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S DNG MY TNH TRONG GING DY
V NH GI CHT LNG HC TP

Phm Huy in
Vin Ton hc (Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam)
Nguyn Quang Minh
Vin Ton hc (Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam)
Nguyn Vn Sinh
Trng Cao ng S phm Hng Yn

1 Phn mm v my tnh l cng c h tr c lc
1.1 Phn mm v my tnh khng lm gim vai tr ngi thy, m ch h tr cho thy
Phn mm l cng c h tr thy trnh by cc minh ha vi cht lng cao, gim bt c
thi gian lm nhng cng vic th cng, vn vt, d nhm ln (v hnh, tnh ton trung
gian,...) c iu kin i su vo bn cht ton hc ca bi ging. Di y l mt s minh
ha cho iu ny. Hai ch c chn lm v d l: Dy s v gii hn ca dy s, Hm s
v gii hn ca hm s. R rng chng c ci my no c th thay thy ni cho hc sinh hiu
v bn cht hai khi nim ny. Ngc li, nu khng c my, thy cng kh m minh ha
cho hc sinh hiu c khi nim ny n ni n chn.
1.1.1 Dy s v gii hn dy s
1.1.1.1 Minh ha dy v gii hn ca dy
Minh ha dy s bng lnh v dy im pointplot. Th d ta minh ha 20 phn t u ca
dy s bng lnh:

>with(plots):
pointplot([seq([n,sin(n)/(n+1)],n=1..20)],symbol=cross);

1.1.1.2 Minh ha dy hi t (v 0)
= u
n
( ) sin n
+ n 1
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Mun xem xt tnh hi t ca dy ta v nhiu im hn, th d ta v 100 im ca dy
s bng lnh:
>pointplot([seq([n,sin(n)/(n+1)],n=1..100)],symbol=cross);

Xem thm mt khc ui
>pointplot([seq([n,sin(n)/(n+1)],n=1..200)],symbol=cross,
color=red);

C th xem tip nhiu khc ui khc na, v ta lun thy rng khc ui cng v sau th
cng gn trc honh, cho nn dy hi t. Thc t l nh vy
>limit(sin(n)/(n+1),n=infinity);

1.1.1.3 Dy khng hi t (v 0)
Xem xt dy s

>pointplot([seq([n,sin(n)+cos(n)],n=1..100)],symbol=cross);

>pointplot([seq([n,sin(n)+cos(n)],n=1..150)],symbol=cross);
0
= a
n
+ ( ) sin n ( ) cos n
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>pointplot([seq([n,sin(n)+cos(n)],n=1..200)],symbol=cross);

Mi khc ui u lun cha nhng phn t "v t chc", cho nn dy khng hi t. C th
chng minh iu ny mt cch cht ch bng nh ngha.
1.1.1.4 Nhng dy s phc tp
C nhng dy khng d g bit c n c hi t hay khng. V d

Hy th xem my biu din cc phn t ca n ra sao:
>pointplot([seq([n,(abs(sin(n)+1/n))^(n/ln(n+1))],
n=1..500)],symbol=cross);


>pointplot([seq([n,(abs(sin(n)+1/n))^(n/ln(n+1))],
n=1..1000)],symbol=cross);
= u
n
+ ( ) sin n
1
n

n
( ) ln + n 1
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>pointplot([seq([n,(abs(sin(n)+1/n))^(n/ln(n+1))],
n=500..800)],symbol=cross);

>pointplot([seq([n,(abs(sin(n)+1/n))^(n/ln(n+1))],
n=800..1000)],symbol=cross);

Qua y ta c th hnh dung c l dy khng hi t.
Mt v d khc, n gin hn nhng cng khng tm thng

>pointplot([seq([n,(abs(sin(n)+1/n))^sqrt(n)],
n=1..1000)],symbol=cross);
= v
n
+ ( ) sin n
1
n
n
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>pointplot([seq([n,(abs(sin(n)+1/n))^sqrt(n)],
n=1000..2000)],symbol=cross);

>pointplot([seq([n,(abs(sin(n)+1/n))^sqrt(n)],
n=2000..3000)],symbol=cross);

1.1.2 Hm s v gii hn hm s
Cch dy c: Ly vic v th l ci ch t ti (rt nng n, qu ti, v phi thc tin v
lp hm c th kho st v v th l rt t i).
Cch dy mi: Ly th lm khi im (nh nhng, d hiu v kh thi trong giai on hin
nay, v th ca mi hm u v c bng my).
1.1.2.1 Tnh gi tr v v th
Hy th v mt th m cc loi mo mc, k thut kho st u thy ngn,
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nh:

Vi my tnh, d dng tnh gi tr ca hm s ti (bao nhiu im ty thch), th d:

Ngoi ra, d dng thy rng khi th . T y d dng suy ra th nh sau


th ca hm s cng d dng v c bng cch trn


1.1.2.2 ng dng ca th
+ Cho thy c tng minh cc thuc tnh ca hm s.
+ Phng php gii phng trnh vn nng (mnh hn c lnh Solve ca Maple).
1.1.2.3 Gii hn hm s
Mt trong nhng vn nan gii ca ngi gio vin ph thng l phi lm cho hc sinh
"cm nhn" c bn cht ca gii hn (m khng cn phi i vo phn tch chi li theo nh
sin(cos )
( )
cos(sin )
x
f x
x
=

k

f
0 0.84147
1 0.84507
2 0.85450
3 0.86536
4 0.86954
5 0.85451
6 0.80340
7 0.69763
8 0.52360
9 0.28294
10 k =
0 f =
( ) ctg(cos(tg(sin ))) g x x =
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ngha). Vi Maple, ta c th cho hc sinh "nhn thy" bn cht vn . Vi lnh sau, hc sinh
s nhn thy (trong Maple) qu trnh tin ti gii hn ca hm khi tin v
0:
>picts:=[seq(plot([x*sin(1/x)*piecewise(x<-1/i,1,x<=1/i,0,1),x,-
x],x=-0.5..0.5,color=
[red,blue,blue],discont=true,numpoints=1000) ,i=3..100)]: display
(picts, insequence=true);

1.2 Vt qua ch kh mt cch khng kh
Nhng bt cp trong vn ging dy tch phn hin nay: Phin din, i ph, mang nng
tnh k thut v tiu xo, khng phn nh ng bn cht ca php tnh tch phn.
Nguyn nhn: Thiu phng tin h tr + Nng lc hn ch
Gii php khc phc: tng cng s h tr ca my tnh
1.2.1 nh ngha tch phn xc nh
1.2.1.1 Minh ha tng Riemann
Tng Riemann l mt khi nim kh m h i vi nhng ngi mi tip xc ln u. Vic
minh ho n bng tng din tch cc hnh ch nht con (ng vi cc s hng ca tng) phn
no lm gim bt tnh tru tng ca n. Tuy nhin, cho n nay, mt cun sch gio
khoa tt, hoc mt thy gio c kh nng minh ho gii th cng mi ch a ra c nhng
minh ho tng t nh l hnh v sau y (i vi tng Riemann ca hm
s :

