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STUDENT COPY NETWORK THEORY
28-B/7, Jia Sarai, Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com
2011 ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA . All Rights Reserved
12

CHAPTER-2
NETWORK LAWS AND THEOREMS

1. SOME BASIC TERMS:-

1. Node:- Any point in a circuit where the
terminals of two or more elements are
connected together.
2. Branch:- A branch is a part of circuit
which extends from one node to other. A
branch may contain one element or several
elements in series. It has two terminals.
3. Essential Node: -If three or more elements
are connected together at a node, then that
node sometimes called essential node.
4. Mesh: -Any path which contains no other
paths with in, called mesh.
5. Loop: -A path which contain more than two
meshes, called a loop. Thus a loop contains
meshes but a mesh does not contain loop.
Example 1: Consider the following circuit:-

(a) Point 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are nodes.
(b) a, b, c, d, e, f and g are branches.
(c) Meshes are:- 1 2 5, 2 3 5, 3 4 5
(d) Loop are:- 1 2 3 5 1, 2 3 4 5 2
(e) Essential mode:- 2, 3

2. KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW:
For any closed path in a network, Kirchhoff Voltage
Law (KVL) state that the algebraic sum of the
voltage is zero.
Key points:
(a) ( ) 0Closed Path v t =
(b) While going in direction of current,
voltage drop is taken as ve

0 V iR - =
(c) While going opposite to direction of
current, voltage drop across resistor is
taken as positive (+ve)

0 iR V - =
(d) This law applies equally to DC, time
variable sources.
Example : Write KVL equation for the circuit
shown:-


13

1 2 3
0
a b
V V V V V + - - - - =
Or
1 2 3
0
a b
V iR V iR iR - - - - =

1 2 3
( )
a b
V V i R R R - = + +
3. KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW :
KCL states that the algebraic sum of currents at a
node is zero. Alternatively the sum of currents
entering a node is equal to sum of currents leaving
that node.
Key Points:
(a) It is based on the conservation of
electric charge.
(b) ( ) 0 i t =
(c) Sign convention is arbitrary.
(d) Current entering node are assigned
+ve sign and current leaving node are
assigned ve sign.
Example : Write the KCL equation for the principal
node shown in fig below:-

Solution : Principal node:- Same as essential node.

1 2 3 4 5
0 i i i i i - + - - =

1 3 2 4 5
. i i i i i + + +

4. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN SERIES:-
The 3 passive circuit elements in series connection
have same current i. The voltages across elements
are
1 2 3
, , . v v v
Total voltage
1 2 3
. v v v v = + +
(a) Equivalent Resistance:- When element is
resistance :
1 2 3
( ) v i R R R = + +
eq
R . v i =
eq. 1 2 3
R R R R = + +

(b) Equivalent Inductance:- When element in
above circuit is inductor then :
1 2 3
di di di
v L L L
dt dt dt
= + +
1 2 3
( )
di
v L L L
dt
= + +
1 2 3 eq
L L L L = + +
For any number of inductance:
1 2 3 4
........
eq
L L L L L = + + + +
(c) Equivalent Capacitance :When the circuit
element is capacitor in above circuit then,
1 2 3
1 1 1
v i dt i dt idt
c c c
= + +

1 2 3
1 1 1
v idt
c c c

= + +

1
eq
v i dt
C
=

Then
1 2 3
1 1 1 1
eq
C c c c
= + +

14
5. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PARALLEL:-
The 3 element are connected as shown in figure
(a) Equivalent Resistance:-
1 2 3
i i i i = + +
1 2 3
v v v
i
R R R
= + +
1 2 3
1 1 1
i v
R R R

= + +

Then
eq 1 2 3
1 1 1 1
R R R R
= + +

(b) Equivalent Inductance :
1 2
1 1 1
.....
eq
L L L
= + +
For two inductance
1 2
1 2
eq
L L
L
L L
=
+

(c) Equivalent Capacitance :
1 2
......
eq
C c c = + +
This is of the same form as resistor in series
.

