Maple V6 1 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

M u

Maple 6 l ph n di i ton cao c cng
c x , tnh ton trong cc lnh v ton h
1. : Ma tr nh tuy ,

2. Gi : Hm s n t nh vi phn,
Chu
3. n r , v nhi nh v
V n 3000 hm s m gip gi ph
trong h nghin c .
Maple lm vi n phm v c th
khi c

Mt s iu qui nh khi nhp lnh:
1. K M ; ( th in k n hnh)
ho u : (khng in k
2. Thi hnh cu l
3. Cc cu l h nh
Windows

Mt s iu cn ch :
1. C phn bi ch
V d int l hai l
2. ng d #
V d #Tnh tch phn
3. Dng l restart s
4. C ng m trn thanh th . Mu
tra c dng d tn m
V d
?ifactor

Maple V6 2 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

D liu trong Maple
1. Cc php ton:
a. S hc : +, - , * , / , ^ hay ** , !

Trong Ton Trong Maple
a+b a+b
a-b a-b
a.b a*b
a/b a/b
A
n
A^n
A
n
A**n
A! A!

V d : Tnh biu thc A=
) 1 2 ( 2
5 2
2
+
+

>A=(2^2+5)/(2*(2^(1/2)+1));

b. So snh: <, <=, >, >=, =, <>

Trong Ton Trong Maple
x=2 x=2
x4 x<>4
1x 1<=x
3<x 3<x
x>a x>a
t3 t>=3

c. Logic : and , or , not
V d :
Trong Ton Trong Maple
0 x 3 (0<=x)and(x<=3)
x<1 ; 2x (x<1) or (2<=x)
x[0,1] not ((0<=x)and(x<=3))
V d :
>evalb(5>4 and 7<1);


Maple V6 3 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

2. Kiu d liu:
Trong Maple ta c cc kiu d liu sau y :
D liu Tn Kiu V d
S n integer 123
Phn s fraction 12/3
S float 12.3456
S complex a+bI (I ch hoa)
Xu k t string ab cd12
Dy exprseq a,b,c
T set {a,b,c}
Danh sch list [a,b,c]
Mi range 1..3 hay a..f

3. Hng: l cc gi tr ci sn ca Maple c gi tr khng i. Mt s hng ca Maple c lit k di
y:
Hng Tn hng Gi tr
p
Pi 3.141592654
e E 2.718282828
Catalan
C=

=
+
-
1
2
) 1 2 (
) 1 (
n
n
n
Catalan 0.915955942
g= n
k
n
k
n
ln
1
lim
1
-

=

gamma 0.5772156649

infinity
ng , sai true , false
a) xem danh sch tn cc hng dng lnh : constants;
b) Thm tn hng vo danh sch hng :
constants:=constants, tn_h
c) Gn gi tr cho hng mi: macro(tn_h

V d : Thm hng K=9.109558. 10
-31

constants:=constants K;
macro(K=9.109558*10^(-31));

4. Bin l vng nh lu gi tr v c truy xut qua tn ca bin.

Tn bin: l tn gn ca bin gm cc ch ci (a..z , A..Z) , cc ch s (0..9) v du gch ni _
. Tn bin phi bt du ch ci hoc du _ v c phn bit theo ch in v ch thng.
Tn bin khng c trng vi cc t kha dnh ring ca Maple gm:
and break by catch description do done elif else end error export fi finally for from global if in
intersect local minus mod module next not od option options or proc quit read return save stop then
to try union use while
Kiu bin: l mt trong cc kiu d liu phn 2)
5. Biu thc: thc hin mt s hu hn cc php ton trn cc bin, hng v hm s ph hp kiu d
liu.
V d : A =
1 sin
1
2
3
+
+
x
tgx

A:=(tan(x)^(1/3)+1)/(sin(x)^2+1);

Maple V6 4 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )


V d: B =
3
sin
cos
) 3 2 ln( 2
x
x
x
x
-

- +
p

B:=(2^sin(x)+ln(2*x-3))/(cos(Pi/x)-x^(1/3));

6. Php gn : a gi tr vo vng nh ta dng php gn (:=) nh sau :
Tn_bin := biu _thc_gi_tr ;
V d
a:= 12 ;
b:= 2^3+1/2 ;
c:=(2+Pi) /( E + Catalan);

I S
I. BIU THC I S
1) S nguyn
a) S nguyn t :
Cc hm s lin quan n s nguyn t
Tn hm s ngha
isprime(n) ki s n t
khng.
nextprime(n) s n t n
prevprime(n) s n t n
ithprime(n) s n t
ifactor(n) th n t
V d:
isprime(113); ->true
nextprime(90); ->97
prevprime(90); ->89
ithprime(7); ->17 s nguyn t th 7
V d: Phn tch 2004 thnh cc tha s nguyn t.
ifactor(2004); -> (2)
2
(3) (167)
b) c s chung Bi s chung:
igcd(n
1
,n
2
,) c s chung ln nht ca n
1
,n
2
,
ilcm(n
1
,n
2
,) bi s chung nh nht ca n
1
,n
2
,

V d:
igcd(24,16,112); ->8
ilcm(8,12,9); ->72

2) Khai trin:
Lnh expand(Bthc) s khai trin biu thc i s theo cc qui tc ly tha,hm m, hm
logarit, lng gic.
V d:
expand((x^2+1)*(x+a)/x); -> + + + x
2
x a 1
a
x

expand((x^2+1)^3); ->
+ + + x
6
3x
4
3x
2
1

expand(sin(x+y)); ->
+ ( ) sin x ( ) cos y ( ) cos x ( ) sin y


Maple V6 5 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
expand(exp(x-y)); ->
e
x
e
y

3) Rt gn biu thc s:
Lnh combine(Bthc, name) vi name : power,exp, trig
Kt hp cc s hng ca biu thc i s theo cc cng thc ly tha, hm m, hm logarit, lng
gic ngc li lnh expand.
V d :
combine(exp(x)^2*exp(y),exp); ->
e
( ) + 2x y

combine((x^a)^2,power); ->
x
( ) 2a

combine(2*sin(x)*cos(x),trig); ->
( ) sin 2x


Lnh simplify(Bthc) n gin rt gn biu thc i s theo cc qui tc ly tha, m, logarit,
lng gic.
V d: simplify(4^(1/2)+3); -> 5

V d: Rt gn ) 2 sin( sin cos 2
3
x x x +
simplify(2*cos(x)^3+sin(x)*sin(2*x));
->
2 ( ) cos x

Ta c th dng simplify(bthuc,dk) tnh gi tr biu thc vi h iu kin rng buc ca
cc bin trong bthuc .

V d : Gi a, b l hai nghim ca phng trnh:
x
2
x 3 =0
Tnh gi tr biu thc B=a
2
+b
2

Theo nh l vit a v b c rng buc : a+b =1 , ab =-3 nn :
B=simplify(a^2+b^2,{a+b=1,a*b=-3});
->
= B 7

V d: Cho a, b, c l s thc tha :
a+b+c =3 , a
2
+b
2
+c
2
=9 , a
3
+b
3
+c
3
=24.
Tnh A =a
4
+b
4
+c
4

dk:={a+b+c=3,a^2+b^2+c^2=9,a^3+b^3+c^3=24};

:= dk { } , , = + + a b c 3 = + + a
2
b
2
c
2
9 = + + a
3
b
3
c
3
24

A=simplify(a^4+b^4+c^4,dk);
= A 69


Lnh collect nhm cc s hng theo cc bin hoc hm.

V d: nhm x(x+1) +y(x+1) theo x
collect(x*(x+1)+y*(x+1),x); ->
+ + x
2
( ) + 1 y x y


V d: nhm alnx-xlnx-x theo hm lnx
collect(a*ln(x)-ln(x)*x-x,ln(x));
- ( ) - a x ( ) ln x x

V d: Cho f=a
3
x x +a
3
+a
f := a^3*x-x+a^3+a; ->
:= f - + + a
3
x x a
3
a

nhm theo x : collect(f,x); ->
+ + ( ) - a
3
1 x a
3
a

nhm theo x v tha s h s ca x:

collect(f,x,factor);
->
+ ( ) - a 1 ( ) + + a
2
a 1 x a ( ) + a
2
1


Maple V6 6 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

V d: Cho g = xy +axy +yx
2
ayx
2
+x +ax
g :=x*y+a*x*y+y*x^2-a*y*x^2+x+a*x;
->

:= g + + - + + x y a x y y x
2
a y x
2
x a x

Nhm g theo x: collect(g,x);
->
+ ( ) - y a y x
2
( ) + + + y a y 1 a x

Nhm g theo x v h s theo y : >collect(g,[x,y]);
->
+ y ( ) - 1 a x
2
( ) + + ( ) + 1 a y 1 a x


4) Tnh gi tr: dng lnh evalf(Bthc, n) , n s ch s

V d: cos(1) + sin(1); ->
+ ( ) cos 1 ( ) sin 1

evalf(cos(1) + sin(1)); ->
1.381773291

evalf(cos(1) + sin(1),7);->
1.381773


5) i dng s : Lnh convert(bthc , kiu)
vi kiu l : int, float, binary, hex, fraction
convert(1215,'hex'); -> 4BF


convert(1215,'binary'); ->
10010111111

convert( 1.23456, fraction ); ->
3858
3125


II. A THC
1) Php ton a thc : +, -, *, /, ^
V d :
f:=(x-2)*(x+1)^2; ->
:= f ( ) - x 2 ( ) + x 1
2

g:=x-1; ->
:= g - x 1

f/g; ->
( ) - x 2 ( ) + x 1
2
- x 1

Thng s trong php chia a thc f/g bin x l : quo(f,g,x);
quo(f,g,x); ->
+ - x
2
x 2

D s trong php chia a thc f/g bin x l : rem(f,g,x);
rem(f,g,x); ->
-4

rem((x-2)*(x+1)^2,x-1,x); ->
-4

H s a thc :
coeffs(2*x^3-3*x+1,x); -> 1,-3,2
Bc a thc
degree((2*x^3+1)*(1-x^2),x); -> 5


c s chung ln nht: gcd(f,g);
gcd(x^2-3*x+2,x^2-4); -> x-2
2) Nghim a thc:
Lnh roots(f) cho ra nghim hu t dng:
[ [x
1
,n
1
] [x
k
, n
k
]]
vi k hiu [x
1
,n
1
] ngha l nghim x
1
, bi n
1
:
1
) (
1
n
x x -
V d :
roots(x^3-3*x^2+4); ->
[ ] , [ ] , 2 2 [ ] , -1 1

roots(x^4-4); -> [] ( khng c nghim hu t)
Lnh solve(f , x) cho ra nghim thc hoc nghim phc:
solve(x^4-4,x); ->
, , , I 2 -I 2 2 - 2


Maple V6 7 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
3) Phn tch a thc thnh tch s:
Lnh factor(f);
factor(x^4-4); ->
( ) - x
2
2 ( ) + x
2
2

Lnh factor(f,real); hoc factor(f,complex);
factor(x^4-4,real);
->
( ) + x 1.414213562 ( ) - x 1.414213562 ( ) + x
2
1.999999999


factor(x^4-4,sqrt(2));
->
( ) + x
2
2 ( ) - x 2 ( ) + x 2


III. HM HU T
1. Php tnh :

Tn lnh ngha
numer(f) T bi f
denom(f) M bi f
normal(f) T bi f

V d : f:=(((x-2)^3)/(x^2-4))+x/(x-1);
:= f +
( ) - x 2
3
- x
2
4
x
- x 1

numer(f);
- + - + x
4
6x
3
18x
2
24x 8

denom(f);
( ) - x
2
4 ( ) - x 1

normal(f);
- + - x
3
4x
2
10x 4
( ) - x 1 ( ) + x 2


2. Khai trin phn thc thnh tng phn thc n gin:
Lnh: convert(f ,parfrac , x);
(parfrac = partial fraction form)

V d:
f:=(((x-2)^3)/(x^2-4))+x/(x-1);


:= f +
( ) - x 2
3
- x
2
4
x
- x 1

convert(f,parfrac,x);


- + + x 5
16
+ x 2
1
- x 1


Maple V6 8 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

IV. GII PHNG TRNH H PHNG TRNH
1) Gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh:
Dng lnh: solve(eqn, var)
trong eqn l phng trnh hoc bt phng trnh n x

V du 1 : Gii phng trnh : x
4
-5x
2
+6x =2
solve(x^4-5*x^2+6*x=2,x);
->

, , , 1 1 - + 1 3 - - 1 3

V d 2: Gii phng trnh x
2
-2ax =1
epn:=x^2-2*a*x=1; ->
:= epn = - x
2
2a x 1

solve(epn,x); ->
, + a + a
2
1 - a + a
2
1

V d 3: Gii bt phng trnh : x
2
+2x -4 >0
solve( x^2+2*x-4 >0, x );


, ( ) RealRange , - ( ) Open - - 1 5 ( ) RealRange , ( ) Open - + 1 5

V d 4: Gii bt phng trnh : 2 4 2 - + - x x
eqn:=sqrt(x-2)+sqrt(4-x)<=2:
solve(eqn,x); ->
( ) RealRange , 2 4


Ch : Ta c th gn nghim vo bin, nh gi gn ng cc nghim nh sau :

V d 5: Gii phng trnh: x
4
- 5x
2
+6x =2
sols := [solve(x^4-5*x^2+6*x=2,x)];

:= sols [ ] , , , 1 1 - + 1 3 - - 1 3

evalf(sols);->
[ ] , , , 1. 1. .732050808 -2.732050808


V d 6: Gii phng trnh: x
4
+x +1 =0
solve(x^4+x+1,x);

( ) RootOf , + + _Z
4
_Z 1 = index 1 ( ) RootOf , + + _Z
4
_Z 1 = index 2 , ,
( ) RootOf , + + _Z
4
_Z 1 = index 3 ( ) RootOf , + + _Z
4
_Z 1 = index 4 ,

c nghim phc tnh gn ng bi lnh :
evalf({%});

