HOC VIEN CONG NGHE BU CHNH VIEN

THONG
C S THANH PHO HO CH MINH
KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

GIO TRNH
H IU HNH
(OPERATING SYSTEM)
BIN SON
NINH XUN HI ! HU"NH TR#NG TH$A
N%M &''(
)*I M+ ,U
H iu Hnh (Operating Systems) l mt thnh phn khng th thiu trong mt h thng m!y
t"nh# $t m!y t"nh m%& '( )*t tin+ &,u h-nh &ao nh.ng nu khng &/ h )iu hnh th- hu nh.
khng th s0 '1ng ).2&# H )iu hnh )iu khin m3i ho4t )ng &5a m!y t"nh+ gi6p 7i& s0 '1ng
m!y t"nh tr8 n9n ):n gi;n+ '< 'ng 7 hiu =5a h:n r,t nhiu# >o 7?y mn h3& @H )iu hnhA l
mn h3& =uan tr3ng 7 r,t &n thit trong &h.:ng tr-nh )o t4o &huy9n nghnh tin h3& 8 h &ao
)Bng 7 kC s.#

Di!o tr-nh @H )iu hnhA ).2& Ei9n so4n theo &h.:ng tr-nh )o t4o &huy9n nghnh tin h3& 8 h
&ao )Bng 7 kC s. &5a F gi!o '1& 7 )o t4o# Di!o tr-nh ).2& &hia thnh G &h.:ng+ &h.:ng H+ I+
J+ K 'o gi;ng 7i9n Linh MuNn H;i Ei9n so4n+ &h.:ng O+ G 'o gi;ng 7i9n HuPnh Qr3ng Qh.a Ei9n
so4n# Quy rRng &h6ng ti )S &/ nhiu & g*ng trong &ng t!& Ei9n so4n nh.ng &h*& &h*n gi!o tr-nh
7Tn &Un nhiu thiu s/t+ n9n r,t mong ).2& E4n )3& &Vng nh. &!& )Wng nghip )/ng g/p X kin )
gi!o tr-nh ngy &ng hon thin+ nhRm m1& )"&h ph1& 71 tt h:n &ho 7i& '4y 7 h3& tin h3& )ang
ngy &ng ph!t trin 8 n.Y& ta#
$3i sZ g/p X ho%& th*& m*& [in g8i 7 )\a &h] ^mail_ hain[`ptith&m#e'u#7n ho%&
htthua`ptith&m#e'u#7n#
Lgy IH Qh!ng HH Lam Ibbc
Dd# Ei9n so4n
Linh MuNn H;i e HuPnh Qr3ng Qh.a
I
fHghLD i
GI-I THIU H IU HNH
fh.:ng @Diji QHikl dm Hk iml HnLH A so giYi thiu 7 gi;i th"&h &!& 7,n ) sau_
H#H H )iu hnh l g-+ &!& kh!i nim &5a h )iu hnh#
H#I p\&h s0 ph!t trin &5a h )iu hnh
H#J f!& lo4i h )iu hnh
H#K f!& '\&h 71 &5a h )iu hnh#
H#O f,u tr6& &5a h )iu hnh
H#G Lguy9n lX thit k h )iu hnh
./. CC KHI NIM
././. H0 1234 5675 86 9:;
H )iu hnh (operating systems) l &h.:ng tr-nh )/ng 7ai trU trung gian giqa ng.ri s0
'1ng 7 phn &sng &5a m!y t"nh# H )iu hnh &he ',u sZ phs& t4p+ )a '4ng &5a phn &sng+
gi6p 7i& s0 '1ng m!y t"nh tr8 n9n ):n gi;n+ hiu =u;# Lhim 71 &5a h )iu hnh l =u;n lX ti
nguy9n &5a m!y t"nh+ thZ& thi &!& &h.:ng tr-nh sng '1ng+ ht tr2 &!& &hs& nang m4ng+ 77 u
././& C<= >5675 ?5@7 =AB CD> 50 >5E79 C<F >G75
$t h thng m!y t"nh ).2& &hia thnh K thnh phn sau_ phn &sng+ h )iu hnh+
&h.:ng tr-nh sng '1ngv&h.:ng tr-nh h thng+ ng.ri s0 '1ng#
w xhn &sng (har'yare) _ fxl+ E nhY+ &!& thit E\ nh?pv[u,t+u
w H )iu hnh (operating systems)_ )iu khin 7 phi h2p 7i& s0 '1ng phn &sng &ho nhiu
sng '1ng 7Yi nhiu ng.ri s0 '1ng kh!& nhau#
w fh.:ng tr-nh sng '1ng 7 &h.:ng tr-nh h thng (system an' appli&ations programs)_ l &!&
&h.:ng tr-nh gi;i =uyt nhqng 7,n ) &5a ng.ri s0 '1ng nh. l &h.:ng tr-nh '\&h+ h =u;n tr\ &:
s8 'q liu+ &h.:ng tr-nh trU &h:i+ &h.:ng tr-nh th.:ng m4i+u
w Lg.ri s0 '1ng (user)_ ng.ri s0 '1ng ho%& m!y t"nh#
H-nh H#H_ f!& thnh phn &5a mt h thng m!y t"nh
J
././H C<= >5675 ?5@7 =AB CD> 50 >5E79 75I?JK4L>
$t h thng nh?pv[u,t gWm Ea thnh phn sau_
w H thng E nhY )m (Euzzere&a&hing system)
w fh.:ng tr-nh )iu khin thit E\ (>ri7ers zor spe&izi& har'yare 'e7i&es)#
w fh.:ng tr-nh giao tip 7Yi &h.:ng tr-nh )iu khin thit E\ ({ general 'e7i&ee'ri7er interza&e)#
fh.:ng tr-nh giao tip 7Yi &h.:ng tr-nh )iu khin thit E\
fh.:ng tr-nh )iu khin thit E\ H thng E nhY )m
H-nh H#I_ f!& thnh phn &5a mt h thng nh?pv[u,t
././M C<= >5675 ?5@7 =AB 50 1234 5675
H )iu hnh gWm &/ Ea thnh phn sau_
w F &,p ph!t ti nguy9n (|esour&e allo&ator)_ }u;n lX 7 &,p ph!t ti nguy9n#
w fh.:ng tr-nh kim so!t (fontrol program)_ ~im so!t 7i& thZ& thi &h.:ng tr-nh 7 kim so!t
ho4t )ng &5a &!& thit E\ nh?pv[u,t#
w xhn nhNn (~ernel)_ l &h.:ng tr-nh @liA &5a h )iu hnh+ ).2& thZ& thi tr.Y& ti9n 7 tWn t4i
trong E nhY &ho )n khi t*t m!y (&!& &h.:ng tr-nh kh!& g3i l &h.:ng tr-nh sng '1ng)#
F &,p ph!t ti nguy9n fh.:ng tr-nh kim so!t
xhn nhNn
H-nh H#J_ f!& thnh phn &5a h )iu hnh
./& )NCH SO PHT TRIPN CQA H IU HNH
w Diai )o4n H (HKO HOO)_ )S &/ m!y t"nh lYn nh.ng &h.a &/ h )iu hnh#
w Diai )o4n I (HOG HGO)_ h thng [0 lX theo l (Fat&h systems)
w Diai )o4n J (HGG Hcb)_ h thng [0 lX )a &h.:ng ($ultiprogramming systems) + h thng
[0 lX )a nhim ($ultitasking systems)#
w Diai )o4n K (HcH e Ibb )_ h thng )a [0 lX ($ultipro&essor systems)+ h thng [0 lX phNn t!n
(>istriEute' systems)+ h thng [0 lX thri gian thZ& (|ealetime systems)+ h thng nh6ng
(^mEe''e' systems)#
./H PHN )OI H THRNG MY TSNH
$t h thng m!y t"nh gWm hai phn l h )iu hnh 7 phn &sng t.:ng sng ) thZ& thi h )iu
hnh#
./H/. H0 >5E79 KT 8U >5VW 8X (BB>=5 SFY>VCY)
Ny l h )iu hnh )u ti9n+ th s: nh,t# i 7Yi h )iu hnh ny th- t4i mt thri )im &h] &/
mt &ng 7i& trong E nhY+ khi thZ& hin [ong mt &ng 7i&+ &ng 7i& kh!& so ).2& tZ )ng
n4p 7o 7 &ho thZ& thi# H )iu hnh &/ mt &h.:ng tr-nh+ g3i l E gi!m s!t+ th.rng tr6 trong
E nhY &h"nh+ gi!m s!t 7i& thZ& hin 'Sy &!& &ng 7i& theo ths tZ 7 tZ )ng#
f!&h E tr" E nhY &5a h )iu hnh [0 lX theo l nh. sau_ phn E nhY 8 )\a &h] th,p 'nh &ho
h )iu hnh+ phn &Un l4i 'nh &ho mt &h.:ng tr-nh &5a ng.ri '(ng#
K
H-nh H#K_ m h-nh t &hs& E nhY &5a h )iu hnh [0 lX theo l
Mem mt 7" '1 7 &!&h ths& lm 7i& 7Yi h thng [0 lX theo l_
e p?p tr-nh 7i9n mang phiu ghi &h.:ng tr-nh )n m!y HKbH
e $!y so )3& &h.:ng tr-nh t phiu 7 ghi &h.:ng tr-nh 7o Eang t
e p?p tr-nh 7i9n )em Eang t tYi m!y bK ) thZ& hin t"nh to!n 7 kt =5a ).2& ghi 7o Eang t
e p?p tr-nh 7i9n )em Eang t &hsa kt =5a tYi m!y HKbI ) in
H-nh H#O_ 7" '1 7 &!&h ths& [0 lX &ng 7i& 7Yi h )iu hnh [0 lX theo l
./H/& H0 >5E79 KT 8U 1B =5Z[79 (M48>2P\W9\BCC279 SFY>VCY)
Q4i mt thri )im &/ nhiu &ng 7i& trong E nhY 7 khi mt &ng 7i& )ang thZ& hin+ nu &/
y9u &u nh?pv[u,t th- fxl khng ngh] m h )iu hnh so &huyn sang thZ& hin &ng 7i& kh!&#
d" '1 trong E nhY hin &/ Ea &h.:ng tr-nh thZ& hin Ea &ng 7i&# Lu &ng 7i& H y9u &u
nh?pv[u,t th- &ng 7i& H t4m ngng+ &ng 7i& I (ho%& &ng 7i& J) so ).2& thZ& hin# ~hi thao
t!& nh?pv[u,t &5a &ng 7i& H [ong th- &ng 7i& H so ).2& thZ& hin tip+ &ng 7i& I so t4m
ngng+u
H-nh H#G_ m h-nh t &hs& E nhY &5a h thng [0 lX )a &h.:ng
] C<= =5^= 7_79 =AB 50 1234 5675 >\W79 50 >5E79 KT 8U 1B =5Z[79
+ Lp lch CPU (CPU scheduling)_ &h3n mt trong nhqng &ng 7i& trong E nhY &ho thZ& thi
(&ho s0 '1ng fxl)# ~hi &h3n &n tr!nh tr.rng h2p mt &ng 7i& &hr trong E nhY =u! lNu#
+ Qun l b nh (Memor m!n!gemen")_ &n ph;i =u;n lX phn E nhY no )S &,p ph!t 7 &,p
&ho &ng 7i& no (E nhY &,p ph!t &ho mti &ng 7i& ph;i ri9ng Eit)+ phn E nhY no &h.a &,p+
khi mt &ng 7i& thZ& thi [ong &n thu hWi phn E nhY )S &,p &ho &ng 7i& )/# Lu mt &ng
O
7i& truy [u,t )n phn E nhY )S &,p &ho &ng 7i& kh!& th- ph;i ngan &,m# Lu E nhY E\ phNn
m;nh =u! nhiu+ &n 'Wn E nhY+ 77u
+ C#p ph$" "hi%" b (&lloc!"ion o' de(ices)_ t-nh tr4ng thit E\ r;nh hay khng r;nh+ thit E\ )S &,p
&ho &ng 7i& no+ &ng 7i& no &n ).a 7o hng )2i ) &hr# Qhit E\ no &/ th '(ng &hung 7
ti )a Eao nhi9u &ng 7i& s0 '1ng &hung thit E\ &(ng l6&+ thit E\ no khng th '(ng &hung+u
7 ph;i tr!nh E\ t*& nghon (&!& &ng 7i& &hr 7 h4n ) ).2& &,p ti nguy9n)#
+ Cung c#p c$c h)m *+ l nhp,*u#" (-,. rou"ines)` f!& hm nh?pv[u,t so &he ',u sZ phs& t4p
7 )a '4ng &5a &!& thit E\ nh?pv[u,t+ =u;n lX 7i& s0 '1ng &hung &!& thit E\ nh?pv[u,t#
./H/H H0 >5E79 KT 8U 1B 7520C (M48>2>BYa279 SFY>VCY)
H thng [0 lX )a nhim l h thng m8 rng &5a h thng [0 lX )a &h.:ng# i 7Yi h )iu hnh
trong h thng [0 lX )a nhim+ 7i& &huyn )i &ng 7i& khng &hr &ng 7i& )ang thZ& thi &/
y9u &u nh?pv[u,t+ m khi &ng 7i& )ang thZ& thi ht thri gian =ui )\nh s0 '1ng fxl th- 7i&
&huyn )i &ng 7i& &Vng so [;y ra# $ti &ng 7i& ).2& thZ& hin luNn phi9n =ua &: &h &huyn
)i fxl+ thri gian mti ln &huyn )i 'i<n ra r,t nhanh n9n ng.ri s0 '1ng &/ &;m gi!& l &!&
&ng 7i& )ang ).2& thi hnh &(ng l6&# H thng [0 lX )a nhim &Un g3i l h thng &hia [ thri
gian (QimeeSharing Systems)#
d" '1 h thng &/ mt fxl 7 hin &/ Ea &ng 7i& {+ F+ f trong E nhY# Fa &ng 7i& ny so
).2& thZ& hin luNn phi9n_ &ng 7i& { thZ& hin trong kho;ng thri gian = (=uantum) th- t4m
ngng+ )n l.2t &ng 7i& F thZ& hin trong kho;ng thri gian =+ rWi )n l.2t &ng 7i& f# Sau )/
l4i )n l.2t {+ u l%p l4i 7i& thZ& thi &!& &ng 7i& &ho )n khi t,t &; &!& &ng 7i& hon t,t#
H-nh H#_ &!& &ng 7i& {+F+f s0 '1ng &pu luNn phi9n trong h thng [0 lX )a nhim
./H/M H0 >5E79 1B KT 8U (M48>2?\W=VYYW\ SFY>VCY)
$!y t"nh &/ nhiu E [0 lX &(ng &hia [ h thng ).rng truyn 'q liu+ )Wng hW+ E nhY 7 &!&
thit E\ ngo4i 7i# $ti fxl so thZ& hin mt &ng 7i& 7 khi )/ &!& &ng 7i& so thZ& sZ 'i<n ra
)Wng thri# H thng )a [0 lX &Un g3i l h thng [0 lX song song (xarallel Systems)#
H-nh H#_ m h-nh h thng )a [0 lX_ &/ nhiu &pu nh.ng s0 '1ng &hung E nhY
] $4 12bC =AB 50 >5E79 1B KT 8U
w SZ hng h/& &5a mt E [0 lX so khng ;nh h.8ng )n ton E h thng#
w H thng so thZ& hin r,t nhanh 'o thZ& hin &!& &ng 7i& )Wng thri tr9n &!& E [0 lX kh!&
nhau
w di& li9n l4& giqa &!& &ng 7i& '< 'ng ERng &!&h s0 '1ng E nhY '(ng &hung#
G
time
task
{
F
f
] P5c7 8Wd2 50 >5E79 1B KT 8U
w H thng )a [0 lX )i [sng (Symmetri& $ultixro&essing (S$x))_ mti E [0 lX &h4y 7Yi mt
E;n sao &5a h )iu hnh 7 &!& E [0 lX l ngang &,p# f!& h )iu hnh hin nay )u ht tr2
S$x#
w H thng )a [0 lX E,t )i [sng ({symmetri& multipro&essing)_ f/ mt E [0 lX &h"nh (master
pro&essor) kim so!t+ phNn 7i& &ho &!& E [0 lX kh!& (sla7e pro&essors)#
./H/e H0 >5E79 KT 8U ?5c7 ><7 (f2Y>\2g4>Vh O?V\B>279 SFY>VCY)
Q.:ng tZ nh. h thng )a [0 lX nh.ng mti E [0 lX &/ E nhY ri9ng# f!& E [0 lX li9n l4& 7Yi
nhau thng =ua &!& ).rng truyn 'Tn m4ng# $4ng p{L+ {L 7Yi h )iu hnh in'oys+ lLiM
&h"nh l &!& h thng [0 lX phNn t!n#
] P5c7 8Wd2 50 >5E79 KT 8U ?5c7 ><7` &/ hai lo4i
w xeeretoepeer_ h thng m4ng ngang hng+ &!& m!y t"nh ngang &,p+ khng &/ m!y no )/ng 7ai
trU =u;n lX ti nguy9n '(ng &hung#
w flienteser7er_ &/ mt m!y )/ng 7ai trU =u;n lX &!& ti nguy9n '(ng &hung g3i l m!y ser7er
(m!y &h5)+ &!& m!y kh!& g3i l m!y &lient (m!y kh!&h)# flient mun s0 '1ng ti nguy9n '(ng
&hung ph;i ).2& ser7er &,p =uyn# $ h-nh h thng &lienteser7er_
H-nh H#c_ m h-nh h thng [0 lX phNn t!n
] $4 12bC =AB 50 >5E79 KT 8U ?5c7 ><7
w >(ng &hung ti nguy9n_ m!y in+ t?p tin u
w Qang t& ) t"nh to!n_ phNn &hia &ng 7i& ) t"nh to!n tr9n nhiu 7\ tr" kh!& nhau
w {n ton_ Lu mt 7\ tr" E\ hng+ &!& 7\ tr" kh!& 7Tn tip t1& lm 7i&#
w Qruyn thng tin '< 'ng_ 'oynloa'vuploa' zile+ g8ivnh?n mail+u
./H/i H0 >5E79 KT 8U >5j2 92B7 >5k= (RVB8!T2CV SFY>VCY)
H thng so &ho kt =u; &h"nh [!& trong kho;ng thri gian nhanh nh,t# H thng th.rng '(ng &ho
nhqng sng '1ng &huy9n '1ng nh. l h thng )iu khin trong &ng nghip#
] C<= 8Wd2 50 >5E79 KT 8U >5j2 92B7 >5k=
w H thng [0 lX thri gian thZ& &sng (Har' realetime)_ &!& &ng 7i& ).2& hon t,t )6ng thri
)im =ui )\nh#
w H thng [0 lX thri gian thZ& mm (Sozt realetime)_ mti &ng 7i& &/ mt ) .u ti9n ri9ng 7 so
).2& thi hnh theo ) .u ti9n#

./H/l H0 >5E79 75m79 (ECgVhhVh SFY>VCY)

H )iu hnh ).2& nh6ng trong &!& thit E\ gia '1ng+ &!& m!y trU &h:i+### >o &!& thit E\ gia '1ng
&/ E nhY "t+ E [0 lX t& ) th,p+ k"&h th.Y& mn h-nh nh n9n h )iu hnh ny &n ):n gi;n+
nh g3n+ &/ t"nh )%& tr.ng &ho tng thit E\# d" '1 h )iu hnh '(ng &ho m!y x>{s (xersonal
>igital {ssistants)+ $oEil phones+u H thng nh6ng &Un ).2& g3i l h thng &m tay (Han'hel'
Systems)#
./M CC fNCH no CQA H IU HNH
H )iu hnh thng th.rng &n &ung &,p &!& '\&h 71 sau_
e }u;n lX tin tr-nh
e }u;n lX E nhY &h"nh (|{$)
e }u;n lX E nhY ph1 (>iS~)
e }u;n lX h thng nh?p [u,t
e }u;n lX h thng t?p tin
e F;o 7 h thng
e H thng 'Ung lnh
e }u;n lX m4ng
e f!& lri g3i h thng (system &alls)#
./M/. fp=5 qr s4t7 8U >2u7 >\:75 (P\W=VYY MB7B9VCV7>)
Qin tr-nh l mt &h.:ng tr-nh )ang thi hnh# Qrong E nhY+ t4i mt thri )im &/ th &/ nhiu tin
tr-nh+ mt s tin tr-nh l &5a h )iu hnh+ mt s tin tr-nh l &5a ng.ri s0 '1ng# ~hi tin tr-nh
).2& t4o ra ho%& )ang thi hnh so ).2& h )iu hnh &ung &,p &!& ti nguy9n ) tin tr-nh ho4t
)ng nh. l fxl+ E nhY+ t?p tin+ &!& thit E\ nh?pv[u,tu ~hi tin tr-nh kt th6&+ h )iu hnh so
thu hWi l4i &!& ti nguy9n )S &,p ph!t# $t tin tr-nh khi thZ& thi l4i &/ th t4o ra &!& tin tr-nh &on
7 h-nh thnh &Ny tin tr-nh#
] C<= =5^= 7_79 =AB hp=5 qr s4t7 8U >2u7 >\:75
w Q4o 7 h5y &!& tin tr-nh &5a ng.ri s0 '1ng 7 &5a h )iu hnh#
w Q4m ng.ng 7 thZ& hin l4i mt tin tr-nh#
w fung &,p &: &h )Wng E &!& tin tr-nh#
w fung &,p &: &h li9n l4& giqa &!& tin tr-nh#
w fung &,p &: &h kim so!t t*& nghon#
./M/& fp=5 qr s4t7 8U gD 75v =5G75 (MB27 MVCW\F MB7B9VCV7>)
Q4i mt thri )im+ trong E nhY &h"nh &/ th &/ nhiu tin tr-nh+ h )iu hnh &n ph;i =u;n lX
phn E nhY )S &,p &ho mti tin tr-nh ) tr!nh [ung )t#
] C<= =5^= 7_79 =AB hp=5 qr s4t7 8U gD 75v =5G75
w p.u giq thng tin 7 &!& 7\ tr" trong E nhY )S s0 '1ng 7 tin tr-nh no )ang s0 '1ng#
c
w }uyt )\nh &h3n tin tr-nh ) n4p 7o E nhY &h"nh khi E nhY &h"nh &/ &ht trng#
w f,p ph!t E nhY &ho tin tr-nh 7 thu hWi E nhY khi tin tr-nh thZ& thi [ong#
./M/H fp=5 qr s4t7 8U gD 75v ?5r (SV=W7hB\F MB7B9VCV7>)
l.u trq 'q liu lNu 'i+ 'q liu &n l.u tr9n )a '4ng t?p tin+ ngoi ra )a &Un l.u giq &!& tin
tr-nh khi E nhY |{$ khng &Un )5+ 7(ng nhY ny g3i l E nhY ;o#
] C<= =5^= 7_79 =AB hp=5 qr s4t7 8U gD 75v ?5r
w }u;n lX 7(ng trng tr9n )a (ree spa&e management)
w M!& )\nh 7\ tr" &,t giq 'q liu (Storage allo&ation)#
w p?p l\&h &ho )a (>isk s&he'uling)#
./M/M fp=5 qr s4t7 8U 50 >5E79 75I?JK4L> (IJO SFY>VC MB7B9VCV7>)
H )iu hnh &n &he ',u nhqng )%& th( &5a &!& thit E\ phn &sng+ ERng &!&h &ung &,p &!& &hs&
nang [0 lX nh?p [u,t ):n gi;n+ khng ph1 thu& 7o &hi tit &5a mti lo4i thit E\#
./M/e fp=5 qr s4t7 8U 50 >5E79 >I? >27 (w28V MB7B9VCV7>)
$!y t"nh &/ th l.u trq thng tin trong nhiu '4ng thit E\ 7?t lX kh!& nhau nh. Eang t+ )a t+
)a =uang+ ### $ti '4ng &/ &/ kh; nang l.u trq+ t& ) truyn 'q liu 7 &!&h truy [u,t kh!& nhau#
H )iu hnh &n )Wng nh,t &!&h truy [u,t h thng l.u trq+ )\nh ngha mt ):n 7\ l.u trq l t?p
tin#
] C<= =5^= 7_79 =AB hp=5 qr s4t7 8U 50 >5E79 >I? >27
w Ht tr2 &!& thao t!& tr9n t?p tin 7 th. m1& (t4ov[emv[o!vsao &hpv'i &huynv)i t9n)#
w nh [4 t?p tin tr9n h thng l.u trq ph1#
w Sao l.u t?p tin tr9n &!& thit E\ l.u trq#
./M/i fp=5 qr gtW q0 50 >5E79 (P\W>V=>2W7 SFY>VC)
H )iu hnh &n &ung &,p &: &h ) );m E;o rRng ti nguy9n &h] ).2& truy [u,t E8i nhqng tin
tr-nh &/ =uyn# d" '1 );m E;o rRng tin tr-nh &h] ).2& thi hnh trong ph4m 7i )\a &h] &5a n/ ho%&
);m E;o rRng khng &/ tin tr-nh no )& &him fxlu
./M/l )j2 9x2 50 >5E79 (YFY>VC =B88)
pri g3i h thng l t?p lnh 'o h )iu hnh &ung &,p '(ng ) giao tip giqa tin tr-nh &5a ng.ri
'(ng 7 h )iu hnh+ lri g3i h thng &Un g3i l ng*t# f!& lri g3i h thng &/ th ).2& &hia
thnh &!& lo4i nh. l t?p lnh =u;n lX tin tr-nh+ t?p lnh =u;n lX t?p tin+ t?p lnh =u;n lX thit E\+
t?p lnh '(ng ) li9n l4& giqa &!& tin tr-nh# $ti lri g3i h thng &/ mt s hiu 'uy nh,t '(ng )
phNn Eit lri g3i ny 7Yi lri g3i kh!&# f!& )\a &h] n:i &hsa mS lnh &5a &!& ng*t (lri g3i h thng)
).2& l.u trong mt E;ng g3i l E;ng 7e&t: ng*t#

~hi tin tr-nh '(ng lri g3i h thng+ &n &ung &,p tham s &ho lri g3i h thng# f/ Ea ph.:ng
ph!p m tin tr-nh '(ng ) &huyn tham s &ho h )iu hnh_
e fhuyn tham s 7o thanh ghi
e p.u trq tham s trong mt E;ng trong E nhY 7 ghi )\a &h] E;ng 7o thanh ghi
e p.u trq tham s 7o sta&k 7 tham s ).2& l,y ra E8i h )iu hnh #
d" '1 &huyn )\a &h] E;ng M (E;ng &hsa &!& tham s) 7o thanh ghi+ g3i ng*t HJ# Lg*t HJ l lri
g3i h thng 'o h )iu hnh &ung &,p#
H-nh H#_ truyn tham s '4ng E;ng &ho ng*t HJ
y4t7 8U >2u7 >\:75
pri g3i hm $ t;
xi'zork() Q4o mt tin tr-nh &on ging tin tr-nh &ha
xi'yaitpi'(pi'+ statlo&+ options) 2i mt tin tr-nh &on kt th6&
^[it(status) ~t th6& 7i& thZ& thi tin tr-nh 7 tr; 7 tr4ng th!i
y4t7 8U TI? >27
pri g3i hm $ t;
'open(zile+hoy+u) $8 mt zile ) )3&+ ghi ho%& &; hai
S&lose(z') /ng mt zile )S m8 tr.Y& )/
Lrea'(z'+Euzzer+nEytes) 3& 'q liu t zile 7o 7(ng )m
L yrite(z'+Euzzer+nEytes) Dhi 'q liu t Euzzer 7o zile
xositionlseek(z'+ozzset+yhen&e) >i &huyn &on tr zile
Sstat(name+Euz) p,y thng tin tr4ng th!i &5a zile
y4t7 8U H0 >5E79 z28V q6 >5Z Cr=
pri g3i hm $ t;
Smk'ir(name+mo'e) Q4o th. m1& mYi
Srm'ir(name) M/a th. m1& rtng
Slink(nameH+nameI) Q4o mt )i t.2ng mYi nameI tr 7o )i t.2ng nameH tr.Y& )/
Sunlink(name) M/a )i t.2ng th. m1&
Smount(spe&ial+name+zlag) ~"&h ho4t h thng zile
Sunmount(spe&ial) Lgng k"&h ho4t h thng zile
H-nh H#Hb_ $t s lri g3i h thng
./M/( H0 >5E79 >5X79 hp=5 h{79 8075 (CWCCB7h!I7>V\?\V>V\ SFY>VC)
Hb
p t?p lnh &: E;n &(ng tr-nh thng '\&h lnh ) ng.ri s0 '1ng giao tip 7Yi h )iu hnh# f!&
lnh &: E;n nh. lnh =u;n lX tin tr-nh+ =u;n lX nh?p [u,t+ =u;n lX E nhY &h"nh+ =u;n lX E nhY
ph1+ =u;n lX t?p tin 7 &!& lnh E;o 7 h thngu f!& lnh trong h thng thng '\&h 'Ung lnh
thZ& ra &Vng so g3i &!& &!& lri g3i h thng#
./M/| y4t7 8U Cd79 (NV>}W\a279)
fung &,p &!& &hs& nang phNn =uyn+ &hia [ ti nguy9n m4ng+ li9n l4& giqa &!& tin tr-nh tr9n
m4ng+ u
./e C~U TRC H IU HNH
./e/. CL4 >\m= 1[7 92t7
H )iu hnh khng ).2& &hia thnh nhqng lYp (phn) r rt+ mt lYp &/ th g3i hm thu& E,t kP
lYp no kh!&# H )iu hnh ny ):n gi;n+ '< thit k+ '< &i )%t nh.ng kh/ E;o 7+ kh/ m8 rng+
7 kh/ nNng &,p# d" '1 h )iu hnh $S>OS l h )iu hnh &/ &,u tr6& ):n gi;n_ &h.:ng tr-nh
sng '1ng &/ th truy [u,t trZ& tip &!& hm nh?pv[u,t trong |O$ FiOS ) ghi trZ& tip l9n mn
h-nh hay E )iu khin )a#
H-nh H#HH_ f,u tr6& &5a h )iu hnh $Se>OS (&,u tr6& ):n gi;n)
H )iu hnh lLiM phi9n E;n )u ti9n &Vng &/ &,u tr6& ):n gi;n 7 ).2& &hia thnh hai phn_
phn system &alls 7 phn kernel# xhn kernel &ung &,p t,t &; &!& '\&h 71 &5a h )iu hnh# f!&
phn &/ th g3i lTn nhau#
H-nh H#HI_ &,u tr6& &5a h )iu hnh lLiM phi9n E;n )u ti9n (&,u tr6& ):n gi;n)
./e/& CL4 >\m= ?5c7 8v?
H )iu hnh ).2& &hia thnh nhiu lYp+ mti lYp ).2& [Ny 'Zng 'Za 7o nhqng lYp th,p h:n#
pYp '.Yi &(ng l phn &sng+ lYp tr9n &(ng l lYp giao tip 7Yi ng.ri s0 '1ng# $ti lYp &h] s0
'1ng nhqng hm 'o lYp '.Yi &ung &,p# H4t nhNn 8 lYp k lYp phn &sng+ '(ng &!& lnh &5a phn
&sng ) t4o &!& lri g3i h thng#
HH
Mem m h-nh phNn lYp 8 h-nh H#HI_ pYp $ tha k mt s hm &5a lYp $eH 7 &/ th &/ th9m
mt s hm &5a ri9ng m-nh# Lhqng hm m lYp $eH )%t thu& t"nh n th- lYp $ khng ).2& tha
k#
H-nh H#HJ_ m h-nh &,u tr6& phNn lYp
T@79 C5^= 7_79
O Qhao t!&
K fh.:ng tr-nh ng.ri 'ung
J }u;n lX Mu,tvLh?p
I Qruyn thng Qhao t!&eQin tr-nh
H }u;n lX E nhY
b a &h.:ng
H-nh H#HK_ &,u tr6& phNn lYp &5a h )iu hnh QH^
./e/H CL4 >\m= C<F tW
dYi h )iu hnh m!y ;o+ mt m!y ).2& gi; l?p thnh nhiu m!y+ ti nguy9n &5a h thng nh. l
fxl+ E nhY+ )a+u ).2& &hia [ ) t4o &!& m!y ;o# $ti m!y ;o ).2& & l?p 7Yi m!y ;o kh!&
n9n ti nguy9n '(ng &hung ).2& E;o 7 nh.ng &Vng 'Tn )n 7i& khng ).2& &hia [ ti nguy9n
trZ& tip#
HI
H-nh H#HO_ $ h-nh &,u tr6& m!y ;o
./e/M CL4 >\m= C82V7>!SV\qV\
H )iu hnh ).2& &hia thnh nhiu phn (g3i l &!& tin tr-nh ser7er)+ mti tin tr-nh thZ& hin
mt '\&h 71 nh. l '\&h 71 =u;n lX t?p tin+ =u;n lX tin tr-nh+ =u;n lX E nhY+ u f!& tin tr-nh
y9u &u (g3i l tin tr-nh &lient) so g0i y9u &u )n mt tin tr-nh ser7er+ tin tr-nh ser7er thZ&
hin 7 g0i kt =u; tr8 l4i &ho tin tr-nh &lient# H4t nhNn &h] &/ nhim 71 kim so!t =u! tr-nh li9n
l4& giqa &!& tin tr-nh &lient 7 ser7er#
] $4 12bC =AB =L4 >\m= =82V7>!YV\qV\
w H4t nhNn r,t nh+ &h] gWm &!& lnh &: E;n+ n9n '< E;o 7+ '< nNng &,p#
w $ti '\&h 71 &5a h )iu hnh 'o mt tin tr-nh ser7er );m nh?n+ &!& tin tr-nh ny )& l?p 7Yi
nhau n9n khi mt tin tr-nh ser7er E\ lti+ h thng 7Tn ho4t )ng#
w f!& tin tr-nh ser7er ).2& thZ& hin 8 &h ) ng.ri '(ng (useremo'e)+ khng ph;i 8 &h ) h4t
nhNn (kernelemo'e)+ n9n khng truy [u,t trZ& tip phn &sng#
w f,u tr6& &lienteser7er r,t th"&h h2p 7Yi m h-nh h thng phNn t!n# f!& tin tr-nh ser7er &/ th
thZ& thi 8 &!& m!y kh!& nhau#
H-nh H#H_ $ h-nh h )iu hnh &lienteser7er tr9n mt m!y
HJ
H-nh H#Hc_ $ h-nh h )iu hnh &lienteser7er tr9n nhiu m!y
./ i NGUYN ) THIT K H IU HNH
w H )iu hnh &n '< 7it+ '< s0a lti+ '< nNng &,p (n9n 7it h )iu hnh ERng ngn ngq &,p &ao
7- '< 7it 7 '< s0a lti h:n l 7it ERng ngn ngq assemEly)#
w H )iu hnh &n '< &i )%t+ '< E;o tr-+ khng &/ lti 7 hiu =5a#
w H )iu hnh &n '< s0 '1ng+ '< h3&+ an ton+ &/ ) tin &?y &ao 7 thZ& hin nhanh#
w H )iu hnh &n &/ t"nh kh; &huyn &ao (thZ& hin ).2& tr9n mt nh/m &!& phn &sng kh!&
nhau)#
w H )iu hnh &n &/ &h.:ng tr-nh SSD^L (System Deneration) thu th?p thng tin li9n =uan
)n phn &sng ) thit l?p &,u h-nh h )iu hnh &ho ph( h2p 7Yi mti m!y t"nh#
TM TT
$t h thng m!y t"nh gWm &/ phn &sng+ h )iu hnh 7 &!& &h.:ng tr-nh sng '1ng# H )iu
hnh gi6p &ho 7i& s0 '1ng m!y t"nh hiu =u;+ ):n gi;n h:n# H )iu hnh &/ nhiu lo4i nh.ng
thng '1ng l lo4i h )iu hnh )a nhim+ phNn t!n# H )iu hnh &ung &,p &!& '\&h 71 &: E;n
nh. '\&h 71 =u;n lX tin tr-nh+ '\&h 71 =u;n lX E nhY+ '\&h 71 =u;n lX t?p tin+ '\&h 71 =u;n lX
nh?pv[u,t+u 7 mt t?p &!& lri g3i h thng (ng*t)# H )iu hnh &n thit k sao &ho '< s0a lti+
'< &i )%t+ '< E;o tr-+ khng &/ lti+ '< s0 '1ng+ '< h3&+ ) tin &?y &ao+ thZ& hin nhanh 7 &/ t"nh
kh; &huyn &ao#
CU HI BI TP
H# L9u m1& )"&h &hung &5a h )iu hnh
I# xhNn Eit h thng )a &h.:ng 7 h thng )a nhim
J# L9u &!& 7,n ) m h thng )a &h.:ngv)a nhim &n gi;i =uyt
J# xhNn Eit h thng )a nhim 7 h thng )a [0 lX
K# xhNn Eit h thng )a [0 lX 7 h thng [0 lX phNn t!n
O# L9u m1& )"&h &5a h thng E nhY )m (Euzzere&a&hing system) trong h thng nh?pv[u,t
G# fh.:ng tr-nh )iu khin thit E\ (>ri7ers zor spe&izi& har'yare 'e7i&es) 'o h )iu hnh &ung
&,p hay 'o hSng s;n [u,t thit E\ &ung &,p
# fh.:ng tr-nh giao tip 7Yi &h.:ng tr-nh )iu khin thit E\ (general 'e7i&ee'ri7er interza&e) 'o
h )iu hnh hay 'o hSng s;n [u,t hay 'o ngn ngq l?p tr-nh hay 'o ng.ri l?p tr-nh &ung &,p
HK
c# xhn nhNn (kernel) &5a h )iu hnh $Se>OS gWm nhqng &h.:ng tr-nh no
# L9u khuyt )im &5a h )iu hnh &/ &,u tr6& ):n gi;n#
TI )IU THAM KHO
H# Dary # Lutt+ lni7ersity oz folora'o# fentralie' {n' >istriEute' Operating Systems# Se&on'
^'ition+ Ibbb#
I# |oEert Syiter# Operating Systems+ { xra&ti&al {pproa&h# xrenti&eeHall international+ in&#
HJ#
J# {n'rey S# QanenEaum# $o'ern Operating Systems# xrenti&eeHall international+ in&# Se&on'
^'ition+ IbbH#
K# {Eraham SilEers&hat xeter Faer Dal7in# Operating System &on&epts# ohn iley Sons+
in&# izth ^'ition+ H#
O# H# $# >eitel# Operating Systems# {''isoneesley in&# Se&on' ^'ition+ H#
G fm nang l?p tr-nh h thng &ho m!y 7i t"nh iF$exf t?p H 7 I+ t!& gi; $i&hael Qis&her#
# Qrn H4nh Lhi p9 ~h*& Lhi9n n Hong ~im# Di!o tr-nh h )iu hnh (t?p H I)#
H~HQL Ibbb#
HO
CH$NG II
yUN ) NHPJXU~T n yUN ) H THRNG TP TIN
fh.:ng @}lL p LHxvMlQ dn }lL p Hk QHLD Qx QiLA so giYi thiu 7 gi;i
th"&h &!& 7,n ) sau_
I#H# }u;n lX nh?pv[u,t
I#H#H xhNn lo4i 7 )%& t"nh &5a thit E\ nh?pv[u,t
I#H#I F )iu khin thit E\ nh?pv[u,t
I#H#J f!& &h.:ng tr-nh thZ& hin nh?pv[u,t 7 t &hs& h thng nh?pv[u,t
I#H#K f: &h nh?pv[u,t 7 &: &h >${
I#H#O f!& thu?t to!n l?p l\&h 'i &huyn )u )3&
I#H#G H s )an [en 7 ram 'isk
I#I }u;n lX h thng t?p tin
I#I#H f!& kh!i nim 7 )a &sng+ t?p tin+ th. m1&+ E;ng th. m1&
I#I#I f!& ph.:ng ph!p &i )%t h thng t?p tin#
I#I#J xh.:ng ph!p =u;n lX 'anh s!&h &!& khi trng
I#I#K xh.:ng ph!p =u;n lX sZ an ton &5a h thng t?p tin
I#I#O DiYi thiu mt s h thng t?p tin_ $S>OSvin'oys+ lLiM#
&/./ yUN ) NHPJXU~T
&/./. P5c7 8Wd2 q6 1= >G75 =AB >52u> gp 75I?JK4L>
] P5c7 8Wd2 >52u> gp 75I?JK4L>`
w Qhit E\ khi_ thng tin ).2& )3&vghi theo tng khi &/ k"&h th.Y& & )\nh 7 &/ )\a &h] [!&
)\nh+ 7" '1 )a l mt thit E\ khi#
w Qhit E\ tun tZ_ thng tin ).2& g0ivnh?n theo 'Sy tun tZ &!& Eit+ khng &/ )\a &h]+ 7" '1 mn
h-nh+ En ph"m+ m!y in+ &ar' m4ng+ &hut l thit E\ tun tZ#
w Qhit E\ kh!&_ &/ mt s &!& thit E\ khng ph( h2p 7Yi hai lo4i tr9n+ 7" '1 )Wng hW khng l
thit E\ khi+ &Vng khng l thit E\ tun tZ#
= >G75 =AB >52u> gp 75I?JK4L>`
w Q& ) truyn 'q liu_ 7" '1 En ph"m _ b#bH ~Fvs+ &hut b#bI ~Fvs ###
w >ung l.2ng l.u trq+ thri gian truy [u,t mt ):n 7\ 'q liu#
w fng '1ng_ '(ng ) nh?p hay [u,t
w :n 7\ truyn 'q liu_ truyn theo khi ho%& kX tZ
w Fiu 'i<n 'q liu_ )iu ny t(y thu& 7o tng thit E\ &1 th#
w Q-nh tr4ng lti_ nguy9n nhNn gNy ra lti+ &!&h m thit E\ E!o lti###
HG
H-nh I#H_ thri gian truy [u,t 7 'ung l.2ng &5a mt s thit E\ nh?pv[u,t
&/./& BD 1234 a52b7 >52u> gp 75I?JK4L> (IJO =W7>\W88V\)
p phn &sng )iu khin trZ& tip thit E\ nh?pv[u,t+ fxl khng th truy [u,t trZ& tip thit E\
nh?pv[uNt m ph;i thng =ua E )iu khin thit E\+ '(ng h thng ).rng truyn g3i l Eus# d" '1
E )iu khin mn h-nh )3& &!& kX tZ &n hin th\ trong E nhY 7 )iu khin &!& tia &5a f|Q
(ng ph/ng )in t0 &5a mn h-nh) ) [u,t kX tZ tr9n mn h-nh# Qhit E\ nh?pv[u,t 7 E )iu
khin ph;i tuNn theo &(ng &hun giao tip nh. &hun {LSi+ i^^^ hay iSOu
F )iu khin thit E\ nh?pv[u,t &/ th )iu khin ).2& nhiu thit E\+ 7" '1 mt E )iu khin
mn h-nh (7i'eo &ontroller) &/ th )iu khin nhiu mn h-nh#
H-nh I#I_ fxl truy [u,t &!& thit E\ nh?pv[uNt thng =ua E )iu khin thit E\
$ti E )iu khin &/ mt s thanh ghi ) li9n l4& 7Yi fxl+ &!& thanh ghi ny ).2& g!n mt )\a
&h] [!& )\nh nh. l mt phn &5a E nhY &h"nh+ g3i l !nh [4 E nhY nh?pv[u,t# d" '1_
F )iu khin
nh?pv[u,t
\a &h] nh?pv[u,t
()\a &h] &5a &!& thanh ghi)
de&t: ng*t
Wng hW bKb e bKJ c
Fn ph"m bGb e bGJ
|SIJI ph1 Ic e I HH
a &sng JIb e JI HJ
H
$!y in Jc e J HO
$n h-nh mono Jcb e JF e
$n h-nh mu J>b e J> e
a mm Jb e J HK
|SIJI &h"nh Jc e J HI
H-nh I#J_ E;ng )\a &h] &!& thanh ghi &5a mt s E )iu khin nh?pv[u,t#
fxl thZ& hin nh?pv[u,t ERng &!&h ghi lnh+ &(ng &!& tham s l9n &!& thanh ghi &5a E )iu
khin+ sau )/ fxl so thZ& hin &ng 7i& kh!&# ~hi E )iu khin thZ& hin [ong+ so ph!t sinh
mt ng*t ) E!o hiu &ho fxl Eit 7 )n l,y kt =u; (kt =u; &Vng ).2& E )iu khin l.u trong
&!& thanh ghi)#
&/./H C<= =5Z[79 >\:75 >5k= 5207 75I?JK4L> q6 > =5^= 50 >5E79 75I?JK4L>
] C<= =5Z[79 >\:75 >5k= 5207 75I?JK4L>`
w fh.:ng tr-nh nh?pv[u,t &5a ng.ri '(ng (user program)_ thZ& hin &!& lri g3i )n &h.:ng tr-nh
nh?pv[u,t )& l?p thit E\#
w fh.:ng tr-nh nh?pv[u,t )& l?p thit E\_ &Un g3i l lri g3i h thng nh?pv[u,t ho%& ng*t
nh?pv[u,t+ 'o h )iu hnh &ung &,p+ &h.:ng tr-nh nh?pv[u,t )& l?p thit E\ &ung &,p mt giao
tip )Wng nh,t &ho &h.:ng tr-nh nh?pv[u,t &5a ng.ri '(ng#
w fh.:ng tr-nh )iu khin thit E\ (>e7i&e 'ri7ers)_ 'o h )iu hnh ho%& nh s;n [u,t thit E\
&ung &,p+ &h.:ng tr-nh ny ph1 thu& 7o thit E\+ so nh?n nhqng y9u &u nh?pv[u,t &5a &h.:ng
tr-nh nh?pv[u,t )& l?p thit E\# Lu 'e7i&e 'ri7er )ang E?n+ y9u &u )/ so ).2& ).a 7o hng
)2i+ ng.2& l4i n/ so thZ& hin ngay y9u &u+ ERng &!&h &huyn lnh 7o thanh ghi &5a E )iu
khin thit E\ (ivO &ontroller)#
H-nh I#K_ SZ giao tip giqa &!& &h.:ng tr-nh thZ& hin nh?pv[u,t
Hc
] T =5^= 50 >5E79 75I?JK4L>
H thng =u;n lX nh?pv[u,t ).2& phNn &hia thnh O lYp l_ tin tr-nh ng.ri '(ng (user pro&esses)+
&h.:ng tr-nh nh?pv[u,t )& l?p thit E\ ('e7i&eein'epen'ent soztyare)+ &h.:ng tr-nh )iu khin
thit E\ ('e7i&e 'ri7ers)+ &h.:ng tr-nh kim so!t ng*t (interrupt han'lers)+ phn &sng (har'yare)#
$ti lYp &/ &hs& nang ri9ng 7 &/ th giao tip 7Yi lYp kh!&#
H-nh I#O_ m h-nh phNn lYp &5a h thng =u;n lX nh?pv[u,t
w Qin tr-nh ng.ri '(ng (user pro&esses)_ )\nh '4ng nh?pv[u,t+ thZ& hin lri g3i nh?pv[u,t#
w fh.:ng tr-nh nh?pv[u,t )& l?p thit E\ (>e7i&eein'epen'ent soztyare)_ )%t t9n+ E;o 7+ t &hs&
khi+ t &hs& E )m+ &,p ph!t+u
w fh.:ng tr-nh )iu khin thit E\ (>e7i&e 'ri7er)_ thit l?p gi! tr\ &!& thanh ghi thit E\+ kim tra
tr4ng th!i thit E\+u
w fh.:ng tr-nh kim so!t ng*t (interrupt han'lers)_ thng E!o &ho &h.:ng tr-nh )iu khin thit E\
khi thao t!& nh?pv[u,t hon t,t#
w xhn &sng nh?pv[u,t (ivO Har'yare)_ thZ& hin thao t!& nh?pv[u,t
d" '1 tin tr-nh ng.ri '(ng (user pro&esses) mun )3& mt khi 'q liu tr9n )a+ so g8i y9u &u
nh?pv[u,t )n &h.:ng tr-nh nh?pv[u,t )& l?p thit E\ ('e7i&eein'epen'ent soztyare)+ &h.:ng
tr-nh ny so t-m kim khi trong E )m nh?pv[u,t+ nu khi &n )3& &h.a &/ trong E )m+ n/ so
g3i &h.:ng tr-nh )iu khin thit E\ ('e7i&e 'ri7er)# fh.:ng tr-nh )iu khin thit E\ g0i y9u &u
)n )a &sng 7 tin tr-nh ng.ri '(ng so t4m ng.ng &ho )n khi thao t!& )3& )a hon t,t+ )a so
ph!t sinh mt ng*t thng E!o )S )3& [ong+ g8i t"n hiu ng*t &ho &h.:ng tr-nh kim so!t ng*t#
fh.:ng tr-nh kim so!t ng*t ghi nh?n tr4ng th!i &5a thit E\ 7 )!nh ths& tin tr-nh &5a ng.ri
'(ng ) tip t1& thZ& hin#
H
H-nh I#G_ khi thao t!& )3& )a hon t,t+ E )iu khin )a so ph!t sinh mt ng*t#
&/./M C[ =5u 75I?JK4L> q6 =[ =5u fMA
] C[ =5u 75I?JK4L>`
e F [0 lX ph!t sinh mt lnh ivO )n &!& thit E\ ivO+ sau )/ &hr &ho )n khi thao t!& ivO hon
t,t rWi mYi tip t1& [0 lX+ ho%&_
e F [0 lX ph!t sinh mt lnh ivO )n &!& thit E\ ivO+ sau )/ tip t1& 7i& [0 lX &ho tYi khi nh?n
).2& mt ng*t t thit E\ ivO E!o l )S hon t,t nh?pv[u,t+ E [0 lX t4m ng.ng 7i& [0 lX hin t4i
) &huyn =ua [0 lX ng*t+ ho%&_
e S0 '1ng &: &h >${
] C[ =5u fMA (f2\V=> MVCW\F A==VYY)`
Mt =u! tr-nh )3& )a+ fxl g0i &ho E )iu khin )a ('isk &ontroller) lnh )3& )a 7 &!& thng
s nh. )\a &h] tr9n )a &5a khi+ )\a &h] trong E nhY |{$ n:i so &,t khi )3& ).2&+ s Eyte &n
)3&+ sau )/ fxl tip t1& [0 lX &ng 7i& kh!&# F )iu khin so )3& khi tr9n )a+ tng Eit &ho tYi
khi ton E khi ).2& ).a 7o Euzzer &5a E )iu khin (lo&al Euzzer)# Qip theo E )iu khin
ph!t ra mt ng*t ) E!o &ho fxl Eit l thao t!& )3& )S hon t,t# fxl )n l,y 'q liu trong Euzzer
&huyn 7o E nhY &h"nh (|{$) ERng &!&h t4o mt 7Ung l%p )3& ln l.2t tng Eyte# Qhao t!& ny
lm lSng ph" thri gian &5a fxl#
ti .u+ E )iu khin th.rng ).2& &ung &,p th9m kh; nang truy [u,t E nhY trZ& tip (>${)#
Lgha l sau khi E )iu khin )S )3& ton E 'q liu t thit E\ 7o Euzzer &5a n/+ E )iu khin
&huyn Eyte )u ti9n 7o E nhY &h"nh t4i )\a &h] ).2& m t; E8i )\a &h] E nhY >${# Sau )/ n/
tang )\a &h] >${ 7 gi;m s Eytes ph;i &huyn# }u! tr-nh ny l%p l4i &ho tYi khi s Eytes ph;i
&huyn ERng b+ 7 E )iu khin t4o mt ng*t# Lh. 7?y E )iu khin tZ &huyn khi 7o trong E
nhY &h"nh#
H-nh I#_ f: &h >${
Ib
&/./e C<= >54I> >W<7 8I? 8p=5 h2 =54Fb7 1@4 1x=
truy [u,t &!& khi tr9n )a+ tr.Y& ti9n ph;i 'i &huyn )u )3& )n tra&k th"&h h2p+ thao t!& ny
g3i l seek 7 thri gian ) hon t,t thao t!& ny g3i l seek time# $t khi )S )n )6ng tra&k+ &Un
ph;i &hr &ho )n khi khi &n thit )n '.Yi )u )3&+ thri gian &hr ny g3i l laten&y time# fui
&(ng l &huyn 'q liu t )a 7o E nhY &h"nh+ thri gian ny g3i l transzer time# Qng thri gian
&ho '\&h 71 )a &h"nh l tng &5a Ea kho;ng thri gian tr9n (seek time w laten&y time w transzer
time)# Qrong )/ seek time 7 laten&y time l m,t nhiu thri gian nh,t+ 'o )/ ) gi;m thiu thri
gian truy [u,t+ h )iu hnh &n ).a ra &!& thu?t to!n l?p l\&h 'ri )u )3& sao &ho ti .u#
H-nh I#c_ m h-nh )a &sng
/010201 3hu" "o$n 4C45 ('irs"6come7 'irs"6ser(ed)
Qhu?t to!n so 'ri )u )3& theo ths tZ )6ng 7Yi ths tZ &!& khi &n )3&+ thu?t to!n '< l?p tr-nh
nh.ng &h.a tt# d" '1 &n ph;i )3& &!& khi theo ths tZ nh. sau_ c+ HcJ+ J+ HII+ HK+ HIK+ GO+ 7
G# Di; s0 hin t4i )u )3& )ang 8 7\ tr" OJ+ thu?t to!n so 'ri )u )3& ln l.2t )i =ua &!& khi OJ+
c+ HcJ+ J+ HII+ HK+ HIK+ GO+ 7 G
H-nh I#_ f!& E.Y& 'i &huyn )u )3& theo thu?t to!n fS
/01020/ 3hu" "o$n 5534 (shor"es"6see86"ime6'irs")
Qhu?t to!n so 'i &huyn )u )3& ln l.2t )n &!& khi &n )3& theo 7\ tr" gn 7Yi 7\ tr" hin hnh
&5a )u )3& nh,t# d" '1 &n )3& &!& khi nh. sau_ c+ HcJ+ J+ HII+ HK+ HIK+ GO+ 7 G# Di; s0
hin t4i )u )3& )ang 8 7\ tr" OJ+ thu?t to!n so 'ri )u )3& ln l.2t )i =ua &!& khi OJ+ GO+ G+ J+
HK+ c+ HII+ HIK 7 HcJ#
H-nh I#Hb_ f!& E.Y& 'i &huyn )u )3& theo thu?t to!n SSQ
IH
/010209 3hu" "o$n 5C&:
Qhu?t to!n so 'i &huyn )u )3& 7 mt ph"a &5a )a 7 t )/ 'i &huyn =ua ph"a kia# d" '1 &n
)3& &!& khi nh. sau_ c+ HcJ+ J+ HII+ HK+ HIK+ GO+ 7 G# Di; s0 hin t4i )u )3& )ang 8 7\ tr"
OJ+ )u )3& ln l.2t )i =ua &!& khi_ OJ+ J+ HK+ GO+ G+ c+ HII+ HIK 7 HcJ
H-nh I#HH_ f!& E.Y& 'i &huyn )u )3& theo thu?t to!n Sf{L
/01020; 3hu" "o$n C65C&:
Qhu?t to!n ny t.:ng tZ nh. thu?t to!n Sf{L+ &h] kh!& l khi n/ 'i &huyn )n mt )u no )/
&5a )a+ n/ so l?p ts& tr8 7 )u E*t )u &5a )a# p,y l4i 7" '1 tr9n+ khi )/ ths tZ truy [u,t &!&
khi so l OJ+ GO+ G+ c+ HII+ HIK+ HcJ+ HK+ J
H-nh I#HI_ f!& E.Y& 'i &huyn )u )3& theo thu?t to!n feSf{L
Qhu?t to!n Sf{L 7 feSf{L th"&h h2p &ho nhqng h thng ph;i truy [u,t 'q liu khi l.2ng
lYn# Qhu?t to!n l?p l\&h ph1 thu& 7o s khi 7 kiu khi &n truy [u,t+ 7" '1 nu s khi &n
truy [u,t l li9n t1& th- fS l thu?t to!n tt#
&/./i H0 YE 1B7 KV7 q6 RBC f2YaY
H0 YE 1B7 KV7 (I7>V\8VBqV)
F )iu khin )a ph;i thZ& hin hai &hs& nang l )3&vghi 'q liu 7 &huyn 'q liu 7o h thng#
)Wng E hai &hs& nang ny+ &!& se&tor ).2& )!nh s sao &ho &!& se&tor &/ s hiu li9n tip
nhau khng nRm k E9n nhau m &/ mt kho;ng &!&h+ kho;ng &!&h ny ).2& [!& )\nh E8i =u!
tr-nh zormat )a 7 g3i l h s )an [en#
H-nh I#HJ_ (a) interlea7eb+ (E) interlea7eH+ (&) interlea7eI
II
d" '1 gi; s0 h thng &/ H se&torvtra&k+ 7 interlea7e K th- &!& se&tor ).2& E tr" theo ths tZ
nh. sau_ H+ HK+ Hb+ G+ I+ HO+ HH+ + J+ HG+ HI+ c+ K+ H+ HJ+ + O
f!&h )3& ln l.2t nh. sau _
pn H_ H+ I+ J+ K+ O
pn I_ G+ + c+ + Hb
pn J_ HH+ HI+ HJ+ HK+ HO
pn K_ HG+ H
Lh. 7?y sau En ln ths tZ &!& se&tor )3& ).2& 7Tn l t H )n H
] RBC h2Ya`
H )iu hnh &/ th '(ng mt phn &5a E nhY &h"nh ) l.u trq &!& khi )a+ phn E nhY ny g3i
l |am >isk # |am >isk &Vng ).2& &hia lm nhiu khi+ mti khi &/ k"&h th.Y& ERng k"&h th.Y&
&5a khi tr9n )a# ~hi 'ri7er nh?n ).2& lnh )3&vghi khi+ so t-m trong E nhY |am >isk 7\ tr" &5a
khi+ 7 thZ& hin 7i& )3&v ghi trong )/ thay 7- t )a # |{$ 'isk &/ .u )im l &ho php truy
[u,t nhanh+ khng ph;i &hr =uay hay t-m kim+ th"&h h2p &ho 7i& l.u trq nhqng &h.:ng tr-nh
hay 'q liu ).2& truy [u,t th.rng [uy9n#
&/& yUN ) H THRNG TP TIN
&/&/. B =^79 >I? >27 >5Z Cr=
&/&/./. B =^79 (5B\h h2Ya)
a &sng ).2& )\nh '4ng thnh &!& 7Ung trUn )Wng tNm g3i l rSnh (tra&k)+ mti rSnh ).2& &hia
thnh nhiu phn ERng nhau g3i l &ung (se&tor)# $t khi (&luster) gWm mt ho%& nhiu &ung 7
'q liu ).2& )3&vghi theo ):n 7\ khi# di& s0 '1ng ):n 7\ khi ) tang hiu =u; trong 7i&
)3&vghi 7 gi;m &hi ph" =u;n lX s )\a &h] tr9n )a# Lgoi ra khi )a &sng lYn+ &/ th &hia thnh
nhiu phNn 7(ng (partition)+ mti phNn 7(ng gWm mt s t tr1 (&y&lin'er) li9n tip# $t t tr1 l
t?p h2p &!& rSnh &(ng E!n k"nh#
H-nh I#HK_ m h-nh t &hs& )a
&/&/./& w28V (>I? >27)
ile l mt t?p h2p thng tin ).2& )%t t9n 7 l.u trq tr9n )a# ile l ):n 7\ l.u trq thng tin nh
nh,t tr9n )a &5a h )iu hnh# ile &/ th l.u trq &h.:ng tr-nh hay 'q liu+ zile &/ th l 'Sy tun
tZ &!& Eyte khng &,u tr6& ho%& &/ &,u tr6& 'Ung (kt th6& ERng k" tZ enter)+ ho%& &,u tr6& mTu tin
&/ &hiu 'i & )\nh hay thay )i# f,u tr6& zile 'o h )iu hnh ho%& &h.:ng tr-nh =ui )\nh# ile
&/ th truy [u,t tun tZ ()3& &!& Eyte theo ths tZ t )u zile)+ ho%& truy [u,t ngTu nhi9n ()3&vghi
t4i mt 7\ tr" E,t kP trong zile)#
IJ
se&tor tra&k
] T54D= >G75 z28V (z28V B>>\2g4>VY)
Qhu& t"nh &5a zile l &!& thng tin li9n =uan )n zile+ s thu& t"nh &5a zile t(y theo h )iu hnh+
nh.ng th.rng th- zile &/ &!& thu& t"nh sau_
w Q9n zile (zile name)
Q9n zile '(ng ) phNn Eit zile ny 7Yi zile kh!&+ lLiM phNn Eit t9n zile &hq th.rng 7Yi t9n zile
&hq hoa nh.ng iL>OS th- khng phNn Eit# Qrong lLiM t9n zile &/ th &/ nhiu phNn &!&h
(7" '1 prog#&#)+ iL>OS &h] &/ mt phNn &!&h# H )iu hnh '(ng phn m8 rng ) nh?n
'4ng kiu &5a zile 7 &!& thao t!& &/ th thZ& hin tr9n kiu zile )/+ 7" '1 phn m8 rng l #e[e+
#&om th- h )iu hnh hiu l zile kiu nh\ phNn &/ th thZ& thi nh.ng nu khng thZ& thi ).2&
th- l 'o &,u tr6& zile khng )6ng =ui )\nh &5a zile #e[e+ #&om#
w ~iu zile (zile type)
f/ hai lo4i zile l zile 7an E;n 7 zile nh\ phNn# ile 7an E;n &hsa &!& 'Ung 7an E;n &ui 'Ung &/
kX tZ [ung 'Ung (k" tZ enter)# ile nh\ phNn gWm 'Sy &!& Eyte+ &/ &,u tr6& t(y theo &h.:ng tr-nh
t4o ra zile# d" '1 zile #&om+ #e[e+ #ya7+ #Emp+u# h )iu hnh &h] thZ& thi ).2& zile #&om+ #e[e nu
n/ &/ &,u tr6& )6ng =ui )\nh#
w d\ tr" zile_ >anh s!&h &!& khi (&luster) tr9n )a )S &,p &ho zile#
w ~"&h th.Y& zile_ ~"&h th.Y& hin thri+ k"&h th.Y& ti )a &5a zile t"nh ERng Eytesvyor'svElo&ks+u
w Lgy gir t4o zile+ ng.ri t4o zile_ Lgy+ gir t4o zile ngy+ gir &?p nh?t zile gn nh,t ngy+ gir
s0 '1ng zile sau &(ng+ ng.ri t4o zile#
w poai zile_ zile n+ &h] )3&+ h thng+ l.u trq+ zilevth. m1&
w F;o 7 zile_ >(ng a&&ount (username+ passyor')+ oynerv&reator ho%& '(ng =uyn )S &,p &ho
user+ group tr9n zile hay th. m1&+ gWm &!& =uyn sau_ =uyn )3& (|ea')+ ghi (rite)+ [/a
(>elete)+ thZ& thi (^[e&ute)+ lit k9 (pist)+ th9m ({ppen')###
T54D= >G75 795B
xrote&tion {i &/ th truy [u,t zile 7 ERng &!&h no
xassyor' $?t khu &n &/ ) truy [u,t zile
freator i> &5a ng.ri t4o zile
Oyner Lg.ri s8 hqu hin t4i
|ea'eonly zlag b_ &ho php )3&vghi H_ &h] &ho php )3&
Hi''en zlag b_ E-nh th.rng H_ khng [u,t hin khi lit k9
System zlag b_ zile E-nh th.rng+ H_ zile h thng
{r&hi7e zlag b_ )S Ea&kup+ H_ &n ).2& Ea&kup#
{SfiivEinary zlag b_ zile '(ng mS {Sfii+ H_ zile '(ng mS nh\ phNn
|an'om {&&ess zlag b_ &h] &ho php truy [u,t tun tZ H_ &ho php truy [u,t ngTu
Qemporary zlag b_ E-nh th.rng+ H_ zile E\ h5y khi tin tr-nh kt th6&
po&k zlags b _ khng kh/a+ kh!& b_ kh/a
|e&or' length S Eytes trong mt mTu tin
~ey position ozzset &5a kh/a trong tng mTu tin
~ey length S Eyte &5a kh/a trong mTu tin
freation time Lgy gir t4o zile
Qime oz last a&&ess Lgy gir truy [u,t zile gn nh,t
Qime oz last &hange Lgy gir &?p nh?t ni 'ung zile gn nh,t
furrent sie S Eyte &5a zile
$a[imum sie S Eytes ti )a &ho php &5a zile
H-nh I#HO_ $t s thu& t"nh &5a zilevth. m1&
IK
] C<= >5BW ><= >\7 z28V
H )iu hnh &n &ung &,p &!& &!& lri g3i h thng (system &all) [0 lX zile nh. l_
t4ov[/avm8v)/ngv)3&vghivth9mv'ri &on tr zilevl,y thu& t"nhv)%t thu& t"nhv)i t9n zile+u
w Q4o zile (&reate)_ Dhi mt m1& &hsa thng tin zile 7o &,u tr6& th. m1& 7 t-m mt khi trng
&,p &ho zile#
w M/a zile ('elete)_ Q-m t9n zile trong &,u tr6& th. m1&+ gi;i ph/ng t,t &; khi )a m zile &him
giq+ [o! m1& t.:ng sng trong &,u tr6& th. m1&#
w $8 zile (open)_ ~hi ln )u ti9n zile ).2& truy [u,t+ thng tin 7 zile ).2& )3& t &,u tr6& th.
m1& 7 l.u 7o E;ng openeziles trong E nhY# Lu zile &h.a )/ng+ th- nhqng ln truy [u,t sau so
khng ph;i t-m thng tin 7 zile trong &,u tr6& th. m1& nqa m l,y trong E;ng openeziles# Qhao
t!& m8 zile so tr; 7 &h] m1& trong E;ng openeziles
w /ng zile (&lose)_ Dhi m1& t.:ng sng trong E;ng openeziles 7o &,u tr6& th. m1&+ 7 h5y m1&
ny trong E;ng openeziles#
w 3& zile (rea')_ Q-m t9n zile trong &,u tr6& th. m1&+ Eit ).2& 7\ tr" l.u trq zile+ )3& zile 7o E
nhY+ '(ng mt &on tr )3& (rea' pointer) ) ghi nh?n 7\ tr" &ho ln )3& k tip#
w Dhi zile (yrite)_ Q-m t9n zile trong &,u tr6& th. m1&+ l,y ).2& s hiu khi nhY )u ti9n &,p ph!t
&ho zile+ ghi 'q liu &5a zile 7o 7\ tr" ny+ '(ng mt &on tr ghi (yrite pointer) ) ghi nh?n 7\ tr"
&ho ln ghi k tip#
w Dhi th9m 7o &ui (appen')
w p,y thu& t"nh (get attriEute)
w %t thu& t"nh (set attriEute)
w i t9n zile (rename)
&/&/./H CL4 >\m= >5Z Cr= (f2\V=>W\F S>\4=>4\V)
] K5<2 720C
f,u tr6& th. m1& l &,u tr6& '(ng ) =u;n lX t,t &; &!& zile tr9n )a# f,u tr6& th. m1& &Vng ).2&
ghi tr9n )a 7 gWm nhiu m1& (>ire&tory ^ntry)+ mti m1& l.u thng tin &5a mt zile# Qhng
th.rng thng tin zile gWm &/ thu& t"nh zile 7 'anh s!&h &!& s hiu khi )a l.u trq zile# ~hi mt
zile ).2& truy [u,t+ h )iu hnh t-m t9n zile trong &,u tr6& th. m1&+ nu t-m th,y so l,y thu& t"nh
7 &!& s hiu khi l.u trq zile ).a 7o mt E;ng trong E nhY (E;ng openeziles)+ &!& ln sau khi
truy [u,t zile ho%& thay )i thng tin zile th- khng &n truy [u,t )a m truy [u,t E;ng openeziles
trong E nhY &h"nh 7 so nhanh h:n nhiu# H )iu hnh &Vng &n &ung &,p &!& lri g3i h thng
) thao t!& tr9n th. m1& t.:ng tZ nh. )i 7Yi zile# f!& thao t!& tr9n th. m1& &/ th l_ freate+
>elete+ Open+ flose+ |ea'+ |ename+ pink+ lnlink+u
H-nh I#HG_ m h-nh &,u tr6& th. m1&+ mti m1& trong &,u tr6& th. m1& =u;n lX mt zile ho%& th.
m1& &on
IO
F 1 F 2
F 3
F 4
F n
Dir Structure
Files
m1& b m1& H u#m1& nf,u tr6& th.
m1&
Qenile Qhuo&Qinh
diQripuuQru$t m1& trong &,u
tr6& th. m1&
] CL4 >\m= >5Z Cr=
w Qh. m1& mt &,p_ (Single pe7el >ire&tory)
f,u tr6& th. m1& so &hsa thu& t"nh &5a t,t &; &!& zile &5a t,t &; ng.ri '(ng# f,u tr6& ny ):n
gi;n nh.ng gNy ra kh/ khan 'o )%t t9n zile khng ).2& tr(ng nhau 7 ng.ri s0 '1ng khng th
phNn nh/m &ho zile &Vng nh. t-m kim &h?m khi s l.:ng zile nhiu#
H-nh I#H_ &,u tr6& th. m1& mt &,p
w Qh. m1& hai &,p_ (Qyo pe7el >ire&tory)
SZ E,t tin &h5 yu &5a th. m1& mt &,p l nhm lTn 7 t9n zile giqa nhqng ng.ri '(ng# Di;i
ph!p l t4o th. m1& ri9ng (user zile 'ire&tory_l>) &ho mti user# $ti l> &/ &,u tr6& ging
nhau nh.ng &h] =u;n lX zile &5a mt user+ nh. 7?y &!& user &/ th &/ zile &(ng t9n nh.ng user &h]
).2& truy [u,t &!& zile trong th. m1& &5a user )/# Di;i ph!p ny t-m kim zile nhanh h:n+ nh.ng
7Tn khng &/ kh; nang nh/m zile# Qrong h-nh I#O+ userH mun truy [u,t zile test th- s0 '1ng
).rng 'Tn_ userHvtest#
H-nh I#Hc_ &,u tr6& th. m1& hai &,p
w Qh. m1& )a &,p_ (QreeeStru&ture' >ire&tory)
f/ mt th. m1& g3i l th. m1& g& (root 'ire&tory) 7 trong )/ &/ &!& th. m1& &on# $ti user &/
th t4o nhqng th. m1& &on ri9ng+ trong mti th. m1& &on &hsa zile 7 &/ th &hsa th. m1& &on
kh!&# f,u tr6& ny &ho php user &/ th truy [u,t )n zile &5a user kh!& thng =ua =uyn ).2&
&,p 7 &ho php t-m kim hiu =u; h:n+ &Vng nh. &/ kh; nang phNn nh/m zile#
H-nh I#H_ &,u tr6& th. m1& )a &,p
IG
H )iu hnh &/ th &hia )a &sng thnh nhiu phNn 7(ng (partition)+ mti phNn 7(ng gWm nhiu
t tr1 (&y&lin'er) li9n tip+ ho%& t?p h2p nhiu )a &sng thnh mt phNn 7(ng# $ti phNn 7(ng so
&/ &,u tr6& th. m1& ri9ng ) =u;n lX &!& t?p tin trong phNn 7(ng )/#
H-nh I#Ib_ t &hs& phNn 7(ng )a
] Bt79 >5Z Cr= (f2\V=>W\F TBg8V)
F;ng th. m1& l mt '4ng &i )%t ERng 'Sy mt &hiu &5a &,u tr6& th. m1& (>ire&tory Stru&ture)#
F;ng th. m1& &/ nhiu m1& ('ire&tory entry)+ mti m1& l.u trq thng tin &5a mt zilevth. m1&+
thng tin zile gWm thu& t"nh &5a zile 7 )\a &h] tr9n )a &5a ton E zile ho%& s hiu &5a khi )u
ti9n &hsa zile ho%& l s ieno'e &5a zile# $ti )a &/ mt E;ng th. m1& g3i l E;ng th. m1& g&+
&i )%t 8 phn )u &5a )a 7 &/ th &/ nhiu E;ng th. m1& &on#
d" '1_
w $ti m1& trong E;ng th. m1& &5a h )iu hnh $S>OSviL>OS ({Q) &h] l.u s hiu khi
)u ti9n &5a mti zilevth. m1&# ~hi )/ ) Eit s hiu &!& khi &Un l4i &5a zilevth. m1&+ h )iu
hnh so '(ng E;ng &,p ph!t zile (E;ng {Q)#
H-nh I#IH_ &,u tr6& mt m1& trong E;ng th. m1& &5a $S>OSviL>OS ({Q)
w $ti m1& trong E;ng th. m1& &5a h )iu hnh fxv$ &hsa t,t &; &!& s hiu khi &hsa zilevth.
m1&+ khi )/ khng &n '(ng E;ng &,p ph!t zile (E;ng {Q)
H-nh I#II_ &,u tr6& mt m1& trong E;ng th. m1& &5a fxv$
I
w $ti m1& trong E;ng th. m1& &5a h )iu hnh lLiM l.u s hiu ieno'e
H-nh I#IJ_ &,u tr6& mt m1& trong E;ng th. m1& &5a lLiM
&/&/& C62 1> 50 >5E79 s4t7 8U z28V
di& &i )%t h thng =u;n lX zile ph1 thu& 7o 7i& h )iu hnh &h3n ph.:ng ph!p &,p ph!t
khi nhY &ho zile l li9n t1& hay khng li9n t1&#
&/&/&/. CL? ?5<> a5E2 75v 827 >r=
~hi &,p ph!t khi nhY li9n t1&+ ) &i )%t h thng =u;n lX zile+ h )iu hnh &h] &n '(ng E;ng
th. m1&+ mti m1& trong E;ng th. m1& ngoi nhqng thu& t"nh thng th.rng &5a zile+ &n &/ th9m
thng tin 7 s hiu khi E*t )u (start) 7 s khi )S &,p &ho zile (length)# xh.:ng ph!p ny '<
&i )%t+ '< thao t!& 7- ton E zile ).2& )3& t &!& khi li9n tip tr9n )a khng &n )\nh 7\ l4i+
nh.ng &/ khuyt )im l zile khng th ph!t trin 7 &/ th gNy ra lSng ph" 'o sZ phNn m;nh tr9n
)a#
H-nh I#IK_ F;ng th. m1& trong m h-nh &,p ph!t li9n t1&
&/&/&/& CL? ?5<> a5E2 75v a5X79 827 >r=
~hi &,p ph!t khi nhY li9n t1&+ ) &i )%t h thng =u;n lX zile+ h )iu hnh s0 '1ng E;ng th.
m1& 7 &n ph;i s0 '1ng th9m mt trong &!& &,u tr6& sau_ 'anh s!&h li9n kt+ E;ng &h] m1&+ E;ng
&,p ph!t zile+ E;ng ieLo'es#
/0/0/0/01 <!nh s$ch li=n 8%">
$ti m1& trong E;ng th. m1& &hsa s hiu &5a khi )u ti9n (start) 7 s hiu &5a khi kt th6&
(en')+ mti khi tr9n )a 'nh mt s Eyte )u ho%& &ui (th.rng l K Eytes) ) l.u s hiu khi k
tip &5a zile+ phn &Un l4i &5a khi so l.u 'q liu &5a zile# xh.:ng ph!p ny khng E\ lSng ph" 'o
phNn m;nh ngo4i 7i+ nh.ng truy [u,t ngTu nhi9n &h?m 7 r,t kh/ E;o 7 &!& s hiu khi &5a ile#
Ic
H-nh I#IO_ m h-nh &,p ph!t khng li9n t1&+ s0 '1ng 'anh s!&h li9n kt
/0/0/0/0/ ?ng ch@ mAc (inde* "!ble)>
$ti zile &/ mt E;ng &h] m1& &him mt ho%& 7i khi+ E;ng &h] m1& &hsa t,t &; &!& s hiu khi
&5a mt zile# ~hi )/ mt m1& trong E;ng th. m1& so l.u s hiu khi &hsa E;ng &h] m1& &5a zile#
xh.:ng ph!p ny '< E;o 7 &!& E;ng &h] m1&+ ngha l E;o 7 ).2& &!& s hiu khi &5a zile
nh.ng tn nhiu khi nhY ) l.u &!& E;ng &h] m1&#
d" '1 )a &sng &/ 'ung l.2ng JI DF+ k"&h th.Y& H khi l OHI Fytes# Hi k"&h th.Y& mt E;ng
&h] m1& l Eao nhi9u nu mun =u;n lX zile &/ k"&h th.Y& lYn nh,t l IOG~
JI DFI
O
[ I
Hb
[ I
Hb
~F I
IO
~F I
HG
khi &/ I
HG
)\a &h] tr9n )a mti phn t0 E;ng &h]
m1& &n I Eyte# ile k"&h th.Y& IOG~F IOG [ HbIK Eyte OHI khi E;ng &h] m1& &n &/
OHI phn t0 mt E;ng &h] m1& &him hai khi
H-nh I#IG_ m h-nh &,p ph!t khng li9n t1&+ s0 '1ng E;ng &h] m1&
/0/0/0/09 ?ng c#p ph$" 'ile (4&3> 4ile &lloc!"ion 3!ble)
Lu mti m1& trong E;ng th. m1& &h] &hsa s hiu &5a khi )u ti9n+ th- s hiu &!& khi &Un l4i
&5a zile so ).2& l.u trong mt E;ng g3i l E;ng &,p ph!t zile (E;ng {Q)# xh.:ng ph!p ny '< E;o
7 &!& s hiu khi )S &,p &ho zile+ truy [u,t zile ngTu nhi9n '< 'ng h:n+ k"&h th.Y& zile '< m8
rng nh.ng E;ng {Q E\ giYi h4n E8i k"&h th.Y& E nhY 'nh &ho n/# Ny &h"nh l &!&h m h
)iu hnh $S>OS+ OSvI+ in'oys ({Q) s0 '1ng ) =u;n lX ile#
I
d" '1_ Di; s0 zile test#t[t ).2& l.u trq ln l.2t 8 J khi tr9n )a &/ s hiu l_ IH+ GHc+ JJ# S
hiu khi )u l IH ghi trong mt m1& &5a E;ng th. m1&+ &!& s hiu khi tip theo l GHc+ JJ
ghi trong E;ng &,p ph!t zile#
H-nh I#I_ m h-nh &,p ph!t khng li9n t1&+ s0 '1ng E;ng {Q
d" '1_ Di; s0 zile { 7 zile F ).2& &,p ph!t gWm &!& khi theo ths tZ sau_ zile {_ K+ + I+ Hb+ HI
zile F_ G+ J+ HH+ HK# ~hi )/ trong E;ng th. m1& so &/ mt m1& l.u t9n zile { 7 s hiu khi )u
&5a zile { l K# Q.:ng tZ &/ mt m1& l.u t9n zile F 7 s hiu khi )u &5a zile F l G# f!& s hiu
khi tip theo &5a zile { 7 zile F l.u trong E;ng &,p ph!t zile (zat)
F;ng th. m1&_
u ({+ K) u (F+ G) u
^ntry &5a { ^ntry &5a
F
F;ng {Q _
H-nh I#Ic_ m h-nh &,p ph!t khng li9n t1&+ s0 '1ng E;ng {Q+ &/ hai zile
Jb
/0/0/0/0; ?ng -6nodes>
$ti zile ).2& =u;n lX ERng mt &,u tr6& g3i l ieno'e+ mti ieno'e gWm hai phn_ phn ths nh,t
l.u trq thu& t"nh zile+ phn ths hai gWm HJ phn t0_ Hb phn t0 )u &hsa Hb s hiu khi )u ti9n
&5a zile+ phn t0 ths HH &hsa s hiu khi &hsa E;ng single+ phn t0 ths HI &hsa s hiu khi &hsa
E;ng 'ouEle+ phn t0 ths HJ &hsa s hiu khi &hsa E;ng triple# Qrong )/ mti phn t0 &5a E;ng
triple &hsa s hiu khi &hsa E;ng 'ouEle+ mti phn t0 &5a E;ng 'ouEle &hsa s hiu khi &hsa
E;ng single 7 mti phn t0 &5a E;ng single &hsa s hiu khi 'q liu tip theo &,p &ho zile#
Dhi &h6_ H )iu hnh lni[ s0 '1ng &,u tr6& ny 7 s phn t0 &5a phn ths hai+ khng nh,t thit
l HJ m &/ th thay )i t(y phi9n E;n &5a lLiM
H-nh I#I_ &,u tr6& mt ieno'e trong E;ng ieno'es
B PhCDng ph$p "E chFc Gun l HI! bJng -6nodes>
w $F|($aster Foot |e&or')_ l se&tor )u ti9n &hsa thng tin 7 )a#
w xartion QaEle_ E;ng phNn 7(ng &hsa &!& thng tin 7 mti phNn 7(ng#
$t phNn 7(ng ).2& t &hs& thnh &!& phn sau_ Eoot Elo&k+ super Elo&k+ zree spa&e mgmt+ ie
no'es+ root 'ir+ ziles an' 'ire&tories# Qrong )/ ieno'es l E;ng ieno'es gWm nhiu m1&+ mti m1&
g3i l mt ieno'e+ &hsa mt &,u tr6& ieno'e ghi thng tin &5a mt zile# $ti m1& &5a E;ng th. m1&
g& (root 'ir) ghi t9n zile 7 s hiu ieno'es &5a zile# xh.:ng ph!p ny t.:ng )i linh )ng 7
hiu =u; khi =5an lX nhqng h thng zile lYn#
JH
H-nh I#Jb_ m h-nh &,p ph!t khng li9n t1&+ s0 '1ng E;ng ieno'es tng =u!t
d" '1 h )iu hnh mun )3& zile vusrvastvmEo[+ tr.Y& ti9n t-m t9n th. m1& @usrA trong E;ng th.
m1& g& (root 'ir)+ 7 nh?n th,y th. m1& @usrA &/ ieno'es l G# Qip theo truy [u,t phn t0 ieno'e
ths G trong E;ng ieno'es+ l,y ).2& s hiu khi )u &5a @usrA l HJI+ khi ny so &hsa E;ng th.
m1& &on (suE 'ir) &5a @usrA# Qip theo t-m t9n th. m1& @astA trong E;ng th. m1& &on &5a @usrA+
7 t-m ).2& th. m1& @astA &/ ieno'es l IG# Qip theo truy [u,t phn t0 ieno'e ths IG trong E;ng
ieno'es+ l,y ).2& s hiu khi )u &5a @astA l KbG+ khi ny so &hsa E;ng th. m1& &on &5a @astA#
Qip theo t-m t9n zile @mEo[A trong E;ng th. m1& &on ny+ 7 t-m ).2& zile @mEo[A &/ ieno'es l
Gb# Qruy [u,t phn t0 ieno'e ths Gb trong E;ng ieno'es+ l,y ).2& &!& s hiu khi &5a zile
@mEo[A#
H-nh I#JH_ m h-nh &,p ph!t khng li9n t1&+ s0 '1ng E;ng ieno'es &hi tit
&/&/H/ y4t7 8U =<= a5E2 >\E79
f/ hai ph.:ng ph!p m h )iu hnh th.rng s0 '1ng ) =u;n lX &!& khi trng l s0 '1ng 'anh
s!&h li9n kt ho%& 7e&tor Eit#
&/&/H/. fB75 Y<=5 827 au>
$ti n6t trong 'anh s!&h li9n kt ('slk) l mt khi &hsa mt E;ng gWm &!& s hiu khi trng+
phn t0 &ui &5a E;ng l.u s hiu khi tip theo trong 'anh s!&h#
d" '1_ Di; s0 khi )u ti9n trong 'slk l khi I# Qrong khi I l.u &!& s O+ OJ+ b+ O l &!& s
hiu khi trng+ &!& khi J l khi &hsa E;ng &!& s hiu khi trng tip theouH )iu hnh &h]
&n Eit s hiu khi )u ti9n &5a 'anh s!&h li9n kt#
d" '1_ $t )a Ib$+ '(ng khi &/ k"&h th.Y& H ~# =u;n lX )a ny+ nu )a hon ton trng
th- >Sp~ &n Eao nhi9u khi (s n6t ti )a &5a 'slk)
Di;i_
Ib$ Ib[ I
Hb
khi I
HO
khi &n '(ng HG EitI Eyte ) l.u mt s hiu khi
H khiHbIK Eyte l.u ).2& OHH s hiu khi trng
) =u;n lX )a &/ Ib$