6. VOLTAGE DIVISION :
A set of series-connected resistor is referred as a
voltage divider.

This concept is applicable to n number of resistance.
1
1
2 3 1
2
2
1 2 3
R
v v
R R R
R
v v
R R R
=
+ +
=
+ +

7. CURRENT DIVISION :
A Parallel arrangement of resistors results in a
current divider.
1
1 2 3 1
and
v v v v
i i
R R R R
= + + =
1 1
1 2 3
1
1 1 1
i R
i
R R R
=
+ +

Thus
2 3
1
1 2 2 3 3 1
( )
R R i
i
R R R R R R
=
+ +

For two branch current divider:-
2
1
1 2
R i
i
R R
=
+

For 2 branch circuit, the current in one
branch is equal to the :
Resistance of Other Branch
Total current
Total Resistance

Note:- while in voltage divider:-
Resistance of Other Branch
Current across one branch=Total voltage
Total Resistance

Example : 1: Find all branch currents in the network
shown below :-

15

Solution : Circuit can be simplified as

Req. (Left)
12 8
9.8
20
S

= + = W
Req. (Right)
6 3
2
9
= = W
Using current divider theorem:-
3
2
13.7 2 32
9.8 2
I A = = -
+

4
9.8 13.7
11 38 .
9.8 2
I A
= -
+

3 1 2
1 2
8 2 32
0.93 , 2.32 0.93 1.39 .
12 8
I I I
I A T A
= +
-
= = = - =
+

4 5 6
5 6
3 11.38
3.79 . 11.38 3.79 7.59
3 6
I I I
I A I A
= +
= = = - =
+

Example : 2:- In the circuit shown, what is the
power absorbed by each element.

Solution : Wnting KVL for the loop:-
120 30 2 15 0; 15
A A
I V I V I - - - = = -
Thus
120
8 .
15
I A = =
120
8 120 960
V
P w = - =
2 2
30
8 30 1920 P i R w
W
= = =

| |
L L
R zg jx = +

2
15
8 15 960 P w
W
= =
Total power absorbed
960 1920 960 1920 0 . W = - + + - =
Note: Power absorbed by source = (Power
delivered by source)

Example : 3: Twelve identical wires of resistance
6L each are connected in form of a cube. Find the
effective resistance of network acrosss LD.
Solution :

Current distribution of circuit if as shown in figure
applying KVL across : A B C D - - -

3 6 3
i i i
V R R R = + +

5
6
V R i

=

Thus Req.
5
6
R =
Req.
5
6 5
6
R = =

16
8. STAR-DELTA TRANSFORMATION (DY)

(a) Delta to star Transformation:-
Also (II to I transformation)

1
a c
a b c
R R
R
R R R
=
+ +

2
a b
a b c
R R
R
R R R
=
+ +

3
b c
a b c
R R
R
R R R
=
+ +

(b) Star to Delta Transformation:-
Also (I to II transformation)

1 2 2 3 3 1
3
1 2 2 3 3 1
2
1 2 2 3 3 1
1
a
b
c
R R R R R R
R
R
R R R R R R
R
R
R R R R R R
R
R
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +
=

9. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION :
Voltage source in series with resistance can be
converted to equivalent current source in parallel
with resistance.

17

and

Transformation of voltage source to current source.
Transformation of current source to voltage source.
Note:For dependent sources, source Transformation
can also be applied. However, the dependent
variables should be kept intact, since the operation
of the dependent source depends on it.
Example : 1:- Do the source transformation of the
following circuit:-

Solution :

Example 2: In the following circuit, find the current
flowing through 2W resistor.

Solution : Applying source Transformation
theorem:-

Appling KVL:-
10 1 / 2
5
n
V
I
+ -
=
n
V I = +

Note:-

and

10 1
2
5
I
I
+ -
=
2 I A =


18

NETWORK THEOREMS:
1. Super Position theorem:-
A linear network which contains two or more
independent sources can be analyzed to obtain the
various voltages and branch currents by allowing the
source to act one at a time then super posing the
results.
Key Points:-
This theorem is applicable to linear network
and time varying or invarying network.
Voltage source are replaced by SC and
current source by open circuit.
It is also applicable for circuit having initial
condition.
With dependent source, super position can
be applied only when the control function
are external to the network containing the
source, so that controls are unchanged, as
the source act one at a time.
This theorem directly can not applied to
computation of power because power is non
linear.