+ -.7271360845 .4300142883I - -.7271360845 .4300142883I , , { {
- .7271360845 .9340992895I + .7271360845 .9340992895I , }}

gii phng trnh qui ta dng lnh rsolve nh v d sau :
V d: Cho dy s Fibonacci f(0) =0, f(1) =1 , f(n+1) =f(n+1) +f(n).
Tm f(n)
rsolve({f(n+2)=f(n+1)+f(n),f(0)=0,f(1)=1},f(n));

+

- 1
1
5
5

2
1
- + 1 5
n
- + 1 5

- -
1
5
5 1

-2
1
+ 1 5
n
+ 1 5

2) Gii h phng trnh, h bt phng trnh:
V d 1: Gii h phng trnh:

= -
= +
7
25
2 2
y x
y x

solve({x^2+y^2=25, x-y=7});

, { } , = x 3 = y -4 { } , = x 4 = y -3


Maple V6 9 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
V d 2: Gii v bin lun h phng trnh :

= + +
= + +
= + +
1
1
1
mz y x
z my x
z y mx

hpt:={m*x+y+z=1,x+m*y+z=1,x+y+m*z=1};

:= hpt { } , , = + + m x y z 1 = + + x m y z 1 = + + x y m z 1

solve(hpt);

, { } , , , = m 1 = z z = x - + - z 1 y = y y { } , , , = y z = m -
- + 1 2z
z
= z z = x z

V d 3: Gii h phng trnh :

= - -
= +
= + +
0 2
3 3
1
w v u
v u
w v u

hpt := {u+v+w=1, 3*u+v=3, u-2*v-w=0};
:= hpt { } , , = - - u 2v w 0 = + 3u v 3 = + + u v w 1

solve(hpt); -> { } , , = w
-2
5
= v
3
5
= u
4
5

V d 4: Gii h bt phng trnh :

+ -
0 x - 4
0 2 3 x
2
2
x

bpt:={x^2-3*x+2>=0,4-x^2>=0};
:= bpt { } , 0 - 4 x
2
0 - + x
2
3x 2

solve(bpt); ->
, { } , -2 x x 1 { } = x 2


3) Gii gn ng : phng trnh hoc bt phng trnh ta dng lnh: fsolve( eqns, vars, options );
eqns l phng trnh hoc h phng trnh.
vars l tp hp n.
options l tham s iu khin li gii nh: complex, a..b,

V d 1: Gii phng trnh : tg(sinx)=1
solve(tan(sin(x))=1,x); ->

arcsin
1
4
p
fsolve( tan(sin(x))=1, x ); ->
.9033391108


V d 2: Tm nghim phng trnh : 23x
5
+105x
4
-10x
2
+17x =0 tha x[-1,1]
poly := 23*x^5 + 105*x^4 - 10*x^2 + 17*x:
fsolve( poly, x, -1..1 );
, -.6371813185 0.

V d 3: Gii h phng trnh :

= -
= - +
2
0 ) sin(
2
y x
y e y x
x
tha x[-1,1] , y[-2,0]
f := sin(x+y) - exp(x)*y = 0:
g := x^2 - y = 2:
fsolve({f,g},{x,y},{x=-1..1,y=-2..0});

{ } , = x -.6687012050 = y -1.552838698



Maple V6 10 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

Th nh
1. Tm c s chung ln nht ca 1242 v 1024
2. Phn tch tha s nguyn t ca N v suy ra s c s ca N
N=9876543210123456789
3. Tnh gi tr biu thc vi chn s l

p
e - + +
3
28 286 19549 2
4. Chng minh rng : 173 286 19549 2 + +

5. Rt gn cc biu thc :
a) 2 4 9 2 30 13 + + +
b)
3 2 2
3 2
3 2 2
3 2
- -
-
+
+ +
+

6. Cho biu thc : A=(x
2
+xy+x+y)(x+y) . Hy bin i biu thc A v dng:
a) x
3
+2x
2
y +xy
2
+x
2
+2xy+y
2

b) (x+1)(x+y)
2

c) y
2
+(2y+y
2
)x +(1+2y)x
2
+x
3

d) x
3
+x
2
+(2x
2
+2x)y +(x+1)y
2

7. Cho phn thc f =
x x x x
x x x x
- - +
- - +
2 3 4
2 3 4
4 4
, bin i f v dng :
a)
1
4
2
2
-
-
x
x

b)
1
) 2 )( 2 (
2
-
+ -
x
x x

8. Tm min xc nh ca hm s :
a) f(x) = ) 6 4 lg( x x - + -
b) g(x) =

-
-
1
arcsin
2
2
x
x x

9. Tm a thc bc 2 i qua 3 im: (-2;36) , (1;120) , (-3;48)
10. Tm F(n) tha : F(n) =F(n -1) +n
2
, F(1) =0
11. Tm p , q , r , s , t phn ng sau cn bng.
O tH sCH rH qCO pCO
2 4 2 2
+ + +
12. Gii phng trnh :
48x
5
+8x
4
- 6x
3
+114x
2
-37x +18 =0

Maple V6 11 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
HM S & TH

1. HM S C BN
Maple nh ngha cc hm s dng cho tng kiu d liu nh :
a) Cc hm s cho s nguyn (Integer)
Tn hm s ngha
abs(x) tr
min(x
1
, x
2
, ) gi tr
1
, x
2
,
max(x
1
, x
2
, ) gi tr
1
, x
2
,
irem(m,n)
iquo(m,n)
igcd(n
1
,n
2
,)
1
,n
2
,
ilcm(n
1
,n
2
,) B s
1
,n
2
,
isprime(n) ki s n t
nextprime(n) s n t n
prevprime(n) s n t n
ithprime(n) s n t y cc s n t
ifactor(n) th n t
V d: irem(23,4) ; ->3 iquo(23,4); ->5
igcd(24,16,112); ->8 ilcm(8,12,9); ->72

b) Cc hm s cho s thc (Float)
Tn hm s ngha
exp(x) e
x

ln(x) hay log(x) logarit npe (
log10(x) , log[b](x) logarit th
sqrt(x)
x
sin(x) , cos(x) , tan(x), cot(x) sinx , cosx, tgx, cotgx
sec(x) , csc(x) 1/cosx , 1/sinx
arcsin(x) , arccos(x), arctan(x), arccot(x) arcsinx , arccosx, arctgx , arccotgx
sinh(x) , cosh(x)
2
x x
e e
-
-
,
2
x x
e e
-
+

tanh(x) =sinh(x) / cosh(x)
x x
x x
e e
e e
-
-
+
-

coth(x) =cosh(x) / sinh(x)
x x
x x
e e
e e
-
-
-
+

V d: Biu din biu thc : A=
tgx
x
x
x
2 lg
sin
3
+
+ theo Maple
A:=sin(x)^(1/3)+(log10(x)+2^x)/tan(x);
V d: Biu din thnh ly tha hm sinh(x) v hm sec(x) theo sinx, cosx
convert(sinh(x),exp) ;
convert(sec(x),sincos) ;


c) Cc hm s cho s phc (complex)
Tn hm s ngha
Re(z) Ph c c
Im(z) Ph
argument(z) Argument c
abs(z)
|z|


Maple V6 12 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

V d: Im(exp(I)); -> si n( 1)
argument(-1); -> p
argument(3+4*I); -> ar ct g( 4/ 3)
abs(3+4*I); ->
5

V d: Mt s hm s thc cng dng c cho s phc
sqrt(-4); -> 2I
sqrt(3+4*I); -> 2+I
sqrt(2.0); ->
1.414213562

sqrt(2) ->
2


2. NH NGHA HM S MI
Ngoi cc hm s c nh ngha sn, Maple cung cp cho ngi s dng cng c to thm
cc hm s mi theo c php sau:
TnHmS := (DanhSchBin) -> CngThcHmS ;
V d 1: Hy nh ngha hm s f(x) =
1
1
2
+
+
x
x

f:= x-> (x^2+1)/(sqrt(x)+1);
Tnh gi tr hm s ti x=2 dng lnh : f(2);->
5
1
+ 2 1




V d 2: nh ngha hm hai bin s g(x,y)=
3 2 2
xy y x + +
g:=(x,y)->(x^2+y^2+x*y)^(1/3);

:= g ( ) , x y ( ) + + x
2
y
2
x y
( ) / 13

g(1,2),g(-1,2);
, 7
( ) / 13
3
( ) / 13


Trng hp hm xc nh bi nhiu cng thc, ta dng lnh :
piecewise(cond_1 , f_1 , cond_2 , f_2, . . . , cond_n, f_n , f_otherwise) ;
V d 3: nh ngha hm s f(x) =

>
=
< x

f:=x->piecewise(x<1, x, x=1 , 0, exp(x));
:= f x ( ) piecewise , , , , < x 1 x = x 1 0 e
x

f(2); ->
e
2


Hm qui :
* If iuKin then Cngthc1 else CngThc2 fi;
hoc
* If iuKin1 then Cngthc1
elif iuKin2 then CngThc2
else CngThc3 fi;
trong cc t in m l t kha bt buc phi c.

V d 4 : nh ngha dy s Lucas L
n
bi cng thc :

Maple V6 13 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
L
1
=1, L
2
=3 v L
n
=L
n-1
+L
n-2


Nhp lnh nh di y v dng Shift+Enter xung dng:
L:=n->
if not type(n,'nonnegint')
then ERROR("n la so nguyen duong ")
elif n=1 then 1
elif n=2 then 3
else L(n-1)+L(n-2)
fi;

L(3); ->
4

L(4); ->
7


3. CC PHP TON TRN HM S

Php Ton ngha
f+g Php c
f-g Php tr
f*g Php nhn
f/g Php chia
f@g Php h
f@@n Php h
n


V d :
* f:=x->(x^2-1)/(x-1); ->
:= f x
- x
2
1
- x 1

g:=f+ln; ->
:= g + f ln

g(x); ->
+
- x
2
1
- x 1
( ) ln x

* h:=g@f; ->
:= h @ ( ) + f ln f

h(x);
+
-
( ) - x
2
1
2
( ) - x 1
2
1
-
- x
2
1
- x 1
1

ln
- x
2
1
- x 1

* F:=f@@2;
->
:= F f
( ) 2

F(x);

-
( ) - x
2
1
2
( ) - x 1
2
1
-
- x
2
1
- x 1
1


Maple V6 14 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )


4. V TH HM S
a. Hm 1 bin : dng lnh flot(f, h, v, option1, option2,);
trong :
f : hm s thc hoc biu thc cha x
h : min ngang (horizontal range) dng a..b hoc x=a..b
v : min dc ( vertical range) ty chn
option gm :
o tilte = Tiu th
o titlefont=[family, style, size]
o color=n
o style =point , line, patch
o numpoints : s im v ( mn)
o axes =none, normal, boxed, framed
o legend=[danh sch ch thch]
V d : V th hm s y=
1
2
+ x
x


plot(x/(x^2+1),x=-10..10,title="Do thi ham so");




V d 2 : V th hm s y=sinx (mu , tng im) v y=
6
3
x
x - ( mu xanh, kiu line)
plot([sin(x), x-x^3/6], x=-2..2,
color=[red,blue],
style=[point,line]);


Maple V6 15 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

V d 3 : V th hm s y=

< +1
2
x


Khi vit lnh plot khng dng x =-3..3 m dng -3..3
f:=x-> if x<1 then x^2+1 else 3-x fi;

plot(f,-3..3);


b) Hm dng tham s:

H ta Descartes: plot([x(t), y(t),t=a..b], option);
V d 1 : V th ng astroid

=
=
t y
t
3
3
sin 2
cos 2


plot([2*cos(t)^3,2*sin(t)^3,t=0..2*Pi]);



V d 2: V th hai hm s
t y
t x
;
sin 2
cos 2
2 3
3

=
=

=
=
t y
t x
trn cng mt h trc ta .

plot({[2*cos(t)^3,2*sin(t)^3,t=0..2*Pi],
[t,t^2,t=-2..2]});


Maple V6 16 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )




H ta cc:
plot([r(t) , j(t), t=t
0
.. t
1
], coords=polar,option);

V d 1: V th : r=
j
j) sin(

plot([sin(t)/t,t,t=-Pi..Pi],
coords=polar,title="cochleoid");



V d 2 : V th hm s r= 2sin3j

plot([2*sin(3*t),t,t=-2*Pi/3..2*Pi/3]
,coords=polar);




Maple V6 17 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
c) Hm s n: F(x,y) =0
Trc khi ra lnh v phi gi th tc v th hm n bi lnh:
with(plots,implicitplot);
v v bng lnh :
implicitplot(F(x,y),x=a..b,y=c..d);

V d1: V th hm n : x
3
+y
3
-3xy =0
with(plots,implicitplot);
implicitplot(x^3+y^3-3*x*y,x=-2..2,
y=-2..2);



V d 2: V th x
2
y
2
=1 v x
2
+y
2
=4
with(plots):
k:=implicitplot(x^2 - y^2 = 1,x=-2..2,
y=-2..2,color=red):
g:=implicitplot(x^2+y^2=4,x=-2..2,
y=-2..2,color=blue):
display(k,g);


Maple V6 18 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

d) Hm nhiu bin:
Dng lnh :
plot3d(expr1, x=a..b, y=c..d,options)
plot3d(f, a..b, c..d, options)
plot3d([exprf,exprg,exprh], x=a..b, y=c..d, options)
plot3d([f,g,h], a..b, c..d, options)
trong :
expr1, exprf,exprg,exprh l biu thc cha x,y
f, g, h l cc hm hai bin.
options bao gm cc la chn sau:
coords=c : chn h ta Descartes, cylindrical(tr), spherica (cu)
orientation=[theta,phi]:xoay th theo cc gc theta,phi l cp tham s (q,j) trong ta
cu, gi tr ngm nh [45,45].
projection=r : chn chiu phi cnh vi r[0,s1], r=0 ('FISHEYE') , r=0.5 ('NORMAL') , gi
tr ngm nh (default) l r=1 ('ORTHOGONAL')
style=s : chn mt kiu v mt trong cc loi sau : POINT, HIDDEN, PATCH (mnh ghp-
default style), WIREFRAME (khung dy), CONTOUR (ng ng mc), PATCHNOGRID,
PATCHCONTOUR, LINE.