>with(student):
middlebox(sin(x^2+x-1)-cos(x^2-x+1)+3,x=-3..3,15);
( ) sin(1/ ) f x x x =
x
= ( ) f x + ( ) sin + x
2
x 1 ( ) cos + x
2
x 1 3
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R rng, nu ch vi mt hnh v minh ho ny, hc sinh kh m hnh dung c rng khi
ly phn hoch mn th tng din tch m hnh ch nht ln nhn li c th trng vi
din tch ca hnh thang cong (xc nh bi hm s). Mun thy c iu ny ta cn a ra
mt dy hnh v minh ho th hin rng qu trnh xp x hnh thang cong (bng tp cc hnh
ch nht "mnh mai") t chnh xc cng cao khi phn hoch cng mn. My tnh l cng
c l tng cho ta thc hin iu ny. Bng cch ly b rng phn hoch bc sau bng na
bc trc, ch cn qua 3 bc ta c c kt qu hon ho:
>middlebox(sin(x^2+x-1)-cos(x^2-x+1)+3,x=-3..3,30);
middlebox(sin(x^2+x-1)-cos(x^2-x+1)+3,x=-3..3,60);
middlebox(sin(x^2+x-1)-cos(x^2-x+1)+3,x=-3..3,120);



Mun cho thuyt phc hn, ta cn phi a ra hng lot v d khc. Nu khng c my tr
gip th ta kh m thc hin iu ny, nhng vi my th thc l n gin.
1.2.1.2 Qu trnh tin ti gii hn ca tng Riemann
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Mt vn kh khn l lm sao hc sinh cm nhn c rng tng Riemann c th "tin
dn" ti din tch hnh thang cong (khi phn hoch mn dn)
>hamso:= t*sin(t^2-t+1)/(t^2+1)-cos(t^2+t-1):
picts := [seq(middlebox(hamso,t=-3..3,30+3*i), i=1..50)]:
display(picts, insequence=true);

1.2.2 Tch phn xc nh tnh kh hay d?
Trc y, v khng c my, thy v tr khng th tnh c tch phn xc nh theo nh
ngha (qua tng Riemann), cho nn ch a ra nh ngha ri quay sang tm nguyn hm.
By gi tnh th i khc, vi my tnh th vic tnh tch phn xc nh cng bnh thng
nh vic "khai cn mt s"
>Int(sin(x)/x,x=1..2);

>evalf(");

Nh vy, nu c my tnh th vic tnh tch phn (xc nh) l v cng n gin, k c i vi
cc hm m ta khng th no tm c nguyn hm (nh trn chng hn).
1.2.3 Nhng cu hi t ra
1.2.3.1 Vic no kh hn: tm nguyn hm hay tnh tch phn xc nh?
My tnh tm nguyn hm cng gii nh ta:
>Int(x*sin(x),x);

>value(");

d

1
2
( ) sin x
x
x
.6593299064
d

x ( ) sin x x
( ) sin x x ( ) cos x
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V c ta ln my cng phi chu "b tay" khi gp phi nhng bi "khng c trong sch gio
khoa", nh di y?
>int(sin(x)/(x+sqrt(x)),x);

>value(");

Nh vy, vi hm ny khng th tm c nguyn hm (di dng mt biu thc hin). Tuy
nhin ta vn d dng tnh c tch phn xc nh ca n trn mi on
>Int(sin(x)/(x+sqrt(x)),x=0..1);

>evalf(");

Tm li, vic tm nguyn hm kh hn hn vic tnh tch phn xc nh.
1.2.3.2 Tnh tch phn xc nh bng nguyn hm?
Hay tm nguyn hm thng qua tch phn xc nh ?
Ta bit rng nguyn hm ca hm s l tn ti, nhng khng th biu din
c qua cc hm s ta bit:
>int(sin(x)/(x+sqrt(x)),x);
Tuy nhin, nh l c bn ca php tnh tch phn cho ta thy rng n biu din c di
dng tch phn xc nh vi cn l bin s. Tht vy, n l mt hm F(x) xc nh nh sau:
>F(x):=int(sin(t)/(t+sqrt(t)),t=0..x);

Chng trnh tnh ton cho ta bit mi thng tin v hm ny, y v phong ph nh bt
k mt hm quen thuc no khc. Th d ta c th bo my cho xem gi tr ca hm ti bt k
im no, hoc hn th, ta c th bo my v cho ta th ca hm trn mt on bt k
>with(plots):plot(F(x),x=0..10);
d

