz = z

B
z

z .
.

100

- spin -
qe = e v
I .
= Ir 2 .

r me
e

e
, =
T
e
= r2 =
T
L = mvr

I=

1
2

r Jd3 x

2
, v = r
T
e 2 2
e
r = r2
2 T
2

L = mvr = mr2
e
e
=
me r2 =
L
2me
2me
:

e
L
2me

.
l :

,z =

e~
m,
2me

l m l

1922, Stern Gerlach

(Ag) z
, .
.
Ag 47e 46e + 1e, .
(z ' 0). Stern Gerlach
, z
z , .
1927, Phipps Taylor
, : l = 0 = 0.
. .
: .

'

e~
2m

, 1000 ,
.

m = 1836me

l = 0 2 .
l = 1 2l + 1 = 3 6 .
9 .
: ;
: .
l = 0 ;
: ..;;
Pauli () . 1925
1926 Uhlenbeck Goudsmit spin
.

5.4 Spin

101

Dirac,
.

,
spin.

spin .
, . spin
,
(.. ).

spin.

e
S
2me

s = g

g , , S spin ().
spin sx , sy , sz . S2
Sz :
~2 s(s + 1) ms ~, s ms s
z :

sz = g

e~
ms
2me

, ms : 2s + 1 = 2

s=

1
1
ms =
2
2

g :

g=2

Lande

Dirac .
g = 2, 00232 (Lamb,
1947). . 2,
.

spin s = 1/2 :

Sx =

~
2

0
1


1
,
0

Sy =

~
2


i
,
0

0
i

Sz =

~
2

1
0


0
1

Sz :

 
1
0
 
~
0
Sz X = X X =
2
1
~
Sz X+ = X+ X+ =
2

X spin
.
 

X=

= X+ + X

 

hX|Xi = X X = ( , )
= +

102

- spin -

|Xi = |+i + |i

hX|Xi = h+|+i + h|i + h+|i + h|+i

h+|i = 0, h|+i = 0, h+|+i = 1, h|i = 1
X ,

hX|Xi = + = 1
A
A

X AX = hAi

~  
0

hSx i = X Sx X = ( , ) ~ 2

0
2


~/2
~

= ( , )
= ( + )
~/2
2
.
Sx , Sy
Sx , Sy , Sz ~/2.
(x)

Sx Sx X+ =

~ (x)
X
2 +

 
 

~
~ 0 1
=
=

2 1 0
2

= = 1/ 2 .

 
1 1
,
Sx
=
2 1
 
1 1
(y)
Sy X+ =
,
2 i
(x)
X+

 
1
1
=
1
2
 
1
1
(y)
X =
i
2

(x)
X

spinors ().

X =

 

|Xi = |X+ i + |X i

P spin z spin = ~/2.

(
P+ = spin(z) = ~/2
P = spin(z) = ~/2
:

(r, , ) = Rnl Ylm Xms

Xms = X+ X .
Pauli:


x =
:

0
1


1
,
0

~
Sk = k
2


0 i
y =
,
i 0


z =

1
0

0
1

5.4 Spin

103

k2 = 1
tracek = 0
det k = 1
x y z = i

()
B = B z. spin B
,

r spin.

H = H0 + HB ,

HB = s B

1
(P eA)2 + U (r), p = i~
2m
H = E (H0 + HB ) = E

B = A, H0 =

= (r)X
[H0 (r)] X + (r)(HB X) = E0 X + EX
(
H0 = E0

HB X = EX
:

e
ge~
S=

2me
4me


e~Bg
HB = B =
z
4me
= g

Schr
odinger

ge~B
4me

1
0

HB Xn = En Xn

0
Xn = En Xn , n = 1, 2
1


Xn =

n
n

|n | + |n | = 1

egB
4me

X(t) =

Cn Xn eiEn t/~

n = 1, 2. cn .


1
~
0


 
n
0
Xn = En Xn , Xn =
1
n
(
~n = En n

~n = En n

104

- spin -


~ E

 0



0
=0
~ E 

E1 = ~,
X1 = 10 = X+

= 1, = 0
1
1

E
=
~,
X2 = 01 = X
2

2 = 0, 2 = 1
X(t) = C1 eiE1 t/~ X+ + C2 eiE2 t/~ X


C1 eit
2
2
X(t) =
|C1 | + |C2 | = 1
C2 eit

spin t = 0

 
1 1
X(0) =
2 1
spin +~/2 x

1
1
C1 = , C2 =
2
2


1 eit
X(t) =
it
2 e
 
 
cos t 1
sin t 1
X(t) =
i
2 1
2 1
 
1 1
t = 0 X(t) =
= X+ (x)
2 1
 


1 1i
1

1
t = X(t) =
= (1 i)
= ei/4 X+ (y)
4
2 1+i
2
i
 
1

t = X(t) =
= iX (x) = ei/2 X (x)
2
1
2
 
3
1
1
i3/4
t =
X(t) = e
X (y), X (y) =
4
i
2
 
4
1 1
t =
= X(t) =
= ei X+ (x) = ei X(0)
4
2 1
1 ei 1 = 2
. s B 2 ( spin,
Larmor).
Schr
odinger:

i~

dX
= HB X,
dt

HB = B

B = B z HB =
i~

ge~
Bz
4m

dX
geB
dX
geB
=
~z X i
=
z X
dt
4m
dt
4m

5.5

105


X(t) =

C+ (t)
C (t)

dC+

dt
= 1
i
dC
0

dt

0
1



C+
C

dC+

= C+ C+ (t) = C+ (0)eit
i
dt

dC

i
= C C (t) = C (0)eit
dt


 
C+ (t)
C+ (0)eit
X=
=
C (t)
C (0)eit
 
1 1
X(0) = X+ (x) =
2 1


1 eit
X(t) =
2 eit
geB
eB
2 =
4me
me


1 cos t i sin t
X(t) =
2 cos t + i sin t
 
 
cos t 1
sin t 1
X(t) =
i
2 1
2 1
=

X(t) = cos tX+ (x) i sin tX (x)

5.5

() J1 J2
, .
() () , J1
spin J2 .
, J1 , J2 ,
:

[J1k , J2l ] = 0 k, l = 1, 2, 3
:

[J1k , J1l ] = i~kl J1

[J2k , J2l ] = i~kl J2
, .
,

Jk = J1k + J2k
:

[Jk , Jl ] = i~J kl

J = J1 + J2

J1 (J1 + 1)~2 , J2 (J2 + 1)~2 J(J + 1)~2 J21 , J22 J2 .

J , J1 , J2 .

J21 J22 .

J2 = Jx2 + Jy2 + Jz2 = (J1x + J2x )2 + (J1y + J2y )2 + (J1z + J2z )2

106

- spin -

J21 J22 .
:

J2 = (J1 + J2 ) (J1 + J2 ) = J21 + J22 + 2J1 J2 ,

J1 J2 = J1x J1y + J1y J2y + J1z J2z

J1 , J2 .
:

[J2 , Jx ] = 0,

[J2 , Jy ] = 0,

[J2 , Jz ] = 0

[J 2 , J1x ] = 2i~J1y J2z 2i~J1z J2y

[J 2 , J2x ] = 2i~J1y J2z + 2i~J1z J2y
[J 2 , J1x + J2x ] = 0
:

[J2 , J1x ] 6= 0,

[J2 , J2x ] 6= 0

:
2
2
2
2
[J2 , J1x
] = [J21 , J1x
] + [J22 , J1x
] + 2[J1 J2 , J1x
]

= 0 + 0 + 2[J2 J1 , J21x ]
[J2 , J21 ] = 2[J2 J1 , J21 ]
= 2[J2x J1x , J21 ] + 2[J2y J1y , J21 ] + 2[J2z J1z , J21 ] = 0
[J1k , J21 ] = 0, k . , [J2 , J22 ] = 0.
4 , J21 , J22 , J2 , Jz , .
:

J2 = J21 + J22 + 2J1 J2 = J21 + J22 + 2J1z J2z + J1+ J2 + J1 J2+

jj1 j2 m = jm j1 m1 j2 m2 m1 +
m2 = m, ..

Jz jm = (J1z + J2z )j1 m1 j2 m2 = (J1z j1 m1 )j2 m2 + j1 m1 (J2z j2 m2 ) = (m1 + m2 )j1 m1 j2 m2

= mjm
j1 m1 j2 m2 (2j1 + 1)(2j2 + 1), (m1 , m2 ).
Jz m (m1 , m2 ) m1 + m2 = m.
j1 m1 j2 m2 j
J2 .
J m

j, . . . , j,

2j + 1

m, j
. j m = j1 + j2 = jmax ,

j
j max,j max = j1 j1 j2 j2
max
m = j1 + j2 1 = jmax 1, J2

J = J1 + J2 ,

[J 2 , J ] = 0

p
J max1 = J
J max = (J1 + J2 )j j j j
~ 2Jmax
1 1
2 2
= (J1 j1 j1 )j2 j2 + j1 j1 (J2 j2 j2 )

C1

= C1 j1 ,j1 1 j2 j2 + C2 j1 j1 j2 ,j2 1
p
p
= ~ j1 (j1 + 1) j1 (j1 1) = ~ 2j1

5.5

107

p
C2 = ~ 2j2
Jz (j1 + j2 1)~ J2 ~2 (j1 + j2 )(j1 + j2 + 1).
2Jmax , J max, m .

j1 ,j1 1 , j2 ,j2

j1 j1 j2 ,j2 1

= j1 ,j2 1 j2 ,j2 + j1 j1 j2 j2 1
m = j1 + j2 1, j = j1 + j2 1 J2 .
.
m = m1 + m2 j1 = 1 j2 = 2, .