V d 1: V th z = x
2
+y
2
trong min D : -10 x 10 v -10 y 10
plot3d(x^2+y^2,x=-10..10,y=-10..10,
orientation=[30,90],axes=normal);

plot3d(x^2+y^2,x=-10..10,y=- 10..10,
orientation=[30,90],style=wireframe,axes=normal);

plot3d(x^2+y^2,x=-10..10,y=- 10..10,
orientation=[30,90],style=patchnogrid);

Ch : * , ta click chu di chuy .





Maple V6 19 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
e) Mt dng tham s : plot3d([(s,t),g(s,t),h(s,t)],s=a..b,t=c..d);
V d :
plot3d([r*cos(phi),r*sin(phi),r],r=0..1,
phi=0..2*Pi);

f) Mt cong dng hm n:
implicitplot3d(z=x*y,x=-2..2,y=-2..2,
z=-3..3);

g) V a din (polyhedra):
Dng lnh : polyhedraplot(L,options);
Trong :
L l tp hp, danh sch cc im [[x
1
,y
1
,z
1
], [x
2
,y
2
,z
2
], ...]
options l polyscale =<constant>v polytype = <set> trong polyscale iu khin kch thc a
din (ngm nh l 1) , cn polytype l kiu ca a din nhn gi tr (tetrahedron:t din-gi tr ngm
nh, octahedron: bt din, hexahedron , dodecahedron )
V d2: V t din
with(plots):
polyhedraplot([0,0,0],polytype=tetrahedron,
orientation=[70,60]);


V d2: V hai t din bng nhau v bt u t [0,0,0], [1,1,1]
with(plots):
polyhedraplot([[0,0,0],[1,1,1]],
polytype=tetrahedron,
polyscale=0.5,orientation=[70,60]);







Maple V6 20 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

V d 3: V hnh hp
polyhedraplot([0,0,0],polytype=hexahedron,
style=PATCH,scaling=CONSTRAINED);





h) V hnh tr (cylinder) : cylinderplot(L,r1,r2,options);
L l biu thc c 2 bin r, q hoc danh sch c 3 biu thc [r,q,z]
r
1
, r
2
l min ca bin c dng : bin=a..b
Nu L l biu thc c 2 bin r, q ,z th r
1
, r
2
l min ca q v z
with(plots):
cylinderplot(1,theta=0..2*Pi,z=-1..1);

Nu L l danh sch 3 bin [r,q,z] th r
1
, r
2
l min ca mt chiu
cylinderplot([z*theta,theta,cos(z^2)],
theta=0..Pi,z=-2..2);

i) V mt cu (sphere) : sphereplot(L,r1,r2,options);
with(plots):
sphereplot(1,theta=0..2*Pi,phi=0..Pi);

sphereplot((5*cos(y)^2 -1)/2,x=0..Pi,
y=-Pi..Pi,style=PATCH);




Maple V6 21 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

5. V MT CT
xc nh mt ct ca cc mt cong, ta dng lnh display3d v nhiu mt cong trn cng h
trc ta , nh v d sau:

V d: V hnh khi xc nh bi hai hnh tr :
1 1
2 2 2
= + = + y y x
u tin ta v hai mt tr trong mt h trc :
with(plots):
J:=cylinderplot(1,theta=0..2*Pi,z=-1..1,color=yellow):
K:=plot3d({sqrt(1-y^2),-sqrt(1-y^2)},y=-1..1,
x=-2..2,color=gold ):
display3d({J,K});

Phn hnh tr ngang cha trong hnh tr ng v bng lnh:
plot3d({sqrt(1-y^2),-sqrt(1-y^2)},
y=-sqrt(1-x^2)..sqrt(1-x^2),x=-1..1,
orientation=[45,45],axes=NORMAL);


Phn hnh tr ng cha trong hnh tr ngang :
plot3d({[x,sqrt(1-x^2),z],[x,-sqrt(1-x^2),z]},
x=-1..1,z=-sqrt(1-x^2)..sqrt(1-x^2),color=gold);

Ghp hai phn giao ny ta c vt th gii hn bi hai hnh tr trn.
K:= plot3d({sqrt(1-y^2),-sqrt(1-y^2)},
y=-sqrt(1-x^2)..sqrt(1-x^2),x=-1..1,
orientation=[45,45],axes=NORMAL,color=gold):
J:=plot3d({[x,sqrt(1-x^2),z],[x,-sqrt(1-x^2),z]},
x=-1..1,z=-sqrt(1-x^2)..sqrt(1-x^2),
color=yellow):
display({K,J});

Maple V6 22 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )


V d : Dng vt th gii hn bi cc mt :
= + = = = x y
with(plots):
k:=plot3d([x,sqrt(x),z],x=0..4,z=0..4,
axes='NORMAL',color=red):
g:=plot3d([x,2*sqrt(x),z],x=0..4,z=0..4,
orientation=[-47,71],color=green):
h:=plot3d(4-x,x=0..4,y=0..4,style=hidden,
light=[50,25,1,1,0]):
display({k,g,h});

k:=plot3d([x,sqrt(x),z],x=0..4,z=0..4-x,axes='NORMAL',
color=red):
g:=plot3d([x,2*sqrt(x),z],x=0..4,z=0..4-x,color=green,
orientation=[1,60]):
h:=plot3d(4-x,x=0..4,y=sqrt(x)..2*sqrt(x),color=yellow):
n:=plot3d(0,x=0..4,y=sqrt(x)..2*sqrt(x),color=white):
display({k,g,h,n});


Maple V6 23 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
Th nh
1. Cho hm s f(x)=

a. Tnh gi tr f(1), f(2) , f(3)
b. V th hm s f(x)
2. V th hai hm s sau y trn cng h trc ta v tm ta giao im :
2 g(x) ;
1
) (
2
2
- - =
+
= x x
x
x
x f
3. V th cc hm so:
a. z =
2 2
y x
x
+

b. z =x(x
2
3y
2
)
4. V th cc hm s:
a. p p -
+
=
+
= ,
sin 1 sin 1
cos
2 2
t t
t
x
b. r
2
=cos2j
c. (x
2
+y
2
)
2
=x
2
y
2

d. t

+ +
-
1
,
1
1
2
2
t
t
, t(- , +)
5. Hy vit th thc trong Maple tnh a thc Legrendre L
n
(x) c nh ngha bi : L
0
(x)=1
, L
1
(x) =x
v L
n
(x) = ( ) ) ( ) ( ) (
1
x x x
n
n
+ -
-
khi n>1
a) Tnh L
7
(x)
b) V th L
2
(x) , L
3
(x) trn cng mt h trc ta .
6. Cho f(x) =
1
2
+ x
x
. Tnh f
2
(x) , f
3
(x) v v th ca chng.
V vt th gii hn bi cc mt:
7. y=x
2
, z =y , z +y =2
8. x
2
+y
2
=4 , z =-2 , y +z =2
9. x
2
+y
2
+z
2
=4 , x
2
+y
2
=1
10. x
2
+y
2
- 4z
2
+4 =0 , z =2

Maple V6 24 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

GII HN LIN TC
I. GII HN
1) Gii hn hm mt bin
Cu lnh : limit(f, x=a); limit(f, x=a, dir);
f - mt biu thc i s (an algebraic expression )
x - mt tn (a name)
a - mt biu thc i s ( im gii hn , c th infinity, -infinity)
dir (ty chn) hng ly gii hn l : left, right, real, complex
V d 1: Tnh
x
x
x
1
0
) cos( lim

limit(cos(x)^(1/x),x=0); 1

V Maple phn bit ch hoa v ch thng, nn lnh :
Limit(f(x) , x=a) cho k hiu : ) ( lim x f
a x

Do lnh :
Limit(cos(x)^(1/x),x=0)=
limit(cos(x)^(1/x),x=0);

= lim
x 0
( ) cos x

1
x
1
Trong trng hp gii hn hai pha khng xc nh, ta xt gii hn bn phi, bn tri :
V d 2: Tnh
x
x
e
1
0
lim

Limit(exp(1/x),x=0): %= value(%);

= lim
x 0
e

1
x
undefined
Limit(exp(1/x),x=0,right): %= value(%);
= lim
+ x 0
e

1
x

Limit(exp(1/x),x=0,left): %= value(%);
= lim
- x 0
e

1
x
0

Trong trng hp c tham s, ta cn xc nh tham s mi tnh c gii hn :
limit(exp(a*x)*cos(b*x),x=-infinity);
lim
x ( ) -
e
( ) a x
( ) cos b x
assume(a>0):
limit(exp(a*x)*cos(b*x),x=-infinity);
0








Maple V6 25 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
2) Gii hn hm nhiu bin
Cu lnh : limit(f, points)
limit(f, points, dir)
trong : f mt biu thc i s cha x , y
points tp hp cc ng thc dng { x=a , y=b }
dir (ty chn) hng ly gii hn
V d 1: Tnh
2 2
2 2
0
0
lim
y x
y x
y
x
+
-

limit((x^2-y^2)/(x^2+y^2), {x=0,y=0});

undefined

limit((x^2-y^2)/(x^2+y^2), {x=t,y=2*t});

-3
5

V d 2:
9 3
lim
0
0
+ -

xy
xy
y
x

limit((x*y)/(3-sqrt(x*y+9)), {x=0,y=0});

i bin t=xy ta c :
limit((t)/(3-sqrt(t+9)), {t=0}); -> -6

II. HM S LIN TC
1) Kim tra hm lin tc trn khong s thc (a,b)
iscont(expr, x = a .. b)
iscont(expr, x = a .. b, 'closed')
iscont(expr, x = a .. b, 'open')
Trong :
expr - mt biu thc i s cha bin x
x - tn bin
a..b - khong s thc vi a,b l hng s hay infinity, -infinity
'closed' ty chn kim tra trong on [a,b]
'open' - ty chn ngm nh (default) l khong (a,b)

V d :
iscont( 1/x, x=-1..1 );
false

iscont( 1/x, x=0..1 );
true

iscont( 1/x, x=0..1, 'closed' );

false


Maple V6 26 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

2) im gin on
tm im gin on thc ta dng lnh : discont(f, x )
trong : f mt biu thc i s cha bin x
discont cho ra tp hp cc gi tr thc m ti c th hm gin on, k c .
Khi kt qu cho bi :
_Zn~: mi s nguyn thuc Z, cn n s th t.
_NNn~: mi s nguyn khng m thuc N
_Bn~ : tp hp nh phn {0,1}
V d : Tm im gin on ca f(x)=
6
2
- - x x
x

discont(x/(x^2-x-6),x);

{ } , -2 3

V d : Tm im gin on ca f(x)=
x sin
1

discont(1/sin(x),x);

{ } p _Z1~
ngha l kp , kZ

V d : Tm im gin on ca f(x)=
2
1
sin
1
- x

discont(1/(sin(x)-1/2),x);
{ } + +
1
6
p
2
3
p _B1~ 2p _Z3~


+ + p p p } 1 , 0 .{
3
2
6
1

V d : Cho hm s

> +

2
x

m s n t n R.
b) V m s m
Gii:
# a)
restart: f:=x->piecewise(x<=3,x^2,a*x+3);


:= f x ( ) piecewise , , x 3 x
2
+ a x 3

pt:=limit(f(x),x=3,left)-limit(f(x),x=3,right);

:= pt - 6 3a

a=solve(pt,a);

= a 2

# b)
g:=x->piecewise(x<=3,x^2,2*x+3);

:= g x ( ) piecewise , , x 3 x
2
+ 2x 3

plot(g(x),x=-6..6);



Maple V6 27 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
Th nh
)) ( ( )) ( (
4 cos
sin
) 3 2 ( 1
3
2 cos 1
) (sin
3 sin
) 1
1
0
1
sin
2
1
x sh th x th sh
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
-
+
+
+
+

-

-

p

1 . 6
. 4
1
1
1
=
= = =
=
=
+
=

>
+
=

=
=
-
x
x
x
p
p

Maple V6 28 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

O HM
I. O HM
1. o hm cp 1
Cu lnh :
diff( f(x) ,x); tnh o hm cp 1 ca hm s f(x)
Diff(f(x),x); In k hiu o hm f(x) l ) (x f
x

V d1 : Tnh o hm ca y=

+1
ln
2
x
x

Diff(log(x/(x^2+1)),x)=
normal(diff(log(x/(x^2+1)),x));
=

ln
x
+ x
2
1
-
- x
2
1
x ( ) + x
2
1

V d2: Tnh o hm ca y = x x
diff(sqrt(x*sqrt(x)),x);

3
4
x
x
( ) / 32

V d 3: Tnh o hm ca f(x) =

< +1

f:=x->piecewise(x<1,x^2+1,3-x);
:= f x ( ) piecewise , , < x 1 + x
2
1 - 3 x

diff(f(x),x);

2x < x 1
undefined = x 1
-1 < 1 x

2. o hm cp n
o hm cp 2 : diff(f(x) , x, x); hay diff( f(x) ,x$2)
o hm cp n : diff( f(x) , x$n) ;
vi n s nguyn dng xc nh.
V d 1: Tnh o hm cp 2 ca y =
1 + x
x

diff(x/(x+1),x,x);
- + 2
1
( ) + x 1
2
2x
( ) + x 1
3

Rt gn bi lnh : normal(%);
-2
1
( ) + x 1
3


V d 2 : Tnh o hm cp 2 ca f(x)=

< +1

f:=x->piecewise(x<1,x^2+1,3-x):
diff(f(x),x$2);

2 < x 1
undefined = x 1
0 < 1 x





Maple V6 29 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
V d 3: Tm cng thc qui np cho o hm cp n ca hm s

1
1
2
-
=
x
y . Suy ra y
(n)

nh ngha hm s o hm
f:=n->diff((x^2-1)*y(x)=1,x$n);

