Khm ph Maple 11. Cao Long.

THPT Nam ng

THNG K
Trong chng ny chng ti ch gii thiu s lc mt s chc nng lin quan
trong chng trnh ton thng k v xc sut ph thng.
I. Mt s hm lin quan n thng k.
Cc hm gii thiu trong mc ny u c thc hin trong gi lnh:
with(stats):
1. Bng d liu n, mu s liu (danh sch, mng mt chiu).
nhp mt mu s liu trong Maple ta dng cp ngoc [].
V d 1:
Nhp mu s liu bi tp 2/tr161_SGK S10 nng cao.
+ Nhp vo Maple nh sau:
> with(stats):
>data:=[165,85,65,65,70,50,45,100,45,100,100,100,100,90,53,
70,141,42,50,150,40,70,84,59,75,57,133,45,65,75];
data := [ 165, 85, 65, 65, 70, 50, 45, 100, 45, 100, 100, 100, 100, 90, 53, 70, 141, 42, 50,
150, 40, 70, 84, 59, 75, 57, 133, 45, 65, 75 ]

2. Kch thc mu.

xc nh kch thc mu ca mt mu s liu data ta dng hm count
m cc s hng c mt trong mu s liu .
C php:
> describe[count](data);
Chng hn vi mu s liu V d 1, ta xc nh c kch thc mu nh sau:
> describe[count](data):
`kich thuoc mau`:=%;
kich thuoc mau := 30

3. Mt.
xc nh mt ca mt mu s liu data, ta dng hm mode vi c php:
C php:
> describe[mode](data);
Chng hn vi mu s liu vi V d 1, ta xc nh mt nh sau:
> describe[mode](data):
`mot`:=%;
mot := 100

4. Tn s, tn sut.
m tn s (s ln xut hin) ca cc s hng (ging nhau) trong mt mu
s liu data, trc tin ta chuyn mu s liu sang dng mng dng hm Array,
sau dng hm Tally m s ln xut hin ca mi s hng.
Chng hn vi mu s liu V d 1, trc tin ta chuyn mu s liu sang kiu
mng dng hm Aray trong gi lnh with(Statistics): . C th nh sau:
> with(Statistics):

Khm ph Maple 11. Cao Long. THPT Nam ng

> mauSL:=Array(data);

mauSL :=

1..30 1-D Array

Data Type: anything
Storage: rectangular
Order: Fortran_order

+ Tip theo ta dng hm Tally m s ln xut hin (tn s) ca cc s hng

ging nhau trong mng :
> B:=Tally(mauSL);
B := [ 165 = 1, 42 = 1, 40 = 1, 133 = 1, 45 = 3, 141 = 1, 150 = 1, 59 = 1, 57 = 1, 53 = 1,
50 = 2, 85 = 1, 84 = 1, 90 = 1, 65 = 3, 70 = 3, 75 = 2, 100 = 5 ]

Nhn vo kt qu trn chng ta c th m c tn s ca mi s hng trong mu

s liu. (V d: tn s ca s hng 165 l 1, tn s ca s hng 65 l 3,)
+ kim tra kt qu trn, qu bn c c th dng hm Sort sp xp cc s
hng trong mu s liu tin r sot v i chiu. Cu lnh nh sau:
> Sort(data);
[ 40, 42, 45, 45, 45, 50, 50, 53, 57, 59, 65, 65, 65, 70, 70, 70, 75, 75, 84, 85, 90, 100, 100,
100, 100, 100, 133, 141, 150, 165 ]

Hoc dng lnh sau:

> data2:=transform[statsort](data);
data2 := [ 40, 42, 45, 45, 45, 50, 50, 53, 57, 59, 65, 65, 65, 70, 70, 70, 75, 75, 84, 85, 90,
100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 133, 141, 150, 165 ]

5. S trung bnh, s trung v.

+ S trung bnh ca mt mu s liu data c xc nh bng hm mean vi c
php nh sau:
> describe[mean](data); .
+ S trung v ca mt mu s liu data c xc nh bng hm median vi c
php nh sau:
> describe[median](data);
6. Phng sai, lch chun.
Phng sai ca mt mu s liu data c xc nh bng hm variance vi
c php :
> describe[variance](data);
lch chun ca mt mu s liu data c xc nh bng hm
standarddeviation vi c php :
> describe[standarddeviation](data);
V d 2:
Xt mu s liu v cc yu cu trong bi tp 9/tr177_SGK S10 nng cao.
C 100 hc sinh tham d k thi hc sinh gii Ton (thang im l 20). Kt qu
c cho trong bng s liu sau:
im
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Tn s 1 1
3
5
8
13 19 24 14 10 2
N = 100

Khm ph Maple 11. Cao Long. THPT Nam ng

a) Tnh s trung bnh.

b) Tnh s trung v v mt.
c) Tnh phng sai v lch chun.
+ Trc tin ta nhp mu s liu trn vo Maple nh sau:
> with(stats):
>data:=[9,10,Weight(11,3),Weight(12,5),Weight(13,8),
Weight(14,13),Weight(15,19),Weight(16,24),Weight(17,14),
Weight(18,10),Weight(19,2)];
data := [ 9, 10, Weight( 11, 3 ), Weight( 12, 5 ), Weight( 13, 8 ), Weight( 14, 13 ),
Weight( 15, 19 ), Weight( 16, 24 ), Weight( 17, 14 ), Weight( 18, 10 ), Weight( 19, 2 ) ]