hon ton trng+ 'slk &n Ib[ I
Hb
v OHH Kb khi
JI
bHIJKOOJbOJ~hi
I
bHIJKJOKJK~hi
J
u
Lh?n [t_ Qn kh! nhiu khi nhY &ho 'slk nu )a hon ton trng+ nh.ng so "t tn khi nhY &ho
'slk nu )a gn )y#
H-nh I#JI_ }u;n lX 'anh s!&h &!& khi trng s0 '1ng 'anh s!&h li9n kt#
d" '1_ Di; s0 khi )a H~F 7 mt s hiu khi )a l JI Eit th- mt khi )a &/ th ghi ).2& IOG
eH s hiu khi )a trng
H-nh I#JJ_ }u;n lX 'anh s!&h &!& khi trng s0 '1ng 'anh s!&h li9n kt 7 7e&tor Eit#
&/&/H/& f79 qV=>W\ g2> (hF gG>)
Fit ths i H l khi ths i trng+ Eit ths i b l khi ths i )S s0 '1ng# de&tor Eit ).2& l.u tr9n mt
ho%& nhiu khi )a+ khi &n so )3& 7o E nhY ) [0 lX nhanh# de&tor Eit "t tn khi nhY h:n l
'slk nh.ng k"&h th.Y& 7e&tor Eit l & )\nh 7 h )iu hnh &n )Wng E 7e&tor Eit trong E nhY
7 7e&tor Eit tr9n )a#
d" '1_ [t l4i 7" '1 tr9n+ nu '(ng 7e&tor Eit+ hSy t"nh k"&h ths:& 7e&tor Eit#
H>_ a Ib$ &/ Ib [ I
Hb
khi n9n k"&h th.Y& 7e&tor Eit l Ib [ I
Hb
Eit Ib [ I
Hb
vcv I
Hb
~F J
khi#
JJ
&/&/M/ y4t7 8U Yk B7 >W67 =AB 50 >5E79 >I? >27
&/&/M/. y4t7 8U a5E2 gp 579
w >(ng phn mm_ '(ng mt zile &hsa &!& 'anh s!&h &!& khi hng#
w >(ng phn &sng_ '(ng mt se&tor tr9n )a ) l.u giq 'anh s!&h &!& khi E\ hng#
~hi E kim so!t )a thZ& hin ln )u ti9n+ n/ )3& 'anh s!&h khi E\ hng 7o E nhY+ t )/
khng &ho truy &?p nhqng khi hng#
&/&/M/& SBW 8Z4 z28V (BB=a4?)
ile tr9n )a mm ).2& sao l.u ERng &!&h &hp l4i ton E =ua mt )a kh!&# >q liu tr9n )a
&sng nh th- ).2& sao l.u tr9n &!& Eang t# i 7Yi )a &sng lYn+ 7i& sao l.u &/ th tin hnh
nh. sau_ &hia )a &sng lm hai phn mt phn &hsa 'q liu g& 7 mt phn &hsa E;n sao# $ti
khi thZ& hin sao l.u+ phn 'q liu g& so ).2& &hp sang phn sao l.u#
&/&/e G2v2 >5204 CD> YE 50 >5E79 >I? >27
&/&/e/. H0 >5E79 >I? >27 =AB MSfOSJ27hW}Y (wAT)
H )iu hnh $S>OS ho%& in'oys (s0 '1ng h thng {Q) so =u;n lX h thng t?p tin thng
=ua Ea &,u tr6& sau_ Foot Se&tor+ E;ng {Q+ E;ng |OOQ >i|#
+ ?oo" sec"or
se&tor )u ti9n+ tra&k b+ si'e b &5a )a mm+ )i 7Yi )a &sng th- 7\ tr" ny l E;ng partition+ rWi
mYi tYi Eoot se&tor &5a partition ths nh,t+ )i 7Yi &!& partition kh!&+ Eoot se&tor l se&tor )u ti9n#
Foot se&tor &hsa E;ng tham s )a FxF (Fios xarameter Flo&k) 7 &hsa )o4n mS Eoot '(ng )
n4p &!& zile h thng+ Eoot se&tor h2p l ph;i &/ gi! tr\ {{OO 8 ozzset H^# Qr9n m!y iF$ xf sau
khi thZ& hin thao t!& xOSQ (xoyer On Selz Qest)+ |O$ FiOS t-m Eoot se&tor h2p l+ )3& Eoot
se&tor 7o )\a &h] bMfbb+ g!n fSbbbbh+ ixfbbh 7 &ho thZ& thi lnh )u ti9n trong Eoot
se&tor (lnh $x)# Foot se&tor &/ &,u tr6& nh. sau_
Ozzset(he[) Sie(Eyte
)
fontent Di;i th"&h
bb J $x pnh nh;y )n )u )o4n mS Eoot
bJ c dersion xhi9n E;n h )iu hnh
bF I Se&tSi s Eyte vmt se&tor+ th.rng l OHI ()Ny l E*t )u &5a FxF)
JK
H-nh I#JK_ sao l.u 'q liu
b> H flustSie s se&tor v mt &luster (kh!& b)
b^ I |esSe&s s se&tor 'nh ri9ng tr.Y& E;ng {Q+ t"nh lun Eoot se&tor ()i 7Yi
{QHI+ {QHG H+ {QJIIbh)
Hb H atfnt s E;ng {Q (th.rng l I)
HH I |ootSi S m1& trong E;ng |OOQ >i|
HJ I QotSe&s Qng s se&tor tr9n )a hay tr9n mt partition (GOOJO)
HO H $e'ia>es&riptor Fyte nh?n '4ng )a (c_)a &sng+ b_H#KK $F)
HG I atSie S se&tor vmt E;ng {Q (GOOJO)# {QJIb
Hc I QrkSe&s s se&tor v mt tra&k
H{ I Hea'fnt s )u )3&
Hf K Hi'nSe& s se&tor n (8 giqa E;ng partition 7 partion)
Ib K FigQotSe&s Qng s se&tor tr9n )a hay tr9n mt partition ( GOOJO)
IK K FigatSie S se&tor vmt E;ng {Q (GOOJO)
u u u u
H> (kt th6& FxF)
H^ )u )o4n mS Eoot
u u
H &ui )o4n mS Eoot
H-nh I#JO_ f,u tr6& Eoot se&tor#
+ ?ng 4&3
Sau Eoot se&tor l E;ng {Q (ile {llo&ation QaEle)+ th.rng &/ hai E;ng {Q ) an ton# $ti m1&
&5a {Q =u;n lX mt khi (&luster) 'q liu ( khi 'q liu ).2& )!nh s E*t )u t I)# Hai m1& )u
ti9n &5a E;ng {Q &hsa thng tin m t; lo4i )a# ~"&h th.Y& khi ).2& l.u trong Eoot se&tor thng
th.rng t H )n c se&tor# f/ Ea lo4i {Q l {Q HI 7 {Q HG+ {Q JI# {Q HI (mti m1& trong
E;ng {QHI &/ k"&h th.Y& l HI Eit) &/ th =u;n lX ).2& I
HI
KbG khi+ {Q HG &/ th =u;n lX
I
HG
GK ~ khi+ {Q JI &/ th =u;n lX I
JI
KD khi tr9n mt partition# f!& gi! tr\ &/ th &/ trong
mt entry &5a E;ng {Q#
(b)bbb fluster &Un trng
(b)bbI e ()^ fluster &hsa 'q liu &5a ile+ gi! tr\ ny l s hiu &luster k#
()b e ()G >nh ri9ng+ khng '(ng
() fluster hng
()c e () fluster &ui &(ng &5a &huti (kt th6& zile)
H-nh I#JG_ f,u tr6& mt m1& (entry) trong E;ng zat#
+ ?ng K..3 <-K (bng "hC mAc gLc)
JO

F;ng |OOQ >i| nRm ngay sau {Q+ 7 mti m1& &5a E;ng >i| l JI Eyte# ~hi h thng m8 mt
ilev th. m1&+ $Se>OS t-m t9n ilevth. m1& trong E;ng |OOQ >i|+ l,y s hiu khi )u )S &,p
&ho zilevth. m1& 7 t-m &!& s hiu khi tip theo trong E;ng {Q#
Foot se&tor F;ng {QH F;ng {QI F;ng >i| >{Q{
~"&h th.Y& Qhu& t"nh
c Eyte Q9n ile
J Eyte xhn m8 rng
H Eyte Qhu& t"nh _ { > d S e H e |
Hb Eyte >nh ri9ng ) s0 '1ng sau ny#
I Eyte Dir _ O Eit &ho gir+ G Eit &ho ph6t+ O Eit &ho giNy (thieu H+ n9n l.u ):n 7\ I giNy)
I Eyte Lgy _ Eit &ho nam (t Hcb)+ K Eit &ho th!ng+ O Eit &ho ngy#
I Eyte S hiu khi )u ti9n &5a zile
K Eyte ~"&h th.Y& ile
H-nh I#J_ f,u tr6& mt m1& trong E;ng |OOQ >i|v SlF >i|
Di! tr\ &5a Eyte thu& t"nh_
H _ ile &h] )3& (|ea' Only)
I _ ile n (Hi''en)
K _ ile h thng (System)
c _ nhSn )a (dolume)
HG _ th. m1& &on (>ire&tory)
JI _ ile &h.a ).2& sao l.u ({r&hi7e)
d" '1_ Mt )a H#K$F+ ).2& zormat '.Yi h )iu hnh $Se>OSviL>OS ({QHI) gWm &/
Iccb se&tor (H#K$FH#KHbIKHbIKvOHIIccb se&tor)+ 7 H khi (&luster) H se&tor n9n mti
m1& &5a E;ng {Q &h] &n HI Eit# Se&tor )u ti9n l Eoot se&tor+ Eao gWm E;ng tham s 7?t lX &5a
)a 7 &h.:ng tr-nh kh8i )ng &5a h )iu hnh# Hc se&tor tip theo l {Q ({QHI)+ gWm I E;ng+
mti E;ng se&tor (&/ JbI m1&+ nu c se&tor th- khng )5 ) =u;n lX Iccb khi)# Fa Eytes )u
ti9n &5a mti E;ng {Q l.u s hiu lo4i )a (IKb+ IOO+ IOO)# HK se&tor k tip &hsa E;ng th. m1&
g& (E;ng |OOQ >i|)# f!& se&tor &Un l4i '(ng ) l.u 'q liu+ &luster )!nh s t I#
JG
SE
YV=>W\
H HK fUn l4i
)Z4 >\ Foot se&tor {QHI {QHI >i| >{Q{
C#u "rMc m" mAc "rong bng K..3 <-K
a H#KK$F 8 th. m1& g& &/ ti )a IIK zile ho%& th. m1& &on# Lu zile &/ k"&h ths:& zile b th-
s hiu khi )u b# ~" tZ )u &5a t9n zile &/ gi! tr\ l b (trng)+ ',u &h,m ('nh ri9ng &ho >OS)+
b[^O (zile )S E\ [/a_ khi [/a zile+ >OS so )in k" tZ b[^O 7o k" tZ )u &5a zile)#
+ C#u "rMc bng 4&3
6 NOc,ghi 4&3 1/
d" '1_ ghi 7o entry I gi! tr\ I{h 7 entry J gi! tr\ FfOh# >o Eyte b+H+I l.u s hiu )a+ n9n
entry I so ).2& ghi 7o Eyte ths J+K 7 entry J so ).2& ghi 7o Eyte ths K+O # f!&h ghi nh. sau_
Fyte b H I J K O
Di! tr\ (s hiu )a ) I{ O Ff
unsigne' &har zatOHI vvm;ng &hsa E;ng zat )3& t )a
7oi' riteat (unsigne' neyzat+ unsigne' k) vv ghi gi! tr\ neyzat 7o entry ths k I+J+###+JbH

unsigne' ikJvI vventry k so ).2& ghi 7o Eyte ths i 7 iwH

iz (kIb)vv k &hn
vv)%t c E"t &ui &5a neyzat 7o Eyte ths i
zati neyzatb[b
vv)%t K E"t &ao &5a neyzat 7o K E"t &ui &5a Eyte ths iwH
zatiwH (zatiwHb[b) (neyzatc)

else vvk l
vv)%t c E"t &ao 7o 7o Eyte ths iwH
zatiwHneyzatK
vv)%t K E"t th,p 7o K E"t &ao &5a Eyte ths i
zati((neyzatb[)K)(zatib[b)

d" '1_ gi; s0 neyzat H{F+ luu 7ao entry k eluu 7ao Eyte iHb 7 iwHHH
J
Fyte b+H+I J+K+O u KGbG+KGb
p.u trq eb+eH (s hiu )a) eI+eJ u eJbb+ eJbH
F;ng {QHI se&tor KGbc Eytes JbI entry (mti entry HI Eit)
Fyte be ceHb HH HIeIH IIeIJ IKeIO IGeI IceJH
p.u
trq
Q9n
ile
xhn m8
rng
{>dSH| >nh
ri9ng
Dir Lgy S hiu
khi )u
~"&h
th.Y& ile
F;ng >i| HK se&tor HGc Eyte IIK entry (mti entry JI Eyte)+ H se&torHG entry
Hb HH
{F f> ^ (tr.Y& khi ghi)
{F F> H{ (sau khi ghi)
unsigne' |ea'at (unsigne' k) vv 3& gi! tr\ &5a entry ths k (kI)

unsigne' ikJvI vventry ths k 8 Eyte ths i+ iwH

unsigne' 7alzat(zatiwHc) zati vv ho%& 7alzatzatiwHIOGwzati
iz (7alzatIb) 7alzat7alzat b[b
else 7alzat7alzatK
return 7alzat

6 NOc,ghi giP7 phM"7 giQ

time (I Eyte) O Eit gir+ G Eit ph6t+ O Eit giNy (thieu H+ n9n l.u ):n 7\ I giNy)
e Dhi _ time(hHH)(mO)(sH)
e 3&_ h(timeHH) m(timeO)b[J s(timeb[H)H
6 NOc,Rhi ng)7 "h$ng7 nSm
'ate (I Eyte) Eit &ho nam (t Hcb)+ K Eit &ho th!ng+ O Eit &ho ngy#
e Dhi _ yeHcb 'ate(y)(mO)'
e 3& _ y('ate) w Hcb m('ateO)b[ ''ateb[H
&/&/e/& H0 >5E79 >I? >27 =AB 27hW}Y NT
S0 '1ng h thng LQS+ k"&h th.Y& ile ti )a trong LQS l IJI &luster# f,u tr6& 7olume &5a
LQS nh. sau_ partition Eoot se&tor+ $aster ile QaEle+ &!& zile h thng+ 7(ng 'q liu#
+ P!r"i"ion boo" sec"or_ l se&tor kh8i )ng &5a partition ( HG se&tor) gWm &!& thng tin 7 &,u
tr6& &5a 7olume+ &,u tr6& &5a h thng ile 7 mS nguWn kh8i )ng#
+ M!s"er 4ile 3!ble (M43)> l.u &!& thng tin 7 t,t &; zile 7 th. m1& tr9n 7olume LQS ny
&Vng nh. 'anh s!&h &!& khi trng# $Q ).2& t &hs& thnh nhiu 'Ung+ mti 'Ung l.u nhqng
thu& t"nh &ho mt zile ho%& mt th. m1& tr9n 7olume# Lu k"&h th.Y& zile nh th- ton E ni
'ung &5a zile ).2& l.u trong 'Ung ny#
+ C$c 'ile hT "hng_ &/ k"&h th.Y& kho;ng H$E Eao gWm_
# $QI_ E;n sao &5a $Q
# pog zile_ thng tin '(ng &ho 7i& ph1& hWi#
# fluster Eitmap_ Eiu 'i<n thng tin l.u trq &5a &!& &luster
# F;ng )\nh ngha thu& t"nh_ )\nh ngha &!& kiu thu& t"nh ht tr2 &ho 7olume#
~iu thu& t"nh $ t;
Jc
Qhng tin &hun Fao gWm &!& thu& t"nh truy [u,t (&h] )3&+ )3&vghi+###)+ nhSn thri gian+ &h] s li9n kt
>anh s!&h thu& t"nh s0 '1ng khi t,t &; thu& t"nh 7.2t =u! H 'Ung &5a $Q
Q9n ile
$ t; an ton thng tin 7 ng.ri s8 hqu 7 truy &?p
>q liu
fh] m1& g& '(ng &ho th. m1&
fh] m1& )\nh 7\ '(ng &ho th. m1&
thng tin 7olume nh. t9n 7ersion 7 t9n 7olume
Fitmap hin tr4ng &!& 'Ung trong $Q
H-nh I#Jc_ f!& kiu thu& t"nh &5a ile 7 th. m1& trong in'oys LQS
&/e/H/ H0 >5E79 z28V =AB UNIX
H thng ile &5a lLiM thng th.rng ).2& &i )%t tr9n )a gWm &!& khi theo ths tZ sau_ khi
Eoot+ khi )%& Eit+ ieno'es+ &!& khi 'q liu#
+ UhLi boo"_ &hsa mS kh8i )ng &5a h thng#
+ UhLi super bloc8 _ &hsa thng tin 7 ton E h thng zile+ Eao gWm_
e ~"&h th.Y& &5a ton E h thng zile#
e \a &h] &5a khi 'q liu )u ti9n#
e S l.2ng khi trng 7 'anh s!&h khi trng#
e S l.2ng ieno'e trng 7 'anh s!&h ieno'e trng#
e Lgy super Elo&k ).2& &?p nh?t sau &(ng#
e Q9n &5a h thng zile#
Lu khi ny E\ hng+ h thng zile so khng truy &?p ).2&# f/ r,t nhiu tr-nh sng '1ng s0 '1ng
thng tin l.u trq trong super Elo&k+ 7- 7?y mt E;n sao super Elo&k ).2& )%t trong |{$ ) tang
t& ) truy [u,t )a# di& &?p nh?t super Elo&k so ).2& thZ& hin ngay trong |{$ 7 sau )/ mYi
ghi [ung )a# f!& ieno'e ).2& )!nh s t H+ mti ieno'e &/ ) 'i l GK Eyte 7 m t; &ho mt
zile 'uy nh,t+ &hsa thu& t"nh 7 )\a &h] &!& khi l.u trq tr9n )a &5a zile# Q,t &; zile 7 th. m1&
).2& l.u trq 8 &!& khi 'q liu#
TM TT
J
w Qhit E\ nh?pv[u,t &/ th phNn thnh &!& lo4i nh. l thit E\ khi+ thit E\ tun tZ+ thit E\ kh!&#
%& t"nh &5a thit E\ nh?pv[u,t l t& ) truyn 'q liu+ &ng '1ng+ ):n 7\ truyn 'q liu+ &!&h
Eiu 'i<n 'q liu+ t-nh tr4ng lti
w $ti thit E\ nh?pv[u,t &n &/ E )iu khin thit E\+ thit E\ 7 E )iu khin ph;i tuNn theo
&(ng &hun giao tip# fxl khng th truy [u,t trZ& tip thit E\ nh?pv[uNt m ph;i thng =ua E
)iu khin thit E\+ mti E )iu khin &/ mt s thanh ghi ) li9n l4& 7Yi fxl
w f!& &h.:ng tr-nh thZ& hin nh?pv[u,t gWm &/ &h.:ng tr-nh nh?pv[u,t &5a ng.ri '(ng+ &h.:ng
tr-nh nh?pv[u,t )& l?p thit E\+ &h.:ng tr-nh )iu khin thit E\#
w H thng =u;n lX nh?pv[u,t ).2& t &hs& thnh O lYp_ &h.:ng tr-nh nh?pv[u,t &5a ng.ri '(ng+
&h.:ng tr-nh nh?pv[u,t )& l?p thit E\+ &h.:ng tr-nh )iu khin thit E\+ &h.:ng tr-nh kim so!t
ng*t+ phn &sng# $ti lYp &/ &hs& nang ri9ng 7 &/ th giao tip 7Yi lYp kh!&#
w f: &h nh?pv[u,t_ E [0 lX ph!t sinh mt lnh ivO )n &!& thit E\ ivO+ sau )/ &hr &ho )n khi
thao t!& ivO hon t,t rWi mYi tip t1& [0 lX+ ho%& E [0 lX ph!t sinh mt lnh ivO )n &!& thit E\
ivO+ sau )/ tip t1& 7i& [0 lX &ho tYi khi nh?n ).2& mt ng*t t thit E\ ivO E!o l )S hon t,t
nh?pv[u,t+ E [0 lX t4m ng.ng 7i& [0 lX hin t4i ) &huyn =ua [0 lX ng*t+ ho%& s0 '1ng &: &h
>${
w f: &h >${_ E )iu khin th.rng ).2& &ung &,p th9m kh; nang truy [u,t E nhY trZ& tip
(>${)# Lgha l sau khi E )iu khin )S )3& ton E 'q liu t thit E\ 7o Euzzer &5a n/+ E
)iu khin tZ &huyn 'q liu 7o trong E nhY &h"nh#
w f: &h truy [u,t )a_ )u )3& ).2& 'i &huyn )n tra&k th"&h h2p+ 7 &hr &ho )n khi khi &n
)3& )n '.Yi )u )3&+ )3& 'q liu t )a 7o E nhY &h"nh+ h )iu hnh &n ).a ra &!& thu?t to!n
l?p l\&h 'ri )u )3& sao &ho ti .u# f!& thu?t to!n l?p l\&h 'i &huyn )u )3&_ fS+ SSQ+
Sf{L+ feSf{L
w H s )an [en_ Qr9n )a &!& se&tor s hiu li9n tip nhau khng nRm k E9n nhau m &/ mt
kho;ng &!&h nh,t )\nh+ kho;ng &!&h ny ).2& [!& )\nh E8i =u! tr-nh zormat )a 7 g3i l h s
)an [en# $1& )"&h &5a h s )an [en l ) )Wng E hai thao t!& )3&vghi 'q liu 7 &huyn 'q liu
7o h thng
w |{$ 'isk l mt phn &5a E nhY &h"nh ) l.u trq &!& khi )a# |{$ 'isk truy [u,t r,t nhanh+
th"&h h2p &ho 7i& l.u trq nhqng &h.:ng tr-nh hay 'q liu ).2& truy [u,t th.rng [uy9n#
w a &sng ).2& t &hs& thnh &!& 7Ung trUn )Wng tNm g3i l rSnh (tra&k)+ mti rSnh ).2& &hia
thnh nhiu phn ERng nhau g3i l &ung (se&tor)# $t khi (&luster) gWm H ho%& nhiu &ung 7 'q
liu ).2& )3&vghi theo ):n 7\ khi#
w ile l mt t?p h2p &!& thng tin ).2& )%t t9n 7 l.u trq tr9n )a# ile &/ th l.u trq &h.:ng
tr-nh hay 'q liu+ zile &/ th l 'Sy tun tZ &!& Eyte khng &,u tr6& ho%& &/ &,u tr6& 'Ung+ ho%&
&,u tr6& mTu tin &/ &hiu 'i & )\nh hay thay )i# ile &/ th truy [u,t tun tZ+ ho%& truy [u,t
ngTu nhi9n#
w Qhu& t"nh &5a zile l thng tin &5a zile+ th.rng &/ &!& thu& t"nh sau_ t9n zile+ kiu zile+ 7\ tr"
zile+ k"&h th.Y& zile+ ngy gir t4o zile+ ng.ri t4o zile+ loai zile+ E;o 7 zile#
w f!& thao t!& tr9n zile gWm &/ t4ov[/avm8v)/ngv)3&vghivth9mv'ri &on tr zilevl,y thu& t"nhv)%t
thu& t"nhv)i t9n zileu
w f,u tr6& th. m1& l &,u tr6& '(ng ) =u;n lX t,t &; &!& zile tr9n )a# f,u tr6& th. m1& &Vng
).2& ghi tr9n )a 7 gWm nhiu m1&+ mti m1& l.u thng tin &5a mt zile#
Kb
w f,u tr6& th. m1& &/ &!& lo4i sau_ th. m1& mt &,p+ th. m1& hai &,p+ th. m1& )a &,p#
w H )iu hnh &/ th &hia )a &sng thnh nhiu phNn 7(ng ho%& t?p h2p nhiu )a &sng thnh
mt phNn 7(ng# $ti phNn 7(ng so &/ &,u tr6& th. m1& ri9ng ) =u;n lX &!& t?p tin trong phNn
7(ng )/#
w f!& thao t!& tr9n th. m1& t.:ng tZ nh. )i 7Yi zile 7 gWm &/_ freate+ >elete+ Open+ flose+
|ea'+ |ename+ pink+ lnlink+u
w F;ng th. m1& l mt '4ng &i )%t &5a &,u tr6& th. m1&# F;ng th. m1& &/ nhiu m1&+ mti m1&
l.u trq thng tin &5a mt zile+ thng tin zile gWm thu& t"nh &5a zile 7 )\a &h] tr9n )a &5a ton E
zile ho%& s hiu &5a khi )u ti9n &hsa zile ho%& l s ieno'e &5a zile# $ti )a &/ mt E;ng th.
m1& g3i l E;ng th. m1& g&+ &i )%t 8 phn )u &5a )a 7 &/ th &/ nhiu E;ng th. m1& &on#
w f/ th &i )%t h thng =u;n lX zile theo ph.:ng ph!p &,p ph!t khi nhY &ho zile l li9n t1& hay
khng li9n t1&#
w &i )%t h thng =u;n lX zile theo ph.:ng ph!p &,p ph!t khi nhY &ho zile l li9n t1&+ &h] &n
'(ng E;ng th. m1&+ mti m1& trong E;ng th. m1& ngoi nhqng thu& t"nh thng th.rng &5a zile+
&n &/ th9m thng tin 7 s hiu khi E*t )u (start) 7 s khi )S &,p &ho zile (length)#
w &i )%t h thng =u;n lX zile theo ph.:ng ph!p &,p ph!t khi nhY &ho zile l khng li9n t1&+
s0 '1ng E;ng th. m1& 7 s0 '1ng th9m mt trong &!& &,u tr6& sau_ 'anh s!&h li9n ktvE;ng &h]
m1&vE;ng &,p ph!t zilev&,u tr6& ieLo'es# e f,u tr6& 'anh s!&h li9n kt_ mti m1& trong E;ng th.
m1& &hsa s hiu &5a khi )u ti9n 7 s hiu &5a khi kt th6& + mti khi tr9n )a 'nh mt s
Eyte )u ) l.u s hiu khi k tip &5a zile+ phn &Un l4i &5a khi so l.u 'q liu &5a zile# e F;ng
&h] m1&_ mti zile &/ mt E;ng &h] m1& &him mt ho%& 7i khi+ E;ng &h] m1& &hsa t,t &; &!& s
hiu khi &5a mt zile# $t m1& trong E;ng th. m1& so l.u s hiu khi &hsa E;ng &h] m1& &5a
zile# e F;ng &,p ph!t zile_ nu mti m1& trong E;ng th. m1& &h] &hsa s hiu &5a khi )u ti9n+ th-
s hiu &!& khi &Un l4i &5a zile so ).2& l.u trong mt E;ng g3i l E;ng &,p ph!t zile# e f,u tr6& ie
no'e_ mti zile ).2& =u;n lX ERng mt &,u tr6& g3i l &,u tr6& ieno'e+ mti ieno'e gWm hai phn_
phn ths nh,t l.u trq thu& t"nh zile+ phn ths hai gWm HJ phn t0_ Hb phn t0 )u &hsa Hb s hiu
khi )u ti9n &5a zile+ phn t0 ths HH &hsa s hiu khi &hsa E;ng single+ phn t0 ths HI &hsa s
hiu khi &hsa E;ng 'ouEle+ phn t0 ths HJ &hsa s hiu khi &hsa E;ng triple# Qrong )/ mti
phn t0 &5a E;ng triple &hsa s hiu khi &hsa E;ng 'ouEle+ mti phn t0 &5a E;ng 'ouEle &hsa s
hiu khi &hsa E;ng single 7 mti phn t0 &5a E;ng single &hsa s hiu khi 'q liu tip theo &,p
&ho zile#
w =u;n lX &!& khi trng ph.:ng ph!p th.rng '(ng l 'anh s!&h li9n kt ho%& 7e&tor Eit#
>anh s!&h li9n kt_ mti n6t l mt khi &hsa mt E;ng gWm &!& s hiu khi trng+ phn t0 &ui
&5a E;ng l.u s hiu khi tip theo trong 'anh s!&h# de&tor Eit_ Fit ths i H l khi ths i trng+
b l )S s0 '1ng# de&tor Eit ).2& l.u tr9n mt ho%& nhiu khi )a+ khi &n so )3& 7o E nhY )
[0 lX nhanh#
w }u;n lX khi E\ hng &/ th '(ng phn mm_ '(ng mt zile &hsa &!& 'anh s!&h &!& khi hng#
Ho%& '(ng phn &sng_ '(ng mt se&tor tr9n )a ) l.u giq 'anh s!&h &!& khi E\ hng#
fl Hi dn Fni Qx
H# L9u &!& lo4i thit E\ nh?pv[u,t
KH
I# Qr-nh Ey )%& t"nh &5a thit E\ nh?pv[u,t
J# F )iu khin thit E\ nh?pv[u,t (ivO &ontroller) l g-
K# L9u &!& &h.:ng tr-nh thZ& hin nh?pv[u,t
O# L9u &!&h t &hs& h thng nh?pv[u,t
G# L9u &: &h nh?pv[u,t
G# Qr-nh Ey &: &h >${
# L9u &: &h truy [u,t )a
c# Qr-nh Ey &!& thu?t to!n l?p l\&h 'i &huyn )u )3&
# Qr-nh Ey h s )an [en
Hb# L9u kh!i nim |am >isks
HH# Q4i sao 'q liu khng l.u trq t4i 7\ tr" E,t kP tr9n )a m l4i l.u trq tr9n &!& rSnh (tra&k)
HI# L9u lX 'o t4i sao &n phNn &hia )a &sng thnh nhqng phNn 7(ng (partiton)# Qhng tin 7 &!&
phNn 7(ng ).2& =u;n lX+ l.u trq nh. th no Qr9n h )iu hnh $Se>OS ho%& yin'oys+ mti
phNn 7(ng &/ &n mt E;ng th. m1& ri9ng khng t4i sao
HJ# $1& )"&h &5a E;ng openeziles+ E;ng openeziles l.u trq nhqng thng tin no
HK# $1& )"&h &5a E;ng th. m1& phNn Eit E;ng th. m1& g& 7 E;ng th. m1& &on#
HO# Q4i sao h )iu hnh fxv$ khng &n E;ng &,p ph!t zile ({Q)
HG# L9u .uvkhuyt )im &5a 7i& &,p ph!t &!& khi nhY li9n t1& &ho zile#
H# L9u .uvkhuyt )im &5a 7i& &,p ph!t &!& khi nhY khng li9n t1& &ho zile#
Hc# L9u .uvkhuyt )im h thng =u;n lX zile '(ng E;ng th. m1& 7 E;ng &,p ph!t zile#
H# L9u .uvkhuyt )im h thng =u;n lX zile '(ng &,u tr6& ieno'es#
Ib# Q4i sao trong h )iu hnh $Se>OS 7 h )iu hnh iL>OS s0 '1ng {Q+ s zile ho%&
th. m1& &on trong th. m1& g& E\ h4n &h+ trong khi s zile ho%& th. m1& trong th. m1&&on l4i
khng E\ h4n &h
IH# fho 'Sy Eyte &5a {QHI nh. sau (E*t )u t )u)_
IKb IOO IOO b GK b HHI IOO IOO HKJ b IOO IOO IOO
fho Eit nhqng phn t0 no &5a {Q &/ gi! tr\ )%& Eit+ X ngha &5a phn t0 )/#
Lu s0a l4i phn t0 O l b th- 'Sy Eyte &5a {QHI ny &/ ni 'ung nh. th no
II# Fit gi! tr\('.Yi '4ng th?p phNn) trong mt Euzzer (mti phn t0 H Eyte) l.u ni 'ung &5a
{QHI nh. sau (E*t )u t phn t0 b)_
fho Eit gi! tr\ &5a tng phn t0 trong {Q ('.Yi '4ng s th?p phNn)
IJ# fhp H ile k"&h th.Y& l JIIb Eytes l9n mt )a H#KK$E &Un trng nh.ng E\ hng 8 se&tor
logi& JJ# fho Eit gi! tr\ tng Eyte &5a at (th?p phNn) t Eyte b )n Eyte HK #
IKb IOO IOO IOO b O IKb IOO IK IOO IOO
KI
IK# Di; s0 mt )a mm &/ I si'e+ mti si'e &/ HIc tra&k+ mti tra&k &/ Hc se&tor# Qh. m1& g& &5a
)a &/ ti )a l IOH ile (ho%& th. m1&)# $t &luster I se&tor# a s0 '1ng at HI# Hi mun
truy [u,t &luster Hb th- ph;i )3& nhqng se&tor no
IO# Hin tr4ng &5a {QHI 7 |>^Q (mti entry &h] gWm t9n ile 7 &luster )u ti9n)&5a mt )a
nh. sau _
IKb IOO IOO IK b G b b IOO HO b Hb IKb IOO IOO HI IOO
d> QMQ J pQ >Of QHO >{Q c
fho Eit hin tr4ng &5a {QHI 7 |>^Q sau khi [o! ile 7'#t[t 7 &hp 7o ile Et#&pp &/ k"&h
th.Y& HbIO Eytes ( gi; s0 H &luster H se&tor)
IG# $t ile ).2& l.u tr9n )a t4i nhqng khi theo ths tZ sau _
Ib+ JI+ JK+ J+ OI+ GJ+ O+ I+ J+ Jc+ K+ K+ OG+ Gc+ + cH+ I+ HbG+ HO+ HO+ HGb+ HGI+ HGJ+ IG+
IG+ IH+ I+ Ic+ I+ Jcb+ JcH+ KcI+ Kc+ Kb+ K#
do ino'e &5a ile ny+ gi; s0 mti khi &h] &hsa ).2& J phn t0#
I# dit &!& lnh ni tr6 7 ngo4i tr6 &5a $S>OS ERng ngn ngq f 7 &h] ).2& s0 '1ng hai hm
)3&vghi se&tor sau_
int aEsrea'(int 'ri7e+ int nse&ts+ long lse&t+ 7oi' Euzzer)
int aEsyrite(int 'ri7e+ int nse&ts+ long lse&t+ 7oi' Euzzer)
Qni pikl QH{$ ~HO
H# Dary # Lutt+ lni7ersity oz folora'o# fentralie' {n' >istriEute' Operating Systems# Se&on'
^'ition+ Ibbb#
I# |oEert Syiter# Operating Systems+ { xra&ti&al {pproa&h# xrenti&eeHall international+ in&#
HJ#
J# {n'rey S# QanenEaum# $o'ern Operating Systems# xrenti&eeHall international+ in&# Se&on'
^'ition+ IbbH#
K# {Eraham SilEers&hat xeter Faer Dal7in# Operating System &on&epts# ohn iley Sons+
in&# izth ^'ition+ H#
O# H# $# >eitel# Operating Systems# {''isoneesley in&# Se&on' ^'ition+ H#
G fm nang l?p tr-nh h thng &ho m!y 7i t"nh iF$exf t?p H 7 I+ t!& gi; $i&hael Qis&her#
# Qrn H4nh Lhi p9 ~h*& Lhi9n n Hong ~im# Di!o tr-nh h )iu hnh (t?p H I)#
H~HQL Ibbb#
KJ
CH$NG H (&' >2u>)
yUN ) TIN TRNH
fh.:ng @}lL p QiL Q|LH so giYi thiu 7 gi;i th"&h &!& 7,n ) sau_
J#H f!& kh!i nim 7 tin tr-nh
J#I iu phi &!& tin tr-nh
J#J pi9n l4& giqa &!& tin tr-nh
J#K Wng E &!& tin tr-nh
J#O Q"nh tr4ng t*& nghon ('ea'lo&k)