:= f n ( ) diff , = ( ) - x
2
1 ( ) y x 1 $ x n

Hin dy o hm, tm cng thc qui np
f(2);f(3); f(4);

= + + 2 ( ) y x 4x

x
( ) y x ( ) - x
2
1

2
x
2
( ) y x 0

= + + 6

x
( ) y x 6x

2
x
2
( ) y x ( ) - x
2
1

3
x
3
( ) y x 0

= + + 12

2
x
2
( ) y x 8x

3
x
3
( ) y x ( ) - x
2
1

4
x
4
( ) y x 0
Cng thc qui np :
n*(n-1)*y(n-2)+2*n*x*y(n-1)+(x^2-1)*y(n)
Gii phng trnh qui ta c o hm cp n :
rsolve({n*(n-1)*y(n-2)
+2*n*x*y(n-1)+(x^2-1)*y(n),
y(0)=1/(x^2-1),
y(1)=-2*x/(x^2-1)^2},y);

-
1
2

-
1
- x 1
n
( ) G + n 1
- x 1
1
2

-
1
+ x 1
n
( ) G + n 1
+ x 1

trong ! ) 1 ( n n = + G
V d 4 : Tnh o hm cp n ca hm s y = xe
x

nh ngha hm s o hm cp n:
dh:=n->diff(x*exp(x),x$n);
:= dh n ( ) diff , x e
x
$ x n

Lit k cc o hm cp 1, cp 2 :
factor(dh(1));factor(dh(2));
e
x
( ) + 1 x

e
x
( ) + 2 x

Gi s y
(n)
=e
x
( n + x ) , ta o hm hai v c :
y^(n+1)=factor(diff((n+x)*exp(x),x));
= y
( ) + n 1
e
x
( ) + + 1 n x

Vy y
(n)
=e
x
( n +x )





Maple V6 30 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

3. o hm ring
Cu lnh : diff( f(x,y) , x$n, y$m);
V d : Tnh o hm ring cp ba :

+
+

2 2 2
3
y x
y x
y x

diff((x+y)/(x^2+y^2),x,y$2);

- + - + 8
y
2
( ) + x
2
y
2
3
2
( ) + x
2
y
2
2
16x y
( ) + x
2
y
2
3
48( ) + x y x y
2
( ) + x
2
y
2
4
8( ) + x y x
( ) + x
2
y
2
3

normal(%);
6
- + + + - 6y
2
x
2
y
4
x
4
4x
3
y 4x y
3
( ) + x
2
y
2
4

4. Ton t o hm
D(f) : Hm s o hm ca hm mt bin f .
Ngha l D(f)(x) =diff(f(x), x)
D[i](f) : Hm s o hm ring theo bin th i.
Tng t : D[i, j](f) = D[i](D[j](f))
V d 1: Cho f(x) =x.arcsin(x) . Tnh f(x) , f(1/2).
f:=x->x*arcsin(x);
:= f x x ( ) arcsin x

D(f)(x);
+ ( ) arcsin x
x
- 1 x
2

D(f)(1/2); +
1
6
p
1
6
3 4



V d 2: Tnh o hm ring cp 2 ca z = xsiny
g:=(x,y)-> x*sin(y);
Diff([g(x,y)],x,x)=D[1,1](g)(x,y);
=

2
x
2
[ ] x ( ) sin y 0
Diff([g(x,y)],x,y)=D[1,2](g)(x,y);

=

2
y x
[ ] x ( ) sin y ( ) cos y

Diff([g(x,y)],y,x)=D[2,1](g)(x,y);

=

2
x y
[ ] x ( ) sin y ( ) cos y

Diff([g(x,y)],y,y)=D[2,2](g)(x,y);
=

2
y
2
[ ] x ( ) sin y -x ( ) sin y

V d 3: Cho h(x,y,z) =
2 2 2
1
z y x + +

0
2
2
2
2
2
2
=

z
h
y
h
x
h

h:=(x,y,z)->1/(x^2+y^2+z^2)^(1/2);
:= h ( ) , , x y z
1
+ + x
2
y
2
z
2

normal((D[1,1]+D[2,2]+D[3,3])(h)(x,y,z));
0


Maple V6 31 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
5. o hm hm s n
implicitdiff(f, y, x)
implicitdiff(f, y, x1,...,xk)
trong :
f - biu thc i s hoc nhng phng trnh hm n.
y - tn bin hoc tn hm ca bin c lp.
x, x1, ..., xk - tn ca bin o hm.
Lnh implicitdiff(f,y,x) tnh dy/dx, o hm ring ca hm y i vi x. Tham s f phi l phng
trnh ca x, y hoc mt biu thc i s bng 0.

V d 1: Tnh o hm ca hm n y i vi x tha : x
2
y +y
2
=1
dy/dx=implicitdiff(x^2*y+y^2=1,y,x);

=
dy
dx
-2
x y
+ x
2
2y

Gii bng cch khc :
alias(y=y(x)):
diff(x^2*y+y^2=1,x);
= + + 2x y x
2

x
y 2y

x
y 0
solve(%,diff(y,x));
-2
x y
+ x
2
2y

Lnh implicitdiff(f, y, x1,...,xk) tnh o hm ring ca y theo cc bin x1, x2, ...
V d 2: Cho phng trnh x
2
+y
2
+z
2
=1 . Tnh
2
x
z
x
z

implicitdiff(x^2 + y^2 +z^2=1,z,x); -
x
z

implitdiff(x^2 + y^2 +z^2=1,z,x,x);

-
+ z
2
x
2
z
3

Lnh implicitdiff(F, Y, U, X) trong :
F : danh sch phng trnh n dng { f1, f2, fk }
Y : danh sch hm s dng {y1, y2 ,,yn}
U : danh sch cc hm cn tnh o hm {u1,u2}
X: danh sch bin tnh o hm.
V d 3: Cho phng trnh x
2
+y =z v x+y+z =1 .
Tnh
x
y
x
z

implicitdiff({x^2+y=z,x+y+z=1},{y,z},{y,z},x);
{ } , = ( ) D z - x
1
2
= ( ) D y - -
1
2
x
V d 4: Cho hm s dng tham s : x= asint , y=bcos
2
t .
Tnh y
x
pt:={x=a*sin(t),y=b*cos(t)^2}:
implicitdiff(pt,{y,t},y,x)

-2
b ( ) sin t
a




Maple V6 32 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

II. CC TR
Lnh extrema(expr,constraints,vars,s);
cho kt qu gi tr cc tr ca expr
expr : biu thc tnh cc tr.
constraints : tp hp cc phng trnh rng buc.
vars : tp hp cc bin.
s : danh sch chi tit cc im cc tr.

1) Cc tr t do : c iu kin rng buc constraints l {}
Lnh : extrema(expr,{},vars,s);

V d 1 : Tnh cc tr ca hm s y =3x - x
3

extrema(3*x-x^3,{},x,s); ->
{ } , -2 2

s; ->
{ } , { } = x -1 { } = x 1

Hm s y t cc tr ti x= -1 l -2 v ti x= 1 l 2


V d 2: Tm cc tr hm s z =x
2
+y
2
xy x -y
restart:
z:=(x,y)->x^2+y^2-x*y-x-y:
extrema(z(x,y),{},{x,y},s); ->
{ } -1

s; ->
{ } { } , = y 1 = x 1

Hm s z t cc tr -1 ti (1,1) .

2) Cc tr rng buc
Lnh : extrema(expr,constraints,vars,s);

V d 3: Tnh cc tr hm z =3x +4y vi iu kin x
2
+y
2
=1
restart:
extrema(3*x+4*y,x^2+y^2-1,{x,y},s);

{ } , -5 5

s; { } , { } , = x
3
5
= y
4
5
{ } , = x
-3
5
= y
-4
5

V d 4: Tnh cc tr hm u =x
2
+y
2
+z
2
vi iu kin:
x
2
+y
2
=1 v x+y+z =1
restart:
dk:={x^2+y^2=1,x+y+z=1}:
extrema(x^2+y^2+z^2,dk,{x,y,z},s);
s;
3) Max , Min
Lnh: maximize(expr,option1,location);
minimize(expr,option1,location);
expr : biu thc cn tm Min, Max
option1 : dng a..b ; c..d
location: cho im t Min, Max
V d 1: Tm gi tr ln nht , nh nht ca hm s :
y=x
4
x
2
trn on [-3 , 3]

minimize(x^4 - x^2, x=-3..3, location);

,
-1
4
{ } ,

, { } = x -
1
2
2
-1
4

, { } = x
1
2
2
-1
4

maximize(x^4 - x^2, x=-3..3, location);

, 72 { } , [ ] , { } = x -3 72 [ ] , { } = x 3 72


Maple V6 33 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
V d 2: Tm gi tr ln nht , nh nht ca hm s :
z = x
2
- 3x +y
2
+3y +3 trong min 2x4 v -4y-2
minimize(x^2-3*x+y^2+3*y+3, x=2..4,
y=-4..-2, location);
, -1 { } [ ] , { } , = y -2 = x 2 -1

maximize(x^2-3*x+y^2+3*y+3, x=2..4,
y=-4..-2, location);
, 11 { } [ ] , { } , = x 4 = y -4 11

V d 3: Tm gi tr ln nht ca hm s u =-x +y +2z
tha cc iu kin :

+ +
- -
- +
0 ; 0 ; 0
30 11 4 7
10 3 4 5
23 3 4 3
z y x
z y x
z y x
z y x

restart:with(simplex):
u:= -x + y + 2*z:
dk:= {3*x+4*y-3*z <= 23, 5*x-4*y-3*z <= 10,
7*x+4*y+11*z <= 30}:
maximize(u,dk,NONNEGATIVE); ->

{ } , , = x 0 = y
49
8
= z
1
2

Max=subs(%,u); ->

= Max
57
8


Maple V6 34 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

Th nh
1) Tnh o hm :
a)
3
x
1
x
1
x
1
y + + = b)

+
<
= y
2) Tnh o hm cp cao tng ng:
a) y =e
sinx
.cos(sinx). Tnh y b)
x 1
x
y
2
-
= . Tnh y
(8)

3) Tnh o hm cp n ca cc hm s :
a) y =
3 4
1
2
+ + x x

b) y=x
2
e
x

4) Tnh o hm
dx
dy
bit :
a)
( )
( )

- =
- =
t cos 1 b y
t sin t a x
b)
2 2
y x ln
x
y
arctg + =
5) Cho hm s thc g xc nh bi :

2 2
) ( ) ( c z b y - + - +
=
Chng t g l nghim ca phng trnh :
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
=

z
g
y
g
x
g

6) Tnh y, y ca hm s n nh ngha bi 1 = + y x .
7) Tm cc tr ca hm s :
a)
1
1 4 3
2
2
+ +
+ +
=
x x
x x
y b) z =x
3
+3xy
2
-15x -12y
c) u =xyz tha iu kin : x + y + z = 5 v xy +yz +zx =8
8) Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s :
a)
3
2 2
) 2 ( x x y - = trn [0,3]
b) z=x
2
+y
2
xy +x +y trong min x 0 ; y0 v x+y +3 0
9) Tm khong cch ngn nht t mt x
2
+y
2
z
2
=1 n gc O.

10) Tm trn ellip x
2
+9y
2
= 9 cc im gn nht v xa nht i vi ng thng 4x + 9y = 16.


Maple V6 35 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
TCH PHN
I. TCH PHN
Cu lnh :
int(expr, x) : Tch phn bt nh
int(expr, x=a..b, ...) : Tch phn xc nh
Int(expr, x) : K hiu tch phn bt nh
Int(expr, x=a..b, ...) : K hiu tch phn xc nh
Trong :
expr mt biu thc i s
x tn bin tch phn
a, b cn tch phn
... ty chn.
V d 1: Tnh tch phn bt nh
+
dx
x
x
1
3

Int( x/(x^3+1), x ); d

x
+ x
3
1
x
int( x/(x^3+1), x );

- + +
1
3
( ) ln + x 1
1
6
( ) ln - + x
2
x 1
1
3
3

arctan
1
3
( ) - 2x 1 3

Int( x/(x^3+1), x ): %=value(%);
= d

x
+ x
3
1
x - + +
1
3
( ) ln + x 1
1
6
( ) ln - + x
2
x 1
1
3
3

arctan
1
3
( ) - 2x 1 3
V d 2: Tnh tch phn xc nh

+
1
0
1
dx
x
x

Int(x/(sqrt(x)+1),x=0..1): % =value(%);
= d

0
1
x
+ x 1
x -
5
3
2 ( ) ln 2

V d 3: Tnh tch phn suy rng dx
x x
+
+ +
1
2
1 2
1

Int(1/(x^2+2*x+1),x=1..+infinity):
% = value(%);
= d

1
+ + x
2
2x 1
x
1
2




Maple V6 36 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

Trong trng hp tch phn khng biu din c di dng hm s cp th kt qu tch phn c
biu din qua cc hm :

erf(x) = 2/sqrt(Pi) * int(exp(-t^2), t=0..x)
FresnelC(x) = int(cos(Pi/2*t^2), t=0..x);
FresnelS(x) = int(sin(Pi/2*t^2), t=0..x);
EllipticF(z,k)=int(1/sqrt(1-t^2)/sqrt(1-k^2*t^2),t=0..z)
EllipticE(z,k) = int(sqrt(1-k^2*t^2)/sqrt(1-t^2),t=0..z)
EllipticPi(z,nu,k)=int(1/(1-nu*t^2)/sqrt(1-t^2)/
sqrt(1-k^2*t^2),t=0..z)
Si(x) = int(sin(t)/t, t=0..x)
Ci(x) = gamma + ln(x) + int((cos(t)-1)/t, t=0..x)
Ssi(x) = Si(x) - Pi/2
Shi(x) = int(sinh(t)/t, t=0..x)
Chi(x) = gamma + ln(x) + int((cosh(t)-1)/t, t=0..x)

Ch : Dng lnh evalf tnh gn ng cc gi tr tch phn xc nh c biu din qua cc hm
c bit trn.
V d 4: Tnh

