TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(28).

2008
62
DY V HC PHNG TRNH VI PHN
TUYN TNH CP 2 H S HNG VI S
TR GIP PHN MM TON HC MAPLE
TEACHING AND LEARNING LINEAR EQUATIONS OF THE SECOND
ORDER CONSTANT FACTOR WITH THE HELP OF MAPLE
MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE

TRN QUC CHIN
Trng i hc S phm, i hc Nng
TRN NGC VIT
HV Cao hc kho 2005 2008

TM TT
Mc tiu ca bi bo ny l vit chng trnh ton hc bng phn mm MAPLE
phn tch qu trnh gii phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 h s hng vi iu kin
ban u (Bi ton Cauchy). T p dng gii mt s bi ton dng phng trnh vi
phn cp 2.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a new approach to solve differential equations of the second order
constant factor with initial conditions (Cauchy problem) with THE help of program
written with the Maple software. This program is then applied to some linear equations
of the second order.

1. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2
nh ngha 1.1. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 c dng
'' ( ) ' ( ) ( ) y p x y q x y f x + + = , (1.1)
trong ( ), ( ), ( ) p x q x f x l cc hm s lin tc.
+Nu ( ) 0 f x = , th (1.1) gi l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh thun nht c dng
'' ( ) ' ( ) 0 y p x y q x y + + = (1.2)
+Nu ( ) 0 f x , th (1.1) gi l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh khng thun nht c
dng '' ( ) ' ( ) ( ) y p x y q x y f x + + = (1.3)
+ Nu ( ), ( ) p x q x l cc hng s th (1.1) gi l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2
h s hng.
nh l 1.2. Nu
1 2
( ), ( ) y x y x l 2 nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca phng trnh vi phn
thun nht (1.2) th
1 1 2 2
( ) ( ) y C y x C y x = + l nghim tng qut ca (1.2) , trong
TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(28).2008
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1 2
, C C l 2 hng s ty .
Chng minh. Xem ti liu tham kho [4], nh l 5.3, tr.220.
nh l 1.3. Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh khng thun nht bng tng ca
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht ( ) y v mt nghim ring no ( ) Y ca
phng trnh khng thun nht l y y Y = + .
Chng minh. Xem ti liu tham kho [4], nh l 5.9, tr.227.
2. Phng php gii phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 h s hng
2.1. Phng trnh thun nht. Cho phng trnh thun nht c dng
'' . ' . 0 y p y q y + + = , (2.1)
trong , p q l 2 hng s.
gii phng trnh thun nht (2.1) ta thc hin nh sau:
- Gii phng trnh c trng:
2
. 0 k p k q + + = , (2.2)
- Cn c vo cc trng hp sau kt lun nghim:
+Nu phng trnh c trng c 2 nghim phn bit
1 2
, k k th nghim tng qut ca
phng trnh thun nht l
1 2
. .
1 2
. .
k x k x
y C e C e = + , vi
1 2
, C C l 2 hng s ty .
+Nu phng trnh c trng c nghim kp
1 2
k k = th nghim tng qut ca phng
trnh thun nht l
1
1 2
( . ).
k x
y C C x e = + , vi
1 2
, C C l 2 hng s ty .
+Nu phng trnh c trng c 2 nghim phc
1 2
, k i k i = + = th nghim
tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht l
.
1 2
( .cos .sin )
x
y e C x C x

= + , vi
1 2
, C C l
2 hng s ty .
2.2. Phng trnh khng thun nht.
Cho phng trnh khng thun nht c dng '' . ' . ( ) y p y q y f x + + = , (2.3)
trong , p q l 2 hng s v ( ) 0 f x .
gii phng trnh khng thun nht (2.3) ta thc hin nh sau:
Bc 1: Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht ( ) y thc hin nh nu trn.
Bc 2: Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht ( ) Y thc hin nh sau:
*Trng hp 1. V phi c dng
.
( ) ( ).
x
n
f x P x e