H/./ CC KHI NIM n TIN TRNH
H/./. T2u7 >\:75 (P\W=VYY)
Qin tr-nh l mt &h.:ng tr-nh )ang [0 lX+ mti tin tr-nh &/ mt khng gian )\a &h]+ mt &on tr
lnh+ mt t?p &!& thanh ghi 7 sta&k ri9ng# Qin tr-nh &/ th &n )n mt s ti nguy9n nh. fxl+
E nhY &h"nh+ &!& t?p tin 7 thit E\ nh?pv[u,t# H )iu hnh s0 '1ng E )iu phi (s&he'uler) )
=uyt )\nh thri )im &n 'ng ho4t )ng &5a tin tr-nh )ang [0 lX 7 lZa &h3n tin tr-nh tip theo
&n thZ& hin# Qrong h thng &/ nhqng tin tr-nh &5a h )iu hnh 7 tin tr-nh &5a ng.ri '(ng#
] Mr= 1G=5 =5W 75234 >2u7 >\:75 5Wd> 1D79 179 >5j2`
!, 3Sng hiTu su#" s+ dAng CPU ("Sng mFc H H! chCDng)>
xhn lYn &!& tin tr-nh khi thi hnh )u tr;i =ua nhiu &hu kP [0 lX (s0 '1ng fxl) 7 &hu kP
nh?p [u,t (s0 '1ng &!& thit E\ nh?p [u,t) [en ko nh. sau _
Lu &h] &/ H tin tr-nh 'uy nh,t trong h thng+ th- 7o &!& &hu kP iO &5a tin tr-nh+ fxl so hon
ton nhn rti# t.8ng tang &.rng s l.2ng tin tr-nh trong h thng l ) t?n '1ng fxl_ nu tin
tr-nh H [0 lX iO+ th- h )iu hnh &/ th s0 '1ng fxl ) thZ& hin tin tr-nh I###
Qin tr-nh H_
fxl iO fxl iO fxl
Qin tr-nh I_
fxl iO fxl iO
b, 3Sng mFc H H! nhiTm
fho mti tin tr-nh thZ& thi luNn phi9n trong mt thri gian r,t ng*n+ t4o &;m gi!& l h thng &/
nhiu tin tr-nh thZ& thi )Wng thri#
fxl iO fxl iO fxl
KK
H-nh J#H_ a) {+F+f+> thZ& thi tun tZ &h] &n s0 '1ng mt &on tr lnh# E) {+F+f+> thZ& thi )Wng
thri ERng &!&h &hia [ fxl 7 s0 '1ng En &on tr lnh#
c, 3Sng "Lc H *+ l>
$t s Ei to!n &/ th [0 lX song song nu ).2& [Ny 'Zng thnh nhiu ):n th ho4t )ng )Wng
thri th- so tit kim ).2& thri gian [0 lX#
d" '1 [t Ei to!n t"nh gi! tr\ Eiu ths& k= aE w &' # Lu tin hnh t"nh )Wng thri (aE) 7
(&') th- thri gian [0 lX so ng*n h:n l thZ& hin tun tZ#
H/./& T2b4 >\:75 (>5\VBh)
9010/01 Uh$i niTm "iVu "rWnh
$t tin tr-nh &/ th t4o nhiu tiu tr-nh+ mti tiu tr-nh thZ& hin mt &hs& nang no )/ 7 thZ&
thi )Wng thri &Vng ERng &!&h &hia s fxl# f!& tiu tr-nh trong &(ng mt tin tr-nh '(ng &hung
khng gian )\a &h] tin tr-nh nh.ng &/ &on tr lnh+ t?p &!& thanh ghi 7 sta&k ri9ng# $t tiu
tr-nh &Vng &/ th t4o l?p &!& tin tr-nh &on+ 7 nh?n &!& tr4ng th!i kh!& nhau nh. mt tin tr-nh#
9010/0/ Li=n lXc giY! c$c "iVu "rWnh
f!& tin tr-nh &h] &/ th li9n l4& 7Yi nhau thng =ua &!& &: &h 'o h )iu hnh &ung &,p# f!& tiu
tr-nh li9n l4& 7Yi nhau '< 'ng thng =ua &!& Ein ton &1& &5a tin tr-nh# f!& tiu tr-nh &/ th 'o
h )iu hnh =u;n lX ho%& h )iu hnh 7 tin tr-nh &(ng phi h2p =u;n lX#
H-nh J#I_ a) Ea tin tr-nh thZ& thi )Wng thri+ mti tin tr-nh &h] &/ mt tiu tr-nh# E) mt tin tr-nh
&/ Ea tiu tr-nh+ 7i& ho4t )ng )Wng thri &5a &!& tiu tr-nh l 'o tin tr-nh =u;n lX#
KO
H-nh J#J_ mt &h.:ng tr-nh [0 lX 7an E;n &/ Ea threa'_ mt threa' nh?n &!& k" tZ nh?p t En
ph"m+ mt threa' hin 7an E;n+ mt threa' ghi 7an E;n 7o )a#
H-nh J#K_ yeE ser7er &/ hai threa'_ yorker threa' 7 'ispat&her threa'+ 7i& ho4t )ng )Wng thri
&5a &!& tiu tr-nh l 'o tin tr-nh =u;n lX#
(a) )o4n mS &ho 'ispat&her threa' (E) )o4n mS &ho yorker threa'
H-nh J#O_ mt pro&ess &/ Ea threa'+ mti threa' so &/ sta&k ri9ng#
KG
Qrong E;ng '.Yi )Ny+ t,t &; &!& threa' trong &(ng pro&ess '(ng &hung &!& m1& 8 &t H+ nh.ng
mti threa' so &/ ri9ng &!& m1& 8 &t I
Qrong &(ng tin tr-nh Qrong mti tiu tr-nh
~hng gian )\a &h] F )m &h.:ng tr-nh
f!& Ein ton &1& f!& thanh ghi
f!& t?p tin m8 Lgan [p
f!& tin tr-nh &on Qr4ng th!i
f!& &;nh E!o
f!& t"n hiu 7 &!& E [0 lX t"n hiu
Qhng tin ti kho;n
9010/09 C)i HZ" "iVu "rWnh (3hre!ds)
BJ C62 1> >\W79 KV\7V8!Y?B=V _ E;ng =u;n lX threa' l.u trq 8 phn kernel 7 7i& )iu phi &!&
threa' l 'o h )iu hnh &h\u tr!&h nhim#
H-nh J#G_ h )iu hnh &h\u tr!&h nhim )iu phi &!& tiu tr-nh
gJ C62 1> >\W79 UYV\!Y?B=V_ E;ng =u;n lX threa' l.u trq 8 phn userespa&e 7 7i& )iu phi &!&
threa' l 'o tin tr-nh &h\u tr!&h nhim#
H-nh J#_ tin tr-nh &h\u tr!&h nhim )iu phi &!& tiu tr-nh thu& tin tr-nh )/
=J C62 1> >\W79 KV\7V8!Y?B=V q6 UYV\!Y?B=V_ $t s threa' ms& lser ).2& &i )%t ERng mt
threa' ms& kernel#
K
H-nh J#c_ mt threa' &5a h )iu hnh =u;n lX mt s threa' &5a tin tr-nh#
d" '1_ gi; s0 =uantum &5a pro&essOb mse&+ =uantum &5a threa'O mse& 7 gi; s0 tin tr-nh {
&/ Ea threa'+ tin tr-nh F &/ K threa'#
e Lu 7i& )iu phi threa' ).2& thZ& hin ms& userespa&e th- ths tZ )iu phi &/ th l {H+ {I+
{J+ {H+ {I+ {J nh.ng khng th l {H+ FH+ {I+ FI+ {J+ FJ 7- khi tin tr-nh { ).2& &ho thZ& thi
7Yi =uantumOb 7 mti threa' ).2& thZ& thi 7Yi =uantumO th- khng th {H )n FH ).2& 'o
threa' &5a tin tr-nh no tin tr-nh )/ =u;n lX 7 tin tr-nh { &h.a ht =uantum n9n threa' &5a tin
tr-nh F khng th thZ& hin#
H-nh J#_ )iu phi threa' 8 ms& user+ mt ths tZ )iu phi &/ th 7 khng th
e Lu 7i& )iu phi threa' ).2& thZ& hin ms& kernelespa&e th- ths tZ )iu phi {H )n FH l &/
th 7- &!& threa' 'o h )iu hnh =u;n lX
H-nh J#Hb_ )iu phi threa' 8 ms& kernel+ mt ths tZ )iu phi &/ th 7 khng th#
Kc
H/./H C<= >\d79 >5<2 =AB >2u7 >\:75
di& &huyn tr4ng th!i &5a tin tr-nh l 'o E )iu phi (s&he'uler) thZ& hin 7 t4i mt thri )im+
tin tr-nh &/ th nh?n mt trong &!& tr4ng th!i sau )Ny _
av Ley_ tin tr-nh mYi ).2& t4o )ang 8 trong E nhY t4m tr9n )a &sng#
Ev |ea'y_ tin tr-nh trong E nhY 7 &hr ).2& &,p ph!t fxl#
&v |unning_ tin tr-nh trong E nhY )ang thZ& thi#
'v Flo&ke' (yait)_ tin tr-nh trong E nhY &hr ).2& &,p ph!t ti nguy9n+ ho%& &hr thao t!&
nh?pv[u,t hon t,t ho%& &hr mt sZ kin no )/#
ev ^n'_ tin tr-nh trong E nhY hon t,t [0 lX#
9010901 5D H[ chuVn "rXng "h$i "i%n "rWnh
H-nh J#HH_ s: )W &huyn tr4ng th!i giqa &!& tin tr-nh#
Q4i mt thri )im+ &h] &/ mt tin tr-nh &/ th nh?n tr4ng th!i running tr9n mt E [0 lX no )/#
Qrong khi )/+ &/ th &/ nhiu tin tr-nh 8 tr4ng th!i Elo&ke' hay rea'y# f!& &ung &huyn tip
trong s: )W tr4ng th!i Ei<u 'i<n s!u sZ &huyn tr4ng th!i &/ th [;y ra trong &!& )iu kin sau _
e fung H_ Qin tr-nh mYi t4o+ nu E nhY &Un trng+ so ).2& ).a 7o E nhY 7 sn sng nh?n
fxl+ khi )/ tin tr-nh t tr4ng th!i Ley ).2& &huyn sang tr4ng th!i |ea'y#
e fung I_ F )iu phi &,p ph!t &ho tin tr-nh mt kho;ng thri gian s0 '1ng fxl 7 &ho tin
tr-nh thZ& hin+ khi )/ tin tr-nh t tr4ng th!i |ea'y ).2& &huyn sang tr4ng th!i |unning#
e fung J_ ~hi tin tr-nh kt th6& 7i& thZ& hin+ khi )/ tin tr-nh t tr4ng th!i |unning ).2&
&huyn sang tr4ng th!i ^n'#
e fung K_ ~hi tin tr-nh y9u &u mt ti nguy9n nh.ng &h.a ).2& )!p sng 7- ti nguy9n &h.a sn
sng ho%& tin tr-nh &hr thao t!& nh?pv[u,t hon t,t ho%& tin tr-nh &hr mt sZ kin no )/+ khi )/
tin tr-nh ).2& &huyn t tr4ng th!i |unning sang tr4ng th!i Flo&ke'#
e fung O_ ~hi tin tr-nh t4m 'ng 7- ht thri gian s0 '1ng fxl+ E )iu phi so &h3n mt tin
tr-nh kh!& ) &ho [0 lX+ khi )/ tin tr-nh ).2& &huyn t tr4ng th!i |unning sang tr4ng th!i
|ea'y#
e fung G_ ~hi ti nguy9n m tin tr-nh y9u &u tr8 n9n sn sng ) &,p ph!t hay sZ kin ho%&
thao t!& nh?pv[u,t m tin tr-nh )ang )2i )S hon t,t+ khi )/ E tin tr-nh ).2& &huyn t tr4ng
th!i Flo&ke' sang tr4ng th!i |ea'y#
K
Ley ^n'
|ea'
y
|unning
Flo&ke
'
H O
J
K G
I
901090/ C$c ch% H *+ l c\! "i%n "rWnh
w Q?p lnh &5a fxl ).2& phNn &hia thnh t?p lnh )%& =uyn (&!& lnh nu s0 '1ng khng &h"nh
[!&+ &/ th ;nh h.8ng [,u )n h thng) 7 t?p lnh khng )%& =uyn (khng ;nh h.8ng tYi h
thng)# xhn &sng &h] &ho php &!& lnh )%& =uyn ).2& thZ& hin trong &h ) )%& =uyn#
w Qhng th.rng &h] &/ h )iu hnh ho4t )ng trong &h ) )%& =uyn+ &!& tin tr-nh &5a ng.ri
'(ng so ho4t )ng trong &h ) khng )%& =uyn#
H/./M K5E2 s4t7 8U >2u7 >\:75 (P\W=VYY CW7>\W8 B8W=a` PCB)
H )iu hnh =u;n lX &!& tin tr-nh thng =ua E;ng tin tr-nh (pro&ess taEle)+ mti m1& trong E;ng
g3i l xfF (khi =u;n lX tin tr-nh)+ xfF l.u thng tin 7 mt tin tr-nh gWm &/ &!& thng tin sau_
!, Nnh d!nh "i%n "rWnh_ mS s tin tr-nh+ gi6p phNn Eit tin tr-nh ny 7Yi ti9n tr-nh kh!&
b, 3rXng "h$i "i%n "rWnh_ [!& )\nh ho4t )ng hin hnh &5a tin tr-nh#
c, :gY cnh "i%n "rWnh_ m t; &!& ti nguy9n tin tr-nh )ang s0 '1ng+ '(ng ) ph1& 71 &ho ho4t
)ng hin t4i+ ho%& ) lm &: s8 ph1& hWi ho4t )ng &ho tin tr-nh# Lgq &;nh tin tr-nh Eao gWm
&!& thng tin sau_
e Qr4ng th!i fxl_ Eao gWm ni 'ung &!& thanh ghi+ =uan tr3ng nh,t l &on tr lnh ix l.u trq )\a
&h] lnh k tip m tin tr-nh so thZ& hin# f!& thng tin ny &n ).2& l.u trq khi [;y ra mt ng*t+
nhRm &/ th &ho php ph1& hWi ho4t )ng &5a tin tr-nh )6ng nh. tr.Y& khi E\ ng*t#
e S hiu E [0 lX_ [!& )\nh s hiu fxl m tin tr-nh )ang s0 '1ng#
e F nhY &h"nh_ 'anh s!&h &!& khi nhY ).2& &,p &ho tin tr-nh#
e Qi nguy9n s0 '1ng_ 'anh s!&h &!& ti nguy9n h thng m tin tr-nh )ang s0 '1ng#
e Qi nguy9n t4o l?p_ 'anh s!&h &!& ti nguy9n ).2& tin tr-nh t4o l?p#
d, 3h]ng "in gi!o "i%p_ ph;n !nh &!& thng tin 7 =uan h &5a tin tr-nh 7Yi &!& tin tr-nh kh!&
trong h thng gWm &/ &!& thng tin sau_
e Qin tr-nh &ha_ tin tr-nh t4o l?p tin tr-nh ny#
e Qin tr-nh &on_ &!& tin tr-nh 'o tin tr-nh ny t4o l?p#
e .u ti9n _ gi6p E )iu phi &/ thng tin ) lZa &h3n tin tr-nh ).2& &,p fxl#
e, 3h]ng "in "hLng 89_ )Ny l nhqng thng tin thng k9 7 ho4t )ng &5a tin tr-nh+ nh. thri gian
)S s0 '1ng fxl+ thri gian &hr# f!& thng tin ny &/ th &/ "&h &ho &ng 7i& )!nh gi! t-nh h-nh
h thng 7 'Z )o!n &!& t-nh hung t.:ng lai#
H-nh J#HI_ f,u tr6& &5a khi =u;n lX tin tr-nh (xfF)
Ob
f/ th lit k9 thng tin trong xfF theo &hs& nang =u;n lX nh. sau_
y4t7 8U >2u7 >\:75
f!& thanh ghi
F )m &h.:ng tr-nh
Qr4ng th!i &h.:ng tr-nh
fon tr Sta&k
Q-nh tr4ng &5a tin tr-nh
.u ti9n
f!& tham s )iu phi
i> &5a tin tr-nh
Qin tr-nh &ha
Lh/m tin tr-nh
f!& t"n hiu
Qhri )im E*t )u tin tr-nh
Qhri gian fxl s0 '1ng
Qhri gian fxl &5a tin tr-nh &on
Qhri gian ln &;nh E!o k tip
y4t7 8U gD 75v
fon tr tYi )o4n 7an E;n
fon tr tYi )o4n 'q liu
fon tr tYi )o4n sta&k
y4t7 8U >I? >27
Qh. m1& g&
Qh. m1& lm 7i&
f!& m t; t?p tin
i> ng.ri '(ng
i> nh/m
H-nh J#HJ_ thng tin trong khi xfF ).2& lit k9 theo &hs& nang =u;n lX
H/./e C<= >5BW ><= >\7 >2u7 >\:75
BJ TdW 8I? >2u7 >\:75 (=\VB>V)
Qrong =u! tr-nh [0 lX+ mt tin tr-nh &/ th t4o l?p nhiu tin tr-nh mYi ERng &!&h s0 '1ng mt lri
g3i h thng t.:ng sng# Qin tr-nh g3i lri g3i h thng ) t4o tin tr-nh mYi so ).2& g3i l tin
tr-nh &ha+ tin tr-nh ).2& t4o g3i l tin tr-nh &on# $ti tin tr-nh &on )n l.2t n/ l4i &/ th t4o &!&
tin tr-nh mYiu=u! tr-nh ny tip t1& so t4o ra mt &Ny tin tr-nh (trong in'oys khng &/ kh!i
nim &Ny tin tr-nh+ m3i tin tr-nh l ngang &,p)# ~hi mt tin tr-nh t4o l?p mt tin tr-nh &on+ tin
tr-nh &on &/ th so ).2& h )iu hnh trZ& tip &,p ph!t ti nguy9n ho%& ).2& tin tr-nh &ha &ho
tha h.8ng mt s ti nguy9n Ean )u# ~hi tin tr-nh &ha t4o tin tr-nh &on+ tin tr-nh &ha &/ th
[0 lX theo mt trong hai kh; nang sau_ tin tr-nh &ha tip t1& [0 lX )Wng hnh 7Yi tin tr-nh &on+
ho%& tin tr-nh &ha &hr )n khi mt tin tr-nh &on no )/+ ho%& t,t &; &!& tin tr-nh &on kt th6& [0
lX# d" '1_ tin tr-nh { t4o hai tin tr-nh &on F 7 f+ F t4o Ea tin tr-nh &on >+ ^+ #
f!& h )iu hnh kh!& nhau &/ th &h3n lZa &!& &i )%t kh!& nhau ) thZ& hin thao t!& t4o l?p
mt tin tr-nh#
+ C$c c]ng (iTc c^n "h_c hiTn 8hi "Xo lp "i%n "rWnh>
e \nh 'anh &ho tin tr-nh mYi ph!t sinh
e .a tin tr-nh 7o 'anh s!&h =u;n lX &5a h thng
e M!& )\nh ) .u ti9n &ho tin tr-nh
OH
e f,p ph!t &!& ti nguy9n Ean )u &ho tin tr-nh
e Q4o xfF l.u trq thng tin tin tr-nh
+ C$c "hPi HiVm "i%n "rWnh HC`c "Xo r! >
Qin tr-nh ).2& t4o ra 7o mt trong &!& thri )im sau_
e Qhri )im kh8i t4o h thng (System initialiation)
e Qhri )im thZ& thi lri g3i t4o tin tr-nh
e Qhri )im ng.ri s0 '1ng y9u &u t4o tin tr-nh mYi
e Qhri )im kh8i )u mt &ng 7i& theo l (Eat&h -oE)
gJ Ku> >5m= >2u7 >\:75 (hVY>\WF)
$t tin tr-nh kt th6& [0 lX khi n/ hon t,t lnh &ui &(ng 7 s0 '1ng mt lri g3i h thng )
y9u &u h )iu hnh h5y E n/# $t tin tr-nh &/ th y9u &u h )iu hnh kt th6& [0 lX &5a mt
tin tr-nh kh!&#
+ Uhi m" "i%n "rWnh 8%" "hMc hT Hiau h)nh c^n "h_c hiTn c$c c]ng (iTc s!u>
e Qhu hWi &!& ti nguy9n )S &,p ph!t &ho tin tr-nh
e H5y tin tr-nh khi t,t &; &!& 'anh s!&h =u;n lX &5a h thng
e H5y E xfF &5a tin tr-nh
Hu ht &!& h )iu hnh khng &ho php &!& tin tr-nh &on tip t1& tWn t4i nu tin tr-nh &ha )S
kt th6&# Qrong nhqng h thng nh. th+ h )iu hnh so tZ )ng ph!t sinh mt lo4t &!& thao t!&
kt th6& tin tr-nh &on# Qin tr-nh &/ th tZ kt th6& E-nh th.rng (Lormal e[it ) 'o )S thZ& thi
[ong ho%& &/ lti 7 tZ kt th6& (^rror e[it) ho%& &/ lti n%ng 7 E\ h )iu hnh kt th6& (atal
e[it) ho%& E\ kt th6& E8i tin tr-nh kh!& (~ille' Ey another pro&ess )#
=J TdC h79 >2u7 >\:75 (Y4Y?V7h)
hJ T<2 aG=5 5Wd> >2u7 >\:75 (\VY4CV)
VJ T5BF 12 1D Z4 >27 >2u7 >\:75 (=5B79V ?\2W\2>F)
H/./i K5E2 s4t7 8U >62 794F7 ( RVYW4\=V CW7>\W8 B8W=a` RCB)
$ti ti nguy9n ).2& h )iu hnh =u;n lX ERng mt &,u tr6& g3i l khi =u;n lX ti nguy9n |fF#
|fF kh!& nhau 7 &hi tit &ho tng lo4i ti nguy9n+ nh.ng &: E;n &/ &!& thng tin sau_
!, Nnh d!nh ")i ngu=n_ '(ng ) phNn Eit ti nguy9n ny 7Yi ti nguy9n kh!&#
b, 3rXng "h$i ")i ngu=n_ m t; &hi tit tr4ng th!i ti nguy9n+ phn no &5a ti nguy9n )S &,p ph!t
&ho tin tr-nh+ phn no &Un &/ th s0 '1ng#
c, b)ng H`i "r=n ")i ngu=n_ 'anh s!&h &!& tin tr-nh )ang &hr ).2& &,p ph!t ti nguy9n t.:ng
sng#
d, ? c#p ph$" ")i ngu=n_ l )o4n mS );m nhim 7i& &,p ph!t ti nguy9n# $t s ti nguy9n
)Ui hi &!& gi;i thu?t )%& Eit (nh. fxl+ E nhY &h"nh+ h thng t?p tin)+ trong khi nhqng ti
nguy9n kh!& (nh. &!& thit E\ nh?pv[u,t) &/ th &n &!& gi;i thu?t &,p ph!t 7 gi;i ph/ng tng
=u!t h:n#
OI
|fF ngha
\nh 'anh ti nguy9n ri'
Qr4ng th!i ti nguy9n >anh s!&h &!& phn &5a ti nguy9n &/ th s0 '1ng
Hng )2i >anh s!&h &!& tin tr-nh )ang )2i ti nguy9n
F &,p ph!t fon tr )n E &,p ph!t ti nguy9n
H-nh J#HK_ thng tin trong khi |fF
+ MAc "i=u c\! b c#p ph$" ")i ngu=n >
e F;o );m mt s l.2ng h2p l &!& tin tr-nh truy [u,t )Wng thri )n &!& ti nguy9n khng th
&hia s ).2&#
e f,p ph!t ti nguy9n &ho tin tr-nh &/ y9u &u trong mt kho;ng thri gian tr- hoSn &/ th &h,p
nh?n ).2&#
e Qi .u h/a sZ s0 '1ng ti nguy9n#
H/& IU PHRI TIN TRNH
H )iu hnh )iu phi tin tr-nh thng =ua E )iu phi (s&he'uler) 7 E phNn phi ('ispat&her)#
F )iu phi s0 '1ng mt gi;i thu?t th"&h h2p ) lZa &h3n tin tr-nh ).2& [0 lX tip theo# F phNn
phi &h\u tr!&h nhim &?p nh?t ngq &;nh &5a tin tr-nh E\ t4m ng.ng 7 trao fxl &ho tin tr-nh
).2& &h3n E8i E )iu phi ) tin tr-nh thZ& thi#
H/&/. Mr= >24 =AB gD 1234 ?5E2
BJ Sk =X79 g79 (wB2\7VYY)_ f!& tin tr-nh &hia s fxl mt &!&h &ng ERng+ khng &/ tin tr-nh
no ph;i &hr )2i 7 h4n ) ).2& &,p ph!t fxl#
gJ TG75 5204 sAB (Ezz2=2V7=F)_ H thng ph;i t?n '1ng ).2& fxl Hbb thri gian#
=J T5j2 92B7 1<? ^79 5? 8U (RVY?W7YV >2CV)_ fZ& tiu ho! thri gian hWi )!p &ho &!& t.:ng t!&
&5a ng.ri s0 '1ng#
hJ T5j2 92B7 8Z4 8d2 >\W79 50 >5E79 (T4\7B\W47h T2CV)_ fZ& tiu h/a thri gian hon t,t &!& t!&
71 [0 lX theo l#
VJ T5X79 8Z79 >E2 1B (T5\W495?4> )_ fZ& )4i h/a s &ng 7i& ).2& [0 lX trong mt ):n 7\
thri gian#
Qh.rng h )iu hnh kh/ th tha mSn t,t &; &!& m1& ti9u k tr9n m &h] &/ th 'ung hUa#
7i& )iu phi &/ hiu =5a+ h )iu hnh &n =uan tNm )n )%& t"nh &5a tin tr-nh#
H/&/& C<= 1= >G75 =AB >2u7 >\:75
BJ TG75 5Zv79 75I?JK4L>( IJO!gW47hVh7VYY)`
OJ
Qin tr-nh khi thZ& thi+ &h5 yu thZ& hin thao t!& nh?p [u,t+ r,t "t lnh [0 lX# Qin tr-nh &/
khuynh h.Yng khng s0 '1ng fxl )n ht thri gian 'nh &ho n/# Ho4t )ng &5a &!& tin tr-nh
nh. th th.rng Eao gWm nhiu l.2t s0 '1ng fxl+ mti l.2t trong mt thri gian kh! ng*n#
gJ TG75 5Zv79 KT 8U( CPU!gW47hVh7VYY)`
Qin tr-nh khi thZ& thi+ &h5 yu thZ& hin thao t!& [0 lX+ r,t "t thao t!& nh?pv[u,t# Qin tr-nh &/
khuynh h.Yng s0 '1ng fxl )n khi ht thri gian 'nh &ho n/# Ho4t )ng &5a &!& tin tr-nh nh.
th th.rng Eao gWm mt s "t l.2t s0 '1ng fxl+ nh.ng mti l.2t trong mt thri gian )5 'i#
=J T2u7 >\:75 >Z[79 ><= 5BF KT 8U >5VW 8X `
Lg.ri s0 '1ng theo kiu t.:ng t!& th.rng y9u &u ).2& hWi )!p ts& thri )i 7Yi &!& y9u &u &5a
h3+ trong khi &!& tin tr-nh &5a t!& 71 ).2& [0 lX theo l n/i &hung &/ th tr- hoSn trong mt thri
gian &h,p nh?n ).2&#
hJ D Z4 >27 =AB >2u7 >\:75
f!& tin tr-nh &/ th ).2& phNn &,p .u ti9n theo mt s ti9u &hun no )/# f!& tin tr-nh &/ ) .u
ti9n &ao &n thZ& hin tr.Y&#
VJ T5j2 92B7 1 YT hr79 CPU =AB >2u7 >\:75
$t s =uan )im .u ti9n &h3n nhqng tin tr-nh )S s0 '1ng fxl nhiu thri gian nh,t 7- hy 73ng
&h6ng so &n "t thri gian nh,t ) hon t,t 7 rri khi h thng # Quy nhi9n &Vng &/ =uan )im &ho
rRng &!& tin tr-nh nh?n ).2& fxl trong "t thri gian l nhqng tin tr-nh )S ph;i &hr lNu nh,t+ 'o
7?y .u ti9n &h3n &h6ng#
zJ T5j2 92B7 ={7 8d2 >2u7 >\:75 =@7 1b 5W67 >L>
f/ th gi;m thiu thri gian &hr )2i trung E-nh &5a &!& tin tr-nh ERng &!&h &ho &!& tin tr-nh &n
"t thri gian nh,t ) hon t,t ).2& thZ& hin tr.Y&# Quy nhi9n )!ng ti& l r,t him khi Eit ).2&
tin tr-nh &n Eao nhi9u thri gian nqa ) kt th6& [0 lX#
~hi thZ& hin )iu phi+ &n =uyt )\nh thri )im &huyn )i fxl giqa &!& tin tr-nh+ h )iu
hnh &/ th 'Za 7o &!& nguy9n lX sau_
H/&/H C<= 794F7 8U 1234 ?5E2
H/&/H/. 234 ?5E2 1D= s4F37 (?\VVC?>2qV)`
Qin tr-nh khi nh?n ).2& fxl so ).2& )& &him fxl )n khi hon t,t [0 lX ho%& tZ nguyn gi;i
ph/ng fxl# f!& gi;i thu?t )& =uyn th.rng ):n gi;n 7 '< &i )%t nh.ng khng th"&h h2p 7Yi
&!& h thng nhiu ng.ri '(ng+ 7- nu &ho php mt tin tr-nh &/ =uyn [0 lX Eao lNu t(y X+ tin
tr-nh ny &/ th giq fxl mt thri gian khng [!& )\nh+ &/ th ngan &;n nhqng tin tr-nh &Un l4i
trong h thng &/ mt &: hi ) [0 lX# iu phi )& =uyn &Vng &/ th [;y ra t-nh tr4ng &!& t!&
71 &n thri gian [0 lX ng*n ph;i &hr t!& 71 [0 lX 7Yi thri gian r,t 'i hon t,t#
H/&/H/& 234 ?5E2 a5X79 1D= s4F37 (7W?\VVC?>2qV)`
~hi mt tin tr-nh nh?n ).2& fxl+ n/ 7Tn ).2& s0 '1ng fxl )n khi hon t,t ho%& tZ nguyn
gi;i ph/ng fxl+ nh.ng nu [u,t hin mt tin tr-nh kh!& &/ ) .u ti9n &ao h:n th- h )iu hnh
so &ho tin tr-nh &/ ) .u ti9n &ao h:n 'nh =uyn s0 '1ng fxl &5a tin tr-nh Ean )u#
f!& thu?t to!n )iu phi khng )& =uyn tr!nh ).2& t-nh tr4ng mt tin tr-nh )& &him fxl+
nh.ng 7i& t4m 'ng mt tin tr-nh &/ th 'Tn )n &!& mNu thuTn trong truy [u,t+ )Ui hi ph;i s0
'1ng mt ph.:ng ph!p )Wng E h/a th"&h h2p ) gi;i =uyt#
OK
i 7Yi &!& h thng t.:ng t!&+ &!& h thri gian thZ& (real time)+ &n )iu phi khng )& =uyn
) &!& tin tr-nh =uan tr3ng &/ &: hi hWi )!p k\p thri# Quy nhi9n thZ& hin )iu phi khng )&
=uyn )Ui hi nhqng &: &h phs& t4p trong 7i& phNn )\nh ) .u ti9n+ 7 ph!t sinh th9m &hi ph"
khi &huyn )i fxl =ua l4i giqa &!& tin tr-nh# d,n ) )%t ra &ho h )iu hnh l thri )im no
&n thZ& hin )iu phi#
T5j2 12bC >5k= 5207 1234 ?5E2
H )iu hnh thZ& hin 7i& )iu phi tin tr-nh khi &/ mt trong &!& t-nh hung sau_
av Qin tr-nh &huyn t tr4ng th!i running sang tr4ng th!i Elo&ke'_ 7" '1 &hr mt thao t!& nh?p
[u,t hay &hr mt tin tr-nh &on kt th6&u
Ev Qin tr-nh &huyn t tr4ng th!i running sang tr4ng th!i rea'y_ 7" '1 [;y ra mt ng*t#
&v Qin tr-nh &huyn t tr4ng th!i Elo&ke' sang tr4ng th!i rea'y_ 7" '1 mt thao t!& nh?pv[u,t hon
t,t#
'v Qin tr-nh kt th6&#
ev Qin tr-nh &/ ) .u ti9n &ao h:n [u,t hin_ &h] !p '1ng )i 7Yi )iu phi khng )& =uyn
H/&/M T =5^= 1234 ?5E2
H/&/M/. C<= hB75 Y<=5 1234 ?5E2
thZ& hin )iu phi+ h )iu hnh s0 '1ng Ea lo4i 'anh s!&h l_ 'anh s!&h t!& 71 (-oE list)+
'anh s!&h sn sng (rea'y list)+ 'anh s!&h &hr )2i (yaiting list)#
~hi mt tin tr-nh ).2& t4o+ xfF &5a tin tr-nh so ).2& &hn 7o 'anh s!&h t!& 71 (-oE list)# ~hi
E nhY )5 &ht+ mt tin tr-nh trong 'anh s!&h t!& 71 ).2& &h3n+ n4p t )a 7o E nhY 7 xfF
&5a tin tr-nh )/ ).2& &huyn sang 'anh s!&h sn sng (rea'y list)# F )iu phi so &h3n mt tin
tr-nh trong 'anh s!&h sn sng 7 &,p fxl &ho tin tr-nh )/# Qin tr-nh ).2& &,p fxl so thi hnh+
7 so &huyn sang 'anh s!&h &hr )2i (yaiting list) khi [;y ra &!& sZ kin 7" '1 nh. )2i mt thao
t!& nh?pv[u,t hon t,t ho%& y9u &u ti nguy9n m &h.a ).2& tha mSn ho%& ).2& y9u &u t4m
'ng ###
Qin tr-nh )ang thi hnh &/ th E\ E*t Eu& t4m 'ng [0 lX 'o mt ng*t [;y ra+ khi )/ tin tr-nh
).2& ).a tr8 l4i 7o 'anh s!&h sn sng ) &hr ).2& &,p fxl &ho l.2t tip theo#
H )iu hnh &h] s0 '1ng mt 'anh s!&h t!& 71+ mt 'anh s!&h sn sng nh.ng mti mt ti
nguy9n (thit E\ ngo4i 7i+ zile+u) &/ mt 'anh s!&h &hr )2i ri9ng Eao gWm &!& tin tr-nh )ang &hr
).2& &,p ph!t ti nguy9n )/#
H-nh J#HO_ $ti ti nguy9n &/ mt hng )2i l.u 'anh s!&h &!& tin tr-nh )ang )2i ti nguy9n#
OO
H-nh J#HG_ khi &/ y9u &u ti nguy9n m &h.a ).2& )!p sng+ tin tr-nh ).2& ).a 7o hng )2i ti
nguy9n#
H/&/M/& C<= 8Wd2 1234 ?5E2
!) Niau phLi "$c (A (cob scheduling)
p lZa &h3n t!& 71 no ).2& ).a 7o E nhY &h"nh ) thZ& hin# fhs& nang )iu phi t!& 71
=uyt )\nh ms& ) )a &h.:ng &5a h thng (s l.2ng tin tr-nh trong E nhY &h"nh)# ~hi h thng
t4o l?p mt tin tr-nh+ hay &/ mt tin tr-nh kt th6& [0 lX th- &hs& nang )iu phi t!& 71 mYi ).2&
k"&h ho4t# d- ms& ) )a &h.:ng t.:ng )i n )\nh n9n &hs& nang )iu phi t!& 71 &/ tn su,t
ho4t )ng th,p # &Nn ERng ho4t )ng &5a fxl 7 &!& thit E\ ngo4i 7i+ E )iu phi t!& 71 n9n
lZa &h3n &!& tin tr-nh ) n4p 7o E nhY sao &ho l sZ pha trn h2p lX giqa &!& tin tr-nh h.Yng
nh?p [u,t 7 &!& tin tr-nh h.Yng [0 lX#
b) Niau phLi "i%n "rWnh ( process scheduling)
fh3n mt tin tr-nh 8 tr4ng th!i sn sng ()S ).2& n4p 7o E nhY &h"nh+ 7 &/ )5 ti nguy9n )
ho4t )ng ) 7 &,p ph!t fxl &ho tin tr-nh )/ thZ& hin# F )iu phi tin tr-nh &/ tn su,t ho4t
)ng &ao+ sau mti ln [;y ra ng*t ('o )Wng hW E!o gir+ 'o &!& thit E\ ngo4i 7i###)+ th.rng l H ln
trong kho;ng Hbbms# >o 7?y ) nNng &ao hiu su,t &5a h thng+ E )iu phi tin tr-nh &n s0
'1ng &!& thu?t to!n tt nh,t#
H/&/M/H C<= >54I> >W<7 1234 ?5E2
!, 3hu" "o$n 4-4.
fxl ).2& &,p ph!t &ho tin tr-nh )u ti9n trong 'anh s!&h sn sng+ tin tr-nh ny l tin tr-nh
).2& ).a 7o h thng sYm nh,t# Ny l thu?t to!n )iu phi theo nguy9n t*& )& =uyn#
H-nh J#H_ m h-nh )iu phi theo iO
d" '1_ H thng ln l.2t &/ Ea tin tr-nh xH+ xI+ xJ 7o rea'y list# Qhri )im 7o |p 7 thri gian
[0 lX &5a mti tin tr-nh &ho trong E;ng sau_
OG
's sn sng
fxl
's )2i ti nguy9n
ivO
9u &u
ti nguy9n
Ht
thri gian
2i H ng*t
Lg*t [;y ra
Qin tr-nh Qhri )im 7o |p Qhri gian [0 lX
xH b IK
xI H J
xJ I J
Qheo thu?t to!n iO+ ths tZ &,p ph!t fxl &ho &!& tin tr-nh l _
xH xI xJ
b IK I Jb
Qhri gian &hr )2i ).2& [0 lX l b )i 7Yi xH+ (IK eH) 7Yi xI 7 (IeI) 7Yi xJ# Qhri gian &hr trung
E-nh l ( bwIJwIO)vJ HG milise&on's#
Lh?n [t_
e f/ th mt tin tr-nh &/ thri gian [0 lX ng*n ph;i &hr mt tin tr-nh &/ thri gian [0 lX 'i thZ&
thi [ong#
e Qhri gian &hr trung E-nh ph1 thu& 7o ths tZ &5a &!& tin tr-nh trong 'anh s!&h sn sng#
b, 3hu" "o$n phQn phLi *o! (dng (Kound Kobin)
F )iu phi ln l.2t &,p ph!t &ho mti tin tr-nh trong 'anh s!&h |p mt kho;ng thri gian s0
'1ng fxl g3i l =uantum# ~hi mt tin tr-nh s0 '1ng fxl )n ht thri gian =uantum 'nh &ho
n/+ h )iu hnh thu hWi fxl 7 &,p &ho tin tr-nh k tip trong 'anh s!&h# Lu tin tr-nh E\ kh/a
(Elo&ke') hay kt th6& tr.Y& khi s0 '1ng ht thri gian =uantum+ h )iu hnh &Vng l?p ts& &,p
ph!t fxl &ho tin tr-nh kh!&# ~hi tin tr-nh ti9u th1 ht thri gian fxl 'nh &ho n/ m &h.a hon
t,t+ tin tr-nh ).2& ).a tr8 l4i 7o &ui 'anh s!&h sn sng ) )2i ).2& &,p fxl trong l.2t k
tip# Ny l mt gi;i thu?t )iu phi khng )& =uyn
H-nh J#Hc_ m h-nh )iu phi theo roun' roEin
d" '1_
Qin tr-nh Qhri )im 7o |p Qhri gian [0 lX
xH b IK
xI H J
xJ I J
Lu s0 '1ng =uantum l K milise&on's+ ths tZ &,p ph!t fxl so l _
O
xH xI xJ xH xH xH xH xH
b K Hb HK Hc II IG Jb
Qhri gian &hr )2i trung E-nh so l (GwJwO)vJ K#GG milise&on'es#
Lh?n [t_
e Lu &/ n tin tr-nh trong 'anh s!&h sn sng 7 s0 '1ng =uantum =+ th- mti tin tr-nh so khng
ph;i )2i =u! (neH)= ):n 7\ thri gian tr.Y& khi nh?n ).2& fxl &ho l.2t k tip#
e Lu thri l.2ng =uantum =u! E so ph!t sinh nhiu sZ &huyn )i giqa &!& tin tr-nh 7 khin
&ho 7i& s0 '1ng fxl km hiu =5a# Lh.ng nu s0 '1ng =uantum =u! lYn so lm gi;m kh; nang
t.:ng t!& &5a h thng#
c, 3hu" "o$n H Cu "i=n
$ti tin tr-nh ).2& g!n &ho mt ) .u ti9n+ tin tr-nh &/ ) .u ti9n &ao nh,t so ).2& &h3n ) &,p
ph!t fxl )u ti9n# .u ti9n &/ th ).2& )\nh ngha nhr 7o &!& yu t E9n trong hay E9n
ngoi# u t E9n trong nh. l giYi h4n thri gian+ nhu &u E nhYuu t E9n ngoi nh. l tm
=uan tr3ng &5a tin tr-nh+ lo4i ng.ri s0 '1ng s8 hqu tin tr-nhu
Di;i thu?t )iu phi 7Yi ) .u ti9n &/ th theo nguy9n t*& )& =uyn hay khng )& =uyn# ~hi
mt tin tr-nh ).2& ).a 7o 'anh s!&h &!& tin tr-nh sn sng+ ) .u ti9n &5a n/ ).2& so s!nh 7Yi
) .u ti9n &5a tin tr-nh hin hnh )ang [0 lX#
Di;i thu?t khng )& =uyn so thu hWi fxl t tin tr-nh hin hnh ) &,p ph!t &ho tin tr-nh mYi
nu ) .u ti9n &5a tin tr-nh mYi &ao h:n tin tr-nh hin hnh# Di;i thu?t )& =uyn so &h] ):n
gi;n &hn tin tr-nh mYi 7o 'anh s!&h sn sng theo ths tZ ) .u ti9n+ 7 tin tr-nh hin hnh 7Tn
tip t1& [0 lX ht thri gian 'nh &ho n/#
d" '1 _ gi; s0 ) .u ti9n H ) .u ti9n I ) .u ti9n J
Qin tr-nh Qhri )im 7o |p .u ti9n Qhri gian [0 lX
xH b J IK
xI H H J
xJ I I J
S0 '1ng thu?t gi;i ) .u ti9n )& =uyn+ ths tZ &,p ph!t fxl nh. sau _
xH xI xJ
b IK I Jb
Qhri gian &hr )2i trung E-nh so l (bwIJwIO)vJ HG milise&on'es#
Lu s0 '1ng thu?t gi;i ) .u ti9n khng )& =uyn+ ths tZ &,p ph!t fxl nh. sau _
Oc
xH xI xJ xH
b H K Jb
Qhri gian &hr )2i trung E-nh so l (GwbwI)vJ I# milise&on'es#
Lh?n [t_
e Q-nh tr4ng )/i fxl (star7ation) l mt 7,n ) &h"nh yu &5a &!& gi;i thu?t s0 '1ng ) .u ti9n#
f!& gi;i thu?t ny &/ th ) &!& tin tr-nh &/ ) .u ti9n th,p &hr )2i fxl 7 h4n
e ngan &;n &!& tin tr-nh &/ ) .u ti9n &ao &him '1ng fxl 7 thri h4n+ E )iu phi so gi;m
'n ) .u ti9n &5a &!& tin tr-nh ny sau mti ng*t )Wng hW (kho;ng Hbbms)# Lu ) .u ti9n &5a
tin tr-nh ny gi;m [ung th,p h:n tin tr-nh &/ ) .u ti9n &ao ths nh-+ so [;y ra sZ &huyn )i
=uyn s0 '1ng fxl# }u! tr-nh ny g3i l sZ lSo h/a (aging) tin tr-nh#
d, 3hu" "o$n c]ng (iTc ngen nh#" (5hor"es"6cob6'irs" 5f4)
Ny l mt tr.rng h2p )%& Eit &5a gi;i thu?t )iu phi 7Yi ) .u ti9n# Qrong gi;i thu?t ny+ ) .u
ti9n p ).2& g!n &ho mti tin tr-nh l ngh\&h );o &5a thri gian [0 lX t m tin tr-nh &Un y9u &u (p
Hvt)+ 7Yi =ui .Y& p lYn th- ) .u ti9n lYn# ~hi fxl rti+ n/ so ).2& &,p ph!t &ho tin tr-nh y9u
&u thri gian [0 lX &Un l4i "t nh,t ) kt th6&e tin tr-nh ng*n nh,t# Di;i thu?t ny &Vng &/ th )&
=uyn hay khng )& =uyn# SZ )iu phi [;y ra khi &/ mt tin tr-nh mYi ).2& ).a 7o 'anh
s!&h sn sng trong khi mt tin tr-nh kh!& )ang [0 lX# Qin tr-nh hin &/ trong |p &/ th y9u &u
thri gian s0 '1ng fxl (fxleEurst) ng*n h:n thri gian &Un l4i m tin tr-nh hin hnh &n [0 lX#
~hi )/ gi;i thu?t S khng )& =uyn so 'ng ho4t )ng &5a tin tr-nh hin hnh+ trong khi gi;i
thu?t )& =uyn so &ho php tin tr-nh hin hnh tip t1& [0 lX#
d" '1 _
Qin tr-nh Qhri )im 7o |p Qhri gian [0 lX
xH b G
xI H c
xJ I K
xK J I
S0 '1ng thu?t gi;i S )& =uyn+ ths tZ &,p ph!t fxl nh. sau_
xH xK xJ xI
b G c HI Ib
Qhri gian &hr )2i trung E-nh so l (bwHHwGwJ)vK O milise&on'es#
Lu s0 '1ng thu?t gi;i S khng )& =uyn+ ths tZ &,p ph!t fxl nh. sau_
O
xH xK xH xJ xI
b J O c HI Ib
Qhri gian &hr )2i trung E-nh so l (IwHHwGwb)vJ G#JJ milise&on'es#
Lh?n [t_
Di;i thu?t ny &ho php )4t ).2& thri gian &hr trung E-nh &Z& tiu# ~h/ khan thZ& sZ &5a gi;i
thu?t S l th.rng khng th Eit ).2& thri gian y9u &u [0 lX &Un l4i &5a tin tr-nh#
e, 3hu" "o$n nhiau mFc H Cu "i=n
>anh s!&h sn sng ).2& &hia thnh nhiu 'anh s!&h+ mti 'anh s!&h gWm &!& tin tr-nh &/ &(ng
) .u ti9n 7 ).2& !p '1ng mt gi;i thu?t )iu phi ri9ng# Lgoi ra+ &n &/ mt gi;i thu?t )iu
phi giqa &!& 'anh s!&h+ th.rng gi;i thu?t ny l gi;i thu?t khng )& =uyn 7 s0 '1ng ) .u
ti9n & )\nh# $t tin tr-nh thu& 7 mt 'anh s!&h no )/ &h] ).2& &,p ph!t fxl khi &!& 'anh
s!&h &/ &,p ) .u ti9n &ao h:n )S trng#
H-nh J#H_ m h-nh )iu phi theo nhiu ms& .u ti9n
Lh?n [t_
e f/ th 'Tn )n t-nh tr4ng )/i fxl &ho &!& tin tr-nh thu& 7 nhqng 'anh s!&h &/ ) .u ti9n
th,p# >o 7?y &/ th [Ny 'Zng gi;i thu?t )iu phi nhiu &,p .u ti9n 7 [oay 7Ung ($ultile7el
ee'Ea&k)# Di;i thu?t ny so &huyn 'n mt tin tr-nh t 'anh s!&h &/ ) .u ti9n &ao [ung 'anh
s!&h &/ ) .u ti9n th,p h:n sau mt kho;ng thri gian no )/# fVng 7?y+ mt tin tr-nh &hr =u!
lNu trong &!& 'anh s!&h &/ ) .u ti9n th,p &Vng ).2& &huyn 'n l9n &!& 'anh s!&h &/ ) .u ti9n
&ao h:n#
e ~hi [Ny 'Zng gi;i thu?t )iu phi nhiu &,p .u ti9n 7 [oay 7Ung &n =uan tNm &!& 7,n ) sau _
e S l.2ng &!& &,p .u ti9n
e Di;i thu?t )iu phi &ho tng 'anh s!&h sng 7Yi mt &,p .u ti9n#
e xh.:ng ph!p [!& )\nh thri )im 'i &huyn mt tin tr-nh l9n 'anh s!&h &/ ) .u ti9n &ao h:n 7
ph.:ng ph!p [!& )\nh thri )im 'i &huyn mt tin tr-nh [ung 'anh s!&h &/ ) .u ti9n th,p h:n#
e xh.:ng ph!p [!& )\nh mt tin tr-nh mYi ).2& ).a 7o h thng so thu& 'anh s!&h &/ ) ti9n
no#
Gb
H-nh J#Ib_ m h-nh )iu phi theo nhiu ms& .u ti9n [oay 7Ung#
+ Chi%n lC`c Hiau phLi *E sL (Lo""er)
xh!t mt 7 s &ho mti tin tr-nh khi 7o h thng# ~hi )n thri )im ra =uyt )\nh )iu phi+ so
&h3n H 7 @tr6ng gi;iA+ tin tr-nh no s hqu 7 ny so ).2& nh?n fxl# Ny l gi;i thu?t )&
=uyn#
Lh?n [t_ Di;i thu?t pottery ):n gi;n &hi ph" th,p+ E;o );m t"nh &ng ERng &ho &!& tin tr-nh#
H/H/ )IN )C GIA CC TIN TRNH
$t tin tr-nh khng E\ ;nh h.8ng E8i mt tin tr-nh kh!& g3i l tin tr-nh )& l?p+ ng.2& l4i g3i
l tin tr-nh h2p t!& (&ooperating pro&ess)# pX 'o &!& tin tr-nh h2p t!&+ li9n l4& 7Yi nhau l )
&hia s thng tin nh. '(ng &hung zile+ E nhY+u ho%& h2p t!& hon thnh &ng 7i&# H )iu hnh
&n &ung &,p &: &h ) &!& tin tr-nh li9n l4& 7Yi nhau+ 7 thng th.rng &/ &!& &: &h li9n l4& sau_
H/H/. )27 8d= g79 >G7 5204 (S297B8)
$t t"n hiu ).2& s0 '1ng ) thng E!o &ho tin tr-nh 7 mt sZ kin no )/ [;y ra# dYi mti t"n
hiu so &/ mt hm [0 lX t"n hiu (signal han'ler) 'o phn &sng ho%& h )iu hnh &ung &,p# d"
'1 mt s t"n hiu &5a h )iu hnh lLiM_
Q"n hiu $ t;
SiDiLQ Lg.ri '(ng nh,n ph"m ftlef ) ng*t [0 lX tin tr-nh
SiDipp Qin tr-nh [0 lX mt &h] th\ E,t h2p l
SiD~ipp 9u &u kt th6& mt tin tr-nh
SiDxQ pti &hia &ho b
SiDS^Dd Qin tr-nh truy [u,t )n mt )\a &h] E,t h2p l
SiDfp> Qin tr-nh &on kt th6&
H-nh J#IH_ mt s t"n hiu &5a h )iu hnh lLiM
GH
+ 3gn hiTu HC`c ghi Hi bhi>
e xhn &sng_ d" '1 lti 'o &!& php t"nh s h3&
e H )iu hnh_ d" '1 mt tin tr-nh no )/ truy [u,t )n mt )\a &h] E,t h2p l#
e Qin tr-nh_ d" '1 tin tr-nh &ha y9u &u mt tin tr-nh &on kt th6&
e Lg.ri s0 '1ng_ d" '1 LS> nh,n ph"m ftlef ) ng*t [0 lX &5a tin tr-nh#
+ Uhi "i%n "rWnh nhn "gn hiTu7 ni ci "hV *+ l "heo m" "rong c$c c$ch s!u>
e M0 lX t"n hiu ERng &!&h g3i hm [0 lX t"n hiu#
e M0 lX theo &!&h ri9ng &5a tin tr-nh#
e F =ua t"n hiu#
d" '1 &/ HH E.Y& khi thZ& hin lri g3i h thng_ rea'(z'+Euzzer+nEyte)
ghi s Eyte &n )3& (nEytes) 7o thanh ghi ghi )\a &h] 7(ng nhY &hsa 'q liu (Euzzer) 7o thanh
ghi ghi s hiu )a 7o thanh ghi (z'b l )a mm+u) g3i hm h thng rea'u
H-nh J#II_ &!& E.Y& thZ& hin lri g3i h thng rea'#
Lh?n [t
e Qin tr-nh nh?n t"n hiu khng th [!& )\nh tr.Y& thri )im nh?n t"n hiu#
e f!& tin tr-nh &h] &/ th thng E!o &ho nhau 7 mt sZ kin+ khng th trao )i 'q liu
GI
}u;n lX tin tr-nh
H6C 795B
pi' zork() Q4o mt tin tr-nh &on ging ht tin tr-nh &ha
pi' yaitpi'(pi'+statlo&+ options) 2i mt tin tr-nh &on ) ngng thZ& thi
s e[e&7e(name+ arg7+ en7ironp) Qhay th H @;nh nhNn tin tr-nhA (pro&ess &ore image)
e[it(status) Lgng thZ& thi tin tr-nh 7 nh?n 7 tr4ng th!i
}u;n tr\ t?p tin
H6C 795B
z' open(zile+ hoy+ u) $8 H zile ) )3& ho%& ghi ho%& &; hai
s &lose(z') /ng H zile )ang m8
n rea'(z'+ Euzzer+ nEytes) 3& 'q liu t H zile 7o H E )m (Euzzer)
n yrite(z'+ Euzzer+ nEytes) Dhi 'q liu t H E )m 7o H zile
position lseek(z'+ ozzset+ yhen&e) >i &huyn &on tr &5a zile
s stat(name+ Euz) p,y thng tin tr4ng th!i &5a H zile
}u;n tr\ h thng th. m1& 7 t?p tin
H6C 795B
s mk'ir(name+ mo'e) Q4o th. m1& mYi
s rm'ir(name) M/a mt th. m1& rtng
s link(nameH+ nameI) Q4o mt ) m1& mYi g3i l nameI+ &h] tYi nameH#
s unlink(name) M/a mt ) m1&
s mount(spe&ial+ name+ tag) ~h8i t4o h thng t?p tin
s unmount(spe&ial) /ng h thng t?p tin
f!& hm kh!&
H6C 795B
s &h'ir('irname) i th. m1& lm 7i&
s &hmo'(name+ mo'e) i &!& Eit E;o 7 &5a H zile
s kill(pi'+ signal) D0i H t"n hiu tYi H tin tr-nh
se&on's time(se&on's) p,y thri gian )S tri =ua t ngy HvHvHb
H-nh J#IJ_ mt s lri g3i h thng thng '1ng
H/H/& )27 8d= g79 1Zj79 E79 (P2?V)
.rng ng l mt k9nh li9n l4& trZ& tip giqa hai tin tr-nh+ 'q liu [u,t &5a tin tr-nh ny ).2&
&huyn )n lm 'q liu nh?p &ho tin tr-nh kia '.Yi '4ng mt 'Ung &!& Eyte# Qhs tZ 'q liu
truyn =ua pipe ).2& E;o ton theo nguy9n t*& iO# $t tin tr-nh &h] &/ th s0 '1ng mt pipe
'o n/ t4o ra hay k tha t tin tr-nh &ha#
GJ
H-nh J#IK_ m h-nh li9n l4& ERng ).rng ng#
H )iu hnh &n &ung &,p &!& hm (lri g3i h thng) rea'vyrite &ho &!& tin tr-nh thZ& hin thao
t!& )3&vghi 'q liu trong pipe#
+ bT Hiau h)nh H[ng b hi! (iTc "ru *u#" pipe "rong "Wnh huLng s!u>
e Qin tr-nh )3& pipe so E\ kh/a nu pipe trng+ 7 )2i )n khi pipe &/ 'q liu mYi ).2& truy [u,t#
e Qin tr-nh ghi pipe so E\ kh/a nu pipe )y+ 7 )2i )n khi pipe &/ &ht trng ) &hsa 'q liu#
:hn *j">
$t tin tr-nh kt ni 7Yi mt pipe &h] &/ th thZ& hin mt trong hai thao t!& )3& ho%& ghi#
xipe &ho php truyn 'q liu khng &,u tr6&#
xipe &h] ) li9n l4& giqa hai tin tr-nh &/ =uan h &hae&on+ 7 tr9n &(ng mt m!y t"nh#
H/H/H )27 8d= s4B q79 75v =52B Y (Y5B\Vh CVCW\F)
Lhiu tin tr-nh &(ng &/ th truy [u,t )n mt 7(ng nhY '(ng &hung+ 'q liu m &!& tin tr-nh
mun g8i &ho nhau+ &h] &n )%t 7o 7(ng nhY ny# d(ng nhY &hia s )& l?p 7Yi &!& tin tr-nh+ khi
mt tin tr-nh no )/ mun truy [u,t )n 7(ng nhY '(ng &hung+ tin tr-nh ph;i g*n kt 7(ng nhY
&hung 7o khng gian )\a &h] ri9ng &5a tin tr-nh+ 7 thao t!& tr9n 7(ng nhY &hung ging nh.
7(ng nhY &5a tin tr-nh#
H-nh J#IO_ $ h-nh li9n l4& ERng 7(ng nhY &hia [
:hn *j">
e d(ng nhY &hia s l ph.:ng ph!p nhanh nh,t ) trao )i 'q liu giqa &!& tin tr-nh#
e d(ng nhY &hia s &n ).2& E;o 7 ERng nhqng &: &h )Wng E h/a#
e d(ng nhY &hia s khng th !p '1ng hiu =u; trong &!& h phNn t!n
H/H/M )27 8d= g79 >5X79 120? (MVYYB9V)
Hai tin tr-nh mun li9n l4& 7Yi nhau+ &n thit l?p mt mi li9n kt giqa hai tin tr-nh+ sau )/ s0
'1ng &!& hm sen'+ re&ei7e 'o h )iu hnh &ung &,p ) trao )i thng )ip# ~hi sZ li9n l4& &h,m
'st mi li9n kt giqa hai tin tr-nh so E\ h5y#
GK
] C 5B2 =<=5 827 8d= g79 >5X79 120?`
!, Li=n lXc gi$n "i%p (indirec" communic!"ion)
Hai tin tr-nh &h] &/ th li9n l4& nu &/ hp th.v&ng (mailEo[vport) '(ng &hung# $ti &ng (port)
&/ mt s hiu 'uy nh,t ) phNn Eit# Qhng )ip so ).2& g8i 7 nh?n thng =ua &ng '(ng
&hung#
e Sen'({+ message)_ g8i mt thng )ip tYi port {
e |e&ei7e({+ message)_ nh?n mt thng )ip t port {
Q"nh &h,t_ $t li9n kt ).2& thit l?p giqa hai tin tr-nh nu 7 &h] nu &h6ng '(ng &hung port#
$t li9n kt &/ th ph1& 71 nhiu tin tr-nh#
b, Li=n lXc "r_c "i%p (direc" communic!"ion)
Sen'(x+ message) _ g8i mt thng )ip )n tin tr-nh x
|e&ei7e(}+message) _ nh?n mt thng )ip t tin tr-nh }
Q"nh &h,t_ $t li9n kt 'uy nh,t+ hai &hiu ).2& thit l?p tZ )ng giqa hai tin tr-nh x+} 7 li9n
kt ny &h] '(ng &ho x 7 }#
d" '1_ Fi to!n nh s;n [u,t e ng.ri ti9u th1 (pro'u&ere&onsumer)
Hai tin tr-nh ns[+ ntt thZ& thi )Wng thri# Ls[ s;n [u,t mt s;n phm+ ntt ti9u th1 s;n phm )/+
nu &h.a &/ s;n phm th- ntt &hr#
7oi' ns[()
yhile(H)
t4osp()
sen'(ntt+sp) vvg8i sp &ho ntt

7oi' ntt()
yhile(H)
re&ei7e(ns[+sp) vvntt &hr nh?n sp
ti9uth1(sp)

:hn *j">
f!& tin tr-nh &/ th trao )i 'q liu 8 '4ng &/ &,u tr6&# pi9n kt trZ& tip nh. tr9n &Un g3i l li9n
kt trZ& tip )i [sng (symmetri&)+ ta &/ th &/ li9n kt trZ& tip khng )i [sng (asymmetri&)
nh. sau_
e Sen'(x+ message) _ g8i mt thng )ip )n tin tr-nh x
e |e&ei7e(i'+message)_ nh?n mt thng )ip t tin tr-nh E,t kP &/ mS s i'#
H/H/e )27 8d= s4B YW=aV>
So&ket l k9nh li9n l4& hai &hiu# Hai tin tr-nh mun li9n l4& 7Yi nhau+ mti tin tr-nh &n t4o mt
so&ket ri9ng+ mti so&ket ).2& kt Eu& 7Yi mt &ng kh!& nhau # f!& thao t!& )3&vghi l9n so&ket
GO
&h"nh l sZ trao )i 'q liu giqa hai tin tr-nh# f: &h so&ket &/ th s0 '1ng ) &hun ho! mi
li9n l4& giqa &!& tin tr-nh 7n khng li9n h 7Yi nhau+ 7 &/ th ho4t )ng trong nhqng h thng
kh!& nhau 7 trong mi tr.rng phNn t!n#
] C 5B2 =<=5 827 8d= s4B YW=aV>`
!, Li=n lXc 8iVu "hC "gn (soc8e" Hing (!i "rd bCu cAc)>
Hai tin tr-nh khng &n kt ni+ @tin tr-nh g8iA ghi 'q liu 7o so&ket &5a m-nh+ 'q liu so ).2&
&huyn &ho so&ket &5a @tin tr-nh nh?nA+ @tin tr-nh nh?nA so nh?n 'q liu ERng &!&h )3& 'q liu
t so&ket &5a @tin tr-nh nh?nA# >q liu ).2& g8i theo tng g/i &/ &hsa thng tin ix &5a m!y nh?n
7 port &5a tin tr-nh nh?n (port '(ng ) phNn Eit &!& tin tr-nh tr9n &(ng mt m!y)
:hn *j">
# @tin tr-nh g8iA khng &h*& &h*n thng )ip ).2& g8i )n @tin tr-nh nh?nA
Hai thng )ip ).2& g8i theo mt ths tZ no )/ &/ th )n @tin tr-nh nh?nA theo mt ths tZ
kh!&#
# $t tin tr-nh sau khi )S t4o mt so&ket &/ th s0 '1ng n/ ) li9n l4& 7Yi nhiu tin tr-nh kh!&
nhau#
# Diao ths& l>x s0 '1ng kiu li9n l4& ny
b, Li=n lXc 8iVu HiTn "hoXi (soc8e" Hing (!i "rd "Eng H)i)>
Hai tin tr-nh &n kt ni tr.Y& khi truynvnh?n 'q liu 7 kt ni ).2& 'uy tr- sut =u! tr-nh
truyn nh?n 'q liu#
:hn *j">
# >q liu truyn nh?n E;o );m &h"nh [!& 7 )6ng ths tZ g8i+ nu sai so ).2& g8i l4i#
# Diao ths& Qfx s0 '1ng kiu li9n l4& ny
H/M/ NG B CC TIN TRNH
H/M/./ Y4 =@4 179 gD
Wng E &!& tin tr-nh l E;o );m &!& tin tr-nh [0 lX song song khng t!& )ng sai l&h )n
nhau# di& )Wng E &!& tin tr-nh l 'o &!& y9u &u sau_
!, k=u c^u Hc Guan "ru *u#" (Mu"u!l e*clusion)> t4i mt thri )im+ &h] &/ mt tin tr-nh ).2&
=uyn truy [u,t mt ti nguy9n khng th &hia s#
b, k=u c^u phLi h`p (5nchronil!"ion)> &!& tin tr-nh &n h2p t!& 7Yi nhau ) hon thnh &ng
7i&# d" '1 &h.:ng tr-nh in [u,t k" tZ 7o Euzzer+ k" tZ ).2& l,y 7 in E8i &h.:ng tr-nh )iu khin
m!y in (printer 'ri7er)# Hai tin tr-nh ny ph;i phi h2p 7Yi nhau nh. l &h.:ng tr-nh in khng
).2& [u,t k" tZ 7o Euzzer khi Euzzer )y m ph;i &hr printer 'ri7er l,y EYt 'q liu#
Q hai y9u &u tr9n+ ta &/ hai @Ei to!n )Wng EA &n gi;i =uyt )/ l Ei to!n @)& =uyn truy
[u,tA (hay &Un g3i l @Ei to!n min gangA) 7 Ei to!n @phi h2p thZ& hinA#
GG
H/M/&/ M237 9_79 (=\2>2=B8 YV=>2W7)
o4n mS &5a mt tin tr-nh &/ kh; nang [;y ra lti khi truy [u,t ti nguy9n '(ng &hung (Ein+ t?p
tin+u) ).2& g3i l min gang#
d" '1 gi; s0 &/ hai tin tr-nh xH 7 xI s0 '1ng 7(ng nhY '(ng &hung l.u trq Ein taikhoan# $ti
tin tr-nh mun r6t mt kho;n tin l tienrut t ti kho;n ERng )o4n mS sau_
iz (taikhoan tienrut) taikhoan taikhoan e tienrut
else Qhong Eao @khong the rut tien @
Di; s0 ti kho;n hin &Un cbb+ xH mun r6t Obb 7 xI mun r6t Kbb+ &/ th [;y ra t-nh hung lti
nh. sau_ gi; s0 xH sau khi )S kim tra )iu kin (cbb Obb) l )6ng+ xH ht thri gian s0 '1ng
fxl+ h )iu hnh &,p ph!t fxl &ho xI+ xI kim tra )iu kin (cbbKbb) &Vng 7Tn )6ng+ Ein
taikhoan ).2& &?p nh?t l4i l Kbb# ~hi xH ).2& tip t1& [0 lX+ n/ so khng kim tra l4i )iu kin
(taikhoan tienrut) m thZ& hin r6t tin+ gi! tr\ &5a Ein taikhoan so &?p nh?t thnh eHbb
o4n mS_
iz (taikhoan tienrut ) taikhoan taikhoan e tienrut
g3i l mt min gang#
d" '1 hai tin tr-nh &h4y tr9n hai E [0 lX+ &(ng ghi 'q liu 7o mt hng )2i '(ng &hung+ so [;y
ra lti trong tr.rng h2p sau_ tin tr-nh { th9m 'q liu 7o hng )2i t4i 7\ tr" tail (tail l 7\ tr" &,t 'q
liu) nh.ng &h.a k\p tang tail th- ht =uantum 7 )n l.2t tin tr-nh F [0 lX+ tin tr-nh F th9m 'q
liu t4i 7\ tr" tail 7 nh. 7?y so ghi &hWng l9n 'q liu 'o tin tr-nh { 7a ghi+ lti [;y ra
H-nh J#IG_ hai tin tr-nh { 7 F '(ng &hung mt hng )2i+ &/ th [;y ra lti#
G
f/ th gi;i =uyt lti nu E;o );m t4i mt thri )im &h] &/ mt tin tr-nh ).2& [0 lX lnh trong
min gang+ ngha l t4i mt thri )im &h] &/ mt tin tr-nh truy [u,t ti nguy9n '(ng &hung#
H-nh J#I_ ~hi { trong min gang th- nu F mun 7o min gang + F so E\ kho! &hr { ra khi
min gang+ F mYi ).2& 7o min gang#
] K52 92t2 s4Fu> g62 >W<7 C237 9_79 =@7 =5m U M 1234 a207 YB4`
av ~hng &/ hai tin tr-nh &(ng 8 trong min gang &(ng l6&#
Ev ~hng &/ gi; thit 7 t& ) &5a &!& tin tr-nh+ &Vng nh. 7 s l.2ng E [0 lX#
&v $t tin tr-nh E9n ngoi min gang khng ).2& ngan &;n &!& tin tr-nh kh!& 7o min gang#
'v ~hng &/ tin tr-nh no ph;i &hr 7 h4n ) ).2& 7o min gang#
H/M/H C<= 92t2 ?5<? 179 gD
f/ O nh/m gi;i ph!p ) gi;i =uyt @Ei to!n )Wng EA l_ Fusy aiting+ Sleep {n' akeup+
Semaphore+ $onitor+ $essage#
H/M/H/. N5C 92t2 ?5<? B4YF B2>279 (gI7 >5: 12)
Lh/m gi;i ph!p @Fusy aitingA l4i &hia thnh hai lo4i_ &!& gi;i ph!p @s0 '(ng phn mmA 7 &!&
gi;i ph!p @s0 '(ng phn &sngA#
AJ G2t2 ?5<? ?5@7 C3C`
di& )Wng E l 'o &h.:ng tr-nh thZ& hin+ gi;i ph!p ny l kh/ 7- l?p tr-nh 7i9n khng l.rng
tr.Y& ).2& m3i t-nh hung &/ th [;y ra# QhZ& 7?y+ &h6ng ta th0 [t mt s thu?t to!n )Wng E sai
sau )Ny_
!) 3hu" "o$n 1_ S0 '1ng Ein &r hiu+ thu?t to!n mong )2i '(ng &ho nhiu tin tr-nh nh.ng 7Tn
&Un tr.rng h2p sai# t.8ng nh. sau_
f!& tin tr-nh '(ng &hung Ein &r hiu lo&k + 7Yi X ngha lo&kb l khng &/ tin tr-nh trong min
gang+ lo&kH l &/ mt tin tr-nh trong min gang# lo&k ).2& g!n tr\ Ean )u l b# $t tin tr-nh
mun 7o min gang tr.Y& ti9n kim tra gi! tr\ &5a Ein lo&k# Lu lo&k b+ tin tr-nh )%t l4i gi!
tr\ &ho lo&k H 7 )i 7o min gang# Lu lo&k )ang &/ gi! tr\ H+ tin tr-nh ph;i &hr E9n ngoi
min gang &ho )n khi lo&k &/ gi! tr\ b#
Gc
lo&kb vvEin '(ng &hung &ho m3i tin tr-nh
yhile (H) vvmt tin tr-nh &/ th truy [u,t min gang nhiu ln
vv nu lo&kH l &/ tin tr-nh no )/ trong min gang+ '(ng 7Ung l%p yhile ) )2i
yhile (lo&k H)
vvnu lo&kb tho!t khi yhile+ tr.Y& khi 7o mg g!n lo&kH ) khng &ho &!& tin tr-nh
kh!& 7o mg ()& =uyn 7o mg)#
lo&k H
&riti&alese&tion () vv)o4n mS truy [u,t 'q liu '(ng &hung m &/ th gNy ra lti#
lo&k b vv&ho php &!& tin tr-nh kh!& 7o mg#
non&riti&alese&tion() vv)o4n mS khng ph;i mg

:hn *j"> Di;i ph!p ny 7Tn &/ th 7i ph4m )iu kin ths nh,t l hai tin tr-nh &/ th &(ng 8
trong min gang t4i mt thri )im# QhZ& 7?y+ gi; s0 mt tin tr-nh nh?n th,y lo&k b 7 &hun E\
7o min gang+ nh.ng tr.Y& khi n/ &/ th )%t l4i gi! tr\ &ho lo&k l H+ n/ E\ t4m 'ng ) mt tin
tr-nh kh!& ho4t )ng# Qin tr-nh ths hai ny th,y lo&k 7Tn l b th- )%t l4i lo&k H 7 7o min
gang# Sau )/ tin tr-nh ths nh,t ).2& t!i k"&h ho4t+ n/ g!n lo&k H rWi 7aU min gang# Lh. 7?y
t4i thri )im )/ &; hai tin tr-nh )u 8 trong min gang#
b) 3hu" "o$n /_ S0 '1ng Ein luNn phi9n+ thu?t to!n '(ng &ho hai tin tr-nh nh.ng 7Tn &Un
tr.rng h2p sai# t.8ng nh. sau_
Hai tin tr-nh {+ F s0 '1ng &hung Ein turn 7Yi X ngha sau_ turn b+ tin tr-nh { ).2& 7o min
gang+ turnH th- F ).2& 7o min gang# Qurn ).2& g!n tr\ Ean )u l b+ ts& l { ).2& 7o tr.Y&#
Lu turn b+ tin tr-nh { ).2& 7o min gang# Lu turn H+ tin tr-nh { )i 7o mt 7Ung l%p &hr
)n khi turn nh?n gi! tr\ b th- { ).2& 7o min gang# ~hi tin tr-nh { rri khi min gang+ n/ )%t
gi! tr\ turn 7 H ) &ho php tin tr-nh F )i 7o min gang#
vv tin tr-nh {
yhile (H)

yhile (turn H) vv neu turnH thi { 7ao 7ong yhile 'e 'oi
&riti&alese&tion () vvturnb thi { 'uo& 7ao mien gang
turn H vvgan turnH 'e &ho F 7ao mg
Lon&riti&alese&tion ()

vv tin tr-nh F
yhile (H)

yhile (turn b) vvneu turnb thi F 7ao 7ong yhile 'e 'oi
&riti&alese&tion () vvturnH thi F 'uo& 7ao mien gang
G
turn b vvgan turnb 'e &ho { 7ao mg
Lon&riti&alese&tion ()

:hn *j"> Hai tin tr-nh &h*& &h*n khng th 7o min gang &(ng l6&+ 7- t4i mt thri )im turn
&h] &/ mt g"a tr\# Lh.ng &/ th 7i ph4m )iu kin ths Ea l mt tin tr-nh &/ th E\ ngan &h%n 7o
min gang E8i mt tin tr-nh kh!& khng 8 trong min gang# QhZ& 7?y gi; s0 tin tr-nh { )ang 8
trong phn Lon&riti&alese&tion()+ th- F khng th 7o min gang hai ln li9n tip# Lh. 7?y+ gi;i
ph!p ny ph1 thu& 7o t& ) thZ& hin &5a hai tin tr-nh+ n/ 7i ph4m &; )iu kin ths hai#
c) 3hu" "o$n Pe"erson_ )Ny l gi;i ph!p )6ng 7 '(ng &ho hai tin tr-nh xb 7 xH# t.8ng nh.
sau_
Hai tin tr-nh '(ng &hung hai Ein turn 7 zlagI (kiu int)# D!n tr\ Ean )u zlag bzlag
H{pS^ 7 gi! tr\ &5a turn ).2& kh8i )ng l b hay H# Lu zlag i Q|l^ (ib+H) &/ ngha
l tin tr-nh xi mun 7o min gang 7 turni l )n l.2t xi#
&/ th 7o ).2& min gang+ tr.Y& ti9n tin tr-nh xi )%t gi! tr\ zlag iQ|l^ ) thng E!o rRng
tin tr-nh xi mun 7o min gang+ sau )/ )%t turn- ) th0 ) ngh\ tin tr-nh x- 7o min gang#
Lu tin tr-nh x- khng =uan tNm )n 7i& 7o min gang ngha l zlag - {pS^+ th- xi &/ th
7o min gang+ nu zlag -Q|l^ th- xi ph;i &hr )n khi zlag -{pS^# ~hi tin tr-nh xi rri
khi min gang+ n/ )%t l4i gi! tr\ &ho zlag i l {pS^#
vv tin tr-nh xb (ib)
yhile (Q|l^)

zlag b Q|l^vvxb thng E!o l xb muon 7ao mg

turn H vvthu 'e nghi xH 7ao
yhile (turn H zlag HQ|l^) vvneu xH muon 7ao thi xb &hr
&riti&alse&tion()
zlag b {pS^ vvxb ra ngoai mg
non&riti&alse&tion ()

vv tin tr-nh xH (iH)

yhile (Q|l^)

zlag H Q|l^ vvxH thng E!o l xH muon 7ao mg

turn bvvth0 'e nghi xb 7ao
yhile (turn b zlag bQ|l^) vvneu xb muon 7ao thi xH &hr
&riti&alse&tion()
zlag H {pS^vvxH ra ngoai mg
Lon&riti&alse&tion ()

b
:hn *j"> Lu &; hai tin tr-nh )u mun 7o min gang th- zlag b zlag H Q|l^ nh.ng gi!
tr\ &5a turn t4i mt thri )im &h] &/ th ho%& l b ho%& l H+ 'o 7?y &h] &/ mt tin tr-nh ).2& 7o
min gang 7 '< 'ng kim tra l gi;i ph!p &Vng tha &!& )iu kin &Un l4i#
BJ C<= 92t2 ?5<? ?5@7 =^79_
!) C#m nge">
Qin tr-nh &,m t,t &; &!& ng*t tr.Y& khi 7o min gang+ 7 ph1& hWi ng*t khi ra khi min gang#
~hi )/ ng*t )Wng hW &Vng khng th [;y ra+ 'o 7?y h thng khng th t4m 'ng ho4t )ng &5a
tin tr-nh )ang [0 lX ) &,p ph!t fxl &ho tin tr-nh kh!&+ nhr )/ tin tr-nh hin hnh y9n tNm
thao t!& tr9n min gang m khng s2 E\ tin tr-nh no kh!& tranh &h,p+ ts& l h )iu hnh )&
=uyn truy [u,t min gang#
Lh?n [t_
w >< &i )%t nh.ng &,m t,t &; &!& ng*t l nguy him #
w Lu h thng &/ nhiu E [0 lX+ lnh &,m ng*t &h] &/ t!& '1ng tr9n E [0 lX )ang [0 lX tin
tr-nh+ &Un &!& tin tr-nh ho4t )ng tr9n &!& E [0 lX kh!& 7Tn &/ th truy [u,t )n min gang#
b) 5+ dAng lTnh 35L (3es" !nd 5e" Loc8)>
a s phn &sng &ung &,p lnh QSp &ho php kim tra 7 &?p nh?t mt 7(ng nhY trong mt thao
t!& )& =uyn# Lu &/ hai lnh QSp [0 lX )Wng thri tr9n hai fxl kh!& nhau th- &h6ng so ).2& [0
lX tun tZ# pnh QSp &/ &,u tr6& nh. sau_
Eoolean Qest{n'Setpo&k (Eoolean lo&k)

Eoolean templo&k
lo&k Q|l^
return temp vvtr; 7 gi! tr\ Ean )u &5a Ein lo&k

f/ th &i )%t gi;i ph!p truy [u,t )& =uyn 7Yi QSp ERng &!&h s0 '1ng th9m mt Ein lo&k '(ng
&hung ).2& kh8i g!n l {pS^# Qin tr-nh ph;i kim tra gi! tr\ &5a Ein lo&k tr.Y& khi 7o min
gang+ nu lo&k {pS^+ tin tr-nh &/ th 7o min gang#
Eoolean lo&k{pS^ vvEin '(ng &hung
yhile (Q|l^)

yhile (Qest{n'Setpo&k(lo&k))
&riti&alse&tion ()
lo&k {pS^
non&riti&alse&tion ()

:hn *j"> Lh/m gi;i ph!p @Eusy an' yaitingA )u ph;i thZ& hin mt 7Ung l%p ) kim tra [em
&/ ).2& 7o min gang hay khng n9n tin tr-nh )ang &hr 7Tn &him '1ng fxl# >o )/ &n tr!nh
&!& gi;i ph!p @ Eusy yaiting @ nu &/ th#
H
M/M/H/&/ N5C 92t2 ?5<? S)EEP B7h AKEUP (79A q6 1<75 >5^=)
!) 5+ dAng lTnh 5LmmP no p&UmUP
H )iu hnh &ung &,p hai lnh Sp^^x dn {~^lx# Lu tin tr-nh g3i lnh Sp^^x+ h )iu
hnh so &huyn tin tr-nh sang @'anh s!&h sn sngA+ l,y l4i fxl &,p &ho tin tr-nh kh!&# Lu
tin tr-nh g3i lnh {~^lx+ h )iu hnh so &h3n mt tin tr-nh trong rea'y list+ &ho thZ& hin
tip# ~hi mt tin tr-nh &h.a )5 )iu kin 7o min gang+ n/ g3i Sp^^x ) tZ kh/a+ )n khi &/
mt tin tr-nh kh!& g3i {~^lx ) gi;i ph/ng &ho n/# $t tin tr-nh g3i {~^lx khi ra khi
min gang ) )!nh ths& mt tin tr-nh )ang &hr+ t4o &: hi &ho tin tr-nh ny 7o min gang#
di& s0 '1ng hai lnh Sp^^x dn {~^lx thZ& khng ):n gi;n+ r,t '< E\ lti# QhZ& 7?y+ ta [t
mt &h.:ng tr-nh gi;i =uyt Ei to!n min gang nh. sau_
vvEusy 7 Elo&ke' l hai Ein '(ng &hung#
int Eusy{pS^ vv Q|l^ l &/ tin tr-nh trong min gang+ {pS^ l khng &/ tin tr-nh trong
min gang#
int Elo&ke'b vv )m s l.2ng tin tr-nh )ang E\ kh/a
yhile (Q|l^) vv) &ho mt tin tr-nh &/ th 7o mg nhiu ln

iz (Eusy)

Elo&ke' Elo&ke' w H
sleep()

else Eusy Q|l^

&riti&alese&tion ()
Eusy {pS^
iz (Elo&ke'b)

yakeup() vv)!nh ths& mt tin tr-nh )ang &hr

Elo&ke' Elo&ke' e H

Lon&riti&alese&tion ()

Lh?n [t_
e f/ th 7i ph4m )iu kin ths H l &/ hai tin tr-nh trong min gang &(ng l6&# QhZ& 7?y+ gi; s0
tin tr-nh { kim tra Ein Eusy+ th,y Eusy{pS^+ nh.ng &h.a k\p g!n EusyQ|l^ th- )n l.2t
tin tr-nh F# F th,y Eusy{pS^+ F g!n EusyQ|l^ 7 7o min gang# Qrong khi F &h.a ra
khi min gang th- )n l.2t {+ { g!n EusyQ|l^ 7 7o min gang
e f/ th 7i ph4m )iu kin ths Ea l mt tin tr-nh &/ th E\ ngan &h%n 7o min gang E8i mt tin
tr-nh kh!& khng 8 trong min gang# d" '1 gi; s0 tin tr-nh { 7o min gang+ 7 tr.Y& khi n/ rri
khi min gang th- tin tr-nh F ).2& k"&h ho4t# Qin tr-nh F th0 7o min gang nh.ng n/ nh?n
I
th,y { )ang 8 trong )/+ 'o 7?y F tang gi! tr\ Ein Elo&ke' 7 &hun E\ g3i Sp^^x ) tZ kho!# Quy
nhi9n tr.Y& khi F &/ th thZ& hin Sp^^x+ tin tr-nh { l4i ).2& t!i k"&h ho4t 7 ra khi min gang#
~hi ra khi min gang { nh?n th,y &/ mt tin tr-nh )ang &hr (Elo&ke'H) n9n g3i {~^lx 7
gi;m gi! tr\ &5a Elo&ke'# ~hi )/ t"n hiu {~^lx so l4& m,t 'o tin tr-nh F &h.a th?t sZ @ ng5 @
) nh?n t"n hiu )!nh ths& ~hi tin tr-nh F ).2& tip t1& [0 lX+ n/ mYi goi Sp^^x 7 tZ ng5
7nh 7i<n
pti ny [;y ra 'o 7i& kim tra Ein Eusy 7 7i& g3i Sp^^x l nhqng hnh )ng t!&h Eit+ &/ th
E\ ng*t giqa &hng trong =u! tr-nh [0 lX# tr!nh nhqng t-nh hung t.:ng tZ+ h )iu hnh &ung
&,p nhqng &: &h )Wng E h/a nh. Semaphore+ $onitor 'Za tr9n X t.8ng &5a &hin l.2& @Sp^^x
an' {~^lxA nh.ng 7i& kim tra )iu kin 7o min gang 7 7i& &hr [Ny 'Zng thnh mt
hnh )ng )& =uyn+ gi6p 7i& gi;i =uyt Ei to!n min gang an ton+ hiu =5a h:n#
b) 5+ dAng c#u "rMc 5em!phore>
Semaphore l &,u tr6& ).2& >i-kstra ) [u,t 7o HGO+ semaphore s l mt Ein &/ &!& thu& t"nh
sau_
e $t gi! tr\ nguy9n '.:ng e
e $t hng )2i z l.u 'anh s!&h &!& tin tr-nh )ang &hr tr9n semaphore s
e f/ hai thao t!& ).2& )\nh ngha tr9n semaphore s_
>oyn(s)_ eeeH# Lu e b th- tin tr-nh ph;i &hr trong z+ ng.2& l4i tin tr-nh tip t1&#
lp(s)_ eewH# Lu eb th- &h3n mt tin tr-nh trong z &ho tip t1& thZ& hin ()!nh ths&)#
D3i x l tin tr-nh thZ& hin thao t!& >oyn(s) hay lp(s)_
>oyn(s)
e e e H
iz (e b)
status(x) Elo&ke' vv&huyn x sang tr4ng th!i E\ kho! (&hr)
enter(x+z) vv&ho x 7o hng )2i z

lp(s)
e e w H
iz (e b )

e[it(}+z) vvl,y mt tt } ra khi hng )2i z theo mt thu?t to!n no )/ (iO+u)

status (}) rea'y vv&huyn } sang tr4ng th!i sn sng
enter(}+rea'yelist) vv).a } 7o 'anh s!&h sn sng &5a h thng