-
dx e
x
2

int(exp(-x^2),x);
1
2
p ( ) erf x
V d 5: Tnh tch phn suy rng :

-
1
1
2
1
dx
x

Int(1/x^2,x=-1..1):
%=value(%);
= d

-1
1
1
x
2
x
V d 6: Tnh

dx x ) sin(
2

Int(sin(x^2),x):
%=value(%);
= d

( ) sin x
2
x
1
2
2 p

FresnelS
2 x
p


V d 7: Tnh gn ng

1
0
2
) cos( dx x
int(cos(x^2),x=0..1);
1
2

FresnelC
2
p
2 p
evalf(%);
.9045242380






Maple V6 37 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
II. TCH PHN BI
1. TCH PHN KP
tnh tch phn kp, trc tin ta dng lnh : with(student) m tin ch student
cho php dng cc lnh sau :
Doubleint(g, x, y);
Doubleint(g, x=a..b, y=c..d);
Doubleint(g, x, y, Domain);
Trong :
o g : biu thc cn tch phn
o x, y : bin tch phn v ch n th t bin ly tch phn.
o Domain : tn min tch phn

tnh gi tr ca tch phn kp ta dng lnh %=value(%); sau lnh tch phn kp.
V d 1: Tnh
d

0
1
d

x
1
+ x y y x

with(student):
Doubleint(x+y,y=x..1,x=0..1):
%=value(%);
= d

0
1
d

x
1
+ x y y x
1
2

V d 2: Tnh
d

x
1
d

0
1
+ x y x y

Doubleint(x+y,x=0..1,y=x..1):
%=value(%);
= d

x
1
d

0
1
+ x y x y - - 1
1
2
x
1
2
x
2

2. TCH PHN BI BA
Tng t tch phn kp ch khc dng lnh :
Tripleint(g, x, y, z)
Tripleint(g, x = a..b, z = e..f, y = c..d )
Tripleint(g, x, y, z, Domain)

V d 1:
Tnh

V
zdxdydz y x
2 3
vi V : 0 x 1 , 0 y x , 0 z xy
with(student):
Tripleint(x^3*y^2*z,z=0..x*y,y=0..x,x=0..1);
d

0
1
d

0
x
d

0
x y
x
3
y
2
z z y x
%=value(%); = d

0
1
d

0
x
d

0
x y
x
3
y
2
z z y x
1
110





Maple V6 38 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

V d 2: Tnh

+ +
V
dxdydz z y x
2 2 2
vi V l hnh cu tm 0 , bn knh R

Ta dng ta cu :
Tripleint(r^3*cos(theta),r=0..R,
theta=-Pi/2..Pi/2,phi=0..2*Pi);

d

0
2p
d

- / 12p
/ 12p
d

0
R
r
3
( ) cos q r q f
%=value(%);
= d

0
2p
d

- / 12p
/ 12p
d

0
R
r
3
( ) cos q r q f R
4
p
3. TCH PHN NG
Lineint(f(x,y), x=x(t), y=y(t))
Lineint(f(x,y), x, y =a..b)
Lineint(f(x,y,z), x, y, z)
Trong :
f(x,y) mt biu thc cha x v y v bin .
a, b (tu chn ) cn di v cn trn
V d 1: Tnh tch phn ng loi 1:

AB
dl z
2
vi AB xc nh bi: x= acost , y=asint, z=bt v 0
t 3
with(student):
Lineint(z^2,x=a*cos(t),y=a*sin(t),z=b*t,t=0..3);

d

0
3
b
2
t
2
+ +

t
a ( ) cos t
2

t
a ( ) sin t
2

t
b t
2
t
%=value(%);

= d

0
3
b
2
t
2
+ + a
2
( ) sin t
2
a
2
( ) cos t
2
b
2
t 9b
2
+ a
2
b
2

V d 2: Tnh tch phn ng :

AB
xydl vi AB l cung ellip = + 1
4
2
2
y
x
with(student):
Lineint(x*y,x=cos(t),y=2*sin(t),t=0..Pi/2);

d

0
/ 12p
2 ( ) cos t ( ) sin t +

t
( ) 2 ( ) sin t
2

t
( ) cos t
2
t

%=value(%);

= d

0
/ 12p
2 ( ) cos t ( ) sin t + 4 ( ) cos t
2
( ) sin t
2
t
14
9



Maple V6 39 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
V d 3: Tch phn ng loi 2 :

- + - =
C
dy xy y dx xy x I ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 2

vi C l ng parabol y =x
2
, -1 x 1.
Dng cng thc : I=

- + -
b
a
dx y xy y xy x ' ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 2

restart:with(student):
int((x^2-2*x^3)+(x^4-2*x^3)*diff(x^2,x),x=-1..1);

-14
15

III. PHNG PHP I BIN
changevar(s , f)
changevar(s , f , u)
changevar(t , g , v)

Trong :
s mt biu thc dng h(x) = g(u), vi x l hm ca bin u
f mt biu thc tch phn dng: Int(F(x), x = a...b)
u bin tch phn mi.

t Tp hp cc phng trnh i bin.
g l tch phn kp, tch phn bi ba ...
v Danh sch bin mi.
V d 1: Tnh bng phng php i bin :

-
a
dx x a
0
2 2

with(student):
changevar(x=a*sin(t),Int(sqrt(a^2-x^2),x=0..a),t);

d

0
/ 12p
- a
2
a
2
( ) sin t
2
a ( ) cos t t

%=value(%);
= d

0
/ 12p
- a
2
a
2
( ) sin t
2
a ( ) cos t t
1
4
a
2
a p

V d 2: Tnh
d

0
1
x
+ x 1
x

changevar(t=sqrt(x+1),Int(x/sqrt(x+1),x=0..1),t);
d

1
2
- + 2 2t
2
t
Int(x/sqrt(x+1),x=0..1)=value(%);
= d

0
1
x
+ x 1
x - +
2
3
2
4
3


Maple V6 40 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

V d 3 : i sang ta cc tch phn :

- -
D
dxdy
y x
2 2
4
1


changevar({x=r*cos(phi),y=r*sin(phi)},
Doubleint(1/sqrt(4-x^2-y^2),x,y),[r,phi]);
d

r
- 4 r
2
r f

V d 4 : i sang ta cu tch phn

+ + dxdydz z y x
2 2 2


changevar({x=p*sin(theta)*cos(phi),
y=p*sin(theta)*sin(phi),
z=p*cos(theta)},
Tripleint(sqrt(x^2+y^2+z^2),x,y,z),
[p,theta,phi]);

d

p
3
( ) sin q p q f

IV. PHNG PHP TCH PHN TNG PHN
intparts(f, u)
trong :
f : mt biu thc ca dng Int(u*dv, x)
u : tha s c vi phn.
V d 1: Tnh tch phn

2
0
cos
p
xdx x
with(student):
intparts(Int(x*cos(x),x=0..Pi/2),x);

-
1
2
p d

0
/ 12p
( ) sin x x

Int(x*cos(x),x=0..Pi/2)=value(%);

= d

0
/ 12p
x ( ) cos x x -
1
2
p 1

V d 2: Tm cng thc truy chng ca F
n
=

1
0
dx e x
x n

Fn:= Int( x^n*exp(x), x=0..1 );

:= Fn d

0
1
x
n
e
x
x
simplify( intparts( Fn,x^n ) );

- e n d

0
1
x
( ) - n 1
e
x
x

Maple V6 41 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
Ta c cng thc truy chng : F
n
=e n F
n-1

Gii phng trnh qui ny ta c cng thc tnh Fn
F(n)= exp(1)-n*F(n-1):
rsolve({%,F(0)=int(exp(x),x=0..1)},{F});
{ } = ( ) F n - + ( ) -1
( ) -n
( ) G + n 1 ( ) -1
( ) -n
( ) G , + n 1 -1

Th nh

1. Tnh cc tch phn bt nh sau y:




+ +
+
-
-
-
dx xdx
dx dx a
dx
x ax
dx a
2
3 2
) 2 (
1 )


2. Tnh

+
-

+
-
1
0
1
0
3
1
0
1
0
3
) ( ) (
dy dx
y x
y x
dx dy
y x
y x
.

So snh hai kt qu.

3. Tnh cc tch phn sau :




+ +
>
+ -
+ + +
+ - - +
dx dx bx e
dx dx
x
c
xdx x dx
x x x x
x x x
a
0
2
1
0
5 / 1
7 / 1
2 /
0
2 3 4 5
2 3
) ( cos )
1 6
)
cos sin
10 16 7
6 10 2 4
)
p


4. Cho C l min {(x,y) |R
2
/ 1/2 xy 2 , 1 x 3 }.
Hy tnh

+
C
xy
dxdy
x y
e
2 2
1
) 1 (








Maple V6 42 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

5. Tnh cc tch phn sau:




+

+
+
+
+
+
dx
b x a
dx e
dx arctgx dx
dx
x
dx
x
a
1
)
1
1
) 1
)
6
2


6. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi :
a) y
2
=2x+1 v x y 1 =0
b) ng cong kn y
2
=x
2
y
2

c) y =x
3
5x
2
+2x +7 v y =2x - 1

7. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay to t hnh phng gii hn bi y
2
=x
3
v x=1 quay quanh ox.

8. Tnh th tch vt th gii hn bi cc mt c phng trnh :
a) y =x
2
; z =y ; z +y =2
b) x
2
+y
2
; z =-2 ; y +z =2
c) x
2
+y
2
+z
2
=4 ; x
2
+y
2
=1
d) 2
4
2
2 2
= + =
+
= y
y x
z
9. Tm cc cng thc truy chng ca :
a) F
n
=

2
0
. cos
p
dx x
n

b) Tn =

4
0
p
xdx tg
n



Maple V6 43 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
CHUI S CHUI HM

1. TNG RING CHUI S
sum(f,k); Tnh tng ca f(k) theo cng thc g(k) tha: g(k+1)-g(k)=f(k) mi k.
sum(f,k=m..n); Tnh tng: f(m) +f(m+1) +... +f(n)
sum(f,k=alpha); Tnh tng biu thc f(k) vi k = alpha l nghim ca a thc, thng dng lnh
RootOf
V d1: Tnh

-
=
1
0
2
n
k
k
sum(k^2,k=0..n-1); - +
1
3
n
3
1
2
n
2
1
6
n
factor(%);
1
6
n ( ) - 2n 1 ( ) - n 1
V d 2: Tnh

=1
2
1
k
k

sum(1/(k^2),k=1..infinity);
1
6
p
2

V d 3: Tnh tng
1 + k
k
vi k l cc nghim phng trnh : x
3
2 =0
sum(k/(k+1), k=RootOf(x^3-2)); 2

Trong mt s trng hp, tng c biu din qua hm:
( ) ( ) )) ( ln( ) , ( )) ( ln( ) ( x
x
x n x
x
x
n
n
G

= Y G

= Y vi

+
- -
= G
0
1
) ( dt t e x
x t

nh v d sau y:
Sum(k/(k+1),k=0..n) = sum(k/(k+1), k=0..n);
=
= k 0
n
k
+ k 1
+ - - n 1 ( ) Y + n 2 g

2. CHUI TAYLOR
series(expr, eqn)
series(expr, eqn, n)
trong :
expr mt biu thc hay hm theo x cn khai trin thnh chui.
eqn tn bin x hoc phng trnh dng x=a khai trin ti 0 hay a
n (ty chn) l s nguyn khng m n, khai trin n cp n, gi tr ngm nh n=6.
V d 1: Khai trin Taylor ca hm s f(x) =
x
1
ti x=1.
series(1/x,x=1);
- + - + - + 1 ( ) - x 1 ( ) - x 1
2
( ) - x 1
3
( ) - x 1
4
( ) - x 1
5
( ) O ( ) - x 1
6

V d 2: Khai trin Mac-Laurin ca hm s f(x) = cosx n cp 10.

series(cos(x),x,10);
- + - + + 1
1
2
x
2
1
24
x
4
1
720
x
6
1
40320
x
8
( ) O x
10



Maple V6 44 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

V d 3 : Tnh gn ng e ti s hng th 6.
series(exp(x),x,6);

+ + + + + + 1 x
1
2
x
2
1
6
x
3
1
24
x
4
1
120
x
5
( ) O x
6

eval(%,x=0.5);
1.648697917


Th nh

1. Tnh tng ca cc chui s :

+ +
+
+ + -
0 0
1 3
2
1 3
2 3 4
1
).
n n
n
n n
n
n n
a

2. Xt s hi t ca cc chui s :

... ....
7
1
5
1
1
2 2
1
).
1
) 1
2
).
1
1
1
2
1 1
+ + + + + + + +
-
+
-

+ +
+
+
+
+

=
+

=
n
n
n
n n
n
n
d
n
a

3. Vit khai trin Taylor ca hm f(x) =
x - 1
1
ti ln cn x = a
4. Vit khai trin Taylor ca hm f(x) =
3
x ti ln cn x=1
5. Vit khai trin Mac-Laurin ca cc hm s sau :
+
= = =
6. Vit khai trin Mac-Laurin ca hm s f(x) =

x
dt
t
t
0
sin
,
tnh gn ng tch phn

2
1
0
sin
dt
t
t
vi sai s khng vt qu 10
-3



Maple V6 45 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
PHNG TRNH VI PHN - H PHNG TRNH VI PHN

I. PHNG TRNH VI PHN
Cu lnh : dsolve(ODE);
dsolve({ODE, ICs}, y(x), Options);
trong :
ODE - phng trnh vi phn thng (an ordinary differential equation)
y(x) - hm 1 bin c lp
Options - ty chn bao gm: implicit ( dng n) , explicit (dng hin ngm nh) , useInt
(Dng tch phn ) , series (chui) , numeric (dng s)...
ICs - iu kin ban u ( tm nghim ring)
dng: y(a) = b , D(y)(a) = c , D(D(y))(a) = d...