( ) sin x
+ x x
x
d

( ) sin x
+ x x
x
d

0
1
( ) sin x
+ x x
x
.3615792078
= ( ) f x
( ) sin x
+ x x
:= ( ) F x d

0
x
( ) sin t
+ t t
t
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1.2.3.3 C nn u t qu nhiu thi gian cho vic tm nguyn hm ?
Nh vy ta c chng kin mt s kin c tnh bn cht l: Trong trng hp tng qut
th tch phn xc nh chnh l cng c tnh nguyn hm, ch khng phi l ngc li
(nh lu nay nhiu ngi nhm tng v dn mi sc lc cho vic tnh nguyn hm thng
qua cc loi mo mc, tiu xo,...). Cho nn ci ng hc l khi nim tch phn xc nh (theo
ng bn cht ca n), v bit s dng my tnh n, ch khng phi l hc my ci "mo"
tnh nguyn hm.
R rng hc khi nim tch phn xc nh v bit dng my tnh l n gin v hu ch
hn rt nhiu so vi vic "nhi nht" cc loi tiu xo tnh nguyn hm.
1.3 Phn mm h tr nh hng dy v hc kin thc c bn
o Bi tp ton kh khng cn l con ngo p v vic hc ton khng cn l gnh
nng cho hc sinh bnh thng.
o Vic hc ton i vo bn cht: hc vn ha ton, m khng phi hc mo mc v tiu
xo lm bi tp ton.
o Ci ti cho hc sinh c gim nh, nh tng c ti cho thy!!!
2 Xy dng gii php nh gi cht lng dy v hc
2.1 ngha v Mc ch
Vic i ph vi thi c hin nay tiu tn khng bit bao nhiu sc lc, tin ti ca ton x
hi v trn thc t ang tr thnh mt ci gnh ngy cng nng. Thc trng ny khin
khng t ngi cho rng n lc phi xa s nhng k thi. Xt cho ng, thi l mt bin
php nh gi cht lng gio dc o to, hay ni nm na th l mt thc o trnh
hc sinh. R rng, y l mt vic khng th thiu v mi c quan s dng lao ng u cn
bit trnh ca ngi mnh tuyn dng. Mt vai tr hin nhin na ca cc k thi l thc
y ngi hc tch cc hn trong hc tp. Thc t hin nay nc ta cho thy nu khng c
vic kim tra, thi c th phn ln hc sinh i hc nh i m cua bng gi thng y. y l
cha ni n lp ngi i hc khng phi v ly kin thc m ch ct kim c mnh bng,
chng ch,... leo thang danh vng. (ng tic l nhng ngi ny ang y ry trong x
hi ta, v c l chnh h ang lm cht cc hc ng, to ra sc p v nhu cu gi to cho
ngnh gio dc). Thit ngh, nu loi b c nhu cu hc rm th ngnh gio dc nc ta s
vt v hn rt nhiu. Ai c th gnh vc trch nhim ny, nu khng phi l nhng k thi?
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Xem ra, cc k thi t n khng c ti tnh g. Chnh nhng ngi khng bit t chc hp l
bin chng thnh ra gnh nng cho ton x hi, thm ch lm cho chng tr nn phn
tc dng v ang b khng t ngi ln n.
C l, vai tr ca cc k thi (nghim tc) l khng th ph nh c. Nu nh u
ngi ta c th b c cc k thi tt nghip, tuyn sinh,... th chnh l v ngi ta c c
c ch kim tra cht lng (mt hnh thc khc ca thi) nghim minh trong sut qu trnh
hc tp ca hc sinh. iu ny cng d hiu nh vic kim tra sc khe u n hng thng
th cho php b qua vic tng kim tra sc khe cui nm. R rng, trong bi cnh nc ta
hin nay, vic duy tr kim tra cht lng thng xuyn (mt cch nghim minh) l kh khn
hn rt nhiu so vi vic ch dn cho mt vi k thi. Ai cng bit nn xin im ang honh
hnh mi ni, mi cp hc,... khin cho khng t sng kin ca ngnh gio dc tr thnh
v dng. Th hi, trong bi cnh ny m b c vic thi th cht lng gio dc s i ti u?
Vic b qua cc k thi ch c th thc hin c nu ta c c c ch kim tra, nh gi cht
lng dy v hc mt cch nghim minh v thng xuyn. Ni dung bi vit ny nhm
cp n vic thit lp mt gii php cho vn nan gii . Khi nim thi y s c
hiu theo ngha rng, tc l mt dp kim tra cht lng ni chung.
2.2 Ni dung nh gi nh hng quyt nh ti ni dung v phng php dy
Kt qu thi l biu hin u tin ca kt qu hc hnh, cho nn ngi ta thng tm nim
"hc m thi" v h qu theo sau l "ci khng thi th khng cn phi hc". Chnh v vy,
nu xc nh ni dung thi c "chch mc tiu" th vic hc hnh cng b i lch hng. iu
ny th hin rt r i vi mn Ton, mt trong 3 mn c xem l trng im hin nay.
Vic xc nh ni dung thi ton trong cc k tuyn sinh l gii mt s bi tp ton khin c
thy v tr x i luyn lm cc bi tp, mt cng vic vn ch ng vai tr th yu trong
vic dy v hc ton (gip cng c kin thc l thuyt cho chc hn). Ai cng r vic gii
cc bi tp ton chng gip g my trong cng vic ca mnh sau ny (k c nhng ngi lm
ton). Vic gii quyt cc bi ton thc tin khng th thc hin c bng cc mo gii bi
tp hc sinh, m phi dng cc chng trnh tnh ton chuyn dng xy dng trn c s cc
phng php ton hc c bn; cn phng php t duy c bn c ch cho ngi ta v lu di
l trong cc chng minh cc nh l kinh in (phn l thuyt), m khng phi t my
"mo" lm bi tp. Vn c ngi thch "thi phng" vai tr rn luyn t duy ca vic lm bi
tp, cn nhng ngi lm ton thc s th bit rng vic nhi nht qua mc ci phng php
t duy kiu ny s gy hu qu xu cho ngi ta nh l vic "dng thuc qu liu lng".
iu t hi l, do qu thi gian c hn v ly vic gii bi tp lm mc ch cui cng, ngi
ta cho hc l thuyt mt cch "chiu l" (ch hc vt mt s cng thc my mc phc v cho
gii bi tp). iu ng ni l chnh kin thc l thuyt mi l iu hc sinh cn phi hc. Kt
qu ca cch dy v hc phi c bn (ly bi tp lm trng tm) khng ch lm hc sinh "rng"
v vn ho ton, m cn lm cho hc sinh s ton, hoc mt mi v ton,... R rng, cch hc
ton sai lch hin nay l con ca cung cch nh gi, thi c ang c tin hnh. Nu ta
nh hng ni dung thi l cc kin thc l thuyt c bn th chng nhng gip cho thy tr
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dy v hc ng nhng th cn thit cho mnh trong tng lai, m cn ngn nga c nn
dy v hc thm trn lan, bi v hc sinh xc nh c phm vi cn phi hc. (Ta bit rng l
thuyt c th gi gn trong vng mt quyn sch gio khoa mng, cn cc bi tp "n theo"
th c th tri khp c hng chc cun sch dy, m vn khng ht!!!).
Mt iu cn lu l cung cch thi c theo kiu "h tr cc l luyn" nh hin nay khng ch
gy lng ph ln v nhn lc cho ton x hi, m cn ang lm mt kh nng tip cn cc
trng i hc ca nhng hc sinh rt c nng lc nng thn (nht l ngi ngho v ngi
vng su vng xa), v cc em khng c iu kin c "tri qua l luyn" nh cc bn
thnh ph hay con em cc gia nh kh gi. Hy nhn li xem bit bao ngi thnh t v ti
gii hm nay xut thn t tng lp ngi ngho ca thi k cha pht sinh cc "l luyn"?
2.3 Phng php nh gi quyt nh tnh cng bng v hiu qu
Khi thi bao qut ton b chng trnh th hc sinh khng th "hc t" theo kiu n may,
cht lng o to s c nng cao. Mun cho thi c th bao qut c chng trnh th
thi buc phi di (gm nhiu cu hi). Khi y, phng php trc nghim khch quan s l
ph hp, khng ch i vi ni dung thi l cc cu hi v kin thc l thuyt c bn m vi c
nhng bi tp i hi suy lun cc kiu (min l ngi ra bit cch). c bit, do vic chm
bi thi thc hin bng my, n c tnh khch quan v t, gim thiu cc sai st gy oan tri,
ngn nga cc kh nng tiu cc v tit kim c rt nhiu thi gian, sc lc trong khu
chm bi.
Vic chm bi thi bng my cho php s dng nhiu b khc nhau trong cng mt k thi