J
:hn *j">
e H )iu hnh &n &i )%t &!& thao t!& >oyn+ lp l )& =uyn# &i )%t sZ )& =uyn &/ th
'(ng kC thu?t &,m ng*t (H &pu) ho%& &!& gi;i ph!p phn mm+ ho%& lnh QSp (nhiu &pu)# Lu
'(ng gi;i ph!p phn mm th- gi;i ph!p semaphore 7Tn l gi;i ph!p Eusy an' yaiting nh.ng t!&h
7Ung l%p &hr ra khi &h.:ng tr-nh#
e Hng )2i &/ th &i )%t l mt &on tr tr tYi 'anh s!&h &!& khi xfF &5a &!& tin tr-nh )ang
&hr tr9n s+ khi )/ semaphore &/ '4ng_
&lass semaphore

int e
xfF z vv's ri9ng &5a semaphore
puEli&_
'oyn()
up()

e s tin tr-nh )ang &hr tr9n z#

f/ th '(ng semaphore ) gi;i =uyt Ei to!n min gang hay )Wng E &!& tin tr-nh#
] G2t2 s4Fu> g62 >W<7 C237 9_79 g79 SVCB?5W\VY`
>(ng mt semaphore s+ e ).2& kh8i g!n l H# Q,t &; &!& tin tr-nh !p '1ng &(ng &,u tr6& &h.:ng
tr-nh sau_
semaphore sH vvngha l e &5a sH
yhile (H)

>oyn(s)
&riti&alese&tion ()
lp(s)
Lon&riti&alese&tion ()

] G2t2 s4Fu> g62 >W<7 179 gD g79 SVCB?5W\VY`

d" '1 &/ hai tin tr-nh )Wng hnh xH 7 xI+ xH thZ& hin &ng 7i& H+ xI thZ& hin &ng 7i& I#
Di; s0 mun &7H lm tr.Y& rWi mYi lm &7I+ ta &/ th &ho hai tin tr-nh '(ng &hung mt
semaphore s+ kh8i g!n e(s) b_
semaphore sb vv'(ng &hung &ho hai tin tr-nh
xH_

-oEH()
lp(s) vv)!nh ths& xI
K

xI_

>oyn(s) vv &hr xH )!nh ths&

-oEI()

Lh?n [t_ Lhr lnh 'oyn+ up l )& =uyn+ semaphore )S gi;i =uyt ).2& 7,n ) t"n hiu )!nh
ths& E\ th,t l4&# Quy nhi9n s0 '1ng semaphore &Vng khng ):n gi;n+ &h.:ng tr-nh '< E\ lti m
khng 'Z )o!n ).2&# Qa [t mt s t-nh hung gNy ra lti sau_
e Lu )%t >oyn 7 lp sai 7\ tr" ho%& thiu th- &/ th E\ sai# d" '1 nu xH ) lp() l9n tr.Y& lnh
-oEH() th- nu xH thZ& hin tr.Y& xI+ &/ th -oEH &h.a thZ& hin [ong m -oEI ).2& thZ& hin#
Mt 7" '1 kh!&
e(s)H
yhile (H)

>oyn(s) &riti&alese&tion () Lon&riti&alese&tion ()

Qin tr-nh =u9n g3i lp(s)+ 7 kt =u; l khi ra khi min gang n/ so khng &ho tin tr-nh kh!& 7o
min gang
e S0 '1ng semaphore &/ th gNy ra t-nh tr4ng t*& nghon# d" '1 &/ hai tin tr-nh xH+ xI s0 '1ng
&hung hai semaphore sHsIH
xH_

'oyn(sH) 'oyn(sI)
u#
up(sH) up(sI)

xI_

'oyn(sI) 'oyn(sH)
u#
up(sI) up(sH)

Lu ths tZ thZ& hin nh. sau_ xH_ 'oyn(sH)+ xI_ 'oyn(sI) + xH_ 'oyn(sI)+ xI_ 'oyn(sH) khi )/
sHsIeH n9n xH+xI )u &hr mSi
O
e S0 '1ng semaphore &/ th gNy ra t-nh tr4ng )/i fxl khi gi;i thu?t &h3n tin tr-nh )ang )2i l
gi;i thu?t piO#
Semaphore [Ny 'Zng nh. tr9n g3i l semaphore )m (&ounting semaphore) gi! tr\ e khng giYi
h4n# Semaphore nh\ phNn (Einary semaphore) &/ eb+H '< &i )%t h:n 7- ).2& sZ ht tr2 &5a phn
&sng# Semaphore )m &/ th &i )%t ERng semaphore nh\ phNn nh. sau_
vv&!& Ein '(ng &hung
Einary semaphore sHH+ sIb
int &gi! tr\ Ean )u e &5a semaphore )m
'oyn() vv'oyn oz &ounting semaphore

'oyn(sH) vv'oyn oz Einary semaphore

&ee
iz (&b) 'oyn(sI) vv'oyn oz Einary semaphore
up(sH) vvup oz Einary semaphore

up() vvup oz &ounting semaphore

'oyn(sH) vv'oyn oz Einary semaphore

&ww
iz (&b) up(sI) vvup oz Einary semaphore
up(sH)

'oyn(sH) up(sH) ) );m E;o )& =uyn truy [u,t min gang #
c) 5+ dAng c#u "rMc Moni"ors
&/ th '< 7it )6ng &!& &h.:ng tr-nh )Wng E h/a h:n+ Hoare(HK) 7 Frin&h Hansen
(HO) )S ) ngh\ mt &: &h &ao h:n ).2& &ung &,p E8i ngn ngq l?p tr-nh l monitor#
$onitor l mt &,u tr6& )%& Eit (lYp) Eao gWm &!& ph.:ng ths& )& =uyn (&h"nh l &!& &riti&ale
se&tion) 7 &!& Ein &/ t"nh &h,t sau _
w f!& Ein trong monitor &h] &/ th ).2& truy [u,t E8i &!& ph.:ng ths& trong monitor+ )Ny &h"nh
l &!& Ein ).2& '(ng &hung &ho &!& tin tr-nh#
w Q4i mt thri )im+ &h] &/ mt tin tr-nh 'uy nh,t ).2& ho4t )ng E9n trong mt monitor#
w Qrong monitor &/ th khai E!o &!& Ein )iu kin (thu& lYp &on'ition) '(ng ) )Wng E 7i& s0
'1ng &!& Ein trong monitor# di& s0 '1ng Eao nhi9u Ein )iu kin l 'o ng.ri l?p tr-nh =uyt
)\nh# Fin )iu kin &/ hai lnh ait 7 Signal_
e ait(&)_ &huyn tr4ng th!i tin tr-nh g3i sang &hr (Elo&ke') 7 )%t tin tr-nh ny 7o hng )2i
tr9n Ein )iu kin &#
G
e Signal(&)_ nu &/ mt tin tr-nh )ang &hr trong hng )2i &5a &+ t!i k"&h ho4t tin tr-nh )/ 7 tin
tr-nh g3i so rri khi monitor# Lu khng &/ tin tr-nh no )ang &hr trong hng )2i &5a & th- lnh
signal(&) E\ E =ua#
ait(&)
status(x) Elo&ke' vv&huyn x sang tr4ng th!i &hr
enter(x+z(&)) vv)%t x 7o hng )2i z(&) &5a Ein )iu kin &

Signal(&)

iz (z(&) Llpp)

e[it(}+z(&)) vvp,y tin tr-nh } )ang &hr tr9n &
status}) rea'y vv&huyn } sang tr4ng th!i sn sng
enter(}+rea'yelist) vv).a } 7o 'anh s!&h sn sng#

w $ti Ein kiu monitor &/ mt hng )2i ton &1& l.u &!& tin tr-nh )ang &hr ).2& s0 '1ng
monitor#
w Fin kiu monitor '(ng &hung &ho &!& tin tr-nh '(ng &hung ti nguy9n#
H-nh J#Ic_ m h-nh &,u tr6& monitor
monitor t9n monitor vvkhai E!o monitor '(ng &hung &ho &!& tin tr-nh

&a& Eien 'ung &hung

&!& Ein )iu kin
&a& phuong thu& )& =uyn

vvtin tr-nh xi_

yhile (H) vv&,u tr6& tin tr-nh ths i

Lon&riti&alese&tion ()
ten monitor#xh.:ngths&i vvthZ& hin &ng 7i& )& =uyn ths i
Lon&riti&alese&tion ()

:hn *j">
e di& truy [u,t )& =uyn ).2& E;o );m E8i tr-nh Ei9n '\&h m khng 'o l?p tr-nh 7i9n+ 'o 7?y
nguy &: thZ& hin )Wng E h/a sai gi;m r,t nhiu#
e Di;i ph!p monitor )Ui hi ngn ngq l?p tr-nh )ang s0 '1ng &/ kiu 'q liu l monitor+ hin &!&
ngn ngq ny &h.a &/ nhiu#
e Di;i ph!p Eusy an' yaiting khng ph;i thZ& hin 7i& &huyn )i ngq &;nh trong khi gi;i
ph!p sleep an' yakeup so tn thri gian &ho 7i& ny#
d" '1_ Fi to!n O trit gia an ti#
f/ O trit gia an ti m/n m- ng+ ngWi [ung =uanh mt En trUn+ tr.Y& m%t mti ng.ri &/ mt
&hi& )Va# Fit rRng mun an ).2& ph;i &n hai &hi& )Va+ nu mti ng.ri )u l,y &hi& )Va tr.Y&
m%t m-nh &(ng l6& th- so [;y ra tr.rng h2p l khng trit gia no an ).2& ('ea'lo&k)# HSy )Wng
E 7i& an ti &5a O trit gia sao &ho t,t &; )u an ).2&#
H-nh J#I_ Ei to!n nam trit gia an ti
monitor philosopher
enum thinking+ hungry+ eating stateOvv &a& Eien 'ung &hung &ho &!& trit gia
&on'ition selzO vv&a& Eien 'ieu kien 'ung 'e 'ong Eo 7ie& an toi
vv&a& pt 'o& =uyen (&a& mien gang)+ 7ie& 'o& =uyen 'o nnlt ho tro#
7oi' init()vvph.:ng ths& khoi tao
7oi' test(int i) vvph.:ng ths& kim tra )iu kin tr.Y& khi &ho trit gia ths i an
7oi' pi&kup(int i) vvph.:ng ths& l,y )Va
7oi' put'oyn(int i) vvph.:ng ths& tr; )Va

7oi' philosopher()vvph.:ng ths& kh8i t4o (&onstru&tor)

vvg!n tr4ng th!i Ean )u &ho &!& trit gia l )ang suy ngh
c
b
H
I
J
K
zor (int i b i O iww) statei thinking

7oi' test(int i)
vvnu tgi )/i 7 &!& tg E9n tr!i+ E9n ph;i khng )ang an th- &ho tgi an
iz ( (statei hungry) (state(i w K) O eating) (state(i w H) O eating))

selzi#signal()vv)!nh ths& tgi+ nu tgi )ang &hr

statei eating vvghi nh?n tgi )ang an

7oi' pi&kup(int i)

statei hungry vvghi nh?n tgi )/i

test(i) vvkim tra )k tr.Y& khi &ho tgi an
iz (statei eating) selzi#yait() vv'oi tai nguyen

7oi' put'oyn(int i)

statei thinking vvghi nh?n tgi )ang suy ngh

test((iwK) O) vvkt tg E9n ph;i+ nu h2p l th- &ho tg ny an
test((iwH) O)vvkt tg E9n tr!i nu h2p l th- &ho tg ny an

vv f,u tr6& tin tr-nh xi thZ& hin 7ie& an &5a trit gia ths i
philosopher pp vvEien monitor 'ung &hung
xi_
yhile (H)

Lon&riti&alese&tion ()
pp#pi&kup(i) vvpi&kup l min gang 7 ).2& truy [u,t )& =uyn
eat() vvtriet gia an
pp#put'oyn(i)vvput'oyn l min gang 7 ).2& truy [u,t )& =uyn
Lon&riti&alese&tion ()

h) ST hr79 >5X79 120?`
f/ mt tin tr-nh kim so!t 7i& s0 '1ng ti nguy9n 7 nhiu tin tr-nh kh!& y9u &u ti nguy9n#
Qin tr-nh &n ti nguy9n so g8i mt thng )ip y9u &u ti nguy9n )n tin tr-nh kim so!t+ sau
)/ tZ &huyn sang tr4ng th!i Elo&ke' (&hr trong hng )2i ti nguy9n)# Qin tr-nh kim so!t + khi

nh?n ).2& thng )ip y9u &u ti nguy9n+ )2i )n khi ti nguy9n sn sng th- g8i mt thng )ip
)n mt tin tr-nh )ang )2i ti nguy9n ) )!nh ths& 7 &ho s0 '1ng ti nguy9n# ~hi s0 '1ng [ong
ti nguy9n + tin tr-nh s0 '1ng ti nguy9n g8i mt thng )ip kh!& )n tin tr-nh kim so!t ) E!o
kt th6& truy [u,t ti nguy9n#
vvf,u tr6& tin tr-nh y9u &u ti nguy9n trong gi;i ph!p message
yhile (H)

Sen'(pro&ess &ontroler+ re=uest message) vvgoi t' y& tn 7a &huyen sang trang thai Elo&ke'
|e&ei7e(pro&ess &ontroler+ a&&ept message) vvnhan t' &hap nhan su 'ung tn
&riti&alese&tion () vv'o& =uyen su 'ung tai nguyen 'ung &hung
Sen'(pro&ess &ontroler+ en' message) vvgoi t' ket thu& su 'ung tn#
Lon&riti&alese&tion ()

Lh?n [t_ Semaphore 7 monitor &/ th gi;i =uyt ).2& 7,n ) truy [u,t )& =uyn tr9n &!& m!y
t"nh &/ mt ho%& nhiu E [0 lX &hia s mt 7(ng nhY &hung# Lh.ng khng thu?n l2i trong &!& h
thng phNn t!n+ khi m mti E [0 lX s8 hqu mt E nhY ri9ng Eit 7 li9n l4& thng =ua m4ng#
Qrong nhqng h thng phNn t!n+ &: &h trao )i thng )ip so ):n gi;n h:n 7 ).2& '(ng ) gi;i
=uyt Ei to!n )Wng E h/a#
H/e TNH TRNG TC NGHN (fEAf)OCKS)
H/e/. K5<2 720C >= 7957`
$t t?p h2p &!& tin tr-nh g3i l 8 t-nh tr4ng t*& nghon nu mti tin tr-nh trong t?p h2p )u &hr
)2i ti nguy9n m tin tr-nh kh!& trong t?p h2p )ang &him giq# d" '1 t4i mt thri 'im+ tin tr-nh
H )ang giq ti nguy9n |H+ y9u &u |I 7 tin tr-nh I )ang giq ti nguy9n |I+ y9u &u |H+ nh. 7Ny
y9u &u 7 ti nguy9n khng th )!p sng &ho &; hai tin tr-nh# ~hi )/ khng &/ tin tr-nh no &/
th tip t1& [0 lX+ &Vng nh. gi;i ph/ng ti nguy9n &ho tin tr-nh kh!& s0 '1ng+ t,t &; &!& tin tr-nh
trong t?p h2p )u E\ kh/a 7nh 7i<n
H-nh J#Jb_ (a) mt t-nh tr4ng t*& nghon tim n (E) mt t-nh tr4ng t*& nghon thZ& sZ#
7" '1_ Fqa an ti &5a &!& trit gia# f/ O nh trit gia &(ng ngWi an ti# $ti nh trit gia &n '(ng I
&!i )Va ) &/ th an# Lh.ng tr9n En &h] &/ tng &ng O &!i )Va+ nu &; O ng.ri )u &m &!i )Va
E9n tr!i &(ng l6&+ th- so khng &/ ai &/ ).2& &!i )Va E9n ph;i ) &/ th E*t )u an # Q-nh tr4ng ny
g3i l t-nh tr4ng t*& nghon#
cb
Qi nguy9n &/ th l ti nguy9n 7?t lX (m!y in+ E nhY+ &pu+ )a+ u) ho%& ti nguy9n logi& (zile+
semaphore+ monitor+u)# Qi nguy9n l4i phNn thnh hai lo4i_ lo4i ti nguy9n &/ th l,y l4i t mt
tin tr-nh )ang &him giq m khng ;nh h.8ng )n tin tr-nh )ang &him giq 7 lo4i ti nguy9n
khng th thu hWi l4i t tin tr-nh )ang &him giq#
H/e/& 234 a207 K4L> 5207 >= 7957
H thng so [u,t hin t*& nghon khi 7 &h] khi &/ )5 K )iu kin sau_
234 a207 ._ f/ s0 '1ng ti nguy9n khng th &hia s
$ti thri )im+ mt ti nguy9n khng th &hia s ).2& h thng &,p ph!t &h] &ho mt tin tr-nh +
khi tin tr-nh s0 '1ng [ong ti nguy9n ny+ h thng mYi thu hWi 7 &,p ph!t ti nguy9n &ho tin
tr-nh kh!&#
w 234 a207 &_ SZ &him giq 7 y9u &u th9m ti nguy9n khng th &hia s
f/ tin tr-nh &him giq &!& ti nguy9n trong khi l4i &hr ).2& &,p ph!t th9m ti nguy9n E\ &him
giq E8i tin tr-nh kh!&#
w 234 a207 H_ ~hng thu hWi ti nguy9n t tin tr-nh )ang giq &h6ng
Qi nguy9n khng th ).2& thu hWi t tin tr-nh )ang &him giq &h6ng tr.Y& khi tin tr-nh ny s0
'1ng &h6ng [ong#
w 234 a207 M_ QWn t4i mt &hu tr-nh trong )W th\ &,p ph!t ti nguy9n
f/ "t nh,t hai tin tr-nh &hr )2i lTn nhau_ tin tr-nh ny &hr ).2& &,p ph!t ti nguy9n )ang E\ tin
tr-nh kh!& &him giq 7 ng.2& l4i#
H/e/H >5p =L? ?5<> >62 794F7`
h-nh trUn l tin tr-nh+ h-nh 7ung l ti nguy9n# i 7Yi tin tr-nh+ mVi t9n )i ra l &him giq ti
nguy9n+ mVi t9n 7o l y9u &u ti nguy9n# d" '1 tin tr-nh { )ang giq ti nguy9n |+ tin tr-nh F
y9u &u ti nguy9n S# Qin tr-nh f giq l+ y9u &u Q+ tin tr-nh > giq Q+ y9u &u l# Q?p h2p tin
tr-nh f+> g3i l 8 t-nh tr4ng t*& nghon#
H-nh J#JH_ m h-nh )W th\ &,p ph!t ti nguy9n
cH
H-nh J#JI_ mt 7" '1 7 t*& nghon
H/e/H C<= ?5Z[79 ?5<? KT 8U >= 7957 q6 79_7 =57 >= 7957
* C$c phCDng ph$p *+ l "ec nghqn
w S0 '1ng mt thu?t to!n &,p ph!t ti nguy9n no )/ m E;o );m khng Eao gir [;y ra t*& nghon#
w Ho%& &ho php [;y ra t*& nghon 7 t-m &!&h sqa &hqa t*& nghon#
w Ho%& E =ua 7i& [0 lX t*& nghon+ [em nh. h thng khng Eao gir [;y ra t*& nghon# Qh.rng
!p '1ng ph.:ng ph!p ny khi h thng r,t "t khi E\ t*& nghon 7 &hi ph" kim tra t*& nghon &ao
(lLiM 7 iL>OS s0 '1ng ph.:ng ph!p ny)
B :gSn chZn "ec nghqn
khng [;y ra t*& nghon+ &n E;o );m ti thiu mt trong K )iu kin )S n9u 8 tr9n khng [;y
ra_
w iu kin H gn nh. khng th tr!nh ).2& )iu kin ny 7- E;n &h,t ti nguy9n gn nh. & )\nh#
w )iu kin I khng [;y ra+ th- &/ th !p '1ng mt trong hai nguy9n t*& sau _
e Qin tr-nh ph;i y9u &u t,t &; &!& ti nguy9n &n thit tr.Y& khi &ho E*t )u [0 lX# xh.:ng ph!p
ny g%p kh/ khan l h )iu hnh kh/ &/ th Eit tr.Y& &!& ti nguy9n tin tr-nh &n s0 '1ng 7-
nhu &u ti nguy9n &Un ph1 thu& 7o =u! tr-nh tin tr-nh thZ& hin# Lgoi ra nu &ho tin tr-nh
&him giq sn &!& ti nguy9n &h.a &n s0 '1ng ngay th- 7i& s0 '1ng ti nguy9n so km hiu =u;#
e ~hi tin tr-nh y9u &u mt ti nguy9n mYi 7 E\ t &hi+ n/ ph;i gi;i ph/ng &!& ti nguy9n )ang
&him giq + sau )/ l4i ).2& &,p ph!t tr8 l4i &(ng ln 7Yi ti nguy9n mYi# xh.:ng ph!p ny so g%p
kh/ khan trong 7i& E;o 7 t"nh ton 7n 'q liu &5a h thng#
w )iu kin J khng [;y ra+ h )iu hnh &n &ho php h thng ).2& thu hWi ti nguy9n t &!&
tin tr-nh E\ kho! 7 &,p ph!t tr8 l4i &ho tin tr-nh khi n/ tho!t khi t-nh tr4ng E\ kh/a# Quy nhi9n
7Yi mt s lo4i ti nguy9n+ 7i& thu hWi so r,t kh/ khan 7- 7i ph4m sZ ton 7n 'q liu#
w )iu kin K khng [;y ra+ &/ th &,p ph!t ti nguy9n theo mt sZ phNn &,p nh. sau _
D3i | |H+ |I+###+|m l t?p &!& lo4i ti nguy9n# f!& lo4i ti nguy9n ).2& )!nh s ths tZ # d"
'1 _ ()a) I+ (m!y in) HI+u
cI
~hi tin tr-nh )ang &him giq ti nguy9n |i th- &h] &/ th y9u &u &!& ti nguy9n |- nu (|-)
(|i)#
Qa &/ th tr!nh t*& nghon khi &,p ph!t ti nguy9n ERng &!&h s0 '1ng gi;i thu?t &,p ph!t ti nguy9n
nh. sau_
H/e/M G2t2 >54I> =L? ?5<> >62 794F7 (92t2 >54I> gB7aV\)
H/e/M/. G2t2 >54I> K<= 1p75 >\d79 >5<2 B7 >W67
Lu h thng &/ th tha mSn &!& nhu &u ti nguy9n ti )a &5a mti tin tr-nh theo mt ths tZ &,p
ph!t no )/ m khng E\ t*& nghon th- g3i l h thng 8 tr4ng th!i l an ton# H thng 8 tr4ng
th!i khng an ton &/ th 'Tn )n t-nh tr4ng t*& nghon# Qa &/ gi;i thu?t [!& )\nh tr4ng th!i an ton
nh. sau_
int Lum|esour&esvvs ti nguy9n+ mt ti nguy9n &/ th &/ nhiu th hin (instan&e)
int Lumxro&svvs tin tr-nh trong h thng
int {7ailaEleLum|esour&es vv {7ailaEler s l.2ng &!& th hin &Un tZ 'o &5a ti nguy9n r
int $a[Lumxro&s+ Lum|esour&es vv$a[p+r nhu &u ti )a &5a tin tr-nh p 7 ti nguy9n r
int {llo&ationLumxro&s+ Lum|esour&esvv {llo&ationp+r s ti nguy9n r )S &,p ph!t &ho tin
tr-nh p
int Lee'Lumxro&s+ Lum|esour&es vv Lee'p+r $a[p+r e {llo&ationp+r s ti nguy9n r
m tin tr-nh p &Un &n s0 '1ng
int inishLumxro&s zalse vvinishptrue l tin tr-nh p )S thZ& thi [ong
FH#Q-m tin tr-nh i tho; &!& )iu kin sau_
e Qin tr-nh i &h.a thZ& thi [ong_
inishi zalse
e $3i nhu &u 7 ti nguy9n &5a tin tr-nh i )u &/ th )!p sng_
Lee'i+- {7ailaEle-+ 7Yi m3i ti nguy9n -
Lu khng &/ tin tr-nh i nh. th th- )n E.Y& J+ nu &/ [ung E.Y& I
FI# f,p ph!t m3i ti nguy9n m tin tr-nh i &n
e f,p ph!t )5 ti nguy9n &ho tin tr-nh i#
{llo&ationi+- {llo&ationi+-wLee'i+-

-
nee'i+-b

-
{7ailaEle- {7ailaEle- e Lee'i+-
e !nh ',u tin tr-nh i thZ& hin [ong
inishi true
e Qhu hWi l4i t,t &; ti nguy9n )S &,p &ho tin tr-nh i+ &?p nh?t l4i s ti nguy9n - kh; '1ng
{7ailaEle- {7ailaEle- w {llo&ationi+-
e }uay l4i E.Y& H
cJ
FJ# Lu inishi true 7Yi m3i i+ th- h thng 8 tr4ng th!i an ton+ ng.2& l4i l khng an ton#
H/e/M/& G2t2 >54I> BB7aV\
~hi &/ tin tr-nh y9u &u &!& ti nguy9n+ h )iu hnh th0 &,p ph!t+ sau )/ [!& )\nh h thng &/
an ton khng ('(ng gi;i thu?t [!& )\nh tr4ng th!i an ton)# Lu h thng an ton th- &,p ph!t
thZ& sZ &!& ti nguy9n m tin tr-nh y9u &u+ ng.2& l4i tin tr-nh ph;i )2i#
Di; s0 tin tr-nh xi y9u &u kr th hin &5a ti nguy9n r# Di;i thu?t &,p ph!t ).2& thZ& hin nh.
sau_
FH# Lu kr Lee'i+r 7Yi m3i r+ )n E.Y& I+ ng.2& l4i+ [;y ra t-nh hung lti
FI# Lu kr {7ailaEler 7Yi m3i r+ )n E.Y& J + ng.2& l4i xi ph;i &hr
FJ# Di; s0 h thng )S &,p ph!t &ho xi &!& ti nguy9n m n/ y9u &u 7 &?p nh?t t-nh tr4ng h
thng nh. sau_
{7ailaEler{7ailaElerekr 7Yi m3i r
{llo&ationi+r {llo&ationi+rw kr 7Yi m3i r
Lee'i+r Lee'i+r e kr 7Yi m3i r
FK_ ~im tra tr4ng th!i an ton &5a h thng#
>(ng gi;i thu?t @[!& )\nh tr4ng th!i an tonA ) [!& )\nh tr4ng th!i &5a h thng sau khi )S th0
&,p ti nguy9n &ho xi# Lu tr4ng th!i l an ton th- &!& ti nguy9n so ).2& &,p ph!t th?t sZ &ho
xi# Lg.2& l4i+ xi ph;i &hr#
d" '1 gi; s0 t-nh tr4ng hin hnh &5a h thng ).2& m t; nh. trong E;ng '.Yi )Ny# ft $a[ l
nhu &u ti )a 7 mti ti nguy9n &5a mti tin tr-nh+ {llo&ation l s l.2ng &5a mti lo4i ti nguy9n
)S &,p &ho mti tin tr-nh+ {7ailaEle l s l.2ng &5a mti lo4i ti nguy9n &Un &/ th s0 '1ng#
Lu tin tr-nh xI y9u &u K |H+ H |J# hSy &ho Eit y9u &u ny &/ th )!p sng m khng [;y ra
'ea'lo&k hay khng
$a[ {llo&ation {7ailaEle
|H |I |J |H |I |J |H |I |J
xH J I I H b b K H I
xI G H J I H H
xJ J H K I H H
xK K I I b b I
p '1ng Di;i thu?t Eanker
w Fb_ Q"nh Lee' l nhu &u &Un l4i 7 mti ti nguy9n - &5a mti tin tr-nh i_
Lee'i+-$a[i+-e{llo&ationi+-
cK
Lee' {llo&ation {7ailaEle
|H |I |J |H |I |J |H |I |J
xH I I I H b b K H I
xI K b I I H H
xJ H b J I H H
xK K I b b b I
w FHwFI_ y9u &u ti nguy9n &5a xI tho; )k 8 FH+ FI#
w FJ_ Qh0 &,p ph!t &ho xI+ &?p nh?t t-nh tr4ng h thng
Lee' {llo&ation {7ailaEle
|H |I |J |H |I |J |H |I |J
xH I I I H b b b H H
xI b b H G H I
xJ H b J I H H
xK K I b b b I
w FK_ ~im tra tr4ng th!i an ton &5a h thng ('(ng gi;i thu?t @[!& )\nh tr4ng th!i an tonA)# pn
l.2t &h3n tin tr-nh ) th0 &,p ph!t_
e fh3n xI+ th0 &,p ph!t+ gvs xI thZ& thi [ong thu hWi_
{7ailaEle- {7ailaEle- w {llo&ationi+-
Lee' {llo&ation {7ailaEle
|H |I |J |H |I |J |H |I |J
xH I I I H b b G I J
xI b b b b b b
xJ H b J I H H
cO
xK K I b b b I
w fh3n xH
Lee' {llo&ation {7ailaEle
|H |I |J |H |I |J |H |I |J
xH b b b b b b I J
xI b b b b b b
xJ H b J I H H
xK K I b b b I
w fh3n xJ_
Lee' {llo&ation {7ailaEle
|H |I |J |H |I |J |H |I |J
xH b b b b b b J K
xI b b b b b b
xJ b b b b b b
xK K I b b b I
w fh3n xK_
Lee' {llo&ation {7ailaEle
|H |I |J |H |I |J |H |I |J
xH b b b b b b J G
xI b b b b b b
xJ b b b b b b
xK b b b b b b
$3i tin tr-nh )S ).2& &,p ph!t ti nguy9n 7Yi y9u &u &ao nh,t+ n9n tr4ng th!i &5a h thng l an
ton+ 'o )/ &/ th &,p ph!t &!& ti nguy9n theo y9u &u &5a xI#
cG
H/e/e G2t2 >54I> ?5<> 5207 >= 7957
Lu khi tin tr-nh y9u &u ti nguy9n m h thng &s &,p ph!t th- t-nh tr4ng t*& nghon &/ th [;y
ra+ khi )/ h thng &n &ung &,p gi;i thu?t ph!t hin t*& nghon 7 gi;i thu?t ph1& hWi t-nh tr4ng
tr.Y& khi t*& nghon# Qa &/ hai lo4i ti nguy9n+ mti lo4i so &/ gi;i thu?t ph!t hin t*& nghon t.:ng
sng#
!, 3)i ngu=n ch@ ci m" "hV hiTn
>(ng )W th\ )2i ti nguy9n (yaitezor graph)+ )W th\ ny ).2& [Ny 'Zng t )W th\ &,p ph!t ti
nguy9n (resour&e allo&ation graph) ERng &!&h E nhqng )]nh Eiu 'i<n lo4i ti nguy9n+ khi )/ mt
&4nh t xi tYi x ngha l x )ang )2i xi gi;i ph/ng mt ti nguy9n m x &n# H thng E\ t*&
nghon nu 7 &h] nu )W th\ )2i ti nguy9n &/ &hu tr-nh+ 'o )/ ) ph!t hin t*& nghon ta &h] &n
'(ng mt gi;i thu?t ph!t hin &hu tr-nh ([em lX thuyt )W th\)#
d" '1_ f!& tin tr-nh )ang &him giq 7 )Wng thri y9u &u &!& ti nguy9n nh. &ho trong E;ng
'.Yi )Ny# Hi h thng &/ E\ t*& nghon khng
Qin tr-nh fhim giq 9u &u
xH |H |I
xI |J+ |K |H
xJ |O |K
xK |I |O
xO |J
H>_MNy 'Zng )W th\ )2i ti nguy9n_
>o )W th\ &/ &hu tr-nh n9n h thng E\ t*& nghon#
b, 3)i ngu=n ci nhiau "hV hiTn
W th\ )2i ti nguy9n khng th !p '1ng &ho tr.rng h2p ny# Qa &/ th !p '1ng gi;i thu?t sau )
ph!t hin t*& nghon (kh! ging gi;i thu?t &,p ph!t ti nguy9n) _
BZv= ._ fh3n xi )u ti9n sao &ho &/ y9u &u ti nguy9n &/ th ).2& )!p sng+ nu khng &/ th-
h thng E\ t*& nghon+ ng.2& l4i [ung F.Y& I
c
|H
xH
|J |K
xO
xI xJ
xK
|I |O
th th cp pht ti
nguyn theo yu cu
xO
xH xI xJ
xK
th i ti nguyn
|H
xH
|J |K
xO
xI xJ
xK
|I |O
th cp pht ti nguyn
BZv= &_ Qh0 &,p ph!t ti nguy9n &ho xi 7 kim tra tr4ng th!i h thng+ nu h thng an ton th-
tYi F.Y& J+ ng.2& l4i th- =uay l9n F.Y& H t-m xi k tip#
BZv= H_ f,p ph!t ti nguy9n &ho xi# Lu t,t &; xi ).2& )!p sng th- h thng khng E\ t*& nghon+
ng.2& l4i =uay l4i F.Y& H#
Di;i thu?t ph!t hin t*& nghon &/ th ).2& g3i mti khi mt y9u &u &,p ph!t ti nguy9n khng
).2& )!p sng ngay+ khi )/ &/ th [!& )\nh ).2& t?p h2p &!& tin tr-nh E\ t*& nghon 7 &Vng [!&
)\nh ).2& tin tr-nh gNy ra t*& nghon nh.ng so tn nhiu thri gian khi g3i gi;i thu?t =u! nhiu ln
nh. 7?y# f!&h kh!& l g3i gi;i thu?t theo mt &hu kP )\nh tr.Y&+ 7" '1 H gir g3i mt ln ho%& g3i
khi hiu su,t s0 '1ng fxl '.Yi Kb
M/e/i H204 =575 >= 7957
~hi )S ph!t hin ).2& t*& nghon+ &/ hai lZa &h3n &h"nh ) hiu &h]nh t*& nghon _
BJ HAF >2u7 >\:75 >\W79 >:75 >\d79 >= 7957`
H5y t,t &; &!& tin tr-nh trong t-nh tr4ng t*& nghon hay h5y tng tin tr-nh li9n =uan &ho )n khi
khng &Un &hu tr-nh gNy t*& nghon (tin tr-nh E\ h5y so E\ thu hWi t,t &; ti nguy9n )S ).2& &,p
ph!t)# &h3n ).2& tin tr-nh th"&h h2p E\ h5y+ ph;i 'Za 7o &!& yu t nh. ) .u ti9n+ thri gian
)S [0 lX+ s l.2ng ti nguy9n )ang &him giq + s l.2ng ti nguy9n &Un y9u &u th9m###
gJ T54 52 >62 794F7`
f/ th hiu &h]nh t*& nghon ERng &!&h thu hWi mt s ti nguy9n t &!& tin tr-nh 7 &,p ph!t &!&
ti nguy9n ny &ho nhqng tin tr-nh kh!& &ho )n khi lo4i E ).2& &hu tr-nh t*& nghon# ~hi thu
hWi ti nguy9n &n gi;i =uyt J 7,n ) sau_
w fh3n lZa mt n4n nhNn_ tin tr-nh no so E\ thu hWi ti nguy9n 7 thu hWi nhqng ti nguy9n
no
w Qr8 l4i tr4ng th!i tr.Y& t*& nghon (rollEa&k)_ khi thu hWi ti nguy9n &5a mt tin tr-nh+ &n ph;i
ph1& hWi tr4ng th!i &5a tin tr-nh tr8 l4i tr4ng th!i gn nh,t tr.Y& )/ m &h.a E\ t*& nghon#
w Q-nh tr4ng )/i ti nguy9n _ lm sao E;o );m rRng khng &/ mt tin tr-nh no lun lun E\
thu hWi ti nguy9n
TM TT
w Qin tr-nh l mt &h.:ng tr-nh )ang [0 lX+ mti tin tr-nh &/ mt khng gian )\a &h]+ mt &on tr
lnh+ mt t?p &!& thanh ghi 7 sta&k ri9ng# f!& tin tr-nh &h] &/ th li9n l4& 7Yi nhau thng =ua &!&
&: &h 'o h )iu hnh &ung &,p#
w $1& )"&h &ho nhiu tin tr-nh ho4t )ng )Wng thri l ) tang hiu su,t s0 '1ng fxl+ tang ms&
) )a nhim+ tang t& ) [0 lX#
w $t tin tr-nh &/ th t4o nhiu tiu tr-nh+ mti tiu tr-nh thZ& hin mt &hs& nang no )/ 7 thZ&
thi )Wng thri &Vng ERng &!&h &hia s fxl# f!& tiu tr-nh trong &(ng mt tin tr-nh '(ng &hung
khng gian )\a &h] tin tr-nh nh.ng &/ &on tr lnh+ t?p &!& thanh ghi 7 sta&k ri9ng# f!& tiu tr-nh
li9n l4& 7Yi nhau thng =ua &!& Ein ton &1& &5a tin tr-nh#
cc
w f!& tr4ng th!i &5a tin tr-nh _ Ley+ |ea'y+ |unning+ Flo&ke'+ ^n'
w Q?p lnh &5a fxl ).2& phNn thnh t?p lnh )%& =uyn (&!& lnh nu s0 '1ng khng &h"nh [!&+
&/ th ;nh h.8ng [,u )n h thng) 7 t?p lnh khng )%& =uyn (khng ;nh h.8ng tYi h thng)#
xhn &sng &h] &ho php &!& lnh )%& =uyn ).2& thZ& hin trong &h ) )%& =uyn# H )iu hnh
ho4t )ng trong &h ) )%& =uyn+ &!& tin tr-nh &5a ng.ri '(ng so ho4t )ng trong &h ) khng
)%& =uyn
w H )iu hnh =u;n lX &!& tin tr-nh thng =ua E;ng tin tr-nh+ mti m1& trong E;ng g3i l khi
=u;n lX tin tr-nh l.u thng tin 7 mt tin tr-nh gWm &/_ )\nh 'anh &5a tin tr-nh + tr4ng th!i tin
tr-nh+ ngq &;nh &5a tin tr-nh+ thng tin giao tip+ thng tin thng k9#
w f!& thao t!& tr9n tin tr-nh_ t4o tin tr-nh+ kt th6& tin tr-nh+ t4m 'ng tin tr-nh+ t!i k"&h ho4t
tin tr-nh+ thay )i ) .u ti9n tin tr-nh#
w $ti ti nguy9n ).2& =u;n lX ERng mt &,u tr6& g3i l khi =u;n lX ti nguy9n &hsa &!& thng
tin sau _ )\nh 'anh ti nguy9n+ tr4ng th!i ti nguy9n+ hng )2i tr9n mt ti nguy9n+ E &,p ph!t#
w $t s )%& t"nh &5a tin tr-nh_ t"nh h.Yng nh?pv[u,t+ t"nh h.Yng [0 lX+ tin tr-nh t.:ng t!& hay
[0 lX theo l+ ) .u ti9n &5a tin tr-nh+ thri gian )S s0 '1ng fxl &5a tin tr-nh+ thri gian &Un l4i
tin tr-nh &n ) hon t,t#
w Qin tr-nh ).2& )iu phi thng =ua E )iu phi 7 E phNn phi# F )iu phi s0 '1ng mt
gi;i thu?t th"&h h2p ) lZa &h3n tin tr-nh ).2& [0 lX tip theo# F phNn phi &h\u tr!&h nhim &?p
nh?t ngq &;nh &5a tin tr-nh E\ t4m ng.ng 7 trao fxl &ho tin tr-nh ).2& &h3n E8i E )iu phi
) tin tr-nh thZ& thi#
w $1& ti9u &5a E )iu phi_ sZ &ng ERng+ t"nh hiu =5a+ thri gian )!p sng h2p lX+ thri gian l.u
l4i trong h thng+ thng l.2ng ti )a# f!& nguy9n lX )iu phi_ )iu phi )& =uyn+ )iu phi
khng )& =uyn#
w Qhri )im thZ& hin )iu phi_ tin tr-nh &huyn t tr4ng th!i running sang tr4ng th!i Elo&ke'+
ho%& tin tr-nh &huyn t tr4ng th!i running sang tr4ng th!i rea'y+ ho%& tin tr-nh &huyn t tr4ng
th!i Elo&ke' sang tr4ng th!i rea'y+ ho%& tin tr-nh kt th6&+ ho%& tin tr-nh &/ ) .u ti9n &ao h:n
[u,t hin#
w thZ& hin )iu phi+ h )iu hnh s0 '1ng Ea lo4i 'anh s!&h l_ 'anh s!&h t!& 71 + 'anh s!&h
sn sng+ 'anh s!&h &hr )2i# f!& thu?t to!n )iu phi_ iO+ |oun' |oEin+ ) .u ti9n+ S+ nhiu
ms& ) .u ti9n+)iu phi [ s#
w f: &h li9n l4& giqa &!& tin tr-nh_ li9n l4& ERng t"n hiu+ li9n l4& ERng ).rng ng+ li9n l4& =ua
7(ng nhY &hia s+ li9n l4& ERng thng )ip+ li9n l4& =ua so&ket#
w Wng E &!& tin tr-nh+ min gang# f!& gi;i ph!p )Wng E_ semaphore+ monitor+ trao )i thng
)ip#
w Q-nh tr4ng t*& nghon+ )iu kin [u,t hin t*& nghon+ &!& ph.:ng ph!p [0 lX t*& nghon# Di;i
thu?t &,p ph!t ti nguy9n#
CU HI n BI TP
H# Mt gi;i ph!p phn mm 'o >ekker ) ngh\ ) t &hs& truy [u,t )& =uyn &ho hai tin tr-nh#
Hai tin tr-nh xb+ xH &hia s &!& Ein sau _
int turn vv )n phi9n i hay - (i+-b##H)
c
int zlag I vv kh8i )ng l {pS^
vv&,u tr6& tin tr-nh xi
hile (Q|l^)

zlagi Q|l^
yhile (zlag-)
iz (turn -)

zlagi {pS^
yhile (turn -)
zlagi Q|l^

&riti&alse&tion()
turn - zlagi {pS^
non&riti&alse&tion()

Di;i ph!p ny &/ tha mSn K y9u &u &5a Ei to!n min gang khng
I# Mt gi;i ph!p )Wng E ho! sau_
yhile (Q|l^)

int - Hei
zlagi Q|l^ turn i
yhile (turn - zlag-Q|l^)
&riti&alese&tion ()
zlagi {pS^
Lon&riti&alese&tion ()

Ny &/ ph;i l mt gi;i ph!p E;o );m ).2& )& =uyn truy [u,t khng
J# Di; s0 mt m!y t"nh khng &/ lnh QSp+ nh.ng &/ lnh syap ho!n )i ni 'ung &5a hai t nhY
ERng mt thao t!& )& =uyn _
7oi' syap(int a+ int E)

int tempa
a E E temp

S0 '1ng lnh ny &/ th t &hs& truy [u,t )& =uyn khng Lu &/ [Ny 'Zng &,u tr6& &h.:ng
tr-nh t.:ng sng#
b
K# Qrong gi;i ph!p peterson E Ein turn &/ ).2& khng
O# xh!t trin gi;i ph!p xeterson &ho nhiu tin tr-nh
G# fhsng t rRng nu &!& lnh >oyn 7 lp tr9n semaphore khng thZ& hin mt &!&h khng th
phNn &hia+ th- khng th '(ng semaphore ) gi;i =uyt Ei to!n min gang#
# Mt hai tin tr-nh [0 lX )o4n &h.:ng tr-nh sau_
pro&ess xH {H {I
pro&ess xI FH FI
Wng E ho! ho4t )ng &5a hai tin tr-nh ny sao &ho &; {H 7 FH )u hon t,t tr.Y& khi {I hay
FI E*t )u #
c# Qng =u!t ho! Eai G_ &ho &!& tin tr-nh [0 lX )o4n &h.:ng tr-nh sau_
pro&ess xH zor ( i H i Hbb i ww) {i
pro&ess xI zor ( - H - Hbb - ww) F-
Wng E ho! ho4t )ng &5a hai tin tr-nh ny sao &ho &; 7Yi k E,t kP ( I k Hbb)+ {k &h] &/
th E*t )u khi F(keH) )S kt th6&+ 7 Fk &h] &/ th E*t )u khi {(keH) )S kt th6&#
# S0 '1ng semaphore ) 7it l4i &h.:ng tr-nh sau theo m h-nh [0 lX )Wng hnh_
y [H [I (H) 7 [J [K (I) y 7 [O (J) 7 [G (K)
y y y (O) y (G) ans y w ()
([H+[I+[J+[K+[O+[G l &!& hRng s)
Hb# dit l4i Ei '(ng monitor
HH# Mt hai tin tr-nh sau_
pro&ess {
yhile (H) na na wH
pro&ess F
yhile (H) nE nE wH
a) Wng E ho! [0 lX &5a hai tin tr-nh tr9n+ sao &ho t4i E,t kP thri )im no &Vng &/ nE na
nE wHb
E) Lu gi;m )iu kin &h] l na nE wHb+ gi;i ph!p &5a E4n so ).2& s0a &hqa nh. th no
&) Di;i ph!p &5a E4n &/ &Un )6ng nu &/ nhiu tin tr-nh lo4i { 7 F &(ng thZ& hin
HI# Fi to!n Lg.ri s;n [u,t Lg.ri ti9u th1 (xro'u&erefonsumer)
H
Hai tin tr-nh &(ng &hia s mt E )m &/ k"&h th.Y& giYi h4n# $t tin tr-nh t4o 'q liu+ )%t 'q
liu 7o E )m (ng.ri s;n [u,t) 7 mt tin tr-nh l,y 'q liu t E )m ) [0 lX (ng.ri ti9u
th1)#

Hai tin tr-nh &n tho; &!& )iu kin sau _
e ~H_ Qin tr-nh s;n [u,t khng ).2& ghi 'q liu 7o E )m )S )y#
e ~I_ Qin tr-nh ti9u th1 khng ).2& )3& 'q liu t E )m )ang trng#
e ~J_ Hai tin tr-nh &(ng lo4i ho%& kh!& lo4i )u khng ).2& truy [u,t E )m &(ng l6&#
HJ# Fi to!n |ea'erseriters
~hi &ho php nhiu tin tr-nh truy [u,t &: s8 'q liu '(ng &hung &!& h =u;n tr\ fS>p &n );m
E;o &!& )iu kin sau _
e kH_ khi &/ rea'er th- khng &/ yriter nh.ng &/ th &/ &!& rea'er kh!& t[ 'l
e kI_ ~hi &/ yriter th- khng &/ yriter ho%& rea'er no kh!& t[ 'l#
(f!& )iu kin ny &n &/ ) );m E;o t"nh nh,t =u!n &5a 'q liu#)
HK# Fi to!n Q4o phNn t0 HIO
Wng E ho4t )ng &5a mt phUng th" nghim s0 '1ng nhiu tin tr-nh )Wng hnh sau ) t4o &!&
phNn t0 HIO_
$akeH()

yhile (true)
$akeeHy'ro() vv t4o H nguy9n t0 H

$akeO()

yhile (true)
$akeeO[y() vvt4o H nguy9n t0 O

v Qin tr-nh $akeater ho4t )ng )Wng hnh 7Yi &!& tin tr-nh $akeH+ $akeO+ &hr &/ )5 I H
7 H O ) t4o HIO v
$akeater()

yhile (Qrue)
$akeeater() vvQ4o H phNn t0 HIO

I
HO# Mt mt gi;i ph!p semaphore )6ng &ho Ei to!n >ining philosophers _
'ezine L O
'ezine p^Q (ieH)L
'ezine |iDHQ (iwH)L
'ezine QHiL~iLD b
'ezine HlLD| H
'ezine ^{QiLD I
int stateL
semaphore mute[ H
semaphore sLvvgan tri Ean 'au b
vvtin tr-nh m phng trit gia ths i
7oi' philosopher( int i) vv i l trit gia ths i _ b##LeH

yhile (Q|l^)

think() vv Suy ngh
takezorks(i) vv y9u &u )n khi &/ )5 I na
eat() vv yumeyum+ spaghetti
putzorks(i) vv )%t &; I na l9n En l4i

vvkim tra )iu kin ).2& an

7oi' test ( int i) vv i l trit gia ths i _ b##LeH

iz(stateiHlLD| statep^Q^{QiLD state|iDHQ ^{QiLD)

statei ^{QiLD
up(si)

vvy9u &u l,y I na

7oi' takezorks ( int i) vv i l trit gia ths i _ b##LeH

yhile (Q|l^)

'oyn(mute[) vv 7o min gang
statei HlLD| vv ghi nh?n trit gia i )S )/i
J
test(i) vv & g*ng l,y I na
up(mute[) vv ra khi min gang
'oyn(si) vv &hr nu khng &/ )5 I na

vv)%t I na [ung
7oi' putzorks ( int i) vv i l trit gia ths i _ b##LeH

yhile (Q|l^)

'oyn(mute[) vv 7o min gang
statei QHiL~iLD vv ghi nh?n trit gia i an [ong
test(p^Q) vv kim tra ng.ri E9n tr!i )S &/ th an
test(|iDHQ) vv kim tra ng.ri E9n ph;i )S &/ th an
up(mute[) vv ra khi min gang

a) Q4i sao ph;i )%t statei HlLD| trong takezorks

E) Di; s0 trong putzorks+ lnh g!n statei QHiL~iLD ).2& thZ& hin sau hai lnh test(p^Q)+
test(|iDHQ)# iu ny ;nh h.8ng th no )n gi;i ph!p &ho J trit gia fho Hbb trit gia
HG# $t &0a hiu &*t t/& &/ mt th2+ mt gh &*t t/& 7 L gh &ho kh!&h )2i# Lu khng &/
kh!&h+ th2 &*t t/& so ngWi 7o gh &*t t/& 7 ng5 thip )i# ~hi mt kh!&h hng 7o tim+ anh ta
ph;i )!nh ths& ng.ri th2# Lu mt kh!&h hng 7o tim khi ng.ri th2 )ang E?n &*t t/& &ho kh!&h
hng kh!&+ ng.ri mYi 7o so ngWi &hr nu &/ gh )2i trng+ ho%& rri khi tim nu )S &/ L ng.ri
)2i (ht gh)# MNy 'Zng mt gi;i ph!p 7Yi semaphore ) thZ& hin )Wng E ho! ho4t )ng &5a th2
7 kh!&h hng trong &0a hiu &*t t/& ny#
H# Fi to!n fNy &u &V
Lg.ri ta &h] &/ &ho php ti )a J [e l.u thng )Wng thri =ua mt &Ny &u r,t &V# HSy [Ny 'Zng
th5 t1& {rri7eFri'ge(int 'ire&tion) 7 ^[itFri'ge() ) kim so!t giao thng tr9n &u sao &ho _
e Q4i mti thri )im+ &h] &ho php ti )a J [e l.u thng tr9n &u#
e Q4i mti thri )im+ &h] &ho php ti )a I [e l.u thng &(ng h.Yng tr9n &u#
$ti &hi& [e khi )n )u &u so g3i {rri7eFri'ge('ire&tion) ) kim tra )iu kin l9n &u+ 7 khi
)S =ua &u ).2& so g3i ^[itFri'ge() ) E!o hiu kt th6&# Di; s0 ho4t )ng &5a mti &hi& [e ).2&
m t; ERng mt tin tr-nh far() sau )Ny_
far(int 'ire&tion) v 'ire&tion [!& )\nh h.Yng 'i &huyn &5a mti &hi& [e#v

K
{rri7eFri'ge('ire&tion) vvtYi &u
OnFri'ge() vvl9n &u
^[itFri'ge()vv }ua &u

Hc# Fi to!n }ua sng

7.2t =ua sng+ &!& nhNn 7i9n $i&rosoz 7 &!& pinu[ ha&ker &(ng s0 '1ng mt En sng 7
ph;i &hia s mt s thuyn )%& Eit# $ti &hi& thuyn ny &h] &ho php &h8 H ln K ng.ri+ 7 ph;i
&/ )5 K ng.ri mYi kh8i hnh ).2&# E;o );m an ton &ho &; I ph"a+ &n tuNn th5 &!& lu?t sau _
a# ~hng &h,p nh?n J nhNn 7i9n $i&rosozt 7 H pinu[ ha&ker tr9n &(ng mt &hi& thuyn#
E# Lg.2& l4i+ khng &h,p nh?n J pinu[ ha&ker 7 H nhNn 7i9n $i&rosozt tr9n &(ng mt &hi&
thuyn#
&# Q,t &; &!& tr.rng h2p kt h2p kh!& )u h2p ph!p#
'# Qhuyn &h] kh8i hnh khi )S &/ )5 K hnh kh!&h#
fn [Ny 'Zng I th5 t1& Ha&ker{rri7es() 7 ^mployee{rri7es() ).2& g3i t.:ng sng E8i H ha&ker
ho%& H nhNn 7i9n khi h3 )n Er sng ) kim tra )iu kin &/ &ho php h3 [ung thuyn khng
f!& th5 t1& ny so s*p [p nhqng ng.ri th"&h h2p &/ th l9n thuyn# Lhqng ng.ri )S ).2& l9n
thuyn khi thuyn &h.a )y so ph;i &hr )n khi ng.ri ths K [ung thuyn mYi &/ th kh8i hnh
=ua sng# (~hng =uan tNm )n s l.:ng thuyn hay 7i& thuyn =ua sng rWi tr8 l4iuMem nh.
lun &/ thuyn ) s*p [p theo &!& y9u &u h2p l)
Di; s0 ho4t )ng &5a mti ha&ker ).2& m t; ERng mt tin tr-nh Ha&ker() sau )Ny_
Ha&ker()

|unto|i7er() vv i )n Er sng
Ha&ker{rri7es () vv ~im tra )iu kin [ung thuyn
fross|i7er() vv ~h8i hnh =ua sng

7 ho4t )ng &5a mti nhNn 7i9n ).2& m t; ERng mt tin tr-nh ^mployee() sau )Ny_
^mployee()

|unto|i7er() vv i )n Er sng
^mployee{rri7es () vv ~im tra )iu kin [ung thuyn
fross|i7er() vv ~h8i hnh =ua sng

H# Fi to!n iu phi hnh kh!&h [e Eus t4i mt tr4m 'ng

$ti [e Eus &/ Hb &ht+ K &ht 'nh &ho kh!&h ngWi [e lan+ G &ht 'nh &ho kh!&h E-nh th.rng+ khi
[e )y kh!&h th- so kh8i hnh# f/ th &/ nhiu [e 7 nhiu hnh kh!&h 7o En &(ng l6&+ nguy9n
t*& )iu phi so [p kh!&h 7o )y mt [e+ &ho [e ny kh8i hnh rWi mYi )iu phi &ho [e kh!&#
O
Di; s0 ho4t )ng )iu phi kh!&h &ho H &hi& [e Eus ).2& m t; =ua tin tr-nh Detxassengers()
ho4t )ng &5a mti lo4i hnh kh!&h ).2& m t; ERng tin tr-nh heelxassenger() 7
Lonheelxassenger()# HSy s0a &hqa &!& )o4n &o'e+ s0 '1ng semaphore ) )Wng E ho! #
Detxassenger() vv&h.:ng tr-nh )iu phi kh!&h &ho H [e

{rri7eQerminal() vv tip nh?n mt [e 7o En
Open>oor() vv m8 &0a [e
zor (int ib iK iww) vv tip nh?n &!& kh!&h ngWi [e lan

{rrangeSeat() vv ).a H kh!&h ngWi [e lan 7o &ht

zor (int ib iG iww) vv tip nh?n &!& kh!&h E-nh th.rng

{rrangeSeat() vv ).a H kh!&h E-nh th.rng 7o &ht

flose>oor() vv )/ng &0a [e

>epartQerminal() vv &ho mt [e rri En

heelxassenger() vv&h.:ng tr-nh t4o kh!&h ngWi [e lan

{rri7eQerminal() vv )n En
DetOnFus() vv l9n [e

Lonheelxassenger() vv &h.:ng tr-nh t4o kh!&h E-nh th.rng

{rri7eQerminal() vv )n En
DetOnFus() vv l9n [e

Ib# Lh m!y s;n [u,t thit E\ [e h:i+ &/ I E ph?n ho4t )ng song song
e F ph?n s;n [u,t H khung [e _
$akefhassis()

xro'u&e&hassis()vv t4o khung [e

e F ph?n s;n [u,t H E!nh [e _

$akeQires()

G
vv t4o E!nh [e 7 g*n 7o khung [e
xro'u&etire()
xuttiretofhassis()

HSy )Wng E ho4t )ng trong 7i& s;n [u,t [e h:i theo nguy9n t*& sau _
e S;n [u,t mt khung [e+ tr.Y& khi t4o E!nh [e#
e fn &/ )5 K E!nh [e &ho H khung [e ).2& s;n [u,t ra+ sau )/ mYi tip t1& s;n [u,t khung [e
kh!&u
IH# Qhu?t to!n &!& trit gia an ti sau )6ng hay sai
semaphore sO vv&/ &!& gi! Ean tr\ )u ERng H
vvtin tr-nh trit gia ths i_

'oyn(si) vvl,y )Va

'oyn(s(iwH)O) vvl,y )Va &5a ng.ri E9n &4nh
eat()
up(si) vvE )Va
up(s(iwH)O) vvtr; )Va &ho ng.ri E9n &4nh

II# Mt tr4ng th!i h thng_

$a[ {llo&ation {7ailaEle
|H |I |J |H |I |J |H |I |J
xH J I I H b b K H I
xI G H J I H H
xJ J H K I H H
xK K I I b b I
Lu tin tr-nh xI y9u &u K &ho |H+ H &ho |J# hSy &ho Eit y9u &u ny &/ th )!p sng m E;o
);m khng [;y ra t-nh tr4ng 'ea'lo&k hay khng
IJ# Mt tr4ng th!i h thng sau_

$a[ {llo&ation {7ailaEle

{ F f > { F f > { F f >
xH b b H I b b H I H O I b
xI H O b H b b b
xJ I J O G H J O K
xK b G O I b G J I
xO b G O G b b H K
a) fho Eit ni 'ung &5a E;ng Lee'#
E) H thng &/ 8 tr4ng th!i an ton khng
&) Lu tin tr-nh xI &/ y9u &u ti nguy9n ( b+K+I+b)+ y9u &u ny &/ ).2& )!p sng ts& thri
khng

TI )IU THAM KHO
H# Dary # Lutt+ lni7ersity oz folora'o# fentralie' {n' >istriEute' Operating Systems# Se&on'
^'ition+ Ibbb#
I# |oEert Syiter# Operating Systems+ { xra&ti&al {pproa&h# xrenti&eeHall international+ in&#
HJ#
J# {n'rey S# QanenEaum# $o'ern Operating Systems# xrenti&eeHall international+ in&# Se&on'
^'ition+ IbbH#
K# {Eraham SilEers&hat xeter Faer Dal7in# Operating System &on&epts# ohn iley Sons+
in&# izth ^'ition+ H#
O# H# $# >eitel# Operating Systems# {''isoneesley in&# Se&on' ^'ition+ H#
G# Qrn H4nh Lhi p9 ~h*& Lhi9n n Hong ~im# Di!o tr-nh h )iu hnh (t?p H I)#
H~HQL Ibbb#
c
CH$NG In (.e >2u>)
yUN ) B NH-
fh.:ng @}lL p F LHj so giYi thiu 7 gi;i th"&h &!& 7,n ) sau_
K#H f!& 7,n ) ph!t sinh khi =u;n lX E nhY#
K#I f!& m h-nh &,p ph!t E nhY#
K#J F nhY ;o
M/. CC n~N PHT SINH KHI yUN ) B NH-
w fhuyn )i )\a &h] t.:ng )i trong &h.:ng tr-nh thnh )\a &h] thZ& trong E nhY &h"nh#
w }u;n lX E nhY )S &,p ph!t 7 &h.a &,p ph!t#
w f!& kC thu?t &,p ph!t E nhY sao &ho_
e Lgan &h%n &!& tin tr-nh [Nm ph4m )n 7(ng nhY )S ).2& &,p ph!t &ho tin tr-nh kh!&#
e fho php nhiu tin tr-nh &/ th '(ng &hung mt phn E nhY &5a nhau#
e $8 rng E nhY ) &/ th l.u trq ).2& nhiu tin tr-nh )Wng thri#
M/./. C54Fb7 12 1pB =5 >Z[79 1E2 YB79 >4F0> 1E2
f!& )\a &h] trong &h.:ng tr-nh thZ& thi ('4ng e[e) l )\a &h] t.:ng )i+ 7 &n ).2& &huyn )i
&!& )\a &h] ny thnh &!& )\a &h] tuyt )i trong E nhY &h"nh# di& &huyn )i &/ th [;y ra 7o
mt trong nhqng thri )im sau_
+ 3hPi HiVm bi=n dch (compile "ime)>
Lu t4i thri )im Ei9n '\&h+ &/ th Eit 7\ tr" m tin tr-nh so ).2& n4p 7o trong E nhY+ tr-nh
Ei9n '\&h &/ th ph!t sinh ngay mS 7Yi &!& )\a &h] tuyt )i# Quy nhi9n+ nu 7 sau &/ sZ thay )i
7\ tr" &5a &h.:ng tr-nh+ &n ph;i Ei9n '\&h l4i &h.:ng tr-nh# d" '1 &!& &h.:ng tr-nh #&om &h4y
tr9n h )iu hnh $Se>OS &/ mS tuyt )i ngay khi Ei9n '\&h#
+ 3hPi HiVm nXp (lo!d "ime)>
Lu t4i thri )im Ei9n '\&h+ &h.a th Eit 7\ tr" m tin tr-nh so ).2& n4p 7o trong E nhY+ tr-nh
Ei9n '\&h &h] ph!t sinh mS t.:ng )i# ~hi n4p &h.:ng tr-nh 7o E nhY+ h )iu hnh so &huyn
&!& )\a &h] t.:ng )i thnh )\a &h] tuyt )i 'o )S Eit 7\ tr" E*t )u l.u trq tin tr-nh# ~hi &/ sZ
thay )i 7\ tr" l.u trq+ &n n4p l4i &h.:ng tr-nh ) thZ& hin l4i 7i& &huyn )i )\a &h]+ khng &n
Ei9n '\&h l4i &h.:ng tr-nh#
+ 3hPi HiVm *+ l (e*ecu"ion "ime)>
Lu &/ nhu &u 'i &huyn tin tr-nh t 7(ng nhY ny sang 7(ng nhY kh!& trong =u! tr-nh tin tr-nh
[0 lX+ th- 7i& &huyn )i )\a &h] so ).2& thZ& hin 7o l6& tin tr-nh thZ& thi# fhs& nang &huyn
)i )\a &h] 'o phn &sng &ung &,p g3i l $$l (memory management unit)# f!& h )iu hnh
th.rng '(ng 7i& &huyn )i theo &!&h ny#

M/./& K5X79 92B7 1pB =5 tW q6 a5X79 92B7 1pB =5 qI> 8U

+ N! ch@ o (H! ch@ logic)> l )\a &h] 'o E [0 lX (fxl) t4o ra#
+ N! ch@ (" l (H! ch@ phsic)> l )\a &h] thZ& trong E nhY &h"nh+ )\a &h] 7?t lX &Un g3i l )\a
&h] tuyt )iv)\a &h] thZ&#
+ Uh]ng gi!n H! ch@ o c\! "i%n "rWnh_ l t?p h2p t,t &; &!& )\a &h] ;o &5a mt tin tr-nh#
+ Uh]ng gi!n HiX ch@ (" l c\! "i%n "rWnh_ l t?p h2p t,t &; &!& )\a &h] 7?t lX t.:ng sng 7Yi &!&
)\a &h] ;o#
~hi &h.:ng tr-nh n4p 7o E nhY &!& )\a &h] t.:ng )i trong &h.:ng tr-nh ).2& fxl &huyn
thnh )\a &h] ;o+ khi thZ& thi+ )\a &h] ;o ).2& h )iu hnh kt h2p 7Yi phn &sng $$l &huyn
thnh )\a &h] 7?t lX #Q/m l4i &h] &/ kh!i nim )\a &h] ;o nu 7i& &huyn )i )\a &h] [;y ra 7o
thri )im [0 lX+ khi )/ tin tr-nh &h] thao t!& tr9n &!& )\a &h] ;o+ )\a &h] 7?t lX &h] ).2& [!& )\nh
khi thZ& hin truy [u,t E nhY 7?t lX#
H-nh K#H_ fxl g8i )\a &h] ;o tYi $$l+ $$l &huyn )\a &h] ;o thnh )\a &h] 7?t lX
M/./H y4t7 8U gD 75v 1 =L? ?5<> q6 =5ZB =L? ?5<>
H )iu hnh &n l.u trq thng tin 7 phn E nhY )S &,p ph!t 7 phn E nhY &h.a &,p ph!t# Lu
)S &,p ph!t th- &,p &ho tin tr-nh no# ~hi &n &,p ph!t E nhY &ho mt tin tr-nh th- lm sao t-m
).2& phn E nhY trng th"&h h2p nhanh &h/ng 7 khi E nhY E\ phNn m;nh th- &n 'Wn E nhY
l4i ) t?n '1ng E nhY 7 ) tin tr-nh thZ& thi nhanh h:n#
M/./H/. C<= ?5Z[79 ?5<? s4t7 8U q20= =L? ?5<> gD 75v`
!, 5+ dAng dr bi" _ E"t ths i ERng H l khi ths i )S &,p ph!t+ ERng b l &h.a &,p ph!t#
b, 5+ dAng d!nh s$ch li=n 8%"_ mti n6t &5a 'anh s!&h li9n kt l.u thng tin mt 7(ng nhY &hsa
tin tr-nh (x) hay 7(ng nhY trng giqa hai tin tr-nh (H)#
H-nh K#I_ =u;n lX 7i& &,p ph!t E nhY ERng 'Sy Eit ho%& 'anh s!&h li9n kt
Qr.Y& khi tin tr-nh M kt th6&+ &/ K tr.rng h2p &/ th [;y ra 7 khi tin tr-nh M kt th6&+ h )iu
hnh &n gom nhqng n6t trng gn nhau#
H-nh K#J_ &!& tr.rng h2p &/ th [;y ra tr.Y& khi tin tr-nh M kt th6&
Hbb
M/./H/& C<= >54I> >W<7 =5x7 CD> 1Wd7 >\E79`
+ 4irs"6'i"_ &h3n )o4n trng )u ti9n )5 lYn#
w ?es"6'i"_ &h3n )o4n trng nh nh,t nh.ng )5 lYn ) tha mSn nhu &u#
w pors"6'i" _ &h3n )o4n trng lYn nh,t#
M/& CC M HNH C~P PHT B NH-
f/ hai m h-nh '(ng ) &,p ph!t E nhY &ho mt tin tr-nh l_
w f,p ph!t li9n t1&_ tin tr-nh ).2& n4p 7o mt 7(ng nhY li9n t1&#
w f,p ph!t khng li9n t1&_ tin tr-nh ).2& n4p 7o mt 7(ng nhY khng li9n t1&
M/&/. MX 5:75 =L? ?5<> 827 >r=
f/ hai m h-nh &,p ph!t E nhY li9n t1& l m h-nh pinkerepoa'er ho%& m h-nh Fase pimit#
;0/0101 M] hWnh Lin8ersLo!der>
fh.:ng tr-nh ).2& n4p 7o mt 7(ng nhY li9n t1& )5 lYn ) &hsa ton E &h.:ng tr-nh# H )iu
hnh so &huyn &!& )\a &h] t.:ng )i 7 )\a &h] tuyt )i ()\a &h] 7?t lX ) ngay khi n4p &h.:ng
tr-nh+ theo &ng ths&_
)\a &h] tuyt )i )\a &h] E*t )u n4p tin tr-nh w )\a &h] t.:ng )i#
d" '1_ [t &h.:ng tr-nh x#^M^ &/ lnh ump bMIbb+ # Di; s0 &h.:ng tr-nh ).2& n4p t4i )\a &h]
bMJbb+ khi )/ )\a &h] t.:ng )i bMIbb so ).2& &huyn thnh )\a &h] 7?t lX l
bMJbbwbMIbbbMObb
H-nh K#K_ $t 7" '1 7 &huyn )i )\a &h] t.:ng )i thnh )\a &h] 7?t lX trong m h-nh linkere
loa'er
fh.:ng tr-nh khi n4p 7o E nhY &ho thZ& thi th- g3i l tin tr-nh+ 7?y tr.rng h2p ny &!& )\a &h]
trong tin tr-nh l )\a &h] tuyt )i+ &Un )\a &h] trong &h.:ng tr-nh l )\a &h] t.:ng )i#
Lh?n [t_
w d- 7i& &huyn )i )\a &h] &h] thZ& hin 7o l6& n4p n9n sau khi n4p khng th 'i &huyn tin
tr-nh trong E nhY
w >o khng &/ &: &h kim so!t )\a &h] m tin tr-nh truy &?p+ n9n khng th E;o 7 mt tin
tr-nh E\ mt tin tr-nh kh!& truy [u,t E nhY &5a tin tr-nh mt &!&h tr!i php#
;0/010/ M] hWnh ?!se t Limi"
Ding nh. m h-nh pinkerepoa'er nh.ng phn &sng &n &ung &,p hai thanh ghi+ mt thanh ghi
nn (Ease register) 7 mt thanh ghi giYi h4n (limit register)# ~hi mt tin tr-nh ).2& &,p ph!t
HbH
bbbb
l$x bMObbb
HHF nhY
7?t lX
l$x
bMIbbb
x#^M^
bMJbbb
(Ease)
bMGbbb
(Eoun')
bMJbbb
bMbbbb
7(ng nhY+ h )iu hnh &,t 7o thanh ghi nn )\a &h] E*t )u &5a 7(ng nhY &,p ph!t &ho tin tr-nh+
7 &,t 7o thanh ghi giYi h4n k"&h th.Y& &5a tin tr-nh#
H-nh K#O_ mt 7" '1 7 m h-nh Easelimit
~hi tin tr-nh thZ& thi+ mti )\a &h] ;o ()\a &h] ;o &Vng &h"nh l )\a &h] t.:ng )i) so ).2& $$l
so s!nh 7Yi thanh ghi giYi h4n ) E;o );m tin tr-nh khng truy [u,t ngoi ph4m 7i 7(ng nhY
).2& &,p &ho n/# Sau )/ )\a &h] ;o ).2& &ng 7Yi gi! tr\ trong thanh ghi nn ) &ho ra )\a &h]
tuyt )i trong E nhY#
H-nh K#G_ &: &h $$l trong m h-nh Easelimit
N5I7 K>`
w f/ th 'i &huyn &!& &h.:ng tr-nh trong E nhY 7- 'o tin tr-nh ).2& n4p 8 '4ng )\a &h] ;o+ khi
tin tr-nh ).2& 'i &huyn )n mt 7\ tr" mYi+ h )iu hnh &h] &n n4p l4i gi! tr\ &ho thanh ghi
nn+ 7 7i& &huyn )i )\a &h] ).2& $$l thZ& hin 7o thri )im [0 lX#
w f/ th &/ hin t.2ng phNn m;nh ngo4i 7i (e[ternal zragmentation )_ tng 7(ng nhY trng )5 )
tho; mSn y9u &u+ nh.ng &!& 7(ng nhY ny l4i khng li9n t1& n9n khng )5 ) &,p &ho mt tin
tr-nh kh!&# f/ th !p '1ng kC thu?t @'Wn E nhY @ (memory &ompa&tion ) ) kt h2p &!& m;nh E
nhY nh rri r4& thnh mt 7(ng nhY lYn li9n t1&+ tuy nhi9n kC thu?t ny )Ui hi nhiu thri gian [0
lX# d" '1 7 sZ phNn m;nh ngo4i 7i &5a E nhY+ &!& tin tr-nh li9n t1& 7o ra E nhY+ sau mt thri
gian so ) l4i &!& 7(ng nhY nh m khng th &hsa E,t kP tin tr-nh no#
H-nh K#_ mt 7" '1 7 sZ phNn m;nh ngo4i 7i trong m h-nh &,p ph!t li9n t1&
] nL7 13 7tF Y275 a52 aG=5 >5Zv= =AB >2u7 >\:75 >_79 >\Z79 >\W79 smB >\:75 KT 8U C6 a5X79
={7 q79 75v >\E79 9@7 a3 1b C \D79 q79 75v =5W >2u7 >\:75/ C 5B2 =<=5 92t2 s4Fu>`
HbI
> > > > >
f f
^ ^ ^
F F F F F F F
{ { { { { {

OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS
w <Pi chu "i%n "rWnh_ 'i &huyn tin tr-nh )n mt 7(ng nhY kh!& )5 lYn ) tha mSn nhu &u
tang tr.8ng &5a tin tr-nh#
+ C#p ph$" dC (vng nh cho "i%n "rWnh _ &,p ph!t 'Z phUng &ho tin tr-nh mt 7(ng nhY lYn h:n
y9u &u Ean )u &5a tin tr-nh#
H-nh K#c_ 'nh &ht trng ) tin tr-nh &/ th ph!t trin trong m h-nh &,p ph!t li9n t1&
w Qin tr-nh lun ).2& l.u trq trong E nhY sut =u! tr-nh [0 lX &5a n/ n9n t"nh )a &h.:ng &5a h
)iu hnh so E\ h4n &h E8i k"&h th.Y& E nhY 7 k"&h th.Y& &5a &!& tin tr-nh trong E nhY# f!&h
gi;i =uyt l khi tin tr-nh E\ kh/a ()2i ti nguy9n+ )2i mt sZ kin+u) ho%& tin tr-nh s0 '1ng ht
thri gian fxl 'nh &ho n/+ n/ &/ th ).2& &huyn t4m thri ra E nhY ph1 ()a+u) 7 sau ny
).2& n4p tr8 l4i 7o E nhY &h"nh ) tip t1& [0 lX (kC thu?t syapping)#
tr!nh t-nh tr4ng E nhY E\ phNn m;nh 7- 'o ph;i &,p ph!t mt 7(ng nhY li9n t1& &ho tin tr-nh+
h )iu hnh &/ th &,p ph!t &ho tin tr-nh nhqng 7(ng nhY tZ 'o E,t kP+ khng &n li9n t1&#
M/&/& MX 5:75 =L? ?5<> a5X79 827 >r=
f/ Ea m h-nh &,p ph!t E nhY khng li9n t1& l m h-nh phNn )o4n+ m h-nh phNn trang 7 m
h-nh phNn )o4n kt h2p phNn trang#
M/&/&/. MX 5:75 ?5c7 1Wd7 (SV9CV7>B>2W7)
HbJ
$t &h.:ng tr-nh ).2& ng.ri l?p tr-nh &hia thnh nhiu phNn )o4n+ mti phNn )o4n &/ ngq ngha
kh!& nhau 7 h )iu hnh &/ th n4p &!& phNn )3an 7o E nhY t4i &!& 7\ tr" khng li9n t1&#
d" '1_ &h.:ng tr-nh &hia lm O phNn )o4n (segment)+ mti phNn )o4n ).2& n4p 7o 7(ng nhY
trng &/ th khng li9n t1&#
H-nh K#_ m h-nh phNn )o4n trong kC thu?t &,p ph!t E nhY khng li9n t1&
] C[ =5u MMU >\W79 a >54I> ?5c7 1Wd7`
~hi &h.:ng tr-nh ).2& n4p 7o E nhY+ $$l ghi &!& 7\ tr" l.u trq 7 k"&h th.Y& &!& phNn )o4n
7o E;ng phNn )o4n &Un fxl lm nhim 71 &huyn )i t,t &; &!& )\a &h] t.:ng )i trong &h.:ng
tr-nh thnh )\a &h] ;o#
xhn t0 ths s trong E;ng phNn )o4n gWm hai phn (Ease+ limit)+ Ease l )\a &h] 7?t lX E*t )u phNn
)o4n s+ limit l &hiu 'i &5a phNn )o4n s# $ti )\a &h] ;o gWm hai phn (s+') 7Yi s l s hiu phNn
)o4n + ' l )\a &h] t.:ng )i trong phNn )o4n s#
&huyn )\a &h] ;o (s+') thnh )\a &h] 7?t lX+ $$l truy [u,t phn t0 ths s trong E;ng phNn
)o4n+ l,y ).2& gi! tr\ limit 7 Ease &5a phNn )o4n s+ sau )/ kim tra )iu kin ('limit)+ nu sai
th- thng E!o lti @ truy [u,t )\a &h] khng h2p lA+ nu )6ng th- t"nh )i4 &h] 7?t lX theo &ng ths&_
)&7l Ease w '#
HbK
Qheo 7" '1 tr9n+ gi; s0 tin tr-nh truy [u,t )\a &h] ;o (s+')(K+HObb) th- $$l so thng E!o lti#
Lu tin tr-nh truy [u,t )\a &h] ;o (K+Hbb) th- $$l so &huyn thnh )\a &h] 7Nt lX l
KbbwHbbKcbb#
H-nh K#Hb_ &: &h $$l trong m h-nh phNn )o4n
] C62 1> gt79 ?5c7 1Wd7`
f/ th s0 '1ng &!& thanh ghi ) l.u trq E;ng phNn )o4n nu &/ "t phNn )o4n# Lu &h.:ng tr-nh &/
nhiu phNn )o4n+ E;ng phNn )o4n ph;i ).2& l.u trong E nhY &h"nh# xhn &sng &n &ung &,p mt
thanh ghi nn SQF| (Segment QaEle Fase |egister) ) l.u )\a &h] E*t )u &5a E;ng phNn )o4n 7
mt thanh ghi SQp| l.u s phNn )o4n (Segment QaEle pimit |egister) m &h.:ng tr-nh s0 '1ng#
dYi mt )\a &h] logi& (s+')+ tr.Y& ti9n s hiu phNn )o4n s ).2& kim tra t"nh h2p l (sSQp|)#
~ tip+ &ng gi! tr\ s 7Yi SQF| (SQF|ws) ) &/ ).2& )\a &h] &5a phn t0 ths s trong E;ng phNn
)o4n 7 )i4 &h] 7?t lX &ui &(ng l (Ease w ')
HbO
H-nh K#HH_ &: &h $$l trong m h-nh phNn )o4n# s0 '1ng thanh ghi SQp| 7 SQF|
] BtW q0 ?5c7 1Wd7
d- mti phNn )o4n 'o ng.ri l?p tr-nh [!& )\nh 7 ng.ri l?p tr-nh Eit ).2& mt phNn )o4n &hsa
nhqng g- E9n trong+ 'o 7?y h3 &/ th &h] )\nh &!& thu& t"nh E;o 7 th"&h h2p &ho mti phNn )o4n#
~hi )/ mti phn t0 &5a E;ng phNn )o4n &n &/ th9m mt thnh phn g3i l thu& t"nh E;o 7#
$$l so kim tra gi! tr\ &5a thu& t"nh ny ) ngan &h%n &!& thao t!& [0 lX E,t h2p l )n phNn
)o4n# Di! tr\ &5a thu& t"nh &/ th l | (&h] )3&)+ M (thZ& thi)+ (ghi)+u
H-nh K#HI_ f,u tr6& mt phn t0 trong E;ng phNn )o4n &/ s0 '1ng thu& t"nh E;o 7
] C52B Y ?5c7 1Wd7
$un hai tin tr-nh '(ng &hung mt phNn )o4n no )/+ $$l &h] &n g!n hai phn t0 trong hai
E;ng phNn )o4n &5a hai tin tr-nh &(ng gi! tr\#
H-nh K#HJ_ hai tin tr-nh xH+xI '(ng &hung phNn )o4n b (phNn )o4n e'itor)
N5I7 K>
Qrong h thng s0 '1ng kC thu?t phNn )o4n + hin t.2ng phNn m;nh ngo4i 7i 7Tn [;y ra khi &!&
khi nhY trng )u =u! nh+ khng )5 ) &hsa mt phNn )o4n# gu )im &5a kC thu?t phNn )o4n l
HbG
pimit Fase {ttriEute
mS &h.:ng tr-nh 7 'q liu ).2& t!&h ri9ng thnh nhqng khng gian )\a &h] )& l?p n9n '< 'ng
E;o 7 mS &h.:ng tr-nh 7 '< 'ng '(ng &hung 'q liu ho%& hm#

M/&/&/& MX 5:75 ?5c7 >\B79 (PB9279)
F nhY 7?t lX ).2& &hia thnh &!& khi &/ k"&h th.Y& & )\nh 7 ERng nhau g3i l khung trang
(page zrame)# ~hng gian )\a &h] ;o &Vng ).2& &hia thnh &!& khi &/ &(ng k"&h th.Y& 7Yi khung
trang 7 g3i l trang (page)# ~hi mt tin tr-nh ).2& ).a 7o E nhY ) [0 lX+ &!& trang &5a tin
tr-nh so ).2& &,t 7o nhqng khung trang &Un trng+ nh. 7?y mt tin tr-nh k"&h th.Y& L trang so
&n L khung trang trng#
H-nh K#HK_ khng gian )\a &h] ;o )Zo& &hia thnh nhiu trang 7 l.u 7o &!& khung trang
d" '1 mti khung trang H~F+ mt tin tr-nh J#O~F so ).2& &hia lm K trang# D]a s0 trang b ).2&
&,t 8 khung trang O+ trang H 8 khung trang +u
H-nh K#HO_ s0 '1ng E;ng trang ) l.u &!& s hiu khung trang &hsa trang#
] CL4 >\m= 1pB =5 tW`
'< 'ng phNn t"&h )\a &h] ;o thnh s hiu trang 7 )\a &h] t.:ng )i+ phn &sng =ui )\nh k"&h
th.Y& &5a trang l lVy tha &5a I
n
(n HJ)# Lu k"&h th.Y& &5a khng gian )\a &h] ;o l I
m
(fxl '(ng )\a &h] ;o m E"t) 7 k"&h th.Y& trang l I
n
th- men Eit &ao &5a )\a &h] ;o so Ei<u 'i<n s
hiu trang+ 7 n Eit th,p Ei<u 'i<n )\a &h] t.:ng )i trong trang# ~hi )/ mti )\a &h] ;o m Eit so &/
'4ng (p+') 7Yi p &him men Eit 7 p l s hiu trang+ ' &him n Eit 7 l )\a &h] t.:ng )i trong
trang p#
H-nh K#HG_ &,u tr6& )\a &h] ;o gWm hai phn_ &!& Eit &ao l.u s hiu trang+ &!& Eit th,p l.u )\a &h]
t.:ng )i trong trang#
] C[ =5u MMU >\W79 CX 5:75 ?5c7 >\B79`
~hi &h.:ng tr-nh ).2& n4p 7o E nhY+ $$l ghi nh?n l4i s hiu khung trang &hsa trang 7o
E;ng trang (pages taEle)+ &Un fxl lm nhim 71 &huyn )i t,t &; &!& )\a &h] t.:ng )i trong
&h.:ng tr-nh thnh )\a &h] ;o# xhn t0 ths p trong E;ng trang l.u s hiu khung trang trong E
Hb
)\a &h] ;o '4ng (p+') &/ m Eit
p l s hiu trang 7 &him men Eit &ao ' l )\a &h] t.:ng )i trong trang 7 &him n E"t th,p
xage
Jxage
Ixage
Hxage
b~hng
gian )\a
&h] ;o
JIIbH
bOF;
ng
trang
xage
HHGcGGHKKOxage
bOHIbKKbGJJbII
xage
JIbKcHHbIKbxage
Ibbbb~hng gian
)\a &h] 7?t lX
nhY 7?t lX )ang &hsa trang p# &huyn )\a &h] ;o (p+') thnh )\a &h] 7?t lX+ $$l truy [u,t
phn t0 ths p trong E;ng trang+ l,y ).2& gi! tr\ z l s hiu khung trang &hsa trang p 7 t )/ t"nh
).2& )i4 &h] 7?t lX 7\ tr" E*t )u &5a khung trang z w '#
H-nh K#H_ &: &h $$l trong m h-nh phNn trang
Qheo 7" '1 tr9n+ gi; s0 tin tr-nh truy [u,t )\a &h] ;o (p+') (J+Obb)+ $$l so truy [u,t phn t0
ths J trong E;ng trang 7 Eit ).2& trang J 8 khung trang I 7 &huyn )\a &h] ;o thnh )\a &h] 7Nt
lX l I[ I
Hb
wObb IOKc (I[ I
Hb
IbKc l )\a &h] E*t )u &5a khung trang I)#
Qrong thZ& t+ 7i& &huyn )i )\a &h] ;o (p+') ).2& $$l thZ& hin nh. sau_ $$l truy [u,t
phn t0 ths p trong E;ng trang+ l,y ).2& gi! tr\ z l s hiu khung trang &hsa trang p 7 t"nh )i4
&h] 7?t lX ERng &!&h &hp ' 7o n Eit th,p &5a )\a &h] 7?t lX 7 &hp z 7o (men) Eit &ao &5a )\a
&h] 7?t lX#
d" '1_ $t h thng &/ )\a &h] ;o HG Eit '4ng (p+') 7Yi p &/ K E"t+ ' &/ HI E"t (h thng &/ HG
trang+ mti trang K ~F) # F"t xresentvaEsent H ngha l trang hin 8 trong E nhY 7 b l 8 E
nhY ph1#
Mt )\a &h] ;o cHG
Hb
bbHb#bbbb#bbbb#bHbb
I
p bbHb
I
I
Hb
+ ' bbbb#bbbb#bHbb
I
K
Hb
# >o
trang pI 8 khung trang zHHb
I
G
Hb
+ n9n )\a &h] 7?t lX l bHHb#bbbb#bbbb#bHbb
I
G[I
HI
w K
IKOcb
H-nh K#Hc_ &: &h &huyn )i )\a &h] &5a $$l
] C62 1> gt79 >\B79
Lu E;ng trang &/ k"&h th.Y& nh &/ th '(ng mt t?p &!& thanh ghi ) &i )%t E;ng trang# Lu
E;ng trang &/ k"&h th.Y& lYn+ &n ph;i ).2& l.u trq trong E nhY &h"nh+ 7 phn &sng &ung &,p
mt thanh ghi xQF| (xage QaEle Fase |egister) l.u )\a &h] E*t )u &5a E;ng trang 7 thanh ghi
xQp| (xage QaEle pimit |egister) l.u s phn t0 trong E;ng trang#dYi mt )\a &h] logi& (p+')+
tr.Y& ti9n s hiu trang p ).2& kim tra t"nh h2p l (pxQp|)# ~ tip+ &ng gi! tr\ p 7Yi xQF|
(xQF|ws) ) &/ ).2& )\a &h] &5a phn t0 ths p trong E;ng phNn )o4n 7 $$l truy [u,t phn t0
ths p trong E;ng trang+ l,y ).2& gi! tr\ z l s hiu khung trang &hsa trang p 7 t )/ t"nh ).2&
)i4 &h] 7?t lX 7\ tr" E*t )u &5a khung trang z w '#
Hbc
fxl
p' z'
z
p
F
nhY
7?t lX
\a &h] ;o \a &h] 7?t lX
H-nh K#H_ &: &h $$l trong m h-nh phNn trang+ s0 '1ng hai thanh ghi xQp| 7 xQF|
] BD 75v au> 5? (T\B7Y8B>2W7 )WWaBY2hV B4zzV\Y`T)BY)
Qrong kC thu?t phNn trang+ mti ln truy [u,t )n 'q liu hay &h] th\ )u &n hai ln truy [u,t E
nhY_ mt &ho truy [u,t )n E;ng trang ) t-m s hiu khung trang 7 mt &ho E;n thNn 'q liu# f/
th gi;m EYt 7i& truy [u,t E nhY hai ln ERng &!&h s0 '1ng th9m E nhY kt h2p (QpFs)# F
nhY kt h2p &/ t& ) truy [u,t r,t nhanh 7 &ho php t-m kim song song# $ti thanh ghi trong
E nhY kt h2p gWm mt t kh/a 7 mt gi! tr\+ khi ).a )n E nhY kt h2p mt t kho! &n t-m+
t kho! ny so ).2& so s!nh &(ng l6& 7Yi &!& t kh/a trong E nhY kt h2p ) t-m ra gi! tr\ t.:ng
sng#
Qrong kC thu?t phNn trang+ QpFs ).2& s0 '1ng ) l.u trq &!& s hiu trang ).2& truy &?p gn
hin t4i nh,t# ~hi tin tr-nh truy [u,t mt )\a &h] ;o+ s hiu trang &5a )\a &h] so ).2& so s!nh 7Yi
&!& s hiu trang trong QpFs+ nu t-m th,y th- so [!& )\nh ).2& ngay s hiu khung trang t.:ng
sng+ nu khng &/ th- mYi &n t-m kim trong E;ng trang#
H-nh K#Ib_ &: &h $$l trong m h-nh phNn trang &/ s0 '1ng E nhY kt h2p#
H-nh K#IH_ mt 7" '1 7 E;ng trang &/ thu& t"nh E;o 7 (prote&tion) 7 thu& t"nh &?p nh?t
(mo'izie')_ H l mri )Zo& &?p nh?t+ b l &h.a &?p nh?t#
d" '1 mt h thng m!y t"nh JI Eit+ &/ k"&h th.Y& H khung trang l K~# Hi h thng =u;n lX
).2& tin tr-nh k"&h th.Y& ti )a l Eao nhi9u
H>_ $!y t"nh JI Eit )\a &h] ;o (p+') &/ JI Eit s E"t &5a p w s E"t &5a ' JI+ m H trang
K~I
HI
Eytes ' &/ HI Eit p &/ Ib Eit H E;ng trang &/ I
Ib
phn t0 h thng =u;n lX
Hb
).2& tin tr-nh &/ ti )a I
Ib
trang k"&h th.Y& tin tr-nh lYn nh,t l I
Ib
[ I
HI
Eyte I
JI
Eyte K
DF# Lh?n [t_ $!y t"nh n Eit =u;n lX ).2& tin tr-nh k"&h th.Y& lYn nh,t l I
n
Eyte#
] T =5^= gt79 >\B79
Qhng th.rng h )iu hnh &,p &ho mti tin tr-nh mt E;ng trang 7 ph;i '(ng E;ng trang k"&h
th.Y& )5 lYn ) =u;n lX tin tr-nh lYn nh,t n9n r,t tn E nhY# f/ Ea gi;i ph!p &ho 7,n ) ny l
s0 '1ng phNn trang )a &,p ho%& E;ng trang Eam ho%& E;ng trang ngh\&h );o#
!, PhQn "r!ng H! c#p
F;n thNn E;ng trang &Vng so ).2& phNn trang# Mt tr.rng h2p phNn trang nh\ &,p+ khi )/ E;ng
trang &,p H l.u s hiu khung trang &hsa E;ng trang &,p I+ &!& E;ng trang &,p I l.u s hiu khung
trang tin tr-nh s0 '1ng# Qhng th.rng trong phNn trang )a &,p mti E;ng trang &him H khung
trang+ ri9ng E;ng trang &,p H &/ th l.u trq tr9n )a 7 &/ th &/ k"&h th.Y& lYn h:n H khung trang#
H-nh K#II_ mt 7" '1 7 phNn trang nh\ &,p#
Lu mt m!y t"nh JI E"t+ 7Yi k"&h th.Y& trang K~ th- )\a &h] logi& &/ th Eiu 'i<n nh. sau_ '(ng
pIb E"t l.u s hiu trang+ 'HI E"t l.u 7\ tr" t.:ng )i trong trang# Lu '(ng E;ng trang nh\ &,p
th- p ).2& &hia ra thnh pH+ pI (ppHwpI)_ pHHb E"t l.u &h] m1& &5a E;ng trang &,p H+ pIHb E"t
l.u &h] m1& &5a E;ng trang &,p I (7i& phNn &hia pH+ pI l Eao nhi9u E"t th- 'o phn &sng =ui
)\nh)# Qa &/_ FQfHpH l.u s hiu khung trang &hsa E;ng trang &,p I+ FQfIpI l.u s hiu
khung trang &hsa trang &5a tin tr-nh#
H-nh K#IJ_ &,u tr6& &5a mt )\a &h] ;o trong phNn trang nh\ &,p
HHb
F;ng trang &,p H
F;ng trang &,p I
page number page ofset
p
i
p
2 d
10
10 12
pH &h] m1& &5a E;ng trang &,p mt# pI &h] m1& &5a E;ng trang &,p I
H-nh K#IK_ &: &h &huyn )i )\a &h] trong E;ng trang nh\ &,p#
b, ?ng "r!ng bSm
~hi khng gian )\a &h] ;o lYn ( JI E"t) th.rng h )iu hnh '(ng E;ng Eam ) l.u trq E;ng
trang# D]a s0 trang p+ l.u 8 khung trang r+ th- thng tin ny ).2& l.u trq nh. sau_ p ).2& Eam 7
l.u trq trong mt 'anh s!&h [ung )t t.:ng sng &5a E;ng Eam#
d" '1_ $t m!y t"nh GK E"t+ &/ |{$ IOG$F+ k"&h th.Y& H khung trang l K~F# F;ng trang thng
th.rng ph;i &/ I
OI
m1&+ nu '(ng E;ng trang Eam &/ th s0 '1ng E;ng &/ s m1& ERng s khung
trang 7?t lX l I
HG
(I
JI
) 7Yi hm Eam l haszun&(p)p mo' I
HG
#
H-nh K#IO_ s0 '1ng E;ng Eam ) l.u trq E;ng trang
~hi t-m khung trang &hsa trang p+ h )iu hnh '(ng hm Eam t-m ra 'anh s!&h &hsa trang p+ sau
)/ t-m tuyn t"nh tr9n 'anh s!&h ny ) t-m ra khung trang &hsa trang p#
H-nh K#IG_ &: &h &huyn )i )\a &h] khi s0 '1ng E;ng trang Eam
c, ?ng "r!ng nghch Ho
H )iu hnh &/ th '(ng mt E;ng trang 'uy nh,t ) =u;n lX E nhY &5a t,t &; &!& tin tr-nh 7
g3i l E;ng trang ngh\&h );o# $ti phn t0 &5a E;ng trang ngh\&h );o l &%p (pi'+ p)+ pi' l mS s
&5a tin tr-nh+ p l s hiu trang 7 mti )\a &h] ;o l mt E Ea (pi'+ p+ ')#
~hi mt truy [u,t E nhY ).2& ph!t sinh+ mt phn )\a &h] ;o l (pi'+ p) ).2& ).a )n &ho tr-nh
=u;n lX E nhY ) t-m phn t0 t.:ng sng trong E;ng trang ngh\&h );o+ nu t-m th,y t4i phn t0
HHH
ths i+ th- i &h"nh l s hiu khung trang &hsa trang p 7 )\a &h] 7?t lX t.:ng sng l (i+')# Qrong &!&
tr.rng h2p kh!&+ [em nh. )S truy [u,t mt )\a &h] E,t h2p l#
Lh?n [t_ s phn t0 trong E;ng trang ngh\&h );o ERng 7Yi s khung trang 7?t lX
H-nh K#I_ &: &h &huyn )i )\a &h] khi s0 '1ng E;ng trang ngh\&h );o
] BtW q0 >\B79
f: &h E;o 7 trong h thng phNn trang ).2& thZ& hin 7Yi &!& Eit E;o 7 (prote&tion) ).2& l.u
trong mti phn t0 &5a E;ng trang+ 7- mti truy [u,t )n E nhY )u ph;i tham kh;o )n E;ng trang
) ph!t sinh )\a &h] 7?t lX+ khi )/+ h thng &/ th kim tra &!& thao t!& truy [u,t tr9n khung trang
t.:ng sng &/ h2p l 7Yi thu& t"nh E;o 7 &5a n/ khng# Lgoi ra+ &/ th th9m mt s E"t kh!&
7Yi &!& m1& )"&h kh!& nhau#
H-nh K#Ic_ &,u tr6& tng =u!t &5a mt phn t0 trong E;ng trang
HHI
H-nh K#I_ mt 7" '1 7 m h-nh phNn trang
] C52B K gD 75v`
Qrong kC thu?t phNn trang+ h )iu hnh &Vng &/ th &ho php &!& tin tr-nh '(ng &hung mt s
khung trang+ ERng &!&h ghi &(ng s hiu khung trang 7o E;ng trang &5a mti tin tr-nh#
7" '1_ Hai tin tr-nh xH+ xI sinh ra t &h.:ng tr-nh yor'#e[e &/ th '(ng &hung )o4n &o'e (gWm J
trang) nh.ng mti tin tr-nh &/ )o4n 'ata ri9ng#
H-nh K#Jb_ hai tin tr-nh xH+xI '(ng &hung Ea trang b+H+I
N5I7 K>`
w ~C thu?t phNn trang lo4i E ).2& hin t.2ng phNn m;nh ngo4i 7i 7- mti khung trang )u &/ th
).2& &,p ph!t &ho mt tin tr-nh no )/ &/ y9u &u# Quy nhi9n hin t.2ng phNn m;nh ni 7i 7Tn
&/ th [;y ra khi k"&h th.Y& &5a tin tr-nh khng )6ng ERng Ei s &5a k"&h th.Y& mt trang+ khi
)/ trang &ui &(ng so khng ).2& s0 '1ng ht#
w SZ phNn trang khng ph;n !nh )6ng &!&h ths& ng.ri s0 '1ng &;m nh?n 7 E nhY# ~C thu?t
phNn )o4n tha mSn ).2& nhu &u th hin &,u tr6& logi& &5a &h.:ng tr-nh nh.ng n/ 'Tn )n t-nh
hung ph;i &,p ph!t &!& khi nhY &/ k"&h th.Y& kh!& nhau &ho &!& phNn )o4n# iu ny lm r*&
ri 7,n ) h:n r,t nhiu so 7Yi 7i& &,p ph!t &!& trang &/ k"&h th.Y& & )\nh 7 ERng nhau# $t
gi;i ph!p 'ung ho l kt h2p &; hai kC thu?t phNn trang 7 phNn )o4n_ &h6ng ta tin hnh phNn
trang &!& phNn )o4n#
HHJ
J'ataHI
&o'eJH&o'e
Ib&o'eHxH
JbIGHJbI
F;ng trang
xH
J'ataII
&o'eJH&o'e
Ib&o'eHxI
JKIGHJbI
F;ng trang
xI
G&o'eJOK
'ataIJ&o'
eII&o'eHH
b'ataHF
nhY d?t lX
M/&/&/H MX 5:75 ?5c7 1Wd7 au> 5? ?5c7 >\B79 (PB9Vh YV9CV7>B>2W7)
$t tin tr-nh gWm nhiu phNn )o4n+ mti phNn )o4n ).2& &hia thnh nhiu trang+ l.u trq 7o &!&
khung trang &/ th khng li9n t1&#
H-nh K#JH_ m h-nh phNn )o4n kt h2p phNn trang
] C[ =5u MMU >\W79 CX 5:75 ?5c7 1Wd7 au> 5? ?5c7 >\B79
$ti )\a &h] logi& l mt E (s+') 7Yi s l s hiu phNn )o4n+ ' l )\a &h] t.:ng )i trong phNn
)o4n# Q!&h ' thnh p 7 ' (s E"t &5a ' s E"t &5a p w s E"t &5a ') 7Yi p l &h] s trang+ ' l
)\a &h] t.:ng )i trong trang (s E"t &5a ' 'o phn &sng =ui )\nh)#
&huyn &!& )\a &h] ;o I &hiu thnh )\a &h] 7?t lX mt &hiu+ $$l '(ng mt E;ng phNn )o4n+
mti phNn )o4n &n &/ mt E;ng phNn trang t.:ng sng# $ti phn t0 trong E;ng phNn )o4n gWm
hai phn (Ease+limit)+ Ease l.u )\a &h] 7?t lX n:i E*t )u &5a E;ng trang &5a phNn )o4n ny+ limit
l.u &hiu 'i &5a phNn )o4n# H thng &n &ung &,p mt thanh ghi SQF| l.u 7\ tr" E*t )u &5a
E;ng phNn )o4n+ khi tin tr-nh truy [u,t mt )\a &h] logi& (s+')(s+p+')+ $$l l,y SQF| &ng 7Yi
s ) truy [u,t phn t0 ths s trong E;ng phNn )3an# xhn t0 ths s &5a E;ng phNn )o4n l.u hai g"a
tr\ (segment length+ pageetaEle Ease)_ segment length l k"&h th.Y& phNn )o4n+ pageetaEle Ease l
7\ tr" l.u trq E;ng trang t.:ng sng 7Yi phNn )o4n s# Lu segment length ' th- thng E!o @truy
[u,t )\a &h] khng h2p lA ng.2& l4i phNn t"&h ' thnh p 7 ' 7 &ng pageetaEle Ease 7Yi p )
truy [u,t phn t0 ths p trong E;ng phNn trang l,y ).2& gi! tr\ z l s hiu khung trang &hsa trang
p# Sau )/ &ng z 7Yi ' so &ho )\a &h] 7?t lX t.:ng sng#
H-nh K#JI_ &,u tr6& mt phn t0 &5a E;ng trang trong m h-nh phNn )o4n kt h2p phNn trang#
HHK
H-nh K#JJ_ &: &h &huyn )i )\a &h] trong m h-nh phNn )o4n kt h2p phNn trang
H-nh K#JK_ h )iu hnh $lpQifS '(ng phNn )o4n kt h2p phNn trang 7 E nhY kt h2p
N5I7 K>`
w Q,t &; &!& m h-nh t &hs& E nhY tr9n )Ny )u &/ khuynh h.Yng &,p ph!t &ho tin tr-nh ton
E &!& trang y9u &u tr.Y& khi th?t sZ [0 lX# d- E nhY 7?t lX &/ k"&h th.Y& r,t giYi h4n+ )iu ny
'Tn )n hai )im E,t tin sau _
w ~"&h th.Y& tin tr-nh E\ giYi h4n E8i k"&h th.Y& &5a E nhY 7?t lX#
w ~h/ nNng &ao ms& ) )a &h.:ng &5a h thng#
M/H B NH- O
F nhY ;o l kC thu?t '(ng E nhY ph1 l.u trq tin tr-nh+ &!& phn &5a tin tr-nh ).2& &huyn
7oera giqa E nhY &h"nh 7 E nhY ph1 ) &ho php thZ& thi mt tin tr-nh m khng &n n4p
ton E 7o E nhY 7?t lX# dYi kC thu?t E nhY ;o+ h )iu hnh so tang ).2& ms& ) )a &h.:ng
&5a h thng+ &/ th thZ& thi ).2& nhqng &h.:ng tr-nh k"&h th.Y& r,t lYn so 7Yi k"&h th.Y& E nhY
7?t lX 7 ng.ri l?p tr-nh khng &n =uan tNm m!y t"nh &/ )5 |{$ ) thZ& thi &h.:ng tr-nh hay
khng# f/ hai ph.:ng ph!p &i )%t kC thu?t E nhY ;o )/ l phNn trang theo y9u &u (>eman'
paging) ho%& phNn )o4n theo y9u &u (>eman' segmentation)
HHO
M/H/. P5c7 >\B79 >5VW F4 =@4 (fVCB7h ?B9279)
$t tin tr-nh ).2& &hia thnh nhiu trang+ th.rng tr6 tr9n E nhY ph1 (th.rng l )a &sng) 7
mt trang &h] ).2& n4p 7o E nhY &h"nh khi &/ y9u &u# d(ng khng gian )a '(ng ) l.u trq
t4m &!& trang g3i l khng gian syapping#
M/H/./. CL4 >\m= CD> ?5@7 >T >\W79 gt79 >\B79
$ti phn t0 trong E;ng trang so gWm hai tr.rng_ $t tr.rng &hsa Eit kim tra &/ gi! tr\ H
(7ali') l trang )ang 8 trong E nhY &h"nh + b (in7ali') l trang )ang ).2& l.u tr9n E nhY ph1
ho%& trang khng thu& tin tr-nh+ kh8i )u t,t &; Eit kim tra trong E;ng trang )u ERng b# $t
tr.rng &hsa s hiu khung trang (nu Eit kim tra l 7ali') ho%& &hsa )\a &h] &5a trang tr9n E
nhY ph1 (nu Eit kim tra l in7ali')#
H-nh K#JO_ m h-nh phNn trang theo y9u &u
M/H/./& C54Fb7 1pB =5 tW (?h) >5675 1pB =5 qI> 8U
+ ?Cc 1_ $$l truy [u,t phn t0 ths p trong E;ng trang ) l,y &!& thng tin &n thit &ho 7i&
&huyn )i )\a &h]#
+ ?Cc /_ Lu phn t0 ths p &/ Eit kim tra ERng H (7ali')+ th- trang )ang y9u &u truy [u,t h2p
l+ ts& l &/ sn trong E nhY+ khi )/ 7i& &huyn )i )\a &h] ;o thnh )\a &h] 7?t lX [;y ra E-nh
th.rng+ )\a &h] 7?t lX s hiu khung trang k"&h th.Y& &5a mt khung w '# Lu phn t0 ths p
&/ Eit kim tra ERng b (in7ali')+ th- $$l so ph!t sinh mt ng*t ) E!o &ho h )iu hnh &/ @lti
trangA# ~hi )/ h )iu hnh so kim tra trang truy [u,t &/ thu& tin tr-nh khng+ nu trang khng
thu& tin tr-nh th- h )iu hnh kt th6& tin tr-nh+ ng.2& l4i &huyn )n E.Y& J
+ ?Cc 9_ Q-m 7\ tr" tr9n )a &hsa trang mun truy [u,t 7 t-m mt khung trang trng trong E
nhY &h"nh_ nu &/ khung trang trng th- )n E.Y& K+ nu khng &Un khung trang trng+ &h3n mt
khung trang n4n nhNn (7i&tim) 7 &huyn trang n4n nhNn ra E nhY ph1 + rWi )n E.Y& K
+ ?Cc ;_ fhuyn trang mun truy [u,t t E nhY ph1 7o khung trang trng )S &h3n#
+ ?Cc 2_ f?p nh?t ni 'ung E;ng trang#
HHG
+ ?Cc w_ Q!i k"&h ho4t tin tr-nh ng.ri s0 '1ng#
H-nh K#JG_ &: &h &huyn )i )\a &h] trong m h-nh phNn trang theo y9u &u
M/H/./H T5BF >5u >\B79
Lu khng &/ khung trang trng+ th- mti khi [;y ra lti trang &n ph;i thZ& hin hai thao t!&
&huyn trang _ &huyn mt trang ra E nhY ph1 7 n4p mt trang kh!& 7o E nhY &h"nh# f/ th
gi;m EYt s ln &huyn trang ERng &!&h s0 '1ng th9m mt Eit &?p nh?t ('irty Eit)# Di! tr\ &5a Eit
).2& phn &sng )%t l H nu ni 'ung trang &/ E\ s0a )i# ~hi &n thay th mt trang+ nu Eit &?p
nh?t &/ gi! tr\ l H th- trang ny &n ).2& l.u l4i tr9n )a+ ng.2& l4i+ nu Eit &?p nh?t l b+ ngha l
trang khng E\ thay )i+ th- khng &n l.u trq trang tr8 l4i )a#
s hiu khung trang &hsa trang
ho%& )\a &h] tr9n )a &5a trang
Eit nh?n 'in trang &/ trong E
nhY (Eit 7ali'ein7ali')
Eit nh?n 'in trang &/ thay
)i (Eit 'irty)
H-nh K#J_ &,u tr6& mt phn t0 &5a E;ng trang trong kC thu?t phNn trang theo y9u &u#
M/H/./M T5j2 92B7 >5k= 5207 CD> F4 =@4 >\4F K4L> gD 75v
D3i [!& su,t [;y ra lti trang l p_ b p H#b+ nu p b ngha l khng &/ lti trang + nu p H
ngha l mti ln truy [u,t )u [;y ra lti# $emory a&&ess (ma) l thri gian mt ln truy [u,t E
nhY# ^zze&ti7e {&&ess Qime (^{Q) l thri gian thZ& hin mt y9u &u truy [u,t E nhY# xage zault
o7erhea' (pzo) l thri gian [0 lX mt lti trang# Syap page in (spi) l thri gian &huyn trang t )a
7o E nhY# Syap page out (spo) l thri gian &huyn trang ra )a (syap page out &/ th ERng b)#
|estart o7erhea' (ro) l thri gian t!i kh8i )ng l4i 7i& truy [u,t E nhY#
Qa &/_
EAT (. ?) K CB ? (?zW Y?W Y?2 \W)
d" '1_
Di; s0 thri gian mt ln truy [u,t E nhY l H mi&ro se&on' 7 gi; s0 Kb trang ).2& &h3n )S
thay )i ni 'ung 7 thri gian ho!n &huyn trang rav7o l Hb mili se&on' # Q"nh ^Q{#
Qa &/_
maH mi&ro se&on'
HH
spo spin Hb milise&on' Hbbbb mi&ro se&on'
^{Q (H p) w p (pzowHbbbbb#KwHbbbbwro) mi&ro se&on'
M/H/./e C<= >54I> >W<7 =5x7 >\B79 7d7 75c7
$1& ti9u &5a &!& thu?t t/an l &h3n trang n4n nhNn l trang m sau khi thay th so gNy ra "t lti
trang nh,t# Qhng th.rng s lti trang t] l ngh\&h 7Yi s khung trang 'nh &ho tin tr-nh (s
khung trang tang th- s lti trang gi;m)#
H-nh K#Jc_ Eiu )W minh h3a s lti trang so gi;m khi s khung trang 'nh &ho tin tr-nh tang
f/ th )!nh gi! thu?t to!n ERng &!&h [t mt &huti &!& trang m tin tr-nh so ln l.2t truy [u,t
7Yi s khung trang &,p &ho tin tr-nh )S Eit 7 t"nh s lti trang ph!t sinh# d" '1 tin tr-nh truy
[u,t &!& )\a &h] theo ths tZ _ bHbb+ bKJI+ bHbH+ bGHH# Lu k"&h th.Y& &5a mt trang l Hbb Eytes
th- &/ th 7it l4i &huti )\a &h] thnh &huti trang m tin tr-nh truy [u,t l H+ K+ H+ G#
;09010201 3hu" "o$n 4-4. (4irs" -n 4irs" .u")
Qrang 8 trong E nhY lNu nh,t so ).2& &h3n lm trang n4n nhNn (7o tr.Y& ra tr.Y&)
d" '1_ $t tin tr-nh ).2& &,p J khung trang+ Ean )u &; J khung )u trng+ tin tr-nh ln l.2t
truy [u,t tYi &!& trang theo ths tZ sau_ + b+ H+ I+ b+ J+ b+ K+ I+ J+ b+ J+ I+ H+ I+ b+ H+ + b+ H# Q"nh s
lti trang khi !p '1ng thu?t to!n iO ) &h3n trang n4n nhNn#
b H I b J b K I J b J I H I b H b H
I I I I K K K b b b b b b b
b b b b J J J I I I I I H H H H H b b
H H H H b b b J J J J J I I I I I H

~" hiu l &/ lti trang 7 &/ HO lti trang
HHc
Lh?n [t_
~hng &n ghi nh?n thri )im trang ).2& n4p 7o E nhY+ m &h] &n =u;n lX &!& trang trong E
nhY ERng mt 'anh s!&h iO+ khi )/ nu &/ lti trang th- trang truy [u,t ).2& ).a 7o &ui 'anh
s!&h 7 nu ht khung trang th- trang )u 'anh s!&h so ).2& &h3n lm trang n4n nhNn#
Qhu?t to!n iO ):n gi;n+ '< &i )%t+ nh.ng nu trang ).2& &h3n l trang th.rng [uy9n ).2& s0
'1ng+ th- khi E\ &huyn ra E nhY ph1 so nhanh &h/ng gNy ra lti trang#
S l.2ng lti trang &/ th tang l9n khi s l.2ng khung trang s0 '1ng tang+ hin t.2ng ny g3i l
ngh\&h lX Fela'y#
d" '1_ Mt tin tr-nh truy [u,t &huti trang theo ths tZ sau_ H+ I+ J+ K+ H+ I+ O+ H+ I+ J+ K+ O
w Lu s0 '1ng J khung trang+ so &/ lti trang
H I J K H I O H I J K O
H H H K K K O O O O O O
I I I H H H H H J J J
J J J I I I I I K K

w Lu s0 '1ng K khung trang+ so &/ Hb lti trang
H I J K H I O H I J K O
H H H H H H O O O O K K
I I I I I I H H H H O
J J J J J J I I I I
K K K K K K J J J

;0901020/ 3hu" "o$n "Li Cu (.p"im!l P!ge Kepl!cemen" &lgori"hm)
fh3n trang lNu ).2& s0 '1ng nh,t trong t.:ng lai# d" '1_
b H I b J b K I J b J I H I b H b H
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
b b b b b b K K K b b b b b b b b b b
H H H J J J J J J J J H H H H H H H

Lh?n [t_
f/ lti trang+ iO HO lti tt h:n iO nhiu#
HH
Qhu?t to!n ny E;o );m s l.2ng lti trang ph!t sinh l th,p nh,t+ n/ &Vng khng E\ ngh\&h lX
Fela'y+ tuy nhi9n )Ny l mt thu?t to!n kh/ &i )%t 7- th.rng khng th Eit tr.Y& &huti truy [u,t
&5a tin tr-nh#
i 7Yi &!& h )iu hnh &ho thit E\ gia '1ng+ th.rng &h] &/ mt s tin tr-nh & )\nh thZ& thi
n9n &/ th &ho tin tr-nh &h4y tr.Y& mt ln+ ghi nh?n l4i &huti trang truy [u,t+ &!& ln thZ& thi
sau )/ &/ th s0 '1ng thu?t to!n ti .u ) &h3n trang n4n nhNn#
;09010209 3hu" "o$n LKU ( Le!s"6recen"l6used)
Qhu?t to!n iO s0 '1ng thri )im n4p trang ) &h3n trang thay th+ thu?t to!n ti .u '(ng thri
)im trang so ).2& s0 '1ng gn nh,t trong t.:ng lai# d- thri )im ny th.rng kh/ [!& )\nh tr.Y&
n9n thu?t to!n p|l so '(ng thri )im &ui &(ng trang ).2& truy [u,t ('(ng =u! khs gn ) 'Z
)o!n t.:ng lai gn)# dYi mti trang+ ghi nh?n thri )im &ui &(ng trang ).2& truy &?p+ trang ).2&
&h3n ) thay th so l trang lNu nh,t &h.a ).2& truy [u,t 7- 7Yi suy ngh l trang ny &/ kh; nang
"t ).2& s0 '1ng nh,t#
d" '1_
b H I b J b K I J b J I H I b H b H
I I I I K K K b b b H H H H H H H
b b b b b b b b J J J J J J b b b b b
H H H J J J I I I I I I I I I

Lh?n [t_
f/ HI lti trang+ iO HO lti p|l tt h:n iO#
OxQ 7 p|l &/ s lti trang khng )i khi ngh\&h );o &huti )\a &h] truy [u,t#
] C62 1> >54I> >W<7 )RU` = >5b h79 5B2 a >54I> YB4
+ 5+ dAng b H%m>
Qh9m 7o &,u tr6& &5a mti phn t0 trong E;ng trang mt tr.rng ghi nh?n @thri )im truy [u,t
gn nh,tA+ 7 th9m 7o &,u tr6& &5a fxl mt thanh ghi )m (&ounter)# $ti ln thZ& hin truy
[u,t )n mt trang+ gi! tr\ &5a &ounter tang l9n H 7 ghi gi! tr\ &ounter 7o tr.rng @thri )im truy
[u,t gn nh,tA &5a phn t0 t.:ng sng 7Yi trang trong E;ng trang# ~hi )/ trang @n4n nhNnA l
trang &/ gi! tr\ tr.rng @thri )im truy [u,t gn nh,tA l nh nh,t#
s hiu khung trang &hsa trang
ho%& )\a &h] trang tr9n )a
Eit 7ali' e
in7ali'
Eit 'irty thri )im truy [u,t gn nh,t
+ 5+ dAng d!nh s$ch li=n 8%" >
>(ng mt mt 'slk l.u trq &!& s hiu trang+ trang 8 &ui 'anh s!&h l trang ).2& truy [u,t gn
nh,t+ 7 trang 8 )u 'anh s!&h l trang lNu nh,t &h.a ).2& s0 '1ng# Lu &/ lti trang 7 nu &/
HIb
khung trang trng th- th9m n6t &hsa s hiu trang )ang truy [u,t 7o &ui 'anh s!&h+ nu khng
&/ khung trng th- trang ).2& &h3n lm trang n4n nhNn so l trang 8 )u 'anh s!&h+ khi )/ h5y n6t
)u 7 th9m n6t &hsa s hiu trang )ang truy [u,t 7o &ui 'anh s!&h# Lu khng &/ lti trang th-
&huyn n6t &hsa s hiu trang hin hnh [ung &ui 'anh s!&h#
;0901020; C<= >54I> >W<7 KL? K )RU
f/ "t h thng ).2& &ung &,p )5 &!& phn &sng ht tr2 ) &i )%t thu?t to!n p|l th?t sZ# Quy
nhi9n+ nhiu h thng ).2& trang E\ th9m mt Eit tham kh;o (rezeren&e)# $ti phn t0 trong E;ng
trang &/ th9m Eit rezeren&e ).2& kh8i g!n l b E8i h)h 7 ).2& phn &sng g!n l H mti ln trang
t.:ng sng ).2& truy &?p# Sau mti &hu kP =ui )\nh tr.Y&+ phn &sng kim tra gi! tr\ &5a &!& Eit
rezeren&e ) [!& )\nh ).2& trang no )S ).2& truy [u,t )n 7 trang no khng+ sau khi )S kim
tra [ong+ &!& Eit rezeren&e ).2& phn &sng g!n tr8 7 b# dYi Eit rezeren&e+ &/ th Eit ).2& trang
no )S ).2& truy [u,t+ nh.ng khng Eit ).2& ths tZ truy [u,t &5a &!& trang# Qhng tin khng )y
)5 ny 'Tn )n nhiu thu?t to!n [,p [] p|l kh!& nhau#
s hiu khung trang &hsa trang ho%&
)\a &h] trang tr9n )a
Eit 7ali'ein7ali' Eit 'irty Eit rezeren&e
H-nh K#J_ &,u tr6& mt phn t0 &5a E;ng trang trong thu?t to!n [,p [] p|l
!, 3hu" "o$n (i c$c bg" his"or
$ti trang s0 '1ng th9m c Eit l\&h s0 (history)# Sau tng kho;ng thri gian nh,t )\nh (th.rng l
Hbb millise&on's)+ mt ng*t )Wng hW ).2& ph!t sinh 7 =uyn )iu khin ).2& &huyn &ho h )iu
hnh# H )iu hnh so &?p nh?t &!& E"t history &5a mti trang ERng &!&h '\&h &!& Eit history sang
ph;i H 7\ tr" ) lo4i E Eit th,p nh,t 7 )%t Eit rezeren&e &5a mti trang 7o Eit &ao nh,t trong c Eit
history &5a trang )/# c Eit history so l.u trq t-nh h-nh truy [u,t )n trang trong c &hu kP &ui
&(ng#
Lu c Eit history l bbbbbbbb th- trang t.:ng sng &/ kh; nang khng ).2& '(ng trong c &hu kP
&ui+ nu c Eit history l HHHHHHHH th- trang t.:ng sng ).2& '(ng )n "t nh,t H ln trong mti c
&hu kP &ui# Lu [t c Eit history nh. mt s nguy9n khng ',u th- trang @n4n nhNnA l trang &/
gi! tr\ history nh nh,t# S l.2ng &!& Eit history &/ th thay )i t(y theo phn &sng+ s E"t history
nhiu th- 7i& &h3n trang @n4n nhNnA so &h"nh [!& h:n#
b, 3hu" "o$n cD hi "hF h!i
Q-m mt trang theo nguy9n t*& iO+ rWi kim tra Eit rezeren&e &5a trang )/# Lu Eit rezeren&e l
b+ &h3n trang ny+ nu Eit rezeren&e l H th- g!n l4i l b rWi t-m trang iO tip theo (&ho trang ny
mt &: hi ths hai)# $t trang )S ).2& &ho &: hi ths hai so khng E\ thay th &ho tYi khi t,t &;
nhqng trang kh!& ).2& thay th ho%& ).2& &ho &: hi ths hai# Lu trang th.rng [uy9n ).2& s0
'1ng+ Eit rezeren&e &5a n/ so 'uy tr- ).2& gi! tr\ H 7 trang hu nh. khng Eao gir E\ thay th#
Lu t,t &; &!& E"t rezeren&e l H th- thu?t to!n tr8 thnh iO# Qhu?t to!n &/ th &i )%t ERng 'slk
7Ung#
HIH
H-nh K#Kb_ &: &h &h3n trang n4n nhNn trong thu?t to!n &h3n trang n4n nhNn ths hai#
d" '1_
b H I b J b K I J b J I H I b H b H
I I I I K K K b b b H H H H H H H
b b b b b b b b J J J J J J b b b b b
H H H J J J I I I I I I I I I

Mem 'anh s!&h li9n kt 7Ung &5a 7" '1 tr9n
b H I b J b K I J b J I H I b H b H
(H) (H) (H) b(b) H(b) I(H) I(H) J(b) b(b) K(H) I(b) I(b) b(H) J(b) J(b) H(b) I(H) b(b) H(b) (H)
b(H) b(H) H(b) I(H) b(H) J(H) b(b) K(H) I(H) J(b) b(H) J(H) I(b) H(b) I(H) b(H) H(b) (H) b(H)
H(H) I(H) b(H) J(H) b(H) K(H) I(H) J(H) b(H) J(H) I(H) H(b) I(H) b(H) H(H) (H) b(H) H(H)
c, 3hu" "o$n cD hi "hF h!i nQng c!o (:o" Kecen"l Used P!ge Kepl!cemen" &lgori"hm> :KU)
Mem &!& Eit rezeren&e 7 'irty Eit nh. mt &%p &/ ths tZ 7 t4o thnh K lYp sau _
e pYp H (b+b)_ gWm nhqng trang &/ (rez+'irty)(b+b)# Lhqng trang thu& lYp ny khng ).2& truy
[u,t gn )Ny 7 khng E\ s0a )i+ )Ny l nhqng trang tt nh,t ) thay th#
e pYp I (b+H)_ trang khng truy [u,t gn )Ny nh.ng )S E\ s0a )i# Qr.rng h2p ny khng th?t tt+
7- trang &n ).2& l.u trq l4i tr.Y& khi thay th#
e pYp J (H+b)_ trang ).2& truy [u,t gn )Ny+ nh.ng khng E\ s0a )i# Qrang &/ th nhanh &h/ng
).2& tip t1& ).2& s0 '1ng#
e pYp K (H+H)_ trang ).2& truy [u,t gn )Ny+ 7 E\ s0a )i# Qrang &/ th nhanh &h/ng ).2& tip t1&
).2& s0 '1ng 7 tr.Y& khi thay th &n ph;i ).2& l.u trq l4i#
HII
pYp H &/ ) .u ti9n th,p nh,t+ 7 lYp K &/ ) .u ti9n &ao nh,t# $t trang so thu& 7 mt trong
En lYp tr9n 7 trang ).2& &h3n lm trang @n4n nhNnA l trang )u ti9n t-m th,y trong lYp &/ )
.u ti9n th,p nh,t#
;09010202 C<= >54I> >W<7 >5E79 a
S0 '1ng mt Ein )m l.u s ln truy [u,t )n mt trang#
w Qhu?t to!n pl (least zre=uently use')_ Qhay th trang &/ gi! tr\ Ein )m nh nh,t+ ngha l
trang "t ).2& s0 '1ng nh,t#
w Qhu?t to!n $l (most zre=uently use')_ Qhay th trang &/ gi! tr\ Ein )m lYn nh,t+ ngha l
trang ).2& s0 '1ng nhiu nh,t#
M/H/& CL? ?5<> YE 8Z79 a5479 >\B79 q6 >5BF >5u >\B79
dYi mti tin tr-nh+ &n ph;i &,p ph!t mt s khung trang ti thiu no )/ ) tin tr-nh &/ th ho4t
)ng# S khung trang ti thiu ny ).2& =uy )\nh E8i kin tr6& &5a &5a mt &h] th\# d" '1 m!y
iF$ Jb ) lnh $Od^ &/ th thZ& hin ti thiu ph;i &/ hai trang_ mt trang zrom + mt trang
to# ~hi mt lti trang [;y ra tr.Y& khi &h] th\ hin hnh hon t,t+ &h] th\ )/ &n ).2& t!i kh8i )ng+
l6& )/ &n ph;i &/ )5 &!& khung trang ) n4p t,t &; &!& trang m mt &h] th\ &n s0 '1ng# S
khung trang ti thiu ).2& =ui )\nh E8i kin tr6& m!y t"nh+ trong khi s khung trang ti )a ).2&
[!& )\nh E8i 'ung l.2ng E nhY 7?t lX &/ th s0 '1ng#
M/H/&/. CL? ?5<> YE 8Z79 a5479 >\B79
f/ Ea &!&h &,p ph!t s l.2ng khung trang l_ &,p ph!t ngang ERng+ &,p ph!t theo t] l k"&h th.Y&+
&,p ph!t theo t] l ) .u ti9n#
!, C#p ph$" ng!ng bJng>
Lu &/ m khung trang 7 n tin tr-nh+ mti tin tr-nh ).2& &,p mvn khung trang# f,p ph!t ny ):n
gi;n nh.ng khng hiu =u;#
b, C#p ph$" "heo "x lT 8gch "hCc
Q(y 7o k"&h th.Y& &5a tin tr-nh ) &,p ph!t s khung trang# D3i s
i
l k"&h th.Y& &5a tin tr-nh p
i
S
i
s