V d 1: Gii phng trnh vi phn : y=y.tgx
ode:=diff(y(x),x)=y(x)*tan(x);
:= ode =

x
( ) y x ( ) y x ( ) tan x
dsolve(ode,y(x));

= ( ) y x
_C1
( ) cos x

trong _C1 l hng s ty


gin tin khi nhp phng trnh vi phn, ta c th dng lnh alias nh v d sau:

V d 2 : Gii phng trnh vi phn : y =
2 2
2
y x
xy
-

alias(y=y(x)):
ptvf:=diff(y,x)=(2*x*y)/(x^2-y^2);

:= ptvf =

x
y 2
x y
- x
2
y
2

dsolve(ptvf,y);

, = y
1
2
- 1 - 1 4_C1
2
x
2
_C1
= y
1
2
+ 1 - 1 4_C1
2
x
2
_C1

V d 3 : Gii phng trnh vi phn : y =
3
y x
y
+

ode:=diff(y(x),x)=y(x)/(x+y(x)^3);

:= ode =

x
( ) y x
( ) y x
+ x ( ) y x
3

dsolve(ode,useInt);

= - x

+ d

( ) y x
_b
2
e

- d

1
_b
_b
_b _C1 e

( ) y x
1
_a
_a
0
value(%); = - x

+
1
2
( ) y x
2
_C1 ( ) y x 0




Maple V6 46 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

V d 4 : Gii phng trnh vi phn : xy=y )
'
ln(
x
y

ode:=x*diff(y(x),x,x)=diff(y(x),x)*ln(diff(y(x),x)/x);
:= ode = x

2
x
2
( ) y x

x
( ) y x

ln

x
( ) y x
x

dsolve(ode); = ( ) y x - + +
ee
( ) _C1 x
_C1
2
ee
( ) _C1 x
x
_C1
_C2

V d 5 : Gii phng trnh vi phn : y -
1
'
- x
y
=x(x-1)
tha iu kin : y(2)=1, y(2)= -1

ode:=diff(y(x),x$2)-diff(y(x),x)/(x-1) =x*(x-1);
:= ode = -

2
x
2
( ) y x

x
( ) y x
- x 1
x ( ) - x 1

dsolve({ode,y(2)=1,D(y)(2)=-1},y(x));
= ( ) y x - - + +
1
8
x
4
1
6
x
3
3
2
x
2
3x
1
3


V d 6: Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh vi phn : yy- y
2
=0 tha : y(0) = 1, y(0) = 2

ode:=y(x)*diff(y(x),x$2)-diff(y(x),x)^2=0;
:= ode = - ( ) y x

2
x
2
( ) y x

x
( ) y x
2
0
dsolve({ode,y(0)=1,D(y)(0)=2});
= ( ) y x e
( ) 2x


V d 7: Gii phng trnh vi phn : xy+y+4x
2
y =0

alias(y=y(x)):
ode:=x*diff(y,x$2)+diff(y,x)+4*x^2*y=0;
:= ode = + + x

2
x
2
y

x
y 4x
2
y 0
dsolve(ode,y);
= y + _C1

BesselJ , 0
4
3
x
( ) / 32
_C2

BesselY , 0
4
3
x
( ) / 32

dsolve(ode,y,series);
= y + _C1

- + 1
4
9
x
3
( ) O x
6
_C2

+ ( ) lnx

- + 1
4
9
x
3
( ) O x
6

+
8
27
x
3
( ) O x
6








Maple V6 47 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
gii gn ng phng trnh vi phn, ta dng lnh:
dsolve({ode, init} , vars, numeric)
dsolve({ode, init}, vars, numeric, options)
trong :
{ode, init} - tp hp cc phng trnh vi phn v iu kin ban u.
vars - cc hm cn tm.
options - cc la chn dng: keyword=value nh
method=rkf45 (Fehlberg fourth-fifth order Runge-Kutta method),
method=dverk78, method=classical, method=gear, method=mgear,
method=lsode, method=taylorseries. Ngm nh l method=rkf45
value = xarray dng : value=array([x
1
,x
2
,...,x
k
])

V d 8 : Gii gn ng phng trnh vi phn : y =-x +y
tha y(0) = 1,5
alias(y=y(x),y0=y(0)):
ode:=diff(y,x)=y-x; := ode =

x
y - y x
Tnh gn ng vi cc gi tr y(x) vi x= 0 ; 0.25 ; 0.5 ; 0.75 ; 1
F:=dsolve({ode,y0=1.5},y,'numeric',
value=array([0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1]));
:= F

[ ] , x y

0 1.5
.25 1.892012706
.5 2.324360630
.75 2.808499999
1 3.359140899

V d 9: Gii gn ng phng trnh vi phn : y- (1-y
2
) y+y =0 tha y(0) = 0 ,y(0) = -0,1
alias(y=y(t),y0=y(0),yp0=D(y)(0)):
ode:=diff(y,t$2)-(1-y^2)*diff(y,t)+y=0;
:= ode = - +

2
t
2
y ( ) - 1 y
2

t
y y 0
init:=y0=0,yp0=-0.1:
F:=dsolve({ode,init},y,'numeric');

:= F proc ( ) ... end proc rkf45_x

Ta c th v th ca hm y theo t bng cc nh ngha hm Y(t) nh sau :
Y:=t->rhs(op(1,select(hastype,F(t),'function')));
:= Y t ( ) rhs ( ) op , 1 ( ) select , , hastype ( ) F t ' ' function

plot(Y,0..14);


Maple V6 48 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

II. H PHNG TRNH VI PHN
Cu lnh : dsolve({sysODE}, {funcs})
dsolve({sysODE}, {funcs}, 'explicit')
trong :
{sysODE} - tp hp cc phng trnh vi phn c ngn cch bi du phy
{funcs} - tp hp cc hm s cn xc nh hoc tn hm.
'explicit' - ty chn yu cu sp xp s xut hin tp cc nghim trong trng hp h phng trnh vi phn phi
tuyn
V d 1: Gii h phng trnh vi phn :

=
=
y
dx
dz
z
dx
dy

sys1:={diff(y(x),x)=z(x),diff(z(x),x)=y(x)};
:= sys1 { } , =

x
( ) y x ( ) z x =

x
( ) z x ( ) y x
dsolve(sys1,{y,z});
{ } , = ( ) y x - _C1 e
x
_C2 e
( ) -x
= ( ) z x + _C1 e
x
_C2 e
( ) -x

V d 2 : Gii h phng trnh vi phn

+ =
+ =
2
2
y xy
dt
dy
xy x
dt
dx

sys2:={diff(x(t),t)=x(t)^2+x(t)*y(t),
diff(y(t),t)=x(t)*y(t)+y(t)^2}:


dsolve(sys2,{x,y});

, { } = ( ) y t 0 { } = ( ) x t
1
- + t _C1
,

, { } = ( ) y t -
1
+ _C1 t _C2

= ( ) x t -
- +

t
( ) y t ( ) y t
2
( ) y t

dsolve(sys2,{x,y},explicit);

{ } , = ( ) y t 0 = ( ) x t
1
- + t _C1
{ ,
= ( ) x t

- +
_C1
( ) + _C1 t _C2
2
1
( ) + _C1 t _C2
2
( ) + _C1 t _C2 ,


= ( ) y t -
1
+ _C1 t _C2
}


Maple V6 49 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
Th nh

1. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn bng Maple. Th gii bng nhiu phng php, tm li gii dng
n gin nht v th kim tra li :

= = + ). 12 16 ' ).
3
b xy x y a
2. Gii cc phng vi phn sau:
( ) ( ) + + = + = +
-

( ) ( )
+
+
=

+
-
- + = - +
3. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn
=

- - = +

+
= + + = +
4. Chng minh rng hm s

=
1
dt l mt nghim ca phng trnh = - .
Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh

5. Gii cc h phng trnh sau

+ =
+ =
= =

- =
- =
- =
tx
dy
ty
dx
y x
dt
dz
x z
dt
dy
z y
a)

Maple V6 50 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

I S TUYN TNH - MA TRN

Maple 6.0 cung cp trn 100 cu lnh gii quyt cc vn ca i s tuyn tnh c ng gi
trong linalg package v cn phi np bi lnh with(linalg): trc khi thc hin tnh ton. Linalg package
bao gm mt s lnh sau:
GramSchmidt JordanBlock LUdecomp QRdecomp addcol addrow adjoint angle
augment backsub
band basis bezout blockmatrix charmat
charpoly cholesky col coldim colspace
colspan companion cond copyinto crossprod
curl definite delcols delrows det
diag diverge dotprod eigenvalues eigenvectors
entermatrix equal exponential extend ffgausselim
fibonacci forwardsub frobenius gausselim gaussjord
geneqns genmatrix grad hadamard hermite
hessian hilbert htranspose ihermite indexfunc
innerprod intbasis inverse ismith issimilar
iszero jacobian jordan kernel laplacian
leastsqrs linsolve matadd matrix minor
minpoly mulcol multiply norm normalize
orthog permanent pivot potential randmatrix
randvector rank references row rowdim
rowspace rowspan scalarmul singularvals smith
stackmatrix submatrix subvector sumbasis swapcol
swaprow sylvester toeplitz trace transpose
vandermonde vecpotent vectdim vector wronskian

I. MA TRN-NH THC
1. TO MA TRN
Cu lnh : matrix(L)
matrix(m, n)
matrix(m, n, L)
matrix(m, n, f)
trong :
m,n - s nguyn dng ch s hng v s ct.
L - Danh sch hoc vect.
f - mt hm s dng to cc phn t ca ma trn.

V d 1:
with(linalg):
A:=matrix(2,2,[1,2,3,4]); := A

1 2
3 4

B:=matrix([[a,b],[c,d]]); := B

a b
c d

C:=matrix(3,2,(i,j)->i+j-1); := C

1 2
2 3
3 4

M:=matrix(2,2,0); := M

0 0
0 0

N:=matrix(2,2,3); := N

3 3
3 3


Maple V6 51 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
MA TRN CHUYN V : transpose(M);
V d : M:=matrix([[1,2,3],[x,y,z]]); := M

1 2 3
x y z

M^t=transpose(M); = M
t

1 x
2 y
3 z

MA TRN N V , MA TRN NG CHO:
Cu lnh : diag(B1, B2, .., Bn) trong :
B1, B2, ..., Bn - l cc ma trn vung.

V d 2: Ma trn n v , ma trn ng cho
I2=diag(1,1); = I2

1 0
0 1

I3=diag(1,1,1); = I3

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

m:=diag(lambda1, lambda2); := m

l1 0
0 l2

N:=diag(m,diag(1,1)); := N

l1 0 0 0
0 l2 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

MA TRN CON : minor(A, r, c)
trong : Ama trn v r, c b i hng r v ct c ca A
V d:
A := matrix( [[1,-6,1],[-6,1,1],[-1,6,1]] );
:= A

1 -6 1
-6 1 1
-1 6 1

A11:=minor(A,1,1); := A11

1 1
6 1

A21:=minor(A,2,1); := A21

-6 1
6 1

MA TRN KHI: blockmatrix(m,n,L);
trong : m,n : s hng , s ct ca ma trn khi m cc phn t l ma trn trong danh sch L
L - danh sch gm m*n cc ma trn.
A := matrix(2,2,(i,j) -> abs(i-j)); := A

0 1
1 0

B:=matrix(2,2,[x,x,x,x]); := B

x x
x x

blockmatrix(1,2,[A,B]);

0 1 x x
1 0 x x

blockmatrix(2,2,[A,B,B,A]);

0 1 x x
1 0 x x
x x 0 1
x x 1 0


Maple V6 52 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

2. PHP TNH MA TRN
Cc php ton cng, tr hai ma trn cng cp, nhn mt s vi ma trn, nhn hai ma trn, ly tha
mt ma trn ta dng cc k hiu : + , - , * , &*, ^v lnh evalm(M); nh gi kt qu ca ma trn
M.
V d: Cho ma trn A=

-
4 3
2 1
v B=

d g
b a
.
Tnh 2A-B ; AB , A
3
, A
-1
.
with(linalg):
A:=matrix(2,2,[1,-2,3,4]);
:= A

1 -2
3 4

B:=matrix([[alpha,beta],[gamma,delta]]);
:= B

a b
g d

2*A-B=evalm(2*A-B);
= - 2A B

- 2 a - - 4 b
- 6 g - 8 d

A*B=evalm(A&*B);
= A B

- a 2g - b 2d
+ 3a 4g + 3b 4d

A^3=evalm(A^3);
= A
3

-35 -30
45 10

1/A=evalm(1/A);
=
1
A

2
5
1
5
-3
10
1
10


i vi php cng, tr th A n l cc phn t A
ii
bi s n.
evalm(B-3);

- a 3 b
g - d 3


Trong trng hp thc hin cc th tc (procedure) trn tt c cc phn t ca ma trn, ta
thng dng cu lnh:
map(fcn, expr, arg2, ..., argn)
trong :
fcn th tc cn thc hin trn cc s hng ca biu thc expr
expr biu thc , ma trn ...
Tha s cc s hng ca ma trn M : map( factor,M);

V d :
A:=toeplitz([alpha,beta]);
:= A

a b
b a

evalm(A^3);

+ ( ) + a
2
b
2
a 2a b
2
+ ( ) + a
2
b
2
b 2a
2
b
+ ( ) + a
2
b
2
b 2a
2
b + ( ) + a
2
b
2
a 2a b
2


Maple V6 53 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
map(factor,%);

a ( ) + a
2
3b
2
b ( ) + 3a
2
b
2
b ( ) + 3a
2
b
2
a ( ) + a
2
3b
2


nh gi y (full evaluation) :
R:=matrix(2,2,[cos(alpha),
-sin(alpha),sin(alpha),cos(alpha)]);
:= R

( ) cos a - ( ) sin a
( ) sin a ( ) cos a

ta gn gi tr alpha=1
alpha:=1:
lnh evalm khng nh gi y gi tr ma trn R
evalm(R);

( ) cos a - ( ) sin a
( ) sin a ( ) cos a

nhng lnh map nh gi y theo cc php gn

map(eval,R);

