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aAv), l 33, zP, 14, 2008, l 32-37.
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7
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10
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11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Av, l 35-36 v 42 n. 33.

Ezg, l 169 v 182 n. 8.

Ezg, l 30 v 41 n. 15.
Ezg, l 170 v 182 n. 14.
Ezg, l 99 v 124 n. 5.
Ezg, l 99 v 124 n. 6.
Ezg, l 172 v 182 n. 21.
3

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dPAqU v dQqU U Cg gz R Ez jw0iz.
zsgd0iA Kvz, z 0iiwU KAzg, A0i J dPAqU,
CU D J, E zz iw0i F R MzVvz0i gv
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jPP jwU PjvU Pz MAzgq zPU qg iPz
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Av z Pw. Czg CP 0iU U dz ZgU
ArVz0iz F J ZgU j Uz MAz zgt0iiV z
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v PAz vP Av J0i V zg Pw0i
zAz NzU Czg JU Jz PtvqUv. Cz F jw AUz.
i0i idz gu vAUsz 0i GvgzAq0igU iv qv. Czg
zQtQz zU CP CjU lPnz C U

18
19
20

21

Ezg, l 182 n. 12.

Ezg, l 42 n. 30.
Ezg, l 93 n. 22.
. lg, d0iUg dPAqU dQqU, JA., (A), P, aAv P, AUg, 2009,

l 33-46. Ewa P vz Czs0iUU r, Velcheru Narayana Rao, David Shulman and Sanjay
Subrahmanyan. Symbols of Substance: Court and State in Nayaka-Period Tamil Nadu. Oxford University
Press, New Delhi, 1992 v Egz, Textures of Time: Writing History in South India 1600-1800,
Permanent Black, New Delhi, 2001.
4

gAUr.

22

v z vvg zUAz rz
U zg Az CPVz Gz!23 (EzjAz v z
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MP.24 Az CP viU P Pq gUAq Eg
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AvUgU ZPArvAz F z z 0ii Cxz?) L. z
Cg rg av z v Nz CPvAz MP Av Ezg
25
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vAeg, ArU jzAv vr CP AvU Jgq JAz
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Dzsg MzVvz Av. Cz Jg Cx Jg JA z. ArU
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Hj g Jg JA 0iUz!26 F P Cjzzg Pgz
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E j dAUU DP qwz zUAz Pv. E
sUVz Jgr sU vz Dz MAz DPg qz
Ptg0iiVzz U?
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d EU g, E s P0i, E s0i P ga. 0iiP?
zsjAz ArUgV z vg KPzg Jvg lg. C
s zVv. F s zz wAzsAzV zQtz vjU Gvgz
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sP Uj0iiUg E d vAv0igVzg JAzAz Pgt.
vAv0igz dg Evgg v CP vAzPAq gvAvU
0iiPzg tzg?
22
23

Av, l 33.

E0i.
Ezg, l 78.
25
Ezg, l 144-45 v 152. av z U AU WV Zaz .
g0i CjU Dsj0iiVz.
26
Ezg, l 140.
27
Ezg, l 185-93.
24

g Avz Gvgz i0ig s GAmU, zQtz

v s . UV EzAz 0iAjv zVv. sg
z DVv.28 Pq P0iiVg lz U F zP jz
, r Avz HgU v0iiVgzjAz Pqv Cx Pqz
v F sg zz 0iiz Evg U guz vP v
dqPArvAz Uvz-Ez Av Ar gng zgt0i wg.
Ezgx PrUg Evgg P Z idU. EvgjAz K
P0i Cx 0ii jw0i svgU MPz zgiU!
v F vP Ar Av zz t0iU
vvz. CAxU P qt. C) zsj z s dAUU
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0iiz sU jzgVz v P DqvPV PwzgAz
vrvz.29 D) CP s vAUsz 0i Gvgz zAq0igU iv
vVv. DzjAz 0i D 0i zQtQz vAv zAz z.30
E) lg v UAxz 33 l g0iwzU 0i E CP 0ii
s g. Dzg 83 l v wU D s Cz
UqsVvAzg 0i APU 0iAz PAqgzz
zsv PtPvqVv. F) zQtPlPzz vAv gd Jgq. EzjAz
vg s AUqA (wgw) gU iv, PqV vPjgU grvAz
Uvz!31 EP vg s Ezz J0igU? CP
UrUAqUgU0i? vPj0igU0i? Cx s zz zQtP P
ArUgU0i? F 0i Pz x. J iUPm N Czg Dzsgz
PAU jz P0i z gvz JA t0iP gz zs
C F Pzg Cxz0i?
iw AUu, vPgt, Egq rz0i. FU zsz PqU
wgUt. zs JAz Pq jPv, swPz, u, APx
u Avz AzsiUU F Pw0i Ugw w.
Ez Ugwz v U? Gz tz. xP DPgU v
Ewa zPU qg Czs0iU lg PV jzg0i?
zsz U P0iz EzAz .