(min l tng ng nhau v trnh ). iu ny s hn ch c rt nhiu t nn gian ln
trong thi c, k c t pha th sinh ln nhng ngi t chc, qun l k thi. Ngi ta cng
khng cn phi qu lo vi chuyn "l ", v khi thi bao qut c chng trnh hc th l
cng ch nh l "l chng trnh". Hn na, do vic s dng rt nhiu khc nhau, vic
l mt chng c ngha l g, v chng ai bit trc mnh bt phi no (cn nu nh l
ht v hc sinh chun b c ht trc khi thi th y chnh l mong mun cao nht ca
ngnh gio dc!!!). Nh vy, vi kiu thi trc nghim khch quan, vic to mi trng lnh
mnh cho mi k thi l khng kh khn, v khi y h tt phi thi tp trung ti mt a im
(thm ch cng khng nht thit phi thi trong cng mt ngy, v khng cn chuyn l ).
iu ny khng ch gp phn gim bt gnh nng cho cc th sinh vng xa, m cn gii ta
c cnh ch tc trin min (v mi mt) cc thnh ph trung tm mi khi ma thi n.
Tuy nhin, ci c ln nht ca phng php trc nghim khch quan l em li mi trng
trong sch cho cc k thi, lm cho c ngi ln ngi trt u thy thoi mi v s nh
gi khch quan v t, v khng lm cho ai ngh ti chuyn "chy cht", v n cn kh hn l
i thi. Nhng ai tng tri qua cc k thi ngoi ng kiu trc nghim, nh TOEFL, hn
t mnh kim nghim iu ny.
Nu nh c c cc trung tm kho th (khch quan v t), t chc vic thi c v cp chng
ch mt cch thng nht (trc mt cho hc sinh ph thng), th s khc phc c rt nhiu
iu bt cp trong lnh vc ny. Khi y, vic dy thm-hc thm (theo mc ch ring ca
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gio vin) cng s t bin i, v cht lng hc tp cui cng ca hc sinh s c nh gi
khng phi bng cc bi kim tra theo ch quan ca thy, m bng cc bi thi ca trung
tm kho th. Cc k thi nh vy cng s cho chng ta mt thc o chnh xc v cht lng
o to ca tng trng, tng thy.
2.4 Nhng kh khn v tr ngi trn ng i ti thi c lnh mnh
Vic t chc thi trc nghim i hi s chun b rt cng phu: c v mt thit lp chng trnh
ln son tho ni dung cu hi trc nghim. Khu th nht tuy khng d, nhng c th xem l
nm trong tm tay ca cng ngh thng tin Vit Nam; khu th hai tng l d, nhng rt
kh lm c hon ho. Nhng ngi khng o tng th lun thc c rng "ci kh
khng t nhin mt i m n ch bin i t dng ny sang dng khc", do kiu thi trc
nghim khch quan em li cho ta bao nhiu thun li trong khu t chc v chm bi th n
cng i hi ta phi ng u vi by nhiu thch thc trong khu son tho ni dung cu
hi. Vic ny khng phi l qu kh, nhng i hi s u t cng sc rt ln, vt xa s "o
tng"ca nhiu ngi. N i hi phi huy ng c nng lc hp tc ca mt th rt ng
cc nh gio, nh khoa hc u ngnh. Bng cch ny, vic thi c s khng cn b l thuc
vo ch mt vi c nhn (vn tim n kh nng ri ro cao), m c h tr bi mt tp th ln
(trong s "trc trc" ca mt vi c th t c kh nng gy nh hng ng k n hot
ng ca c h thng). Vic huy ng mt tp th rt ng ngi tham gia son khng h
lm tng nguy c v kh nng "l " (nh cch ra thi thng thng hin nay), m ngc
li "xc sut l " c th xem nh t l nghch vi lng ngi tham gia son . Tm li,
c c h thng thi trc nghim hon ho, vic u t ban u l kh ln. Cho n nay,
phn ln cc trng khng thnh cng trong vic p dng hnh thc thi ny l do khng
sc u t tha ng ngay trong giai on u.
Ni nh vy khng c ngha l hnh thc thi trc nghim i hi u t qu nhiu v khng
mang li li ch v mt kinh t. Ngc li, vic u t nghim tc cho mt nm u khng
th tn km hn nhng g m B Gio dc v o to ang phi u t cho mt k thi trong
nm, cn cc khon chi ph cho vic b sung v chnh l chng trnh thi trc nghim cho cc
nm sau l rt nh so vi chi ph ban u, v nh vy hiu qu kinh t v lu di ca hnh
thc thi trc nghim l iu khng cn phi bn ci.
2.5 Nhng mc tiu hin thc
Chng ta c th thit lp c mt m hnh thi c vi cc c tnh sau y:
Ni dung thi c nh hng ch yu vo cc kin thc c bn. Tng thi c kh
nng bao qut chng trnh trn din rng, c th nh gi trnh kin thc th
sinh mt cch ton din v chnh xc. iu ny s gp phn xo b t nn hc t, hc
lch, cc kiu ra thi "nh " v nn "luyn thi trn lan".
C ch chm v sinh thi bng my cho php mi thi sinh lm mt thi ring
(nhng tng ng nhau v kh). Kh nng gian ln trong thi c c gim n
mc ti thiu. S khng cn t nn quay cp, bi v cc th sinh vi cc thi khc nhau
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s chng c g chung sao chp. Cc loi t nn gian ln ngoi phng thi cng khng cn
ch ng, vi ngi "ngoi cuc" rt kh bit c "th sinh nh mnh" bt phi no
(trong s hng vn ) m lm h v tm cch "tun vo". iu ny khng ch gim
nh cng vic cho khu t chc thi, m cn h tr c lc cho cho ch trng t chc
thi phn tn ti cc a phng, tit kim chi ph cho nhn dn vng su vng xa v
gim ch tch cho cc thnh ph ln trong ma thi c.
Cng vic chm thi tr nn nh nhng, chnh xc, gim thi gian v chi ph. Trn thc t,
chm bi khng cn l vic kh i hi cc chuyn gia gii, m ch l cng vic nhp
d liu thng thng ca cc nhn vin th k. Kt qu chm thi chnh xc, bi v cc s
sut ca vic nhp liu t hn rt nhiu so vi cc sai st ca vic chm bi th cng
(nh hin nay); ng thi cc s sut v nhp liu (nu c) cng d c pht hin v
x l kp thi, khng cn phi lm cc th tc "phc tra" rm r nh hin nay.
2.6 Mt s gii php k thut
Sau hai nm nghin cu, trn c s kinh nghim ca nc ngoi kt hp vi c im tnh
hnh thc tin nc ta, cc chuyn gia ca phng Nghin cu Pht trin Phn mm (Vin
Ton hc, Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam) xut mt m hnh chng trnh nh gi
cht lng theo hnh thc trc nghim sau y:
2.6.1 Cc tnh nng c bn ca chng trnh
C th sinh thi cho nhiu k thi (khc nhau v ni dung v chng trnh);
Trong mi k thi c th sinh nhiu thi khc nhau, nhng tng ng nhau v trinh ,
mi th sinh c mt ring;
Mi thi gm nhiu cu hi, c th qut ton b ni dung chng trinh hc;
C modul qun tr Ngn hng D liu thi cho php nhp thi v thng xuyn chnh
l, nng cp ni dung cc thi;
C modul thng k v nh gi cht lng thi, cho php kim nh li cht lng ca
tng cu hi (sau nhiu ln s dng), h tr cho vic chnh l v b sung Ngn hng D
liu thi;
C modul Qun tr thi phc v cho thit lp v qun l Danh mc th sinh ng ky d thi
(ch nhng th sinh ng k, c s bo danh, mi c php tham gia k thi). Modul
ny cn qun l cc thng tin lin quan n thi, kt qu lm bi, im s thi ca tng th
sinh.
2.6.2 Ngn hng d liu thi
2.6.2.1 Yu cu v ni dung thi
C tnh in hnh v bao qut ton b chng trnh (i hi ngi ra phi c trnh
chuyn mn cao);
C ngh thut din t ( hi c nhng vn phc tp bng nhng cu n gin);
Mi cu hi c th c nhiu phng n tr li sn th sinh la chn ra phng n
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ng; nhng cng c th c khng c phng n cho sn, m th sinh phi t in
phng n tr li ca mnh vo mt trng cho trc;
im ca mi cu hi c cho tng phng n tr li, c th nhn cc gi tr s khc
nhau (m khng nht thit ch c hai gi tr ng hoc sai), thun tin cho vic phn
loi kh nng th sinh.