( ) cos 1 - ( ) sin 1
( ) sin 1 ( ) cos 1


o hm cc phn t ma trn:
R:=matrix(2,2,[cos(x^2),-sin(x),sin(x),cos(x^2)]);
:= R

( ) cos x
2
- ( ) sin x
( ) sin x ( ) cos x
2

map(diff,R,x);

-2 ( ) sin x
2
x - ( ) cos x
( ) cos x -2 ( ) sin x
2
x

3. RT GN MA TRN
Cu lnh: gaussjord(A)
gaussjord(A, 'r')
gaussjord(A, 'r', 'd')
A - ma trn ch nht.
'r' - (ty chn) cho ra hng ma trn A gn vo r.
'd' - (ty chn) cho ra nh thc A gn vo d, nu A vung.
V d:
A:=array([[4,-6,1,0],[-6,12,0,1],[-2,6,1,1]]);
:= A

4 -6 1 0
-6 12 0 1
-2 6 1 1

gaussjord(A,'r');

1 0 1
1
2
0 1
1
2
1
3
0 0 0 0

'rank'(A)=r;
= ( ) rank A 2





Maple V6 54 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

4. NH THC
Cu lnh: det(M);
V d:
A := array( [[4,-6,m],[-6,m,1],[-m,6,1]] );
:= A

4 -6 m
-6 m 1
-m 6 1

det(A);
- - + 26m 60 m
3

5. HNG MA TRN
Cu lnh: rank(M);
V d:
A := matrix(3,3, [x,1,0,0,0,1,x*y,y,1]);

rank(A);
2

gaussjord(A);

1
1
x
0
0 0 1
0 0 0


6. MA TRN NGHCH O
Tnh bng php tnh A
-1
:
Dng lnh inverse(A); hoc evalm(1/A);
A := matrix( [[1,-6,1],[-6,1,1],[-1,6,1]] );

:= A

1 -6 1
-6 1 1
-1 6 1

inverse(A);

1
14
-6
35
1
10
-1
14
-1
35
1
10
1
2
0
1
2

evalm(1/A);

1
14
-6
35
1
10
-1
14
-1
35
1
10
1
2
0
1
2

Tnh bng php rt gn ma trn: ni ma trn A v I bi lnh blockmatrix hoc augment(A,I)
A := matrix( [[1,-6,1],[-6,1,1],[-1,6,1]] );

:= A

1 -6 1
-6 1 1
-1 6 1

AI:=blockmatrix(1,2,[A,diag(1,1,1)]);

:= AI

1 -6 1 1 0 0
-6 1 1 0 1 0
-1 6 1 0 0 1


Maple V6 55 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
gaussjord(AI);

1 0 0
1
14
-6
35
1
10
0 1 0
-1
14
-1
35
1
10
0 0 1
1
2
0
1
2

Tnh bng cng thc: A
-1
=
A
P
A) det(
1
, Tnh P
A

bi lnh adjoint(A); hoc adj(A);
A := matrix( [[1,-6,1],[-6,1,1],[-1,6,1]] );

:= A

1 -6 1
-6 1 1
-1 6 1

PA:=adj(A); := PA

-5 12 -7
5 2 -7
-35 0 -35

evalm(PA/det(A));

1
14
-6
35
1
10
-1
14
-1
35
1
10
1
2
0
1
2

II. H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH
Cu lnh: linsolve(A, B, 'r', v)
trong :
A l ma trn h s
B l ma trn hoc vct v phi
r (ty chn) l hng ca A
v (ty chn) tn bin t do, ngm nh l _t
1
, _t
2
, ...

V d 1: Gii h phng trnh :

- = +
= +
2 3
1 2
y x
y x

A:= matrix( [[1,2],[1,3]] );
:= A

1 2
1 3

B:=vector([1,-2]);

:= B [ ] , 1 -2

X:=linsolve(A, B);
:= X

7
-3

H c nghim duy nht : x= 7 , y=-3

V d2: Gii h phng trnh :

= - - +
= - - +
= + + -
= - + -

A:= matrix([[1,-1,1,-1],[1,-2,1,3],
[2,1,-1,-2],[2,2,-1,-6]]):
B:= vector([1,2,5,4]):

Maple V6 56 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

X:=linsolve(A,B);
:= X [ ] , , , + 2 _t
1
- + 1 4_t
1
- + 2 4_t
1
_t
1

H c v s nghim :
x
1
=2 +t , x
2
=-1+4t , x
3
=-2 +4t , x
4
=t , ( vi t ty )

V d 3: Gii h phng trnh

= - -
- = + +
- = + -

A := matrix( [[2,-1,1],[1,2,3],[1,-3,-2]] ):

B:= vector([-2,-1,3]);
:= B [ ] , , -2 -1 3

X:=linsolve(A,B);
:= X

H v nghim
V d 4: Gii v bin lun theo m h phng trnh :

= + +
= + +
= + +

A:= matrix( [[m,1,1],[1,m,1],[1,1,m]] ):
B:= vector([1,m,m^2]):
m<>solve(det(A)=0,m);
m ( ) , , -2 1 1

X:=linsolve(A,B);
:= X

, , -
+ m 1
+ m 2
1
+ m 2
( ) + m 1
2
+ m 2

m:=1:
A1:=map(eval,A):B1:=map(eval,B):
X:=linsolve(A1,B1); := X [ ] , , - - 1 _t
1
_t
2
_t
1
_t
2

m:=-2:
A2:=map(eval,A):B2:=map(eval,B):
X:=linsolve(A2,B2);
:= X



III. KHNG GIAN VCT
1. To mt vct
Dng mt trong cc lnh :
vector([x1, ..., xn])
vector(n)
vector(n, f)
trong :
x1, ..., xn - thnh phn ca vector c kiu s.
n - s chiu ca vector.
f - hm s f c dng to cc thnh phn ca vector.
Do vector(n,f) tng ng vi vector(1..n , [f(1),f(2) , , f(n)])
V d :
vector( [5,4,6,3] );
[ ] , , , 5 4 6 3

vector(4); [ ] , , , ?
1
?
2
?
3
?
4

vector(4, 0);
[ ] , , , 0 0 0 0



Maple V6 57 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
V d: To vector c chiu 4 bi hm s f(x) = x
2

f := x -> x^2:
v := vector(4, f);
:= v [ ] , , , 1 4 9 16

* To vect ct c cc thnh phn theo cng thc x
j-1


V d :
f:= (j) -> x^(j-1):
Vector(3,f)

1
x
x
2

Mt s cu lnh lin quan n vector

Tn lnh ngha
norm(v,2) Mun ca v
normalize(v) Chun ha v
scalarmul(v,k) Nhn vector v vi s k
dotprod(u,v) Tch v hng uv
crossprod(u,v) Tch c hng u^v
GramSchmidt([v
1
,v
2
,,v
n
]) Trc giao ha GramSchmidt cc vector c lp tuyn tnh
v
1
,v
2
,,v
n

GramSchmidt([v
1
,v
2
,,v
n
],normalized) Trc chun ha GramSchmidt cc vector c lp tuyn tnh
v
1
,v
2
,,v
n

basis({v
1
,v
2
,,v
n
}) xc nh c s ca khng gian sinh bi v
1
,v
2
,,v
n

intbasis(V1,V2,,Vn) xc nh c s khng gian giao ca cc khng gian sinh bi h
vector V1, V2,,Vn
sumbasis(V1,V2,,Vn) xc nh c s khng gian tng ca cc khng gian sinh bi h
vector V1, V2,,Vn
rowspace(A) xc nh c s khng gian sinh bi cc hng ca ma trn A
colspace(A) xc nh c s khng gian sinh bi cc ct ca ma trn A
kernel(A) , nullspace(A) xc nh c s khng gian nghim h phng trnh thun nht
AX=0

2. Cc v d
Tnh mun v chun ha vector v =(2,2,-1)
with(linalg):
v:=vector([2,2,-1]);
:= v [ ] , , 2 2 -1

norm(v,2);
3

normalize(v);

, ,
2
3
2
3
-1
3

Tnh tch v hng v tch hu hng ca u=(2,2,-1), v=(1,2,3)
v:=vector([2,2,-1]):
u:=vector([1,2,3]):
dotprod(u,v);
3

crossprod(u,v);
[ ] , , -8 7 -2

Xt tnh c lp tuyn tnh ca h vector
v1:=vector([1,2,-1,0]):
v2:=vector([2,1,2,3]) :
v3:=vector([-1,4,-7,-6]):
basis({v1,v2,v3});
{ } , v2 v1

H ph thuc tuyn tnh.


Maple V6 58 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

u1 := vector([2,2,2]):
u2 := vector([0,2,2]):
u3 := vector([0,0,2]):
basis({u1,u2,u3});
{ } , , u1 u2 u3

H c lp tuyn tnh.
Trc giao ha v trc chun ha h vector
u1 := vector([2,2,2]):
u2 := vector([0,2,2]):
u3 := vector([0,0,2]):
GramSchmidt([u1,u2,u3]);

, , [ ] , , 2 2 2

, ,
-4
3
2
3
2
3
[ ] , , 0 -1 1
GramSchmidt([u1,u2,u3],normalized);

, ,

, ,
1
3
3
1
3
3
1
3
3

, , -
1
6
8 3
1
12
8 3
1
12
8 3

, , 0 -
1
2
2
1
2
2

Cho khng gian sinh bi : U =<(1,2,1) ; (1,0,2) > v W=<(2,-1,2) ; (2,1,1)>
Tm c s ca U, W, UW v U+W
U:={vector([1,2,1]),vector([1,0,2])};

:= U { } , [ ] , , 1 2 1 [ ] , , 1 0 2

W:={vector([2,-1,2]),vector([2,1,1])};

:= W { } , [ ] , , 2 -1 2 [ ] , , 2 1 1

basis(U);
{ } , [ ] , , 1 2 1 [ ] , , 1 0 2

basis(W);
{ } , [ ] , , 2 -1 2 [ ] , , 2 1 1

intbasis(U,W);
{ } [ ] , , 0 2 -1

sumbasis(U,W);
{ } , , [ ] , , 2 -1 2 [ ] , , 1 0 2 [ ] , , 1 2 1


Tm c s ca khng gian con
U={(x
1
,x
2
,x
3
) / x
1
+x
2
+x
3
=0 , x
1
+2x
2
x
3
=0}
A l ma trn h s ca h phng trnh :
x
1
+x
2
+x
3
=0 , x
1
+2x
2
x
3
=0
A:=matrix([[1,1,1],[1,2,-1]]);
:= A

1 1 1
1 2 -1

kernel(A); { }

, ,
-3
2
1
1
2


3. Ta vect Chuyn c s :
Ta vect :
tnh ta vect v trong c s B={e
1
,e
2
,,e
n
} ta gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh : B
T
X=
v
vi B
T

ma trn chuyn v ca ma trn B m cc hng l cc vect c s e
1
,e
2
,,e
n

V d 1: Tm ta ca v=(6,9,14) trong c s
B={(1,1,1) , (1,1,2) , (1,2,3)}
with(linalg):
Bt:=transpose(matrix([[1,1,1],[1,1,2],[1,2,3]]));

Maple V6 59 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
:= Bt

1 1 1
1 1 2
1 2 3

v:=vector([6,9,14]);
:= v [ ] , , 6 9 14

linsolve(Bt,v);
[ ] , , 1 2 3

V d 2: Hy biu din p= x
2
trong c s
B={1, (x-1) , (x-1)
2
} ca P
2
[x]
Ta tm ta ca p trong B: bng cch biu din theo c s chnh tc { 1, x , x
2
}
B:=transpose(matrix([[1,0,0],[-1,1,0],[1,-2,1]]));
:= B

1 -1 1
0 1 -2
0 0 1

v:=vector([0,0,1]);
:= v [ ] , , 0 0 1

linsolve(B,v);
[ ] , , 1 2 1

Suy ra : p =x
2
=1 +2(x-1) +1(x-1)
2

* Trng hp, ta tm ta ca nhiu vect v
1
, v
2
, , v
n
trong cng c s B, ta gii h
B
T
X= V trong V l ma trn ct cc vect v
1
, v
2
, , v
n
v kt qu X l ma trn ct:

V d : Tm ta ca v
1
=(6,9,14) , v
2
=(1,2,3) trong c s
B={(1,1,1) , (1,1,2) , (1,2,3)}

Bt:=transpose(matrix([[1,1,1],[1,1,2],[1,2,3]]));
:= Bt

1 1 1
1 1 2
1 2 3

V:=transpose(matrix([[6,9,14],[1,2,3]]));
:= V

6 1
9 2
14 3

linsolve(Bt,V);

1 0
2 0
3 1

Ma trn chuyn c s :
Ma trn chuyn c s t B ->B1 l ma trn S l nghim : B
T
S =B1
T


V d : B={(1,1,0 ) , (0,1,1) , (1,0,1) } v
B1={(0,0,1) , (1,-1,0) , (1,1,1) }

B:=transpose(matrix([[1,1,0],[0,1,1],[1,0,1]]));
:= B

1 0 1
1 1 0
0 1 1

B1:=transpose(matrix([[0,0,1],[1,-1,0],[1,1,1]]));
:= B1

0 1 1
0 -1 1
1 0 1


Maple V6 60 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

S=linsolve(B,B1); = S

-1
2
0
1
2
1
2
-1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2

S1=linsolve(B1,B); = S1

-1
1
2
1
2
0
-1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2

IV. NH X TUYN TNH
1. NHN , NH CA NH X TUYN TNH
i vi cc nh x tuyn tnh f trn R
n
, ta tm nh (Imf) , nhn (kerf) bng cch dng ma trn
biu din Af trong c s chnh tc :
Tm ma trn h s A v Af =A
T

Tm nh f bng lnh: rowspace( Af )
Tm nhn f bng lnh: kernel( A )

V d : Cho nh x tuyn tnh f :|R
3
|R
3
xc nh bi :
f(x,y,z) =(x+2y-z , y+z , x+y-2z)
Tm nhn v nh ca f.
with(linalg):
A:=matrix([[1,2,-1],[0,1,1],[1,1,-2]]);
:= A