l tng k"&h th.Y& &5a t,t &; tin tr-nh#

m s l.2ng khung trang &/ th s0 '1ng
~hi )/ tin tr-nh pi so ).2& &,p ph!t ai khung trang
S ee m khung
si ee ai
7" '1_ &/ hai tin tr-nh+ tin tr-nh H Hb~+ tin tr-nh IHI~ 7 &/ GI khung trang trng# ~hi )/
&/ th &,p &ho
tin tr-nh H_ HbvHJ [ GI K khung
tin tr-nh I_ HIvHJ [GI O khung
HIJ
ai siv S [ m
c, C#p ph$" "heo "x lT H Cu "i=n>
S l.2ng khung trang &,p &ho tin tr-nh ph1 thu& 7o ) .u ti9n &5a tin tr-nh# Qin tr-nh &/ )
.u ti9n &ao so ).2& &,p nhiu khung h:n ) tang t& ) thZ& hin#
M/H/&/& T5BF >5u >\B79
f/ hai &!&h thay th trang_ thay th ton &1& 7 thay th &1& E
!, 3h! "h% "o)n cAc
fh3n trang @ n4n nhNn @ t t?p t,t &; &!& khung trang trong h thng+ khung trang )/ &/ th )ang
).2& &,p ph!t &ho mt tin tr-nh kh!&# d" '1 &/ th &h3n trang &5a tin tr-nh &/ ) .u ti9n th,p
h:n lm trang n4n nhNn# Qhu?t to!n thay th ton &1& &ho php h thng &/ nhiu kh; nang lZa
&h3n h:n+ s khung trang &,p &ho mt tin tr-nh &/ th thay )i+ nh.ng &!& tin tr-nh khng th
kim so!t ).2& t l ph!t sinh lti trang &5a m-nh#
b, 3h! "h% cAc b
fh] &h3n trang thay th trong t?p &!& khung trang ).2& &,p &ho tin tr-nh ph!t sinh lti trang+ khi
)/ s khung trang &,p &ho mt tin tr-nh so khng thay )i
M/H/H H0 >5E79 >\: >\0 (>5\BY5279)
~hi tin tr-nh khng &/ )5 &!& khung trang ) &hsa nhqng trang &n thit &ho 7i& [0 lX+ th- n/ so
th.rng [uy9n ph!t sinh &!& lti trang+ 7- th ph;i '(ng )n r,t nhiu thri gian s0 '1ng fxl )
thZ& hin thay th trang# H )iu hnh th,y hiu =u; s0 '1ng fxl th,p so tang ms& ) )a
&h.:ng+ 'Tn )n tr- tr ton E h thng# ngan &;n t-nh tr4ng tr- tr ny [;y ra+ &n ph;i &,p
&ho tin tr-nh )5 &!& khung trang &n thit ) ho4t )ng# d,n ) l lm sao Eit ).2& mti tin
tr-nh &n Eao nhi9u trang
M/H/H/. MX 5:75 >I? 86C q20= (}W\a279 YV>)
Q?p lm 7i& &5a tin tr-nh t4i thri )im t l t?p &!& trang ).2& tin tr-nh truy [u,t )n trong ln
truy &?p &ui &(ng t"nh t4i thri )im t#
H-nh K#KH_ m h-nh t?p lm 7i&
D3i SSi ( + t) l s phn t0 &5a t?p yorking set &5a tin tr-nh xi t4i thri )im t#
m l s khung trang trng#
> SSi l tng s khung trang y9u &u &ho ton h thng #
HIK
H )iu hnh gi!m s!t yorking set &5a mti tin tr-nh xi 7 t4i thri )im t so &,p ph!t &ho tin
tr-nh xi s khung trang ERng 7Yi s phn t0 trong t?p lm 7i& (SSi)(, teH)#
Lu tng s khung trang y9u &u &5a &!& tin tr-nh trong h thng 7.2t =u! &!& khung trang &/
th s0 '1ng (>m)+ th- so [;y ra t-nh tr4ng h thng tr- tr# ~hi )/ h )iu hnh &h3n mt tin
tr-nh ) t4m 'ng+ gi;i ph/ng &!& khung trang &5a tin tr-nh )S &h3n ) &!& tin tr-nh kh!& &/ )5
khung trang hon t,t &ng 7i&#
M/H/H/& CL4 >\m= =5Z[79 >\:75
S lti trang &/ khi ph1 thu& 7o ngn ngq l?p tr-nh+ n9n khi l?p tr-nh ta &n &h6 X ) &h.:ng
tr-nh &/ th thZ& hin nhanh h:n#
d" '1_ [t &t sau_
int aHIcHIc
zor (ib iHIc iww)
zor (-b -HIc -ww)
ai-b
D]a s0 trang &/ k"&h th.Y& HIc Eytes 7 tin tr-nh ).2& &,p I khung trang_ khung trang ths nh,t
&h.! mS tin tr-nh+ khung trang &Un l4i ).2& kh8i )ng 8 tr4ng th!i trng # Qrong xas&al+ f m;ng
l.u theo hng+ mti hng &him H trang E nhY+ n9n s lti trang ph!t sinh l HIc# Lh.ng trong
ortran m;ng l.u theo &t+ 'o )/ s lti trang so l HIc[HIcHGJc#
TM TT
w f!& 7,n ) &n ph;i gi;i =uyt khi =u;n lX E nhY l 7i& &huyn )i )\a &h] t.:ng )i thnh )\a
&h] thZ&+ =u;n lX E nhY )S &,p ph!t 7 &h.a &,p ph!t+ &!& kC thu?t &,p ph!t E nhY#
w di& &huyn )i )\a &h] t.:ng )i thnh )\a &h] thZ& &/ th [;y ra 7o mt trong nhqng thri
)im sau_ thri )im Ei9n '\&h+ thri )im n4p+ thri )im [0 lX#
w \a &h] ;o l )\a &h] 'o E [0 lX sinh ra+ )\a &h] 7?t lX l )\a &h] thZ& trong E nhY# ~hi &h.:ng
tr-nh n4p 7o E nhY &!& )\a &h] t.:ng )i trong &h.:ng tr-nh ).2& fxl &huyn thnh )\a &h] ;o+
khi thZ& thi+ )\a &h] ;o ).2& h )iu hnh kt h2p 7Yi phn &sng $$l &huyn thnh )\a &h] 7?t
lX #
w f/ hai ph.:ng ph!p =u;n lX 7i& &,p ph!t E nhY l s0 '1ng mt 'Sy Eit ho%& s0 '1ng mt
'anh s!&h li9n kt+ mti n6t &5a 'anh s!&h li9n kt l.u thng tin mt 7(ng nhY &hsa tin tr-nh hay
7(ng nhY trng giqa hai tin tr-nh#
w &h3n mt )o4n trng &/ th s0 '1ng mt trong &!& thu?t to!n sau _irstezit+ Festezit+ orste
zit
w f/ hai kC thu?t '(ng ) &,p ph!t E nhY &ho mt tin tr-nh l
f,p ph!t li9n t1&_ tin tr-nh ).2& n4p 7o mt 7(ng nhY li9n t1&#
f,p ph!t khng li9n t1&_ tin tr-nh ).2& n4p 7o mt 7(ng nhY khng li9n t1&
HIO
w f/ Ea m h-nh &,p ph!t E nhY li9n t1& l m h-nh pinkerepoa'er ho%& m h-nh Fase pimit#
$ h-nh pinkerepoa'er_ &h.:ng tr-nh ).2& n4p 7o mt 7(ng nhY li9n t1& )5 lYn ) &hsa ton E
&h.:ng tr-nh+ h )iu hnh so &huyn &!& )\a &h] t.:ng )i 7 )\a &h] tuyt )i ngay khi n4p
&h.:ng tr-nh# $ h-nh Fase pimit ging nh. m h-nh pinkerepoa'er nh.ng phn &sng &n
&ung &,p hai thanh ghi+ mt thanh ghi nn 7 mt thanh ghi giYi h4n # ~hi mt tin tr-nh ).2& &,p
ph!t 7(ng nhY+ h )iu hnh &,t 7o thanh ghi nn )\a &h] E*t )u &5a 7(ng nhY &,p ph!t &ho tin
tr-nh+ 7 &,t 7o thanh ghi giYi h4n k"&h th.Y& &5a tin tr-nh#
w f/ Ea m h-nh &,p ph!t E nhY khng li9n t1& l m h-nh phNn )o4n+ m h-nh phNn trang 7 m
h-nh phNn )o4n kt h2p phNn trang#
e $ h-nh phNn )o4n_ mt &h.:ng tr-nh ).2& ng.ri l?p tr-nh &hia thnh nhiu phNn )o4n+ mti
phNn )o4n &/ ngq ngha kh!& nhau 7 h )iu hnh &/ th n4p &!& phNn )3an 7o E nhY t4i &!& 7\
tr" khng li9n t1& 7 ghi &!& 7\ tr" &!& phNn )o4n 7o E;ng phNn )o4n+ )Wng thri &huyn &!& )\a
&h] t.:ng )i trong &h.:ng tr-nh thnh &!& )\a &h] ;o# $ti )\a &h] ;o gWm hai phn (s+')_ s l s
hiu phNn )o4n + ' l )\a &h] t.:ng )i trong phNn )o4n s# $ti phn t0 trong E;ng phNn )o4n gWm
hai phn (Ease+ limit)_ Ease l )\a &h] 7?t lX E*t )u phNn )o4n+ limit l &hiu 'i &5a phNn )o4n#
e $ h-nh phNn trang_ F nhY 7?t lX ).2& &hia thnh &!& khi &/ k"&h th.Y& & )\nh 7 ERng nhau
g3i l khung trang# Qin tr-nh &Vng ).2& &hia thnh &!& khi &/ &(ng k"&h th.Y& 7Yi khung trang
7 g3i l trang# ~hi &h.:ng tr-nh ).2& n4p 7o E nhY+ $$l ghi nh?n l4i s hiu khung trang
&hsa trang 7o E;ng trang + fxl &huyn )\a &h] t.:ng )i trong &h.:ng tr-nh thnh )\a &h] ;o#
$ti )\a &h] ;o &/ '4ng (p+')_ p l s hiu trang+ ' l )\a &h] t.:ng )i trong trang p# $ti phn t0
trong E;ng trang l.u s hiu khung trang &hsa trang#
e $ h-nh phNn )o4n kt h2p phNn trang_
$t tin tr-nh gWm nhiu phNn )o4n+ mti phNn )o4n ).2& &hia thnh nhiu trang+ l.u trq 7o &!&
khung trang &/ th khng li9n t1&#
w F nhY ;o l kC thu?t '(ng E nhY ph1 l.u trq tin tr-nh+ &!& phn &5a tin tr-nh ).2& &huyn
7oera giqa E nhY &h"nh 7 E nhY ph1 ) &ho php thZ& thi mt tin tr-nh m khng &n n4p
ton E 7o E nhY 7?t lX# f/ hai ph.:ng ph!p &i )%t kC thu?t E nhY ;o )/ l phNn trang theo
y9u &u ho%& phNn )o4n theo y9u &u
e xhNn trang theo y9u &u_
$t tin tr-nh ).2& &hia thnh nhiu trang+ th.rng tr6 tr9n )a &sng 7 mt trang &h] ).2& n4p
7o E nhY &h"nh khi &/ y9u &u# Lu khi n4p trang m khng &Un khung trang trng+ &h3n mt
khung trang n4n nhNn 7 &huyn trang n4n nhNn ra E nhY ph1 + rWi &huyn trang mun truy
[u,t t E nhY ph1 7o khung trang trng )S &h3n#
w f!& thu?t to!n &h3n trang n4n nhNn_ iO+ ti .u+ p|l+ &!& thu?t to!n [,p [] p|l
CU HI n BI TP
H# Di; s0 &/ mt h thng s0 '1ng kC thu?t phNn trang theo y9u &u# F;ng trang ).2& l.u trq
trong &!& thanh ghi# [0 lX mt lti trang tn c milise&on's nu &/ sn mt khung trang trng+
ho%& trang E\ thay th khng E\ s0a )i ni 'ung+ 7 tn Ib milise&on's nu trang E\ thay th E\
s0a )i ni 'ung# $ti truy [u,t E nhY tn Hbb nanose&on's# Di; s0 trang E\ thay th &/ [!& su,t
HIG
E\ s0a )i l b# Q l ph!t sinh lti trang ph;i l Eao nhi9u ) &/ th 'uy tr- thri gian truy [u,t
E nhY ( ezze&ti7e a&ess time) khng 7.2t =u! Ibb nanose&on's
I# Mt &h.:ng tr-nh f sau _
int { HbbHbb
zor (ib iHbb iww)
zor (-b -Hbb -ww) {i- b
Di; s0 tin tr-nh ).2& &,p J khung trang 7Yi k"&h th.Y& mt khung trang l Ibb Eytes+ mS tin
tr-nh lun &him khung trang H+ khung trang I 7 J ) l.u m;ng { 7 kh8i )u khung I+ J l rtng#
Hi tin tr-nh &/ Eao nhi9u lti trang khi s0 '1ng thu?t to!n thay th p|l# Mt &h.:ng tr-nh f sau
7Yi &Nu hi t.:ng tZ nh. tr9n
int { HbbHbb
zor (-b -Hbb -ww)
zor (ib iHbb iww) {i- b
J# Qrong mt h thng s0 '1ng kC thu?t phNn trang theo y9u &u+ k"&h th.Y& mti trang l I~ + [t
)o4n &h.:ng tr-nh f sau )Ny_
int n JHbIK int {n+ Fn
zor (ib iniww) {ii
zor (ib iniww) F{ii
a) Lu s khung &,p &ho tin tr-nh l khng h4n &h 7 gi; s0 khung trang ths nh,t lun '(ng )
&h.! tin tr-nh+ &!& khung trang &Un l4i ).2& kh8i )ng 8 tr4ng th!i trng th- tin tr-nh &/ Eao
nhi9u lti trang#
E) Lu s khung &,p &ho tin tr-nh l I khung 7 gi; s0 khung trang ths nh,t lun '(ng ) &h.!
tin tr-nh+ khung trang ths hai ).2& kh8i )ng 8 tr4ng th!i trng th- tin tr-nh &/ Eao nhi9u lti
trang#
K# $t m!y t"nh &/ K khung trang# Qhri )im n4p+ thri )im truy &?p &ui &(ng+ 7 &!& Eit
|ezeren&e (|)+ >irty (>) &5a mti trang trong E nhY ).2& &ho trong E;ng sau _
Qrang Qhri )im
n4p
Qhri )im
truy &?p &ui &(ng
| >
b HIG I b b
H IJb IGb H b
I HIb II H H
J HGb Icb H H
Qrang no so ).2& &h3n thay th theo _
a) thu?t to!n L|l
HI
E) thu?t to!n iO
&) thu?t to!n p|l
') thu?t to!n &: hi ths I
O# Q"nh k"&h th.Y& 'Sy E"t '(ng ) =u;n lX |{$ OHI $F+ gi; s0 )\a &h] )!nh theo Eyte#
G# Mt mt khng gian )\a &h] &/ c trang+ mti trang &/ k"&h th.Y& H~+ !nh [4 7o E nhY 7?t lX &/
JI khung trang#
a) \a &h] logi& gWm Eao nhi9u Eit
E) \a &h] physi& gWm Eao nhi9u Eit
# Mt mt h thng s0 '1ng kC thu?t phNn trang+ 7Yi E;ng trang ).2& l.u trq trong E nhY &h"nh#
a) Lu thri gian &ho mt ln truy [u,t E nhY E-nh th.rng l Ibb nanose&on's+ th- m,t Eao nhi9u
thri gian &ho mt thao t!& truy [u,t E nhY trong h thng ny
E) Lu s0 '1ng QpFs 7Yi t] l t-m th,y (hiteratio) l O+ thri gian ) t-m trong QpFs [em nh.
ERng b+ t"nh thri gian truy [u,t E nhY trong h thng ( ezze&ti7e memory rezeren&e time)
c# Mt E;ng phNn )o4n sau_
Segment Fase pength
H IJbb HK
I b Hbb
fho Eit )\a &h] 7?t lX t.:ng sng 7Yi &!& )\a &h] ;o sau )Ny _
a# (H+Hb)
E# (I+Obb)
# $t m!y t"nh JIeEit )\a &h]+ s0 '1ng mt E;ng trang nh\ &,p# \a &h] ;o ).2& phNn E nh. sau_
Eit 'nh &ho E;ng trang &,p H+ HH Eit &ho E;ng trang &,p I+ &Un l4i 'nh &ho ozzset# fho Eit k"&h
th.Y& mt trang trong h thng+ 7 khng gian )\a &h] ;o &/ Eao nhi9u trang
Hb# $t m!y t"nh &/ KceEit )\a &h] ;o+ 7 JIeEit )\a &h] 7?t lX+ k"&h th.Y& mt trang l c~# f/ Eao
nhi9u phn t0 trong mt E;ng trang thng th.rng 7 trong E;ng trang ngh\&h );o
HH# Di; s0 &/ mt m!y t"nh )W &h:i s0 '1ng eEit )\a &h]+ h thng s0 '1ng mt E;ng trang nh\
&,p+ '(ng IeEit lm &h] m1& )n E;ng trang &,p H+ IeEit lm &h] m1& )n E;ng trang &,p I# Mt
mt tin tr-nh s0 '1ng &!& )\a &h] ;o trong nhqng ph4m 7i sau _ b##HO+ IH##I+ K##HbG+ 7
HHO##HI#
a) do &hi tit ton E E;ng trang &ho tin tr-nh ny
E) xh;i &,p ph!t &ho tin tr-nh Eao nhi9u khung trang+ gi; s0 t,t &; )u nRm trong E nhY &h"nh
&) Fao nhi9u Eytes sng 7Yi &!& 7(ng phNn m;nh ni 7i trong tin tr-nh ny
') fn Eao nhi9u E nhY &ho E;ng trang &5a tin tr-nh ny
HIc
HI# Di; s0 &/ mt m!y t"nh s0 '1ng HGeEit )\a &h]# F nhY ;o ).2& thZ& hin 7Yi kC thu?t phNn
)o4n kt h2p phNn trang+ k"&h th.Y& ti )a &5a mt phNn )o4n l KbG Eytes# F nhY 7?t lX ).2&
phNn thnh &!& khung trang &/ k"&h th.Y& OHI Eytes#
a) Qh hin &!&h )\a &h] ;o ).2& phNn t"&h ) ph;n !nh segment+ page+ ozzset
E) Mt mt tin tr-nh s0 '1ng &!& min )\a &h] sau+ [!& )\nh s hiu segment 7 s hiu page
t.:ng sng trong segment m &h.:ng tr-nh truy &?p )n _
JOb##HbJ+ JbKG##JbK+ Hbb##KOb+ JJbOG##JIbb+ GHIJb##GJObb
&) Fao nhi9u Eytes sng 7Yi &!& 7(ng phNn m;nh ni 7i trong tin tr-nh ny
') fn Eao nhi9u E nhY &ho E;ng phNn )o4n 7 E;ng trang &5a tin tr-nh ny
TI )IU THAM KHO
H# Dary # Lutt+ lni7ersity oz folora'o# fentralie' {n' >istriEute' Operating Systems# Se&on'
^'ition+ Ibbb#
I# |oEert Syiter# Operating Systems+ { xra&ti&al {pproa&h# xrenti&eeHall international+ in&#
HJ#
J# {n'rey S# QanenEaum# $o'ern Operating Systems# xrenti&eeHall international+ in&# Se&on'
^'ition+ IbbH#
K# {Eraham SilEers&hat xeter Faer Dal7in# Operating System &on&epts# ohn iley Sons+
in&# izth ^'ition+ H#
O# H# $# >eitel# Operating Systems# {''isoneesley in&# Se&on' ^'ition+ H#
G# Qrn H4nh Lhi p9 ~h*& Lhi9n n Hong ~im# Di!o tr-nh h )iu hnh (t?p H I)#
H~HQL Ibbb#
HI
CH$NG n (e >2u>)
yUN ) PROCESSOR
fh.:ng @}lL p x|Of^SSO| so giYi thiu 7 gi;i th"&h &!& 7,n ) sau_
O#H xro&essor d?t lX 7 xro&essor logi&
O#I Lg*t 7 [0 lX ng*t
O#J M0 lX ng*t trong iF$exf
e/./ PROCESSOR nT ) n PROCESSOR )OGIC
Qrong lnh 7Z& &ng ngh thng tin+ kh!i nim E [0 lX (pro&essor) th.rng ).2& g3i l ):n 7\ [0
lX trung tNm (fxlefentral xro&essing lnit)# fxl l mt thnh phn E9n trong m!y t"nh thZ& hin
&ng 7i& Ei9n '\&h &!& &h] th\ &5a m!y t"nh 7 [0 lX &!& 'q liu E9n trong &!& &h.:ng tr-nh# f(ng
7Yi ):n 7\ l.u trq &h"nh+ thit E\ nh?pv[u,t+ fxl l thnh phn &: E;n nh,t khng th thiu trong
E,t kP h thng m!y t"nh no#
tang t& ) &ho mt h thng m!y t"nh+ ngoi 7i& s0 '1ng nhiu fxl+ &Un &/ mt gi;i ph!p
kh!& hyper threa'ing (si9u phNn luWng)# dYi kC thu?t ny+ h )iu hnh so nh-n th,y mt
pro&essor 7?t lX thnh hai pro&essor logi&# xro&essor 7?t lX l mt thnh phn phn &sng thZ& sZ+
thZ& hin &!& thao t!& 'o h )iu hnh 7 &!& &h.:ng tr-nh )ang thZ& thi tr9n m!y t"nh ra lnh#
Qrong khi )/+ pro&essor logi& ).2& t4o ra E8i &!& &h.:ng tr-nh+ ti nguy9n h )iu hnh+ ho%& l
sZ m phng &5a pro&essor 7?t lX# $t lX 'o kh!& ) t4o ra pro&essor logi& l ) t?n '1ng ti )a
nguWn ti nguy9n E9n trong E [0 lX )Wng thri &ho php thZ& hin t"nh to!n &ho nhiu tiu tr-nh
h:n trong &(ng mt thri )im#
H-nh O#H# xro&essor 7?t lX 7 pro&essor logi&
Di; s0 h thng &/ mt fxl 7?t lX# Lu fxl ny khng ht tr2 kC thu?t si9u phNn luWng th- h
)iu hnh &h] nh-n th,y h thng &/ mt fxl (7?t lX) 'uy nh,t# Lg.2& l4i+ nu fxl ny ht tr2 kC
thu?t si9u phNn luWng th- h )iu hnh so &ho rRng h thng ny &/ hai fxl (logi&)# H-nh O#I
minh h3a )iu ny khi thZ& hin tr9n hai h thng ).2& gi; s0 nh. tr9n# ~hi )/+ 8 h-nh (E) ta so
th,y &/ hai h-nh &hq nh?t rri nhau ) )o xerzorman&e &ho tng fxl (logi&)# Qrong khi )/+ 8
h-nh (a) &h] &/ mt fxl (7?t lX) ).2& )o xerzorman&e#
HJb
H-nh O#I# $inh h3a xerzorman&e &5a h thng &/ H fxl 7?t lX 7 h thng &/ I fxl logi&
e/&/ NGT n XO ) NGT
Lg*t l sZ [;y ra &5a mt )iu kin+ sZ kin lm &ho treo t4m thri &h.:ng tr-nh trong khi )/ )iu
kin+ sZ kin ny ).2& ph1& 71 E8i &h.:ng tr-nh kh!&# $t h thng ).2& )iu khin ERng ng*t
&ho ;o gi!& l n/ thZ& hin nhiu &ng 7i& )Wng thri# > nhi9n+ fxl mti ln khng th thZ& thi
nhiu h:n mt lnh nh.ng n/ &/ th t4m treo 7i& thZ& thi mt &h.:ng tr-nh ) thZ& thi &h.:ng
tr-nh kh!&+ rWi =uay 7 &h.:ng tr-nh ths nh,t# f1 th h:n+ khi ng*t [;y ra+ th-_
w H )iu hnh l,y ).2& sZ )iu khin#
w H )iu hnh l.u l4i tr4ng th!i &5a tin tr-nh E\ ng*t# Qrong nhiu h thng+ &!& thng tin ny
).2& l.u trong khi )iu khin tin tr-nh &5a tin tr-nh E\ ng*t#
w H )iu hnh phNn t"&h ng*t 7 &huyn )iu khin )n mt th5 t1& t.:ng sng ) thZ& hin ng*t#
w Qh5 t1& thZ& hin ng*t tin hnh ng*t#
w Qin tr-nh E\ ng*t ).2& thZ& thi#
HJH
H-nh O#J Qh5 t1& ng*t
Lg*t &/ th ).2& n4p t mt tin tr-nh )ang thZ& thi+ t mt sZ & &/ li9n =uan ho%& khng li9n
=uan )n tin tr-nh )ang thZ& thi# Lh. 7" '1 trong h-nh O#HH+ fxl nh;y )n )\a &h] Hbbb 7 thZ&
thi &h.:ng tr-nh 8 )/# d 8 &ui th5 t1& ng*t+ mt lnh ).2& kh8i t4o ) khi ph1& l4i tr4ng th!i
&5a &!& thanh ghi E\ treo trong &h.:ng tr-nh &h"nh+ nhr )/ n/ &Vng gi6p khi ph1& l4i 7i& )iu
khin &ho &h.:ng tr-nh g&#
f,u tr6& ng*t &/ th kh!& nhau giqa &!& h thng+ nh.ng nh-n &hung &h6ng )u thZ& hin &(ng
mt th5 t1& ng*t nh. nhau# >.Yi )Ny l mt s y9u &u m mt h thng ng*t ph;i )!p sng ).2&
tr.Y& khi thZ& hin ng*t_
w \nh ngha mt t?p &!& sZ kin &/ kh; nang gNy ra ng*t#
w f/ ph.:ng tin ) ghi l4i &!& t-nh hung (ngq &;nh) khi mt ng*t [;y ra+ th.rng l mt ho%&
mt 7i Eit &r (zlag)#
w fxl ph;i thZ& hin 7i& kim tra tr4ng th!i ng*t theo thri gian )\nh kP# di& thit l?p 7 kim
tra tr4ng th!i &!& &r ng*t th.rng ).2& [0 lX tZ )ng E8i phn &sng 7Yi r,t "t ho%& khng &/ sZ
tham gia &5a fxl#
w H thng ph;i kim tra ) [!& )\nh [em y9u &u ng*t [u,t ph!t t )Nu+ 7 ) =uyt )\nh &/ n9n
&,p fxl ) )!p sng y9u &u ng*t )/ hay khng#
w M!& )\nh 7\ tr" E9n trong fxl+ ) l.u thng tin 7 nguy9n nhNn gNy ra ng*t#
w Lu y9u &u ng*t &n ).2& )!p sng+ th- fxl ph;i nh;y )n &h.:ng tr-nh ho%& th5 t1& ph1& 71
ng*t t.:ng sng#
w F9n trong h )iu hnh+ &!& ng*t th.rng ).2& s0 '1ng ) truy [u,t &!& '\&h 71 &5a kernel
(nhNn &5a h )iu hnh)# di& thNm nh?p 7o kernel &5a mt h )iu hnh &/ li9n =uan m?t thit
C5Z[79 >\:75
=5G75
CPU
Qh5 t1& ng*t_
e M!& )\nh nguWn#
e f,m &!& ng*t kh!&
e p.u l4i ni 'ung &!&
thanh ghi#
e pink )n th5 t1&
ng*t#
e ~hi ph1& l4i &!&
thanh ghi#
e fho php ng*t
e }uay l4i &h.:ng
tr-nh &h"nh
I7?4>
P5r= qr 79> A
f!& lnh ).2& thZ&
hin &ho 7i& ph1&
71 ng*t {
}uay lui
Hbb
HbH
HbI
BD 75v
\a &h]
Hbbb
HbbH
HbbI
Lg*t {
HJI
)n =u! tr-nh [0 lX ng*t+ mt 7i kh; nang )!p sng ng*t l y9u &u t,t yu &5a kernel trong mt h
)iu hnh# f/ Ea lo4i ng*t ).2& s0 '1ng trong mt h )iu hnh nh. sau_
BJ N9> 92<C Y<> (Y4?V\q2YW\ =B88 27>V\4?>)` l mt lo4i ng*t )%& Eit+ [;y ra khi mt tin tr-nh
ph!t ra mt &h] th\ y9u &u mt th5 t1& E9n trong h )iu hnh# Sau )/+ h )iu hnh &/ th ).2&
[em nh. l mt t?p &!& &h.:ng tr-nh h thng ).2& li9n kt 7Yi nhau ) thZ& thi &!& t"n hiu ng*t#
gJ N9> 7D2 (27>V\7B8 27>V\4?>)` hay &Un g3i l ng*t mm+ ).2& t4o ra E8i &!& sZ kin no )/+ E9n
trong E [0 lX )ang thZ& thi &!& sZ kin )/+ &hBng h4n nh. khi mt &h.:ng tr-nh thZ& hin sai
&hs& nang (7" '1 nh. &h.:ng tr-nh & g*ng &hia mt s &ho b)#
=J N9> 79Wd2 (VK>V\7B8 27>V\4?>)` hay &Un g3i l ng*t &sng+ ).2& t4o ra E9n ngoi E [0 lX )ang
[;y ra ng*t+ th.rng l E8i &!& E [0 lX kh!& ho%& &!& thit E\ nh?pv[u,t trong h thng#
$ti lo4i ng*t &/ mt th5 t1& [0 lX ng*t (interupt handler) ) [0 lX &!& y9u &u ng*t t.:ng sng#
~hi mt th5 t1& [0 lX ng*t )3at ).2& =uyn )iu khin fxl+ nh. minh h3a trong h-nh O#HH+ thng
th.rng n/ so &,m t,t &; &!& &h] th\ t &!& ng*t kh!& &ho )n khi n/ )4t )n @)im an tonA# im
an ton l 7\ tr" m thng tin tr4ng th!i ng*t &/ th ).2& l.u 7 so ).2& khi ph1& l4i sau khi y9u
&u ng*t )S ).2& )!p sng#
e/&/./ 79 5 79>
ngan &h%n nhqng ng.ri s0 '1ng &him )& =uyn h thng (&h5 )ng ho%& E\ )ng)+ h )iu
hnh so &/ &!& &: &h ) )Ui l4i fxl# H )iu hnh &i mt )Wng hW ng*t ) ng*t &!& h3at )ng
&him giq fxl trong mt thri gian [!& )\nh# ~hi fxl ).2& trao &ho mt tin tr-nh+ tin tr-nh )/
).2& =uyn )iu khin fxl &ho )n khi n/ &h5 )ng tr; l4i fxl ho%& khi )Wng hW ng*t thZ& hin
ng*t# Lu ng.ri s0 '1ng 7Tn &Un )ang thZ& thi &h.:ng tr-nh+ 7 )Wng hW ng*t [;y ra 7i& ng*t
gir+ th- 7i& ng*t ny so l,y =uyn [0 lX 7 l4i &ho h )iu hnh# Sau )/ h )iu hnh so =uyt
)\nh tin tr-nh no so ).2& nh?n fxl tip theo#
Wng hW ng*t gi6p );m E;o ).2& thri gian hWi )!p h2p lX &ho h thng )a ng.ri '(ng+ ngan &;n
h thng E\ treo khi &/ mt ng.ri s0 '1ng )ang thZ& thi mt 7Ung l%p 7 h4n#
e/&/&/ B 79>
Lhqng 7,n ) &h6ng ta 7a n9u tr9n ).2& !p '1ng &ho sZ [u,t hin &5a mt ng*t t4i mt thri
)im# Quy nhi9n+ trong thZ& t+ mt l6& &/ th [;y ra nhiu ng*t# fhBng h4n nh.+ mt &h.:ng
tr-nh &/ th nh?n 'q liu t E9n ngoi 7o 7 in ra kt =u; t.:ng sng# $ti ln m!y in &h] thZ&
hin ).2& mt ng*t &ho )n khi kt th6& ho4t )ng in# F )iu khin Eus so thZ& hin mt ng*t
mti khi &/ mt ):n 7\ 'q liu )n# Lh. 7?y+ ng*t )iu khin Eus &ho php nh?n 'q liu so [;y ra
trong khi ng*t ph1& 71 in ,n )ang thi hnh#
HJJ
H-nh O#K# }uy tr-nh )iu khin )a ng*t
] C 5B2 =<=5 >2u? =I7 1b 92t2 s4Fu> qL7 13 1B 79>`
f,m &!& ng*t h3at )ng trong khi &/ mt ng*t )ang tin hnh# Lgha l fxl &/ th 7 so E =ua
&!& t"n hiu y9u &u ng*t# Lu mt ng*t [;y ra trong thri gian ny th- n/ so E\ treo 7 so ).2&
kim tra sau khi E [0 lX &ho php ng*t# >o )/+ khi mt &h.:ng tr-nh &5a ng.ri s0 '1ng )ang
thZ& thi 7 mt ng*t [;y ra th- &!& ng*t kh!& so E\ &,m ngay l?p ts&# Sau khi th5 t1& ph1& 71 ng*t
hon t,t th- &!& ng*t ).2& &ho php tr.Y& khi t!i k"&h h3at &h.:ng tr-nh &5a ng.ri s0 '1ng 7 E
[0 lX so kim tra [em &/ ng*t no [;y ra nqa khng# f!&h tip &?n ny '< 7 ):n gi;n 7- &!& ng*t
).2& )iu khin theo mt ths tZ nghi9m ng%t# $inh ho4 trong h-nh O#K(a) &ho ta th,y &!&h [0 lX
ng*t trong h thng )a ng*t theo &!&h tip &?n ny# Lg*t M ).2& ph1& 71 [ong th- mYi tri l.2t
ng*t ).2& ph1& 71#
M!& )\nh ths tZ .u ti9n &ho &!& ng*t 7 &ho php ng*t &/ ths tZ .u ti9n th,p h:n tZ ng*t# Lgha
l+ trong khi mt ng*t )ang ).2& ph1& 71+ nu &/ ng*t kh!& [;y )n+ th- h thng ph;i tin hnh
kim tra ths tZ y9u ti9n &5a &!& ng*t# Lu ng*t )ang ).2& ph1& 71 &/ ) .u ti9n &ao h:n th- ng*t
)n sau so E\ E =ua# Lg.2& l4i+ nu ng*t )ang ).2& ph1& 71 &/ ) .u ti9n th,p h:n+ th- n/ ph;i
thZ& hin 7i9& @tZ ng*tA ) &ho php ng*t )n sau thZ& hin tr.Y&# $inh h3a trong h-nh O#K(E)#
fh.:ng tr-nh
ng.ri '(ng
F )iu khin ng*t M
F )iu khin ng*t
(a) Qin hnh ng*t tun
tZ
fh.:ng tr-nh
ng.ri '(ng
F )iu khin ng*t
(E) Qin hnh ng*t lWng (neste')
F )iu khin ng*t M
HJK
Lg*t { )ang ).2& ph1& 71+ gi; s0 ng*t F )n sau nh.ng &/ ) .u ti9n &ao h:n ng*t {+ th- ng*t {
ph;i tZ ng*t ) trao =uyn )iu khin fxl &ho ng*t F#
Qr8 l4i 7" '1 Ean )u+ gi; s0 mt h thng &/ Ea thit E\ nh?pv[u,t_ mt m!y in+ mt )a+ 7 mt
).rng li9n l4& 7Yi &!& ms& .u ti9n tang 'n t.:ng sng l I+ K+ 7 O# H-nh O#O m t; mt &huti &!&
thao t!& &/ th [;y ra#
H-nh O#O# $t 7" '1 7 [0 lX ng*t &/ ) .u ti9n
$t &h.:ng tr-nh &5a ng.ri s0 '1ng E*t )u t4i thri )im tb# Q4i thri )im tHb+ mt ng*t &ho
m!y in [;y ra &!& thng tin &5a ng.ri s0 '1ng ).2& l.u trong ngan [p &5a h thng 7 7i& thZ&
thi 7Tn tip t1& t4i th5 t1& ph1& 71 ng*t &5a m!y in# Qrong khi th5 t1& ny 7Tn )ang thZ& thi th- t4i
thri )im tHO mt ng*t li9n l4& [;y ra# d- ).rng li9n l4& &/ ms& .u ti9n &ao h:n m!y in n9n 7i&
ng*t &ho n/ ).2& .u ti9n tr.Y& Qh5 t1& ph1& 71 ng*t &5a m!y in E\ ng*t+ tr4ng th!i &5a n/ l4i ).2&
).a 7o ngan [p 7 7i& thZ& thi 7Tn ).2& tip t1& 7Yi th5 t1& ph1& 71 ng*t &5a sZ li9n l4&#
Qrong khi th5 t1& ny )ang thZ& thi th- mt ng*t &ho )a [;y ra (tIb)# d- ng*t ny &/ ms& .u ti9n
th,p h:n n9n n/ ph;i &hr 7 th5 t1& ph1& 71 ng*t &5a 7i& li9n l4& 7Tn ho4t )ng &ho )n khi n/
hon t,t#
~hi th5 t1& ph1& 71 ng*t &ho 7i& li9n l4& kt th6& (tIO) th- tr4ng th!i &5a E [0 lX tr.Y& ).2&
khi ph1& (tr4ng th!i thZ& thi th5 t1& ph1& 71 ng*t &5a m!y in)# Quy nhi9n+ tr.Y& khi mt lnh
trong th5 t1& )/ ).2& thZ& thi th- E [0 lX .u ti9n &ho 7i& ng*t )a &/ ms& .u ti9n &ao h:n 7 sZ
)iu khin ).2& &huyn &ho th5 t1& ph1& 71 ng*t &5a )a# fh] khi th5 t1& ny &h,m 'st (tJO) th-
th5 t1& ph1& 71 ng*t &5a m!y in mYi ).2& t!i k"&h ho4t# ~hi th5 t1& )/ kt th6& (tKb) th- sZ )iu
khin tr8 7 &h.:ng tr-nh &5a ng.ri s0 '1ng#
fh.:ng tr-nh
ng.ri '(ng
xh1& 71 ng*t
&5a m!y in
xh1& 71 ng*t
&5a 7i& li9n
l4&
xh1& 71 ng*t
&5a )a
t b
t Hb
t Kb
t HO
t IO
t IO
t JO
HJO
e/H/ XT 8U 79> >\W79 IBM!PC
Qrong phn ny+ &h6ng ta so t-m hiu mt s ng*t &sng =uan tr3ng 7 7i& [0 lX &h6ng nh. th
no trong iF$exf# f!& thit k )u ti9n &5a iF$exf 'Za tr9n E [0 lX cbcc 7 s0 '1ng E )iu
khin ng*t cIO &ho php t4o ra c t"n hiu ng*t )Wng thri#
Lg*t bbh_ &hia b
cbcc &/ hai lnh &hia (>id 7 i>id)+ &h6ng &ho php &hia &!& s HG Eit 7 JI Eit &ho &!& s c 7
HG Eit# Qheo =ui t*& to!n h3&+ th- php &hia &ho b l khng h2p l# F8i 7?y+ cbcc &,m &!& php
&hia &/ th.:ng s l b# Lu [u,t hin php &hia &ho b+ E E [0 lX so g3i ng*t bbh ) thZ& hin
mt th5 t1& [0 lX t.:ng sng (hin th\ thng E!o @>i7ision Ey eroA)#
Lg*t bHh_ thZ& hin tng lnh
fxl g3i ng*t ny khi Eit Q|{x &5a thanh ghi &r ERng H# Lg*t so ).2& g3i sau mti lnh m!y#
Lg*t ny &ho php ng.ri s0 '1ng theo 'i 7i& thZ& hin tng lnh &5a mt &h.:ng tr-nh ngn
ngq m!y# khng [;y ra 7i& g3i ) =uy ng*t ny+ E [0 lX so )%t Eit Q|{x ERng b khi 7o ng*t
ny# L/ &,t thanh ghi &r 7o ngan [p+ &/ ngha l &; Eit Q|{x#
Lu th5 t1& [0 lX ng*t ).2& kt th6& ERng lnh i|^Q+ th- thanh ghi &r (&hsa Eit Q|{x) ).2& tZ
)ng khi ph1& t ngan [p# sau khi thZ& hin [ong lnh tip theo+ ng*t bHh l4i ).2& g3i# sau khi
nguri l?p tr-nh )S nh?n )5 thng tin 7 &h.:ng tr-nh+ th- Eit Q|{x &/ th E\ [/a# Quy nhi9n+
&h.:ng tr-nh )ang ).2& kim tra khng h Eit rRng n/ )ang ).2& thZ& hin tng lnh+ 7 n/
khng &/ lnh no ) [/a Eit Q|{x trong thanh ghi &r# Quy nhi9n+ ng*t bHh r,t "t khi ).2& s0
'1ng E8i &h.:ng tr-nh#
Lg*t bIh_ L$i (ng*t khng &he)
Lg*t khng &he (Lone$askaEle interupt) ).2& g3i nh. 7?y E8i l ng.ri '(ng khng th ngan &;n
n/# Lg.ri '(ng &/ th ngan &;n &!& ng*t kh!& ERng lnh fpi+ nh.ng )i 7Yi ng*t bIh th- khng
th# L$i thng E!o &ho ng.ri s0 '1ng Eit rRng &/ lti trong |{$# pti ny &/ th [u,t hin 'o
hng mt &hip |{$ no ),y#d- &hip |{$ hng &/ th lm ny sinh nhqng ;nh h.8ng nghi9m
tr3ng &ho h thng+ n9n ng*t ny &/ ) .u ti9n &ao nh,t#
Lg*t bJh_ im 'ng
Lg*t ny ).2& s0 '1ng trong &!& &h.:ng tr-nh tin "&h# ~h!& 7Yi &!& ng*t kh!&+ l &!& ng*t ).2&
g3i E8i mt lnh m!y 'i I Eytes+ ng*t ny ).2& g3i E8i mt lnh m!y 'i H Eyte# Lg*t ny r,t
hqu "&h ) kim tra mt &h.:ng tr-nh &h4y tYi mt )im no )/# Lg*t bJh 'ng 7i& &h4y &h.:ng
tr-nh+ 7 &ho php ng.ri s0 '1ng kim tra ni 'ung &!& thanh ghi &5a E [0 lX#
Lg*t bKh_ pti trn
Lg*t ny &/ th ).2& g3i E8i mt lnh# / l lnh iLQO (interupt oz O7erzloy)+ lnh ny &h] g3i
ng*t bKh khi Eit trn &5a thanh ghi &r ERng H# iu ny &/ th [;y ra sau mt thao t!& to!n h3&+
nu nh. kt =u; &5a thao t!& ny khng &hsa ni trong mt s Eit )S )%t#
Lg*t bOh_ fopy &sng
~hi ,n ph"m xrtS&r+ ng*t ny so ).2& g3i# Lg*t ny g0i ton E ni 'ung mn h-nh ra m!y in#
Lg*t bGhebh_ khng s0 '1ng ('nh &ho &!& sng '1ng 7 sau)#
Lg*t bch ebh_ f!& ng*t ny 'o E )iu khin ng*t cIO t4o ra# F )iu khin ng*t ny nh?n t,t
&; &!& y9u &u ng*t &5a h thng# L/ [!& )\nh ms& .u ti9n &5a &!& y9u &u ng*t# f/ )n c nguWn
sinh ng*t (thit E\) &/ th ).2& ni tYi cIO+ mti thit E\ ).2& g!n mt ms& .u ti9n# Qhng =ua
&!& Eit &5a thanh ghi &r+ fxl &/ th &,m t,t &; &!& ng*t &5a cIO (tr ng*t bIh 7 L$i)#
HJG
Qa &Vng &/ th &,m ng*t t mt thit E\ no )/+ ERng &!&h )%t Eit ng*t t.:ng sng &5a thanh ghi
&he ng*t thu& cIO ERng H# Qhanh ghi ny ).2& truy nh?p thng =ua &ng IHh# c Eit &5a thanh
ghi ny tu:ng sng 7Yi c thit E\ sinh ng*t# Fit b t.:ng sng 7Yi thit E\ s b+ Eit t.:ng sng 7Yi
thit E\ s # Lu Eit &/ gi! tr\ b+ th- fxl so nh?n ).2& ng*t 'o thit E\ t.:ng sng sinh ra# Lu
ng*t ERng H+ y9u &u ng*t so E\ E =ua# Lu )Wng thri &/ nhiu y9u &u ng*t+ y9u &u ng*t s b so
&/ ms& .u ti9n &ao nh,t+ y9u &u ng*t s &/ ms& .u ti9n th,p nh,t# Lu y9u &u ng*t ms& &ao
).2& [0 lX [ong+ th- y9u &u ng*t tip theo so ).2& cIO &huyn tYi fxl# H-nh G#HK m t; &!&
y9u &u ng*t &5a &!& thit E\ 7 ms& .u ti9n &5a &h6ng tr9n xf# Qrong h-nh ny+ &!& Eit I 7 O
khng ).2& s0 '1ng# Fit I ).2& s0 '1ng E8i E )iu khin ng*t ths hai (trong &!& m!y {Q)# Fit O
&h.a '(ng 'o tr.Y& )Ny n/ ).2& iF$ 'nh ri9ng &ho &ng song song pxQI+ nh.ng 7- &/ =u! "t
ng.ri '(ng s0 '1ng &ng pxQI n9n iF$ khng tip t1& ph!t trin ng*t ny nqa (tuy nhi9n+ &ar'
Nm thanh &/ th so s0 '1ng n/)# >o 7?y+ sau ny tr9n &!& 'Ung m!y MQ th- Eit O ).2& '(ng )
ph1& 71 &ho ng*t &5a )a &sng#
H-nh O#G# f!& y9u &u ng*t 7 ms& y9u ti9n tr9n xf
Lg*t bch_ E thri gian (Eit b)
fs sau GO#OJG nh\p t"n hiu (khang Hc+I lnvgiNy)+ ng*t bch l4i ).2& g3i# E )iu khin ng*t
cIO so &huyn y9u &u ng*t ny tYi fxl# d- sZ [u,t hin ng*t ny khng ph1 thu& tn s nh\p
&5a h thng+ n9n n/ &/ th '(ng ) )o thri gian# Sau Hc+I ln g3i ng*t+ th- &/ ngha l )S tri =ua
mt giNy#
Lg*t bh_ ng*t En ph"m (Eit H)
Fn ph"m ).2& ht tr2 E8i E [0 lX intel cbKc(xfvMQ) ho%& cbKI ({Q)# F [0 lX ny kim so!t 7
ghi nh?n ph"m E\ ,n+ nh; ho%& E\ ,n 7 giq li9n t1&# L/ g0i t"n hiu y9u &u ng*t tYi cIO+ E ny
l4i y9u &u fxl g3i ng*t s bh (trong tr.rng h2p )Wng thri )ang &/ mt ng*t kh!& &/ ms& .u
ti9n &ao h:n)#
Lg*t b{h ebfh_ thay )i
f!& ng*t ny thay )i t(y theo tng m!y#
Lg*t b>h_ )a &sng (Eit O)
Lg*t ny ).2& g3i khi kt th6& &!& thao t!& )3&+ ghi )a &sng#
Lg*t b^h_ )a mm (Eit G)
Lg*t ny ).2& g3i khi kt th6& &!& thao t!& )3&+ ghi )a mm ho%& khi &/ lti [u,t hin#
Lg*t bh_ m!y in (Eit )
fhiu tang &5a ms& .u
ti9n
G O K J I H b
Eit F )iu khin ng*t ()\a &h]
Ibh)
F thri gian
Fn ph"m
fO$ I
fO$ H
$!y in song song
a mm
HJ
$!y in song song g3i ng*t ny thng =ua cIO khi n/ &n sZ ph1& 71 &5a fxl#
e/H/./ T5B75 952 79>
cIO Eit ).2& khi no mt y9u &u ng*t )S ).2& [0 lX [ong l 'o thanh ghi &h] th\ ng*t 8 )\a &h]
Ibh# ~hi mt ng*t &5a cIO kt th6&+ n/ thZ& hin lnh OlQ gi! tr\ Ibh (^Oi ^n' Oz interupt)
tYi &ng Ibh# pnh ny thng E!o &ho cIO Eit rRng 7i& [0 lX ng*t )S kt th6&+ 7 cIO &/ th
&h,p nh?n y9u &u ng*t tip theo#
di& )\nh ngha &!& Eit &u; thanh ghi &he ng*t l kh!& nhau+ t(y lo4i xf# f/ th &oi rRng+ thit E\
t.:ng sng Eit b &5a thanh ghi she ng*t so g3i ng*t bch# Qhit E\ t.:ng sng Eit H so g3i ng*t bh u
Lg*t bh+ ng*t &ui &(ng &5a cIO+ so ).2& k"&h h3at E8i thit E\ t.:ng sng Eit &5a thanh ghi
&he ng*t# Qng =u!t+ c ng*t tr9n &/ &!& kX hiu l i|}b+ i|}H+ u i|} &/ ngha l interupt
|e=uest (y9u &u ng*t)#
e/H/&/ C<= gD 1234 a52b7 79> =AB C<F AT
{Q &/ hai E )iu khin ng*t cIO+ 7 n/ &/ th [0 lX tYi HG y9u &u ng*t (nguWn sinh ng*t)# f!&
ng*t &5a E )iu khin ng*t ths hai &/ t9n l i|}c+ u+ i|}HO# Lu [u,t hin mt y9u &u ng*t
&5a E )iu khin ng*t ths I+ th- n/ ).2& &oi nh. l y9u &u ng*t s I &5a E )iu khin ng*t ths
nh,t# F8i 7?y &!& y9u &u ng*t &5a E )iu khin ng*t ths hai &/ ) .u ti9n &ao h:n &!& y9u &u
ng*t t J )n &5a E )iu khin ng*t ths nh,t#
Qa &Vng &/ th &he &!& y9u &u ng*t &5a E )iu khin ng*t ths hai+ ERng &!&h thao t!& &!& Eit &5a
thanh ghi &he ng*t thu& cIO ths hai# Qhanh ghi ny &/ )\a &h] &ng {bh# ta ph;i g0i lnh ^Oi
tYi &; hai E )iu khin ng*t sau khi kt th6& 7i& [0 lX mt y9u &u ng*t &5a E )iu khin ng*t
ths hai# / l 7- hai E )iu khin ny ).2& ni 7Yi nhau+ mti y9u &u ng*t &5a E ths hai )u
lm [u,t hin y9u &u ng*t s I &5a E ths nh,t# f!& h-nh sau )Ny &ho th,y &!& y9u &u ng*t &5a
&!& thit E\ 7 ms& .u ti9n &5a &h6ng#
H-nh O## f!& y9u &u ng*t 7 ms& y9u ti9n tr9n m!y {Q
e/H/H/ C<= 79> =AB AT
d- &/ th9m E [0 lX ng*t ths hai+ n9n {Q &/ nhiuu ng*t &sng h:n xf 7 MQ# F )iu khin ng*t
ths hai &/ th g3i &!& ng*t t bh tYi h# Qhit E\ t.:ng sng y9u &u ng*t s b so g3i ng*t bh+
thit E\ t.:ng sng y9u &u ng*t s H g3i ng*t Hh+ u
fhiu tang &5a ms& .u
ti9n
G O K J I H b
Eit F )iu khin ng*t ()\a &h]
Ibh)
G O K J I H b
Eit
fhiu tang &5a ms& .u
ti9n
Wng [0 lX to!n h3&
Qhri gian thZ&
HJc
fh] &/ &!& ng*t bh 7 Oh l ).2& E )iu khin ng*t g3i+ E8i lo &h] &/ hai thit E\ ni 7Yi cIO
ny# Quy nhi9n+ &!& 7e&tor ng*t HheKh 7 Gheh &/ th ).2& )i h.Yng &ho &!& m1& )"&h
kh!&# H-nh O#HO m t; &hi tit mt s y9u &u ng*t 7 ms& ) .u ti9n &5a &h6ng tr9n m!y {Q#
Lg*t bh_ )Wng hW thri gian thZ&
Lg*t bh ).2& g3i khi )n thri )im E!o &hung+ thri gian 7a ).2& &?p nh?t+ ho%& 7a [;y ra
mt ng*t &hu kP# ng*t ny th.rng ).2& mt th5 t1& &5a FiOS [0 lX#
Lg*t Oh_ E )Wng [0 lX t/an h3&
Lg*t Oh thng E!o &ho fxl Eit l E )Wng [0 lX to!n h3& y9u &u ph1& 71 (th- '1+ n/ )S thZ&
hin [ong mt php t"nh no )/)#
TM TT
Qrong lnh 7Z& &ng ngh thng tin+ kh!i nim E [0 lX (pro&essor) th.rng ).2& g3i l ):n 7\ [0
lX trung tNm (fxlefentral xro&essing lnit)# fxl l mt thnh phn E9n trong m!y t"nh thZ& hin
&ng 7i& Ei9n '\&h &!& &h] th\ &5a m!y t"nh 7 [0 lX &!& 'q liu E9n trong &!& &h.:ng tr-nh# f(ng
7Yi ):n 7\ l.u trq &h"nh+ thit E\ nh?pv[u,t+ fxl l thnh phn &: E;n nh,t khng th thiu trong
E,t kP h thng m!y t"nh no#
tang t& ) &ho mt h thng m!y t"nh+ ngoi 7i& s0 '1ng nhiu fxl+ &Un &/ mt gi;i ph!p
kh!& hyper threa'ing (si9u phNn luWng)# dYi kC thu?t ny+ h )iu hnh so nh-n th,y mt
pro&essor 7?t lX thnh hai pro&essor logi&# xro&essor 7?t lX l mt thnh phn phn &sng thZ& sZ+
thZ& hin &!& thao t!& 'o h )iu hnh 7 &!& &h.:ng tr-nh )ang thZ& thi tr9n m!y t"nh ra lnh#
Qrong khi )/+ pro&essor logi& ).2& t4o ra E8i &!& &h.:ng tr-nh+ ti nguy9n h )iu hnh+ ho%& l
sZ m phng &5a pro&essor 7?t lX# $t lX 'o kh!& ) t4o ra pro&essor logi& l ) t?n '1ng ti )a
nguWn ti nguy9n E9n trong E [0 lX )Wng thri &ho php thZ& hin t"nh to!n &ho nhiu tiu tr-nh
h:n trong &(ng mt thri )im#
CU HI n BI TP
H# xhNn Eit giqa fxl 7?t lX 7 fxl logi&# $1& ti9u &5a fxl logi& l g-
I# ~C thu?t si9u phNn luWng 7 >ual &ore &/ t.:ng tZ nhau khng HSy phNn Eit E;n &h,t &5a
&h6ng#
J# Q4i sao ng*t ).2& [em l ms& )iu khin &ao nh,t trong mt E [0 lX
K# \nh ngha 7 phNn lo4i mt 7i lo4i ng*t &sng+ ng*t mm# fh] ra m1& )"&h &5a ng*t mm#
O# im an tUan trong =u! tr-nh thZ& thi mt &h.:ng tr-nh l g- Wng hW ng*t &/ m1& )"&h g-
trong h thng
TI )IU THAM KHO
H# Dary # Lutt+ lni7ersity oz folora'o# fentralie' {n' >istriEute' Operating Systems# Se&on'
^'ition+ Ibbb#
I# |oEert Syiter# Operating Systems+ { xra&ti&al {pproa&h# xrenti&eeHall international+ in&#
HJ#
J# {n'rey S# QanenEaum# $o'ern Operating Systems# xrenti&eeHall international+ in&# Se&on'
^'ition+ IbbH#
HJ
CH$NG nI (.' >2u>)
H IU HNH NHIU B nI XO )
fh.:ng @Hk iml HnLH LHiml F di M p so giYi thiu 7 gi;i th"&h &!& 7,n ) sau_
G#H f,u h-nh nhiu pro&essor
G#I f!& lo4i h )iu hnh ht tr2 nhiu E 7i [0 lX
G#J Wng E trong h thng )a [0 lX
G#K iu phi trong h thng )a [0 lX
G#H# fl HLH LHiml x|Of^SSO|
$%& '( t& ) m!y t"nh ngy &ng ).2& &;i thin nhr 7o &!& &ng ngh mYi+ nh.ng nhu &u &5a
&on ng.ri 7Tn &h.a ).2& tha mSn# $t trong &!& &!&h tip &?n nhRm m1& )"&h tang t& ) &5a
m!y t"nh )/ l s0 '1ng nhiu E [0 lX tr9n mt m!y# $ti E [0 lX &h] &n ho4t )ng 8 t& ) E-nh
th.rng &Vng )S &ung &,p &ho h thng kh; nang t"nh to!n tt h:n r,t nhiu so 7Yi h thng &h] &/
mt E [0 lX# H thng &/ nhiu E [0 lX &/ th &hia lm J lo4i &h"nh nh. sau_
w a [0 lX '(ng E nhY &hia s#
w a [0 lX '(ng E nhY ri9ng#
w a [0 lX phNn t!n#
i 7Yi m h-nh ths nh,t+ &!& fxl truyn thng 7Yi nhau ) thZ& hin mt ho%& mt s &ng
7i& no )/ thng =ua 7i& s0 '1ng &hung mt E nhY (E nhY &hia s)# Qrong m h-nh ny+ &!&
fxl )u &/ =uyn nh. nhau ) truy [u,t 7o E nhY 7?t lX# i 7Yi m h-nh ths hai+ h thng
gWm nhiu &%p fxleE nhY ).2& kt ni 7Yi nhau thng =ua &!& ).rng kt ni t& ) &ao# Qrong
m h-nh ny+ E nhY l &1& E )i 7Yi mti fxl 7 &h] &/ th ).2& truy [u,t E8i fxl )/# fUn
trong m h-nh ths Ea+ h thng &Vng gWm nhiu &%p fxleE nhY+ nh.ng &h6ng kt ni 7Yi nhau
thng =ua m4ng 'in rng+ &hBng h4n nh. internet+ 7 h-nh thnh n9n mt h thng phNn t!n#
Qrong m h-nh ny+ 7i& truyn thng giqa &!& &%p fxleE nhY ny &Vng s0 '1ng &!&h &huyn
thng )ip (message passing)+ ging nh. trong m h-nh ths hai# Quy nhi9n+ sZ kh!& nhau giqa hai
h thng ny )/ l ) tr<# tr< ) truyn thng )ip giqa &!& &%p fxleE nhY trong m h-nh
ths hai l th,p h:n r,t nhiu so 7Yi ) tr< trong m h-nh ths J#
$t h thng )a [0 lX '(ng E nhY &hia s (share'ememory multipro&essor+ ho%& )i khi ng.ri ta
&h] g3i multipro&essor) l mt h thng &/ hai ho%& nhiu h:n hai fxl &(ng &hia s mt E nhY
|{$# $t &h.:ng tr-nh &h4y tr9n E,t kP fxl no &Vng )u &/ kh; nang nh-n th,y &(ng mt
khng gian )\a &h] ;o nh. nhau (n/i &!&h kh!&+ &h6ng ).2& phNn trang nh. trong h thng &/ mt
E [0 lX)# Quy nhi9n+ )iu kh!& Eit trong h thng )a [0 lX th hin 8 &ht+ mt fxl &/ th ghi
7o mt t nhY no )/ mt gi! tr\ l a nh.ng khi )3& ra &/ th so mang gi! tr\ kh!& a (E8i 7- mt
fxl kh!& )S lm thay )i gi! tr\ ny)# iu ny t4o n9n )%& t"nh &: E;n &5a 7i& truyn thng
giqa &!& tin tr-nh 7Yi nhau trong h thng &/ nhiu E [0 lX mt fxl ghi 'q liu 7o trong E
nhY 7 mt fxl kh!& so )3& ) l,y 'q liu )/ ra# L/i &hung+ h )iu hnh '(ng &ho h thng )a
[0 lX &Vng t.:ng tZ nh. h )iu hnh trong h thng ):n [0 lX# L/ &Vng [0 lX &!& lri g3i h
thng+ thZ& hin 7i& =u;n lX E nhY+ &ung &,p &: &h =u;n lX t?p tin &Vng nh. &!& &: &h =u;n lX
7o ra# Quy nhi9n+ &/ mt s 7,n ) mYi m &h6ng ta &n =uan tNm khi nghi9n &su mt h )iu
HKb
hnh '(ng trong h thng )a [0 lX# fhBng h4n nh._ 7i& =u;n lX ti nguy9n+ 7i& )Wng E tin
tr-nh+ &Vng nh. 7i& )iu phi tin tr-nh trong nhiu E [0 lX kh!& nhau#
Qrong giYi h4n &5a gi!o tr-nh ny+ &h6ng ti &h] &ung &,p &ho E4n )3& &hi tit 7 &,u h-nh phn
&sng &Vng nh. &!& 7,n ) li9n =uan 7 h )iu hnh &ho h thng )a [0 lX '(ng E nhY &hia s#
xhn t.:ng tZ &ho hai h thng &Un l4i+ E4n )3& &/ th tham kh;o th9m trong &!& ti liu kh!& 7
h )iu hnh kh!&#
$%& '( &!& h thng &/ nhiu E [0 lX )u &ho php m3i fxl &/ th truy [u,t )n E nhY &5a h
thng+ nh.ng mt 7i h thng &/ th9m mt )%& t"nh nqa+ )/ l n/ &ho php m3i t nhY &/ th
).2& )3& ra 7Yi &(ng mt t& )# Lhqng h thng ny ).2& g3i l h thng )a [0 lX l${
(lnizorm $emory {&&ess $ultipro&essor)# LgZ:& l4i+ h thng no khng &/ kh; nang tr9n th-
).2& g3i l Ll${ (Lonlnizorm $emory {&&ess $ultipro&essor)# d- sao &/ sZ kh!& Eit ny
&h6ng ta so t-m hiu 8 phn sau+ &Un ENy gir &h6ng ta so ln l.2t t-m hiu tng lo4i h thng mt#
i/././ H0 >5E79 1B KT 8U UMA h79 CX 5:75 B4Y
f!& h thng &/ nhiu E [0 lX ):n gi;n nh,t )u 'Za tr9n mt Eus &hung+ ).2& minh h3a trong
h-nh GeH(a)# Hai ho%& nhiu fxl 7 mt ho%& nhiu E nhY+ t,t &; s0 '1ng mt tuyn bus )
truyn thng# ~hi mt fxl mun )3& mt t nhY+ tr.Y& ti9n n/ ph;i kim tra [em bus &/ rti
khng# Lu tr4ng th!i bus l rti+ fxl so g8i )\a &h] &5a t nhY m n/ mun )3& 'q liu l9n tr9n
bus+ kim tra mt 7i t"n hiu )iu khin+ 7 )2i &ho )n khi E nhY )%t t nhY ).2& y9u &u l9n
l9n bus#
H-nh G#H_ f!& h thng )a [0 lX '(ng m h-nh Fus_ (a) ~hng &/ &a&he# (E) f/ &a&he# (&) f/
&a&he 7 &!& E nhY ri9ng#
fUn nu bus E?n khi mt fxl mun )3& ho%& ghi E nhY+ fxl ph;i )2i )n khi bus tr8 7 tr4ng
th!i rti# i 7Yi h thng &/ I ho%& J fxl+ 7i& &4nh tranh bus l &/ th =u;n lX ).2&# Quy nhi9n
nu h thng &/ s l.2ng fxl lYn h:n (7" '1 JI+ ho%& GK fxl)+ )iu ny l khng th# H thng
E\ h4n &h hon ton E8i Eang thng &ho php &5a bus+ 7 7- 7?y hu ht &!& fxl so rti trong
phn lYn thri gian#
Di;i ph!p &ho 7,n ) ny l th9m E nhY cache &ho mti fxl nh. &h] ra trong h-nh GeH(E)# F
nhY cache &/ th nRm E9n trong chip &5a fxl+ nRm k E9n+ nRm tr9n Eo m4&h &5a fxl+ ho%&
).2& kt h2p t &!& &!&h tr9n# iu ny thZ& sZ lm gi;m EYt t;i &ho bus &hung# d 7- 7?y h
thng &/ th ht tr2 nhiu fxl h:n# L/i &hung+ caching khng thZ& hin tr9n mt ):n 7\ nhY
ri9ng no+ m n/ 'Za tr9n khi &!& Eyte (th.rng l &!& khi JIeEyte ho%& GKeEyte)# ~hi mt t
nhY ).2& tham &hiu )n+ th- ton E khi (block) &hsa t nhY )/ so ).2& n4p 7o trong cache
&5a fxl y9u &u#
HKH
$ti block 'q liu trong cache ho%& l read-only (trong tr.rng h2p n/ hin 'in trong nhiu cache
8 &(ng mt thri )im)+ ho%& l read-write (trong tr.rng h2p n/ khng hin 'in trong &!& cache
kh!&)# Lu mt fxl & g*ng ghi mt t nhY )ang hin 'in E9n trong mt ho%& mt 7i cache
kh!&+ mt t"n hiu so ).2& phn &sng ph!t l9n tr9n bus ) thng E!o &ho &!& cache kh!& Eit 7i&
ghi ny# Lu &!& cache ny &/ mt E;n sao (ging nh. E;n g& trong E nhY)+ th- &h6ng so &h]
h5y E nhqng E;n sao ny 7 &ho php fxl n4p block 'q liu t E nhY 7o cache# i 7Yi mt
7i cache &/ mt E;n sao )S ).2& thay )i+ th- n/ ph;i ho%& l ).2& ghi ng.2& l4i ra E nhY tr.Y&
khi 7i& ghi ).2& thZ& hin+ ho%& ).2& truyn trZ& tip )n fxl &/ nhu &u ghi thng =ua bus#
$t kh; nang kh!& &/ th ).2& thit k nh. trong h-nh GeH(&)# Qrong m h-nh ny+ mti fxl
khng &h] &/ cache m &Un &/ E nhY ri9ng ).2& truy [u,t thng =ua mt bus ri9ng# s0 '1ng
ti .u &,u h-nh ny+ tr-nh Ei9n '\&h n9n )%t t,t &; &!& &h.:ng tr-nh te[t+ &huti+ hRng s 7 nhqng
'q liu &h] )3&+ ngan [p+ 7 &!& Ein &1& E 7o trong &!& E nhY ri9ng ny# F nhY &hia s '(ng
&hung &h] ).2& s0 '1ng &ho &!& Ein &hia s# Qrong hu ht &!& tr.rng h2p+ 7i& lm ny so gi;m
)!ng k l.u l.2ng &ho bus &hung+ tuy nhi9n )iu ny &Vng )Ui hi sZ t"&h &Z& h2p t!& t tr-nh
Ei9n '\&h#
i/./&/ H0 >5E79 1B KT 8U UMA h79 CX 5:75 =54Fb7 Cd=5 =5W (C\WYYgB\ S}2>=5)
Lgay &; khi h thng ).2& ht tr2 nhiu fxl 7Yi E nhY cache+ th- 7i& s0 '1ng mt tuyn bus
'uy nh,t &Vng &h] &ho php ti )a HG ho%& JI fxl trong mt h thng )a [0 lX l${# LhRm
nang &ao h:n nqa kh; nang )!p sng &ho h thng+ &n thay )i &!&h kt ni &!& fxl# $t &!&h
kt ni ):n gi;n giqa n fxl 7 k E nhY ) h-nh thnh mt m h-nh kt ni &ho ).2& th hin
trong h-nh GeI# $ h-nh ny )S ).2& sng '1ng &!&h )Ny nhiu th?p k trong &!& tng )i &huyn
m4&h )in tho4i ) kt ni mt nh/m &!& line 7o 7 mt t?p &!& line ra# Qr4ng th!i &5a mti giao
)im (crosspoint)+ )im giao nhau giqa ).rng ngang (line 7o) 7 ).rng '3& (line ra)+ l )/ng
hay m8 t(y thu& 7o tr4ng th!i kt ni hay khng kt ni &5a ).rng ngang 7 ).rng '3& ny#
Qrong h-nh GeI(a)+ J crosspoint )/ng )Wng thri+ &ho php J kt ni giqa fxl 7 E nhY ).2&
h-nh thnh &(ng l6&# / l &!& &%p (bbH+ bbb)+ (HbH+ HbH)+ 7 (HHb+ bHb)# .:ng nhi9n l nhiu sZ
kt h2p kh!& &Vng )u &/ kh; nang nh. 7?y# $ h-nh ny &/ th ht tr2 ti )a n[k sZ kt h2p &/
th &/ giqa n fxl 7 k E nhY#
$t trong nhqng )%& )im ni E?t &5a m h-nh ny l n/ );m E;o h thng khng E\ nghon#
Lgha l so khng &/ tr.rng h2p mt fxl no )/ khng &/ E nhY ) lm 7i& &h] 7- mt 7i
)im crosspoint )S E\ s0 '1ng# Lgoi ra+ h thng &Vng khng &n ph;i l?p ra k ho4&h phNn phi
ti nguy9n &ho fxl tr.Y&# Lgay &; khi nhqng kt ni E,t kP giqa fxl 7 E nhY )S ).2& thit
l?p+ h thng )u &/ kh; nang &ho php thZ& hin kt ni &!& fxl 7 E nhY &Un l4i 7Yi nhau#
$t trong nhqng yu )im lYn nh,t &5a m h-nh ny l s l.2ng crosspoint r,t lYn khi s fxl 7
E nhY tang l9n# dYi Hbbb fxl 7 Hbbb E nhY th- h thng so &/ Hbbbbbb crosspoint# $t m
h-nh kt ni lYn nh. th l khng kh; thi# Quy nhi9n+ )i 7Yi &!& h thng 7Yi k"&h th.Y& nh h:n+
th- )Ny l mt m h-nh tuyt 7ri#
HKI
H-nh G#I# (a) fhuyn m4&h &ho c[c# (E) Diao )im m8# (&) Diao )im )/ng#
i/./H/ H0 >5E79 1B KT 8U UMA h79 CX 5:75 Cd79 =54Fb7 Cd=5 1B >@79 (M48>2Y>B9V
S}2>=5279 NV>}W\a)
$t thit k hon ton kh!& &ho h thng )a [0 lX 'Za tr9n &huyn m4&h 2[2 ).2& tr-nh Ey trong
h-nh GeJ(a)# fhuyn m4&h ny &/ I ng 7o 7 I ng ra# f!& message &/ th )n E,t kP mt trong
hai ng 7o 7 ).2& &huyn ra theo mt trong hai ng ra# Qheo )/+ mti message so gWm K phn+
nh. trong h-nh GeJ(E)# Qrong h-nh ny+ tr.rng Module &ho Eit 7(ng nhY no ).2& s0 '1ng#
Qr.rng Address &ho Eit )\a &h] no trong 7(ng nhY )/# Qr.rng Opcode &ho Eit h3at )ng g- so
).2& thZ& hin ()3& (|^{>) hay ghi (|iQ^))# d tr.rng Value l tr.rng t(y &h3n+ &ho Eit
to!n h4ng no so ).2& '(ng 7o 7i& )3& ho%& ghi (&hBng h4n nh. mt t JIeEit so ).2& )3& ho%&
ghi)# fhuyn m4&h (switch) so kim tra tr.rng Module 7 '(ng n/ ) [!& )\nh [em message n9n
)i ra ng no+ M hay #
H-nh G#J# (a) fhuyn m4&h I[I# (E) \nh '4ng &5a Message#
f!& &huyn m4&h 2[2 &/ th ).2& s*p [p theo nhiu &!&h ) t4o n9n mt m4ng &huyn m4&h )a
tng (multistage syit&hing netyork)# $t kin tr6& )in h-nh &ho l3ai ny ).2& tr-nh Ey trong
h-nh GeK# )Ny+ c fxl ).2& kt ni 7Yi c E nhY s0 '1ng HI syit&h# $t &!&h tng =u!t+ 7Yi n
fxl 7 n E nhY+ &h6ng ta &n log
2
n tng (stage) 7Yi n/2 syit&h &ho mti tng# Lgha l+ tng
&ng h thng &n n/!)log
2
n syit&h# iu ny r rng l tt h:n nhiu so 7Yi h thng )a [0 lX
l${ '(ng &huyn m4&h &ho+ &n tYi n
2
&rosspoint+ )%& Eit l khi n mang gi! tr\ lYn#
HKJ
H-nh G#J# $4ng &huyn m4&h Omega
Mt m4ng &huyn m4&h Omega nh. trong h-nh GeK+ gi; s0 fxl bHH mun )3& mt t nhY ( word)
t E nhY HHb# fxl g8i message |^{> )n &huyn m4&h H> &hsa gi! tr\ HHb trong tr.rng
Module# Syit&h l,y Eit )u ti9n (E9n tr!i nh,t) &5a HHb 7 '(ng n/ &ho 7i& )\nh tuyn# Lu Eit
ny &/ gi! tr\ b+ syit&h so &h3n l9n ng ra ph"a tr9n+ ng.2& l4i+ nu Eit ny &/ gi! tr\ H+ th- syit&h
so &h3n tuyn E9n '.Yi# Lh. 7?y+ trong tr.rng h2p ny+ Eit )u ti9n &/ gi! tr\ H+ n9n message
).2& ).a )n ng ra E9n '.Yi ) )i )n syit&h I>#
Q,t &; &!& syit&h 8 tng ths I+ Eao gWm syit&h I>+ Eit ths I (t tr!i sang) so ).2& '(ng 7o 7i&
)\nh tuyn# d trong tr.rng h2p ny+ Eit ths I &/ gi! tr\ H+ n9n message &Vng ).2& &huyn )n
ng ra E9n '.Yi )n syit&h J># Q4i )Ny+ Eit ths J t tr!i sang so ).2& kim tra+ 7 7- n/ mang gi!
tr\ b n9n message so ).2& &huyn )n ng ra E9n tr9n 7 )i )n E nhY HHb# ~t =u; l message so
)i theo &on ).rng ).2& )!nh ',u ERng kX tZ a trong h-nh GeK#
Di; s0 t4i &(ng thri )im 'i<n ra nhqng 7i& tr9n+ fxl bbH mun ghi mt word )n E nhY bbH#
$t tin t-nh t.:ng tZ nh. 7?y &Vng [;y ra+ 8 )/+ message ).2& )\nh tuyn thng =ua &!& &ng
theo ths tZ nh. sau_ message )n ng 7o tr9n &5a syit&h HF 7 )i ra 8 ng ra tr9n &5a HF+ sau )/
)n syit&h If+ 7 )i ra 8 ng ra tr9n &5a If ) )n syit&h J{+ sau &(ng th- message so )i ra 8
ng ra '.Yi &5a syit&h J{ ) )n E nhY bbH# ~t =u; l message so )i theo &on ).rng ).2&
)!nh ',u ERng kX tZ b trong h-nh GeK# F8i 7- I y9u &u ny s0 '1ng &!& syit&h+ kt ni 7 E nhY
kh!& nhau+ n9n khng [;y ra E,t kP sZ )1ng ) no+ &h6ng &/ th thZ& hin &ng 7i& mt &!&h
)Wng thri#
Quy nhi9n+ )iu g- so [;y ra nu fxl bbb )Wng thri mun truy [u,t E nhY bbb# 9u &u &5a n/
so )1ng ) 7Yi nhu &u &5a fxl bbH t4i syit&h J{# $t trong hai y9u &u ny ph;i )2i# ~hng
ging nh. &: &h &huyn m4&h &ho+ m4ng Omega l mt m4ng &/ kh; nang [;y ra nghon#
~hng ph;i m3i y9u &u )u &/ th ).2& [0 lX )Wng thri# 1ng ) &/ th [;y ra 'o 7i& s0 '1ng
&hung kt ni+ syit&h ho%& E nhY m &!& y9u &u truy [u,t )n#
Q h thng ny+ ng.ri ta mong )2i &/ mt h thng ).2& &;i tin h:n ERng &!&h &ho php &!&
word li9n t1& ).2& l.u trong &!& E nhY kh!& nhau# iu ny &ho php h thng truy [u,t )n E
nhY nhanh h:n# LgUai ra+ t-nh tr4ng nghon m4ng &Vng &/ th ).2& kh*& ph1& ERng &!&h &ung &,p
nhiu ).rng )i t mt fxl ny )n mt E nhY E,t kP+ khi )/ t& ) truy [u,t E nhY &Vng ).2&
&;i thin )!ng k#
HKK
i/./M/ H0 >5E79 1B KT 8U NUMA
f!& h thng )a [0 lX l${ '(ng bus th.rng E\ giYi h4n ti )a kho;ng 7i t! fxl+ &Un &!& h
thng '(ng &huyn m4&h &ho ho%& &huyn m4&h )a tng th- &n nhiu phn &sng ht tr2# &ho
php mt h thng &/ th ht tr2 tt 7Yi tr9n Hbb fxl+ ng.ri ta ).a ra mt &!&h tip &?n kh!&# dYi
&!&h tip &?n ny+ 7i& truy [u,t E nhY &1& E so nhanh h:n 7i& truy [u,t E nhY 8 [a# Lh. 7?y+
&!& &h.:ng tr-nh ht tr2 l${ so &h4y tt tr9n &!& m!y ht tr2 Ll${ m khng &/ sZ thay )i
no# Qrong khi )/+ &!& &h.:ng &h.:ng tr-nh ).2& ht tr2 Ll${ so gi;m hiu su,t thZ& thi khi
&h4y tr9n &!& m!y ht tr2 l${ 8 &(ng mt t& ) )Wng hW#
f!& m!y Ll${ &/ J )%& )im &h"nh &/ th phNn Eit 7Yi &!& h thng )a [0 lX kh!&+ )/ l_
f/ mt khng gian )\a &h] 'uy nh,t &/ th nh-n th,y E8i t,t &; &!& fxl#
Qruy [u,t E nhY 8 [a thng =ua hai lnh pO{> 7 SQO|^#
Qruy [u,t E nhY 8 [a &h?m h:n truy [u,t E nhY &1& E#
~hi thri gian truy [u,t E nhY 8 [a &/ sZ kh!& Eit lYn so 7Yi thri gian truy [u,t E nhY &1& E
(E8i 7- khng &/ &: &h caching) th- h thng ).2& g3i l LfeLl${ (Lonfa&hing Ll${)#
Lg.2& l4i+ khi &/ &!& E nhY cache+ th- h thng ).2& g3i l ffeLl${ (fa&he foherent
Ll${)#
H-nh G#K# (a) H thng )a [0 lX s0 '1ng >ire&tory IOG no'e# (E) xhNn &hia )\a &h] nhY JIeEit
thnh &!& tr.rng# (&) f,u tr6& >ire&tory &5a no'e JG#
f!&h tip &?n ph Ein nh,t ) [Ny 'Zng mt h thng )a [0 lX ffeLl${ hin nay l s0 '1ng
mt &: s8 'q liu ) l.u 7\ tr" &5a &!& khi &a&he 7 tr4ng th!i &5a &h6ng# ~hi mt khi &a&he
).2& tham &hiu+ &: s8 'q liu ).2& y9u &u ).2& truy 7,n ) t-m ra 7\ tr" 7 tr4ng th!i &5a n/ l
nguy9n E;n hay )S E\ s0a )i# d- &: s8 'q liu ny ph;i ).2& truy 7,n E8i m3i &h] th\ lnh tham
&hiu )n E nhY+ n9n n/ ph;i ).2& l.u giq trong mt thit E\ phn &sng )%& Eit ht tr2 t& )
truy [u,t &Z& nhanh#
lm r h:n X t.8ng &5a h thng ny+ &h6ng ta [t 7" '1 ):n gi;n ).2& m t; nh. trong h-nh
GeO# $t h thng gWm IOG no'e+ mti no'e gWm mt fxl 7 HG$F E nhY |{$ ).2& kt ni
)n fxl thng =ua mt bus &1& E# Qng E nhY l I
JI
Eyte+ ).2& &hia lm I
IG
khi &a&he+ mti
khi GK Eyte# F nhY ).2& )\nh 7\ & )\nh t4i mti no'e+ 7Yi beHG$F &ho no'e b+ HG$FJI$F
HKO
&ho no'e H u f!& no'e ).2& kt ni 7Yi nhau nh. trong h-nh GeO(a)# Lgoi ra+ mti no'e &Vng
l.u giq &!& thZ& th (entry) trong th. m1& ('ire&tory) &ho I
Hc
khi &a&he GKeEyte (h-nh thnh E
nhY I
IK
Eyte) t.:ng sng#
th,y r &: &h lm 7i& &5a h thng ny+ thZ& hin theo 7t lnh pO{> t fxl Ib nh. sau#
u ti9n+ fxl so ph!t &h] th\ lnh )n ):n 7\ =u;n lX E nhY &5a n/ ($$l)+ ):n 7\ ny so
&huyn &h] th] lnh )/ sang mt )\a &h] 7?t lX (gi; s0 l b[IKbbbHbc)# $$l tip t1& &hia )\a &h]
ny thnh J phn nh. trong h-nh GeO(E)# Di; s0 J phn ny ln l.2t &/ gi! tr\ l no'e JG+ khi
&a&he K 7 ozzset c# Lh. 7?y+ $$l nh?n th,y rRng+ word ).2& tham &hiu l t no'e JG+ khng
ph;i no'e Ib+ 'o 7?y n/ g8i mt message y9u &u )n no'e JG+ l no'e =u;n lX khi &a&he K+ hi
[em khi K &/ ).2& &a&he hay khng+ nu &/ th- n/ ).2& &a&he 8 )Nu#