2.6.2.2 T chc Ngn hng d liu thi
Cc cu hi c phn loi theo cc chuyn mc (hp ca tt c cc chuyn mc phi
ph kn ton b chng trnh);
Mi chuyn mc gm nhiu cu v c phn loi theo mc d - kh (thng chia
thnh 3 mc : d, trung bnh, kh) v c gn thi gian lm bi.
Mi cu hi (thuc mt loi, mt ch xc nh) c ch bin thnh nhiu phin bn
tng ng nhau (t 10 n 50, tu nhu cu) v c xp trong cng mt "ngn ko";
Mi phin bn u c gn m, trong bao gm c: M chuyn mc, m phn loi
mc , m cu hi, m phin bn.
2.6.3 Qui trnh sinh thi v chm im
2.6.3.1 Chun b thi cho mt k thi
C 3 bc trong quy trnh chun b cho mt k thi:
Bc 1: Xc nh cc chuyn mc cn a vo thi (cn c theo ni dung chng trnh cn
thi hay kim tra); Vic ny thng p dng cho cc k kim tra nh trong nm hc
(v mt vi ch c th mi dy qua);
Bc 2: Xc nh mc kh cho tng chuyn mc ca k thi (tu theo mc ch ca k thi
v yu cu nm bt kin thc ca tng loi i tng v chuyn mc );
Bc 3: Chn ngu nhin cc "ngn ko" cu hi thi (theo mc kh-d xc nh trong
Bc 2) v n nh thi gian lm bi thi thng qua thi gian nh cho tng cu hi;
Nh vy, sau bc chun b ta a ra c mt tp hp cc "ngn ko" cu hi thi. Tp cc
ngn ko ny l ngu nhin (ngi chun b thi cng khng th ch nh c theo
mnh). ng lu l mi ngn ko gm nhng cu hi c lp nhng tng ng nhau v
kh-d. Mt iu cn ch l thi gian lm bi thi c xc nh theo tp hp cu hi c
chn, ch khng phi l c xc nh trc nh ta thng lm theo truyn thng (15 pht, 1
gi, hay 3 gi,...). iu ny l hp l hn, v thi gian thi phi ph thuc vo ni dung thi c
th, ch khng phi l vo mun ch quan ca ta. Tuy nhin, ta d dng iu tit lng cu
hi c c thi gian lm bi xp x nh nh theo thi quen.
Trong thc t trin khai, bc chun b cho mt k thi chnh l bc sinh m xc nh cc
"ngn ko" cu hi (bao gm: M chuyn mc, m phn loi mc , m cu hi, trong hai
m u c ch nh theo yu cu, cn m th 3 c sinh ngu nhin). Nu thi trn din
rng (gm nhiu a im thi), th bc ny ch cn thc hin ti 1 trung tm, sau thng
bo kt qu (thc cht ch l mt chui s, nh l mt cha kho) cho tt c cc ni (c th m
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ho nu thy cn thit).
2.6.3.2 Sinh thi cho tng th sinh
Mi th sinh vo thi s c chng trnh sinh ngu nhin mt thi ring, bng cch ly ngu
nhin mi phng n t trong tng ngn ko ( c xc nh trong bc chun b cho mt
k thi). Sau khi c sinh, chng trnh s cho ra m s ca thi (c th ly trng vi s
bo danh) v tp m s cc phin bn c chn cu thnh .
V cc phin bn ca mi cu hi l tng ng nhau, cho nn cht lng ca mi thi
trong mt k thi (c sinh ngu nhin theo phng php trn) l tng ng nhau.
2.6.3.3 Lm bi v chm im
Nu thi trc tip trn my, th sinh in trc tip cc phng n tr li vo cc c sn trn
my, v c bit kt qu ngay sau khi thi xong. Phiu im thi (vi kt qu im ca tng
cu hi) s c in ra cho tng th sinh.
Nu khng thi trc tip trn my, mi th sinh c my tnh sinh (ngu nhin) mt ring
v in ra giy. Th sinh lm bi trn giy thi in sn (nh thng thy cc k thi TOEFL hin
nay). C th in ring thi v phiu lm bi, ch cn chng c chung mt m thi (nh chung
mt s phch trong cc t giy thi truyn thng). Khi lm xong bi, th sinh ch cn np phiu
lm bi (khng nht thit phi np li thi, v c my lu theo m ). Kt qu t phiu
lm bi thi c th c nhp vo my tnh bng mt trong 2 cch: nhp liu thng thng hoc
qua my qut t ng (c 2 phng php u khng i hi nhng chuyn gia c trnh cao,
nh i vi cng tc chm bi hin nay, m ch yu cu cc nhn vin th k nhp liu thng
thng). Kt qu nhp liu c in ra giy d dng kim nh li khi cn.
Trn c s d liu nhp vo, chng trnh cn c vo m thi tm ra m cu hi, m phin
bn ri ly ra p n tng ng chm im. im s c lu li vo tp d liu v thng
tin th sinh, cng vi m thi v m cc phin bn cu hi. Kt qu cng c in ra di
dng phiu im thi (nh khi thi trc tip trn my).
2.6.3.4 Nhn xt
So vi cch thi v chm im th cng nh hin nay, phng php trn th hin nhiu u th
vt tri:
Tc chm cao hn rt nhiu (thi gian nhp phiu bi lm t hn rt nhiu so vi thi
gian chm bi bng th cng nh hin nay). Ni chung, thi gian chm bi sau mi k
thi khng cn l vn ng quan tm ca ngi t chc k thi. Chi ph cho khu chm bi
gim i rt nhiu ln, khng ch do thi gian v cng sc c rt ngn, m vic nhp
liu trong khu chm bi khng i hi cc chuyn gia c trnh cao (nh chm bi
theo kiu th cng hin nay).
Kt qu chm thi chnh xc, bi v cc s sut ca vic nhp liu t hn rt nhiu so vi
cc sai st ca vic chm bi th cng (nh hin nay); ng thi cc s sut ny, nu
c, cng c pht hin v x l rt d dng (ch cn nhp li d liu cho ng, m
khng cn phi lm cc th tc "phc tra" rm r nh hin nay).
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Kh nng gian ln trong thi c c gim thiu. S khng cn t nn quay cp, bi v 2
th sinh vi 2 khc nhau s chng c g chung sao chp. Ngi "ngoi cuc"
khng th bit c "th sinh nh mnh" bt phi no (trong s hng vn ) m
lm h v tm cch "tun vo".
Kh nng "on m - n may" trong phng php thi trc nghim ny s khng xy ra, v
trong bi khng phi ch l nhng phng n (ng - sai) c sn c th "chn
m", m cn c kh nng trng "khung p s" cho th sinh t in vo kt qu
m mnh tm ra.
2.6.4 Cc chc nng h tr khc
2.6.4.1 Qun l H s th sinh
y l chc nng khng th thiu ca bt c chng trnh thi c no. N cho php:
Thit lp danh mc cc th sinh (vi cc tiu ch thng tin cn thit), thng qua giao
din Web (v c th nhp t bt c ni no trn mng, nu c php).
Kim tra t cch th sinh: Ch cc th sinh ng k (c khai bo trong c s d
liu) mi c quyn tham gia thi.
T ng cp nht ni dung thi c (M thi, danh mc cc phin bn cu hi c
sinh, kt qu im s cho tng cu hi,...) vo H s th sinh.
2.6.4.2 Qun l v tng cng cht lng Ngn hng thi
D dng m rng dung lng (thm ch thi, thm cu hi v phng n tr li);
Giao din cp nht thi thun tin (trn Web); cho php lm vic t mi ni trn mng quc
gia (khi ngi qun tr trao quyn truy nhp); mi nhp c lu vo "vng m" Ban
kim nh xem xt, ch cc t tiu chun mi c b sung vo Ngn hng thi.
Tng cng cht lng ngn hng thi bng chc nng Thng k kt qu thi qua nhiu giai
on, pht hin ra cc cu hi qu d, hoc qu kh, hoc khng chnh,... loi b hoc
chnh l.
2.7 Cc hnh thc p dng
2.7.1 Cc k kim tra trn din hp
Vi cc k kim tra trn din hp (lng ngi tham d khng nhiu) th hnh thc thi nhanh
gn nht l lm trc tip trn my. Do b qua c cng on in thi v nhp kt qu cho nn
thi gian gim xung rt nhiu. Thi gian cho c 3 cng on ch cn rt li bng ng thi
gian lm bi thi. Hnh thc ny rt thun tin cho cc mc ch kim tra th im, kim tra
cho,...
2.7.2 Cc k thi trn din rng
Vi cc k thi trn din rng (lng th sinh d thi rt ng) th hnh thc thi trn giy l ph
hp vi hon cnh hin nay, v khng i hi nhiu my tnh (mi hi ng th thi ch cn 1
vi ci lm nhim v sinh v in cc thi). Hnh thc ny lm nhng ngi t tip xc vi