1 2 -1
0 1 1
1 1 -2

Nhn ca f l nghim ca AX= 0 , nn:
kernel(A);

{ } [ ] , , -3 1 -1

Anh ca f l khng gian con sinh bi cc hng ca Af, nn :
Af:=transpose(A); := Af

1 0 1
2 1 1
-1 1 -2

rowspace(Af);
{ } , [ ] , , 0 1 -1 [ ] , , 1 0 1


2. TM CNG THC CA NH X TUYN TNH KHI BIT NH CA C S
V d : Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: |R
2
|R
2
tha: f(3,1)=(2,-4) ; f(1,1) =(0,2). Xc nh f(x,y)
with(linalg):
Ma trn chuyn v cc vect c s { (3,1) , (1,1) }
B:=transpose(matrix([[3,1],[1,1]]));
:= B

3 1
1 1

Ma trn chuyn v ca nh B
ImB:=transpose(matrix([[2,-4],[0,2]]));
:= ImB

2 0
-4 2

Ma trn ct ca vect bt k v=(x,y)


Maple V6 61 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
v:=matrix(2,1,[x,y]); := v

x
y

Ma trn ta ca v trong B
X:=linsolve(B,v); := X

-
1
2
x
1
2
y
- +
1
2
x
3
2
y

f(x,y)=multiply(ImB,X); = ( ) f , x y

- x y
- + 3x 5y

f(x,y) = (x-y , -3x+5y )


3. TM MA TRN BIU DIN CA NH X TUYN TNH
V d :
Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: |R
3
|R
2
xc nh bi :
f(x,y,z) =(3x+2y-4z , x-5y+3z )
Tm ma trn ca f trong c s B={(1,1,1) , (1,1,0) , (1,0,0) } i vi B={(1,3) , (2,5) }
with(linalg):
Ma trn h s ca f : f = AX
A:=matrix([[3,2,-4],[1,-5,3]]);
:= A

3 2 -4
1 -5 3



Ma trn ct cc vect c s B
B:=transpose(matrix([[1,1,1],[1,1,0],[1,0,0]]));
:= B

1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 0

Ma trn nh ca cc vect trong c s B l fB =AB
fB:=multiply(A,B); := fB

1 5 3
-1 -4 1

Ma trn ct cc vect c s B
BB:=transpose(matrix([[1,3],[2,5]]));
:= BB

1 2
3 5

Ma trn ca f trong B,B, gii h : (BB)Af = fB
f(B,BB)=linsolve(BB,fB); = ( ) f , B BB

-7 -33 -13
4 19 8

V d : Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: |R
3
|R
3
xc nh bi :
f(x,y,z) =(2y+z , x-4y , 3x )
Tm ma trn ca f trong :
a) c s chnh tc ca |R
3

b) c s E={(1,1,1) , (1,1,0) , (1,0,0) }
c) Chng t hai ma trn ca f trong hai c s trn ng dng.
A:=matrix([[0,2,1],[1,-4,0],[3,0,0]]):
Ma trn hai c s :
Eo:=transpose(matrix([[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]]));
E:=transpose(matrix([[1,1,1],[1,1,0],[1,0,0]]));

Maple V6 62 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )


:= Eo

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
:= E

1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 0

Ma trn nh ca hai c s :
fEo:=multiply(A,Eo);
fE:=multiply(A,E);

:= fEo

0 2 1
1 -4 0
3 0 0
:= fE

3 2 0
-3 -3 1
3 3 3



Ma trn ca f trong hai c s:
f(Eo)=linsolve(Eo,fEo);
f(E)=linsolve(E,fE);

= ( ) f Eo

0 2 1
1 -4 0
3 0 0
= ( ) f E

3 3 3
-6 -6 -2
6 5 -1

c) Ma trn chuyn c s S t Eo E
S:=linsolve(Eo,E); := S

1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 0

Tnh S
-1
(fEo)S
multiply(1/S,fEo,S);

3 3 3
-6 -6 -2
6 5 -1

fE =S
-1
(fEo)S , nn hai ma trn ny ng dng.


V. CHO HA MA TRN
1. TR RING,VCT RING
a thc c trng ca ma trn vung A : f(x) =det(x*I -A) , I l ma trn n v
Tr ring : nghim ca a thc c trng f(x)=det(x*I-A) =0
Vect ring ng vi tr ring l : mt nghim XO ca h thun nht [lI-A]X=O
Khng gian ring ng vi tr ring l : Khng gian nghim ca h [lI-A]X=O

Tn lnh ngha
charpoly(A,x) a thc c trng ca A
eigenvalues(A) Tr ring ca A
eigenvectors(A) Tr ring v Vect ring ca A c cho dng danh sch: [l, m, {v[1,i],...
v[ni,i]}]
tr ring l , bi m , vect ring c s.
charmat(A,l) Ma trn c trng ng vi tr l : lI A
issimilar(A,B,P) Kim tra xem A B ng dng hay khng? v A=P
-1
BP


Maple V6 63 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
V d :
A := matrix(3,3, [1,-3,3,3,-5,3,6,-6,4]):

charpoly(A,x);
- - x
3
12x 16

eigenvalues(A);
, , 4 -2 -2

charmat(A,4);

3 3 -3
-3 9 -3
-6 6 0

lst:=eigenvectors(A);

:= lst , [ ] , , 4 1 { } [ ] , , 1 1 2 [ ] , , -2 2 { } , [ ] , , 0 1 1 [ ] , , 1 1 0


[ ] , , 4 1 { } [ ] , , 1 1 2

: tr ring l
1
=4 (bi 1) , vect c s ca
khng ring (1,1,2)

[ ] , , -2 2 { } , [ ] , , 0 1 1 [ ] , , 1 0 -1
: tr ring l
2
=-2 (bi 2), vect c
s ca khng ring (0,1,1) (1,0,-1)
Ly danh sch vect ring t lst:
vr:=[lst[1,3,1],lst[2,3,1],lst[2,3,2]];

:= vr [ ] , , [ ] , , 1 1 2 [ ] , , 1 1 0 [ ] , , 0 1 1

P:=transpose(matrix(vr));
:= P

1 1 0
1 1 1
2 0 1

multiply(1/P,A,P);

4 0 0
0 -2 0
0 0 -2

V d:
A:=matrix(3,3, [1,-3,3,3,-5,3,6,-6,4]):

B:=diag(eigenvalues(A));
:= B

4 0 0
0 -2 0
0 0 -2

issimilar(B,A,'P');
true

print(P);

1 -1 2
1 -3 7
2 -2 5


2. CHO HA MA TRN VUNG
Dng Jordan
jordan(A)
jordan(A, 'P')
trong : A l ma trn vung , P l ma trn chuyn i :
P
-1
AP =J ( ma tn cho)
V d:
with(linalg):
A:=matrix(3,3,[3,-2,0,-2,3,0,0,0,5]);
:= A

3 -2 0
-2 3 0
0 0 5


Maple V6 64 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

jordan(A,P);

1 0 0
0 5 0
0 0 5

print(P);

1
2
1
2
0
1
2
-1
2
0
0 1 1

Cho ha trc giao

with(linalg):
A:=matrix(3,3, [4,2,2,2,4,2,2,2,4]);
:= A

4 2 2
2 4 2
2 2 4

lst:=eigenvectors(A);

:= lst , [ ] , , 8 1 { } [ ] , , 1 1 1 [ ] , , 2 2 { } , [ ] , , 1 0 -1 [ ] , , 0 1 -1

v:=[lst[1,3,1],lst[2,3,1],lst[2,3,2]];

:= v [ ] , , [ ] , , 1 1 1 [ ] , , 1 0 -1 [ ] , , 0 1 -1

V:=GramSchmidt(v);
:= V

, , [ ] , , 1 1 1 [ ] , , 1 0 -1

, ,
-1
2
1
-1
2

vt:=[normalize(V[1]),normalize(V[2]),
normalize(V[3])];
:= vt

, ,

, ,
1
3
3
1
3
3
1
3
3

, ,
1
2
2 0-
1
2
2

, , -
1
6
3 2
1
3
3 2 -
1
6
3 2
P:=transpose(matrix(vt));
:= P

1
3
3
1
2
2 -
1
6
3 2
1
3
3 0
1
3
3 2
1
3
3 -
1
2
2 -
1
6
3 2

orthog(P);
true

multiply(transpose(P),A,P);

8 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 2

VI. DNG TON PHNG
kim tra mt ma trn A xc nh dng hoc m, ta dng lnh : definite(A, kind)
trong :
A l mt ma trn vung i xng.
kind l 'positive_def', 'positive_semidef', 'negative_def', 'negative_semidef'
Nu cc phn t A l s th cho kt qu true, false
Nu cc phn t A khng l s th cho kt qu l cc iu kin true



Maple V6 65 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
V d 1:
A := matrix(2,2, [2,1,1,3]);
:= A

2 1
1 3

definite(A, 'positive_def');
true


V d 2:
A := matrix(2,2, [a,b,b,d]);
:= A

a b
b d

definite(A, 'positive_def');

and < -a 0 < - + a d b
2
0

Th nh
1. Cho A=

-
8 1 4
3 1 2
2 0 1
, B=

-
4 7
1 0
2 3
. Tnh
A
-1
; AA
T
; B
T
AB ; (2A+BB
T
)A
T

2. Tnh: 3A
2
- 2A +5I vi
A =

-
-
-


3. Bng phng php bin i s cp, tm ma trn nghch o ca cc ma trn sau:

- -
- -
- -

-
-

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
c)
2 1 2
1 2 2
2 2 1
b)
1 3 5
3 4 9
2 3 7
a)

4. Tnh nh thc ca ma trn :
a) A=

+
+
+
+
1 0 0
1 0
0 1
0 0 1
2
2
2
2
x x
x x x
x x x
x x

b)

+
+
+
+
+
1 0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0 1
2
2
2
2
2
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x

c) Qui np nh thc cp n.


Maple V6 66 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )

5. Gii cc phng trnh
= =
+ + +
+ + +
+ +

6. Gii cc h phng trnh sau :

= + + +
= + + -
= - + +

= + + +
= + + +
= + + +
4 x 6x x 7x
5 3x 4x x 3x
0 x x x 2x
)
2 7x x 4x 9x
4 2x 2x 5x 3x
6 x 3x 7x 2x
a)
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
b

7. Tm ma trn X sao cho :

-
-
-
=

-
-

21 455
20 47
3 9
X
4 3 1
4 3 2
1 0 1
b)
12 8 4
9 6 3
X
3 1
2 1
a)
8. Gii v bin lun cc h sau:

= + +
- = + + + +
= + +

+ + = + + +
+ = + + +
+ = + + +
+ = + + +

9. Tm c s v s chiu ca khng gian con sinh bi M trong mi trng hp sau :
a) M={(1,2,3) , (1,0,1) , (2,2,4) , (2,4,6) } trong khng gian |R
3

b) M={v
1
, v
2
, v
3
, v
4
, v
5
} vi v
1
=(1,0,0,0), v
2
=(1,1,1,1), v
3
=(1,1,0,0) , v
4
=(3,2,1,1), v
5
=(3,3,2,2).

10. Cho U l khng gian nghim ca h phng trnh :

= + +
= + +
0 5 3 2
0 3 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
x x x
x x x
v W l khng gian
nghim ca phng trnh x
1
+x
2
+x
3
=0. Tm c s ca cc khng gian con U, W, UW, U+W
trong khng gian |R
3
.

11. Cho U=<(1,2,1) , (2,3,0) >, W=<(2,0,1) , (1,2,3)>
Tm c s v s chiu ca cc khng gian con UW v U+W trong khng gian |R
3
.

12. Tm nhn v nh ca nh x tuyn tnh :
a). f :|R
2
|R
2
xc nh f(x,y) = (2x-y,x-2y)
b). f :|R
3
|R
3
xc nh f(x,y,z)=(x+2y+2z ,2x-y-z ,-4x-3y-3z)

13. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f :|R
2
|R
2
xc nh bi :
f(x,y) =(2x-3y,x+4y).
Tm ma trn ca f trong c s B={(1,0) , (0,1)} i vi
B={(1,3) , (2,5) }




Maple V6 67 ( ATADA-HNL 30/10/2009 )
14. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f :|R
3
|R
3
xc nh bi :
f(1,0,0)=(1,1,1) ; f(-1,1,0)=(-2,-1,0) ; f(0,-1,-1)=(2,1,0)
a) Xc nh f(x,y,z)
b) Tm c s , s chiu ca Imf v kerf
c) Cho W={(x,y,z) | x+y+z=0}. Tm c s, s chiu ca f(W)
15. Ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh f trong c s
{(8,-6,7) , (-16,7,-13) , (9,-3,7)} l

-
- -
-
22 25 1
20 22 1
15 18 1
.
Tm ma trn f trong c s {(1,-2,1) , (3,-1,2) , (2,1,2)}
16. Tm a thc c trng, tr ring, vect ring ca ma trn:

=
2 2 1
1 3 1
1 2 2
) A a

17. Cho ma trn A
nxn
nh ngha : a
ij
=

=
j i khi 1
j i khi 0

a) Tnh det(A)
b) Tnh a thc c trng ca A
c) Xc nh mi tr ring v vect c s ca khng gian ring tng ng.
18. Cho ha cc ma trn sau (nu c)

4 6 - 6
3 5 - 3
3 3 - 1
b)
3 3 3
0 2 2
0 0 1
) a
19. Cho ha trc giao cc ma trn (nu c)

5 1 - 1
1 - 1 3 -
1 3 - 1
b)
7 0 2
0 5 2 -
2 2 - 6
) a
20. Dng php bin i trc giao a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc :
a) f(x,y) =2x
2

+8xy +8y
2

b) f(x,y,z) =3x
2
+2y
2
+z
2
+4xy +4yz
21. Phn loi ng cong bc hai :
a) 3x
2
+10xy +3y
2
-2x -14y -13 =0
b) 25x
2
-14xy +25y
2
+64x -64y -224 =0