28
29
30
31

Ezg, l 33.
Ezg, l 140-41.
Ezg, l 33.
Ezg, l 34.
6

1970g zPAz FUZ vr JlvU v vl VvU

U EwPgg q vz ZZ0iAz zAz. EzP A0iizz
1974g P. vA gz R.32 70g zPz GvgzsAz gd UgP,
Dg. ZAPQ, P vm, d0ii g, JA.f.J. g0it
Avzg vz Dz U v zsU P F PwU LwP u
qg ju Q.. 300-Q.. 300 Pz vr Ew CxP
0i zq jwsz (paradigm shift) qz. D PAzU , DyP
AgZ, P v Czg gu, PPAv AAzsU g, F AAzsU
Wl, ggzs0i P v juU, P, g, CPg, MqvU DP,
gd Avz v 0iU ZZVqV.33 EzjAz CA LwP
ziU U g0iz DzAz av gz. EwZU F av
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qz.34 F 0ii tUU lg UP A! FU Ev
viz zszz L0ig, .n. L0iAUg, Azg
32

K. Sivathamby, Early South Indian Society and Economy The Tinai Concept, Social Scientist
29, 1974, l 20-37.
33
F Czs0iU RzAzg Rajan Gurukkal, Aspects of Early Iron Age Economy Problem
of Agrarian Expansion in Tamilagam, in Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (ed), Essays in Ancient Indian
Economic History, Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi, 1987, l 46-57; Egz, Forms of Production and
Forces of Change in Ancient Tamil Society, Studies in History, 5 (2), 1989, l 159-175; Egz, Early
Social Formation of South India and Its Transitional Process, in H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy, B. Surendra
Rao, Kesavan Veluthat and S.A. Bari (eds), Essays on Indian History and Culture: Felicitation Volume in
Honour of Professor B. Sheik Ali, Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 1990, l 9-23; Egz, From Clan and
Lineage to hereditary Occupations and Caste in Early South India, in Dev Nathan (ed), From Tribe to
Caste, Indian Institute of Advanced Studies,Shimla, 1997, l 205-222; Egz, The Beginnings of the
Historic Period The Tamil South (up to the End of the Fifth Century A.D.), in Romila Thapar (ed),
Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1998, l 246-274; Egz,
Towards a New Discourse Discursive Processes in Early South India in R. Champakalakshmi and S.
Gopal (ed), Tradition, Dissent and Ideology Essays in Honour of Romila Thapar, Oxford University
Press, New Delhi, 2001, l 313-334; R, Champakalakshmi, Trade, Ideology and Urbanization South
India 300 BC to AD 1300, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1999; Kesavan Veluthat, Into the
Medieval and Out of It: Early South India in Transition, Presidential Address, Section II, Proceeding
of the Indian History Congress, Bangalore 1997, l 166-205; Vijaya Ramaswamy, The Kudi in Early
Tamilaham and the Tamil Women from Tribe to Caste, in Dev Nathan (ed), P, l 223-246;
M.G.S. Narayanan, The Mauryan Problem in Sangam Works in Historical Perspective, Journal of Indian
History, 53 (2), 1975; Egz, The Vedic, Puranic, Sastraic Elements in Tamil Sangam Society and
Culture, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Aligarh, 1975, Egz, Cattle Raiders of the
Sangam Age, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Bhubaneswar, 1977; Egz, The Warrior
Settlements of the Sangam Age, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Kurukshetra, 1982; Egz,
Peasants in Early Tamilakam, in H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy, B. Surendra Rao, Kesavan Veluthat and S.A.
Bari (eds), P, l 25-47.
34
Manu V. Devadevan, Lying on the Edge of the Burning Ground: Rethinking Tinais, Journal of
the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 49 (2), 2006, l 199-218.
7

sgw, .Dg.Dg. Qvg Avz zAg Cg Dvg. P E,

E, AUv lg s E. giAU zQtsgvQz
gAAzsU U lg Ug P0i Pw 1928g Plz E..
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E. Pz P U ltA, Pqt Avz qz vz GvU
U Czg 0ii GR E. PgdiU Ewa U Jgq
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MAz
r.Dg.Ugdgz.35
vAz