m1 /m2
1
0
1

2
3
2
1

1
2
1
0

0
1
0
1

1
0
1
2

2
1
2
3

,
, m j = j1 + j2 = 3.
m
j = j1 + j2 1 = 2.
m j = j1 + j2 2 = 1 = j2 j1
.
j :

j1 + j2 j j1 + j2 2j1 = j2 j1
j2 j1 .
.

j1 + j2 j |j1 j2 |
.
(J2 , Jz ) (2j1 + 1)(2j2 + 1).
j

j1 + j2 , j1 + j21 , . . . , j1 + j2 n

i h
i
h
i
2(j1 + j2 ) + 1 + 2(j1 + j2 1) + 1 + . . . + 2(j1 + j2 n) + 1
= 2(j1 + j2 )(n + 1) + (n + 1) 2(1 + 2 + . . . + n)
= 2(j1 + j2 )(n + 1) + n + 1 2

(n + 1)n
2

= (2j1 + 1)(2j2 + 1)
2(j1 + j2 )n + 2X
(j1X+XjX
n + 1
n2 
n = 4j1 j2 + Z
2jZ
2jZ
2) + 
1 +Z
2 +1


n2 n(2j1 + 2j2 ) + 4j1 j2 = 0
2
1p
n = (j1 + j2 )
4(j1 + j2 )2 16j1 j2
2
2
p
n = (j1 + j2 ) (j1 j2 )2 = (j1 + j2 ) |j1 j2 |

n = (j1 + j2 ) |j1 j2 | ,
j2 > j1 n = (j1 + j2 ) (j2 j1 ) = 2j1

108

- spin -

Jmax = j1 + j2 ,

Jmin = j1 + j2 n = j1 + j2 2j1 = j2 j1
Jmin = |j1 j2 |

(
j1 = j2 = j

Jmax = 2j
Jmin = 0

j = jmax = 2j .
j = 2j 1 .
j .

l spin s = 1/2

J1 = L,

J2 = S

J = L + S Jz = Lz + Sz
1
1
Jmax = l + , Jmin = l
2
2

5.5.1

spin 1/2

s = 1 s = 0. S(1) S(2)
spin .

S = S(1) + S(2)
spin
(1)

(2)

X , X .
spin s = 1

(1)

(2)

11 = X+ X+
S2 11 = 2~2 11
(1) (2)
1,1 = X X S2 1,1 = 2~2 1,1
(1)

(2)

10 S = S + S 11 .

(1)
(2)
(1) (2)
S 11 = ~ 210 = (S + S )X+ X+
(1)

(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

(2)

= (S X+ )X+ + X+ (S X+ )


(1) (2)
(1) (2)
(1) (2)
(1) (2)
= ~X X+ + ~X+ X = ~ X X+ + X+ X
S2 10 = 2~2 10
10 :


1  (1) (2)
(1) (2)
10 = X X+ + X+ X
2
(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

X X+ X+ X .
(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

Sz X X+ = 0
Sz X+ X = 0
Sz 10 = 0

5.5

109

S = S1 + S2 ,

S2 = (S1 + S2 ) (S1 + S2 )
= S21 + S22 + 2S1 S2
(S1 S2 = S1x S2x + S1y S2y + S1z S2z ).
:

2S1 S2 = 2S1z S2z + S1+ S2 + S1 S2+

S1+ = S1x + iS1y ,

S2+ = S2x + iS2y

S1 = S1x iS1y ,

S2 = S2x iS2y

S1+ S2 + S1 S2+ = (S1x + iS1y )(S2x iS2y ) + (S1x iS1y )(S2x iS2y )
= 2S1x S2x + 2S1y S2y
S2 = S21 + S22 + 2S1z S2z + S1+ S2 + S1 S2+
(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

S2 11 = S12 X+ X+ + S22 X+ X+ + 2S1z S2z X+ X+ + S1+ S2 X+ X+ + S1 S2+ X+ X+

0
3 (1) (2)
~ ~ (1) (2)
3 (1) (2)
:0


>

(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
X
)
S2+
X+ )(S2 X+ ) + (S1 X+ )(
X+ X+ + (S1+ 
= ~2 X+ X+ + ~2 X+ X+ + 2
+
4
4
22
8 (1) (2)
(1) (2)
= ~2 X+ X+ = 2~2 X+ X+
4
10 1,1 .
(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

spin s = 0 X X+ , X+ X
10 :
(1)

(1)

(2)

(2)

00 = aX X+ + bX+ X
1 n
(1) (2)
(1) (2)
h10 |00 i = ahX X+ |X X+ i
2
(1)

(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

(2)

(1)

(2)

+ ahX+ X |X X+ i + bhX X+ |X+ X i

o
(1) (2)
(1) (2)
+bhX+ X |X+ X i = 0
a + 0 + 0 + b = 0 a = b

|a| + |b| = 1 2 |a| = 1

1
a= ,
2

1  (1) (2)
(1) (2)
00 = X X+ X+ X
2

1
b =
2
Sz 00 = 0 S2 00 = 0