~hi y9u &u ny )n no'e JG+ n/ so ).2& &huyn )n phn &sng "irectory# xhn &sng ny so 'U
trong E;ng gWm I
Hc
thZ& th &5a n/ ) t-m ra thZ& th K# Q h-nh GeO(&)+ &h6ng ta th,y rRng khi K
khng ).2& &a&he+ 'o 7?y phn &sng so n4p 'Ung K t E nhY |{$ &1& E 7 g8i ng.2& l4i no'e
Ib+ )Wng thri &?p nh?t "irectory 8 thZ& th K 7 &h] ra rRng khi ny ENy gir ).2& &a&he 8 no'e
Ib#
FNy gir+ &h6ng ta [em [t mt y9u &u kh!&+ ln ny no'e Ib hi 7 khi &a&he I &5a no'e JG# Q
h-nh GeO(&)+ &h6ng ta th,y rRng khi ny ).2& &a&he t4i no'e cI# Lh. 7?y+ phn &sng ph;i &?p
nh?t thZ& th I trong "irectory ) &h] ra rRng khi ny )ang ).2& &a&he 8 no'e Ib )Wng thri 7
hiu h/a cache &5a n/#
i/&/ CC )OI H IU HNH H TR NHIU B XO )
Qrong phn ny &h6ng ta &huyn t phn &sng sang t-m hiu 7 phn mm+ &1 th l &h6ng ta so
t-m hiu 7 &!& h )iu hnh ht tr2 &ho &!& h thng &/ nhiu E [0 lX# f/ r,t nhiu lo4i+ tuy
nhi9n+ 8 )Ny &h6ng ta so t-m hiu J trong s &!& lo4i )/#
i/&/./ M2 CPU = \279 CD> 50 1234 5675
H-nh G#O# xhNn &hia E nhY &ho &!& fxl trong h thng )a [0 lX+ nh.ng &(ng &hia s &hung t?p
lnh &5a h )iu hnh# >q liu &Vng ).2& l.u trq ri9ng &ho tng fxl#
f!&h ):n gi;n nh,t ) t &hs& mt h )iu hnh ht tr2 nhiu E [0 lX l phNn &hia & )\nh E nhY
thnh nhiu phn t.:ng sng 7Yi s l.2ng fxl m h thng ht tr2# $ti fxl ).2& &,p mt E
nhY ri9ng 7 s8 hqu mt E;n sao ri9ng &5a h )iu hnh# ~t =u; l+ n fxl sau )/ so h3at )ng
nh. l n m!y t"nh )& l?p# $t m h-nh ti .u nh. ).2& tr-nh Ey trong h-nh GeG+ 8 )/+ h thng
HKG
&ho php &!& fxl &hia s code &5a h )iu hnh trong khi 'q liu th- ).2& l.u trq ri9ng t4i &!&
7(ng nhY )S 'nh ri9ng &ho &h6ng#
S: )W ny 7Tn tt h:n tr.rng h2p h thng &/ nhiu m!y t"nh t!&h Eit E8i 7- n/ &ho php &!&
fxl &/ th &hia s mt t?p &!& ti nguy9n )a 7 &!& thit E\ nh?pv[u,t kh!&+ )Wng thri n/ &Vng
&ho php E nhY ).2& &hia s mt &!&h linh h3at h:n# Qh" '1+ nu mt ngy )p trri no )/+ mt
&h.:ng tr-nh &/ k"&h th.Y& lYn E,t th.rng &n ).2& thZ& thi+ th- mt trong &!& fxl 7Tn &/ th
).2& &ung &,p mt phn E nhY )5 lYn ) thZ& thi &h.:ng tr-nh )/# LgUai ra+ &!& tin tr-nh &Un &/
th truyn thng 7Yi nhau mt &!&h hiu =u;+ &hBng h4n nh. mt producer &/ th ghi 'q liu 7o
E nhY )Wng thri mt consumer l,y 'q liu )/ ra t n:i m producer ghi 7o# Quy nhi9n+ thit k
ny 7Tn &ho th,y mt s nh.2& )im sau_
Qhs nh,t+ khi mt tin tr-nh t4o mt lri g3i h thng+ th- lri g3i h thng ny so ).2& thZ& thi tr9n
&h"nh fxl &5a tin tr-nh )/ s0 '1ng &!& &,u tr6& 'q liu trong &!& E;ng &5a &(ng h )iu hnh
'nh fxl )/#
Qhs hai+ 7- mti h )iu hnh )u &/ mt t?p &!& tin tr-nh ).2& )iu phi E8i &h"nh n/# fho n9n+
so khng &/ 7i& &hia s tin tr-nh 8 )Ny# Lu mt user lm 7i& 7Yi fxl H th- t,t &; &!& tin tr-nh
&5a user ny &h] &h4y tr9n fxl H# ~t =u; l+ fxlH =u! t;i trong khi &!& fxl kh!& th- r;nh rti#
Qhs Ea+ khng &/ 7i& &hia s trang nhY 8 )Ny# fhBng h4n nh.+ trong khi fxl H &/ nhiu trang
nhY '. tha+ th- fxl I 7Tn ph;i thZ& hin phNn trang li9n t1&# ~hng &/ &!&h no ) fxl I &/
th m.2n mt 7i trang nhY t fxl H E8i 7- E nhY )S ).2& &hia & )\nh#
Qhs t. 7 &Vng l nh.2& )im lYn nh,t# Lu mti h )iu hnh &5a tng fxl l.u giq mt 7(ng
nhY cache &5a &!& khi )a mYi s0 '1ng gn )Ny+ th- mti h )iu hnh so thao t!& tr9n khi 'q
liu ny mt &!&h )& l?p 7Yi &!& h )iu hnh kh!&# d- 7?y+ &/ th so [;y ra tr.rng h2p l &!&
khi )a ny tr8 thnh mt phn ri9ng 7 &h] E\ thay )i E8i mt fxl t.:ng sng t4i mt thri
)im# iu ny 'Tn )n nhqng kt =u; mNu thuTn nhau# fh] &/ mt &!&h 'uy nh,t ) lo4i E 7,n
) ny l lo4i E &!& 7(ng nhY cache# iu ny khng &/ g- kh/+ nh.ng 7,n ) l n/ so lm gi;m
)!ng k hiu su,t lm 7i& &5a h thng#
d- nhqng lX 'o )/ m m h-nh ny khng &Un ).2& s0 '1ng nqa# $t m h-nh ths hai ).2& )
&?p trong phn tip theo l h )iu hnh ht tr2 nhiu E [0 lX ho4t )ng theo &: &h fh5eQY
($astereSla7e)#
i/&/&/ H0 1234 5675 =5W 75234 gD KT 8U 5xB> 1D79 >5VW =[ =5u C5A!Tv (MBY>V\!S8BqV)
Qrong m h-nh ny+ ).2& tr-nh Ey trong h-nh Ge+ mt E;n sao &5a h )iu hnh ).2& l.u giq
tr9n fxl H+ &!& fxl kh!& khng &/ t"nh nang ny# ~hi )/+ t,t &; &!& lri g3i h thng )u ).2&
&huyn )n fxl H ) ).2& [0 lX 8 )Ny# Lgoi ra+ fxl H &Vng &/ th &h4y &!& tin tr-nh ng.ri
'(ng nu n/ &/ '. thri gian# $ h-nh ny ).2& g3i l @fh5eQYA 7Yi fxl H l @&h5A &Un &!& fxl
kh!& )/ng 7ai trU l @tYA#
$ h-nh fh5eQY ny gi;i =uyt hu ht &!& 7,n ) trong m h-nh ths nh,t# f/ mt &,u tr6& 'q
liu 'uy nh,t (th" '1 nh. mt 'anh s!&h ho%& mt t?p &!& 'anh s!&h ).2& s*p ths tZ .u ti9n) )
theo 7t &!& tin tr-nh sn sng# ~hi mt fxl mun )i 7o tr4ng th!i rti+ n/ so y9u &u h )iu
hnh g!n &ho n/ mt tin tr-nh ) thZ& thi# Lu ).2& g!n th- n/ tip t1& lm 7i&+ nu khng n/
mYi )i 7o tr4ng th!i rti# Lh. 7?y+ so khng Eao gir [;y ra tr.rng h2p mt fxl rti trong khi mt
fxl kh!& =u! t;i# Q.:ng tZ th+ &!& trang nhY &Vng &/ th ).2& phNn phi &ho t,t &; &!& tin
tr-nh mt &!&h linh )ng# Lgoi ra+ m h-nh ny &h] ht tr2 mt 7(ng nhY cache n9n so khng Eao
gir [;y ra 7i& &/ nhqng kt =u; mNu thuTn nhau#
HK
H-nh G#G# $ h-nh h )iu hnh fh5eQY trong h thng )a [0 lX
d,n ) trong m h-nh ny l h thng &/ th [;y ra t-nh tr4ng nghon & &hai t4i fxl @&h5A nu &/
=u! nhiu fxl trong h thng# Lgha l fxl @&h5A ph;i gi;i =uyt t,t &; &!& lri g3i h thng t
&!& fxl @tYA# Di; s0 &/ Hb tng thri gian ).2& '(ng 7o 7i& [0 lX &!& lri g3i h thng th- 7Yi
h thng &/ Hb fxl n/ so lm trn ng?p fxl @&h5A# fUn nu h thng &/ Ib fxl th- n/ so E\
=u! t;i# d- 7?y m h-nh ny l ):n gi;n 7 &h] &/ th lm 7i& ).2& &ho &!& h thng )a [0 lX 7Yi
s l.2ng nh &!& fxl#
i/&/H/ H0 1234 5675 =5W 50 >5E79 = 75234 gD KT 8U 1E2 K^79 (SFCCV>\2=
C48>2?\W=VYYW\Y)
Qrong m h-nh ny+ &h] &/ mt E;n sao &5a h )iu hnh trong E nhY+ nh.ng E,t kP fxl no
&Vng &/ kh; nang s0 '1ng n/# ~hi mt lri g3i h thng ).2& t4o ra &ho mt fxl no )/+ th- fxl
ny so thZ& hin truy [u,t )n kernel &5a h )iu hnh 7 tin hnh [0 lX lri g3i h thng )/# $
h-nh ny ).2& th hin trong h-nh Gec#
H-nh G## $ h-nh h )iu hnh &ho h thng )a [0 lX )i [sng
$ h-nh ny lm &Nn ERng =u! tr-nh [0 lX 7 phNn phi E nhY mt &!&h linh ho4t trong h thng
7- n/ &h] ht tr2 'uy nh,t mt t?p &!& E;ng &5a h )iu hnh tr9n &(ng mt phn &sng# Lgoi ra+
n/ &Un lo4i E ).2& 7,n ) nghon & &hai trong m h-nh @&h5etYA 7- n/ khng &/ fxl no )/ng
7ai trU @&h5A trong h thng &;# Quy nhi9n n/ 7Tn &/ 7,n ) &5a ri9ng n/# Lu &/ hai ho%& nhiu
fxl )ang thZ& thi &(ng l6& &!& )o4n code &5a h )iu hnh+ 7,n ) nghi9m tr3ng so [;y ra# iu
g- so [;y ra nu &/ hai fxl &h3n &(ng tin tr-nh ) thZ& thi 7 y9u &u &(ng trang nhY rti f!&h
):n gi;n nh,t ) gi;i =uyt 7,n ) ny l s0 '1ng Ein mute# ) &ho php khi no th- mt fxl
).2& )i 7o min gang ) thZ& thi tin tr-nh 7 s0 '1ng trang nhY m n/ &n# ~hi mt fxl mun
thZ& thi )o4n code &5a h )iu hnh+ tr.Y& ti9n n/ ph;i ginh ).2& mute## Lu mute# E\ kh/a+ n/
HKc
ph;i )2i# Qheo &!&h ny+ E,t kP fxl no &Vng &/ th thZ& thi code &5a h )iu hnh+ nh.ng &h]
t4i mt thri )im &h] &/ mt fxl ).2& thZ& thi#
Quy nhi9n hiu su,t thZ& hin &5a m h-nh ny &Vng khng kh! h:n m h-nh @&h5etYA nhiu# Di;
s0 rRng Hb tng thri gian ).2& 'nh &ho h )iu hnh [0 lX t.:ng tranh+ nu h thng ht tr2 Ib
fxl th- &n ph;i &/ mt hng )2i fxl kh! 'i ) &!& fxl ln l.2t ).2& ph1& 71# Quy th+ trong
m h-nh ny+ )iu ny ).2& &;i thin '< 'ng h:n# d- rRng+ nhiu phn trong mt h )iu hnh l
)& l?p 7Yi mt 7i phn kh!&# fhBng h4n nh.+ so &hBng &/ 7,n ) g- nu mt fxl )ang thZ& thi
7i& )iu phi trong khi mt fxl ths hai kh!& )ang gi;i =uyt mt lri g3i h thng 7 t?p tin 7
mt fxl ths Ea th- l4i )ang [0 lX 7,n ) lti trang#
Q nh?n [t ny+ &h6ng ta th,y r rRng h thng &/ th ).2& &hia thnh nhiu min gang )& l?p+
&!& min gang ny khng thZ& hin E,t kP mt sZ t.:ng t!& no 7Yi nhau# $ti min gang ).2&
E;o 7 E8i mt Ein mute# &5a n/+ 7 nh. 7?y &h] &/ mt fxl &/ th thZ& thi code &5a h )iu
hnh t4i mt thri )im# Q.:ng tZ nh. trong tr.rng h2p mt E;ng no )/ trong h )iu hnh &/
th ).2& s0 '1ng E8i nhiu min gang+ 7 mti E;ng nh. th &Vng &n &/ mt Ein mute# &5a
&h"nh n/ ) =u;n lX 7i& t.:ng tranh# Qheo &!&h ny+ mti min gang &/ th ).2& thZ& thi E8i mt
fxl t4i mt thri )im 7 mti E;ng ().2& E;o 7 E8i min gang) &(ng &/ th ).2& truy [u,t &h]
Eri mt fxl 8 mt thri )im#
Hu ht &!& h thng &/ nhiu E [0 lX )u s0 '1ng m h-nh ny# f!i kh/ trong &!&h tip &?n ny
khng nRm 8 &ht 7it &o'e nh. th no &ho kh!& 7Yi mt h )iu hnh thng th.rng tr.Y& )Ny#
$ &!i kh/ 8 )Ny l 7i& &hia n/ thnh nhiu min gang ) &/ th thZ& thi code &5a h )iu hnh
mt &!&h )Wng thri E8i nhiu fxl m khng E\ ;nh h.8ng E8i E,t kP mt fxl no kh!&# F9n
&4nh )/+ t,t &; &!& E;ng ).2& s0 '1ng E8i hai ho%& nhiu min gang ph;i ).2& E;o 7 ERng mt
Ein mute# 7 &!& )o4n code )ang s0 '1ng E;ng ny &Vng ph;i s0 '1ng Ein mu#te# mt &!&h ph(
h2p#
Lgoi ra+ 7,n ) @kh/a &htA ('ea'lo&ks) &Vng ph;i ).2& =uan tNm# Lu &; hai min gang )u
&n '(ng E;ng { 7 E;ng F+ 7 mt trong hai min gang ny y9u &u E;ng { tr.Y& trong khi min
gang kia l4i y9u &u E;ng F tr.Y&# d- 7?y+ tr.Y& sau g- th- 'ea'lo&k &Vng so [;y ra 7 khng min
gang no Eit ).2& lX 'o t4i sao# Qheo lX thuyt th- t,t &; &!& E;ng n9n ).2& g!n &!& gi! tr\
nguy9n+ 7 &!& min gang &Vng &n ginh ).2& &!& E;ng theo ths tZ tang 'n# fhin l.2& ny so
tr!nh 'ea'lo&ks nh.ng n/ )Ui hi ng.ri l?p tr-nh ph;i suy ngh r,t &n th?n ) &h3n ra E;ng no
m mti min gang &n ginh ).2& theo )6ng ths tZ# ~hi code )S ).2& ph!t trin sau mt thri
gian thZ& thi+ mt min gang &/ th &n mt E;ng mYi m n/ &h.a Eao gir &n tr.Y& )Ny# Lu
mt l?p tr-nh 7i9n &h.a &/ kinh nghim 7 &h.a hiu r 7 h3at )ng logi& &5a h thng th- so '<
'ng thZ& hin 7i& &h3n ra mt mute# &ho E;ng m min gang &n 7 sau )/ gi;i phUng n/ )i khi
khng &Un &n )n nqa# iu ny '< 'n )n 'ea'lo&ks# d- 7?y+ 7i& s0 '1ng Ein mute# )S
khng '< th- 7i& giq n/ lm 7i& )6ng trong sut =u! tr-nh h3at )ng &5a h thng l )iu &Z&
h:n )i 7Yi &!& l?p tr-nh 7i9n#
i/H/ NG B TRONG H THRNG A XO )
f!& fxl trong mt h thng &n ).2& )Wng E th.rng [uy9n# fh6ng ta )S th,y )iu ny thng
=ua 7i& &!& min gang 7 E;ng ).2& E;o 7 E8i &!& Ein mute## FNy gir &h6ng ta t-m hiu [em
7i& )Wng E thZ& sZ ).2& thZ& hin nh. th no trong mt h thng &/ nhiu E [0 lX#
fVng &n nh*& l4i rRng+ )Wng E l t"nh &h,t &: E;n trong E,t kP mt h thng m!y t"nh no# Lu
mt tin tr-nh tr9n mt h thng &/ mt E [0 lX t4o mt lri g3i h thng y9u &u truy [u,t mt
HK
7i min gang hay E;ng trong kernel &5a h )iu hnh+ th- code trong kernel &h] &/ th thZ& hin
&,m &!& ng*t tr.Y& khi &ho php truy [u,t E;ng# pri g3i h thng sau )/ thZ& thi &ng 7i& &5a n/
7 &Vng Eit rRng n/ &/ th so kt th6& m khng &/ sZ truy [u,t E;ng &5a E,t kP tin tr-nh no
kh!&# Qr9n mt h thng nhiu E [0 lX+ 7i& &,m ng*t &h] gNy ;nh h.8ng )i 7Yi mt fxl no
)/ thi# f!& fxl kh!& tip t1& lm 7i& 7 &/ th thZ& hin 7i& truy [u,t E;ng trong kernel &5a
h )iu hnh# ~t =u; l+ mt giao ths& s0 '1ng mute# th"&h h2p ph;i ).2& s0 '1ng E8i t,t &; &!&
fxl ) );m E;o rRng 7i& ngan &h%n truy [u,t )Wng thri lm 7i& tt#
xhn &h"nh &5a mt giao ths& '(ng Ein mute# l mt &h] th\ lnh# fh] th\ ny &ho php mt t
nhY ).2& kim tra 7 thit )%t l4i gi! tr\# fh6ng ta )S th,y &!&h m giao ths& QSp (Qest an' Set
po&k) ).2& s0 '1ng trong &h.:ng J ) &i )%t &!& min gang nh. th no# Lh. &h6ng ta )S th,y
tr.Y& )Ny+ nhqng g- m mt &h] th\ lm )/ l )3& mt t nhY ra 7 ghi n/ 7o mt thanh ghi# Wng
thri+ n/ ghi mt gi! tr\ H (ho%& mt gi! tr\ kh!& b no )/) 7o t nhY# Q,t nhi9n+ n/ ph;i tn hai
7Ung truy [u,t bus ri9ng Eit ) thZ& hin 7i& )3& 7 ghi E nhY# Qr9n mt h thng &/ mt E
[0 lX+ mi<n l mt &h] th\ khng E\ ng*t giqa &hng+ giao ths& QSp lun lm 7i& )6ng &hs& nang
&5a n/#
FNy gir+ &h6ng ta t-m hiu 7,n ) ny tr9n mt h thng &/ nhiu E [0 lX# Qrong h-nh Ge+ t nhY
Hbbb ).2& '(ng nh. mt Ein lock &/ gi! tr\ kh8i t4o l b# E.Y& H+ fxl H )3& ra t nhY 7 l,y
).2& gi! tr\ b# E.Y& I+ tr.Y& khi fxl H &/ &: hi ) ghi ng.2& l4i t nhY mt gi! tr\ mYi mang
gi! tr\ H+ th- fxl I truy [u,t 7o 7 &Vng )3& ra t nhY &/ gi! tr\ b# E.Y& J+ fxl H ghi gi! tr\ H
7o t nhY# F.Y& K+ fxl I &Vng ghi gi! tr\ H 7o t nhY# d- &; hai )u l,y gi! tr\ b t &h] th\ QSp+
n9n &; hai )u &/ =uyn truy [u,t )n min gang 7 7,n ) gi;i =uyt t.:ng tranh E\ th,t E4i#
H-nh G#c_ fh] th\ lnh QSp &/ th E\ lti nu $us khng th E\ kh/a# Fn E.Y& trong h-nh minh h3a
'Sy &!& sZ kin gNy ra lti#
ngan &h%n 7,n ) ny+ &h] th\ QSp )u ti9n ph;i kh/a bus+ ngan &h%n &!& fxl kh!& truy [u,t
bus# Sau )/ mYi &ho php &; hai fxl truy [u,t )n E nhY# d sau &(ng mYi gi;i ph/ng bus# fh]
th\ ny &h] &/ th ).2& &i )%t tr9n mt bus &/ ht tr2 giao ths& phn &sng )%& Eit# f!& bus hin
nay )u &/ kh; nang ny+ &Un tr.Y& )Ny+ 7i& &i )%t &h] th\ '4ng ny l khng thZ& hin ).2&#
Ny &Vng l lX 'o t4i sao xeterson )S ).a ra giao ths& )Wng E ERng phn mm#
Lu QSp ).2& &i )%t 7 s0 '1ng )6ng+ n/ );m E;o gi;i =uyt tt 7,n ) t.:ng tranh# Quy nhi9n+
ph.:ng ph!p ny 7Tn &/ h4n &h nh,t )\nh# d- Ein lock so E\ &him '1ng theo &: &h =uay trUn
(spinning)# Lgha l &!& fxl ph;i ln l.2t thZ& hin 7Ung l%p kim tra Ein ny 7 &him '1ng
bus mt &!&h &h%t &ho# iu ny khng &h] lm lSng ph" thri gian y9u &u fxl m &Un gNy ra
mt l.2ng t;i lYn &ho bus ho%& E nhY+ lm gi;m nghi9m tr3ng t& ) lm 7i& &5a &!& fxl
kh!&#
HOb
Qho!ng =ua+ ta &/ th ngh rRng nu '(ng &: &h caching so gi;i =uyt ).2& 7,n ) tranh ginh
bus+ nh.ng thZ& sZ l khng# d lX thuyt+ khi fxl &n )3& gi! tr\ &5a Ein lock+ n/ n9n &/ mt
E;n sao trong cache &5a m-nh# $i<n l khng &/ fxl no kh!& & g*ng s0 '1ng lock+ fxl so
lo4i E ht cache &5a n/# ~hi fxl s8 hqu lock ghi gi! tr\ H 7o+ &: &h caching so tZ )ng 7
hiu t,t &; &!& E;n sao &5a fxl )/ trong &!& cache 8 [a+ 7 &!& cache ny so n4p l4i mt gi! tr\
h2p l mYi# Lh.ng 7,n ) l 8 &ht+ cache lm 7i& 7Yi &!& block JI ho%& GK Eyte# Qhng th.rng+
&!& t nhY [ung =uanh lock l r,t &n &ho fxl )ang n*m giq lock )/# d- &h] th\ QSp l mt lnh
ghi+ n9n n/ &n thZ& hin truy [u,t &/ &h3n l3& )n khi &a&he )ang &hsa lock )/# F8i 7?y+ m3i
&h] th\ QSp )u lm 7 hiu khi &a&he E9n trong cache &5a fxl )ang l.u giq lock )/ 7 l,y ra
mt E;n sao ri9ng &/ &h3n l3& &ho tng y9u &u &5a fxl# Lgay khi fxl )ang l.u giq lock truy
[u,t )n mt t nhY k E9n lock )/+ khi &a&he ).2& &huyn )n fxl )/# ~t =u; l+ ton E
khi &a&he &hsa lock )/ ).2& &huyn =ua l4i li9n t1& giqa fxl giq lock 7 fxl y9u &u lock+ t4o
ra nhiu l.u l.2ng Eus h:n 7i& )3& mt Ein lock E-nh th.rng#
Lu &h6ng ta &/ th lo4i E ).2& t,t &; &!& &h] th\ ghi 'o QSp ).a ra+ th- &/ th gi;m )!ng k 7,n
) cache thrashing# )4t ).2& )iu ny+ fxl )u ti9n so thZ& hin 7i& )3& &h] ) kim tra [em
lock &/ rti hay khng# fh] nu lock rti+ th- fxl mYi thZ& hin mt QSp ) thZ& sZ &him l,y
lock# ~t =u; &5a sZ thay )i nh ny th hin 8 &ht hu ht &!& tham 'U (poll) ENy gir so &h] l
)3& m khng ghi# Lu fxl giq lock )ang &h] )3& &!& Ein trong &(ng khi &a&he+ th- mti fxl
&/ mt E;n sao &5a khi &a&he trong &h ) &h] )3&+ lo4i E t,t &; &!& &huyn )i khi &a&he# ~hi
lock &ui &(ng rti+ fxl s8 hqu n/ thZ& hin &h] th\ ghi+ &ho php 7i& truy [u,t 'nh ri9ng+ 7-
7?y n/ lm 7 hiu t,t &; &!& E;n sao kh!& trong &!& cache 8 [a# Qrong ln )3& tip theo+ khi
&a&he so ).2& n4p l4i# Lu hai ho%& nhiu fxl )ang &4nh tranh 7- mun &him '1ng &(ng mt
lock+ &/ th [;y ra tr.rng h2p &; hai fxl so &(ng )Wng thri th,y lock ny rti+ 7 &; hai thZ& hin
&h] th\ QSp ) &him l,y lock )/ )Wng thri# So &h] &/ mt trong hai thnh &ng+ 7- 7?y so khng
&/ E,t kP )iu kin &4nh tranh no 8 )Ny 7- 7i& ginh ).2& lock ).2& thZ& hin E8i &h] th\ QSp
7 &h] th\ ny l khng th &hia nh ).2& nqa#
$t &!&h kh!& ) gi;m l.u l.2ng Eus l s0 '1ng gi;i thu?t %thernet binary e#ponential backo&&
'o {n'erson ).a ra nam Hb# Qhay 7- ph;i tham 'U li9n t1&+ mt 7Ung l%p tr< ('elay loop) so
).2& th9m 7o giqa &!& Ein tham 'U# Fan )u+ delay l mt &h] th\ lnh# Lu lock 7Tn E?n+ delay
).2& nhNn )i thnh hai &h] th\ lnh+ sau )/ l K &h] th\ lnh u )n mt &on s ti )a no )/# Lu
gi! tr\ ti )a ny th,p so &ho php thZ& hin hWi )!p nhanh khi lock ).2& gi;i ph/ng+ nh.ng n/ l4i
lm lSng ph" nhiu 7Ung Eus trong 7,n ) cache thrashing# fUn nu gi! tr\ ti )a ny &ao th- so
lm gi;m cache thrashing nh.ng 7i& thng tin 7 tr4ng th!i lock E\ &h?m )i# $inary %#ponential
$acko&& &/ th ).2& s0 '1ng trong &; hai tr.rng h2p &/ ho%& khng &/ &!& &h] th\ )3& kim tra
tr.Y& &h] th\ QSp thZ& sZ#
$t X t.8ng hay h:n )/ l &ho php mti fxl &him l,y mt mute# (Ein lo&k ri9ng &5a n/) )
kim tra nh. minh h3a trong h-nh GeHb# Fin lock ny n9n nRm trong mt khi &a&he &h.a s0
'1ng ) tr!nh [ung )t# ~hi fxl )ang giq lock th/at ra khi min gang+ n/ gi;i ph/ng Ein lock
ri9ng m fxl )u ti9n tr9n 'anh s!&h )ang kim tra (tr9n cache &5a n/)# fxl ny sau )/ )i 7o
min gang# ~hi n/ ).2& thZ& thi+ n/ gi;i ph/ng lock m fxl tr.Y& n/ s0 '1ng ### $%& '( giao
ths& ny l t.:ng )i phs& t4p () tr!nh 7i& hai fxl &(ng )Wng thri g*n &h6ng 7o &ui 'anh
s!&h)+ n/ th?t sZ l giao ths& hiu =u; 7 gi;i =uyt ).2& 7,n ) )/i ti nguy9n#
HOH
H-nh G## S0 '1ng nhiu Ein lock ) tr!nh cache thrashing
i/M/ IU PHRI TRONG H THRNG A XO )
Qr9n h thng &/ mt E [0 lX+ )iu phi l mt h.Yng# fh] mt &Nu hi &n ph;i tr; lri (l%p )i
l%p l4i) l_ Qin tr-nh no so ).2& &h4y tip theo# Qr9n mt h thng &/ nhiu E [0 lX+ )iu
phi l I h.Yng# F )iu phi ph;i =uyt )\nh tin tr-nh no &h4y 7Yi fxl no# iu ny lm &ho
7i& )iu phi tr9n h thng &/ nhiu E [0 lX phs& t4p h:n nhiu#
$t yu t phs& t4p kh!& l trong nhiu h thng+ &!& tin tr-nh khng li9n =uan g- 7Yi nhau trong
khi &!& tin tr-nh kh!& l4i thu& &(ng mt nh/m# $t 7" '1 &ho tr.rng h2p )u l h thng &hia s
thri gian+ 8 )/+ &!& user kh8i t4o &!& tin tr-nh mt &!&h )& l?p# f!& tin tr-nh khng li9n =uan g-
7Yi nhau 7 mti tin tr-nh &/ th ).2& )iu phi m khng &n =uan tNm )n &!& tin tr-nh kh!&#
$t 7" '1 &ho tr.rng h2p ths I th.rng [u,t hin trong &!& mi tr.rng ph!t trin phn mm# f!&
h thng lYn th.rng Eao gWm nhiu t?p tin hea'er+ Eao gWm t?p tin ma&ro+ t?p tin )\nh ngha+ 7
t?p tin khai E!o &!& Ein# f!& t?p tin ny so ).2& s0 '1ng trong &!& t?p tin &h"nh &5a &h.:ng
tr-nh# ~hi mt t?p tin hea'er thay )i+ t,t &; &!& t?p tin &h"nh &/ '(ng t?p tin hea'er ny ph;i ).2&
Ei9n '\&h l4i# Qh" '1+ &h.:ng tr-nh make th.rng ).2& s0 '1ng ) =u;n lX nhqng 7i& '4ng ny#
~hi make ).2& g3i+ n/ E*t )u kt h2p &h] nhqng t?p tin &h"nh+ nhqng t?p tin ny l &n thit ph;i
).2& Ei9n '\&h l4i 'o nhqng thay )i &5a t?p tin hea'er m &h6ng s0 '1ng# xhi9n E;n &V &5a make
lm 7i& mt &!&h tun tZ+ nh.ng phi9n E;n mYi ).2& thit k &ho h )iu hnh &/ nhiu E [0 lX
&/ th E*t )u &!& &ng 7i& Ei9n '\&h t4i &(ng mt l6&# Lu &/ Hb &ng 7i& &n Ei9n '\&h+ n/
ph;i thZ& hin nh/m &!& tin tr-nh ny l4i 7 thZ& hin )iu phi &h6ng mt &!&h )Wng thri#
i/M/./ 234 ?5E2 >5VW ?5Z[79 ?5<? =52B Y >5j2 92B7 (T2CV Y5B\279)
u ti9n+ hSy t-m hiu 7i& )iu phi trong tr.rng h2p &!& tin tr-nh )& l?p nhau# Di;i thu?t )iu
phi ):n gi;n nh,t ) gi;i =uyt &!& tin tr-nh (ho%& tiu tr-nh) )& l?p nhau l '(ng mt &,u tr6&
'q liu &ho ton h thng &ho &!& tin tr-nh sn sng+ &/ th l mt 'anh s!&h+ nh.ng &/ th l mt
t?p &!& 'anh s!&h &ho &!& tin tr-nh 7Yi &!& ) .u ti9n kh!& nhau nh. ).2& &h] ra trong h-nh e
HH(a)# )Ny+ HG fxl hin )ang 8 tr4ng th!i E?n+ 7 mt t?p ).2& .u ti9n gWm HK tin tr-nh )ang
)2i ) &h4y# fxl )u ti9n ph;i kt th6& &ng 7i& hin t4i &5a n/ (ho%& tin tr-nh &5a n/ ph;i E\
kh/a) l fxl K# Sau )/ fxl ny kh/a &!& hng )2i )iu phi 7 &h3n tin tr-nh &/ ) .u ti9n &ao
nh,t+ {+ nh. &h] ra trong h-nh eHH(E)# Qip theo+ fxl HI )i 7o tr4ng th!i rti 7 &h3n tin tr-nh
F+ nh. minh h3a trong h-nh eHH(&)# $i<n l &!& tin tr-nh hon tUan )& l?p nhau+ th- 7i& )iu
phi theo kiu ny l mt &h3n lZa h2p lX#
HOI
H-nh G#Hb# S0 '1ng mt &,u tr6& 'q liu 'uy nh,t ) thZ& hin =6a tr-nh )iu phi &ho h thng
)a [0 lX#
gu th &5a &!&h tip &?n ny l s0 '1ng &hung mt &,u tr6& 'q liu ) )iu phi# iu ny &ho
php &Nn ERng t;i+ ngha l so khng &/ tr.rng h2p mt fxl no )/ rti trong khi &!& fxl kh!&
th- lm 7i& =u! t;i# Hai h4n &h trong trong tip &?n ny l sZ &4nh tranh &,u tr6& 'q liu )iu
phi khi s l.2ng fxl tang l9n 7 l.2ng o'erhead lYn khi thZ& hin &huyn )i ngq &;nh trong
tr.rng h2p mt tin tr-nh E\ kh/a ) )2i thao t!& nh?p [u,t#
$t 7,n ) kh!& &Vng )/ng mt 7ai trU =uan tr3ng trong )iu phi l trong khi hu ht &!& fxl
&/ nang lZ& nh. nhau+ th- mt 7i fxl l4i &/ nang lZ& &ao h:n# %& Eit+ khi tin tr-nh { )S thZ&
thi trong mt thri gian 'i tr9n fxl k+ cache &5a fxl k so &hsa )y &!& block &5a {# Lu { tin
hnh thZ& thi tr8 l4i lin+ n/ &/ th so thZ& hin tt h:n nu &h4y 7Yi fxl k# f/ nhiu block ).2&
n4p tr.Y& l9n cache so gi6p h thng )!p sng nhanh h:n &ho tng tin tr-nh# Lhr 7?y+ QpF &/ th
&Vng &hsa &!& trang )6ng+ gi;m thiu &!& l3ai lti QpF#
$t s h thng &/ nhiu E [0 lX thZ& hin )iu phi theo &!&h g3i l a&&inity scheduling#
t.8ng &h"nh &5a &!&h )iu phi ny &ho php mt tin tr-nh (&h4y tr9n &(ng mt fxl m n/ )S
&h4y tr.Y& )/) s0 '1ng gi;i thu?t )iu phi hai ms&# ~hi mt tin tr-nh ).2& t4o ra+ n/ ).2& g!n
&ho mt fxl# di& g!n &!& tin tr-nh &ho &!& fxl ).2& thZ& hin 8 ms& &ao# ~t =u; l mti
fxl &him giq mt t?p &!& tin tr-nh &5a &h"nh n/# di& )iu phi thZ& sZ &ho &!& tin tr-nh 'i<n
ra 8 ms& th,p# iu ).2& thZ& hin E8i tng fxl ri9ng l s0 '1ng &!& =uyn .u ti9n ho%& 'Za
7o mt 7i yu t kh!&# FRng &!&h giq mt tin tr-nh tr9n &(ng mt fxl+ cache ).2& t?n '1ng
ti )a# Lgoi ra+ nu mt fxl khng &/ tin tr-nh no ) thZ& thi+ n/ so l,y mt tin tr-nh no )/
t mt fxl kh!& h:n l ph;i )i 7o tr4ng th!i rti# f: &h )iu phi hai ms& ny &/ Ea l2i )im#
u ti9n+ n/ phNn E t;i )u tr9n &!& fxl hin &/# Qhs hai+ cache ).2& t?n '1ng ti )a# Qhs Ea+
ERng &!&h &ho php mti fxl &/ mt 'anh s!&h &!& tin tr-nh sn sng &5a &h"nh n/+ 7i& tranh
&h,p 'anh s!&h sn sng ).2& gi;m thiu#
i/M/&/ 234 ?5E2 >5VW ?5Z[79 ?5<? =52B Y a5X79 92B7 (S?B=V S5B\279)
$t &!&h tip &?n ph Ein kh!& &ho 7,n ) )iu phi tr9n h thng )a [0 lX khi &!& tin tr-nh &/
li9n =uan 7Yi nhau theo mt &!&h no )/ l space sharing# fhBng h4n &h.:ng tr-nh make trong 7"
'1 tr9n &Vng l mt tr.rng h2p# Ho%& nh.+ mt &ng 7i& gWm nhiu tin tr-nh li9n =uan 7Yi nhau+
HOJ
ho%& mt tin tr-nh gWm nhiu tiu tr-nh lm nhqng 7i& t.:ng tZ nhau# di& )iu phi &ho nhiu
tiu tr-nh 8 &(ng thri )im &ho nhiu fxl g3i l space sharing#
Qhu?t t/an space sharing ):n gi;n nh,t lm 7i& nh. sau# Di; s0 t,t &; &!& tiu tr-nh thu& &(ng
mt nh/m ).2& t4o t4i &(ng mt thri )im# do l6& &h6ng ).2& t4o+ E )iu phi kim tra [em &/
nhiu fxl rti &ho &!& tiu tr-nh ny khng Lu &/+ mti tiu tr-nh ).2& &,p &ho mt fxl t.:ng
sng 7 t,t &; )u E*t )u# Lu khng )5 fxl+ khng &/ tiu tr-nh no ).2& thZ& hin 7 &h6ng
ph;i )2i &ho )n khi &/ )5 fxl &ho m3i tiu tr-nh# $ti tiu tr-nh so nRm giq fxl &5a n/ &ho )n
khi kt th6&# Lu mt tiu tr-nh E\ kh/a 'o &hr thao t!& nh?pv[u,t+ n/ 7Tn tip t1& giq fxl &ho
)n khi tiu tr-nh =uay tr8 l4i# ~hi &/ mt nh/m &!& tiu tr-nh kh!& [u,t hin+ thu?t t/an ).2& l%p
l4i# Q?p &!& fxl ).2& &hia & )\nh thnh &!& nh/m (partition)+ mti nh/m thZ& thi &!& tiu tr-nh
&5a &(ng mt tin tr-nh# Qrong h-nh eHI+ &/ &!& nh/m gWm K+ G+ c+ HI fxl 7 I fxl &h.a ).2&
g!n# Sau mt thri gian thZ& thi+ k"&h th.Y& &5a mti nh/m so thay )i 'o mt 7i tin tr-nh kt
th6& 7 &!& tin tr-nh kh!& ph!t sinh#
H-nh G#HH# $t t?p gWm JI fxl ).2& &hia thnh K nh/m 7 I fxl &h.a ).2& &hia
Qheo )\nh kP+ &!& =uyt )\nh )iu phi ph;i ).2& t4o ra# Qrong &!& h thng &/ mt E [0 lX+
shortest-(ob-&irst l thu?t t/an ).2& s0 '1ng nhiu nh,t ) )iu phi &ho nh/m# Qhu?t t/an t.:ng
tZ trong h thng )a [0 lX l &h3n ra tin tr-nh )ang &n s l.2ng nh nh,t &!& &hu kP fxl# Quy
nhi9n+ trong thZ& t+ thng tin ny "t khi &/ sn# d- 7?y gi;i thu?t ny r,t kh/ ) thZ& hin# QhZ&
7?y+ gi;i thu?t &irst-come &irst-ser'ed r,t kh/ ).2& thay th# $t &!&h tip &?n kh!& ht tr2 tt &ho
&: &h [0 lX song song l '(ng mt ser7er &h"nh ) theo 'i ',u 7t &5a &!& tin tr-nh )ang &h4y+
mun &h4y 7 nhqng y9u &u 7 fxl &5a &h6ng# \nh kP+ mti fxl tham 'U ser7er &h"nh ) hi
[em &/ Eao nhi9u fxl m n/ &/ th '(ng ).2&# Sau )/+ n/ so )iu &h]nh s l.2ng tin tr-nh ho%&
tiu tr-nh ) ph( h2p 7Yi s l.2ng &ho php# d" '1+ mt eE Ser7er &/ H+ I+ O+ Hb+ Ib ho%& mt s
l.2ng no )/ &!& tiu tr-nh )ang &h4y song song# Lu hin thri n/ &/ Hb tiu tr-nh )ang &h4y+ 7
E,t ngr n/ &n nhiu fxl h:n nqa+ n/ so y9u &u gi;m [ung &Un O tiu tr-nh (E )i O tiu tr-nh)+
sau khi O tiu tr-nh ny thZ& hin [ong+ n/ y9u &u th/at &hs khng tip t1& &ng 7i& mYi# S: )W
ny &ho php k"&h th.Y& &5a mti nh/m ).2& thay )i mt &!&h linh )ng ) ph( h2p 7Yi &ng
7i& hin hnh+ hiu =u; h:n h thng & )\nh nh. &!&h tip &?n trong h-nh eHI#
i/M/H/ GB79 S=5Vh48279
$t .u )im &5a space sharing l lo4i E ).2& o'erhead 'o 7i& &huyn )i ngq &;nh# Quy nhi9n+
mt nh.2& )im &5a n/ l thri gian E\ lSng ph" khi mt fxl E\ kh/a+ n/ khng &/ g- ) lm &ho
)n khi n/ ).2& gi;i ph/ng# >o 7?y+ nhiu nh nghi9n &su )S t-m kim gi;i ph!p ) thZ& hin
HOK
)iu phi &ho php kt h2p &; thri gian 7 khng gian)+ )%& Eit )i 7Yi &!& tin tr-nh t4o ra nhiu
tiu tr-nh#
t-m hiu 7,n ) g- [;y ra khi &!& tiu tr-nh &5a mt tin tr-nh (ho%& &!& tin tr-nh &5a mt &ng
7i&) ).2& )iu phi )& l?p+ [t mt h thng 7Yi &!& tiu tr-nh {b 7 {H thu& &(ng tin tr-nh {
7 &!& tiu tr-nh Fb 7 FH thu& &(ng tin tr-nh F# f!& tiu tr-nh {b 7 Fb ).2& &hia s thri gian
tr9n fxl b tiu tr-nh {H 7 FH ).2& &hia s thri gian tr9n fxl H# f!& tiu tr-nh {b 7 {H &n
truyn thng th.rng [uy9n# Di; s0 {b g0i &ho {H mt message+ sau )/ {H g0i ng.2& l4i &ho {b
mt hWi )!p+ &ng 7i& ny 'i<n ra l%p )i l%p l4i# Di; s0 rRng {b 7 FH E*t )u tr.Y& nh. ).2& &h]
ra trong h-nh eHJ#
H-nh G#HI# Qruyn thng giqa hai tiu tr-nh &5a &(ng mt tin tr-nh {
Qrong khe thri gian b (b ms)+ {b g0i &ho {H mt y9u &u (re=uest)+ nh.ng {H khng th nh?n
).2& &ho )n khi n/ &h4y 8 khe thri gian H (Hbbms)# L/ g0i hWi )!p (reply) ngay l%p ts&+ nh.ng
{b khng nh?n ).2& hWi )!p ny lin )n khi n/ &h4y l4i 8 Ibb ms sau )/# ~t =u; l mt &%p
re)uest/reply so ).2& hon thnh trong 7Ung Ibb ms# f!&h tip &?n ny r rng l khng hiu =u;#
Di;i ph!p &ho 7,n ) ny l gang scheduling# f: &h )iu phi ny gWm Ea phn_
f!& tiu tr-nh li9n =uan ).2& )iu phi nh. l mt nh/m#
Q,t &; &!& thnh 7i9n &5a mt nh/m thZ& thi )Wng thri+ tr9n &!& fxl &hia s thri gian#
Q,t &; &!& thnh 7i9n E*t )u 7 kt th6& &!& khe thri gian &(ng nhau#
F;n &h,t &5a gang scheduling l &ho php t,t &; &!& fxl ).2& )iu phi )Wng thri# Lgha l+ thri
gian ).2& &hia thnh &!& phn (=uantum) rri r4& nh. trong h-nh eHK# )u mti )uantum mYi+
t,t &; &!& fxl ).2& )iu phi l4i+ 7Yi mt tiu tr-nh mYi )ang ).2& E*t )u tr9n mti )uantum#
F*t )u &5a mti =uantum tip theo+ mt sZ kin )iu phi kh!& [;y ra# Qrong kho;ng giqa+ 7i&
)iu phi khng ).2& thZ& hin# Lu mt tiu tr-nh E\ kh/a+ fxl &5a n/ tr8 7 tr4ng th!i rti &ho
)n khi kt th6& )uantum#
$t 7" '1 &ho th,y gang scheduling lm 7i& nh. th no ).2& minh h3a trong h-nh eHK# )Ny+
&h6ng ta &/ mt h thng )a [0 lX 7Yi G fxl )ang ).2& s0 '1ng E8i O tin tr-nh t { )n ^ 7Yi
tng &ng IK tiu tr-nh sn sng# Qrong sut khe thri gian b+ &!& tiu tr-nh {b )n {G ).2& )iu
phi ) &h4y# Qrong sut khe thri gian H+ &!& tiu tr-nh Fb+ FH+ FI+ fb+ fH 7 fI ).2& )iu phi
) &h4y# Qrong sut khe thri gian I+ O tiu tr-nh &5a > 7 ^b ).2& )iu phi ) &h4y# S!u tiu
tr-nh &Un l4i &5a tin tr-nh ^ ).2& )iu phi ) &h4y trong khe thri gian J# Sau )/ &hu kP ).2& l%p
l4i+ 7Yi khe thri gian K ging nh. khe thri gian b ###
HOO
H-nh G#HJ# $t 7" '1 minh h3a &: &h lm 7i& &5a *ang +cheduling
t.8ng &5a gang scheduling l &ho t,t &; &!& tiu tr-nh &5a mt tin tr-nh &h4y &(ng nhau+ ) nu
mt trong &h6ng g0i y9u &u &ho mt tiu tr-nh kh!&+ n/ so nh?n ).2& gn nh. l l?p ts& 7 &/ th
hWi )!p tr8 l4i &Vng hu nh. ts& thri# Qrong h-nh eHK+ 7- t,t &; &!& tiu tr-nh thu& tin tr-nh {
)ang &h4y &(ng nhau+ trong &(ng mt )uantum+ n9n &h6ng &/ th g0i 7 nh?n mt s l.2ng r,t
lYn &!& message trong &(ng )uantum )/+ 7 7- 7?y n/ lo4i E ).2& 7,n ) )S &h] ra trong h-nh Ge
HJ#
TM TT
$%& '( t& ) m!y t"nh ngy &ng ).2& &;i thin nhr 7o &!& &ng ngh mYi+ nh.ng nhu &u &5a
&on ng.ri 7Tn &h.a ).2& tha mSn# $t trong &!& &!&h tip &?n nhRm m1& )"&h tang t& ) &5a
m!y t"nh )/ l s0 '1ng nhiu E [0 lX tr9n mt m!y# $ti E [0 lX &h] &n ho4t )ng 8 t& ) E-nh
th.rng &Vng )S &ung &,p &ho h thng kh; nang t"nh to!n tt h:n r,t nhiu so 7Yi h thng &h] &/
mt E [0 lX# H thng &/ nhiu E [0 lX &/ th &hia lm J lo4i &h"nh nh. sau_
w a [0 lX '(ng E nhY &hia s#
w a [0 lX '(ng E nhY ri9ng#
w a [0 lX phNn t!n#
CU HI n BI TP
H# xhNn Eit giqa )a &h.:ng 7 )a [0 lX# f!& lo4i &,u h-nh )a [0 lX_ '(ng E nhY &hia s+ '(ng E
nhY ri9ng+ h thng phNn t!n#
I# f!& &,u h-nh phn &sng &5a mt h thng &/ nhiu E [0 lX_ l${ '(ng Eus+ l${ '(ng
&rossEar syit&h+ l${ '(ng multistage syit&h netyork#
J# fho Eit .u 7 nh.2& )im &5a 7i& s0 '1ng Eus &hung trong h thng )a [0 lX#
K# DiYi h4n &5a m h-nh &huyn m4&h &ho (&rossEar syit&h)#
O# gu 7 nh.2& &5a m h-nh m4ng &huyn m4&h )a tng (multistage syit&h netyork) so 7Yi
&huyn m4&h &hp (&rossEar syit&h)#
G# xhNn Eit hai h thng l${ 7 Ll${# gu nh.2& &5a tng h thng#
HOG
# f!& h )iu hnh ht tr2 &ho h thng )a [0 lX_ mti fxl &/ mt h )iu hnh+ H )iu hnh
&ho nhiu E [0 lX h3at )ng theo &: &h fh5eQY ($astereSla7e)+ H )iu hnh &ho h thng &/
nhiu E [0 lX )i [sng (Symmetri& $ultipro&essors)# gu nh.2& &5a tng m h-nh#
c# Wng E trong h thng )a [0 lX &/ g- kh!& so 7Yi )Wng E trong h thng &h] &/ mt E [0 lX
# iu phi trong h thng )a [0 lX &n =uan tNm )n nhqng 7,n ) khi so 7Yi )iu phi trong h
thng &/ mt E [0 lX#
Hb# f!& ph.:ng ph!p )iu phi trong h thng )a [s lX_ &hia s thri gian+ &hia s khng gian+
gang s&he'uling# !nh gi! tng ph.:ng ph!p#
HH# Qrong mt h thng &/ nhiu E [0 lX+ nu &/ hai fxl & g*ng truy [u,t &(ng mt t nhY 7o
&(ng mt thri )im# iu g- so [;y ra
HI# Qr9n mt h thng m!y t"nh ho4t )ng 7Yi t& ) Ibb $ixS (triu lnh tr9n giNy)# Di; s0+
trong mti lnh+ mt fxl )u &/ nhu &u truy [u,t E nhY# d mti tham &hiu )n E nhY y9u
&u mt 7Ung truy [u,t Eus# d?y+ so &n Eao nhi9u fxl ) ti9u tn ton E Kbb$H Eus# fNu hi
t.:ng tZ nh.ng trong tr.rng h2p &/ s0 '1ng &: &h &a&hing+ 7Yi t] l thnh &ng (ti l m &!& t
nhY tham &hiu )n tWn t4i trong &a&he) &5a &!& &a&he l b# Lu h thng &n &ho php JI
fxl &(ng &hia s Eus (nh.ng khng lm =u! t;i Eus)+ th- t] l thnh &ng so l Eao nhi9u
HJ# Mt m h-nh m4ng Omega nh. trong h-nh GeO+ nu ).rng ni giqa syit&h I{ 7 syit&h JF E\
)st# d?y th- nhqng fxl no so E\ ng*t tham &hiu )n &!& E nhY no
HK# Qrong m h-nh @fh5eQYA (tham kh;o h-nh Ge)+ 7i& [0 lX t"n hiu ).2& thZ& hin nh. th
no (7" '1 nh. &/ mt t"n hiu ).2& t4o ra t En ph"m)#
HO# Qrong m h-nh )i [sng (tham kh;o h-nh Gec)+ khi mt lri g3i h thng ).2& sinh ra+ mt 7,n
) ph;i ).2& gi;i =uyt ngay sau khi trap [;y ra ()iu ny khng [;y ra trong h m h-nh @&h5e
tYA)# F;n &h,t &5a 7,n ) )/ l g- L/ ).2& gi;i =uyt th no
HG# Q4i sao 7,n ) )Wng E l thZ& sZ &n thit trong h thng &/ nhiu E [0 lX
H# i 7Yi h )iu hnh ht tr2 h thng )a [0 lX )i [sng+ &!& min gang (trong &o'e &5a h
)iu hnh) ho%& &!& Ein mute[ (trong &,u tr6& 'q liu &5a h )iu hnh) &/ thZ& sZ &n thit )
tr!nh 7i& t.:ng tranh
Hc# ~hi &h] th\ l9nh QSp ).2& s0 '1ng &ho 7i& )Wng E trong h thng &/ nhiu E [0 lX+ khi
&a&he )ang giq Ein mute[ so &huyn )i &huyn 7 giqa fxl giq lo&k 7 fxl y9u &u lo&k nu
&; hai )ang tham &hiu )n Elo&k )/# gi;m l.u l.2ng Eus+ fxl y9u &u lo&k so thZ& thi mt
&h] th\ lnh QSp trong Ob 7Ung Eus+ &Un fxl giq lo&k lun tham &hiu )n khi &a&he giqa I &h]
th\ lnh li9n tip# Lu mt khi &a&he gWm HG t nhY JIeEit+ mti t nhY y9u &u mt 7Ung Eus )
truyn+ 7 Eus h3at )ng 8 t& ) Kbb $H# Q] l phn tram &5a Eang thng Eus )S E\ lSng ph" 'o
7i& 'uy &huyn khi &a&he tYi lui l Eao nhi9u
H# Qrong &: &h )Wng E &ho h thng &/ nhiu E [0 lX+ mt thu?t to!n g3i l Einary e[ponential
Ea&kozz ).2& s0 '1ng &hen 7o giqa ln thZ& hin &: &h QSp ) tham 'U Ein lo&k# Wng thri+
mt tham s kh!& g3i l ) tr< ti )a (ma[imum 'elay) &Vng ).2& s0 '1ng giqa &!& ln tham 'U#
d?y+ thu?t t/an ny &/ lm 7i& )6ng khng nu khng &/ tham s ) tr< ti )a ny
Ib# Di; s0 rRng &h] th\ lnh QSp khng &Un ).2& s0 '1ng &ho 7i& )Wng E trong h thng &/
nhiu E [0 lX nqa# Qhay 7o )/+ mt &h] th\ lnh kh!& g3i l Sx so ).2& s0 '1ng+ &h] th\ ny tZ
)ng trao )i =ua l4i ni 'ung &5a thanh ghi 7Yi t nhY trong E nhY# d?y+ &h] th\ Sx ny &/ th
).2& s0 '1ng ) thZ& hin )Wng E &ho h thng )a [0 lX khng Lu &/+ n/ ).2& s0 '1ng nh.
th no Lu khng+ 7- sao
HO
IH# Di; s0 rRng mti &h] th\ lnh ).2& thZ& thi E8i fxl tn O nse&# Sau khi mt &h] th\ lnh kt
th6&+ E,t kP 7Ung Eus no (&n &ho QSp) &Vng )u ).2& thZ& hin# $ti 7Ung Eus tn th9m Hb
nse&# Lu mt tin tr-nh & g*ng )i 7o min gang s0 '1ng QSp loop+ t] l ph,n tram &5a Eang
thng Eus E\ ti9u hao so l Eao nhi9u Di; s0 rRng &: &h &a&hing 7Tn ho4t )ng E-nh th.rng )
&ho php 7i& n4p &h] th\ lnh E9n trong loop khng tn 7Ung Eus no#
II# f: &h {zzinity S&he'uling lm gi;m &a&he miss (t nhY &n tham &hiu khng &/ sn trong
&a&he)# d?y n/ &/ gi;m QpF miss khng d &!& lti trang th- th no
TI )IU THAM KHO
H# Dary # Lutt+ lni7ersity oz folora'o# fentralie' {n' >istriEute' Operating Systems# Se&on'
^'ition+ Ibbb#
I# |oEert Syiter# Operating Systems+ { xra&ti&al {pproa&h# xrenti&eeHall international+ in&#
HJ#
J# {n'rey S# QanenEaum# $o'ern Operating Systems# xrenti&eeHall international+ in&# Se&on'
^'ition+ IbbH#
K# {Eraham SilEers&hat xeter Faer Dal7in# Operating System &on&epts# ohn iley Sons+
in&# izth ^'ition+ H#
O# H# $# >eitel# Operating Systems# {''isoneesley in&# Se&on' ^'ition+ H#
G# Qrn H4nh Lhi p9 ~h*& Lhi9n n Hong ~im# Di!o tr-nh h )iu hnh (t?p H I)#
H~HQL Ibbb#
HOc
H$-NG fN CU HI n BI TP
CH$NG .` GI-I THIU n H IU HNH
H# $1& )"&h &hung &5a h )iu hnh
Di6p ng.ri '(ng s0 '1ng m!y t"nh ):n gi;n+ hiu =u;#
I# f!& thnh phn &5a mt h thng m!y t"nh
xhn &sng+ h )iu hnh+ &h.:ng tr-nh sng '1ngv&h.:ng tr-nh h thng+ ng.ri s0 '1ng
J# f!& thnh phn &: E;n &5a h )iu hnh
F &,p ph!t ti nguy9n+ &h.:ng tr-nh kim so!t 7 phn nhNn#
K# f!& lo4i h )iu hnh
H )iu hnh [0 lX theo l+ h )iu hnh [0 lX )a &h.:ng+ h )iu hnh [0 lX )a nhim+ h )iu
hnh )a [0 lX+ h )iu hnh lX phNn t!n+ h )iu hnh [0 lX thri gian thZ&+ h )iu hnh nh6ng#
O# xhNn Eit h )iu hnh )a &h.:ng 7 h )iu hnh )a nhim
Ding nhau_ t4i mt thri )im &/ th &/ nhiu &ng 7i& trong E nhY+ s0 '1ng &hung mt fxl
~h!& nhau_
a &h.:ng_ 7i& &huyn )i &ng 7i& [;y ra khi &ng 7i& )ang thZ& thi &/ y9u &u nh?pv[u,t#
a nhim_ 7i& &huyn )i &ng 7i& [;y ra khi &ng 7i& )ang thZ& thi ht thri gian =ui )\nh s0
'1ng fxl ho%& &/ y9u &u nh?pv[u,t#
G# f!& 7,n ) m h )iu hnh )a &h.:ngv)a nhim &n gi;i =uyt
p?p l\&h fxl+ }u;n lX E nhY+ f,p ph!t thit E\+ fung &,p &!& hm [0 lX nh?pv[u,t#
# xhNn Eit h )iu hnh )a nhim 7 h )iu hnh )a [0 lX
Ding nhau_ t4i mt thri )im &/ th &/ nhiu &ng 7i& trong E nhY
~h!& nhau_
a nhim_ &!& &ng 7i& '(ng &hung mt fxl+ &!& &ng 7i& so thZ& hin luNn phi9n+ khng
)Wng thri#
a [0 lX_ m!y t"nh &/ nhiu fxl+ mti fxl so thZ& hin mt &ng 7i&+ &!& &ng 7i& so thZ& sZ
'i<n ra )Wng thri#
c# L9u &!& .u )im &h"nh &5a h )iu hnh )a [0 lX
w SZ hng h/& &5a mt E [0 lX so khng ;nh h.8ng )n ton E h thng#
w H thng so thZ& hin r,t nhanh 'o thZ& hin &!& &ng 7i& )Wng thri tr9n &!& E [0 lX kh!&
nhau+ 7i& li9n l4& giqa &!& &ng 7i& r,t '< 'ng ERng &!&h s0 '1ng E nhY '(ng &hung#
HO
# L9u &!& lo4i h thng )a [0 lX
f/ hai lo4i h thng )a [0 lX_
w H thng )a [0 lX )i [sng (Symmetri& $ultixro&essing (S$x))_ mti E [0 lX &h4y 7Yi mt
E;n sao &5a h )iu hnh 7 &!& E [0 lX l ngang &,p#
w H thng )a [0 lX E,t )i [sng ({symmetri& multipro&essing)_ f/ mt E [0 lX &h"nh (master
pro&essor) kim so!t+ phNn 7i& &ho &!& E [0 lX kh!& (sla7e pro&essors)#
Hb# xhNn Eit h )iu hnh )a [0 lX 7 h )iu hnh [0 lX phNn t!n
Ding nhau_ t4i mt thri )im &/ th &/ nhiu &ng 7i& trong E nhY+ mti &ng 7i& &/ th ).2&
thZ& hin tr9n &!& fxl kh!& nhau#
~h!& nhau_
a [0 lX_ &!& fxl '(ng &hung ).rng truyn 'q liu+ )Wng hW+ E nhY 7 &!& &ng 7i& li9n l4&
7Yi nhau =ua E nhY '(ng &hung#
M0 lX phNn t!n_ &!& fxl &/ ).rng truyn 'q liu+ )Wng hW+ E nhY ri9ng 7 &!& &ng 7i& li9n l4&
7Yi nhau =ua ).rng truyn m4ng#
HH# L9u &!& lo4i h thng [0 lX phNn t!n
f/ hai lo4i_ &lienteser7er ho%& peeretoepeer#
w xeeretoepeer_ h thng m4ng ngang hng+ &!& m!y t"nh ngang &,p+ khng &/ m!y no )/ng 7ai
trU =u;n lX ti nguy9n '(ng &hung#
w flienteser7er_ &/ mt m!y )/ng 7ai trU =u;n lX &!& ti nguy9n '(ng &hung g3i l m!y ser7er
(m!y &h5)+ &!& m!y kh!& g3i l m!y &lient (m!y kh!&h)# flient mun s0 '1ng ti nguy9n '(ng
&hung ph;i ).2& ser7er &,p =uyn#
HI# L9u &!& .u )im &h"nh &5a h )iu hnh [0 lX phNn t!n
w fhia [ ti nguy9n _ m!y in+ t?p tin u
w Qang t& ) t"nh to!n _ phNn &hia &ng 7i& ) t"nh to!n tr9n nhiu 7\ tr" kh!& nhau
w {n ton _ Lu mt 7\ tr" E\ hng+ &!& 7\ tr" kh!& 7Tn tip t1& lm 7i&#
w Qruyn thng tin '< 'ng_ 'oynloa'vuploa' zile+ g8ivnh?n mail+u
HJ# Qr-nh Ey h thng [0 lX thri gian thZ&
H thng ph;i &ho kt =u; &h"nh [!& trong kho;ng thri gian nhanh nh,t# H thng th.rng '(ng
&ho nhqng sng '1ng &huy9n '1ng nh. l h thng )iu khin trong &ng nghip# f/ hai lo4i h
thng [0 lX thri gian thZ& _
w H thng [0 lX thri gian thZ& &sng (Har' realetime)_ &!& &ng 7i& ).2& hon t,t )6ng thri
)im =ui )\nh#
w H thng [0 lX thri gian thZ& mm (Sozt realetime)_ mti &ng 7i& &/ mt ) .u ti9n ri9ng 7 so
).2& thi hnh theo ) .u ti9n#
HK# Qr-nh Ey h thng nh6ng
HGb
H )iu hnh ).2& nh6ng trong &!& thit E\ gia '1ng+ &!& m!y trU &h:i+### >o &!& thit E\ gia '1ng
&/ E nhY "t+ E [0 lX t& ) th,p+ k"&h th.Y& mn h-nh nh n9n h )iu hnh ny &n ):n gi;n+
nh g3n+ &/ t"nh )%& tr.ng &ho tng thit E\# d" '1 h )iu hnh '(ng &ho m!y x>{s (xersonal
>igital {ssistants)+ $oEil phones+u H thng nh6ng &Un ).2& g3i l h thng &m tay (Han'hel'
Systems)#
HO# L9u &!& '\&h 71 &5a h )iu hnh
}u;n lX tin tr-nh+ }u;n lX E nhY &h"nh+ }u;n lX E nhY ph1+ }u;n lX h thng nh?p [u,t+ }u;n
lX h thng t?p tin+ f!& lri g3i h thng + F;o 7 h thng+ H thng 'Ung lnh+ }u;n lX m4ng#
HG# Qr-nh Ey kh!i nim tin tr-nh
Qin tr-nh l mt &h.:ng tr-nh )ang thi hnh# Qrong E nhY+ t4i mt thri )im &/ th &/ nhiu tin
tr-nh+ mt s tin tr-nh l &5a h )iu hnh+ mt s tin tr-nh l &5a ng.ri s0 '1ng# ~hi tin tr-nh
).2& t4o ra ho%& )ang thi hnh so ).2& h )iu hnh &ung &,p &!& ti nguy9n nh. fxl+ E nhY+
t?p tin+ &!& thit E\ nh?pv[u,tu ~hi tin tr-nh kt th6&+ h )iu hnh so thu hWi l4i &!& ti nguy9n
)S &,p ph!t# $t tin tr-nh khi thZ& thi l4i &/ th t4o ra &!& tin tr-nh &on 7 h-nh thnh &Ny tin
tr-nh#
H# Qr-nh Ey &!& &hs& nang &5a '\&h 71 =u;n lX tin tr-nh
Q4o 7 h5y &!& tin tr-nh &5a ng.ri s0 '1ng 7 &5a h )iu hnh#
Q4m ng.ng 7 thZ& hin l4i mt tin tr-nh#
fung &,p &: &h )Wng E &!& tin tr-nh#
fung &,p &: &h li9n l4& giqa &!& tin tr-nh#
fung &,p &: &h kim so!t t*& nghon#
Hc# Qr-nh Ey &!& &hs& nang &5a '\&h 71 =u;n lX E nhY &h"nh
p.u giq thng tin 7 &!& 7\ tr" trong E nhY )S s0 '1ng 7 tin tr-nh no )ang s0 '1ng#
}uyt )\nh tin tr-nh no so ).2& n4p 7o E nhY &h"nh khi E nhY &h"nh &/ &ht trng#
f,p ph!t E nhY &ho tin tr-nh 7 thu hWi E nhY khi tin tr-nh thZ& thi [ong#
H# Qr-nh Ey &!& &hs& nang &5a '\&h 71 =u;n lX E nhY ph1
}u;n lX 7(ng trng tr9n )a
M!& )\nh 7\ tr" &,t giq 'q liu
p?p l\&h &ho )a
Ib# L9u &!& thnh phn &5a mt h thng nh?pv[u,t
$t h thng nh?pv[u,t gWm &/ &!& thnh phn sau_
H thng E nhY )m
f!& &h.:ng tr-nh )iu khin thit E\#
f!& &h.:ng tr-nh giao tip 7Yi &!& &h.:ng tr-nh )iu khin thit E\ #
HGH
IH# Qr-nh Ey &!& &hs& nang &5a '\&h 71 =u;n lX h thng t?p tin
Ht tr2 &!& thao t!& tr9n t?p tin 7 th. m1& (t4ov[emv[o!vsao &hpv'i &huynv)i t9n)#
nh [4 t?p tin tr9n h thng l.u trq ph1#
Sao l.u t?p tin tr9n &!& thit E\ l.u trq#
II# Qr-nh Ey '\&h 71 lri g3i h thng (ng*t)
pri g3i h thng l lnh 'o h )iu hnh &ung &,p '(ng ) giao tip giqa tin tr-nh &5a ng.ri
'(ng 7 h )iu hnh+ lri g3i h thng &Un g3i l ng*t# f!& lri g3i h thng &/ th ).2& &hia
thnh &!& lo4i nh. l t?p lnh =u;n lX tin tr-nh+ t?p lnh =u;n lX t?p tin+ t?p lnh =u;n lX thit E\+
t?p lnh '(ng ) li9n l4& giqa &!& tin tr-nh# $ti lri g3i h thng &/ mt s hiu 'uy nh,t '(ng )
phNn Eit lri g3i ny 7Yi lri g3i kh!&# f!& )\a &h] n:i &hsa mS lnh &5a &!& ng*t ).2& l.u trong
mt E;ng g3i l E;ng 7e&t: ng*t
IJ# Qr-nh Ey h thng thng '\&h 'Ung lnh
p t?p lnh &: E;n &(ng tr-nh thng '\&h lnh ) ng.ri s0 '1ng giao tip 7Yi h )iu hnh# f!&
lnh &: E;n nh. lnh =u;n lX tin tr-nh+ =u;n lX nh?p [u,t+ =u;n lX E nhY &h"nh+ =u;n lX E nhY
ph1+ =u;n lX t?p tin 7 &!& lnh E;o 7 h thngu f!& lnh trong h thng thng '\&h 'Ung lnh
thZ& ra so g3i &!& &!& lri g3i h thng#
IK# L9u &!& &,u tr6& &5a h )iu hnh
f,u tr6& ):n gi;n+ f,u tr6& phNn lYp+ f,u tr6& m!y ;o+ f,u tr6& flienteSer7er+
IO# L9u &!& m1& ti9u thit k h )iu hnh
>< 7it+ '< s0a lti+ '< nNng &,p (n9n 7it h )iu hnh ERng ngn ngq &,p &ao 7- '< 7it 7 '< s0a
lti h:n l 7it ERng ngn ngq assemEly)#
>< &i )%t+ E;o tr-+ khng &/ lti 7 hiu =5a#
>< s0 '1ng+ '< h3&+ an ton+ ) tin &?y &ao 7 thZ& hin nhanh#
f/ t"nh kh; &huyn &ao#
CH$NG &` yUN ) NHPJXU~T n yUN ) TP TIN
H# L9u &!& lo4i thit E\ nh?pv[u,t
Qhit E\ khi+ Qhit E\ tun tZ+ Qhit E\ kh!&
I# Qr-nh Ey )%& t"nh &5a thit E\ nh?pv[u,t
Q& ) truyn 'q liu+ &ng '1ng+ ):n 7\ truyn 'q liu+ Eiu 'i<n 'q liu+ t-nh tr4ng lti#
J# F )iu khin thit E\ nh?pv[u,t (ivO &ontroller) l g-
HGI
fxl khng th truy [u,t trZ& tip thit E\ nh?pv[uNt m ph;i thng =ua E )iu khin thit E\+
'(ng h thng ).rng truyn g3i l Eus# Qhit E\ 7 E )iu khin ph;i tuNn theo &(ng &hun giao
tip nh. &hun {LSi+ i^^^ hay iSOu
K# L9u &!& &h.:ng tr-nh thZ& hin nh?pv[u,t
fh.:ng tr-nh nh?pv[u,t &5a ng.ri '(ng+ &h.:ng tr-nh nh?pv[u,t )& l?p thit E\+ &h.:ng tr-nh
)iu khin thit E\#
O# L9u &!&h t &hs& h thng nh?pv[u,t
H thng =u;n lX nh?pv[u,t ).2& t &hs& thnh O lYp_ tin tr-nh ng.ri '(ng+ &h.:ng tr-nh
nh?pv[u,t )& l?p thit E\+ &h.:ng tr-nh )iu khin thit E\+ &h.:ng tr-nh kim so!t ng*t+ phn
&sng# $ti lYp &/ &hs& nang ri9ng 7 &/ th giao tip 7Yi lYp kh!&#
G# L9u &: &h nh?pv[u,t
F [0 lX ph!t sinh mt lnh ivO )n &!& thit E\ ivO+ sau )/ &hr &ho )n khi thao t!& ivO hon t,t
rWi mYi tip t1& [0 lX+ ho%& F [0 lX ph!t sinh mt lnh ivO )n &!& thit E\ ivO+ sau )/ tip t1&
7i& [0 lX &ho tYi khi nh?n ).2& mt ng*t t thit E\ ivO E!o l )S hon t,t nh?pv[u,t+ E [0 lX
t4m ng.ng 7i& [0 lX hin t4i ) &huyn =ua [0 lX ng*t+ ho%& S0 '1ng &: &h >${#
# Qr-nh Ey &: &h >${
Mt =u! tr-nh )3& )a+ fxl g0i &ho E )iu khin )a ('isk &ontroller) lnh )3& )a+ sau )/ fxl
tip t1& [0 lX &ng 7i& kh!&# F )iu khin so )3& khi tr9n )a+ tip theo E )iu khin ph!t ra
mt ng*t ) E!o &ho fxl Eit l thao t!& )3& )S hon t,t# fxl )n l,y 'q liu trong Euzzer
&huyn 7o E nhY+ thao t!& ny lm lSng ph" thri gian &5a fxl# ti .u+ E )iu khin ).2&
&ung &,p th9m kh; nang truy [u,t E nhY trZ& tip (>${)+ ngha l E )iu khin tZ &huyn khi
)S )3& 7o trong E nhY &h"nh#
c# L9u &: &h truy [u,t )a
>i &huyn )u )3& )n tra&k th"&h h2p+ &hr &ho )n khi khi &n )3& )n '.Yi )u )3&+ &huyn
'q liu giqa )a 7 E nhY &h"nh# gi;m thiu thri gian truy [u,t )a+ h )iu hnh &n ).a ra
&!& thu?t to!n l?p l\&h 'ri )u )3& sao &ho ti .u
# Qr-nh Ey &!& thu?t to!n l?p l\&h 'i &huyn )u )3&
Qhu?t to!n fS+ SSQ+ Sf{L+ feSf{L
Hb# Qr-nh Ey h s )an [en
F )iu khin )a ph;i thZ& hin hai &hs& nang l )3&vghi 'q liu 7 &huyn 'q liu 7o h thng#
)Wng E hai &hs& nang ny+ &!& se&tor ).2& )!nh s sao &ho &!& se&tor &/ s hiu li9n tip
nhau khng nRm k E9n nhau m &/ mt kho;ng &!&h+ kho;ng &!&h ny ).2& [!& )\nh E8i =u!
tr-nh zormat )a 7 g3i l h s )an [en#
HGJ
HH# L9u kh!i nim |am >isks
H )iu hnh &/ th '(ng mt phn &5a E nhY &h"nh ) l.u trq &!& khi )a+ phn E nhY ny g3i
l |am >isk # |am >isk &Vng ).2& &hia lm nhiu khi+ mti khi &/ k"&h th.Y& ERng k"&h th.Y&
&5a khi tr9n )a# ~hi 'ri7er nh?n ).2& lnh )3&vghi khi+ so t-m trong E nhY |am >isk 7\ tr" &5a
khi+ 7 thZ& hin 7i& )3&v ghi trong )/ thay 7- t )a # |{$ 'isk &/ .u )im l &ho php truy
[u,t nhanh+ khng ph;i &hr =uay hay t-m kim+ th"&h h2p &ho 7i& l.u trq nhqng &h.:ng tr-nh
hay 'q liu ).2& truy [u,t th.rng [uy9n#
HI# L9u &!&h t &hs& l.u trq 'q liu tr9n )a &sng
a &sng ).2& )\nh '4ng thnh &!& 7Ung trUn )Wng tNm g3i l rSnh (tra&k)+ mti rSnh ).2& &hia
thnh nhiu phn ERng nhau g3i l &ung (se&tor)# $t khi (&luster) gWm H ho%& nhiu &ung 7 'q
liu ).2& )3&vghi theo ):n 7\ khi#
HJ# Qr-nh Ey kh!i nim zile
ile l mt t?p h2p &!& thng tin ).2& )%t t9n 7 l.u trq tr9n )a# ile &/ th l.u trq &h.:ng tr-nh
hay 'q liu+ zile &/ th l 'Sy tun tZ &!& Eyte khng &,u tr6& ho%& &/ &,u tr6& 'Ung+ ho%& &,u tr6&
mTu tin &/ &hiu 'i & )\nh hay thay )i# f,u tr6& zile 'o h )iu hnh ho%& &h.:ng tr-nh =ui
)\nh# ile &/ th truy [u,t tun tZ ho%& truy [u,t ngTu nhi9n#
HK# L9u &!& thu& t"nh zile
Q9n zile+ kiu zile+ 7\ tr" zile+ k"&h th.Y& zile+ ngy gir t4o zile+ ng.ri t4o zile+ loai zile+ E;o 7 zile#
HO# Qr-nh Ey &!& thao t!& tr9n zile
Q4ov[/avm8v)/ngv)3&vghivth9mv'ri &on tr zilevl,y thu& t"nhv)%t thu& t"nhv)i t9n zileu
HG# Qh no l &,u tr6& th. m1&
p &,u tr6& '(ng ) =u;n lX t,t &; &!& zile tr9n )a# f,u tr6& th. m1& &Vng ).2& ghi tr9n )a 7
gWm nhiu m1&+ mti m1& l.u thng tin &5a mt zile#
H# L9u &!& lo4i &,u tr6& th. m1&
Qh. m1& mt &,p+ th. m1& hai &,p+ th. m1& )a &,p
Hc# Qr-nh Ey kh!i nim phNn 7(ng
H )iu hnh &/ th &hia )a &sng thnh nhiu phNn 7(ng ho%& t?p h2p nhiu )a &sng thnh mt
phNn 7(ng# $ti phNn 7(ng so &/ &,u tr6& th. m1& ri9ng ) =u;n lX &!& t?p tin trong phNn 7(ng )/
H# L9u &!& thao t!& tr9n th. m1&
freate+ >elete+ Open+ flose+ |ea'+ |ename+ pink+ lnlink+u
Ib# Qr-nh Ey E;ng th. m1&
HGK
p mt '4ng &i )%t &5a &,u tr6& th. m1&# F;ng th. m1& &/ nhiu m1&+ mti m1& l.u trq thng tin
&5a mt zile+ thng tin zile gWm thu& t"nh &5a zile 7 )\a &h] tr9n )a &5a ton E zile ho%& s hiu
&5a khi )u ti9n &hsa zile ho%& l s ieno'e &5a zile# $ti )a &/ mt E;ng th. m1& g3i l E;ng
th. m1& g&+ &i )%t 8 phn )u &5a )a 7 &/ th &/ nhiu E;ng th. m1& &on#
IH# L9u &!&h &i )%t h thng =u;n lX zile theo ph.:ng ph!p &,p ph!t khi nhY &ho zile li9n t1&
fh] &n '(ng E;ng th. m1&+ mti m1& trong E;ng th. m1& ngoi nhqng thu& t"nh thng th.rng
&5a zile+ &n &/ th9m thng tin 7 s hiu khi E*t )u (start) 7 s khi )S &,p &ho zile (length)#
II# L9u &!&h &i )%t h thng =u;n lX zile theo ph.:ng ph!p &,p ph!t khi nhY &ho zile l khng
li9n t1&
S0 '1ng E;ng th. m1& 7 s0 '1ng th9m mt trong &!& &,u tr6& sau_ 'anh s!&h li9n ktvE;ng &h]
m1&vE;ng &,p ph!t zilev&,u tr6& ieLo'es# e f,u tr6& 'anh s!&h li9n kt_ mti m1& trong E;ng th.
m1& &hsa s hiu &5a khi )u ti9n 7 s hiu &5a khi kt th6& + mti khi tr9n )a 'nh mt s
Eyte )u ) l.u s hiu khi k tip &5a zile+ phn &Un l4i &5a khi so l.u 'q liu &5a zile# e F;ng
&h] m1&_ mti zile &/ mt E;ng &h] m1& &him mt ho%& 7i khi+ E;ng &h] m1& &hsa t,t &; &!& s
hiu khi &5a mt zile# $t m1& trong E;ng th. m1& so l.u s hiu khi &hsa E;ng &h] m1& &5a
zile# e F;ng &,p ph!t zile_ nu mti m1& trong E;ng th. m1& &h] &hsa s hiu &5a khi )u ti9n+ th-
s hiu &!& khi &Un l4i &5a zile so ).2& l.u trong mt E;ng g3i l E;ng &,p ph!t zile# e f,u tr6& ie
no'e_ mti zile ).2& =u;n lX ERng mt &,u tr6& g3i l &,u tr6& ieno'e+ mti ieno'e gWm hai phn_
phn ths nh,t l.u trq thu& t"nh zile+ phn ths hai gWm HJ phn t0_ Hb phn t0 )u &hsa Hb s hiu
khi )u ti9n &5a zile+ phn t0 ths HH &hsa s hiu khi &hsa E;ng single+ phn t0 ths HI &hsa s
hiu khi &hsa E;ng 'ouEle+ phn t0 ths HJ &hsa s hiu khi &hsa E;ng triple# Qrong )/ mti
phn t0 &5a E;ng triple &hsa s hiu khi &hsa E;ng 'ouEle+ mti phn t0 &5a E;ng 'ouEle &hsa s
hiu khi &hsa E;ng single 7 mti phn t0 &5a E;ng single &hsa s hiu khi 'q liu tip theo &,p
&ho zile#
IJ# Qr-nh Ey ph.:ng ph!p =u;n lX &!& khi trng
>(ng l 'anh s!&h li9n kt ho%& 7e&tor Eit# >anh s!&h li9n kt_ mti n6t l mt khi &hsa mt E;ng
gWm &!& s hiu khi trng+ phn t0 &ui &5a E;ng l.u s hiu khi tip theo trong 'anh s!&h#
de&tor Eit_ Fit ths i H l khi ths i trng+ b l )S s0 '1ng# de&tor Eit ).2& l.u tr9n mt ho%&
nhiu khi )a+ khi &n so )3& 7o E nhY ) [0 lX nhanh#
IK# L9u ph.:ng ph!p =u;n lX &!& khi hng
f/ th '(ng phn mm_ '(ng mt zile &hsa &!& 'anh s!&h &!& khi hng# Ho%& '(ng phn &sng_
'(ng mt se&tor tr9n )a ) l.u giq 'anh s!&h &!& khi E\ hng#
CH$NG H` yUN ) TIN TRNH
H# Mt gi;i ph!p phn mm 'o >ekker ) ngh\ ) t &hs& truy [u,t )& =uyn &ho hai tin tr-nh#
Hai tin tr-nh xb+ xH &hia s &!& Ein sau _
int turn vv )n phi9n i hay - (i+-b##H)
HGO
int zlag I vv kh8i )ng l {pS^
f,u tr6& tin tr-nh xi
hile (Q|l^)