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my tnh t tin hn (khng b m nh bi kh nng xy ra "s c" m ngi ta khng hiu
c). Vic lm bi trn giy cng m bo tnh xc thc "khng th chi ci c" v kt qu
lm bi ca mi th sinh. Cc th sinh khng th chi ci v cc phng n tr li do mnh
chn trn "giy trng mc en".
Lu rng, trnh "qu ti" trong vic sinh qu nhiu trong mt thi gian ngn (vo
thi im thi), khu sinh thi cho cc th sinh hon ton c th thc hin trc mt bc m
khng s mt tnh "khch quan v t". Ngi c thm quyn ti mt Hi ng thi c th cho
sinh mt cch ngu nhin (vi s gim st ca ngi c thm quyn, nu cn) mt lng thi
ln (nhiu hn hn lng th sinh tham gia thi ti hi ng ) v cho in ra trc thi
im thi. n khi thi, cc thi sinh ch vic chn ngu nhin mt trong (rt nhiu) cc thi
in sn.
2.7.3 Thi kt hp trc nghim v t lun
Hai hnh thc thi trc nghim v t lun khng ph nh ln nhau, m ngc li chng h tr
v b sung cho nhau. Hnh thc thi trc nghim cho php phn loi nhanh trn din rng,
trong khi hnh thc thi t lun cho php phn loi tinh trn din hp. Chnh v vy, m hnh
thi hon ho hn c l cho th sinh tri qua hai vng: vng th nht dng hnh thc trc
nghim loi ra nhng th sinh thc s km, vng th hai dng hnh thc thi t lun
phn loi nhng hc sinh thc s gii. R rng, gii php ny l tn km hn so vi thi mt
vng, v vy ch nn p dng khi thy tht cn thit.
2.7.4 Kt hp 2 k thi trong mt ln thi
Vic kt hp 2 k thi (thi tt nghip v thi tuyn sinh i hc) trong mt ln thi c th c
thc hin mt cch kh n gin i vi chng trnh ni trn, bi v c th c chn vi
nhiu mc kh-d tu theo nhu cu. Mt th php n gin l: phn chia thi thnh 2 cm,
cm th nht gm khong 80% cu hi loi bnh thng ( nh gi tiu chun tt nghip) v
cm th hai gm 20% cu hi loi kh hn ( nh gi tiu chun vo i hc). Ngi c tt
nghip l ngi t im chun quy nh cho cm th nht (bt lun kt qu ca cm
th hai ra sao). Ngi vo i hc phi l ngi t im cao c 2 cm ca thi. C ch
tuyn sinh ca B (v cc trng) s xc nh khung im chun cho mi cm ca thi (tu
theo tnh hnh c th ca tng nm, tng trng, tng vng,...).
2.7.5 Trung tm kho th khu vc
Chng trnh trc nghim nu trn c th c s dng lm ht nhn cho mt trung tm kho
th khu vc (ca s, phng, trng,...). y l mt cng c cn thit cho vic chun ho cht
lng o to trn quy m rng. N cung cp phng tin thun li cho nhiu loi hnh kim
tra v nh gi cht lng dy v hc mi mc , k c nhng cuc "kim tra cho", kim
tra nh k, tng trng, tng a phng c th,... Kt qu nh gi cc thi im, a
im thi khc nhau vn l thng nht v th t phn loi theo im s (cng nh l im s
thi ting Anh theo TOEFL hin nay khng ph thuc vo vic thi a im no, vo lc
no,...). Vi "Trung tm kho th" ny, vic t chc kim tra nh gi cht lng c tin
hnh mt cch n gin v nh nhng: T my ch ca trung tm kho th, ngi ta nh sn
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b kim tra (theo quy trnh chn ni dung thi trnh by trn), v t mi a im
(trong hay ngoi khu vc) c th truy cp vo thi (trc tip trn my hay gin tip qua giy),
trong cng mt ngy hay trong vng vi ngy (tu theo hon cnh). Kt qu kim tra c
bit ngay sau khi thi xong.
Kt qu ca cc k kim tra tin hnh qua trung tm kho th phn nh mt cch khch quan
cht lng hc tp ca hc sinh mi a phng, cho nn ta c mt "thc o" cng bng
cho vic nh gi cng tc o to tng a phng. Ngoi vai tr lm "trng ti" nh gi
cht lng, trung tm kho th c th to ra mt "h thng m" cho php mi ngi, mi c s
o to c th truy cp n t nh gi kh nng ca mnh.
3 Thc tin trin khai ban u
3.1 Xy dng phn mm
(Xem m)
3.2 Trin khai th nghim
3.2.1 Ci t trn my
Chng ti tin hnh ci t chng trnh b mn i s v hnh hc lp 10 vo my vi phn
mm trc nghim do cc chuyn gia phn mm ti Vin Ton xut. Chng ti lp cc
mc theo cc chng ca sch gio khoa. Trong mi chng li to ra cc mc nh theo cc
n v kin thc chnh ca chng. Khi to xong chng ti nhp cc cu hi ph hp vi h
thng kin thc c ngn hng .
Cch lp cc mc nh vy rt thun tin khi tin hnh kim tra thng xuyn 10-15 pht
hng ngy, cng nh kim tra sau mt phn kin thc theo chng trnh ca b, m khng s
khi sinh khng ng phn kin thc hc. Vic kim tra c th tin hnh mt cch
thng xuyn nhm to ra khng kh hc tp, buc hc sinh phi thng xuyn n luyn
kin thc. iu ny mang li s thun li trong ging dy v hc tp.
Mt khc mi khi kim tra xong ta tin hnh kim nghim nh gi kh, phn
bit v tin cy. T chnh l li phng php dy cho tng bi, b sung v chnh l cc
cu hi theo cc tit dy so snh vi bng trng s m bo tnh h thng, tnh lin mch
ca kin thc.
3.2.2 Trin khai th nghim
3.2.2.1 Cc hnh thc p dng
1) Kim tra nh gi thng xuyn 10-15 pht.
Vi hnh thc ny thng kim tra u gi hoc cui gi nhm mc ch n li bi c, cng
c bi mi. Hnh thc ny gip hc sinh n tp mt cch thng xuyn, nh nhng, gy hng
th cho cc em trong hc tp v nhc nh cc em chu kh hc bi. S lng cu hi chng
ti la chn l 5 cu trong 2 cu d chim 40% v 2 cu trung bnh chim 40% v 1 cu
kh chim 20%.
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2) Kim tra nh gi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh vi thi gian 45 pht.
Khi cc em hc xong mt phn vi lng kin thc nht nh. Ta tin hnh kim tra mt tit
(theo phn phi chng trnh ca b). Chng ti da vo mc tiu gio dc ca ch cn
kim tra, ln khung thi. Khung thi gm: s lng cu hi theo tng n v kin thc,
mc kh, d ca tng cu. Nhm nh gi cc mc nhn thc ca hc sinh. Khi ra
da vo trnh yu cu ca tng ban, tng lp m to ra cho ph hp. Chng ti thng
to 3 d chim 20%, 9 trung bnh chim 60%, 3 kh chim 20%. Nhng vi lp c lc
hc kh ta c th tng s lng trung bnh v kh ln, vi lp km hay nhng ni iu
kin hc cha tt ta c th gim kh xung ph hp vi thc t.
3) Kim tra nh gi kt qu ca hc sinh sau khi kt thc mt hc k.
Mi mn hc u c mt mc tiu nht nh. Kim tra l cng c o lng mc t ti ca
mc tiu ny vi su phm tr chnh l: Nh, hiu, vn dng, phn tch, tng hp, nh gi,
o hnh vi ca hc sinh, chng ti c th ho theo ba mc ca l d, trung bnh,
kh. Chng ti da theo yu cu ca tng ch trong chng trnh sch gio khoa. Kt hp
vi gio vin trc tip ging dy trong khi, xc nh r trng tm kin thc cn kim tra,
xc nh r trnh ca hc sinh. T nn khung kim tra sao cho hp l v tin hnh
kim tra.
3.2.2.2 Trin khai thc t
Trc khi kim tra chng ti tin hnh tho lun thng nht vi gio vin trong khi, dy
cng b mn xc nh r ni dung kim tra, phm vi ca nhng vn cn a vo bi kim
tra, thi gian kim tra, cc mc tiu cn nh gi, hnh vi cn o ca hc sinh. Ln khung bi
kim tra theo bng trng s chi tit. Th d, kim tra mt tit (45 pht) chng phng
trnh v h phng trnh mn i s lp 10, ta c khung bi kim tra sau:
Bng 6: Khung bi kim tra chng phng trnh v h phng trnh.