= , ( )
n
P x l a thc bc n
+Nu
1 2
( , ) k k khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh c trng (2.2) th tm
nghim ring di dng
.
( ).
x
n
Y Q x e

= , ( )
n
Q x cng bc vi ( )
n
P x .
+Nu
1
( k hoc
2
) k l nghim n ca phng trnh c trng (2.2) th tm
TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(28).2008
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nghim ring di dng
.
. ( ).
x
n
Y x Q x e

= , ( )
n
Q x cng bc vi ( )
n
P x .
+Nu
1 2
( ) k k = l nghim kp ca phng trnh c trng (2.2) th tm nghim
ring di dng
2 .
. ( ).
x
n
Y x Q x e

= , ( )
n
Q x cng bc vi ( )
n
P x .
*Trng hp 2. V phi c dng
.
( ) ( ( )co s ( )sin )
x
m n
f x e P x x P x x

= + ,
trong ( ), ( )
m n
P x P x l nhng a thc bc , m n v l hng s.
+Nu . i khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh c trng (2.2) th tm nghim
ring di dng
.
( .cos .sin ), max( , )
x
k k
Y e P x Q x k n m

= + = .
+Nu . i l nghim ca phng trnh c trng (2.2) th tm nghim ring di
dng
.
. ( .cos .sin ), max( , )
x
k k
Y x e P x Q x k n m

= + = .
Bc 3: Vy, nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho l y y Y = + .
3. Chng trnh ton hc gii phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 h s hng
3.1. Lnh nhp xut d liu
+Hm readstat("<prompt>"): hin du nhc <prompt>
+Hm
tr v d liu nhp
t bn phm.
print(data1, data2, ): hin th d liu ra mn hnh. Lu : xu k
t t trong du ` `
3.2. Xy dng th tc trong Maple
.
+Maple l mt ngn ng lp trnh hng th tc (procedure). Ch th tc c thc
hin bng cch ng gi mt dy cc lnh x l cng mt cng vic vo mt th tc duy
nht, sau ch cn gi th tc ny v Maple t ng thc hin cc lnh c trong chu
trnh mt cch tun t v sau tr li kt qu cui cng.
+Khai bo th tc nh sau:
Procedure_name:=proc(parameter_sequence)
[local local_sequence]
[global global_sequence]
[options options_sequence]
statements_sequence
end;
Chng trnh gii v v th nghim ca phng trnh vi phn dng:
'' . ' . ( ) y p y q y f x + + = , iu kin u
0 0 0 0
( ) , '( ) ' y x y y x y = =
>
>
restart;
proc_eq2:=proc() # Thu tuc giai pt vi phan
TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(28).2008
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local
p,q,f,init_con,pt,ptthuannhat,ptdactrung,dactrung,thuannhat
,phuongtrinh,nktt:
global global_pt:
p:=readstat("p="):
q:=readstat("q="):
f:=readstat("f(x)="):
init_con:=readstat("DKdau="):
global_pt:=pt:
print(`---------------Bi Giai----------------`);
pt:=diff(y(x),x$2)+p*diff(y(x),x)+q*y(x)=f:pt:
print(`Phuong trinh vi phan tuyen tinh cap 2 la:`);
print(pt);
ptthuannhat:=diff(y(x),x$2)+p*diff(y(x),x)+q*y(x)=0:ptthuan
nhat:
print(`Phuong trinh thuan nhat la:`);
print(ptthuannhat);
ptdactrung:=k^2+p*k+q=0:ptdactrung:
print(`Phuong trinh dac trung tuong ung la:`);
print(ptdactrung);
dactrung:=solve({ptdactrung},{k}):dactrung:
print(`Nghiem pt dac trung la:`);
print(dactrung);
thuannhat:=dsolve(ptthuannhat):thuannhat:
print(`Nghiem tong quat cua phuong trinh thuan nhat la:`);
print(thuannhat );
nktt:=dsolve(pt):nktt:
print(`Nghiem tong quat cua phuong trinh khong thuan nhat
la:`);
print(nktt);
print(` Dieu kien ban dau la:`);
print(init_con);
phuongtrinh:=dsolve({pt,init_con},{y(x)}):phuongtrinh:
print(`Vay, nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho la:`);
print(phuongtrinh);
with(DEtools):
TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(28).2008
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DEplot(pt,y(x),-8..10,{[init_con]},y=-
8..10,arrows=NONE,stepsize=0.3,linecolor=blue,title=`VE DO
THI NGHIEM CUA PT VI PHAN`);
end;
3.3. Lu v np chng trnh
#Ket thuc chuong trinh
+Maple cho php lu chng trnh s dng mt cch thun tin nh sau:
>
+Trong file c s dng chng trnh thc hin lnh read fileproc, trong fileproc l
tn file (c c ng dn) cha chng trnh bin dch, c to bi lnh save:
save proc_eq2 "\\thu_tuc.m":
>
>
restart;
>
read "\\thu_tuc.m";
3.4. S dng chng trnh
proc_eq2(-2,2,4*exp(x),y(0)=1,D(y)(0)=2);
V d: Gii v v th nghim ca phng trnh vi phn sau
'' 2 ' 2 4
x
y y y e + = , iu kin u (0) 1, '(0) 2 y y = =
>
p=
proc_eq2(); # khai bao chu trinh
q=
-2; # khai bao he so hang p
f(x)=
2; # khai bao he so hang q
DKdau=
4*exp(x); # khai bao ve phai ham f(x)