Example : -Compute the current in the 3W the
resistor by applying the super position theorem.

Solution :
Step-1: Replacing 2A current source with open
source and finding current through 3W resistor:-

Req. =
(3 4)2
4 5.5
9
+
+ = W
20
9.9 .
5.5
I A = =
20 4 2 0 I i - - =
20 4 9.9
9.8
2
i A
-
= = -
So
1
19.7 . I A =
Step-2: Replacing 20V voltage source with SC and
finding current through 3W resistor:-

11
16
2
3
1.2
16
3
3
I A
= =
+

Thus current through 3L Resistor is
1 11
20.9 . I I I A = + =

Example : 2 :

By using which of the following theorem is possible
to find the current through inductor:


19
1. Thevenin theorem
2. Super position theorem
3. Millman theorem
4. Nortons theorem
Solution : If the sources have some frequency, it is
easy to get solutionby using will man theorem.
While if sources have different frequency, then
current through inductor is find out by using super
position theorem.

2. Thevenins Theorem :
A linear, active and resistive network which contains
one or more voltage and current source, can be
replaced by a single voltage sauce of voltage called
Thevenin voltage and series resistance called
Thevenin resistance Rth.

Key Points:-
The resistance R
th
can be computed by 3
methods:-
1.
th
th
N
V
R
I
=
th
V =Open circuit voltage
(VOC)

N
I = Short circuit current at
terminala-v.
2. In the absence of any dependent sources,
the R
th
is equivalent to resistance at terminal
a-b while making all voltage sources SC and
current source open circuit.
3. When circuit has dependent source, then
connect 1A source at terminal ab and find
V. This voltage V
ab
is equal to R
th
.
For circuit consisting of only dependent
sources, V
th
=0 but 0.
th
R

Example : Find the Thevenin equivalent of the
following circuit:

Solution :
th ab
V V =

20 10
0
3 6
ab ab
V V - -
+ =
10 .
ab
V V =
th
R Can be obtained by shoestring voltage
sources:-

6 3
3 5 .
6 3
th
R

= + = W
+

Example : For Case 2:- Determine the current
through 1W resistor across x-y in the circuit shown
using Thevenins theorem:-
Sol:To find Vth, remove 1L resistor a cross x, y
terminal and calculate Vxy as:-

20

KVL at left most loop:-

0 0
18 2 0 V V - - =

0
6 V V =

0
2 12
A
V V V = =

15 1
9 3
A
V
I A
-
= = -
V
xy
5 13.67 .
A
V I V = - =
To find Thevenin Resistance, open circuit the 5A
current source and short circuit 18V and 15V voltage
source. Inject a 1A current in to network at x,

0
0
0
A
V
V
=
=

5
A
V i V xy - =
5 ........(1) i Vxy - =
Andvxy 4( 1) i = +
5 4 4 i i - = +

4
.
9
i A = -
Vxy
4
5 2.22 .
9
V = =
Thus
2.22
2.22
1
th
R
A
= = W
3. Nortons Theorem:-
Any two terminal linear bilateral network containing
active and passive elements can be replaced by a
equivalent current source in parallel to an equivalent
impedance. Current source is equal to the shout
circuit current through given terminals.
Key Points:-

N
I Norton equivalent current
th
N
th
V
I
R
=
To find ,
N
R it follows the 3 methods as
given for Thevenin circuit.

N
R Can be obtained in same manner as R
th
.
Example : - Find the current flowing through
3Wresistor using Nortons theorem.
Solution :

Step-I:- Replace lord resistor by short circuit
and find
. S C
I

5 .
SC
I A =

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STUDENT COPY NETWORK THEORY

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