zlagi Q|l^
yhile (zlag-)
iz (turn -)

zlagi {pS^
yhile (turn -)
zlagi Q|l^

&riti&alse&tion()
turn - zlagi {pS^
non&riti&alse&tion()

Di;i ph!p ny &/ tha mSn K y9u &u &5a Ei to!n min gang khng
H>_
Q4i thri )im xi kim tra zlag-+ nu zlag-Q|l^ th- xi &hr+ nu zlag-{pS^ th- xi so 7o
min gang+ x- khng th 7o min gang 7- khi )/ zlagiQ|l^# d?y tho; y9u &u ths H#
~hi xi 8 ngoi min gang+ nu zlagi{pS^ th- x- 7o ).2& min gang+ nu zlagiQ|l^ 7
turni th- x- g!n zlag-p{S^ 7 &hr ngoi min gang+ khi )/ xi 7o trong min gang+### d?y
tho; )k J
>< th,y gi;i ph!p tho; )k I+ K#
I# Mt gi;i ph!p )Wng E ho! sau_
yhile (Q|l^)
HGG
f,u tr6& tin tr-nh xi
hile (Q|l^)

zlagi Q|l^
yhile (zlag-)
iz (turn -)

zlagi {pS^
yhile (turn -)
zlagi Q|l^

&riti&alse&tion()
turn - zlagi {pS^
non&riti&alse&tion()

f,u tr6& tin tr-nh x-

hile (Q|l^)

zlag- Q|l^
yhile (zlagi)
iz (turn i)

zlag- {pS^
yhile (turn i)
zlag- Q|l^

&riti&alse&tion()
turn i zlag- {pS^
non&riti&alse&tion()

int - Hei
zlagi Q|l^ turn i
yhile (turn - zlag-Q|l^)
&riti&alese&tion ()
zlagi {pS^
Lon&riti&alese&tion ()

Ny &/ ph;i l mt gi;i ph!p E;o );m ).2& )& =uyn truy [u,t khng
H>_
xi_
yhile (Q|l^)

int - Hei
zlagi Q|l^ turn ivv-
yhile (turn - zlag-Q|l^)
&riti&alese&tion ()
zlagi {pS^
Lon&riti&alese&tion ()

x-_
yhile (Q|l^)

int i He-
zlag- Q|l^ turn -vvi
yhile (turn i zlagiQ|l^)
&riti&alese&tion ()
zlag- {pS^
Lon&riti&alese&tion ()

Di; s0 xi mun 7o min gang+ n/ )%t turni# ~hi kim tra )iu kin (turn -
zlag-Q|l^)+ )k sai nh.ng &h.a k\p 7o min gang th- )n l.2t x-# x- )%t turn- 7 kim tra
)iu kin (turn i zlagiQ|l^)+ )k sai+ x- 7o min gang nh.ng &h.a ra khi min gang
th- l4i tYi l.2t xi+ xi khng kim tra )k nqa m 7o min gang+ 7?y gi;i ph!p tr9n khng );m E;o
).2& )& =uyn truy [u,t#
J# Di; s0 mt m!y t"nh khng &/ lnh QSp+ nh.ng &/ lnh syap ho!n )i ni 'ung &5a hai t nhY
ERng mt thao t!& )& =uyn _
7oi' syap(int a+ int E)

int tempa
a E E temp

S0 '1ng lnh ny &/ th t &hs& truy [u,t )& =uyn khng Lu &/ [Ny 'Zng &,u tr6& &h.:ng
tr-nh t.:ng sng#
H>_ >(ng Ein &hung lo&k+ g!n tr\ Ean )u l b
fh.:ng tr-nh x_
int lo&kb vvEin '(ng &hung
HG
hile (H)

int keyHvvEien &1& E

'o
syap(lo&k+key)
yhile (key)
&riti&alse&tion()
lo&kb
non&riti&alse&tion()

K# Qrong gi;i ph!p peterson E Ein turn &/ ).2& khng

H>_ khi )/ &,u tr6& tin tr-nh xi so nh. sau_
yhile (Q|l^)

int - Hei vv - l tin tr-nh &Un l4i

zlag i Q|l^
yhile (zlag -Q|l^)
&riti&alse&tionxi ()
zlag i {pS^
Lon&riti&alse&tionxi ()

7 [t tr.rng h2p l nu zlagizlag-true th- &; hai tin tr-nh so )2i 7 h4n n9n 7i ph4m )k J+K
O# xh!t trin gi;i ph!p xeterson &ho nhiu tin tr-nh
H>_
Qin tr-nh xi so &,p &ho mt s numEeri l s lYn nh,t trong &!& s )S &,p tr.Y& )/ wH+ tin tr-nh
&/ s nh nh,t so ).2& &ho 7o min gang trong l.2t k tip# Lu &/ hai tin tr-nh xi 7 x- &/
&(ng s th- [t nu i- so &h3n xi# }ui .Y&_ (a+E)(&+') nu a& hay nu a& 7 E'
f!& Ein '(ng &hung numEeri kh8i )u b+ &hoosingizalse
f,u tr6& tin tr-nh xi_
int &hoosingn+ numEern vv&!& Ein '(ng &hung
yhile (H)

&hoosingitruevv xi mun 7o min gang

numEerima[(numEerb+u+numEerneH)wHvv) ngh\ tt - &/ numEer- nho nhat 7ao
mg
&hoosingizalse vv) xi khng )2i &h"nh xi
zor (-b-n-ww)
HGc

yhile (&hoosing-)vvnu &/ x- (i-) no )/ mun 7o min gang th- xi so &hr

vvneu &o x- xi th- xi &hr
yhile ((numEer-b) (numEer-+-)(numEeri+i))

&riti&alse&tion()
numEerib
non&riti&alse&tion()

G# fhsng t rRng nu &!& lnh >oyn 7 lp tr9n semaphore khng thZ& hin mt &!&h khng th
phNn &hia+ th- khng th '(ng semaphore ) gi;i =uyt Ei to!n min gang#
H>_
Mt l4i )o4n &t gi;i =uyt min gang ERng semaphore
e(s) H
yhile (Q|l^)

>oyn(s)
&riti&alese&tion ()
lp(s)
Lon&riti&alese&tion ()

ttH_ 'oyn(s)_ eb
ttI_ 'oyn(s)_ eeH
~hi kim tra )k (eb) tho; n9n &; hai &(ng &hr ngoi min gang#
# $t Ein M ).2& &hia s E8i hai tin tr-nh &(ng thZ& hin )o4n &o'e sau_
'o
M M wH
iz ( M Ib) M b
yhile ( Q|l^ )
F*t )u 7Yi gi! tr\ M b+ &hsng t rRng gi! tr\ M &/ th 7.2t =u! Ib# fn s0a &hqa )o4n &h.:ng
tr-nh tr9n nh. th no ) E;o );m M khng 7.2t =u! Ib
H>_
Di; s0 khi MH
ttH_ tang M l9n Ib+ ngng
ttI_ tang M l9n IH+ 7.2t =u! Ib#
f!&h s0a &hqa_ >(ng mt semaphore s+ e(s)H
'o
HG

'oyn(s)
M M wH
iz ( M Ib) M b
up(s)
yhile ( Q|l^ )
c# Mt hai tin tr-nh [0 lX )o4n &h.:ng tr-nh sau_
pro&ess xH {H {I
pro&ess xI FH FI
Wng E ho! ho4t )ng &5a hai tin tr-nh ny sao &ho &; {H 7 FH )u hon t,t tr.Y& khi {I hay
FI E*t )u #
H>_
e(sH)H e(sI)H
# Qng =u!t ho! Eai G_ &ho &!& tin tr-nh [0 lX )o4n &h.:ng tr-nh sau_
pro&ess xH zor ( i H i Hbb i ww) {i
pro&ess xI zor ( - H - Hbb - ww) F-
Wng E ho! ho4t )ng &5a hai tin tr-nh ny sao &ho &; 7Yi k E,t kP ( I k Hbb)+ {k &h] &/
th E*t )u khi F(keH) )S kt th6&+ 7 Fk &h] &/ th E*t )u khi {(keH) )S kt th6&#
H>_
e(sH)H e(sI)H
Hb# S0 '1ng semaphore ) 7it l4i &h.:ng tr-nh sau theo m h-nh [0 lX )Wng hnh_
y [H [I (H) 7 [J [K (I) y 7 [O (J) 7 [G (K)
y y y (O) y (G) ans y w ()
([H+[I+[J+[K+[O+[G l &!& hRng s)
H>_
Hb
xH

'oyn(sI) {H() up(sH)

'oyn(sI) {I() up(sH)

xI

'oyn(sH) FH() up(sI)

'oyn(sH) FI() up(sI)

xH

zor(iH iHbb iww)

'oyn(sI) {i() up(sH)

xI

zor(-H -Hbb -ww)

'oyn(sH) F-() up(sI)

semaphore sJsKsOsGsb
xH_y[H[I up(sO)up(sG)
xI_7[J[K up(sJ) up(sK)
xJ_'oyn(sJ) y 7 [O up(sO)
xK_'oyn(sK) 7 [G up(sG)
xO_'oyn(sO) 'oyn(sO) y y y up(s)
xG_'oyn(sG)'oyn(sG) y up(s)
x_'oyn(s)'oyn(s) ans y w
dit l4i Ei Hb '(ng monitor
H>_
monitor &al

int 7+y+y++ans
int 7H+yH+yH+H+yI+I
&on'ition sJ+sK+sOy+sOy+sGy+sG+sy+s
H() I() J() K() O() G() ()
7oi' init()7HyHyHHyIIb

&al__H()

y[H[I yHH
sOy#signal() sGy#signal()

&al__I()

7[J[K 7HH
sJ#signal() sK#signal()

&al__J()

iz (7Hb) sJ#yait()
y 7 [O yHH
sOy#signal()

&al__K()

iz (7Hb) sK#yait()
HH
7 [G HH
sG#signal()

&al__O()

iz (yHb) sOy#yait()
iz (yHb) sOy#yait()
y y y yIH
sy#signal()

&al__G()

iz (yHb) sGy#yait()
iz (Hb) sG#yait()
y IH
s#signal()

&al__()

iz (yIb) sy#yait()
iz (Ib) s#yait()
ans y w

f!& &h.:ng tr-nh )Wng hnh_

xH_&al#H() xI_&al#I() xJ_&al#J() xK_&al#K()
xO_&al#O()xG_&al#G() x_&al#()
Hb# Mt hai tin tr-nh sau_
pro&ess {
yhile (H) na na wH
pro&ess F
yhile (H) nE nE wH
a) Wng E ho! [0 lX &5a hai tin tr-nh tr9n+ sao &ho t4i E,t kP thri )im no &Vng &/ nE na
nE wHb
E)Lu gi;m )iu kin &h] l na nE wHb+ gi;i ph!p &5a E4n so ).2& s0a &hqa nh. th no
&)Di;i ph!p &5a E4n &/ &Un )6ng nu &/ nhiu tin tr-nh lo4i { 7 F &(ng thZ& hin
H>_
a) nE na nE wHb
semaphore sHH+sIH
HI
int na+nEvvEien 'ung &hung na+nE ).2& g!n tri Ean 'au thoa 'ieu kien nE na nE wHb
pro&ess {

yhile (H)

'oyn(sH)
iz (na nE wHb) na na wH
up(sH)

pro&ess F

yhile (H)

'oyn(sI)
iz (nE wH na) nE nE wH
up(sI)

E) na nE wHb
semaphore sHH+sIH
int na+nEvvEien 'ung &hung na+nE gan tri Ean 'au thoa 'ieu kien na nE wHb
pro&ess {

yhile (H)

'oyn(sH)
iz (na nE wHb) na na wH
up(sH)

pro&ess F

yhile (H)

nE nE wH

HJ

&) 6ng
HH# Fi to!n Lg.ri s;n [u,t Lg.ri ti9u th1 (xro'u&erefonsumer)
Hai tin tr-nh &(ng &hia s mt E )m &/ k"&h th.Y& giYi h4n# $t tin tr-nh t4o 'q liu+ )%t 'q
liu 7o E )m (ng.ri s;n [u,t) 7 mt tin tr-nh l,y 'q liu t E )m ) [0 lX (ng.ri ti9u
th1)#

Hai tin tr-nh &n tho; &!& )iu kin sau _
e ~H_ Qin tr-nh s;n [u,t khng ).2& ghi 'q liu 7o E )m )S )y#
e ~I_ Qin tr-nh ti9u th1 khng ).2& )3& 'q liu t E )m )ang trng#
e ~J_ Hai tin tr-nh &(ng lo4i ho%& kh!& lo4i )u khng ).2& truy [u,t E )m &(ng l6&#
w f!&h H_ '(ng sleep an' yakeup

Lh?n [t_ &h] !p '1ng &ho mt pro'u&er 7 mt &onsumer 7 &h] tho; 'kH 7 'kI# HSy m8 rng
) !p '1ng &ho nhiu pro'u&er+ nhiu &onsumer 7 tho; &; J )k
w f!&h I_ '(ng Semaphore
S0 '1ng Ea semaphore _
e empty_ )m s &ht &Un trng trong E )m# ('(ng ) gi;i =uyt ~H)
e zull_ )m s &ht )S &/ 'q liu trong E )m('(ng ) gi;i =uyt ~I)
e mute[_ kim tra 7i& khng truy [u,t )Wng thri#('(ng ) gi;i =uyt ~J)
HK
FuzzerSie J vv s &ht trong E )m
semaphore mute[ H vv kim so!t truy [u,t )& =uyn Euzzer (&!& tt &hr khi mute[eH)
semaphore empty FuzzerSie vv s &ht trng (tt s[ &hr khi emptyb)
semaphore zull b vv s &ht &/ 'q liu (tt tt &hr khi zullb)
xro'u&er() vvnh s;n [u,t

int item
yhile (Q|l^)

pro'u&eitem(item) vv t4o 'q liu mYi
'oyn(empty) vv gi;m s &ht trng+ )y thi &hr (emptyb th- &hr)
'oyn(mute[) vv )& =uyn truy [u,t Euzzer (min gang )
enteritem(item) vv )%t 'q liu 7o E )m
up(mute[) vv ra khi min gang
up(zull) vv tang s &ht )y+ 'anh thu& ntt

fonsumer() vvng.ri ti9u th1

int item
yhile (Q|l^)

'oyn(zull) vv gi;m s &ht )y+ neu Eo 'em trong thi &ho (zullb thi &hr)
'oyn(mute[) vv )& =uyn 7o min gang
remo7eitem(item) vv l,y 'q liu t E )m
up(mute[) vv ra khi min gang
up(empty) vv tang s &ht trng+ 'anh thu& ns[
&onsumeitem(item) vv [0 lX 'q liu

Lh?n [t_ !p '1ng &ho nhiu pro'u&er 7 nhiu &onsumer 7 tho; &; J )k#
f!&h J_ '(ng $onitor
monitor xro'u&erfonsumer vv[Ny 'Zng monitor

int &ountb vv)m s &ht &/ 'q liu

HO
&on'ition zull+ empty vvns[ &hr tr9n zull+ ntt &hr tr9n empty
7oi' enter() vvns[ '(ng ph.:ng ths& ny ) )%t 'l 7o Euzzer

iz (&ount L) yait(zull) vv nu E )m )y+ n[s ph;i &hr ()kH)
enteritem(item) vv )%t 'q liu 7o E )m
&ount ww vv tang s &ht )y
iz (&ount H) signal(empty) vv nu E )m &/ 'l th- )!nh ths& ntt neu &o

7oi' remo7e() vvntt so '(ng ph.:ng ths& ny ) l,y 'l t Euzzer

iz (&ount b) yait(empty) vv nu E )m trng+ ntt ph;i &hr ()kI)
remo7eitem(item) vv l,y 'q liu t E )m
&ount ee vv gi;m s &ht &/ 'l
iz (&ount LeH) signal(zull) vv nu E )m khng )y th- k"&h ho4t ns[ neu &o

xro'u&er() vvQin tr-nh s;n [u,t

yhile (Q|l^)
pro'u&eitem(item) vvs[ 'l
xro'u&erfonsumer#enter() vv'at 'l 7ao Euzzer


fonsumer() vvtin tr-nh ti9u th1

yhile (Q|l^)
xro'u&erfonsumer#remo7e()vvlay 'l tu Euzzer
&onsumeitem(item) vvti9u th1 'l


Lh?n [t_
Dvs LI+ 7 &/ I ntt )ang )2i tr9n empty+ khi )/ ns[ H [u,t hin+ tang &ountH+ )!nh ths& nttH+ 7
tip )/ ns[ I [u,t hin+ tang &ountI+ nh.ng khng )!nh ths& nttI+ nttI )2i mSiu
>o )/ &n E )k khi g3i signal() trong enter() 7 remo7e# ~hi )/ so gi;i =uyt trit ) Ei to!n
HI# Fi to!n |ea'erseriters
~hi &ho php nhiu tin tr-nh truy [u,t &: s8 'q liu '(ng &hung &!& h =u;n tr\ fS>p &n );m
E;o &!& )iu kin sau _
e kH_ khi &/ rea'er th- khng &/ yriter nh.ng &/ th &/ &!& rea'er kh!& t[ 'l
HG
e kI_ ~hi &/ yriter th- khng &/ yriter ho%& rea'er no kh!& t[ 'l#
(f!& )iu kin ny &n &/ ) );m E;o t"nh nh,t =u!n &5a 'q liu#)
f!&h H_ '(ng Semaphore
S0 '1ng Ein &hung r& (rea'er &ount) ) ghi nhY s tin tr-nh |ea'er 7 s0 '1ng hai semaphore_
e mute[_ kim so!t sZ truy [u,t )& =uyn r&
e 'E_ kim tra sZ truy [u,t )& =uyn )n 'q liu#
int r&b vv S tin tr-nh |ea'er
semaphore mute[ H vv ~im tra truy [u,t r&
semaphore 'E H vv ~im tra truy [u,t 'q liu
|ea'er()

yhile (Q|l^)

'oyn(mute[) vv ginh =uyn truy [u,t r&
r& r& w H vv th9m mt tin tr-nh |ea'er
vv nu l |ea'er )u ti9n th- &,m riter t[ 'q liu ho%& &hr nu &/ yriter )ang &?p nh?t 'l
iz (r& H) 'oyn('E)
up(mute[) vv &h,m 'st truy [u,t r&
rea''ataEase() vv )3& 'q liu
'oyn(mute[) vv ginh =uyn truy [u,t r&
r& r& e H vv EYt mt tin tr-nh |ea'er
iz (r& b) up('E) vv nu l |ea'er &ui &(ng th- &ho riter truy [u,t 'l
up(mute[) vv &h,m 'st truy [u,t r&
use'atarea'() vv su 'ung 'u lieu

riter()

yhile (Q|l^)

&reate'ata()
'oyn('E) vv khng &/ yriter ho%& rea'er no kh!& ).2& t[
vvhoa& khi &o rea'er )ang )3& 'l th- yriter &hr
yrite'ataEase() vv &?p nh?t 'q liu
up('E) vv &h,m 'st truy [u,t 'E
H

Lh?n [t_
Qhu?t to!n &h] )6ng khi &/ "t nh,t mt |ea'er thZ& thi tr.Y& m3i riter# Lu khng so &/ nhiu
tr.rng h2p sai+ 7" '1 nu yriter thZ& hin tr.Y& 7 )ang &?p nh?t 'l th- &h] &,m ).2& rea'er H+
khng &,m ).2& rea'er I#
Qhu?t to!n ny g3i l thu?t t/an .u ti9n |ea'ers_ |ea'er thZ& hin tr.Y& yriter 7 riter ph;i )2i
t,t &; &!& |ea'er truy [u,t [ong mYi ).2& 7o 'ataEase# HSy [Ny 'Zng thu?t to!n .u ti9n riter
f!&h I_ $onitor
S0 '1ng Ein &hung r& ) ghi nhY s &!& tin tr-nh |ea'er# $t tin tr-nh riter ph;i &huyn sang
tr4ng th!i &hr nu r& b# ~hi ra khi min gang+ tin tr-nh |ea'er &ui &(ng so )!nh ths& tin
tr-nh riter )ang E\ kh/a#
monitor |ea'erriter

int r& b vvkha& b la &o |ea'er 'ang 'o&

int Eusy b vvH la &o yriter 'ang ghi
&on'ition O~rite+ O~|ea'
7oi' Fegin|ea'() vvtruo& khi 'o&+ rea'er goi ph.:ng ths& nay 'e kiem tra 'k 'uo& )3&

iz (Eusy) yait(O~|ea') vv nu &/ H yriter )ang ghi th- rea'er &hr tr9n O~|ea'
r&ww vv th9m mt |ea'er
signal(O~|ea') vv)!nh ths& mt rea'er &hr tr9n O~|ea'

7oi' inish|ea'()

r&ee vv EYt mt |ea'er
iz (r& b) signal(O~rite)vvnu l |ea'er &ui &(ng th- &ho riter truy [u,t 'E

7oi' Feginrite()

iz (Eusy r&) vv nu &/ H yriter )ang ghi+ hay &/ |ea'er )ang )3&
yait(O~rite) vvth- &ho yriter &hr tr9n O~rite
Eusy H vvkhong &ho &a& rea'er 7a yriter kha& truy [uat 'E

7oi' inishrite()

Eusy b vv &ho &a& rea'er 7a yriter kha& truy [uat 'E
Hc
iz (^mpty(O~|ea'#}ueue)) signal(O~|ea')vvneu &o rea'er 'ang 'oi thi &ho )3&
else signal(O~rite) vvnguo& lai thi &ho mt yriter ghi

|ea'er()

yhile (Q|l^)

|ea'erriter#Fegin|ea'() vvEat 'au 'o&
|ea'>ataEase() vv'o& 'l
|ea'erriter#inish|ea'() vv'a 'o& [ong

riter()

yhile (Q|l^)

freate'ata(inzo) vvtao 'l
|ea'erriter#Feginrite() vvEat 'au ghi
rite'ataEase(inzo) vvghi
|ea'erriter#inishrite()vv'a ghi [ong


Dhi &h6_
e O~|ea'#}ueue l hng )2i &5a Ein )iu kin O~|ea'#
e Qhu?t to!n 7Tn )6ng khi riter thZ& thi tr.Y& |ea'er#
e fNu hi_ trong Fegin|ea' () E lnh signal(O~|ea') ).2& khng
HJ# Fi to!n Q4o phNn t0 HIO
Wng E ho4t )ng &5a mt phUng th" nghim s0 '1ng nhiu tin tr-nh )Wng hnh sau ) t4o &!&
phNn t0 HIO_
$akeH()

yhile (true)
$akeeHy'ro() vv t4o H nguy9n t0 H

$akeO()

H
yhile (true)
$akeeO[y() vvt4o H nguy9n t0 O

v Qin tr-nh $akeater ho4t )ng )Wng hnh 7Yi &!& tin tr-nh $akeH+ $akeO+ &hr &/ )5 I H
7 H O ) t4o HIO v
$akeater()

yhile (Qrue)
$akeeater() vvQ4o H phNn t0 HIO

H>_
Semaphore sHb+ sIb
$akeH() vv t4o H nguy9n t0 H

yhile (H)

$akeeHy'ro() up(sH)

$akeO() vvt4o H nguy9n t0 O

yhile(H)

$akeeO[y() up(sI)

$akeater()

yhile (H)

'oyn(sH) 'oyn(sH) 'oyn(sI)
$akeeater() vvQ4o H phNn t0 HIO

HK# Mt mt gi;i ph!p semaphore )6ng &ho Ei to!n >ining philosophers _
'ezine L O
'ezine p^Q (ieH)L
Hcb
'ezine |iDHQ (iwH)L
'ezine QHiL~iLD b
'ezine HlLD| H
'ezine ^{QiLD I
int stateL
semaphore mute[ H
semaphore sLvvgan tri Ean 'au b
vvtin tr-nh m phng trit gia ths i
7oi' philosopher( int i) vv i l trit gia ths i _ b##LeH

yhile (Q|l^)

think() vv Suy ngh
takezorks(i) vv y9u &u )n khi &/ )5 I na
eat() vv yumeyum+ spaghetti
putzorks(i) vv )%t &; I na l9n En l4i

vvkim tra )iu kin ).2& an

7oi' test ( int i) vv i l trit gia ths i _ b##LeH

iz(stateiHlLD| statep^Q^{QiLD state|iDHQ ^{QiLD)

statei ^{QiLD
up(si)

vvy9u &u l,y I na

7oi' takezorks ( int i) vv i l trit gia ths i _ b##LeH

yhile (Q|l^)

'oyn(mute[) vv 7o min gang
statei HlLD| vv ghi nh?n trit gia i )S )/i
test(i) vv & g*ng l,y I na
up(mute[) vv ra khi min gang
'oyn(si) vv &hr nu khng &/ )5 I na

HcH

vv)%t I na [ung
7oi' putzorks ( int i) vv i l trit gia ths i _ b##LeH

yhile (Q|l^)

'oyn(mute[) vv 7o min gang
statei QHiL~iLD vv ghi nh?n trit gia i an [ong
test(p^Q) vv kim tra ng.ri E9n tr!i )S &/ th an
test(|iDHQ) vv kim tra ng.ri E9n ph;i )S &/ th an
up(mute[) vv ra khi min gang

a)Q4i sao ph;i )%t statei HlLD| trong takezorks

E)Di; s0 trong putzorks+ lnh g!n statei QHiL~iLD ).2& thZ& hin sau hai lnh test(p^Q)+
test(|iDHQ)# iu ny ;nh h.8ng th no )n gi;i ph!p &ho J trit gia fho Hbb trit gia
HO# $t &0a hiu &*t t/& &/ mt th2+ mt gh &*t t/& 7 L gh &ho kh!&h )2i# Lu khng &/
kh!&h+ th2 &*t t/& so ngWi 7o gh &*t t/& 7 ng5 thip )i# ~hi mt kh!&h hng 7o tim+ anh ta
ph;i )!nh ths& ng.ri th2# Lu mt kh!&h hng 7o tim khi ng.ri th2 )ang E?n &*t t/& &ho kh!&h
hng kh!&+ ng.ri mYi 7o so ngWi &hr nu &/ gh )2i trng+ ho%& rri khi tim nu )S &/ L ng.ri
)2i (ht gh)# MNy 'Zng mt gi;i ph!p 7Yi semaphore ) thZ& hin )Wng E ho! ho4t )ng &5a th2
7 kh!&h hng trong &0a hiu &*t t/& ny#
H>_
Semaphore mute[ H
Semaphore &ustomers b
Semaphore hair&ut b
int yaiting b
7oi' &ustomer() vvkh!&h )n &*t t/&

'oyn( mute[ )
iz( yaiting L ) vvnu s kh!&h )2i L th- rri khi tim

up( mute[ ) return

yaiting ww vvtang s kh!&h )2i
up( mute[ )
up(&ustomers) vv)!nh ths& EarEer nu )ang ng5
HcI
'oyn(hair&ut) vv)ang &*t nh.ng &h.a [ong (&hr tr9n gh &*t t/&)

7oi' EarEer() vvth2 &*t t/&

yhile( H ) vv&*t li9n t1&+ ht kh!&h ny )n kh!&h kh!&

'oyn( &ustomers ) vvnu khng &/ kh!&h+ EarEer so ng5

'oyn( mute[ )
yaiting ee vvgi;m H kh!&h )2i
up(mute[)
&uthair()
up(hair&ut) vv&ho kh!&h )S &*t t/& [ong rri khi tim

HG# Fi to!n fNy &u &V

Lg.ri ta &h] &/ &ho php ti )a J [e l.u thng )Wng thri =ua mt &Ny &u r,t &V# HSy [Ny 'Zng
th5 t1& {rri7eFri'ge(int 'ire&tion) 7 ^[itFri'ge() ) kim so!t giao thng tr9n &u sao &ho _
e Q4i mti thri )im+ &h] &ho php ti )a J [e l.u thng tr9n &u#
e Q4i mti thri )im+ &h] &ho php ti )a I [e l.u thng &(ng h.Yng tr9n &u#
$ti &hi& [e khi )n )u &u so g3i {rri7eFri'ge('ire&tion) ) kim tra )iu kin l9n &u+ 7 khi
)S =ua &u ).2& so g3i ^[itFri'ge() ) E!o hiu kt th6&# Di; s0 ho4t )ng &5a mti &hi& [e ).2&
m t; ERng mt tin tr-nh far() sau )Ny_
far(int 'ire&tion) v 'ire&tion [!& )\nh h.Yng 'i &huyn &5a mti &hi& [e#v

{rri7eFri'ge('ire&tion) vvtYi &u
OnFri'ge() vvl9n &u
^[itFri'ge()vv }ua &u

H>_
semaphore n&arJ+ n&arHI+ n&arII
{rri7eFri'ge('ire&tion)

'oyn(n&ar)
iz ('ire&tionH) 'oyn(n&arH)
else 'oyn(n&arI)

^[it Fri'ge('ire&tion)
HcJ

up(n&ar)
iz ('ire&tionH) up(n&arH)
else up(n&arI)

H# Fi to!n }ua sng

7.2t =ua sng+ &!& nhNn 7i9n $i&rosoz 7 &!& pinu[ ha&ker &(ng s0 '1ng mt En sng 7
ph;i &hia s mt s thuyn )%& Eit# $ti &hi& thuyn ny &h] &ho php &h8 H ln K ng.ri+ 7 ph;i
&/ )5 K ng.ri mYi kh8i hnh ).2&# E;o );m an ton &ho &; I ph"a+ &n tuNn th5 &!& lu?t sau _
a# ~hng &h,p nh?n J nhNn 7i9n $i&rosozt 7 H pinu[ ha&ker tr9n &(ng mt &hi& thuyn#
E# Lg.2& l4i+ khng &h,p nh?n J pinu[ ha&ker 7 H nhNn 7i9n $i&rosozt tr9n &(ng mt &hi&
thuyn#
&# Q,t &; &!& tr.rng h2p kt h2p kh!& )u h2p ph!p#
'# Qhuyn &h] kh8i hnh khi )S &/ )5 K hnh kh!&h#
fn [Ny 'Zng I th5 t1& Ha&ker{rri7es() 7 ^mployee{rri7es() ).2& g3i t.:ng sng E8i H ha&ker
ho%& H nhNn 7i9n khi h3 )n Er sng ) kim tra )iu kin &/ &ho php h3 [ung thuyn khng
f!& th5 t1& ny so s*p [p nhqng ng.ri th"&h h2p &/ th l9n thuyn# Lhqng ng.ri )S ).2& l9n
thuyn khi thuyn &h.a )y so ph;i &hr )n khi ng.ri ths K [ung thuyn mYi &/ th kh8i hnh
=ua sng# (~hng =uan tNm )n s l.:ng thuyn hay 7i& thuyn =ua sng rWi tr8 l4iuMem nh.
lun &/ thuyn ) s*p [p theo &!& y9u &u h2p l)
Di; s0 ho4t )ng &5a mti ha&ker ).2& m t; ERng mt tin tr-nh Ha&ker() sau )Ny_
Ha&ker()

|unto|i7er() vv i )n Er sng
Ha&ker{rri7es () vv ~im tra )iu kin [ung thuyn
fross|i7er() vv ~h8i hnh =ua sng

7 ho4t )ng &5a mti nhNn 7i9n ).2& m t; ERng mt tin tr-nh ^mployee() sau )Ny_
^mployee()

|unto|i7er() vv i )n Er sng
^mployee{rri7es () vv ~im tra )iu kin [ung thuyn
fross|i7er() vv ~h8i hnh =ua sng

H>_
int nbvvso nguoi tren thuyen
semaphore hI+ eI+ sb
Ha&ker{rri7es()

HcK
'oyn(h) vv&ho ha&ker &ho tren Eo neu 'a &o I ha&ker tren thuyen
'oyn(mute[)
nww vv&ho ha&ker [uong thuyen
iz (nK)
up(mute[)
'oyn(s) vvneu thuyen &hua 'u K nguoi thi &ho tren thuyen

else vvneu 'u K thi 'anh thu& nhung nguoi 'ang &ho tren thuyen 'e =ua song

nbup(mute[)
up(s)up(s)up(s)

up(h) vv 'anh thu& &a& ha&ker &ho tren Eo &ho [uong thuyen

^mployee{rri7es()

'oyn(e) vv&ho ^mployee &ho tren Eo neu 'a &o I ^mployee tren thuyen
'oyn(mute[)
nww vv&ho ^mployee [uong thuyen
iz (nK)
up(mute[)
'oyn(s) vvneu thuyen &hua 'u K nguoi thi &ho tren thuyen

else vvneu 'u K thi 'anh thu& nhung nguoi 'ang &ho tren thuyen 'e =ua song

nb up(mute[)
up(s)up(s)up(s)

up(e)vv 'anh thu& &a& ^mployee &ho tren Eo &ho [uong thuyen

Hc# Fi to!n iu phi hnh kh!&h [e Eus t4i mt tr4m 'ng

$ti [e Eus &/ Hb &ht+ K &ht 'nh &ho kh!&h ngWi [e lan+ G &ht 'nh &ho kh!&h E-nh th.rng+ khi
[e )y kh!&h th- so kh8i hnh# f/ th &/ nhiu [e 7 nhiu hnh kh!&h 7o En &(ng l6&+ nguy9n
t*& )iu phi so [p kh!&h 7o )y mt [e+ &ho [e ny kh8i hnh rWi mYi )iu phi &ho [e kh!&#
Di; s0 ho4t )ng )iu phi kh!&h &ho H &hi& [e Eus ).2& m t; =ua tin tr-nh Detxassengers()
ho4t )ng &5a mti lo4i hnh kh!&h ).2& m t; ERng tin tr-nh heelxassenger() 7
Lonheelxassenger()# HSy s0a &hqa &!& )o4n &o'e+ s0 '1ng semaphore ) )Wng E ho! #
HcO
Detxassenger() vv&h.:ng tr-nh )iu phi kh!&h &ho H [e

{rri7eQerminal() vv tip nh?n mt [e 7o En
Open>oor() vv m8 &0a [e
zor (int ib iK iww) vv tip nh?n &!& kh!&h ngWi [e lan

{rrangeSeat() vv ).a H kh!&h ngWi [e lan 7o &ht

zor (int ib iG iww) vv tip nh?n &!& kh!&h E-nh th.rng

{rrangeSeat() vv ).a H kh!&h E-nh th.rng 7o &ht

flose>oor() vv )/ng &0a [e

>epartQerminal() vv &ho mt [e rri En

heelxassenger() vv&h.:ng tr-nh t4o kh!&h ngWi [e lan

{rri7eQerminal() vv )n En
DetOnFus() vv l9n [e

Lonheelxassenger() vv &h.:ng tr-nh t4o kh!&h E-nh th.rng

{rri7eQerminal() vv )n En
DetOnFus() vv l9n [e

H>_
semaphore EusH+yheelb+ nonyheelb
Detxassenger()

'oyn(Eus)
{rri7eQerminal() vv tip nh?n mt [e 7o En
Open>oor() vv m8 &0a [e
zor (int ib iK iww) vv tip nh?n &!& hnh kh!&h ngWi [e lan

'oyn(yheel)
{rrangeSeat() vv ).a H kh!&h [e lan 7o &ht

HcG
zor (int ib iG iww) vv tip nh?n &!& hnh kh!&h E-nh th.rng

'oyn(nonyheel)
{rrangeSeat() vv ).a H kh!&h Einh thuong 7o &ht

flose>oor() vv )/ng &0a [e

>epartQerminal() vv &ho mt [e rri En
up(Eus)

heelxassenger()

yhile(H)

{rri7eQerminal() vv )n En
up(yheel)

Lonheelxassenger()

yhile(H)

{rri7eQerminal() vv )n En
up(nonyheel)

LM_ kh!&h E-nh th.rng nu tYi tr.Y& 7Tn khng ).2& l9n [e+ ph;i &hr kh!&h [e lan
IH# Lh m!y s;n [u,t thit E\ [e h:i+ &/ I E ph?n ho4t )ng song song
e F ph?n s;n [u,t H khung [e _
$akefhassis()

xro'u&e&hassis()vv t4o khung [e

e F ph?n s;n [u,t H E!nh [e _

$akeQires()

vv t4o E!nh [e 7 g*n 7o khung [e
Hc
xro'u&etire()
xuttiretofhassis()

HSy )Wng E ho4t )ng trong 7i& s;n [u,t [e h:i theo nguy9n t*& sau _
e S;n [u,t mt khung [e+ tr.Y& khi t4o E!nh [e#
e fn &/ )5 K E!nh [e &ho H khung [e ).2& s;n [u,t ra+ sau )/ mYi tip t1& s;n [u,t khung
[e kh!&u
H>_
semaphore &hassisb+tireb
$akefhassis()

yhile(H)

vv t4o khung [e
xro'u&e&hassis() up(&hassis)
'oyn(tire) 'oyn(tire) 'oyn(tire) 'oyn(tire)

$akeQires()

yhile(H)

'oyn(&hassis)
zor (ibiKiww)

xro'u&etire()
xuttiretofhassis() up(tire)

H# Qhu?t to!n &!& trit gia an ti sau )6ng hay sai

semaphore sO vv&/ &!& gi! Ean tr\ )u ERng H
pi

'oyn(si) vvl,y )Va

'oyn(s(iwH)O) vvl,y )Va &5a ng.ri E9n &4nh
Hcc
eat()
up(si) vvE )Va
up(s(iwH)O) vvtr; )Va &ho ng.ri E9n &4nh

H>_
nu t,t &; xi )u thZ& hin ).2& mt lnh )u ti9n 'oyn(si)+ 7 sau )/ &!& xi )u thZ& hin lnh
ths I+ khi )/ t,t &; sib n9n &!& xi so &hr nhau 7 h4n
Ib# Mt tr4ng th!i h thng_
$a[ {llo&ation {7ailaEle
|H |I |J |H |I |J |H |I |J
xH J I I H b b K H I
xI G H J I H H
xJ J H K I H H
xK K I I b b I
Lu tin tr-nh xI y9u &u K &ho |H+ H &ho |J# hSy &ho Eit y9u &u ny &/ th )!p sng m E;o
);m khng [;y ra t-nh tr4ng 'ea'lo&k hay khng
IH# Mt tr4ng th!i h thng sau_
$a[ {llo&ation {7ailaEle
{ F f > { F f > { F f >
xH b b H I b b H I H O I b
xI H O b H b b b
xJ I J O G H J O K
xK b G O I b G J I
xO b G O G b b H K
Hc
a) fho Eit ni 'ung &5a E;ng Lee'#
E) H thng &/ 8 tr4ng th!i an ton khng
&) Lu tin tr-nh xI &/ y9u &u ti nguy9n ( b+K+I+b)+ y9u &u ny &/ ).2& )!p sng ts& thri
khng
CH$NG M` yUN ) B NH-
H# Di; s0 &/ mt h thng s0 '1ng kC thu?t phNn trang theo y9u &u# F;ng trang ).2& l.u trq
trong &!& thanh ghi# [0 lX mt lti trang tn c milise&on's nu &/ sn mt khung trang trng+
ho%& trang E\ thay th khng E\ s0a )i ni 'ung+ 7 tn Ib milise&on's nu trang E\ thay th E\
s0a )i ni 'ung# $ti truy [u,t E nhY tn Hbb nanose&on's# Di; s0 trang E\ thay th &/ [!& su,t
E\ s0a )i l b# Q l ph!t sinh lti trang ph;i l Eao nhi9u ) &/ th 'uy tr- thri gian truy [u,t
E nhY ( ezze&ti7e a&ess time) khng 7.2t =u! Ibb nanose&on's
H>_
maHbb nanose&on's
^{Q (Hep)ma w p (page zault time) (Hep)Hbbwp(Ibb#wb#Jc)Hbbbbbb Ibb
p a
I# Mt &h.:ng tr-nh f sau _
int { HbbHbb
zor (ib iHbb iww)
zor (-b -Hbb -ww) {i- b
Di; s0 tin tr-nh ).2& &,p J khung trang 7Yi k"&h th.Y& mt khung trang l Ibb Eytes+ mS tin
tr-nh lun &him khung trang H+ khung trang I 7 J ) l.u m;ng { 7 kh8i )u khung I+ J l rtng#
Hi tin tr-nh &/ Eao nhi9u lti trang khi s0 '1ng thu?t to!n thay th p|l#
Mt &h.:ng tr-nh f sau 7Yi &Nu hi t.:ng tZ &Nu a
int { HbbHbb
zor (-b -Hbb -ww)
zor (ib iHbb iww) {i- b
H>_
a) mti 'Ung mt trang n9n &/ Hbb lti
E) Hbbbb lti
J# Qrong mt h thng s0 '1ng kC thu?t phNn trang theo y9u &u+ k"&h th.Y& mti trang l I~ + [t
)o4n &h.:ng tr-nh f sau )Ny_
int n JHbIK int {n+ Fn
zor (ib iniww) {ii
zor (ib iniww) F{ii
Hb
a) Lu s khung &,p &ho tin tr-nh l khng h4n &h 7 gi; s0 khung trang ths nh,t lun '(ng )
&h.! tin tr-nh+ &!& khung trang &Un l4i ).2& kh8i )ng 8 tr4ng th!i trng th- tin tr-nh &/ Eao
nhi9u lti trang#
E) Lu s khung &,p &ho tin tr-nh l I khung 7 gi; s0 khung trang ths nh,t lun '(ng ) &h.!
tin tr-nh+ khung trang ths hai ).2& kh8i )ng 8 tr4ng th!i trng th- tin tr-nh &/ Eao nhi9u lti
trang#
H>_
a) $;ng { &/ k"&h th.Y& l G~ &n J trang+ mti trang &hsa HbIK phn t0 li9n tip#
fs truy [u,t HbIK pt &5a m;ng { so sinh ra mt lti trang 7Ung zor ths H sinh ra J lti trang# pX
lu?n t.:ng tZ 7Ung zor ths I sinh ra J lti trang# d?y tin tr-nh &/ G lti trang
E) S lti trang l_ JwIJHbIK GHK lti trang
K# $t m!y t"nh &/ K khung trang# Qhri )im n4p+ thri )im truy &?p &ui &(ng+ 7 &!& Eit
|ezeren&e (|)+ >irty (>) &5a mti trang trong E nhY ).2& &ho trong E;ng sau _
Qrang Qhri )im n4p Qhri )im truy &?p &ui &(ng | >
b HIG I b b
H IJb IGb H b
I HIb II H H
J HGb Icb H H
Qrang no so ).2& &h3n thay th theo _
a) thu?t to!n L|l
E) thu?t to!n iO
&) thu?t to!n p|l
') thu?t to!n &: hi ths I
H>_
trang b
trang I
trang H
trang b
O# Q"nh k"&h th.Y& 'Sy E"t '(ng ) =u;n lX |{$ OHI $F+ gi; s0 )\a &h] )!nh theo Eyte#
HH
H>_ OHI $FOHIHbIKHbIK Eytes II Eytes# $ti mt Eyte '(ng H Eit ) =u;n lX k"&h
ths:& 'Sy E"t s0 '1ng l IIvcvHbIKvHbIK $F GK $F#
G# Mt mt khng gian )\a &h] &/ c trang+ mti trang &/ k"&h th.Y& H~+ !nh [4 7o E nhY 7?t lX &/
JI khung trang#
a) \a &h] logi& gWm Eao nhi9u Eit
E) \a &h] physi& gWm Eao nhi9u Eit
H>_
a) c trang p J Eit# ~"&h th.Y& trang H ~ 'Hb Eit )& logi& pw'HJ Eit
E) )& 7?t lX &/ JI khung )&7lJI ~ IHO Eytes '&7lHO Eit
# Mt mt h thng s0 '1ng kC thu?t phNn trang+ 7Yi E;ng trang ).2& l.u trq trong E nhY &h"nh#
a) Lu thri gian &ho mt ln truy [u,t E nhY E-nh th.rng l Ibb nanose&on's+ th- m,t Eao nhi9u
thri gian &ho mt thao t!& truy [u,t E nhY trong h thng ny
E) Lu s0 '1ng QpFs 7Yi t] l t-m th,y (hiteratio) l O+ thri gian ) t-m trong QpFs [em nh.
ERng b+ t"nh thri gian truy [u,t E nhY trong h thng ( ezze&ti7e memory rezeren&e time)
H>_
a) IbbwIbbKbb nanose&on's
E) Ibbb#IOwIbb IOb nanose&on's
c# Mt E;ng phNn )o4n sau_
Segment Fase pength
H IJbb HK
I b Hbb
fho Eit )\a &h] 7?t lX t.:ng sng 7Yi &!& )\a &h] ;o sau )Ny _
a# (H+Hb)
E# (I+Obb)
H>_ )& logi&(s+')
sH+ 'Hb+ Ease(H)IJbb )&7lIJbbwHbIJHb
sI+ 'Obb+ 'length(I)Hbb lti truy [u,t )& khng h2p l
# $t m!y t"nh JIeEit )\a &h]+ s0 '1ng mt E;ng trang nh\ &,p# \a &h] ;o ).2& phNn E nh. sau_
Eit 'nh &ho E;ng trang &,p H+ HH Eit &ho E;ng trang &,p I+ &Un l4i 'nh &ho ozzset# fho Eit k"&h
th.Y& mt trang trong h thng+ 7 khng gian )\a &h] ;o &/ Eao nhi9u trang
H>_
& ;o (pH+pI+') JI Eit
HI
pH+ pIHH 'HI Eit kt H trang IHI Eytes K ~F
S trang trong kg )& ;o I [ IHH IIb trang
Hb# $t m!y t"nh &/ KceEit )\a &h] ;o+ 7 JIeEit )\a &h] 7?t lX+ k"&h th.Y& mt trang l c~# f/ Eao
nhi9u phn t0 trong mt E;ng trang thng th.rng 7 trong E;ng trang ngh\&h );o
H>_
a) F;ng trang thng th.rng
kt trang c ~ IHJ Eytes 'HJ Eit pJO Eit
mt E;ng trang thng th.rng &/ IJO phn t0
E) F;ng trang ngh\&h );o
H khung trang c~ IHJ Eytes
ktEn7l IJI Eytes s khung trang &5a En7l IJIvIHJ IH khung
s phn t0 trong E;ng trang ngh\&h );o l IH
HH# Di; s0 &/ mt m!y t"nh )W &h:i s0 '1ng eEit )\a &h]+ h thng s0 '1ng mt E;ng trang nh\
&,p+ '(ng IeEit lm &h] m1& )n E;ng trang &,p H+ IeEit lm &h] m1& )n E;ng trang &,p I# Mt
mt tin tr-nh s0 '1ng &!& )\a &h] ;o trong nhqng ph4m 7i sau _ b##HO+ IH##I+ K##HbG+ 7
HHO##HI#
a) do &hi tit ton E E;ng trang &ho tin tr-nh ny
E) xh;i &,p ph!t &ho tin tr-nh Eao nhi9u khung trang+ gi; s0 t,t &; )u nRm trong E nhY &h"nh
&) Fao nhi9u Eytes sng 7Yi &!& 7(ng phNn m;nh ni 7i trong tin tr-nh ny
') fn Eao nhi9u E nhY &ho E;ng trang &5a tin tr-nh ny
H>_
)& ;o (pH+pI+') Eit
pHpII Eit 'J Eit kt trangc Eytes
a) 7o E;ng trang _ goi zi l s hiu khung trang &hsa trang pi
E) &,p khung w K HJ khung
&) t"nh phNn m;nh ni 7i_
HJ
fH
z'z
.z&
zH
fI
z..
fI
z.&
z.H
z.M
z.e
fI
?.H
?.M
?'?
H?.
.?&
?.&
?.?
.eE
n7l
b bb#bb#bbb (b+b+b)
HO bb#bH#HHH (b+H+)
IH bb#Hb#HbH (b+I+O)
I bb#HH#HbH (b+J+O)
K Hb#HH#HHb (I+J+G)
HbG HH#bH#bHb (J+H+I)
HHO HH#Hb#bHH (J+I+J)
HI HH#HH#HHH (J+J+)
Qin tr-nh s0 '1ng &!& )\a &h] ;o trong &!& ph4m
7i sau_
(b+b+b)##(b+H+) (b+I+O)##(b+J+O)
(I+J+G)##(J+H+I) (J+I+J)##(J+J+)
khung trang &,p &ho trang b 7 trang H ).2& s0 '1ng ht
khung trang &,p &ho trang I '. IHeHG EyteO Eyte )u
t.:ng tZ t"nh phNn m;nh &ho &!& trang &Un l4i
k"&h th.Y& E;ng trang &ho tin tr-nh ny
') '(ng H E;ng trang &,p H+ J E;ng trang &,p I k"&h th.Y& E;ng trang K khung trang JI
Eytes
HI# Di; s0 &/ mt m!y t"nh s0 '1ng HGeEit )\a &h]# F nhY ;o ).2& thZ& hin 7Yi kC thu?t phNn
)o4n kt h2p phNn trang+ k"&h th.Y& ti )a &5a mt phNn )o4n l KbG Eytes# F nhY 7?t lX ).2&
phNn thnh &!& khung trang &/ k"&h th.Y& OHI Eytes#
a) Qh hin &!&h )\a &h] ;o ).2& phNn t"&h ) ph;n !nh segment+ page+ ozzset
E) Mt mt tin tr-nh s0 '1ng &!& min )\a &h] sau+ [!& )\nh s hiu segment 7 s hiu page
t.:ng sng trong segment m &h.:ng tr-nh truy &?p )n _
JOb##HbJ+ JbKG##JbK+ Hbb##KOb+ JJbOG##JIbb+ GHIJb##GJObb
&) Fao nhi9u Eytes sng 7Yi &!& 7(ng phNn m;nh ni 7i trong tin tr-nh ny
') fn Eao nhi9u E nhY &ho E;ng phNn )o4n 7 E;ng trang &5a tin tr-nh ny
H>_
a) )& ;o (s+')(s+p+')HG Eit+ 7Yi 'pw'
kt khung trangOHI ' Eit
k"&h th.Y& ti )a &5a H phNn )o4n l KbG Eytes mt phNn )o4n ).2& &hia ti )a thnh
KbGvOHI c trang pJ Eit 'HI Eit sK Eit '& ;o(s+p+')(K+J+)
E) Qin tr-nh s0 '1ng &!& min )\a &h] ;o sau_
JOb bbbb#bbb#HbHbHHHHb (b+b+JOb)
HbJ bbbb#bHb#bbbbbHHHH (b+I+HO)
JbKG bbbb#HbH#HHHHbbHHb (b+O+KcG)
JbK bbbb#HHH#HbHbbbbbb (b++JIb)
Hbb bbbH#HbH#HHbHHHHbb (H+O+KKK)
KOb bbHb#bHb#bHHHbHbHb (I+I+IJK)
JJbOG Hbbb#bbb#HbbHbbbbb (c+b+Icc)
JIbb HbbH#Hbb#HbbHbbbbb (+K+Icc)
GHIJb HHHb#HHH#HbbHbHHHb (HK++JbI)
GJObb HHHH#Hbb#bbbbbHHbb (HO+K+HI)
&) t"nh phNn m;nh ni 7i_
sb+pb '._ JOb Eyte )u
sb+ pI '._ OHIeHOK Eyte &ui
77u
') Qin tr-nh '(ng H E;ng phNn )o4n E nhY 'nh &ho E;ng phNn )o4n OHI Eyte#
HK
(b+b+JOb)##(b+I+HO)(b+O+KcG)##(b++JIb) (H+O+KKK)##
(I+I+IJK)
(c+b+Icc)##(+K+Icc) (HK++JbI)##(HO+K+HI)

sb_ pb+H+I+O+G+
sH_ pO+G+
sI_ pb+H+I
sc_ pb+H+I+J+K+O+G+
s_ pb+H+I+J+K
sHK_ p
sHO_ pb+H+I+J+K
Qin tr-nh &/ HG phNn )o4n s E;ng trang tin tr-nh s0 '1ng l HG E nhY 'nh &ho E;ng
trang HGOHI (gi; s0 mt E;ng trang &him H khung trang)
TI )IU THAM KHO
H# Dary # Lutt+ lni7ersity oz folora'o# fentralie' {n' >istriEute' Operating Systems# Se&on'
^'ition+ Ibbb#
I# |oEert Syiter# Operating Systems+ { xra&ti&al {pproa&h# xrenti&eeHall international+ in&#
HJ#
J# {n'rey S# QanenEaum# $o'ern Operating Systems# xrenti&eeHall international+ in&# Se&on'
^'ition+ IbbH#
K# {Eraham SilEers&hat xeter Faer Dal7in# Operating System &on&epts# ohn iley Sons+
in&# izth ^'ition+ H#
O# H# $# >eitel# Operating Systems# {''isoneesley in&# Se&on' ^'ition+ H#
G# Qrn H4nh Lhi p9 ~h*& Lhi9n n Hong ~im# Di!o tr-nh h )iu hnh (t?p H I)#
H~HQL Ibbb#
HO
MoC )oC
fHghLD i_ Diji QHikl dm Hk iml HnLH Qrang
H#H H )iu hnh l g-+ &!& kh!i nim &5a h )iu hnh# J
H#I p\&h s0 ph!t trin &5a h )iu hnh K
H#J f!& lo4i h )iu hnh K
H#K f!& '\&h 71 &5a h )iu hnh c
H#O f,u tr6& &5a h )iu hnh HH
H#G Lguy9n lX thit k h )iu hnh HK
fHghLD ii_ }lL p LHxvMlQ dn }lL p Hk QHLD Qx QiL
I#H# }u;n lX nh?pv[u,t HG
I#H#H xhNn lo4i 7 )%& t"nh &5a thit E\ nh?pv[u,t HG
I#H#I F )iu khin thit E\ nh?pv[u,t H
I#H#J f!& &h.:ng tr-nh thZ& hin nh?pv[u,t 7 t &hs& h thng nh?pv[u,t Hc
I#H#K f: &h nh?pv[u,t 7 &: &h >${ Ib
I#H#O f!& thu?t to!n l?p l\&h 'i &huyn )u )3& Ib
I#H#G H s )an [en 7 ram 'isk II
I#I }u;n lX h thng t?p tin IJ
I#I#H f!& kh!i nim 7 )a &sng+ t?p tin+ th. m1&+ E;ng th. m1& IJ
I#I#I f!& ph.:ng ph!p &i )%t h thng t?p tin# Ic
I#I#J xh.:ng ph!p =u;n lX 'anh s!&h &!& khi trng JI
I#I#K xh.:ng ph!p =u;n lX sZ an ton &5a h thng t?p tin JJ
I#I#O DiYi thiu mt s h thng t?p tin_ $S>OSvin'oys+ lLiM# JK
fHghLD iii_ }lL p QiL Q|LH
J#H f!& kh!i nim 7 tin tr-nh KK
J#I iu phi &!& tin tr-nh OJ
J#J pi9n l4& giqa &!& tin tr-nh GH
J#K Wng E &!& tin tr-nh GG
J#O Q"nh tr4ng t*& nghon ('ea'lo&k) cb
fHghLD id_ }lL p F LHj
K#H f!& 7,n ) ph!t sinh khi =u;n lX E nhY#
K#I f!& m h-nh &,p ph!t E nhY# HbH
K#J F nhY ;o HHG
HG
fHghLD d_ }lL p x|Of^SSO|
O#H xro&essor d?t lX 7 xro&essor logi& HJb
O#I Lg*t 7 [0 lX ng*t HJH
O#J M0 lX ng*t trong iF$exf HJG
fHghLD di_ Hk iml HnLH LHiml F di M p
G#H f,u h-nh nhiu pro&essor HKb
G#I f!& lo4i h )iu hnh ht tr2 nhiu E 7i [0 lX HKG
G#J Wng E trong h thng )a [0 lX HK
G#K iu phi trong h thng )a [0 lX HOI
e HQ e
H