T y ta cho my sinh theo khung trn, vi s lng l 10 . My ly xc sut trong
ngn hng to c kh d tng ng.
T chc kim tra: Chng ti tin hnh thi theo hnh thc thi trn giy vi nhm th nghim
l:
Ni dung D TB Kh
1. Phng trnh 2 1
2. Phng trnh bc nht 2 1
3. Phng trnh bc hai 1 3 1
4. H phng trnh 3 1
Trng PTTH Lp S H.S tham gia

Trng chuyn ban T.X Hng Yn
A
B
47
50
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Ta tin hnh kim tra bnh thng mi em mt v mt phiu kim tra. Cc em ngi cnh
nhau khc nhau. Sau chng ti tin hnh chm thi trn my.
3.2.3 Phn tch cu hi sau khi chm
Sau khi chm bi trc nghim, chng ti ly th d mt l 30 em tham gia lm bi. Tin
hnh phn tch rt ra bi hc. Chng ti sp xp theo im bi thi t cao xung thp, ly
27% bi c im cao nht lp thnh nhm gii (R
H
), ly 27% bi c im thp nht lp thnh
nhm km (R
L
), s cn li l nhm trung bnh (R
M
). Tin hnh kim nh cc s o v
kh, phn bit ca cc cu hi, ta c bng sau:


Bng 7: Qu trnh phn tch cc cu hi ca bi trc nghim
C 53

Trng chuyn ban Tin L
A
B
C
50
50
50
Tng s 6 300
Cu
hi
s
Cc
phng
n tr li
S ngi
chn ca
R
H

S ngi
chn ca
R
M

S ngi
chn ca
R
L

Tng s
ngi
chn
Hiu
nhm
kh v
km
R
H
- R
L


phn
bit
DI
kh

FV



59
1


0,16



0,96
2 1 1 -1
3
4
*

8 14 7 29 1
B
Tng 8 14 8 30 0



60
1
*

8 10 5 23 3


0,34



0,77
2 1 1
3 2 1 3 -1
4 1 1 2 -1
B 1 1 -1
Tng 8 14 8 30 0


67
1 1 1 1 3 0

0,52


0,67
2 1 1 2 -1
3 2 2 4 -2
4
*

7 10 3 20 4
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B 1 1 -1
Tng 8 14 8 30 0



69
1 3 1 4 -1


0,56



0,68
2 1 2 3 -2
3 2 1 3 -1
4
*

8 8 4 20 4
B
Tng 8 14 8 30 0



80
1 1 3 3 7 -2


0,78



0,28
2
*

6 2 8 6
3 4 1 5 -1
4 1 4 4 9 -3
B 1 1
Tng 8 14 8 30 0



83
1 2 2 4 -2


0,56



0,65
2 1 1 2 -1
3
*

8 8 4 20 4
4 3 1 4 -1
B
Tng 8 14 8 30 0



85
1 1 3 3 7 -2


0,56



0,54
2
*

7 6 3 16 4
3 3 1 4 -1
4 2 1 3 -1
B
Tng 8 14 8 30 0



88
1 1 4 3 8 -2


0,60



0,54
2 2 2 4 -2
3
*

7 7 2 16 5
4 1 1 2 -1
B
Tng 8 14 8 30 0



93
1 1 4 3 8 -2


0,81



0,24
2 3 3
3 1 4 3 8 -2
4
*

6 1 7 6
B 2 2 4 -2
Tng 8 14 8 30 0
1 3 2 5 -2
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Chng ta nhn thy cc phng n chn c tr s m gia nhm gii v nhm km l cu c
cu dn hay. Cc phng n t hc sinh chn nh: Cc cu 60
2
; 60
4
; 62
2
; 67
2
; 83
2
; 88
2
; 95
3
;
98
1
; 98
2
l cc cu c cu dn cha hay cn phi xem li.

Nhng cu cn ng ng chng ti
cho hc sinh tho lun, thng qua cc em lm c v c hc sinh khng lm c, pht


95
2
*

8 8 4 20 4

0,52


0,68
3 1 1 2 -1
4 2 1 3 -1
B
Tng 8 14 8 30 0



98
1 1 1 -1


0,47



0,53
2 1 1 2 -1
3
*

7 11 3 21 4
4 1 2 3 6 -2
B
Tng 8 14 8 30 0



100
1 3 1 4 -1


0,46



0,53
2 2 1 3 -1
3 1 3 3 7 -2
4
*

7 6 3 16 4
B
Tng 8 14 8 30 0



101
1 1 2 2 5 -1


0,63



0,46
2 3 1 4 -1
3 1 2 2 5 -1
4
*

6 7 1 14 5
B 2 2 -2
Tng 8 14 8 30 0



108
1 4 3 7 -3


0,77



0,25
2 1 3 1 5 0
3 1 4 2 7 -1
4
*

6 2 8 6
B 1 2 3 -2
Tng 8 14 8 30 0



62
1 1 1 2 -1


0,51



0,61
2 1 3 2 6 -1
3 2 2 4 -2
4
*

7 8 3 18 4
B
Tng 8 14 8 30 0
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hin li do dng t trong cu dn cha tt hay ging dy phn kin thc ny cha k. Nhng
cu hi nhiu hc sinh tr li chng t cu hi li cun c nhiu hc sinh l cu tt, xong
nu l cu sai nh cu 80
4
; 88
1
; 93
1
th c th cu dn lm cho hc sinh hiu sai, cn xem li,
cn cu ng nh cu 59
4
th li l qu d. Sau khi rt kinh nghim v nh gi o,
chng ti b sung, chnh l ngn hng .
3.3 Kt lun
Vic kim tra hc sinh bng phng php trc nghim khch quan gip cho gio vin xc
nh r mc tiu ging dy. Hc sinh lun c nhc nh, rn luyn qua cc hnh thc kim
tra mt cch thng xuyn. Pht huy c tt c cc i tng trong lp tch cc xy dng
bi mt cch sng to theo nhiu cch, nhiu con ng i ti kt qu. Vic tho lun nhng
cu kh, nhng vn cn nghi vn ca bi trc nghim s to mi quan tm gia cc i
tng hc sinh - hc sinh, gia hc sinh - gio vin. T to ra mt khng kh hc tp v
ging dy mi. Vic tho lun cn cung cp cho c gio vin v hc sinh s phn hi v kt
qu ging dy v hc tp ca mnh.
Thng qua bi trc nghim ca chng trc ta xc nh c chun kin thc cn nm, gip
gio sinh mi ra trng tip cn nhanh chng vi gio trnh.
Kt qu o lng nh gi c c gio trnh ging dy, gip gio vin, hc sinh v cc nh
qun l hiu r v nng lc ca mnh hn, gp phn nng cao cht lng o to.
Vic s dng my cn khc phc c nhng bt cp trong thi c m phng tin th cng
khng th khc phc c. T nng cao cht lng o to, to ra mi trng lnh mnh
trong gio dc.

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