36
Pgz. F PwU Cg UP A. 0iiz 0iz U Azs
PUU CzP AAzAv F vP gAg J PwU UtU
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qgU Cz vPnU jz AzsP dj. F dj
s Av At sVz.
EzQAv zq PvAz F Czs0izz. PgdiU Q..
MAv viz Pw. v0iA CzQAv MAv viU 0i UAx
Jvg lg.37 Cz JmvU v vl PwU gZ Q.. g
viP PUArvAz V vg.38 F v PwU gZ Q.. 300Q.. 300 PP jzA EwPgg C0i MPv PUAq Czs0i
Av.39 Czg ArVg CP ZgUU F Pt0i Dzsg. Dzg
qU U ZZ gAU ov Cg PwU Pz U A0i
qvqUvz. Pz U zg F wP DPg Dzsj [q JA] F
Dqv WlPz zsjz Pzs, UV qU Czs0iP
U DP Jvg lg.40 0iiP? Pgt . Jgq
zQtsgvz qU lz0iz JA v C0i U P
iv vr zs, Cz av z GR qg q JA
0iU Dqv WlPAz avz0iAz Azg iv. EwPgg F
35

D.R. Nagaraj, Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture, in Sheldon Pollock
(ed), Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia, Oxford University Press, New Delhi,
2004, l 323-382.
36
Sheldon Pollock, The Cosmopolitan Vernacular, Journal of Asian Studies, 57 (1), 1998, l 637. evU r, Pollock (ed) P v Egz, The Language of the Gods in the World of Men:
Sanskrit, Culture and Power in Premodern South Asia, Permanent Black, New Delhi, 2007.
37
Av, l 24.
38
Ezg, l 167.
39
F PwU Pz U Pgzg A0i Przg. r, Herman Tieken, Old Tamil Cankam
Literature and the So-Called Cankam Period, Indian Economic and Social History Review, 40 (2), 2003,
l 247-278.
40
Ezg, l 146.
8

AP0i Pl FUU 37 U P.41 JlvU VvU q

gV0i P0iiVg 0iU. APAzg Czg GR
g K qz.42 rU E z JA z Cxz0i gv Dqv
WlP JA Cx Cz M0i a. MAzq0i gP Jzg
q (G0ig q) JAz Pg0iVz.43 Ez CQ F PwU Pz U
A0i Przg iv Jgq lz qAz Pg0iv.
AzsP vPAv DPgU P AzAzU F ZAZv0iAz P
Czs0iz Utl gAUrzP. qU Czs0iz zAz AUA
v GP JA v lg v vAzq0i l
(q) WlPz x GR gz AUA vz JAz zzg
g0igv.44
P0izV, itz U MAzgq ivU. Q.. 300-Q.. 300
Pz zQtPlPzz Jggd JA gd vazg lg!45 Ez
Pq zz vAv gdVvAzg CjU Ci.46 F gd Pq
zz CwPz gdvz 0iAvtzv.47 vr D Pz
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sv PArv!48 CP U qg Z,
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CP gdU Czz CU ZgdP vz Dz AvU Ev!50
Pg fZg EvAz zAz Q. gd v gevg svU
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gd Cx tV0i 3.5P U Az vz 0i 0iUz
J0i (Acheulian) gd JAz vqVzg 0ii D0i E. gd
41

Y. Subbarayalu, Political Geography of the Chola Country, State Department of Archaeology,

Madras, 1973.
42
, 2, 4, 6, 7, 17, 20, 22, 23, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35 (2 ), 38, 40, 41, 42, 49, 52, 54,
57 (2 ), 58, 60, 61, 63, 67, 68, 70 (2 ), 71, 72, 76, 97, 98, 109, 110, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122,
126, 130, 135 (2 ), 137, 141, 146, 148, 150 (3 ), 151, 152 (2 ), 157, 158, 165, 166, 170,
172, 174, 177 (2 ), 184, 187, 193, 200, 201, 202, 212, 215, 217, 229, 232, 236, 239, 240 (2 ),
242, 249, 266, 301, 306, 313, 359, 362, 363, 374, 375, 377 (3 ), 381, 382, 383, 386 (2 ), 388,
390, 393 (2 ), 394, 397, 400.
43
Ezg, 362.
44
Av, l 55.
45
Ezg, l 140.
46
Ezg, l 34.
47
Ezg, l 143.
48
Ezg, l 169.
49
Ezg, l 77-78.
50
Ezg, l 133.
9

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51
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10

[F R Pe, Al-1, AaP-1, dj-K, 2013, Pl : vPg zAi,

l 64-93 JA Azs wPAi Crnt gvV v AzPg P wzrUAU
PlVz].

Manu V. Devadevan,
149, 1 floor, Hanumantu Nilaya,
4 cross, Venkatagiriyappa layout,
5 block, Doddabommasandra,
Vidyaranyapura PO, Bangalore 560097.

11