+ Kim tra li kch thc mu bng lnh:

> describe[count](data);
100

+ Tnh s trung bnh bng lnh:

> describe[mean](data);
1523
100

(Kt qu ny ng nh p n ca SGK: x = 15, 23 )

+ S trung v c tnh bng lnh:
> describe[median](data);
31
2

(Kt qu ny ng nh p n ca SGK: M e = 15,5 )

+ Mt c xc nh bng lnh:
> describe[mode](data);
16

+ Phng sai ca mu s liu c xc nh nh sau:

> describe[variance](data);
39571
10000

+ lch chun ca mu s liu l:

> describe[standarddeviation](data);
39571
100

Gi tr gn ng chnh xc n 7 ch s (k c phn nguyn).

> evalf[7](%);
1.989246

Khm ph Maple 11. Cao Long. THPT Nam ng

7. lch chun.

II. Hon v, chnh hp v t hp.

1. S hon v ca n phn t bng n !
V d 1:
S hon v ca 13 phn t bng:
> 13!;
6227020800

2. S t hp chp k ca n phn t.
C php:
> binomial(n,k);
V d 2:
Tnh s t hp chp 25 ca 100 phn t:
> binomial(100,25);
242519269720337121015504

Nu dng my tnh cm tay tnh s t hp ny th kt qu hin th s khng y

nh trn. Chng ta cng xem:

Nhn xt: Dng Maple c th tnh c (v cho kt qu c th) cc s t hp ln.

Hm lit k cc t hp chp k ca n phn t:

C php:
> choose([set], k);
Hm ny c thc hin trong gi lnh with(combinat): .
V d 3:
Lit k cc t hp c 3 phn t trong s bn phn t A, B, C, D:
> restart;
with(combinat):
choose([A,B,C,D], 3);
[ [ A, B , C ], [ A, B , D ], [ A, C , D ], [ B , C , D ] ]

V d 4:
Lit k cc t hp c 6 phn t c chn t cc ch s 1, 2, 3,,8.
(Trng hp nu tp hp l tp n s nguyn dng u tin th ta ch cn khai bo
choose(n, k) ). Cu lnh nh sau:
> with(combinat):
choose(8, 6);

Khm ph Maple 11. Cao Long. THPT Nam ng

[ [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ], [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 ], [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 ], [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 ], [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 ],
[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 ], [ 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 ], [ 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 ], [ 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 ],
[ 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 ], [ 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 ], [ 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 ], [ 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 ],
[ 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 ], [ 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8 ], [ 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ], [ 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 ],
[ 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 ], [ 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 ], [ 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 ], [ 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ],
[ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ], [ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 ], [ 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 ], [ 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 ],
[ 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 ], [ 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ], [ 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ] ]

Nhn xt: Dng hm ny c th gip gio vin kim tra kt qu thc hnh ca hc
sinh mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc (khi yu cu hc sinh lit k s t hp
chp k ca n phn t trong trng hp n nh).

Hm chuyn i cch vit t hp sang dng khai trin (k hiu, giai tha):
V d 5:
+Vit Cnk di dng khai trin:
> convert(binomial(n,k),factorial);
n!
k! ( n - k )!

+ Vit Cn3 di dng khai trin:

Khi dng lnh binomial, ta c kt qu:
> Cn3:=binomial(n,3);
Cn3 := binomial( n , 3 )

Chuyn i kt qu trn di dng khai trin nh sau:

> convert(Cn3,factorial);
1
n!
6 ( n - 3 )!

n gin, ta c:
> simplify(%);

(n - 2) (n - 1) n
6

V d 6:

1 1 1
Tnh tch ca cc s sau a = 1 + 1 + ... 1 + , n nguyn dng.
2 3 n
+ Nhp biu thc tnh vo Maple dng hm product:
> a:=product(1+1/i,i=2..n);
a :=

1 G( n + 2 )
2 G( n + 1 )

Ch : Hm gamma(n) bng n! (nu n nguyn dng).

Khm ph Maple 11. Cao Long. THPT Nam ng

Trong Maple, hm gamma c k hiu bng k t G .

+ Ta cn chuyn i kt qu trn sang biu din theo giai tha nh sau:
> convert(a,factorial);

1 ( n + 1 )!
2
n!

n gin ta c kt qu:
> simplify(%);
n 1
+
2 2

2. S t chnh chp k ca n phn t.

Ta bit, s chnh hp chp k ca n phn t bng k! ln s t hp chp k ca n phn
t. T ta suy ra cch tnh s chnh hp chp k ca n phn t nh sau:
C php:
> (k!)*binomial(n,k);
V d 7:
S cch sp xp 7 hc sinh c chn t 15 hc sinh vo mt ci bn c 4 ch
ngi bng s chnh hp chp 7 ca 15 phn t:
> (7!)*binomial(15,7);
32432400

So snh kt qu ny vi kt qu t my tnh cm tay:

III. Mt s chc nng lin quan n tp hp.

1.Xc nh mt tp hp.
2. Cc php ton trn tp hp.
3. Mt s tp hp thng gp.