y(0)=1,D(y)(0)=2; # nhap gia tri DK ban dau
---------------Bi Giai----------------

Phuong trinh vi phan tuyen tinh cap 2 la:

= + y'' 2y' 2y 4e
x

Phuong trinh thuan nhat la:

= + y'' 2y' 2y 0

Phuong trinh dac trung tuong ung la:

= + k
2
2k 2 0

Nghiem pt dac trung la:

, { } = k + 1 I { } = k 1 I

Nghiem tong quat cua phuong trinh thuan nhat la:

= y + _C1 e
x
( ) sin x _C2 e
x
( ) cos x

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(28).2008
67
Nghiem tong quat cua phuong trinh khong thuan nhat la:

= y + + e
x
( ) sin x _C2 e
x
( ) cos x _C1 4e
x

Dieu kien ban dau la:

, = ( ) y 0 1 = ( ) ( ) D y 0 2

Vay, nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho la:

= y + e
x
( ) sin x 3e
x
( ) cos x 4e
x


4. Kt lun
Bi bo ny trnh by cc bc c bn phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2
h s hng bng chng trnh ton hc. Kinh nghim cho thy l nu vit mt chng
trnh phc tp th trc ht ta vit v chy tng lnh mt xem kt qu th no, khi
thy kt qu tt ta nhm cc lnh trn thnh mt chng trnh hon chnh.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Trn Quc Chin (2008), Gio trnh Phn mm ton hc, H N.
[2] Phm Huy in, inh Th Lc, T Duy Phng (1998), Hng dn thc hnh tnh
ton trn chng trnh MAPLE V, NXB Gio dc, H Ni.
TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(28).2008
68
[3] L Ngc Lng, Tng nh Qu, Nguyn ng Tun, Mai Vn c(2001), Gip
n tp tt mn Ton cao cp, NXB HQG HN, H Ni.
[4] Nguyn nh Tr, T Vn nh, Nguyn H Qunh (2001), Ton hc cao cp,
NXB Gio dc, H Ni.
[5] K. Von Bulow supervised by E.S. Cheb-Terrab. "Equivalence Methods for Second
Order Linear Differential Equations." Master's thesis, Faculty of Mathematics,
University of Waterloo (2000).
[6] E.S. Cheb-Terrab and T. Kolokolnikov. "First-order ordinary differential equations,
symmetries and linear transformations." European Journal of Applied Mathematics
(2003), 14:231-246.
[7] J .A. Weil, "Recent Algorithms for Solving Second-Order Differential Equations"
(2002), available at http://pauillac.inria.fr/algo/seminars/sem01-02/weil.pdf.